“Step after step the ladder is ascended.^- Greorge Herbert, Jacnla Prudentum. Agriculture isthezuost healthful, most useful and most noble employment of man." — Washington. THE A MONTHLY RECORD OF INFORMATION FOR PLANTERS OF TEA, CACAO, COFFEE, PALMS, RUBBER, CINCHONA, SUGAR, RAMIE, COTTON, TOBACCO, SPICES, CAMPHOR, RICE, AND OTHER PRODUCTS SUITED FOR CULTIVATION IN THE TROPICS: Circulating in India, Ceylon, Burma, Straits, Java, Sumatra, Borneo, Northern Australia, Queensland, Fiji, Mauritius, Natal, West Indies, South and Central America, California, Southern States, and throughout Great Britain : EDITED BY J. EEHQ-TJQOISr, of the “ Ceylon Observer,” “ Ceylon Handbook and Directory,” <£c. ‘‘ It is both the duty and interest of every owner and cultivator of the soil to study the best means of rendering that soil subservient to his own and the general wants of the com- munity ; and he, who introduces, beneficially, a new and useful Seed, Plant or Shrub into his district, is a blessing and an honour to his country. ” — Sir J Sinclair. YOL. XYII. [Containing Numbers I to XII. : July, 1897, to June, 1898.] CEYLON: A. M. & J. FERGUSON, COLOMBO. LONDON; John Haddon & Co. ; Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co., Ltd. ; Luzac & Co, ; &c. Madras : Higginbotham & Co. — Calcutta : Thacker, Spink & Co. Bombay : Thacker & Co., Ltd. — Australian Colonies ; Gordon & Gotch. West Indies and Central America: C. H. Calderon, St. Thomas. Straits Settlements and Eastern Archipelago ; -John Little & Co., Singapore^ PIONGKONG AND YOKOHAMA: — KeLLY & Co. JaVA : MeSSRS. JoHN PrYCE & Co., Batavia, G. Kolfp & Co. MDCCCXCVIII. TO OUR READERS. « In closing the Seventeenth Volume of the ‘‘Tropical Agriculturist,” we would as usual direct attention to the large amount of useful information afforded and to the great variety of topics treated in the several numbers. From month to month, we have endeavoured to embody in these pages the latest results of practical experience and scientific teaching in all that concerns tropical agriculture ; and our ambition has been to make our - periodical not only indispensable to the planter, but of service to business men and capitalists, never forgetting that agriculture trenches upon every department of human knowledge, besides being the basis of personal and communal wealth. While directing our attention chiefly to the products prominently mentioned on our title-page, we have always taken care to notice minor industries likely to fit in with sub-tropical conditions ; and our readers have an ample guarantee in the index pages before them, that, in the future, no pains will be spared to bring together all available informa- tion both from the West and East, the same being examined in the light of the teachings of common sense as well as of prolonged tropical experience in this, the leading Crown and Planting Colony .of the British Empire. Special attention has, during the past year, been given to the extension of the fibre industry (in rhea especially) ; rubber; cacao in Central America and the West Indies as in Ceylon; coffee and allied products in Brazil, Mexico, Costa Eica, East Java, Nyassaland, British Central Africa ; Liberian coftee in Sumatra, Java, the Straits Settlements; and to other new developments in coffee, coconuts and tobacco planting, &c., in the Malayan Peninsula and N orth Borneo, as well as in this Island. The Tea planting Industry has sprung into so much importance in India (South as well as North) and Ceylon, as also in Java, that a considerable amount of space is naturally given to this great staple ; and we think it will be admitted by impartial judges that the Tropical Agriculturist should be filed, for the convenience of planters, in every Tea Factory in this Island, in India and in Java. A full and accurate Index affords the means of ready reference to every subject treated in this, the Seventeenth volume, which we now place in our subscribers’ hands, in the full confidence that it will be received with ati amount of approval, at least equal to that which has been so kindly extended to its predecessors. To show how fully other Products besides Tea are treated in this volume, we may mention the number of entries under several headings as follows : — Coffee (including Liberian) 85 ; Cacao 25 ; Indiarubber 34 ; Coconuts and other Palms 30 ; and Miscellaneous Products nearly 1,000. In the 17 Volumes, the references to Eubber, Coffee, and Cacao number many thousands, as also to Coconuts and other Palms. We are convinced that no more suitable or useful gift can be made to the tropical planter or agriculturist, whether he be about to enter on his career, or with many years of experience behind him, than the seventeen volumes of our periodical which we have now made available. They are full of information bearing on every department and relating to nearly every product within the scope of sub-tropical industries. In conclusion, we have to tender our thanks to readers and contributors, and our wish that all friends may continue to write instructively and to read with approval ; for then, indeed, must the “ Tropical Agriculturist ” continue to do well. Colombo, Ceylon ; 4th July, 1898. J. FERGUSON. .4- : it-' p:/ ■ -y* 'iC. t *. ■ , . . "1 4' : i^Ty^ > V ■:• :v't :;- ' ■ ® -^' ' ' -' ■‘ '■' X'-H' ^ f''t';‘}nV! ' ' ' r{'i i 'i’V ' ; ''' ' 'T.'lf ^.- T.,;. (, ;,■ o,' '"' a&i’H ^ ' 't‘^ ' -■'V^ V' !■ v-V-'''' "' ' ' ' Al)yssiiiia Acacia Uecuriens Seed Acme Tea Chests Co., Ltd. ... Acre, How to Measure An ... Acclimatization, Tropical ... Adhatoda PAGE. 163, 3o7 57, 123 352 38 609 840 680 51uc,a.ion a.d- No„.enc,at.™ »f JVLat.W. Eat of Food ... - 668 Advice, Good ... ••• ••• \prniotor for Colombo .- ... ir Africa, British Central, Coffee Planting in 389 390 * 395, 396, 480, 483, 560, 644 Importation of Seed of Shade Trees to 531 , Planting in 14, 134, 183, 275, 278 Sale of Coffee of 531, 622 British East, Young Ceylon in 626 -, Western, Coffee in Coffee in German East Kola in ... South . ”• . , Tea Cultivation in African Coffee Company Agriculture ■■■_ and Science in Ceylon in Jamaica in Zanzibar - Bisk... , Scientific A tn icnllural Chemical Facts ° Chemist Madras College Education 326 [See Coflee] 6, 40.J [cii '■* 26*'^ 470 for India .V. 565, 60L 684,’ 699 Lanka Plantations Co. ^ Ltd.... ... 423 Lavender Growing in \ ictoria ... 468 Leak, Mr. W. Martin -^23 Lease, Cinnamon Gardens ... .... Leaves, Dead, Fixation of Atmospheric Nitrogen 623 Lethenty Tea Estates Association Ld. ... 681 J.eeward Island, A Ceylon Planter on ... 306 Lemon Culture ... ••• •• , — — Grass Oil ... ••• 4-- , lOi, 764 Liberian Coffee Cultivation ... ... 341 &c., in the Straits ... 2/4 in Sumatra ... ... 591, 748 Lily Disease .. 462 Lipton’s Tea Managers and Ceylon Planters 101 l.iierature, Agricultural • ■ A»riculturalJournal, Queensland 320, 351, 3/8, 679 778 Gazette of New South Wales 352, 426, 508, 573, 719 Ao'ricultural Annual and Mark Lane Express Almanac 526 Ceylon Forester ... ... 477, 642 2rl. ,1 1 /~i. ueyiou ruicouMi ^ ... Handbook of Commercial Products Indian Forester ... 352^402 Kew Bulletin ... Uropical Aoviculturist Live Stock ■ ' . c Living, A Simple Lecipe lor ... Locust Pest in Ceylon ... Locusts, How to deal with ... and Coconut Palm ... Lowlands and Highlands in Jamaica Lotus Leaves ■■■ _ ••• Lucevne (Alftilfti) Cultivation 533, 327, 542, 261. 542 676 467 762 753 644 404 387 344 84 860 377 M, I^Iacdonald, Mr., of Kamie Fame ... Madagascar, Coffee Planting in mider the I rencli ... Mahe, Seychelles, Notes from ... _ Malaya Peninsula, Planters and Plaiitmg in^^ ^ , ... ’ 162’ 171 813 376 494 231 162, Confederated State, s of Malt Coffee 145 PAGE. Mango ... ... ... 710 , Cultivation of ... ... 358,684 Manna in Australia ... ... 206 Manure Analysis... ... ... 849 , Basic Slag for ... ... 648 , Canal Silt as ... ... 351 , Cattle ... ... ... 421 Manures and Manuring ... 328, 544, 655 , Artificial ... 11, 784, 806 for India ... ... 193 Manuring and Economic Production ... 776 and Science ...595, 637, 676, 713, 751 Coconuts ... ... 438 , Leguminous ... ... 454 of I'addy ... ... 579 Tea ... ... .. [See Tea] Map of Planting Districts of Ceylon ... 499, 643 Market, Amsterdam Bark ... [See Amsterdam] , Coconut... ... [See Coconut] Fund, American ... ... 820 Kates for Old and New Products 64, 138. 212, 286, 330, 434, 510, 650, 724, 790, 862 Matale East ... ... ... 565 Matara District, Food Supply in ... 178 , New Areas of Cultivation in ... 175 Medicinal Plant Culture in Nicaragua... 62 Mexican Indiarubber ... ... 16 Produce and Estates Syndicate 697 Tobacco ... .. 80 Mexico and Its Development by Ceylon Planters 693 Mica Boiler Coverings ... ... 189 2Iilk, Condensed ... ... ... 866 , Good Pure, Cost of ... ... 712 ■ Separator ... ... 147 Wills, Coffee ... ... ... 26 Desiccating ... ... 9 , Kelani ... ... ... 231 , Oil ... ... ... 471 , Wind ... ... ... 11 Mineral Products in India ... ... 708 Mining Engineer Capt. Tregay ,. 493 Missionary Coffee Plantation in Africa 26 Mosquitoes, Protection from... ... 130 Moth, Codlin ... ... ... 594 Mounting Engravings ... ., 178 Mulberry and T^ Cultivation in the Far East 89 Museum at San*Trancisco, Proposed ... 540 Mysore, Planting in ... ... 7 Myrobalams and Aralu Nuts ... 59 m'. Nahavilla Estates Co., Ld. ... ... 598 Natal Barrow Green Tea ... ... 13 Native Trade in Ceylon ... ... 502 New Guinea Land in ... ... 480 Hebrides and Fiji ... ... 462 Queensland, Coffee Growing in ... 241 South AValcs, Coffee Planting in ... 278 Nini Tree ... ... ... 18 Nitrates in the Soil _ ... ... 742 Nitrogen, Atmospheric ... ... 623 North Borneo and Mr. Henry Walker ... 37 , Land in ... 309 North-Central Province ... ... 68,170 Northern Districts Planters’ Association 620 Notes from a Traveller’s Diary ... 70 Nutmeg Cultivation ... ... 81,776 Family as a Source of Kino ... 794 Nuwara Eliya Tea Estates Co., Ld. ... 22 Nyassaland Coffee Co., Ld. ... ... 318 , Planting in ... 6,403 North ... ... 597 .Prospects in ... ... 232, *236 — — •• (West m hm 743 INDEX, Occasional Notes Oil, 0. PAGE. 65, 141, 214, 288, 363, 435, 576, 653, 727, 792 GE. 334 ... 429, 467 398 477 ... 422,572 422, 707, 764 471 209 87 Castor and Sunflower — , Citronella — , Cochin vs. Ceylon Coconut — Engines — , Eucalyptus — , Lemongra.ss ... — Mills — of Petitgrain, Paraguayan — Seed Culture in Uganda ... Oils (Essential) for 120, 210, 284, 310, 426, 432 Onions ... .. ... ... 73 Ootacamund Botanical Gardens and Park 240 Orange, Analysis of ... ... 370 Culture in Ceylon ... 157, 210, 378, 466 in J alia . . . . 803 Trees, Sooty Mould on ... 246 Oranges ... ... ... 83 for Export ... ... 572 from Australia ... ... 469 , Jamaica, in New York .. 118 Orchids, A Eertiliser for .. ... 180 Ouvah Colfee Co., Ltd. ... ... 113 Packing See«ls and Tubers for Long Journeys 82 Paddy and Coconut at the Straits ... 425 and Weevils . . . . 848, 8C0 Crop at Madras Cultivation in the Straits Settlements , Stored Pahang, Planting in Painting Brickwork Red Pallegama Grant Estate Palmyra Palm Pai)aine Papaw, Effect of, on Tough Meat 707 425 850 320 822 305 18 822 266 Juice ... ... 28.3,400,476,679 - — , New Trade in ... ... 322 , Uses of ... ... ... 267 Para Rubber .. ... [See India Rubber] — Estates Ld. ... ... 778 Past, A Leaf from the ... ... 860 Patents ... 20, 37, 56, 119, 122, 235, 260, 261, 597, 707, 719, 756, 821 Payments by Results .. ... 491 Pea, Sweet ... .. .. 260 Peaches, Drying ... .. ... 429 I’earl Fishery in Wales ... ... 542, 6"^0 --- Fisheries, West Australian Pepper and Coffee Exports from S. India and Rubber at the Straits in Straits Settlements 822 485 262 814 781 2o9 687 Pepsin Factory, Armour’s Peradeniya Gardens ami Cambridge Perak and Selangor, Planting in 208, 232, 345 , Export Prices ot Coffee and Guttain 261 Perfume Making Perfumery Trade of Nice Pests, Cacao, Rew'... , Caterpillar . . - — , Scale, and Ladybirds . . Philippine Islands, Trade of . , Pickers, Tea, in Formosa Pickings Picric Acid, Manufacture of ... Pineapples Pineapple Fibre ... , Florida Market ... 796 209 36 89 165 236 192 282, 568 312 83 555 274 565 661, Pioneers of the Planting Enterprize in Ceylon : Edward J. Dailey Grinlinton, Sir John, J., Kt, Harper, Alexander, J. P. . . Leake, Mr. W. Martin . . Messrs. Hadden Reginald Beaucham)) Downall Samuel Butler Shand, Charles Walker, William Plague, Cattle (Rinderpest) .. , Horse, at Mannar ■ , Rabbit and Insect , Tick, amongst Horses Plantains Plantain Flour Plants, Diseases of Planters, Ceylon, in Hawaii... Planting and Entomology and Produce [See Pioduce and PlantiniC Notes 40, 48, 97, 127, 1.30, 172, ISO, 193 206, 2.36, 237, 255, 261, 274, 312, 318, .327 3.33, 343, 351, 3-58, .378, 386, .39.3, 400, 409 417, 422, 425, 428, 461. 462, 467, 470, 477 485, 496, 51 s, 526, 538, 542, 550, 561, 565 566, 672, 573, 610, 614, 624, 612, 648, 675 676, 679, 684, 689, 699, 707, 716, 722, 749 757, 762, 770, 773, 778, 788, 814, 820,821 3 511 149 223 759 75 1 371 297 13 143 689 781 308, 309 639 155, 515 618 29 Planting in Selangor Plants .and their History Ploughs, A New Form of Poultry Scourge, Cme for Plumbago Enterprise Plumbago, Pi ice of Plumbago in IMadawalatenne Polishing Horns Poplar, The Oldest, m France Potash and its Functions 8 Manures .and the need for .siieeial Potash Fi Potatoes , Sweet . . Poochies, Imiian . . Poonagalla Valley Ceylon Co., Ltd. Prowling Round . . Precious Stones I’rice Current, Colombo 63, 137, 211, 28 tilizers 72 84 54 177 39, 837 36 9, 48 , 359, 433, 5t9, 674, 649, 723, 789, 861 1, 846, 854 19i 183 147 585 .308, 814 561 600 14 400 657 Price’s Patent Candle Co. .. .. 127 Produce and Planting 53, 85. 92, 114, 258, 418 46’> 479, 488, 520, 560, 695, 763, 811, 824, 847 Products, Minor 648, 706, 720, 754, 764, 776, 812, 845 Tropical Pulping Fruit Purslane, A Botanical Wonder Piutalam District, New Areas of Cultivation Putupaula Tea Estates Co., Ltd. 418 674 311 245 419 9. Quarry Stone ... ., ... gI9 Queensland Agricultural Journal ... >238 And the Tropical Agricultuiist 542 A Trip to ... ... 406 Department of Agriculture 889 Queen as Agriculturist ... ... 139 Quinine and Cinchona Baik ... 15 563 Manufacturers vs. Planters ... 706 Question ... ... 770 Market 101, 120, 187, 210, 310, .357, 696,707 Tracts and Ginseng ... 699 Works Java ... ... 466 INDEX. K.e PAGE. Radiography of Biuls ... ... 2.3S Ragalla Tea E=itates, Ltd. ... 526, 532, 571, 648 Rainfall at the School of Agriculture, Ceylon 66, 139, 213, 287, 3J1, 437, 575, 863 Heaviest, in Ceylon Rajakr.daluwa District Ratnapiira District Recipes for the .Jungle Bed Ants and Remedies Rhea ... and Vanilla S29, 258 ISO 544, 558, 559 267 193, 202, 203, 204 282 93 Cultivation 57, 18‘^, 185, 361, 386, 387, 389, 405, 407, 408, 461, 636, 610, 691, 717, 813, 825, 828 in Perak Decortication of Experiments Fibre Machinery , Jamaica Rice Cultivation in China ... — Ceylon ... , Double from Southern India , Raw, and Ceylon Coolies Trade ■■■ Rinderpest (Cattle Plague) ... , Cure for , Tuve.stigations into ■— in South Africa ... Roots of Plants ... Roses in Ceylon ... Royal Botanic C.ardens Cejlon Rubber Rubber Mollendo in Liverpool Rush-nut 01 I 330 ISO 754 572 477 771 119, 136, 818, 819 ... o4 i 460, 475, 627 860 . . 462,599 13 .. 370, 441 • ... 293 209, 654, 732 437 17 41, 669, 703 [See India-rubber] 13 147 rAGE. Sisal and Mr. Chamberlain " . . . . 327 Hemp, Growing of . . . . 236 Shand, Mr. Charles .. .. 371 Share List .. ... ... 492 Shop Criticism . . . . . . 782 Sigiriya Frescoes [.Sre Supplement] Silk Culture .. .. .. 788 Worms . . . . . . 90, 538 Sleepers on the Railway ... ... 236 Snipe in Ceylon ... ... .. 843 Soap Maimfactured in Fiji .. ... 172 Solomon Lslands . . . . . . 160 South lilysoie Planters’ Association ... 757 Southern India, Creepers in .. . ... 233 , Plantations, Cost of Living on 242 Tea Estates Co. Ltd. . . 90 Province, Food Supply in .. 179 , Planting in .. 175 Soy Rean, Cultivation of ... ... 400, 460 Specialist, Cacao Fungus ... ... ICO Spiders, Bird Eating in Ceylon ... 676 Sport in Ceylon ... ... ... 568 Spring Valley Coffee Co. Ltd. 100, 113, 435 676 Standar.l 'i'ea Co. of Ceylon Ltd. ... 780, 821 Staple Ex|ioits of Ceylon ... 523, 539, 549 Straits Settlements and Cejlon Planters 484 — , Coconut and l^addy in 425 — — — , Planting in 276, 277, .306, 12 J, 485 Sugar in iMauiitins ... ... 479, 842 Reunion ... ... ... 277 Sumatra, Planting in .. .. 759 Sunllower Salad Oil .. ... 352 Survey of Ceylon . . .. . . 28 Swinging of the Pendulum and Depression in Tea 237 S. 177 551 88 198, 497 Saharagamuw'a, Cultivation in Salada Ceylon Tea Co. Salt and Agriculture in Ceylon .and Coconuts ... ... — , — . Denaturalization ot and its use iu Agriculture 250 — in Agriculture 188, 197, 199, 263, 345, 350, 495, 554, 557 in the Ash of Coconut Husk ... 198,508 Sale of Ceylon Plantations ... ••• 5 '3 Salt Bush, Austruliau ... ... 398 Sambur Hunting ... ... ... 568 Samples Exports for 10 years ... f 25, 5.39, 549 San Jose Sc.ale ... ... ... 675 Francisco, Proposed Asiatic Commercial Museum at 510 Paulo Coffee Estates Co., Ltd. .. 174 Sands, Shifting, Planting up of ... 350 Scale Pests and Lady Birds ... 163 Science and Manuring 59-5, 637, 676, 713, 751 , Echoes of . . • . 278 Scientihe Agriculture and the Planting Industry 807 Planting .. .. 52,426 Research . . . . 393 Scott, Mr. Win., of Mauritius ... 185 Scottish Ceylon Tea Co,, Ltd. ...59, 86, 848 — , Trust and Loan Co. of Ceylon, Ltd. 425 Selangor, Planting in .. ... 208,311 Planters’ Association . . 409, 6.82 Seeds, Longevity of .. .. 312,378 , Vitality and Di.ssemination of .. 299, 367 Seedsmen ... ... ... 445 Seyclielles Island, Timber Tree.s of ... 664 ... Planting in ... ... 308 T. Tannin Extracts ... ... 592 Tanning B.uk and. Acacia Deeurrens ... 24 Products ... ... 749, 788 Ta'c, Extraction and Preparation of ... 163, 175 'J'apioca as a Food Crop ... ... 275 Tea, a Lucky Box of ... ... 672 — A Traveller’s Tale ... .. 418 Acclimatization ... ... 840 Advertising in America ... ... 671 , Agencies, Russian, in Ceylon ... 685, 695 A New Mixture of ... ... 352 Association, Indian ... 166, 420, 775 and A merican People ... ... 27 and Coconut Planting ... ... 393 and Ci'ffee ... ... ... 16, 62 and Coffee Trust ... ... 561 and Exchange ... ... 566 and Mazawatte Company ... 850,859 and Sooty Mould on Orange Trees..- 246 and Tea Companies ... ... 40 and Tobacco ... ... ... 823 - — Bad ... ... ... 698 Blendin.g ... ... ... £6, 122 Blight [See, Tea, Enemies of] Boxes in Assam ... ... 749 , Poitisli Grown ... ... 831 , Bulking of 58,91,98, 118, 122, 123, 179, 205,489 Bureaus, Japanese ... ... 238 Bushes Blood poisoning from ... 668 , Ceylon .. ‘ \.. ... 48,324 , and China ... ... 482,600 , and Indian ... ... 430 — - ) , Exports of ... ... 756 for Pekin .. ... 180 282, 351, 374 in America 12, 127, 257, INDEX. , Cey’on, in Australia • in Calcutta — , in Coorg PAGE. 90 283 160 , in New Zealand ... 391 , in Russia 59,335, 600, 609, 615, 621, 626, 636 , Oldest Field of ... 844 , Quality of ... ... 518 Chests Russian Duty on ... 58 China ... ... 92, 707, 120, 164 Companies, Ceylon 675, 830, 83.3, 841, 860 Companies ... 112, 116, 194, 496" and Dividends ... 393 — and Prices ... . ... 788 as Investment ... 195 , a New Way with Directors of 717 , Ceylon ... 310, 312, 566 , Indian ... ... 538, 566 Committee Ceylon ... ... 562 Constituents ... ... 8 Consumption in Eastern Europe and Asia Minor ... 768 , Crole’s Book on ... 96, 107, 618 Crop, Indian ... ... .. 860 Crops, Ceylon, ... 524,561,607 Indian ... ... 328,670 ■ Japan _ ... 193 Cultivation ... ... ... 471, 489 and Manuring . . . 506 and Economy 609, 640, 712, 824 and Prevention of Wash 477, 506 ■ in Annam in Ceylon ■ in China in Fiji in India - in Japan — ill Reunion... -, in South Carolina 283 55, 95, 233, 524, 663 771 ... 307, 379, 386, 709 55, 90, 98, 238,456, 573, 643, 761 170 426 334 in Sumatra — in the Caucasus — Plucking .. Curio Duty , Abolition of in Russia Enemies of ... Estate E.xoenditure Estates, Ceylon, Mr. Christison on 809 618 57, 231, 99, 477 763 56, 85, 823, 859 ... 114,351 .58 475, 770, 813 609, 640, 712, 824 384 -, New Map of Co., Ltd., Niiwara Eliya 456 779 Experts, American National Board of 11, 468 Export from China to Great Britain 833 Exports, Indian ... ... 762 , Facts about ... ... ... 115 Factories and Sites ... 645, 716, 781 Factories in Ceylon 274, 428, 416, 455, 463, 567 , Firing ... ... ... 334 Garden at Batoura ... ... 476 Imports, American ... ... 306 Indian, Advertizing of ... ... 846 , Diamond Jubilee of ... 163 , in America 114, 461, 462, 489, 532, 5.38 555, 558, 640, 641 , in France ... ... 760 , , in Rus.sia 60, 114, 318, 351, 464, 468, 475 Industry 687, 697, 713. 716, 765 778, 811, 820, 822, 825 , American Domestic . . 2;15 , , Japan ... ... 93, 97 in America ... 614, 636, 681, 705 in Australia ... ... 776 PAGE. Tea in China ... ... 482 in Fiji ... ... ... 709 in High Districts ... ... 743 in Java ... ... ... 426 in London Warehou.ses ... ... 467 in Matale ... ... ... 542, 559 in New Caledonia .. ... 402 in Russia ... 519,524,551,671 , in West Indies ... ... 398 in the Army ... ... ... 824 in the London Warehouses ... 230 , Japan ... ... ... 109 , Japanese, and the Russian Market 811 , Java and China vs. India and Ceylon 129 , , in 1897 ... ... 685 Law, American ... ... 322,752 Leaf, Bought, vs. Low Average Prices 855 — — , Withering of ... 399 Leaves ... ... ... 488 , Machinery ... 334, 344, 571 — and China — Bulking and Blending ---for Java Sirocco Machine-made, in America -, in China 114 122 210 398, 403 323 720,775 329, 409 Manufacture by Electricity , Manuring of 246, 325, 358, 643, 673, 720, 777, 873, 856 — vs. Cheap Production --- Market American , Colombo and London , Natal Nilgiri Overland . Packing Packers in Formosa Paraguayan or Yeba Mate , Prices of ... Pests Planting Review for 1897 , Planters, Advice to , , Chinese , Indian and Mr. Lipton’s Managers in London.. Plantation Co., Ltd., Ceylon Companies, Ld. Plantations — - — , How to Economise the Available Labour Supply on ... Plucking Preparation and Machinery , in India Prices at Wattegama .. — in London 784 746 .325 270 13, 185, 429 698 419 .. 205, 610 192 333 336 [See, Per Enemies of] 524 763 481 745 101 18 635 476 247, 279 748 334 126 267 708 867 75 119, 257, 787, 824 812 Property, Sale of Prospects in India , Quality of ... .. ... 118 Reports, London ... ... 681 Review ... ... ... 767 , Russian Buyers in Colombo ... 858 Sales in Colombo ... ... 490 in London ... ... 26 Indian ... ... 573 , Travancore ... ... 117 Seed ... ... ... 392 , Ceylon Planter on the Hunt for 686 Imports .. ... 478 , Trade ... ... 573 Shares as an Investment ... 28-3 INDEX. TAGE. Tea Shares and Ceylon Property — in the London Market ... ... 325 — — - Keport, Gow, Wilson & Stanton’s 560 Sorting ... ... ■ ... 648,683 Trade, Allowances ... ... 477 and Exchange ... ... 813,840 and Russians in Manchuria 744 , China 92, 99, 114, 476, 478, 480 in Amoy and Formo.sa ... 695 in Russia ... ... 703 • of India ... .. 25 of the Far East 92 99, 114, 476, 478, 480 with Tibet — - Union, Ceylon Planters’ , Wholesale and Retail ... Teak, Value of Teas, Chin,a, and Adulteration Teat Troubles Textile Material made in Rrnssels Thunder. storms Tick Plague amongst Horses Tilcstoneite Cement Timber Tree.s of the Seychelles Islands .. Tobacco Adulteration of and Tea , Borneo in Relation to Health , Mexican Tomatoes .. or Plums Toon Trees Tortoise Shell Trade of India for 1897-98 ... , Native Reports Return of Bristish North Borneo Tree Planting and Cacao in Ceylon Travancore, Bound for Hills, Trip to the , Tea Estate Co., Ld. Treaty of Commerce and Navigation Trees, Dimensions of , Diseases of Trinidad, and Tobago Government Stock Farm , Planting and Produce in Tropical Aqriculturht Tropical Products Trout at Nnrvaia Eliya Ova Turbine A New Steam Ulu Langat PAGE. 192 Selangor 192 United Planters’ Association.. 242 Uva, Gold in .507 , Trip on the Boundaries of 278 Udapussellaw'a Udugania Tea and Timber Co., 479 8^9 5.32 260 844 658 542 561 781 402 664 84 97 825 85 268 80 73, 555 83 328 233 98, 840 502 572 12 128 203 . 328, 3tl5 533 158 37, 39, 782 704 8 8 307 194 393 . 236, 542 418 712 . 573, 783 491 554 90 Vanilla and Rhea Beans Shippers’ Circular , Ceylon — Cultivation.. Curing in German Colonies . . in Seychelles in Zanzibar Market 312, 101, 187, 231, 310, 357, 432, 486 Mauritius Victoria, Fruit and Vine Cultivation in A'egetables and Fruits Veterinary Work in Ceylon ... Vibare Lands, Leasing of Vine in Australia in the Malay Peninsula 93 706 642 57, 480, 496 421 467 478 686 389, , 705 844 542 305 368 164 542 89 291, w. Walker, Mr. Henry, and North Borneo , Mr. William 47'i 470, Warra .. .. 380,467,4 Wattles and Wattle Barks Waterproofing Canvas Water Power Weed.s, Legislation against West Indies, Planting in Wire, Barbed, Fixing Women Agriculturists Wood Ashes ’ .. 142,708, • as a Medicine Cock in Ceylon , Durability of Flour Jarrah Oil , Uuses of .. Woods Borer, Re.sisting Wynaad Planters’ Association 427, 796, 323, 37 297 47S 102 742 568 177 684 642 795 80.3 468 637 671 127 428 708 866 596 598 Yatiyantota, Ceylon Tea Company, Ld. Yangtse Valley .. Yeast, Recipe for m. Zanzibar, Agriculture in Clove Crop 779 771 267 344, 484 566 Errata. — Page 84l, Dr. D. Morris’s two Lectures are snmmarizeri under the one heading on pages 841-2, June No. IS’ All Planters of New Products or Pioneers in new lands should not fail to order this periodical as tlieir best instructor.— Every Tea Factory, Coffee or Cacao Store, oug-lit to have a file of the TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST, which contains a vast amount of information about Tea, and a Record of the Tea and other Produce Sales. Among the OLD COLONISTS AND PLANTING PIONEERS whose portraits with biographical notices, are likely to appear in this new Volume, are Messrs. F. E. and W. Sabonadiere, Thos. Wood, W. Eowdkn Smith, C. Tottenham, John Capper, E. E. Lewis, &c.. ORDER FOR THE “TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.” 1898. Sirs, Please forward the above publication from the beginning of VoL XVI II, 1st July 1898. Please send also (lettered as for Estate) voi I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII, IX, X, XI, xii, xm, XIV, XV, XVI, XVII, for 1881-2, 1882-3, 1883-4, 1884-5, 1885-6, 1886-7, 1887-8, 1888-9, 1889-90, 1890-91, 1891-2, 1892-3, 1893-4, 1894-5, 1895-6, 1896-7, "^ 1897-8. I am, Sirs, Yours faithfully. To Messrs. A. M. & J. FERGUSON, ^^CEYLON OBSERVER” OFFICE, COLOMBO, CEYLON. SXJBSCRXBSRS TO THE 4 “TROPICAL ❖ AGRICULTURIST" ^ are reminded that with the June Number, already received by them, and the Index and Title-page now issued, the SEVEN lEENTH VOLUME (1897-98) is closed. SUBSCRIPTIONS are due payable in advance for 1897-98, at the following rates: — For Ceylon | Yearly and India ( Half-yearly R12 I R7 1 For Europe, „ j Yearly £l 6s. ( Half-yearly 15s. N.B. — Subscribers to the Ceylon Observer or Overland Ceylon Observer E4 (5s.) less per aniuira. Single copies, Rl ; back copies, Rl^. Per Volume, R16; cash R15; or <£1 Is. and £1. Those who have not settled for past subscriptions are requested to do so by return of Post, and to send Cheque, Post Office Order, or Bank Draft, in favour of A. M. & J. Ferguso;^, Colombo. Covers for binding the Seventeenth Volume, July 1897 to Jlinel898 (870 pages) can be obtained for RU50. Cost of binding and cover R2'50. WHAT IS THOUGHT OF THE “TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.” A gentleman resident in the Central Province, who has as good opportunities of knowing what is of benefit to Planters as anyone we know, sent us the following explicit testimony to the value of the T.A."-.— “Since its commencement, I have regularly seen and perused the Tropical Aqriculturisf. There can be but one opinion that its scope and object are highly important, and that it supplies a distinct desideratum, which it is to the interest of every estate proprietor to have available in the bungalow for the use of his locum teiieus, or superintendent. • As a magazine it provides varied aud instructive fresh literature at intervals; deprived, as most in Ceyiou are, of easy access to libraries; and as years goby it will growingly become ‘The Ceylon Encyclopaedia ’ with reference to agricultural operations. Viewing estate proparty as practically a permanent investment to any proprietor, the trifling charge of R12 per annum — a rupee a month — is certainly of no account, provided the separate numbers are kept, and bound together yearly as a book of reference, for the benefit of the manager and his successors. In that light, as the property of an estate to be handed over j ust as much as its office furniture, few proprietors would probably refuse to authorise its being taken and filed regularly (if the periodical was brought under their notice), more especially as on looking over the most recent volume one cannot fail to see how much valuable information on ‘Tea’ has been collated. In the belief that ‘Tea’ has restored prosperity to Ceylon, and that plantation property is a good investment for capitalists, such should not omit the office and connected equipment so advisable on all ‘pucka’ estates, a part of which should be the Tropical Apricultunst. I find I have gone on writing, but, as I am getting the numbers for the past year ready to be bound, the volume is before me.” The V.4L.UE or the "T.A." to Ceylon Est.yte Owners. — A planting correspondent wrote some time ago : — “ I think proprietors should supply every tea estate with the T.A. The information in it with regard tn everything in connection with tea &c. is invaluable : it would pay its value over and over again. Owners of estates should not leave it to hard-up superintendents to take it in." A Correspondent writes “ I venture to say the volumes of the Tropical Af/ricaUnrist will be at a premium a few years hence: it is a book which is bound to rise in value as time rolls on, and subscribers will probably, if they so choose, be able to sell at a handsome profit, besides having had the benefit of using the information in the meantime.” From a Proprietor : — “ I wonder how many planters know what they lose in not subscribing to your wonderful publication ? The cost is absolutely nothing, compared to the convenience of having in a bound book all that is interesting and necessary in the literature of their calling. Information called from a thousand sources, price lists of all produce sold locally, and home advertisements not seen elsew’nere, and a hundred other things necessary for them to see and to know. The T.A. is, in fact, a convenient file of useful information daily arising and permanently preserved.” Mr. W. T. Thistleton Dyer, p.l.s., c.m.g., of Kew Gardens: — “Sir Joseph Hooker and myse.'^ always look out for the successive numbers of the T.A. with e.agerness, and I keep a file in my office for reference. It is impossible to speak too highly of the utility of such a publication and of the way it is managed.” Sir George King, late of the Calcutta Government Museum “ I know your Tropical Agriculturist, well,, having carefully secured every number since the beginning. You have succeeded in making it.a wonderfully useful magazine of information for planters. Surgeon-Major Bidie, p.l.s., of the Government Central Museum, Madras: — “I find the I'ropicat Agriculturist a most interesting and useful publication. It finds a place on the table of our Public Library and is much prized.” } SAMUEL BUTLER. Oi c:; ■' -• , • 4*>.\;V,»nt . ' ' (■!:,•■;. ’’^■0 . :.--%’.'H>) ,'i-.'. vhi’ '.'■V. \ ’.Sir- ■•, ■■' ; , ■ V^a^'C^ . ''^-'i - ■ ■.•!■&. “i^ ' ■ ''.■.•■j..»'''T^-s 3?r ^ ' ■*. ' i-,i ''■- , ' •' ■;. .1 . ;.i : ,. . a; ;>'; ;v#' i ' ■ %K • . ‘‘ ^ ■: fi<>'.:i.->i)i'<''S,jE ..• «... ■ -.51 A '■'■a '•■ '■' . ‘' '"■ Wv, ?S' ■ ■'* '■ ' , ~! ■'. .■„' ... . i '.yi|:^B#-*i , .'•*' --V » '“ ' - ■•' -’-^' fr.-.- ■> '•/'■. • V V> . .,' - >'.‘k.- . ■ '•■- ■ '•' .- ---i^ MONTHLY. Vol. XVII. 1 COLOMBO, JULY ist, 1897. [No. 1. “PIONEERS OF THE PLANTING ENTERPRISE IN CEYLON.” {Second Series.) SA M TJ B L BUTIvBR, PLANTER AND MERCHANT: 1837-1893. [E late Samuel Butler was one of the founders of the well- known firm of Messrs. Darley, Butler & Co., of Colombo, He left Ceylon in the year 1858, though continuing to bo a working partner in his old firm. Few or perhaps none of those tvho knew him in Ceylon remain, and very few even in England. Mr. Butler, a Worcestershire man, came to Ceylon in 1837 (a year which also saw the advent of the late K, B. Tytler and A. M. Ferguson) in the earliest days of Coffee Planting, and when opinions were unsettled about soils and climates suitable for the growth of the coffee shrub— especially in reference to climate as influenced by ele- vation. At that early time large clearings had been made and coft'ee planted at Udagama on the Gindura river in the Galle District, which ultimately had to be abandoned. Mr. Butler, if not the first, was one of the earliest to demonstrate practically that an elevation not under 1,500 to 2,000 feet was necessary for success- ful cultivation, by opening land in Sabaragamuwa near Balangoda with success. It may be observed that in later years, preference was given to an ever-increasing elevation, as more and more forest was cleared,— experience showing that the quality of the berry improved in proportion to the elevation within limits. After his Sabaragamuwa experience of jungle life, Mr. Butler became the planting partner in the firm of Acland, Boyd & Co., who were engaged in the largest plant- ing operations of that decade in Ceylon. When it may be said that, besides the high roads to Galle, Kandy, Pussellawa, Matale, Kurunegala and a very few more, no other roads worthy the name existed in the planting districts, the physical endurance and perseverance of Mr. Butler and the enterprising pioneers who penetrated the remoter forests and selected lands for cultivation, may be, in some degree, estimated. Mr. Butler possessed the qualities we describe, in a high de- gree, and the result of his labours remain to this day in fine properties on the Knuckles range, — where he was about the earliest (o select land — in Dumbara and in Dolosbage, which he selected and brought into cultivation with the aid of a small army of young men under his direction. It may be added here, that a number of the men who passed their early days in this valuable school, became successful planters and proprietors in later years. Roads to the new properties were a first necessity, and Mr. Butler was their pioneer. Some, like the Knuckles road, he traced himself ; others were traced under his direction, which though improved and added to afterwards, 2 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. owed to him their initiative. The value oi tb« work of men like Mr. Samuel Butler, the Shands in Sabaragamuwa and others, be.sides tlie labours of officials like Major Skinner and Captain Evatt of t!ie Public Wo)’ks Department in opening up the wilds of the interior, cannot be properly estimated at the present day. The difficulties in connection with Supplies, Labour, Money, Letters, &c. (money had to be brought up from Colombo to the estates in hard cash monthly) are now comparatively unknown ; but in the days we speak of they sorely tried the patience and resources of hardworking men to overcome. Reference to the Government Gazette in 1841, 1842 and 1843 would probably show a larger e.xtent of acreage of land put up for sale and bought for planting purposes, than in almost any three years later, until we get to the rush of the “ sixties and “ seventies.” In the following years much planta- tion-grown coffee began to reach England from Ceylon, adding to very sufficient supplies from the West Indies, which had not then declined in pro- duction, as they afterwards did, under the combined influences of Slave Emancipation and Tree Trade. All this seriously affected prices in the home mar- ket, and brought trouble to the many pioneers engaged in Ceylon, both to proprietors and to those whom they eni2)loyed. There were exceptions, but almost universally, economy had been disregarded, and lavish and indiscriminating expenditure had prevailed, so that a crisis was ai)proaching, in which many estates had to pass into other hands ; and all property in the country depreciated. Mr. Butler was, we believe, the first Manager or Inspector of Estates to draw up and print a form of plantation accounts, on the basis of analysis of expenditure, which with variations became generally adopted. Mr. George Crabbe, of Messrs. A. & R. Crowe & Co., at that time being one of the first to call up)on superinten- dents to curtail expenses on weeding ; an item which, for want of analysis, covered extravagance in many other directions. The labours of Mr. Butler as a planting manager were now soon to cease ; the bouse of Messrs. Acland, Boyd & Co. came down in the com- mercial crash of 1847, and Mr. Butler had to j>ass through the troubles resulting from the insolvency of his firm. This to him proved to be a not unmixed evil. With his usual energy, he accepted a Power of Attorney from Mr. J. P.- Simjison, then leaving for England, whose sister he had recently married. This introduced him to an acquaintance Avith the Import trade of which he did not fail to take advantage when the time came. Mr. E. J. Darley, another partner of Messrs. Acland, Boyd &, Co., had retired from the firm before the failure, and had gone to England, where he ftund the greater number of the proprietors for [July i, 1897. whom the old firm had acted as agents, only too glad to place their estates in his charge. Returning to Ceylon Mr. Darley established himself as Darley & Co., but shortly joined by Mr. Butler he constituted the firm of Darley, Butler & Co. The new firm’s business consisted chiefly of Estate Agency and Commissions. At this time Mr. Butler paid a visit to England, which proved to be an epoch in the future pros- pierity of the house. Forming a connection with the financial house of Matheson & Co., of London, a large Imprort business was commenced, to which was soon added equally large transactions in Ceylon produce. Shipping, both consigned and chartered, naturally followed. About this time was established their branch house at Cochin on the Western Coast of India, and ably con- ducted by Mr. Stephen Darley, brother ot Mr. E. J. Darley, it proved a successful venture. Early in 1856, iMr. E. J. Darley, the senior partner, left Ceylon for a trip to England, which was lengthened out to three years, Mr. Butler conducting the bu.siness in the meantime; but falling into bad health, in 1858, under medical advice he went home in October of that ye.ar, Mr. Darley returning thiee months after. A short time before, the Governor Sir Henry Ward had placed Mr. Butler in the Legislative Council where his energetic character and abilities for business would soon have distinguished him had not his departure for Europe, necessitated by ill-health, pot a ]5remature end to his career in that position. This visit home proved to be a permanent stay, and also proved another important epoch in the fortunes of Messrs. Darley, Butler & Co., by the ultimate establishment of a house in London with the style of Darley & Butler. Mr. Darley, senior, returned to England about four years later, his son Edward being sent to Bombay tj join Mr. Stewart of Manchester in establish- ing a branch tl.ere, while Mr. Stephen Darley returned to Colombo as partner with a chief assistant in Mr. W. W. Mitchell, who soon after became partner in the firm, with which he has been identified ever since. These were the ■ i-iic cjiiase- quent Manchester Cotton Famine. The firm, led by Mr. E. J. Darley, went boldly into’ the purchase of Tinnevelly cotton, both in the first and second years of the strife. These transactions resulted in handsome fortunes for tlienrselves and their two partners, Messrs. Eduard and Stephen Darley. The two latter shortly after left the firm, and Mr. Mitchell became the sole partner in Ceylon, both Messrs. Darley and Butler continuing in business in London. Early m 1870 Mr. Darley, senior, died, his share and capital passing out of the concern, and Mr. JULV I, 1897.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 3 BuUer taking upon himself the responsibility conducted the London bu.siness, until his retire- ment in 1895. Air. Butler’s spirit of enterprise was not ended by the removal of Mr. Darley. On the failure of Messrs. A. and K. Crowe & Co. soon afterwards, his firm took over their pj emises and Cotton Agency at Tulicorin. After the cotton gains he purchased the estate of Combe Hay, near Bath, which he greatly improved with his usual thoroughness, at a considerable additional expense to the first cost of tlie property. He discovered a deposit of Fuller’s-earth on the land, M liicli when he came to sell the estate not very long before Ins death, assisted to break the fall in the value of land, which has taken place during the last twenty years. He was a Alagistrate of the County of Somerset and a most energetic member of the Bench. Some years ago, he offered himself as AJember of Parliament, but without success, for Chippenham and in the Liberal intere.st. His first wife dicil in 1887, and he married again in 1889, and soon after, accompanied by his wife paid a visit to Ceylon and India. He died after a short illness on the 27th Sei>tember, 1893, aged 78, retaining all his faculties to the last. Air. Butler as a man of business was bold, enter[)fising and decisive, holding to the maxim “ Nothing venture, nothing have.” Generous by nature, liberal in business, reserved to strangers and even to intimates, but genial to his friends, lie posses-ed in a marked degree commercial genius, sagacity and initiative, and a wonderful discernment of character. We are indebted to a very old friend of Mr. Butler — one who had been a colleague with him in business in Ceylon in the e.nrly days — for the above interesting account of his career, written citrrente calamo, but which has required very little emendation at our hands. We observe only one notable omission, namely, the connec- tion of Mr. Butler’s nejihew, Mr. Theodore Stretch, with the Colombo Firm thirty years ago, and the fact of Mr. Stretch returning home to join the London house where he is now- sole representative of Messrs. Darley «Sc Butler of London and Tuticorin. Air. Butler left Cey- lon before our day ; but we -were much struck during an interview in his London office, with Air. Butler’s grand physique even in his old age, with his continued interest in Ceylon affairs, and his thorough acquaintance with the development of the Colony. To Mr. Butler, more than to most men in our gallery of portraits, belongs the designation “Pioneer” in its most literal and honorable sense; for he contributed very largely to the raising of Ceylon from a military dependency to a great plantation settlement and the first of Crown Colonies ; while his whole jdanting and mercantile career was niaiked by unwearied jierseverance, li\ely intelligence and strictest sense of probity. The name of Mr. Samuel Butler as Colonist, Planter and Alerchant is one well worthy of being recorded in the annals of the Colony. EDWARD J. DARLEY, MERCHANT : 1836-1869. Although w'e have no portrait available, nor such facts as would be requiied for a regular memoir, still a few words may be permitted about All. Butler’s partner— another old mercan- tile Colonist — Air. Edward J. Darley. Air. Darley came to Colombo originally in 1836, .as a trained Assistant to the linn of Messrs. Acland, Boyd & Co., and the story of his starting on his own account on the failure of his employe! s, is nar- rated above ; as also how he took AIi-. Butler into partnersliip ; but it is more fully related in the following communication from an old friend : — “ What can be said of Mr. E. J. Dailey? — except that he was a good and kiml man greatly respected and popular with all cla.sses ; indus- tiious, painstaking and honourable in business. He was for many years a member of the Legisla- tive Council in which capacity he was most useful. Air. Darley came to Ceylon about 18.36. He joined the firm of Ackland, Boyd & Co., chiefly taking chartre of Manchester Imports. He married a relative of Air. Ackland. He left Acland, Boyd &. Co. in 1845 or 1846 and -went home. The firm of Acland, Boyd & Co. failed in 1847, when the whole of the estates in which they were concerned and some otheis were placed in Mr. Darley’s hands by the proprietors in London, whereupon he returned to Ceylon and established himself as Dailey & Co. In the following yrar Mr. Samuel Butler joined him and the firm became Darley, Butler & Co- The new firm did not retain the agency of all the estate properties ; but on Air. Butler’s return from a trip home at that period, there came to be a large accession of business in Imports with more than a corresponding Export and Shipping trade. Mr. Darley and his family -went home again at the end of 1855, and returned at the end of 1858 — in which year his partner left Ceylon lor England not to return until lately wdien he paid a short visit to the island. The success of the firm w.as substantial from first to last, culminating in larcm gains in cotton in the years of the American Civil War. Air. Darley finally left Ceylon dur- ing 1862, joining Mr. Butler in London as Darley »& Butler. He never retired from business, but died in harness at the close of the year 1869 at East Sheen.” Air. Darley always maintained the highest repu- tation, in Colombo, as a merchant of the old, reli- 4 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [July t, 1897. able and regular, but tolerant and dignified school. We well recall during our first year in Colombo, the handsome figure, highly intellectual countenance and cool attire— dressed all in white even to the short “white jacket” now only seen at dinner time — of Mr. Edward Barley as he moved about the Fort during business hours. He had previously taken a prominent part in the Colombo Chamber of Commerce and served for a time in the Legislative Council. He was in somewhat close communica- tion with the late Sir K. h. Morgan and A. M. Ferguson, all three being selected as his Executors by Dr. Christopher Elliott ; and w'e know what a very high opinion was entertained by our “ senior” then and always, of the probity, keen sense of honour and great shrewdness of Mr. Barley. After some 26 years of good work in Ceylon, Mr. Barley — having made his fortune by investments in Tinne- velly cotton during the American War — finally retired to the old country, carrying with him the esteem and regard of all who knew him as essentially a useful Colonist, an honest merchant and a good man. Agricultural Pests : WITH METHODS OF PREVENTION. BY MISS E. A. OKilEROD, (Late Consulting Entojiologi.st to the Royal Agkicultukal Society of England.) VII. Aphides, Scale Insects, Plant-Bugs, Ac. This tribe includes the Corn Aphis fA. granaria ) which infests the young stems of corn and the growing wheat-ears; the green dolphin, as it is called, of the peas ; the collier of the beans ; the hop aphis, which in 1882 caused a loss of more than a million and a half pounds sterling to this country ; the turnip and cabbage aphides; the black cherry- tree aphis, and many other kinds too numerous to name at present, besides the white cottony aphis of the beech, and the genus known as pine aphides, some of which are cottony, and some have a hairy covering. With regard t.i what we know at present of means of prevention, our best course is, if we can, to nip the evil in the bud by destroying the very first aphides that appear. This plan is con- stantly carried out in field management with regard to the bean aphis. When the colliers, as they are called from their black colour, appear on the tops of the bean shoots, these infested shoots are cut off. If the shoots and colliers on them are destroyed, the attack, or at least a great deal of it, will be stopped ; but if, instead of carrying off the fragments and destroying them, they are only thrown on the ground, the black aphides will walk, or fly, back again to the growing beans, and the laDour will have been in great part lost. This same plan is useful throughout the summer for all plants or trees, such as ap;l , plum, cherry, or others, in which aphides, or green fly, as they are often called, collect in great numbers on shoots, which may be cut eff without hurting the plant. Thus, if the shoots and aphides on them are properly destroyed at once, we get rid of centres Irom which attack is constantly spreading to do present harm. Also we may thus lessen the amount of next year’s attack. It is the autumn brood cf males, and females which provide the eggs to start the attack of the following year; and, therefore, anything which lessens the production of broods is useful. The shoots, however, should always be destro5'ed at once, not merely thrown aside to wither gradually, whilst their infesting hordes gain wings to go home again. A healthy, yet not rank growth, is one great means of lessening the bad effects of aphis attack ; as in the case of other insect attacks, the plant is thus supported through its troubles. But there is a further reason. It has been found that aphides come to maturity more rapidly when the plant growth is stunted, or the aphides them- selves are so numerous, that it may be presumed the nature ef the sap is different to that in the full flow of the healthy shoot, or the aphis is rather shortened of its food. Necessarily, maturity coming sooner, the successive broods are more rapidly produced, and the numbers greater. Where we can tell with certainty that some species of aphis migrate at a special season, from one kind of plant or tree to another, we have a most service- able method of prevention in our hands. It does not seem now to be open to doubt that a great part of the yearly attack of bop aphis, or “fly,’, comes on the wing from sloe, damson, or plants of the plum tribe. This was long ago stated by German entomologists, and laid down by at least some of our hop-growers ; and in 1884, after careful axamination of specimens of aphides both from bop and plum, and reports from hop-growers (noted at length with figures in my Eeport for that year), I mentioned that there appeared to me to be reason to believe that the great attack, which usually occurs in the form of “fly’’ about the ei d of May, comes on the wing from damson and sole, as well as from the hop. In 1887, the late Professor Eiley (Entomologist of the Department of Agriculture ot the United States), set the matter of migration from plum to hop beyond doubt by his obse. vations, of which a part was read before our own British Association; he stated that: — “ I hurodoii /ao/iH/i hybrrnates in the winter egg state, this egg being fastened to the twigs (generally the previous year’s growth) of different varieties and species of I'runus, both wild and cul- tivated,’’ Prom the winter egg Professor Eiley found the female, the mother of the coming tribe, was hatched, the winced descendants of which female take flight to the plum. The existence of many generations on the hop, during summer, we are all well acquainted with ; but during Professor Eiley ’s stay in Europe, and more especially in England, he personally observed the point not previously worked out, of the autumn migration of the hop aphis, back from hop to plum, at the close of autumn. These observations, coming from such a high authority as Professor Eiley, give thorough confirmation to the belief previously held as to mi- gration,; but still, Ido not think that in this country the whole of the attack comes on the wing from plum, damson, or sloe, because (amongst other reasons) we have found aphides — that is, wingless females and lice— on hep as early as the end of March and the beginning of April, long before the attack coming on the w'ing made its appearance. The hop aphides may be distinguished from the plum aphis, and from others of ihe AphiduuF, by the horns being hardly longer than the body, to- gether with the lowest joint being toothed, or gib- b ms, and the tubercles on the forehead each having a strong tooth. The legs are short, and the honey- tubes long. Where there chance to be a large quantity of sloes, as, for instance, sloe hedges in the neighbour- hood of hop-gardens, these at least might be got rid of without loss. The number of remedies — such as solutions or mixtures of tobacco, paraffin, quassia, or other applications in the form of washings or syringings — are endless, and recipes are not given here, as these applications lie in the special province of the hop-giower. It may, however, be noted that some- times washes fail in effect from the operator not being aware that in the case of many aphides the skin is covered with a kind of mealy coating, which throws off watery applications. Consequently, it often happens that unless the washing lodges amongst the aphides so as to kill them, or, agai w July i, 1897.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIS I . 5 the syringing is given with such force as to knock them from the plants, the insects are but little hurt. It is for this reason that soft-soap is so largely used, especially by hop-growers, for the washes : it is sticky, and thus adheres, in some de- gree, to the aphides, ; also it may be made the vehicle of any other application with which it may be desired to poison the aphides ; and, thirdly, it is a good fertiliser, which, as we have observed, is important in aphis attack. The great thing, however, that we need to know in order to check aphis attack, is where and how each kiud spends the winter. Meanwhile, our best hope as to prevention lies in allowing as few shelters as possible on trees, or in neglected bark (in fruit or tree attack), or at the roots of wild grasses round fields, for possible shelter of grain aphis, and, genenerally, being alive to the necessity of not letting everything drift without thought of the reason how, or why, things happen ; and, for remedy, in use of washes which are known to be suitable for the purpose in hand. The wooly aphis, or American blight, is chiefly to be found in neglected orchards. The aphides shelter themselves for the most part in crevices of the bark, or where a bough has been injured, or under young bark healing over wounds ; but they may be found on the young shoots, and the leaves, and are distinguishable by the white cottony material which surrounds them. I have flso found this kind of attack on the rootlets. The piercing of the aphis-sucker causes the growth just below the bark to become swollen and pulny ; then the cells divide, and the bark above splits, and thus openings are formed, which give the aphides new hiding holes ; and the diseased growth from their punc- tures is continued, until large tumour-like masses are formed, and the trees are very seriously in- jured. The best method of check ng attack is to keep the bark of the apple trees in such a healthy state — by means of proper pruning, the clearing away of injured branches, and useless and cracked bark (and other measures) — that there may be as few cracks and crannies, and half-healed spots, as possible, consequently, as little as possible of the shelter in which this aphis delights. Also, when the white wool in any nook or on any soft shoot in summer time, shows the presence of the pest, the shoots should be at once cut off, aird some remedy should be well brushed or rubbed into infested nooks. The number of difierent kinds of applications advised are almost beyond counting, though the principle throughout is one. But anything will be ef use which will stifle or poison the aphides, without hurting the bark of the tree ; and pro- bably common soft-soap, or soft-soap with a little sulphur dissolved in it, or paraffin or tobacco-juice added to it, and well rubbed or washed in, so that it may be sure to reach the pests in their sheltering nooks, will answer as well, or better, than most of the many suggested applications. Some of the applications said to succeed should he applied (if at all) with great caution, or they may do more harm than good by soaking into the bark. Tar is especially to be suspected, for it is apt to melt in the heat of the sun ; and turpentine, resin, and fish-oil, mixed and put on warm, and, in fact, any- thing that will thus choke the bark, is an unsafe application. For attack below ground, the best treatment seems to be the clearing away of infested roots and soil round them, and drenching the spot well with soft-soap washings or drainings from stables. The fifth tribe of aphides (the lihijzobiinte) feed mostly on grass-roots, and are wingless ; should they be found troublesome, the use of the cultivator, 'plenty of gaslime, and similar measures, would probably clear them cut In is exceedingly difficult to give any clear view of aphis life, or means of prevention, for few are known, excepting in cas' s where the plants are under cover, and where, t.i fsre, lumigrtion can be brought to bear. But the principle throughout appears to be this : — Check attack by diniinisbing lurking-places, and also by pruning off and destroy- ing infested shoots and parts of plants, or infested leaves (as with cabbage), as much as you can : and where you can bring washes to bear, use soft-soap as a foundation; but where tho application may be run into the ground, and thus remain round the insects, ammoniacal water, or drainings from stables, lime-water, or other drenchings poisonous to insect-life, and that will not hurt the plant have proved useful. ’ The “scale insects’’ are tho third section of the Ilomoptera. 'Ihese insects do great harm by drawing away the sap by moans of their sunkers^ There are many kinds, differing in various points of structure, as well as form; but in the case of the apple mussel scale which is sometimes very hurtful in orchards, this shell-like husk, which is in shape like a minute mussel-shell, adheres firmly to the bark during winter; and under it, but not attached to it, there lies the dead body of the female scale, and fifty or more eggs. In spring these hatch, and from them come small white flat insects, furnished with eyes, horns, .six leo-s and a sucker. These are very active at first but pre- sently each scale larva runs its sucker into some spot it can pierce, begins to feed, and ceases to move. A secretion of waxy material takes place on its back, beneath which the scale forms; and after various moults, and additions by secretion to the size of the scale, the change of the insect under it takes place to the perfect state. This, in the female, is to a shape like that of a globular flat- tened maggot, greenish in colour, without joint imbs, which lays eggs and dies. The males (I believe, in the present case, first observed not loog ago by Prof. Edey) have one pair of whitish wings and mr proboscis. ” ’ The best method of getting rid of these scales IS to prune off infested boughs, where this can be done. Where it cannot, rubbing off the scales by means of cloths or brushes, after moistening the bark witli water, or scraping them away with a knife, gets rid of many; and, generally, the same kind of remedies are useful as are applied for American blight, such as soft-soap, with some mixture of paraffin, kerosine, or other addition which may stifle the scale insects which have been disturbed, and make the bark unsuitable for attack. ihe order of plant bugs includes both plant and water insects, which may be known by a kind o^ leathery patch at the base of the front wing-* ■ dis-similar” from the rest of the substanc,' ! whence the order takes its name of lleterontcra or dissimilar-winged. ’’ The long-legged insects known as water measures, which we see skimming about on the surface of ponds, and the water boat- men, which by the help of their long oar-like front legs sweep through the water like insect skiffs are commm examples of the water irequenters of this division. The plant bugs sometimes do harm by sucking lha ^ juices of plants, especially by LyaiiM solam, which attacks potatoes ; but they are so far as I am aware, rarely injurious in this country to any serious extent. Some kinds ot a longer narrower shape, are to be found on wheat ana birrley. The wheat bug (.lA'i-is tiiticij has also otteu been found on grass in marshes ; the hurlev bug (.1/. dolabralusj ,s exceedingly’ common ^ barley, and on flowers ot grass near. Some of these various ou‘-:f-door bugs probably do good, by means of their carnivorous habits • and with regard to the wingless kind which to our misfjnnue, occasionally teaches us that feeding on animal juices, by means of a sucker, is a charac° teristic of this order, I think we need not enter on its preventicn here. The remaining oider is that of the thrips T/w sanop/era. These are very small insects, ’which sometimes do much harm to corn. They are 6 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [July i, 1S97. nearly alike in shape in all their stages, but they are scarcely large enough to be seen by the naked eye. The perfect insect of the corn thrips is blackish, but in the first state of larva or grub it is of a deep yellow ; in the second it is of a paler yellow, with whitish wing-cases. These thrips are to be found from June onwards in the growing wheat ears, and sometimes in the sheathing leaves of the stem. They feed on the corn grain, by piercing into it with their sucker-like jaw apparatus, and thus draw away the juices and cause the grain to shrivel. Another kind infests the notato, drawing away the juices in the same way as the corn thrips; as do also the aphides, scale insects, plant bugs, and some others, which we have just noticed, with their variously formed sucking apparatus. In the case of the potato thrips, dusting with dressings of lime arrd soot, or other mixtures, might do good ; but for the corn thrips it seems impossible to find any application, as any of those used to destroy the thrips would hurt the corn. The chief means of prevention seems to lie in clearing stubble or in deep ploughing to get rid of thrips which may, be wintering at the roots of the removed crop, or in destroying wild grasses on which the eggs may be laid round the fields. The knapsack sprayer is a very convenient form, and is noted here as being serviceable for distribu- tion of washes and sprays for destruction of aphides, scale insects, &c. ; as well as for the dis- libution of Paris-gieen, mentioned previously. — A CEYLON PLANTER IN GERMAN EAST AFRICA. THE CLIMATE— FEVER— I, EAF DISEASE. I was tired of Ceylon, and got an offer of a good billet in German East Africa, and being told the climate and shikar were good, I jumped at it. The climate is rather warm in the plains, and delightful in the hills ; until you stir up the soil, when it’s fearfully feverish : pucca black-water fever. And as I came out as a planter, the results were inevita- ble. First thing I had to do was to drain out a lot of swamps, which was something like cleaning out cesspools. The planters are mostly Germans of sorts. One was a very decent chap, rest were an awful lot of bounders. A brother Englishman made me a trifle ashamed of my nationality. I landed at Tanga on the coast in October, 1893. Lovely harbour, Tanga, land-locked on sides, large enough to float ships of 4,000 tons at present. I marched up coun- try : took me days in the very long marches of 20-30 miles a day. First thing I did after planting up a ten-acre patch was to go down with fever for a fortnight. I got better, and the other Englishman on the tote had a row with the Javanese labour and left for the coast. I couldn’t speak a w'ord of the language, but quickly gathered they thirsted for the other man’s blood. The plantation was only 90 acres planted, 50 more ready to plant, and at the end of the year we got it up to 350 planted. The “reserve” was a block of 275,000 acres. Lots of room for extension. All coffee, except two acres of wretched tea. Grew lots of native food, arrow-root and so on for estate cou- sumpiion. Leaf disease first appeared some three months after I arrived, on the oldest coffee, about 15 months’ old. Started on one or two trees, and I promptly spotted it and reported it to niy boss and in fact the whole district. No one believed it at first and said I was drivelling. I burnt the affected trees at once, and sent specimens of the leaves to Kew and Berlin. Before we could -get an answer, the pest had increased to such an extent that confir- mation of my surmises was no longer needed. On making enquiries I find that the seed had been piu'- chased in Colombo by the German Consul. It was reported that he bought the seed ignorant that it was to be used for planting. Ten per cent, at least was light. Of the balance only about 30-40 per cent, came up fairly strong plants. The best of these were planted out, with the above result. The course of the disease ran curiously. It took a strip away from the lines right down a field. Then it worked back over a ridge through a break in the wind belt to another clearing, where there were two very large nurseries. These it played mis- chief with. These plants were put out and the wEole estate got affected. I left before the full re- sults could be seen, but I noticed the only unattacked portions were some line coffee and a little bit of a shade clearing. Nearly all the rest of the coffee was in the open, pucca Ceylon style, barring a few odd trees some 40 to 60 feet apart, that were only left because they were too big and expensive to cut down. — Plantinrj Opinion. ♦ COFFEE PLANTING IN NYASSALAND. FROJI AN INTERVIEW' WITH JIR. G. M. CRACRE. Mlanji is fifty miles from Blantyre, and is situated on a plateau at an elevation which rises to 3,000 feet, though the Nyassaland Coffee Company’s place is only from 1,500 to 1,800 feet high. This plateau is overlooked by Mlanji mountain, which rises to 10,000 feet. The country is undulating, like the Assam district, and it has a rainfall of about eighty. The temperature is cool and equable, but the place is particularly unhealthy from the middle of Novei. her to the end of February, which is the planting season. The pioneer of Mlanji is Mr. Henry Brown, who was formerly an Inspector in the Ceylon Police. "When he left here, in 1890 or 1891, he went to Central Africa in connection with the work proceeding at the Lakes ; but in a short time he took to coffee planting. Mr. Crabbe said ; “ Well, when I left the Com- pany’s property they had 240 acres opened, and last year they opened another ten acres, making 250 acres opened, but another 250 is to be opened this year. The jungle which has to be cleared is very heavy, but the soil is by a long way the best soil that can be found there, and is very dark-red in colour. My place has been taken by Mr. Moggridge, who was formerly with Mr. Cotton, on Demeiia, Passara. He has with him as assistant Mr. Robin, who also hails from Ceylon, having been a planter with Mr. Metcalfe in Punduloya. They came out to me a year ago last May. Robins has suffered very badly with fever. Five miles off our place was an estate belonging to Mr. Moir, who was formerly Manager of the African Lakes Company. He had about 180 acres opened in coffee. On the other side of us our nearest neighbour was Mr. Henry Brown, who had about 200 acres opened. He had some coffee in full bearing, and he had also a few tea-bushes, but they were not a good jat. .Then about ten miles off us Mr. Bradshaw had about 180 acres. His was a very good place. His oldest coffee was about five years of age, and he got a crop of 30 tons last year. He has just left on a trip home, but he has certainly done the best of anybody there. Then, there is a small estate of 60 acres belonging to a Mr. Simpson, who, in addition to coffee, has gone in for a few native products. I think that is about all. Of course there are a good many planta- tions round about Blantyre ; but with the exception of the Buchanans’ property which is managed by Mr. Hunter, they are all small holdings. There are no factories, and all the pulpers are worked by hand with the exception of those at Mr. Moil’s place. He has the only water-wheel in the country.” But the great thing they have to contend against, is the want of good seed. Of coures, the coffee is of the Arabian sort, but this want is greatly felt, and something will have to be done with regard to getting better seed. The Nyassaland Coffee Com- pany did try to introduce Brazilian seed, but it didn’t answer— it failed to germinate. All the seed we had was what we got locally. No coffee seed from India or Ceylon, you know, is allowed into the country on account of leaf disease, nor is tea seed allowed, though so.ne sent by Mr. Carson from Ceylon managed to get in and it turned out a failure July i, 1897.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 7 It was Indian seed ; but it got in as the Commis- sioner at that time was anxious it should be started. The cofiee is planted under shade there.” ‘‘Then the administration seem to have done very little for the conntri' up to date, — I mean as far as helping the planter goes. There is a great want of roads and transx^ort facilities. We sent all pro- duce to Chiromo on the river Zambesi. That is 70 miles away, and all the produce had to go down on niggers’ heads as, though there was a river near us, and it led to Chiromo, it was not navigable, from Chiromo our produce went to Chinde ; Beira, of course, being the port of export. There were two steamer lines which took our produce away, namely, the German Bast African line, which goes by way of Aden, and Rennie’s line, which runs south round the Cape direct home, and which took the bulk of what we sent. The steamers of these lines call alternately once a fortnight. But Beira is just the same primitive place, it always was. Not a single thing has been done in the way of making proper warehouses there, and what is exported and what is imported lies about on the shore till removed, and is exposed to all sorts of weather. ‘‘Labour is plentiful. At least it is plentiful with the exception of the four wet months. That time the natives mostly employ in working their own gardens. A lot of the labour comes from Lake Nyassa, the people coming down a distance of over 200 miles. We sent Kanganies to recruit them, and when we got the labourers we paid them, in calico, three shillings a month, so they were cheap. The local labourers only cot two shillings’ worth of calico a month. We had no trouble either with advances or tundus. The language spoken is Mananga, it is very easy to learn, and all of us spoke it. The Angonis are the best labourers, and when we got them we had to get the Mananga language inter- preted, but that was gemjrally easily managed. The great want was native artisan. — “Local Times.” COFFEE-GROWING. C. SKELTON. My attention having been drawn to a paragraph adverting to a sample of coffee having been forwarded to the Department of Agriculture from the Clarence River district, as an ex-Ceylou coffee-planter, I felt interested in the fact that coffee could he produced in New South Wales, and called upon Mr. W. S. Campbell — of the Department — who was kind enough to show me the sample, which though only partly cured, being in the “ parchment ” — ■ which, together with the silver skin having to be removed before it would be considered a marketable commodity — goes to move that a fair quality of coffee can be grown in the Colony. The bean seems full, and of a tolerably good colour ; so far as I can judge it would fetch from 6.03. to 70s. per cwt. in the Loudon market ; were it cured in “plantation style” it might realize from 20 to 25 per cent. more. The question to be solved is, what yield per acre can be obtained from the plant in the latitude of the district where the sample was produced, for coffee is indubitably a tropical product and requires plenty of heat and moisture. What I am afraid will be found most detrimental to the success of coffee in this Colony are the frosts that even in the most northerly parts of the Colony are occasionally experienced. In Ceylon I once saw a field of coffee killed right out by one night’s slight frost ; it was at a very high altitude, about 5,000 feet, and it must have been of very rare occurrence, for the trees were ten or twelve years old when they were bitten. However, if that difficulty can be surmounted and labour obtained at a reasonable figure, the coffee would have to yield from 50 to 60 bushels of “ cherry” coffee per acre — equal to about 6 cwt. per acre, or about i lb. of clean coffee per tree — to pay working expenses and leave a fair profit. To the intending planter a few hints from one with seventeen years’ experience at coffee-growing may not be amiss. Choose, if pjossible, land naturally drained, a gentle slope is preferable, so that surface water will not lie and sour the soil. Good friable soil, of course, is a desideratum, it need not necessarily be very deep, as coffee is a surface feeder. Avoid cold, wet clay sub-soil, as immediately the tap root reaches such a subsoil the tree will be observed to decline and ultimately die of what Ceylon prlanters used to technically term “ wet feet” ; the only cure for it is sub-soil draining, and that runs into a lot of money. The land obtaised, the next thing is to make a nursery. Clear a piece, sufficient to raise plants for the area you intend to open, which, planted at 6 feet by 6 feet, runs to about 1,200 plants to the acre. Trench the ground and lay it out in beds, as you would a vegetable garden. Procure some coffee in the “ cherry ” — a bushel of cherry coffee will yield somewhere about 30,000 seeds, sufficient to plant about 25 acres — and pulp it by squeezing between the fingers, plant the seeds in the prepared beds 9 inches by 9 inches apart, with just acovering of earth over them. Water every morning and evening, unless it rains, and continue to do so until the plants are 3 or 4 inches above ground, and afterwards, should the weather be dry, give them a good watering every alternate evening or so. Meantime, while the plants in the nursery are coming on, y'our land is supposed to be in process of being cleared. Let the logs that have not been consumed by the fire remain on the ground; stumping also is unnecessary, as there is no ploughing to be done. Get some thousands of pegs cut, about 15 inches long ; with these and a lining rope (an ordinary clothes line will answer), marked at every 6 feet with a piece of rag, or something let into the twist, proceed to mark off your ground in parallel lines 6 feet apart. Keep your lines as straight as possible by using three ranging rods, or wadd sticks, as they are usually called here. You will find the benefit of having your trees in straight lines afterwards in working the place ; besides, nothing looks so bad as an irregularly lined field of coffee. It may sometimes be fouud necessary to cut or roll a log out of the way in order to get the peg m its proper place. When all the lining is done proceed to dig a hole 18 inches deep, by the same in width, at each peg, leaving all the soil dug out in a heap at the lower side of the hole. Scrape all the surface soil and ashes left from the burning off into the hole till it is heaped up, as it will sink considerably, then stick back the peg into the heap to mark the hole. After the holing and filling in is finished, seize the opportunity of the first wet weather to plant out your nursery plants, which, we will suppose, are uow five or six mouths old, as it will take about that time to prepare the land for their reception. Lift each alternate plant, either by pulling them up and carrying them out to the field in bundles, or, if you have time and labour to spare, lifting each with a ball of earth at the root and taking them out to the field on trays of some sort. The latter way is the best when it can be done, but if you have'a large field of 80 or 100 acres to plant up it takes a lot more labour to do it. Be sure not to put the plant in too deep, but only to the same depith that it stood in the nursery ; it is a mistake that is often made to plant too deep, the leaves grow yellow and the plant seems strangled, and often takes a long time to recover. It is a good plan to put the plant in a little deeper than you intend to leave it, place the earth round the roots, then stand with a foot on each side, and give the plant a steady, gentle pull upwards — that brings all the roots straight. If you have favourable weather probably most of your plants will come on all right, but there are sure to be some failures, and tilling up vacancies with the plants left in the nursery should be carried on at •very opportunity, that is whenever you have wet weather. Planting completed, there is nothing much to be done except keeping the place clear of weeds, cutting any roads or drains that may be found neces- sary, and erecting some sort of temporary house accommodation for self and labourers; which should be of the cheapest, until such time as you can seg 8 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [July r, 1897. how things are going to “ pan out.” In eighteen or twenty mouths the plants will have grown sufficiently high to be topped — that is, cutting the top off the plant at 3 ft. 6 in. or 4 feet, according to soil and aspect, if at all exposed to wind the former height is the best. Topping has the effect of making the tree spread out laterally, covering the ground from the sun, thus tending to prevent the growth of weeds, besides facilitating the gathering of the crop. Trees grown in the “ native” style — namely, allowed to grow to their full height, never bear more than half the erop they otherwise do, having so much useless old wood to sustain, besides the difficulty of gathering crop from branches 8 or 10 feet from the ground. In the third year the ” maiden,” or first crop — generally amounting to 2 or 3 cwt. per acre — may be expected, and preparations accordingly will have to be made for it by erecting the necessary pulping-house, store, and platforms for drying the coffee upon, purchase of machinery, &o. I may here state that in selecting a site for the works it is absolutely necessary to fl.K upon one to which it is possible ro lead a stream of water, and if practicable, sufficient to drive a water-wheel, which will be found a very great convenience and saving of labour; in fact, if any considerable area is to be put under coffee it will be found almost impossible to get through the work without one ; in any case water is indispensable for pulping and washing the crop. To give directions for the erection of the necessary works, to be of any practical use, is scarcely within the scope of an article of this sort. Illustrative diagrams would have to bo given and the most minute details entered into to make it intelligible to the ordinary under- standing. Messrs. John Walker & Co., Bogambra Mills, Kandy, Ceylon, supply all the machinery neces- sary on coffee plantations, and if applied to, I have no doubt will be glai to forward price lists. A Walker’s disc pulper, sufficient for the crop to be obtained off 25 or 30 acres of coffee, can be purchased for about T15 ; laid down in this Colony for about T17 lOs. In Ceylon and Southern India the usual estimate for bringing coffee into bearing was £10 per acre; that embraces felling, clearing, planting, and general maintenance till the coffee begins to yield returns, namely, in the third year after planting. As previously stated the first or ‘‘ maiden ” crop is usually from 2 to 3 cwt. per acre ; it goes on in- creasing up to the sixth year, when the tree is supposed to be in full bearing, when with good soil and favourable seasons it may yield 10, 12, or even 15 cwt. per acre. Under these circumstances it is not difficult to see how paying a speculation coffee-growing is, with aunutl working expenses at £8 or £10 per acre, and London ruling prices for ‘‘ plantation” coffee at 100s., and sometimes over that, per cwt. Unfortunately, results do not always come up to expectations ; the coffee planter, like the farmer, has many difficulties to contend with, white bug and black bug, too much wet or too much dry weather, scarcity of labour at critical times when he most requires it, and, sometimes, that which is worst of all, scarcity of money. However, taking it all in all, a little discomfort and hard work is easily borne when there is a prospect of making a competency, of which I do not think there can be much doubt should judgment and care be exercised. It is as easy to lose money at coffee as it is at almost anything else with a reckless hand at the helm, — Agricultural Gazette. « THE DIMENSIONS OF TREES. In our last issue we called attention to some trees, of extraordinary dimensions, recorded in Kerner and Oliver’s Natural Histonj of Plants : we now add some notes of measurements of large trees of Indian species which may be of interest. Cedrus Deodara. — A section of a Deodar tree from the Jaunsar forest in the Forest School museum measures 27 feet in girth and shows 655 annual rings. Cupressus torulosa. — Brandis’ Forest flora mentions a Cyprus tree measured by Dr. Steward which was 27 feet in girth near the ground. Tectona grandis. — Teak trees of enormous size are not infrequent in Upper Burmah. A felled log in the A'amethin forest measured by S. Carr »as 6t feet long and 13 feet 9 inches in mean girth ; it was perfectly sound, and, when found, was in process of being split up to build a Buddhist monastery. In the Myittha — Panlauug forest there are two immense teak trees standing side by side, the largest of which was found by H. Calthrop to be 20 feet in girth at 6 feet from the ground with a height 60 ft. to the first branch; and at Alaungdaw-Kathaba in the Chindwin a tree measured by C. B. Murid girthed 17 feet 4 inches at 5 feet from the ground. Bomhax 2Ialal)aricum. — We have a photograph of a tree said to be 87J feet in girth one foot from the ground, but it is believed that the measurement was taken along the contour of the buttresses. Santalum album. — As a record measurement of a tree of the smaller classes may be mentioned a sandal tree felled by A. B. Lawrie in Coorg which measured 5 feet 6 inches at 5 feet from the ground. — Indian Forester. THE PROXIMATE CONSTITUENTS OF TEA. Assam. Per cent. Non- Nitrogenous Bodies : — a . ( Gallic and oxalic acids, &c 1 *S ^ I osl2-( Tannic acid 11 to 18 be o J O uBoheic (Assamic) acid 1'50 to 2'5 . K r Cellulose 18 o “ I 'S g ■< Glum and dextrine 2'75 Glucose trace Mucilage, pectin, Ac 9'75 Resins, Ac 2 Fixed Oil and Theol (volatile essen-’ tial oil) '7 to ’9 Gums and Waxes. .. . 3'75 Nitrogenous Bodies : — Chlorophyll I’S to 3 Amides traces Theine 3 to 6 Other Alkaloids traces Albuminoids 20 Inor/anic Bodies : — Mineral Substances 4’5 Moisture 0to8 ■ — Journal of the Society of Arts, Ceylon. Java. China. Japan. Natal. Per cent. Per cent. Per cent. Per cent. Per cent, •65 •50 •25 •25 •50 15 14 12 to 20 12 to 16 10 to 14 1’75 1-50 1 1-25 1^25 20 22 25 22 to 2G^5 24 2-5 3 3-25 3-25 2-75 — trace — — trace 5’5 6-5 7-2 7 3'75 3 25 3-25 3-5 2-75 ■6 •55 •4 to •o •5 •6 4-25 4 4-25 4-50 4-2 1’5 to 2-5 1^25 to 2 1 to 2-2 1^8 to 2 1 to 2 traces traces traces traces ti ac 3S 2 to 4 5 0 1-5 to 2-25 1 to 2 5 3 7 traces traces traces traces traces 22 20 21-5 20 21-7 5-0 5'5 6'7 6-5 5^75 1-5 to 10 6 to 12 8 to 16 12 8 to U THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 9 July r, 1897.] TRADE OF INDIA ; 1896-97. As we anticipated, a recent post has brought us from the Government of India, a copy of the “Accounts relating to the Trade and Navigation of British India for the month of March 1897, and for the Twelve Months, 1st April 1896 to 31sc March 1897, compared with the corresponding period of the years 1894-95 and 1895-96.” This is a bulky, but handy-sized statistical return of 118 pages giving full details of all the Im])ort and Export Trade of India for the year ending with March last ; and yet the press and merchants of Colombo have not yet (at end of May) got the local Customs Accounts for the year ending .81st December last. We quote the grand totals of the Trade of India : — FOREIGN TRADE. 1894-95. 1895-96. 1896-97. R R R Imports. — Total Mer- chandise.. .. 785,289,926 729,367,533 762,158,352 Total Treasure.. 95,812,073 133,679,854 1,30,845,635 Grand Total of Imports .. 831,101,999 863,047,387 893,003,987 Exports. Foreign Goods .. 50,574,144 47,175,159 40,336,372 Indian Produce and Manufac- ture . . 1,037,575,846 1,095,456,241 998,801,824 Total Treasure... 62,260,717 42,598,105 49,374,955 Grand Total for Exports .. 1,171,398,499 1,185,946,4891,089,211,139 Grand Amount of Import Duty collected, in- cluding Salt . . 54,368,245 65,743,137 61,390,392 Ditto, Export Duty Collected . . 9,034,881 9,292,242 7,525,600 We shall discu.ss some of the details very soon. DESICCATING MILLS. A Marawila correspondent writes : — The Superintendent and Engineer @f the Veyangoda Desiccating Mills were here some time ago prospecting for a site it was said to start Desiccating Mills. They fixed on a spot at Kudaweva near the 42nd mile on the old road bordering the canal. The more mills the merrier for estate proprietors. CURIOUS PRECIOUS STONES. A Bangalore Correspondent sends us the follow- ing interesting communication : — “In your issue of the 20th April para 3, parti- culars regarding a star sapphire from Ceylon are "iving at some length. Several royal personages, whose names are mentioned have seen this gem — which is now on view in London —between two lighted candles. The stone is said to be worth s^eral thousands of pounds. I have got a star sapphire, set in a large gold ring, and I wish it were worth even a few hundreds of pounds. Nevertheless if the stone is held between two lighted candles, it likewise shows 3 separate stars with rays ; but in any other light only one star is visible ; but embellished with 6 rays. If the 2 stone is held some distance from the eye.s with the sun shining upon it, the star will apjiear to advantage, in fact much more distinct than if looked at in any room, but between two lighted candles in the day-time the stars are brought pro- minently out even when held quite close to the eyes. Such being the case, the stone is certainly an uncommon one. Evidently the London jeweller knew what he was about when exliibit- ing the gein between two lights. Alany years ago the great jewellers, P. Orr. and Sons, of Madras, advertised in the Madras papers a star sapphire for sale. Tlie adverti.sement was intended for Rajahs and capitalists, and it must have been a beautiful gem or it would not have been so advertised. I do not know who purchased the stone, but after reading your paper re- garding the one now in London, it struck me that it might be the same stone, and that the exhibiting of it between two lighted candles with the result shown was in all probability a new discovery. “ I have probably the best cat’s-eye stone in Southern India. It is set in a large gold rino-, and it has been in my possession for a quarter of a century. I purchased it from Agurchand, the rich Madras Sowcar who died a few year.s ago. It is nearly as large as the human eye, and in some lights— say in a small room w'ith windows all around it, no less than 6 opalescent rays are visible. In a room with fewer windows, 3 or 4 rays are visible. A few years ago particulars of a large cat’s-eye stone were given, that was on show at the Melbourne Exhibition. I read ac- counts of it in the Madras papers. It was the property of a Ceylon merchant, who wanted £3,000 for it, and it was stated that the Governor of the colony, whose name was mentioned, had offered £2,000, but his offer was refused. It was also said that it was the only stone in the world that had 4 or 5 opale.scent rays in it, but this statement was untrue. My cat’s-eye stone is evidence to the contrary. Dealers in these gems say that the more opalescent rays there are in a specimen, the more luminous will be the single ray observable in the stone when examined with the sun shining upon it. This is no doubt correct. For my stone is worth looking at when the sun is shining straight down upon it, when the single ray in the centre of the stone appears alive with light, and is something to be remembered. Many year.s ago I sent it to London with a gentleman who is now in this country and who was going home on .six months’ leave. I did this at the suggestion of Surgeon-Genei’al Furnell and Surgeon-Major Luke Hackett, who were much interested in pre- cious stones and who were anxious to know what the London jewellers would value it at, and in two of the largest shops in that great city the same valuation was given, viz., £100, and good cat’s-eye stones have risen in value since. I examined the stone yesterday, between two lighted candles, simply out of curiosity, when two well- defined and luminous opalescent rays appeared. The distance between each ray was about one quarter of an inch, and the sight was worth seeing. Of course at any time of the day and in any room with daylight in it the stone is worth looking at. I am convinced that this gem was once worn in the earring of an idol in some temple, as there is a gold pin running through the bottom of it, and this drilling of tlie stone would not have been done for any other purpose than the wearino- of it in an earring, but the gold pin is not visible except on close inspection ; and this reminds me that the Orloff diamond served as the eye of an 10 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. idol in a Tricliinopoly temple, and was stolen by a French soldier who sold it to the captain of a ship for 50 rupees. It then passed into the hands of a German Jew, who paid, I think, £4,000 for it, hut the Jew knew what he was about, as he sold the stone to the Eiu])ress Catherine of Russia for £80,009, an annuity of £8,000, and a title of nobility. I could have sold my cat’s-eye ring many times had 1 wanted to part with it, for it has been seen by many officers, both Civil and Military, of higli rank, and it was always \^ery much admired. It would make a handsome brooch stone, if surrounded by dia- monds, rubies, or emeralds, and would then grace the neck of the fairest lady. I have had in my possession many years a very good fire opal. It IS set in a massive gold ring, nearly all the colours of the iviinbow are visible in this stone. A large spot of red is often seen in it of such luightness that to look at it is like looking into a furnace, the colour is so vivid. This gem has also been much admired by many people, .and a District Sessions Ju''ge some yeais .ago was anxious to necome its possessor. I applied the two lighted candle test to this stone also, and tlie different colours that came out by simply changing the position of the stone by a slight turn of the lingers was something marvellous, and brought back to memory what I had read of the fire opal the size of a hazel nut, that Nonnins, the Roman Senator, had in his |>ossession. It was valued at 50,000 sesterces, and rather than part with his gem to the Empeior, he suffered exile, and took his beautiful opal with him. A rich lady, the wife of a gallant officer of Cavalry, who was in this station last year, had in her possession a veiy large fire opal — something really worth looking at, and worth having also ; for a Delhi jeweller, who was at this station for a short time, offered 15,000 rupees tor it, but the offer was not accepted. I have a small cat’s eye stone set in a gold ring that will give two opalescent rays. The little gem is worth looking at, and is of nearly the same colour as one belonging to a gallant colonel, now in Madras which he wears set in a se.arf pin surrounded witli small diamonds. I saw' this stone a few' years ago, and w'as told by the Colonel that he got it direct from England and gave £75 for it. Alexandrite is not a very common stone. I have crot a well cut one that was brought from Ceylon. It is a dark green stone, but will turn of a red colour from reflected light ; the light fiom a lucifer match is sufficient for tlie purpose. The stone was named Alexandrite after Alexandra the Princess of Wales, and is only a recent discovery. I saw a very large uncut one some years ago in Madras. It was shown me by Streeter’s agent, who was spending his X’mas holidays that year with a friend of mice a few ye.ars ago. I read in the English papers that the Maharajah Dhu- leep Singh had purchased in London some hand- some opals as a present to his mother, as there 'were no opals in India. I could have told Dhu- leep Singh whom I had seen in this country when he was a boy, that he was under a w'rong ji^^pj'0ggjQn, for opals aie found in India, foi I picked up a very good one in the Ninnul Jungle in Feb. 1858, which I gave to Cajit. Robin.son w'ho commanded my company .as something that would remind bim in after years of the Ion" march the regiment had during the Mutiny from Madras to Calpee. During the Mutiny I purclnased a few stones of Banda, Kirwee, Saugor, and other places, but of no particular value, ex- cept a few rubies at Saugor for tw'O officers of [July i, 1897. the regiment. .Some beautiful moss agates, onyx, sardonyx, carbuncles, topazes and other stones I came across. Some of them are real curios. I have in my possession a large piece of stone so that no one w*ould ever think of picking it up. Yet, nevertheless, it is really worth having, as a half score of brooch stones and a score of finger ring stones could he cue from it ; the polish it takes, and the betutiful colours in it then come grandly out. It is probably a blood stone, but the blood stones seen in rings aie nothing in comparison either in richnes.s or colour to the ugly looking treasure I have. I have ail sorts of comnduni, but the greatest curio is a ruby corundum 4 inches long, hexagonal, or six- sided (the true formation) and weighing over two pounds. This is no doubt the large.st'’ruby not a cry.stal ever found, and it will take a f.Wly gooil imh.sh of a cloudy ruby colour. Ifitw.a.«a pure crystal it would be wortii million.s ofimunds. The weight of this stone would not be credited by anyone_ not knowing the relative weight of the different kinds of precious stones. Probably Die bpt judge of precious stones iii England has stated that he has seen £l,t)00 paid for a good cat’s-eye lin" stone Some jewels were sold lately at the Mysore Palace and 4 cat’s-eye stones were sold for 8,000 rupees by a jeweller from Bomh.ay. An engineer officer who saw the stones spoke anything hut in praise of them at the trial of Mr. Jacobs, at .Secun- derabad (the great diamond ca.se). I read in the Madia:^ jiapei.s that he had two cat’s-eye rings on his fingers when in court which were much admired by those present. One of these stones was valued at 8,00() rupees. Nearly all large diamonds have eventful histories. The Kohinoor (mountain of light) now worn by Her IMost Gracious Majesty the Queen-Empress has a wonderful history so has the Pitt or Regent diamond. Pope in ’ his Man of Ross, I think, would lead his readers to believe that it was stolen by Mr. Pitt when Governor of Madr.as : “ Asleep and naked as the Indian lay An honest factor stole the gem away.” Ml. Pitt wrote at length to prove the accusation false, stating that he had purchased the stone from one Helmachund, and mentioning the num- ber of pagodas he paid for it ; the purchase nevei tireless was a profitable one for he sold the stone to the Regent Duke of Orleans for £120,000 and it wa,s worn afterwards by the Emperor Napoleon in the pommel of his sword. The De Farcy diamond has probably the most wonderful history, as it was the |)iopercy of King Charles of bweden, and he had it with him at the battleof Piil- towa.where he was killed. Afterwards .lohii De Barley, Count DeFarey, became its possessor, and he sent It as a present to the king, but the mounted servant to whom it was entrusted was .attacked by robbers and killed ; the diamond, however, was re- covered, the faithful serv.ant having swallowed it, Uhelaigest diamond in the world belongs to the Rajah of Borneo ; it is uncut and in shape like a pear. There have been large sums offered for this stone, especially by the Dutch, but the Rajah will not part with it, as it is a treasure mine to him. Water is put into a small hole at the top of the stone and the jieople of Borneo oelieve that the touching of this water with the finger and putting a drop to the forehead will cure the worst diseases. In this belief all those vvho can afford it try this w'ater cure. A very rich man could, if he wished buy a small basket- ful of diamonds from 4 to 8 carats weight each but he could not buy a basketful of rubies or July i, 1897.] THE TROPICAL good cat's-eyes ; for these stones, of good tonality, are not procurable in the market, and it is almost an impossibility to buy a large emerald, as a large one free from flaws is rarely met with. The largest ruby in the world is not much larger than the egg of a pigeon.” Our correspondent’s letter is apparently not written in a purely literary spirit, for at the end he asks us to add that lovers of gems and curios who may wish to purchase the stones described by him are invited to address him on the subject. The communication, notwithstanding that it is a .sort of catalogue of his wares, is, however, intere.sting, so we are not unwilling to do what he requests, and forward him any letters that may be addressed to him at our office under the initial “T.” We know more of our correspondent than his name and address. — M. Times, April 29. CEYLON TEA IN THE STATES. Mr. Kenyon Parsons writing to our contemporary says : — “Since Mr. McKenzie has taken up the work of push- ing teas here there has been a great desire on the part of the trade to pay attention to Ceylon Teas. This is owing I am convinced to the way Mr. McKenzie has advertised the tea in the trade papers, and I may say also in the magazines and periodicals. The expendi- ture of money in this direction is just beginning to make itself felt, and if it were stopped now, it would be equivalent to throwing seven-eights of the money spent in advertising away. The value of' advertising is in proportion to the length of time you advertise. Every year will show a greater return over the previous year, and to stop now, would be like, after you have cleared and planted up an estate to withdraw your labor, and let the tea plants grow up as best they could, and though I have not had the pleasure of meeting Mr. McKenzie, I think the thanks of all in- terested in Ceylon tea are dire him. To my mind the best way to push tea in this market is to advertise in the trade papers and a few magazines as Mr. McKenzie is doing now. You will find that the trade will take bold of the tea. It is the ‘ trade ’ you wish to get.” This most fully confirm.s the view we have neld all along as to the greater value of advertising— rather than of subsidising. AMERICAN NATIONAL HOARD OF TEA EXPERTS. The American Government is deter-mined to secure the purity of the tea imported into the States, and having passed a law on the subject, it now follows this up in the following practical way : — The Secretary of the Treasury has appointed A. P. 'Dpham and E. A. Schoyer, of Chicago ; Herbert G. Woodworth, of Boston; T. A. Phelan and W. P. Boome, of New York; Andrew P. Irwin, of Phila- delphia. and Robert B. Bain, of San Francisco, as a Board of Tea Experts, under the act of March 2, 1897, to prevent the import of impure and unwhole- some tea into the United States. The Board has held several meetings at the Appraiser’s stores, and is gathering information and seeking aid in order to fix a satisfactory standard. A report has been sub- mitted to the Secretary of the Treasury, which states that the Board has selected such standards as, in its opinion, will represent the intention of the bill regarding purity, quality and fitness for consumption. Tbe reports adds; — The Board recommends, first, that the comparison of standards with teas delivered shall be made not only with regard to flavor, but particularly with regard to the appearance of the leaf after infusion. AGRICULTURIST. n In color of infused leaf and in freedom from admix- ture with black and decayed leaf all teas should be equal to the standards, but any consideration of the make or so-called style of the dry leaf should be omitted. The leaf of the infusion must equal the standard in freedom from scum, gritty substance and leaf made up of dust and congee {i.e., rice paste) The Boa.rd further recommends that your Depart- ment issue instructions that all teas shall be labeled with their proper trade naines, so as to avoid palp- able fraud in the use of false labels. The importance of this point has been pressed upon it by the trade, and it cannot too strongly emphasize it, particularly referring to gi’een teas, of which the Pingsuey kinds have been heretofore labeled Moyune, the former being an inferior and the latter a superior tea. The Board therefore respectfully urges upon you as of supreme importance that the examiners should be not only thoroughly honest and trustworthy, but also experts in tea. That the present incumbents at New York and Chicago meet these requirements the Board has no question, but as the examiner at San Fran- cisco is not an expert iu teai, but a chemist having insufficient knowledge of the article, it is absolutely necessary that a person possessing the proper quail fications should be appointed at that port AN AERMOTOR FOR COLOMBO. The lir.st of tlie variety of wind mills known as Aerniotors in Colombo has just been erected at •Devon House by Messrs. W. H. Davies & Co. It is a wheel of 8 feet diameter, made of gal- vanized steel and mounted upon a galvanised steel tower 60 feet high. In an extremely light breeze it was pumping 200 gallons of w’ater per hour to a height of 30 feet, and as this was too great a quantity for the requirements of the bungalow the length of the stroke of the pump has been reduced by one-half. In Colombo we have an average diurnal movement of air varying from 1.50 to nearly 300 miles according to the sea.son of the year. This means from 10 to 20 hours’ full work. The mills are so regulated that they go out of the wind when it exceeds 15 miles per hour and no danger therefore exists of their being blown over. The towers being of steel, galvanized after being made, are practically in- destructible, and their gracefulness and airiness greatly beautify the landscape. This is the first, as we have said, to be erected in Colombo; but Messrs. Davies have another of the same make in Chilawq presently being erected for the pur- pose of pumping water from a river on to some arid lands, and thus converting them into paddy fields. Tbe Devon House one supplies water for domestic and bathing purposes in the house, as also to the stable anci coach-house, duck-pond, fountain, and for sprinkling the lawn. In America there are small town water supplies consisting of wind- mills mounted on large tanks and capable of pumping and storing the water for 800 to 1,000 inhabitants. This would be of great benefit in many towns in Ceylon: — Negombo, for instance. In America also these “ Aerniotors ” are erected at most railway stations, ARTIFICIAL MANURES. Bmzif.- -With a view to preventin i the numerous falsifications noted of late in chemical manures, imported from abroad or prepared in Brazil, the Farmers’ Association of the State of St. Paul have just petitioned the Congress of this State to pass a law for stopping the sale of these fraudulent makes. — Belgian Consul at Saint Paul. 12 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST, [July i, 1897. ‘‘ Now Thunder and turf ! ” Pope Gregory said And his hair raised his triple crown right off his head — “ Now Thunder and turf ! and out and alas ! A horrible thing has come to pass ! What 1— cut off the head of a reverend Prior. And say he was only (!!!) a bare-footed Priar ! — ‘What Baron or Squire, Or Knight of the shire Is half so good as a holy Friar ? 0 turpissime ! Vir ncquissime ! Sceleratissime ! — quissime ! — issinie ! Never, I trow, have the Servi servormn Had before ’em Such a breach of deco- How a Planter Terrifies a Crimp ! rum, Such a gross violation of morum honoruni. And won’t have again scccida smculorum ! — Come hither to me. My Cardinals three. My Bishops in partibus, Masters in Artibvs Hither to me, A, B. and D.D. CAve Doctors and Proctors of every degree ! Go fetch me a book ! — go fetch me a bell As big as a dustman’s ! — and a candle as well — I’ll send him — where good manners won’t let me tell 1 ’ TEA IN AMERICA. New York, April 7tli. Elsewhere we print from a copy of the otlieia report the recommendations of the Board of Ex- perts to the Secretary of the Treastiry, regarding tea standards to foreign importations. They practically exclude two thirds of the Pingsuey teas and many Ioav grade Oolongs. A protest has been filed with Secretary Gage by Mouri- lyan, Heimann & Co., cf Japan, through their local oliice as follows : — Dear Sir, — In the matter of the recent act “ to pre- vent the importation of impure and unwholesome teas,” we beg to protest against the adoption by the Department of the standards recently selected for Japan teas, for the following reasons : First. — That all Japan teas, being prepared from one and the same leaf, it is not necessary to establish more than one standard. Second — That the three standards, as selected by the Commissioners, represent three different qualities of this one leaf, the sundried tea being better in cup quality than the pan-fired tea, the basket-lired tea still better than the sundried. The effect of this confusion will be detrimental to the Western trade, where sundried teas are used and will favor New York, where the trade is almost entirely pan-fired tea. Third. — That the standard of pan-fired tea as selected, is apparently early second crop tea mixed with first crop leaf, the result being that in a number of successive drawings the cup quality , varies from 1 to ;> cents per pound. Fourth. — As in tho preparation of Japan teas the same tea is frequently subjected to both the pan-fired and the basket-fired process it will be manifestly im- possible for the examiner to determine by which stan- dard such tea should be tested. We have for many years been importers of Japan teas, and under the old law never had a tea rojcc.ted at any port in the United States; consequently, wo have no interest in the “ importation of impure and unwholesome tea,” and we only ask that one fair and proper standard be selected in accordance with tho spirit and letter of the law. The present standards, although selected, no doubt, with care on the part of the Commission, are calcula- ted to seriously disorganize the trade in Japan tea, and will greatly curtail tho amount cf business that could legitimately be done under a proper standard. 'The market is steady on low-priced teas, pjarticularly Pingsuey. Several lines have been •sold the past week, but the aggregate of transac- tions has been liglit. The distributive demand is slow. — American Grocer. BRITISH NORTH BORNEO; TRADE RETURN 1895-6. The total Exports amount to f2,-120,234‘39 against |1,962,350T9 for 1895 or an increase of §457, 884-20. Out of 38 headings 28 show an increase. Tobacco showing the largest, and accounting for one-third of the total increase on exports for the year , 8,700 bales were shipped in 1895, §10,448 in 1896. and it is estimated that the 1896 crop shipped in 1897 will amount to 14,500 bales. Rattans, cutch, timber, guttah, coffee, dried fish, copra, live stock and gambier come next ; and the increase of export in each of the above over 1895, is. Tobacco . . §311,008 or about . . 32 per cent Coffee , . „ 11,295 „ ..73 „ Gambier .. „ 2,609 „ ..270 Copra .. ,. 3,403 ..54 ,. Cutch . . „ 28 668 . . 25 „ Timbor .. „ 20,6‘20 ..26 „ Driod fish .. „ 9,694 „ ..136 Rattan . . „ 83,852 ..87 „ Guttah .. „ 11,456 „ .. 27 „ The exports have fallen of principally in camphor, damar, sago and sundries, but the decrease in damar is partly accounted for by a decrease of the import from outlying islands more especially Palawan. The Gross volume of trade has risen from §3,626,2.56-83 in 1895 to §4,302,423-03 in 1896 or a gross increase of §676,166-20 which is rather more than 18 per cent. — British North Borneo Beraltl, April 16. July i, 1897,] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 13 MOLLENUO RUBBER IN LIVERPOOL. The grade of crude rubber indicated here derives its name from the port of Molleiido, on the Peru- vian coast, whence it is brought by rail from Lake Titicaca, its original source being the section of Bolivia which lies above navigable portions of the river Beni and the streams running parallel to it. It is only a year or two since flollendo rubber began to make its appeal ance in the Liverpool market, yet in their latest annual review Messrs. Krainrisch & Co. say : — “ An important feature during 1896 was the increase in the imports of Mollendo sheets and biscuits. The inquiry was only moderate during the first few months, in keeping with the supply, which was then only small. It was during the latter half of the year that the imports increased consider- ably. The lots brought to market were quickly bought up, so that the increase in the supply did not de- press the value of this rubber; on the contrary, the margin between Mollendo and the ordinary soft- brown-cure fine decreased ; and we see as much as 3s ojd paid for Mollendo fine in July, at a time when the same price was quoted for soft-brown- cure fine, and 3s 4|d to 3s 5id in November, when the value of soft-brown-cure was barely |d more. About 1,500 bales have changed hands during the past six months, 3s 2Jd being the lowest and 3s 5|d the highest prices realized.” A recent report by the British consul at La Paz, Mr. Alfred St. John, states that rubber trees are abundant through- out the Bolivian forests, but every port of the re- public is difficult of access. La Paz is reached by four days travel from Mollendo, by roil and lake steamer, after which twenty-two more are required to reach the, Beni rubber region. The amount of rubber exported via Mollendo in 1894 is stated at 85,000 pounds.— /rarfut Buhher World, April 10. NATAL BARROWGREEN TEA. It will be remembered that, about three months ago, a successful Ceylon tea-grower (Mr. John Fraser) visited Natal, and inspected all our tea estates. He readily recognised that Natal was favourably situated for the growth of tea, and suggested points for im- provement in manufacture. He little thought at the time that he would himself be connected with the industry in this Colony, but, just before he left, after arranging to send a practical man from Ceylon, he was prevailed upon to promise to return himself and take over the management of the Barrow Green Estate. He returned from Ceylon a few weeks »go, and at once set to work in putting that estate in order, and manufacturing a tea that he felt would recom- mend itself. Lesirous of proving the quality of the tea by the first public test, he determined to exliibit at the Johannesburg Agricultural Show, and he did this with tea that was only picked at the beginning of March, a fortnight or so before the date of the show. Despite the “ newness ” of the tea, he has had the satisfaction of returning from the show with three first prizes and also a gold medal for the best ex- hibit of tea, and the samples he took were readily purchased at good prices. If so much can be accom- plished in so short a time, it is evident the experience and knowledge of men like Mr. Fraser should have valuable effect on the tea industry of this Colony. Calling upon us the other day, he pointedly asked how it was that Natal, with two years’ start of Ceylon, had not yet turned out a million pounds’ weight of tea per annum, while last year Ceylon’s output was 100,000,000 lb. and this year it would be 115,000,000 lb. Answers to that question might elicit useful information. Mr. Fraser brought us samples of the prize-', vinumg teas, which we put to practical test by trial on the domestic table. With the excep- tion of the “ newness ” referred to, and which, of course, w'as to be expected, the teas were exceedingly good. The Pekoe Souchong is the one > of common demand, and properly a»ed (as Mr. Fraser says all the Company’s teas will be before being permitted to leave tbe estate), it is sure to be in much favour. The Orange Pekoe and Golden Pekoe are, of course, higher grade teas, and they ate decidedly real good teas to drink. Of nice colour, there is body and flavour in them without harshness. While Natal tea as a whole has undoubtedly improved, there is still room for progress, and the time is not far distant when the yield and sale should be considerably in- creased. Competition will certainly do good. — Natal Mercury, April 9. CATTLE PLAGUE (RINDERPEST;. Rinderpest, commonly referred to as “ mur- rain ” (a term which i.s unfortunately .some- times confused with foot-and-mouth disease) has been one of the chief subjects with which agricultural and veterinary jrapers have been oc- cupied, since it began to be the cause of so much devastation in South Africa, where the loss of cattle by this epizootic has been something appalling. Here, in Ceylon, eattle plague m.ay be said — like the poor — to be alv-ays with us, and it is a question whether the aggregate of our annual losses from this plague (say for 25 years) -tloes not exceed the loss caused by a visitation such as has occurred at the Cape. It is well- known that the Government of Cape Colony en- gaged the services of Ur. Koch, the eminent Berlin scientist, to investigate the cause of rinderpest and, if possible, discover a means of cure, and later on we were informed by tele- gratn from Reutei that Dr. Koch — who is now in India— had discovered a preventative against tlie plague. Hitherto, the only effectual method of dealing with rinderpest has been by slaughtering both the infected animals and those which have been in con- tact with them, combining with this the strictest quarantine regulations. In this way rinderpest was once and for all stamped out of Britain, and in those districts in which the same treat- ment was adopted at tbe Cape, the losses were considerably less. For instance, in the district of Mafeking where cattle were not shot down, there were no less than 80,008 deaths from the plague, while in Barkly West, where 12,000 di.seased animals and animals in contact with them had been shot and the disease so prevented from spreading, only 600 died of plague, making a total loss of 12,600 head of stock. It is not eVery country, however, that can adopt such drastic but effectual measures ; but where they can be enforced, as in India, very energetic action in enforcing quai'antine rules is necessary to localize and cheek the spread of cattle plague. It has been truly said that to attempt anything like medical treatment is only “ playing with fire.” 'The local Agricultural Magazine included in our monthly T. A. — has been reprinting the interesting reports made by Dr. Koch on his investigations at the Cape, and those who have read tliese reports will have some idea of the delicate nature of the work which the great scientist has had to face. The details certainly- afford most interesting reading. We would, there- fore, wish to refer, not to the various trials which had to be carried out before the .successful attempts to prevent lialrility to the infection of rindei'pe.st were arrived at, but to the successful results thcm.selves. 'The following extracts from Dr, Koch’s fourth and most important Report will speak for themselves : — “In my last report I was already in a position to inform you that blood-serum of cattle which have recovered from Rinderpest had a certain immunising 14 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [July r, 1897. effect upon healthy stock when inoculated with it. Its protective properties however are not very great, for 100 com, of such serum are required to protect an animal against an inoculation with a small dose of Einderpest-blood. This immunity is in its nature merely a “ passive” one and will only last during a short period. For protective inoculation on a large scale such serum is not applicable, but I succeeded in immunising within a fortnight several animals by means of a mixture of serum and virulent Rinder- nest-blood to such a degree that they were enabled to withstand an injection of 20 ccm. Rinderpest- blood, a ten thousandth part of which is a fatal dose. From this fact I judge that the immunity of these ani- mals is of a much higher degree and I believe it is an active immunity, equal to that of a beast which has contracted Rinderpest and recovered. It is particularly important to know that only 20 ccm. of such serum are required to immunise one ani- mal, and therefore one litre (nearly 1| imperial pint) suffices for fifty head of cattle. My further investiga- tions concerning this modus ojierandi will aim at finding If this immunity is obtainable in a still shorter period ; If a still smaller dose of serum will suffice and if it may be attained with but one injection. “ A second and equally important fact is that one is able to render immune healthy cattle with the bile of such that have succumbed to Rinderpest. In this case only one hypodermatic injection of 10 ccm. i.s sufficient. This immunity sets in on the 10th day at latest and is of such an extent that even fours weeks afterwards 40 ccm. of Rinderpest-blood could be injected without any injurious result. I therefore conclude that the immunity produced in such manner is of an ‘ active ’ nature. The local result of an injection is merely a hard, somewhat painful swelling of the size ot a man’s fist and which gradually disappears in the course of a few weeks provided, however, that the bile is not in a state of decomposition as is not uncommon when an animal suffers from Rinderpest. Under such circumstances an abscess ma.y form, which, however, does not seem to be detrimental to the process of immunisation. Both these above-mentioned facts convince me that Rinderpest can be eradicated with but little difficulty, and within a comparatively short time, by putting these methods into practice. The method of immunising cattle with serum may be used in order to separate from infected areas those tracts of country which are still free from the scourge by means of form- ing a broad belt between them in which all the cattle are inocculated with the vaccin. The protective pro- perties of the bile will be of inestimable service in in- fected parts. Nearly every case of Rinderpest sup- plies a greater or lesser quantity of vaccine for those animals which are still healthy. I cannot but urge upoir you the importance of bringing this method immediately to the notice of those cattle-owners whose animals are suffering from, or threatened with, the disease, as I am sure thousands of cattle may daily be saved by its application ” “The modus opemndi,'" adds Dr. Koch, “is very simple in both tlie.se methods.” We hone to hear before long th.at the Government Veterinary Surgeon lia.s begun acting upon the results of Dr. Koch’s important woikina system, atic manner. So far rve are not aware that any systematic vclerinaiy investigations have been carried out in the island. The life ot a Veterinary Officer in an island like Ceylon, if he is to prove really useful, must needs be a veiy active one, as active if nob more so, than that of a medical inspector. We learn that in the Cape the services of the Government Veterinary Surgeon are avail- able to anybody in the Colony, and that that officer must attend upon, or give advice regard- ing any case reported bo him free of charge. This is as it .should be, provided that the officer is well remunerated by Government and that all cost of travelling is al.ed in linseed oil, some of the horn-dust saved during the previous processes, and rub smartly. Next apply some putty-powder or rottenstone by means of a flannel damped in water, and agaiu use plenty of rubbing. Whiting is next employed by the aid of a rag damped in vinegar. Follow this with a chamois leather and a little oil, then wiih a clean ffiy leather, and finish off with a sharp rubbing with the bare palm. Or a lathe and various “ bobs ” can be used in polishing, — From “ Worh ” for April, THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. July i, 1897.] “QUININE AND CINCHONA BARK/' We have been greatly interested in a very full and carefully )jrepared historical and com- mercial resume recently published under the above heading by the New York Oil and Drug Reporter. It begins with 1871, the year when Ihe journal was lirst issued, and it deals freely with the American quinine manufactories, at Philadel- phia and elsewhere, all of which we personally visited in 1884. In 1871, quinine was about 11 shillings an ounce, irrotected in the States by a duty of 45 per cent ; reduced in August 1872 to 20 per cent. “ Chills and yellow fever raged in the summer of 1872,” we are told and the con- sumption of the alkaloid was large. It was even proposed to grow Cinchona bark in the South Western States of the Union ; but Ceylon and India, withtlieir cheap supplies, soon settled that. In 1877, however, the cost of quinine advanced to 18 shillings an ounce — but only very temporarily. Early in 1879, the price began to go down and the ta.x on imported quinine was abolished. The New York then published tire follow- ing poem on the “emancipation” (?) of that por- tionof the human race domiciled in the United States : Rejoicings ring throughout the land. Quinine is free ! Quinine is free ! Its bonds are burst, its shackles fall. Send the glad news to one and all, Through shanty, tenement and hall— Quinine is free 1 Quinine is free ! Malaria flies in v/ild alarm. Quinine is free 1 Quinine is free ! And fever hides her burning head. And ague totters off in dread — Economy quinine had wed ! Quinine is free ! Quinine is free! * * *- * ♦ Now all one saves in Jersey rents — Quinine is free I Quinine is free ! In dollars, dimes, in cents and mills, Won’t go to pay the doctors’ bills. Or druggists’ for Peruvian pills. Quinine is free I Quinine is free ! Hope dawns again upon our laud. Quinine is free ! Quinine is free ! All joyful shout from near and far, “ Hail, quinine, sugar-coated star.” And ague trills “Hurrah I Hur-r-r-rah I” Quinine is free ! Quinine is free ! Some of the minor alkaloids came into use after this and still further affected the price of quiniiie pills of which, howci er, were getting into univer- sal use throughout the States. 'Tlie demand in 1881 increased by 25 per cent, and American manu- facturers turned out 1 million ounces^ — other makers’ returns being as follows Ounces. Howard . . • . .S.50,000 Whiffen .. .. .. 122,000 Jobst .. .. .. 815,000 B. & S. Mannheim .. .. 315,000 Brunswick . . ■ ■ . . 210,000 Zim-mier .. .. .. 210,000 F. Koch Oppenheim . . . . 52,000 Pelletin . . . . . . 140,000 Tiillardieo .. .. .. 140.000 Schissmaiin .. .. .. ."5,000 Dufour Fratilli (Genoa) . . 105,000 Lombard, Milan .. .. 1,400,000 The capital stock of the last-named concern was $800,000. Here is one interesting bit : — Early in the year 1884 Stallman & Fulton became agents for Zimmer’s brand, which was put out in an entirely new dress. On Feb. 28 occurred the fire in Powers & Weightman’s factory, which started in the bark grinding department. The damage amounted to $300,000, and affected the quinine factory, the bark mill and the opium and morpliiue warehouse.s. Mr. Alexander Boehringer had just arrived from Europe, and been taken off on a tug in the lower bay, by his friends, so that his presence here might not be generally known. He went direct to Philadelphia and offered the use of the Milan factory to Powers & Weightman, pending the rebuilding of the works. His offer was accepted, and in Marcli Dr. John F. Weight- man sailed for Europe to perfect arrangements for placing goods on the market as soon as possible. In the summer the Milan factory failed, v/ith liabilities of 18,081), 043 francs, and assets of 12,017,489 iianc.s. The capital of 0,000,000 francs had disappeared. Our proposal .at this time in tiie Ceylon Ohserter to introduce ijuinine into China as a substitute for opium, and also to use it for horses and cattle, is specially noted by the leviewer. A little latei, the price was down to 2s 3d the ounce and the yield from the Ceylon barks alone was five times the consumption. In 1887, we read: Toward the end of the year people began to talk of a combination. Keasby & Mattison issued a circular in which they stated th.it quinine could, and would 'be sold at 25o. (Is lid) at a profit, and that Java barks would make this possible. Passing on to 1892 : — Apparently the Java planters did not tire trying to improve their position, as they formed a syndicate early in 1892, to which 500,000 florins was contributed which was to be used to bolster up the bark market at the auctions. They succeeded in bidding up the price but it appears that the higher bark went the lower- quinine went, as there seemed to be no prospect of a combination ot the manufacturers being formed. Furthermore, the Baring failure had compelled the throwing on the market of a large lot, which had a depressing effect. Finally, of 1896, we read The year just closed witnessed a complete collapse of the market, in spite of which the agreement between the manufacturers remained unbroken. While Ceylon had become of little or no account as a produotm- of bark, the exports from Java had increased enormously and manufacturers found that they could not take all that was offered. They therefore allowed the market to take its course, with the result that the lowe.st price on record was reached during the year. European competition was threatened, and with a promise of the early operation of the Java factory, they determined to lednce the price ot the alkaloid as a measure of self-protection. As indicating the view of the situation which was held by dealers, large sales were made at 25 cents in July from second hands. The first official drop was announced Aug. 17. It amounted to 3 cents which brought the price down to 25@27 cents, according to brand. A week later there was a further drop of 3 cents, and on Nov. 2 the price was still further re- duced, this time 4 cents, making it 18@20 cents. Second- hand holders were completely demoralized at each successive drop, but they followed the market in its downward course. There are several holders of quinine who purchased large quantities of it on specula- tion at prices ranging from $1.50 down to about SO cents, and many of them still hold liic-u- stocks, in the hope that some day or other conditions will improve to such an extent that they may be able to dispose of them, if not at a profit, at a smaller loss than they would be compelled to submit to if they sold at the price at the close of the year. i6 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. rjULY T, 1897, MEXICAN INDIA-EUBBEU. The popularity of the cycle and the intro- duction of electric motor ears has caused such a “ I'un ” upon India-rubber that those engaged in the manufacture of tyres liave begun to real- ize the great risk there is id siipidies becoming exhausted. The formation of the India-Hubher (Mexico) Cov. Etd., will therefore be hailed vvitli satisfaction/byilic “trade,” and wesliouldfancy that the promoters will iia\'e no difficulty in disposing ol all the available shares. The Company has been formed to acipiire plantations in Me.xico (known as “La Esmer.alUa” and “ Llano do Juarez ”) of over 410 sipiare miles of freehold land witli .JoO 000 Indiambher trees already available for tapping. The estates also carry a great deal of valuabTe timber, and certain portions of them appear to he .adaptable lo the purpose of grow- ino cacao trees and coll'ee idants. There are also large plant.ations of chick gum trees, whcih produce "'the chewing gum so popular in America. The share capital is £406,000, diviued into 400,000 ordinary shares of £1, and 6,000 defei i cd shares of £1 each. The latter will not be be en- titled to participate in the profits of any year until fifteen per cent, for that year has been paid on the ordinary shaics, when they will be entitled to one half of the remaining profits dis- tributed as dividend. There is also an issue of £t>00 000 seven per cent, first mortgage deben. tures of £50 each, redeemable after five years bv annual drawings at £60 each, at the option of ti e directors. A working capital of £50,000 is provided for, and the vendors take £556,000 for the properties, payable as to £150,000 in cash and as to the balance in cash or shares, or partly in both, at the option of tlie directors. Turning to the details given in the prospetcus we find it st.ated ; The consumption of india-rubber by six countries now exceeds 100,000,00:) lb. per annum, worth about iJiO 000 000, and during the last few years the demand for 'it has increased enormously, and is still increas- ine- whilst hitherto pcactically no steps have been taken to meet this growing demand, or to provide for the world’s future requirements. Up to the pre- sent time nearlv all india-rubber has been obtained from wild trees,' but it is admitted by those most competent to give an opinion that such a soiu-ce is barely adequate to meet the present demand, and that the supply of the future will have to come lai|ely from trees properly planted and cultivated This view is- corroborated by the following extract trom a recent "report to the Foreign ^Oilice:-“ Jii^dicious ‘tapping,’ with due regard to the life of the tree and its future usefulness, is the exception; rubber- bearing trees are ruthlessly sacrificed by irresponsi- ble seekers after wealth, and dead trunks are be- comiim a too familiar feature m the landscape of the productive districts. Sooner or later a purely destructive policy or this kind must etxhaust the richest country.” Subsidy to Plant Eubbeu Teees.-A subsidy Ins been granted to the owners of the ‘ Llane de Inarel’ bv the Mexican Government, providing for a Treasury payment of Scents for evpy india-rubber tree planted which attains a certain growth up to a lim t of 15,000,000 trees ; equal to about ££000 per million trees, the trees to be planted at olie rate of 1,0.50,000 per annum. The first year s yield 1 ,1905 horn the million trees to be planted this ye^r shoMd be £250.000 rising in 1908 to £.500,000. The vear’s vield in 1906 of the million trees to be Slantid next year should be £250,000 rising in 1909 to £500,000, and so on. Under the concession grant- ing the subsidy, tlie Government has the right of ^pre-emption at the end of 99 years of the lanas planted (with the buildings and utensils) at a valua- tion less an amount equal to double the amount paid by way of subsidy under the concession. If from any unforeseeu causes the estimates of revenue contained in the prospectus, and upon which the directors are proceeding, should not be realised in their entirety, there is an ample margin sho.vn in the estimates to provide for every c.jiuingency, after payment of handsome and yearly increasing dividens. Demand. — India-rubber has become absolutely in' dispensable to the cycle tyre, electrical motar cars, cab, and imininerable other manufacturing industries- It is a matter of common knowledge that they con- sumption of india-iTU'ber in the manufacture of cycle tyres alone has grown by leaps and bounds. In 1886 there were 68 cycle factories in England — there s.ie now more than ten times that number. lu France, America, Germany, Australia, and other couuiries there has also been a large development of the cycle tmd-'. In 1896 no less than 262 undertakings dealing with the cycle and motor industries wore registered in London alone, with a total capital of t’l'.),s9H 464 The increasing demand for India-rubber has caused manufactiivers to awake to the problem of a threat- ened exhaustion of supplies ; it is, therefore, lieiond question that this Company will supply a want distinctly felt by all manufacturers using iudia rubber and that it has every reasonable prospect of richly rewarding its shareholders. Theatment of Rubbeh. — It is intended Hhat the rubber shall be collected and treated under the care of a resident rubber expert on the most approved scienti- fic principles, so as to command the highest market price quoted for the best samples of raw rubber. Such rubber on the market is worth about 3s 6d per lb, and its superiority over other rubbers is due to the scientific methods' employed in its collection ensuring freedom from dirt and impurities. It is anticipated that by the adoption of similar means in gathering the product of this Company’s estates it will, instead of realising Is 8d per lb net, find a ready sale at 2s 6d per lb net. Hitherto there has been but a comparatively small output of india- rubber from Mexico, collected in a most primitive fashion, and although in addition to the Company’s plantations wild rubber trees grow in great numbers upon their lands, no organised efforts have been made to exploit the industry. No comparison, there- fore, can be justified between the raw rubber which tills Company proposes to put upon the market, and that of any other rubber which has ever come out of Mexico. Tea .and CoffI'-.e in Ceylon.— A colonist of the “forty-fifties” writing from London liy a recent mail, gives some advice to planters : — Tea Company forming, I notice, still goes on and large prices continue to be given for estates. I met Mr. Tom Gray just before his last visit to your side, and was glad to find his great confidence in the tea enterprise. There will be ups and downs as in all enterprises, There will be those who have paid too much for their whistle ; many who have cultivated without proper regard for economy ; and wiser men who worked cautiously, careful of ex- penditure, avoiding as much as possible loading their properties with debts for advances from capitalists. The same varying fortune will characterise the tea as formerly the coffee enterprise. When I arrived at Colombo in 1811 in Messrs. Tindall’s ship “Achilles,” there was another ship, the “Euphrates,” also owned hy Mr. Tindall, des- tined for China, with one more vessel, a charter for oil by Wilson & Co., afterwards Wilson, Eilchie & Co.,; 3 ships in all! How many now'? The reply will show the advance Ce5'lon has made In the present day, our harbour lia.s often, 18 or more large ocean-going steamers at once within its bounds at anchorage. July i, 1897.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. ROSES IN CEYLON. (Bij a Practical Horticultudst.) May lOtli. Of all plants grown in Ceylon for their flowers none gain so much the admiration of lovers of flowers {and who are not ?) as the Rose. It is not therefore surprising that queries regarding it are so frequent and varied; and “ Lady Ilorticulturist” in your issue of the 26th ult., renews the subject. There is probably no householder in the island possessing any piece of a garden, large or small, who does not find a corner therein for Posa ; yet it is but comparatively few years ago that the introduction of this favorite into Ceylon would have been considered as unlikely as that of the Scotch heather would be nowadays. Temple offerings of flowers of the jasmine and the temple-tree, which with true followers of Buddha have always been considered indispensable at temple ceremonies, seem now to be giving way to the more delicate charms of Rosa mal (rose flewers). When paying afternoon visits, incorporated in the conversa- tion about tea, labour, and cacao disease, must as- suredly be “Our Roses.” The Thistle.it must be admitted has charms all its own, the old Shararock recalls the hearts of the truest patriots; and the gallant little Leek is doubt- less useful in its own sphere, finding as it does par- ticular favour under the name of Lunu with curry- stuff connoisseurs in Ceylon; but the Rose has floral beauty that is at once striking and superlative, and is justly designated the queen of flowers. It is the national emblem of England; it is the favourite flower of Queen Victoria and also, I believe, of her repre- sentative in Ceylon, Her Excellency, Lady Ridgeway. It stands as the head (or type) of a family unsurpassed for beautiful and fragrant flowers and luscious fruits; e.g., the peach, pear, apple, strawberry, not forgetting our familiar loquat. Probably no other genus of plants has received so much attention from authors and poets of all coun- tries as has Rosa. To Aurora, it was dedicated as the emblem of youth ; to Venus, of love and beauty ; to Cupid, of fugacity and danger. The latter, according to classical writers, gave it as a bribe to Harpocrates, the God of Silence, hence the saying, “ under the rose.” The rose is almost as cosmopolitan as a Scotchman. Left to itself it finds a congenial home as far north as the sub-alpine zone, and by cultivation it flourishes in equatorial regions. Apart from its floral attrac- tions, it forms an important factor in commerce, the manufacture of rose-water and attar alone giving em- ployment to perhaps millions of persons. This is an industry which should be peculiarly adapted to the Sinhalese villager, and as roses may well be grown on a large scale up-country, who can say but the precious and expensive attar may in the no distant future, figure prominently in our sources of revenue. Bosa contributes largely to our Materia Medica. “ Dr. Lindley, one of the most earnest defenders of its powers, has not hesitated to assure the world that the Pharmacopoeia should be formed of roses alone.” It has been well said that a garden without roses is a misnomer. The fine display of these at the recent Nuwara Eliya Show was in itself proof of the success that can attend their careful cultivation in the island. Roses are not so difficult to manage as is generally supposed, the chief difficulty, in the low country, really consists in suitable soil not (jeing availa- ble in large enough quantities. In selecting a site for a rose-heel, or beds, it is a mistake to choose a shady place, as some people do with a view to sheltering the plants from the sun and heavy rains. An open airy situation is beat ; trespass of roots from sur- rounding trees which impoverish the soil and rob the plants of the manure intended for them is to be guarded against ; it being often necessary to cut open a deep drain to check their transgression. Roses de- light in a loamy and somewhat tenacious soil, i7 which should be enriched by occasional applications of farm-yard rnanure. As to pruning, they yield best to this operation at the beginning of the monsoons. It is a great mistake, as many find from experience, to prune severely if any, in the hot and dry months which is practically winter here (paradoxical though it sounds), because g owth is then mo-e or less inactive. At this time they will alsog.eatly benefit by having the earth abo it th ;m covered with dead leaves or litter to prevent excessive evaporation of moisture from the soil and check the penetration of the fierce sun’s rays to the roots. Propagation. — It is compara,tively easy to propa- gate roses by means of “ cuttings.” There are two distinct ways of performing this operation : the right' and the wrong way ; the latter being generally fol- , lowed by our garden wallah if left to himself. Send him to plant a bed of rose cuttings, and ten chances to one he|will proceed somelhing after this fashion. He will carefully stir the soil with his mamotie, and will then assums the sitting posture peculiar to his class, i.e.. by resting the posteriors on the heels with won ier- ful agility and perfect ease ; after taking considerable pains to make a smooth surface bv means of a splinter of bamboo he will proceed to insert the cut- tings (merely sticking them in the soil) packing them together in the line as closely as possible, and tak- ing particular care to have all the upper ends on a uniform level, but paying little or no heed to the por- tion of the cutting in the ground. Most probably not more than one per cent! of these will grow, and as decay sets in, white-ants begin to make food of them ; consequently Termes fatalii is severely railed at for having “destroyed the rose-cuttings,” which, as a matter of fact, are dead before they are thus attacked. It need hardly be said that if we wish for better re- sults a different method must be adopted, and Ramasamy will have to be taught by practical demonstration that a roseplant requires to be differ- ently treated from .a tea-bush. Get him, if you have not the time or inclination yourself, to dig the bed quite a foot deep, at the same time mixing in some manure and a quantity of’ leaf-mould, if avail- able ; rake over the surface, not too finely, but evenly ; open across a shallow trench about 6 inches deep ; place the cuttings sloping-wise against the steeper side at least 4 to 5 inches apart, about which sprinkle some sand (river-sand preferably) and fill in with the soil, pressing it moderately firm around the planted cuttings ; open the next line about 7 inches distant, and proceed in the same way. In preparing the cuttings all the buds should be carefully pre- served, and it is not by any means necessary to strip off all the leaves which are to be above ground • these had better be left to wither away of their own accord, for as long as any green is left they will supply some nutriment to the cutting, and when withered will afford shading to some extent. It is of course essential after planting that the cuttint's be kept shaded (oadjan leaves being most convenient for this purpose) and the ground moist until they show signs of making young growth. Vermin. — In this country no enemy of the Rose has a worst reputation than the white-ant ; yet, as is already pointed out, on careful examination i have no doubt it will be found that all healthy plants are altogether secure from its attacks, its ravages being confined to diseased or decayed vegetable matter; so that it may really be regarded as a use- ful scavenger. However, the presence of white ants -in a garden is by no means to be desired. The most reliable means of diminishing their numbers is by digging up iheir nests or haunts and destroyincr the queen-ants. Roses that are infested with thrim black-fly, and such like, should have frequent syrino-’ ings, morning audevening. If that i.s not effectual, dilute a wine-glassfull of kerosiiie oil to a gallon of hot water, and apply quite hot by a syringe. But roses are said to bs as yet more free of insect pests and parasites in Ceylon than in any other country in which they are cultivated, ,‘and that they may long continue to be so will be 'the wish of all of us, a i8 THffi TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST ANNUAL RINGS IN THE NIM TREE. In Gamble’s Manual of Timbers it is remarked that it is not known whether the rings in the wood of the Nfm tx'ee [Melia indica) are annual or spurious. There is a forest plantation of Nfm at this place (Tumrauru Kodu) in which Nfm trees were planted 14 years ago. I had some of them felled lately, and examined the rings. I found that the 14 annual rings were clearly marked, but that in addition there were other spurious rings which however did not go round, but merged into the annual rings. In fact the spurious rings seldom went more than a quarter way round. If the rings of the Nfm are counted care will have to be taken about these spurious rings. A. W. Lushington.— /ndian Forester. THE PALMYRA PALM. How very closely palmyra leaves can sometimes pack themselves on the stem. Of course the majority of the leaves die off, only about G or 8 remaining alive at a time. The diagram is supposed to represent the unrolled circumference of the tree, and in a height of 3 inches from base of petiole to base of petiole 17 leaves were crowded together. The young leaf petiole, when green, is sheathing, but when the leaf dies and the stem distends, the sheath splits, mak- ing the base of the petiole appear forked. A scar is left behind on the stem the whole horizontal length where the leaf has at any time adhered. The leaf scars form almost continuous spirals round the tree, and I fancy that by their means a rough approxima- tion of the age of the tree can be made. Here the trees yield on the average 10 leaves per annum ; 17 leaves gave 11 rung.s of the spiral ladder, so that there would be 6 such rungs per annum. This requires further elaboration, but I thought perhaps this might be of interest to you. Since writing the above I have had the opportunity of examining a great number of palmyras, and find that almost invariably the leaves come off the stem in whorls of 3, the bases of their petioles either touching or slightly overlapping. This fact is rather interesting as an extension of the trimerous formation of the floral organs of moat monocotyledons. Of course the three leaves of the whorl in palmyras are not synchronous, one deve- lops after the other. Since writing I have also come across the following, in Lindley’s Introduction to Botany : — “ It is said that the number of external rings which indicate the fall of leaves from the trunk of the Palm Tribe coincides with the number of years that the individual has lived. There is, how- ever, no proof of this at present ; such statements ‘must therefore be received with caution." If, as is said, from 10 to 12 leaves form in each year (I am now making experiments to teat the accuracy of this), then, as three leaves go to form one of the external rings above referred to, from three to four of these external rings coincide with a year’s growth, and not one only. A. W. Lushington. — Indian Forester. CEYLON TEA PLANTATIONS COMPANY. (Special Report for “ Tropical Agriculturist.”) The annual ordinary meeting of shareholders was held at the offices of the Company, 20 Eastcheap, London, on Thursday, ' April 29th, the Chairman, Mr. H.K. Rutherforti j)residing. The Chairman, after saying that, though the accommodation was smaller in the new offices than they had been used to, there seemed to be am))le room for all tlie shareholders who cared to attend, and remarking that if the smallness of the number of shareholders attending the meetings was a gauge of the prosperity of the Company the Directors would never want to see more gentlemen present than were there that day — (laughter and hear, hear)— said : — In submitting lJULY I, 1897. the Report and accounts for your consideration (which I presume you will as usual take as read) it has been my pleasant duty on previous occa- sions to congratulate you not only on the favourable results of each year’s working, but also on the sound iinancial position of the Com- pany : and I venture to think on reference to the balance sheet now presented you rvill consider the traditions of the Company have been main- tained. There is I think nothing in the figures of the balance sheet or profit and loss account requiring elucidation, but I would draw your attention to tbe fact that the capital cost of the tea properties with their buildings and machinery remains at practically the same total amount .as last year notwithstanding we have added 265 acres to our tea acreage and also to our factory accommodation and tea machinery. Allowing for reserve fund and depreciation, the cost of the tea estates stands at about £22 per acre. The net profit for the year amounts to £48,986 10s 8d and we have placed £4,000 to depreciation, and added £15,000 to the reserve bringing this fund up to a total sum of £85,000 or £.3,920 over the par value of the preference share capital. At the end of the year we had £34,469 of this reserve in good securities and £38,403 invested in coconut properties. The balance is at present being utilized in the general business of the Company, but will be invested as opportunity offers. We have planted up 572 acres with coconuts during the year and we are fortunate in having a most favourable season for patting out the young plants. The lands we have in bearing gave us a profit of £1,139 and we confidently look for a steadily increased return as with the better system of cultivation now adopted in comparison with the native treatment the trees should give a larger yield of nuts. We are now completing the erection of a fibre mill on the Mawatte Estate which we trust will be in working order next month. As the coconut lands come into bearing the profits accruing from our reserve will very materially increase and it is our belief that we have placed these funds in an investment which will not only prove profitable, but which also affords you as safe a security as can be found in agriculture, while at the same time having it under your own control. Turning now to the working of the tea pro- perties, it is gratifying to find that there is no diminution of yield as the trees increase in age. The crop harvested was equal to 470 lb. of tea per acre over say 8,000 acres — a yield which is the highest average we have reached, but which, although an exceedingly fine out-turn over such a large area, will, I am sure, be eclipsed when the considerable acreage of com- paratively young tea, especially on Glenlyon and Tangakelly estates are more mature. On the question of crop as far as we can see we have but little to fear. As to price, notwith- standing that Ceylon and India’s crop last year exceeded all previous years by 174 millions of pounds, the price of this Company’s tea was not affected by this considerable excess as its average price was slightly better than that of 1895. Exchange, entirely beyond our con- trol, affected us adversely as compared with 1895, diminishing our profits by about £5,000. Our teas cost somewhat more to produce last year which is accounted for by increased cost of firewood, in the plucking, owine to a preva- lence of wet days, in expenditure on manuring, buildings and machinery and also the increased July i, 1897.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 19 cost of rice to our coolies owing to the Indian Famine. (Cheers.) The labor in Ceylon has lately become somewhat unsettled and this is attributed, I believe, in great measure not so much to a shortness of supply as to the action of certain new estate owners holding large interests in tea. (Hear, hear.) These proprietors or their repre- sentatives, either through ignorance or a total disregard of the system and customs hitherto in force as unwritten laws, have, by the heavy advances paid to secure coolies, while these coolies are employed on other estates, so un- settled the whole labor force of the island that it is to be hoped that some energetic steps will be taken by the planters of Ceylon to mitigate the evil, before it assumes greater pro- portions and thereby becomes even more serious than what it is at present. (Applause). 1 am glad to say the labour force on the Company’s es- tates is reported as being ample at the present time. To those shareholders who do not know the extent to which we are employers of labour it may be interesting to them to learn this Com- pany employs 9,000 coolies and this army has to be provided by us with rice, their staple food, and when this commodity reaches famine prices, the loss does not fall on the labourers but on the employer. I may here incidentally state that the directors subscribed on the Company’s beh.alf £50 to the Indian Famine Fund which I am sure will meet entirely with your approbation. I merely mention these various details affecting the cost of production as it might be thought by shareholders not conversant with tea planting that if we can produce a pound of tea .at a certain low figure one year we should be able to do so every year. Fluctuations there will always be, but we can only hope that a high cost of production, together with a high rate of exchange and low' prices w’ill not come in conjunction (Hear, hear.) As you are aware our Company acts as agent for several smaller tea Companies and private proprietors, and, business resulting therefrom to a large extent provides for the London expenditure in working the C. T. P. Company. This branch of our business has increased so much that it has been necessary for us to move into the somewhat larger offices than those we formerly occupied, and to which we welcome you today. The interesting record of our ten years’ work, which is shown in the statements attached to the report, is the best evidence we can give you, not only of our own work in your interest, but also of all those in our service in Ceylon, and you may rest assured that the same care and vigilance to secure the best results will be exercised in the future conduct of the affairs of the Company as has been in the past. (Hear hear). It is highly encouraging to our enterprise that the consumption of British grown tea is steadily increasing outside of Great Britain. (Hear hear). Indian and Ceylon teas in 1894 were taken by other countries to the extent of 27,000,000 lb. and in 1896 to 40,000,000 lb. or an increase of fifty per cent ; and it is a further matter of congratulation for Ceylon growers to know that 70 per cent of this in- (srease was contributed by Ceylon. America and Canada in 1894 took 4,700,000 lb. of British grown teas, and last year 9,500,000 lb. so that if the combined efforts of India and Ceylon are continued witli persistency we may hope to see in a few years’ time a very greatly increased volume of our teas being taken by these countries. Mr. Talbot, who lias just returned from Ceylon, is here today, and is in a position to tell you how your various pro- perties were looking, as he visited all the es- tates in wdiich we are interested. (Hear, hear). We shall be very pleased to reply to any sh.areholder who wishes for information on the subject of the report and accounts which I may have omitted. The Chairin.an then moved the adoption of the report and the payment of a dividend of 8 per cent, making a total of 15 per cent for the year. (Applause). Mr. G. A. Talbot seconded the motion. He said he h.ad been all over the properties in Ceylon The points to which one looked for the permanence of tea on the continuance of good bearing were chiefly, the way in which the bushes were plucked, and the way in which they were manured. The plucking, lie had no hesitation in saying, was very carefully done in 1896. The bushes had not been hard plucked. As regarded exhaustion, only the minimum had been taken out of them, and if for any reason the Company wished to get more out of the bushes and decided to pluck them hard they could very greatly increase the yield. As to young tea, the policy they pursued before had lieen carried on — letting it come to full size before being plucked atall. Their fields Avere healthy. They had notdone much artificial manuring. During the past tAvo years they had done a good deal in the direction of natural manuring ; they had planted grass and built cattle sheds, and the present manager and the superintendents under him were anxious to extend this system as far as possible. As to the coast advance question, Avhich Avas a burning question for them, he Avould explain that the coolies came from Southern India and the planters gave coast advances to men to bring them over. When the coolies left the Ceylon estates they had only to pay for the debt in- curred in bringing tliem from India. For some years the system Avorked well, as the amount of advance Avas not excessive. But some capitalists had lately come to Ceylon anxious to open large acreages for tea, and had offered lai’ge sums for coolies to go into their employ. KlOO had been offered. This Avas more than the average Oriental could ever pay back, and the result was very demoralising. (Hear, hear.) He felt sure those interested in these Companies at home were not aivare of the evils of this system, and that ivas wliy he spoke out so fully about it. It Avas obvious that if one advanced to any labourer more than he could ever pay back, it Avas demoralizing because he knew all his Avages Avould be taken to pay the debt, and he was therefore not anxious to do any labour at all. The people who had paid these big sums had recently Avritten them off in many cases, he was told. If those Avho advanced money knew they would not get it back, it became a bonus, and gave a dangerous advantage to one estate over another. He Avas told tlie system was temporary, and lie hoped it Avould soon be stopped. The present advance paid by the C. T. P. Co. was K16 per head. If the system Avere to continue the amount they would have to advance to retain their labourers Avould be very considerable, and the cost of producing tea must of necessity increase. He would like to add that he Avas very well pleased Avith tlie feeling amongst their superin- tendents in Ceylon. Tliey liad their estates in good order, and he believed they Avere proud to be Superintendents of the Ceylon Tea Plantations Company. (Applause.) The motion was carried. 20 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [July i, 1897, The Chairman proposed the re-election as a director of Mr. David Keid. This was seconded l\V Mr. W. Herbert Anderson and carried. , On the motion of the Chairman, seconded by Mr. D. Reid, Mr. G. A. Talbot was also elected a director. The Auditors were re-elected on the motion of Capt. Fuller, seconded by Mr. W. M. Leake. A vote of tlianks to the Chairman closed the pro- ceedings ; the vote being marie to include tlie staff in Ceylon, on the suggestion of Mz. Dangerfield. [It is certainly no wonder that this premier Ceylon Tea Company should be considered to occupy a position of unequalled stability when, as its Chairman shows, the capital outlay only represents £22 per acre of tea ! Recalling besides the profitable use made of the reserve in coconut plantations, the growing income therefrom and the extension of business towards desiccating mills as well as general Agency for small Companies and business concerns, — it is a question whether, even now, the shares are up to their real value. The high average yield per acre of tea is, as might be expected from the splendid condition of the estates as reported on by Mr. Talbot. This is still further shoivn, as well as the good manage- ment in field and factory, by the fact that the Company’s teas realized rather better prices last year than in 1895, notwithstanding adverse exchange. We suppose of no other Company connected with Ceylon can this be said ? Finally, tlie Chairman and Mr. Talbot made reference to labour difficulties and spoke out plainly about the upsetting of old arrangements by newcomeis to the island anxious to net through a great deal of work and to gather together as much labour as possible on the spot. But w’e are not sure of this story and the inferences therefrom being altogether correct. At any rate, we have heard another Tersion with quite a different ap- pearance from the Vi.siting Agent of the new enterprise, who plezuled that the average of ad- vances was, considering all things, fairly moderate. The Ceylon Tea Plantations Company, with its army of 9,000 coolies, has certainly a vital in- terest in maintaining the regularity and suffi- ciency of the labour supply on which the pros- perity of Ceylon so greatly depends.— Ed. T.A.] THE COCONUT MARKET. The tone of the market shews a tendency to weak- ness, but high prices are still demanded for properties- and there is an increasing domarid for laud for culti- vation. lu the Kurunegala District, the price per acre has run up to three or, four times what it was about three years ago. The European market is flat for this line, and the bulk of our shipments find an outlet ill America. It is said though, that there will be a less demand there for dessioated coconut from Ceylon before very long. The market in copperah is also flat, and there is just enough produced for local consumption by the millers, while a few hundred candies are purchased now for direct exportation by Messrs. Volkart Brothers. Prices in this line range from R32 to RI3. Jaffna and Batticaloa copperah fetches the biggest figures. Oil is selling at ltl3 per cwt. (naked), and sellers are not very keen. The heavy drop in oil is attributed to the fact that a large quantity of tallow in Europe is admirably replacing our produce. In poonac (mill) the market is steady. Latest quotation is R65. Nuts are selling at R35 to RIO, with very little demand for them. In the fibre business, the market is practically lifeless. A couple of years ago, there was a rush at fibre and yam making, and everybody who could command a little capital went headlong to manu- facture. Many were the little stations along the Negombo and Kandy roads where fibre was turned out. The stocks, were, of course, of all qualities, and in Colombo found many a purchaser who consigned the stuff to both the European and Australian markets. Most of the shippers were from the Pettah, and their stocks glutted the maiket in London so much that a heavy drop in price was inevitable. How the transactions turned out, the Pettah shippers will best be able to tell I Most of the “fibre mills’’ have stopped work, after teaching a capital lesson at some expense. The immediate prospects of the market are poor, but there is sure to be a “ turn in the tide ’’ before very long. — Cor. Local “ Times.’’ — — ♦ INDIAN PATENTS. Applications in respect of the undermentioned in ventions have been filed, under the provisions of the Inventions and Designs Act of 1888, during the week ending 2Ith April 1897 improvements in tea dryers. — No. 157 of 1897. — Frank Edmund Winsland, tea planter, Joyhing, North Lakhimpur, Assam, for improvements in tea dryers. The fees prescribed have been paid for the continu- ance of exclusive privilege in respect of the undermen- tioned inventions for the periods showm against each : — Improvements in the method of an apparatus for drying tea leaf.— No. 80 of 1888.— Henry Thompson, engineer of Trinity Street, Gainsborough, in the cozmty of Lincoln, for improvements in the method of and apparatus for drying tea leaf. (From 17th Ajiril 1897 to 17th April 1898.) — Indian and East- ern Engineer, May 8. COCONUT PRODUCTS. The announcement made of the probability of another establishment for desiccating coconuts being pre.seutly started in the Chilaw district, has some bearing on the position and prospects of the great coconut industry. Its development ai.d extension within the last 15 or 20 years has been remarkable, if not phenomenal. Until 1890, alter wliich year it was that desiccated coconuts began to have a place in the Chamber of Commerce Tables of Export, coconut oil was the chief, if not only, considerable product of the palm which , was booked for export. To be sure, coir in its various forms of rope, fi.bre and bristles, and poonac, formed part of our exports for con- siderable periods ; but even then aggregate value did not count for much. In later years, coconuts themselves, husked and unhusked, came to be exported to the Continent and the United Kingdom, but the highest, record has, we believe, been during last year, when close on 14,000,000 nuts were exported. But even that represents but a fraction of our total produce of seveial hundred million nuts. As we have said, it, is only during the present de- cade that desiccated nuts entered into our , Export Tables : and yet from before that period the extension of pi.uitations had grown to be con- siderable for several years. There can be no doubt that the desiccating business gave an im- petus to the industi-y ; but, as w'e saw in an article last January, the falling-off in the ex- portation of oil has znore than counterbalanced the advantage gained through the new manufacture. July i, 1897.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 2r The total quantity of desiccated coconuts exported last year was over 10,000,000 lb. which would he equivalent to about 30,000,000 nuts. The falling-otf in the export of oil, however, represents about 100 million nuts ! Thus, last year we sent away only 343,000 cwt. of oil — the lowest figure for the past ten years, if we except 1887. In 1892 the exports amounted to 5.50,000 cwt. The difference, therefore, between 1892 and 1896 was as much as 217,000 cwt., and each hundred- weight of oil may be taken to represent 500 nuts. The present year shows no improvement in the demand for oil. On the contrary, there is a falling-off, though not very considerable, up to date ; while the price b.as been about the lowest on record. The explanation of the last- mentioned fact is that tallow has been uncom- monly cheap in Europe and in America, naturally affecting the demand for oil for soap-manufac- turing purposes. Happily, India has come to the rescue, and taken away much more than America and the United Kingdom combined. And Singapore, too, has proved a good customer, having taken away over 15,000 cwt. as against 10,000 by America and 20,000 by the United Kingdom. The leap by India, from 16,000 for the first months of last year to 47,000 cwt. for the corresponding period this year, is promising; but still, both the total quantity of oil exported and the prices which rule, prove that the markets of ICurope and America must govern prices ; and the prices of nuts must be largely governed by the ruling price of oil. We are not of those who believe that the desiccating business has no influence on coconut prices. Such a belief is obviously untenable, in presence of the facts and experiences of the past few years. Still the 250,000,000 nuts which may be taken a.s a high average for the oil we export, must have a greater influence on the market than the 30,000,000 which the desiccating business repre- .sents. The fall in prices of nuts this year, as compared with last year, represented by K5 to R6 per thousand, illustrates and gives point to what we mean. This fall cannot but be due to a very great extent to the restriction of business caused by the tightness of the money market. But for this stringency, we fancy Messrs. Akbar’s Mills at Negombo vvould have continued, to work — notwithstanding the sad death of their proprietor. One other establishment at least, not far from Colombo, owned by natives, ho,?-, been obliged to stop work, owing to the stringency of the money market , during the whole of this year. Naturally, this has told on the local demand for niits,-of which the working mills took advantage. The resolution of , the Orient Mills to have an establishment in the Chilaw district, supplement- ary to the large and flourishing concern which has existed for' several years at Veyangoda, is in imitation of the exaniple of Messrs. Vavas- seur & Co. , who last year opened a branch estab- lishment in the same great coconut district, where the ruling price for nuts is controlled to a great extent by the cost of transport to the port of shipment. Escablishments like those we are considering take count of the lower cost of transport of the manufactured article — the cost of manufacture itself being lighter in the rural districts where labour is cheaper than in Colombo atul the neighbourhood. A large proportion of the nuts of the Chilaw district, which found its way to Colomlm in the shape of copra, will liow go to the two desiccating mills there ; ami if copra becomes scarcer (and dearer) the re- action must be in favour of nuts which will thus command a higher price ! At least such is the hope of the coconut proprie- tor ; while the calculation of the mills is said to be that pricc.s will be easier, when the nuts of one district are not wanted for the manu- factories of another. The reasoning would be intelligible if there is to be no advance in the quantity of desiccated coconuts; but so long as tlie new mills lead to larger exports, there must be keener competition for nuts, and with it better prices. Another fact which should cheer the hearts of coconut projmetors is the purchase of the Akbar Mills at Negombo by the Ceylon Tea Plantations Company. We sugge.sted a couple oj years ago, that this flourishing , and wealthy Company, which has been investing its reserve in coconut estates, is not lUvely to be content with disposing of their produce to manufacturer.s. Its enlistment among manufacturers is to be welcomed by estate proprietors ; and if only the demand for oil is fairly maintained, prices for coconuts may rise again to the figures of last year. But tlie oil market is ever a slippery one ; and we would prefer not to prophesy before the event ! ^ CEYLON AND ORIENTAL ESTATES COMPANY. There is no indication in the Annual Repoit of the Directors of this Company — given on luawe 23 -of a change of name as recently intimated in a local print. It will be seen that the Report IS a full and satisfactory one givini^ due, details as to selling price of tea, exchange, yield, &?. and the latest statistics of each estate as to cultivated area, *Scc. I he dividend declared aggregating 7 per cent for the year— must be considered satisfactory in view of the strono- position taken by the Comi)any with its 41 per -cent debentures. To have tlie Chairman of the Bank of England on the Boanl is a great advan- tage and no less to have Mr, Huntly Thring for Man.aging Director ; while among the Directors are such well-known and esteemed names in Ceylon as Messrs. T. J. Lawrance, Reiss and Hancock. The Company has our best wishes for its continued prosperity. FREE GRANTS OF LAND OFFERED IN BRITISH NORTH BORNEO FOR PLANTING. We direct attention to the notice, in the daily issue of the Cci/lon Observer from the British North Borneo Comp.aiiy, offering free grants of land to young men with a capital of £2,000 and up- wards. The grants of land are of 500 acres each suitable for the cultivation of coffee, tea, cinchona, etc. Other lands suitable for tobacco, rhea and Indian rubber can also be had on favourable terms. PRODUCE AND PLANTING. Lii3EEi.tN Coffee.— The production of coffee in .Liberia is increasing enormously. The coffee exiiortcd Quriijg the fi.scal year, 1896, amounted to 600,00016 wliile the exports for the year ended June oJ ISOfi' amounted to 3,000,001b, Farnier.s, iiiercliants,’ aiid people generally have turned their attention to 22 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [July i, 1897. coffee growing. While no American ships touch at any Liberian ports, yet more than one-fifteenth of the coSee produced is shipped to the United States via Liverpool. Coffee is the largest export. Planting in Salvador. — As British capitalists are turning their attention to South America and its plant- ing resources, they might favourably regard Salvador, says a correspondent. It is one of the richest countries in the world, and one of the most densely populated. There are no people of great fortunes like the Vanderbilts and Astors there, but a great many who have large estates that yield hand- some incomes. Coffee is, of course, the big industry, and the crop is worth annualy about 7,000,000 dols in gold. There is also a large amount of indigo exported. Almost the entire country is under cultivation. The only drawback to life in Salvador, and we should say it is a very serious one, is the constant dread of the ravage of yellow fever. The Spice Trade. — Ceylon cinnamon, notwith- standing the liberal supply and diminished delivery, shows a decrease in stock, and quotations are higher than they were a year ago. There are still plenty of cinnamon chips on hand, notwithstanding a decrease in the imports, and the value does not improve. The movements of black pepper at the port of London have been the very opposite to those in 1896, for whilst the landings during the first seveneen weeks of this year have been double what they were in 1896, the deliveries have fallen off by 220 tons, and the present stock exhibits an excess of 1,750 tons ; but, strange to say, prices of Singapore and Penang are Jd to |d per lb above those in April last. White pepper, however, appears in a healthier position, as although there have been heavier landings, they have been largely outweighed by the quantity deli- vered, and the stock is 740 tons lighter than in 1896, thus warranting the rise of |d to Id per lb that has been established on the leading sorts, The Coolies op Jamaica. — There are about 10,000 Eart Indian labourers (coolies) in Jamaica, some of whom are still indentured upon the estates, and some of whom are now free. They are more intelligent and reliable workmen than the negroes. Without them it is claimed the managers of estates would often be at a loss to get their work done. The pure whites of Jamaica number about 12,000, and are chiefly British colonists and officials and their descendants, with a few hundred Americans. — H. <£■ C, Mail. April 30. — NU’WARA ELIYA TEA ESTATES COMPANY, LTD. The first annual general meeting of this Com- pany was held at Winchester House, 50 Old Broad street, on 30th April. Mr. C. A. W. Cameron pre- sided. The Chairman in proposing that the reports and statement of accounts be adopted, stated that the Directors regretted that it was not possible to propose a dividend for the year at a higher rate than 6 per cent, especially as the first six months working allowed of an interim dividend being paid at the rate of 8 per cent per annum. But the rise in exchange, specially during the last six months of the year, the extensions to existing, and the erection of new factories, as also changes in the system of working, all combined to seriously interfere with the proper manufacture of the teas, and further, the later purchased estates were not at once in a posi- tion to do their share of profit-earning. However, the Directors were satisfied with the accounts under the circumstances, and hoped that the shareholders would also consider them as satisfactory, especially bearing in mind that nearly £1,000 has been applied out of the year’s profits, towards writing off formation, expenses and cost of leases. The estates are now being brought rapidly into thorough order, and improved results are expected for the current year. The crop of tea to 21st April was 324,000 lbs against the estimate from all the estates of 785,000 for the yea, so that prospects were in favour of the estimates being exceeded. Besides the estates of Park, Concordia, Pedro, Larver’s Leap, Kenmare and Naseby, and the leases of Fairy Land and Mazewood, the Co., had acquired Court Lodge with Excelsior, and Hillside estates. The area of land under tea was 2,174 acres, liesides which about 60 acres, of good forest land was available for tea. The yield from the estates would increase as young tea came into bearing, The amounts £2162 lus 2d and Ml, 109 2s Id would gradually disappear from the Balance sheet, as the Directors proposed ap- portioning a portion of each year’s profits to- wards their liquidation. In conclusion the Chaiiman remarked that the carrying through of negociations for the the purchaee of the estates had been a very difficult matter, owing to the great demand for Tea properties in Cejlon, and specially for such estates as those owned by the Company. The board was well satisfied that the Company was possessed of pro- perties than which there were none better in Ceylon, and which should yield steady dividends. — Also that this Company is in a position, owing to the high prices their teas command, to meet possible set backs. Mr. Oscar Thompson seconded the motion, which was unanimously adopted, and resolutions were after- wards passed declaring a dividend at the rate of 6 per cent, per annum on the ordinary shares ; and the re-election of the retiring Directors, and Messrs. Cooper Brothers & Co. as auditors to the Company. ♦ BRAZIL COFFEE NOTES. A group of coffee plantations in S. Manoel, S. Paulo, belonging to the Queiroz family, has just been sold to a Dutch syndicate for the sum of £500,000. The sale of the Dumont plantations to an English syndicate, of the Queiroz plantations to a Dutch syndicate and the reported sale of another large property to a German syndicate, are significant indications of coming changes. If the government would reduce the tax on transfers, many small pro- perties would also change hands at once, to the great advantage of the country. — Bio Neivs, April 6. THE COFFEE SITUATION. Brazil coffee has dropped to the lowest point since 1886. The decline within one year has reached 6 cents per pound, and is due to increased supplies throughout the world. The full benefit of the lower prices has been given to consumers, largely through the war between coffee roasters. The result of lower prices is an increased consumption, which, for the first nine months of the trade year, shows an increase over the previous year of 362,163 bags. The world is absorbing 1,000,000 bags per month and stocks are increasing. The visible supply of the world on January 1st, 1897, was 4,024,968 bags, against 3,552,792 bags at same date last year; on April 1st, 4,181,529 bags, against 2,634,670 bags on April 1st, 1896, an increase in one year of 1,546,859 bags — suffi- cient reason for a drop in prices. An era of cheap coffee has been entered upon. Ex- treme low prices will check new planting enterprises, but we must bear in mind that 1896-97 marks the first tangible results of the last five years’ exten- sion of the planting industry. — American Grocer, April 14. CINNAMON AND GRASS. We direct attention to an extract from the local “Examiner,” given on our third page, which affords some curious in- formation. First, it appears that land culti- vated with cinnamon near Colombo yields a return from two half-yearly harvests of R16 per acre per annum ; while, on the other hand, land cultivated with gra.ss — “Mauritius” orj“ Guinea” July i, 1897.1 23 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.! grass, most likely the former, — within or near the city, gives a return of R8 per month or K96 per annum for each acre ! Grass is, there- fore, six times more profitable than cinnamon. How are the mighty fallen ! Now, it seems that the Government — or rather the Government Agent, W. P. ?— had recently to lease 300 ajres of cinnamon a id 200 acres grass for a period of five years (1897-1902) and how this was done, can best hi learnt from our extract elsewhere. Suffice it to say, that while our contemporary estimates that the cinnamon should yield R24,000 in the five years and grass R96,000 or a total of R120,000, the 500 acres were at first, very nearly leased out for R20,000 ! But more sagacious counsels prevailed and the offer was raised to R55,000. Still, this is thought to be too low. But that depends. True, on the estimates. R65,000 will remain for the lessee ; but what about his looking after 500 acres of cultivation for five years and the risk incurred, year by year, of a failure of crop or failure of market in that time. We scarcely think the margin too great from this point of view. THE CEyLON & ORIENTAL ESTATES ICOMPANY, LIMITED. REPORT OF THE DIRECTORS. The Directors beg to submit the Audited Accounts for the year 1896. The Tea crop (including 23,088 lb. made from bought leaf) totalled 1,542,754 lb. against 1,332,142 lb. in the previous year. The average price of the Tea sold in London was 8 07d. per lb., against 8'44d. per lb. in 1895, which depreciation is on a parity with that of the general average of Ceylon. The average exchange for the year was 14'68d. as against 13’Wd in 1895. There has been charged to capital during the year the cost of the half-share of Denegama estate, and a small purchase of land at Keenakelle together with the sum of £1,320 2s 3d for new buildings and machinery, and £2,634 19s 7d for planting and up- keep of new clearings. Upon renewals and repairs to buildings and machinery the expenditure was £1,125 13s Od, and this outlay has, as usual, been defrayed out of revenue, while £500 has in addition been written off for depreciation. A liberal expenditure upon manure, considerably in excess of any previous year, has also been charged to the working account, and the full advantage of this has yet to be experienced. The estates have been well kept up in every respect, and according to the most recent reports are looking promising. To provide funds towards payment of the second half-share of Denegama estate, an issue of £6,000 of 44 per cent. First Mortgage Debenture Stock was m'vle on the 1st October last. The price ob- tained for the stock was £103, and the premium thereon has been applied in part payment of the legal expenses and stamp duties attending the con- version of the 6 per cent. Debentures into 44 per cent. Debenture Stock. Owing to the higher exchange and a lower market for tea, the profits for the past year are less than in 1895. This deficiency was further increased by reason of the small crop of coffee from the 120 acres still in bearing on Keenakelle estate. The Directors are glad to sav that a better revenue is expected from this sou'ce in the current year, as also from the increase of crop from the cocoa now coming into bearing. In pursuance of the policy which the Directors have followed from the beginning, further small clearings of tea will be opened this year — in all about 100 acres. The balance at credit of Profit and Loss Account, after paying all charges, including Debenture Interest, writing off £437 12s. lid., the expenses at tending the conversion of the Debentures, and £500 for depreciation of Buildings and Machinery, is £7,831 12s. 4d., and deducting therefrom the Interim Dividends paid in November last, there remains a balance of £4,945 3s 5d., which the Directors recommend be apportioned thus: — To Reduction of Debenture Issue Expenses Account .. .. £1,250 0 0 To Payment of the Preference Dividend for six months to 3lst December 1896 (making 6 per cent, for the year), less tax .. 1,334 0 0 To Payment of an Ordinary Divi- dend at the rate of 4 per cent. (making 7 per cent, for the year), free of tax . . . . 2,210 11 2 To Carry Forward to next Account . . . . . . 150 12 3 The Directors again desire to express their satis- faction with the work done by the Staff in Ceylon. Hugh Chapman, Secretary. Hugh C. Smith, Chairman. J. Huntley Thring, Managing Dir actor London, 24th April 1897. SCHEDULE OP ESTATES. c8 O) H Name of ® Estate. ™ o Bogahawatte 541 Le Vallon & Rajatalawa 1,216 Denegama. . 318 Peacock Hill 300 Keenakelle (including Serendib and Keena- gashena) . . 500 Peradenia . . 424 Oodewelle . . 442 Osragalla . . 320 Wiltshire & Hampshire 272 Wangie Oya 445 Moralioya & Wilton . . 218 Pathragalla.. 100 O — ivliich muxt have been publkhcd early in Bloreh — that the Indiai Stall is at pre.sent shorthanded. Owing to retirements, furloughs, etc, there were only six officers available for the whole of India. Rut, we suspect if it were made known that the Ceylon Government wished to liorrow a couple of Geological officers, men on furlough would gladly come forward on the chance of a spell in this interesting .and eom- parativelj' healthy island. Re that as it may, it is quite evident that a Geological Survey of the colony ought to be no longer delayed. The great industry in plumbago alone — our one mineral .so far of commercial importance — more than justihes such a Survey. ’I’he exports of plumbago have develoied as follows: — ISoO, 28,823 cwt.; 1860, 7o,660 cwt. ; IST*', 85,219 cwt.; 1880, 205,738 cwt; 1890, 392,577 cwt-; and 1895, 326,754 cwt. Ru*- the exploiting of |dumhago deposits is done entirely by the Sinhalese with- out any scientific guidance. No one knows how great may be the rich deposits that a Geological Survey might bring tolight within certain untouched areas, and as the Ceylon Government draws a royalty of R5 on every ton exported, it has a most practical and direct interest in extending the industry. Secondly, there are gem deposits famous from the time of Solomon ; yet never surveyed nor mapped out, though one or two localities h.ave been examined and reported on most favourably by English expert.s. With the new' ]iatented machine of Mr. I.ockhart, which we saw tested in London, xve cannot see why there should not be a great development of gemming under European capital, if only the proper tracts of country on which to operate were au'hori- tatively pointeil out. Here again the Govern- ment, through licenses and leases, ought to get its full share of revenue. This may be said to belong more particularly to a Mineralogieal Sur- vey ; but a Geologist with Indian experience rtould lie sure to know' a great deal about Mineralogy. Still, a third incentive to commence a Geolo- gical Survey at an early date is found in the value of the iron ore deposits scattered throughout Ceylon. Dr. Davy, brother of Sir Humpliry Davy, found the ore in the Kand3^an i>rovinees to be so rich in iron as to yield 70 and even 90 per c.nt; and we liave most of us seen the remains ol Sinhalese smelting places notably in and about Nuwara Eliya. Rut it is in the Sabaragamuwa and Balangoda districts that commercial importance may be attaciied to our iron deposits, if it be true, as reported by Dr. Gygax more than fifty years ago : — “ The varieties of iron met with are six in number : viz., magnetic iron ore, titanate of iron, chromate of iron, iron with manganese, iron pyrites, and yellow hydrate and red peroxide of iron. The iron, however, in most of these is scanty, and the ore of little vakie except to extract the chromo a id manganese. But there is another description of ore found in vast abun- dance, brown, compact, generally in the state of car- [July r, 1897. THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST, 29 I'Onate, though still blinded with a little chrome, and often with molybdena. This occurs in large masses and veins, one of which I believe extends for a distance of 15 miles. Of this, millions of tons might be smelted, and when found near water-carriage and fuel it may be worked to a profit. I would lay particular stress on the very fine quality of the iron ore found in Ceylon, itisrrsily smelted, and so pure v lien reduced, as to resemble silver. The rough ore produces from oO to 75 per cent — on an average fully 50 per cent the iron wrought from it requires ne, puddling, and steel thus made cuts glass like a diamc ’..d.’ It appears that Spain is rapidly getting poorer in iron ores, and we were assured in London that if Ceylon ores lay within easy reach of a navigable stream, it would pay to carry the same to London or Glasgow — freight being so very cheap — there to have it smelted and manufactured. We think we have said enough to make out our case for a “Geological Survey.” It ought not to be expensive or tedious ; it ought to he directly remunerative ; and it ought to be the means of e.xtending old and developing new indus- tries— and industries too, of an emiuently desirable character in a comitry hitherto so dependent on its Agriculture and Planting— with their varying fortnnes^as is Ceylon. SCIENCE AND PRACTICE: PLANTING AND ENTOMOLOGY: THE WORK OF MR. KCEBELE, ENTOMO- LOGIST, IN HAWAII— AND HOW FAR IT BEARS ON PLANTING IN CEYLON. A recent number of that very u.sofnl publica- tion, tlie Hawaian “ Planters’ Monthly,” con- tained a special Report on his work as Entomo- logist, from Air, Albert Kcebele. It is long and technical, and may be deemed too dry and scientific for perusal by the general reader ; hut we have reproduced itin oxw Tropical Agri- culturist tor the benefit of our planting cc)mmunity. There are not a few thoughlful plauter.s, we ar. glad to say, still in the island and to them the account of Mr. Ktebele’s work among the “poochies” and other enemies of planting and agricultural industries, will not be uninteresting. Hawaii is as great a paradise for insect and fungoid life as is Ceylon ; but there are striking differences, because we find Mr. Kmbele endea- vouring to introduce such enemies of insects as rats, bats and toads. And without success, too, in the early trials, as regards the first and second, though tliere is hope that the batrachian in- troductimis may get on. Now, we need scarcely say that there is no lack in Ceylon of such enemies of insects as are above detailed. Indeed rats were at one time a great enemy of the coffee-planter in certain districts. When their food in the jungle — tlie nilhi plant for instance — failed them, rats sometimes invaded the nearest coffee plantation and nipped off the primaries or secondaries of the hn.shes, thus inflicting a terrible loss on the owner. Such experiences houever— as indeed, alas, coffee itself almost— are things of the past in Ceylon ; for, we have not heard of a single case in which rats have attacked onr later staple product, tea. We naturally referred Mr. Koebele’s Report to Mr. E. E. Green, who has been good enough to supply us with a series of “ Note.s ” pointing out the portions, and the enemies, which have a direct interest to Ceylon planters. This we append as an admirable summary for local use of the full Report. Rut, helore doing so, we imav quote froui a very interesting letter accompanv- ing “the Notes,” which has remniru'd by us too long : — Punduloya, l;Hh Aprd . — I return your copy H / Hawain.il Plauters Monthly,” containing A Entomologist (Mr. A belt Effibcle). this whole Report goes to show what can be done by an intelligent man— with a attention to the work. Not tliat everyone would have succeeded as admirably as did Air. Kcebele, He se-^ms to have been the man most exactly fitted to the task It may be said by sceptics that this glowing account of his success is merely the man’s own testimony. But there is ample outside witness to rtxT work. In a recent number of “Nature- (25th Alarch ’97,) Mr. E. C. L. Rerkins-the Naturalist deputed by a Committee of tlieEoyal Society and Bnti Ji Association to investigate the Fauna of the Sandwich Islands— speaks in th.u,iceii a praise ot the results of the iiitrodnction of birt their insects into the Hawaiian Islands. ™ -v. I have just received a letter fiom Mr. Kcebele himself in reply to my question as to whether he would be in a position and willing to undert.ake a similar work in Ceylon. It appears that the Madras Government has aFo approached Mr. Kcebele on the subject. With respect to Ceylon, Mr. Koebele writes “ If the Ceylon people should want me, my services would be required m Iiiaia also It would suit me to in- troduce all enemies I know of for any scale pests you may have in the respective places. I could do it— alone —in about two, at longest three years. I may be able to come at the beginning of next year if so desired- only for the time stated.” Mr. Kmbele does not answer my enquiries as to the cost of the undertaking and the remuneration for his services, I am writing again to ask for some estimate. In one respect I think Mr. Kcebele misunderstands the ^'^qiiire such a general and varied w species as has been carried out in the Hawaiian Islands, covering a lone/ period and occupying the continued attention of the specialist. Ail we want at present is to see the one or two species of lady-bird beetles that are most likely to heln us aga.iust onr dominant pest (‘green bug’ Lecanium mnde) properly established in Ceyloiu This could effected within a very much shorter time than that suggested by Air. Koebele. As I mentioned l» one of my former letters, I do not advocate any very extravagant outlay m the experiment. I am now of opinion that the decay of coffee was not by any means entirely or even mainly due to the ravaues of the bug though the bug hastened the downfall bv sapping the systern of the trees already weakened by other-more deeply seated-causes, of which leaf- disease was the prime factor, backed up by a reckless waste of surface soil.— B. E. Gkisen. ^ ^ We quite agree with Mr. Green tlmt Mr Kcebele takes an exago-erated view of what is required in Ceylon, and indeed he niu.st iearn that the cultivation of “ Collee ” lias been SO lecluced in area in Ceylon— only a few fields in a few districts being left amidst tlie uni- versal “tea ’’-that the ...upport available for the mtioduction of the enemy of “ .rreen hm- -> IS very limited. The same may fe said '’of Southern India : only in Coorg and Alysoie is t.iere an aiipreciable quantity of collee left Our propi^al was tliat the planler.s ot Southern Imha andCeylou should unite, getting aid from their Government. s, in making up a suitable fee and the nece.s,saiy c.Npeiises for Mr. Kcebele If jus mission proved successful with us, it is 'rerv likely that iurtlicr profitable commissions mi«lit await him, e-s^ccially from Java, Sumatra, and the Straits Settlements. But he must know 30 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST, that nowhere in the East is cofiee, “ king no\v-a-clays. Tlie practical “Notes” with a local hearing, sup- plied by Mr. theen on Mr. Koihele’s Report, are as follows : — NOTES UPON THE EEPORT OE THE ENTOMOLOGIST OF THE HAWAIIAN GOVERNMENT. 1. Dactylopius caijcrus. — Not miconimou in Ceylon; usually in insufficient numbers to be serious. But I have quite recently noticed a really bad attack of this blight in Colombo, where the insect was to abundant on several ornan:tnta! shrubs that the plants were quite disfigured and parts of them actually killed, 2. .DaclyJojiins adonidum. — Though it is doubtful if the spi cies has been rightly determined (I believe its correct name to be Dactyhjiins citri) ; this is the “ mealy-bug ” long known as a coffee pest in Ceylon. 3. fulvtmria iisidii. — Very abundant in Ceylon. It has seemed to me to have considerably extended its range within the last few years. I first noticed the hprit to a-ufj ten years ago upon cinchona. I next fori2iV'iG'l'6stablished upon tea ; and I constaully find it now upon individual lea bushes whi'.h are completely blackened by ihe accompanying growth of luugus. Fortunately, it does not spread much upon tea. The species is almost constantly present upon guava ticco. Orange and lime trees are much subject to its atiacks. I could give a long list of ornamei.tal shrubs in the garden and wild plants and jungle trees upon which I have noticed the pest. At present some Aralia plants iu my garden are literally covered with the insects. In fact, ihe species is fast becoming omnivorous. Curiously enough the coffee plant, which is so badly affected by this pest in the Sandwich Islands, is one of the few Ueylou plants upon which I have not found the insect. 4. Lecanimii acuminatum. — Under this name Mr. Koebele is referring to a largish triangular flat scale that is sometimes rather injuriously abundant upon -mango tree.s iu Ceylon. 5. Asyidiotus aurantii. — Present iu Ceylon ; but not so far noticed in injurious numbers. Our climate appears to be too tropical for its comfort. As Mr. Ecebele ] oints out, the species flourishes better in more tei -perate latitudes. 6. ^1 indiotus cydonice. — Commou cn many different plants, especially upon fruit trees of varit us sorts, where it seems to appreciate the fiuit itself. I have seen the rind of a pomelo fruit so .hickly encrusted with the scales that the natural surface was com- pletely obscured. V. Acijidioius camelliie. — A common and distinctly injurious pest upon tea and cinchona in Ceylon. a. I'arlatoria zizyphi, and B. pergandei — It is sur- prising that neither of these two species has yet been recorUed from Ceylon. They are both very common pests of orange trees and have been introduced into nrost countries where oranges are grown, being very easily imported upon the rirrd of the fruit. We probably owe our anmuuity to the fact that we rest oouteiit with the old original varieties that have been culti- vated here from the earliest times, without attempt- ing to improve the strain by the importation of plants or seed from other countries. 9. 31ytylu^pis citiicola. — Common on orange trees in Ceylon. 10. ffl. glooerii — Collected from orange trees in Kandy. 11. M. pallida. — Common on several wild shrubs in Ceylon. T'ouud also occasionally upon guava trees. 12. JL pomoiuiii. — The only living examples of this insect that I have seen in Ceylon were upon the rind of imported Tasmanian apples. In England the species has become almost omnivorous. The species does not appear to flourish iu the tropics. 19. Cliionu'ipiti htclaois.' — This species is nearly always present often iu injurious numbers— upon the stems of cinchona and tea plants. It is a \eiy inconspicuous insect and escapes general observutiou from the fact that the colour and texture of the scale is wonderfully adapted to the surface upon whichjt rests. [July i, 1897. 14. G. eugcmce.— Some scale- insects found upeu Litzea zeylanica and teveral other jungle trees were determined by Mr. Maskell as varieties of his species t euqeniK. It is not a species that is likely to prove of economic importance. 15. iJiaspis amygdali. — Very abundant on manv rees and in Ceylon. It is a common pest of geranium plants— (see ‘ Coccidse of Ceylon', part I P; lately noticed that it has established Itself upon stems of one of our common shade trees, the Dadap ’ (Erythrina sp.) 16. Fiorinia cameUia: (= F. fiormiae).— This sp<=cips has been noticed upon tea iu Ceylon this ye 7r for the first time. It is a minute insect, and though present in considerable numbers, it does not .'=eem at present to have materially affected the heaUh of the plants. 17. Ceroplaatcs I'lr&eiis.—Cccasiouallv present upon tea 1«. G. iloridensis is also found (raiher conimoniv) upon tea and other plants; but does little or no haini. 19. C. ccufcrus. Quite a large speoie.s, nu asurins sometimes nearly half-an-iiich in oiameter - com- mou upon many wild plants; and occasional! v m,. sent upon tea stems. The insect produces such' masses of waxy matter that experimtnts have been mad" to test Its economic value. The wax was found 'o contain too much water to make good candles (they spluttered uncomfortably when burning); but this defect could doubTess be rectified by proper treatment 20. Lecanium coj^em —Cnee our principal coffee pest IS now quite in the background, having been ousted by the more dominant species L. viride. It has transferred its attentions to tea and is sometimes found m force upon individual trees, generally such as are under the shelter of some overhanging rock, 21. L. longulum.—A. decided pest of some of oar most valuable shade trees. I have found it upon the ‘sau’ tree (albizzia) and very commonly upon grevilleas often in such numbers as to stunt the plant. 22. L. nigrum.— Another quondam coffee pest, now seldom found upon that plant, but occurring abund- antly upon many wild trees and shrubs, and also upon several garden plants, more particularly upon begonias. 26. h. tessellatum. — A widely spread species in Cev- abundant upon the fronds of the liitwl palm (caryota urens). I noticed it in the Pa m House at Kew Gardens upon the same palm and found several of the gardeners engaged in picking off and destroying the scales. “ 24. Triococcus a rancartue.— S^ hen I was at the Hak- gala Gardens some few years ago, several ‘ Norfolk Island Pines ’ (araucaria excelsa) were badly infested by this species. The presence of the pest was notioe- able at some distance by the unsightly black fungus that followed the attacx. The trees were greatly disfigured, and I believe ultimately seriously iriiurecl 2o. Ilhi?,ohius ventraliti.—Ot the ‘ iady-bird ” beetles* Uns IS the species that seems most promising It feeds principally upon that particular gioup of scale insects known as the LecaniidcB^ of whicli our Ltc viride is a prominent member. This bug being a soft-bodied insect it is particularly open to attack irom lady-bird beetles. J *kat several of our indigenous ‘ lad. -birds are retiring before the advance of a very pertinaceons little ant {Cremastogacter dohrni). This insect is particularly fond of the sweet excre tion from the bugs aud frequents the buc'-y trees As they distinctly encourage the bug, they naturali7 discourage any interference from predaceous insects aud that the discouragement can be most effective’ cau be readily proved by disturbing one of theii’ nesis. The oooupauts swarm out upon the intruder and give him a very unpleasant recentiou. Tiiese ants build large nests that have the 'a.ppearaace of being composed of masticated brown paper. 26. The Japanese beellc,— or rather its laiva— is evidently allied to tho insert formerly known in Gev-lnn as ‘‘White Grub.” Mr. Koebele was most fei timate m hnding such an eifioacious remedy as the funaoid disease described on page b;J of this Report. E. E. GREEN, rundaluoya, April ’97. July i, 1897.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. PROF. ALBERT KOEBELE AND HIS WORK AS ENTOMOLOGIST IN HAWAII. {From the Hriwaian Planters MonthlyP) Al.\mbda, California, Dec. 31, 1896. St, — I herewith submit a report of work done since my appointment as Entomologist. — Ageneral account of the conditions of the injurious insects, aud the natural enemies introduced from those countries visited. My sincere thanks are due to you for the deep interests taken in the important work, for receiving and liberating the various predaceous and benedcial insects so promptly on their arrival, with- out such help the results would not have terminated so successfully. We have accomplished what had been desired, namely — the eradication of the worst blight or scale plague that ever appeared in any country. Once more, I consider my duty in the interest of your fair Islands, by any and all means, to prohibit the importation of any soil from all countries, aud herewith avoid what in the future could never be remedied, — an everlasting plague of Scarabaeids that would devastate the Islands. The one species so far introduced from Japan in soil. Adoretus, umbrosus, P., has partly shown what the beetles may accom- plish. Fortunately the larva of the same is not injurious, and it is chiefly in the larva form that these insects do the most damage by de- vouring the living roots of mostly all plant life. We have records countries where those larva do damage. The May beetle or Cockfaer of Europe has cost the various countries untold fortunes for centuries past. Asia, India, Australia and America suffer likewise from effects of these beetles, all this in countries where the respective insects have their natural enemies in suffi-cient quantities to keep them in check to a certain extent. If any of the hundreds of species were introduced in the Islands, their effects upon plant life would be most disastrous, with no enemies present, and a continuous warm climate, where we could expect at least four broods of the beetle to one in a temperate clime. I doubt that Adoretua has more than one brood per year in Japan, where it is rare, and yet I have bred it in Honolulu from egg to maturity in seven weeks. But little more can be presented in regard to the introduction of injurious scale insects. There are but very few serious species not yet represented in the Islands from those ports from which plants generally arrive. We can see those and know pretty well how to deal with and where to find their pro- per enemies. Aspidiotus Jiscus, Comstock, is found upon very many plants and usually considered one of the worst scales was not yet met with, although it may be present since it is common in Japan and China upon nearly all plants, and must have been brought into Honolulu repeatedly. Even this need not to be feared much, as we have the most effective enemies for the same already present. Chionapis Citri, Comstock, is another scale affecting citrus trees, apparently not yet present. We have fungoid diseases established upon the Leoanidae on the Islands, and hope for the same success with the Dias- pidinae as well. The various cut worms, the Ponallo ; the Aleurodes on coffee ; Phoeciloptera, likewise at- tacking this and many other plants, and various enemies . still afiocting the sugar cane will receive immediate attention by judiciously selecting and introducing predaceous and parasitic insects for the same. — Respectfully, Alubut Koebebe. Mr. J. M.\rsdf,n, Commissioner of Agriculture and Forestry. REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGIST OF THE HAWAIIAN GOVERNMENT As you are well aware my first and chief work had to be directed against the numerous scale insects at the time infesting aud destroying many of the valuable fruit, ornamental and shade trees. Up to the present time, some sixty species of these have been found on the Islands, and some of them would have made it utterly impossible to raise the citrus and coffee trees successfully. In fact, most of ih.o shrubs and trees at the time were so infested by the then recently introduced and most pernicious coccids ever met with, D ictylopius vastator. Mask, that their destruction in the near future seemed imminent had not relief been brought. Without doubt their destructive work would have spread over all the Islands, notwithstanding the m.rst deligeut prevention on your part. The scale has not besn met with as yet in any of the other Islands, aud at present wherever it may appear, its enemies are awaiting it, the chief of which no doubt is the Australian Lady bird, Chryptolaemus montrouzieri, Mulsaut. The cocoid is a native of China where it bad been met with in the neighbourhood of Hongkong. Another numerous scale, and one that had longer been introduced than the previous species, Dacty- lopius ceriferus, Newstead, had always been seen covering the leguminous trees often to such au extent that many of them lost their entire leaves and in some instances even were destroyed entirely by the quantities of Mealy bugs present. This species also is kept in check by the Chryp- tolaemus beetles, which increase to such an ext-eut in the early summer that milliou.s of their larvae can frequently be seen crawling around where the coccids abound. Often this very beneficial insect, for it is always in larval state where they do the most exe- cution, arh taken for so-oalfed (blights) and are in consequence destroyed. It should always be borne ill mind that the scale insects or blight are gene- rally stationary i. e., fixed to the branches and twigs of plants, very rarely move about, and then only very slow ; the Chryptolaemus larva on the contrary is qiiito active, and when full grow'ii is about a quar- ter of an inch in length, covered above with six rows of contiguous elongated white mealy secreted append- ages. It is then that they can be seen in such num- bers that often the fences and wails are covered, the trunks and limbs of trees bear patches of the pupae, ofteu several feet in length. The insect was met with in tropical Australia, New Caledonia, Fiji, Ceylon and Southern China, and will apparently live out of doors in the t’’opios only. Another Dactylopius has occasioned great incon- venience in the cane fields, known as D. chalceo- lariae, Maskell. Here also the Chryptolaemus beetle appeared, and waged war upon the same with the consequence that at present time the pest has also practically disappeared. This scale was met with in Fiji and tropical Australia. Dacti/lopim adoniduni, Linnaous, has been present upon most all plants. It is this scale that has marred the coffee industry in the Islands ever sinco the attempt was made to grow the tree o er fifty years since, by its large numbers sitting around and Slicking out the sap of the young berries, producing a premature coloring aud dropping of the same. It likewise lives upon the roots of coffee and many other trees and plants in the tropics all over the world, whilst in colder countries it is found upon green- house plants chiefly. The injury to the various vegetation formerly caused by the foregoing and many other species of Dactylopius present on the Islands, is now practically done away with. We have sufficient enemies present for them for all time to come. Pidvinana p.iidii, Maskell, another introduction from the Orient, had spread considerably over the Islands, and caused soma anxiety, especiallv ill the coffee districts. I myself must confess that nowhere have I ever seen a landscape so completely blackened by the fungoid growth, caused hv the honey exudation of tlie Pulviiiaria scale in "which this grows, as that of North Kona on niy visit in Feliruary, ISSIf. On my recent trip to the same place, all tliese had changed, aud the district, to me, had the appearance of anotlier country, all owing to the presence of tbe Uliyptolaemiis beetle that devours the eggs of the scale. Since then various 32 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. I'jULY I, 1^9?. other species of lady birds ware sent there, and still more will be sent, all of such that will prey both upon the eggs and mature insects. The rose apple, Eugenia malaccensis was s. ill found covered by the black fungus. Here another tropical scale, Lscanium acuminatum, Signoret, is present in large numbers upon which the Ohryptolaemus beetle will not feed, yet many other lady birds have been sent that will feed on this and all species of Leoanium. The above scales have so far been the most numerous and destructive, yet other forms as Well have been on the increase and I can give a short account of some of them only, as many of the species are not yet worked up. Aspidiof.us aurantii, Maskell, is injurious to citrus trees chiefly in temperate zones and may have come upon those trees from any port in C.rlifomia, Australia, China, or Japan. It was found upon recently introduced Potocarpus plants from Japan. The climate of Honolulu appears not robe suitable for the same as it was not met with in the tropics as injurious to citrus plants. At Sydney it was found upon Perea caroli- nensis, Laurus nobilis; Brisbane, numerous upon Jasrainum; at Rockhamsden onwildfig tree; Cairns, cultivated figs and ilorussp. In Ceylon on Agave (Green) ; Hong Kong on Paliurus raraosissimus ; Litsea sebifera, Hedyotis acutangulus, (very numerous) Stillingia sebifera; on Melia azedarach at Amoy, Swatow, Hong Kong, Formosa and Honolulu ; Japan on Potocarpus and D imara like trees, also many other plants. One Chalcid parasite Aspidaphagus citrinus. Craw, is preying on the same in China, Japan and California. , „ / i Aspidotus cydonur, Comstock, was found on a garden plant at Pahia, Maui, and upon Ake'at Honolirlu. Aspidiotus longsipina, Morgan, infests trunks and branches of Orange, Lemon Mango, Kukui tree, Figs, Pride of India, etc., on all the islands and even a common weed at Lihue, Kauai, The scale was found at Tanisui, Formosa, on Orange and upon Fi<> trees at Hong Kong, A largo number of the scales are punctured with holes from where a minute Chalcid parasite has issued that keeps the scales in the Islands in check. , , Aspidiotus duplex has been repeatedly introduced on Camellia from Japan where it also is found upon the tea and other plant it has as yet not become injurious on the Islands, At Makaweli, Kauai, Aspidiotus camclliac and A. nerii were found upon imported American apple, pear and peach trees in such numbers that some of the trees had died. A number of other species of Aspidiotus were met with in the Island, all of them introduced. Of Parlatoria, P. zizyphi is the most numerous upon Citrus and another tree at Honolulu. P. peir/andei is as yet not so numerous. The first was found at Hon'^ Kong and Canton infesting Citrus trees, and the "second upon Euonymus at Yokohama and on Camellia at Maceo. Mytilaspis citricola, Packard, is the scale at present found so numerous upon citrus trees at Honolulu, where it had spread within two years. \ number of introdu red l.rdy birds are preying on the same, and as far as my observations go, I believe that in time they will efiectually keep the samein check. The scale also infests Croton and other plants. It is common most everywhere in the world. Itisfoundin the Kona (Hawaii) district but not numerous. Slyfilaspis qloverii, Packard, has at present only been met with in a citrus tree in Mr. Jordan’s yard. The tree had been imported from Japan or China where the coccid is numerous, and with the foregoing one of the most destructive to citrus plants. , , . T Mytilasiiis pallida, Green, has been found upon im- ported J'apanese Potoo.arpus plants. Mytilaspis flava, Targioni Tozzetti was met with upon bark of various shade trees at Makaweli, Kauai, and in China upon Pyrus sinensis (Hong Kong.) Mytilaspis pomonim, 'Bouche, the apple bark louse, was also found on im- ported American plants. At Makaweli, Kauai. Diaspis rosae, Sandberg, is the common rose scale and is found all over the world. Diaspis boisduvalii, Signoret, has been found on im- ported orchids. Chinaspis biclavis, Comstock, is found over ail the islands on bark of various trees and always badly parasiti- cal. It is not serious in consequence. It may have come from any of the South Sea Islinds or Asia. Chienaspis eugeniae, Maskell, is a widely distri- buted species, it occurs in Australia, Ceylon, China, and Japan and lives upon very many plants. The scale has been doing well with Mr. Jordan, upon imported Japanese Magnolia and Eugenia. Chiouaspis prunicola, Maskell, Diaspis patelli- formis, Sasaki, Diasp's amygdali, Tryon, has been found upon imported Japanese plum trees that had died from the effects of the scale which appears to be very injurious in some temperate zones. It is still present upon .Japanese pear tree on same place at Honolulu. In Ceylon it was found on bark of Aleurites trilboa, at Hong Kong, on Rhusspa, Amoy, on peach, on the same tree at Formosa and unknown wild shrub, in Japan always on Pyrus, Prunus and Morus, on Juglans, Elaeagnus Ribes rubrum, Salix, Sterculia platanifolia, Fraxinus, Orixa japouica and many other trees and shrubs. While I anticipate no serious trouble from this coccid in the islands, yet it should not be allowed to get a foothold, and should be stamped out iu the beginning. P'l'orinia camelliae, Comstock, was first noticed upon imported Japanese Potocarpus. It is found most anywhere and has been met with in Airstralia on many plants, in Ceylon on Mistletoe, on Oleaude” at Amoy, in Formosa on Psidium and Juniper, Japan on Potocarpus m-acrophylla, Soiadopytis verticillata, Camillia, Euonyinu=, etc. , on Alligator pears, palms, (Lainellia, etc., iu Honolulu. Aspidiophagus citrinus, Craw, is preying upon the same. Ceroplastus ruhens, Maskell was found but sparingly in the beginning of ’94, yet at the present it may be seen anywhere and upon most any tree in Honolulu, although numerous, it is not very injurious compared to other scales. The insect no doubt was introduced with plants from China as it is quite common around Hongkong and there lives chiefly upon the various p'ne trees. In Ceylon it was found uponJambosa vulgaris. Two species of Chalcid parasites live upon the same in Honolulu, viz : Tomoce a cali- foruica, How, and Coccophagussp. A third spe- cies that is preying upon ( 'eroplastes flori- densis, Comstock, in Japan, has been introduced in some eighty specimens of both sexes. Both Ceroplastes ceriferus, Anderson, and C. floriden.sis have, at innumerable times, been brought in on plants from Japan and China, yet none of these appear to be established. Lecanium accurainatum, Signoret, is present on many plants iu the Islands, yet chiefly upon limea and lemon. It is always badly parasiteized in Hono- lulu by two species of Chalcid flies. Lecanium filicum, Boisduval ; L. Hemisphaericum, Targioni, Tozzetti; Lecanium coffea, Nietner, is found upon very many cultivated and wild plants throughout the islands, and is preyed upon by in- ternal parasites ; it is found common all over the world, chiefly so in the tropics. Lecanium hesperidum, Linnaeus, is but rarely found on the higher altitudes; it comes from the temperate zones. Lecanium longulum Douglas, is one of our commonest species and attacks most any plant on all the islands. It was this species that caused the smuty appearance of the ironwood trees in the park before the introduc- tion of the Rhizobius beetle. It is found in the tropics only out of doors. Lecanium mori, Siguoret, is found also upon many plants iu the islands, on various ferns, guava, etc. Pjecanium nigrum, Nietner, the commonest of all scale insects in the islands, nearly always can be found upon the Hibiscus hedges, Croton, guava, fig trees, etc. It was met with everywhere in the tropics, Fiji, New Caledonia, Queensland, Ceylon, Singapore, Hongkong and Formosa. In Japan it can not live out of doors, and is found only iu greenhouses. Lecanium oleae, Bernard, is not found numerous in tropical countries, it is rarely met with in Honolulu. Only in one instance have I seen it numerous upon oleander, on Hawaii. July i, 1897.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 33 Lecanium Tessellafum, Signoret, another speoies found here and there, but not numerous as yet, it is more often attacked by internal parasites. Ualvinaria, mameae, Maskell, and an unnamed speoies in Kona, are perhaps the only well established species aside from P.psidii mentioned above. It had first been found upon Mamea Americana, Linni. daring Jan., ’94, but since then it was found on many trees in Honolulu, especially mango and fig. No pai’asite has been observed on the same, yet without doubt the Chryptolaemus larvae and those of the numerous species of Hyperaspis introduced from California and Japan will destroy its eggs. A fourth species of Pulvinaria was found at Honolulu upon newly introduced Potoearpus from Japan, where the insect is rather rare upon many trees, especially the camellia and magnolia. Planchonia sp., so far but one specimen was found in Honolulu upon Jacaranda mimosifolia, Prosopis dulcis. Oleander, fig trees, etc., and it is preyed upon by an internal Chacid parasite to such an extent that in some instances the scale has disappeared entirely from some trees. Found at Hongkong. China, upon fig tree and badly parasiteized. Eri/ococus araucarieae, Maskell, is found on all th • Islands upon the various species of Araucaria ; it comes from Australasia. Of Dactylopius we have a great many species in the Islands but yet they are with a few exceptions, not worked up. It is one of the most easy species to introduce, since many of them when full grown will often leave the plant and secrete themselves most anywhere to deposit their eggs, often on the roots, in any crevice or behind leaves on stem, etc., the moat minute examination of plants could not reveal them. Icerya purshasi, Maskell, is so far the only species present in the Islands. I. Aegyptiaca, Douglas, and I. Sulphure:!, Maskell, are found on many plants around Hong Kong and may be brought in at any time. The two lady birds preying on those species in China viz : Kodolia fumida, Muls. and B. pumila, Weise. were introduced and no doubt are breeding upon I. pur- drasi which once so numerous, can now only be found after careful search. The above comprise the principal coccids found in the Islands, very many of them are preyed upon by internal parasites but were brought in with their host. Some of these are doing very beneficial work, often destroying a large percentage of the scales. Only in few instances were scale insects with inter- nal parasites introduced by me, since there is more or less risk in doing so, it was considered the safest way to follow, only to send the numerous predacious insects found preying on the scales and here we have the numerous lady birds, some two hundred species of which had been introduced with more or less success. It seems that those introduced from the tropical countries, or such that are found in similar latitudes to that of the Islands within a few degrees, have succeeded best to establish them- selves : especially when the same coccid upon which they fed in their home was at hand, the increase was marvellous. Aside from the parasites and predacious insects introduced we have established two species of fungoids destructive to all the Lecanidae and these have since spread over most parts of the Islands. A repeated trial with a third Microcera coccophylla, that lives upon the expense of the various Diaspidinae, has as yet not been so successful. Still I am confident ef also establishing this very valuable agent to eradicate the scales. It was met with in New South Wales northward to Cairns, Queensland. It is present in Ceylon, China, Formosa, and even as far north as southern Japan, chiefly upon the various Aspidiotus and Mytilaspis, coccids that are always abundant where they occur, owing to their hard protective covering, the enemies preying upon the same have not the equal chance as those preying upon other scales. At the present time, the most pernicious coccids, at least, have practically become harmless and will become still more so with the increase of their various enemies, I anticipate no danger to the 5 vastly increasing coffee culture by scale insects still present, some of these will yet cause a little trouble to the citrus trees, but I am confident to overcome the same in the near future, as hrs been done in the past, not with artificial means, but with natural enemies, which if once established, are an everlast- ing benefit to the country where introduced. Of the introduced Coccinellidae I will give a short account of some of them. To my knowledge, and that of Rev. Blackburn who studied the insects on the islands some tw'enty j'ears since, only three species of lady birds were present. Those were Coccinella abdominals. Say, and American insect and no doubt, introduced at a very early date, since it has been known to the oldest residents. It feeds upon Lecanidas and Aphids, is not a fast breeder and since the introduction of other forms has be- come much le.ss in number. The other two are small Scymnus, S. ocellatus. Sharp, and S. vividus. Sharp, the last at least, has repeatedly been found breeding upon plant lice. Owing to the large quantities of Coccinella repanta on the Islands, none of the Cali- fornia forms that live upon plant lice have been observed as yet, save that one visitor on the dinner table in the club on Nov. 10th, viz : Coccinella Cali- fornica. Man., introduced three years since, vet we are safe to say, several species will turn up in time, if properly searched for. Chilochorus bivuluerus. Mills., was brought to the Islands, in 1891, on my trip to Australia and turned over to Mr. A Jaeger who liberated the same. ' Again large quantities were sent to you during Dec. ’94, with all other California forms. The insect was found breeding, both in '94 and during the last summer, yet never numerous. This is one of the most numerous native lady birds in California that feed upon various scale insects, and a higher altitude may be suitable for their increase. Sendings of these as all other forms will be made again to the. various parts on the other Islands direct. Hyperaspis were sent to you in several species, all of these feeding upon the various mealy bugs, (Dactylopius), then and still so numerous in Honolulu. You have forwarded one of the beetles to me at Sydney, some ten months later, as breeding in Honolulu. This has been H. undulate. Say., and I personally have not met with it since, owing no doubt to the enormous increase of other forms, and m consequence the scarcity of its food. Large numbers of Scymnus were also forwarded to you, and strange to say one of the very rarest Cali- fornia speoies, S. debitis. Lee., that had not been found again ever since being described over forty years a^o, was met with in quantities while collecting Rhizobius upon Casuarina. The little beetle in California breeds upon Dactylopius, and very likely on the same in the Islands, D. Calceolaria, Maskell, on the sugar cane would be similar to that on grass in California. Of the Australian forms we certainly have the most beneficial of all the lady birds introduced. Of the Aphis feeding species, Coccinella repanta. Thumb., has done wonders in destroying all the ; various forms of lice on trees, shrubs and plants. It appears usually first up on the orange plant louse it has practically cleaned out the taro louse, and with it has cured the formerly so prevalent disease upon these plants which decayed to a large extent in consequence of the myriads of plant lice present; and recently it has shown its ability upon the newly appeared louse in the cane fields at Kauai, Oahu and Maui. It has spread within one year, after being distributed by you, over all parts of the Islands, and was met with both on Hawaii and Maui as high up as timber will grow. How unfortunate, that upon such beneficial friends w’e should find a parasite des- troying the same to a large extent, yet such is the fact. Everywhere the beetles may be found, apparently at rest on the leaves, yet under it and between its legs a small yellowish silken cocoon is found, from which in due time hatches a small black hymenopterous parasite, Centistes, Americana, Riley, an insect found all over the world preying on aphid fecdijig lady birds. How long the parasite has been present bii the Islands is hard to say. Undoubtedly it -fiad been breeding upon Coccinella Abdoniiualis many 34 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIS 1. [July i, 1897. years. It had been found upon the same by Messrs. Miller and Wait at Kona before the introduction of other Coccinellids by me. Leis conformis, Boisd. had been observed breeding upon the orange Aphis early in 1894. Another very valuable lady bird that feeds upon the various Aphids, and one that had always been found in small numbers only in Australia is Platy- omus lividigaster, Mulsant. It was met with in that country from New South Wales up to Uairns, Queens- land, and chiefly upon the orange Aphis. It was also noticed that a large percentage of their larvae were destroyed by a parasite, and owmg ro this fact the comparative scarcity may be accounted for. On the other hand, there is no such parasite as yet known in the Islands, ihe beetle was never yet found destroyed by the Centistes fly and in consequence may even prove of more value in time than the Coccinella rapanta. Its dusky larva is unlike those of the Coccinella proper ; it is covered all over with long spines for protection, The rather small black beetle is nearly round and has the sides of thorax bright sulphur yellow. It is a most active creature. Of Orciis., 0. Chalybeus, Boisd. has in- creased most upon the various Oiaspidinae chiefly, yet it will feed up on most any scale as well as Aphids. The Chryptolaemus mon- trouzieri, Mulsant, is in my opinion the most valu- able lady bird introduced into the Islands. It is always found upon any plant infested with Mealy bugs. It relentlessly follows up that destructive Pulvinaria and devours its eggs. It likewise devours Erioooccus araucariae. Masked, infesting the various Araucaria. You distributed the same during 1894, and on my recent inspection it was met with everywhere on all the Islands upon its fast disappearing food; around the Yolcano, upon the various forest tree, and shrubs it was very numerous; from there down Pahala over the lava flows it was numerous upon the scanty bushes growing. In Kona it was met with up to an altitude of 6,000 feet, and here was simply swarming uponMyoporum sandwicene, Gray, infested with Lacanium lillicum, Boisduval, its larva feeding upon the Dactylopius present. On Maui it was found upwards to the timber line and is very likely even higher. That far famed Vedalia cardinalis, Mul- sant did good work in Honolulu upon the one scale, Icerya purchasii. Masked. The Chrytolaemus beetle did equally well upon about a dozen species of coccids. Many other enemies were introduced for the Icerya scale, and one of them at least, Novius Koebelei, is at present abundant. Of Ehizobius a large number of species were intro- duced, and B. xentralis, Erichson, that feeds upon the various Lecanidae, has become the most abundant. It will feed upon Pulvinaria as wed and ca,n at any time be found upon Araucaria trees, preying upon Erioooccus ; owing to its valuable work the numerous species of black scales are disappearing. At the Kapiolani Park the Casuariira, formerly a complete black mass, owing to the numerous Lecanium, longulum, Douglas, have entirely recovered fiom the blighty appearance, and both the beetles and larvae could be foui d in any numbers during summer. Of the smaller Australian beetles, Cyreme nigellum, Blackburn, has perhaps increased most, and it was met with everywhere in Honolulu. With the Ceylon Coccinellids nothing could be done, the diAance is too great and ad arrived at Honolulu dead. One of these, and certainly the most valuable found there, Chilochorus circumdatus, Gydh., was later sent over from China. This insect had been recorded from Ceylon, India, and Sumatra, and consequently its occurence around Hong Kong could br expected. Daring three months, Oct. to Dec '95, a careful search had been made in the neighbourhood of Houg Kong, and of the insects in- troduced many are breeding in the Island. Synon die grandis, Thumbeig, is the largest known lady bird that feeds upon Oregma bambusae, Buckton, infesting the various Bambus plants in the Ma a) Archipelago, Ceylon, China and the southern Japan. A fresh specimen of these was found upon orange Aphids in Honolulu on May 6, 1896, and may have bred here. Verania discolor, Fabr., found near Hong Kong and Swatow w'as again met with in Honolulu eleven months later ; it feeds upon Aphids. Coelop- hora pupillata, Swartz, found common near Hong Kong upon Celtis sinensis, infested with Psylla, was met with all summer upon Aphis at Honolulu. Coelophorabiplagiata, Swar ez, collected and sent from Hong Kong, has been noticed in Honolulu for several months after my return. Chilomenes quartriplabiatr, Swartz, had been observed breeding upoir plant lice, and Dactyloprius and will prove a valuable additiou. Cryptogonus orbiculatus Gyllb, is a very common little lady bird. It was found numerous upon orange, etc., at Atami, .Japan, it was breeding by the thousands upon Mimosa pudica, L., infested with Dactylopius adonidum. Lino.— the common Mealy bug — at Cooloong, China, and in Formosa again, it was numerous upon the tea plants that were in- fested with Chionaspis theae. This will be another valuable help in destroying the various Mealy bugs. The beetle was found very numerous during Nov. at Honolulu. Platynaspis nigra, Weise, has been sent both from Japran and China, in the former country it was always one of the commonest lady birds upion orange infested with Diaspidinae. At Yokohama it was bred in numbers from a small powdery white larva on trunk of Styrax japonica S. and Z. It was always in numbers upon camellia hedges infested with various scales; found common in China upon orange and feeding upon Aspidiotus Diaspis and Mytilaspis ; also at Formosa numerous upon Chionaspis theae. In Honolulu likewise, the little beetle lives upon the hardest scale insects such as Aspidiotus aurantii. Maskell A. longispina, Morgan, and Mytilaspis citri- cola, Packard. Sticholotis punctatus. Crotch, was found in Japan and China, in Honolulu during the summer always upon Eriococcus araucariae, Comstock, upon Aleu- rodes sp., infesting Jasmin, and upon many other plants. While searching for Coccinellidae to be for- warded to the other Islands, in the beginning of November, the little beetles were swarming, so to speak, in the Government Nursery upon most the tree trunks, on fences, etc., searching for a hiding place to winter in. The species of lady birds en- umerated above are no means all that have estab- lishei themselves on Oahu. Only in some four gardens in the city where they collected, and a thorough search for tliem no doubt will reveal many other forms ; some may even breed in the forest on the mountain where he have not looked for them. Of the other introduced predaceous and parasite insects, it appears that some Syrphid and Cbrysopa flies are established. Chalcis obscurata. Walker, is making war in earnest upon the Pyralid larva des- tructive to the coconut leaves, banani,, sugar cane, etc. Finding such an abundance of Depidopterous larvaeit also preys upon those of Tortricidaea con- genial climate, and no parasite present to prey on its own larva, it is no wonder that within one year this parasite has increased to such an exent that on one occasion, at the beginning of November in Mr. Jaeger’s garden, they were seen flying around the trunk of Pritchardia filifera, which has still all the old leaves remaining on the stems, in a perfect swarm It is in such places that they hybernate for a short time. The insect was found in numbers upon orange trees in the early spring at Japan. In China during November and December they could be found by the dozens sitting amongst the leaves of Pandanus. This Chalcid fly was met with all over the Island of Oahu during the summer, flying actively around the shrubs and trees in search of their prey. It was sent to Kauai and Hawaii. A second introduced parasite was found to prey upon the Pyralid larva on coconut leaves, a species of Proctotrupid, not yet identified, it was sent from Japan with many other forms ; this also was introduced on Kauai. In addition to the numerous predaceous and para- sitic insects, it was also found advisable to intro- duce Eats, Toads and Progs. So far the results of the introduced California Bats, of which over six hundred reached the Islands living, has not been very encouraging, since little is seen of them in Honolulu. July i, 1897.] THE I'ROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 35 Several trials with Japanese bats resulted in a faiiure, On the other hand toads from California andjap’.n are breeding and the f jur species of Japanese frogs no doubt as well. The benefit to tho Islands through the iutroductiou of these Batrachians will be consider- able. Si :ce all of them live chiefly on insect life, they will have sufficient food for a long time to come, on the numerous Japanese beetles (A.doretus urn- brosus, var. tennimaculatus, Waterh), on the cane borer (Sphenophorus obscurus), and the numerous cut worm larvae. A great many of injurious insects are yet present on the Islands, and they will be dealt with entirely by introducing natural enemies for the same. Arti- ficial remedies even if effective for a short time are too expensive, and if possible I will not recommend such. We cannot use effectively washes or hydro- cyanide acid gas, as is done in America, without injury to the tropical plants. 1 have taken the work upon me to do the best for the Islands without further expense, and I will not recommend nor even approve of them. (We yet will have to deal with the various cut worms and other noctuid larvae that are a serious drawback to the growing of garden produce.) Agrotis ypilon, Rott, a cosmopolitan insect, is prob- ably one of the commonest and most injurious, it is found on the sea shores and up to the highest moun- tain peaks. A saucia, Hbn, another mcth found everywhere, was also observed to attack garden vegetables on the higher elevations and also a num- ber of other species of Agrotis equally injurious. The American army worm, lecania unipuncta. Haw, is very numerous. It feeds upon grasses, and conse- quently equally well upon the sugar cane. At Olaa a Noctuid larva was seen swarming upon and destroy- ing the various weeds amongst the coffee plants, not feeding upon these however. The larva of Plusia verti- cyllata, is doing more or less damage to the young coffee plants, The most numerous of all however is the Pelua, Baphygma frugiperda, Hbm, occasionally found covering grasss land for miles. Then there are large numbers of Tortricids, Pyralids and Tineids present. All the introduced species are injurious in more or less extent according upon what they feed. Upon all the many introduced species of Moths there are exceedingly few introduced parasites to be found, the indigenous forms living upon native moths are hardly ever met below an elevation of 1,500 feet. The most valuable pai-asites of Noctuid larvae are the Tachina flies, of which but one native species exists on higher elevations. Of Migrogaster, none have been observed upon Noctuid nor Sphingid larva on the Islands, Many injurious moths have found their way to the Islands, yet save a very few hymenopterrous parasites, we may oay they practically enjoy an almost entire im- munity from such. A small white fly, a species of Aleurodes, is causing some anxiety in Olaa dist ict. They have increased enormously upon the coffee trees. Many insects preying upon the same were recently sent there, and others will follow in succesion, as well as in- ternal parasites, and I am confident with these they will speedily disappear. At the same place Slugs are also destructive, and a trial will be made to introduce such beetles as are known to live upon the same. The Japanese Beetle, — This beetle, Adoretus uin- brosus, Var.; Teriuimaculatus, Waterh., has been probably introduced from that country, and more than likely in the soil coming with the numerous plants from thei’e. I met with tho insects quite frequently daring summer around Yokohama especi- ally while collecting in the forests, where they fell in my umbrella while be-ating for the various coci- nellidae on oak, alder and many other forest trees upon which they feed at night. Not in one instance did I see a specimen in a garden. It is the various species of Cetonia that come to and eat the flowers in gardens, and principally the rose,s. Repeated search was also made for the larva of these beetles in gardens, yet it is always that of other and larger species that are met with in such places, and the injury caused by them by eating the roots of the v'arious garden plants is very annoying. It was ob- served at one place that the most of the violets were practically eaten by these larvae under ground. Mr. Alfred Unger of Yokohama, related to me an instance of the value of the mole as an enemy for the Soarabaeid larva which is worthy to record. A gentleman at that place, in building a lawn for a cricket ground, had a brick wall surrounding this to a depth of several feet to prevent the moles from injuring the lawn. All went well for a few months, at the end of which the grass begun to get yellow and die off. All efforts with manure and water were useless, and he continuously found larvae of Scara- baeids that had come to the surface to die. Nothing could be found to remedy the evil until Mr. Unger advised the gentleman to tear away the wall and give the moles access to the larvae, which was done, and to the pleasure of the party, his lawn soon recovered. The beetle at the present time is found all over Oahu, on Maui and Kauai and it will be but a question of tiins when they will appear on Hawaii, if they are not already present. In going over to Kauai, the insect was found flying around the lamp on the steamer, and also off Maui, on the way to Hilo, one of the insects was found in similar condition. The most trouble will be experienced by the same in the drier localities, whilst in places like Olaa, the fungoid disease destructive to the same will flourish upon and destroy most of them. Annual Broods. — In Japan, where the tempera- ture will probably allow the larvse but six months active life, it may be that there it has but a single annual brood, and with the many enemies present it is no wonder that the beetle in consequence can be called rare. I have had the larvse barely out of eggs in Honolulu, and yet in three weeks later they were full grown upon the decayed manure— not in general use in Japan — where they doubtless fed upon deca.yed vegetable matter, as they also do on the Islands. The elongate small white eggs hatch in about seven to ten days, and the pupae gives forth the mature insect in from ten to fourteen days. Thus it will be seen that the whole transformation takes fr.im six to seven weeks in summer at Honolulu. Pood Plants. — These are too many to be enumerated. After the roses were gone the beetles paid their attention to various other bushes and trees in Honolulu and but few re- mained entirely free from their attacks. The orange was more or less attacked, and so had been the Ara- nian coffee tree, yet the Liberian coffee tree in some instances was practically defoliated, as were peach trees. The taro and cane leaves are also relished ; and like the guava, alligator pear, pomegranate, Java plum ; the grape vines are defoliated, and so is the umbrella ti’ee (Terminalia catalpa), various palms, especially Areca and Phoenyx, Cycas; many of the garden plants, as the Mexican vine, sunflower, and even violets, suffer from their enormous appetite. Many more plants could be mentioned, but it would be far easier to give a list of such not attacked by them. The same could be said of their work in the forests ; here also some of the trees had the appearance as if fire had gone through them. Enemies.— As the beetle is a night-flying insect, only becoming active after the few insect-feeding birds have gone to rest, and as there are no moles present, not even a single Carabid beetle to feed upon the larvae, these can breed in hundreds. The minah bird no doubt devours all the beetles that he can get, yet we never have observed it to search for the same as does the house sparrow. Almost every crevice was exa- mined around houses, walls, etc., and the rough bark of trees likewise. Here the sparrows could be seen climbing up and down the bark nearly as well as a woodpecker, searching for these beetles for its off- spring. Sarcophaga flies were repeatedly bred from jars containing these beetles, and on an old fern stump, hollow within, where the beetles secreted themselves, the newly hatched flies were almost daily observed sit- ting on the outside. It is a well known fact that these 36 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST flies are not parasitic, strictly speaking, and the young maggots, are likely left upon the dead beetles only. During April last, upon an old root with ferns grow- ing on same, hanging sospended, on the hotel veranda, I found successively three dead beetles, covered by a greenish gray fungoid. The respective root had been brought down from the mountains previous. From out of them the spores were taken anli brought in contact with twenty healthy individuals in a glass jar kept slightly damp with Sphagnum moss. They were daily given fresh food, as during all the subsequent experi- ments. To my astonishment and delight, thirty hours later, one of the beetles was seen dead, with its legs outstretched, and on the various joints the white fung- oid growth made its appearance. In two days more the grayish green fruit was present. For weeks these experiments were kept up, always with good results. The fungoid was most successfully raised upon steri- lized black bread ; less so on white bread, potato with glycerine, sweet potatoes, gelatine with Agar-Agar, banana and fruit juices. Later on the beetles were placed in large tight wooden boxes, the bottom of which was covered with about one inch oi slightly damp soil ; a few handfuls of dead beetles showing spores were placed on top of this; fresh and slightly damp food was given, and the healthy individuals E laced within. Thus we infected quarts of diseased eetles that were distributed all over the Island, and many parties again raised their own seed for distri- bution. Numerous eggs, placed in infected soil chiefly, hatched ; yet all the minute larvae became affected at once after issuing. A few remained uuhatohed and the larvae were found dead within, yet to all appear- ances not affected. Larvae dusted with the spores, as a rule begin to die in about five days, become blown and hard, sometimes with a reddish tinge ; soon the fungus growth shows on the outside until the larvae appears all white. In a couple of days later tie fruit appears, and again the larva slightly shrinks and is covered by the millions of greenish gray fruits or spores. On May 9th a lot of larvae were dug up in a garden, dusted with the spores and replaced. On examining the ground again. May 16th, some were found dead and hard ; upon those the spores were ripe two days later. Pupae dusted with spores never hatches, and always produces the fungoid disease, The virulence of the same upon the beetles was shown already, on August 4th, at Spreokles’ garden, under one of the badly eaten Terminalia catalpa trees, the dead beetles could be counted by the hun- dreds ; even on the partly devoured leaves specimens could be seen with stiff, outstretched legs. Likewise at the Government nursery, large numbers of them were lying on the ground. Both the larva and mature insects of the cane borer are affected by the disease. Later in the season, in a garden where experiments had been carried on, not only did I hardly find any more living larvae of Adoretus, but those of the Aphodius as well were destroyed. Tineid larvae were found destroyed by the same, and also nice specimens of Nictuids covered with spores were preserved. The large Cerambycid larvae (Aegosoma reflexum) so destructive to sugar cane at Spreckelsville was likewise destroyed by this fungoid. Koaches are as well subject to its virulent effects. There is little doubt in my mind that in damp localities at least the beetles will have little chance to become very numerous, but how effective the disease will be in dry localities and Honolulu, the next summer will show. The spores have been sent to Washington and Brisbane, Queensland, for experi- ments at those localities. A sraall green Tineid larva appears upon the leaves of sweet potatoes, within which it mines, causing the leaves to turn brown and dry up, and in consequence the plants die off ; this is the “ Ponnllo ” of the natives, often destroying the entire plants in whole districts, and bringing great suffering among the poorer classes. The larva likewise lives upon the various other Convulvulus. The insect was seen at work in Olaa, where in about a week’s time tho whole field of sweet potatoes had turned brown, not a single parasite or predaceous lJULY I, 1897. insect was noticed among the myriads of minute larve that pupate anywhere on the outside of the leaves to a naked Chrysalid. 'Phis and the somewhat allied Plutella cruciferarum living upon the various Cruciferous plants need im- mediate attention, and hopes are entertained that with the introduction of proper parasistes they will become less to such an extent as hardly to be noticed. « PROWLING ROUND. (By a Peripatetic Contributor.) I was anxious to see THE NEW CACAO PEST, of wilich I had heard .so much, but little was visible. The trees looked robu.«t and vigorous, but there were .signs higher up tliat the enemy was at work, though less than I should have expected. There was a sprinkling of crop through the tree.s. and an appearance of blossom about; but I am told that it is later in the year when most of the damage through the pest is made manifest. We passed a FINE NEW FACTORY, a little way out of Wattagama, elected by Mr. Charles Gibbon, but saw no good tea about until we got higher up. There was evidence all round of NATIVE INDUSTRY, in cleared-up patches for tea, some poor enough to warrant disappointment ere long, while other bits looked well enough. “EAXAWA,” where the tea was vigorous, and the huge stacks of firewood around the factory, were eloquent of much tea to be made. There was the other side too, of a district denuded of its sylvan beauty along the road to Hatale— whicli road liy the way was in anything but good order— the wide and varied view was charming, but the red patches of new clearings did not improve the outlook. We passed strings of carts loaded up with tea, of well-known marks and there were lots of coolies on the road. Turning up to Kelebokka, there was visible below like a white ribbon through green— the road to John’s Hill and Knuckles. At the former place in the days gone by - Padre Burnet used to stay, when he was the itinerary clergyman of the planting districts. — These were the days after the “ Knuckles Bricks,” when the men had a ready pen and were keen on an argu- ment. What theological discussions and doctrinal tussles there were in the Padre's bungalow, for he was areal “ argle-bargle Scot” himself, and no gauge of battle was ever thrown down there, that remained neglected. Ah ! these men of the past ! are we never to see their like again ? Is sport to be the one eternal threadbare theme that intellect is to be wasted on ? BRITISH NORTH BORNEO. The British North Borneo Government has approved of their officials taking up land for colFee idanting, and five of the officials are so satisfied of its being a success that they are taking advantage of the privilege. The enclosed p.ara. may interest your readers. Some very im- portant concessions have lately been made in British North Borneo for the working of petro- leum, oil, timber and gold, among which we may mention one to the Bombay and Burmah Trading, Co. for the working of petroleum oil in the Northern part of British North Borneo where petroleum oil exists. This Company have already acquired a July i, 1897.1 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 37 very valuable oil concession in Sumatra, which they are now developing, and the success attend- ing tlieir operations in Sumatra has led to their acquiring a like concession in British North Borneo. THE TOMATO. The tomato is rich in possibilities in the hands of a skillful cook. It can enter into and give tone to endless soups ; it can be made into purees and sauces and stews ; it can be eaten au r/ratin, with macroni or vermicelli, and en salade. There is no reason why it should not be seen more often on our break- fast tables. Carefully grilled and placed on slices of grilled fat bacon, it makes a delicious dish. Then again, we can stew it, place it at the bottom of a dish, and gently deposit thereon poached eggs ; or we may vary this by placing scrambled eggs round a pyramid of stewed tomatoes. Farcie they can be introduced at breakfast, lunch or dinner ; and, as a writer justly points out, “farcie tomatoes miy not easily be surpassed. Upon your whim or choice it will depend whether you stuff them or cut them in half for so ineffable a purpose. And upon your whim likewise depends the special forcemeat used. Chopped mushrooms, parsley and shallot, seasoned with dis- cretion, leave little to ask for. Prepare, instead, sausage meat, garlic, parsley, tarragon and chives, and the tomatoes so stuffed you may without pedantry call a la Grimod Je la Reyniere. But whatever you call them, count upon happiness in the eating.” — Epicure. NORTH BORNEO AND MR. HENRY WALKER. We refer to another page for such particulars of the attractions now offering in North Borneo to planters and capitalists as may well make the men envious, who have paid sweetly for their lands in this colony and in other le.ss liberal coun- tries. We have been surprised to learn how ac- cessible North Borneo and Sandakan its capital are being made by Holt’s steamers — a regular and numerous coasting line — apart from Holt’s ocean-going fleet. The proximity to Labuan which is a busy calling-port for the Far East gener- ally, is also a great advantage. We have no doubt that Mr. Walker will have a good many inter- viewers from among our younger planters, while in Kandy, and that a strengthening of ‘‘ New Ceylon” with a fresh reinforcement of men of the riglit stamp may be the result, is decidedly, what we should wish to see. Mr. Walker him- self is a man in a thousand, and any pioneer can feel safe with him ; while few men have now had so much experience of North Borneo added to a long spell in Ceylon. America, for improvements in machine.? for separat- ing and clearing the fibres of plants of every des- cription. {Specification filed 22ud April, 1897.) Improvements in the Methods, Machinery and Ap- pliances used for Withering or Dessicaiiug Tea Leaf. — No. 267 of 1890. — Charles Arthur Burton, manager, Lukwah Tea Co,, Upper Assam, for im- provements in the methods, machinery and appli- ances used for withering or dessicating tea leaf. (From 12th May 1897 to 12th May Indian and Eastern Engineer, May 15. THE TRAVANCORE TEA ESTATES COMPANY. (From the Prospectus.) The capital of the Company is £15,000, divided into 75,000 six per cent, cumulative preference shares of £I each, and 75,000 ordinary shares of fl each; but the present issue will consist of only 35,000 preference shares and 35,000 ordinary shares, of which 10,000 pre-- ference shares and 14,000 ordinary shares will be issued fully paid to the vendors as part payment of the pur- chase price. The Directors of the Company are Messrs H. K. Rutherford, D. Reid, G. A. Talbot, H. Tod, and W. Mackenzie, while the agents are the Ceylon Tea Plantations Company, and the Secretary, Sir William Johnston, Bart. The Company is formed primarily for the purpose of acqiriring, working and developing tea and other estates in Southern India, and it is intended with the present issue of capital to purchase and work the following estates as from 1st July, 1896 Bon Ami estate. Mount estate, Munjamally estate, and Kobe Kanum estate, all situate in the Peermaad District of Travancore, Southern India, at elevations ranging from 2,500 to 3,900 feet. The approximate acreage of each estate is as follows ; — Tea not Tea to Junsfle Tea m iu be plan- and Total. Bearing. Bearing. ted 1897. Grass. Bon Ami 509 98 202 R09 Mount 135 — 15 202 Munjamally — — 400 160 KoJie Kanum — 202 300 298 800 Totals 644 300 700 675 2371 The estates have been inspected, reported on and valued by Mr. U. V. Masefield, the Manager of the Ceylon lea Plantations Company, Limited, who re- commends their purchase. The prices per acre at which the planted and un- ^auted lands of Bon Ami, Mount Munjamally and Rohe Kanum are to be transferred to the Company have been agreed, and it is expected when the various acreages are ascertained that the sale price will amount to £43,000 more or less, payable as to £20,000 in fully pam shares of the Company, and the balance in cash. ia,king the reserve lands at a value of £3 per acre, the price being paid by the Company to the Vendors for the planted area of the last mentioned properties is equivalent to about £39 per acre. ^ INDIAN PAENTS. Applications in respect of the undermentioned inventions have been filed, under the provisions of the Inventions and Designs Act of 1888, during the week ending 1st May 1897 : — Improved Paddy-husking and Rice-clearing Machine. — No. 166 of 1897. — Johwar Chandra Majumdar, son of the late Haranatha Majumdar, talukdar of village Aghaid, in the district of Dacca, for au improved paddy-husking and rice-cleaning machine. No. 187 of 1897. — Amended application— See No. 144 of 1897. Improvements in Machines lor Separating and Cleaning the Fibres of Plants of every Description.— No. 381 of 1896, — Samuel Benjamin Allison, gentle- man, of New Orleans, Louisiana, one of the United States of America, at present of Guatemala, Central 4 THE GREAT W’ESTERN TEA COMPANY OF CEYLON, LTD. MANURING : ARTIIi-ICIAL AND BULK. Mr. Ryan said that if he wa.s not taking up the time of the Director,? he would ask a question or two about manuring. He found that it was stated in the Report that practically 21 percent had been spent in manuring. He would like to know what the total acreage inanured was. Mr. Bois : — 187. Ml. Rian .said that he ke]it a dairy and cattle and he was of opinion that cattle manure on paper did not pay. It w^as very dilficiilt to make it pay on [laper. Ml. Lois said it was well if they had not a cattle THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST, [July i, 1897. establishment, not to get one, but it they had one, keep it by all means, Mr. Ryan said hesupposed that bulk manure paid, but it would not compare favourably on paper with artilicial manure. Artificial manure showed better results on paper. He was sorry to say his cattle manures failed to give the lasting power which was supposed to be given by cattle bulk. He had not found cattle manure would keep the yield for 4 years. He found artificial keep for 5 years. That was his individual experience. He noticed tliat 187 acres had been manured. It was practically only about 20 per cent. Was it not advis- able to increase that acreage. They might manure 25percen*. There could be no better investment, especially witlr land as old as that. Mr. Mackik said they had to go about in a quiet way. Mr. Ryan thouglit that instead of decreasing they should increase manuring. Mr. Bois said they might increase their yield very materially, and they might increase their prospects but the benefit they derived was nil. In extreme cases of manuring an increase of about 25 per cent would be given. _ Mr. Ryan said that at tlie same time that other people were manuring they must also manure. He would advise to give 25 per cent manuring. He certainly thought in the interests of the Company manuring should not in any way be diminished, and if possible manuring should be increased. THE CEYLON AND INDIAN PLANTERS ASSOCIATION, LIMITED. This Company with the initial capital of £120,000, divided into cumulative six per cent preference .shares cf £10 each and 8,000 ordinary shares of £10 each, has been registered in London; and the Company has purchased the estates in Ceylon called Lax'a|)ana, Maha Elliya and Kandal- oya. The two former estates have been purchased for £65,000 sterling and the latter for £16,000. Laxapana in Maskeliya contains 864 acres of which 690 are in cultivation, 680 with tea and 10 with cardamoms. Maha Elliya in Dimbula contains 305 acres of which 265 are planted — all in tea ; while Kandaloya in Yakdessa con- sists of 1,006 acres of which 535 are cultivated — 530 with tea and 5 with cardamoms. The Ceylon Agents are to be Messrs. Skrine & Co. with Mr. George Greig of Laxapana as Manager. CEYLON TEA PLANTATIOS CO„ LTD. AND COCONUT PROPERTY. At the annual general meeting of this Com- pany the other day, after Mr. Talbot’s speech, the Chairman, rejdying to Mr. Adames, said With regard to the first year’s profit on the coconut estates, property just taken over from natives was always in rather a bad state, and therefore the initial expenditure was much greater than it would be in the future. The profit earned was about £3 10s per acre which the directors considered fairly good, but they hoped at the present price of the product to work it up to about £5 per acre. It would be several years before the 1,476 acres came into bearing, but every year there would be a few acres coming in. They were now erecting a mill at Mawatte, by which they expected to add to their profits. THE ACME TEA CHEST COMPANY, (LIMITED), with a capital of £150,009, has its prospectus advertised in the London iiapers. The Directorate is a strong one : — James T. Tulls, Esq., J.P., St. Ann's Leather Works, Glasgow, Chairman ; John Bennie, Esq., Hydraulic Engineer, Glasgow; James Couper, Juu., Esq., J.P., City Glasgow Works, Glasgow; Robert Hart, Esq., Tea Planter, Sylhet, India, and 45, Leadenhall Street, Lou- don ; Thomas Henderson, Esq., of Walter Duncan & Co., E ist India Merchants, Glasgow ; Arthur Meehan, Esq., Neptune Iron Works, Cranstonhill, Glasgow ; William Walker, Esq., of James Finlay & Co., East India Meichant.s, Glasgow. We read that, — The Acme Tea Chest Company, Limited, has been formed to acquire, as at 17th March, 1897, the business of manufacturing and selling Steel Tea Chests hitherto cartied on by the Acme Package Company, Limited, together with the works, plant, machinery, patent rights, contracts, and whole other assets of that Com- pany. The business of the Vendor Company since its formation in 1894 has developed to a remarkable ex- tent and is still rapidly increasing. The Company re- cently acquired in fen extensive and very suitable works, with convenient railway connections at Pol- madie, Glasgow, which previously formed the Glasgow Steelworks. These works having been reconstructed and equipped with special and valuable machinery are thoroughly adapted to their purposes, and are equal to an output of from 20,000 to 24,000 chests per week. To make their own .sheets i.s the great object of the new Company, and we read : — The Chests are made of lead-coated sheet steel under hydraulic presure, and they consist of (1) a sheet which forms the four sides, with panels and corruga- tions which ensure both strength and rigidity ; (2) an ingenious “ slip-joint ” for fastening and clamping; (3) a top and a bottom ; and (4) a top baud and a bot- tom band — in all six pieces, to which there are added only six screw-nails, three for securing each of the top and bottom bands respectively. When it is stated that a pressure of 220 tons is required to produce the panels and corrugations on each sheet for an Acme Chest, it will be understood that only the best and softest steel will stand such a test, but, having stood it, the strains and even the accidents to which it may be subjected when filled with tea are as nothing. (1) The Chests dispense with the employment of costly lead-leaf. (2) They can be stored in small space ready for im- mediate use, and are rapidly put together by Coolie labour without special appliances. (3) They ensure even tares (a most important tech- nical point); and thus minimise warehouse charges. (4} They may be opened or closed in two minutes (but are easily sealed against pilferage) and so facilitate Customs’ examination while avoiding theexpense of co- operage. (5) They prevent loss of tea in transit and preserve its fragrance for a much greater length of time than wooden chests. . (6) Steel being so much thinner, they hold more than wood chests of the same outside size and therefore effect a large saving in freight ; being lighter, they also save in inland carriage. (7) They are preferred by retailers on account of their neat and attractive appearance, and because the empties have a high return value, or may he used again for tea and other merchandise. Then as to profits : — The Vendor Company’s financial year closes and the season ends on 30th June (the Company’s first season having, however, for bookkeeping purposes been closed on 31st May). For season ending 31st May, 1895 (being the first in the existence of the Vendor Company), on sales, amounting to £14,139 2s. 9d., a profit of £1,102 5s. Id. was obtained. For season ending 30th June, 1896, on sales amounting July i, 1897. 1 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST, 39 to £26,592 14s lOd., a profit of £3,425 16s. lOd. was reached. For season ending 30tb June, 1897, orders hare alread;/ been obtained to the amount of £42,000, from which, according to previous experience, a profit of £8,200 should be made. For season ending 30th June, 1898, it is confidently expected that the total sales will considerably exceed this figure ; but as- suming that no iuciLUse upon sales is attained, anl that the saving before referred to arising from t.ie Company manufacturing its own sheets, viz., £4,o00, is effected with sufficient expedition to make i'self appn ent next \ear, the total profit would, at the same rate as in the previous year, amount to £12,200, sufficient to pay 10 per cent, on the ordinary shares after making provision for the dividend of 6 per cent, on the preference’shares. This is believed to be a moderate estimate based on past and present working, but if the business continues to prosper as it has done, and is doing, these figures may be largely exceeded. Finally,— The purchase price has been fixed at the sum of £112,500, payable as to £25,000 in Ordinary fully- paid shares, as to £25,000 in 6 per cent. Cumulative Preference fully-paid shares (being the largest por- portion allowed by the Rules of the Stock Exchange), and the balance of £62,.500 in cash. Mr. P. Stuart- Brown, F.C.S., continues to be Manager. POONAGALLA VALLEY (CEYLON) CO., LTD. The first annual ordinary meeting of this company was held at the ofiiee of the company, 16, Philpot Lane, E.C. on April 28th, Sir George A. Pilkington, chairman of the directors, presiding. Mr. J. F. Andebson (of Messrs. LyalT, Anderson* Co., the agents and secretaries) having read the notice convening the meeting. The Chairman said : — Gentlemen, it is my pleasure to move that the report and accounts as presented to the shareholders be received and adopted. The report and balance-sheet as you have it hero is so full and complete that to my mind there is very little that is necessary for the chairman to say upon it. I cannot help complimenting the secretaries upon the extremely able and explicit manner in which these accounts are presented. There seems to me little or no need to enlarge upon them, although at the same time I shall be extremely pleased to answer any question which any shareholders may put to me. Yon will see a considerable falling off in the estimate in the matter of coffee, and i am afraid in the future we must look for a still further falling off in that department of our produce. For years and years past the Island has suffered enormously from the falling away of coffee, and we in the Poonagalla Valley have held on longer than any other part of the Island. Eight years ago I was told that we must not look for a continuation of coffee for more than a year or two at the outside, but every \ ear we have had our rotation crops, and up to last year they have been a very considerable source of income. But it is a decaying source, getting worse and worse, and I am afraid we have now arrived at the time when we can can look for no income from that department. We have tried to take time by the forelock and have planted tea under all ex- isting coffee, so that by the time it is entirely done we shal hive tea taking its place. The great difficulty in Haputale is the want of roads. We have been fighting with the Government to get better roads thro' gbout the neighbourhood, and in a short time we shall be in a very much better position than we are in now. The Government have con- sented to construct a road and bridge which will lead right up to the very door of the Boom galla factory, and* by a system of wire shoots, which will extend all over the estate in time, the whole of the produce will be carried down to the factory by their means, and then by good cart roads and cart service right down to Poonagalla station. This will be a great boon, as the great difficulty all over the Island now is that of Coolie labour. The Coolie can now choose where he likes to go; he can get a good oapi tation grant, and have his debts paid by .any estate The work which he detests above all other labour is that of carrying produce on his head. If we can get our produced carried down by wire shoots to the factory, and from there by cart, we shall have less difficulty wi'h our Coolie labour than in the past. On the whole, we can congratulate ourselves on the first year’s working. We have fairly earned 10 per cent, dividend, and we are paying 6 per cent and take the unusual proceeding rf paying the whole of our preliminary expenses in the first year, and we carry £362 to next year’s account. These figures show, I think, a very satisfactory result on the fii.st year’s working. Mr. Rettie, the manager of the Spring Valley Estate, and the original valuer of our estate, and whose brother is manager of the celebrated Ouvah Coffee Company, the largest estate in the Island, reports to us from time to time as to the general condition of the estate. He lias been here this morning. His reports are very favourable a'lid very hopeful for the future. I don’t think that I need say more but I shall be happy to answer any questions which may be put to me. I move that the report and accounts as presented to the share- holders be received and adopted. Mr. G. G. Anderson seconded the motion, which was carried unanimously. The Chairman then moved and Mr. Anderson seconded that a final dividend of 3 per cent, free of income tax, making in all 6 per cent, for the year be declared, payable forthwith.— Carried unanimously! Mr. Anderson proposed and Mr. L. F. Davies seconded that Sir George Pilkington be re-elected a director. — Carried. The auditor Messrs. Cape & Dalgleish, were re- appointed, on the motion of Mr. C. J. Scott seconfl<..d by Mr. A. Leslie. The Chairman proposed a vote of thanks to the staff in Ceylon and London for their efficient working of the company’s property and business. He said that as an almost annual visitor to the Island he could say that they had an extremely efficient manager —one of the most experienced, shrewdest, and hard- working men in that capacity he had ever met with. His conduct in the affairs of the company was very satisfactory. He had also a very good European assistant under him. The London staff also had shown an amount of interest in the work of the company that was beyond all praise. ^ ^ Mr. J. VicARY seconded the motion, which was carried. Mr. Donald Anderson proposed, and Mr. C. J. Scott seconded, and it was carried, that a vote of thanks be given to the Chairman for his able conduct in the chair, and to the directors for their careful guidance of the company's business. The Chairman, in responding, invited any of the shareholders, when on a holiday, to visit the estates. He observed that formerly the British tourist went to the Riviera, now they go to Cairo, and soon they will go to Colombo. If any of the shareholders would take that journey, he was sure that the pleasure that they would deriv-e from it would amply recom- pense them.— The proceedings then terminated.— Inoestors' Giiardian, May 1. THE TRAVaNCORE TEA ESTATES COMPANV. The following are additional particulars from the Prospectus of this Company:— In addiMon to the estates mentioned, 630 acres of forest I nd have been purchased direct from the Government of His Highness the Maharajah on the Company's behalf, by the ven- dors, and will be transferred at cost price. Cabel advice has been received of the purchase of Woolbed- ing estate, situate in close proximity to the above 40 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. IJULY I, 1897. scheduled properties, with an approximate acreage of 148 acres tea planted 1888-1896. 96 acres coffee, 174 acres jungle and grass. Total 418 acres, for the sum of T8,000, payable half in cash and half in shares. Negotiations are in progress for the acquisition of other lands, and about 700 acres are being cleared for planting up with tsa daring the current year. There are factories on Bon Ami and Woolbedin® estates, tlie former of which it is proposed to con- siderably improve, and another factory will at once be begun on the Mount estate. The tea-making machinery is sufficient for present requirements, but will be added to as the newly-planted lands come into hearing. — Local “Times.” ■ TEA AND TEA COMPANIES. {From a London Correspondent..) London, May 7- CEYLON TEA COMMITTEE. A meeting of this Committee was held on Monday to consider several questions of importance, including the appointment of a chemist, for which there were ap- plioalions, in view of the recent Committee in the Observer in respect to the alleged falling off in the quality of the tea grown. Nothing dcfiu.te was however decided upon. The question of garden bulked tea, and the cor- respondence that has taken place in reference there- to was also under consideration, the Committee having been asked by the London Wholesale Tea Dealers to invite discussion, but the Committee decided that they could do nothing more and must leave the matter in the hands of the tea planters themselves to deal with and to guard against the objeotious raised. The following is the resolution come to by the Indian Association of which Mr. Ernest Tye is Secretay “The Committee have assured the trade that importers will do all in their power to meet the reasonable requirements of buyers in this matter but must leave the question of printing words in the catalogues to those concerned.” The resolution virtually re- presents the at'itude of both the Ceylon and the Indian Associations. The Anglo Ceylon an 1 General Estates Company Limited, have changed their address from South Sea Chambers, Bishopgate St. to 20 East Chap. TEA TBUST COMPANY . It is understood in well informed circles in London at an early date a very influential Trust Com- pany will be formed for the purpose of dealing in tea shares and other securities in connection with Cey- lon and Indian properties. It is probable that the prospectus will be issued very shortly and that the capital will be T250,000. The names of Messrs. Taylor and Ogle are associated with the Secretary- ship, and this gives a sufficient guarantee of the Btahility and genuineness of the concern. CEYLON TEA IN AMEBIOA. The circulars issued by Messrs. Gow, Wilson and Stanton show the very great and encouraging increase of shipments to America. Those for the quarter of the year just ended are practically double of those that took place iu the same quarter of 1896. LONDON TEA SALES. It was decided to divide the large auction sales Catalogued for Tuesday and to sell half tire quantity then and half on Thursday. The market still showed an upward teiidenc}', though the quality of the tea was not so good, taking it all round. There were 21,330 packages offered on tea. _ The Share Market is a little more active. People are beginning ta take a more hopeful view of things both in South Africa and iu the East. And there is an increased demand for shares. Fair amount of business has been done in Eastern Produce, the recent annual report of which was regai^ded as very satisfactory. The report of the Scottish Ceylon Tea Company has also created a favour- able impression, The shares of the Travancore Tea Company, issued at the instance of the Ceylon tea plantation share- holders were over applied for. It is regarded as likely to turn out a very g jod thing. Mr. W. Mackenzie who was one of the vendors was very much pleased with the result. NaW ISSUES. The Acme Tea Chest Company, Limited with a capital of £150,000 in 75,000 six per cent, .cumulative preference shares and 75,000 ordinary shares of £T each, has been formed to acquire the basiness of maunfacturing and selling steel tea chests, hitherto carried on by the Acme Package Company, Limited, together with the works, plant, machinery, patent rights, contracts, and other assets of that company, which recently acquired works at Polmadie, Glasgow, and equipped them with special machinery equal to an output of 20,000 to 24,000 chests per week. The formation of a new company, with larger capital, has been resolved upon, the prospectus states, mainly with the object of putting the company in a position to manufacture its own steel sheets. The purchase price has been fixed at the sum of £112,500, payable as to £25,000 in ordinary fully-paid shares, as to' t‘ 25, 000 in six per cent, cumulative preference fully-paid shares, and the balance of .£62,500 iu cash. There are now offered for subscription 50,000 preference and 50,000 ordinary shares. PLANTING NOTES. A Brazilian Proverb says “ Coffee to be good must be as black as night, bitter as death, and hot as sheol.” — American Grocer. New Corn Product.— The discovery that the pith of the corn stalK can he used iii the con- struction of war vessels is likely to be of benefit to agriculture in more than one way. The chief use of this pith is for a packing between the inner and outer shells of the vessel, so that when pierced by a projectile it will absorb water and swell so rapidly as to close the opening before the vessel leaks to a dangerous e.xtent. E.xperiments with this pith have been so satisfactory that it has been adopted in the construction of all our new vessels ot war, and European nations have commissions for investigating the same material, so that the use ot corn pith will make a market for what was once a waste product. In the process of extracting this pith the blades and husks are removed, and the stalks are cut into .small pieces. When the pith is taken out frorn this stalk, the remainder is ground up into a flour-like substance which resembles bran. Some experiments with this “ new corn product,” as it is called, have been made at the Maryland Station with the remarkable result that it is found to contain eleven per cent, more ot digestible matter and two per cent, more of digestible j)rotein than tlie whole fodder does when shredded. It contains as much digestible matter as the corn blades, and more total digestible matter and half-of-one per cent, more protein than Timothy hay. It does not contain as much digestible albuminoids as Wiieat-bran, butitequals thatfood in tlie total amount of digestible matter. It keeps as well as bran or Cotton-seed meal. It is in such condition that it can be uniformly mixed with any ground grain, and when used as a base it is po.=sible to make a complete and normal ration for stock in one bulk without the necessity of feedino- grain and hay separately. Animals fed upon such a ration eat it with relish, and keep in normal condition. Since there is only one pound of pith to fourteen pounds of blades, husk, and stalk, this new material amounts to a very considerable portion of the fodder. — Garden and Forest. FHE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 41 July i, 1897.] ROYAL BOrAMIC GARDENS: ADMINISTRATION RETORT OF MR. DIRECTOR WILLIS FOR 189(5. ENCOUKAGEMENT FOR PARA RUBBER CULTIVA I IONU The first Administration Report of a new Director of tlie Royal Botanic Gardens is always regarded with special interest. It usu- ally affords an indication of the tastes of the writer, and of the direction in which he ex- pects to make him.self most useful to the Uov- ernm.?nt and the Colony. Mr. M^’iHis follows three notable men— two of whom, at least, achieved a European reputation for their scienti- fic attainments. The list includes the late Dr, Gardner, Dr. Thwaites, and Dr. Trimen. We need not dwell on what the Colony owes to each of these Directors ; hut we may say that, perhaps, Dr. Trim 311 best combined las love and ijursuit of science witli the desire to do his Ijest for the country Ijy “ Notes on Eco- nomic Plants,” by experimental Gardens at different elevations, and by readily attending to private enquiries, for the benefit of tlie planting and general agricultural industries of the Colony. It was in hi.s time that the Badulla, Heneratgoda and Anuradhapura Gar- dens were established. We need scarcely refer to the notable scientific work done by Drs. Thwaites and Trimen. The former gave bota- nists a very full and learned compilation on Ceylon plants ; while the latter in a far more popular, and yet truly scientific form, very nearly completed his Ceylon “ Flora.” Now, it is a fortunate thing for the Colony and, from what we think we discover of his tastes, for Mr. Willis, that the way has thus been cleared, so far as purely scientific work is concerned. No doubt, Kew and Botanists else- where will be making their demands from time to time ; no doubt there are new forms of plant life still to be discovered and de.scribsd even in Ceylon. Certainly there must be many life- histories ” of importance, scientifically, to be worked out. But the great matter is that there is no special and purely scientific work laid on Mr. Willis as a duty, and that he is there- fore free to give himself to the department of Economic Botany to which his choice naturally inclines. This is truly good news for our planters and agriculturists generally, and we congratu- late them on the full evidence afforded, again and again, in this opening Report, of the good work which Mr. Willis, — if health and strength are spared — is prepared to attempt, and, if pos- sible, carry out for them. For ourselves, we may say at once, that we have seldom read a Report that has given us more satisfaction. On Monday we gave our readers a taste of Mr. Willio’s “ Econ- omic Notes.” His moderate but wise words on our Tea industry will have been duly noted by the Government, and by the planting and mercantile community; and all he tells us of Rubber is much to the point and will afford the best possible guide to intending cultivators. Dr. Morris has lately been telling Jamaica planters he could not seriously advise them to commence cultivating “rubbers” in view of the enormous development behind Lagos and in other [larts of Africa of sources of supply from original forests. And there is no doubt much i:i this, especially in regard to the West In lies, where they have (at least in Jamaica) the prospect of cultivating a variety of products tor the imme- diate supply of the finest mai'kot in the world 6 namely the United States, But in Ceylon -Mr. \Viliis’.s sober statement of fact is by no means (-liscouraging to the actual, or intending, rubber ))lanter. Indeed, 50 trees of Para rubber [>er acre, well cared-ior, should yield after ten years a regular annual haivest of' 100 lb., worth £12 or £13 (or even £10) in London, — rubber culture would be preferable to, and far more profitable than, that of coconuts. The expense of attend- ing to 70 to 80 palms, harvesting, etc., must be as great as that of dealing with 50 Para trees, including tapping, etc. ; while the gross return, even at a liberal estimate for the nuts, is well- nigh 100 per cent more in the case of rubber. There is, therefore, clear encouragement to go into “rubber” with the Para kind, provided suit- able land be carefully selected and the work of planting properly attended to. Turning now to the Report generally, it will be noted how jiractica! is the view taken by Air. Willis of his several GarLiens, He regards them all with interest and as serving a special purpose with reference to the agricultural and general public, although the Hene- ratgoda Garden niay, perhaps, be considered his favourite. He is quite prepared to extend their usefulness, and Air. W’illis’s references to the necessity of experimental plots, to the work of the Agricultural Chemist, and especially to the distinctive character of “tropical agricul- ture,” show that he is fully alive to the way in which practical aid can niok truly be extended to the planters and other Agriculturists of the Colony. But clearly Mr. Willis will want help, and that 'of Experts, to co-operate with him in several de- partments. He plainly indicates where the Ana- lytical Chemist comes in, as also the Entomo- logist—for insect pests ought to be thoroughly investigated — and no less the Fungologist. Giv'e Air. Willis the hearty co-operation of a “Scientific Agricultural Board such as we have been advocating— and we feel sure he and they will soon show the great practical value of their labours to a Colony like Ceylon, so pre-eminently dependent on “tropical agriculture.” In every branch of our planting— in hill or lowcountry and rice, fruit , libre and vegetable culture by natives, we see room for investigation and ex- periments such as could not fail’ to yield note- able results. Such a Board would helji Mr. Willis and his able Assistants, Messrs. Nock and Alacmilian, to turn the Gardens to far more practical use. It wmuld also help Government and the Colony to a really successful, because liberally and scientifically supported. Agricul- tural School— not a half-starved crippled ^insti- tution such as now exists. Planters' could fear- le.ssly go for such a “Board” for advice and instruction, to have jrests examined, diseases worked out and remedies fully tried. Capital, time and labour would be saved in many direc- tions through seasonable warnings given — as in the case of unsuitable situations for cacao gar- dens, &c. — or through the demonstration that it would be wiser to abandon one and try another new product, tl.an to go on in the old groove leailing to disappointment and loss. But we must close with a word of tiiauks to Mr. Director Willis for ids full, interest- ing and sugge--tive, first Annual Report — may many move follow from the same pen — and also some acknowledgment to Mr. Nock of the llakgala Gardens for much useful informa- tion-some of which we quoted— in reference to the work he so conscientiously and admirably carries out at our Hill Gardens par excellence. 42 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [July i, 1897. (Extracts from lleport of the Director for 1S9G.) 2BJC 1. — Changes and Movements in the Staff. During the early part of the year Mr. Noclt, Superintendent of Hakgala Garden, acted as Director. The late Director, Dr. Trimen, re- turned from leave in England on March 8, still in very poor health, and retired on pension on June 30. A special allowance was voted to him for the remaining six months of 1896 to bring up his pension to the equivalent of full pay, and enable him to re- main in the Colony to work at the last volume of his Flora of Ceylon. He persisted in this work in despite of great physical indrmity, but unhappily did not live to see its completion. He died at Pera- deniya, somewhat suddenly, on October 16, 1896, and was buried in Kandy. Prom July 1 to September 11 Mr. Nock again acted as Director. On the latter date I arrived from England, and at once took over charge of the De- partment. Some months were naturally spent in familiarizing myself with all the details of the con- dition and working of the Gardens, and no changes of importance were initiated until towards the end of the year. I subjoin, according to precedent, a brief account of the general condition of the Gardens, indicating those directions in which I have begun or contemplated any change. 2. — GENERAL CONDITION OF THE GARDENS. Peradeniya. — The area not occupied by offices, stores, bungalows, &c., is about 120 acres, employing about 100 coolies. Of these men many are employed in road-making (there are about 4k miles of carriage roads and 21 miles of footpaths), sweeping, grass- cutting, &c. Of the great beauty of the garden little need be said here, except that any change which would injure it is much to be deprecated on every ground, artistic or utilitarian. The number of visi- tors from other countries is large and increasing, and would probably be even larger were there any accom- modation at Peradeniya. The general condition of the garden is excellent, con- sidering the drawbacks which have to be contented with ; the chief of these are poor soil and want of manure and water. It would be hard to choose a worse site in this neighbourhood for horticultural work , the southern end of the garden is very rooky with shallow soil, and the northern part is composed almost en- tirely of old river deposits of gravel and sand. The beautiful sylvan character of this part of the garden is deceptive, giving the impression of a rich soil rather than the reverse. Most of this land (some 60 or more acres) is quite unsuited to the cultivation of anything but hardy shrubs or trees. It is now occupied by the Arboretum, a collection of trees and shrubs from all tropical lands. These are not at present arrang; d in any very sytematic order, but the greater part of the ground is appropriated in plots of suit- able sizes to the various natural families of plants. When a new tree is planted it is placed in its proper systematic position in the Arboretum, and in felling trees care is taken to remove those occu- pying wrong positions in the grouping. This process has been going on for ten years or more, and ulti- mately it will result in a properly classified Arbore- tum, where it will be easy for visitors to find any desired tree instead of having to search as at present over 60 acres of ground. The south end of the garden also contains many young trees, but these were properly arranged at the time of planting. The Arboretum contains about 800 jak and sapu tress, which are used for timber and firewood, new ones being started as old ones are cut down ; it is intended gradually to eliminate these trees from the regular Arboretum, and confine them to a timber reserve in one part The second great natural disadvantage is the want of water. Owing to the position of the garden in a river bend, and to the formation of the laud itself, there are no steams within the garden, whilst the river is at too low a level to be available. All the water supply is brought from a distance in pipes over the southern part of the garden in small bricked channels. More of these are wanted, as well as an increased water supply. A branch pipe to the bun- galows is desirable, water at present having to be carried long distances. The buildings in the garden are numerous ; the bungalows, Museum, &c., are kept up by the Public Works Department, and are at present in fair order; the remainder are maintained from the garden vote, and I found them in urgent need of repairs, which were taken in hand at once. The chief of these buildings are (1) the cattle shed, (2) the octagon house, (3) the conservatory, (-1) the glass-roofed plant house, (5) the fern house, (6) the carpenter’s shop, (7) the cart shed, (8) the Gardner memorial, (9) the Thwaites memorial. The garivvning staff, apart from coolies, consists of five “ selected coolies ” (50 cents a day), who do more skilled work than ordinary coolies, 4 ‘‘gardeners” (K12'50 to I115 a month), 1 upper gardener ” (17-50), 1 “ kaugany ” (E15), 2 “ plant collectors ” (E20 and R35), and 1 “head kangauy ” (K55), besides the European Curator. The plant collectors act as kanganies or gardeners when not on tour. Most of the officers mentioned are rather kanganies than gardeners and there arc few who are capable of doing really skil- led horticultura.1 work. It was hoped when the class of upper gardeners was created a few years ago that a supply of educated young men would be (frawn to the Gardens to learn the work, and that they would afterwards be able to get well-paid posts in other employ as gardeners. This hope has not been re- alized. Of the three posts of this nature, the two upper (at Hakgala) are still held by their original occupants, whilst the successive holders of the third (Peradeniya) post have left the Department to compete for clerkships in other branches of the Public Service. It is a pity that this should be so, but there is no opening for skilled gardeners in the Colony outside of this Department. If good work in horti- culture and experimental cultivation is to be done, it is absolutely necessary to have educated and well-trained gardeners, and this is impossible if the best that such men can obtain is a salary of K20 or E25 a month ; the better-paid posts in this Depart- ment are so few that a man can rarely get one before he is forty or forty-five years old. At present if any really skilled work has to be done, it falls to the Director or Curator, whose time should rather be devoted to general superintendence and to the initiation of new work. The most important work of the Department is in this way much Handicapped. Hakgala. — The total area is 550 acres, mostly jungle and pataua. The cultivated area is about 25 acres, employing about 50 coolies, besides 2 “ upper gar- deners” and 1 “ clerk and foreman.” The garden is upon a steep slope with much rainfall and rather poor soil. A considerable part of it is devoted to the cultivation of ornamental plants, and forms a pleasure resort of extreme beauty, in great favour with residents _ and visitors at Nuwara Eliya. A good deal of land is occupied by nursery pl/.ts for the growth of flowers and vegetables for stocking the garden and for sale to the public, ;,nd' other por- tions are used for experimental cultiv.itions of econo- mic plants, &c. The general condition of the ga: - den is excellent in every way in spite of the ravages of deer, &c., from which protection is much Loaded. The garden has proved of much service in the in- troduction of economic plants into Ceylon (notably cinchona in the past and many fruit and vegetables in recent years). Its great elevation renders it, however, of use to a corrrparatively limited area of country. Henaeatgoda.— This little garden of 39 acres, em- ploying about 12 coolies and a native conductor, is one of the most useful iu the Deparfment. Its hio-her night ternperaturo renders it much more favourable to the growth of tropical plants than Peradeniya, and it has a good rainfall and fair soil. Most of it is devoted to the growth of irnportano economic plants suited to the wet low-country districts. Au increased labour vote is urgently required, as well as a new visitors’ shed and loom for carrying on experimental July r, i8y7.] THE TROPICAL work. A wire fence to prevent cattle trespass is also a necessity. This garden was originally opened as a nursery for Para rubber, and an immense number of plants of this species are now cultivated in (Jeyion and the Bast, the progeney of the original trees still at Henaratgoda. Many other cultivations have been added to this, and the garden now contains a tine collection of useful and ornamental plants, and deserves to be more visited than it is, considering its easy accessibility from Colombo and elsewhere. The process of rubber-tapping may be seen early every Saturday morning, and there are many objects of interest, including a few acres of original jungle. Anubadhapura. — This little garden of 15 acres, employing about 6 coolies and a native conductor, is very pretty and well stocked with plants, but often suffers from floods or drought. The extreme apathy to im- provement of the surrounding native population renders the garden of less use than need be, but an improvement in this respect may be hoped with the opening up of the country and extension of irrigation works. Itisthe only garden we possess in the extensive dry country (| of Ceylon), and I am strongly opposed to its abandonment, even though at present its success seems but little. Many plants grow well at Anuradhapura that do badly in the wet region, and we may yet hope to see many important cultivations in this at present thinly in- habited country. B.adulla. — This garden occupies 11 acres, employing a conductor and about 6 coolies. It was opened in 1886, and so is yet very young. It was thickly planted with every kind of plant likely to grow well, and now requires thinning. Many plants thrive well here, and it is hoped that the garden may prove of much uae in the Province of Uva. The climate of the eastern side of the mountainous district is so different from that of the western that experience gained in one district is not always applicable to the other, Some details of interest with regard to the growth of trees, &o., are given in the detailed report below. Speaking generally of the last three gardens, their most urgent wants are increased labour (the staff of coolies at present is barely enough to keep them in tidy condition), wire fences (except at Badulla), cooly lines (except at Henaratgoda), and a new visitors’ shed, &c., at Heneratgoda.* 3. — the work of the gardens. Under this heading fall to be considered some a.spects of the work carried on in this Department other than mere routine. The chief are (1) the introduction into Ceylon of economically important plants, and the carrying out of experiments upon their cultivation; (2) other scientific work upon the Ceylon flora, diseases of plants, their physiology, &c. ; (3) the sale of plants to the public. (1) Introduction into Ceylon op new and impor- tant Economic Plants : Experiments in Cultiva- tion, &c.— This is one of the chief objects kept in view in the working of the Department, and every effort is made to carry it out in spite of all hindrances. Much has been done in the past and is being done in the present, but it is de- sirable that the usefulness of the Botanic Gardens in this direction should be increased continually, and it will be well, therefore, to consider the chief obstacles to this increase, which are the want of skilled labour and of suitable areas of good land. The available labour force is chiefly consumed in keeping the Gardens in good order— weeding, watering, grass-cutting, sweeping, road-making repairing build- ings, culverts &c. propagating and planting out, and so on” Properly to carry out extensive cultural experi- ments would require an increased labour supply, especially of a skilled kind. As explained above, most of our native gardeners are not capable of attending to such skilled work as selection of parents, propagation from choice shoots or seed, hybridization, cross- fertiliza- tion, and so on. So long as all work of this kind * The votes for labour, &o., have been increased for 1897 from E2,200 to R3,000 at Henaratgoda, from El, 200 to E2,000 at Anuradhapm-a, and from 111,500 to E2,000 at Badulla; and a special vote has been sanctioned, for wire fences. AGRICULTURIST. 45 must be personally done by the Director or Curator, it will be impossible for the gardens to do very much in the advancement of skilled scientific horticulture or planting in the Colony. lu this connection I would again draw attention to the needless waste of much of our skilled labour involved in propagating and sell- ing common garden or verandah plants. ^If this were given up, much more could be done in useful cultivations. To cultivate and experiment upon an economic plant upon a scale sufficiotit to give really reliable results requires that a large area shall be devoted to it ; thus over 4 acres of good land have been given up to Para rubber for nearly twenty years, and it is intended to plant another acre for experiment in 1897. The good land in these Gardens, suitable for such work, is very limited in area, amounting to, perhaps, 48 or 50 acres in all the Gardens together. It is evident, therefore, that the amount of land given to each of the numerous useful plants at present cultivated or on trial must be very small. At Peradeniya in particular there is very little good land available, perhaps 15 acres in all, much of which is occupied by nurseries, vegetables, fruits, &c. An annual vote of R500 is allowed for the purchase of plants and seeds, chiefly of course from abroad. Much of this at present has to be spent in keeping up the supply of roses, &o., for sale to the public, for such plants so soon deteriorate in Ceylon. If this trade were abandoned, much more might be spent on useful seeds, (fee, It will be of interest to give here a list of the chief cultural experiments at present in progress upon any important scale : — (1) Indiabubber. — The Gardens contain a large collection of rubber trees of all kinds. About 3J acres at Henaratgoda are devoted to experimental plots of Para rubber {Hevea brasiliensis) of various ages. There are many hundreds of thousands of trees now in cultivation in Ceylon and elsewhere, but none are yet ready for harvesting. In anticipation of the time when this will be the case I have com- menced an important series of experiments at Hena'- ratgoda, with a view to solving, if possible, the fol- lowing among other questions ; (a) How often should a tree be tapped ? (6) What are the best times of year and of day to tap ? (c) What is the best method of tapping ? (d) What is the best way of curing the rubber for the market ? (e) What is the effect of ms.nure and other circumstances on the yield of rubber ? (/) Can rubber be profitably obtained from the leaves, and if so, how best ? ((/) What is the labour-cost per pound yield? and soon. These experiments will probably continue over several years, and results will be published from time to time. They are again referred to below under economic plants. (2) Coffee. — Several plots of various kinds of coffee are being cultivated at Peradeniya and Henaratgoda with the view of determining the kinds best suited to cultivation in Ceylon, where disease is so prevalent. It is eminently desirable that a larger area be devoted to each, and that careful breeding, selection, judi- cious hybridization, &c., bo carried on to obtain, if possible, hardy varieties suited in Ceylon. This, however, is inpossible without more skilled labour. (3) Cacao. — A number of plots of different kinds are on trial. The remarks made in the last paragraph are equally applicable here. Other plots are devoted to (4) Sisal Hemp; (5) Gamhier ; {%) Camphor ; {!) Coca ; (8) Vanilla ;{%) Nut - me(js ; (10) Pineapples ; (11) various shade and timber trees. (12) ^ Garden Vegetables. — A good deal of land is given to native and foreign vegetables. It is very desirable that experiments in the breeding of improved forma of tropical vegetables should be instituted, but the work requires skilled labour, space, and much manure. (13) Fruits. — Many European fruits are on trial at Hakgala, and tropical fruits in the other Gardens, The remarks made on_ vegetables apply here also. Cultivation is rendered very difficult by constant theft of the fruit. 44 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [July i, 1897. In this connection I would draw attention to the desirability of greater communication and co-oper- ation between the Glardens and those whom they are de- signed to benefit. More effectual means of bringing before those who are interested in them the advantages offered by this Department, and the results of work done, or particulars of work being done, in the Gardens are very desirable. And, on the other hand, it is also much to be desired that the Gardens should be kept better informed of all that is going on in planting and cultivation of all kinds in different parts of tlie Colony. I hope, before long, to complete my organiza- tion of a scheme for the attainment of both these ends, (2) Otheb Scientific Work. —Under this heading I have grouped together all the other branches of scientific work carried on in the Gardens ; many of these, though of much importance, have received but scant attention in Ceylon. The native flora has been very fully studied, and when the remaining volume of the late Director’s “Flora of Ceylon’’ is completed, the Colony will be in possession of a really first-class handbook to its native plants, and their local uses. To provide such a work, as well as a good reference Herbarium and a collection of drawings of the native plants, is one of the first duties of a Botanic Garden. This work is now approaching completion, and the energies of those officers who have been engaged with it may now be gradually diverted to new fields 'of scien- tific W'ork, The further elaboration of the details of the Flora can now he left largely to local bota- nists, aided by occasional collecting tours by the staff of the Department, especially in those distrcts which are as yet insufficiently explored. It may be remarked however, that the construction of a Flora is only the beginning of a proper scientific investigation of the botany of Ceylon, and that there is an milimited field for further observation and research. Important work has yet to done in the study of the economic uses of native Ceylon plants as sources of food, fruit, fibre, drugs, &o. It is intended to devote a certain amount of land to such questions but there are verv many which require the aid of chemical or other experts. Cultivation in the tropics is carried on very much iu the dark, and very little is really known about it. A cousideratiou of its gene- ral state, and an application of the knowledge gained in the temperate zones, point almost irresistibly to the conclusion that if really permanent success in agriculture is to be attained, such subjects as rotation of crops, scientific manuring, and so on, must receive as much attention as in Europe For such work, hov/ever, the aid of the chemist is indispensable. Another direction of work is the study of the diseases of plants in Ceylon, wheLher they be the result of animal or vegetable (fungoid) parasites, the latter especially. The spread of reliable inform- ation among cultivators as to the real nature and meaning of diseases is much to be desired. The experience of the coffee disease has clearly empha- sized the general principle that it is but rarely that there is a specific cure for a specific disease, but that we must rather trust to“ prevention,’’ or aid nature in throwing off the disease. Much harm is done in this direction through iguorauce or selfishness, and it is hoped that this Department may aid in the dissemination of sound knowledge upon this subject. The advance of scientific agriculture in Europe and America is largely due to research iu vegetable physiology and in allied subjects. It is very desirable that such work should be conducted to a larger extent iu the tropics, where much of the experience gained in Europe is of no avail, owing to the different climatic conditions. Many botanical experts and students visit the tropics every year for such work, and it is very desirable that 'every encouragement be offered to them to choose Ceylon as a field of work. The laboratory here is, however, very small, and needs extension. Another branch of work recently commenced in the Department is photography. A dark room is being fitted up at Teradeniya for the purpose. The usefulness of the art in all scientific and horti- cultural work needs no explanation. (Sj Sale of Plants to the Public. — The Gardens sell not merely economic, but also ornamental and other plants aud seeds at low prices. The sale of economic plants is of course one of the chief duties of the Depaitmeut, nor can any objection be made to the sale of such ornamental and other plants as cannot be got from local sources, nor to the sale e£ any plants whatever at the outlying Gardens ; but there is no good reason why the time of the most skilled men at Peradeuiya aud Hakgala should be largely taken up iu propagating and selling plants of the commonest kinds at low prices. Such work should he left to local florists and nurserymen. The revenue thus obtained is small, the cost of its collec- tion is large, and it does not even come to the De- partment at all. PEIIADENIYA GAEDEX. Eoads and Paths. — The main drive, for a dis- tance of 135 yards from the entrance, and the monument road, were thoroughly repaired iu Jan- uary and February. A road was made leading up to the Curator’s bungalow. Buildings, Ac. — The site of the old Head Gar- dener’s bungalow, close to the public road was taken in hand in February and transtormed from an unsightly mass of riiius to a tennis court, bordered by a hank of turf. Most of the buildings in the garden, other than those kept up by the Public Works Department, being in a more or less ruinous condition, were taken in hand iu the latter quarter of the year. The work of rebuilding and repairing them will continue into 1897. The cart shed, w'hose roof w-as only prevented from falling by the support of a large tree at one end, was rebuilt in a stronger form. Soon afterwards the carpenter’s shed entirely col- lapsed during heavy rain the whole structure with most of its contents being destroyed ; fortunately the accident occurred on Sunday, when there was no one in the building. This is also being substan- tially rebuilt. The roof of the cattle shed was also in a dangerous state, and much of this struc- ture has been rebuilt. The fernery roof also proved to be rotten ; new timber was cut from trees in the garden and the entire roof was rebuilt. The cariy- ing out of these repairs involved a large outlay, which was met by saving on other votes thau “ Pots, Tools, &c.’’ The other buildings of the garden also require repairs, e.y., the Museum, Herbarium, Director’s and clerk’s bungalows, and others. The bank at the back of the Ciuator’s bungalow was cut down to a gentler slope and turfed ; au immense improve- ment was thus effected in the appearance of this part of the garden. Landslip. — The heavy rains in December caused a flood iu the Mahaweli-ganga on the 17th, resulting in a very extensive landslip) at the end of the cooly lines. 'The position of these buildings is now a dangerous one, and requires early attention. Cultivation &c. — A good deal of labcur was spent in levelling and extending the space behind the stores where the plants iu bamboo pots are kept. A number of large trees were cut down to give more room and light. Special attention was given to the nursery in the early part of the year : the paths were levelled and straightened ; the beds were forked up, manured, and stocked with as large a variety of useful plants as they could hold. A considerable addition was made to the kitchen garden, and a very full collection of native and foreign vegetables and medicinal plants put out in it. The following species flowered here for the first time, in 189(3, viz,, Abroma fastuosa, iBgiphila Marti- uicensis, Aphelaudra nitens, Bapihia sp., Barleria lupuliua, Bromelia Pinguin, Calpurnea aurea, Oera- totheca triloba, Cyanotis kewensis, Diacrium bicornu- tum, Frauthemum elegans, Faradaya splendida. Hibiscus micranthus, var., Ixora illustns, I. salmonea, Justioia Armstrongii, Phyllarthron comorense, Eandia niaeulata, Saiutpaulia iouantha, Victoria regia. The last-named is worthy of special remark ; it was grown July i, 1897.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 4 on a mound o£ earth and compost formed in the warmest part of the pond ; it began to flow^ ou November 3, and at the time of writing (April, 1897) is still in bloom. Weathek. — An unusually wet year on the whole, especially in the north-east monsoon. The total fall was 28'72 in. above the average of the past ten years. The greatest fall in any twenty-four hours was 6'58 in. from December 15 to 16. VisiTOKS. — The total number of visitors for the year is approximately 18,000 : the book kept at the lodge was signed by 2,520 persons not resident in Ceylon, the largest number on record, and an increase of 237 over last year. A number of seats have been provided for the convenience of visitors, and have been much appreciated. Guide Book, Lists, &c. — The last edition of the “ Hand Guide” willsoon be exhausted. I find that the sales of this work are almost entirely to extra-colo- nial visitors, and I am therefore preparing a smaller and cheaper edition in the hope that it may prove of more use locally. A number of copies of the “ List of Plans cultivated at Peradeniya” still remain, but the list is now very incomplete, and material is being collected for a new one. A list of seeds available for exchange or sale is also in preparation, and will, it is hoped, be ready for the press early in 1897. Another desideratum is a new Catalogue of the Library, the old one being very incomplete indeed. 5. — Hakgala Gakden. The following extracts from the full report of the Superintendent show the chief work that has been done during the year : — Nursebies. — The usual stock of ornamental and useful plants has been kept up in the nurseries, and large quantities have been distributed to different parts of the Islamd, I regret to report that many thousands of small plants and seedlings were destroyed both in the nurseries and in the borders by the ex- cessive rainfall during the latter part of the year ; the foggy, sunless, wet weather for almost three months together proved too much for many introduced plants. Geraniums especially suffered this season ; this was to be expected when for days together the heavy rain silted the soil up the stems as high as six to nine inches. A wattle fence was put up all round the new nursery Such a fence keeps out hares and larger animals for a time, but in a damp climate like this it soon becomes decayed and useless, and much labour is required to keep it in repair. I trust we shall soon be allowed a permanent and effective fence of wire and wire netting. The beds of Turkey oak [Qaercus cerris) mentioned in last year’s report have grown well, and are now ready for distribution ; they are nice, strong, little plants, and will be useful and interesting for planting round up-country bungalows. About 100 scions of plums and apples were grafted on to common stocks, and the greater part of them have taken well. A good supply of Cherimoyer seeds was presented to the garden in October by Mr. John Tily, of Diai- bula. Moat of these were sown in beds and boxes, and the remainder sent to the Badulla and Pera- deniya Gardens. Over 900 packets of seeds were sown in seed pans and boxes, and several beds of seeds were sown in the nursery. No fewer than 50,136 seedlings were pricked out or transplanted during the year, 88,703 cuttings were planted in the nursery and propagating house, and 6,886 plants potted. Classified Herbaceous Garden. — By far the hea- viest piece of work during the year has been the making of an entirely new Herbaceous garden. This has been made upon the old site ; it is irregular in shape, measuring 130 ft. in its greatest length, with an average width of 57. The slope of the old garden was very steep ; the gardient of the new one is only 1 in 60. A turf bank, 120 yards long and from 1 to 10 ft. deep, was formed all along the lower side, and the upper part cut down in a correspond- ing degree. The garden is divided into two parts by a rock bank 4 ft. high, and the two parts are connected by a flight of steps. Other flights of steps, five m all, lead out of the garden in various directions. The garden is laid out into 45 beds 4 ft. wide with paths _2J ft. wide between them, and with a wider central path. The beds are edged with small red tiles, specially made for the purpose at Mahagas- tota brick kiln ; these form a neat and inexpensive edging. The total length of the paths is 318 yards and of edgings 682 yards. About 800 species of herbaceous plants have been set out in their proper places according to their natural orders, and most of them are doing well. It will of course be some time before ail the beds are filled up. The hard, steep bank at the upper end has been planted with a variety of suitable plants in small pockets. Rose Garden. — The old rose garden, made in 1884, was found to be on too steep a slope. The plants n it being worn out, it was, decided to reduce the slope and make a new garden upon the same site. The new garden forms a circle 64 ft. in diameter, with a gradient of 1 in 60 ; a large quantity of soil was excavated and used to fill in the hollow below. A central drain, 3 ft. deep and 33 yards long, with six cross drains, each 30 ft. long and 2 ft. 6 in. deep, was made; each has a stone 1' box” drain, 4 inches square at the bottom. The whole plot was dug to a depth of 2 ft., and the bad soil replaced by better. The bank which runs round three-fourths of the plot was finished to an angle of 45 dg. and turfed ; two flights of steps were built upon it. During the early part of December the garden was laid out into beds 6 ft. wide, with paths 4 ft. wide, and verges of English lawn grass. The weather was, however, too wet for -pdanting. A collection of 120 varieties of roses was received at the end of the year from Messrs. Smith & Co., of Worcester, and these, with others, will be planted early in 1897. Foot and-mouth Dlsease.— This disease broke out at the end of August ; nearly all the cattle suffered from it, and one weak old cow died. ^ Porcupines. — These destructive animals paid us a visit in July and did much damage to plants of the Lily and Iris families, especially Mor official mind. Now let us turn for a contrast to the Far West. Antigua is one of the Leeward Islands with an area of 108 square miles, population under 40,000 ; total trade under half-a-million sterling and revenue under £55,000 — .and yet it can have what is denied to Ceylon, a colony nearly as large as Ireland, and the first in revenue, trade, and importance of all Crown Colonies. A recent mail brouglit us from Anti- gua : — “Report of the results obtained on the experi- mental fields at Skerrett's School, 1896, by Francis Watts, P.I.C., Assoc, Mason Coll., Government Analytical Chemist, and F. R, Shepherd, Superin- tendent, Skerret’s School.'’ And we have here, in the course of some eight p.ages of letterpress and as many of tables, most careful and elaborate experiments for the benefit of the local sugar planters after the pattern set by Sir .John Lawes and Mr. Gilbert for English Agriculturists. Everything is scientifically arranged, and the results for a whole seiies of “ experimental plots ” are given in a way that the simidest planter can- not fail to understand. Now this is only one way in which science could render help to our Agriculture and Planting. But how much money might have been saved, and liow much u.seful knowledge g.ained, h.ad Ceylon its two officers set apart for such work ; while .an Entomologist and Fungologist, also of the same Scientilic Board, were hard at work in the other directions in which so much can be done for our cacao, tea and coconut planters. We must sincerely trust that Governor Ridgeway will see his way to give the colony a Scientific- Agricultural Board, — two or three new officers to be associated with the Director of the Botanic Gardens, the Conservator of Forests, and Mr. E. E. Green among others — and if a model is wanted, it can be found in Java, if not in tlie M est Indian Islands; -while as to the funds, if there is any' scarcity, let them be found by amalgamating — doubling-up — some of the provincial agencies. An Assistant Agency in place of a full-blown Agency at Ratnapura, Badulla, Antiradhapura and even Kurunegala would not be such a revolutionary' matter ; 'and certainly the difference, .administratively, would not he observed by the people concerned ; while, on the otlier h.and, the absolute direct benefit from the Bo.artl of Science and Agriculture— or whatever it might he called— could not fail to make itself felt, almost from the very beginning of its work. Has Sir West Ridgeway realised "yet that, in coconuts alone, there is room, throiK'h im- proved cultivation among the natives, for nearly doubling the production of one of the most ini- portant local food as well as export products of the island; and has it not been m.ade jjlain that our cacao jJanters have been working in the dark for many years against a dire enemy ; while who can .say how long it may be before tea is afflicted'; Prevention is better than cure— to learn about existing, if latent, enemies beforehaml is far more advisable than to study life histories after destruction has set in. Here is an indication of what the Govern- ment of India is doing in a paragraph just re- ceived through the Fioncer : — “Chemistry and Agriculture.— It is understood that the abolition of the appointment of Agricultural Chemist to the Government of India next Novem- bei, when Dr. Leather s term of office expires, will clear the way for the appointment of a stronc'er scientilic staff for other economic investigations under the Revenue and Agriculturil Department exnsrts. The investigation of such troubles as wheat rust and insect blights, in particular, is likely to be uudertrJreu, but details are still very vague The principle likely to be adopted, however, Is broadly to confine the Government paid sciedtific help for the present to such industries as wheat culture, which are in the hands of those too poor to pay for the employment of scientists, industries like tea and indigo being- left help themselves, on the ground that they are well able to do so.— Cii-il and 2/ilitanj Gazette ’’ Insect blights in Ceylon deserve fully as much at- tention as in India and they ought to be thoroufdiy investigated. ^ The above was in type before we received tlie very practical and instructive Report for 1896 of the Director of Ceylon Botanic Gardens. Mr. Willis recognises the need for an Analytical Chemist, and we feel sure he W'ould be 'dad of expert aid in several directions. Dr. Paul Taubeut has died of yeilow fever durino- his exploration of the liitle-known territory Amazoiia” in IManaos. His death occurred on New Year’s D.iy last. — Gardeners' Chronicle. ' ^ July i, 1897.] TPIE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 53 THE CHEEPEH. (By a Ceylon Tea Planter.) The rise and progress of the tea industry in Ceylon has been accompanied by the appearance and rapid multiplication of the “ Creeper ” in all liis varieties. The Creeper is not an insect, nor reptile, nor a plant, nor anything at all interesting from a natur- alist’s point of view. Although he may be said to live upon tea, tea is not his only food, nor, except- ing a few rare instances, his only drink As a rule, he is a good, healthy specimen of British youth. Va.rious causes, more or less connected with a distaste or incapacity for arduous and prolonged study have prevented him from entering the Army or any of the professions, and his parents having no connection with “ business,” and lacking the means to maintain him in idleness, are at their wits’ end to know what to do with him. In these circum- stances, it is very odd if some member or friend of t’ne family does not suggest Ceylon as a happy hunting ground for needy British youth. “ Fine climate, beautiful scenery, and all that sort of thing you know. Tea enterprise in a most flourishing state, and sure to afford a great opening. Planter’s life very jolly and easy. Out of doors all day, and excellent sport to be had.” Inquiries are set on foot, and it soon appears that there is no diffi- culty whatever about learning to plant tea. There are plenty of planters, but owners and superintendents, who are glad enough to add to their incomes by pocketing premiums, and, in exchange, letting young men do the hard work of their estates for them. They do not put it in that way, of course. They say that, for a consideration of, say, £100 (the amount of premium varies in direct proportion to the calmness and assurance of the individual planter with whom the business is negotiated), they are prepared to teach a young man his work, and that if he is steady and industrious they will no doubt be able to find a billet for him in due course. They allude to certain youths who have learned planting from them, and who have done very well, and they carefully refrain from hinting that such cases are at all exceptional. This seems to be very promising and satisfactory, and as the young man is beginning to be rather troublesome at home, the preliminaries are concluded, his “kit” is purchased, his passage, taken, and he is sent out to Ceylon to make his fortune in tea. If his friends have arranged for him to begin his career on a good estate in one of the populous dis tricts lying 2,000 feet or more above the sea level he may find the life pleasant enough, and if the super- intendent has a natural .optitude for the training of youth, and takes an interest in the Creepers under him, he may learn his work very quickly. Estates and superintendents, however, vary considerably in the facilities they afford either for the enjoyment of life or the acquisition of knowledge. The Creeper must rise very early in the morning, in order to have time for bis early tea, for he must muster the coolies, both men and women, at six o’clock, and send them off to the different parts of the estate where their work lies. All day, with the exception of an interval at noon for tub and breakfast, he is engaged in visits of inspection to the various working parties, weighing the leaf brought in by the pluckers, and preparing returns and reports for the information of the superintendent, As most estates are situated on steep hillsides, these daily rounds of inspection entail some pretty severe exercise, and conduce to the preservation of hard condition. Any youth with ordinary intelligence and powers of observation can soon learn the work con- nected with the Creeper’s daily routine, but in order to qualify himself for a superintendent’s billet he must master all the processes that are carried on in t’ne factory down by the cart road, w'nere the big water wheel turns unceasingly, and the tea undergoes a course of prep ^ration which changes each fresh green leaf into the shrivelled and tightly- rolled particle with which the consumer is familiar. The work of the factory is superintended by a native or burgher (half-caste) tea-maker, and a Creeper is usually allowed to acquire as much, , or as little, knowledge of its details as he may feel inclined to pick up. If he is wise he will learn not only to judge the value of the ultimate result, but also to detect the true cause of any shortcomings, for the tea maker will attribute them to the. poor quality of the green leaf, or the system of plucking, or defective machin- ery— to anything, in fact, rather than want of skill or care on his own part. It may be imagined that a Creeper who has made himself thoroughly conversant with all the branches of estate woik, both on the land and in the fatcory, is thereby qualified to take charge of an estate him- self. This, however, is by no means the case. A man may be competent in every other wav, and yet be unfit to be a superintendent, owing to his in- ability to manage coolies. A reviev/ of the labour- question in Ceylon does not fall within the scope of this article. It is sufficient to remark that your coolie is daily becoming more and more independent, and that he is gradually awakiug to the knowledge of the means by which he may take full advantage of the beneficence of the British rule (from his own point of view) in respect of legislation and the ad- ministration of justice. To keep the labour force ou an estate contented and efficient requires a rare combination of tact and firmness, and a thorough comprehension of the motives by which a coolie is principally actuated, and the methods by which he may be persuaded that he can best secure his own welfare by serving his employer faithfully. Nothing is more useful in the management of coolies than a good knowledge of their language (Tamil). Many men think that they know enough Tamil when they can make a few brief orders intelligible to their own coolies, though they may be unable to understand more than half of what the coolies say to them, and though strange coolies receive their remarks with the stare and grunt which are so very exasperating. A Creeper should not rest satisfied till he can converse freely with any Tamil, or even with a Sinhalese who speaks Tamil, ou any ordinary topic. So much for the Creeper’s work, now for his prospects. The chances of making money in tea grow less year by year. Fine fortunes have certainly been made with it, and the writer has known men who, by invest- ing a few hundred pounds, have found themselves after ten years, or even less, in possession of pro- perties bringing in a clear profit, of between £1,500 and £2,000 a year. At the present time, however, land has risen so enormously as to greatly reduce the possibility of making large profits. The salaries of superintendents, also, owing to the ease with which a knowledge of tea planting can be acquired, and the rush of Creepers, tend to become less and less. If a Creeper can, after a year or two of probation, secure a billet worth 203 rupees a month, he will have done well, and it may be years before he can get anything better. As a rale,jestates which belong to non-resident proprietors or to companies are not left entirely in the hands of superintendents, but are inspected periodically by planters of ability and experience called visiting agents. The appointment of visiting agent to a large group of estates is, of cour.se a valuable one, but such posts can, naturally only be'ohtaiued by a favoured few, and are hardly likely to fall to the lot of the average “ Creeper.” — Glohe, May 5. PRODUCE AND PLANTING NOTES. Beuu .vnd the Tea TK.inE. — As those interested in Indi-v and Ceylon tea are always ou the look out for new markets, a forthcoming exhibition in Lima, Peru, should attract attautiou. 'There is some scope in South America for pushing the sale of tea. That the present Government of Peru is anxious to do all ill its power to fo iter and extend tbs trade of the country is shov\ a by its notion in piomoting a permanent Industrial E.xhibitioUj^ which is to he opened at Lima this summer. In order to ens.u-e the success of the undertaking, a section of the Ex- hibition Palace at Lima has been set aside specially for it, while the whole of the arrangements are in the hands of the Minister of Public Works. Goods 54 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. (July i, 1S97. and exhibits from all parts of the world can be shown, and manufacturers in Great Britain are to be invited to send goods, the Government under- taking to admit free for six months all exhibits. Should any of our readers desire to be represented they should communicate at once with Mr. K. B. Cr'owe, Consul-General for Peru, 13, King Street, Liverpool. The Planting Industhies of Mexico. — At a recent meeting of the Mexican shareholders of the Mexican Coffee Trading and Planting Company it was men- tioned that there are already 1,. 500, 000 coffee plants in the company’s nurseries, which wid be ready for transplanting this year ; 60,000 one year and a half old trees have been planted, and are in good cono ditiou. The American Consul at the City of Mexiod says, “ That, striking as are the facts with regar- to the increase of the cultivation of coffee and the growth in the United States of a great appreciation of the Mexican berry and its sterling qualities, these can be paralleled in many points by the development of Mexican tobacco.” Although Prance has not in'ofited commercially by this increase, it is only simple justice to say that it i.i due very largely to Frenchmen and to the exiles from Cuba whom tliey employed. “In a word,” says Consul Crittenden, “Mexico is not only one of the coming coffee countries, but is also a comingtobacco country. Mexico seems to be destined to wear the mantle of Habana in tobacco production, and once secured it is safe to predict that it will never pass away, lor the soil of the tobacco region is so deep as to be practically inexhaustible, being from 8 ft. to 20 ft. in depth, and in some places even 30 ft. Moreover, its extent is probably one hundred times that of the Cuban tobacco region, when we take into consideration the fact that acre for acre the percentage of cultivated land at the present moment capable of producing tobacco of the very highest grade is greater in Mexico than it ever was in Cuba in its best days. We can from this easily see what will be the amount produced in the future. Mexico’s resources in this direction are practically so great as to make it certain that it will become rich from its tobacco alone. No doubt the result will be finally to cheapen the Habana cigars, and put them within the reach of all.” — II. & C. Mail, May 7. MANURIAL EXPERIMENT WITH SWEET POTATOES. As a specimen ot the work done in Antigua by Messrs. E. Watts, Government Chemist and Mr. F. R. Shephard of the Schools, we quote tlie following in full with appended table : — Seeing that the ash of the Sweet Potato is very rich in Potash and also contains a very fair proportion of Phosphoric acid, experiments were made in order to ascertain whether the application of these two constituents would materially increase the yield. Nitrogeon was not used, as in an adjoining field a cron of sweet potatoes had developed such a large amount of leaf and vine, — due as we suspected to an abundance of Nitrogeon — that there was some diffi- culty in securing a crop of tubers. Four experiments were tried, the plots receiving Sulphate of Potash Superphosphate Sulphate of Potash and Superphosphate No Manure. and each of these was repeated four times : the indi- vidual plots measured 100 ft. by 40 ft. The variety planted was that known as the “Quil- dane,” it was planted early in January 1896 and reaped in June and .July. The manures were applied in Janu- ary. The large potatoes sold at the rate of 3/ per 100 lbs. and the small ones at 9d per 100 lbs. realizing £13-6-0 per acre. The weights of potatoes and the proportion of large tubers are given in Table XI from which it ruuju tnai potasu and phosphate, separately or combined, do not increase the yield of tubers in these soils. •sao!>'B,od; ^ .is3uj9Ay co m oc S •seo^uioq; sjoy .laj •S901U!)00 tended to travel beyond the 'nvesting in Shares and Debentures and of of^exkthif 0“*^ guaranteeing the issue of Capital To. inu ^ oompanies connected with the Snin pnichasing. consolidating and issuing as Limited Liability Companies, Tea Planta- tions, and small Rupee Capital Companies. oi’ganised and controlled, saivfo^pif ^“<1 n^Pital neces- 3h.Pss to ^ plantation, tend to limit the hnsiness to highly responsible hands. . Tbe inarket for the produce are also rapidly extend- Britain in China Tea consumed in Great iRo p .11 was 09 per cent, and of Ceylon and Li- fe Tpo*'o'^ proportions were spctRely P“' r®' The tea consumption of the world, excludin<^ the S this 250,000,000 lb. were in 189fi supplied by British growers. the Capital cm- estimated to l,e at least ,000, POO, and the Directors having intimate associa- a3AThe\‘ie®t®‘'®‘’r industry in particular, 3 f position to obtain information as to them securities which may come before rpilvl puTY.-We should not ieg.il. an imj.ort duty of 5.1 per lb. (if actuallv pas.se.l) as prohibitory for tlie United States^ (.i.)Mded-a,s we trust and believe— corresponding 1 npo.sts are to be laid on coffee and cacao. Ah advantage to Ceylon and India is that the highei the tea, duty, the more it .should tell a ainst the cheaper commoner teas of which G hina and Japan supplie.s the larger portion. e duty will niake ii]> so large a proportion of the retail price 111 future, that it should be Uioiight a small matter comparatively to give 2c to 3d extra per lb. to get a really good tea Hitlierto the Dominion has charged 10 per cent brought through the States, M bile direct shipment ivere a,dmitted duty-free July r, 1897,] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 57 To the Editor* THE CULTIVATION OF “ VANILLA.” Seychelles, Feb. 18, 1897. Sir, — Knowing no one in Ceylon, I am taking the liberty of aildres.sing you to ask, can you put me in the way of obtaining information as to the cultivation of vanilla in your i.sland ? I have occa.sionally seen Ceylon vanilla, mentioned in Broker.s’ reports — so suppose a little is grown. What I most desire to know is, could one obtain cuttings cf the vine to start new plan- tations ? Has the fungus yet attacked your plants in Ceylon? — I am, sir, yours faithfully, [We referied the above queries to one of the mo.st com[)etent practical authorities in the island — Mr. W. H Wright — and have got the following reply •• I have grown vanilla since 1811 (when 1 was at Peradeniya) and am still cultivating it in a small W'ay at Mirigama. In 1841 I sent some to England through Messrs. Buing Brothers. I got 115.5 per lb.— the price of it just now is E7 50 per ID. I can supply cuttings for a new plantation, say, to cultivate 10 acres at B15 per 1,000 cuttings. I am glad to say that I have never seen fungus attacking vanilla plants. I find that vanillar may be cultivated partially under shade, allowing it to grow on Dadap or Ere- modo trees planted 30 feet apart and intervening on stumps. The best manure for vanilla is refuse coir- dust which can be had any quantity for nothing, any one who wishes to go in for vanilla cultivation, 1 will be glad- to show them the mode of cultivating it on this estate.” —Ed. r.N.] TEA PLUCKING AND PKUNING &c : A LEITEII OUT OF DUE SEASON. Kelani Valley. (1) Would you say how far you think Coarser Plucking of Leaf may have had to do with it ? Coarser plucking is the main cause, and this not voluntary but from larger area to pluck and limited labor. (2) Or the more prevalent attention to Manur- ing Tea ? Manuring brings the larger yield but doe.s not bring the coolies to pluck it. (.3) Or severe Pruning — cutting the bushes too far down ? Severe Pruning gives a weaker liquor and thus for a time rerluce.s the value. (4) Or less attention to careful Preparation in the Factory? No, as much attention as ever is paid to manufacture. Given ample labor and ample Factory room and careful plucking, as good teas can be made now as those of the best years. (.5) How far Shortness of Labour Supply has aft'ected your work in field or factory ? Affected both. (6) Any other cause that strikes you — apart from (7) Overproduction and Increased Supply in Competition at the Sales ? The Home value of equal Teas of 1893 and 1897 is a very great factor, teas of equal make and look are now sold for 50 per cent less. OLD PLANTER. “ACACIA DECURRENS.” Dear Sir, — In a controversy some years ago, I collapsed when after having received seed from Australia repeatedly of A. Decurrens and all the ])lants derived therefrom provin" decurrent (althoug the color of the bark diftered greatly among plants from the same lot of seed, the bark was mostly a pretty purple ; but there were plants with bark of all shades of green). Yet there were local writers who argued that A. Decurrens was not decurrent ; named I suppose on the same principle that the earwig is said to be named, i.e. , one was never yet known to enter a person’s ear. Possibly you will be surprised at the number of varieties of a de-currens (over 70) yet please note that without e.xception all are decurrent. If some ))ublic-spirited merchant would take the trouble and go to the expense of sending a ship- ment of the bark to England, it might lead to a new and profitable industry in Ceylon. The result of my own experiment although the ana- lysis turned out so good, and the London valua- tion so high, and the yield of bark so encouraging: was that the proceeds of the bark in London only covered the expenses after it was delivered into the merchants share in Colombo. It cannot be so in Australia for the bark is selling at £5 [>er ton at the shipping post. My parcel being a sm'all one I based the above cal- culation upon the cost of drying, packiim-, and shipping charges on Cinchona bark in Colombo. If it can be done for mucli less, then it is a ])ity that no merchant came forward to say so. If a decurrens bark is worth £5 per ton at the ship])ing port in Australia, one would think it would be worth as much in Colombo. The question might be revived. Around Nuwara Eliya, in irarticular, what a grand thing for the estates to be able to supply themselves with fuel from about the quickest-growing tree we have ; and at the same time to harvest a valuable com- mercial product from the same trees. — Yours truly, T. THE CULTIVATION OF RHEA FIBRE. Kandy, May 24th. Sir, - I enclose for publication copy of cor- res|iondence received from the Rhea Fibre Treat- ment Company, Limited, London, on the subject of cultivationj decortication and baling of rhea, and the subsequent treatment of the ribbons by the Gomes’s process, and offering £10 a ton delivered in London or Liverpool.— I am, sir, your faithfully. A, PHILIP, Secretary. {Copy.) Piccadilly Mansions, 17 Shaftesbury Avenue, W. London, April 2nd. Messrs. The Planters’ Association of Ceylon, Kandy, Ceylon. Dear Sir, — We have had forwarded to us a copy of your 43rd Annual Report, for the year ending 17th February 1897, and we read with great interest the paragraph therein relating to Rhea Fibre. We have pleasure in sending you copy of a pamphlet dealing with the cultivation, decortication and bal- ing of” rhea, and the subsequent treatment of the ribbons by the Gomes’s process, compiled under the direction of this Company, which we venture to think you will appreciate. You will note therefrom that for the purposes of the Gomes’s process treatment, it is only necessary to strip the bark from the stems and to thoroughly dry it, and that no other manipulation or cleaning is necessary. 8 58 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [July i, 1897. We are prepared to make contracts for regular sup- plies and we suggest that you should send to us at your earliest possible convenience, a 2 or 3 cwt. sample for testing purposes, and to form the standard of quality for future consignments. The price which we were offering is £10 a ton, delivered in London or Liverpool, but in order to encourage cultivators, we should not mind paying a slightly increased price for the first and second year of shipments. We can assure a market for large supplies, and we believe that we can co-operate to mutual advantage, We shall be glad if you will reply to this by return, and you can either address us direct, or through Messrs. A. Whitley & Co. of Colombo. If you have any material ready for shipment, and can dispatch it to us at once, Kindly wire us using the “ A.B.C. Code ” 4th edition. — Yours faithfully, (Signed) W. T. Bell, Secretary. THE BULKING OF TEAS AND THE RUS- SIAN DUTY ON TEA CHESTS. Kandy, May 24. Sir, — I enclose for publication copy of cor- respondence by the Ceylon Association in London with (1) the Tea Brokers’ Association of London as to the nece.ssity of all teas being properly “ bulked ” before being oUered at public sale (2) the Board of Trade as to the duties charged on acme steel tea chests entering Ru-sia. — I am, Sir, yours faithfully, A. PHILIP, Secy. (Copy.) 61 & 62 Gracechurch Street. E.C. London, 9th April 1897. A. Philip, Eiq., Secretary, Ceylon Planters’ As- sociation, Kandy, Ceylon. Dear Sir, — I have the pleasure to enclose for the information of your Committee copies of recent correspondence, (1) with the Board of Trade as to the duties charged on acme steel tea chests entering Russia, (2) with the Tea Brokers’ Association of Loudon as to the necessity of all teas being properly “ bulked ” before being offered at public sale. — I am, dear sir, yours faithfully, (Signed) Wm. Martin Leake, Secy. {Copy.) 61 & 62 Gracechurch Street, E.C., 25th January 1897. The Secretary of the Board of Trade, Loudon. Sir, — A firm exporting Ceylon tea from London to Russia writes as follows : — We have recently made a shipment of Ceylon Tea to Russia of which 38 chests were acmes : on these the Russian Customs have charged duty as tin plates amounting to £6. 7s. 4d. The acme chests are made of thin metal and have of late come into frequent use : the effect of charging duty on the metal chest as well as on the tea will be to exclude from the Russian markets the teas of those gardens that use metal ches's. Can you inform me in what way a representation on the matter can best be made, so as to bring about a change of practice ? — lam sir, your obedient servant, (Signed) Wm. Martin Leake, Secy. Board of Trade (Commercial Department), 7 White- hall Gardens, S.W., 2nd February 1897. Sib,— I am directed by the Board of Trade to ac- knowledge the receipt of your letter of the 25th ultimo, on the subject of the Customs treatment in Russia of metal chests containing tea wueu imported into that country. The Board are in communication with the Foreign Office respecting this matter, and hope to be in a position to furnish you with a further reply shortly. I am, sir, your obedient servant, (Signed). W. Gifpen. Wm. Martin Leake Esq., Secretary of the Ceylon Association, 61 and 62 Gracechurch Street, E.C. Board of Trade (Commercial Department), 7 White- hall Gardens, S.W., April 5th, 1897. Sir, — With further reference to your letter of the 25th January last and to the reply thereto addressed to you from this department on the 2nJ February, I am now directed by ti.e Board of Trade to forward to you for the iijformatiou of your Association, the accompanying copy of a Memorandum from Her Majesty’s Consul-General at St. Petersburg (which has been supplied to this Board through the Foreign Office) on the subject of the Customs treat- ment in Russia of metal chests containing tea im- ported into that country. — I am sir, your obedient servant. — (Signed). W. GIffen. W. Marlin Leake Esq., Secretary of the Ceylon Association, 61 and 02 Gracechurch Street, E.C. 31emorandum. Tea when imported in large cases lined wiih tin and which are cut open for inspection at a Russian Custom house is dutiable at its net weight, and similarly as tea imported in lead casing the tin cas- ing is not liable to duty'. Tea imported in small cases or canisters is likewise dutiable at its net weight, but the small cases or canisters are subjected to a separate duty as tin plate or R2‘25 copecks gold per pound or when Jaquered R3, or painted and gilded R6 gold per pound. There are no specific orders for this practice which appears to be based only on the analogy applicable to the case and aSorded by the orders of the Customs department of the 17th October 1883, and the 12th June 1890, which direct that tin cases containing weaver’s reeds, leather belts, sewing needles, aniline dyes and other manulactured goods shall, on import- ation pay a duty of R2'25 copecks gold per pound under section 151 of the Customs Tariff. (Signed) John Mitchell. St. Petersburg, March 19th, 1897. Circular letter referred to. 61 Sz 62 Gracechurch Street, London, 9th April 1897, E.C. Dear Sir, — A complaint has reached the Tea and Produce Committee from the London Wholesale Tea Dealers’ Association that, “ The requirements of Clause 4 in the conditions of public sales which states that each parcel has been inspected before sale, and has been bulked (if neces- sary) have not been carried out in a great many cases.” The Committee regrets to find on enquiry that this complaint is not altogether unfounded. Inasmuch as careless or neglected bulking of necessity involves unreliable samples, tire complaint is undoubtedly a serious one. I am directed therefore to invite the attention of importers of Ceylon tea to the imperative necessity for complying with the conditions of the clause re- ferred to, so that buyers may operate with the fullest confidence in the future. — Yours faithfully, (Signed) Wm. Martin Leake, Secretary. (Copy.) The Tea Brokers’ Association of London, Mincing Lane, E.C., 26th March 1897. W. Martin Leake, Esq., Secretary, The Ceylon Association in London. tea bulking. Dear Sir, — I am instructed by my Committee to send you the enclosed copy of letter received from the London \>'holesale Tea Dealers’ Association. — I am Dear Sir, yours faithfully, (Signed) W. G. PRICE, Secretary. London Wholesale Tea Dealers' Association, 17th March 1897. To W. G. Price, Esq. tea BULiaNG. Dear Sib, — At a meeting of my Committee held on Monday, the following resolution was unanimously passed, namely : — The Committee find that the requirements of Clause 4 P.S.C. which states that each parcel has been inspected before sale, and has July i, 1897.] THE TROPICAL AGEICULTURIST. 59 been bulked (it necessary) have not been carried out in a great many cases and they must insist on this condition being faithfully observed. In the event of any parcel not having been bulked in the London Warehouse, a statement to the effect that it has been bulked in India or Ceylon and in- •pected in London should be inserted in the catalogue. I beg to request you will be good enough to bring this subject before your Committee, with the view of preventing any further inconvenience which now too frequently results from the irregularities men- tioned. I am &c., (Signed) W. Sedgwick, Hony. Secy. The Secretary, Tea Brokers’ Association of London. 61 & 62 Gracechurch Street, London, April 9th. W. G. Price Esq , Secretary, Tea Brokers’ Asso- ciation of London. Dear Sir, — I have laid your letter of 26th March with its enclosure from the London Wholesale Tea Dealers’ Association before the Tea and Produce Com- mittee of this Association, and in reply I am to forward for your information and «hat of the wholesale Tea Dealers copy of a circular letter addressed to members of this Association and to other importers of Ceylon tea. My Committee hopes that there will be no further cause of complaint. I am, dear Sir, yours faithfully, (Signed) W. Martin Leake, Secy. TEA IN RUSSIA. Kandy, 2nd June. Sir, —I enclose for publication a copy of the translation from a Russian newspaper received from Mr. Rogivue about Tea Cultivation in the Caucasus.— I am, sir, yours faithfully, A. PHILIP, Hon. Secy., C. P. A. Translation from the St. Petersburg Heralch 16/28 February 1897. Forwarded by Mr. Rogivue’ TEA CULTIVATION IN THE CAUCASUS. There are about 140,000 tea-bushes in the plantation of the Crown Domains, of which 45,000 are from seed obtained from China through the commission which was sent there. The planting was most carefully done, and the growth of the bushes has been excellent. Experienced teagrowers fromChinaand Japan, as w’ell as auEnglish- man, who has been engaged in tea planting in India, were entrusted with the planting and treatment of the bushes. Next season’s planting is to be done with 200 lb. (Russian) or about 30 maunds seed from China. On K. S. Popow’s estates in Tschakra, Ka- prischosts and Ssudidawri about 20 Desjutins (about 70 acres) have been opened in tea, and the number of bushes is estimated at about 70,000 of 1 to 3 yeais’ growth and upwards. On A. A. Ssolowzow’s estates about 10,000 plants have been put out. Here the cultivation of tea was first introduced and some of the bushes which are from 7 to 9 years old have already given good crops. It is however to be regretted that the inhabitants of these districts do not take to the cultivation of tea, although it grows very well in Givira, Mine- teha and 8. W. Imeritia and many of the Agricul- tural Schools iu the town have well established bushes in their gardens. MYROBALAMS AND ARALU NUTS. Haputale, June 3. Dear Sir, —Being a reader of your Tropical Agriculturist, 1 notice in the market rates quoted of Ceylon produce, that Myrobalarns are 3s to 7s. Is. this per cwt. or per bushel? [Per cwt.— Ed. 2'.A] I should be very much obliged if you could give me any information regarding the licence you have to pay for gathering Araiii-nuts, and what merchants in Colombo and London purchase this product? — Yours faithfully, H.C.A. [Aralu-nuts are gathered chiefly in the Uva Pro- vince, and the Forest Department sells the rent or right of gathering yearly— in 1893 it fetched R4,O0O; 1895, Rl, 000 offered.— E U.] O.D. FLIGHT OF BUTTERFLIES NORTH OF KANDY. Oonoonagalla, Madulkele, 9th June. Dear Sir, — An immense flight of butterflies is passing due south today. The flies we usually see at end of April. I enclose several specimens. Sky- clear with light breeze from south-west. We had a little south-west wind with showers a few days ago ; but the weather today is more like the beginning of April than the 9th June. — Yours truly, M. H. THOMAS. [The butterflies are of a type common in such flights even on the sea-coast ; but Noveraber- December is the usual season for “the migration of butterflies ” — in the teeth of the north-east monsoon — and we cannot recall such an ex- perience as the present one in June? It will be seen that he flight is reported from Kotmalie and Dimbulaas well — Ed. T.A.] ALBIZZIAS IN B. C. AFRICA. Dunraven, Estate, Mlanje, 14th March 1897. Dear Sir, — As -several planters have been send* ing samples of our local trees, wliicli answer somewhat to the description of Chikwani to me for identification (but all have turned out to be different), I write to inform them how they can unmistakably identify Albizzia Fastigiata Oliv. unless it tuins out that tliey have found some other Albizzia in the country, which I have searched for and failed to find. When the roots of Chikwani are examined you will find little lump-nodules about the size of small white beads which when squeezed exude a white milky substance, sitting quite unmistakable and prominent along the fibrous roots ; not a rough lumpy surface on the bark as one gentle- man Avas sure were the nodules referred to. They are the same as those attached to . the Albizzia Moluccana plants (although I have no plants myself) I am quite certain the nitrogen fixes Avill be found by those who have purcluved seed from the A. L. C. end grown the plants. —I am, etc., Henry Brown. P. 8. — Cldkwani does not seem to be in Blantyre or Zomba for I have had samples of the nearest trees to it bub not the identical treesneither are they Albizzia. — Central African Gazette. [What does Mr. Bioavd, formerly of Matale, mean by coupling A. Moluccana witn “ nitrogen fixers.”— Ed. t..1.] nUAITMLQQ essay describing a really ULArliLUOi genuine Cure for Deafness* Ringing in Ears, dfcc., no matter bow severe or long- standing, will be sent post free. — Artificial Ear- drums and similar appliances entirely superseded. Address THOMAS KEMFE, Victoria Cham- bers, 19, Southampton Buildings, Holbork, Loudon. 6o THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [July r, 1897. COFFEE PLANTING IN THE PROVINCE OF COORG. We have before us tlie Administration Report of the Province of Coorg. The s|)ecial interest which Coorg possesses for ns is connected wiih its cultivation of our ohl staple. It was once a rival of ours in the pro- duction of coffee, and now that we have passed literally to the sere .and yellow leaf, Coorg for some time sup])lied us with what was believed to he fungus-proof seed. It is the fault neither of Coorg nor its coffee, that the life history of H&mehia vatslatvix does not encourage the hope that any variety of the coffee tree or colfee bush can resist the fatal attentions of the insidious pest. Whether in Coorg itself the coffee bush is free from the fungus, the Report does not state. We doubt if it is ; but there is no diminution there in the acreage under cultivation. The total area of land under coffee had increased, for the period under report, from 84,592 acres the jire- vious year to 84,991 acres. TTie increase of 399 acres is not much ; but what is remarkable is that this product covers the largest acreage of all, so far as appeal's. Even the Met lands under rice cultivation fall short of the acreage of colfee land by 8,000 or 9,000 acres ; ■while dry lands under dry and garden crojis co'er only little over 1,500 acres. Nor is it staud that the figures relate chiefly to abandoned land, as we find the whole extent assessed — 424 Euro- pean estates covering 30,979 acres and 7,094 native estates 54,012 ; but the yield, if the official figures are correct, must be very disap- pointing. The colfee crop for the year, though 800 tons larger than for the previous year, amounted to only 3 650 tons which, according to the familiar local terms, are equal to 14,6 0 cwt. ; and that works out one-sixth of a cwt. an acre. It cannot possibly pay to cultivate coffee for such returns ; and we susjrect that the a'^sessment continues to he levied on the full acreage of estates, the better part of wliich has gone out of cultivation. If so, we cannot but condemn the heartlessness and shortsighted- ness of a policy which does not take account of the ability of the land to bear the burden placed on it. Even taking the European estates alone, which represent tire smaller acreage, the total outturn "would give less than half a cwt. to the acre ! We are not surprised, in view of these facts, to learn that ,a movement is on foot to place the abandoned coffee estates on the .Sampaji Ghat under tea ; but, while sympathising with those who feel compelled to betake themselves to a new product, we are bound to note that the circumstances under which this island resorted to tea were different. Then tea sold from 2s to 3s a lb. ; British grown teas formed an in- considerable fraction of the world’s production ; and tlie supply was not in excess of the de- mand. Now, tea sells at a lower price than it ever did— Is would be a high average ; the cur- rent ju-ices leave only a small margin of profit to the majority of estates, though well-situated fertile plantations still yield gratifying returns ; and the supply being in excess of the demand, there is the constant appreliension of still lower prices. It is often better to bear the evils we know than to . fly to others we wot not of. Some of the Coorg lands — the extent fis not specified — appear to be under cardamoms ; and that is a product for which the prices and the demand are encouraging ; but it chiefly affects ravines and moist situations ; and spices can very easily be overdone, as many found to tUeir cost here with cinnamon, PLANTING NOTES. Bees’ Veno.m as a Remedy. — A novel undertak' ing in the manufacture of drugs has been begun by two young Pennsylvanians, who have commenced the extraction of the poison from honey-bees. They have two diflerent ways of collecting tlieir crop of venom. In the first, the bees are caught and held wiili the abdomen in a small glass tube until the ])oison sacs have been emptied. In the second, they are placed in a bottle on wire netting, and enraged until the tiny drops of venom fall into the alcohol which fills part of the bottle. This venom is said to be a remedy for cancer, rheuma- tism, snake-bite, and a hundred other ills of humanity. — CAc/hL< and Dyufjrjist, April 24. The Importation of Indian Tea at the Port of Batoum.— The Indian Tea Association (London has addressed the following letter), through tbe secretary, Mr. Ernest Tye, to the Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs: “I am desired by tlie committee of this association to address your lordship with reference to the prohibition issued by the Russian authorities against the importation of Indian tea at the port of Batoum, which was referred to in a telegram from the Secretary of State to his Excellency ihe Viceroy of India under date March 10, as follovv.s Batoum ; Impoitation of Indian Tea Prohibited.’— The port of Calcutta, from which Indian tea is shipped is, and has been hitherto, entirely free from any attack of plague, and is very distant from any place where the plague prevails, and my committee would res- pectfully invite your lordship’s attention to tho fact that tlie prohibition is regarded in India as the result, not so much of sanitary precaution, as of commercial jealousy of India and its industries. My committee fears that unless prompt measures are taken to have the prohibition removed other nations will follow the evil examp'e set by Russia, and that grave injury will result to the Indian tea industry. I am therefore directed by my committee to beg that your lordship will be good enough to take such steps as may seem to you 'expedient, with a view to bring about the removal of ttie restriction against the importation of Indian tea at Batoum or elsewhere.” — H. ft- C. Mail, April 23. Hemp Cultivation in Bologna.— One of the most important agricultural products of the provinces of Bologna and Ferrara is hemp {Cannabis Saliva). Bologna hemp is generally manufactured into yarns and canvas. The Ferrara quality is principally used for rope making. The former is a finer fibre than the latter, but not so strong ; they are both how- ever held in high esteem in textile centres abroad, according to the United States Consular Agent at Bologna, chiefly in Germany, France and Spam. The cultivation of hemp has greatly developed in Bologna and Ferrara, owing to the favourable con- ditions of the climate and soil, which are not easily found in other countries. Hemp may be cultivated between the equator and (10° latitude. Chemically the land must be siliceous, argillaceous, calcareous and rich in azote. Physically it must be soft, fresh and deep. In addition the land must be abundantly manured. Sowing generally takes place in the spring, owing to the necessity of a temperature of 46'4° Fahrenhit, and a moderate degree humidity. It is preferable to sow by machine, this system saving seed, and the sowing being much more regular. The land must be previously deeply ploughed. After sowing the land requires to be hoed, and much other work is necessary, such as the extirpation of weeds, &c., in order to obtain an abundant crop. The crop ripens in August or September according to the weather. It consists of stalks about three metres long. These stalks are placed in bundles and put into ponds expressly constructed, where they remain about a week. They are then dried and scutched by means of a complicated process, which produces the fibre ready for market.— /ok? liaZ of the Society of Arts, April 9. * THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. July i, 1897.] 6, COFFEE PLANTING IN NYASSALAND. Mr. G. M. Gvabbe formerly of Great Western and afterwards LI Teb, which place he left to superin- tend the Nyassaland Coffee Go’s, property in Milanp, Central Africa, and quitted the place on medical ad- vice, being attacked many times with fever, and who arrived here the other day, has left for upcouutry. According to particulars afforded by Mr. Crab be to our contemporary, he had not been in Milanji more than three months, when two of the Buchanan Bro- thers, whose place was at Blantyre, died, and the third brother is now dead also. They were the lead- ing men in the country, possessing a thousand acres or thereabouts. John Buchanan had been out in Central Africa about 18 years, connected with the Bla ntyre Mission Station. He started the plant- ing down there, but soon after Mr. Crabbe’s arrival, John Buchauan and his brother Robert died witViin two months of each other. Planters in that part we are constantly falling ill with fever, and many die. The population of white men in Milanji was only seven- teen, including the Administrator and his assistant. When the place is fully opened a,ud developed, Mr. Crabbe thinks it may become healthier, but at present it was a most dangerous country. The country is undulating, like the Assam district, and it has a rainfall of about eighty. The tempera- ture is cool and equable, but the place is particulai'ly unhealthy from the middle of November to the end of February, which is the planting season. The pioneer of Mlanji is Mr. Henry Brown, who was formerly an Inspector in the Ceylon Police. When he left here, in 1890 or 1891, he went to Central Africa in connection with the work proceeding at the Lakes ; but in a short time he took to coffee planting. When he left the Comjpany’s property they had 210 acres opened, and last year they opened another ten acres, making 250 acres opened, but another 25') is to be opened this year. The jungle which has to be cleared is very heavy, but the soil is by a long way the best soil that can be found there, and is very dark-red in colour. Mr. Crabbe’s place has been taken by Mr. Moggridge, who was formerly with Mr. Cotton, on Dammeria, Passara. He has with him as assistant Mr. Robin, who also hails from Ceylon, having been a planter with Mr. Metcalfe in Pundaluofa. "They came out to Mr. Crabbe a year ago last May. Robin has suffered very badly with fever. Five miles off Mr. Crabbe’s place was an estate belonging to Mr. Moir, who was formerly Manager of the African Lakes Company. He had about 180 acres opened in coffee and on the other side was Mr. Henry Brown who had about 200 acres opened. Mr. Crabbe had some coffee in full bearing, and he had also a few tea bushes, but they were not a goodjat. Then about ten miles off Mr. Bradshaw had about 180 acres. His was a very good place. His oldest coffee was about five years of age, and he got a crop of 30 tons last year. Then, there was a small estate of 60 acres belonging to a Mr. Simpson, who, in addition to coffee, has gone in for a few native products. That is about all. There were no factories, and all the pulpers are worked by hand with the excep- tion of those at Mr. Moir’s place who has the only water-wheel in the country. But the great thing they have to contend against, said Mr. Crabbe, was the want of good seed. The coffee is of the Arabian sort, but this want is greatly felt, and something will have to be done with re- gard to getting better seed. The Nyassaland Coffee Company did try to introduce Brazilian seed, but it Mdn’t answer — it failed to germinate. All the seed they had was got locally. No coffee seed from India or Ceylon is allowed into the country on account of leaf disease, nor is tea seed allowed, though some sent by Mr. Carson from Ceylon managed to get in and it turned out a failure. It was Indian seed ; but it got in as the Commissioner at that time was anxious it should be started, The coffee is planted under shade there. The administration seem to have done very little for the country as far as helping the planter goes. There is a great want of roads and transport facilities, AU produce was sent to Chiromg on the river Zambesi, 70 miles away on niggers’ heads, and though there was a river near, and it led to Chiromo, it was not navigable. Prom Chiromo the produce went to Chinde ; Beira, of course, being the port of export. Labour was plentiful, with the exception of the four wet months. That time the natives mostly' employ in working their own gardens. A lot of labour comes from Lake Nyassa, the people coming down a distance of over 200 miles. The labourers were in calico, three shillings a month, so they were cheap. The local labourers only got two shillings’ worth of calico a month. They had no trouble either with advances or tundus. ^ KOLA. THE AMEEICAN 3IARKET. The demand for kola in the United States has increased yery materially within the last three years. In fact, previous to 1891 there was practically but little used. At the present time, American firms are among the largest consumers. African and Jamaican Kola. The introduction of Jamaica kola in this market dates from my visit to your island, in the winter of 1893-94. Since then Jamaica kola has had a more or le.ss ready sale at a good price. It is a mistake, however, to suppose that Jamaica kola will sell at a price above that of any other kind and it is especially a mistake to think so when Jamaica kola is badly handled as to its gathering and shipment. At the present time by far the largest amount of kola consumed in the United States comes from Africa, and probably about ten pounds of African are sold to every pound of West Indian. There are several reasons for this. First — African kola is better known having been introduced into the European markets two or three centuries ago. And, secondly, the African kola is much better cared for in its gathering and shipment. As an illustration ; I have a stock of African kola nuts fully one year old, and the nuts are in the same condition as they were when first picked. Whereas the first specimens of Jamaica Kola as prepared for the market dete- riorate on the five and six days’ voyage from Jamaica to New York. Through your Society and the Botanical Depart-, ment and by the aid of the public press, I have endeavoured to induce your people to prepai-e it in a proper manner. While I have practically succeeded, the experiment so far has been an expensive failure. Hints for Shippers. The main trouble is that your people wait until the kola is partially dried and rotted upon the tree be- fore they pick it. Whereas ’ they should be picked as soon as the pods are full, before tbey break open and dry. Next, as soon as taken from the tree, they should be taken from the pod and the thin outer skin, which is loose and pulpy, should be carefully washed off, so that this entire coating is removed. The nuts may then be shipped at once, packed in barrels— that is, if they are sold to the user who will use at once. But if they are to be sent on consignment or if they are to be kept for any length of time before using, they should immediately be washed and covered completely and tightly with wetted leaves. The best way is to line a basket about one inch thick with heavy green leaves which are thoroughly wetted. The lining should be complete, without any cracks or breaks. The nuts should be picked over ; if any are bruised, broken or over-ripe or starting to rot, they should not go into the collection. They should be care- fully laid in so as not to break or bruise them, or split them open. They may then be sprinkled down with water, and carefully coverved with wetted leaves. Nuts thoroughly done in this way will keep for at least a year. In fact, I have had them for 18 months. I have thonght that I w'ould ship to Jamaica a basket of nuts as prepared in Africa for shipment, that your people might see exactly how it is done. It is a simple matter and yet one which I have been unable to get your people to accomplishj 62 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST, rjtjLY 1, 1897. The principle involved is, that mouldy nuts, over- ripe or a few rotten nuts, spoil the whole of the shipment and that the outer pulp which is easily decomposed, shall be v/ashed off. Also that the nuts shall be covered so that the mold germs from the air or external objects shall not reach the nuts. Also that they do not dry out. At the same time air must reach them, but through the^filter of leaves. I have received nuts from Jamaica packed by every method except this one. In cases where I was able to use the nuts at once, it did not make so much differ- ence, but if you are going to supply them for the general market, you will have to have them more perfect. The Future of Kola, As to the consumption of Kola. Kola has been brought to this or any other market in sufl&cient quantities prepared in the right way, to supply the demand for a prepartion of kola to take, the place of coffee. What is now consumed is for medicinal E reparations, and for this purpose there is plenty to e had at rather low prices, considered as a drug. But when we come to consider it as an article of food as beverage, that means millions of pounds and the transportation from Africa would preclude the possibility of its coming into competition either with tea or coffee. Dealers and manufacturers have therefore contented themselve so far to supply only medicinal preparations awaiting such time as they can be assured that they will have a supply that can be depended upon, pre- pared in the right manner, before placing the beverage upon the market. Green nuts are in the greatest de- mand at the present time and the demand is con- stantly increasing. In regard to the drying of the nuts, even African dried are very unsatis- factory for beverage purposes. For the purpose of which I speak, none of the nuts dried either in Jamaica or elsewhere are at all satisfactory. In fact this is what has precluded its adoption. There is aproper method of drying them, of which I may send you in- formation later. It is difficult to tell the amount now consumed in the United States as they are arriving from all sources in such variable quantities. I have a know- ledge of one concern that used about 100,000 lb. last year. There are many concerns who use a consi- derable amount and the demand is rapidly increas- inff. Further than this, I am not able to state. “ T. B. KiLMEn. Kew Brunswick, N. J., 17th March, 1897. _ —Journal of the Jamaica Agricultural Society. THE INDIAN AND CEYLON TEA TRUST CO., LIMITED. This Company, the prospectus of which has now been before our reader.s, introduces us to a new departure in Limited Companies connected with tea. It seems to us that full justification for the formation of the Company is afforded in the prospectus ; for there can be no denial of the number of small yet prosperous Tea Com- panies in India and Ceylon whose shares are scarcely known beyond a limited circle. But we regret to find a section of the London press by no mean favourable to the new Company. Here, for instance, is what the Dctily Ghvonicle of 12th May has to say on the subject The Indian 'and Ceylon Tea Trust Company, Limited.— Capital of £250,000 in 49,800 ordinary shares of £5 each, and 1,000 deferred shares of £1 each. The present issue is 30,000 ordinary shares and 1,000 deferred shares. We do not like the principle of deferred shares, which in this case are entitled to divide the balance of profits equally with the ordinary, after a dividend of 7 per eeut. has been paid on the ordinary shares. This Company is formed on the usual principle of trust companies of spreading the risks over numerous undertakings, but it has usually been ths ease that, as now, prices are high when the purchases are made, and theie is always the possibility that the securities may be selected to suit the interests of the sellers rather than the buying company. We should not advise our readers to subscribe. Of course, in this or any other Trust Company, everything depends on judicious management;, and therefore on the character, judgment and expel ience of the men directing its business. In the present instance, we should say, these re- quirements, both as regards India and Ceylon, are well fulfilled ; and we do not see why the “Indian and Ceylon Tea Trust Company, Ld.” should not have a long and prospeious career and prove a great convenience and benefit to the shareholders in the smaller Tea Companies of both countries. TEA AND COFFEE. The advocates of the Free Breakfast Table had an opportunity last night of once more bringing their plausible but impracticable doctrine before the House of Oommans. Mr. Arthur O'Connor moved to reduce the tea duty to 2d in the pound, fortify- ing his proposal by the usual arguments, whicn, however, failed to convince the House. The Chan- cellor of the Exchequer had a complete answer to the suggestion in the fact that he cannot afford to sacrifice a tax which brings in £1,800,000 a year, but he also pointed out the injustice of. giving up such a source of revenue at a time when direct taxation has become an oppressive burden. There can (says the Qlobe) be no doubt that whenever Sir Michael Hicks- Beach ora successor in his office finds himself in the happy position of being able to reduce taxes the income- tax payer has the first claim to relief. Nothing could be more impolitic either, than to diminish the yield of profitable indirect taxes which experience has shown cannot be again augmented in time of need. Sooner or later the removal of two-pence from the tea duty would inevitably mean the addi- tion of a penny to the Income Tax. Nor is there the slightest necessity for the reduction. Tea is cheaper than it ever was, not because the duty was lessened a few years ago, but because of the enor- mously extended area of tea-cultivation in India and Ceylon. There is reason to believe that the con- sumer was but very slightly benefited by the change, and another reduction would probably do him no more good. Something might be said for increasing the duty on coffee, the wholesale price of which has declined so enormously that the consumer could hardly be called upon to share it, but unfortunately coffee is ceasing to be a necessary of life to the masses. Its consumption is steadily growing smaller year by year. That is largely due, we dare-say, to the fact that few English people know how to brew a cup of coffee properly. But whatever the ex- plantation, the decline is patent, and there is no like- lihood that it will be arrested. Medicinal Plant Culture in Nicaragua.— U.S. Consul Thomas O’Hara, of San Juan del Norte, Nicaragua, has transmitted to the Depart- ment of State the translation of a decree signed by President Zelaya, having for its object the encouragement of the cultivation of the vanilla bean, and of the plants from which the balsams of tolu, copaiba and others are extracted. The decree provides that persons cultivating one thousand or more plants of vanilla or balsam shall be entitled to a premium of 10 cents for each plant, and shall be allowed to acquire plots of government land not exceeding 346 acres on exceptionally favourable terms. — Chemist and Driigqist, April 17. July i, 1897.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 63 COLOMBO PRICE CURRENT. {Furnished by the Chamber of Commerce.) Colombo, June 29th, 1897. Exchange on London: Closing Rates, Banh Selling Rates:— On demand 1/2 7-8 to 29-02; i months sight 1/2 29-32 to 15-16; 6 months’ sight 1/2 15-16 to 31-32 .Bank Buying Rates: — Credits 3 months’ sight 1/3 1-lb 6 months’ sight 1/3|; Docts 3 months sight 1/3 o-3_, 6 months’ sight 1/3 5-32; Coffee. — Plantation Estate Parchment on the spot per bushel R15 75 Scarce Estate Cro^ in Parchment, delivery no quotations. Plantation Estate Coffee, f.o.b. on the spot per cwt. R85’50 ^^joe Liberian parchment on the spot per bushel, R7 09. NativeCoffee f.o.b. per cwt. E.62’00 Nominal no in- Te'a. — Average Prices ruling during the week Broken Pekoe, per lb. 40c. Pekoe per lb. 34c. Pekoe Sou- chong per lb. 24c. Broken mixed and Dust, per lb. 18c. Averages of Wednesday’s sale. Cinchona Babk. — Per unit of Sulphate of Quinine per lb 3|c. Cabbamoms. — per lb, R2’.75 CocoNDT Oil. — Mill oil per cwt. R13"00. Dealers’ oil per cwt. E13'00 Coconut oil in ordinary packages f.o.b. per ton R295‘00 CoPBA. — Per candy of 560 lb. E.40'50 OocoNDT Cake: (Poonac) f.o.b. (Mill) perton, 80'00 Cocoa. — Unpicked and undried, per cwt. 40c. -IT -NT 1 (. Q J Eogalla R18-00 Com Yabn.-Nos. 1 to 8 j Colombo R16 50 Cinnamon.— Nos. 1 & 2 only f.o.b. 67c. Do Ordinary Assortment, per lb 62c. Ebony. — per ton R185 Govt, sales on. Plumbago : — Large Lumps per ton, R340 Ordinary Lumps per ton, E330 Chips per ton, R175. Dust per ton, R130 Rice. — Soolye per bushel, J R3'75 to 3'85 „ per bag, IrIO OO to 11'25 Pegu and Calcutta Calunda RlO OOto 11'25 Coast Calunda per bushel, R3'65 to 4 30 ^ Muttusamba per bushel, R3'80 to R4‘65. Kara per bushel, R3'65 to 3‘75 Rangoon Raw 3 bushel bag — Rll’50 Fbbights. Cargo. Tea Coconut Oil Plumbago Coconuts in bags Other Cargo Broken Stowage SAILERS. Coconut Oil Plumbago n a j o o 13 43 oa p. 3. d, 20/ 17/6 17/6 17 6 10/ u ^ CO . ) 87*50 , COCONUTS.-Ordinary R32 to 38 per 1,000 (nominal) do Selected 40 to 44 do do COCONUT OIL. 12-8/t to 13-0' per cwt do Marawfla Cart Copra POONAC.— Gingelly Chekku Mill (retail) Ebony. — quotations at Satinwood. — cubic feet Halmilla.— do 37 to 39 ■ do 34 to 36 do 87-50 to 92'60 ^do ton 95 to lot do 70 to 75 do RlOO to R195 (nominal) 2-00 to 2-25 do 1-25 to 1-60 do KiTUL Fibbe.— Quoted at R28 00 per cwt (nominal) Palmyra Fibre. — Quoted nominally :— Jaffna Black. — Clean (scarce) do Mixed R17-00 to 18-00 per cwt. Indian do R7-00 to 9-00 do Do Cleaned 10-00 to 14-00 Sapan Wood. — Quoted 45-00 to 50 per ton Kerosine Oil — American 7-70 to 7-75 per case uo Bulk Russian 2-80 to 2-84 per tin do Russian in Cases B5-90 to 5-95per case Kapok. — Cleaned f. o.b : — R28-00 to 30-00 per cwt do Uncleaned (new) R4.50 to 5.50 do (nominal) Croton Seed .Scarce Nux Vomica 2‘50 to 3-00 do CEYLON EXPORTS AND DISTRIBUTION. 1896-97. fe 4S O ^ 00 P rH O Ph s 00 ^ 1 pH g 6 k-' “ o o: to Oi O to CO CO I-H 05 CO ■1 00 Tti 00 O CO CO 00 U lOd a Is 5d 64’s to 57’s 3s a 3s 2d ,, ,, 9^d a Is 3d Bombay & Penang ,, 112’s to G7’s Is 3d a 2s lid ,, ,, S^d a Is 160’s to 130’s Sd a Is 2d Dull to fine l)right bold 2Jd a 3d NUT.S, ARECA cwt. Ordinary to fair fresh.. I2s a 14s 4jd a 95 d NUX VOMICA, Bombay Ordinary to middling.. 6s a 6s od Dull to tine 3d a 4^d per cwt. Madras Fair to good bold fresh . 7s a 7s Gd Good and fine bright . 2 3-16d a 2J-d Small ordinary and fait 6s Cd Common dull to fair .. 2d a 2Jd OIL OF ANISEED lb. Fair merchantable Os 9d Fair Id CASSIA According to analysis.. 6s 6d a 8s Fair Ss 6d LEMONGRASS ,, NUTMEG Good tiavour & colour.. Uingy to white 2^d 3jd a 4d Boll] to line bold colory I14s a 120s CINNA.MON Ordinary to fair sweet.. 4d a Is 3d iMiddling to fine mid , Low mid. and low grown lOSs a 113s 98s a lOfis CITRON ELLE ORCHELLA WEED-ewt Bright A good flavour.. Is Ijd a Is 2d Smalls 90s a 97s Ceylon Mid. to fine not woody.. lOs a 12s 6d Good ordinary 61s a 80S Zanzibar. ,, Picked clean flat leaf . . 10s a 15s Small to bold Bold to tine bold 40s a C5s 70s a 80s PEPPER— iBlack) lb. ,, wiry Mozambique 10s a 11s .Medium and fair 52s a 65s Alleppee & Tellicherry .Singapore Fair to bold heavy 2fd a 3Jd Triage to ordinary 30s a 50s Fair 3j(l Fair to good 20s a 30s nominal Acheen & W. C. Penang PLU.VIBAGO, lump cwt. Dull to fine Fair to fine bright bold Middling to good small 2 , -16d a 2Jd 15s a 17s eJ 3s 6d a 13s Ordinary to fair £10 a £10 chips ,, Dull to tine bright l.s 6d a Ss 9d Ord. to tine long straight ,£10 a £21 dust ,, Ordinary to fine bright 2s a 6s Ordinary to good clean .£15 a £21 SAFFLOWER Good to tine pinky 80s a 85s Common to line .£0 a £6 10s Miildlinj; to fair 60s a 70s Common to superior £12 a C20 10s Inferior and pickings ... 50s a 55s ,, very fine ... £12 a £34 SANDAL WOOD— £'20 a £35 Roping, fair to good ... ,£10 10s a £13 Bombay, Logs ton. Fair to fine flavour Fair to good 80s a 80s Chips ,. 5s a £3 Fair to tine dry 9s 3d a 32s od Madras, Logs ,, Fair to good flavour . . £30 a £50 Fair 15s 6d (.hips ,, Inferior to fine £4 a £8 Good to fine bold 70s a 85s SAPANWOOD Bombay,, Lean to good £4 a £5 Small anil medium 30s a 68s 6d Madras ,, Good average £4 a £5 nom. Common to tine bold .. '24s a 36s Manila ,, 1 Rough & rooty to good £410sa£5]5» Small and D’s lOs a 27s 6d .Siam ,, 1 bold smooth £6 a £7 Unsolit 14s a 16s SEEDLAC cwt. Ord. dusty to gd. soluble 70s a 80s Sm. blocky to tine clean 17s a 36s 6d SENNA, Timieveliy lb Good to line bold ffi’een 4d a 8d Picked fine pale in sorts .£10 7s 6d a £13 Fair middling medium 2Jd a 4jd Part yellow and mixed Beair and Pea size ditto £7 17/6 a£10 10s 70s a £7 12/6 SHELLS, M. O'PEARL— Common dark and small Id a 2d Amber and dk. red bold £5 10s a £7 10s Bombay cwt. Bold and A’s £5 5s a £5 7/6 Med. A bold glassy sorts 90s a 137s 6d D’s and B’s £4 10s a £5 15s Fair to good palish .. £4 8s a £8 Small i-4 .. red £4 5s a £9 Mussel „ Small to bold 20s a 50s Ordinary to good pale 40s a 62s td TAMARINDS, Calcutta... Mid. to fine bl’k not stony 7s a 8s 6d Pickings to fine pale .r. Good and fine pale 20s a 55s 55s a 60s per cwt. Madras Stony and inferior 4s a 6s Reddish to pale selected Dark to fine pale 35s a 45s 35s a 40s Zanzibar & Bombay lb. Small to bold dark j mottle part heavy 1 17s a 23s Clean fr to gd. almonds 40s a 80s TURMERIC, Bengal cwt. Fair 10s a lOs 6d Ord. stony and blocky 30s a 37s Madras ,, Finger fair to tine boM L4s a 15s Fine bright £45 a £55 Do. ;; Mixed midlng. [bright L2s a 13s Fair to tine pale 82s od a 90s Do. Bulbs . . . . , . 1 is a 9s Middling to good 33s a 05s Cochin ,, Finger L2s Good to tine white ... Middling to fair 34s a 60s 20s a 31s VANILLOES— lb. Bulbs s 6d a 8s Low to good pale Lis a 12s 6d '''auritius and 1 Ists Gd. crysallized 3J a 9 in. 9s 6d a. 3Ss Slightly foul to tine ... 9s 6d a 14s Bourbon ... f 2nds Foxy & reddish 4/r a 8 .. 1 7s a 22s Good to tine Is 9d a 2s 4d Seychelles ’ 3rds Lean and inferior . . 2s a 17s Common to foul & mxd. Fair to good clean 3d a Is Od Is 4d a 2s Id VER-UTLION lb. Fine, pure, bright ... - 3 a 2s Id Common to fine Is Id a Is 7d WAX, Japan, squares cwt. Grood white hard THE V ; AGRICULTUK^L mAGAZIOS, COLOMBO. Added as a Siqiplement Monthly to the ‘‘ TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.” The following pages include the Contents of the Agricultural Magazine for July : — Vol. IX.] JULY, 1897. [No. 1. OCCASIOJSAL NOTES. E note with satisfaction that Mr. Willis, the new Director of the Royal Botanic Gardens, is bent on bringing together the sciences of Botany and Agriculture as allies in the development of the vege- table resources of the Colony. In a communica- tion made by him to the Government Gazette of June 11th, he throws out some suggestions for carrying out this idea. We are glad to find that the end sought and the means proposed are such ns we are in entire sympathy with. Indeed, we have already anticipated Mr. Willis iu his suggestions as will be seen from past issues of the Magazine, and official annual and special reports to Govern- ment in which similar proposals have been made, over and over again. It does not, however) much matter with whom the proposals originated, so long as they are carried out. An experiment in bee-keeping is about to be undertaken at the School of Agriculture, provided Government favours the project. There is indeed much to be studied in connection with apriculture in Ceylon, past experiments failing to a great extent owing to a too great reliance upon western methods and the adoption of European hives. Mr. Charles Audree, of Kurunegala, who has had con- siderable experience in bee-keeping has constructed a hive specially designed to suit the habits and Requirements of the Ceylon honey bee. Two of these are now on view at the School of Agriculture. It is intended, as soon as sanction is obtained for the experiment, to stock the hives, and so give the students of the school an opportunity of learning the details of apiculture, an industry which, perhaps, more than any other, is suited to the conditions of our villagers. We shall have more to say about bee-keeing and the new Ceylon hive iu our next. We are glad to learn that Mr. Chinniah, the Government Veterinary scholar at the Bombay College, has received orders to thoroughly acquaint himself with the method of preventive inoculation for rinderpest recommended by Dr. Koch who is now in India. Quite lately it was stated that Dr. Edington of the Cape laid claim to have discovered a method of inoculation which renders the subjects operated on permanently immune, and alleged that Dr. Koch’s method only confers temporary immunity. It would not do to give credit to a mere report such as this without hear- ing the facts of the case ; we are therefore await- ing the Cape papers for full details as to Dr. Edington’s experiments since Dr. Koch’s departure from South Africa. SEASON REPORTS FOR MAY. Western Province. — Paddy. Yala sowing over, condition oi plants good. Except in the Pasdum Korale, the supply of fruits and vegetables was good. A good yala harvest is anticipated. Central Province.— VaAAy. Maha harvest over in Kandy district, going on in Nuwara Eliya ; in Matale, yala fields in plants. Prospects generally fair. Northern P/ oywme.— Paddy. Threshing of Kala- pokatn paddy going on. and cultivating of Chiru- pokam progressing. Rainfall in Jaffna '43 in., io Mannar '10 in. 66 Supplement to the “ Tropical Agriculturist: [July 1, 1897. Southern Province. — Paddy and dry grain. Plentiful yala harvest expected in Galle district ; fair prospects of paddy crop in Matara and Hambantota. Fruits and vegetables plentiful in Galle, .scarce in Hambantota. Eastern Province, — Paddy. Threshing of Mun- mari crops in progress in Batticaloa. The rnurrain in Batticaloa North has created a scarcity of buffaloes for ploughing. Prospects of pinmari crops in Trincomalee satisfactory. Tobacco har- vested and dried and fetching higher prices than usual. North-Western Province.— Qto]} prospects gen- erally good. North-Central Province. — Eainfall at Anuradha- pural-15in. Outlook for paddy generally satis- factory. A few cases of murrain among cattle, but active steps were taken to stamp them out. Uoa Province.— VviCiA^'. Malm crop ripening, only middling owing to damage by flies. Fruits and vegetables plentiful and cheap. Sabaraffamuwa Province. — -Paddy. Malm crop good on the whole, Yala sowing going on. Health of people and cattle satisfactory. ♦ RAINFALL TAKEN AT THE SCHOOL OF AGRICULTURE DURING THE MONTH OP JUNE, 1897. 1 Tuesday . . 102 18 Friday . . •23 2 Wednesday . . •54 19 Saturday . . •92 3 Thursday •30 20 Sunday 2-27 4 Friday 1'50 21 Monday ■15 5 Saturday •43 22 Tuesday •53 6 Sunday 1'63 23 Wednesday. . •57 7 Monday •72 24 Thursday . . Nil 8 Tuesday •08 25 Friday Nil 9 Wednesday . . Nil 26 Saturday . . Nil 10 Thursday Nil 27 Sunday Nil 11 Friday ■01 28 Monday Nil 12 Saturday . . •05 29 Tuesday Nil 13 Sunday •40 30 Wednesday . . Nil 14 Monday •70 1 Thursday . . Nil 15 Tuesday •13 — 16 Wednesday . . •12 Total . 11-80 17 Thursday . . •52 Mean . . -39 Greatest amount of rainfall in any 24 hours on the 20th Sunday inches 2’27. Recorded by A. R. Jeremiah. ♦ THE BORING BEETLE INFESTING CACAO' “ You have followed the correspondence about the boring beetle infesting cacao,” said Fig. “ Well ! I have, partially,” replied Potts, who was an old man with something of the cynic in him and possessing the air of one who was not likely to be troubled very much with the conduct of beetles or anything else in life. “ Do you think” said the former “ the ravages of this insect would ever likely put an end to the cacao industry of the colony by the extermination of the plant, as the Hemileia vastatri.v destroyed the coffee ?” “ You don’t want the beetle” said the latter looking bored “ to do that, so long as you have got the planter. Did he not prove himself to be the enemy of the coffee !” “ I envy your assurance” said Fig with a glare. “ How do you make out that the planter who fosters his cacao with such care is its enemy.” “ In the same way” replied Potts “ that the fos- tering cure of a child is inimical to a kitten, a robin or a grasshopper ; or any other pet that a child may' fancy. However well-meant its atten- tions may be, they are uusuited to the conditions of life of the pet, w'hich falls a victim to its attentions.” “ How did the Ceylon Planter kill the coffee plant” said Fig. “ Did he not attend to its reqiure- ments “ Requirements” ! exclaimed Potts. “ Did it re- quire to be cut down to 18 inches from the ground, any more than a fo.x terrier needs its tail to be docked and its ears trimued so as to suit the tasce of the dog fancier ! Did the laws of Nature or the results of evolution blunder in the length of tail given to the dog, or the height and shape given to the coffee plant ? ” But we had to cut the coffee tree down” said Fig “ in order to facilitate the harvesting of our crop, and it bore a better berry under this treat- meant.” “ So it did’’ interrupted Potts “ for a time.” “ And we pruned it, and handled it” continued Fig “ and the bush was all the better for it.” “ And you helped Nature” added Potts “ as you think, by running counter to its established pro- visions.” “ But we manured the plants liberally” said Pig. “ And stimulated the plant to bear heavy crops” echoed Potts “ regardless of the requirements of the tree in other directions, which areas inscrut- able to the agriculturist as a thousand other things are in Nature.” “ But we had to get in our estimates” said Pig, “ and we got them in successfully for many years.” “ Yes” said Potts, “ the crop was the principal object of your cultivation and the test of your estate. Everything was crop, you fixed your own standard of yield per acre. Y’ou fi.xed upon the height and shape of the bush. Y'ou fixed upon the rule that coffee should be grown in the open like the turf on a racecour-^e, regardless of the conditions under which the tree flourished in its native habitat where you found it. And you do not evince the least prick of conscience that you have done the least violence to that plant.” “ Well” said Fig, “ what have we done to the cacao plant ?” “ You have cultivated it” said Potts. “ Is that not enough” ! “ Really” said Pig “ you are very provoking.” “ Where” said Potts “ did you obtain your hints from for the cultivation of the cacao plant ?” “ From the West Indies of course” said Fig “ and other countries where the tree was culti- vated before we got it.” “ And where did the West Indian planters get their hints from regarding the treatment of fruit- bearing trees ?” said Potts. “ From enligliteued Europe” said Fig triumphant- ly. “ See how successfully the farmers are with their apples and peaches in England.” “ Yes, yes, that is alright in England” said Potts, “ where your summer does not extend beyond three months in the year, and where the tree has rest July 1, 1897.] Supplement to the Tropical Agriculturists 67 and in such a climate too that if the farmer did not prune and handle and attend to his trees in the way he does, he would probably get no crop at all. You have yet to satisfy me that this mode of culture is applicable to tropical agriculture ; that you should prune or handle, and so admit more sunlight and hot air to the trunk and stems of a cacao tree than Nature has provided.” “ We don’t prune the cacao now” said Fig. “ You don’t prune the branches now” retorted Potts “ I grant, but do you mean to say you do not use the knife at all ?” “ Yes, we do” replied Fig, “ but that is only to take out the suckers. ’ “ And pray what is the sucker” ? queried Potts sarcastically. “ It is a superfluous growth, I sup- pose, in your estimation, what Nature might well have di.spensed with ! So the planter steps in with his cultured ideas and the pruning knife to correct a freak of Nature. Eh P ” Fig appeared somewhat put out by this retort. But it was only for a moment. “ Why ! we should lose half the crops if we allowed the great big gormandizers to sap the tree” said he. “ Aye the crop again” said Potts. “ Always in a hurry to harvest the crop. The main chance isn’t it P Why should we cultivate at all but for the crops you may say ; well, you are welcome to your crops, but have you any right then to com- plain if the tree which bore you these heavy crops under you stimulating attentions declined prema- turely and came to an untimely end.’ “ But they are not suffering from decay” said Fig, “ it is the beetle Tomicus perforans that is doing the mischief.” “Then you have not drawn the most obvious conclusion from the correspondence before you” said the old man. “ Take the letter of Mr. Jas. R. Martin dated 13th June. Read the following paragraph : — “ We agree, however, on two points, first, that this disea.se is not a root disease; and secondly, that it is the work of a Poochie. Your correspondent is also certain that if a diseased tree is cut down, the sucker ichich grows from the trunk, grows into a healthy tree. This is most valuable. So on these three points something has been learnt.” “ Now I venture to assert that if the beetle was indiscriminate in his attack, ‘ the .sucker which grows from the trunk’ grows not into a healthy tree, but continues to afford food and shelter to the beetle just as much as the other parts of the tree yielded before, and so the ravages would con- tinue till not a vestige of the estate would be left. The study of the beetle, therefore, becomes a question of secondary importance, and the study of the tree the primary issue ; for this one fact alone, independently of others, affords incontro- vertable proof, coming as it does in the testimony borne by the very planters who are charging the beetle with grave crimes and misdemeanours, that certain altered conditions in the sap, bark or wood of the tree have attracted the beetle to attack it.” “ There is a good deal in that” said Fig. “ Now take the letter from Greenwood estate which appeared in the Observer of 7th May last,” continued Potts. “ The writer would have it that any altered con- dition of the tree is not the source of attraction, and that the trees attacked are healthy.” “ Yes,” said Pig “ the trees on that estate were healthy and robust and shewed no signs of decay.” “ That’’ replied Potts “ can be asserted only with a limitation ns far as the human eye can discern. You can no more assert that certain stems and branches of the cacao on that estate had altered in their healthy condition and undergone chemical changes rendering them suitable to the wants of the beetle, because you do not see the changes per- ceived by the beetle only, any more than you can assert that the beetle should not attack Green- wood estate, because the proprietor chose to give it the name of Greenwood.” “ Do you maintain” said Fig “ that Tomicus per~ forans confines his attentions to decaying vegeta- tion only ?” “ The evidence supplied by the correspondence certainly goes a long way to support the theory” said Potts. “ The writer from Greenwood has cited the instance of an attack by Tomicus on the beer barrels in the Commissariat Stores of Burma and Lower Bengal, which the writer adds led to the naming of the insect ‘ Tippling Tommy * by the soldiers.” “ Well now Tomny Atkins I think was not far out in associating Tomicus with fermented liquors.” “ Take the instance given by the proprietor of Greenwood himself. The depraved beetle does not appear to have stopped at vulgar beer, for he is said to have broached the proprietor’s wine casks in 1882.” He says : “ After two weeks I found one hogshead empty and of the other quarter had oozed out through a great many drillings made by ' Tommy.’ These facts certainly point to a taste on the part of the insect for fermented juices and snp and vegetable matter undergoing the process of decay or fermentation, and it is quite possible that estates cultivated more in accordance with Nature’s plans than after the methods invented by agriculturists for the increase of yield, would have less to complain about pests in general.” “ Read,” added Pots pioducing a paper from his pocket “ the bulletin of the U.S. Department of Agriculture, to which Mr. E. Green drew atten. tion, as bearing upon the Cocoa borer which belongs to the family Scolytidae about which the bulletin treats.” Here is a notable extract from this bulletin : “Asa rule, populous colonies of these beetles, and galleries so numerous and ex- tensive as to be capable of doing serious harm, are ioKWA' only in trees which before the attack began were sick unto death with maladies for tvhich the timber beetles are in no wise responsible.” “ What then” said Fig“ would you recommend the planter to do with regard to the suckers that invariably appear in the first few years of the life of a cacao tree ?” “ If” said Potts “ Mr. Martin and his friends find the suckers such a perfect substitute for the trunk after its decay and destruction, it would be well to accept with humility the suggestion made by the tree to man that it is anticipating the evil day by putting out its suckers in time. It is a method of rejuvenating itself and guarding against dissolution, that the tree has, provided for it by the greater designer. 68 Supplement to the “ Tropical Agriculturist.^' FEUIT CULTURE. ( Continued?) The Construction and Function op the Root. The fruit tree is fixed to the ground by meins of the main root and its several branches. The root has a central cylinder of wood-tissue in which are large vessels, and round theiT woody cylinder is a layer of softer tissue which sheathes it completely and is distinguished at the cortex. In seedlings the outer of the root is extremely delicate, almost transparent, and absorptive of moisture. In a mature tree, however, the enlarg- ed roots have entirely lost the power of vitally absorbing water from the soil : they collect nothing themselves, but in addition to fixing the tree firmly to the ground, conduct through their woody cylinder the fluid which has been conveyed from the soil for the use of the stem and leaves. The fluid material from the soil is then absorbed only by a portion behind the extreme end of each Jootlet. This absorptive region is covered with fine root-hiars forming often a close pile like velvet, and thus enormously increasing the sur- face through which water can be taken in. Before these root-hairs become hard and discoloured they drop off, and the portion of the rootlet on which they grew is comparatively useless for purposes of absorption. Meanwhile, the tip of the root has pushed further into the soil ; fresh root-“hairs have developed on the newly-grown portion, and they in their turn fulfil the function required of them. The actual growing point absorbs but little ; it is covered with a protective cup of tissue which is constantly wearing away and as con- stantly being lenewed, so serving to protect the growing points from actual contact with the particles of the soil through which it has to force its way. Trees, therefore, which are trans- planted without no ball of original earth round their base and with but few root-branches pro- jecting below cannot immediately take anything from the soil when planted in a new spot. The first effort of life after replanting is to throw out new root-fibres, each with its protective qap to explore and forage in the fresh soil. As they elongate absorptive hairs cover the space of a few inches behind the cap and begin their functions, passing on the fluid taken up by them into the tissues of the root. As the lengthening proceeds, the hindermost hairs die off in a few days just in proportion as new ones arise behind the apex. Thus, it will be seen that the part of the root which absorbs is perpetually moving forward and coming in^ contact with unexhausted particles of soil instead of lying inactive among material which it has worked out. The root-hairs cling tenaciously to the particles they touch, and as it were mould themselves on them. Their moist surface is capable of disclosing traces of the mineral constituents contained therein, and the solution passes inward to the carrying system of the root. After having developed a certain number of rootlets and begun the process of ab- sorption, the plant which may be said in the meantime to have been lying dormant begins to show signs of renewed vital activity once more. Extreme care in lifting plants and preserving as much as possible its small fibres of the roots will repay the trouble taken. By doing this we give it [July 1, 1897. less repairs to make good. In transplanting it is advisable to use a six-pronged fork, and to avoid as much as possible any cutting action that would be caused by such an implement as a spade or “ mamotie.’’ With a knowleiige of the above facts relative to the structure of the mot ^ystem of pi mts aud the method of absorption of pi vat f.-od from the soil, the coarse method of clioppiug young trees out with a mamotie, so that they only have a few ragged stumps left in lieu of roots will, of course, never be tolerated. Such trees, when set in the ground, will have to begin life by “ callu.?ing ”* the many wounds in the would tissue of their stumps, and then sending rootlets from this callus-layer,yi4s^ as if they loere cuttings set so strike. Indeed, they have not even the chance that ordinary cuttings get, for the stem and its numerous buds make im- mense demands upon the infant rootlets, far more than they can satisfy. And thus the miserable thing languishes, makes the poorest growth above, and gets thrown back a season or perhaps more, merely for want of reasonable care in trans- planting. In a tree planted in well-tilled, well-drained, well-opened soil, the advance of the root-tips continues till the limit of the tree’s requirements is reached. In general, one may say that the expanse of the foliage of a fruit tree gives a tolerably accurate measure of the root-system under ground, but obviously the feeding ground of the rcots is not close to the trunk, but in a circle whose radius is never less than half the height of the tree when matured. Those who have a know- ledge of the steady advance in the roots described above will not therefore tolerate for a moment the custom of applying irrigation water or manure in a hollow dug round the base of the trunk, nor will they be consenting parties to the planting of trees in the holes cut in an impervious clay of soil which has never been trenched. The normal advance of the root .system, under the latter circumstances, will be stopped by the impenetrable walls of the pit, and so the tree becomes unhealthy and short-lived in spite of doses of manure and irrigation. (To be continued.^ NOTES ON THE NORTH-CENTRAL PROVIxVCE. This is a Province of tanks and ruins. In ancient times it was one of the most populous and productive parts of Ceylon ; but now it is very unlike its former self. Although the largest Province in the Island, it is now the poorest in population and produce. It strikes a stranger at once that there is a large extent of waste land here ; and he feels that this Province is capable of much agricultural development. The Government, well aware of this fact, have restored the ancient tanks and canals and are trying to encourage the people in the growing of paddy and other products. The water of most of the tanks contains a good deal of manurial matter in solu- tion, and this combined with the natural rich- * “ Callusing” is the natural healing up of a wound such as is caused by cutting a part of a tree, and this is done by the tree by forming a spongy cushion of protective tissue known to gardeners as a “callus.” July 1, 1897.] Supplement to the “ Tropical Agriculturist^ 69 ness of the soLl makes it possible for the goyiya to carry on pa Idy cultis'ation without any snecial manuring. 2. The goyiyas, however, are slow to avail them- selves of the facilities that hr. ve been given for cultivation. There is still a vast acreage under the tanks which can be asweddumized and converted into fertile paddy-tieids. If the people of cert.ain other parts, such as Jaffna, had as great facilities for the raising of paddy what results might we not expect. 3. These remarks apply to the cultivation of dry crops as well. The favourite form of dry cultivation with the villagers is “ Chena ” cultiva- tion. But this has been prohibited, they complain, since of late. They do not, however, think of making fenced enclosures in their own compounds and growing vegetables &c. One could hardly get any vegetables in most of the villages, and even in Anuradhapura there is often a great scarcity of them. 4. Horticulture is another important branch of agriculture that is neglected in this province. Excellent fruit can be grown in many parts of it. The Jaffna Patriot says : — “ We have heard that, in close proximity to the town of Anuradha- pura, a garden of five acres cultivated with plan- tains only, yields five hundred rupees a year.” Besides Anuradhapura and the villages adjoining it, there are many other localities where oranges, mangoes, bananas &c. thrive well. The produc- tiveness of some of them is proverbial. 5. For instance, there is a village called Kida- gollegama which, people say, was famous for fruit and other garden produce, and was styled “ Parana Matale.” The groves of fruit trees that used to grow in this village are still fresh in the minds of some of the oldest residents of the place. But this village has greatly declined in its fruit and garden culture owing to the lack of interest and enterprise of the villagers. There are many other villages in which scarcely any attempt has been made to grow garden produce or even coco- nuts, though the soil is sufficiently rich. 6. As regards coconuts it may be said that though they do not grow here quite so well as those along the sea coast, yet they will compare very favourably with the latter. Judging from the trees I have seen, I should think that a great part of this Province will suit coconuts as much as the Pallai district. Although proximity to the sea makesland particularly suitable forcoconuts, one finds that, in this Province, in moist soils which contain a fair proportion of sand, the palm thrives and bears well ; and if the villagers were enterprising enough, there would be many a flourishing coconut estate in this Province now, considering the fact that coconut planting is one of the safest and most remunerative forms of invest- ment for natives. At present, however, by far the larger proportion of coconuts required for consump- tion in the Province is got from places outside it, 7. The people, although they fail to make the best of their opportunities, are more to be pitied than blamed, and have to be practically taught how they could better their condition by bring- ing niore energy and enterprise to bear upon their cultivation. Their ignorance combined with a degenei’acy of constitution brought on by the two great scourges of thisProvince,parangi and malaria, accounts for much of the present state of affairs. 8. By the wise policy of a benign Government, things have begun to improve since of late. Parangi and fever are becoming more scarce, and the people are getting" more enlightened. The Government Agent is trying to induce the villagers to improve the state of agriculture in its various branches. One effect of discouraging chena cultivation is that people have taken more kindly to growing paddy. 9. There are three model gardens in Anuradha- pura where vegetables and fruit trees are grown. One of these is under the Tissawewa and another under Basiivakulam. In these, in addition to superior native vegetables, are cultivated those English vegetables that will thrive in the low country. There are also grown, economic pro- ducts new to the Province, such as the arrowroot and cotton. I noticed also about a thousand jak plants for free distribution among the villagers. It is curious to lind that the jak which is a mainstay of the villagers in the Southern and Western Provinces in times of dearth and which supplies them with food all round the year, is very scarce in this Province ; and tlie Government Agent noticing this fact and recognizing the usefulness of the tree, has got these seedlings raised for distribution among the villagers. These two gardens were formerly in charge of Mr. Kanesinghe, Agricultural Instructor. The third one is the Botanical and Experimental Gar- den from which plants of economic '’alue are given away or sold to the villagers. 10. The last item in the Jubilee ])iogramme in Anuradhapura is to be an AgriHorticul- tural Show which is to come off’ on the 26th. This, though the last, will not be the least event in the local celebration. It will give a stimulus to the goyiyas to go in more hugely for the raising of superior varieties of agri-horticultural products. Only exhibits grown in this Province will be received for competition at this Show, and separate prizes will be given for the best collection from each “ Palata. ” It would be desirable to hold such exhibitions here annually. 11. But after the natives of the Province have done their best, there will he a large extent of land still left which can he converted into paddy-fields, coconut estates, orchards and vege- table gardens. Now that we are within measur- able distance of the day when the railway will be extended to Anuradhapura and J.aff'na, it is high time for Ceylonese living in the crowded and congested parts of the riouth-IYest and North of the Island to think of coming over to this Province and opening large estates. Capitalists will find it a profitable investment. The clearing of jungles, the drainage, &c. which the extended cultivation will involve, will help to remove the malaria and improve the health of the Province ; and with the opening of new roads, the extension of the railway, and the plyin" of boats across the large sheets of water such as Kalawewa, Nuwarawewa and Minneriya, for carry- ing the produce of the villages, the North-Central Province may, at no distant date, attain to a state of prosperity which it had never enjoyed before. 12. For the breeding and rearing of cattle, sheep ami goats this Province is second to no other in the Island. The fertile district o^ Taniankaduwa, once called the granary of Ceylon, and now the largest cattle distiict in the Province, affords special facilities for this luirpose, as there are large tracts of rich pasturage in it. Pony-breeding, too, is carried on to a certain extent in this Province ; hut, instead of the haphazard way in which this is done, if proper breeding establishments were started here as in India, importing good stallions and castrating the “weeds,” both pony and nmle-hreeding can be carried on with highly satisfactory results. E. T; HOOLE. Anuradhapura, 21st June, 1897. 70 Supplement to the Tropical Agriculturist." DISEASES OF TKEES. (Me. N. a. Cott in the Agricultural Gazette of N.S. Wales.) Every year brings me a number of enquiries a? to the cause of the death of the whole or parts of trees, generally fruit trees, under peculiar circum- stances, such as the absence of any apparent cause, or, at least, adequate cause. Sometimes tlie deaths are sudden, sometimes not ; but in most such cases the disease has not been prolonged. These cases must not be confounded with death from lack of nourishment or care, or from old age. A tree in good soil or hitherto vigorous, suddenly sickens and dies, or perhaps manages to hold out for a season or two and then dies ; such is the typical case to which I refer. In such instances we at once suspect one of two causes, namely, insects boring in the wood, or the presence of some timber-rotting fungus. In the former case tlie death of the tree or branch is often sudden. The leaves will dry up and turn brown, as if a fire had scorched them, the whole operation sometimes occupying only a few days. If a limb be cut away and split up, the boring insects are usually discovered. Tlieir holes may usually be seen on the surface. In the second case the death of the tree is usually slower, and the cau.=e is commonly more hidden from sight. The wood of the dead tree, however, on being examined carefully, or compared with healthy wood of the same kind, exhibits the peculiarities well known to timber merchants and carpenters under the name of dry-rot. The dis- eased wood is softer and more brittle than sound wood, and differs also in colour, and finally be- comes punk and falls to jiieces. This deterioration is due to the presence among the fibres of the wood of the hyphse or vegetative organs of a fungus whose fruit may sometimes be seen either growing out from the bark in the form of “shelves” or “ brackets,” or in the form of toad-stools near the base of the tree. Strange as it may seem, the microscopic “ roots,” as we may almost call the vegetative organs of these fungi, penetrate long distances into the solid Avood of the tree, where, by gradually absorbing and changing the substance of the cells of the wood, they Aveaken it and give rise to the Avell-knowu appearance of dry-rot. The death of the Avhole or part of the tree follows as a matter of course. Both these conditions may occur in the same tree, and it is therefore well to have a clear idea as possible of the external appearance due to each of these diseases. Remedies. 1. Trees dead or dying from either of these causes should be burnt. If there' is reason to attribute the death to dry-rot fungi, the stump and main roots should also be destroyed by fire and the ground treated Avith quicklime. 2. Keep the place free from rotting and decayed timber. Such only forms a nidus, from which spring the spores of the dry-rot fungi. 3. Where timber-rot is prevalent, take the pre- caution to disinfect Avith tar the wounds on trees, either those caused accidentally or by pruning. In pruning be careful to use sharp tools, and to u«e them skilfully, and cut off the limbs close to the [July 1, 1897. trunk or main branch that bears them, the idea being to give the tree a good chance to heal the Avound as rapidly as possible. 4. Eemove superfluous bark, and whitewash tlie trunk and main brauches. 0. Where a wound fails to heal over, and becomes a sore, cut away the wood. 0. Look out that the drainage is good. This is a most important percaution against timber-des- troying fungi. Damp, ill-drained plantations are their natural home. 7. As regards the remedies for borers, it is necessary to point out that they are, for the most part, totally different to the preceding ones, directed, as they are, against an insect instead of a fungus. It is Avhen I observe remedies for fungi being applied to trees suffering from borers, and vice versa, that I realise how necessary it is to point out the possibility of being deceived as to the nature of diseases through resemblances in their external appearances. Is is a waste of money and energy to apply the wrong remedies. It would be of little use to apply fungicides to a tree attacked by the borer alqne, or to adopt the fol- loAving remedies against borers for dryrot fungi: — 1. Eemove from the vicinity, unless they are serviiijg some useful purpose, all native trees that are found to harbour the borer, 2. Spray the trees Avith tar-water, or some other substance that will be so offensive to the female that she will decline to lay her eggs there. 3. Eemove loose bark, and whitewash the trunk and main branches. 4. Squirt or otherwise insert into all holes and crevices to be found, such liquids as kerosene emulsion or phenyl. 6. Set lighted lanterns at night, in the proper season, and so arrange them that the attracted and dazed moth (Avhere the mature insect is a moth) will fly against rags and dangling strings ,‘oaked in kerosene, or some very sticky surface. NOTES FEOM A TEAVELLEE’S DIAEY. ( Continued.) Again, as regards paddy cultivation, anyone who goes about the country with his eyes open cannot but be surprised at the crude methods practised by some of the villagers in the cultivation of the staple food product of the island. IngBurma and other countries where rice is extensively grown and exported in large quantities, the most approv- ed methods, such as the nursery system, tran.splant- ing, and weeding are invariably carried out, and the result is an enormously large crop, something like ninety-fold. In some of the Eandyan dis- tricts of this island the preparation of the land is apparently most carefully carried out, and weed- ing is also practised. These methods are, how- ever, confined to only a very small area of the island, and the people even here have as yet to learn a great deal as regards the most approved methods of preparing the laud and various other details, such as the selection of seed paddy &c. Sir Arthur Havelock, our late Govei’nor, speaking at a prize-giving of the School of Agriculture said : “ I was particularly interested by those passages in the report of the Superintendent which deal with July 1, 1897.] Supplement to the “ Tropical Agriculturist." 71 the results of experiments in the improvement of paddj' cultivation. . . it is pitiful to hear of the results of the general run of paddy cultivation in this country. One sees an immense amount of time, labour, and patience expended in cultivating those fields, and the result, we are toi I is very often of the poorest description, far behind the result of the paddy cultivated in Indi . or Burma. In certain portions of the Colony isi . liich 1 have ridden about, I have made a jtoint of trying to dis- cover, from those who were with me, what was the yield of the fields through which we had been passing. I have often seen fields most beautifully cultivated, there being most painstaking arratige- ments for irrigation, for damming water, for plough- ing, and for every other pos.«ible item of cultivation, and I have been told that probably the results maybe six-fold or four-fold. I have it on the authority of one of our Government Agents that in his province there are many fields which do not yield more than five-fold. The work of this institution therefoie in promoting the im- provement of paddy cultivation is, I supp. e of all its various works, the most important and the most practical. For that reason I am particularly glad to hear of the satisfactory results that have been attained, and I can only hope that by every possible expedient, by the introduction of new forms of cultivation, and by the importation pos- sibly of new kinds of paddy seed, the work of the College will profit the country.” Mr. H. W. Green, the founder of this institu- tion, who had always been a keen observer of the various methods of cultivation as practised in the country, on same occasion spoke as follows : — "His Excellency had remarked on the absurdly and lamentably low yield of paddy. It was absurd and it was lamentable. He had also remarked on the beautiful cultivation of the fields and irriga- tion lands. If it were no heresy, might he (the speaker) say that it was beautiful on the outside, that everthing except the first step was beautifully done. It was like the house built on sand that we read about in a certain old book. The house might be beautiful, but there was no foundation. The Sinhale.se cultivator and the Tamil cultivator in some districts — not in Jaffna and districts where water was scarce, but wherever -water was plenti- ful— was inclined to begin at the top without the bottom. He forgot that, however bountiful nature might be in giving him rain or tanks for irrigation, he must prepare the soil for the water. He began to prepare the soil with the water on it. He said this method killed the weeds, and if he spoke the truth he would also say that it saved trouble ; but he should plough the land when it was dry, turn the whole thing over and leave it to the baking of the sun for two or three months before the water and the beautiful cultivation came on. That was the one sole foundation fault of paddy cultivation in this country.” I quote further from Mr. Green’s speech : — “ Wherever the experiments taught at that school hud been tried honestly — they had always been honestly tried — it had been fou.id that where the land had been thoroughly turned up and pre- pared, they had at least double the crop of their neighbours, and often more than double. If the people would only work carefully, there was no reason why we in Ceylon should' not have.’ the Burma yield. The climate was all right, every- thing was all right, but they did not prepare^ the soil for the working of bountiful providence.” Again Mr. Green says : " That his primay object in starting the school was to help small agriculturist.s and not the big ones — small owners of little tracts' of land who suffered distress from want of food that want of food he had seen, and he was satis- fied that it was caused by the people not knowing what to do with what they had. They threw away 3 bushels of paddy in .sowing when 10 seers would be enough, and this .saving of seed paddy would keep a family in comparative comfort for a month or 6 weeks, and that in a time of famine and dis- tress was a great thing.” On the face of what has so far been said regard- ing the cultivation of paddy in this i.sland, it fs ini- po.ssible to deny that there is a great deal to be taught to the villager in this branch of agriculture. A few of the students trained at the school were sent out to the country expres.sly with the view of showing improved methods of paddy cultivation to the villagers. The experiments conducted by these young men from all we gather from records have been in almost every case a very great success' and the villagers have in some instances learnt much from them. But in a country like this where the people are so conservative, it is impos- sible to create a lasting impression upom them bv experiments conducted in a haphazard manne'r here and there. A series of experiments for a great length of time at each place and imder proper guidance should have been systematically carried out. Unfortunately, this has not been done Young instructors were in most case.s placed under the guidance of the native chief.s of the districts. These chiefs have not received any training in agriculture, and they them.selves are as Ignorant as the ordinary villager in these matters Mr. Elliott, late Government Agent, speaking at a prize-day of the School of Agriculture explained the true position of the instructors in tlie follow ing words “ Tliey had heard of what was doing within these walls, but he could give some account of what former students had done elsewhere es pecially int'ie Eastern Province. He had had their co-operation in several of the agricultural experi ments, and was happy to be able to te.stifv that they were all a credit to the school in which they were trained. They were capable agriculturists and intelligent workmen, who understood their work, and knew how and when to plough to sow to water and to reap. They were, however handil capped in their work and were rather expected like the Hebrew of old to make bricks without straw They had no money, no seed paddy, no implements given them, but were generally attached to an or- dinary village school and e.xpected to cultivate paddy in an improved style. Progress under such circumstances, was difficult, and their motto must be taken from the tortoise rather than the hare— ‘ slow but sure.’ ” The Hon’ule Mr. Mitchell Mer- cantile Pep resell tative of the Legislative Council has e.xpressed the following opinion ; “ With regard to the good the school was doing nobody could be blind to that. Lads came from the country and studied agriculture there, and went 72 Supplemmt to flip “ Tropical Agriculturist: [July back to their villages or other Agricultural Schools, and no one could be blind to the fact that very important results must follow from that in the course of time.” TRAVELLER. (To he continued.) 9 POTASH MANURES AND THE NEED FOR SPECIAL POTASH FERTILIZERS. ( Continued.) The great .soufce of potash manures are the Stassfurt deposits. Ever since the beginning of last century the district of Stassfurt, in the province of Saxony, in North Germany, has been well known as the centre of a large s -It industry. The salt was formerly obtained l)y ]iumping up liquid frum wells, and evaporating it in pans. Th ■ discovery of solid rock salt had the effect, lioweve.-, of soon rendering this industry non-lucraf i ve ; and hence, in the year 1839, the Pnis.ipi>lement to the “ Tropical Agriculturist." 73 All these crude forms of potash are extensively used, and are most suitable for the districts ad- jacent to the mines, or to which there exists con- venient and cheap transport. Where the cost of carriage is considerable, the refined and more con- centarted potash salts are more suitable, and if account be also taken of the relative expenses of cartage and labour, their use is generally found to be considerably economical. The salts are made of various qualities and are chiefly prepared f om carnallit. The method of preparation is as follows ; — The carnallit is agi- tated with water in large tanks with che result that it is decomposed into a magma of finely- crystallised muriate of potash and a solution of magnesium chloride. The solution retains very little muriate of potash at a low temperature, and where the proportion of magnesium chloride does not exceed three times of the muriate of potash, the remainder of the muriate is deposited as crystals on further heating and cooling. The fine crystals of muriate of potash are further dissolved and purified by crystallisation. Muriate of potash as sent into the markets and used for manure is usually guaranteed to contain from 82 to 90 per cent, of muriate, equal to about from 50 to 68 per cent, of potash. Two classes of sulphate of potash are also sold, viz,, what is known as high grade sulphate containing 92 to 98 per cent, of the sulphate and equal to 50 to 53 of potash, and low gade sulphate containing 50 per cent, sulphate equal to 27 per cent, potash. INSECT PESTS. {Continued. ) For almost every insect there is a remedy ; the question generally is one of applying. There is no sovereign remedy for all insects ; for some insects, and important ones too, there is no economical remedy ; but there are certain general measures which if faithfully carried out will largely decrease loss from insect attack. The most impor- tant of these is clean culture and high culture. A great many insect pests lie dormant in culti- vated lands at certain seasons finding shelter in old stubble, stalk, leaves and other rubbish found on the land. Prom such places they come forth at other seasons and ready to carry on their des- tructive work on vegetation. Obviously, much benefit would here result from clean culture. The gathering of all rubbish, dead vegetable matter, and other refuse, and having it burned or properly composed would destroy an immense number of these insects. Diseased branches of trees should also be burnt and the trunks and branches of standing trees kept free of moss, lichens and rough bark, beneath which insects or their eggs are harboured. Weeds and foreign growth should not be tolerated along fences, walls or hedges. Clean culture is the stitch in time to save nine. High culture is almost equally important in warding off insect attack or rather in enabling the plant to overcome it. While the plant which is weak and sickly through lack of proper cultiva- tion or needed fertilizing material in the soil suc- cumbs to the attack of insects, the plant which is properly cultivated is often able to overcome the attack and mature in good condition despite the drain upon its vitality. Particularly is this true of vegetables. Fruit trees kept in vigorous growth may scarce- ly appear to be affected by infesting scale insects, while trees poorly nourished and uncultivated are found losing vitality along its branches when attacked to a like extent. Some insects also show a decided preference for plants making only a feeble growth, and many writers on entomology assert that certain insects never attack a plant unless it is in an unhealthy condition. The second great principle in preventing insect injury is, then, keeping the crops well fed and properly cul- tivated. In addition to the measures already noted, the judicious agriculturist will, whenever possible, make a judicious rotation of crops to repress insect ravages. Many insects, as well as diseases, are kept down solely by this means which is eco- nomy for other reasons ns well. Such insects being capable of subsisting only on a certain plant or class of plants, are destroyed by starvation when the soil is used for the growth of other plants. [In the case of permanent forms of cultivation the nearest substitute for a rotation of crops is, ns we have previously pointed out in these pages, mixed cropping.] But many insects cannot be controlled by these general methods of culture and need to be dealt with by more artificial means. Much attention has been paid to such means within the last gene- ration, and several very valuable insecticides have as a result been brought into common use. It is the duty of the agriculturist to be acquainted with the best of these insecticides and find out for what they are applicable, since an insecticide that answers jjerfectly for one insect may be totally inadequate for another. In general insecticides may be divided into two classes : those which kill by contact and those which kill by internal poisoning. For the judi- cious use of both kinds it is important that we should recognise that insects are also divisible into tw’o large groups according to their method of taking food. One class of insects, which embrace locusts, caterpillars and beetles, takes solid food hy means of biting jaws, while the other which embraces bugs, scale insects, bark lice and the like, takes only liquid food imbibed through a proboscis. Insects of the first kind can be disposed off with tolerable ease by applying poisons such as arsenites to their food, while insects of the second type are clearly beyond the reach of such poisons. Their method of taking food affixes them more or less permanently to the surface they are on, and through which they suck in their food, so that they are vulnerable to ijenetrating insecticides such as kerosene emulsion which further close up their breathing pores and thus suffocate them. SOME CEOP NOTES. Onions. — Onions do best upon a light, loamy soil, and one that has been kept free from weeds by careful cultivation. They can be grown for a number of years on the same land if properly fer- tilized. Onions thrive well on soils which contain much humus, and which is consequently retentive of moisture. It is well to have onions preceded July 1, 1897.] Supplement to the “ Tropical Agriculturist. 74 by a crop which is calculated to free the land of weeds. Onions need lime for their development, and to make good crops they require heavy manuring. Commercial fertilizers are better for onions than animal manures, since the former contain no seed-producing weeds. About 1,500 lbs. of a fertilizer with the essential ingredients in the following proportions is recommended ; — Available phosphoric acid, 6 per cent ; potash, 7 per cent ; and nitrogen, 4 per cent. One practice in planting is to use sets or small bulbs grown the previous year from thickly-grown seed ; but good crops can be raised from the black seed by sowing early. Stable manure is objectionable for onions for the reason that it fosters the onion maggot. On rich humus soils, a maximum of phosphoric acid and potash should be applied, and only a small quantity of nitrogen. Too much nitrogen is also objectionable, as it retards the ripening and curing. Tomatoes. — Tomatoes prefer a light, warm soil though it thrives in other soils as well ; the latter situations help in the production of early fruit, while heavy soils produce late fruit. A good sub- stantial manuring should consist of about 1,200 lbs. per acre of a fertilizer containing : available phosphoric acid, 7 per cent ; potash, 6 per cent ; and nitrogen, 4 per cent. The tomato needs a good supply of readily-available nitrogen, but besides this good supplies of phosphoric acid and potash are required. The best plan is to sow the seed in shallow boxes in a warm situation. As soon as the plants have developed the second set of leaves, transplant them into other boxes a little deeper and put the plants about two inches apart- If they could be again transplanted two or three weeks before sowing and put about four inches apart so much the better. Care should be taken to gradually expose the plants more and more so as to harden them to the open air and make them stout and short. Plants treated in this way could be set out with ease and come into fruit a month or more sooner than those sown in the open air. In field culture the plants are set four by five feet apart, but in gardens where room is scarce it is well to train them up in some manner, and for this purpose galvanized wire netting fastened to stakes is best used. Where there is plenty of room larger crops can be had by allowing the plants to fall on the ground, but keeping the fruits off it. Where tomatoes are affected by blight, spray with Bor- deaux mixture. [^Bordeaux mixture for Tomatoes : — Take 2 oz. of sulphate of copper (blue stone) and dissolve in half a gallon of water in one vessel, slake 2 oz. quicklime in another vessel forming it into a thin whitewash. Pour the milk of lime into the sul- phate of copper solution slowly through a hair sieve, then add enough water to make up 8^ gallons ; stir well and apply to every part of the plant, coating them evenly with the thinnest possible film of the mixture. It will not injure green fruit for use, but those near ripening should be cut, as it is not desirable to use the mixture over ripening fruit. The lime should be quite fresh and the blue stone pure.] GENERAL ITEMS. In a bulletin issued by the Department of Agri- culture, N. S. Wales, the following measures are recommended for wood borers : Inject turpentine or oil into the hole ; cut off infected limbs and burn and destroy perfect beetles whenever seen. In Bulletin No. 13 of the Department of Agri- culture, Brisbane, Mr. Albert Benson writes as follows with reference to insects boring into tlie roots, stem or branches : These are true boring insects, and are usually the larvae of beetles of various kinds. Some of these beetles are leaf- eaters, and can be destroyed by .spraying with Paris green ; others, again, can be destroj'ed )>y placing a cloth under the trees and then giving the branches a few sharp raps, when all the insects will fall to the ground, andean be swept off the sheet and destroyed. When the insects are in the larval or borer stage, if they are of large .rize they can he killed by inserting a fine pliable wire into their burrows, or by injecting a small quantity of kerosene or turpentine into their burrows, ami plugging up the outlet with a piece of soft wood 01 clay. In any case when borers are at all trouble- some, the mature insect (generally beetles) should be destroyed whenever and wherever they are found. We take the following remarks with reference to Agricultural bhows from the Cape Agricultural Journal : — That Agricultural Shows should be held with a two-fold purpose is not often as much con- sidered as it ought to be. As a means of afford- ing a vast amount of useful information to the farming community, there can be no doubt that agriculcural exhibitions are excellent institutions. The concentration of a large number of high-class exhibits in some populous centre, and the keen competition that takes place in the various classes, must necessarily, serve an important educational purpose and furnish reliable medi- ums for imparting useful practical knowledge. If Agricultural Shows are to be conducted in sirch a manner as not to serve an educational purpose, then they become worse than useless. To be both useful and instructive they must be conducted m a manner that the largest number of varied exhibits possible will be brought together in com- petition for prizes. If we really believe in the utility and value of the educational side of the Snow, then every facility should be given and efforts made to render the suggestive information of the Show easily available, especiall.y in the interests of any young farmers and men who have not many like opportunities. Professor Wrightson in his paper, contributed to the Journal of the Royal Agricultural Society, on “The Agricultural Lessons of ‘the Eighties’”, says : — Of this ive may be assured, that one of the greatest lessons taught by the eighties is the necessity of the systematic instruction in Agricul- ture ill all its branches. In the year 1895, the mean rainfall for the ivhole of England and Wales was 29 in., for the whole of Scotland 39'7 in., and for the whole of Ireland 36 -8 in. The averages for the last thirty years are for the three countries respectively 32 in., 40’4in., and 39 ’4 in. } (■ I / / V? i, V ; REGINALD BEAUCHAMP DOWNALL. Vol. XVII.] COLOMBO, AUGUST 2Nd, 1897. |No. 2. ‘‘PIONEERS OF THE PLANTING ENTERPRISE IN CEYLON.” (Second Series.) REGINALD BKAUCHAmP DOWNALL, PLANTER AND M.L. C.— 1863-1888. EAVING England early in 1863 by a sailing-sliip, R. B. Downall arrived in Ueylon during May following, after the long voyage via the Cape of Good Hope. He was at once posted by Messr.s. George Wall & Co,, as assist- anttothe late Watkin William Wynn on Kent and Ainbokka estates, Matale West. He was the son of Archdeacon Downall of Okehampton and we recall the fact of a local Devonshire paper being sent us by an illnatured friend, in which the fond father had rather foolishly published long ex- tracts from his young son’s letters, never meant for other eyes than those of tlie domestic circle, while he wound up with tlie statement that his son hadqualified both in Bookkeeping and in the Tamil language on the voyage, so that he was at once put into a responsible charge as manager of a plantation on his arrival in Ceylon ! We took care at the time, that no extract was made from the innocent communication into the Obser- ver. The Archdeacon — who was greatly attached to his Ceylon son — died in 1872 ; and Mrs. Downall and daughters then retired to Barley, near Exeter, which was Mr. Downall’s home in England till his mother’s death. Mr. Downall did not long remain an assistant on the Matale estate ; for, in our Directory of 1864-5, we find him transferred to Dolosbage as manager of Kalugalla estate, and with that, we believe, he combined a certain proportion of duties as Visiting Agent or Inspector of Estates — an unprecedentedly early aiiiiointment- A little later we lind Mr. Downall a full-blown Visiting Agent, residing at Peradeniya and representing Geo. Wbill & Co.’s firm in Kandy. This continued — with the exception of a holiday trip to England — up till 1874, when we lind, still as Visiting Agent and Justice of the Peace, Mr. Downall occupied Barnes’ Hall, Nuwara Eliya, where he continued up till 1877 or so. Then came his purchase of Mr. G. A. Crliwell’s plantations and Mr. Downall went to reside on Dambatenne, Haputale. In 1876 Mr. Downall was, for the first time, elected Planting Member of Council, a post which he vacated on going home in 1879, to resume it again on his return the next year ; but he once more retired in 1882 to have a brief spell at home ; but again resumed in 1885 and continued in that honourable and onerous post until his final retirement from the island was compelled by fatal illness in 1888. Such is the briefest possible summary of Mr. Downall’s public career in Ceylon. To fill up the details and before going into particulars with which we are more especially acquainted, we have been favoured with two accounts by old and dear planting friends who knew him from the outset of his life in Ceylon to his sadly prema- ture end. First, we have that of a gentle- man, who was like a brother, his family and that of Mr. Downall being friends at home, and 76 THE TROPICAL as both the yomig men started from England about the same time — Mr. Downall leaving a month earlier but arriving a month later, be- cause his friend came overland — there was always a friendly rivalry as to how the two “boys” were getting on. The following was written for us to use with our own notes, but amal- gamation would spoil all its freshness and we trust we may be pardoned by the writer for giving the contents of his MSS. separately and vcrbatiin: — “Itwas eitherinFebruaryor March 1863 Downall left England in a sailing ship bound for Ceylon ‘round the Cape,’ and reached Colombo at end of May or early in June: he was accredited with letters of introduction to the late G. Wall — amongst several others — and Wall sent him up to Matale as assistant to W. W. Wynn.* ‘ Dick Mackay,’ who resided in ‘Jolly’s Bungalow’ overlooking the Kandy lake, was then Visiting Agent to Geo. Wall & Co., and was evidently so much struck with Downall, that not only did they become great personal friends, but on Mackay’s leaving for England 18 months after Downall’s arrival, he so strongly recommended the ‘youth’ to Geo. Wall that the important post of Visit- ing Agent was offered to him. Well do I re- member his telling me about the offer, and his asking my advice as to his accepting it. Although I had had a month’s start of him in planting, I replied that I certainly could not accept it, as I did not feel competent, but that that was no I'eason wliy he should not. However, acce]>c it he did, and if there have been better V.A.’s in Ceylon I have not come across them ! His taste for sport soon showed itself, and in 1865 he took over from William Taylor— -then of Dolosbage— the following hounds Bluebell, Bashful, Moone- » Mr. Downwall's first, and only, “ Periya Durai,” Mr. Wm. W. Wynn, was himself an old, esteemed and notable planting Colonist of the well-knovyn Welsh family of his name. We met him first in the “sixties” on the Borders Estate, Matale, and we are tempted to quote from a letter written after retirement with reminiscences of his Ceylon days “ Myddleton House, Monmouth, England 19th June 1894. “ bear Mr. Ferguson,— The last time I saw you was in your office in Colombo in July 1889, when I called to wish you goodbye on the eve of my leaving for the old country after an unbroken residence in Gwon of 43 years. And here I am now as hearty and strong as ever, and able to enjoy a day’s fishing, of which I get plenty and good. It -occurs to me at this moment to ask you if you remember ‘ the first time we ftiet,' the when, and the wherel — The w/(cre I well remember, but ihe when ’tis so ^ long, long ago ' that I have forgotten quite. The where was at good Abercrombie Swan’s Bungalow, The Borders, and I daresay you remember how his gallant army of sepoys charged down upon us, with fixed bayonets, when we were standing on the Barbecue, and how we took refuge under the store ! “Most extraordinary weather, June, ana no «et~not even one Bummer’s day. With kind Sds,-Yours very truly, ‘ Watkin Wm. Wynn.” Mr. Wynn died last year (1896) at Monmouth. AGRICULTURIST. [Aug. 2, 1897. andy, of course a great favourite with the ‘dog boy,’ and also Sailor and Fly, a pair of Kan- garoo hounds purchased in Colombo. The nucleus of a pack was tlms started in partnership with C. Fetherstonliaugli, who kept them on Kirk- o.swald : tlicn under the guidance of that cheery and most hi>si)itable planter James McDonald. The mysteries of ‘ elk hunting’ were soon ac- quired. In addition to hunting on Bogawantalawa and Bopatalawa, and afterwards in Nuwara Eliya, our friend seldom lost an opportunity of visiting the ‘ lowcountry ’ in pursuit of big game after which he met with a very fair share of success. Indian jungles, he also visited, and scored his ‘tusker,’ in company with T. S. Dobree. During his sojourn in the East he also rvent in pretty heavily for horse-racing, both in Ceylon and India. Perhaps of all the horses he ever raced ‘ Grandmaster ’ rvas his favourite, and he -was only once beaten ar.d that was at Peradeniya, where with a crushing weight, he was kept a little too much in the rear to allow of his ‘getting up’ when the ‘pinch’ came. I think Toni Keynolds* was about the first to take in the situation, and I can hear now the shout Tom R, gave ‘Grandmaster has shot his bolt ’ ! and so the good horse had. I forget the name of his favourite Arab, a rare good one, and of which he was so fond that he shipped it home to improve the breed of the Exmoor ponies. “R.B.D.’s fn-st venture in coffee tvas ‘Middle- ton,” in Dimbula, for which I think he paid £2,000 — no trouble about ‘exchange’ in those days when all was £ s d. — and a right good purchase it proved.! Then in time he became the proprietor of CniwcH’s Haputale places— now- Lipton’s — which also did well for him so long as coffee remained ‘ King.’ His worst purchase was Monaragalla (or Monarakanda) 11-10011 prac- tically ruined him, for with the exception of the bumper crop it gave the year of his purchase, it simply absorbed all the annual profits of the other Haputale estates to keep it agoing. Few have met with a greater variety of the ups and downs of life, of sport, of success, than he of whom this is written. At one time he could have » “ Tom Reynolds,” well-known in those days and for years afterwards, as “T.K.” which came to him in this wise : a group of friends were critically examin- ing a newly imported Australian horse, branded on the near shoulder “ T.K,” when some one said what on earth can T.K. stand for? “Why, Tom Reynolds be- gorra!” says Tom Reynolds in a brogue, you could knock clumps out of with an old mamotie ! f Mr. Downall's favourite manager at this time and for many years was Mr. H. G. Mackenzie who was as much attached to, as he was trusted and liberally treated by, one of the best employers and proprietors in the long list connected with Ceylon. —Ed. T.A. THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 77 Aug. 2, 1897.] cleared out of Ceylon with at least £100,000 to his credit; but it was not quite enough, so he stuck to it a little longer ; and like a great many others, a little too long for coffee, and yet not quite long enough, for tea ; but he was fighting against adversity as pluckily as any one ever did, and was on the right road to ‘ pull round,’ when he was overtaken with the incur- able disease which handed our good friend over to the ‘majority’ on 5th Dec. 1888.” We have been favoured with another account which we think ought also to be read by itself without incorporation in a general memoir as was meant by the writer when, on boardship, he dashed off the appended interesting notes of his dear friend of long-standing at our request. This gentleman shared bungalows with Mr. Downall for many years : — “ I first met K. B. Downall early in 1866 on my return from England, when I went to live in Kandy. He was then living at Peradeniya bungalow on the old sugar estate, which con- tinued to be his headquarters till he went to resident Barnes’ Hall, Nuwara Eliya. I believe he arrived in Ceylon in 1863 and commenced life as a coffee planter under W. W. Wynn on Kent and Ambokka estates in Matale North. Whilst he was there he and Wynn made one or two shooting trips to Kanthalai tank on the road to Trincomalee which he never forgot. After leaving Kent and Ambokka I believe he for a short time took charge of Kaloogalla estate in Dolosbage when George Wall appointed *him his Visiting Agent, and he was acting in that capacity when I first met him in 1866. When not visiting, he used to attend G. Wall & Co.’s office in Kandy daily. Although he had been a planter such a short time (only two or three years) Wall discovered his ability end ap- pointed him his Visiting Agent. Though Downall’s practical knowledge at that time was limited, he did all his work most thoroughly and conscientiously, and was most particular in seeing that no unnecessary expenditure was incurred on any of the estates he visited. George Wall had the greatest confidence in him, and Downall gained experience rapidly. In 1866 he owned half of Middleton estate, Dimbula, with Elliott, and he subsequently purchased Tangakelle 1 tliink in 1869 ? In 1877, he sold these estates and pur- chased Dambatenne and Lemastota in Haputale from Crllwell, also Barnes’ Hall, and soon after- wards Monerakande estate from J. T. White and H. Bois. From that time coffee in Haputale began to decline, and poor Downall died hope- lessly involved. He had paid much too large a um for Monerakande estate. If he had been content with Dambatenne and Lemastota, he might have pulled through. During the last two or three years of his life in Ceylon he gave up Barnes’ Hall, Nuwara Eliya and went to manage his Haputale estates and lived first at Monerakande and afterwards at Dambatenne. I stayed with him two or three times at each bungalow. On tlie occasion of my last visit I met him at tiie top of Dambatenne, (having crossed over the ridge from Nayabedde). He was superintending a large gang of coolies cutting out young coffee to make room for tea, and ex- pressed his doubts as to whether he was acting wisely or not ! At that timetlie coffee was suffer- ing from green bug as well as leaf disease. “In 1868 I went to live with Downall at Pera- deniya and we lived together till he went home in 1870, when he left me his power of attorney. We were both fond of animals, and at one time we had two small elephants, besides elk, spotted deer and other pets. One of the elephants Downall brought up from Hambantota after a shooting trip, having shot the mother. When he went home in 1870 it went to the Kandy Temple, and it now takes part in the Perahera every year. It is a female. The other small elephant, which was given to us by Capt. Eudd of the 59th Regiment died soon after it was sent to the Dewa Nilame with the other one. Downall was very fond of sport of ali kinds. He had taken to racing when I first knew him in 1866, and he was then p.art owner of ‘Grandmaster’ one of the best horses that ever erme to Ceylon. Downall continued to keep race horses up to a short time before he died. He was also fond of cricket and used to take part in the annual cricket matches at Kandy from 1866 to 187 ), viz., Keir, Dundas & Co. (captained by W. Martin Leake) against the World. He afterwards started a cricket club at Kandapolla, Haputale, and took great interest in it up to the time of his death. He took several shooting trips after big game both in Ceylon and Southern India. He was far from well when he went on his last trip to Travancore and never recovered. When he lived at Barnes’ Hall, Nuwara Eliya, he kept a pack of hounds and gave excellent sport to his numerous friends. “In 1876 he succeeded me as representative of the planters in the Legislative Council, and con- tinued to represent the pl.anting interests on and off up to the time of Ids death. He rendered most valuable services to the planting com- munity in tlie Legislative Council, esiiecially in respect to railway extension to Haputale. He spared no pains nor trouble in pushing forward any good work and in making sure of his facts. He was very independent, and his opinion always 78 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [Aug. 2, 1897. carried great weight. We served on the Hapu- tale Kai -vay Extension Commission together. “On t e6th August, 1888, I received a telegram from Downall from Marseilles a>; Freshwater asking me to meet him at Charing Cross that evening. I did so. He could scarcely walk. I got him to Long’s Hotel, Old Bond Street. All the doctors he wished to consult were out of town, it being August wlien doctors take their holiday. I went to Sir Joseph Fayrer, he did not go out, but he recommended me to call in Dr. J. Anderson who attended Downall up to the last, and a great friendship sprang up between them. On the 7th August, Downall was removed to a private hospital, Fitz Hoy House, where he underwent a most serious and painful operation . which, however, did no permanent good. On the 16th October, 1838, Downall was removed to his sister’s house at Flax Bourton, near Bristol. 1 saw him off at Paddington. Ho was almost in an uncon.scious state. He died on the evening of 5th December, 1888, at Flax Bourton, and his remains rest in the pretty little churchyard there. We were always more than ordinary friends, and I was with him as much as I could be during his last illness. He died of cancer in the stomach.” We can add little to the above extremely interesting details of the late Mr. Downall’s personal life and sporting and planting career in Ceylon. We first came into close contact with Mr. Downall when he entered the Legislative Council, although we knew him as an occasional contributor to the Ceylon Observer heiova then. We very speedily recognized the single-mindedness of purpose and devotion to duty of the new member, and he having become a Haputale planter in 1877, en'ering into “ tlie shoes” of Mr. G. A. Criiwell, we found little difliculty in interesting him in the agitation for Railway Extension from “ Nawalapitiya to Haputale,” which we had per- sonally initiated in 1872, and in winch we had the cordial support from the outset of Messrs. C. Tottenham and G. A. Criiwell. All through the administrations of Sir James Longden and Sir Arthur Gordon, Mr, Downall did yeoman service in Council in the cause of Itailway E.vtension, while not neglecting his other duties as Planting Representative. In the first place we fought ton-ether during the closing term of Sir Win, Gregory’s administration and the early years of Sir James f.ongden’s rule, to secure, if possible, s iiiction for one conli-ract from Nawalapitiya to H aputale. But it w.as after the decision to cut t,lic Hue in t-.vo ami extend only to Nanuoya that the re.al struggle took place, in which Mr. Downall, as chief of the Uva I’lanters and M.L.C , hue a leading part. Here, for instance, is a very brief resume from the record of these years of hard work : — 1879, Oct. -Dec. — Agitation renewed in Legislative Council for Extension to Haputale, by Mr. Downall in what became an annual motion every session up to 1886-7 ; Mr. Ramauathan cordially supporting the proposal until he recanted early in 1886. 1880. — Memorial from the Haputale Planters to the Governor; and general appeal (Dec. 7) from inhabit- ants of Uva to the Secretary of State, Lord Kimberley. 1880-1881 and 1882 employed in trying to urge on Sir James Longden and to get sanction of Secretary of State. 1883, Dec. 29. — Full letter (with Map) from A. M. & J. Ferguson to Sir A. H. Gordon, on his arrival, reviewing the position of Railway Extension to Uva. 1884, June. — Interview of Mr. J. Ferguson with Hon. Robt. Meade at Colonial Office to urge the sanction of Extension to Haputale. 1884-85. — Waiting for Sir Arthur Gordon to make up his mind — which he did by 1886 1886, Feb. — Ceylon Agricultural Association opposes and memorializes against Railway Extension to Hapu- tale. Mr. J. Ferguson publishes a series of letters in a pamphlet on Uva, in reply. 1886-7. — Period of strong Despatches, Uva Memo- rials, and much local agitation, in which Mr. Downall bore a leading part, for Haputale Extension. 1887, March 29th. — Trenchant and long Despatch of Sir A. Gordon to Sir H. T. Holland confuting Mr. Stanhope’s Despatch of January 7th, 1887. 1888, March 20. — Sanction of Haputale broad gauge Extension received by Sir Arthur Gordon in Colombo, Sir H. Holland’s Despatch being dated Feb. 20th. One of Mr. Downall’s best efiorts in Council on behalf of the Uva Railway was in 1879, and his speech on that occasion covered nearly 5 pages in the close type of “ Hansard.” He was supported by the whole of the unofficial members, and both the Governor and Colonial Secretary spoke acceiiting the motion. In connection with this memorial notice we have been turning over many old [lapers and much correspondence, and as evidence of Mr, Downall’s heartiness and earnest desire to see the great work completed, we think a few of his letters may be given here. First, however, we may quote from the proceedings of the Haputale Planters’ Association of which Mr. Downall was a leading spirit in September 1884; we had just returned from the old country where we had done all we could to restore confidence in the Ceylon planting industry, and to influence offi. cials in favour of the Uva Railway. Accordingly, the Haputale P. A. on 26th September carried the following resolution : — “ That this Association do record its appreciation of Mr. John Ferguson’s letters to the English papers with reference to the planting interest, and that the Secretary be requested to convey the thanks of the Aisociation to that gentleman for the same.” This was followed a few days after by a letter from Mr. Downall “ Moonerakanda, Koslanda, 1st October. 1884.— My dear Sir,— I am very pleased to be able to welcome you back. I must thank you for the handsome elition of your book which arrived safely at Barley ; also I fancy I have to thank you for a copy of ‘ The (London) Times’ containing your letter (on THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 79 Aug, 2, 1897.] Ceylon Planting affairs and Eailway Extension) which 1 read with much interest. “ We must work away again at ths Railway Ex- tension. We may yet get it I think. My idea is an Extension on any gauge that may be feasible. I have not as yet had any conversation with the Governor on the subject. I may be in Colombo about the end of the month, and shall hope to sse you. — Yours truly, B. Beauchamp Downall.” An interval of a couple of years of hard lighting in Council and the Press followed, and to show that Uva planters were not uninterested, we may give the following, not published before ; — “Badulla Planters’ Association, Badulla, 20th Sept., 1886. “ Messrs. A. M. & J. Ferguson, ‘ Ceylon Observer ’ Office, Colombo. — Dear Sirs, — I have much pleasure in forwarding copy of a resolution passed at a General Meeting of this Association held in Badulla on Saturday the 11th September current. — I am, yours faithfully, Alexandeu T. Eettie, Secretary. “ Copy of resolution ref erred to'. “ Resolution proposed hy R. P. Macfarlane, Esq., seconded by A. T. Rettie, Esq., and carried with ac- clamation ; — ‘ That this Association desires to ex- ‘ press its deep sense of the exertions made by the ‘Editors of the “Observer” in the cause of extending ‘the Railway to the Province of Uva, and more ‘ especially the late exertions of Mr. John Ferguson ‘to whom this Association desires to express its ‘ best thanks.’— A. T. R.”* Still, there were two more weary years to fol- low— the more trying, because of “ the split in the camp ” which sent a number of the Badulla planters especially, after a narrow gauge to which Governor Gordon said at once he would be no party under any circumstances, — that is so far as to break gauge at Nanuoya. So decided an expression of opinion on the part of the Gover- nor settled the matter in Mr, Downall’s judg- ment, and he and the Observer with the majority of Uva men, never swerved in tlieir support of Sir Arthur Gordon who was now deeply committed to Railway Extension xvithout break of gauge until Uva was entered. Here is a letter written after a great meeting in Kandy where the Badulla representatives were induced to give support to a general resolution in favour of Ex- tension : — “ The Hill Club, Newera Eliya, 25th February, 1887. Dear Mr. Ferguson, — I have just read your railway articles with much interest and satisfaction. The resolution in Kandy was carried nit merely nem, con ; but unanimously. Messrs. Rettie, Hoseason, and other Badulla representatives agreeing to the wording as finally adopted without any hesitation. “I think the o] iuions I heard expressed after our P. A. meeting are correct ones, that the proceedings generally were characterised by moderation and common sense. Entre nous — H.E. is 'witli us on this medical question. — Yours fnithfully, “ R. Beauchamp Downale. “H.E. was quite satisfied with the railway resolution, at least he told me so. — R. B. D.” * These are given as bearing on Railway Ex- tension and coming from Uva with which Mr. Downall was so closely identified : on February 17th, 1879, a formal Resolution to the same effect had been carried in the Parent Association, Kandy. At length in March 1888— sixteen years after the commencement of the agitation and nine years after sanction to Nanuoya — came the telegram from Sir H. Holland (afterwards Lord Knutsford) to Sir Arthur Gordon sanctioning Extension to Haputale, the Despatch being dated Feb. 20th. Here was Mr. Downall’s genial deliverance on the achievement of a result for which he had worked and fought and waited so long: Dambateune, Haputale, 19th March, 1888. “Dear Mr. Ferguson,— Congratulations all round- please accept mine yourself and convey them to your senior. It is indeed satisfactory to know that the great question is now undoubtedly settled, and that the Despatch is quite unconditioual and un- qualified, for it sanctions Extension to Haputale on the present gauge; of course that was a foregone conclusion.— Yours faithfully, “R. Beauchamp Downall.” It was characteristic of the writer that in the same letter he should make inquiry about the Collectorate of Canara whither he intended pro- ceeding on a shooting expedition thougli far from well. Indeed, for some years Mr. Downall had been suffering from the after-effects of a dysen- teric attack (we believe) that would have made anyone less high-spirited and plucky, extremely careful ofhimself. Nothing could keep hinifromhis usual active pursuits. After he took uphis residence in Haputale, he became the very life and centre of the district, showing a bright example of attention to planting duties, but at the same time ever ready of a Saturday afternoon for the local cricket practice or match, or ready at intervals to captain the district team in competi- tion with other districts or town teams. But this was not all ; he would also have his occa- sional sporting tour either to the lowcountry or to India, in either case running risks which were not for him in those latter years in view of internal trouble. We recall well a pressino invitation he gave us to visit him at Dambatenne in Feb. 1886 ; he was expecting Governor Gordon on his first visit to Haputale via Ratnapura and Balangoda, and on his way to inaugurate the new Province of Uva. With great regret we had to forego the Dambatenne visit, only having time to get direct to Badulla for the vice-regal tamasha. Riding down from Nuwara Eliya, half- way to Wilson’s Bungalow, we met Mr. Downall riding up. He had entertained the Governor the night before, the whole disirict gathering to present an address, and after seeing His Excellency and suite start for Badulla, he (Mr. Downall) had left the estate and was ou his w.ay to Southern India. Questioned as to his object, at a time when we knew he w’as in far from robust health, he said he had never shot a bison, and must do so before he went home, so he was on his way to its native haunts. It was again characteristic of Mr. Downall that 8o THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. fAUG. 2, 1897. he maintained his faith in coffee up to the very end. We have a letter dated Fehruary, 1887, in which he got quite angry w:*:!! the Observer for publishing a correspondent’s sneer at coffee in Uva as being as niach doomed tliere as anywhere else in Ceylon ; tlie writer went on to say that tea would more than fill the place of coffee and fully justify the railway; but still Mr. Downall was not satisfied. He wrote : — “ Many estates have just given the best autumn “crop that has been gathered since 1878, and “ the coffee looks in fust-rate vigour after it.” Alas ! for the ever-saiiguine as well as energetic proprietor of Dambetenne in the “eighties ” : well would it h.ave been for him to have lost faith in the old staple, or rather to have gone in more extensively for the new king, a little earlier. But still he did a good deal in “ tea” —he was never tne obstinate or prejudiced planter who would learn nothing from his neighbour, and had only life been spared, there is no reason to suppose that he would not have reaped the benelit of the new st.aple to the full extent of clearing off all liabilities and finding himself sole owner of plantations which are about the most valuable in tea that Haputale can show in the present day. And now in conclusion as to what kind of man, in person and character, was Mr. R. B. Downall. It has been well said that when a friend, loved and admired, passes away from us, there is a natural desire for something which may serve to give distinction and permanence to the impres- sion which he made upon us in his lifetime. We trust that end has been in some degree met by what has been written above, and more especially by the contributions of two of Mr. Downall’s nearest and dearest friends. It may he well though that we should recall in a few words the outward appearance z below the middle height, slender and active, — indeed in his early days “ hard as nails” would best describe K. B. Downall in view of his constant exercise, riding and walking over plantations, cricket and hunting. He had a strikingly frank counte- nance, marked with lines indicating decision and responsibility and crowned by a notable forehead. It was natural that one who had made his way to tlie , top of the planting “ tree ” at so early an age entirely through his own character and exertions, should be dis- tinguished by an air of lesponsibility and com- mand ; but no one could be five minutes in hig presence without discovering the really genial and kindly social character of tlie man. His smile brightened all about him and his laugh was contagious. But it is to the solid chaiacter and bright example of industry, energy and pluck that we would point at this time. No one could ever dream of associating a mean or dis- honourable act even in the slightest degree with R. B Downall ; while many acts of benevolence an 1 of kindness to the bereaved and poverty- stricken will never be known till the day shall declare. No estate inspector or proprietor was more considerate towards those under him, or more desirous that Superintendents, conductors and labourers in liis employment should all be con- tented and prosperous. .Such then was this Ceylon Planter-pioneer of the “ sixties,” — the chosen representative of his community in the “seventies ” and “ eighties,” — and we m.ay .add the most truly esteemed and widely loved of all the second generation of PL.tNTER.s in Cevlon “Peace to th: memory of a min of worth,” MEXICAN TOBACCO. Ever since the dawning of what is called the “American Epoch” of Mexico, there has been a steady and continuous development in the exports of that country. The American Consul at the City of Mexico says, “That striking as are the facts with regard to the increase of the cultivation of coffee and the growth in the United States of a great apprecia- tion of the Mexican berry and its sterling qualities, these can be paralleled in many points by the development of Mexican tobacco.” Although France has not profited commercially by this increase, it is only simple justice to say that it is due very largely of Frenchmen and to the exiles from Cuba whom they employed. A French writer, Louis Lejeune, was the first to point out that the tobacco grown in the upper valley of the Papaloapam River produced leaves as fine, as silky, and even more aromatic and perfumed than those of the “Vuclta Abajo” in Cuba. He showed that the Plantations in the Pinar del Bio district of Cuba were exhausted, and that not even the most lavish use of fertilizers could enable them to produce leaves of the real Habana quality. He compared the western end of the island of Cub i to a dying fire, where one could find here and there points of living flame, but everywhere else ashes and blackened embers. M. Lejeune in his pamphlet made an elaborate comparison of the re- lative cost of starting a tobacco plantation in Cuba and in Mexico, and showed that, supposing silver to be at par, which it was when he wrote, the expenses in the latter were only one half of the former, without taking into consideration the price of land or the cost of transportation. He adjured his countrymen who were enterprising, not to wander off to Cochin China, but to establish themselves in Mexico on tobacco plantations. Borne did so, and at the last French exhibition those who had followed his advice received gold medals for the excellence of their pro- duction. For some reason or other the French Regie did not, until the fiscal year 1894-95. except Mexican tobacco, and, therefore, France has lost the benefit to which it was fairly entitled through the energy and skill of Frenchmen who created the initiative which has resulted in ranking the Mexican leaf with the Habana. Prior to 1889 the export of Mexican tobacco rarely amounted in value to 900,000 Mexican dollars in any one year (say £90,000), but in 1895 96 the value amounted to 1,700,000 dollars (£170.050). At first foreign countries imported Mexican cigars, but they did nob give complete satisfaction, because boxes marked “ Colorado ” “ Colorado Claro, ” and even the “ Claro' ” when opened were found to contain “ Maduros ” and even “Oscuros. ” The supposition was that this was due to negligence in making the boxes, or even to fraud, because the light-coloured THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 8i Atra. 2, 1897.] cigars are preferred as being milder. This was a great injustice to the Mexican importers, who are most careful on these points. The enigma was solved by the discovery that Mexican tobacco ripened with remarkable rapidity, and that Glares berame “ Oscuros ” during the short transit from Vera Cruz or Tampico t.o New York. The remedy was clear. It was to import the leaf and manufacture the cigars under climatic conditions that would pro- long the ripening process. This led to a very brisk demand for leaf tobacco, and the Indians in the tobacco belt of Mezico were so foolish as to add corn shucks, grass dirt, and even stones to add weight to their bales; especially was this so in the case of that bought and shipped to Germany. The consequence was that there was a reaction, and the buyers for foreign houses would not look at any tobacco that did not bear the inspection brand of some well-known French, German, or Mexican house. Then the Indian growers were in despair and offered their tobacco for the price of seedling tobacco. American buyers jumped at the price and thus the exportation to the Onited States for 1893-94 re ched the figure of 382,767 pounds, as against 70,107 pounds for 1891-92, but this was not maintained. Practically no wrapper tobacco is grown in Mexico. The leaf is all “filler.” This is a virtue to those who like a strong cigar, easily smoked, but it is a defect for the general confumer who likes a milder article. When cigars were mostly made in Habana the wrapper was “Yara,” and not the “ Vuelta Abajo,” for that very reason. A comparison for the prices paid for Mexican leaf tobacco by the various importing countries may be of interest. Germany, the chief importer, pays 37 cents per pound; the United States, 33 cents; England, 39 cents ; Belgium only 29 cents, and France, only 25 cents per pound. The finest Mexican cigars go to Habana at one dollar 67 cents per pound; England gives 94 cents for Mexican cigars ; France one dollar 19 cents, and the United States, 88 cents. In Mexico the soil is so deep that it is not necessary to plant a crop of corn after the crop of tobacco, and instead, the growers raise a second or seedling crop. After the plant has been cut, a stalk or chute springs abundantly, and from this stalk or chute spring small and very mild leaves, about the size of a man’s hand. These are utilised by the manufacturers of cigarettes. To the factories in the country this tobacco is sold at from 2 to 5 cents a pound.. The cigarette tobacco is excellent and its reputation is very good. Colombia and Peru buy it in constantly in- creasing quantities at from 6 to 9 cents per pound, and Gautemala buys at 6 cents. All of the Central Americans and some of the South Americans buy the Mexican cigars and pay an average of 1 dollar 5 cents per pound. In a word, says Consul Crittenden, Mexico is not only one of the coming coffee countries, but is also a coming tobacco country. Mexico seems to be destined to wear the mantle of Habana in tobacco production, and once secured, it is safe to predict that it will never pass away, for the soil of the tobacco region is so deep as to be practically inexhaustible, being from 8 to 20 feet in depth, and in some places even 30 feet. Moreover its extent is probably one hundred times that of the Cuban tobacco region, when we take into consideration the fact that acre for acre the percentage of cultivated land at the present moment capable of producing tobacco of the very highest grade is greater in Mexico than it ever was in Cuba in its best days; we can from this easily see what will be the amount produced in the future. Mexico’s resources in this direction are practically so great as to make it certain that it will become rich from its tobacco alone. No doubt the results will be finally to cheapen the “ Habana ” cigars, and put them within the reach of all. The tobacco lauds of Mexico form an immense inverted capital T, the cross stretching from Tuxtepec, (Oaxaca) and the upper valley of the Papaloapan through the southern portion of Oaxaca into the Tehuantepec highlands, and thence into the state of Chiapas ; the upright of the T stretches from the valleys of the Colorado and the Trinidad rivers (which form the San Juan river) eastward to the San Andres Tuxtla Canton. The cream of the tobacco lands will undoubtedly be found in the valleys of the Colarado and Trinidad rivers, but chiefly the latter. The soil in these valleys is from 10 to 15 feet deep, and of the very richest quality, and is equally adapted for coffee or tobacco. It may be taken as axiomatic as regards Mexico that the land that is good for one is equally good for the other. To the eastward of the main valley of the Trinidad river, in the transverse valleys, the soil is even deeper than 10 to 15 feet, and here one finds mahogany trees of the most astonishing size and of the finest quality. This region is called Las Monterias de Caoba, and is very extensive. Trans- portation is one of the most important questions which the planter in Mexico has to consider. In the Trinidad region he is close to the National Tehuantepec Railway, and he can also raft down to Vera Cruz, which town is reached by the small river steamers that ascend the river from Talacotalpam. He has two ports, Coatzacoalcos and Alvarado, Whenever the Railway from Corodoba reaches Tuxtepec, it will undoubtedly be extended to Juili on the Theuntepec line, and must traverse the Trinidad region, so that on the score of transportation one is reasonably assured being amply provided for in the present, with the probability of still more accommodation in the future. — NUTMEGS.* The author of this book begins by saying how interesting he found the study of the Nutmeg-tree both true and false, during a period of eight years spent In the Eastern parts of the Malay Archipelago and in New Guinea. There these trees enjoy a cli- mate exactly suited to them, and there, in conse- quence, is situated the centre of their distribution. ’There also they take the same relation to botany that Birds of Paradise do to zoology. The claim of the Nutmeg for consideration as an article of commerce is connected with a series of romantic stories of its discovery in times long past of the fierce war tint raged among European countries for their commercial rights, of the combat for mono- poly that ended in the extermination of the natives and the break-up of the greatest merchant-company that has ever existed. All this eventful history is interwoven with the stillness of every grove of Nut-meg trees, and with the grand scenery of every inland lake. With such words as these, the author commences a work which is, in its way, unique. He proceeds to treat of the history of the Nutmeg previous to the discovery of the Banda Isles, of the use that has been made of it in poetry, and of the philological history of the various names for Nutmeg and Mace. The second part of the book is devoted to the cultivation of these spices, and includes a large amount of cultural detail and history. We are told of the strenuous endeavours made by the Dutch East India Company to preserve the monopoly, and how finally they were forced to relinquish it ; and the author further reminds us of the exertions that were made with more or less success to induce the Nutmeg- tree to flourish and become naturalised in other localities. Dr. Warburg notes that at Syon House, Middlesex, very large fruits have been brought to perfection. It would be interesting to learn whether this tree is still flourishing. [No, it was removed some years since. Ed.] In an appendix to this section of the book is a tabular epitome of the cul- * ''Die hhishatnusK-." the Nutmeg, its history, botany, cultivation, trade and value, also its imitations and sui'rogate. With a treatise on the cultural history of the Banda Isles. By Dr. O. Warburg. With three heliogravures, four liihographic plates, one map, and twelve illustrations in the text. (Leipzig, Engelmann, 1897, 8vo, xii., and 628 pages. Price 20 marks.) 8^ THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [Aug. 2, 1897, tivation of Nutmegs And Mace from the years 1634 to 1894— that is, during a period of 260 years. The third and botanical division of the book deals with the Nntmeg-tree itself, and numerous other spices that merit attention from a commercial point of view. 1 • , 1 li- The fourth division is concerned with the cultiva- tion, the fifth with the trade details. Not only the species recognised in commerce, but the false Nutmegs, and the substitutes for the genuine spice are fully considered. In an appendix to this section of the book are given detailed price-lists of Nut- megs and Mace. ,, , j . The sixth section deals with the collateral products of the Nutmeg-tree, their commerce, and history. Among them are oil of Nutmeg, oil of Mace, can- died Nutmeg fruits, candied Mace, and Nutmeg fruits in vinegar or salt. In the seventh division the medicinal and aroma- tic products of the Nutmeg-tr^e are considered, and the poisonous qualities of the Nutmeg receive due notice. , .3 .v. In the eighth section the author considers the future prospects of Nutmeg cultivation. Finally, there is a complete literary catalogue of some eighteen pages, which speaks well for the thorough acquaintance of the author with his sub- ject. A very complete index greatly adds to the value of the book. We congratulate Dr. Warburg on the completion of this work, which will serve as a model for all future books of the kind, no such complete mono- graph having before appeared. Everybody, be he botanist or gardener, chemist or philologist, historian, political economist, or merchant, will here find a wealth of imformation, whilst the general reader will find it a most interesting and instructive work to add to his library shelves, — Gardener's Chronicle, July 3. GATHERING RUBBER IN THE FRENCH CONGO. Bij Mrs. Martha Nehne.* 1 — FROM THE NEW YORK SUN. In the months of March and April, during the rainy season, one sees busy life in the native towns of the French Congo. The men are preparing to go to the bush to cut rubber. Every woman and child seems to have something to do, and even the men do not lounge about as usual, but are sharp- ening their knives and machetes and putting their guns into proper trim. The women are digging cassava and some of them are washing it and pre- paring chiguanga, or native bread. Others are cleaning the cassava with knives and tying it into mattets made from palm leaves. This kind of cassava is roasted over the fire and eaten warm, while the bread is eaten cold and is mostly used on the road. The men carry their guns so that they may be prepared to kill the game which abounds in the forest. When all is ready a drunken carousal and dance are given the night before the start by way of saying farewell to the villagers left at home. Some- times a good place with plenty of rubber plants is found after a march of two or three days, but oftener the journey takes a week or more. In this case the men keep carriers on the road with food for them because there is nothing to be had in these parts with the exception of game. The rubber in central Africa is not a tree, but a vine, often three or four inches in diameter. This vine generally climbs up the tallest ti’ees, and the natives often use one of the vines to ascend the tree. After the branches are reached, which in most cases are at least fifty feet from the ground, the men proceed to cut the vines away at the top, • The writer of the information printed here is an American lady who for the past nine years has been a missionary in the Mayumba district of the French Congo.— The Editor. leaving only one for their descent, and this one, if possible, not a rubber vine. It seems strange that the natives cut away the rubber plants and so de- stroy them instead of tapping them, but they are too lazy to learn any other way. After the vines have fallen they are cut into lengths of three or four feet, and the juice is collected into iron pots. Tnis is a tedious job. The piece of the vine is held over the pot, first by one end, then by the other until the juice ceases running. Then the piece is cut again to get at any juice which may have been left in the middle. After a pot is nearly full a rest is taken, and this juice is boiled for nearly two hours, and, during the boiling process, is mixed with the juice of other vines and some lime juice, so that the mixture is more sticky and easier formed into balls. As soon as it cools down sufficiently to be handled the hardening rubber is shaped by winding it at first around a stick. After a bit the stick is pulled out and the ball is re-wound to finish it off. In some places these balls weigh three pounds or more each : in others, five of them make a pound. The purity of the rubber depends much upon how much other juice has been added. The best and purest is that obtained from the juice without boiling. This is only found in the shape of bracelets, because the natives wind the juice as it runs out around their wrist and let it dry there. When perfectly dry it slips off easier. This would be transparent rubber if the skin and fingers of the natives were not so very dirty. The natives often used to put foreign substances, such as small stones, palm-nuts, and little balls of grass into the rubber ball to make it heavy. They were soon found out, and every ball is now cut through the center to reveal its mixture. Often the rubber is buried for some days because it draws the moisture from the ground, which adds to the weight. Cheating is resorted to because the pay is so poor. It takes a party of eight or ten men and boys six to eight weeks to gather from eighty to one hundred pounds of rubber. The value of this, if all is first-class, is from 200 to 250 yards of cotton cloth or forty gallons of rum or three or four flintlock guns. Surely this is poor pay for this kind of work. Still, the natives rejoice greatly if the men from one town return with 100 pounds. It seems like a fortune to them, because they need so little that civilized people crave and pay for. When this little fortune is spent and the weather permits, another trip is undertaken to the rubber region. — India Rubber World. Packing Seeds and Tubersfor Long Journeys. — The Chenil, as quoted in the Revue Scientifique, mentions a method of forwarding and packing seeds and tubers which seems ingenious and practical, especially when the journey will be long, and warmth and dryness are likely to have injurious effects. The method em- ployed by a Lot florist consists in moistening a little plaster, and imbedding the seeds, tubers, or rhizomes which are to be transported in this. This plan has succeeded well for packing rhizomes sent from Japan, roots of aquatic plants, the lengthened transit of which is always a difficulty. Enveloped in plaster, the plants, or pieces of plants are in no danger; they cannot become parched, and are kept in a satisfac- tory condition of partial moisture. It would seem that this plan would also succeed under other con- ditions— in Australia it is employed for the transport of fresh butter. The butter is made up into blocks with parallel and rectangular surfaces, to which are pressed glass slabs of the same sizes as the sides and ends of the blocks of butter. The edges are covered with gummed paper for greater security, and the whole is then covered with plaster to a thick- ness of 6 millimetres. Plaster being a poor conductor of heat, secures the butter against the variations of the temperature, and enables it to be kept longer than is possible under other methods of packing, — Gardeners’ Chronicle. Aug. 2, 1897.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 83 AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT IN JAMAICA— AND IN CEYLON. The subject of “ agricultural development is one that may be regarded as a continuous per- manent topic of discussion in Ceylon. We can never exhaust it, for there is always some _ new product” or some fresh development of existing industry which demands attention. Now our text is found in the interesting and instructive extracts we have been tempted to make below from a lecture recent y delivered in Jamaica by Dr. Morris, C.M G., of Kew, before the Governor and a large body of the residents. This lecture was followed by an animated dis- cussion in which the Governor bore nis full share ■ and if it be true that Sir Henry Blake is erelong to succeed Sir Charles Mitchell at the Straits, with the reversion some years hence, possibly, of the Governorship of Ceylon, a more than ordinary interest will attach to his views and to his personal experience of agricultural development. Dr. Morris travelled over a wide ranc'e of subjects : he is particularly sanguine over the prospect opening before Jamaica of developing a great fruit-growing industry and export to meet the yearly growing demand from the United States. We need not follow him in all he says under the head of “ bananas, grapes, oranges, grape-fruit, pine-apples, tree tomatoes,” or even “potatoes.” It may be hard to say what Ceylon could do as a rival with existing fruit-exporting countries were her resources pro- perly tried and with the aid of refrigerating rooms in ocean mail steamers. But, apparently, that time has not come yet; and we are more concerned, practically, with what he tells us about giueer, tobacco, tibres and agricultural teaching. What Dr. Morris says under the last heading is of special interest. He believes in agricultural teaching : he would begin even in the elementary schools, and the sooner the two “ Readers,” so much praised, are introduced into Ceylon, the better for the rising native genera- tion ; while, undoubtedly, to follow up such elementary learning, there ought to be a special A<^ricultural School or College in a Colony like Ceylon. Strangely enough. Dr. Morris did not give much encouragement in reference to fibres —Ramie, Rhea or China Grass (all three ex- changeable terms) was the only one suited to Jamaica, and even for it he spoke very cautiously, although he was met eventually by good reasons from the Governor wiry the people of Jamaica ihould do a good deal in Ramie and Rhea growing and preparation. So, in respect of “ rubber,” Dr. Morris is afraid to encourage any ventures, because of the continued large developments of original sources of wild rubber in so many parts of Africa. But we scarcely think Dr. Morris makes sufHcient allowance for tlie constantly widening and increasing demand for rubber ;— the thousand-and-one uses it is put to, which were not dreamt of a few years ago, and the thousand- and-one additional uses which the next dozen years or so may bring to light. Then, if we bear n mind that to plant and bring a rubber planta- tion into bearing, requires ten to a dozen years, we suspect there is every reason to anticipate a widened demand and a lessened supply from Africa, as from South America, the Eastern Archipelago, Assam, &c., before A.D. 1907-9 is upon us. Agriculture and planting everywhere have their attendant risks, in all their branches ; bnt in Ceylon— following the Heneratgoda ex- n perience as tabulated by Mr. Willis— we consider Para Rubber Culture as safe an industry as and which can he recommended to capitalists any planters who are not in a hurry for immediate returns. ARICULTURAL DEVELOPEMENT IN JAMAICA. EXTEACTS FROM LECTURE BY DR. MORRIS, C.M.G.: GOVERNOR SIR HENRY BLAKE IN THE CHAIR. BANANAS. The cultivation and export of bananas are industries of very recent growth. In 1886-1887 the value of the bananas exported from the Colony was £145, 959. Last year the value had increased to £315,821. I am aware that the prospects of the banana trade with the United States are not so favourable as they once were. It is therefore of great importance that new markets should be found and the recent trials of shipments of fruit to England deserve to be fully followed up. GRAPES. At last in Jamaica, thanks to the initiative of His Excellency the President, grape cultivation is now being generally taken up in the neighbourhood of Kingston On the table tonight are fine samples of Black Hamburgh Grapes grown at the Hope Planta-' tions. It may be possible before long to supply all local wants in this delicious fruit and eventually export some of it in the early winter months to New York where fresh grapes would be greatly appreciated and command high prices. ORANGES. The capabilities of Jamaica to ship large quantities of delicious oranges is a most striking proof of the vast resources of the island. Hardly any orange trees have as yet been systematically cultivated here. Yet there are several millions existing over the island in a semi-naturalised condition. From these trees the export of fruit in 1886-87 was of the value of £58,288. Last year owing to the falling off of supplies from Florida there was a keen demand for Jamaica oranges in the United States. Jamaica was fully able to meet this sudden demand and it shipped oranges of the large value of £169,293. I am glad to find that steps are now being taken to cultivate oranges in a thoroughly systematic manner and that budding and grafting is being regularly pursued. GRAPE FRUIT. Amongst citrous fruits there is no fruit which appears to be in greater demand and obtains such high prices as the grapefruit. This is a variety of the shaddock or pumelow. It is so called because it grows in clusters as in a bunch of grape. On account of its tonic properties it has lately come into great rcq mst in the American market. The most esteemed sort is of good size, with a pale yellow, polished rind. Grape fruit should be allowed to get thoroughly full on the tree. Immature fruits are of an inferior flavour. The season appears to be from December to April. The tree when budded is a vigorous grower and very prolific. It is recommended to bud on either the sour orange or rough lemon stock. If the soil is deep use the sour orange stock. If shallow and rooky use the rough lemon stock. Provided the fruit is full juiced and of a delicate flavour the larger sizes are more in favour than the smaller ones. PINE APPLES. There appears to be an increasing demand for pine* apples just now in New York owing to the falling away of exports from Cuba. The best season is during the mouths of March to May. There is no fruit that gives a better return for the extra care bestowed upon it especially in grading and packing. TREE TOMATOES OR PLU.MS. I find that these are not appreciated in America. Their use in Jamaica has been always regarded as beneficial as a liver tonic. There is no doubt of their yfbplesomewess, They evidently require to be tried 84 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [Aug. 2, 1897, pn new lines and used for such purely dietetic pur- poses as those which have given such special value to the grape fruit. The tree tomato is sometimes to be found in the Covent Garden market where it is received from Madei’-a. It is generally known in England as the granadilla ; but it is not a pressi-^* fruit. It is more closely allied to the tomato. Any man vfho buys a tree tomato and expects to find a hard stone in it is disappointed. I think it is a pity to call it a plum -a gooseberry is a better name for it — for it is a berry and in no case or condition is it a plum. But whether a plum or a berry I am afraid its qualities are not appreciated in America. I am afraid Jamaicans do not approach the American in the right way. The right way to approach him is on the diatetic side. In the island where the largest stock of it exists at least where it originated he might say (although it came originally from Peru), there is no place where it grows so freely as in Jamaica and it is a great pity something more is not done with the fruit. POTATOES. In my lecture, already referred to, I recommend that an attempt should be made to grow new pota- toes for the New York market. Such potatoes are a luxury in nothern countries dining the winter mouths. Hence ti.ey obtain comparatively good prices. So far, experiments have been on a small scale. I find, however, that an attempt made last year, although seriously affected by the drought was not of an unpromising character. It might be suggested to make turee plantings in the season, say aboiu Nov- ember 1st, November 15th aud December 1st. The crop should be ready for shipment from January 1.5th to March 15th, thus covering the best shipping sea- son. It is essential that the seed potatoes should be specially selected for planting purposes. In the Baha- mas for early planting rather small uncut seed pota- toes are used. Later on larger seed potatoes are cut to two eyes to a piece. These are said to give a larger and better reUun. The tubers should be gathered when fully developed aud packed in stout wooden cases. No wrapping is necessary'. With potatoes as everything else they should be presented in as fresh and attractive a way as possible OINGER. of the small industries of Jamaica there is hardly one more w'orthy of attention just now than ginger. During the v/hole time I was in Jamaica I regarded c'lnger as my personal enemy. I understood that the culture of it is detrimental to lands m the interior. But I have had most gratifying news from His Ex- cellency the President of that Society that by means of suitable manures the land had been saved. There has been a considerable rise in prices of late years. For instance during the last 10 years what is com- mercially known as common Jamaica ginger has risen from 51s to 74s. per cwt. whilst good qualities have risen from 62s to 98s 6d per cwt. Hitherto ginger has been regarded as a most exhausting crop, re- quiring fresh forest land to be cleared every year. lowlands and highlands. I think that the sooner we can turn the attention of the provision cultivator from the high lands to the interior — tlie low lands — the sooner the better for the interests of the island. On Saturday after- noon I went up iir the direction of Blue Mountain Beak and fortunately it was a beautiful clear day and one on which a fine survey of the island was obtainable. From what I saw I was perfectly satis- fied that forest land was still being cleared at high levels for provision grounds and that this laud is practically being ruined fiom year to year. The only ■way to prevent this is to give the peasant proprie- tor the means of the knowledge to turn these abun- dant lands in the island to some good account— to divert his energy from destroying the various lands and devoting them to the cultivation of the lands in the low lands. I may tell you this— that the low lairds in Jam*aica are far richer than the best forest lands in other couuLries. I am afraid we have been ^poile^ by having so many advantages in Jamaica, As I said before I came to this meeting “ all the logwood in the island came to ycu bj the hwnd of nature ; all the pimento crops have been a present from nature's lap.” All the orange crops which last year reached the total value of i'490,000 all these oranges were sown for you hy the birds. They came to your pastures in spite of you, and you reaped the handsome return. It is impossible tliat an island like this is going back or that it can be depressed, if the people of the island will only muster their strength aud energy, and put their ability forward to raising crops suitable to the island and suitable for the markets that are around us. TOBACCO. This is a very interesting Jamaica industry. Its development has not been tree from vicissitudes ; but where the cultivation is in the hands of expeiitnced Cubans the quality of the produce is oi high order. At one time there w'as a considerable tiade in tobacco and cigars with the United Kingdom. That fell off for some time, but latterly it has again improved. It would be a very fortunate circumstance fur the island if the large number of tobacco cultivators now driven out of Cuba were induced to settle in Jamaica. There are extensive tracts of land suited to the cultivation and the industry might in a few years assume large proportions. It is a singular fact that only the Spanish speaking people have become sne- cessful tobacco growers in tlie West India I.slands. Europeans who have attempted to start tobacco growing have almost invariably failed. .laiiiaica cigars are now in great demand in neighbouring countries and they are pronounced to be as good as the Havana cigars. IIBKES. Now that the cultivation of Sisal hemp has been so largely taken up in the Bahamas and Turks Island it is probable that they will be able to sup- ply fibre necessary to supplement that produced in Yucatan. Jamaica has so many other and more pro- mising industries that I can hardly recommend it now to take up that of growing white rope fibres The only fibre industry that is at all suitable to the present circumstances of Jamaica is that known as China Grass or Ramie. The plants yielding these fibres are allied to the common nettle but without stinging hair. Numerous straight shoots grow up to a height of 4 to 6 ft. The inner bark of tliese shoots contains a fibre which is pre-eminent for strength, fineness and lustre. It is necessary first of all to strip the bark from the stems and produce dry strips which are known in commerce as “ribbons.” In the second place it is necessary to treat these ribbons by means of chemicals and extract the fiine in t!;e form of white soft threads known as “filasse.’’ The chemical part of the preparation has apparently been success- fully worked out. The chief difficulty now is with stripping the bark from the green stems. N'umerous machines have been put forward for this purpose but, as far as I am aware, and I have seen and carefully tested nearly all those brought out during the last 20 years, not one can be said to have been completely successful. The fibre that is now used in commerce has been cleaned by hand in China. It is regularly woven into beautiful fabrics resembling the finest damask. If once ihe mechanical difficulty of separating the ribbons from the stem was solved, a China grass or ramie industry might be very suc- cessfully started in certain parts cf Jamaica es- pecially those with a rich soil aud an abundant rain- fall. It would be useless to attempt to grow these plants elsewhere except under irrigation aud I am doubtful whether they would do so well uuder the latter system. I am sorry I am unable to give a more favourable account about ramie. Two machines have come out in the West Indies this winter — one has gone to Trinidad and the other to Jamaica. I don't know what reasons there are for the non-success of these machines, but so far I have not been able to hear a satisfactory account of either of them. I raw the cue at work in Triuidsd and the result was not satisfactory. I don’t know whether the machines Aug 2, iSiyy.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST 85 in Jamaica will prove more promising than that but all that I can tell you is that at the present time I think I shall be doing yon a favour by ad- vising you not to embark in a I'amie or China grass industry until you are satisfied that this mechanical difficulty in regard to stripping the bark from the stem has been overcome (hear, hear.) It is quite possible that this difficulty will be overcome because 1 was very pleased last winter in the Bahamas to see a thoroughly perfect machine work for more than two hours, cleaning and extracting the fibre from the sisal leaves. This machine was very simply constructed. The leaves were fed into the machine by a boy and the fibre was taken out at the other end by a woman — these were the only persons connected with the machine at all, except of course, the man driving the engine. The leaves were all fed in sideways — leaves that were foirr, five, six or seven feet long were put on the feeding table and a small boy pushed them into the machine at the rate of 40 to 60 leaves a minute. A large wheel was working across the machine that cleansed this end of the leaf. There was a large clamp that held the part that had been cleaned while the remaining portion was presented to a wheel working in that direction : the fibre was delivered at the end of the machine perfectly clean. I sat by that machine for two hours and it worked like clock work. That was a Todd machine, but there is another machine which turned out at the rate of half a ton per day. The difficulty has been entirely overcome as regards extracting fibre from sisal hemp. AGP.ICULTUBAL TEACHING. Most of the industries which I have reviewed this evening require for their successful issue a certain amount of skilled knowledge amongst the cultivators. A man that can simply hoe canes or weed coffee is o! little or no use in the cultiva.tion of delicate fruits. Jamaica will never be able to successfully compete with other countries until it has educated its people in fight methods of growing, pruning and manuring plants and in preparing the piroduce in an attractive manner for export purposes. The work of training agriculturists must be beyond theoretically at least in the elementary schools of the country. Already something is being done in this direction by the Board of JEducation and two ‘Jamaica Readers’ the use of which will be compulsory in all schools. These Readers consist of lessons on plant life and treatment of common objects of cultivation thoroughout the island. I had an opportunity of reading the proofs of these interesting little books and feel sure they will be of invaluable 'service in familarising the children with the proper mode of cultivating crops suitable to the island and in pre- paring them later on to take up the systematic study of agriculture as a science. They will be read by adults as well as by the children. As long ago as 1887 Mr. Craig was instrumental in the Legislative Council in obtaining a valuable text book of tropical agriculture from the pen of my friend Dr. Nicholls of Dominica. This work has greatly assisted in the teaching of agriculture in colleges and schools not only in Jamaica but in other parts of the West Indies. Steady pursuit with such various agencies as these cannot fail eventually to raise the character of practical agriculture in the island and render the people more capable than at present in responding to the requirements of the markets of the world. IRRIGATION. This is a subject that has already been touched upon in the remarks I have already addressed to you. The great success which, at last, has attended the utilization of the Rio Cobre irri- gation Canal and the enormous quantities of fruit which have been grown there will tend to bring up the practicability of extend- ing irrigation to ot-her parts of the country with a comparatively scanty rainfall. In the district of Vere it is believed that extensive areas could thus be maintained under cane cultivation and produce ex- cellent results, DEPENDENCE ON GOVERNMENT. I think there’s too much dependence in the West Indian Islands on Government (applause.) I think in a community like this in Jamaica we ought to Iry — I identify myself with you — we ought to tiy to do more ourselves and not depend 00 Government. COCONUT OILS, Etc. Ceylon. — The marlcet is firmer in all positions. Early in the week the av.ailable stock at dock was closeii out at 5c., about 50 tons being taken at this. Also 150 tons for June- August sail ship- ment from the Coast at 4 '72^-0., further busine.ss being declined under 4Jc. P’or vessels on wa,y 5e. is lowest, wdtli oilers of 4|c. being turned down tor 100 tons. The market closes strong at 5@5Jc. for spot, as to size of package. — Oil Paint and Drug Reporter. ^ BORNEO TOBACCO. We have seen some of the Lukutan tobacco off the New London Borneo Tobacco Company’s estate on the west coast of Borneo, and find that it burns well, though with not quite so tvhite an ash as the best Borneo. It is pleasant s flavour and the new ex'periment in that district n certainly a success— X. and C. Express. ^ . _ PRODUCE AND PLANTING. The Tea Duty. — The reduction or abolition of the tea duty came up for discussion in the House of Commons on Monday, and led to an animated debate. The Chancellor of the Exchequer in a somewhat lame apology for leaving the duty as it is, twitted Mr. Kearley with having his own particular commercial interests in mind v.'hen complaining of the ware- house duty, but it seems to us that if the Chancellor of the Exchequer had simply stuck to his point that he would not afford to reduce or aboli.sh the duty on tea, it would have been more to the purpose. It is quite unnecessary to infer that those who wish for a change in the present impost on a product which is now mainly supplied by British enterprise in India and Ceylon are seeking to serve their own interests because they happen to be connected with the tea trade. The desire for the abolition of the tea duty is not by any means advocated by all members of the trade, although we do not see why it should not be. The removal of the duty would be welcome to consumers of tea, and we cannot see the force of reasoning which admits that a popular article of food supply should be taxed to a certain extent, but no more nor no less. That there is a divergence of opinion amongst members of the tea trade on the duty question is undoubtedly a fact, and if those who are in favour of the present or any duty on tea were simply representative of the bonded warehouse interest there would be reason and method in the argument. But the contention that no change is neces- sary because the duty on tea is sufficiently low already and the article itself cheap enough, ignores the re- quirements of the poorer consumer altogether. It fails also to grasp the fact that, to say nothing of the advantage to the trade of freedom from the trouble now attending the bonding process, the aboli- tion of the duty could not fail to give an impetus to the tea trade which, unless the laws of cause and effect and supply and demand are upset in this par- ticular instance, would certainly prove beneficial to the Indian and Ceylon tea industries. Trade Supporters op the Tea Duty.- It appears from what transpired at the quarterly meeting of the General Purposes Committee of the Federa- tion of Grocers’s Association last week that soma porminent members of the trade arp opposed W 86 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. tednction. One member went so far as to advocate the sending of a resolution by the committee urging Sir M. Hicks-Beach not to entertain the suggestion, as the duty was already sufficiently low. We have consistently advocated abolition or reduction of the duty in the interests of planters and the public. Apparently the Orocer is in favor of a similar policy, although it does not make itself clear on the subject. Commenting on the question of con- sumption it remarks ; “ Considering what the Im- perl revenue takes out of tea, it is surprising that the public gets such good value in this article. Still we think it is wise to be slightly more ex- travagant in devotion to the teapot. One can’t get much good out of it if little good is put into it ; and no domestic idol better repays generous treat- ment. It forms a pleasant picture on the hearth as the shades of evening close in ; even if replenished at the smallest pecuniary cost, it fills the cups that cheer and do not inebriate. Most of the gossip of the English race is stimu- lated by the teapot. What, indeed, would pur dear ones of the feminine type be withoirt it ? A false spirit of economy should not, therefore be permitted to sully this noble cult, and grocers will do well to place the matter before their customers in its true light. The teapot is one of our cherished institutions. Let us put nothing into it likely to weaken its hold upon our heart or to induce an alternative taste for beer.” Tea Blending. — The prominence given to the tea blending question is making itself felt, not only by the emphasis given to its importance in the advertise- ments of dealers, but in the issue of pamphlets on the subject. In one of these the author points out that “ the tea that satisfies London is not to the taste of the Midlands, which, again, may differ consider- ably from that in the north of England, Scotland, or Ireland. ... It is the knowledge of this diversity of tastes which leads me to think that the individual grocer is throwing away a great advantage by pushing the sale of proprietary teas, or even of blended teas supplied to him in bulk. I venture to say that with comparatively little trouble he may blend teas better suited to the requirements of his connection than anything he can buy ready blended, securing at the same time an additional profit. . . . For an active business man doing a fair trade to be content to hand packets of tea over his counter, in the same way that he dispenses Bovril or Mellin’s Food, is a suicidal policy which means not only less profit, but often smaller sales,” inasmuch as a chemist or a confectioner is capable of distributing packet teas. The author strongly urges the necessity of testing the teas in the water of the district in which they will be used, and gives numerous useful hints as to the preparation of blends. Many wholesale firms test their teas in the water of the districts for which they are intended, and some retailers blend their own teas, and study the effect. The Ceylon “ Ckeepee.” — The Ceylon “ creeper” has achieved fame. He is the subject of innumerable newspaper articles. The Globe devoted more than a column to him in a recent issue, and, on the strength of this and other newspaper comments, the supply of “ creepers” from these shores will no doubt increase merrily. The writer of the Globe article, who de- scribes himself as a “Ceylon Tea Planter,” lets the “ creeper” down very gently. He describes his duties and gives him advice, but he does not emphatically say that there is no room for these young gentlemen. That is the point. The business is overdone, and for the present, unless under exceptional citcumstances, there is no demand for young men on tea gardens, although possibly the offer of a considerable pre- mium may have some effect in certain quarters. Doubt- less young men with capital are welcome anywhere. They may always acquire experience in return for it, but those who are simply on the look out for some- thing to do, and have no other qualification, will not find any special opening in Ceylon or India. [Aug. 2, 1897. Planting in Lagos. — Sir Gilbert Parker read a paper at the Colonial Institute on Tuesday last on the Colony of Lagos. Referring to planting prospects ho said ; Lagos was destined to become an important cof- fee and cocoa growing centre. Two plantations had al- ready been established, one at Soto in the Haro district, and another at Ajilite, both of which promised well, If attention were paid to fibre-producing plants, success would follow. The wild pine grew in great abundance in many parts of Yornba, notably in the Idanre region, a chain of mountains which he discovered near Ondo in 1892, and visited in 1891. This fibre was used for making twine in some parts of West Africa, and was very strong. Other fibre-yielding Elants, such as Sansiviera and Piassava, could also e had in large quantities. Cotton and a species of indigo were extensively grown in Yornba, and although the indigo did not appear to be suitable for the English market, it was probably because the correct mode of preparation was not understood. The forests abounded in excellent timber, and an important industry must surely develop in thsr direction so soon as the railway offered facilities for bringing it to a port of shipment. The hinterland of Lagos possessed the advantage of having a large and industrious population, and now that the country was pacified its productive powers must enormously in- crease.— II. iC- C. Hail, May 14. .SCOTCH CEYLON TEA COMPANY. ANNUAL MEETING. The eighth annual ordinary meeting of the Scottish Ceylon Tea Company, Limited, was held on Thursday, May 13th at the offices, 16, Philpot-lane, E.C., Mr. H. L. Forbes (managing director) presiding, there being present Messrs. R. W. Forbes, G. G. Ander- son, D. Andrews, E. W. Dodd, G. W. Paine, Capt. Grant, Messrs. J. C. Sanderson, J. M. Smith, G. Todd, Hugh Blacklaw, and J. F. Anderson (Messrs. Lyall, Anderson & Co.) The Chairman said : Before proceeding with the business the directors wish to express their deep regret at the recent death of Mr. John Anderson. He was an original member of this company, and was at the head of the firm which at one time acted as our secretaries. He was a very near relation of some who are present, and a great friend of many of us, and took a very great interest in the company. I am sure you will all join with the board in passing a vote of deep deep sympathy with his relations in the loss which they have sustained, and in requesting the secretaries to convey it to those whom he has left behind. The motion was unanimously agreed to. Mr. James F. Anderson (Lyall, Anderson & Co.) read the notice convening the meeting. The Chairman said : I think the report is one of the most pleasing I have had the pleasure to lay before you, most pleasing because, during the past year several matters have caused sundry difficulties in Ceylon. Labour was not too plentiful, and during the latter part of the year the exchange was rathi r against us, while the tea prices were not quite so favourable as they had previously been ; but, taking it all round, I think you will agree that the results we present are remarkably satisfactory. You will note that we carried forward from last year ±‘825 13s. 9d. Our net profits for the year have been £8976 15s. 6d., which leaves ta be disposed of a sum of £9,829 9s. 3d. In September last we paid you an interim dividend of 5 per cent., free of income- tax, which absorbed £2,050. The seven per cent, preference dividend has been paid as usual, and it is now proposed to pay a dividend of 10 per cent., free of income-tax, which makes 15 per cent, for the year. We further propose to add £1,000 to the reserve fund, bringing it up to £7,000 and to write off for depreciation on buildings and machinery £797 2s., which leaves a balance to carry forward of £1,252 7s. 3d. The buildings and machinery on the estates are in very good order indeed but your directors THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. Aug. 3, 1897.] still think it advisable to write 10 per cent, off their value as taken on December 31 last. The total amount of the crop secured for the year was 720,200 lb., being 48,200 lb. over the estimate made this time last year and 52151 lb. more than the previous year’s outturn. I think you must consider that re- markably satisfactory. I may mention, too, that the present manager (Mr. Kerr) and the gentleman who did his w'ork last year both consider that they have not yet arrived at the total crop that may be ex- pected. There are still 163 acres on one estate which are merely in partial bearing. As regards yield, we secured 422 lb. per acre, as against 433 lb. in 1895. The reason of that is very obvious, because the 163 acres in partial bearing have all been included in striking the average. The average price of the tea sold in London was 8'86d. per pound, and the average of all Ceylon teas was 8'25d., or, taking our average at 8|d. and the Ceylon average at 8^d., we are a halfpenny beyond the average. The 8|d. is slightly lower than that of last year, but there is only a fractional difference. The acreage of the estates remains practically the same. Thirteen acres were planted during the year, making 1,720 acres under cultivation. On the last occasion we had the pleasure of meeting you, Mr. Kerr (our Ceylon manager) was present. He left us, and resumed charge of the estates from February 1. During his absence Mr. G. M. Ballardie did his work, and did it as well as he did on a previous occasion, and I shall ask you to pass a vote of thanks to him in due course. I shall also have the pleasure of in- troducing to you my old friend Mr. Blacklaw — we have generally something on show here — an Oriental pearl from the Bast. (Laughter.) He has come home after a residence of twenty-one years in Ceylon without a break. I think he is a very good specimen of what the Ceylon men are. I myself retire from the board, but, being eligible, am open to re-election. The shareholders will also be invited to express their appro- val of the appointment of Mr. George Gray Anderson to a seat on this board. Mr. Laurie offers himself for re-election as auditor. That is the sum total of our report, which I think you will consider a very pleasing one. Our position is remarkably sound. The esti- mates for the present year have all come home, drawn up in the usual careful way by our Ceylon manager. The prospects are equally as good as those of last year. We have already arrived at the middle of May, so we know pretty well what to expect. The posi- tion as a whole has not deteriorated since last 51 ay. The only black spot is the labour question. It is a small cloud on the horizon, but I do not think it is likely to burst into much rain or do much harm. A good deal is being done to try and find a remedy, and I am glad to say that the Governor has taken up the matter, which no previous Governor has done, and I think, if we look to him and the planters’ own energy and the Planters’ Association, if matters do get worse W'e shall find a remedy for them. At the same time there is a bright lining to that cloud. If the tea bushes are not pulled about too much they last all the longer, and will yield dividends in the future. I always like to look at the bright side, even of a dark cloud. These are all the remarks I wish to make, and I have now the pleasure to propose the usual resolution : “ That the reports and accounts be adopted”; but before putting it I should like to hear anything that any shareholder has to say, or any questions that it may be desired to put. Mr. R. W. Forbes seconded the motion. Captain Grant said the interest account was this year on the creditor side, but last year it was on the debtor side. The Chairman said three months interest had to be paid on tea sales, and it was usually on the debtor side ; but this year the Company had the advantage of having it on the other side. Cap ain Grant said he had noticed that the receipts in Ceylon in respect of tea manufactured were going down evei y year. He supposed that was in conse- quence of the small gardens getting their own piachinery. 87 The Chairman said the Company had been in the habit of buying large quantities of tea-leaf from estates which had no factory of their own ; but many of those had now their own factories. He, himself, had not been in favour of purchasing the leaf to make for others. He did not think it was always a de- sirable speculation, because their employes had to give up their time to other people, and their own teas might not receive the same attention that they other- wise would. Captain Grant asked whether it was more profit- able to sell their own manufactured tea in Ceylon or in London. The Chairman said that was a very difficult ques- tion to decide. Some teas are better sold in Ceylon : others are better brought to London. On the whole he thought the most favourable market was London. Captain Grant said there was the question of plague. It might touch Ceylon on its return journey to Hongkong, and it might be necessary to burn the coolies’ clothes, and furniture. Would they be amenable to reason and see that it was for their own benefit ? The Chairman. — We should do that first and then have a settlement afterwards. (Laughter). Every possible precaution is being taken in Ceylon to keep the plague out of the island, and in all matters affecting it the Ceylon authorities are most particular. The resolution for the adoption of the report and accounts was then agreed to, and “ that a dividend at the rate of 10 per cent, free of income-tax, be paid on and after this date.” Mr. Donald Andrew moved and Mr. R. W. Forbes seconded the re-election of Mr. H. L. Forbes as a director, and it was unanimously agreed to. On the motion of the Chairman, seconded by Mr. R. W. Foi-'es .the elcetion of Mr. G. G. Anderson as a director was also carried, the former remarking that they had gained somehow the idea that that gen- tleman’s presence on the board w'ould increase the dividend. (Laughter). Mr. G. G. Anderson returned thanks. The Auditor (Mr. J. B. Laurie) was reappointed, on the motion of Mr. G. W. Haine seconded by Captain Grant. The Chairman proposed a vote of thanks to the Ceylon and London staffs. All the heads of estates in Ceylon were practically the same as when the Com- pany started in 1889. Both staffs had the interest* of the Company at heart, and did their work well and thoroughly. Mr. G. W. Dodds seconded the motion, which was agreed to. Mr. Hugh Blacklaw, in acknowledging the vote, said if those in Ceylon got on successfully with their work it was due to a great extent to the board of directors at home. ’They had a practical man at the head of affairs, who was of great assistance to the staff in Ceylon. Mr. James F. Anderson returned thanks on behalf of the London staff. On the motion of Mr. J. C. Sanderson, seconded by Mr. George Todd, a vote of thanks was passed to the Chairman and Directors, and the proceedings terminated. Oil-seed Culture in Uganda.— A report just published by the Foreign Office states that the cultivation of sunflower, ground-nut, eastor*oil, and sesame plants has been thoroughly tried and proved successful in Uganda, British Ea.stern Africa. At Kampala an oil-press to be worked by animal power is in course of construction and by this oil will be produced on a larger scale than has hitherto been possible. It is hoped that the oils may find a market as lubricants but the local demand is also increasing rapidly.— Chemist and Druggist, April 17. S8 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. SALT AND AGRICULTURE IN CEYLON. The nianufactuie and .suiiply of salt to the public of Ceylon is a monopoly of the Govern- ment. Here, a.s in India, the ititticulty of reach- ing the masses by any other form of direct taxa- tion has been ahvay.s the apology for a levy on an article so indispensable to human existence and to healthy, active life. To tax salt though has very frequently been realised as at best a painful necessity, and when one thinhs of the po.ssibilities of “free salt” both among the peo]ile and the soil, a longing to see the necessity lemoved, can with diliiculty, be repressed. In the case of Ceylon, however, it has been pointed out that with the natural forma- tion, or artilicial manufacture of salt, confined to two points so remote from the chief cen- tres of population, as are Puttalam and Ham- bantota, it is questionable whether, had we free salt and private enterprise, distribution could be more readily or economically effected than at present by Government which charges the monopoly price uniformly and is responsible for the local supplies. This may have been true in pre-railway days ; but we entirely deny the force of the argument at the present time and still more when Puttalam is brought into direct railway communication with tlie capital and high- lands. All this by way of introduction ; but before we leave the subject, we would wish to add that any attempt to increase tlie salt-tax in Ceylon ought to lie strictly resisted. Such an attempt was threatened if not maile by Sir Arthur Havelock in 1892 ; and we think a protest we sent to Lord Ripon (then 8ecreta,ry of State) from Port Said when on our way back to the island, hel[)ed to suppress such proposal. Be that as it niay, our topic of discussion today is one that is by no means unfamiliar to our older readers, although it has not been re- vived for some years now. The value of salt in several, if not all, branches of agriculture in Ceylon has long been recognised. To coconut and other palm and fruit-tree cultivation salt is of ))re-eminent value. The coconut flourishes along the seashore in, apparently, very poor sandy soil chiefly owing to saline mixtures and deposits ; and how greatly the trees could be assisted farther inland if salt were available for application, is realized by all planters. There are eeriain soils which could not fail to be bene- liited by salt applications, no matter what crop they carry ; and in this way coffee planters of a bygone generation as well as rice cul- tivators, were very eager to have the Cey- lon Government allow salt to be denatura- lised, so that it could be had tree of the monopoly tax to benefit agriculture. This the Government was by no means unwilling to allow, provided sufficient assurance could be obtained that the proce.ss of denaturalisation was so effectual as to prevent the salt being used for human food. A great many experiments extend- ing over not a few years were made, but always with such unsatisfactory results that the Gov- ernment had to refuse its sanction to the agri- cultural appropriation of salt. The question excited considerable attention throughout the administrations of Sir Henry Ward and Sir Charles MacCarthy and part of that of Sir Her- cules Robinson an 1 has been revived, at intervals since, but always without success. Nevertheless, the importance of the proposal to utilize salt in the chief industries of the island has, in no way, abated. fAuG. 2, 1897. During his recent visit to Europe, the Hon. P. Coomaraswamy met an intelligent (xerman who, manifesting an interest in Ceylon, after a time got on our .salt monopoly. He .showed th.it tue Government monopoly was quite as strict in Germany : but that the problem of denaturali- zation has been successfully solved, so that salt free of tax was permitted to be used for agri- cultural and manuring purposes. Mr. Coomara- swamy a.s a coconut estate proprietor was naturally interested, and in answer to a request for fiutlier informarion, a letter, of which tlie following is a translation, was received : — Berlin W., Feb. 22ud, 1897. The lion. P. Coomaraswamy, Loudon. Dear Sir,— According to your wish 1 append an abstract of the German law rc inland revenue on salt, dated the 12th December 1867 5 2. The inland revenue on salt is 6 marks for 50 kgr. (about 6s. a hundred-weight), ^20. Free of tax are the following : — No. 2. The salt used for agricultural purposes, i.e., for the feeding of cattle and for manuring. No. 3. For pickling herrings and similar fish. No. 4. The salt employed for all other industrial purposes with the exception of that for industries preparing nourishment and relish for men (vide No. 3 exception). The salt for purposes (vide No. 2 and No. 4) must be denaturalized (article 5 of the agreement of 8th May, 1897.) This shall be accomplished by means of pujverised wormwood (enactment of the 25 March 1878.) I shall be glad to give you any more informa- tion, if wanted, and remain, dear sir, yours faithfully, Fh. Lange. »Ve have asked Mr. Lange kindly to send us copy of the enactments referred to, so as to ex- jiedite the action which we have no doubt the Tamil representative will take in the LegislaHve Council to have the same [uivileges as exist in Ger many extended to Ceylon. It is a matter in which both the Chamber of Commerce and the Planters’ Association should take a special interest, and we trust the year 1897 — notable in so many other ways — may see the long-desired permission given to Ceylon planters and agriculturists of all grades to use salt (certificated to be treated in the proper way) for apjdication to their palm, fruit, rice or other cultivation. CACAO DISEASE— THE GOVERNMENT— AND THE PLANTERS’ ASSOCIATION. The corresijondeiice given elsewhere from the Planters’ Association is, so far, satisfactory. It is reassuring to know that th ' Kew authorities have been consulted ; but still more so to understand that they will not act hastily in sending out any specialist until after Mr. Willis, the Director of our Gardens, has reported after consultation with Mr. E. E. Green. We are especially pleased that the qualifications and local experience of the latter as Entomo- logist are being so fully recognized, and we trust the Government will not hesitate to adopt the recommendation of the Planters’ Association Committee, and indeed to act even more liber- ally than is suggested. Mr. Green is the last uian in the world to presume or aggrandize : like so many true scientists he takes too modest a view of his acquirements and, in his case, of his ability to help his brother planters. Now, none of us should expect Mr. Willis or .Ir,’ Green to wo) k wonders ; but ive feel confident that both these gen.lemen will enter eon amore on the task allotted to them and will give the best advice in their power to the Government, Of course, Mr. Willis is the responsible adviser ; Aug. 2, 1897.] TiriE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 89 but he has already shown in his Annual Re- port, how ready lie is to profit hy local expe- rience and special training ; and still more, how pleased he would be to see further scientific experts brought to bear on the economic pro- blems affecting the leading agricultural industries of the island. As we have said, an Agricultural Science Board —comprising the Director, Conser- vator of Forests, an Agricultural Chemist, Entomolos'ist, and perhaps, Cryptogamist or Fungologist — to experiment, investigate and suggest, for the benefit of planters of all degrees (of palms as well as of tea, cacao, coffee, etc.,) and of cultivators generally, could not fail to prove of decided benefit at this stage in the progress of the colony ; and if Governor Ridgeway saw his way to es- tablish such a Board, and to place it in active co-operation with agricultural, as well as official, representatives, a very notable advantage would be given to our greatest and most vital indus- tries, and a decided impetus to material progress in a variety of directions. CATERPILLAR PEST ON “ALBIZZIA^’ (TOON) TREES AND WITH A LIKING FOR TEA. The following is the letter of a tea planter in a lowcountry district to a Colombo merchant: — I am sending you, in a small box, some tea leaves wilh the “ caddis ” and worm attached. As the pest now has got on to the tea after having nearly killed about 5 acres of Albizzias, I shall be much obliged if you will please show them to the Observer En- tomological authority; and if he thinks it will be necessary to destroy them then the matter must be taken in hand at once. All the Albizzia trees wilh pest have to be cut down — as the worm drops on to the tea from them— and then coolies are put on to collect the worms. So far very little damage has been done to the tea bushes. Our Entomological referee is good enough to report as follows : — “ Caterpillars of the genus Psi/elie. They reside in a case composed of fragments of leaves, bits of grass, &c, and in w’hich they undergo their meta- morphoses. Those cases suspended from the leaves by a thread, contain the chrysalides which might be brushed off by the hand if very numerous and close together. The escape of the moth is indicated by a portion of the empty chrysalis left protruding from one end of the case, within which the cater- pillar has resided, and the chrysalis found protec- tion. I have not heard of their doing much damage to tea. Colombo 7th June.” All this shows how much need there is for an Entomologist — not merely “ honorary ” — though that is better than none — but for one in constant -work throughout the country. Possibly, the live acres of “ toons” might have been saved if seen •by an Entomologist at an early stage. ■ THE VINE IN THE MALAY PENINSULA. Alluding to a recommendation in an Indian paper that planters in the Malay Peninsula should try the vine, the Malay Mail says : — We are of the same opiuion, and wonder why nobody has ever yet thought of going in for viti- culture here. The chief question is, of course, one of soil. As for the climate, we should think little on that point is left to be desired. The sunlight is on the whole never too scorching, and the rains, provided always that the vines were not planted along too steep a gradient, would invigorate the leaf, and also tend to protect it against parasites. Of course, wherever tin were suspected as being present, there wine growers must be conspicuous by their absence. As to the ferruginous flavour of Australian vintages, which is not always palatable to wine drinkers, no fear need be entertained on that score, for ironstone soil is not much met with in the F. M. S.— F. Press, 28. CEYLON PROPRIETARY TEA ESTATES COMPANY, LIMITED. The statutory meeting of the Ceylon Proprietary Tea Estates Company, Limited, held at the offices of the company, 20 Bastcheap, on May 18. The Secretary having read the notice, calling the meeting, The Chairman Mr. G. A. Talbot, said : — This being the statutory meeting of the company which the Act demands must be held within four mouths of the incorporation of the company, I need not remind you it is a meeting at which no business can be done. I, however, may tell you that the various estates have been transferred to the com- pany, and we are now in full possession of the same. When the prospectus was issued we had not been able ro conclude negotiations for the purchase of the remaining one-eight share of Badella Estate, but we have now done so, and there are only certain legal formalities to be gone through when this eighth share will be conveyed to the company. We have telegraphic advice that the crop for the first four months of the year has amounted to 290,000 lb. so- that it would appear we are likely to fulfil our expectations as regards the estimated crop from our property when in full bearing, as set forth in the prospectus. As you are aware the first Jour months of this year have beeir unfavourable as regards ex- change rates, but these are now improving, and we can only hope they may continue to do so. While in Ceylon in March last I visited Radella and Summerville Estates belonging to the company, and was thus able to confer with Mr. Wiggin, and Mr. Masefield, and advise them as to the future working of them. Mr. Wiggin, who was one of the principsS vendors, and who is on the board of the company, is at present in Ceylon, and as he has a thorough knowledge ' of estate management will meet Mr Masefield, who will have the care of the estates for the future, and arrange with him as to the -vi-orking before he returns to this country about the end of the year. Should any shareholder desire to ask any question, I shall be very pleased to ■answer the same. No questions being asked, Mr. W. E. Mitchell proposed, and Mr. G. T. White seconded, a vote of thanks to the chair, and the proceedings then terminated. — PI. <& C. Mail, May 21. — MULBERRY AND TEA CULTIVATION IN THE FAR EAST. We take the following from the Japan Times of May 11th : — According to statistics compiled by the Agricul- tural and Commercial Department, the are a of land devtoed to mluberry cultivation shows a tendency to increase annually as the result of the progress made in sericulture, the total area in 1898 being 288,987 cku. This is an increase of 22,772 cho, or 8 5 per cent compared with the previous year. The in- crease can be traced in almost every pretecture, those of Yamanashi, Yamagata, Gumma anu Nagano being the most prominent examples. The total area of tea farms is 59,479 cho, being an increase of 1,750 dio or 3 per cent compared with the previous year. This is a result of the close investigations pursu§^ }» ^hizuqka prefecture, on the one handj 90 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [Aug. 2, 1897. and of the remarkable improvement in the tea in- dustry in Kochi and Miyazaki prefectures, on the other hand. COMPARISON or AREA OF MULBERRY AND TEA FARMS. Tea Land. cho. 60,669-7 1890 . . Mulberry Laud. cho. . . 243,842-0 1891 . . , . 247,968-1 1892 . . , . 231,400-8 1893 . . . . 243,£68-8 1894 . . . . 253,889-8 1895 . . . , 266.164-3 1896 . , . , 288,937-0 69,000-1 57,728-6 59,479-1 PRINCIPAL PKODUCING DISTRICTS. Prefectures. Kanaga-wa Saitama Gumma Ibaraki Yamanashi Gifu .. Kagano Fnkushima Yamagata Ishikawa Mulberry. cho. 9,410-3 18,803-C 28,740-5 11,617-7 18,657-3 13,560-8 25,348-7 29,422-0 ■ 14,287-1 10,492-2 Tea. jPa and Prefectures, cho. Kyoto Saitama Ibaraki Miye Shizuoka Gifu . . Ehime Kochi Fukuoka Kumamoto 3,298-0 1,912-8 2,903-8 4,086-0 14,597-1 2,148-4 2,324-5 2,044-3 2,053-8 2,334-8 SOUTHEKIS INDIA TEA ESTATES COMPANY, LIMITED. The following is from the directors’ report to be submitted at the second annual ordinary general meeting, to be held at the office of the company, 16 Philpot Lane, London, E. C., on Wednesday ne.xt The accounts show a net profit of £1,193 6s 9d aftel- payment of debenture interest. Out of this sum an interim dividend of 5 per cent, was paid on October 7 1896, and the directors propose now to pay a dividend of 5 per cent., making a total of 10 per cent, for the year, free of income-tax. The balance of £150 Os lOd will be carried forward to the current year. Without hitherto making a call upon the shareholders, the cultivated acreage has been increased by opening 96 acres of new land, which had been planted with good Manipnri seed and makes the total now 516 acres in tea The purchase of the adjoining estates— Glen mary and Westerton— for £14,000, as from January 1, 1897 and as put before the company at the general meeting of October 7, 1896, has been concluded by the directors, and the transfer of these properties to the company duly completed ; the vendors agreeing to re. ceive payment in 500 fully paid-up 6 per cent. Preef- rence shares of £10 each and 900 fully paid-up ordin- arv shares of £10 each. The tea growing upon Glen, mary and Westerton is of exceptionally good quality- and the purchase was recommended by Mr, Eobert S. Imray, whose report upon them is m the company’s office, and is open to the inspec- tion of ^shareholders. The profits for the last season were £1,446 4s 5d. The acquisition of Glenmary and Westerton will give a compact pro. nertv in one biOck with ft total area of 912 acres of teal 676 acres being in bearing. As a large area of valu able land belonging to the company is at present unproductive, the directors consider it high y desi "able that some of it should be quickly brought under cultivation, which, with the company s staff nf management and available labour, can be cheaply «nd profitably accomplished; and for this purpose it ^11 ?rnecessary to issue this year 300 new shares ^say 200 6 per cent, preference and 100 ordinary oharL, which it is proposed be first offered to the Sareholdexs pro rata at £10 10s per ^are. Fifty acres are already felled in Kuduwa Karnum and eighty-six in Glenmary and Westerton for the present eelson’s planting. The accounts from ffie gardens are of a more satisfactory nature than they have been since the company entered into possesion of the properties. Mr William Forbes Laurie retires in accordance with nl' Irficles of association, but offers himself for ‘jVctS as 1 May 21. UDUGAMA TEA AND TIMBER COMPANY, LIMITED. An extraordinary general meeting of this Com- pany was held at the Registered Office ot the Company, No. 20, Baillie Street, Fort, Colombo, this afternoon tor the purpose of considering- and passing the follow-ing resolution: — That the capital of the Company be increased from four hundred thousand Eupeea (R400,000) to five hundred thousand Rupees (E600,000) by the creation of 2,000 new shares of R50 each to be called “ preference shares,” entitling the holders thereof to a preferential cumulative dividend of eight per cent per annum, and in addition thereto in any year when the net profits of the Company after payment of debenture interest and after writing off such amount as the Directors of the Company think proper for depreciation, exceed the amount payable as eight per cent, dividend upon the “preference shares’’ that have been issued, one-third of such excess if all the 2,000 “preference shares’’ have been issued, or if all have not been issued, a portion of such one-third proportionate to the pro- portion that shall at the time have been issued of such 2,000 shares ; and further entitling such preference holders, in the event of the Company being wound up, to be paid the amount of their prefer- ence shares in full before any payment is made to the ordinary Shareholders. The original Shareholders in the Company to have priority of right to take up the preference shares -/>ro }-ata to the number of shares held by each Shareholder. The resolution was carried, all present voting in favour of it, with the exception of Mr. E. L. M. Brown who did not record his vote. CEYLON TEA IN AU.STKALIA AND THE CONTINENT GENERALLY. We are glad to welcome back ]\Ir. Marinitach, looking exceedingly well after his trip to Europe, and -we learn that he brings good news of the jirogress of the sale of Ceylon tea throughout Austria. The demand for Ceylon tea is in- creasing, hut he thinks that perhaps the demand for Indian tea is increasing in a larger proportion, and he considers that this is due to the Indian teas being better prepared. Ceylon tea, although of quite good enough quality for continental purposes, is not made so attractive as it might be, and in many parts of the continent “appearance” is the thing of greatest importance to secure a ready sale, Mr. Marinitsch thinks too that the Ceylon Tea Fund directors — and he speaks impartially never having re- ceived or asked for any contribution from this fund — w-ould do better by advertising Ceylon teas on their own account, than by personal subsidies, which are too often expended in pro- moting individual businesses rather than for the -welfare of Ceylon teas as a wdiole. We cer. tainly consider, that the time is fast approaching when individual subsidies should he abandoned in favour of the wider and more impartial ad* vertising of our teas. Rearing Silkavorms in the Plains.— We regret to see that the experiment w-hich has lately been tried, of rearing silkworms in the plains from cocoons imported from Assam, has had to he abandoned. The increased heat to which they Avere subjected in their ncAv habitat proved too much for the Avorms, Avhich gradually sickned| and died off in the course of a couple of years,— Jhe Statesman. Aug. 2, 1897.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 91 “ HOW TO ECOJ^OMTSE THE AVAILABLE LABOUR SUPPLY.” Under this heading, we ventured, though with considerable hesitation, to trouble the planting community — some lime ago — with a third Cir- cular containing questions hearing on ' the all-important question of Labour Supply. Most of these were suggesteil by jjractical men for whose opinions we have tlie highest respect : but, never- theless, we much feared that our “ 11 questions” would meet with the fate upcountry w'hich they did from one Colombo merchant (with planting- experience) who ought to he among the earliest to show a good example, instead of his reply to the Circular being, — “ This is beyond me.” We are much gratified, however, to find a very liberal and most interesting series of answers already sent in from some of the most thoughtful and observant planters in the country and covering a considerable variety of districts. We, of course, expect a good many more and shall delay publication accordingly for a few days. That our Circular this time was rather a for- midable one will be seen from its terms as follows : — Dear Sir, — It has been suggested that to bring together the opinions of a number of experienced dlauters ou means of economising Labour on estates qeyond the ordinary routine, might lead to some useful practical results. No doubt, there are labour- saving contrievnces on some estates, not yet gener- ally adopted, which it would be well to make known because every cooly saved is a matter of benefit to the whole community. Hints as to wire-shoots, spouting, &c., ought to be useful. It is also sug- gested that questions might be asked as to altera- tions in some points of present cultivation, weed- ing, draining, &o. We accordingly formulate a few questions : — (1.) Have you had any experience of Wire Shoots, or seen their working, and do you think them appli- cable much more freely than at present on estates ? Do they damage tea leaf? (2.) Particulars of any other Labour-saving appli- ances in field or factory of which you have had experi- ence, or have noted among you neighbours ? (3.) Oonld small Tramways 18-in. or 12-in. gauge be applied profitably on average estates to save trans- port by coolies? Weeding.— It is pointed out that where clean weeding had been observed with coffee on steep land, it (the coffee) has gone together with the surface soil : and that most of the coffee still in existence is growing on rooky ground where a growth of mosses and low class plants — together -svith the nature of the ground — has allowed of fresh accumulations of leaf mould. What is suggested is that while all seedino- or strong weeds should be taken out, there are others that — taking little out of the soil- might be left to aid in the formation and reten- tion of humus. The questions then may be formu- lated thus: — (4.) Has it ever struck you that weeding (both of coffee and tea) was overdone in Ceylon ? (5.) With reference to saving Labour as well as saving soil, would you advise an experiment in less frequent weeding, or in what may be called, solected weeding — that is the leaving of mosses, selaginellas, small ferns, and other such small plants ? (6.) Have you ever tried an experiment in culti- vating any crop (of lupines, clovers— N.B., not the O.valis, a common and obnoxious weed like a trefoil — ) to be dug into the soil,— or would you advise such an experiment ? (7.) Is the present system of Drainage satisfac- tory? Could any practical means be devised for trapping or retaining the vast amount of soil that is annually carried away with the surface water. A favourable account has reached us of the result of la planliug row.s of cuscns grass (which neither seeds nor spreads) above the drains — these grew close and strong, forming a barrier af;ainst soil being washed down, while allowing the rain to pass through ? (8.) Kindly mention any means in other directions in connection with the usual plantation work where Labour might be saved ? Next as to keeping Labour, would you (9.) Suggest any special perquisites to coolies— is the giving of ground for gardens to each lines gener- ally observed — and where not, would it not make them more contented ? (10.) Would you advise the multiplying of boutiques or bazaars — until each two or three estates have their own— in order to prevent coolies wandering a distance and being tempted ? (11.1 Are you troubled with a hquorshop in your neighbourhood and do you think labour would be saved if liquorshops were abolished, or reduced in number, in the purely planting districts? Answers, opinions, or suggestions on all or any of above heads will oblige. We can easily understand the younger Superin- tendents or Managers being reluctant to enter on so wide a subject ; but apart from the fact that .strict anonymity is precerved, there is nothing like “giving” as -well as “taking” in planting discussions, in order that the fullest benefit from diverse experience, opinions and observations may be derived. The man who contributes — be it ever so little - a suggestion, o|)inion or remark on even one or tivo out of tlie eleven que.stion.s — is far the most likely to take an intelligent inter- est in the whole discussion and also to prove himself one of the leading planters of the future — we now refer, of course, to the younger generation of the community. Meantime we must express onr thanks to the gentlemen who have taken so much trouble to give us the advantage of their experience and opinions in reference to the important topics raised in onr questions, while to those who have the Cir- cular lying by them for the “convenient mo- ment” we would say “ Try and oblige by sending in your answers as early as possible.” ^ THE “BULKING OF TEA” ON THE ESTATE- IN COLOMBO STORES —AND IN LONDON. The result of our enquiries goes to show that the “bulking of tea” in estate factories— where it can be done most conveniently and accu- rately— costs, if ordinary care is taken, such a mere fraction as to be practically nil ; in the Colotmboj fftctory, the estimated cost is a half- cent per lb. — because boxes have to be opened and renailed, lead cut and re.soldered, pieces of broken hoop replaced, ete. ; — while in the London ware* houses the cost runs from Jd to ^d per lb. for whole or half chests. The comparison may he still further pursued by contrasting the following table given by our evening con tern por.ary with the “ half-cent” per lb. for Colombo, and the merest traction (not worth counting) for e, state bulk- ing:— The rates for taring and bulking in London (less ten per cent) are as follows :— From 169 lb. to 199 lb. 2s Od 159 „ Is 8d 129 ;, Is 5d 89 ,, Is 3d 79 ,, Is 2d 59 „ — lid 44 „ — 8d „ ±1 „ 34 „ — 6d Not exceeding 16 lb. ,, — 4d But it is not the mere money difiereiice, so much as the treatment of our teas in the London 130 90 80 60 45 35 17 92 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [At'G. 2, 1897. •warehouses during the bulking process, that has to he complained of ; and the undoul)ted fact that foreign substances — pieces of stick, dust &c. — get into the tea while repacking, ex- cites the great objection to London bulking on the part of proprietary planters. There is in- dubitable evidence of this fact afforded — evidence ■which even Mr. Lipton cannot get over — in the gradual accumulation of tea up to a considerable quantity in the London warehouses. AVhere does such tea come from and what happens when a London buyer of tea finds that a chest is short weight of the quantity marked upon it ? He lays the box on one side, telephones to the warehouse naming consignment, maik of chest and weight short ; and at once a man comes up from the warehouse to see and test the case, — and as often as not with the short weight of tea in a paper package, so that he may at once close the complaint if a correct one ! Again, where does this tea come from ? — and how in tlie face of such an absolutely unjust and iniquitous system, Mr. Lipton’s tea buyers can have the utter indifference to proprietary in- terests to say, “We will only buy London- bulked tea,” surprises us beyond measure. Surely Mr. Lipton liimself — as a Ceylon tea estates proprietor, a professed friend of the industry and of the colony— cannot have been consulted in this decision ; and surely it cannot be one that is approved of by his experienced Agent on the spot (Mr. F. Duplock)? It is, moreover, quite evident that a whole commu- nity of careful, upright, fair-dealing men— the tea planters of Ceylon— are to be punished for the sake of a few “black sheep ’’ — careless superintendents -about their factory work— amongst them ? This is neither politic nor equitable. We do not at all deny that there is a percentage— perhaps only a trac- tion of a per cent— of careless “ estate bulking ” ; but surely it is not impossible for buyers to keep a' note of the olfending “mark” and take care nob to buy that estate’s tea— at any rate after a second faulty experi eece ever again ? ^Ve are the very last to defend the careless superintendent ; although, we feel that, in some eases, the projuietor may have to share the blame in not granting a suffi- ciency of aid in factory work ; and we know that there are cases in the experience of Colombo Agency houses which show downriglit neglect in the estate fac- tory. One such case related to us, we may mention. A. lot of 18 chests of tea is sent to Colombo Agents to be offered for sale : samples are drawn from three boxes ; afterwards another sample for some reason is sent for and it proves so utterly ditferent that an examination of the Avhole lot takes place when it is found that 6 out of the 18 lioxes contain dilferent and greatly inferioi- tea, aUhougli all were reported to he “ bulked” the same. Now, in such a case, unless a satisfactory cx|)hinatiou was afforded, prompt and decided' punishment should follow. Nevertheless we maintain that the cases where anything like careless “bulking” occurs, are very fevv and far between. We know estates by the score— if not hundred— where, for a serie.s of Years there has never been the slightest com- plaint in leference to “ bulking.” Now-, why should such— the vast majority of— Ceylon estates be subjected to an additional tax, and theii teas be ilepreciated in a London warehouse, because there are a few factories which are careless about their “bulking” ? We think that, on reconsi- deration, even Mr. Lipton’s “ house” will see its mistake. Certainly, we feel sure that Mr. Lipton himself — to whom we directly ap|)eal as a proprietor w-ith experience of Ceylon tea estates — will see the unfairness of subjecting a w’hole community of planters to the disadvan- tages which would follow were all the tea buyers to refuse to buy save on London “ bulking.” We would ask Mr. Lipton’s London tea managers, therefore, to rescind their obnoxious rule and, instead, to take a note of any offending Ceylon estates’ marks, — avoid them in the future, and, if they like, publicly report them, e.“pecially after a second otfence. BEE CULTUKE AT THE SCHOOL OF AGRICULTURE. Arrangements are being made for carrying on an experiment in Apiculture at the Scliool of Agriculture, and a couple of hives especially constructed to suit the habits of the Ceylon honey bee under the supervision of Mr. Charles Andree of Kurunegala, who has had consider- ble ex))erience in bee-keeping in Ceylon, may be now seen at the School. ♦- PLANTING AND PRODUCE. Outlook for the Tea Trade in China. — A great expan- sion in the foreign trade of China is recorded by Mr. H. Kopsch. the Secretary of the Imperial Maritime Cus- toms, in his report for 1896, but in tea there is again a considerable falling-off. The decline of China’s trade in tea is no new feature. That has been persistently dwindling for years past under the competition of India and Ceylon. And as to its prospects, this is the best that Mr. Kopsch can say : — “ That the resuscitation of the China tea trade is not regarded as hopeless is evinced by the formation of a ‘ Foochow Tea Im- provement Company,’ for the preparation of tea after the Indian and Ceylon methods.” He does not regard it as improbable that in time this new departure will commend itself to the Chinese tea growers, and that although the market for China teas in the United Kingdom may never be recovered, an Asi.itic demand for the finer qualities of them may slowly develop. New Season’s China Teas. — The time has come round again for the opening of another season for China teas at Kiukiang, and we may soon hear of the first steamer leaving Hankow with new Monings for the London market. This commencement of the 1897-98 season, says the Grocer, does not possess anything like the same amount of importance to the home trade as openings of the season did years ago, when those teas occupied a far higher place in the estimation of the dealers generally than they do now ; and after the losses and disappointments more recently expe- rienced, it would be unwise to indulge in sanguine expectations of a very successful business in the article in the near future. Compared with the popu- larity it enjoyed in the “■ seventies,” when the yearly consumption in this country averaged about 122,000,000 lb, China tea has gone almost entirely out of use — in 1896 only 19,831,680 lb were officially returned as having been consumed in the United Kingdom. Thcordinary consumer’s liking for this kind of tea has certainly died out; and it is only when Indian and Ceylon teas temporarily run short, and are relatively dear at 7d to 8d per lb for common quality, that the wholesale dealers, in the struggle to keep up a cheap (shilling) canister, will condescend to look at China descriptions. These then, by reason of their exceeding cneapness, become a tempting Aug. 2, 1897.1 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST, 93 bait to the mixers and blenders, who operate largely in them while the scarcity of other sorts lasts; and directly there is promise of a glut in Ceylon and Indian teas, and prices recede to their former reduced level, the dealers retire from the China division of the market audgo back eagerly to their old favourites. The New Move in China. — Chinese tea importers are hoping that the tea trade of China will mend on the strength of the new manufacturing methods which are to be adopted. There are some tall stories current about the coming revolution in the China tea trade, bnt at present these reports are mere rumour. The Grocer echoes this hopeful an- ticipation. It says : — “ Yet, notwithstanding all that may be observed to the contrary, there are still some old fashioned people who Hire China tea, and, preferring it to any other, will have it while it is at all possible ; and for this class of consumers at least the beginning of a new season is decidedly hopeful. Especially is this so at the present time, when ‘ machine-made ’ teas from China will be sub- jected to their severest test. Till now they have been regarded merely as an experiment, having first come under notice in November last, when W'e spoke of them as showing ‘ an improvement on the old style,’ also as being both ‘strong and pungent,’ and seem- ing ‘ to meet with approval.’ If half what one hears of these teas be true, they are likely to prove the great feature of the coming season, and should be the means of partly restoring China growths to a healthier position than they have stood in for many years past. In manipula,ting China teas for native use or exportation, the worn-out plan was to dry the leaves as they were plucked, first in the sun, before finally preparing them for market ; but it is said the new method recommended and adopted is to avoid the preliminary process of drying the leaf in the open air, and carry the freshly gathered leaves, full of their natural sappiness and moisture, straight to the pans or sheds for ‘ firing,’ curing, and being ‘ machined,’ preparatory to packing them fcr sale and shipment to foreign markets. China teas, which have become less and less a speciality with the home trade here, may, if made stronger by the new mode of manufacturing them, compete with the productions of India and Ceylon, the latter Earticularly ; for, besides the newly-treated teas eing more suited to the modern requirements of the British public of today, they are just what are wanted by shippers to the European continent and elsewhere, who must secure teas of some richness and strength, or they will not please the drinkers of the beverage there. Weak, flat, insipid, and thin-liquoring teas are, it appears, practically out of the running ; and the smaller proportion they bear to the aggregate supply the livelier will he the demand and the more satisfactory the price for all teas of a finer and superior grade.” The Peofits on the Sale op Tea. — The Chan- cellor of the Exchequer, in his recent speech on the tea duty question, hurt the feelings of some members of the tea trade by stating that grocers made large profits out of the sale of tea. The president of the Manchester, Salford, and District Grocers’ Associa- tion has written to Sir Michael Hicks-Beach as follows : — “ Prom this morning’s papers I find that in the discussion in Parliament last evening as to a proposed reduction In the duty on tea you are re- ported to have said that ‘ the fact was, there was no article in the whole stock of a grocer that paid him so well, ft was an article out of which he made his profits as largely and as certainly as the inn- keeper made his profits out of alcohol. The poor man would pay at the rate of 2s a pound for a small quantity of tea — tea which the wholesale dealer had bought at 9d.’ As president of the Man- chester, Salford, and District Grocers’ Associa- tion, and a grocer having nearly for'y year,’ experience in the retail grocery trade, I be of to offer a most eniphatio protest against your remarks and an absolute repudiation of the above statement. As a matter of fact, a grocer would think he was doing well to obtain la 4d per lb for tea costing 9d wholesale, but he would not thereby secure 7d profit to himself. To the first cost must be added I per lb duty, an additional tax of J per cent., cost of carriage, &o., making the co-t to the grocer at least Is Igd per lb. I may inform you that there are hundreds of retail traders in this district who pin- chase tea wholesale at Is 2d per lb to sell again in small quantities at Id per oz., or Is 4d per lb. It is therefore most unfair to the shopkeeper to advertise him assslli'gat 2s per lb. tea which costs him only 9d. — I am. on behalf of the Manchester, Salford, and Distii-t Grocers’ ^Association, yours, etc.” On this subject Mr. James Ijittle, of Manches- ter, writes as follows on the subject of the - grocer’s sell abnegation : — “ I don’t suppose people will take much notice of the absurd statement of the Chan- osllor of the Exchequer re good and respectable trades-people robi-iugthe public, because that is really what he suggests when he spuys tea dealers buy tea at 9d and sell it at 2s. Why, sir, the thing is preposterous. In these days of competition I sell tons of tea at Jd per lb profit. And a grocer if he got 2d profit would consider himself doing good business.’ — II. and C. 2Iail, May 21. THE JAPAN TEA TNDUSTKY. The position which Shizuoka ken occupies in the tea industry of Japan may be easily gathered from the fact that out of 40,281,669 catties sent from various parts of the empire to Yokohama and Kobe in 1895, Shizuoka contributed no less than 17,274,937 catties, the amounts brought in during the same year, from other noted tea districts being as follows ; Miye, 5,516,000 catties ; Kyoto, 3,187,105 catties ; Osaka, 1,858,959 catties ; Shiga, 1,044,631 catties, Besides green tea, Shizuoka produces Oolong (Formosan) tea and black tea, the first, however, being predominant. The tea manufactured in Suruga, which province and Totomi make up Shizuoka ken, is collected in the local depots at Shizuoka, Fujiyeda, Numazu, Omiya, Yoshiwara, and Ejiri ; while that manufactured in the other province is collected at Kanaya, Kakegawa, Putamata, Hamamatsu, and one or two other places. The leaf is next sent to Yokohama through the wholesale dealers of the respective places. In the city of Shizuoka there is the Nippon Tea Manufacturing Company, which sends goods to foreign markets v.'ithont passing through the hands of foreign merchants in Japan. A special establishment for remanufacturing tea is also found in Jyoto Gun. The latest statistics on the Shizuoka tea industry are as follows : — Area under tea cultivation.. 12,744 c7/o. Annual output .. 1,600,000 catties. Value of output .. 4,800,000 »/en. Members of Tea Guild . . 74,675 Licensed iustructors in tea manufacturing . . 571 The rise of wages was during the last few years quite surprising. During 1895 the average daily wage of tea-pickers did not much exceed 12 sen, but was raised to 17 sen next year for men. At present wages paid to girls and women for picking do not differ from the rate of last year, but it is extremely probable that the tendency to increase will appear sooner or later. The ruling price of the raw leaf being very closely related to that of manufactured, it is not yet possi- ble to give any precise statement on the subject. But it is expected that this season the growers’ price will be midway between that of 1895 and 1896, that is, between 33 sen and 23 sen per kwainme, and will range between 27 and 30 sen. Wages of tea manufacturing operatives have risen even at a greater rate than in the case of leaf pickers' wages. Two or three years ago the average rate of wages was about 30 sen, but last year it rose to 50 sen. Cut it is not the wages alone that tea nianufacturers have to pay on account of their men ; they must also sup- ply food to the men, and at an increasing cost. Tho rise in the maiket price of charcoal must also be taken into consideration, for it coustilutes 94 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST, [Aug. 2, 1897. one cf the most important items in tea manufacture. Two or three years ago a yen would purchase 22 kwainme of charcoal, but this year the purchasing value of the fell to 16 or 17 ktvaiiirne. NVith the general rise in the timber market, the price of tea boxes is also steadily going upward, probably to as high as 40 sen this year as compared with 35 rjen last year. Such being the movement in the cost of produc- tion it is not surprising chat tea manufacturers and dealers are very anxious about the outlook this sea- son. The supply of leaf will not be deficient, for though in some particular districts the damage in- flicted by the late frosts has been estimated to dimin- ish the output by about 30 per cent, as compared with the yield of an ordinary year. The crop from the whole prefecture of Shizuoka is expected to exceed that of last year by 20 per cent. From the 2nd to the 10th inst. the first picking will be most SLctive.— Japan Times, May 8. [second article.] Tea dealers and growers of Shizuoka hen are fully alive to the necessity of stamping out the ruinous tendency towards deterioration in the tea trade. Con- sequently, last year, when the tea market as unusually dull and when, therefore, according to previous experience, inferior goods were extremely likely to appear, people wisely decided to suspend the manufacture of tea altogether for the time. Tea manufacturers of Kanaoka-iuura and its neighbour- hood have decided this year to give up using iron pans in the manufacture of tea, the use of such implements tending to deteriorate the quality. There are several varieties of deteriorated tea, and tliese are made in different ways. For the sake of clearness, we may subdivide deteriorated tea in'o three classes namely “Fnsei-cha,” *■ Chakushoku- cha,” and “ Sosei-cha.” There are commonly five different ways of making Fusei-cha, and they are (1) to use leaves resembling those of the tea shrub, or to mix such leaves with real tea ; (2) to sprinkle black or dark-coloured sand, or other materials, in the tea. while the process of manu- facture is going on, and thus to increase the weight of it ; (3) to re-manufacture tea which has gone bad, and to use it either by itself or by mixing it with tea of good quality ; (4) to convert coarse leaves of other trees or shrubs into “ tea ” by the aid of certain sticky substances, or to mix such bogus “ tea with genuine leaf; (5) other clever methods, which, how- ever, are not so common as those enumerated above. “ Chaku-shoku-cha ” is made (1) by colouring tea (after manufacture) with antiinony or plumbago, or mixing tea thus coloured with ordinary tea, (2) by using sulphate of iron or other compounds of iron during the process of manufacture, to give the tea a black appearance. “Sosei-cha” is (1) tea dried in the sun (black tea excepted) ; (2) tea made of coarse leaves rotted by various processes so as to give them a black appear- ance. (3) Eotten tea dried in the shade. In enumerating these different varieties of adultera- tea and deteriorated tea and explaining the different ways of making it, we do not of course mean actually to charge the tea manufacturers of Shizuoka in par- ticular with being guilty of these frau'dnlent practices, for people of other'places, Yokohama, for example, are known to be guilty of the same offences. We merely make this statement to inform the general public how deteriorated tea is made, and how the Shizuoka people are setting their faces against it. Another article will bring this description of the Shizuoka tea trade to a close. — Japs/a Times, May 7. (THIRD ARTICLE.) The Shizuoka tea growers and dealer.? are tho- roughly desirous of keeping up the reputation which the locality enjoys as the largest centre of the tea industry in Japan. While tea growers of other districts, disappointed at the small margin of profit which the business has yielded during the last few years, are converting tea farms into Mulberry plant- ations, the Shizuoka men stick to the business with admirable perseverance. They have, for instance, invited from Formosa several experts in the manufacture of Oolong tea, and are trying to start a new branch of tea industry. All these efforts are most praiseworthy, but they seem to absorb the attention of the Shizuoka men too much, to the neglect of other important m 'tters which lack the attraction of novelty. For instance, they do not seem to devote enough attention to the necessity of devising means calculated to reduce the cost of pro iuctiou v/hich seriously threatens, according to the recent tendency of the market, to eat up whatever profit may be expected to accrue from the manufacture of tea. Indeed, the rate of increase of the producing cost during these few years far surpasses that of profit, as a glance at the following figures will show : — CO.ST OF PRODUCTION. 18i)l 1895 Rate of increase. Daily average wages of tea labourers . .30 sen 50 sen G6 per cent. Price of charcoal per Kiramme .. .. 3.0 0.0 00 ,, PRICE or TEA. Average price of tea per lUO catties ..10.01 yen yen 37.6 percent. The year 189.5 was one of the most favourable years to tea growers, the market having stood at an unusually high level, and yet, even taking the figures of that year, the rate of increase of profit does not exceed 29 per cent, as compared with GO per cent, increase in the cost of production. The point deserves the most careful attention of Shizuoka people. Various schemes thus far devised by them for the purpose of reducing the cost of production are mere temporary expedients and are of no permanent use. The primary point to be kept in view is the expeusive- ness of manual labour, the whole process of manufac- ture being at present entirely undertaken by human hands. Under the circumstances, a machine which Mr. Mochizuki, of Shimo, Aibara county, Shizuoka Pre- fecture, “invented” last year must be recommended to the notice of those w'ho are interested in the tea industry. A set as originally constructed costs 250 yen, and the machine when operated with water power is capable of doing the work of 10 men, while only two men are needed for working the machine. The in- ventor has since thought it necessa,ry to effect some modifications and the cost of the later pattern is conse- quently raised to 800 yen. He is oontemplatiog the use of the machine this season at his tea factory, and the result ought to be carefully observed by ail tea growers. Another point to be impressed on the tea growers, though already very well known to them, is the necessity of bringing fuivign con- sumers of Japan tea and tea dealers and growers of Japan into closer touch, and to dispense with the service of intermed'ary foreign agents. For this purpose reflring manufactories must be established in Shizuoka, instead of Yokohama and Kobe, as at present, and tea thus made to suit foreign taste must be shipped from Shimizu, instead of sending the goods to those two ports. Indeed, Japanese tea now passes through the hands of too many agents before it reaches its destination, and the point will at once be evident if comparison be made in this respect between it and Csylon tea as follows: — INDIAN AND CEYLON TEA. (1) Con.snmers — (2) retail dealers — (3) American im- porters or wholesale dealers ; so much with regard to the interior of America; (4) foreign eximrters at Calcutta or Colombo — (5) producers ; so much with regard to the interior of India ; total 5. JAPANESE TEA. (1) Consumers— (2) retail de 'lers— (3) American wholesale dealers ; so much wi h regard to America ; (4) foreign exporters in Japan ports — (5) Japane.se dealers at treaty ports— ,6) local wholesale dealers — (7) local middle men — (8) producers ; so much with regard to Japan ; totals, — Japan Times, May 10. THE I’ROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 95 Aug. 2, 1897.] B. C. AFRICA CHAMBER OF AGRICUL- TURE, AND COMMERCE. LaBOUI! ANJ) Taxus. Owing to numerons complaints with regard to the restrictions put upon Augoni coming to work in the Shire Highlands, an extraordinary Meeting of above was held in the Mart Blantyre on 22ud March. The Meeting was open to the Public, and a laige nnm- ber assembled, representing every interest in B.C.A. T'..’ action of the Administro '.ion in requiring Planters and other Employers c-f aibour to pay over to the Government the tax of ..r was strongly ob- jected to ; and exception was t .;en to the Uollector’s stipulating the wages to be ]. .id to Angoni. After an animated discussion in which the majority of those present took p’art, the following resolution w-as unanimously agreed to : — “ The Chamber having re- ceived many complaints from Planters and others regarding the scarcity of Angoni labour, and having learned that the chief hindrance lay in the mamner of collecting taxes, pursued by the Government, and after evidence led, and discussion of the matter, is of opinion that": — (Ij “ The time has not yet come for the levying of a tax of 3s per hut upon Angoni as levied in more properly civilized districts.” (2) “ The manner in which Ihis tax is being levied makes it a poll tax and not a Hut tax.” (3) “ The restraining and arbitrary directing of Angoni labour practised by the ColI;cl:j- is (1) Out of form (the Collector should not be a labour Agent ;) (2) injurious to to the Planting industry ; (3) above all prejudicial to the freedom of the Angoni (prac- tically making him a slave).” (4) “ The alleged intimidation by the soldiery and Police keeps the villages and gangs of labour in a state of terror, brings the district intothe state cf a conquered country instead of a Protectorate, and tends to create a block in the labour supply of the district. (5) “In no case could the Employers of labour be asked to do the proper work of Government in piactically collecting taxes for the Government. (6) The rate of pay to each labourer being so different in different districts it should be left to the free contract between Employer and Labourer, the Angoni’s wel- fare being in every case the Planter’s interest.” (7) “The difficulties put in the way of a free ferry across the river should be taken away and the River be free to anyone desiring to cress.” It was also arranged that a special committee should be appointed to draw up a latter to be sent to H, M. Acting Commissioner on the subject, along with evidence in support of the resolutions adopted. ANOTHER CEYLON TEA COMPANY. Mooloya Estates, Ld. — Registered on May 12th with a capital of £50,000, in illO shares to acquire and carry on the business of a tea planter, carried on by R. J. D’Esterre, in Ceylon, and to adopt an agreement with him. The s uhscribers are ; — Shares. F. S. Long, 10, Mincing Lane, EC, broker .. 1 A. W. Edwards, 5, Newman’s Court, B C, broker 1 G. Pitman, do do do 1 A. Brown, 5, Dowgate Hill, E C, director . . 1 J. A. Ri-berts, do do secretary .. 1 R. S. Fairhiu'st do do clerk . . 1 H. J. King, do do clerk . . 1 The number of directors is not to be less tliau 2 nor more than 5 ; the first are R. J. D'Esterre, A. Brown, J. A. Roberts, and R. E. D'Esterre ; quali- fication £1,000 ; remnneTation, as fi.xed by the com- pany Registered by Pitman & Sons, 14, Clement’s Lane, Loudon, E.C. — lavestort’ Guardian, May 19. DARJEELING AND DOOARS TEA. The second ordinary general meeting of the Dar- jeeling Consolidated Tea Company, Limited, was held yesterday, at Winchester House, E.C., — Sir Alexander Wilson (the chairman) moved the adoption of the report and accounts. The ont-turn of tea for the season had been 45G,586 lb., the general average price realised being 11 annas 6 pies per lb. The gross profits amounted to £6,203, and the com- missions to the agents and the managers absorbed £771. The directors recommended the declaration of a dividend of 4s 2d per sh.rre, nliich would take £1,250. With regard to the present season, an out- turn of 456,000 lb. was estimated for an area under cultivation of 2,200 acres. — Mr. Gibbons urged the desirability of the company’s tea being sold in the home market instead of at Calcutta, The Chairman said the point would be carelully considered. The past year had been a disappointing one. and coming in as they aid, the directors had not felt justified in upsetting ail existing arrangements. Certainly the board had reason to regret the they had ob- tained for the company’s tea, and probably their experience would enable them to benefit from tlie mistakes of tlie past. — The reports and accounts were unanimously adopted. Dooars Tea. — 'The directors’ report for the year- ended December 31 last states that the new gardens, Hilla and Grassmore, are nearly completed, though further expenditure is required during 1897, mainly for machinery. Hilla in 1896 yielded 187,3051b. of tea and Grassmore 152,356 lb. On the company’s gardens the year 1696 was fairly healthy, and no casualties occurred among the European officers. The weather early in tlie year was marked by drouglit and again in the months of June, part of July, and August. The total rainfall was much less than in 1895, a maximum of 130 in. being recorded at Bhogotpore, -as against 193 in. in 1695 registered at Hilla. The total out-turn increased from 3,017,945 lb. in 1895 to 3,025,866 ib. in 1896. In the tea market the prices were, on the whole, higher than during the previous year, and on the gardens a sustained effort was made to improve the quality of manufacture. The company’s tea thus fetched an average of 8’26d. per lb., as against 7’52d. in the season of 1895. The average price of the Dooars district was 7'62d. 'The rise in the Indian exchange, whereby the company’s remittances to India to meet the working charges cost Is, 2 15-32d. for every rupee, as against Is, 1 15-32d. in the previous year, has largely reduced the company's profits. The latest reports from the company's properties are favourable. The weather has been fairly good for tea, and the labour force is stronger than in any previous year. The net profit for 1896 is £29,954, to which must be added £245 balance foiward from last year. After the payment of the preference dividend, the directors recommend a final dividend of I5s and a bonus of 5s., making, with the ad interim dividend already paid, a distribution of 12J per cent, per annum on the ordinary shares. Of the balance the diiectcrs propose to carry £5,000 to the reserve fund, bringing it up to £45,000, leaving a balance of £300 to be carried forward. THE AMSTERDAM CINCHONA-MARKET. Our Amsterdam correspondent writes on May 17th that since the public auctions of May 6th, 193 bales of balk, representing' 1,022 kilos of sulphate of qui- nine, i.ave been sold privately at steady prices. A few parcels of Succiriibra druggists’ quill have also been sold. — Chemist and Druggist. TEA PLANTING IN CEYLON. — Oiidei' tills heading Mr. John H uglies contribiite.s to last Saturday’s Field an article of about a coiumii in lengtli, from wliich 1 may quote the concluding pariigrajih wliich illustrates tlie practical diaracter of the teaching: — “ To .succeed as a tea planter a man must be energetic in body soutul in constitution and have some scientific knowledge of the compo- sition of soils and the nature of plant food, in order to produce the best qualitiy of tlie green leaf while for the manufacture of sucli leat into tea. further acquaintance witii tiie principles of organic cliemistry sli -nid be of great practical value and likely to assist m modiifyiiig the \arious operations according to special circumstances of the season’s soil and situation oi the estate.” 96 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. EXOTICS AT KEW. Of the many plants in blossom at the Royal OTi-dens Kew, at the jiresent time several are oV snecial pharmaceutical interest. Among these ni-QSalaimm crispum, a bushy plant, native or Chili known to the natives as Natri, which, uiacerated in water, is used as a remedy tor typhoid fever, cither asadnnk or clyster. Ledum laiMmi, or L ibrador te.i, a plant or snrnbby character native of North .s.ineiica ; the leaves ie ;Seemed as a pectoral and tonic, and during tlie War of Independence were used as a subs- titiive for tea. Viburnum prunifolinni, the black haw or stag-bush of the Eastern United btates where it forms a muc'.i-hranched sluaib or small tree on -rocky hillsides, is valued, for its edible fruits and its bark, which is usea as a remedial ntrent in uregnancy and uterine diseases. Ihe fm-egoing are grovying m the open. rMcincA,ox Venezuelan rose, a shrub trom 6 to 10 feet bi-vh, with bright scarlet tragrant liowers, which, '’together with the leaves, are employed hv the Venezuelans as a laxative and thebaik as a remedy for hfemorrlioids, is growing in the uahn-house, where will also oe tounw .,aram a mnall tree of the Himalayan y^ion, Ceylon, and Malacca, and known to the Hindus as^soka, and venerated by them as a sacred tree Th^ I'icli or^ange-coloured (lowers, wlucli Iraduallv^ecome red, are highly fragrant, and are employed for temple decoration, fhe bark is mildly astringent and a.cidulous, and is much used by' native physicians in uterine affections, especially in hemorrhagia.— CAcnusi! andDvugcjist, May 22. • — ^ TAFENA A NEW SOURCE OF LABOUR SUPPLY. A Matale correspondent writing under yester- about a dozen Jaffna Tamil coolies en- trained at Matale on tlieir way to Oiknya. Tins is'the firs', time Jaffna Tamils have been seen going to be em idoyed as coolies on estates, and the new- tinniers viir be watclied witli intere.st,astotkeir capabii .ty to compete witli the Indhu. Ramasamy. t.-'actb'V’N and CEYLON TEfl. ESTATES IJlf TOXUING COMPANY, LIMITED, Beaistersd May Hth, wi'di a capdal ot £20,000 m £1 sh a«s to carry on in Ceylon, India, China or elsewhere the business of planters and growers of tea, cofiee, rice, cocoa, ciucnona, tobacco, etc. s" 1 E, H^ywaiXsi Lower Thames Street. B.C., ^ J. v’aT Blerle, Market Hill, Woodbridge, ^ A. B.'^^Scott^il, Bi’lliter Street, E.C., civil ^ W. bS!" 21, Billitcr SfcVeet, E.C., book- ^ F. iSeT, Central Hill, Upper Norwood, tea ^ J. Guildfo'rd Street, London, linen ^ RegiX-SrW McCraw, 61, Chancery Lane, W.C. . — Investor's Guctvdiun. OPENINo’ct A NEW COLONY. 1’be nnmlier of persons who are now going out In Vlombassa, discloses the fact tiiat tlie railvyay to Umuida is not only being well and quickly mished on, hut that the country Is fomul to agree V til tlie emigrants from India. At hist it was [Aug, 2, 1897. feared that they would suffer in the malarial dis- tricts from fever, and. doubtless, such was the fate of many ; but the stay of the consiruetiou jiarties in the thick c iie brakes and low-lying lands within a few miles of IMombassa is now nearly at an end, and miles upon miles of veldt are ahead of the track-layers through a rising country and an incre?.,.-,ingly salubrious climate Indeed, in some parts wliere the elevation rises from tour to eight thousand feet, natives ot India, save those from the Nortli West or the Punjab, may lind in rather too cold for pleas- antness ; but the European wilt be likely to con- sider it a delightful climate, and not only is it jirobable that the principal railway .stations will be eventually removeil from the t-nninns to some central locality, hut that the coming colonies will arrange themselves naturally in the elevated districts, where itiscool, well watered and healthy. — Indian Planters’ Gazette, May 2tl. BRITISH NORTH BORNEO. (Oficial Gazette, May 1.) FB03I ANNUAL REPORT ON PROVINCE ALCOCK. (west COAST DISTRICT.) The year 1896 has been a most prosperous one as regards trade ; and a proporiiouate increase in revenue has followed. As contrasted with 1895 an increase of 51 per cent is shown ; similar to that year over 1894. Agbicdliure. — Tobacco The crop planted in 1895 and supplied last year fetched a much lower price than formerly, owing in a great way to the state of the market where low Iricea ruled. In quantity it surpassed the preoeediiig year by 954 bales, for, although Banguey Estate closed Langkom Estate was reopened by the New Loudon and Amsterdam Company and 170 fields planted. During last year, the season was a splendid ene for planting. This crop throughout Marudu Bay, is an excellent one as regards quantity aud quality of leaf ; which is quite equal to that planted in 1894. The following notes were taken during a visit made by me a few days ago: — Estate. Company. 0 1 Pitas, German B. Syndt . . 230 2 Tandik, N.L.B. Tob&Co.*. . 1.50 3 Bongon, ditto. . 200 4 Bandau, ditto. . 250 5 Rauau, ditto. . 250 6 Langkom , N. L. & A. Co. . 170 14 42 10-07 10-82 10-24 Total fields . .1,220 Gen. Av.10-70 N. L. B. T. Co.’s average 11-35. The crop of 1896 is therefore a great success aud Managers are confident. The returns of bales shipped from Province Alcock during the last nine years are as follows : — • 1888. 1889. 1891. 1892. 1893. 1894. 1895. 1896. 130 800 2,664 6,466 4,890 4,497 5,060 6,014 The sad deaths of Messrs. Eamermann and Breitog, Head Manager of the Loudon Borneo Tobacco Com- pany, and Langkom Estate respectively were much felt by their numerous friends. Mr. A. F. Spruijt has succeeded the former and Mr. Van Leeuweu the latter. The Chinese, no longer attempt to plant tobacco at Kudat. The soil is too poor in the vicinity. Mr. Ceole’s Book on “ Tea.”— A review ot this new hook will he found reproduced in our daily and Tropical Agriculturist. So competent an autliority as Mr. John Hughes h.as given his opiliion, that in rer.pect of practical information for the purpose of the tea planter, Mr. Crole’s volume is inferior to Mr. Bamber’s which is published in Calcutta, and which we have made so widely known in Ueylon. Aug. 2, 1897.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIS F. 97 Coffee. — The season foi- Coffee has been a good one. The increase of ?.cres under cultivation on European Estates has not been marked, but a ne .v estate at Mempakad has been opened under Mr. S. Murray, late of Taritipan Es'.ate. Orders have been however received, to open 100 acres more at Taritipan and Mr. E. Walker of Mempakad Estate has commenced extending. At Taritipan, the supply of native labour, from Sulu, is increasing and Mr. E. Walker writes that he gets a fair amorrnt of Dusun or Hili native labor at 17 dollars cents per day. This is the result of carefully treating the shy aboriginal and allowing them to choose their own hours of rest ; looking at the work done at the end of the day as a guage of Jn- dustry. The following figures are supplied by the Mana- gers Super- Piculs Average Coco- Estate. intendent. shipped. coffee. nuts. Taritipan E. Schuck 258 200 12 Mempakad E, Walker — 36 3 VictoriaEstate. . H. B. Van Groenan 30 12 Kudat Gardens Chinese 10 60 — Great Valley . . S. Murray — — — The cultivation of coffee fay the Chinese is increas- ing monthly. One Tobacco estate has given out an order for 1.200 seedlings and the manager intends to work the same with convalescent coolies. There is a large quantity of land under dense jungle available for prospectors, with good soil and water access, in Melobang Bay, about 13 miles from Kudat, or up Mtlobang River, which steam launches pass daily. Coconuts, Cocoa and Pepper. — Nearly all the Chinese near Kudat now plant coconuts, and areca- palms. Pepper is not extending owing to the low market prices but the existing vines are well set up. Cocoa planting is limited to Taritipan Estate, In Sulu, this plant has a luxurious ground but the fruit is destroyed by a weevil, and I am afraid that the small extent of its cultivation in Murudu Bay will render it a prey to the same pest. PLANTING NOTES. “A Magnificki.t Coffee Crop is the term applied by a good judge in sucli matters to the crop on an estate not a hundred miles Irom Nuwara Eliya. We hope there is to be a general good crop this season on the acreage remaining to ns of our old staple, throughout Uva. — Since writing this we have seen Mr. Vicaresso who has a poor report of coffee on the Badnliaside, the unusitally wet season (23 inches of rain in April !) being fatal to the chances of a coffee crop. “ The Japan Tea 1ndu.stry.”— We direct attention to three short articles from a Japan paper on the above subject, given on pages 93-94. Interesting information is afforded and respecting one of the principal districts, if not the cliief district, we seethatthe area of cultiva- tion— we give the equivalent as well as well we can — is 31,113 acres and the annual crop 2,133,333 1b., a “catty” equalling]^ Ih. avoiuln- pois ; but this gives only 70 lb. made tea per acre ! “ Coca ” and “ Cocoa.” —Our contemporary of the “ Examiner,” in a leading article written a few days back, refers to Cocaine as the pro- duct of the Cocoa tree. Tliis error is surely un- pardonable in a cacao or “cocoa” growing coun- try like Ceylon ? Cocaine is from the Eryth- roxylon Coca— -a new product much discussed in Ceylon some years ago : see page.s 132-133 of our “ Planting and Agricultural Kevievv ” in the latest “ Handbook and Directory.” Not British Tobacco. —According to oliicial reports, says the British Medical Journal, tobacco is adulterated with sugar, alum, lime, Hour or meal, rhubarb-leaves, saltpetre, fullers’ earth, starch, malt-commings, chromate of lead, peat mo.ss, molasses, burdock-leaves, common salt, endive-leaves, lampblack, gum, red dye, scraps of newspapeis, cinnamon-stick, cabbage-leaves, and straw brown paper. This is an absurd state- ment, and possibly refers to the tobacco of some other country. Somercst House claims to assure us that the tobacco-supply of thi.s country i.s amongst the purest of products consunted by the public. The Cocos-Keeling Islands.— An epidemic of “ beri-beri” ; the loss of Mr. Boss’s trading schooner, which is supposed to have been stolen by a number of men who had been sliipwrecked on the islands and were being sent back in her to the mainland ; and the increasing nuisance caused by rats, are the main topics of interest touched upon during the last few years. To subdue the rats a number of cats weie intro- duced, but they are so perverse as to leave the rats alone, and they are gradually de.stroying all the birds, including those wliich were taken to the islands to keep down the coconut beetles. — Local “Times,” June 5. Date Palm Culture.— Tliere seems to he a run upon the cultivation of the Date Palm in ihe Jaft'na Peninsula a,nd we have several requests made to us for information. It is said, indeed, that Government is snggestine' the culture; but we do not see why the D.ate should do so well as the Palmyra, or [)rove more useful, in North Ceylon. We quote as follows from the “Treasury of Botany” : — The Date Palm, P dactylifera, is cultivated in im- mense quantities all over the northern part of Afiica, and more sparingly in Western Asia and Southern Europe ; and in some of these countries its fruit, though only known by us as an article of luxiuq-, af- fords the principal food of a, large proportion of the inhabitants, and likewise of the various uomestic ani- mals,— dogs, horses, and camels being alike pariial to it. The tree usually grow.s about sixty or eighty feet high, and lives to a great age, trees of from one to two hundrad years old continuing to produce their annual crop of dates. Numerous varieties are recog. nised by the Arabs and distinguished by different names according to their shape, size, quality, and time of ripening. The fruit, however, is not t! e only valuable part of this widely dispersed tree, for, as with the coconut tree, nearly every part is applied to some useful purpose. The huts of the poorer classes are entirely constructed of its leaves ; the fibre J,'!) sur- rounding the bases of their stalks is used for making ropes and coarse cloth, the stalks themselves for crates, baskets, brooms, walking-sticks, Ac., and the wood for building substantial houses ; the heart of young leaves is eaten as a vegetable ; the sap affords an intoxicating beverage (lacjbi), though to obtain it the tree is destr.iyed ; and even the haid and appa- rently useless stones are ground into food for camel.s. Finally, we may mention that the Date was probably the Palm which supplied the ‘ branches of palm-trees’ mentioned by St. John (xii. 13) as having been carried by the people who went to meet Christ on his tri- umphal entry into Jerusalem, and from which Palm- Sunday takes its name. P. sylvestris, called the Wild Date, is supposed by some authors to he the parent of the cultiwued date. It is common all over India, and, like the last, at- tains a considerable height. Largo qurmitie.s of toddy or palm-wine are obtained from it, but il.-e Asiatics, more skilful than the Africans, obtain it i.y merely cutting off the young flower-spike, by which means they do not destroy the tree. Date-sugar, so extensively used in India, is made by simply boiling the toddy. 98 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [Aug. 2, 1897. Mk. E. E. Gkeen. — We congratulate this gentleman (and no less the I’lanting com- munity) on his ap[)ointment by the Governor as “ Honorary Government Entomologist.” The further liberality of the Government, in getting 12 additional copies of the “ Coccidre of Ceylon ” to be placed in the Kachcheris situated in the planting districts, deserves recognition. Tea Bulking.— We sujipose the comparison as to bulking rvhicli was discussed yesterday may be summarised as follow's : — Cost on Tea Estate Factory practically nil. ,, Colombo Stores — averagei-cent per lb. ,, London Warehouse equals to from 1’23 to '66 of a cent per lb., according to size of chest. —in the latter case, of cour.se, apart from the loss and depreciation of teas. DakJEELING planters — says tUalndian Planters Gazette. — need not trouble their heads as to over- vnoduction in their district. The following figures show that the Darjeeling crop remains steady : — Estimate. Actual. Million lbs. Million lbs. 1894 8-01 7-07 1895 8-06 8-25 1896 8-38 .. 7-81 1897 ... 7 '64 ... Darjeeling sliould sell well this year, as the estimate of 7 '64 million pounds, though small, is considered a full one, as gardens are going in for liner plucking. A Ceylon Pl.^nteh in the Bengal Tea Distmcts. — The P. & O. steamer “ Nubia” which recently arrived from Calcutta, brought Mr. E. W' Hancock after visiting some estates in the Sylhet tea dis- tricts, where, he says, a great deal of new land is bein" put into tea. The new planting, however, has suffered much from drought, and a very large nercentage of the cold --weather-planting (about Dec- 1896) has died out, and even earlier plantings suf- fered severely. Later there was rain, and the bushes are now commencing to flush. There are remarkably fine bushes to be seen on some of the Sylhet “ Bheel” gardens, he says — bushes planted 5X5. After six years, they are now one sheet of tea. The best gardens are planted with “ Mampore” seed. There are some fine of Mampore on Phooltullah and other estates in the district. Mr Hancock also visited Darjeeling, but the bushes there were as a rule small, and of poor jat. He leaves tomorrow' for Hatton, on a visit to bis, estates and will be in Ceylon for a month or two. Labour Suri’LY FOR Coffee in B. G. Africa.— The following is the hate.st deliverance on tiie subject in the “British Central Africa Gazette,” Zomba, April 15 Our prediction that the month of April 1897 would witness a great influx of labour into the Shire High- lands from the lake, from Central Angoniland, and other' distiicts, has been fully verified. More than 4 000 labourers have come down within the last two mouths from Centred Angoniland to work within the Shire Highlands. All of these are men who never before visited tue coffee districts. .TheAngurn have also come in, in increased numbers, and Fort Maguire has also sent a considerable contingent of labourers who have never before been to work for fixed neriods. Baudawe and the Usiska District have also sent in' numbers of men. From time to time the remark is heard that, as plantations increase in the Shire Highlands we shall find the present easily pro- curable labour supply diminish. This is a view which we ourselves have never agreed with. The labour supply for the coffee districts of B. C. A. is inexhaus- tible and every year the limits of the country from which the labour comes in gets wider as the news travels further that steady and satisfactory wages can be oarued. Vanilla' and “ Rhea.”— Borne instructive conespoiuleuce respecting Imtli these pioducts will be found on anotlier ]>age. One letter on Bliea seems to contradict all the loud talk about the great value ol chemical processes, etc. Cacao Dlsease in the IMatale District : Important Information from Mr. .1. B. Martin. — We take tlie following interesting statement from a letter addressed by Mr. Martin to onr evening contemporary. No one in the island has a better right to give bis opinion as .an experienced Cacao ))lanter and we are delighted to have Mr. Mai tin’s assurance that things are not so bad as generally painted in reference to this disease affecting the red — not the hardier yellow Forastcro — cacao. Mr. Martin speaks with authority for IMatale and he knows a good deal also about Dninbara ; hut we believe Knrunegala is tlie district most tried. In any case, it is clear tliat an En'omologist ought to have been at work on the “ poochie ” many months if not some years ago— and further, how valuable woultl lie the knowledge and e.xperience of Mr. Marlin if made widely known to his brother planters some time ago. An “Agricultural or Planting Board” could bring to a focus all such information and could also take ]iromi)t action through its specialist towards check- ing the pest. Mr. Martin writes as follows : — As far as Matale goes, I can assure y'on. that the acreage which has suffered at all, is a small percentage, whilst the great majority of the cocoa in the district is perfectly healthy. I do not know much of Dnnibara.but I do know that the estate in which this disease first ap- peared in that district nine or ten year.s ago, last year gave the largest crop on record. Another point is, that whilst the acreage under cocoa is, if any'thiug, dimni- nishiug, the export of cocoa is steadily increasing. The disease itself is, as far as I am any judge, nothing uev/, jak trees have always suffered from it, and probably jungle trees also. It certainly is not a root disease, as the tendency is to work upwards from a puncture, but if allowed to develope the sap becomes viti- ated, and the roots thereby become unhealthy. There is, I think, no reasonable doubt that the disease originates with a pootcJiie of some sort, which works in a way something like the coconut beetle, and it is to trace this pootchie and learn bow to destroy him that we re- quire the aid of a scientist. The disease is practically confined to the Ceylon red cocoa, although there are instances in which forastero growing amongst diseased red has been attacked; bnt speaking generally, as far as wo have gone, the forastero has shown itself able to re- sist the disease. It may be that in time, the red cocoa of Ceylon will be entirely superseded by forastero, if so the change will be gradual, and not such as to produce any crisis, and in that case we would be following ex- actly in the steps of the planters of the "West Indies. Dr. Hart has proved beyond a doubt, that a cocoa ex- actly similar to our Ceylon red, was once exten- sively cultivated in Trinidad, but was gradually dis- carded in favour of forastero, principally, I believe, of that variety which grows the large yellow pod. I quite recently visited two estates in this district on which this disease was sujpposed to be worst. It did not strike me that either of them looked very bad, and on both the forastero was fiouri.=hing exceedingly. The disease taken in hand vigorously and in time, can at least be held in check. If the small bleeding puncture, which denotes the first attack, is at once cut clean out, the disease is checked for that time at least. Allowed to develope it becomes contagions, so that trees which are badly affected should be at once cut out almost, and forastero planted in their place. Forastero thrives excellently where the red has failed. I can instance a small estate treated in this manner in which the disease has been entirely stamped out, coolies being now sent round periodically to see if it is re-appearing. Your friend, therefore, who saw .50 and 25 per cent of his trees die out, and left them there to do their worst, rather gives himself away as a planter, Aug. 2, 1897.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST'. 99 THE CHINA TEA TRADE. It is greatly to be feared that the foreign tea trade of China is virtually a thing of the past. As was predicted in these columns, year after year, as the export tables from Calcutta and Ceylon showed an ever increasing development of the crops in Assam and the Spicy Island, the time was apprcaching when the taxation in China would prove to be the des- truction of the trade. These warnings all passed unheeded: the Chinese pursued, with undistuibed equanimity, their fatuous policy of killing the goose that laid the golden eggs ; and could not even be diverted from that fatal course v/hen it was clearly evident that the final extinction of the English de- mand was imminent. A fatality seems to hang over this valuable trade in the Central Kingdom. Not only have the high officials shown utter indifference to its gradual decay : even the sagacious and clear-headed Inspector-General of Maritime Cus- toms, parting for once with his accustomed prescience and prudence, only preached im- provement of cultivation and preparation instead of strenuously advocating a large reduction in the burdens laid upon it. The result is seeen now in the almost total cessation of inquiry for the British markets. The total export of tea from China direct to Great Britain in 1896 was only 219,409 piculs as compared with one million piculs in 1885. This season the production of Hankow and Kiubiaug teas is much heavier than last year and it is esti- mated the first crop alone will be about 55,000,000 lb. Ordinarily the decline in the British demand has been made up to a considerable extent by the in- crease in che Russian demand, but it is stated that Russia is now over-weighted with a heavy stock and will not be able to take more than half the above quantity, leaving 27,500,0001b. to be shipped to England and America, against 18,500,000 lb. exported thither last year. Seeing that this is an increase of som.e ten million pounds, it is obvious that prices will rule at very unremunerative rates. Yet we presume there v/ill be no reduction in the taxation that crushes the life out of this industry. In some notes on the tea trade of Amoy for last year supplied to the British Consul at that port for incorporation in his annual report Mr. Frank Cans gives some interest- ing details of the duties imposed on tea. He says that the crop of Amoy Oolongs in 1896 .amounted to 1,200,000 lb., a shortage of 65 per cent on the previous year, and adds that “ an equally marked decline is expected in 1897, after which the article will pro- bably cease to appear as an item in our trade returns, as the tea districts are being rapidly thrown out of cultivation, and most of them are irrevocably ruined.” Mr. Cass rightly says the reason is not far to seek. The entire crop realised $136,000, while the lekin paid amounted to $20,000 and the export duty to $35,000, or a total of $55,000, considerably more than one-third of the value of the tea. The Japanese Government, with characteristic foresight, last year reduced the export duty on tea in Formosa to $1.12 per picul as compared with $5.82 per picul imposed under the Chinese regime. This example will, of course, be quite lost on the Chinese Government, who never seem to learn anything either by the teach- ings of experience or by the successes of others until it is too late to profit by them. The shadow of this great loss has been impending for at least two de- cades, and there is literally no excuse for the crass folly which has permitted this valuable trade to dwindle to a mere nothing. The production of Amoy tea in the season 1876-77 was 27,200,000 lbs., and in 1896-97, twenty years later, this had fallen to 3,600,000 lbs 1 We entirely agree with Mr. Cass in the opinion he expresses — which he adds is that of the very highest experts — that all the machinery in the world will not new save the China tea trade unless a complete amelioration of taxation accompanies its introduction. And, as we have remarked before, it seems as vain to expect the Chinese mandarin to relinquish exactions on trade as for the Ethopian to change his skin. — China Overlawi Trade Beport, May 29. IS “PLUCKING, PRUNING AND THE PREPARATION OF TEA.” We Ccall attention to the followino- Mr. John Hughes of tiie review by recent prolonged dis- above subject. No doubt Ml . Hugiies retlecbs to a considerable extent, current opinion among tdioughtful tea men ^ ns his own scientific The letters on the above whicii liave appeared from time to time in the Coijlon Obscrm- have offered very useful, instructive and interestin*. leading to all who are concerned either directlv or indirectly in the Ceylon Tea Industiv. 'The question as to the canse.s of the falling-off in piice IS epentially one for the serious cousidera- tion or planters and proprietors with the aid of tea tasters and brokers. If the fall be due to overproduction the remedy is an extended demand produced by the markets. If, , 0[)ening up of new , however, the falling-off in price is duetto coarse plucking, injudicious pruning and careie.ss manufacture, the complaint assiime.s a serious aspect and demands a fuller innuiry. if It be true that, notwithstanding the admittedlv increased production, the prices for Indian Teas have not fallen to anything like the same ex- tent as that experienced by Ceylon Teas, the existence of defective preparation 'or soil exhaus- tion must be regarded as proved. In an article on “Tea Planting in Ceylon ” specially written for The Field and published in the issue of May 15th, the writer has directed attention to the importance of getting vounff men vvith a special knowledge of Organic , Cliemistry to superintend the operations in tlie factory Also of getting men as ont-door superintendents who have a good knowledge of the art of judicious pruning and the require- ments of the Tea Shrub in tlie matter of plant food witli due regard to the composition of the soil. It^has b(^n stated liy one corre.spondent tliat the iiiilian lea Companies have already recoonised the va ue of employing as factory superintendents men wlio have Inad a special Chemical and Scientific Uaimng, and the improved quality of Indian iea IS largely attributed to greater skill and care in the manufacture. Hitherto Ceylon lias not been wanting in enterprise and the continued energy .and perseverance that the planting com- iniiinty have ever exhibited through years of great ditiicnlty and doubt, certainly warrant the belief that at the present time a neA\ departure will be made as soon as the practical need is recognised. It is obvious that different cirenm- stance.“ of .season and soil must require a certain amount of variation in the manufacture of the leaf, and that the control of the Tea house .should not be left in the hands of a native who is naturally incapable of judging to what extent variation in the treatment; of the green leaf should or should not be made. It is acknowledo-ed that from April to the end of June or July the quality of Ceylon Tea is inferior, while from August to November the arrivals are of a very different and generally superior quality. The difference in the rainfall is no doubt the primary cause of differences in the quality of Ceylon Tea at difierent times of the year, Imt it would be interesting and probably practically ii.seful, to ascertain the actual extent of the variation in the quality. In otlier words what m-e the properties of good tea as opposed to inferior tea. To what extent do the active con- stituents vary in (piantity, and the respective percentages of Nitrogen, ' Phosphoric Acid and Potash in the different qualities of tea. lOO THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. If the differences in the samples were clearly determined, it would be possible to supply in the form of manure the ingredients shown to be necessary. Now that so many of the private estates are incorporated into public companies it is more likely that chemical experts will be attached to the large Tea factories, and when satisfactory results are shown in higher prices for tlie tea prepared, we may expect a great improvement ill the whole system of manufacture as well as in the more scientific treatment of the growing shrub. In the hope of hastening this more systema- tic treatment of the leaf these lines have been written, and if careful inquiry into the subject be the practical result, they will not have been written in vain. JOHN HUGHES, F.i.c., Agricultural Analyst. London, E C., May 28th, 1897. BRAZIL COFFEE NOTES. The coffee production of the municipality of Ouro Pino, Minas Geraes, is said to be 307,000 arrobas. A telegram says that in S. Paulo the fall in coffee is attributed to exaggerated estimates of the crop of that state. The Cidade de Campinas says that it is informed by planters of western S. Paulo that the coffee crop has been very much injured by drouth. This will perhaps help to counteract the alleged exaggeration in estimates, We hear that negotiations are still going on for the purchase of coffee plantations in Sao Paulo. One prominent planter cordially welcomes the movement, He says the English will not only bring in improved methods of cultivation and preparation, but will secure better prices for the product. All this he considers will be of great benefit to the country. It is a noticeable circumstance that the coffee ex porters are obliged to maintain a special force of watchmen to protect their property at the D. Pedro II docks. The thefts were on such a scale and were committed so persistently that no other course was open to them. The police did nothing, and the admi- nistration of the docks also did nothing. Although the thefts have not been wholly suppressed, they have been largely checked, but at a very considerable expense. This is met by voluntary contributions by the coffee shipping firms with but two or three ex- ceptions. Until the authorities adopt some effective measure to protect the exporters, they must con- tinue to maintain their own watchmen, and in this every coffee shipper should cheerfully join, onerous as th e tax may be. — According to Alexander von Glehn’s coffee cir- cular for March, the reports of the new crop are decidedly conflicting. The circular says that on March 4th Messrs. Krische & Co., telegraphed that the next Bio crop would be 3 to 3J millions bags and the Santos crop 4 to 4J millions. On the fol- lowing day Messrs. Steinwender, Stoifregen & Co. telegraphed that the two crops would aggregate 6J millions, “under the most favourable circumstances.” On the same day Messrs. Goetz Hayn & Co., esti- mated the next Santos crop at 31 millions. — There is in course of formation at Hamburg a new Company under the name of Colonisation Com- pany for South Brazil, Limited, with a capital of 1,500,000 marks. The operations of the Company will comprise the sending and settling of German emi- grants in Brazil and the supervision of the Colony. The new concern will also obtain the concession for a railway from the coast of Sao Francisco bay via the German Colonies Joinville and Blumeneau, to Desterro. The present juncture in Brazil does not appear wholly favorable for an operation of this kind. — Financial News, March 31. [Aug. 2, 1897. BRITISH INDIA RUBBER AND EX- PLORATION COMPANY, LIMITED. Share capital £2,00,000, in £200,000 shares of £1 each. There is also an issue of £100,000 six per cent, first mortgage debentures of £50 each. This company has been formed to acquire and develop 320,000 acres of rubber-growing ter- ritory, about thirty-five miles north of Cape Coast Castle. The vendor takes £250,000, payable in shares, debentures, or cash, or partly in either of them at the option of the directors, “but so that the vendor does not receive more shares than will enable the company to comply with the regula- tions of the Stock Exchange.” This is a some- what disingenuous manner of stating that, as a minimum, the vendor will receive £133,333 in cash. The prospectus is very unsatisfactory, and the public will be well advised not to apply for »ha,res on the very vague reports and still vaguer estimates of the company’s prospects and porlits. — Daily Chronicle, May 26, SCIENTIFIC GARDENING EXPERIMENTS. “Backwards and Forwards.” The Gardener's Chronicle has an article opening as follows: — We hear a good deal about progressive evolution now-a-days, aud it suits our complacency to dwell upon it. We look back to the days of our forefathers, and plume ourselves that we live in times when Palms and Pineapples are sold on costermongers’ barrows, and when many things once unheard of or only as the luxuries of the wealthy, are now in common use. So far good, there has been marked progress in gardening as in everything else. But it is as well to recollect that reversion may and does occur as well as progress, and, therefore, that it behoves us, whether “ practical ” men or students, to ascertain so far as we are able the influences at work which will result in improvement, and those which, if unchecked, will tend to deterioration. Two articles in our last and present numbers illustrate very aptly the state of affairs. On the one hand, we have the Director or Kew tracing, with the aid of specimens furnished by Messrs. Sutton, the progres- sive development of the Cyclamen ; and, on the other, we have Mr. Francis Galton asking, for scientific purposes, what plants it would be most suitable to observe, aud how to manage them, so as to bring about, in the shortest and most complete manner the reversion to the primitive condition ? We learn as much or more from our failures as from our suc- cesses, aud on this princinle we shall profit by the practical demonstration of" the causes which lead to degeneration. Thus, an investigation which seems at first to be of a purely abstract character, is soon seen to be eminently practical. Spring Valley Coffee Co., Ld.— This Com- pany has been less fortunate than its sister one of “Ouvah,” inasmuch as it did not start “tea” at so early a date ; and now the alternative is offered to the shareholders of going without dividends for 3 or 4 years or raising fresh capital thus : — ’ That the capital of the Company be increased to £100,000 by the creation of 2,000 new shares of .£10 each, to be called preference shares, aud to con- fer on the holders thereof the right to a fixed cumu- lative preferential dividend at the rate of £6 per cent per annum cn the amount for the time being paid up on such shares, and such preference shares to rank, both as regards capital and div dend in priority to the other shares.” ’ We have no doubt this resolution was adopted on 4th June. The dividend for last year was 2J per cent. Aug. 2, 1897.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. lor PROGRESS IN THE KNUCKLES. THE MONSOON A FRAUD — NATIVE AND ABANDONED COFFEE LANDS OPENED WITH TEA — FINE CARDAMOM FIELDS— THE KNUCKLES ROAD. Knuckles, June 10.— Extraordinary weather here. The hills have teen quite distinct and weather as hot as possible for the last 4 days. Last night we had a very heavy thunderstorm, the rainfall measuring 2'60 inches, the thunder and lightning being grand. Considerable tracts of village lands are being opened for tea. This year especially several large clearings have been commenced both by natives and Europeans. Of abandoned coffee lands there must be still quite 1,500 acres in the district and witli tea at present prices I dont think owners are very anxious to extend. The district has now some very fine cardamom fields and this product is being ex- tended wherever the land is suitable. The large new factory on Madakelle estate is now nearly completed. The Panwila-Knuckles cart road is in a very bad way and we are hoping the new Road Officer will put things in order. No gravel has been laid down for years. MR. LIPTON’S TEA MANAGERS IN LONDON WISHING TO IMPOSE A TAX OF £50,000 A YEAR ON CEYLON PLANTERS! What tea bulking in London would cost the Ceylon planters, if all their tea were bulked in the home warehouses as Mr. Lipton’s tea managers would seem to wish, may be shown as follows. On an average 20,000 packages of Ceylon tea are sold in Mincing Lane weekly and the cost of bulking in the London ware- housesmay be taken at Is per package. This means £1,000 a week or say a loss of £50,000 A year which the policy of Mr. Lipton’s Tea Managers would entail on the tea planters of Ceylon !— forjthecosto bulking tea in the estate factories is practically nil. Surely, after tliis demonstration of what it practically means to Ceylon, Mr. Lipton will cause the obnoxious circular to be withdrawn. DRUG REPORT. (From the Chemist and Druggist.) London, May 20. Quinine.— On May 19th the prices of most quinine salts’, of Whififen’s make were advanced by Jd per oz. The present quotation.s of Sulphate in 100-oz. lots are 9d for bleached and SJd for unbleached ; 25-oz, aud 50-oz. lots are quoted jd ; in smaller quantities |d above these prices. The Hydrochlorate is quoted at from Is to Is fed per oz. These prices apply to salts in bulk. The pro- prietors of Pelletier’s quinine inform us that their quota- tion for vials is not Is 4^d, but Is 2d per oz. for so- called “ English shape. ” The Brunswick factory has also raised its price for bulk quinine from 9d to 9Jd per oz. The position so far as the other makers are concwned is somewhat puzzling. Howard’s brand is still nominally quoted at 9d per oz. for bulk, but the makers decline to sell to speculators. The B. & S, and Auerbach agents have no quotations, but are expecting early Instructions from their piincipals. About 30,000 to 40,000 oz. of second- bad German quinine are believed to have changed hands at 9d to 9Jd per oz. on the spot, and at 9id per oz. for June delivery. The accuracy of the List-mentioned trans- action is doubtful, and there are those who say that even now an offer of 9d per oz. would net be refused for fairly new spot stuff. The market, however, has certainly a very firm tone. Vanill.v.— All varieties remain extremely flrni, and there does not seem to be any likelihood of lower prices through eth summer. It depends upon the position in Mexico, where stock are extremely low. The supplies of Mexican vanilla in New York are also very small. Cocaine.— Firmly held, and not unlikely to be raised n price shortly. Sales of Hydrochlorate are reported to ave been made at 9s 6d and 9s 9d per oz. There are now- (according to the British Consul) no fewer than ten cocaine factories in Peru. Of these, one is situated at Callao, two in Lima, five in Huanoco, and one each in the Puzuzo and Monzon districts. The following figures show the ex- ports of crude cocaine and cocoa-leaves from Peru during the last six : years for which statistics are available : — Year Year Year Year Year Year 1895 1894 1893 1892 1891 1890 kilos. Cocaine : kilos. kilos. kilos. kilos. kilos. 3,407 Coeoa-leaves 4,716 2,357 ,4,550 3,215 1,730 — 372,360 390,955 388,465 128,643 -7 Croton-seed continues to arrive, and the probabilities are that rather lower prices will shortly be seen, as this article is one of small consumption and can easily be over- supplied. The “ Staffordshire ” has brought 11 bags from Colombo this week. PLANTING NOTES. Cacao Disease. — A well-known planter thinks that we and others, in trea ting of tliis trouble, have not drawn a sufficiently wide distinction between the common Red variety (which is the one chiefly attacked) and the Forastero (which escapes or recovers). But our friend is mistaken : we especially drew the distinction in writing a few days ago. We quote from the letter as follows ; — In dealing with the matter you seem to class the two varieties “Common Red” and “Forestero” as one, or at any rate I don’t think you have shewn enough distinction between the two. I know of two or three persons who only cultivate the latter variety and as “ Forestero” is not affected to the extent that appa- rently “ Common Red” is, why should the value of a property in the one be lessened owing to the misfor- tune attending the other ? Forestero cocoa may get this “canker”or “poochie”or whatever you.liketocallit. So do jungle and other trees, but like them very quickly throws off the disease or is not affected to any extent. The “Australian Bamboo ’’Useful in Cey- lon.— We omitted to notice one interesting passage in Mr. Kellow’s letter : it is where he refers to what we think might be called popu- larly “ the Australian bamboo,” although it is known in South-Eastern Europe as “ the Danu- bian reed.” Here is the passage in Maiden’s book which Mr. Kellow wished to see quoted: — The Bamboo Method op Planting. — Mr. J. E. Brown advocates the raising of wattles in bamboos. The raising of trees by this means is common in India, and has been successfully carried out in South Australia. In India the true bamboo is used because it is abundant. In South Australia a large South European reed*) {Anmdo Donax, Linn.), which locally bears the name of “bamboo,” is used instead, The reed is cut to 4 inches in length, by means of a small circular saw driven by hand or water-power. Endeavours are made not to include joints in the pieces cut, but if one should occur it is bored through. The pieces are packed together upright, filled with soil, the seed put in and allowed to remain there till the planting season. The seed- ling is transplanted in the “bamboo” just as it stands, and in cases where the bamboo is not suffi- ciently rotted, they are split up, in order to allow the roots to expand. Hundreds of trees thus start their careers, and can be transported in one small box — a brandy case for instance. Mr. Kellow’s own experience of this “ Ariinilo Donax ” is : — The reed Arundo Donax referred to, grows here freely and when once established, will give an annual cutting of stalks from 12 to 20 feet along; besides being useful for plant raising, they make very neat temporary fences, warrachies for lines or split up into pegs for lining. Clearly this is one more useful introduction which ought to be generally known in the higlier districts. 102 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST I AUG. 2, 1897. “WATTLES AND WATTLE-BARKS.” IS THERE SCOPE FOB A NEW INDUSTRY IN THE HIGHER DISTRICTS OF CEYLON ? We direct attention to a suggestive letter on this subjeet from Mr. A. J. Kellow of Albion estate, Wilson’s Bungalow, who has perhaps given as much attention to tire discrimination and utilisation of the different Australian acacias as any other planter in Ceylon. JMr. Kellow has long being an ardent advocate of the plant- ing of “acacia decurrens” which, he maintains, does not run from the roots after the fashion of the m. ire familiar “A. meianoxylon” and “A. deal- bata,” both so common in Nuwara Eliya and its neighbourhood. The wood of “A. meian- oxylon” is so good for a variety of useful purposes, even up to cabinet work, and the tree is such a quick-growing one, that no one need regret its introduction where land is to spare ; but it can be very troublesome in or near tea fields. The late Rev. W. Oakley was accustomed to show a very handsome bookcase — almost as well marked in the grain as calaraander — which he had made from the timber of “ A. meianoxylon ” grown at Nuwara Eliya. In Mr. Maiden’s valuable Mono- graph on Wattles and Wattle Barks,” the following is a part of the refetence to this tree, the immediate purpose being to discuss the value of its bark : — Acacia'iiielanoxi/Joii, R. Br., B. FI., il, 388. The “ Blackffood,” but also known as “ Lightwood ” and occasionally as “ Black Sally,” “■ Hickory,” “ Silver Wattle.” The bark of this highly valuable timber has usually gone to waste after the wood has been obtained from the logs. " The bark is however, rich in tannic acid, and ought not to be left un- utilised, though no trees of this species should be sacrificed for the sake of their bark alone.” (Mueller), A sample of bark from Monga, near Braid- wood, N.S.W., yielded the author 11-12 per cent of tannic acid, and 20-63 per cent of extract. But our chief business at present has to do vvith the non-running “A. decurrens” and its ready growth in our hill-country and the very considerable value of its bark for tanning purposes. As regards the tree itself there is no need for the present that we should reproduce the learned botanical description of tiie live recognized varie- ties. We content our.seives with n few sen- tences as to the variety Mr. Kellow himself has no doubt in view, namely “ Acacia decur- rens Willd,” the technical de.-scription of which ’is as follows A handsomo tree, glabrous, or more or less tomen- tose pubescent. (B), ef seq. Branches more or less prominently angled, sometimes almost winged. PinuEe, 8-16 paira, or sometimes even more, rarely reduced to 5 "or 6. Leaflets {pi.nnules) very numerous^ (30-40 pairs or even more) ; iiaeur, from under 2 lines to nearly 6 linaB long, aocoiding to the variety. Flower heads small, globular, in axillary racemes, the upper ones forming a terminal panicle. Flowers, 20-30 in the head, mostly 5 merous. Calyx short, broadly lobsd, ciliate. Petals, with slightly prominent midribs. Pods, usually 3-4 inches long ; about J inch broad or rather more. More or less contracted between the seeds. Seeds ovate (B), small as com- jiared with tho'so of moat other arboreous acacias. A more popular rererence runs : - The Acacia Decuruexs Guoup of Watxles.— The well-known feathery-leaved wattle, familisr to most people in the eastern and southern colonies,— by whom it is chiefly known by one of two names, viz., black or grc-on wattle — was fu-st botanically described by the botanist Willdenow, who defined two species, Acacia decwrens and Acacia niollisswia. In the Flora Australiensis, Bentham took Willde- now's decurrens as the typical species, reducing the other species to the rank of a variety under the name of mollis \ in other words. Acacia mol- lissima, Willd., is Acacia decurrens, Willd. vav. mollis, Benth. Bentham also called another variety nor- malis, a third one paueiqlandulosa, and a fourth (doubtfully) Leichhardt ii. A. decurrens is an important tan-bark in most of the colonies, and as the tree grows in the poorest soils, every encouragement should be given to its cultivation. B iron Mueller recommends planting of A. decurrens in worn-out lands overrua witti son-. 1. It is fond of moisture, and not of too much he it. The B-?.r.jn also gives its rate of growth as about 1 iucli in diameter every year. Mr J. E. Brown mentions some trees in South Australia 30 feet hi-rh and 8 inches in diameter, only five y-tars of age, and I can record similar experience near Sydney. Mr. Kellow has had practic.al experience not only of the growth of “A decurrens,” but of the utilization of its bark for the use of Co- lombo tanners ; and we gather that he has been paid as much as at the rate of R140 per ton for his consignments. He doe.s not mention hi.s outlay in liarve.sting, drying and transporting the bark ; but this is not of so muc-li conse- quence, because for any one taking up the in- dustry on an appreciable scale, clearly the boil- ing-down process would have to be adopted to save the cost of carriage, which Mr. Kellow reminds us is equal to R25-46 per ton from Naunoya to Colombo. This boiling-down pro- cess is the more valuable, Irecause, as Mr. Kellow mentions, branches and prunings (mere trash) can be fully utilized as well as the stem bark. Maiden’s reference and account are as fol- lows : — The preparation of extracts causes an immense saving in freight, but an extract is chiefly valuable in that it enables us to utilise everything. The fol- lowing is an account of a process as carried on in South Australia at the present time, and is suggestive : — “ Messrs. Barrow' and Haycroft have established at Echunga a manufactory of tannage, which, from the methods employed, is almost pharmacentical. About 10,000 tons of wattle bark are sent annually from South Australia alone, and it is calculated that the waste in stripping is about four times this amount. The new factory converts the branches, too small to pay for stripping, into a strong fluid extract called tannage, which contains water 60 per cent., and so- luble tannin 38-2 per cent., according to an analysis by Mr. G. H. Hodgson of samples from the first 80 tons recently shipped to England. The wattle ‘ trash’ yields 12 to 16 per cent, of tannage. Two men can often cut and load 5 tons, and the waggons can brirrg in two loads a day, equal to 5 or 6 tons ; and at the price (flatonj which the firm is paying for thinnings and tops and branches, so much is offering that the patentees are obliged to distribute their order. The trash is tied up in large bundles and carted into the factory. It is their w-eighed, close beside the machine which outs it up into ‘ chaff.’ This machine is very much like an ordinary steam-plane, the chisels revolving at a high speed, and cutting through 2J-inch saplings quite readily. The chips are shovelled into large wooden hoppers, into which steam is introduced from a large Cornish boiler. There are three steam-heated vats, and the liquor is transferred from oue to the other, pumped into elevated tanks, and thence allowed to flow from a tap on to steam-heated evaporating p ins, ab-out 30 or 40 feet in length. The evaporation is so rapid that in traversing the pans from t’ne one end to the other the liquid is converted into a thick, tenacious, treacly extract. Attire end of the pan.s it flows into a cistern, and thence by a kind of treacle gats into the casks, each of which will hold about 10 cwt. All that now remains to be done is paste on a label, p-ut in a bung, weigh the cask, and send it off to market. In the process of evaporation a certain portion of 1 h Aug. 2, 1897.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. acid is destroyed. The plant can be easily moved from place to place. It does not pay to cart the trash far, but a few square miles of wattle country will keep a factory going. The utilisation of thinnings allows the cultivation of the tree thickly on waste ground, and to begin cutting the third year. European tan- ners are quite accustomed to the use of such extracts, but it is said that it will be very hard to introduce it into the colonial tranneries.” — (Chemist and Druggist, 188'J.; . These words are still in succc-sful operation, al- though mucilage still gives some trouble. V/attle twigs are rich in gun and mu. :;age, and some cheap process, which will get rid of these substances and leave the tannic acid uninjured, is a desideratum. I have received many inquires as to whether the difficulty ha.s been overcome, but I have had to reply in the negative, as far as a commercial process is concerned. There is very little gum in clean-grown bark, but far more in chapped twigs; extract v/ill not be made from the former except in almost in- accessible districts. Of course, the extract in all stages of its manufacture must be preserved from contact with iron. Wooden vats are employed, and the heat for evaporation is obtained from hot water or steam. The waste bark, chips, &c., used in the preparation of the extract are first digested in cold water, and by having a serious of vats, with com- municating tubes or siphons, a charge of bark can be transferred from one to another it is ex- hausted to such an extent that the small remaining percentage of a tannic acid can only be removed by hot water. The vats are constructed so as to expose a maximum of evaporating surface to the atmosphere, and if the evaporation can be carried on wholly or in part by means of the heat of the sun, so much the better, firstly, because the consumption of fuel will be minimised, and secondly, because the pro- cess should be conducted at as low a temperature as convenient. The preparation of wattle bark extract has been attempted in all of the colonies, but in only one has it passed the experimental stage, so far as I know. The process is analogous to “ concentration ” in metallurgical operations, for the tannic acid in bulky, unsaleable material can be highly concentrated, and barks weak in tannic acid can be utilized for the same reason. The industry of eztract-making is tempting, and I am confident that there is much money in it for some of our country district whose circumstances are favourable. I trust, therefore, that it will soon be the means of affording profitable occupation to many people. The dark colour of extracts is an objection, and many experiments have been undertaken with the view to minimise the evil, with no very satisfactory results up to the present. Nothing is easier than to decolorise extract, but the difficulty is not to destroy the tannic acid at the same time. The following notes relating to the making of extract of hemlock bark are taken from Proctor’s “ Text-book of Tanning,” and may be suggestive “ The bark, in pieces |-1 in. thick and several inches long, is soaked for about fifteen minutes in water at 200 deg. F. (93 deg. C.) ; it is then fed into a hop- per, which condricts it to a 3-roller machine, some- thing like a sugar-cane mill, through which it passes, coming out lacerated and compressed ; it next falls into a vat of hot water, where it is agitated by a wheel that the tannin from the crushed cells may be dissolved in the water ; hence it is raised by a series of buckets on an endless chain, somewhat in the manner of a, grain elevator to another hopper, whence it is fed to another 3-roller mill ; here it receives its final compression, and comes out in flakes or sheets, like coarse paper, and almost free from tannin. The buckets are made of coare wire that the water may drip through during elevation. In order to avoid the blackening action of iron, whenever this metal will come into contact with the solutions it is thickly coated n ith zinc. The solution is evaporated to a solid considteucy, generally by vacuum-pans. About 2 tons of bark are represented 103 by _1 barrel (of less than 300 lb.) of extract,” And again,—" It is one of the great attractions of ex- tracts that they avoid almost all the expense and labour inseparable from the exh lustion of other tanning materials. I is usually necessary to dissolve the fluid extracts in water or liquor of as high a temperature as has been employed in their pre- paration, as otherwise, from some unexplained chemical change, a large portion of the tannin is precipitated, probably as an anhydride of tannin.” It i.s of very little use, however, looking to the local demand for tanning material to take off more than a limited quantity of the Acacia de- currens bark or extract. It is the market in Europe that must he considered and last month’s London quotations for “ Australian cliopiied bark” (catalogued as Mimosa) was from £6 to £10 10s. per ton. ^Ve suppose this holds good as well for “ A. decurrens’’ hark, but we are unable to say how the extract sells, although, judging by the Australian trade, it must '’be satisfactory. Unfortunately, Mr. Maiden’s pam- ])hlet was issued in 1891 and the statistics are only up to 1889. In that year, 21,625 tons of bark were exported from ail the Colonies t!ie value being entered at about £200,000. Nov.q in reference to Mr. Kellow’s pioposa! lliat a Company should be formed to take up land— a free grant (?) from Goveiniuent fora new industry —between Nanuoya and Ambawela, we must remember that the timber (as well as the bark) should be utilized, at least as firew'ood now in so much demand for tea factories in Dimbula. The return from firewood, perhaps, could not be put dowm at much ; but Mr. Maiden’s Estimate of Keceipts from a wattle Plantation of 100 acres (400 trees to the acre) for bark alone aggregates £4,852 for 1,215 tons of bark gathered between the 5th and 8tli years inclusive; while the total expenditure is given at £2,215, leaving a profit of £2,637. It may be said that these figures are not applicable to Ceylon, but it is very probable that with our cheaper labour and free land (if a grant were obtained) the outlay here w'ould be less. At any rate, for the present we may leave these facts and figures ’ for the consideration of any in our midst wlio are on the lookout for a new industry to no luomoted by a Limited Company or by individuals. It is rather interesting to note that of the three new industries now pressed on the attention of our Planting and Agricultural community, that in “ Wattles and Wattle Bark ” should be the only one suited for a high eleva- tion. The cultivation of “Rhea” and, in- deed, tliat of Para Rubber” are more parti- cularly adapted for the lowcountry or the lower valleys in our liill-country. We are, of course, aware that a good deal of Rubber has already been planted one way or another, and, no doubt, there are fields of Eliea in certaiii directions of which not much is said. It now lemains that a fair trial should be giv'en to W^SifctlGS Siiicl JJiirivs in tli6 direction recommended by Mr. Kellow under tlie guidance afforded in his valuable pamphlet by the scientific expert, Mr. Maiden of New South Wale.s. AGRICULTURE AND SCIENCE. Following on_ Mr. Green’s appointment we may take the following amiouncement (appearing in the Governimnt Gazette) to be a further step towards the goal of a fully constituted Agricultural-Scientific Board to work in the direct interests of the Euro- pean and Native planters and cultivators of all 104 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [Aug. 2, 1897. degrees in the island. Mr. Willis’s detailed pro- posals have generally our approval, only he must recognise the fact that any letter or circular affect- ing the leading industries ol the island will at once be, in his time as in tliat of his predecessor.^, pub- lislied and discussed in the daily press and so secure a far wider circulation (among readers of English) than he or the Government could •dve to it among the educated community. Again, corres))ondence arising out of any bulletin will necessarily gravitate to the press, rather than to -Mr. Wiliis — and the latter must remember that the planters include men of great experience and shrewdness, as well as practical agriculturists. Now, how are the “com- mentaries ” as well as the “ text ” to be pre- served and made available for ready reference ? Mr. Willis can scarcely turn die Gazette into an Agricultural journal for correspondents as well as for his bulletins ? It was to supply this felt want that we (personally) so long ago as 1881 started The Tropical Agriculturist, in whicli not only everything locally published, but all we can gather from other lands, l>earing upon our subject, is embodied. Dr. Trimeii most fully approved of and constantly contributed to the T.A.', while he seemed to hai-e the index of the successive volumes (there are 16 volumes with the one closing this month and all handy of reference) at his fingers’ ends, often writing to us, “ I see you are discussing — : you will find all about that product in T.A. vol— p.age— and vol — page — ” and so on. Mr. Willis’s bulletins will be specially useful for reference in the monthly l.A. But let him beware of starting experiments or discussions which have already been thre.shed out in Ceylon. Beware too, of trying too much at first — essay lectures for in- stance; although practical demonstrations at the Gardens ought to be widely beneficial ; as also the proposed tours, and inquiries as to new products, local pests, &c., wiiich indeed might be made most useful. We are ready to help in every way in our power and think a very interesting “ departure” is indicated in Mr. Willis’s pro- gramme : — COMMUNICATION AND CO-OPEHATION BETWEEN THE DE- PARTMENT OP THE ROYAL BOTANIC GARDENS AND the agriculturists, &c., of the colony. It is very desirable that there should be greater and more ready communication and co-operation be- tween the Department of the Royal Botanic Gardens and those whom it is chiefly designed to benefit, viz., the agriculturists, horticulturists, and botanists of the Colony. Many interesting cultivations, experiments, &c. are often going on in the Gardens, of which the' public sees or hears nothing except in the brief annual report, which is not the place in which to give detailed accounts of such work. And, on the other hand, the staff of the Department, for want of better communication and means of getting in- formation, often remain for long in ignorance of important occurrences, such as the appearance of new diseases, the starting of new cultivations or new methods of cultivation, and so on. A few suggestions as to ways of overcoming these difficulties are given below publication of information concerning the GARDENS AND WHAT IS GOING ON THEREIN. (1) I would suggest the publication at intervals of a scries of circulars or bulletins, each as a rule deal- ing with one subject only. The cost of a one-page circular would be about R3 per 1,000 copies. These circulars might be kept at the Gardens and distri- buted free or sent by post or receipt of a stamp for postage. Their publication should not be at fixed intervals, but whenever required. As examples of what is meant, the first few might deal with “ the Chocho,” “Rhea fibre,” “the Cacao disease,” “new ornamental plants,’ and so on. In some casgs Sinhalese or Tamil translations might also be pre- pared for distribution among the villagers. (2) 1 would suggest the publication in the Govern- ment Gazette and elsewhere, if thought desirable, of advertisements of important seeds or plants on sale at the Gardens. (3) I would also suggest the giving of occasional lectures on important subjects, such as diseases of plants, new cultivations, &c., by the staff of the Department in Colombo, Kandy, or elsewhere. Also the giving of occasional demonstrations at the Gardens upon such subjects, e.y., upon rubber-tap- ping at Henaratgoda, or upon fibre plants at Pcra- deniya., Notice of such meetings in Kandy. Such lectures or demonstrations could hardly’ fail to be of mutn.al advantage both to cultivators and to this Department. II. — the CDLLECTION of INFORM.ATION by .IND for THE DEPARTMENT. (4) I would suggest that occasional tours be made in different districts of the Colony to investigate the various cultivations carried on, the diseases of plants, &c. ; and that the results of these investigations be from time to time submitted to Government as special reports, which might also, when deemed ad- visable, be published as separate bulletins or circulars (see above). (5) I would suggest that the Superintendent of Hakgala Garden and the Curator of Peradeniya Garden should be authorized to travel with or in place of the Director on these expeditions whenever the aid or advice of a highly skilled practical Gardener is needed. (6) I would suggest that the Government Agents and other Administrative Officers, native headmen. Secretaries of planters ’Associations, &c., be requested to assist this Department by informing me from time to time of new cultivations started, old ones abandoned, outbreaks of diseases, and so on. Such a request might well form part of the first (intro- ductory) circular issued by this Department. John C. Willis, Director, Royal Botanic Gardens THE CACAO DISEASE AGAIN. Mr. J. R. Martin affords us a very straightfor- ward account of his connection with the steps taken to provide for the scientific investigation of the cacao disease. It shows that so far from being opposed to such inquiry, he has specially courted it— only that he dreaded exaggerated reports of the extent of the evil so soon as it was known the Government had been moved to take the matter in hand. We can sympathise to some extent with this feeling ; but the great matter to be regretted now is that Messrs. Martin and Dickenson did not know how exactly Mr. E. E. Green, was, as an entomologist, fitted to undertake for them the investigation inquired. We take it Mr. Martin has not seen Mr. Green’s scientific work or he would have felt safe in inviting him to e.xainine any trouble or disease attributable to. a “ poochie.” Had it been a fungus, the case would have been different. But, as matters stand, we trust the Government will lose no time in asking their “honorary entomologist” to visit, examine and report on the cacao dis- ease, induced by a “poochie,” in the Matale, Dumbara and Kurunegala distric s. Even if Mr. Green were unable to provide an adequate remedy, his report could not fail to supply the information required at Kew or by referee experts n the mother country. Aug, 2, 1897,] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 105 THE TRINIDAD BOTANIC GARDENS. We have before us the Report for last year on the Royal Botanic Gardens of Trinidad by their accomplished Superintendent Mr. J. H. Hart ; and it may be useful to touch on some ot its main features, in connection with the Adminis- tration Report on our own Botanic Gardens from the pen of the new Director, which we recently noticed. The interesting West Indian Island is, of course, a much smaller charge than Ceylon, covering as it does only over 2,000 square miles against our 24,000 ; but the metereological con- ditions, so far as mean temperature goes, are much alike — the island being situated between 10 and 11 degrees North Latitude and 61 and 62 West Longitude, against 5 and 10 degrees in our own case, and 80 and 82 East Longitude. There, January is described as tlie coolest month, Febuary the driest. May the hottest (as has been our experience this year), June the wettest, and August the moistest. Its rainfall, however, does not show the great divergence which is seen in Cey- lon with Padupola claiming nearly 230 inches, while Maruchikadu has to he content with le.ss than 23 ; for we find that the highest fall for the year was in Saugre Grande which had 154 inches, and the lowest Moruga Police Station with less than 40 inches. The average for the whole island is 81 ’52. We learn that the work of the Herbarium has made steady progress during the year, the col- lection of specimens of the Island Flora being made gradually more complete ; while the whole of the indigenous plants have now' been separated from those which are known to have been in- troduced from other countries. The very interest- ing re-discovery is chronicled of the Sacoc/lottis ama- zonica, as a result of a special expedition into the Trois district : and the importance of it is enhanced in that it has definitely decided the source of one of the drift fruits ” discussed in the reports of the “ Challenger Expedition.” Another “ find ” illustrates the difficulties at- tendant on accurate botanical research. For years Botanists have desired definite information in regard to the tree locally known as the “ Coutrevent,” and nine years have elapsed since Mr. Hart’s Department commenced the investi- gation ; but the distance to the habitat of the trees, the short period of flowering, and the height of the great forest trees, opposed such difficulties in the way of obtaining good specimens that the result has been only one fairly good single sheet of Botanical specimens. By the aid of this sheet, however, the Director of the Royal Gardens at Kew has been able to determine, that the locally well-known tree is an undes- cribed species of the order Sapotacece, and not a Lucuma multiflora. Under the same heading we find a paragraph on the destructiveness of fungi, even where hard- woods are concerned, which we reproduce for the information and guidance of agriculturists and builders alike: — Pohjstictws banc/uiness, L., a finely coloured fungus, was found destroying hardwood gate-posts in one of the pastures ; posts that had only been in the ground a few months being entirely destroyed. Prom this and other observed instances it appears evident that the knowledge of the destructive nature both of Saprophytic as well as Parasitic fungi, has not as yet been put to such practical use as it might be. Perhaps the fact that people who have not had [them under close observation and study can hardly realize that such apparently (to them) insignificant organisms should do so much harm. We constantly see builders, carpenters &c., laboriously tarring or painting and even charring'.the ends of posts, the sills of houses, and the flooring of bridges, &c., &c., when the work is often absolutely worse than useless ; for the germs of decay in the form of the mycelium of a fungus have already permeated the woody tissue, so that all they do in many cases is to seal up in the in- terior of the wood, and in a suitable place for its growth, the vegetative and moat destructive part of a Saprophytic fungus. The indications of the action of these minute vegetable organisms is much more pronounced in a tropical, than in a temperate climate • the destructive action is much quicker, there is far better opportunity for observation, and the damage is more quickly apparent. Modern Science shows however, that the only means of properly treating or preserving timber is first to sterilize it by heatf to thoroughly dry it, and afterwards to use outside pre- servatives in the form of paiut, tar, or charred sur- faces, &c., &c.. Creosote is often used to preserve timber, but unless the operation is performed excep- tionally well, “Creosoted” timber fallf a prey to “dry rot,” otherwise fungus, almost as readily as any other, especially in the Tropics. Applications of preservatives should always be made under pressure, and with sufficient heat to destroy the growing parts of these destructive fungi. Among the work undertaken by the Department was the revision of a pamphlet' inteiuleci for the guidance of emigrants from the United King- dom ; and it is imped that the correct informa- tion supplied will have the effect of attracting capitalists seeking investment in the Tropie.s” Government House being situated within the bounds of the Gardens, the Department has not disdaned attention to flowers, and has even en- gaged in decorative work by furnishing plants for ball-rooms and places of public and private entertainment. We are in advance of that here; but we are not sure that the number and enter- prise of Florists and Nurserymen in our midst, adequate as they are to render the interven- tion of the Botanical Department unnecessary for decorative work, are sufficient to relieve tlie Botanical Gardens of the task of cultivating flower and foliage plants for sale to visitors? We know that successive Directors have ex]uessed impatience with this branch of their charge ; but does it not serve a purpose in renderin-'- the BotanicGardensbright and attractive, andespeaally in training Gardeners for better work— apart from the help it gives in propagating specimens not easily obtained elsewhere, and not so readily within reach of all classes ? The Trinidad Gardens, while helpful to local ])lant fanciers, have not been neglectful of foreign e.xchan<'e and distribution, as the statistical tables show. The Department keeps in its hands the issue of a quarterly Bulletin of about 25 pages, neatly and at- tractively got up, which must be of liel]> and interest to the planting and agricultural as to tlie general public. Here the Tropical Agriculturist, and to some extent the daily Press, have hitherto ob- viated the necessity for such a compilation pending the publication of the Annual Reports’. . From the notes on the Economic Section, we learn that an e.xperimenlal jilot has been established in the Gardens for raising and test- ing seedling cane.s— sugar being the main staple of the island. The culture of 41 \ arieties was commenced duiing the year, and 86 examina- tions were made to test tlie quality of the canes, in regard to the comstitncnis which give them value. One of the facts ascertained by experiment is that the canes did not reach their maximum yield until nearly the end of the crop season which, curiously is in May, el- even after, whereas in British Oniana which is not tar off the season closes as eaily a.s De- cember ! During the year as many a.s 7971 seedlin»- canes of the best of the new varieties were distru io6 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [Aug. 2, 1897. buted. On this point, as illustrating how much Botanic Oardeiis can do to help aericultural enter- prise, as has been early and earnestly recognised by our own Director, we quote as follows : — Although I am unable to report on the value of the canes grown during 1896 at the Gardens, still I am able, through the kindness of Messis. Jenman and Harrison, to mention that their best seedlings have again for the fifth time maintained their pre- eminenoy over the older kinds, in yield per acre raid in richness of 3 nice, so that planters in Trinidad may have the satisfaction of know iug that the canes distributed to them have been through long and care- fully conducted tests, both agriculturally and chemi- cally, for a series of years ; which should be a reliable guarantee of their character. I do not think, hov/- ever, that any^ cane should be recommenced to the planter as being of the highest class until it has been widely and largely cultivated in the field, and no one has been more careful in this than the Demerara growers. It is certainly the duty of the seedling growers to advise the very careful extension of the area under cultivation in new varieties, and therefore the extension of that area is a matter that must rest with the planter alone. While refraining, how- ever from recommending any particular cane, the planter’s attention shoTild be called to record of the yield of the several varieties on the trial fields, for, by knowing the character of these fields and the cul- tivation given, they should be able to select from the assortment offered that cane which will be most suit- able to their purpose, or best suited to the character of the land which they may have under cultivation. We have an example in the Burke Cane which is highly instructive. This cane, it appears, is one which, seen upon the field, is certainly one to make glad the heart of the planter, but when it comes to the factory it is found to yield a juice which is not equal to that obtained from the older varieties. The megass also — now used for fuel in all modern factories ^ — is deficient in heating power, when compared with that of the older kinds. Notwithstanding these facts, there is not a little to be said in its favour. The cano has certainly a very vigorous constitution, and is but little subject to disease in comparison with some others, and it may moreover become especially useful as a parent plant for future seedlings, by giving a strong vitality to its progeny. Then follow remarks on pineapple seedlings, cacao (containing much of interest to local growers, part of which was reproduced in our Director’s Report), varieties of coffee (which is attracting the attention of planters in view of the fail in price of cacao), citron, oranges and other products, which tve cannot do more than mention here ; hut we are sure to reproduce most of the interesting paragraphs at length in our monthly periodical. A special interest attaches to the Report under notice, as it marks the comiffe- tion of a century of British rule in Trinidad, and the eightieth year of the existence of the Gardens on their present site — the oldest West Indian Botanic Gardens. Long may they llonrisli ! THE DISEASE AFFECTING CACAO TREES. in different ilistricts is tlrus' considered by a correspondent who has not, so far as we know, hitherto taken part in the discussion : — • The cocoa disease is most certainly not a root disease; there, Mr. Mnrtin is right — but the Pooohie is well known, and described in Mr. Vander Poorten’s letter to you some time back. Mr. Martin says It certainly is not a root disease as the tendency is to work upwards from a puncture, but if allowed to develope the sap becomes vitiated and the roots therefore become unhealthy. Here Mr. Martin is wrong, if the insect attacks the tree anywhere above the collar there is a strong chance of a healthy sucker growing and, forming a fine tree. I have seen dozens such now years old and believe them to be healthy today. A superintendent of a large estate in Dum- bera was heard to say, hardlv one tree ori- ginally planted now remains, but iu>ve bepn leplacea; on another not in Dumbera, figures were given me showing 33 % cut out m 18 months Can this be the place Mr. Martin refers to-wheie does profit come m. I went through an estate a few aays ago where in spite of trees being regularly cestroyed, tCe disease increases — why ? the Poochie^ and treatment for cen- The treatment of the “ Chemistry of Tea ” seems on organic chemistry and text-book work without much special reference to tea. We are wf iP''ostigations. For instance, hfhf f * been heard before, that 1 ght IS objectionable in certain processes, but no Ffifm of this. There are no comparative tables of analy^s (none of Darjeeling tea at all) snowing the different constituents of “quality” and inferior teas, or the results of good and bad methods, or the changes that actually occur in the aifteient stages and processes. Notwithstanding the sweeping denunciation of the “meat tea,” the evil hu* do not follow in fact. Weie Ml. Crole practically right, there should be M meat or eggs to breakfast, and little tea-drinking. ^°"ht if much light has been thrown upon science in tea, but, all the same, Mr. Crole has i^n- Hiif® + ®®V'®® upon a subject too little studied or thought about, which cannot fail to lead to discussion and further study and investiga- tion, to the advantage of the tea industry. Like the historical portion, the statistical is very comprehensive, and drawn from all sources. Upon this head, we would merely remark that, under the apprehension of over-production, it is some consolation r to believe that the area under tea, is considerably over estimated at 519, .500 acres. In regard to Ceylon, put at 400,000 acres, we have returns till the close of 1895 (a year later than have yet come to hand for India), and we know that the best Ceylon authorities do not estimate their area as more than 340,000 acres at f ® i®on^® or say, more than 365,000 acres tor 1897 at the outside. For India the latest official returns we have seen are till end of 1894, by which ^e total area was brought out at 423,006 acres. Xhe increase throughout India is difficult to cs 1 mate ; but with the exception of Travancore and Cochin (probably under-stated) we are sure it has been over-estimated, and in the case of one of the leading districts the area is certainly put down at 30 per cent more than it is at present. Thouo-h interesting to know, it is impossible without reliable local knowledge to state even approximately the ex- tent under tea in the Straits Settlements, Fiji, Ac. But if this has been over-stated the total result is not seriously affected. From the Government Blue Books these areas would seem to have diminished rather than increased in recent years. Wo should nou be disposed to put the area of British-^rown tea at over 780,009 acres at the close of 1.S96 or 8o0,000 acres at the present time. ’ As regards the practical in tea, we must as far as possible pass over controverted points. Mr. Crole is untiring in his condemnation of the so- called China plant, and speaks of it as “a curse that at one time seemed as it woul 1 prove as disrstrous to Agsaro as ever the Phylloxera vistatrix has beeq in io8 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. France, or the Ilemileia vastatrix in Ceylon.” The fact is that while no one will deny that the Assam plant, or at any rate a hybrid suitable for the locality, is preferable, the most has not been made of the too much despised China bush.* It has never had a really fair chance in Assam. The failures prior to, and the crisis of 1866, brought a reaction against the China plant, and other practices sound in principle, such as the distance apart plants should be put out, and led to serious mistakes in opposite directions. It would seem that the hybrids at all allied to the China plant are held but in little better repute by Mr. Crole. While he claims that the produce of the indigenous plant brings 10 percent, to 20 per cent, per lb. more than that of the China in the London market, he seems to overlook the fact that the indigenous quality very rarely has brought the best prices, except in the olden times when Indian tea was used, and in small pro- portions, for blending, and w’hat has long been the highest-priced tea in the world is the produce of a mild hybrid or of a blended variety of plants upon Darjeeliug gardens, where the China kind pre- dominates. Of course, ap.rrt from jdt of plant, quality is greatly a question of soil, as exemplified in As.sam as vrcll as the Darjeeling district. We doubt whether Mr. Orole has ever gone to the root of the vital questions affecting the thorough pre- paration. of land prior to planting and enlightened cultivation afterwards. His remarks seem not to go beyond what will admit of the methodical and per- fect lining out of a garden. Depend upon it, this is a more -vital matter. Success in the long run, failure, or recovery from failure, will ultimately be found to depend more upon the field than even the factory, most important though the latter be. C--r- triiily the book displays no acquaintance with hill cultivation and its be-setting difficulties. As to buildings, his plans seem rather those of some ex- isting factory than of what would be perfection. All are upon a gigantic scale, no doubt, and sug- gestive of grand ideas, but certainly not always with an adequate regard for arrangement or eco- nomy of space. We question if houses for the natural withering of leaf, so wide as specified, would act at all satisfactorily, even in the climate of Assam. Nor would a common chimney stalk, for boilers with underground flues from driers connecting work satis- fuotonly, unless situated upon a mound or knoll; and there are insurmountable drawbacks to underground pits for main shafting which with economy of space and outlay can be placed overhead, w'here it can infinitely more easily be seen to and kept in good condition. In machinery many obsolete machines (“ Lyle’s ” is styled ” Lyatl's) and others of which experience could only h?.ve been had in the patentee’s yards — where they cannot be thoroughly tested— are confidently recommended. And how can it be seriously asserted, in this year of grace, by any practical man, that tlie rude bag machines could ever roll “ fine leaf” better than a modern machines such as the “ Rapid,” which is as near as can be imagined perfection ? Most will admit that there was a w.iste of labour where two able-bodied men or more were placed in ch,arge of one roller, as was not unknown in old times when a single machine hod to get through three times the work one is put to in these da5's, yet all must pity the one boy who is put to attend to ” six machines in full swiug” ! It seems also diffioultfor the lay mind to under- stand from “acquaintance with the weather,” or “the feel of the leaf on the ohungs,” whether the leaf is liable to get heated or notin the machines irrespective of speed, pressure, or closeness. And strange that the time required for fermentation is to be determined by the difference between one garden and another, and in no measure to the season of the year, temperature of the day or whether. The great subject of manur- ing, sulfioieut alone for a volume, is but casually * Quito true: there is a field of pure “China” in Ceylon yielding a full crop of very fine tea, but this is at a high elevation — and although a “ hybrid ” may be, generally, more profitable, much can be done with “ China ” at high elevations both in Iqdia and Ceylon. j-JSd. T.A. [Aug. 2, 1897. alluded to in the chapters upon the “Botany of Tea ’’ and “ The Coolie ” ; and the practical application of Letjuminoso: to tea is dismissed with such few words as might indicate that after the MS. had been completed a line or two alluding to this subject (and what the author terms “ green soiling ”) have been interpolated on noticing attention recently directed to it in various quarters. On blights the work is conspicuously defective as to practical sug- gestions. The author from his remarks dees not seem aware that the old-fashioned cure of suiphur applied upon a simple and expensive method, has long ago been proved an effectual remedy for red spider, and at the same time a valuable manner in many instances. The only light shed upon this much vexed question is that Mr. Crole has disooveed two new species of faggot worm which he adds to the legion of parasites he gives as preying upon tea. Many other similar topic.s, most of which may seem of minor importance, might be alluded to. ’There is often a mingling of the old obsolete objectionable methods with the approved and the ideal which we fear may have a tendency to mislead the uninitiated. For instance, when seriously told of tea seed having been sown broadcast from the backs of elephants, who were “ made to peregrinate in a more or less aimless manner ebout the laud it was desired to bring under tea,” which could never be more than a piece of pure romance, it is going too far. And we cannot refrain from protesting agaiust the in- justice done the industry in representing that it is the sick, aud those suffering from sores and accom- panied by babies that are employed to handle the tea in sorting in the final stages, whi'e the fact is that no such thing has been tolerated in any well- regulated factory during the last fifteen years. In the interests of the tea industry we feel bound to notice a few recommendations which are fraught with danger. The best distance for planting a garden is said to be 4ft. by 4ft. 16ft. = (or even = 18-85 superficial feet of space per plant if planting trian- gularly as recommended). This is opposed to all sound principles of planting. On the contrary, for fully developing the capabilities of a garden, in the long run, for Assam we should say twice this space, at least 6fd. by 5ft. (and for the hills say 5ft by 44ft. on the base) should be allowed ; aud with a view to cultivating by machi)iery, as advocated by Mr. Crole, even lines wider apart would be an advantage. Mr. Crole remarks that hosing should always leave the soil rough. Clod cultivation— or as in some cases as practised it might even be styled slab cultivation— is a great fallacy in tropical culture, especially when lengthened periods of dry weather may ‘be expected. Pruning by measure is reprehensible (as well as anti- quated, surely), and if not in some instances the leav- ing of heavily-out bushes uupruned next year, cer- tainly the “ slashing them across the top worse still to burn down rootrand branch as a remedy for mus- qiiito blight, a cure certainly infinitely worse than the disease. T.Ue eliminating of all hanji leaf, as advo- cated, not only unduly weakens all except the most robust bushes, but deteriorates the quality of the after flushes. In those days where quality above all should be aimed at, it is objectionable and entirely unneces- sary to handle all the tea, or any but the coarser, in sorting ; and we cannot agree with the author (though the majority may yet do so) thattea deteriorates(but tlia very reverse) iu properly constructed “ bins.” Neither ought chests to be packed to contain so much as 1501b. of tea, but we would rather name 95 lb., or at most 100 lb., as the net limit. VVe are confident that tea ought to be bulked at the factory, not only because there it can be best done— considering the present methods and appliances at the London warehouse— but to curtail the warehouse charges as exemplified in the profits of 45 percent aud 80 per cent consecutive divi- dends from one warehouse company shown in some tea company’s printed accounts. Mr Orole alludes to a question recently raised by a “ silly letter ” in a religious journal; and states it to be his opinion that troubles between the planter p,ud his coolies are invariably due to want of tac^ Aug. 2, 1897.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. log on his part ; that employers with married assistants, and even managers, are placed at a disadvantage ; and that the directors of companies would scarcely be acting within their province if they constituted themselves the censors or guardians of their em- ployes’ morals. We have only indicated some of the subjects, all of which had many more Ulr. Crole deals with in detail. Though it has been far from our wish to criticise more than is imperative, and we have done so on all material points, we are well aware that we have not done justice to many excellencies. Our desire is that all study the volumes for themselves. It ha.s often been forced upon us that, with very few exceptions, practical planters belong to either of two classes — (1) Those who do not feel equal to writing at all, or will not take the trouble to give tbe public the benefit of their experience ; (2) those who believe they know everything, but for this very reason do not see the force of divulging their secrets to make others as wise as themselves. We can to a certain extent sympathise with both classes. Owing to the occasional vagueness of expression in one so gifted with a facile pen, we have not been enabled entirely to divest ourself of the suspicion that Mr. Crole naturally reserves a good deal for his oppor- tunities when consulted professionally. As so few will write about tea, we do not forget that those interested in the industry are placed under all the greater obligation to the author for the attention he has devoted to, and the interest infused into all branches of his subject. In conclusion, we congratulate Mr. Crole upon the successful issue of his labours, as a whole, and again most cordially recommend his book to the general planting public, trusting it may find its way into many hands. — II. and C. Mail, May 21. JAPAN TEA. The delicate flavour and aroma which the Japanese tea-drinkers make so much of in the so-called “ new tea ” will not probably strike foreigners as anything specially palatable. As soon as the new leaf is on the market, all tea shops display a notice with two Chinese ideographs representing ■“ New Tea,” written in conspicuous style. The labour and care involved in raising and preparing tea are really beyond the appreciation of outsiders, to whom the leaves come packed in boxes carefully sealed and labelled and ready for use. The quality of tea depends not only upon the nature of the leaf itself but also upon the time of picking. For instance, leaves picked at night-time, wet with dew, will make tea of superior quality, while those plucked in the day time make an ordinary tea. Prom the end of April, the famous tea plantation of Uji near Kyoto, presents an interesting and busy scene as the picking season sets in. This place enjoys an unrivalled reputation in this country as producing tea of the best quality, the nature of the soil and the climatic conditions there hfeing specially adapted for its cultivation. A village in Uji, called Ikeno-o, claims the unique honour of producing tea for the consumption of the Imperial Family. It is said that the nature of the soil is not the sole consideration for the production of tea of superior quality. When the new leaves began to sprout, tea growers plant posts in four corners of the garden, and at the height of about eighteen feet they stretch bamboo poles, over which they lay a straw covering specially provided for the purpose. This is done partly to protect the shrubs from being frost- bitten and partly from a curious idea that drops of rain dripping through the straw impart some additional flavour to the tea-leaves. Hence the name “Gioku-ro” (Pearly Dew), given to the leaf of the best quality in this country. — Japan Times, May 14. According to the Osaka Mainichi, the prospects of the tea crop in the vicinity of Kyoto (the favourite Uji tea) are good. The gathering of the tea for export to America is already finished and the leaf is now in pro- cess of manufacture. The picking tea for home consumption was to commence on the 10th inat. The crop was bad last year owing to damage caused by frost and worms, but the case is very different this ye.ar, the prospeet being bright in every respect. The budding was delayed a week this year, but it seems that this does not affect the success of the crop. As the crop failed last year, old stocks in the market are small, and consequently there will be an increase of 10 yen per 100 kin in the quotations compared with the corresponding period of last year. A deputation from the Japan Tea Guilds, consisting of Messrs. K. Ito (Kyoto), S. Mihashi (Shizuoka). S. Miyama (Miye), and S. Saka (Tokyo), has had an in- terview with Mr. Oishi, Vice-Minister of Agriculture and Commerce, ou the subject of the new tariff pro- posed in the United States. They point out that the price of tea in Japan is 20 ijen per 100 kin, and a duty of 10 cents per pound will just double the price; to this must be added freight, insurance, commission, and other charges, which will bring the selling price in the American market up to 65 i/eii per 100 kin. This, they imagine, will put an end to the sale of Japanese tea in America ; but they overlook th a fact that the Americans must have too, whatever the price m.ay be, and prices of all teas ahke will go up, v/hether from .Japan, China, or India, so tliat the increase of duty reaiiy concerns Japan very little indeed, — Japan Times, May 15. The Yokohama Tea Traders’ Association issued oht following instructions to the tea-producers in Gifu Ken 011 the 15th instant; — (1.) That it is necessary, as the result of the American Regulations prohibiting t’ne importation of tea that all tea should be of superior quality. (2.) That the manufacture of green tea should be abandoned if possible, but if not, to improve the quality of that kind. (3.) That any leaf that is in any degree rotten should not be used. We learn from the Tomiuri that the following advice to the Yokohama Tea-dealers guild was issued by the Bluuicipal Office, on the 11th 14th inst: — The law prohibiting the importation of bad tea to America, lately passed, might prove advantageous to the Japanese tea-dealer, in the sense that it warms against the export of bad tea and consequently would tend to raise the demand for genuine Japanese tea among the Americans. If, on the contrary, there should be shipped even one chest of tea against the law, the result is not only the loss of that particular chest, but obstacles will be thrown in the way of Japaness exports in general. It is, therefore, absolutely necessary now the tea season is on, that tea-dealers should take great care in the manufacture of tea and thus maintain the reputation of the Japanese product. The total quantity of new tea arrived from various qu3jrters and now in Yokohama is said to be about 400,000 cutties. — .Japan Times, May 18. The quantity of tea leaves turned out from tea- farms in Uji districts is said to averiige XOQkwamme per tan, the profit being about 15 yen if sold in the r.iw state and about 25 yen if sold in manufactured state. The quotation of the tea farms is about GO yen per tan in Soraku and Tsuzuki districts, but in the vicinity of Kohata, the centre of the favourite “ Gyokuro ” (Pearly Daw), the average price rises to five or six hundred yen, the highest being 800 yen and the lowest 200 yen. — Japan Times, May 19. The following are some further items about tea industry in Uji : — A factory genenally contains firing-furnaces ranging from 15 to 20 but sometimes as many as 80. One man manufactures one kwamwe (a little over 8J lb. Av. of tea out of five kwamine of raw leaves. The wages of t’nese labourers are 30 sen per day with board. It takes a female tea- gatherer a day and a half to pick enough leaves for a male tea-firer to manufacture in a day. The daily wages of female labourers are 15 sen, average. Ad- vances are made to these females as early as January, and wheq the season cornea elderly women bring a 110 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [Aug. 2, 1897. bevy of girls and inspect their work. The girls all put on their heads white the wear fas/ct, the colour of which differs according to the age, those below 20 be red and those over 20 light blue. A new kind of tea called tancha (a lump of interior tea pressed and hardened, and to be nsed by shaving) was recently originated. About 6,000 catties of this tea was manufactured last year principally for ex- portation to Yladivostock. The result being satis- factory, it is intended to increase the manufacture of htis kind of tea. — Japan Times, May 21. ♦— AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. Those who have followed even cursorily the corre- spondence which from time to time breaks out in the daily and weekly press on technical education, must have become aware of prodigious gulf that lies be- tween the ideas of foreign nations and our own on the subject of scientific knowledge. With us it is scarcely suggested, far less taught, in schools ; it is just barely recognised in our Universities ; in ordinary society any allution to it is counted pedantic , in the Legislature it only appears when some restriction is to be placed on its exercise ; aud in the ;executive departments it only finds place for one chemist in the Custom House, and another in the Excise. As a consequence, or an illustration, of this uni ersal neglect there is scarcely a single manufacturer who resort to scientific research as a method of advancing his in- terests, and the small amount of knowledge which is actually employed is almost limited to the purposes of detecting adulteration is materials purchased, and calculating proportions of ingredients in compounds. But abroad, whether we look to large States, such as Prance or Germany, or to small ones such as Den- mark aud Switzerland, the case is as different as day from night. The common schools teach every child the elements of the knowledge of things around him, that is of physics an 1 chemistry. The Univer- sities have large endowments for scientific training and research. Institutions exist for giving the in- struction requisite in every special department of industry. Manufacturers recognise that there is pro- fit to be made not only in routine methods, but in new discoveries and improved processes and they pay high salaries to men engaged in what to us seem the unpractical and absurd idea of merely discover- ing new truth. But the consequence is that they drive us out of the foreign markets and invade our own, that their progress treads everywhere on our heels, even if it does not leave us behind ; and that though the volume of their transactions may not yet surpass ours, they are advancing in a far more rapid ratio. In the department of agriculture the same differ- ence of system is apparent. In Great Britain the State does absolutely nothing for it. Abroad, for the last half-century at least, the State has maintained numberless establishments for learning and for teach- ing the scientific facts on which agriculture in all its branches depends. The knowledge thus gradually built up is disseminated by ^reports and journals. In America the same system has been adopted ; every several State has its experimental station, which Eublishes an annual ‘‘.bulletin” of results ascertained y its scientific, that is to say, its exact, inquiries. Very lately we have seen the statement, which may perhaps not be precisely true, but which, at least, shows the mental attitude of American farmers, that within a radius of twenty miles of each State sta- tion there is no agricultural depression, so much have its object-lessons aided those within its sphere of influence to adapt themselves to their new con- ditions. For those who are more distant there are, besides the bulletins issued, not a few books in which the latest practical results of American and German scientific investigations are embodied. It is a further remarkable fact that not only in such foreign sources is the information on scientific agri- culture at present to be exclusively found, but that till lately it could be obtained only by ordering the books from the countries in which they were pub- lished. The American works were, of course, written in English, but no English bookseller thought them worth showing to his customers. Armsby and Stewart two household names on the other side of the Atlantic as teachers of the principles of feeding stock, were utterly unknown here. The German works were not even translated, nor could any reference to them be found except in the excellent little manual of “Agri- cultural Chemistry,” by Mr. Warington, now Sibthor- pian Professor of Agriculture at Oxford. But this l.amentable hiatus in our literature has been partly filled by the publication last year of a translation, by Mr. Herbert Cousins, of Professor Wolff’s treatise on the “ Rational Feeding of Farm Animals.” Still more recently we have a translation, by Dr. Aitken and Mr. Wright, of Professor Fleischmann’s Booh of the Dairy . At last, then, the English farmer has the access, in these two works, to the soundest and best guidance in the two departments which they cover. If he will only read aud digest them, he will not merely gain knowledge, but direct mone.y profit as well; for what they contain is the knowledge how to reach the results he seeks with the least expense at the smallest risk, and to the highest advantage. * * * • We are, indeed, perfectly aware that the excellent works we have recommended will, to a large extent be beyond the comprehension of the great majorile of those who, as agriculturists, have a direct interest in their subjects. But this melancholy truth only makes stronger the case for giving serious consider- ation to the treatment of scientific education in this country, If farmers and landlords are as a rule so ignorant of the mere elements of science that they cannot understand books which treat of the business JO their lives, it is obvious that there is something radically wrong in the education which they receive. And if they aud the Government, which is in a great degree subject to their influence, are unable to see the importance of coming up to a level with the technical knowledge enjoyed by their foreign rivals in every department of industry, it is absolutely cer- tain that year by year they will find themselves fur- ther outstripped in the race of competition, in which victory, by Nature’s inevitable law, falls to those who are able most deeply to penetrate her secrets. —The Melbourne Leader. THE “AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE” OF NEW SOUTH WALES. We have received from the S.N. Wales Govt. Printer a copy of this Agricultural Gazette for April. The Chemist, Mr. F. B. Guthrie, has a valuable article on the fertilising value of bonedust, and the infor- mation given should be of interest to those who go in for that manure. Dr. Cobb’s contribution is a long series of letters on subjects embracing Wheat — varieties aud nomenclature — Diseases (smuts bunt; white-heads) ; Maize Rust , Disease of the Plum Apple (bitter pit, canker) ; Potato (wet rot, scab) Orange (Melanose [?] mal di goma, verrucosis, die, back, blackspot) ; Peach and Nectarine (peach freckle, curl, the crease in peaches); The Gall-worm ; Disease of the Grape; Onion ; Timber Diseases ; Preparations and Use of Bordeaux Mixture; Compound Mixtures ; Drying Fruit for Home Consumption. i All the diseases, &a., are illustrated by means of excellent blocks ; and as the Doctor has been careful to express his ideas in the plainest possible language the contribution is of extreme interest, and should be carefully read by all engaged in wheat-culture and the treatment of diseases of orchard and farm crops. A chapter on the diseases of timber is in- tructive, while for the information of those who desire to try the various sprays recommended, the Doctor’s suggestions concerning the preparation of the mixture should prove useful. Those engaged in fruit-drying should note the remarks concerning the use of sulphur fumes. Mr. W. L. Boyce, of Lochinvar, recounts his experience of feeding cattle on boiled prickly-pear. The poultry expert, Mr. McCue, takes up cudgels on behalf of pure strains of table and laying fowls. Mr. Allen, the new fruit expert, has some notes for the guidance of persons planting orchards, and there are many other interesting items. Aug. 2, 1897.1 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 1 1 1 THE EAST INDIAN AND CEYLON TEA COMPANY, LIMITED. The following is from the Report presented at the second ordinary general meeting of the company held on Tuesday last : — The accounts were duly closed up to November 30th, 1895, from the various dates the company obtained possession, and the bulk of the profits were utilised in payment of interest to the vendors as provided in the prospectus, the balance being carried over to the company’s credit as stated in the circular issued to shareholders November 30th last. For the year from December 1st, 1895, to November 30th last the accounts have not just been closed and audited. The crop amounted to 1,529,384 lb., and this has realised £48,576 3s. 2d., or an average of almost 7|6 per lb. The expenditure on the bearing estate amounted to £36,411 2s 9d, and the profit of the year’s work- ing was £12,656 16s 2d. The amount at credit of profit and loss account after crediting the balance carried over from last year and deducting income- tax, is £12,762 9s., from which dividends have been paid on the preference shares to November 30, 1896, amounting to £5,103 5s 2d, as we as an interim di- vidend on the ordinary shares of £2,550. This leaves a balance £5,109 3s lOd. The directors recommend that a further dividend at rate of 4 per cent making 7 per cent for the year, be now distributed to the ordinary shareholders, and that the balance of £1,709 3s lOd be carried forward. Sixty-nine acres were planted on the old estates during the past year, and the cost of this as well as of the upkeep of 67 acres planted in the previous year, amounting in ail to over £900, has been charged to revenue. In addition to the above-mentioned expenditure it will be seen from the accounts that £4,853 17s 3d has been spent on developing the Hapugastenne estate, and has been charged to block. The properties in India and the bearing properties in Ceylon have been duly conveyed to the company, and legal transfer of the lands recently acquired in Ceylon is expected to be completed in the course of the next few weeks. The reports from the company’s properties in India are satisfactory, and, as indi- cated in the prospectus, arrangements have been made for their more economic management. The European staff on the company’s estates is an ex- cellent one. Recent reports on the company’s bear- ing estates in Ceylon are most encouraging, and by the higher system of cultivation introduced, and the judicious application of manures, an increased yield may be confidently expected. In order to ensure more economical and efficient working, arrange- ments are being made for the acquisition of a site where water power will be available for a new fac- tory at Mahaousa. The directors have recently pur- chased 421 acres of land in Ceylon at R36 per acre, and they have sold a small outljing block of 444 acres at R75 per acre. The exchange of lands with the Government has been carried through, and the directors are glad to be able to report that the company stands possessed of 4,770 acres, or thereabouts, of fine land in Ceylon over and above the old bearing estates, the judici- ous development of which will be of the very greatest value to the company. During the past year 270 acres of tea have been planted there, and a further ex- tension of 1,300 acres is being made in 1897. Thanks to the energy and abiity of their col- league, Mr. Davidson, and the superintendent, Mr. Imray, the progress of this considerable work is well advanced, and is every way satis- factory. To meet the heavy expenditure in connec- tion with these extensions it will be necessaryto issue balance ofthe the capital — viz., £30,000. From reports received the directors think it probable that to do justice to this fine property it will be desirable to increase the capital of the company and per- haps to amalgamate, so far as concerns these new lands, with a neighbouring proprietor. These im- portant questions are now under the careful con- sideration of the board of directors, and after con- sulting personally with Mr. Davidson, they will bring a definite proposal before the shareholders. The directors are alive to the importance of also cul- vating products other than tea, such as rubber, Liberian coffee, fibres, etc, the experiments on a limited scale have been sanctioned and are now being made. They are also encourging as much as possible all practical efforts to open up and extend new markets for tea, and they are glad to report that 331,199 lb of the company’s 1896 were crop disposed of in America and Canada. The second ordinary general meeting of the share- holders of the East India and Ceylon Tea Com- pany, Limited, was held on Tuesday at Winchester House, Mr. S. Boulnois presiding. Mr. W. T. Jones having read the notice convening the meeting, The Chairman said : Before asking you to adopt the motion for the passing of the report and ac- counts, I wish to explain why I am somewhat un- expectedly called upon to preside today, and to occupy the position of our worthy chairman, Mr. P. R. Buchanan. I shall read to you the letter which I have received from him, and w’hich will be of interest to all the shareholders. It is as fol- lows:—“My dear Boulnois, — As the report of the East India and Ceylon Company is so good, and as everything is in a most satisfactory and promising condition, I have no hesitation in asking to be excused from presiding at the annual general meeting. As you know, I am in the hands of the oculists, and the rapidly increasing failure of eyesight precludes me, except under very extraordinary circumstances, from taking part in any public meeting. If we had anything disagreeable to communicate to the shareholders I would have made a point of being present, but in the present satis- factory circumstances I feel I may honourably ask to be excused. You are, I think, aware that the oculists hope to perform a fairly successful operation, but it will be a long business, and the result can scarcely be known before the end of the year. — Believe me, &o., Pat. R. Buchanan.’’ That letter, Mr. Boulnois continued, speaks for itself, and I am sure you will all cordially agree with me that we are exceedingly sorry to hear of the affliction of our chairman. Now, as to the report, which I presume you will take as read, I shall be very brief in my remarks, because we have made it as exhaustive as possible ; and, moreover, we have present with us our colleague, Mr. Davidson, from Ceylon, who will be able to give you much more information regarding our properties than I can be expected to do. in paragraph 2 you notice that the accounts were duly closed up to November 30, 1895, from the various dates the company obtained possession, and the bulk of the profits were utilised in payment of interest to the vendors as provided in the prospectus, the balance being carried over to the company’s credit as stated in the circular issued to the shareholders November .30 last. It may interest you to know that the total amount of balance was £672 17s 9d, of which sum £326 19s 9d was not available for distribution. For some re'Bson our lawyers said we must not distribute that ; that as a capital account we could not distribute it, and therefore we carried that to the sale of land and purchase account— to the credit of the purchase account of the properties. £345 18s, the balance, was brought to the credit of the profit and loss account. Going a little further we find a satis- factory feature of the account is that we have charged to revenue 69 acres that were newly planted out on the old estates during the past year, and we have also charged the upkeep on the old estates, for the young tea on the same estates, machinery, buildings, coolies, &c. By this we may estimate at least £1,2U0 have been charged to revenue account that under certain circumstances might have been charged to the block account or capital account, but vve tliought it more prudent to charge it to revenue. I will not touch upon the matters as to our Blackwater and Mahaousa estates, because Mr. Davidson is here and I 12 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURISr. [Aug. 2, 1897. will tell you all about them, but there ia an item in the accounts I have been asked about, and it is a point which anyone not conversant with the way in which tea accounts are kept may be at a loss to understand ; therefore I shall explain it. You will find the item “ Tea unsold on November 30.” That has since realised .-£18,758. That is the amount we now know that it has realised, but at November .30 it was, of course, not sold. We have now at May 14 that amount in money instead of tea. There is another small amount we had to estimate subsequent to May 14. The small amount then remaining unsold had to be estimated, and was taken at .£-5, 803. This has now all been sold, and has exceeded the estimate by £nl, so that we came pretty near what it was li.rely to bring. The report goes on to refer to the expenditure on opening the new lands The balance of our capital, £30,000, will very shortly bo wanted, and we shall propose to offer the shares, pro rata, to the existing shareholders. We take it that will be the fairest way of doing it, though really it is not a very large amount. Coming now to the question of amalgamation with a neighbouring proprietor, we only foreshadow that in the re- port, and anything that I might say now would, perhaps, not be to our interest. However, I may tell you that various methods for working the new lands are under the consideration of the directors, but in the pres-nt stage of the negotiations it would be highly undesirable in the interests of the company to say any more on the subject than we do in the report ; but as soon as v/e are in a position to lay a scheme before you we shall call you together to discuss the whole subject. The amalgamation, you clearly understand, refers to the new lands ; the old property and estates will continue as before in their present state. To open up 5,000 acres of land is rather a tall order, and that cannot be done without more money. As to the pros- pects of the current season, I may say they are very good. You will be glad to hear that the quantity of tea made to the loth of this month is about 40,0001b ahead of the same period of last year; but larger production may mean lower prices, and therefore it will not be well to attach too much importance to this fact. At the same time we see no reason to expect that the current season’s results should not at least be as good, if not better, than last year’s and for this reason, among others, that the present rate of exchange, which was against us nearly all through Last season, has now turned more in our favour. I now beg to move: “ That the directors’ report and the accounts having been circulated, the same be adopted, and the dividend declared on the ordinary shares at the rate of 4 per cent., making 7 per cent, per annum for the year, be paid, and that the same be made payable on the 31st inst.” Mr. L. Davidson, in seconding the resolution, said, he desired to make a few remarks on the general working of the estates. The cultivation of the Black- water and Mahausa old estates had been somewhat altered recently. They were now going in for manuring, which, in his opinion, would produce more profit to the shareholders. The increase of crops next year would no doubt be very large, and when they got manure in regular rotation they might ex- pect greater returns in coming seasons. The Govern- ment lands that they acquired last year were, he considered, the most important possessions of the company. They were aware that they bought about 2,7(i0 acres of laud from the heirs of a gentleman deceased. The Government were desirous of acquir- ing one block of that land, amounting to 1,200 acres, the reason being that it lay in the heart of a large block in the reserve forest, and that it also affected the rainfall of that side of the country, which was one of the driest parts of Ceylon. He ap- proached the Government Commissioner, and they arranged to make an exchange, the one portion of the bargain being suitable to Government purposes, and the other to the advantage of this com- pany. Plans of these properties had been sent home from Ceylon recently, and any of the shareholders would from ihem understand clearly the position of aSai.s. The land they got made a large block of 5,000 acres, almost without a break. It lay along a valley, through which they hoped in the near future to construct a cart road or tramway, which would practically tap the e^tste.s all the way through, and thus give economy in transport. He understood the directors would very shortly come to a decision regarding this road, pro'oa.hiy joining with other companies in the expense of iis formation. The total cost would not be large. The land in ques- tion was firstclass in character, and when fulp- de- veloped not only would it he the largest in Ceylon, hut one of the finest properties at a medium elevation. As to the staff in Ceylon, he might say they worked splendidly, and he had every reason to be proud of them. The resolution was agreed to unanimously. On the motion of Mr. C. T. Eich.vrusox, seconded by Mr. F. G. Phideaux, IMessrs. Boulnois and Bryans were re-elected directors. Messrs. Woodman, Tullooh, and Edds were re- appointed auditors, on the motion of Mr. H. A. Hadrill, seconded by Mr. J. W. Scott, and the meeting was brought to a close with a vote of th inks ti the Chairman and Directors. — //. n'.nl C. Mail, May 28 ^ OTHER TEA CO.MPANIES Southern Indian Tea Estates.— Dividend of 5 per cent, making a total of 10 per cent, for the year. As a large area of valuable land belonging to the Company is at present unproductive, the directors consider it desirable that some of it should be quicldy brought under cultivation, aud for this purpose it will be necessary to issue this year ,300 new shares— say 200 6 per cent, preference aud 100 ordinary shares, which it is proposed be first offered to the share- holders pro rata at lOf. 10s. per share, Tingri Tea Company, (Limited).- The report for 1896 shows that the profit on the se.asons operations amounted to, including 161f. brought forward. 4,220f. The directors recommend a dividend of 6 per cent, carrying forward 830/. Owing to more unfavourable rates of exchange for remittauesa to ludia, the in- creased cost under this head amounts to 729/. In consequence of the high prices ruling for rice, the importation for the consumption of the labour force has been carried on at a loss of 492/. Bajmai Tea Company, (Limited). — The report for 1896 states that the profit on the season amounted to 3,463/. A balance of 5,410/. was brought forward. The directors recommend a dividend of 5 per cent., making, with the interim dividend paid in November, 10 1 er cent, for the year, leaving 4,773.'. to be carried forward. The negotiations for the purohivse of the Borbarrie Estate were satisfactorily concluded. British India Tea Company, (Limited).— The annual report states that the net profit amounted to 5,.362/. The directors propose to declare a dividend of 5 per cent, for the year on the ordinary shares, and to carry 2,098/. forward. Jh.anzie Tea. — Final dividend of 6 per cent., making 10 per cent, for the year, which will absorb 5,01')/. carrying forward 1,069/. ’ Majuei Tea. — Account for past year show profit on season, 4,976/.; balance brought forward, 2,428/. The directors recommend a dividend of 5 per cent., with a balance carried forward of 2,606/. Although the crop of the past season failed to reach the manager’s estimate, the total exceeded that of the previous season by 68,066/. D.arjeeling Consolidated Tea. — The ordinary general meeting of the Comnanv was held on May 17th at Winchester House. 'Sir Alexander Wilson presided, and said that he hoped the shareholders would consider the results of the past year as satis- factory under the circumstances, considering the ex- ceedingly poor seasons that most of the Darjeeliug companies had experiaiioed. The beard proposed a dividend on the ordinary shares at the rate of 4.s-. '2d. per share. The report was adopted, and the dividend approved. THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST ”3 Aug, 2, i8|^7.] OUVAH COFFEE COMPANY, LIMITED. CAAPTAL £100,000 IN 10,000 SHARES OF £10 EACH, Dii-ectors Alfi'ed Brown, Managing Director. L. Famin, Korman Stewart, P. U. Oswald. Report to be presented to the second Ordinary General Meeting of the Company, to be held at No. 5, Dowgate Hiil, London, on Friday, the 4th day of June, 1897, at 12 o’clock noon. The Company, as Shareholders were informed at the Statutory Meeting held on 17th November, 1896, has been satisfactorily reconstructed, with a new Memorandum and Articles of Association, containing the additional powers required for the conduct of the Company’s business. The following Annual Accounts are now presented to Shareholders, viz.: — Profit and Loss Account for Crop 1895-6, Balance-sheet made up to 3lst March 1897. citop 1895-6 In last year’s Report it was stated that the Coffee Crop of the above season would be small, and it will be seen that the actual weight sold in London amounted to 376 cwt. 3 qrs. 13 lbs. The proceeds amounted to £1,736 13s 3d, giving an average of 92s 2d per cwt., a,gainst an average of 93s 5d, obtained for the previous crop. Coffee sold in Ceylon realized £22 I8s lid. The crop of I ea was estimated at 606,000 lbs., and the actual weight sold from the Company’s own estates was 570,360 lb. Besides this 135,608 lb. of Tea manufactured from leaf bought from neighbouring estates were sold. The value of all Tea sold was £23,907 5s lid, at an average of 9T5d per lb., as compared with 9'08d. for the previous season. Coco.i, weighing 141 cwt. 0 qrs. 3 lb. realized £330 16s 7d, the average selling price being 46s lid per cwt. against 48s 9d for the former year's crop. It will thus be seen that the total value of all produce sold amounted to £28,997 14s. 8d. The total Expenditure for the year in Ceylon and Loudon amounted to £23,982 10s. 8d., and deducting this from the value of the Produce, a profit is shewn on the season’s working of £5,015 4s. Od. 'To this has to be added the sum of £1,151 Is. 9d., being the undivided profii, transferred from the old Company, giving a total of £6,166 5s. 9d. at the credit of Profit and Loss Account. An Interim dividend of 3 per cent, on the capital of the Company was iiaid on the 7th November last, which absorbed £3,000 of the above-named sum, and the Directors now recommend that £3,000 be applied to the payment of a further dividend of 3 per cent., making 6 per cent, for the year, and that the balance of £166 5. 9d. be carried forward to next Account, The smaller profit secured as compared with last year is entirely due to the shrinkage in the Coffee crop, the proceeds from the sale of this product having amounted to only £1,759 12s. 2d., against £5,796 6,3. lid. for the preceding year. The Coffee crop for 1896-97 will again be a very small one. Reports on the present condition of the Coffee bushes are at the moment more favourable, but no reliance can be placed on this crop as a source of revenue. The estimated Tea crop was not fully secured, but the satisfactory yield of 400 lbs. per acre from the whole area plucked, inclusive of that only in partial bearing, was obtained. The Tea sold well at a small advance on the price obtained for the previous year’s crop, notwithstanding that tho average for all Ceylon Tea on the London market declined gd. per lb- during 1896. Since the date of last Report a further 150 acres of Tea have been planted, bringing the total area under that cultivation up to 2,007 acres as detailed below. Further plantings will bo limited to replacing Coffee with Tea, as the former has to be abandoned. The Tea crop for 1893-97 is estimated at 660 000 lb. of made Tea. So far pluckiugs have been heavy and crop prospects are good. TEA. Acres. Over 5 years old 1,375 Planted Kovember/Oecember 1892 45 93 125 »? • • • • 94 153 ,, 95 159 }j • • • • 96 1.50 Ai’ea under Tea 2,007 Area under Coffee 565 Area under Fuel 346 Forest Patana and Waste 501 Total Area 3,419 Mr. P. C. Osw'ald, a Member of the Board, retires on this occasion, and, being eligible, offers himself for re-election. Messrs. Deloitte, Dever, Griffiths & Co., the Audi- tors, also offer themselves for re-election.' By order, J. Alec Robehts, Secretary. May 26th, 1897. SPUING VALLEY COFFEE COMPANY, LIMITED. Report to be presented to the Thirty-second Ordinary General Meeting of the Company to be held at No. 5, Dowgate Eill, London, on Friday, the 4lh day of June, 1897, at 12 45 o’clock p.m. The following annual accounts are now presented to Shareholders, viz. : — Profit and loss accounts for crop 1895-6. Balance Sheet made up to 31st Earch, 1897. citop 1895-6. lu last year’s Report Shareholders were informed that the ooifee crop of tlie above season would be very small, and it will be seen that the actual weight sold in London amounted to 298 cwts. 1 qr. 12 lb. This crop, inclusive of clean and refuse coffee sold in Ceylon, realised £1,353 4s. Id., the average selling price being 90s. 2d., as compared vvith 91s. 10a. per cwt. obtained for crop 1894-5. The yield of Tea amounted to 250,171 lbs., the estimate in last Report being 280,000 lbs., and this, together with 74,350 lbs., brought from neighbouring estates and maiiufactured at Spring Valley, soid for £12,284 10s, 6cl., or an average of 9'08d. per lb., the average selling price last year being 9'34d. per lb. The total proceeds from the s.de of produce amounted to £13,637 14s. 7d. The totai expenditure in Ceylon and London, including outlay on planting 145 acres tea and maintaining a large area of young tea not yet yielding crop, amounted to £14,077 12s. 4d. Profit and Loss Account has therefore to be debited with a sum of £439 I7s. 9d., being ex- penditure in excess of the yrar’s revenue. The sum of £2,594 17s 2d was brought forward from last year, so that after making provision for the above amount the balance at the oredid of profit and loss is £2,154 19s 5d, and provided that Shareholders elect to adopt the proposals to be sub- mitted to them at the Extraordinary General Meet- ing to bo held inamediately before the Auuu,al Meet- ing, the Directors recommend that a dividend ol 2^ per cent, be now declared for the year, leaving £154 19s 5d to be carried forward to next account. The revenue from coffee, as stated above, only amounted to £1,353 43 Id., against £7,616 3s. lid. for the previous year. The estimate for tho cur- rent season is 200 cwts., and it is feared that all hope.s of profit from this cultivation must be finally abandoned. The Tea Crop did not come up to expectations, 230,171 lbs. having been secured, against an esti- mated crop of 280,000 lb. Prospects from this cultiva- tion, however, remain good, and this year’s crop, estimated at 311,0001b. is likely to be considerably exceeded. THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIS ['. [Aug. 2, 1897. 114 Since the date of last Eeport, 159 acres of unproduc- tive coffee land have been planted up in Tea, bringing the area under that cultivation up to 1,520 acres as fol- lows : — TEA. Over 5 years old Acres. 741 Planted November/December 1892 53 93 243 94 179 • • • • 95 145 „ 96 1.59 Area under Tea 1,520 Area under Coffee 406 Area under Fuel 56 Forest Patana and Waste 271 Total Area 2,253 The Directors desire to call the attention of Share- holders to the accompanying circular and notice of an Ext aordinary General Meeting for the purpose of con- sidering and, if thought fit, passing proposals for the more rapid development of the Company’s property a a Tea Estate. Mr. N. Stewart, a member of the Board, retires on this occasion, and, being eligible, offers himself for re- election. Messrs. Deloitte, Dever, Griffiths & Co., the Audi- tors, also offer tliemselves for re-election. By order, J. Ai.r.c Eobekts, Secretary. May 26th, 1897. PRODUCE AND PLANTING. Pabi.iament and the Tea Duty.— The discussion on the Finance Bill in the House of Commons last week gave rise to further talk about the tea duty. In the course of the debate Sir William Harcourt. referring to the manner in which the Chancellor of the Exchequer had dealt -with the surplus at his dis- posal, expressed his opinion that the indirect taxa- tion of the country ought to be further reduced. For his own part, he said, if he had £2,600,000 to dispose of he would take twopence off the tea duty, thus reducing it to one half. If Sir William Har- court should ever be in the position to carry out this good intention he will, we hope, bear this statement in mind. The Attempt to Revive the China Tea Trade. — Now, according to the prophets, China won’t belong. The opinion passed by experts on this side who have been asked to taste and see the machine- made teas sent over here is said to be so favourable that China teamen are in a great state of jubila- tion in consequence. One firm of Edinburgh tea dealers say : “ We have pleasure in reporting to you on the sample (machine-made, isn’t it ?) China tea (new meth d) same as was sent to us by another firm of China brokers. We will say to yon, much as we said to them, that were we China merchants we should certainly see that all the stuff we shipped should be made as this is made, instead of as all China has been treated for — how many years past shall we say ? If John Chinaman sends home all his tea as strong as this, he will very soon give a good account of himself against the overwhelming flood from India and Ceylon, because there is in this sample much more of what the pub- lic consider the style and taste of tea than in much of the woody tasted stuff that comes from many of the Indian estates especially.” That “ machine- made, isn’t it ? ” looks as if the Edinburgh people were rather doubtful on the subject. From the fervent hopes and sanguine views expressed about the Celestial teas, and the remark about the “ woody-tasted stuff that comes from many of the Indian estates especially,” it may bo inferred that the Edinburgh firm are by no means averse to the re- vival of the China tea trade. The verdict thus passed is commented on as follows by the North China Daihj News, which says: “If ordinary thirfl crop Pakling leaf is susceptible of such improve- ment as is recorded in the letter of Messrs. Melrose, what possibilities are in store for teas prepared according to the ‘ new method ’ from first crop leaf from the leading districts in Yangtze Valley? It is to be observed that it is not for the resemblance to Ceylon and Indian teas that Messrs. iMelrose view so favourably the samples submitted to them, but because they are considered to have the style and taste of tea. It is to be hoped that the Chamber of Commerce will not confine the observ- ations they are preparing to publish to the tariff question alone, but will use their influence towards getting Sir Claude MacDonald, the British Minister to urge the Tsungli Yamen to take up the question of making Chinese congou according to the methods that have rendered Ceylon tea so popular.” It seems from the Indian and Ceylon planters’ point of view at least, rather rough on them that a British Minister should be urged to encourage Chinese rivals to imitate their successful methods. China and Tea Machineky. — The effort to place the production of Chinese tea on a better footing was referred to at a meeting of the Royal Botanic Society of Loudon held on Saturday. A paper was read by Dr. Robert Boxall, who has travelled in the tea- pro- ducing districts of China, and was listened to with marked interest by a large attendance of Fellows, among whom were the Duke of Rutland and the Marquis of Bute. Dr. Boxall illustrated his paper with .1 fine collection of lantern slides, prepared principally from Chinese paintings, and exhibiting the various processes of planting the tea shrub, and the cultivation, gathering, and preparation of the leaf for the market. From the tune of the first imports of tea from India the quantity of China tea brought into this country has diminished year by year, and it now seems to have dawned upon the Chinaman that unless he brings himself more into line with his competitors the British market will soon be all but closed to him. He is, therefore, importing large quan- tities of machinery, and great preparations are being made to produce teas of such fine character as will once more gain them something more than a foothold in the British market. Tea IN the United States and Canada.— The (ea market has been surprised by the fact that an expected duty of 5o. per lb. hasjnot been included in the Cana- dian tariff, and still more by the announcement that the United States Senate Committee has included a duty of 10c. per lb. on tea until January 1st, 1900 Coolie Labour and the Straits Settlements.— The Penang and Province Wellesley planters do not like the 1'nmigration Bill at all. This Bill abolishes the punishment of such Indian immigrants as arrive under advances and refuse to sign labour contracts. 'Lhe matter arises through the Indian Government’s proposing to obstruct emigration unless the penalties are abolished. The planters do not desire to recover from the coolies the money advanced for their pas- sage, but say that they cannot make advances unless the coolies, on arriving, are bound to sign contracts at the agreed statue iabour rates. The planters have resolved to address a memorial to Mr. Chamber- lain, — H. and C. Mail, May 28. COONOOK, June 10. — The S. W. iijonsoon cur- rents have set in but no high winds experienced yet, but temperature fallen greatly. Leaf-disease touching up the coffee here and there. Tea still Hushing grandly. Has been a marvellous year for tea, and few, if any, of the totes have managed to save the whole of the flush, owing to scarcity of pluckers. Labour fairly abundant on the whole, but advances in some cases have been raised to 5/8 per bead : a rise of 8 as. 1 saw a specimen of Ceylon Erythrina lithosperma the other day 3^ feet high, at 6,000 feet eleva- tion, but in heavily manured soil. — “ Planting Opinion.” Aug. 2, 1897.] THE rROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. "5 FACTS ABOUT TEA. We have a strong appeal from London to the tea planters of Ceylon to drop “ broken ” teas ‘‘our average now,” says one critic, “would be as high as two years ago but for the fall in broken pekoes.” Messrs. Wni. Jas. & H. Thompson send us their annual Tea Review, dated 9tli J une, which we hope to reproduce in full tomorrow— meantime mentioning that these eminent brokers take an encouraging view of the situation and prospects, pointing out how great - is the room for an in- crease of consumption of tea per head in the United States (rate now only li lb. per head against 5| lb. for U. Kingdom, Australasia, and Canada) and still more in Russia, Germany, and tire rest of the Continent. And why tliey ask (as we have often done) should the commoner teas not be drunk universally by the people of India (and Ceylon), as tea is by the Chinese and Japanese ? Why not indeed, save for the people’s poverty. But at least most of the money in- vested in arrack might well be transferred to tea, if proper encouragement and opportuni- ties were afforded. Messrs. Thompson dwell on the growing enquiry for fine-flavoured tea, and how this must tell in favour of high Cey- Ions. Finally we read The needs of the day are to bring tea rapidly to market ; at regular intervals ; in as large breaks as can be made ; snb-divided into the four or five re- cognized grades; to break the leaf as little as pos- sible by mechanical process ; and to maintain the dis- tinctive character of the garden’s produce. As to average prices, Messrs. Thompson find for London; — Season end- ing 31st May 1887 1892 1897 e progress of the Ceylon Tea Trade in Im- Sold in Average ported Auction price lb. pkgs. per lb. 8 million 124,000 Is IJd 64 „ 790,000 9id « 93 „ 1,095,000 8d results are worked out : — Acreage. Returns for Quantity. lb. Per Acre. 1895-96 1894-95 1893-94 1892-93 It is 101,750 97,120 91,300 85.780 interesting Average Price per lb. d, 9 55 10- 55 9.65 11- 30 Messrs 45.850.000 450 42.284.000 435 40.033.000 439 34.900.000 406 i,. .0 f, to learn from Gow, Wilson & Stanton that the Indian Tea industry is generally dated from 1837— the year in which our coffee-planting on the West Indian system in Ceylon first took its rise. Also that the tea consumption of the importing- countries of the world equals 500 million lb. ; while India and Ceylon produce not much more than half this as yet. We have a good deal of room for e-xpansion therefore, if only we can diive out China’s and Japan’s. We have half conquered Austral- asia ; hut surely we (India and Ceylon — or Ceylon by itself)' ought to complete the conquest : In North America, British-grown teas only made up one-tenth of the consumption last year : immense room here for expansion ; and so also on the Continent of Europe. As to the im- provement of our teas and the application of Chemistry, we think the larger and more prosperous tea concerns should lead the way ! a competent analytical chemist added to the staff of one of our largest factories ought to be a profitable investment, and the cost of a three 15 years’ engagement not too great to be faced, es|)eeially as he should be able to advise in other directions than in the fermentation and better preparation of tea. PLANTING IN THE CENTRAL PROVINCE OF CEYLON. NEW AREAS OF CULTIVATION. I am indebted to the Secretary of the Northern Districts Planters’ Association for the following ob- servations and figures regarding the progress of European tea and cacao enterprise in this dist-ict “ Tea. — The area brought under new cultivation in Matale East is very small. In Matale West it is fair, but Matale North is putting a large area into tea, and promises to double its acreage in a few years’ time. The yield of the three districts was fair, averaging about 460 lb. per acre, but the rupee prices were low owing to high exchange, and in spite of a favourable crop most estates show a reduction of 20 to 25 per cent, in their profits. “ Labour was more abundant than in most dis'ricts, but more estates were nevertheless short of require- ments. “ Cacao. — The extension of this product has entirely ceased for three reasons : — (1) Lowness of price ; (2) expense of protecting it from theft ; (3) a disease which has latterly appeared and which no one understands- The disease kills the mature trees, and is not to be checked by the most careful system of cutting out and burning. The more highly cultivate 1 the cacao is, the more liable it seems to attack, and the disease kills so quickly that the leaves have not time to fall. It is unlikely that there will be any extension of cacao until a remedy has been found for this disease No statistics as to crop were collected.” As regards native enterprise, the extent brought under cultivation during 1896 may be roughly put down at about 500 acres, chiefly in cacao and coco- nuts, and nearly all in Matale South. The area under paddy cultivation does not appear to have been added to during the year, but there are no signs of any decrease consequent on the abolition of the paddy tax THE “ CRYPTOGAMIST ” AND CACAO, We ought, in dealing with the Governor’s speech last week, to have noticed the fact of the scientific s^entleman, who is so dilHcult to name after dinner, having been amongst us before, and that, at an Old Colonists’ gathering he should seem like an “ old chum.” When Professor Marshall Ward came to Ceylon tc investigate the coffee-leaf fungus, he necessarily arrived amongst us bearing what in Scotland would be called a “long-nebbed” title. His professional cognomen, we remember, struck awe into the hearts of many, and excited the imagination of some. One story, cum-iit at the time, was that an old planter who sebl-im left his estate, having failed to get any kind of satisfaction as to what a “ Cryptogamist ” was like or what he did, determined to find out for himself. He jour- neyed into Kandy and out to Per.adeniya, on this special errand, and went back again in high indignation that so small a man as Professor Marshall Ward should be permitted to assume such a high-sounding, not to say awe-inspiring, title 1 Since 1881, however, Professor Marshall Ward has climbed very high, indeed, in the, esteem of his scientific brethren through the con- tinuously valuable work he has done. He is now one of the Profes.sors at Cambridge Uni- versity and is probably regarded as a “Crypto- gamist” or ■' Fungologist ” of the lir.st rank — indeed, as a Botanical authority generally he has attained to that position. THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [Aug, 2, 1897. To return to our cacao friends, we are assured by one of them that although there may be few in tile profession (Cryptogamic) and the name^ uiay be fascinating, cacao- planters would be very glad to see one now at work, whatever his height tn inches might be, or however much he might embarrass the ianguage of the diner-out. Un the other iiand, we have other cacao estate proprietors who regard the existing troubles without anxiety. One such writes to us : “The Helopeltis scare was, I consuler, more serious than tlie present disease ; and thereioie, L think we may hope for an improvement in cacao prospects during the next few months. it is becoming evident that proprietors in the more favoured districts, and who depend chiefly on the “Forasteio” variety have not much to tear from the present pest or pests; and the older the trees grow, the less liable they will become to such attacks. Nevertheless, we trust the fullest scientific investigation may shortly take place, whether by Cryptogamist, Entomologist, or Economic Botanist — or all three together. — THE EADELLA ESTATES COMPANY, REVOKT OF THE DIRECTORS. The following report was subniittcd at the last meeting in Kandy:— , , The directors beg to Eubmil to the shareholders their report for the year ending the 30th April, loJ/, together with a statement of accounts and balance shbet for that period. The estates have yielded 94 560 lb. of tea, whi- li quantity includes 2,b«L id. of’ tea made from purcl:ased leaf. This shows a de- crease upon the previous year’s returns of 16,407 ih. This reduction is owing to the abnormal season, the North-East monsoon having been unusually w'et for 3 months and followed by hard dry showerless weather. The prices realized for the teas were on an average 7 cents per lb. less than last year’s, which in a large measure is accounted for by the lower rates of tea and higher exchange. _ Cocoa.— There were secured 102 cwt. as against 145 cwt. last year. The wet weather of the autumn had the effect of blacking off the pods, otheiwase the estimate would have been realized, as the pest pre- vailing in other districts is absent here. Liberian Coffee reached the estimated quantity. The balance or profit and loss account isE5,99/ 68, and the directors ao not see their way to recommend declaring a larger dividend than 3 per cent, and to carry forward lil,197-.58. Thedireclois have to point out that esyjenditure has exceeded the authorized capital by about E9,000, and about E5.500 will be required for permanent works in 1897-98, so that it becomes necessary to provide Ell, 500 by increase of capital, or loan, as sliarehoiders may determine at the ensuing general meeting. As a large amount has now been written off for depreciation on Factory machinery, it ts considered that 5 per cent, this year will be sufficient. The direciors retiring from office are Messrs. VV D Gibbon and E. S. Fox, and, being eligible, Mr Gibbon offers himself for re-election. The meeting has to elect the Auditor for the year. Acreage 221 Tea in full bearing. 98 Liberian coffee and cocoa. 102 coffee, cocoa, and coconuts 1ST) 50a 1 year old and 52a new. 151 forests. Total 572 acres. —By orde'' of the Directors, J. Munton, Agent and Becretary. Those present at the meeting were Messrs. W. D. Gibbon E. S. Fox, A. M. White, Ed. Kynasfou, 11. S. Eix, Lieut.-Col. Duke, J. Munton and by attorney Buxton Laurie. The Report of the Directors was not quite a,p- proved of, and after passing and approving the state- ment of accounts it was resolved that no dividend be paid. The election of Directors resulted in Mr. W. D. Gibbon’s re-election and Mr. A. Melville White was elected to the vacancy caused by Mr. E. S. Fox’s retirement. Mr. J. Guthrie was re-eltcted Auditor. A NE^Y TEA COMPANY. The mail brings the news of the flotation in London of the Imperial Tea Company with a capital of il, 000, 000 to purchase a group of gardens under the management of Messrs McLeod & Co. of Calcutta, viz. — £ Ring Tong . . 25.210 New Glencoe 41,900 Washabarie . . 20,460 Central Dooars 70,230 British ,, 53.000 Jainte 26,000 Sylhet Tipperah . . 46,000 Rema 36,000 12,960 British Sylhet Kuttal 49,490 Monabarie 22,670 Tarajulie 35,000 438,920 The Eing Tong garden with 420 acres under plant is a Darjeeling concern ; the next four gardens are in the Terai with 4,580 acres — the next three are in Sylhet with 2,418 acres ; the Kuttal is in Cachar with 1,192 acres, and the last two are in Assam with 1,223 acres, There are thus 9.833 acres, under tea, the total area of the gardens being 34,685 acres. It will be observed that the Company will have ample funds for working and extending these gardens and buying other con- cerns.— Pioneer, June 8. <>■ THE AMSTERDAM MARKET. Our Amsterdam correspondent writes on May 27th that up to the present 4,193 bales and 120 cases of Java cinchona have been entered for public sale on June lOih. They contain about 358,180 kilos of Phar- maceutical hark, representing 2,070 kilos of sulphate of quinine, or the extremely high average of 5'78 per cent. The 25,457 kilos of Pharmaceutical bark contain 689 kilos of quinine. In the course of last year the average equivalent of quinine in the Manu- facturing barks offered at the ten sales of that year amounted to about 30,770 kilos, so that the June auction shows a decrease in this re.spect of over 30 per cent. The average quinine-content of the first five auctions of the present year is 28,500 kilos, but this includes a considerable proportion second-hand parcels and several lots of bark imported some years ago. Considering that the first-hand stock of bark in Amsterdam has now sunk to 1,612 packages of Government and 1,054 packages of private plantation bark, including many parcels of very old import, the position of quinine may be considered to have undergone a decided change for the better within the past few w'eeks. Since the May auctions about 500 bales of Manufacturing bark, representing about 2,960 kilos of quinine, have been sold privately at prices exceeding the auction unit. Our correspondent • aJso points out that the refusal of the combinet factories to sell quinine to any considei able extend has generally been the precursor of an advance in quotations on their part. — Chemist and Bruejijist. “Japanese Gorakas” — grown on Franklauds, Veyangoda, are i;i >st attractive looking fruit with a colour and bloom not unworthy of apri- cots ; but we cannot say as much for the taste and flavour of the inside, a “ mangosteen-rambu- tan” would be a fair description, the sub-acid reminds one of the latter fruit especially, but it i.s more ‘woolly’ and insipid. Aug. 2, 1897.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. TRAVANCORE TEA SALES. Average 5|cl. May 28th. tf. a be c3 •90UT^J 1 & a s| 2 o •iinu’Bnf) fqtB o 00 G^l CO } CO rjl •aoiTj I I § I 1 S I § I •aouj •0O11J ri I I I I ^ 11 f I n3 O 1 o Pj p. pH &4 CI4 •-fN ^HiH010>10^COiO(MCO O c6 a ~ . c30 * u jEnei p 03-5 o c : .2-=ri P S o S ^ c 5- ^ o << pq oq O H ^ Ph c Java Cinchona Shipments.— The exports of cin- chona-bark from Java during the month of May have again been moderate. A cable f/ Ainsteidam on June 1st gives them at 6‘)0,0Uu hair- kilos. The lollov-iug figures show the totals for the past five years up to the end of May :— ^ 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 Amst. Anist. Amst. Amst. Amst. lb, lb. lb. lb. lb. Month of May 714,000 900,000 ^3l‘ ^ ^,244,000 3,288,000 2,879,000 3,260,000 2,584,000 — Chemist and Druggist. 402,000 768,000 600,000 I17 V/HY SHOULD THE CEYLON GOVERN- MENT NOT EMPLOY AN AGRI- CULTURAL CHEMIST? “ In Barba lues and Demerara there is a Gov- ernment Chemist, why should not there be one in Ceylon?” — so writes a London Correspondent by a recent mail — and we can only echo the ques- tion, and ask -“'Why not indeed?” Barhadoes ha.s a population under 100,000 ; a general revenue of £165,090 or so, and an annual export trade under a iniilion sterling; Britisii Guiana has 260,000 people ; £600,000 revenue ami about two million sterling of export trade ;—w!iile Ceylon with over 3 million people, and a revenue approacli- ing 1-^ million sterling, has an export trade of over 4^- million pounds sterling. Surely then, we can afford a special Agricultural Chemist as well as the two minor West.ern Dependencies. It used to be said that the material jirogvess — indeed the civilization of a community could be gauged by its importation and consumption of “ »ulphuric acid ”! That had, of course, to do with a liigh state of cultivation of the land accompanied by such seientilic guidance and experiments as Me.s.srs Gilbert and Lawes had made familiar in England. In Ceylon, the time has fully come for agricultural experi- ments under the guidance ut .science. It will be remembered that Mr. Willis, in Ids Administra- tion Reiiort, the other day, specially hinted at desirable work which belongs to the De- partment of Agricultural Chemist. Now, His Excellency the Governor should know that there is a competent Chemist available in the island in Mr. M. Cochran— whose book (“Ceylon Manual of Chemical Analyses”) is a standard work for local and planting reference — and we do not fancy that Mr. Cochran’s duties in Co- loiiiho would iiinder Ids taking up work with Mr. Willi.s, or in connection with our Planting and Agricultural Industries. Tlie sooner he is appointed for such dutie.s, the better for the material interests of the Colony ; for there is no doubt that ex])eriment.s of great value to our planters, and agriculturists generally, could then at once be instituted. A CEYLON PLANTER’S VISIT TO SOUTH AFRICA : CKYLON TNA IN JOHANNESBURG AND ALL OVER THE COUNTRY. Reddersbiirgli, Orange Free State, May 16th, 1897. We had a charming voyage from Colombo to Dur- ban— no woriy with a crowd of passengers atid brass bands playing at meal and other times. The “ Clerkeragi ” is a strong, well-built boat, and Captain Roberts knows how to take care of Ids jiassengers, and landed myself and some others at Durban in 17 days in good condition. Durban was hot and a hit .steamy — 85° in the shade. I was rather glad to get aivay from tlie place, hut it took me the most pare of a week to see if any btisiness could be done. The Natal-grown tea haudi(taps Ceylon as tliore is 6d per lb. diity on impoited tea. They are all more or less in- terested ill Nalal-grown tea. it is the poore.st stuff I have ever tasted^ in my life. This Natal tea is advertised and pitsiied beyoiul anything you can imagine. This is such an enormous country that it co.sts !i lot of time and money to get about. I am in .splendid health, however, and I can move steadily along. Frotn Durban I went on to Pietermaritzburg, Ladysmith, Standerton, Hcidel- THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [Aug. 2, 1897. 118 bnr», and on to Johannesl)urg. [ saw McLure & Co, They are doing good work for Ceylon and sell nothing but pure Ceylon tea. Tliey have good tea rooms, which are crowded from morn till night. But settlers must be thing.s in this country. That is to say, they are wholesale and retail and general merchants — all rolled into one. They will buy a bag of mealies and they can buy a 1,000 bags of mealies. The same with everything else, f had not tasted a cup of even passable tea until I got to .lohannesburg and got .some from McLure & Co. The tea and coffee in the hotels is vile stuff ; and in nine cases out of ten, it is intended to be. A elass of whisky costs Is, and a quart bottle of English beer is 4s. In most of the hotels that I have been in, there are men parading the dining rooms and calling out “Any orders for the bar?” So tliat with such prices for liquor you can easily under- stand why hotel proprietorsarenot w’orking to push the sale of tea, cocoa or coffee. The P. A. will have to come to the rescue of S. Africa. There is an enor- mous quantity of tea used in the country and nearly all low-class Chinas. I have hardly seen any Indian and Ceylon tea altliough I have been in the country nearly a month I have seen very little of it. I go to Bloemfontein toinor- row, capital of O. F. S. , and then on to East London. Cliarming country and such a climate ! If you have never been in South Africa, come straight away ; you will get enougli material for your pen to' keep you going for a very long time — and such a climate to settle in. lalk of Nuwara Eliya : it is not in it wdth sucli a climate as the Cajre Colony, 0. I. S. and S. A. R The Kaffirs are tine big men and their women are big too for the matter of that. They are a cheery, good-natured lot of people. I have hardly any time to amuse myself — I have such a lot of writing and have to read up a lot to get along on my journeys in the best possible w.ay. Good farms can be bought at lOs per acre. My bi'other has a farm of 12,000 acres, for wdiich he paid £5^000— good for horses, cattle and sheep. PLANTING NOTES. ^ OF Te^v. — A London buisinessmau ^vrites:— “I think the late Correspondence in the Ccvlon Observer, must be regarded by all im- na'rtial readers as of particular merit, and witii a really practical end in view'. Seriously I think the matter requires immediate enquiry, tor I hear from private friends in the Tea trade that Ceylon .s are not what they used to be. I have heard th.at samples of soil and manuie are now^ being freely analysed for teamen in India and very flw for Cevlon. This .lid not use to be the case. Jamuca Of.ange Receipts ix New York.- Tlm tollowing statistics are from the I Quinine.— The situation is very uncertain. The Bruns- wick factory still quotes 9jd nominally, and Howard's only 9d per oz. for bullc, but the makers are very cart- full to whom they sell, as they do not wish to encourage speculation. The Auerbach factory is not a seller at pre- sent, but on .Holiday B. & S. offered for July-August delivery at S^d per oz. ihey have sold several suialUois to drug- gists, but they refuse to deal with brokers and .specula- tors. Among other business which was rejected was one Ol d j'r for lU.OuO oz. for shipment to America. T day they are ,11 orted in the Lancet, page 12, '2, and we mention it as one of the results of cheap qui- nine, as it w.as wordi 6d. she took, in the old days 6d. worth would have done her no harm. — Oheniist a}id Druggist, June 5. Coconut Cropping North of Chilaw.— The Rajakadaluwa district continues to show its fitness as a rich cocoinit-producing district, wherever due care is taken in cultivation. We have the following return for a tyjiical garden of about 160 acres of palms ; — “ Last picking aggregated about 37,000 good nuts, making total for the 12 months 107,000 against an esti- mate of 65,000. A^ery satisfactory this for a planta- tion of 8 to 8.J years and proprietors are to be congratulated. How does this yield compare with that of Kandongamuwa" ? Coffee Now and in Days of Old.— A re- tired Ceylon merchant writes with reference to our remarks on the change which has come over Coffee: — “ I agree with you in all you write about coffee. Before Free Tratle between the thirties and forties, -Jaimaica chiefly and Berbice with a small addition to Mocha siqiplied the whole of the coffee consumed in Great Britain. There was some little Ceylon native also home called “ Ele- phant trod” unpicked full of blacks and almo.st tri- age. Duties were then dift'erential.” — “Elephant troil” as a term applied to native coffee, is new to ns. Java Cinchona. — Tire annual report of the Planting Company “Pondok Gedeld' of .Java, for 1896, which has just been published, shows that the year has been a good one for the con- cern. The ordinary shareholders will receive a dividend of 7 per cent, (the distribution for 1895 was 4 |)er cent.), and a larger sum is carried for- ward than in the foregoing year. With regard to cinchona, which, (next to tea and coffee) is the principal product of the company’s land, it is said that the net jirofit on that culture was 16,304 f. (about 1,360k). There are still about 200,000 trees left on the company’s plantation. — Che7niri and Druggist, June 5. Price’s Patent Candle Company (Limited) attained its Jubilee 011 Saturday last. May 29, and we read in a home paper of its intere.sting connection with Ceylon as follows : — On May 29, 1847, it acquired, for 250,000k, the business of Edward Price & Co., which had been es- tablished in 1830 by Mr. William Wilson and his partner, Mr. Lancaster. That business was formed for the purpose of working an acquired patent for the separation of coconut oil into its solid and liquid constituents, with a view of utilising the former, coconut sLearine, as a substitute for tallow, and the latter, coconut oleine, as a lamp-oil. In consequence of the difficulty of obtaining regular supplies of coconut oil, Edward Price & Co. established first a branch house in Ce>lon for the purchase of the oil, and ultimately steam-mills for crushing coconuts, in o der to extract the oil a.s the new material for their London works. More capital being required for their opera- tions in Ceylon for other purposes, Mr. Lancaster- sold his share to three capitalists — Messrs- Cockerell, Brownrigg, and Larpeut, and with these as sleeping partners, with the addition of Mr. Brice Pearse, in 1815. Mr. Wilson continued to carry on the business until it was arquirod by Price’s Patent Candle Com- pany (Limited) in 1847. Blr. V.'i!!iam Wilson became tlie first chairman of the new c.i.upany, and his two sons managing directors. One . f tliese, Mr. George F. Wilson, r.E.s., is still a director ofthe company. The company have published a vei-}' interesting memoir of their fifty years’ history, beautifully illustrated by reproduced photographs. 128 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [Aug. 2, 1897. THE REVOLUTION IN TREE PLANTING. (From the ^^Mildura Cultivator,’’ United States.) About eight years ago it was announced by Mr. II. M. Stringfellow, a Texas orchadist of large experience, that the theory and practice of tree planting, as handed down from time immemorial, were wrong, and that in- stead of a tree being the better for having numerous roots when reset, the very opposite was true. Mr. Stringfellow then gave a full history of how he hap- pened to hit upon this truth as well as a detailed ac- count of various experiments upon a great many kinds of fruit and shade trees that seemed to demonstrate the truth of his statement. The statement did not at that time meet with much support, so absurd did the idea of cuttiirg off all the roots of a tree seem to even the most prominent horticulturists. Mr. Stringfellow, however, “ stuck to his guns,” and in a recent issue of the Texas Farm and Ranclie he again dealt wiih the subject, and at the same time he gave the experience of other horticulturists in support of his contention. The article is reproduced below for the consideration of our readers : — , ,, “ Though I have written to quite a number all over the country, the invariable answer ha,s been, ‘while such treatment may succeed with you, it would be out of the question here.’ The fact is we inherit our opinions and ideas, just as well as the peculiarities of our bodies and so true is this that the contrary of their beliefs is positively unthinkable to many men. An instance of this came to me in a letter from one of our most pro- gressive nurserymen. He writes ; ‘ I have been prac- ticing close root pruning with perfect success for some years, and yet my father, who is 70 years old, and sees the good results every year, won’t admit them, but per- sists in saving that “ if the roots were not necessary they wouldn’t be put there.’ ” So firmly indeed has this long root fallacy become embedded in the human mind by ages of practice, that even a man of Charles Downing’s eminence in horticulture declares in his great work that the ‘ ideal transplanting ’ would be to take up a tree with its roots entire. That this would be absolutely the very worst form, anyone can easily demostrate for himself. Let him take, for inscance, two peach or other tree seeds, and plant a few inches apart in say, a ten inch pot of good rich soil. At the end of next year let him take them out and carefully shake off all the soil from their roots and plant side by side in the open ground. Let him spread out in a large hole all the roots of one tree according to the inherited regu- lation method, and cut back all roots on the other to about one inch, and the top to one foot — just enough to allow of its being stuck down about six inche ', like a cutting. Treat alike, and in two years the root-pruned tree will be many times larger than the other. And here I wish to say, very particularly, that the great superiority of close root pruning is not always so ap- parent the first year, the tree giving more attention to striking deep roots than to making top. Even for several years, we all know, trees as ordinarily set do well, but this is due to the fact that a large amount of root is removed even then. “ But a comparison with these will prove that when the strain of fruit bearing comes, the close pruned tree —with its roots deep and strong, out of reach of the plough winter’s cold and summer’s heat and drought — will stand up for many years, giving good crops long after the other, with its lateral and surface system, has broken down and died. How else are we to account for the early decadence of our latter day orchards '? The planter in his haste for fruit demands big trees with plenty of roots and top, to support which, and to make them" live, the nurserymen often transplants several times. This gives a mass of fibrous roots, which will undoubtedly— if the .season is good— make the trees live but practically dwarfs them and destroys their future usefulness. While Samson lost his strength through having his hair cut off, a tree is for ever- weakened by leaving its ‘hair’ roots on when set, for it seems then compelled to re establish itself by emit- ting new fibrous roots entirely from these. This re- sults in a permanent lateral and surface system. Sink a spade around such a tree a year— or even two— after- planting, and a slight pull will lift it from the ground ; a short root-pruned tree will resist any effort. The whole theory of the latter method is simply copying Nature. She starts her tree from seed, with neither tops nor roots, aud universal experience has shown that these and trees grown from cutting.s (which are practically seedj if never- moved, are the strongest, healthiest, longest lived and most productive. ■- Tne adva.itages I claim for this method — over the all-important one of giving better trees — are : First, “ .VN ENORMOUS SAVtNG to the nurseryman in digging his stock which now must be taken up with roots a foot or more long. Second, an equally great saving in packing. Insteed of great bales of tops, roots, moos, bagging and rope, and labour of putting up the same, or large boxes containing thousands of pounds of the same useless dead weight, a thousarrd root and top pruned trees could be packed in a medium-sized, tight, box, with a layer of wet moss in the bottom to maintain a moist a'mosphere, and shipped with perfect safety around the world. “ THE SAVING TO THE BUYER will be even greater. As an instance, several years ago I ordorsd 5,000 grape vines from California, and wrote specific directions for root and top prun- ing as well as packing, and offered to pay for the extra pruning, the box to be sent by express. The nurseryman setting me doyvn for a crank or fool packed the vines — top, roots and all — in three im- mense bales weighing 1,300 lb., for which he got a special rate, and yet they cost me £14 charges. I pruned and packed them in a single bale weighing 127 lb., and shipped them 250 miles, after which they were set by being simply stuck down into well pulverised ground and tramped, the whole operation taking but two days. Every vine grew, and next summer — the third year — 1 expect to ship grapes by the car load. It would be hard to estimate how many thousands of pounds are annually paid by planters to railroad companies in charges on worse than useless tops, roots and packing. “ HUNDREDS OF POUNDS WILL BE SAVED IN THE PLANTING. Instead of large holes and spreading out of roots, and working in the soil by hand, as now practiced, the planter will prepare bis ground, stretch a strong line with tags tied at the right intervals, make a small hole with a dibble a couple of inches in diameter, stick the trees down the proper distance and when the row is done, turn back and tramp thoroughly. The tramping is very important, I will now repeat. “directions for ROOT PRUNING. Hold the tree top down, and cut all roots back to about an inch, more or less, sloping -the cuts so that when the tree is set the cut surface is down- wards. Experience has shown that these roots are generally emitted pei-pendicularly to the plane or surface of the cut. This final pruning should be done shortly before planting, so as to present a fresh surface for the callous to form. If trees are to be kept some time, or shipped by a nurseryman, about two inches of root should be left the planter to cut back as directed when the tree is set. About a foot of top should be left. More or less makes no difference. If the tree is well staked, three feet may be left without diminishing the growth much. I have had six foot tress, well staked, to grow finely, but to avoid staking and to secure a new straight body it is best to cut back short. “ Let all shoots grow until a foot or so long, when the straightest and best should be left and all others rubbed off. “ I could give the experience and endorsement of quite a number of orchardists who have practiced this method w-ith uniform success, but space will not allow me to mention but one. He stands on the topmost round of the horticultural ladder, and as far as I know is the only man whose mind is so unbiassed by the prejudice of preconceived opinions, and his perceptions so intuitively correct, that as soon as the method and reasons for it were presented, he saw its truth. Without waiting for the slow 129 Aug. 2, 1897.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. demonitration of experience, he at once put it in practice on his great 900-acre peach orchard of 100,000 trees, -which he was about to plant in Georgia. I wrote him recently as to how it turned out. Here is the reply '. — ‘ Dear Sir, I am glad to state that the close rcot pruning, which was practiced when planting our entire orchard of one hundred thousand ireei at Fort Valley, Georgia, proved to be the most successful operation we ever practiced, less than one-half of one per cent, of the trees failing to grow and all making the most vigorous and even growth I have ever seen in any orchard in America. The orchard is now three years old, and gave us an enormous crop of fruit this past season. I am thoroughly in favour of this system of root pruning.— Yours very truly, J. H. Hale.’ . , , “ And now in conclusion, in view of the tact that my individual efiort of eight years have amounted to practically nothing, the question is how to bring about in the general handling of trees this radical but needed reform. I see but two ways. The first through the medium of the nuseryman and his cata- logue, and the second through the bulletins of the experimental stations. Quite a number of nusery- men are now practicing my method exclusively, and with perfect success, in all their nursery transplant- ing operations, but they dare not advise the people to adopt it for fear of being accused of trying to induce them to kill their trees, so as to sell them more next season. Mr. Hale is the only exception I know in the whole country who comes out boldly for close root pruning. Now let all the rest make mention of the subject in their future catalogues ; next let the State experimental stations make ex; haustive experiments on all kinds of trees, vine- and small fruits, planting some with mere stubs of roots— a half-inch— and others with five, ten, fifteen and twenty inch lengths, setting enough of each to allow of taking up some every year to demon- strate at once that beyond a length of two or three inches the quantity and size of the new roots is invariably in an inverse ratio to the amount of old roots left on. The more and longer the old, the less, more lateral and weaker the new ones. “ Let them subject trees of different ages and length of tops to four or five years of the same treat- ment, and the result will be the same. The older close root pruned, even with four-foot tops will, if staked, quicldy re-establish themselves on strong, deep, new roots and make fine trees, while the same age long root ones wull become permanently surface rooted and dwarfed for ever. No amount of ferti- lising or cultivation will ever make them catch up ’. “Remoteness of the Rubber Supply” — is the heading of an interesting liaragraph in the India Rubber World of June 10. It runs as follows “ An illustration of the remoteness of the forest end of the crude-rubber trade came to light through the death in London, recently, of Francisco Saurez, an India-rubber merchant in that city, and consul-general for Bolivia, of which country be was a citizen. The estates on the river Beni from which he received rubber are 3,000 miles from the seaboard, with such slight means of communication that months arc required for a letter from London to reach Mr. Saurez’s relatives remaining there. The course of business was for rubber to be shipped to England against bills accepted by Mr. Saurez. After his death bills continued to mature until there was a large nui.s which could not be honored without the appointment of an administrator. Besides, a large quantity of rubber lay at Liverpool -\vaitiug to be cleared, and many persons were anxious to have arrangements made for carrying on the business. Application having been made in proper form, Mr. Justice Barnes named a chartered accountant as administrator to superintend the business until the next-of-kin can be communi- cated with.” JAVA AND CHINA VERSUS INDIA AND CEYLON TEAS. In the Indische Mereuur of 22nd May is the folio-wing letter w’hich is -worthy the attention of Ceylon tea proprietors : — The Soekaboemi Agricultural Association, Soeka- boemi, Java. Gentlemen, — We are much obliged by your sending us the report of the general meeting of your Asso- ciation, held on 14th Feb. last. With regard to the article tea we noted with great interest your interesting communications, and we sh ire your optimistic opinion regarding the vitality of the product of Java and the bright prospect that it has in the consuming countries, through further improve- ment of the intrinsic value. The consideration given to the improvements which are constantly taking place in tea machines, the attention paid to the soils, and what manure yields the best results, con- vince us that they must have great influence upon the quality of this product. Although we do not wish to arrogate to ourselves the competence to pose as critics, we cannot refrain from giving you our opinion regarding some pas- sages in your annual report, You wrice : — “ But care must be taken in time to give to the Java tea cultivation, the ex- tension of which at the moment it is so sus- ceptible, in order that we may supply with our expected increasing reports of Java teas a por- tion of the 40 millions of half-kilos of tea per annum from China, which will gradually dis- appear from the World’s markets.” We ask ourselves: Is the tea cultivation in China then really doomed to a universal decline, simply aud solely because Great Britain by its notorious “ puffing ” system partly damaged it to supply con- sumption through other channels ? According to the enclosed statistics, covering the first four months of 1897, it seems that the deliveries of China tea in England amounted to 12,444,900 lb., against 12,979,550 lb. in the same period in 1896, from which we may assume, that the very great falling-off, visible in former years, has at least for the moment stopped. We have the honour to send you, in further clucida- toin of this point, some graphic statistics, appearing in the Beiblattzur Kolonialwaran Zeitung, from which it appear.s that the consumption of China tea in England during the last few years shows more stability. We notice an undesirable factor, according to a statistical statement also given therein the steady — and noteworthy — increase of the consumption of China tea in Germany, which we allege in the sen- tence occuring in our French market report for 1896 sent to you: “ La consommation de the de Chine fait encore tonjours beaucoup de progres sur le continent de I’Europe et a gague depui I’annee passee surtout en Allemagne, en Autriche, en Misse et dans plausieurs autres pays.” According to our opinion the consumption of Java tea is closely united with that of China tea, and the former class is better suited than any other kind for mixing with the latter, which if drunk by itself is far too thin in liquor. It is just in this that in our opinion lies the strength and future of Java tea, as being a characteristic by which the latter en- joys the advantage over its keenest competitors (Ceylon and Assam tea) with the tea blenders of the continent. Java tea cannot hope for salvation from Great Britain in a fraternal reception by the side of Assam and Ceylon tea. Such a thing might be possible did no “ puffing system exist; and this characterizes the whole English community, from Mincing Lane even to Johannesburg. They are very willing in London to take notice of Java tea as a surrogate (with or without reason; since Java is not a British colony), but especially if the chest is marked “ Assam ” ! The great indifference on the part of the British towards Java tea we could demonstrate to you aud confirm by many proofs. 130 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [Aug. 2, [897. •Much rather do we regard Java tea ae “ com- curreiizfahiger ” — coinpetitoi — of the British colonial product, were it solely from a dietetic point of view on account of the smaller amount of tannin. We have in view on Amsterdam or Rotterdam as em- porium and universal market for Java tea in com- petition with a London as Assam and Ceylon tea market. It will not want for interest and active measures in this country, and the Dutch tea market will undoubtedly, with an energetic and united ad- vance, be able in the future to reckon on a good reception from the continent, where the consumption of tea is each year spreading so much. We quota inter alia from the report of the Dresden firm of R Seelig and Hille : “Java-thds fiuden nur in unteren Preislagen bei uns Verwendunge, Konkuriren aber schon in besseven Qualitiiten mit den besten Indischen Garten — Markeu!” with us are employed only in low priced grades, but in better qualities compete with the best Indian garden marks. J Whilst we ask you kindly to accept these opinions for what they are worth, we also presums to draw your attention to what may jpossibly be in the future a dangerous competitor of Java tea in the form of the “New Process, machine made, China Tea,” im- ported to London. An article in the Inditsche Jler- ciiur of ly December last regarding this new proj duct led us to place in the hands of the Editor the samples sent to us by our London broker for report, and these in the view of those interested, were a small contribution to a large supply. We observe that these teas were shipped from Foochow, whilst in the preceding week a parcel of the same merchandise was sold, which come from Hankow. We have pleasure in sending you herewith the samples of these parcels as also the sale catalogue, being the first machine-made Hankow teas. Meanwhile we remain, gentlemen, with much respect, WED. J. VAN DBR CHIJS & ZOOU’S TEA DEPARTMENT, 12 May 1897. J. Van dek Ciiijb. ^ PLANTING NOTES. Shikaris who suiter from mosquitos will be glad to hear of a protection which is warranted on Consular authority to he ellicacious. It is the essence of “ Mentlia Pulegium.’' On going to bed apply this sjiaringly to the face and hands and the mosquitos will not trouble you. So the Bri- tish Consul at Naples declares. The remedy has not a pleasant odour, he admits, but it produces no evil ellects and affords relief unspeakable. — The Asian, June 2’2. A Competent Brazilian Authority on coffee, states that although the drop in ))rice.s, a.s com- pared with normal quotations is about 40 pe cent, the prices in export markets afford the planters a profit of 80 per cent, on the cost of Production, and if this return is not adequate to the requirements of the planters, the cause must be found in the maladmii.istration of tlie estates, few of which are personally superintended by their owners.— Iv. J K. in P. TPmM— [Who is the competent authority? -We doubt his reliableness. — Ei). T.A.'\ The Future of IfuiHiER. — The following is rather an imiiortant announcement for rubber cultivators, because the prospectus received by us by a previous mail was quite formidable as to what the jiioposed Company was likely to do in collecting lubber in West Africa with its £200,000 of capital. Now the proposal has col- lajised ; — , , . The British Indiarubber and Exploration Company, Limited. — The directors having deemed it inexpedi- ent to proceed to an allotment of shares in the above Company, the moneys subscribed by applicants for shares and debentures will be returned In full to the applicants. — Daihj Chroiucle, June 5. The Coffee Situation. — Thirty years ago, writes the Atnericnn Grocer, the total consumption in Europe and the United States was 375, OOU tons; today it reaches 650, OuO tons, a gain of over 73 per cent. But while this gain covers thirty years, we have to recognize that during the past three years the annual deliveries in Europe and the United States do not average any larger than for the nine years 1880T888, when tliey were 658,066 tons annually. The previous era of low prices during which consumption steadily increased ended in 1886, folloived by a rise in 1887 to 18T1 cents as the yearly average cost of fair to prime Rio, against 10 76 cents in 1886 and 8'96 cents in 1885. Since then liigh prices liave ruled, stimulating production in Mexico, Central .America and South America, the eflect of wliicli, was not felt until last year and still more tills season. The total deliveries for ten mouths are reported by the Coffee Excliange at 10,095,554 hags. It i.s probable that the yearis deliveries will be close to 12,000,000 bags, making the heaviest on record. The visible supply of the world. May 1, 1897, was 4,348,799 bags, an in- ciease from July 1, 1896, of 1,760,606 bags. In creased consumption, with increased stocks and declining prices, are proof of overburdening sup- plies. If the 1897-98 crops are as heavy as those of 1896 97, we may see lower figures than any ever made, ill .spite of improved hn.siness. Whicli-ever way the trend is, it is certain thatcoffee is lowenough to warrant liberal hnying and generous stocks. “Coffee no Longer King in the East.”— So we venlured to slate some time ago in con- trasting the position of onr old staple in the East with what we see of it in Brazil, Mexico and Central America; and our position is strictly accurate in every respect. Even in Java, coffee is far below its old status, while tea, cacao and cincliona divide attention. Any planting in the Straits or Southern India has as yet done notliing in crops and exports to retrieve tlie position. But a young and rather rash planting contemporary in India cliallenges our statement after a fashion peculiar to inexperienced youngsters ; — ■ “ Extremely elementary notions must our contem- porary have of the conditions that obtain in South India, where there are about 15 acres of coffee to every one acre of tea. It would probably surprise it to learn that the last six years or so have wit- nessed an unprecedented rush for coffee land and so- called coffee land (thought formerly only fit for grazing) in every district — barring Travancore — in Madras.” Tlie “chart ” follows. A “six years’ rush;’' and yet three years or at most four bring coffee into bearing. How then do tlie export figures for India bear out the above statement :— Total Coffee Export from India ; — 1871-2 507,000 cwt. 1881-2 351,981 „ 1891-2 311,864 „ 1895-6 290,902 „ 1896-7 210.707 No sign of “a six year, s’ rush ” in tliese figures, but rather of a steady decline. — Here again is the figured picture wliich justifies our statement tha,t “coffee is no longer king in the East : — cwt. cwt. Ceylon (max. annual export) 1,000,000 now 40,000 India „ .. 510,000 „ 220,000 Java, Straits and E, Arch- pelago . . 2,000,000 „ 1 200,000 - 3,500,000 1,460,000 While the ‘AVest” which 20 years ago produced not much more than tlie “East,” nows produces over 12 million cwt. or eight times as much as the “ East.” Aug. 2, 1897.1 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST 131 CACAO CULTIVATION IN CEYLON. At the time ^Yhe^ the fear of overproclaction is the strongest .sentinieiit prevailing among tropical planters, it is refreshing to liiul one exception, at least, and that is in respect of the cnltivation of Cacao in Cey- lon. On the principle of the survival of the fittest, we would fancy that proprietors not afflicted with disease in their shrubs or tiee.s, — or only with such passing attacks as Cacao is subject to, above all products up to a certain age’, — should feel increased conlidence in the value of their properties a.s they saw the discoirragement given to further cuUiva,tion around them. But the cry has_ been not to say too much of prevalent troubles lest the value of property .should be depreciated. There is no fear of that, after the letter Mr. J. 1\. Martin sends us (see page 125). Protitrs r.inging from 12^ to 18 per cent on the capital investeil ought to be good enough even for the exigeant tropical planter. And when such are got from crops ranging from 2 to 3 cwt. ]i"r acre, it is evident that there is really much encouragement to turn Cacao planter ; for such croiis— returning all the husks to the soil — cannot be called an ex- haustive one. Now as regard.s the pests to which Cacao is liable, we .should like to know if Ceylon planters have really any ditlerent experience from their brethren in the Far \Ve.st, The testimony coming from the Guianas — British, Dutch, and French — from Trinidad and Mexico, goes to show that no more troublesome product to the planter, in reference to the number and variety of its enemies, exists than Cacao, up to the time the trees are ten years olil or so ; hrrt after that, few if any give less trouble. The enemies ilisappear or the trees are strong enough to resist them. Now, we know that there liave been individual ex- periences in Ceylon which contradict this \Vestern deliverance and we know also that “ poochies ” even now in some parts are injuring not only 10 but 15 and up to 20 years’ old trees. It is clear, therefore, that the sooner Mr. Green is put to work as Entomologist, the better ; and , we should say he ought to begin by visiting _ and conferring with the planter of longest experience in each district : — with Mr. Martin in Matale North visiting the adjacent estates ; with Mr. Van Der Poorten in the Kurunegala side visiting the Polgahawela division ; and with one or other in Dumbara and Wattegama districts. In this way, the Entomologist could not fail to see and learn a good deal that should help in deciding as to the wisest course to pursue in reference to a systematic examination and report on local cacao 'enemies, their operations and the way to check or get rid of them. The subject of cacao cultivation is of so much interest at present that we shall treat it further later on. INDIAN AND CEYLON TEA. ANNUAL KEVIBW. 38, Mincing Lane, 9th June, 1897. In accordance with custom we take the opportunity of the completion of another period of twelve months, dating from June 1st, 1896, to publish in detail the figures relating to Production and Consumption, and the development of Home and Foreign trade to- gether with such information respecting the results of the Indian crops sold in London as by the courtesy of our friends we are enabled to print. There is much in these figures encouraging to all who are interested as Producers in the growth of the trade in Prodiiotiou has been accompanied by a steady growth of Consumption ; not, indeed, at home, sufficient to absorb the increase in supply, but still, such as to main- tain prices, speaking generally, at a fairly remunerative level ; while abroad, sufficient progress has been made to exercise an influence upon value, and to justify confidence in a wider development in the future. It is obvious that so great a decrease in the nse of China Tea at home having alreadij occurred, and its place having been filled by British-grown tea, the rate at which consumption of the latter grows will not be rapid in the future, unless something ex- ceptional should happen to stimulate it. The follow- ing figures illustrate this ; — • Proportions in which the different growths were used in the United Kingdom. 1891-2 1893 4 1895-6 1896-7 Of China, &o. .. 21% 13J% 11J% 10% ,, British-grown tea 79 ,, 864 ., 88j „ 90 ,, The ability of the home market to take larger quantities is, therafore, becoming mainly dependent upon the greater consuming power of the country in the aggregate. So far, this has shown continuous and steady growth ; due, we think, apart from the increase in population (1) to the facilities given to the public, by purveyors, for obtaining a cup of tea of good quality is now obtainable from all the principal vendors. It is not an exaggeration to say that to a large part of the population the good tea of India and Ceylon has be- come an almost necessary article of diet, cheaper and more exhilarating than any of its rivals. But these causes have now been for some time in operation in London and other great centres, if not in the country ; and it would, therefore, be unsafe to reckon upon home consumption expanding in the future as suhstantiallij as it has for the last two years. In view, therefore, of the increased supplies expected in future years, the need of turn- ing to the large and, as yet, almost unopened out- lets for our teas abroad becomes more imperative than ever ; and whichever means of finding the way into new markets may prove most effectual, there is scope for operations varied in' method and wide in application. As pioneers in this work, those representing the Planters’ Associations have done good service ; for their distribution of information respecting the production and preparation of our tea is in itself of the highest value — —but in the long run, and for large results, reliance must be placed upon the ordinary channels through which trade flows. It is, therefore, opportune that the system of sendiug out tea as a proprietary article, under a registered title, has been so widely adopted, as it is perhaps more conducive than any other to place our teas where they were unknown before and enable consumers to obtain a regular supply. The progress made in trade abroad, through the medium of London, is shown by the following figures relating to Exports from the United Kingdom : Out of the total ..1891-2-3. 1893-4. 1895-6. 1896-7. China, &c. .. 80% 76J % 62 J % 59% Bcitish-grown tea . . 20 ,, 23j ,, 374 ,, 41 ., In conjunction with the increasing shipments to Asia, Australasia and America direct from Calcutta Colombo, these statistics prove that progress is cons tant, if a little slow. Wide fields lie open before ns and the pos- sibilities of the future, if our taste for tea were to extend to those whom we influence, find a vivid illus- tration in the following figures : equal to 5 J lb. per head per an- The British E-a'-o in the United King- dom takes annually 228 ,, ,, ,, in the Australa- sian Colonies an- nually 28. ,, ,, ,, in the Dominion of Canada annully 22 That is to say, about 48 millions of people take 278 Whereas, in the United States of America, 65 mil- lions of people use aiiiinally less than IJ lb. p u- head. In Russia 100 millions of people usp aiinually less than 1 lb. per head. THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 132 [Aug. 2, 1897. In Germany 53 millions of people use annually less than i lb. per head. In France 38 millions of people use annually less than 1-32 lb. per head. Moreover, — is there any reason why a sustained at- tempt to popularize their native product among the countless millions of India itself should fail ? Can no methods be devised for putting tea within their reach at a price and in a form which might eventually lead them to use it as a beverage as freely as the Chinese and the Japanese use the produce of their soil ? The successful development of the system of selling tea under a registered name is, in conjunction with the Blender’s business, transforming the methods by which the Tea Trade is carried on— and is attended by a material effect upon the London market. It has brought in a large amount of fresh capital seeking remunerative employment, and has placed ample means at the disposal of traders with progressive ideas who realize that in order to make and keep their business thev must supply the public with good tea at moderate prices, and outdistance their rivals— if they can— by the merit of the article sold. In this we find the explanation of the fact whereas most retailers say they sell less high-priced tea than formerly, they nevertheless compete keenly all through the season for the choicest growths that come to market, and pay more attention to fineness of quality, and especially to “ tiavour," than ever before. Evidence of some movement m the relative values of produce correspondent to this tendency will naturally be sought for ; and it will be found in the gradually widening margin between the value of the best teas and those of ordinary or inferior class, which has characterized the market during the last year or two, and is illustrated by the records of crop results printed herewith. There may possibly be another cause of the appreciation of the value of the finest growths of India and Ceylon, in the fact that their production does not, and indeed cannot, increase so rapidly as that of inferior qualities, owing to the limited area in which choice teas are produced. But there has been no lack of fine tea this season— the Assam and Darjee- ling crops having contained a fair supply, while in Ceylon the best districts have on the whole maintained their reputation. As regards Darjeeling, allowing for irregular re- sults due to climatic influences, it is becoming evident that its produce tends to become intrinsically more valuable as a whole : while with regard to Assam the high standard of quality reached and uniformly maintained in certain parts has been so noticeable as to warrant the conclusion that methods superior to those formerly followed, by slow degrees brought to perfection by skilful managers, have been adopted by others in the locality, to the general benefit of its pro- duce. ... Whether the tendency of prices to widen in their range will continue ; and whether it will find expres- sion in higher rates for “ fine” or in lower quotations for ‘‘ common,” are questions which time alone can decide : but inasmuch as the contributory causes, to which we have alluded, are likely to be permanent, it is not unreasonable to look for some movement in each direction. An influence not to be overlooked is the gradually growing enquiry for line-Aavoured tea from abroad, not yet sufficient to affect the value of the larger supply from India, but already so constant as to raise the level of rates for the smaller quantity produced in Ceylon. This is a matter of deep concern to those engaged in extending the area under plant, as it has a direct bearing upon the two alternative policies, viz. ; whether to open up new districts whose ability to give good tea is doubtful, or to concentrate energy and capital upon more favoured localities. As regards districts where large crops can be produced at a low cost, it is obvious that if the value of such tea as they yield should decline much more, and cost be enhanced by higher exchange or difficulty in getting labour, the present margin of profit would disappear. It would be unwise to disregard the ^gntingency of a further fall iu the value of common tea, in view of the extensions made in recent years in districts which yield it, and of the possibility that however steadily the world’s demand may grow, it may not expand fast enough to keep pace with the output. This is an eventuality suggesting discriminating caution in breaking new ground, and the devotion of far more attention to the quality of produce than to the outturn of a heavy crop. There are processes involving expenditure of time and labour — e.g., excessive manipulation of leaf for purposes of classification, and factory-bulking (save in exceptional cases), which are of secondary im- portance compared with attention paid to work in the field and in the tea-house \ — sometimes, indeed, they impair values, and they seldom raise it. The needs of the day are to bring tea rapidly to market ; at regular intervals ; in as large breaks as can be made ; sub-divided into the four or five re- cognized grades ; to break the leaf as little as pos- sible by mechanical process ; and to maintain the distinctive character of the garden’s produce. WM. JAS. & HY. THOMPSON. STATISTICS. Showing the development of the Indian Tea Trade during the past three Seasons. Exported from Calcutta. 1894-95. 1895-96. 1896-97. To the United Kingdom . . To Australasia To America . . To Asia and elsewhere . . 116,083,000 4.846.000 584,000 3.934.000 121,166,000 6.842.000 1.086.000 5,390,000 132,600,000 6.171.000 1.938.000 4.855.000 125,446,000 134,483,000 145,564,000 From other In- dian Ports to U.K. 2,000,000 2,000,000 2,500,000 Season’s Re- Exports from the U.K. .. 3,680,000 3,800,000 5,250,000 Showing the development of the CEYLON TEA TRADE during the past three years. Exported from Ceylon. 1894. 1895. 1896. To the United Kingdom 75,350,000 85,573,000 93,936,000 To Australasia 7,447,000 9,380,000 11,063,000 To Elsewhere. . 1,796,000 2,807,000 3,142,000 Season's Re-Ex- 84,592,000 97,940,000 108,141,000 ports from the U. Kingdom.. 5,787,000 7,500,000 9,150,000 Showing the progress of CEYLON TEA TRADE in London : — Season ending 31st May 1887. Imported 8 million lb. Sold in auction, 124,000 packages. Average price Is IJd per lb. Season ending 31st May 1892. Imported 64 million lb. Sold in auction, 790,000 packages. Average price 9|d per lb. Season ending 31st May 1897. Imported 93 million lb. Sold in auction, 1,095,000 packages. Average price 8d per lb. LONDON WAREHOUSE RETURNS, including all kinds of Tea, for the past three Seasons, ending 31st May. ® Import — 1894-5. 1895-6. 1896-7. lb. lb. lb. Indian Ceylon China Java etc. 115,046,000 74.045.000 46.572.000 4,105,000 117,932,000 81.870.000 40.996.000 3,947,000 131,650,000 92.073.000 33.012.000 3,606,000 Total .. 239,767,000 244,745,000 260,341,000 Aug. 2, 1897.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 133 Delivery — Indian . , Ceylon China Java, etc. 1894-5. lb. 114,705,000 74.869.000 46.553.000 3,938,000 1895 6. lb. 120,743,000 81.034.000 41.075.000 3,891,000 1896-7. lb. 126,165,000 90.677.000 39.691.000 3,800,000 Total. , 240,065,000 246,743,000 260,333,000 Of which Home consumption 209,000,000 213,500,000 227,000,000 Export (actual) 31,000,000 33,250,000 33,300,000 Stock 1st June Indian . . 28.815.000 17.722.000 26,751,000 32,235,000 Ceylon 18,557,000 19,953,000 China 19,650,f00 19,635,000 12,891,000 Java, &c, 999,000 988,000 865,000 Total . . 67,186,000 65,931,000 65,944,000 INDIA SOME CROP RESULTS FOR THE PAST SEASON:— Acreage Per Avg. Price Realizedi Estate. Bearing Crop. Acre. 1896-97 1895-96 1894-95 District ; — Assam. Assam Co. 9,718 3,429,510 353 1/0-46 ] /0-33 1/0-55 Jokai Co. 6,185 3,466,060 560 10-80 10-50 10-80 Assam Fron- tier Co. 5,400 3,310,400 613 10-77 10-05 10-67 Jorehant Co. 4,813 1,803,446 374 9-63 9-58 11- Brahma- pootraCo. 3,223 2,282,431 708 6-98 7-14 9-01 Upper Assam Co. 2,917 1,360,342 466 10-36 10-18 10-63 Doom Doo- ma Co. 2,767 1,851,364 669 11-75 11-21 11-94 Singlo Co. 2,530 1,307,066 517 9-40 11-30 Empire of India Co 1,957,724 • • • • 10-98 Majuli Co. 2,308 875,162 380 10-31 10-50 10 31 Noakacha- ree Co. 2,276 741, .530 325 9-56 9. 10-70 Bishnauth Co. 2,022 771,689 382 9-31 9-62 10-75 ChubwaCo. 1,850 968,093 523 9-93 8-44 10 55 Jhanzie As- sociation 2,558 967,907 378 10-33 10-19 11-42 Attaree Khat Co. 1,788 873,086 488 9-25 9-06 10- Moabund Co. 1,856 937,885 505 9-63 10.62 10-56 Mungledye Co. 1,460 632,909 358 8-88 9-42 11-25 Choonsali Co. 1,406 274,544 188 10-10 10-56 10-78 BoreliiCo. 1301 586,804 451 9-12 8-69 11-50 Eastern As- sam Co. 1,225 507,520 414 11-50 9-02 11-75 Tiphook Co. 1,020 280,010 274 9-36 10.18 10-68 Corramore Estates 1,117 305,300 273 10-25 9 25 9-06 British As- sam Co. 1,105 366,476 332 10-05 8- 9-57 Tingri Co. 1,002 402,507 402 1/1-12 1/0-81 1/0-75 Moran Co. 950 567,125 597 10-59 10-83 11-65 Dejoo Co. 900 449,085 500 8-99 9-88 10-64 Rajmai Co. 917 665,970 617 9-75 10-06 11-44 Scottish Assam Co. 905 502,069 554 9-56 9-94 10-82 Nahor Rani Co. 808 390,677 471 10-50 10-25 11-94 Badulipar 720 306,000 425 11-87 8- 9-50 Mahmara 600 272,692 454 10-90 9-66 10 76 Behnbor Co. 600 263,104 438 11-81 1/0- 1/0-77 Jaipur Co. 411 200,260 487 1/2-29 1/4-18 1/2-43 Shakomato Co. 470 217,650 463 10-12 9-69 10-75 Dooria Co. 470 225,600 480 10-50 9-12 10-63 Kamroop Asso- ciation 430 99,000 230 11-65 11-88 11-91 Borbaree 350 134,415 384 1/0-37 1/0-25 10-44 Acreage Per Avg. Price Realized Estate. Bearing Crop. Acre. 1896-97 1895-96 1894-96 District: — Assam. Dhendai Co. 409 219,765 537 1/0-31 11-37 10-56 Bargang Co. 690 321,924 467 10-25 9-75 10-30 Budla Beta Co. 400 159,436 398 1/6-26 1/8-85 1/9-93 Assam & Cachar, Cachar & Sylhet. Seconee.. 355 144,240 406 9-12 10- 10-12 Koliabur 318 104,945 330 10-06 11-12 11-80 Gellahatting Company 355 139,060 392 8-75 9-31 11- Borpukri Company 378 166,176 436 10-88 8-50 . . Bamgaon 317 163,327 515 10-12 7 88 9-25 Suddia Road Co. 300 121,641 405 1/5-97 1/8-30 « • British Indian Co. 1,596 877,711 550 7-19 7-10 8-46 Lungla Co. 3,550 1.865,792 541 7-59 7 80 . . Chargola Association 3,278 2,002,367 611 7-30 7-48 8.43 DolooCo. 1,220 634,898 520 7-30 7- 9- Borokai Co. 1,083 381,120 351 7-70 8-03 9-50 Indian Tea Co. of Cachar 1,020 647,600 635 7-47 8-31 10 56 Sephinjuri Bheel Co. 930 986,531 1,060 5-57 5-93 7-01 JalingaCo. 677 353,207 522 7-67 7-29 8-50 Mazdehee Co. 540 225,680 418 7-89 7-83 . , DAR,TEELING. Darjeeling 2,041 603,550 295 1/0-18 11-29 1/0-53 Lebong Co. 1,547 560,000 362 1/0-48 1 /0‘34 1/2-40 Tukvar Co. 655 345,690 528 10-18 10-56 1/0-50 Pashok Co. 682 152,400 224 10-81 10-85 1/0-83 Mim Co. 437 75,696 173 1/3-88 1/0-37 . . Soom Co. 466 107,450 2.30 10-88 10-31 1/0-95 Turzum 280 66,828 238 1/6-26 1/3-61 1/7-35 British Dar- jeeling Co. 855 142,320 166 1/3-82 ... ... Monteviot 182 37,790 218 1/122 ... ... Pahar- TERAI goomiah 450 167,330 371 7-61 .. DOOARS Dooars Co. 5,706 3,025,366 530 8-26 7-52 8-83 Singlo Co, 895 328,158 366 7-97 7-98 ... Empire of India Co. 704,165 6-79 .. CHITTAGONG. Futtickoherrie391 144,860 370 8-6 8-42 9-62 101,950 46,600,000 458 9-77 9-55 10-55 Previous Tables, included most of the Estates named above, showed the following RESULTS Per Average Acreage. Quantity. acre. Price. Returns for lb. per lb. 1895-96 101,750 45,850,000 450 9-55 1894-95 97,120 42,284,000 435 10.55 1893-94 91,300 40,083,000 439 9.65 1892-93 85,780 34,900,000 406 11.30 W. JAS. & HY. THOMPSON, Brokers. THE CEYLON AND INDIAN PLANTERS’ ASSOCIATION, LIMITED. (Incorporated under the Companies Acts 1862 to 189.3.) Share Capital £120,000, Divided into 4,000 Cumulative Six per Cent. Preference Shares ot £10 each, and 8,000 Ordinary Shares of £10 each. Directors. — Charles Arthur Reiss (L. Reiss Bro- thers & Co.), 51, Lime Street, E.C., Chairman; Keith Fraser Arbuthnot (Sanderson & Co.), 37, Mincing Lane, E.C. ; Charles Frederick Dickinson, 41, East- cheap, E.C. ; John Humphery (Hay's Wharf), South- wark, S.E. Prospectus. — This Company was formed to carry out a Contract for the purchase, as going con- cerns, of the three well-known Ceylon Tea Estates, called Maha Eliya, Laxapana and Eaudal 134 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [Aug. 2, 1897. Oya, and to acquire other estates iu Ceylon, India, and elsewhere, from time to time, as ai.d when favour- able opportunities occur. The particulars aud acreage of the Estates now acquired are as follows : — Acbeage *A E-i H kH Maha Eliya, Eimbula Dt..248 15 2 Laxapana, Mas- keliya Dt. ..610 48 128 Kandal Oya, *■ Yakdessa Dt. .468 26 136 £ XD l/i 05 m o O cd O 40 305 89 20 i6 1021 345 3 24 1006 474 23 120 2332 The Estates will be taken over as from IstJiily next the Company receiving the crops aud paying expenditure from that date. For the Season ending BOtli June 1896 the crops were as stated below, and the average selling prices for the year 1896 are set against them. The returns for the current season are not yet complete, but an increase upon the previous year’s crop is anticipated. Crop. 1st July ’95 to Average 30th June ’96. Selling Frice ’96 Maha Eliya . . 119,003 lb. 9d Laxapana . . 260,081 lb. 8id Kandal Oya .. 176,0901b. 6jd 555,174 lb. The price to be paid for the properties is :t'81,000, payable os to £76,000 in cash aud as to £5,000 in fully paid Ordinary Shares of the Company. Under the Contract for purchase the Company have the light to require any part of the purchase-money, not exceeding £56,000, to remain on Alortgage of the estates for three years at £5 per cent, interest, with the option of paying same off at any lime. The Directors propose to exercise that right now to the extent of £40,000, and, later on, to pay off that mortgage out of the proceeds of an issue of deben- tures to be created and secured by a first charge on the Company’s estates. The estates are well equip- ped with faotoiies, machinery, bungalows, buildings and coolie lines, sufficient for all their present re- quirements. Mr. George Greig (who has for a num- uer of years had charge of the estates) has expressed his readiness to accept the post of Resident Manager in Ceylo , for a period of five years, and has shown his confidence in the future of the Company by apply- ing for £5,000 ill Ordinary Shares. The tea crops for the coming season are estima,ted by Mr. Greig at 570,000 lb., and he puts the up-keep expenditure for the same period at R154.000. Taking the net value of the Crop in London, after payment of freight and all charges, at 6|d. per lb., the pro- ceeds would be ••• , ... £16,030 and deducting Ceylon expenditure, R1 54,000 at Ex. Is 2^. .. ... 9,304 there should be a profit of ... ... £ 6,726 This would suffice to pay on the present issue, Inteiesi at 5 per cent, on Mortgage, or on Debentures issued ... ••• £2,000 0 0 Preference Share Dividend at 6 per cent. ... 900 0 0 Ordinary Share Dividend ct 10 per cent. ... 3,000 0 0 and leave a S.upius of £5,900 826 £ 6,726 0 0 It is confidently expected that the returns from these Estates will go on increasing, as at present there are 89 acres of Tea iu partial bearing, and 245 ^res planted aud yet to give crop ; moreover, the Directors piopose to plant up further land with Tea from time to time as occasion offers. PLANTING AND AGRICULTURE IN KINTA, STRAITS. (From Mr. IFrai/'s Bcpoit for 1S9G.) A large area of land has been taken up for coffee and other permanent crops, and a considerable proportion of this has been already cleared and planted. Mr. F. D. 0.sborue has a large acreage in Libeiian coffee, some of which is bearing, and he has also a fiuit plantation on the Tamban Road, which pro- mises well. Messrs. Osborne, Leech aud Pike— Mr. Foo Clm Chun — Messrs. C. Epliraeums and Crawford — Me.'srs. Dykes and Leong Fi, and Mr. W. Smith have also promising coffee estates. Mr. C. G. Ogilvie has about 360 acres iu coconuts and coffee, and Messrs. J. Paton Ker, Lutyens, and others, have grants of land on which work has not yet been commenced- Besides these large estates there are many smaller hold iugs belonging to Malays and other Asiatics, iiotablv a very prettily situated estate of about 100 acre's belonging to Dat> h Paudak, Ahkat, Pengluilu of Suugei Trap. Very little has been done so far for yiarf/ planting but a great deal of land has been taken up, aud there is every reason to hope that a large quantity of rice will be grown here in the near future The prolonged drought this year shewed how neces- sary irrigation is for most of the jjihH land in this district, if rice-growing is to become an important industiy. Some years ago Toll Muda Wahab com- menced a very large scheme for the irrigation of the large area of land lying between the Piiiii and Kinta liters, and he has spent iu all a sum not far short of $30,000 with, however, but partial suc- cess. He has dammed np about 650 acres of water but, owing to the work having been undertaken without irofessioual advice, the dam is continually giving way. He petitioned the Government for assist- p.nce, .and at the latter part of the year Mr. P B McGL-fchan was told off' to inspect the dam and advice him as to the completion of the work, aud there is now every hope that the several thousand acres of land below the dam may prove profitable The Datoh Paaglima contemplates undertaking an im- portant irrigation scheme from the Ulu Pari which will water a large extent of bcjuiciur/ near Ipoh There are other places in which, by a moderate out- lay, cGiisidera'ole tracts of fertile laud can be brought under cultivation, notably in the Kaniper valley. ^ In ^ iew of the fact that buffaloes appear to be rapidly becoming extinct in this district, it is most important that the Malays should be taught to use iploughs, and so become independent of these animals When asked why certain land is lying idle the answ’er is almost always the same, •• We have no buffaloes.” PLANTING IN BRITISH CENTRAL AFRICA. Mr. Israel’s jilace at Chipende, we hear, is look- ing 1,'vight ami liealtliy as usual, raid a consider- able n rep. of new la,nd is being opened up. Alto- gether Mr. Israel s place is a conspiciu-MS I.and- inark in the distance. The Lunze and Cldradzulo estates of Me.ssr.s. Buchanan Bros, are also looking in (ine ooiidii ion and a very fair return is expected from these plantations this season. Mr. R. H. Balfour Biair— who recently bomdit from Messrs. Pettitt Bros., several liund'red ac°res of land down Nalomwa way— Eastern part of Cholo— is at present busy elearing and pitting. Aug. 2, 1897.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 1 35 Messrs. Cox Brothers have succeeded to the superiutendenee of Messrs. Buchanan’s plantations in tlie Cholo district. The place, we hear is look- ing exceedingly well, and showing up for a hand- some crop this year. — Central African PloMter, May 12. CINNAMON SALES IN LONDON, AND THE CULTIVATION IN CEYLON. The particulars which have come to hand of the last quarterly Cinnamon Sales held in London on the 31st May, are not quite so satisfactory as were many of the preceding reports in regular succession. All the offerings were not sold — only about one-half, or 880 bale.s out of 1676 having been disposed of by auction ; and the prices for ordinary bark fell from |d. to Id. per lb. We cannot say we are surprised at tlii.s result. Although, undoubtedly there has sprung up a better demand for cinnamon, and the advance in prices which we have recorded for tlie last two years is obviously due to this improved demand which, there is every reason to believe, is not merely temporary, the quantities .sent forward lately were such .as to cause some anxiety. Thus, the total exports for last year amounted to 2,223,865 lb. quilled bark against 2,169,527 lb. in 1895, and le.ss than 2 million lb. during the three previou.'i years. In chips there was some falling-ofi — 808,502 lb. against 920,136 in 1895 ; but in no previous year had even 700,000 been touched ! The advance must, therefore, be taken as very considerable last year as compared with previou.s exports ; but it is when we come to this year that we find a yet greater growth in ex- ])orts. Thus, up to the end of last monr.h, practically, we sent away no less than 995,6491b. of quilled cinnamon and 630,852 lb chips, as against the following quantities for the corresponihng period of the three previous years Quills. Chips. 1896 859,999 425,444 1895 693,891 413,292 1894 616,000 276,493 The progressive increase, it will be seen, is very considerable under both he.ads ; and it is not surprising that prices have receded somewhat in the face of such heavy landing.?. The gradual develop- ment of a demand is one thing, and the ability to take up immense quantities thrown into the market on short notice is quite another thing. Still, there is no cause for enxiety or despondency. The falling-off in [irice was far from serious, considering recent successive rises; the liner qualities maintained i.he high prices wliich they had commanded at the |)revious sales ; and all the “ worked ” cinnamon sold, while the prices realized for “ unworked ” did not compare un- favourably with those which “ worked ” parcels fetched. 'Where there is cause for apprehension is in connection with the extension of cultiv,a- tion. Past expeiience seldom counts when a product realizes high prices. As in gohl mines, so witii agricultural products — Tea, Coffee, Cin- namon—a rush f!)llows remunerative prices ; and we already hear of large quantities of cinnamon .seed beinc sold for nurseries — especially in the Southern Pi’ovince. Last year the demand ior seed was strong. This year it is stronger. W’e do not believe that Europea i>s or the better educated Ceylonese are likely to rush into so sensitive a product, and one so difficult to harvest, as cinnamon ; but native gardens will extend and multii)ly, to be followed by over-production and a drop ! A Colombo merchant sends us the report of the “London Commercial Eecord,” 4th June, from which we take some pointed remarks with reference to the fall in prices at last sale : — Whether the result would have been a different one had the contingent of buyers been a representa- tive one, is a difficult question to answer, the absence of two of the principal buyers may have had some weakening effect on prices, yet we are inclined to believe that their presence would have made little difference, for the duluess just prior to the sales may be accepted as a fair criterion of the feeling of the entire trade. Holders here were greatly upset by the arrival of numerous consignments, and seemed to have been determined from the very first not to support the market, in order to nip in the bud a a trade which, if at all encouraged, would quickly develop into a dangerous opposition to the existing manner and custom of dealing in Cinnamon. In this respect holders here have acted quite correctly, for there is not a more dangerous enemy to the steady, legitimate business than the swamping of our market with cheap and low native consignments. We have had occasion to witness their nefarious results on several markets, and we are glad to see that at least in the present instance the prices relised are not exactly encouraging to the con- signors. Cinnamon, after all, comprises but few sup- porters, and it should therefore not be a difficult matter to effcetually oppose the introduction of the consignment system on a large scale. The first step has been one in the right direction, and we are satis- field in our own mind that the account sales for- warded to Ceylon showing short proceeds will have a most cooling effect on native shipper.?. Some efforts has been made in certain quarters to stem the tide of dclining values by spreading the rumour that an important house of shippers was anxious to depress the market in order to facilitate the coverture of their blank engagements, but as this rumour did not receive any support or even confirmation, its effect upon the minds of the trade was nil. In fact, in some instances this ill-found rumour resulted in an almost contrary effect than anticipated by its originator — it helped to depress prices. Colombo in the meantime appear.? to have been little affected by the drop in our market, which, however, is not surprising, con- sidering that the old season is at an end and the new not yet begun; but there can be little doubt that as soon as supplies begin to arrive over there on a large scale, prices, not being supported by a European demand, will steadily come down, and will adapt themselves to the level of our range of values. On the !st of this month the new standards of usual assortment came into force, and their working will be interesting to watodi, for the opinion on the ad- visability of their adoption still differs considerably. So far shippers have asked jd per lb. more for the guarantee of “equal to standard ” over the usual fair merchantable, but this difference we feel sure is only attributable to the uncertainty which prevails as re- gards the working of the standards, and not to an appreciable difference between the old and new guar- antee of quality. Practical experiments alone will show whether the adoption of standards was a wise step to take or not. nPAPMPQQ essay describing a really ULnlnLuOi genuine Cure for Deafness. Ringing in Ears, &c., no matter how severe or long- standing, will lie sent post free. — Artificial Ear- drums and similar aiqdiances entirel.y .superseded. Address THOMAS KEMPE, Victohia Cham- bers, 19, SouTHAMP'i’oN Buildings, Holborn, London. 136 the tropical agriculturist. [Aug, 2, 1897. COFFEE IN SERDANG, SUMATRA. An old planting friend writes : — Serdang, Sumatra, 15th June Unprecedented rain these last days. Roads are terrible. Health good and labour plentiful. Coffee planting is making rapid progress, and weeds are also taking advantage of the fine growing weather. The rinderpest has at last abated, and our roads are once more opened for bullock traffic, having been closed for over two months. Difficulties of transport during this period have been beyond a joke. Crop is ripening up rapidly and coming in hand-over fist. One estate is said to be picking 174 pikuls per acre from it’s four years old coffee, i. e. over a ton an acre. This makes one’s mouth water. I doubt if British India, Ceylon or Java has ever equalled it. It seems that Serdang is not to be the only coffee growing district of the East Coast. It is being planted in parts of Deli and Langkat, and I hear that some who have come too late for land in Serdang are opening in Assahan. — Singapore Free Press, June 22. COCONUTS AND RICE IN THE EASTERN PROVINCE OF CEYLON. The highly satisfactory results which are seen on all sides of a vigorous irrigation policy which has been steadily carried on for the last thirty years, and the large area under coconut cultivation, call for early action on the part of Government to improve inter- nal communication and facilitate transport of pro- duce. Every encouragement should be given towards the improvement of the steam service on the lake. Among the schemes mooted for the development of the resources of the Province, and one which deserves favourable consideration, is the construction of a light railway from Batticaloa to the foot of the Madulsema hills. The country which it would traverse presents no physical difficulties, for the first 30 miles is almost a dead level and the remaining 25 miles slightly un- dulating land. A railway like this would enable the ricegrower to transport his produce to theUva estates and sell it there at a cheaper rate than the price paid for the imported rice. ” The extent of land sold last year amounted to 3,886, the highest on record for the last ten years, as will be seen from the annexed statement : — (We quote three,) Year. Extent sold: Amount sold Average A. R. P. for Rupees. Price per 1894 . . 4,196 0 25 . . 80,146 . . Acre. R. c. 19 10 1895 . 4,584 1 24 .. 77,797 .. 16 97 1896 . . 4,886 2 32 . . 72,871 . . 14 91 Also the following from Mr. Lushington The larger blocks were bought chiefly by Euro- peans for coconut planting, which appears to contri- butes BO much towards the prosperity of the country. Very little new land has been opened for paddy, pro- bably because the extent already brought under cul- tivation is so enormous as to leave little for further extension, unless new irrigation works are provided. In no part of Ceylon has irrigation produced such successful results as it as here. Annexed is a statement of land under paddy and coconut cultivation ; Acres. Paddy •• •• 67,377 Ceconut . . . ■ 19,200 KEW AREAS 0» CULTIVATION. The first attempt to take up coconut cultivation on a large scale was mado during the year past, when three blocks of land aggregating 504 acres were pur- chased for the purpose of growing coconuts. These lands are situated at Uppu-aru near the mouth of the Mahaweli-ganga, and seem to be well suited to coco- nut growing Unfortunately, one of the purchasers, Lieu^ Maloney, has left the Island. There is much land suitable for coconut cultiuation in the district, and I hope to see a considerable extension of this produce within a few years. In addition to these large blocks of land, 152 lots aggregating 551 acres were sold by the Crown, chiefly for paddy cultivation, much of the land sold being irrigated by Kantalai tank. Three acres were granted on payment of half improved value, and 55 acres were settled on certifi cates of quiet possession. The Cost of Citric Acid. — Messrs. Nascio, Aveline & Co., manufacturers of citric acid write from Massina that the present selling-price of citric acid is barely equal to the cost of producing the drug. They work it out this way The theoretical yield of one pipe of cone, lemon-juice (of 108 im- perial gallons) at 64 oz. of acid per gallon is 432 lb. But in practice it is from 15 to 20 per cent less, according to the season and the expertness of the manufacturer. There is also a trade-discount given on citric acid, to meet which a further 5 per cent must be deducted from the yield — i.e., in all 20 per cent, or 108 lb., leaving a net result of 324 lb. At £12 5s per pipe this makes the prime cost of crude citric acid 9d per lb. The cost of ma- nufacturing, packing, &c., is close upon 4d per lb., mak- ing a total of 13d per lb., or, say, the same as the present selling-price. — Chemist and Druggist. Manchester Geographical Society. — At a meeting of this Society Mr. A. T. Wardrop, Customs and harbour officer for the port of Sandakan, the chief seaport and capital of North Borneo, gave an address on “North Borneo, the new Ceylon.” He described the country as wonderfully rich in natural products, and as I'kely soon to become an important centre for trade. Cotton, coffee, tobacco, and cocoa, he said, could be grown there easily; many plantations (or the cultivation of tobacco and coffee were already established and doing very well. A railway stretching across the entire country would soon be completed ; the telegraph and telephone wires were already laid, and great progress was noticeable in many other directions. Mr. Wardrop’s story was confirmed by the Rev. Father Jackson, a Catholic missionary, who has spent several years in Borneo, and on a visit to Manchester attended the meeting in company with the Rev. Dr. Casartelli. The interest of the meeting was increased by the presence of two natives of Borneo, known as dyaks, or head hunters. They form part of the band which has been sent to England to take part in the Queen’s Jubilee cele- bration. and are believed to be the first of the natives of Borneo to visit Europe. — Manchester Guardian. Honduras and its Banana History is the subject of a consular report by Mr. J. Eugene Jernigan, the United States’ representative at Utilla. He states that two islands in the bay of Honduras were the first to engage in banana culture for export, which is now the greatest ot all the industries of Hondur.as. The Consul adds that there are no wharves, piers, or warehouses where vessels can take fruit in the Gulf of Hon- duras, and in most cases they are obliged by the treacherous coast to anchor a thousand yards or more off shore, and the plantation owner has to convey his fruit in small dories and skiffs through the surf to the vessel, where it is inspected and received or rejected. The Consul remarks, that the royal road to fortune through a banana plantation in Honduras is a myth. True, millions of the fruit are produced annually, but the price paid the producer in the great majority of in- stances is not greater than the cost of production and delivery alongside of ship. It would have been interesting if Mr. Jernigan had inquii-ed into the causes of these low prices. Perhaps his district, like that of Belize, is a prey to the mono- poly of a shipping company, to whom the merchant or the planter is bound to sell his fruit at whatever price the company likes to give, — British Trade J ournal. THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST, »37 [Aug. 2, 1897. COLOMBO PRICE CURRENT. {burnished by the Chamber of Commerce.) Colombo, Aug. 3rd, 1897. Exchange on London: Closing Bates, Banh Selling Rates: — On demand l/Sj; 4 months’ sight 1/3 5-3_ 6 months’ sight 1/3 3-16. BankBuying Aates;—Credits 3 months’ sight 1/3 9-32; 6 months’ sight 1/3 11-32. Docts 3 months 1/3 5-16; 6 months sight 1/3^- Coffee. — Plantation Estate Parchment on the spot per bushel R15'25 Estate Crops in Parchment, delivery per bus. no quotations. Plantation Estate Coffee, f.o.b. on the spot per cwt. E83'00 Liberian parchment no the spot per bushel, B7'00. Native Coffee unpicked and uudrimed per cwt. B50'00 Nominal Tea. — Average Prices ruling during the week Broken Pekoe, per lb. 53c. Pekoe per lb. 40c. Pekoe chong per lb. 24c. Broken mixed and Dust, per lb. 16c. Averages of Wednesday’s sale. ... Cinchona Bakk. — Per unit of Sulphate ot Quinine per lb 3|c. Cabsamoms. — per lb, R2'40 Coconut Oil. — Mill oil per cwt. B13’37. Dealers’ oil per cwt. E13'25 Coconut oil in ordinary packages f.o.b. per ton R297’50 Copra. — Per candy of 560 lb. R40 50 Coconut Cake: (Poonac) f.o.b. (Mill) perton, 85'00 Cocoa. — Unpicked and undried, per cwt. R40 00 r, AT AT ojKogalla B18-00 Com Yahn.-Nos. 1 to 8 ] R16 25 Cinnamon. — Nos. 1 & 2 only f.o.b. 66c. Do Ordinary Assortment, per lb 58c. Ebony. — per ton No sales. Plumbago : — Large Lumps per ton, B340 Ordinary Lumps per ton, R330 Chips per ton, B175. Dust per ton, R130 Bice. — Soolye per hushel, J R4’10 to 4'40 „ per bag, (RIO’75 to 11'75 Pegu and Calcutta Calunda RIO OO to 11'25 Coast Calunda per bushel, R4'10 to 4 40 Muttusamba per bushel, R415 to R4'65 — Scarce. Kara per bushel, Rangoon Raw 3 bushel bag — Ell'25 , Ereights. n fl M 0 0-3 ^ -3 0 H m . 0 M a Xt © . 0 a as c3 Cargo. ^4 9 ^ g 0 0 CqHl P. <0 ■s 5) H pr, g u g A s. d. s. d. s. d. s. d. s. d. Tea 20/ 25/ 20/ 25,' 15,6 Coconut Oil 12/6 20/ 20/ 25/ 15/6 Plumbago 12/6 20/ 20/ 25/ 15/6 Coconuts in bags 12/6 . . 20/ 25/ 15/6 Other Cargo 12/6 22/6 20/ 25/ 15/6 Broken Stowage SAILERS. 7/6 10/ • • • • • • Coconut Oil « • 25/ • • • • Plumbago •• 25; •• •• • • LOCAL MARKET. (By Mr, James Gibson, Baillie St., Fort.) Colombe, Aug. 3rd, 1897. Esta'e Parchment :— per bushel B14.00 to 15'25 Chetty do dn do RIS'OO to 1410 Na.tive Coffee 1 „ominal no business do r.U.rS. 1 Liberian coffee:- per bushel R5‘50 to 7.00 do clean coffee:— per cwt nominal R36 00 to 40’00 Cardamoms.— per lb R2 00 to 2 30 Cocoa. — per cwt unpicked R35 00 to 40 00 Rice. Market List. Kazla — per bushel R3'96 1st. Soolye:— R4.30 to 4-40 2nd. & 3rd. Soolye: — R4.05 to 4'18 Callunda'-R4.12 to 4.16 Coast Kara:— R4.00 to 4 08 Muttusamba:— R4'12 to 4'50 Cinnamon. — per lbs Nos: 1 to 4. at S5c. to 7oc. do do ,, 1. 65c. to 70c do Chips.— per candy R75'00 to 88'00 Coconuts. — Ordinary per 1000. R36 to 37 do Selected do RR38 to 42 Coconut Oil.— per cwt R13.25 to 13.50 do per ton F. O. B. R305.00 Copra.— per Candy;— Rio Kalpitiya:— R45 Mara wila:— None Cart Copra: — R35 to 37.50 Poonac. — Gingelly:-per ton R85'00 to 87 00 do Chekku. do R90-00 to 95.00 Mill (retail) do R80-C0 to 85-00 Cotton Seed; — do R80-00 Satinwood.— cubic feet:— R] -75 to 2'50 Flowered Satinwood od R6' 0 Palu:— do R1'50 Halmilla.— do Rl'50 ot 2 Ebony.— per ton RlOO to R183 Kitul Fibre.— per cwt R30 U0 to 35'CO Palmyra Fibre.- do R12 00 to 16 OO Jaffna Black. — Clean R25’00 to 28 do Mixed R16'00 to R 8'00 Indian do R13 C00 ta 15 Do Cleaned Nil Sapan Wood.— per ton R48 to 60 Kerosine Oil — American per case R7'70 to 7‘75 ao Bulk Russian tin 2’75 to 2'80 do Russian in Case R5'50 to 5'75 Kapok.— Cleaned F. O.B :— per cwt R28'00 do Uncleaned do Croton Seed, per cwt; little business, value varies from Nux Vomica per cwt R5 00 to 6'00 [R25 to 50 Plumbago R120 to 300, according to grade. CEYLON EXPORTS AND DISTRIBUTION, 1896-97. P’bago 1897 cwt. j 00 CO Oi 00 0 0 O 0 OJ CO <0 0 Aococooq CO coioio co CO-r-lr-i .. . O* ... 05 • C-1 • • . --ii . ... 1 198526 195481 157175 170504 0 W - S s: 0 0 U 1896 1 cwt. ■ 05 CD 05 Tjf 0 0 CO 00 (M 0 0 OO ^ . Od 1-H 0 kf5 O'! 1-^ 1-1 CO Bales lb. lb. cooooo c 0 i-fOcio 1-1 0 0 0 05 0 CO CO C? 03 C00050C5 0 01 TtfOO COI-. 1— 0 1- . CO • «-l • • 03 05 1 1270657 1 1068250 928370 834701 Tji 0 • 00 • 10 • • |, . . . . . 0 CO l-H CO ro CO kO !>• 05 05 rp 03 00 IQ CO 03 ft 05 CO 320746 194667 235296 188341 Cocoa cwt. 20400 "53 178 109 ' ’ 5 60 47 356 21208 23650 2 911 13738 cS d> 1896 ' lb. OOTjil-OOI-Osl'^l-OOOlOOiOrJf'vtil-- — -iJfO cooi-'005oot-‘cc:>oo5cjocoo505coo5o l'-OC0OC000 1—C0C0l000 03 05 03 r-l0001'*i«l- Ttl050r-'l-~COCOkOOw-iOQOl-COOO'^COC5T»* t3»0103''J'’0 coco r-iOi— iiOTli05^i00> tH 1-1 CO P- CO 05 CO ko 01 03 W M 00 CO 0 ^ 1897 lb. lCkf5kOCOCOkf5-rJi030COO'T3iOOOt'-pHrHOO OOOOO5kOTjiOO3COOCOO3i3H--'^(-lkO0#lO5e-i OCOi^iCSr-iCOt-^COCOrHO-WOOTfiOSOOH-OS TfkCOOOOplkOCOkOCOOOCOC005'.ikCOi-(lftf-tO CO kOkOfH C0r-i03 ^f-kOlT-^iCf-irH-^ CO r-1 03 10 J’5 40 »H CO 01 t- 0 1- 00 05 Q ■*91 CO CO Ok 03 40 ^4 03 1- -- 40 t> CO CO tO Cinchona. 1 1897B’nch & Trunk lb 03 CO •M CO r— CO CO 0 CO CO ^ ......CO.OC*.* !*03* ... 431474 731093 704034 1632610 Total. C005rH005CO 40 03 I0 4f5 0-JkOI--kO ^CO '^ICO COC-1 COrH ..... C5:« i> » . . : . (m : . : . 03 1-- 1^1 r-* 0 Tji 0 cO 0 CO t-. 03 40 CO t- M ^ 0 0 50 0 Q N'tive 03 iH 03 .0 cr. : : : ■ 1 : : : : ; : : 0 *-• 03 kO r- CO 0 CO 03 0 cw ^ Cl Plan- tation COI— 00500 400 40 0^ 0 I> kO ^ wH Tji COiM.COiH t- ' 11792 14586 43703 17272 COUNTRIES. Total exports from 1st Jan. to 3rd Aug. 1897 do 1896 do 1S9S do 1894 a 0 . . . 0 United Kingi , Austria , Belgium , France , Germany , Holland , Italy , Russia , Spain , Sweden , Turkey , India , Australia .America , Africa , China , Singapore , Mauritius ,, Malta fri' ' THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST [Aug. 2, 1897 i38 MARKET RATES FOR OLD AND NEW PRODUCES. (From Lewis <£ Peat's Fortnightly Prices Current, London, July 14th, Vi07. ) AT>OES, Soccotrine cwt. Zanzibar & Hepatic „ BEES’ WAX, „ ■ Zanzibar & ( White „ Bombay 1 Yellow,, Madagascar ,, CAMPHOR, China Japan ,, CARDAMOMS, Malabar lb Ceylon.— My. sore ,, „ Tellicherry,, Long „ ,, Mangalore,, CASTOR OIL, Calcutta,, Madras ,, OH 1 1. LIES, Zanzih.ai cwt. CINCHONA BARK.— Ceylon lb. CINNAMOb’. Ceylon lst.« per lb, 2ii(1.' 3rds 4tiiS Chins CLOVES, Penang lb. Amboyna Zanzibar \ and Pemba / Stems cocnurs iboicus cwt. COFFEE Ceylon Plantation ,, Native I.iberian COCOA, Ceylon COLOMBO ROOT COIR ROPE, Ceylon ton Cochin „ FIBRE, Brush „ Cochin ,, Stuffing ,, COIR YARN, Ceylon „ Cochin ,, do. ,, CROTON SEEDS, 9iD. cwt. CUTCH „ GINGER, Bengal, rough ,, Calicut, Cut A ,, B & C „ Cochin Rougii ,, Japan „ GUM AMMoNIACUM,, ANII, Zanzibar , Madagascar ,, ARABIC E. 1. &Adrn „ Turkey sorts ,, Crhatti ,, Kurrache „ Madras ,, ASSAFCETIDA „ KINO MIRRH, picked „ Aden sort.s ,, OLIBANU-VI, drop pickings ,, •siftings „ INDIAEUBBER, Assam lb Rangoon „ Uorueo j, QUALITY. QUOTATIONS. I QrAUiy. QUOTATION.S Fair to tine dry 44s a 120s INDI.IRUBBER, (Conltt) Common to g[Ood Us a 70s Java, Sing, & Penang lb. \ iFuul to jiood clean .. Good to tine Hid a 2s 3d 2s 2d a 2.S 7}il Good to fine £7 a £8 Ordinary to fair Ball . Is 2d a 2s Ijd Fair £0 a £G 10s Mozambique ,, -( Low .sandy Ball lOd a Is Id Dark to good palish . £5 L5s a £6 5/ Sausage, fair to gooil Is 4d a 2s .tjd Fair average quality ... 95s V 1 I.iver and liverv Ball.. Is 3j(l a 2s ijd J • • • 110s Fr to fine pinky & white Is 11(1 a 2s 5(1 Clipped, bold, brigbt,fine Middling, stalky & lean 3s a 3s Id Madagascar ,, -j Fair to good black Is 3d a Is lod 2s fid a 2s 9d Nigger.s, low to good... lOd a Is 5d Fair to fine plump 2s fid a 3s Id INDIGO, E.I. Beilijill — Seeds 3s a 3s Id Shippinit mid togd violet Consumin^^ iniu. to fjd. 4s 4d a .5s Id (lood to fint^ 2s 9d a 3s 3s 4il a 4s Id Brownish 2s fid Ordinary to mid. goo(i 2s 8d a 3s 2d Shelly to good 2s a 2s fid Mid. to good Kurpah... 2s a 2s U)d Med brown to good bold od a 3s 6d Low to ordinary Is 3d a Is lid Ists and 2nds 3id a 4jd Mid. to 'iood Madras... Is 4d a 2s fid S^d MACE, Bombay & Penang Pale reddish to tine ... Is 9(1 a 2s 9(1 Dull to fine bright 2us a 37s fid per lb. Ordinary to fair Chips and dark ls4d a Is 7d- Is Id a Is od Ledgeriana Chips Id a 31d .MYRABOLANK.S, 1 Madras J Dark to fine pale UG .. 3s 9d a 5.S fid Crown, Renewed . . 2ci a 4rid Fair Coast Is^fid Org. Stem IJd a 3d Bombay ,, .lubhlepore 4s a 7s Hybrid Root 21d a 2^d Bhimlies Is 3d a 9s Chip IJd a 2d Rhajpore, &c. Is 9d a 7s Ordinary to fine quill... lOJd a Is fid Bengal ,, Calcutta 3s Gd a 5s 6d lOd a Is 5d NUTiMEGS— lb. 64’s to 57’s Is a 3s 2d )> J * 9^d a Is 3d Bombay & Penang ,, 112’s to 67’s Is 3d a 2s lid )> >» 85 d a Is IfiO’s to 130's 8d a Is 2d Dull to fine bright bold lid a 3d NUTS, ARECA cwt. Ordinary to fair fre.“h... I2s a 14s 41 d a 9sd NUX VO. MICA, Bombay Ordinary to middling... Is a 6s fid Dull to fine Sd a 4^d per cwt. Madras Fair to good bold fresh.. 7s a 7s fid Good and fine bright 2 3-16d a 2^d Small ordinary and fail OS 6(1 Gammon dull to fair .. Id a 2Jd OIL OF ANISEED lb Fair merchantable fis 9d Fair Id CASSIA According to analysis,. os fid a 7s fid Fair Ss 6d LEMONGRAS.S NUTMEG Good fiavour & colour... Dingy to white 2id Ijd a 4d BoM to fine hold colorv lOSs a 120s CINNAMON Ordinary to fair sweet... 4d a Is 3d Middling to fine mid Low mid. and low grown 106s fid a 110s 6d 07s fid a lOGs CITRON ELLE ORCHELL.A WEED-cn t Bright A good fiavour... Is l^d a Is 2d Smalls SBs a 97s Ceylon ,, .Mid. to fine not woody.. lOs a 12s Od Good orilinary 65s a 80s Zanzibar. ,, Picked clean fiat leaf ... lUs a 15s Small to bold Bold to fine bold 40s a C5s 70s a 80s PEPPER- (Black) lb. ,, wiry Mozambique 10s a Us Medium and fair 52s a C5s Alleppee & Tellicherry Fair to bold heavy l^fd a 3'd Triage to ordinary :jOs a 60s Sinjiapore Fair Hd Fair to good 20s a 30s Acheen & W. C. Penang Dull to fine i 7-lCd a 2Jd nominal PLUMB.AGO, lump cwt. Fair to tine bright bold 15s a 17s fid Ordinary to fair £10 a £10 Middling to good small ■3.S fid a 13s Ord. to fine long straight £10 a £21 chips ,, Dull to fine bright Is fid a 83 9d Ordinary to good clean .£15 a £21 dust , , Ordinary to tine bright 2s a Os Common to fine £5 a £6 10s SAFFLOWER Good to tine pinky ^Os a 85s Common to superior £12 a ,£26 10s .Middling to fair oOs a 70s very tine ... Roping, fair to good ., Fair nomin.al £12 a £34 dlO 10s a £13 SANDAL WOOD— Inferior and pickings ... 60s a 55s i5s Bombay, Logs ton. Fair to fine flavour £20 a £35 Fair to tine dry 9s 3d a 32s fid Chips ,, ... ,,, ,,, )s a £.3 Fair Lfis Madras, Logs ,, Fair to good flavour . . £30 a £50 Good to fine bold 70s a 8.5s C hips ,, Inferior to fine t'4 a £8 Small and medium 30s a 68s fid SAPANWOOD Bombay,, Lean to e;ood £4 a £5 Common to fine bold .. 23s a 32s Madius „ Good average £4 a £5 nom Small and D’s 10s a 27s fid Manila ,, 1 Rough A: rooty to good C410.sa£5]5s Unsnlit 13s Siam ,, \ hold smooth .. £6 a £7 Sm. blocky to fine clean I7s a 36s fid SEEDLAC cwt. Ord. dusty to gd. soluble . Os a 80s Picked tine pale in sorts £10 7s fid a £13 SENNA, Tinnevelly lb Good to tine bold green 4d a 8d Part yellow and mixed £717/Ca£10 10s Fair middling medium 2Jd a 4jd Bean and Pea size ditto Amber and dk. red bold 70s a £7 12/6 £5 10s a £,7 10s SHELLS, M. O'PEARL— Common dark and small Id a 2d Med. A bold glassy sorts 90s a 13is fid Bombay cwt. Bold and A’s £5 5s a £5 7/6 Fair to good palish .. .£4 Ss a £8 D’s and B’s t'4 lOs a £0 15s , . , , red ' . £4 5s a £9 Small £4 Ordinary to good pale 40s a 62s fid Mussel ,, Small to bold 20s a 50s 56s a 85s TAMARIND.S, Calcutta... Mid. to fine bl’k not stonv 7s a 8s fid Pickings to fine pale ... Good and fine pale 20s a 55s 55s a Cos per cwt. Madras TORTOISESHELL- Stony and inferior is a fis Reddish to pale selected 35s a 45s Zanzibar & Bombay lb. Small to bold dark / 17s a 23s Bark to tine pale 35s a 40s mottle part heavy 1 Clean fr to gd. almonds 40s a 80s TURMERIC, Bengal owt. Fair lOs a lOs fid Ord. stony and blocky 30s a 37s Madras ,, Finger fair to fine bold L6s a 17s Fine bright £45 a £55 Do. Mixed midhig. [bright L2s a 13s Fair to tine pale 82s fid a 75s Do. Bulbs is a 9s Middling to good 33s a 57s fid Cochin ,, Finger I2s fid Good to fine white ... Middling to fair 34s a 00s - 20s a 31s VANILLOES— lb. Bulbs 's fid Low to good pale 11s a 12s fid Mauritius and 1 Ists Gd. crysallized 34 a 9 in. 9s Cd a 33s Slightly foul to fine ... 9s fid a 14s Bourbon .../ 2nds Foxy & reddish ii a, 8 : 7s a 26s fid Good to fine Is 9d a 2s 4d Seychelles 3rds jean and inferior . . : 2s a 26s Common to foul & mxd. Fair to good clean ... 3d a Is fid Is 4d a 2s Id VERMILION lb. Fine, pure, bright ... s Id a 2s 2d Common to fine Is Id a Is 7jd WAX, Japan, squares cwt. Good white hard 4 5S THE AGHieOLTUK^L mAGaZIDG, COLOMBO. Added as a Supplement Monthly to the “ TROPICAL AGRICULTU RISTI The following pages include the CTontenbs of the Agricultural Magazine for August : — Vol IX.] AUGUST, 1897. [No. 2 SEASON REPORTS FOR JUNE. ESTERN Province. — Yala crops thriving generally ; rainfall plenti- ful; supply of fruits and vege- tables good and prices fair, ex- cept in parts of the Kalutara dis- trict ; a good yala harvest is expected. Central Province.— l\i Kandy district yala crop nearing matirrity ; in Matale (rainfall 12-36 in.) propects of paddy good ; in Niiwara Eliya malm cultivation in various stages from sowing to harvesting. Northern Province.— Juftim district : threshing of Kalapokam paddy in Karachchi division, in others fields being ploughed and manured. There were a few good showers of rain in Jaffna district but hardly any in Mannar. Southern Province.— Yala paddy in ear and being harvested in some parts ; a fair crop expected. Rainfall in Galle 6‘98 in. Eastern Province. — In Trincomalee the tlireshing of the early and late munmari over, yield low owing to damage by floods, the damaged crops are some 30,000 acres in extent; in Batticaloa pinmari being harvested in some parts, in blossom in others. Still some cattle murrain in Batticaloa district. jV.-W. Province. — Paddy in various stages, pros- pects good. The rainfall registered in Puttalam town was 317 in. Uva Province. — Crop of malan fields harvested, yield good; in some places malm crop being har- vested : vegetables plentiful and cheap. Sabaragamuwa Province. — Paddy prospects favourable in Ratnapiua and Kegalla districts. Rainfall at Ruanwella 13 22 in. RAINFALL TAKEN AT THE SCHOOL OF AGRICULTURE DURING THE MONTH OF JULY, 1897. 1 Thursday . . Nil 18 Sund'i.y Nil 2 Friday Nil 19 Monday Nil 3 Saturday Nil 20 Tuesday •03 4 Sunday •83 21 Wednesday. . 14 5 Monday •96 22 Thursday . . •15 6 Tuesday Nil 23 Friday •14 7 Wednesday. . •17 24 Saturday •03 8 Thursday . . •78 25 Sunday Nil 9 Friday •09 26 Monday Nil 10 Saturday •28 27 Tuesday Nil 11 Sunday •76 28 Wednesday . . •75 12 Monday Nil 29 Thursday . . Nil 13 Tuesday Nil 30 Friday •20 14 Wednesday. , Nil 31 Saturday Nil 15 Thursday . . Nil 1 Sunday •06 16 Friday Nil 17 Saturday . , Nil Total. .5-37 Mean. . ^17 Greatest amount of rainfall in any 24 hours on the 5th Monday inches -96 Recorded by A. R. Jeremiah. THE QUEEN AS AGRICULTURIST. The Queen ha.s during her long regin taken a keen and close interest in agriculture. Debarred by the laws of a limited monarchy from interferiiig in the internal affairs of Government, the lamented Con- sort of Her Majecty, the late Prince Albert, early turned his attention to the promotion of every scheme and cause calculated to ameliorate the con- dition of the citizens of his adopted land. The House of Hanover had always taken an interest in agriculture; the Queen’s grandfather. King George III., was “Farmer George;” he loved the country and country pursuits, and was never better pleased than when, free from the cares of State, ho could turn aside to examine his flocks and herds and con- verse with his stewards and bailiffs. But hereditary instinct alone would not have led to the close anil 140 Supplement to the “ Tropical AgricaltarisL [AU(;. 2, 1897. widespread connection of the reigning bouse with agricuUnre, bad ic not been for tlie advent of the Prince Consort and bis entbnsiasni for count) y pui- suits. Jt was a striking tribute to l)is good sense, and an illustration of bis ready adaptability to bis surroundings, that, coming from tbe continent wbere tbe State did almost everything for agri- culture, to Great Britain when it then did next to nothing, I’rince Albert at once adopted English methods, and set about organising all kinds of self-help institutions, or strengthening those already in existence. For twenty-one years, it has been well said, he was in the forefront of eveiy agricultural enterprise, and this period of wise activity was to have been fitly crowned with the presidency of the Royal Agricultural Society of England, in the year of its first great international show, when all the world was startled by the news of his sudden death on 14th December, 1861. It was part of the tribute which the widowed Queen paid to the memory of her Consort that she gave orders for the continuance of all his farming operations on the lines which he had laid down, and thus to understand Her Majesty’s position iji the agricultural world we must briefly sketcli the agricultural enterj)rises of the Prince Consort. The first property which II-R.H. set him.-^elf to improve was that of Osborne, in the Isle of Wight, which is now under thecharge of Mr. Andrew Slater, formerly of Haystoun, Peebles. Incidentally, it may be remarked tiiat Scotchmen have playnd an important part in t!ic work of the Royal farms, the present as well as the past managers or facto)’s on all of the estates being of Scottish jraivmage and born north of the Tweed. Mr. William Tait succeeded his father, the late Mr. Henry Tait, in 1882, at Windsor, and only recently Mr. James Forbes has succeeded the lamented Dr. Profeit at Balmoral and Abergeldie. The palace at Osborne was built from Prince Albert’s own designs in 1845-46, and the surrounding estates, extending four miles in length and two miles in breadth, were laid out and vastly improved by Mr. Andrew To- ward, under the supervision of His Royal High- ness. He began experiments in sewage farming in 1851, and the expenditure on this estate during the forties was enormou.s. The horses used here from the beginning, and, indeed, still on al! Her Majesty’s estates, have always been Clydescbdes. Tlie stud at Osborne in the Prince Consort’s time numbered from 24 to 30 head. A Clydesdale stal- lion was kept, and breeding systematically pro- secuted. The other stock in the Isle of Wight are Jersey cattle for dairy purposes and Gallow’ays for- feeding. Dorset-horned and Southdown sheep have also been favoured in this department. The Prince was deeply interested in the improvement of the social condition of the labourers, and the cottages built by him were models. This trait has des- cended to his son, the Sandritigham cottages in Norfolk being well known as desirable residences for a rural population. The estate next purchased or leased was that now known as Balmoral, in Aberdeenshire, It lies near to the village of Crathie, about 52 miles W.S.W. from the Granite City. At first the pro- perty was leased from the Earl of Aberdet n, but in 1852 it was xjurchased. It contains 10,000 im- perial acres, but the demesne was further extended by the purchase of Birkhall estate and the leasing of Abergeldie iMains for forty years (1840-891, with final purchase since that dale, so tha.t the v liole now extends to iibout 40,000 acres. It is on this estate that Her Majesty spends the greater portion of the year, and here in recent years has been founded a choice herd of Aberdeen-Angu.“ cattle, as well as a small Hackney stud. The lierd as made quite a name for itself already, and the fame of Eulenberg and Gentian is widespread. E'-ery care is being taken to extend the usefulness of these cattle, and alike at the breeding and the fat stock shows the Royal blackskins have given a good account of themselves. Even more noteworthy than its agri- culture is the forestry of the Queen’s Highland property. Under the skilful management of Mr. John Michie a large additional area has been planted, so that on the estate there are now 5,700 acres of well-stocked woodland. This enterprise was commenced by Prince Albert, and probably on none of the Queen’s estates did he leave the impress of Ids genius more clearly than on his Highland estate on Deeside. Doubtle.-s to this is to be attri- buted Her Majesty’s great love for her Aberdeen- shire home — for slie does nothing by lialves. The roads, fences, and e.specially the cottages on the estate, are all so many monuments to Albert the Good; and it is impossible not to admire the many- sidedness of the German prince who couhl, and did, so readily adapt himself to the duties of a Highland laird. The traditions of tlie house ha\e been thoroughly sustained by those entruded with the control of affairs since the Prince Consort’s death, and enthusiasm for tlu Brili-h Royal Family is at while heat in Deeside and Braemar. Windsor is at once the most extensive and the most varied of the Royal residences and farms. At one time the Queen held five farms in the vicinity of Windsor Ca-tle-thehomeorDaiiy farm,thePrince Consort's Shaw farm, the Flemish farm, the Norfolk farm, and the Bagshot and Rapley farms. The last are now farmed by H.R.H. the Duke of Connought, who entered on their occupancy in 1880, and all of Her Majesty’s sons, it may be said in passing, while they resided in England, had farms of their own. The dairy farm is that which first meets the eye of the visitor to the Windsor Great Park. It lies contiguous to the castle, and the dairy jiremises are well W'oith going a long way to see. Tliey were built from designs by the I’rince Consort, and finished in 1855. Thereis nothingat first sight startling about the appointments, but a leisurely examination re- veals a wealth of detail in the cmistruction of the premise.? which {.uts to shame anything we have ever seen in dairies, and well calculated to ensure the maximum of cleanliness with the minimum of labour. Space does not admit of a detailed de.-oiption of these ideal premises hi re, but the curious will find an admirable account in Mr. Macdonald’s article, entitled “ Queen and Farmer,” in the recent issue of the Transactions. Jerseys and Shorthorn crosses are the dairy cattle made use of at AVindsor, but at Invergekkr, in Aberdeenshire, the dairy herd is composed of Ay i shires. Her Majesty in this, as in everything ekse, acting with con- summate tact, so that no portion of her subjects should have ground of complaint. Every breed is recognised in its own jiroper sphere, and, if all are not alike i)rosperous, the blame cannot be laid at the door of the Queen. The principal homestead Auc4. 2, 1897.] Supplement to the “ Tropical Agriculturist U1 at Windsor is the Prince Consort’s Sliaw farm, which, curiously enough, derires its name from M. de Shawe, a Frenchman, from whom the pro- perty was purchased in the seventeenth century. It has since that date been a Koyal farm, but it was greatly improved and extended by the Prince Consort. Windsor Great Park, of which it forms a part, was once a swamp; but now, as visitor.? to the Jubilee Show in 1SS9 will admit, it forms the finest pasture in the kingdom. The Shaw farm is tlie liome of the Shortliorn herd, also of a small stud of Clydesdale horses, with the Poyal champion of Iggol— the Macquhae— at its head, and of a flying stock of Cheviot ewes and tlie noted breed of Albert White pigs- if is significant of the original state of the soil I hat sheep, if kept longer than one year, are liable to foot-rot; hence the Sonthdowns w'ero abandoned, and an annual purchase is made of Cheviot ewes in lamb to a Border Leicester tup. These ewes, along with their produce, are simply kept for one year and fed off. The Shorthorn herd is however, the great feature of the Shaw farm, arid perhaps it has done more than any ocher agency to bring before the public the work of the Queen as a stolik breeder. Alike at the breeding and the fat stock shows the home-bred Shorthorns from the Royal herd have done wondrously, and our plate to-day places before the eye of the reader some of the more notable of the animals recently owned by Her Majesty. The herd is managed by Mr. Tait on thoroughly sound commerical principles. The foundation was laid early in the fifties by purchases from Earl Ducie and other noted breeders. Lat- terly, however, it has been strongly dominated by Scottish blood, the success of the Sittyton Field Marshal being very noteworthy, and now the stock bulls are Christmas Present and Prince Victor. Clydesdales were first fancied by the Prince Con- sort as long ago as 18-54, when H.R.H. paid 2-50 guineas to Mr. Findlay of Easterhilifor Britain (86). The produce of that horse sold well, some of them making £100 and up to £1-50 a piece. At the Royal Jubilee Show in 1889 Her Majesty was first with the tvyc-year old horse First Choice, and three years later theRoyal stud horse was champion at Warw ick. The Flemi.'h and Norfolk were in the hands of King George III., and were originally so called be- cause they afforded occular demonstration of the two systems of farming indicated by their ^names. Great improvements were made on the Flemish farm in the way of drainage and the steam farm was here shown at work during the International Show at Battersea. Here also the Royal herd of Hereford cattle is found. It was established in 1855 by purchases from the Earl of Radnor, and a l)ull named Brecen was purchased in 1856 for £120. The Devon herd was founded on the Norfolk farm in 1856, and the first show yard successes of theRoyal herd are at the credit of the “rubies.” Prince Albert first exhibited at Smithfield Club in 1843, and in 1849 he first exhibited Devons, in 1850 Shorthorns, and in 1859 all the stock exhibited were home-bred. The success of theRoyal Exhibits ofhorae-bieds during the past few years has been phenomenal. No other exhibitor of stock has been as the Queen within the same period with animals solely of his own breeding. Besides pedigreed stock, a large number of sheep and cattle are fed on the Flemish farm and sold off by auction at Smithfield Invariably high prices are realized and the whole appearance of the animals bears witness to the thoroughly sound principles upon which Her Majesty’s agricultural enterprises are conducted. Whatever be the fate of English agriculture in days to come, theRoyal family will be sharers in its prosperity or adversity, the bright traditions of the reign of (pieen Victoria will be honoured and ob.serveil for m.my a day. OCCASIONAL NOTES. We are glad to find that there seems to be a pro^ bability of manures being manufactured locally, and, indeed, the samples which we have seen of the stuff turned out by way of trial, go to show that the art of manure-manufacture is well understood by the maker, not only as regaids the regulation of the proportions of the important ingredients of plant-food, but also in the matter of di.'integrating and mixing. We shall refer more fully to these local manures as soon as they are offered for public sale. The “Cocoa dialogue” as the contribution to the last number of the Magazine on tne subject of the Cocoa pest has been termed, was a distinct- ly valuable adlition to the ‘literature’ on the subject. The writer of the dialogue, be it noted, has not only held the views he promulgates there- in, but has practised them on his estates (which are free from the ravages of Tomicus perforans,) and so supplied the “Q. E. D.’’ of later hypotheses as regards “Suckers” and the cocoa pest. We are glad to announce that Government has sanctioned the experiment in bee-keeping referred to in our last issue, so that the stocking of the hives, which have been specially constructed for u.s will be undertaken at tdio earliest opportu- nity, and the progress of the new venture will be rejiorted from time to time in the pages of the Magazine. A sale of stock drafted from the dairy herd took place at the end of June, and the prices realized were fair. The output of milk at the dairy, which at the beginning of the year was a good deal short of the demand, has increased considerably, and the supply at jn'esent average 50 gallons a day. A new wing, to hold about 2-5 animals, and principally intended for the accommodation of the young growing stock, has just been added to the dairy. Dr. V'^oelcker’s contribution with reference to “ Malt Coffee ’’ warns us that there is just a possi- bility of some substitute for the genuine article springing up to compete with tropical products. Tea substitutes we have had galore, but none has succeeded in affecting to the slightest degree the popularity of our staple product, and it is satis- factory to learn on the high authority of Dr. Voelcker that there is no likelihood of there being a reversion to what is said to be an old practise, viz., the use of barley as a coffee substitute. The suggestions with reference to agricultural education made by Mr. Davidson, in hi.s report as A'sislant Government Agent of Kegalle, are such as will commend themselves to all who have 142 Supplemmt to the “ Tropical Agriculturist'' [Aug, 2, 1897. tliouglit over the possibilities of stiirmlatiiig the native agriculture of the Island. AV^e have our- selves made similar I'ecommendations off and on, but in this country it is necessary to have an accu- mulated mass of corroborate opinion gathering to a head before one can hope to roll away the obsta- cles which those whose policy should be to promote the pros])erity of the indigenous population by the adoption of all reasonable and tried measures, are ever ready to jdace in the way of advance- ment and refcrm. WOOD ASHES. The use of wood ashes for manurial purposes dates from a very remote period, and the chief if not the only object held in view by its use as such is to supply the potash required by plants. AVhether wood ashes fulfil this requirement is another question, with which we are at present not con- cerned. 'J’o some e.vtent the composition of the ash of wood varies according to the sources from which the wood has been obtained, that is to say accord- ing to the kind of plants from which the wood has been got. It also varies according to the parts of trees used, for instance, as Warrington points out in his Chemistry of the Farm, the ash of young boughs is 1 idler than that from full-sized timber. In rural distiicts where twigs instead of split wood are the chief kind of fuel used, we would expect to find a rich ash. In this connection we might also refer to the common use of the leaves, shells and husks of the coconut for burning, whereby a form of ashes that can hardly be characterised as “ wood ashes ” is produced. Dr. Falconer lung, the City Analyst of Edinburgh, gives the following ratios representing the quantity of ash from different parts of jilants ; taking wood ns 1, the ratio forotherparts are, seeds 3, stem and straw 5, roots and tubers 7, bark 7 and leaf 13. As regards the composition of woodashes,outof seventeen samples analysed atthe Connecticut Experimental Station last year, the in- gredients varied from 2 to 7 per cent of potash, 1^ to 2 per cent of phosphoric acid, with an average composition of potash 5 per cent, phosphoric acid Ij.lime^G.sand and soil 15, and charcoal 2 per cent. But the value of wood ashes varies most according to the condition in which it is obtained, that is, according to the treatment which it has under gone after it, has been produced. It is a com- mon experience to find ashes left exposed to the sun and rain which help to materially lower its value as a potash manure. It has been found by analysis that while the potash in “ unleached ” wood ashes varies from 2 to 8 per cent, that in “ leached wood ashes varies from 1 to 2 per cent only. Leaching or letching is the process by which water is made to pass through wood tishes, in order to separate the alkali in the pro- duction of lye. Now' this is just what often goes on when ashes are left exposed to our tropical rains, the result of which would tend to justify the advice wh.ich we read in an American Exchange, viz., “Wood ashes should be produced on the land and should never be bought, as the piico or the potash contained in them is, as a rule, far too high to justify their purchase.’’ AVe Would remark, however, that this applies to a country where 45s. is asked for a ton of wood ashes. But where the stuff could be got at about half the cost, and where, moreover, it is pos- sible to insist on the ashes being prrotected against sun and rain, the advice giv'en above is not altogether justifiable. TheConnecticutExperiment.'iLStation has arrived to the conclusion that in addition to the value of W'ood ashes as a fertilizer, they must also be re- garded as a source of lime inthe form of carbonate, and is inclined to attribute their admirable effect on many soils to the lime quite as much as to the other elements contained in it. In view of the importance attached to potash manures in scientific circle.--, as the result of careful experiment to estimate its value as a fertilizing agent (vide articles on “I’ctushand Potash Manures” in the Alagazine), all tropical cultivators would do well to conserve, and obtain wood ashes from every available source for appli- cation to their land in conjunction with their nitrogenous and phosphatic manures. ♦ - FEU IT CULTURE. ( Continued.) RE*^piaATioN OF Active Hoots dependent on THE Mechanical Condition of the Soil. It cannot be too strongly impiressed upon the cultivator that the roots of trees are not passive occupiers of the ground, but have vital functions to perform which require the soil to be presented to them in a suitable mechanical condition. They have to respire. If the soil around them be so compact as to exclude air. or if it be drenched with water so as to drive the air out of its inter- stices and keep it out, the roots -will infallibly die. In fact they can no more do without the small quantity of air they need than animals can do without the enormous suppilies necessary for their more active respiration. The difference is one of degree only. The respiratory process is the same, consisting in the intake of atmospheric oxygen, its use to oxidize carbon comxiounds, and the sub- .sequent output of carbonic acid. But because vegetable respiration, even from the leaves, is vt-ry sluggish, and masked from observation by the much more active work of assimilating carbon to build up ihe tissues, it is apt to be overlooked. And from this ignoring of a vital necessity spring some of the worst errors in cultural practice. We have enumerated certain mineral soil-contituents which must be present amidst the vast bulk of earth the planter has to deal with. It follows from the above that besides these, and in fur greater bulk, there must be present afr and tuater. The only way in which these two elements, a gas and a fluid, can be secured for the service of the roots is by breaking up the soil into a more or less powdery, porous, open condition by mechanical means. In the interstices of the separated parti- cles of earth there enters an abundant modicum of air, nearly equal in cubic measurement to the bulk of the solid matter of the soil. One may almost predict the degree of success of any cioj) by the degree to which atmospheric air has been mixed up with the earth it is to grow in. The traditions of agriculture unconsciously point to the same AuCt 2, 1897.] Swpplement to the “ Tropical Agriculturist." 143 truth. To till land is to mix the top stratum with air. Coarse ploughing of wet lands is leaving the great slab-like clods lying loose to dry out their water and absorb air instead. Harrowing among other ends, mixes air very complcely with the loose tilth. But the most thorough and effective addition of this necessary i.igredient is obtained by the process of trenchiruj By trenching almost every cubic inch of soil is disassociated, large cavities full of air are left open among the loosely thrown up earth, and although these diminish a good deal by pressure of tlie superabundant mate- rial, yet the air they contain forces its way into the microscopic interstices between particles far smaller than grains of sand. So much for the air supply demanded by the root respiration. Let us consider the water supply. It is unfortunately the current belief that trees must have water given to them much in the same way as one waters a house. Either whole bucketsful are poured in at the base of the trunk, or (in irrigating) a stream is turned on to flood its surroundings. This is in direct opposition to the way in which trees take up their water supply. “ It is characteristic of the mode of life of land- plants,” says Sachs, “ that they only flourish as a rule, when their roots are evenly distributed throughout a soil that is relatively dry, only partially flooded with water.” The practice of agriculture bears testimony to this fact that damp lowlying lands are made highly fertile by an ade- quate drainage which renders them relatively dry. The culture of plants in green-houses teaches that land plants rooted in pots very easily perish if they are watered too often, and one of the first lessons a garden apprentice receives is “ to keep his watering can quiet.” Land plants, and particularly trees, carry on their root-functions continuously only when the soil surrounding them is relatively poor in water. A complete saturation must be very briet and soon relieved by draining away, or else it acts injuriously. Let us consider how the enormous losses of water by daily transpiration from the leaves are made good by inhibition from soil, not wet but only just perceptibly moi.st to the touch, and therefore in the best po.ssible con- dition for sustaining healthy root-growth. Every minute particle of earth, even down to those too small for distinct vision, is enveloped in a thin film of adherent water held fast by surface attrac- tion, almost as if it had been dipped in water and brought out wet. Where particles by reason of their angular shape happen to get closely together, he attractions combine to hold a thicker watery layer. The remaining interstices are filled with air. Among these surface-wetted particles the root hairs make their way, clinging tightly to them with their porous cell-wall and absorbing such part of the watery layer as they touch. It needs little knowledge of the laws of diffusion and capillary attraction to see that the fluid so absorbed is made good by neighbouring water-particles, and that, given absoiption at any iroint, an indraw takes place towards it. Every root-hair then is a centre of attraction to the water constituting the moisture-layer of all particles of earth within its range. And such absorptions, multiplied by millions, amply supply the almost incredible num- ber of gallons ,of water daily transpired as vapour from the foliage of a large tree. But have these physiological facts any value in practical work ? Much every way, as we shall see. (To be continued.) ♦ THE KECENU HORSE PLAGUE AT MANNAR. All epizootic among horses and donkeys broke out at Mannar about the latter part of March. Only a comparatively few donkeys succumbed to the disease ; but the number of ponies attacked up to the 4th May was about fifty, and of these none recovered, A similar outbreak is reported to have taken place some twelve years ago. It is needless to say tiiat a veterinary surgeon would have been the fitte.^t person to investigate the nature and cause of the disease, and it is rather unfortunate that such an officer could not have been present on the spot during the out- break. In the absence, however, of any informa- tion from a veterinarian, we have to rely on the reports of the Adigar and the District Medical Officer of the place. The report of the latter es- pecially is very welcome, under the circumstances. The most striking symptoms, as given by the Adigar, are that the animals begin to lose flesh, and in the course of 20 or 25 days they are reduced to mere skin and bone, fall to the ground and die. The Medical Officer goes more into details and describes the symptoms as follows : — “ Loss of appetite, great thirst, dyspnoea, constipation, rest- leesness, inability to walk, and when attempting to walk the horse falls down. While in the recum- bent position, he shows restless movements of the limbs and body. In some cases there was no passing of dung at all, and in others the dung passed was dry and scanty Most of the horses were lound dead by the side of waterp mN or ponds. Ea.st breathing was a very notice. .ble symptom.” This description of the symptoms would have been more complete had we been told whether the re.«piration was tlioracic or abdominal, and if a record had been kept of the temperature and pulse as well as of the number of respirations, per minute, at stated intervals during the progress of the disease. Auscultation and percussion should have been helpful to the diagnosis. The nature and quantity of the urine ought to have been noticed, and the condition of the skin and mucous mem- brane also observed. The postmortem examination held by the Medical Officer however gives some valuable infor- mation. He examined three carcases and found the lungs inflamed in all of them. In the first case, except I of the lungs the rest was all inflamed, and this horse died in the first stage of pneumonia. Tlie second horse examined died in the second stage of pneumonia. The other one died in the first stage. As the re.sultof his examination, the Medical Officer feels certain that the horses died of an epizootic form of pneumonia. It would have been useful if the pleunc v. c i also specially examined in order to find wlielherthey were involved in the inflam- matory condition. The Adigar thinks that the disease was caused by feeding on bad pasture. During the heavy 144 Sup2jlement to the Tropical Agriciuturist. [An;. 2, 1897. rnin.s, lie says, the grass on the “ Tharavas ” rotted under a mixture of sea and rain water, and was converted into a luoss-like substance which the horses used to eat while grazing. The jyndical Officer, however, w'rites as fol- lows ; — “ The exciting cause of this disease, I believe, i.s change of .‘■easou, — a season of plenty of rain and pasture changing to a season of drought.” The identification of the disease is an important matter from a veterinary point of view. It is not likely that this horse plague at Mannar is a new disease which has not been described in standard works on veterinary science. I am inclined totbink it is identical with what Prof. Williams culls Epi- zootic Pleurisy or Pleuro-pneumonia of the horse. The Professor says : “ In 1861 to 1862 this form of epizootic disease became very prevalent in the north of England, where it raged for many months, committing great havoc amongst horses of all kinds, but particularly amongst tho e most ex- posed to the vicis.'-itude.s of the climate. It has prevailed more or less ever since, both in town and country, more particularly amongst young korses and those removed from pastures into stables. *** Aliernations of heat and cold are undoubtedly the mo.M prolific causes, for the disease prevails mostly when the winds are cold and the heat of the sun more or less powerful. ” The treatment of this disease as recommended by Prof. Williams consists mainly of proper hygienic measures and nursing. He condemns the employment of the so-called heroic remedies such as purgatives, bleeding and blisters. Com- plete rest, warm clothing, comfortable hou.sing in a well-ventilated loose box, but aroiding draughts are specially recommended by him. During the premonitary fever the animal is to be allowed an ulmndant supply of cold water to drink with nitre dissolved in it. Bran mashes and linseed niashes are to be given to keep up-a laxative con- dition of the bowels, and these may be supple- mented with enemas when necessary. If the alternations of the temperature of the skin be very marked, two or three dose.'; of spirits of nitrous ether are to be daily administered in warm water. When the fever is high and the symptoms are acute, great benefit may be derived from ten minim doses’ cd Fleming’s tincture of aconite given two or three times a day. Vet. Surgeon Hayes is of opinion that the fever is of a malarious character and suggests treating it with quinine. Opium in the form of laudanum is recommraded to relieve the paiir caused by the inflarnmation of the pleura. The laudanum is combined with modmate quantities of linseed oil so as to prevent its constipating effects. Warm fomentation.s to the sides followed by the application of weak ammonia liniment will give great relief. As the local inflammation progresses the dose of fiitre given in the drinking water is to be slic'htly increased. From one to two ounces of this salt may be given in the twenty-four hours ; and when it causes excessive diuresis it must be lessened again or discontinued altogether. If, however, nitre fails to stimulate the kidneys suffi- ciently, a few doses of tincture of colchicum seeds will be’of great service. Vegetable tonics may be given in the latter stages or during convalescence, combined with carbonate of ammonia. If the appetite is much impaired, the horse mii.^^t have an allowance of milk to drink instead of water. If the milk is refused, the animal must have gruel, linseed tea, bay tea. &c ; but nothing in the shape of food mii-t be foictd upon it. Suj/pref^sion. — I’lof. IViLiam.s says : — “ When the character of the outbreak is mild the disease seems to be non-contagious; \\ hen violent or acute, it presents such marked signs of being contagious, that even tlie inost sceptical i.s foictd to believe in this method of propagation.” It is scarcely necessary, therefore, to add that, w'hen this disease assumes an epizootic form, isola- tion and segregation suggest themselves as im- portant suppressive measuies. E. T. HOOLE. Anuradhapura, 19th July, 1897. INSECT I’ESTS. {Continuer .) It is evident that one cannot make use of pre- ventive and remedial measures to the beat advan- tage unless he has some knowledge of the insects with which he has to deal and of their habits. The planter or cultivator is as a rule a very busy man and cannot be expected to affoid the time required for the study of the complex lines of his insect foes entirely by himself; but he should sufficiently acquaint himself with Entomology to be able to under.stand fully the reports on injurious insects which may be available to him. He should learn the names of his common insect foes, the charac- teristics of their attack and the different stages of life through which they pass, and he should confirm as far as possible the statements he reads by his own personal observations which is gener- ally quite an essay matter, and will aid him greatly to remember about the insects. Every insect has several stages in its life and is often much more easily destroyed in a stage that passes unrecognised, because the insect then does little or no damage, than in the stage when it is inju- rious. In general there are four distinct stages of ex- istence in the life of an insect : — the egg, the larva, the pupa, and the imago. These stages may differ so greatly from one another that those who are not acquainted with insects would never suspect their relationship. Until all the stages of an insect are known, it is not possible to say with absolute certainty at what period of its life the insect may be most easily destroyed. Such study as this constitutes economic ento- mology which might be defined as the study of insects injurious to the agricultural and other interests of man w'ith a view to discovering me- thods for preventing or checking their ravages. As a rule such study is laborious and surrounded without difficulties. Many years of observation are often required to trace out the round of life of a single insect. Progress is necessarily slow, and even in those countries w here most attention has been given to the subject comparatively few in- sects have been thoroughly studied. As might be expected the United States leads in the line of research. Her immense agricultural interels have forced her to it. The losses there have also been greatly in excess of any other country, owing 145 Aug. 2, 1897.] Supi^ement to the ''• Troincal AgricxdturhV' principally to the vast areas devoted to special crops and the inaportation of foreign insects. It not infrequently happens that, owing to cli- matic differences, the habits of an insect in one country differ from its habits in another country. In different countries, also, the effects of certain insecticides are different, not only to the insects they are used to destroy but also the foliage. It is therefore often necessary to confirm the habits of an insect when it is found in a new country before advising means for its destruction which have proved successful in other countries, and likewise to demonstrate the efficacy of the insecticide even if the habits of the insect are similar. ^ BLOOD-MANURE. We are accustomed to hear the native cultivators of the Island spoken of as conservative to such a degree that native agriculture i.s practically at a standstill. There are, however, instances in which the charge of conservatism (if it is nothing more) may be laid at the door of their more enlightened brethern, theplanters, whether of coconuts or other products. One instance of this that has been brought to our notice is the chari- ness which is shown in the use of “ new ” manures, new ill the sense that they have not been used on Ceylon plantations. Blood manure is a fertilizer that is not kindly looked on here, though next to the well-known chemical salts, sulphate of ammo- nia and nitrate of soda, it is the most nitrogenous manurial substance. In a (cash) price list of man- ures (drawn up in February of this year) which we received by a late mail, we find the following values given for the three above-mentioned ferti- lizers : Sulphate of ammonia, 95% pure, 20% nitrogen— £7 15s. per ton ; nitrate of soda, 95% pure, 15g% nitrogen — £8 5s. per ton ; and dried blood, 14% nitrogen — £7 per ton. The unit value of nitrogen in each of these man- ures are given as follow’s : Sulphate of ammonia, 7s, 9d. ; Nitrate of soda, iOs, 8d. ; and Dried Blood, lOs. These figures ought to convince the sceptical that Dried Blood is one of our most valuable fer- tilizers, and eminently suitable for perennial crops, for which indeed the two chemical salts are not. Here is a specimen analysis of Dried Blood manure, given in the Agricultural Gazette of New South Wales, made by the Departmental Ana- lyst Moisture Substances volatile at red heat Containing nitrogen 10 08 Equal to ammonia 12’24 11'30 per cent 8093 „ Substances soluble in acid ... 4-31 Phosphoric acid (lU O5) ... -62 Potash ... -42 Lime ... -87 Magnesia ... traces The manure is there valued at £6 15s. per ton, In choosing manures for their nitrogen what should be done is to compare their values after calculating it out by assigning the value per unit to the nitrogen. By doing this, there will be great scope for ])ractising economy in manuring. Blood-manure of excellent quality is now being manufactured locally, and we believe is also being offered much below its real value. We have heard further of a local firm that has facilities for importing dried blood, but that there will be but a poor demand for the fertilizer. MALT COFFEE. From a Consular Report on the trade and finance of Bavaria it appears that a considerable trade is done in that country in the manufacture and sale of a material called “ malt coffee. ” This material is nothing more than barley grain or malted barley (more generally the former) which has been roasted and is then used either alone, as a substi- tute for genuine coffee, or mixed with genuine coffee, just as chicory is, to form a much cheapened article. It appears to be u.sed as a beverage among agricultural labourers in Bavaria, and it has been suggested that, owing to its cheapness, it might advantageously be used by the agricul- tural labouring classes in England, and would at the same time open up a way of further utilizing barley to the benefit of the agriculturist generally as has, it seems, been the case in Bavaria. Th, report above mentioned states that in 1894 the sales of malt-coffee amounted to about 3,800 tonse and increased in 1896 to about 5,200 tons. At the, factory of Messrs. Kathreiner & Co., at Munich, 181 people areenployed, and a new factory engag- ing 162 persons has been opened at Uerdingen ou- tlie Rhine. Malt coffee is sold in packets of different sizes, and it is reckoned that a cup of malt coffee can be made at a cost of one-tenth of a penny. At the request of Sir John Thorold 1 made a che- mical examination of the malt coffee, obtaining some from Germany for the purpose. I made also extracts of this and compared it with similarly- made extracts obtained from genuine coffee and from mixtures of coffee and chicory sold in England under the name of “French ” coffee and “ Swiss ’■ coffee. The malt coffee is richer in nitro- genous matters than the the French or Swis coffee, but has less mineral matter and more fibre. By analysis of extracts of these three as well ns of genuine coffee, the riclier character of the genuine coffee and the inferiority of malt coffee to even the other mixtures was brought out. (We omit the tables of analysis given.) The much larger proportions of nitrogenous matters and of mineral constituents in the genuine coffee come out very clearly in the analyses the “ malt” coffee extract being the poorest of all. Of course, however, the great value of genuine coffee consists in its containing the alkaloid sub- stance caffeine, which is not present in the “malt’ coffee, nor in other substitutes for coffee. The malt coffee is ground in a mill just like ordinary coffee, cold water is then added, and the whole brought up to boiling point. The liquid is then allowed to settle, or is passed through a strainer. The malt coffee is either used alone, or it may be mixed with a certain proportion of coffee and the two boiled together with water. No one taking the malt coffee infusion by itself would be misled into the belief that it was genuine coffee, but Sir John Thorold assures me that labourers on his estate have tried it and found it an agreeable drink. 1 may say that 1 also tried 146 Svp2)lement to the Tropical Jgriculiurist. [Aug. 2, 1S97. the experiment of using it, putting at first only 5 per cent, of the malt coffee to 95 of genuine coffee, and gradually increasing the proportion of malt coffee. Though the coffee was never exactly “ relished ” yet, by varying the admixt ure very gradually, it w^as not until the proportioii of malt coffee had reached 50 per cent, that the pre- sence of some admixture was strongly m.arked. Whether our labouring classes will be content to economise by using this material is, however, very doubtful indeed, though, on the face of it, it would appear just as good to use an article like barley ns to employ chicory for mixing wit h coffee, the mixtures being frequently preferred to the genuine article. I am informed that the practice of making a kind of coffee from barley is not a new one even in this country, but it was given up as the age became more luxurious and the working classes better off. Nor are they 1 think, likely to revert to it, or to provide n stimulus to barley- growing by the hope of the extended use of that grain as a “coffee substance.” — Dr. VoelcJcer in the R.A.S.E. Journal. POTTING FIBRE. , The following is a racy and instructive report by the Government Botanist of the Cape on a sample of “ potting material ‘’—which our readers will at once identify as the patent growing medium which is now in our local markets. The report is one w'hich our local horticulturists, particularly those who go in for horticulture, should carefully read and digest. As for the fibre itself, though there may be no new discovery about it, it cannot be denied that it is wdiat amateur gardeners want, and, if they are willing to pay for it in the con- venient form in which they can get it, well, no- body is hurt The potting material you send is ■very good of its kind, and will doubtless do ex- cellent service in a large class of your propagating work. But there is no new' discovery about it. I daresay all professional gardeners whose work has lain among greenhouse plants, have for fifty years past been accustomed to make up similar compost with coir waste, coconut fibre refuse, as it is called, with decayed sphagnum and fibrous peat. Then all on a sudden, somebody invents it, like n ne'W pill made out of familiar old drugs, pushes it well and makes a good thing of it. To this commercial hanky-panky there is not the slightest objection. And such popularising of trade-processes, and making technical dodges easy for amateurs, has its beneficial side. See now. how this potting fibre business works in practice, Madame sets out her flower-stand at the window with hall-a-dozen geraniums or fuchsias, purchased in high condition fron the nurse, yman. She knows that plants want water, so every morning she pours the best part of a pint of it into each flower-pot with religious regulaiity. You know what happens in a few months. The fuchsias look ready to perish, and begin to drop their leaves; the geraniums stop growing and buckle up. Then the gardener is called in to advise. He knocks the ball of earth out of the pot, and shows Madame that all the roots have been .sidling away from tlie earth, and have made a clo.se network, lining the sides of the pot. He points to the soil compacted at the surface, and 2>erhaps covered with the first stage of moss-growth. His verdict is that the soil has gone “ sour ‘ tlirough inconsiderate over- watering, and says the plant mu.«t be re-potted. His practice is unimpeachable — it must be done — but his theory is all abroad. What is sourness ? A crab-ajjple is sour, last week’s dough, kept over, is sour, so is some very clever people’s wine — dead .sour. But it is hard to see how soil, that i=, eartli, can be such sort of sour, since it presents no aci- dity to the tongue. Tlie fact i<, this gardening phrase is just a manner of speaking, a word with- out an idea, a flash note on the Bank of Ignorance One mustn’t let people think we don’t know. And, as Jlephistopheles waggishly reminded the divinity student, “ i)enn eben wo Begriffe fehlen Da stellt ein Wort ziir rechten zeit sich sin,” It is just where the meaning fails tliat a word comes in so handy. Think a minute, liowever. The constant water-pouring has closely compacted the earth, till at tlie surface it is like w’et mortar, and is quite impervi ous to air. Trickling through the mass, it has long ago dissolved out and carried dow'n into the saucer all the soluble mineral salts required by the plant. Here are the two causes that bring about for the roots asphyxia, or stifling, and starvation. The roots have done what they could. They have crept in a white network close to the side ot the pot, clinging to it because it is porous, and lets in a little air. Had the pot been glazed or made of metal, and therefore not porous, you would have had none of that stratum of root- lets trying to breathe through it. Clearly, the remedy is re-potting in fresh porous mellow earth, full of air and of the small percentage of nitrates, phosphates and potash salts which go to make up plantfs’ mineral food, together with intelligent watering only w’ben it is needed, or rather, keep- ing the soil relatively dry, so as never to drown the air out of it. So, the fuchsias and geraniums take out a new lease of life. And 1 daresay the popularising of potting fibre in one form or another will bring about much better results, in amateur horticulture of the greenhouse sort, than we have been accustomed to see. The fibrous compost will stand a great deal more careless and nn.'skilled use than would the ordinary mould taken haphazard from the borders, and on which many a window-gardener depends with touching simplicity. It is garden soil — what more would you have ? So demand the unskilled. But the potting fibre will help them in spite of themselves, if they only keep their watering cans reasonably quiet, and will bear against'a deal of mismanagement. You ask as to the mineral salts that impregnate the fibre. Well, 1 do not pretend to tell you exactly what is used as the trade process, but if I were asked for a formula of a nutritive solution, I should give the proportions of salts which are used in experimental “ water-cultures,” as they are called. A raealie seed, for example, is caused to germinate at the surface of a solution of certain salts, and with j)i’oi)er care it will grow, blossom, and perfect its fruit. On this most interesting experimental investigation, and the knowledge it leads to, consult Sachs’ “ / ectures on the Physiology of Plants," translated by H. Marshall Ward, Ox- ford, royal 8vo., 1887, pp. 282-295. It will be in Aug. 2, 1897.] Supidement to the “ Tropical Agriculturist. U7 your public library. The formula is about as follows : — Water ... . . 7 gallons. Potassium Nitrate (Nitre) . . 1 oz. Sodium Chloride (Common Salt) 5 oz. Calcium Sulphate (Gypsum) | oz. Magnesium Sulphate (Epsom Salts) ^ oz. Calcium Phosphate, finely pulverised | oz. Here you have every mineral constituent required by a healthy plant, and it is fair to expect that a judicious treatment of your potting fibre with this solution, before use, will result in vigo- rous growth of the plants it carries. The only danger in these trials is that of being too liberal with the chemical ingredients. Remember a very little is food, a little more is medicine, and more still is poison and sudden death. — P.M O. his forefathers aie not necessaiily the best or wisest, though they have been sanctified by the custom cf centuries. So says the Indian Agricul- turist. "When, we ask, is tlie Ceylon Government going to give our goyiyas a fair chance of adopting improved implements in their cultivation ? As a result of experiments made with the “Baby Separator” at the Saidipat Farm, it was found that the amount of butter fat in the milk of cows kept on the College farm a-eraged 4-68 and 3 93 for the morning and evening milk respectively, as against 7‘34 and 4’82 per cent for buffaloe.s’ milk. The percentage of butter fat found in the sepa- rated milk was— morning yield, cows -1.3, buffaloes •12 ; evening yield, cows -13, buffaloes -17. In separating the cream the “Baby Separator” was found to act exceedingly well even with buffalo’s milk, the separation, as in the case cf cow’s milk being, to all intents and purposes, complete. GENERAL ITEMS. The development of the coconut industry out of the Island must in time be expected to, if it is not already doing so, affect the local trade. The Sydney Mail of May 8th records the first shipment of coconut oil manufactured in Australia, the event being calculated by a luncheon given by the manu- facturers. The mill which is turning out the coco- nut oil is said to have cost £60,000. Owing to the deficient supply the mill only worked 10 weeks since January when it commenced work, but during that time 1,600 tons of copra were crushed which yielded, besides a large quantity of oil, 700 tons 01 coconut cake, or, as we called it locally, poonac. The mill is about to be extendetl, and the orders for cake are said to be so great, that night and day work will not overtake them. The coco- nut cake industry is apparently a phenomenal suc- cess, owing to the patronage from dairy fsirmers by whom it is much sought after. The oil is being principally utilized for “sunlight” soap-making. The attempt to introduce improved implements amongst the agriculturists of India is meeting with some success, says the Lahore paper. A new form of plough called the Baldeo plough, alter Baldeo, the head mechanic of the Cawnpore Farm Work- shop, is being bought throughout Northern India; it is cheap and efficient and turns out better work than the old plough. For harrows, water-lifts, and chaff-cutters, of a better type, a demand is com- mencini.i'; and gradually the farmer of Northern India is awakening to the fact that the methods of The proceedings of the Agri-Horticultural So- ciety of India for the months, January to March, 1897, contain some interesting correspondence relative to the Rush-nut (known to botanists under the names of Cyperm bulbosus and Cyperus escnlentus), a very common article of consump- tion among natives of India, to whom it is known by the name of naseru. It comes into season during the hot months, and is then much valued ^or its cooling and nutiitious qualities. The little black, hairy bulb, a'oout the size of a pigeon’s egg, is not pleasant to look upon ; but when the outer skin is removed, theie is < isclosed a crisp, creamy nut, luscious, cool, and sweetish to the taste, with a pleasant flavour all its own. These nuts are rich in albumen, gum, oil, saline matters, and oxide of iron, and our Yankee friends, more appreciative of these virtues than our.^elves, cul- tivate it on a large scale, and manufacture from it the “ Chufas ” coffee and “Chufas” chocolate. Cyperusbulbosush theChilanthi ari.si of theNorthern Province which is there used after grinding into a meal in times of scarcity and at other times also eaten roasted or boiled. The sedge grows freel.y in the Island of Delft. Its close ally is C. rotundus, the Sinhalese Kalanduru, which is a common weed in most parts. The fibre of Hibiscus Tdiaceus (Sinhalese Beli- patta), referred to in the last report of the Di- rector of the Botanic Gardens, is one of the oldest and best known of fibres among the natives, who use it both in the rough and prepared cou- dition as rope. '. «, av'>L ‘-I, . 1-. ■'‘■■■>' >;■ V ■■■ ■■ ■'lit/ •' . , '■•" '■ ■ '■'''■ k^/Si^'SrS* «'■■■"'■ ," ■■ ■• ■ ; '-‘‘i - ' ' V'iil i- M. i- ' ■; -J) ‘.A ■ •*-■ '^^r-zA V’ .n\"' l' ■■'■ ■ ^ ,, . .:. i:t ■■ -j .‘■^.t'Ql*. ■ 7 '^^J ■sc--'- . .:v.;;'i, '•->'• ^ mrL-:- ^ ■- ' =• V V '«r', - 2< >1 .1? . •j'j.T"' r-'.ij i:t (K>'j • i'-‘ '■ -■•-I--. ; t<'7 ^<-'. ••'« *-..»>-• i I- -f*- -s - . r/ » , 5-V ,- - 1^'. .' ' , '"■; / ^<■'7 -/ ;..-V'- y,7 ’ ' ’ 'y'' -' J -'i'ity i‘ ‘ - .. ■ ■ ■' ■' ;r;/.. •).<■ - ' -■; M-'; - .' ■>' ■'Ar'tl i'. ^'/ .. ■. i . iii'.' T«J' -'V - , ■ JSC.n« ♦ i.I * -.. ' # -i ■: J'f' V - v.r .yiM* . ...ivsiwi-'. . - '■'(#.7 ft;! ' . i' ui^'.^Vi" ■ -ut« - :■'■}■■' /iill’i-. Xu7i- ’O' •' ■ •^OisS’i'A i'" ■■.■li'T.' ;.^ ■ .■iiiU.b'u:-'.'^- ■' " .•i'<'- «^i.> ■Ci,'. {Wi ■''' v;7: ■“■ - ti'sjfakr y ;v ' ■• >• tTW.!::;?;:! -■ ' ' o;Iy;tin X- ' ■ ■ ^ 77 ' "" .-■ '. -J : '■■ - y - '■'» r-', ?»■ > y';\^ '. *■ .■Jt'-'Ui '.^ r. - .■ ' ■ 1 l:^ ' u' .• -t » *• ' > ' ^ ■ ?i .•,r>'"' J. ' ■'■' - 3, . !*?.:'> ;;'vt ; / i ALEXANDER HARPER. 4:? '■if ■' '■ J - ' I i f V^r - m Vi, V ■ iX' * J *.X t..' -e€ - - ii':’ X- ■ ' ^'' " ■'• ' ' •' ' yrA H P'K'K,' iwi'-’.. VNTOi ANij, lifllSCKAXi' ;a , • • • • A ; Ai, ■ ' 1 ''' '4'j{'' i r: '‘.' --■• . ;|ti "a,: ;:». ■t;j*'>>'; -1 -'V;, ;■ ;i- .'-' ffSaA! ■;•■■.■■■;•■'. ■- A--'. -Yi'f . - _ W- ■ ■ A ^..^si! lo '■ }■ '- ■ -tp i - AjVr^.^O; V -;j5 " ' i i . '. ;. . . V •i'-il ;v^v"V ti/; "i:; A -V: :+i->-.ry •. -■-.'-.Y.-f.'*'.*-r> \ ' ‘':'’;;'':yl:>'pi/i . • V'^ s4g!!J-‘-‘A* .'■ iff A. V,;-,; - ',.. 'y ■ > j-" '•■■=■■• ' . '-V"'''- • ■ ^ it.','.,,.., r" ^v;. ' "'; -.' ^?'*i'iA' •' "' .V. f Jij.'i ^pf- •'■;•- A. ;ii '•■■■ ' ^ -y ■ - ,' -A:' ; ’ ■■* 'y f ’.'V'Ar ^ iy-'l-yi ii- . " -^'-A-C I, :5^ !’ VjA"-VA it ^5S»'j vf„- ■ . -fe|iP [sr 'V *; i-j AW .- V-AVV;':, r5.>:- .»; ' ■• -■■■■■ ■■■'a>-:; ' a, V. ■ aa ■ V y > . ^ "■ 'V ivf’V ' " .4 -J Vol. XVII.] COLOMBO, SEPTEMBER isx, 1897. [No. 3. “PIONEERS OF THE PLANTING ENTERPRISE IN CEYLON." (Second Series.) ALEXANDER LI A R P E R, J. P. PLANTER AND MERCHANT 1849— 1889i HE gentleman, wliose portrait we present this month, is not one of whom much can be said ; for, although an oldand respected Colonist in his day and emphatically a Planting, Pioneer, he was among the most modest and unobtrusive of men, and as a lelative has stated to us, — exceed- ingly reticent about himself. The district with which he wasmost identified is Matale East, where he came to own as well as manage the Mousakande Estate, before he was induced by Mr. George Wall to become a partner in his firm, and to do much of the work of visiting and inspecting the estates for which the Firm had the Agency. But to begin at the beginning— and to give the purport of one or two slight sketches of Mr. Harper’s career as put before us — M'e learn that Mr. Harper was born in the Parish of Birse, Aberdeenshire, of very respectable parents, his fatlier being a man who took a firm stand for moral and religious life, at a time when evangelical doctrines and practice in those parts were rather dead. From a lawyer’s office in Edinburgh young Harper came out to Messrs. Crowe & Co.,* Colombo — then inter- ested in planting as well as import business, — and * Better known as Messrs. Crowe, Orabbo and Chris- tian in the “forties” until Mr. Christian joined Messrs, J. M. Robertson & Co. and Mr. Crabbe re- turned to London, when the firm became A. & R. Crowe & Co. — Ed. T.A. was engaged in planting in several places. For sometime he was at work in theGalle district open» ing coffee land, but it turned out unsuitable. After that he was connected with the old “ Ceylon Plantations Co.,” in Elkadua, and then went into business with George Wall and Captain Jolly, doing generally the Visiting Agent’s work when Mr. Wall was in Colombo. Mr. Harper returned to Scotland in 1862, and for four years was Captain of Volunteers, making a most efficient officer ; and then in 1869 when' his first wife, — daughter of Andrew Cros.«, Esip. , Sheriff, Substitute of Perthshire, and a sister of Mr, A. L. Cross, so \vell-known and i-espected in Ceylon, — died, the widower returned to Ceylon and resided till 1872 on Mousakanda Estate in Ma- tale East. Illness coin])elled him in that year to leave for Europe, and he never afterwards returned to the Island. In 1874, he sold his interest in Mousakanda to George Wall & Co., and in that same year, or early in 1875, Mr. Harper married for the second time, his bride being Miss Reid, eldest daughter of the Rev. W. Reid of Banchory- Ternan, Aberdeenshire. By hi.s first marriage, Mr. Harper had one daughter, who became the wife of Dr. Leslie Milne now of Caledon, Cape Colony, son of the Rev. Dr. Milne, Parish Minister of Fyvie, Aberdeenshire ; and one daughter and son by his second wife, but the boy died in infancy. One of the most interesting parts of Mr. Harper’s life was his residence and work in Italy. After his second marriage he resided a 150 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [Sept, i, 1897. few years in Edinburgh, and then in 1879 he and his family went to Rome and passed the winters there till 1884, when Mr. Harper bought a small property “ Torre el Praeto ” near Florence, and spent tlie rest of his life there save for occasional visits to Scotland. Mr. Harper was much interested in agriculture in Italy, and began to pay special attention to the cultivation of Olives and Vines; but his health failed, and after a trying illness of five months, he passed away in April 1889. Physically, Mr. Alexander Harper Avas one of the many line strong young men that came from Aberdeenshire in the “forties and fifties.” He has told Mr. A. L. Cross that Avhen he first arrived in Ceylon, he could fell forest alongside of the very best Kandyan axemen ; and so active did he continue in his habits that Avhen he became a Visitina Agent he Avould often turn up at estates 20 miles from Kandy, Avhile the Superintendent was preparing to muster his coolies in the early morning. To the last his interest in Ceylon was Avarm and deep, though there can be but fcAV in the Isl uid now Avho can recall the tall manly form of the late Mr. Alexander Harper. One heats a great deal in the present day of Social Brotlier- hood ; but Ave fancy (from all we have heard — not from himself of course, but from others) of Mr. Harper’s good deeds, that there have been few men Avho made it more their aim to keep the helping hand always outstretched than the late Mr. Alexander Harper : — ’Tis ever wrong to say a gootl man dies. Agricultural Pests : WITH METHODS OF PREVENTION, BY MISS E. A. ORMEROD (Late Consulting Entomologist to the Royal Agricultural Society of England.) (Concluded.) VHI.— LiATtE Fluke, &c. Slugs are injurious to almost CA'ery kind of crop. They belong to the division Mollusca. The true slugs may be generally described (when extended or in movement) as being long, more or less spindle- shaped, cylindrical or tumid, head prominent, “tenta- cles” (commonly known as horns) four in number, and two eyes placed on the tips of the uppermost pair of horns. When at rest or alarmed they draw themselves together into a lump. The field, or milky slug, L. agrestis, is a somewhat spindle-shaped kind, about an inch and a third long, grey in colour, and Avith milky slime, and is very common. The Arions, or black slugs, are distinguishable by the skin being Avrinkled, and the shield on the back shagieened. Avion ater is as much as four inches long. The colour of these two kinds of Arions is very variable, and they are stated to lay their eggs seperately under ground. One very important point to be considered in methods of prevention is the circumstance that the slug can exude slime, so that it can “ moult off, ” as it were, a coating of lime, or other obnoxious dressing thrown on it, and thus (quite getting rid of it together with the slime) be no worse for one application of any ordinay dressing This moult- ing the slug can do a few times successively, but after the operation has been repeated two or three (or at least a very few times), the creature requires an invertal to regain the power ; the slime reser- voirs, or power of exuding slime, are exhausted for the time being, and the obnoxious dressing consequently takes effect on the skin of the slug and kills it. Where there is bad slug-attack in fields, attention is particularly needed to these points. On un- occupied land, such a heavy dressing of gas-lime, or quicklime or salt, may be put on, that wher- ever the slug crawls there is the obnoxious stuff, and it soon loses its slime-producing power and perishes. But very often, where crops are infested lime is only thrown in the middle of the day, or at any convenient time, just when the slugs are sheltered from the dressings falling on them, and as it soon slacks it does very little towards getting rid of the infestation. I have seen the slug resting as comfortably in the slacked lime as it Avould under a stone. Or again, if one dressing is given in the morning, or when the slugs are out at feed, it often happens that it is not followed up by another before the slugs can protect themselves. To do good the dressing should be thrown in the evening, when the slugs are at feed, and again the following morning. If the slugs should re-appear next evening, the dressing should be given again ; but if it has been properly, applied, probably there will be no need. One or more kinds of the marsh, or water snails play a most seriously injurious part as “hosts” of the liver fluke of sheep, during the early stages of its life. The Limnanis truncatulus is the kind which is especially recorded as infested by the fluke in its early stages. Regarding presence of infestation in the L. joereger, there has been difference of opinion. These marsh snails wander about, and both kinds are nearly amphibious ; they may be found in damp grass as well as in pools. During the years in which I had personal know- ledge of habits of LinmKus at Sedbury Park, in West Gloucestershire, L. pereger was excessively pre- valent in small held ponds or drinking places, where floating water plants, weeds round the bank, and more or less mud, according to weather or season, gave every encouragement to their increase; but we only met with the truncatulvs in one of these small pools. It AVould have been of considerable scientific interest (if we could have had technical examination by an expert) to find whether, in circumstances so congenial to pereger, the fluke infestation was perfected in it up to maturity, which it does not appear to reach in this species of snail, as observed in captivity. But, as a coincidence at least (whether of this, or of, great amount of rabbit presence), our sheep were constantly affected by rot to so serious an extent that it was stated by the bailiff he “ never killed one with a sound liver.” Neither snails nor flukes are connected with insect life, but this one parasitic attack is given in some degree of detail as an example of the very different successive forms which some of our farm infestations go through, and also of the very different localities in which they are to be found during their progress to ma- turity. The following information is abridged from the history of the liver fluke, recorded from his own observations by Prof. A. P. Thomas. — “ The liver fluke. Fasciola hepatica, lives in livers of various vertebrate animals, and, in this country, especially of sheep, as well as of rabbits and hares ; it averages from about an inch to an inch and a quarter in length, and in shape may be described as not un- like a little sole, in width about half its length, flat, and largest towards the head end. At the tip of Sept, i, 1897.) THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. its head part is placed the mouth, in the middle of small sucker, and at the point where the head joins the flat body, on the lower surface, is another sucker. The colour is pale brown. The eggs, which are brownish and excessively minute, are passed dow’n from the liver to the intestines, and thus distri- buted with the droppings of the infested animals. If the eggs fall in favourable circumstances for hatoiiing (that is, warm weather on wet and marshy ground, or are washed into ditches or ponds), the embryo within develops in a period which may be of from two or three weeks to two or three months, according to temperatrrre ; then the contained embryo pushes off one end of the egg- shell, and swims away with great rapidity and ac- tivity. This embryo is described by Prof. A. P. Thomas, in his minutely recorded observations from life of this infestation, as being only about l-200th of an inch in length , that is, almost too minute to be visible to the naked eye, and in shape not unlike a sugar loaf. In the centre of the largest end is a peg-like projection which is used as a boring tool, and can be withdrawn, or greatly thrust out, at pleasure. The embryo darts and circles about in the water, large and foremost, and if, in the course of its movements, it meets with the water snail (Lininceiis truncatulus), it at once commences operations. It inserts its borer, and, spinning round and round on itself in the water so as to work the point in like a centre -bit, squeezes its way into the substance of the snail. Here the embryo settles into almost still life, and changes into an oval form, which, when complete, is known as a sporo-cyst, that is, a “cyst,” or a bag or bladder, of germs. Within this bag, so to call it, about ten germs develop, known as “redise.” Each redia as it is developed makes its way out of the sporo-cyst, and being furnished with a mouth and intestine, and two projections that answer the pur- pose of legs, it feeds on, and makes its way about within, the liody of the snail. Up to this point it will be seen there are four distinct stages of fluke life — the egg : the free swim- ming embryo ; the quiet form of the sporocyst, al- tering to a mere bag of developing germs ; and the germs called rediie, free from the bag, and feeding on the snail, which ultimately (for the most part) sinks under the parasitic attack. Continuing the history from the same observations, it is shown that in each of these rediae there form (as in the sporo-cyst before mentioned) a number of germs, but different to these in shape. The germs (the redise) that formed in the sporo-cyst are long and narrow, about the sixteenth of an inch in length, and about one-fifth of their length in width ; but the germs which form within the redi® are exceedingly like tadpoles, being oval and flat, and furnished with long slender tails more than twice the length of the body. These “fluke tadpoles,” so to call them, are tech- nically called cercari®, meaning animals with tails. On the escape of each cercaria from the redi® in which it was formed, it makes its way from the body of the snail into the water (if in a pond or ditch), but shortly attaches itself to water plants, or whatever may be accessible. There it draws it- self up into a round ball, exudes a gummy secretion, wags its tail violently, till at last the appendage, which has now ceased to be useful, is thrown off, and the gummy substance hardening, the cercaria remains within the covering as a little white spot on the plants, or on the locality to which it has attached itself. It is mentioned, however, by Prof. Thomas that “ if the infested snails are crawling on the margin of a ditch or over a damp field, the cercari®, on leaving the snail, at once proceed to form their envelopes or cysts at the bottom of the grass, and so attach themselves to the stalks or leaves near the roots.” The next step completes the circle of infestation. When the grass, to which the white speck-like cysts containing the young liver flukes adhere, is eaten by the sheep, or other suit- able hosts (as rabbits or hares &c.), the young fluke comes out of the covering, and passes to the liver 151 of its host, increasing in bulk, after being swallowed, from about the eightieth of an inch, to the adult length of an inch or an inch and a third. Amongst methods of prevention and remedy men- tioned by Prof. Thomas are the following : — Care must be taken to avoid introducing eggs of the fluke either with manure, or with fluke sheep, or in any other way. Rabbits and hares must not be allowed to introduce the eggs. Cressings of lime, or salt, should be spread over the ground at the proper seasons, to destroy the em- bryos, the cyst of the fluke, and also the snail, which acts as ‘ host. ’ Sheep must not be allowed to graze closely, for the more closely they graze, the more fluke germs will they pick up. When sheep are allowed to graze on dangerous ground, they should have a daily allowance of salt, and a little dry food. Amongst the details of treatment, of which the above is an abstract, is the observation : — “ The freedom from lot of sheep feeding on salt marshes is well known, and is now shown to be due to the poisonous action of the salt on the embryos, sporo- cyst, redia, cercaria, and cyst, and to its similar action on Limnaus tmncatnlus itself. Even a weak solution of salt in water (containing only | per cent, of salt) proves fatal to this snail. This principle of prevention would be especially applicable where (as in the instance, before men- tioned, in West Gloucestershire) it was the custom to have exceedingly small ponds or cisterns of mason work open to the field on one side and very shallow, and only a few yards square. Prom the immense quantity of weed or grass growth in or at the edges of these so-called “ cattle-drinks, ” and sometimes the quantity of mud (which is stated to be the especial place of deposit of spawn of the Livmceus truncatulus), there was every circumstance that was good for shelter, or propagation, of either tmncatulus or iireger ; and in circumstances like these a very small outlay on salt would carry destruction with it to the snails and the fluke embryos in the water. Clearing the various vegetable trash, and sprinkling some salt on the mud and into the water, would cost little, and from the details given would, in many cases, strike in emhyo at infestation which presently, when dispersed over the field, would be far more difficult to deal with. THE END. ARECA-NUT CULTIVATION IN INDIA. IN THAN A. The betel-nut is grown largely in Thana, Bombay. The best nuts are carefully selected in October, and dried in the sun ; unhusked nuts are considered best for seed. They are planted in a well-ploughed plot of land in pits three inches wide and three inches deep, and at a distance apart of from six inches to a foot. For the first three months the young palm is watered at least every fourth day, and afterwards every third day. When the plants are a year or a year and-a-half old they are fit for planting out. The selling price of young plants varies from 6 pies to 1 anna. The betel palm usually grows in red soil, but it flourishes best in sandy soil that remains moist for sometime after the rains. Before planting the young palm, the ground is ploughed, levelled and weeded, and a water channel is dug six inches deep and a foot and a-half wide. The pits 9 inches deep and two feet wide are dug at least four feet apart, nearly full of earth, but not quite full, so that water may lie in them where the soil allows ; plaintains are grown in the beds to shade the young palms. Except during the rainy season, when water is not wanted, the young trees are watered every second day for the first five years and after that every third or fourth day. During the rains the manure is sometimes given. The cost of betel-nut cultivation in Thana is calcu- lated as follows : — An acre entirely given to betel palms would, it is estimated, hold 1,000 trees. The 152 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [Sept, i, 1897. totrl cost of rearing 1,000 betel palms for five years — thai i’, until they begin to yield — is about £127. 13s., including compound interest at 9 per cent. After five years a thousand trees are estimated to yield about £50 a year, from which, after taking £18 14s. for watering assessment and wages and £11 9s. Xl\d. as interest at the rate of 9 per cent on £127 13s., there remains a net estimated profit of £19 16s. 3|f?., or 15-52 per cent. IN BENG.VL The supari, or betel-nut is common in Eastern Ben- gal, especially in Tipperah, Backergunge, and Dacca; and its cultivation is very profitable to proprietors of land. It bears fruit in the eighth year, and is most productive from that time to the sixteenth year, when the produce falls off. The nuts are gathered in Nov- ember. Betel-nut cultivation is very extensive, especially in the Police circles of Tubkibagara and Hajigunge, A considerable trade in this article is carried on with Dacca, Naraingunge, and Calcutta. The cultivators of the palm usually own a large piece of ground, slightly raised above the level of the surrounding country, and surrounded by ditches. In the centre of this they build their dwellings, and all round them they plant betel-nut trees. An acre of land will obtain about 3,000 trees. When first planted the betel-nut requires to be protected from the sun ; for this purpose rows of madar trees are planted bet ■ een the lines of betel-nut trees, and the growth of jungle is encouraged. When the betel-nut trees have grown strong, and no longer require the shade, the cultiva- tors are too lazy and thoughtless to remove the jungle; and the result is that whole pergunnahs which were once fully cultivated are now covered with dense jun- gle, in which even the betel-nut trees cannot grow ; while thousands of the inhabitants have been swept away by cholera and malarious fever of a very viru- lent type. The unliealthiness of the neighbourhood of betel-nut plantations is variously attributed to the dense jungle and under-giowth above mentioned, to the exhalations from the trees, and to the malarious gases generated by decomposing vegetable matter in the ditches surrounding the plantations. The betel-nut trees grow to a height of about CO feet ; and in some pergunnahs they are cultivated to such an extent as to almost entirely exclude rice cultivation, — The Indian Agriculturist. PLANTING IN JAVA. TE.V— AR.4BIAN COFFEE— LIBERIAN COFFEE. We m^ntionel lately that the M. BI. steamer “ Oceanien ” brought back to Ceylon, after a visit to the Straits, Mr. John W. B. Davidson, engineer of Messrs. Walker, Sons & Co., who set out in May last, chiefly with the object of doing business for his firm in the way of supplying oofiee machinery to the planters in Java. Leaving here by P. & 0. steamer in Blay, he made no stay at Singapore, but took the first steamer to Batavia, which he reached on the 27th of May. Prom Batavia he visited the tea dis- tricts, situated at an elevation of about 3,500 feet, and which are reached by means of a narrow-gauge railway in three hours. This railway he describes as very suitable to the needs of the country and the trains only capable of improvement in being furnished with a refreshment car, as the Ceylon tr.ains are, instead of the refreshment arrangements being confined to a few stations on the route. His halting-place was Tjiwangie estate, a place of over 1,600 acres owned by a company, but having an Englishman, who is a part proprietor, i < charge. Here he made his head- quarter.s, and, going round the district, he says, he saw TEA THAT SURPRISED HIM very much indeed. “The growth and appearance of the bushes,’’ he remarked, “ were a great way ahead of anything 1 had seen in Ceylon in that time ; in fact, tea 18 months old was something similar to the tea here three years old. The soil was far superior to the Ceylon soil, and they do not bother about weeds, and neither have they to manure. I must say I am rather surprised that more Englishmen do not go there, for there are only two Englishmen in the place that I know of. and they are keen on getting some of their fellow-countrymen there. I suppose I visited nine or ten estates in that district— all good, and fur- nished with well-equipped factories. Their process of manufacture is not like ours ; they do not go in for withering to the same extent that we do, their tea being sun-dried, which entails a lot of work, and does not give good results. A fair proportion of the tea I saw was in full bearing. ARABIAN COFFEE. After leaving there I went to the East of Java, where there is nothing grown except Arabian coffee. This part is where Mr. Turing Mackenzie is, but I did not meet him, and only made a short visit there. LIBERIAN COFFEE. I next went to Samarang, where there is a great deal of Liberian coffee planted, and I saw it in various stages of growth, and noted that there was a great deal of disease amorgst the trees. I also saw a quantity of cocoa ; but this year’s crop is an utter failure, owing to disease. I rode through a great many miles of coffee, planted by Government, which struck me as a novelty. The Government there plant up coffee, and what they grow is gathered by natives and pulped in the native villages. While going through the same district I saw some very fine teak forests. The Government goes in largely for planting teak trees, and lets out the forests to different people after the trees are in condition for felling. It was all beautiful teak wood. Then I returned to the tea district again, and visited one or two of the estates I had not previously seen, and then returned to Ceylon, having given up the idea I had of visiting Sumatra, and having practically also abandoned, for want of time, my visit to other parts of the Straits, though I called at Penang on the way down. Liberian coffee in Java is in a bad way at present, owing to low prices, as it barely fetches half what it did last year. Only the really first-class estates are maintaining the old high prices, and there is a great deal of disease about. Those who have Arabian coffee are still getting good prices, and there is some very good Arabian coffee in the place. I saw some over 109 years old and still bearing fairly well ; but Liberian has gone down in price, and the disease trouble cannot be accentuated too much. Mr. Davidson added that, professionally, his trip was a success, and his firm will be occupied for some time yet in executing the orders he brought back with. — Local “Times.” Fever in Plants. — Mr. H. M. Richards, who has previously studied the effect of wounds on plant- respiration. now describes f Annals of Botany, xi., 29) a course of experiments on the evolution of heat by wounded plants. He finds that accompanying the increased rate of respiration is an increase in the temperature of the pirts affected. A kind of fever supervc.ies, and as in the case of respiration, the disturbance runs a definite course, and attains its maximum some twenty-four hours after injury. It is interesting to note that the atte npt to rally from an injury is accompanied by somewhat the same symptoms, increased rate of respiration and evolution of heat, in plants as in animals. Owing to the nature of the case the re-action is less obvious in the former than in the latter, and a delicate thermo-electric element was required to appreciate the rise in tem- perature; but compared with the ordinary tempera- ture of plants in relation to the surrounding medium, the rise after injury is “ as great, if not greater than in animals.” The maximum in all the plants in- vestigated w'as between two and three times the ordinaiy excess above the surrounding air. Potatoes proved tie most satisfactory objects for experiment, and it was found that in massive tissues (such as Potatoes or Radishes afford) the effect of injury was local, whereas in the case of leaves (e.g.. Onion-bulbs) a much greater extent of tissue was sympathetically affected. — Natural /Science. Sept, i, 1897.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 153 OUT WITH THE INDIA-RUBBER GATHERERS. INDIA-RUBBER : ITS COLLECTION AND CULTIVATION IN NICARAGUA. By Rowland W. Cater. At or near the mouth of all the large rivers on the Mosquito Coast will be found the bungalow of a trader, generally English or American, fitted up as a shop, and stocked with cloth, tinned and other provisions, rope, tobacco, runa, gunpowder, and similar necessaries. When the unsophisticated Indian from the interior has collected a canoe-load of Jungle-produce, such as rubber, vanilla beans, sarsaparilla, herons’ feathers, gold, deer, Jaguar, and puma skins, &c., he pays a visit to the trader, and an exchange of commodities is promptly effected. Hard cash plays a very small part in these transactions. In due course the merchant ships the produce to New York or London, reaping a profit of — I am almost afraid to say ho v much per cent. — two or three hundred perhaps. At any rate the trader speedily makes a fortune large enough to recompense him for his banishment from some more civilised country. Many of these merchants are large employers of labour in the shape of mahogany cutters and rubber collectors. The men, Indians and Caribs mostly, bind themselves to a patron for a certain period and become practically serfs. The laws regulating these ‘ mozos matriculados,’ as they are called, are very severe and strictly enforced. The patron or master supplies provisions, implements and perhaps a small sum of money in advance, and each mozo is constrained to be diligent, and to return with the fruits of his labour at the expiration of the term. Rubber gather- ers (huletos) are obliged to deliver one half of their caucho to their employer and to sell him the re- mainder at the current market price, less the value of the provisions, &c., previously advanced. But the patron almost invariably keeps a shop. He does not pay for the huleros’ share of the rubber in cash, but mostly in goods. Consequently all the evils of the truck system are rampant. A large proportion of the rubber exported from Nicaragua comes from the Prinzapulca district. At the mouth of the Prinzapulca River — called Apulca in some maps — there is a village where scarcely a week passes without the arrival or departure of huleros, and there I found myself during my travels on the Mosquito Coast. My host was one of the principal traders, an American, whom I will call Hayes. In his employ were many rubber collectors, so that I experienced no difficulty in making arrange- ments to accompany a gang into the interior. This comprised six men, four Mosquito Indians of pure blood and two Caribs of negro type. We started at daybreak in the usual frail dug-out, and at nine o'clock the following morning reached the point from which the huleros intended to take to the woods. Disembarking, we concealed the canoe in a sedge thicket, and after a meal of boiled rice and salmon, set out across a sandy plain in the direction of a coneshaped hill. .lose, one of the Caribs, informed me that the rubber trees are usually found in groups of twenty or thirty, and that he had often tiavelled for days together without discovering a single one. ‘ Dis tilin', sah,’ he added, ‘ we go straight to big lot. See dem long time ago.’ But Josd was unaware of what the elements had in store for us. A belt of forest intervened between the plain and the hill which was our landmark. I noticed pine trees, cedar, oak, and mahogany, interspersed with wild cherries and cacao, oeibas, or silk-cotton trees, and here and there a guayava, not unlike an apple tree, but with more foliage. This is the white guava, from tbe fruit of which the famous jelly is made. It grows to a height of twenty feet, and is to be found in many dry jungles as well as in almost every garden or patio. The apple- shaped fruit is a little larger than a hen’s egg, smooth, and somewhat resembling a small lemon when ripe. Inside is an aromatic pulp full of small white seeds. The red guava of the West Indies is more acid and less agreeable. We had cut our way through some miles of this forest, and had just reached a part where the undergrowth and creepers were less dense, when one of the Indians stopped suddenly and uttered an ex- clamation. A peculiar sound, between a moan and a sigh, was creeping through ihe woods ; the tops of the trees were in motion ‘ Huracan, senor !’ shouted the Indian in a tone of alarm, and all set off running as fast as they could. I followed, buffeted by branches and climbing plants, and torn by thorns at every step. It was a desperate race to get into the open and out of danger before the dreaded hurricane should over- take us. In speed I was no match for those practised woodmen. They left me behind. The forest swailowed them up. But I could hear their shouts and the crashing of bushes as they tore their way, and 1 struggled on until I could run no longer. In a cleft of a big rock on the outskirts of the wood I crouched and waited for the storm to pass. It came quickly. The murmur swelled -to a roar. The sky grew black almost as night. Branches and twigs fell in showers. Great trees bent and swayed as reeds, groaning like giants in torture. Soon crash followed swiftly on crash as the oider monarchs of the forest were swept down. Some stripped of every branch, defied the fearful blast’ comparatively sale in their nakedness. Others were torn up entire, and carried yards away from the great pit their roots had left behind. But while the tornado raged, even if I had dared to look out from my place of refuge, it would have been im- possible to distinguish anything, except perhaps when a flash of lightning revealed the hurtling mass of leaves and branches overhead and all ai-ound. As suddenly almost as it came, the hurricane swept onward and passed, followed in its course by myriads of twigs and small boughs, drawn for- ward it seemed by suction. For long afterwards these floated in the direction taken by the storm resting apparently on the thick cloud of dust which seemed to reach from the ground to the tops of those trees that had withstood the storm. No hurricane so terrific had visited Central America for many years, but luckily it was confined to the coast. Adjectives are of small use to describe its effects. These provided the Indians with a topic of conversation for months, and very marvellous were some of their stories. An old irrrii walking beside a river was said to have been lifted up and deposited on the opposite bank. An Indian who bad lost his horse discovered it in the fork of a tree thirty feet from the ground and was compelled to fell the tree to recover it! Whether it remained sound in wind and limb the more or less veracious chronicler omitted to state Another found in his garden a row of banana trees which he had not possessed before. Great was the mystery until the owner of an hacienda many miles away identified them as his property. Some of the tales might be true — Quien sabe? Nobody is oblio-ed to believe them. But I can testify that the hurricane was a very bad one, as also do the many wrecks remaining to this day on the beach near the month of the Prinzapulca and other rivers. Pushing on over the debiis, I eventually reached the hill, and tliere found the huleros, who had sheltered in a cave with which they were acquainted. From the hill top the keen-sighted fellows marked down several clumps of rubber trees not in ihe track of the hurricane and set out in couples to lan them. I accompanied Jose' and Pete, the Caribs both of whom spoke English after a fashion of their own. Here I should observe that the best and purest rubber comes from the great forests intersected by the Amazon and its many branches. It is known 154 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. as Par^ rubber, and is obtained from several species of Hevea. The India-rubber plant of our green- houses is Ficus elastica of India, generdly epiphytic, the seeds germinating at the top of forest treesi whence are sent down numerous aerial i orts. Rubber' or caoutchouc as it is called commercially, is also obtained from species of Manihot, Landolphia, Willughbeia, ears to remove, and most likely ruin the piopiietor'm the end, It seems doubtful whether a system of small proprietors is calculated to properly develei) a coffee country, because the cost of supervi- bion falls with undue weight on a small estate, Supei;- visiori is generally calculated at the rate of Re. 1 tier acre, and when this charge is distributed ov r in estate of from 300 to 500 acres it does not become an undue burden, but if the estate is only 50 or bO acres in size this rate is not sufficient for the main- tenance of the Superintendent. Whatever, therefore, is paid to him in excess is so much taken from what ought to be spent on the estate itself. Ihis, therefore, would seem to account tor the lact that with a favourable climate, excellent soil, cheap labour (3 as per diem) and the vicinity of a radway, Shevarov planters as a rule are not so prosperous as as one would expect them to be. Here again the &ov- erniiiciit seems to have done very little towards help- itif? ill® enterprise. Only now, after more than half a c uuiry of planting industry, has it been decided TO BUILB A CART ROAD, nncl until that is made every ihing has to be carried up the ghaut by coolies. The only representative of the lavy on the hills is a Native Deputy Tahsildar, and ihere is no Rank or rovernnient Treasury from wliich the planters can draw money to pay their workmen, Ac. In this res- roportion of from 12 to 15 per cent, of pea-berry of fine quality. Mr. Hawes quotes an estimate of the cost of esta- blishing and maintaining a coffee plantation of 75 acres from the first to the seventh year. The pur- * Mr. 0. Metcalfe, we feel sure, cannot recall the early days of Ceylon ? We have no volcanic soil which makes a big difference, but Dumbera often gave over 1,0001b. per acre of coffee.— Ed. 7’.M. chase of 100 acres of Government land will cost §1,000. The Manager's salary is set down a:, §l,2O0 a year. Six Japanese are employed in the first two years, nine in the four following years, and twelve in the seventh year. The estate should give 20,000lb. of coffee of the value of §3,600 in the third year; 60,000 lb., of the value of §10,800 in the fourth year ; and 85,000 lb., of the value of §15,300, in the fifth year. This will suffice to clear all the working outlay up to date. This sixth year is calculated to yield 100,000 lb., of the value of §9,085 ; and the seventh year 125,000 lb., of the value of §11,680. At the end of the seventh year the balance at the credit of the plantation should it is said, be upwards of §21,000. The above yields are stated to Ije far below what may be attained by tliorou h cultivation and fertilising. The estimates were compiled by the local Commissioner of Agri- culture, and Mr, Hawes says that they may be relied upon as correct. He adds that fairly good coffee land can often be leased in the islands from private individuals at from 2 to 4 dollars per acre, for terms varing from 20 to 25 years, and that this method of obtaining land does not necessitate the holder becoming a denizen of the country. — J/. J/ai7. LEASING OF VIHAKE LANDS. A conespoiident enquires — “Do you know if there has been an extension of time for leasing Vihare lauds allowed? I have an idea that tliere has been a Minute .sanctioning leasing of such lands for .50 year.s. Can you say if I am right? Without such an extension few people would care to have such lands, at any rate for any (lermaneut ju’oduct sucli as coconuts.” Under the inovisions of “The Bnddliist Tem- poralities Ordinance 1880 and 180.5,” the Ti nstee of a Buddhist temple may with the sanction of the Provincial Committee, and for such rent and subject to sncli conditions as tliey sliall deem reasonahle, lease frn- any term not exceeding 50 years, all or any of the lands vested in him ; provided that wdienever a Trustee sh.all, with the consent of the Provincial Committee, he desirous of leasing any land for a period of more than 20 vears, the sanetiju of the District Judge of the District in which such land is situated, sliall first be had and obtained by him for that purpose. There is no later regulation thatwwe are aware ot. Good Old Times, — In the good old days of China tea some sixty years ago, the duty was 2s Id per lb., and the range of prices per lb. in bond was as follows ; Bohea 2s 101, Congou common Is to Is 4d, strong Is Gd to 2s, Pekoe kinds Is lOd to 2s 8d, Souchong Is Id to 2s Id, Caper Is Id to Is 5d, fine Orange Pekoe 2s 6d to 3s 6d. The retail price of tea ranged in 1837 from 6s 4d to 14s. This was of course before the days of Indian tea. To those who remember the difficulty experienced over twenty years ago in procuring Indian tea from the shop of the tea retailer the fol- lowing passage from the last issue of the Oroccr shows the changes brought about by time. “As China is now- making strenuous efforts to as-similate her pro- duce to that grown in India and Ceylon, it becomes,” says the organ from which we quote, “ all the more necessary for British planters to turn out tea of extra good quality ; for it is the undoubted excellence of their productions, adapted to the peculiar tastes and made to suit the palates of consumers at home, that his enabled them to achieve so signal a victory over their Chinese rivals as has been shown for many years past, and it is to be hoped that nothing on the part of the British tea-grovvers will be left undone to preserve tlieir old reputation for successfully building up a gigantic industry, and thus maintain the pres- tige of their favourite product.” — II. & C, Mail, June 25. Sept, r, 1897.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 165 SCALE PESTS (ON COFFEE ESPECIALLY) AND LADY BIRDS. At the last Annual Meeting of the U, P. A. S. I., attention was called to the success which had attended Professor Koebele’s attempts to combat the scale pests whicli destroyed the Coffee plantations in Hawaii, and a Resolution was passed .askin" tlie Mailras Government to com- municate witli tlie Commissioner of Agriculture, Hawaii, with a view to secuiino- the services of Professor Koebele for a short period for the pur pose of investigating the insect pests which attack coffee in Southern India. The iMadras Government undertook to do this, and in a letter to the Commissioner of Agriculture, Hawaii, asked for information on the following points : — (1) as to the results obtained from the experiments which have been conducted. (2) as to the approximate cost obtaining a con- signment of lady birds for experimental purposes in Madras and th-: source from which to procure such a consignment, and (3) as to whether Professor Koeble could arrange to visit Madras for a short period for the purpose of investigating the insect pests which cause damage (o coffee in the Madras Presidency. Should Professor Koeble consider such a visit to be practicable, what salary and allowances he would consider sufficient remuneration for his services and onw'hat conditions he w’ould undertake the visit. The following is the reply received from the Com- missioner of Agriculture and Forestry, dated Hono- lolu, 3rd March, 1897, and the Government Order thereon : — Your communication, dated the 14th November, 1896, in which you make certain enquiries concern- ing the entomological work of Professor Koebele was duly received. I have delayed answering your letter until I could communicate with Pro- fessor Koebele who had departed from these islands on a mission to Mexico and Central America, in search of beneficial insects to send to this country. I can offer you no encouragement that Professor Koebele’s services will be available for the Madias Government, at least for two or three years to come, .as ho is under an engagement to this Government and to the Hawaiian Sugar Planter’s Associ ition, each paying one-half of the salary and expenses. The salary paid to the Professor is gjo.OOO,- or six hundred pounds sterling per annum and all travelling expenses. Your first question, as to the results obtained from the experiments which have been conducted, I beg to answer as follows: — Before the engagement of Professor Koebele, the vegetation of the Hawaiian islands was sorely infested by numerous coccids or fcale insects, which were so destructive that any industry, except sugar growing, seemed impossible. Particularly were the coffee trees infested with a terribly destructive scale insect (Pulvinaria psidii). The tree could not ripen its fruit, the berries turned black and dropped off long before they became ripe. Tetranychus telarius (red spider) was also present as well as several other destructive scales infesting coffee trees. The outlook for the coffee planter was gloomy indeed, and no one had the courage to start a new plantation and it seemed hut a question of a short time when the industry would cease to exist in this country. Now, all is changed, the coffee trees are free of scale pests and blights, aird new plantations are being started all over the islands. This wonderful change has been accomplished by the introduction in this country of the natural enemies of the scale pests that were present. The work of finding these natural enemies and sending them to this country was entrusted to Professor Koebele, and well has the work been done. The Professor has sent us beneficial insects from California, Austra- lia, Ceylon, China and Japan and these keep our vegetation piractically clear of scale pests. 'The Professor is now on a mission to find and send to us parasites and beneficial insects for cat-worms 21 and caterpillars that are injurious to sugar-cane, pastures and garden produce. Question (2) as to the cost of obtaining a con- signment of lady birds for experimental purposes in Madras and the sources from which to procure such consignment — The cost of such a consignment should be but trifling— an experienced collector can collect many hundreds of lady birds in a d ly. The- method of packing them for shipment is to place tlie lady birds in small, practically air-tight wooden boxes, in which some slightly moistened moss, has been placed ; the boxes should then bo wrapped in oil cloth so that no outside moisture can penetrate to the boxes. In order to safely carry the lady birds on journeys of over one week’s duration, they must be carried in a temperature of between 30 and 40 F., this temperature can be found in the cold storage or ice room of all passen- ger steamships. If transhipment from one steam ship to another is required on the journey, a trust- worthy agent should be on hand to make the tranship- ment without delay, for if the lady birds are once thawed out it is fatal to make them cold again. In tills manner they can be safely carried on journey’s occupying from one month to six weeks. As to the source from where to procure the lady birds, I am afraid that my advice will be of little service to you as I am not familiar with the coccids or scale insects i ffectiiig the vegetation, of Madras, if there are any of the Dactylopids present, the Ci'i/ptolaeintts montrou^xii will sui'ely feed on them. Australia is the nearest country that can furnish that . valuable lady bird as well as many other useful ooccinel- ladae. China and Japan also have many indigenous species, some of which have proved of great value to these islands. I would strongly advise against, the wisdom of relying on the importation of one or two shipments of lady birds and judging from the effects of these importa- tions as to what can be accomplished in this branch of applied entomology. There are over 1,70C' different kinds of coociiielladae or lady birds cata- longed and probably many hundreds yet undis- covered, and all are, with very few exceptions, ooccid or scale feeders, some such as the vedalia oardinalis will feed only on ono scale, while others as the Cropto/acDius will feed on several. In order to ob- tain the best results, all counties within reach of a month’s or six weeks’ journey, should be explored for tho beneficial insects they can fnriiish, and the work should bo entrusted only to a skilled entomo- logist, one who has made the life habits of bene- fici.sl and injurious insects a s|iecial study. While all countries have their beneficial insects, they also, have those that are injurious, and if the work of collecting is done by a person not thoroughly com-; petent, injury instead of benefit might result. As to whether Professor Koebele could arrange, to visit Madras for a short period for the pur-; pose of investigating the insect pests which Cause- damage to coffee m the Madras Presidency — In reply to this question I beg to say that I have com- municated a copy of your letter to Professor Koebele and in reply he writes that ho feels himself bound to the service of this country as long as we may I'equire him. I am about to visit the United States and shall be absent from these islands for three months. During my trip I shall visit some of the United States agricultural experimental stations and shall meet several entomologists of established reputation ; among them I may find one who would be willing to undertake the work of searching for and introducing beneficial insects to Madras ; should you desire to learn the result of my enquiries I shall be glad to send the .same on receipt of a request from you. Order — No. 351, Revenue, dated (he 18th May, 1897. Communicated to the Hou’ble BI". H. P. Hodgson: The following letter acknowledging the receipt of the second of the papers read above and stating that the qups'ion of employing an entomologist from the United Statfjj cannot be decided until after the receipt of definite proposals from the Planters’ Asso- ciation, will be 3»nt to the Commissioner of .-Vgri- cultureand Forestry, Honolulu. — 31. Mail, July 3. i66 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [Sept, i, 1897. ABYSSINIA ; THE WASTE OF A WONDROUS LAND. COFFEE AND CACAO AND “NUWARA ELIYAS.’’ (by g. w. ward.) Harrar, May 4. Idling here, in the midst of a luxuriant plantation, whose groves of coffee, and cocoa, and semi-tropical fruit-trees innumerable, separated by acres of sugar- cane and maize, pepper, cotton, and tobacco, are sun- lit and noisy with a host of birds screaming, trilling, belling, cooing — it is easy to understand that I do not envy you who read. Imagine an undulating region clear of jungle, for a long day’s ride in any direction, blessed with a perfect soil, innumerable streams, game in just suffi- cient abundance, and willing labour at hand ; imagine hundreds of square miles of soil capable of growing anything from an orange to a cabbage, so friable that a cat might draw the plough almost, and needing ten aickles where one hoe has been plied ; picture to your- ■elf such a land, if yon can, and then mourn the fate of Harrar province. I have spoken of the weary desert that lies between here and the Red Sea-coast ; I have outlined the faintly- disguised designs of French politicians in jregard to Harrar, and the unpardonable policy which led to the abandonment of this Eden by England when the Sondan was about to be evacuated ; let me now uti- lise one of the many long hours that must be spent lazily, awaiting Menelik’s passport to the beyond, in shortly describing the lost garden-land of north-east Africa — the paradise that an Englishman flung away fifteen years ago. In all there may be thirty plantations around Harrar, though that is but a thousandth part of the possibilities. All practically were CREATED DURING THE IIAI.F-CENTURY of Egyptian rule which England interrupted. They range in size from 200 to perhaps 2,000 acres. When the Abyssinians made the Galla country their eastern- most colony — which they did veiy promptly after the evacuation — they found Harrar and many of its gardens ready-made. Being beef-eating, mead-drink- ing warriors, like so many modern Norse men, they disdained agriculture, and (slavery being interdicted) but sligntly appreciated the new-found treasure. A large proportion of the cultivated ground was therefore generously presented to the Greek and French community during the succeeding ten or twelve years. Here where I write, and all as far as I can see from this hill side, was so given, by Ras Makonuen, in consideration of such valuable services as the dis- mounting a mitrailleuse , steady attendance for some weeks at his durbar ; submission, uncomplainingly, to unjustifiable arrest by over-zealous soldiers ; and things of that sort. The result is the extraordinary spectacle of almost the entire environs of the eastern capital of Abyssinia held by foreigners who mostly keep little grog-stores in town, know nothing of farming, and use the land chiefly as a place of recreation for Sunday outings. The only serious attempt at development is being made by a Cretan — the only man, too, who possesses title-deeds, and who, nevertheless, privately notified me that, if I excited the suspicion of the Ras by again applying for leave to visit his land, the land would probably be sum- marily seized, WITHOUT ANY RED-TAPE BOTHER about title or improvements. And he has spent ssme j65,000 on the plantation, mind you ! The richest soil in all Abyssinia, almost without a stone or a weed ; with plentiful water aud all the labour one wants at 6d a day ; with no apparent foe or obstacle but wild animals and the long de- sert which lies between this and the tea — putting aside the insecurity of tenure under Abyssinian administration — it is an hourly marvel to me how England permitted such a territory to be thrown away, needlessly. Why — knowing nothing of plant- ing, following primeval methods that an East or West Indian colonist would sneer at, the favoured landowner I have referred to draws already some 12s net from each of his thousands of coffee-plants annually, not to speak of the other revenues from the great garden. And he hardly knows cotfee when he sees it, and his no idea what to do with his cacao! His neighbour on each side is a store-k-aeper. On the hill opposite is the ground of a watch-maker. Fancy — only fancy ! — whit estates producing easily their £7 and £20 an acre annually, under the slipshoi management of this batch of incompetent, insecure, indolent Greek and Armenian traders, mitilit be worth in the hands of substantial, energetic, British colonists, who could rely on their titles being res- pected to an extent wii ich no Levantine can in this despotic land. I have seen the gardens of the Far East, and few could surpass in fertility these which encircle Hirrar, given the same care. That this place is UNKNOWN AND UNEXPLOITED is easily explained : it would have been far less diffi- cult to have obtained Ras Makonnen's leave to go a hundred miles in any direction, shooting, than to spend a few days of leisurely espionage in this Mount Pisgah. This is not Abyssinia. It is hardly an Abyssinian colony. It is a derelict Paradise that Meuelik has seized. Ten years ago it was his boundary. Today the frontier of Ethiopia is a hundred miles nearer the coast, and two hundred southward. The frontier is spreading, extending always, in whichever direc- tion one looks. Your very latest London maps do not show it, by any means, or the believers in the eventual partition of Africa among three or fourEuropean POWERS WOULD BE ASTOUNDED. Even here the present boundaries are not known de- finitely. The western side is an enigma — the south a puzzle. South-east our sphere of influence is al- ready invaded, and north-east Italy is limited once more to Erythrea. And Menelik has just ordered thirty Krupp cannon and a dozen mitrailleuses through a French agent. What does all this iudicate ? Have I made the situation clear (to some extent, at least) in my later notes from this eastern gate of the leading North African independency ? Fertile, rich in minerals, healthy, on the one side ; governed in a mediaevally barbaric style, with a dash of Thibe- tan exclusiveness ; either the likely prey of a rival Power whose only interest is a foot of sandy beach at Djibouti, but who is avowedly to establish herself nearer the Nile sou' ce, or, if Britain misses her oppor- tunita, a formidable obstacle against the spread of real civilisation beyond Khartoum if left independent — Abyssinia must be kept in view by our Foreign Office. To make her an ally will be a mistake — even the Little Britain party must see that her “ protection” must inevitably follow the re-opening of the Soudan. And among other things Biitisli influence here will mean a dozen Nuwara Eliyas to our ooiuitryinen. — Z>(n7// Mail, THE INDIAN TEA ASSOCIATION. At the sixteenth annual meeting of tliis Association lield at the Bengal Cham- ber of Commerce on tlie IGtii June, the Chairman (Mr. G. A. Ormi^ton) in tlie course of his opening address referred to several important matters. One of the first sub- jects touched upon was the work tlie Darjee- ling and Dooars Sub Committee aud satisfaction was expressed with regard to the outcome of repre- sentations made in regard to the waste land rules and leases. Road communications in tlie Dooars do not seem to have advanced, but the Bengal Government has sanctioned a comprehensive sclieme. Railway extension in that District is also mucli needed and Government is giving consideration to tlie question. As to the develop- ment of Assam it is pointed out that in tliat Valley alone it is estimated that the cultivable waste land is 6,700,000 acres not including the enormous tracts of reserved forests. The area Sept, j, 18^7.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 167 allotted to tea estates at iiresent is 1,672,000 acres and so far as the Chairman can gatlier there does not seem to be any prospect of the waste land being brought under cultivation by the indigenous population. Alluding to the labour difficulty be argued that facilities must not be given witereby coolies would be enticed from the gardens, and that immigrative population brought in to culti- vate these large tracts must be imported from other provinces, and not be drawn from tea. Government must take protective measures against famine, and look to a wide distribution of the population of congested districts, and Assam jjrovides a large field for cultivation, and would alants. A larger number of fruit trees should be grown for the free distribution amung.st the villagers ; it is useless to expect payment, for the villagers will not buy plants. Free distri- bution will, I feel sure, do good, and I fully en- dorse what Mr. Nevill stated in his report for 1893 The gardens here, if to be of any use to the Pro- vince, should introduce and test the varieties of well-known fruit trees and vegetables grown else- where or in Ceylon as well as introduce new kinds. Little nurseries should be made of trees useful for food or affording by profit or luxury an incentive to careful home culture by the peasantry. Soinsops, pomegranates of better quality than now exist, oranges, lime.^, even country damsons, uguressa plums. West Indian papaw's, and all such fruits couid be sov/n on small plots of ground for distribution to the villagers. The eucalyptus trees are doing well. The mahogany trees in the town look better than tliey did since I had them manured, and I dare- say the extra amount of rain last year has lielped them. There are some very line maho- gany trees in the Government Agent’s grounds, so that it is fully established that this tiee will thrive here, — Mr. Bi/rdc’s Ad. Report for 1896. CACAO CULTIVATION IN CEYLON. THK HAUDIKR KtND.S AND AN EXPERIMENT IN GRAFTING SUGGESTED. Mr. E. E. Green sends us the the following interesting note : — “There seems to be little doubt but that the red variety of cacao is less suited to our climate than the Forastero stock which has a more vigorous growth and resists to a great extent all diseases and blights. Agriculturists all over the world seem to be turning their attention more and more to the cultivation of disease-resisting varieties of plants. In this connection you should note Prof. Marshall Ward’s remarks in the last nnniljer of Nature {.June 10, 1897, p. 122, lines 14 to 33). It would also be interesting to try the effect of grafting the more delicate ' red ’ on to the hardier ‘yellow’ stock.” 1 69 From Nature we take over the following portion of Prof.' IMarsliall Ward's review of a book on the Diseases of Plants," by Dr. Tubeiif, wliieli is given the lir.st place ia the weekly scieiitilic journal : — One of the most striking and important features ia this new book is the far too meagre note on “selec- tion of hardy varieties ” — the word “hardy” does not acoarately translate the oiigiual. Er-om all sides we are 007." hearing that different varieties of vines, potatoes, wheat, etc., show different disease-resisting powers, and Tubeuf says, “ Ao important method for the protection of plants from disease , . . con- sists in the selection and cultivation of varieties and species of plants able to resist the attacks of p.ii'itsitio fungi.” The very brief account of what has done with the vine, and the reference to what has been dis- covered abo>tt wheat, will only leave the reader- hungry for more iui'oi'uiation. .Tn Eriksson and Henning's exhaustive volume on V. ’neat-rust — to wh’ch I can discover no reference here, the author conhaing his remarks to a note they published last year in the Zeiltichrift f. 1‘ li'Mztnkrankheiten — the student wdl find that as matter of fact s;.ma varieties of wheat suffer little, and others much [rom Picceinia. I rcjneiiiber being strongly impressed, in 1880-81, by the varied differences between tne llemileia on cohee and that on Caitlhiuni in Ceylon, and even then threw out the bint that the former had been derived from the latter ; but the comparative immunity of Cofi'ea Libtrica as constrasted with C. Arahica, suggested that it was not impossible that a disease-resisting coffee should be found. The subject is complex and bristles with difficulties • but that is no reason for hesitating as to the ex- perimental inquiry ; and indeed it has already been commenced in several counU-ies, as the reports from Australia, America, and elsewhere show. Another feature of interest and importance in Von Tubeuf’s book, is the chapter on “ preventive and combative measures,’’ involving the treatment of diseased plants by moans of chemicals. Here, again I notice a lack of attention to the English litera- ture; Berkeley, and others of our countrymen, had experimented with subihur in various forms, long before most of the autborities mentioned had taken the matter up. Still, it is quite true, the introduc- tion of Bordeaux-mixture, and its employment on the enormous scales adopted in Prance, Australia, America and elsewhere, have taught us much, and suggested more. It is a common mistake to supipose that the intelligent apqilioation of remedial measures to plant-diseases does not pay — there are plenty of witnesses to the contrai’y ; but, unfortunately, school and university courses generally have allowed of so little attention to the knowledge that must be utilised in carrying out such measures, that even skilled farmers, foresters, and other cultivators of pilants, have to enter upon these expierimeuts quite unequipped for carrying them out puoperly. Tubeuf’s chapter on the “ economic importance of diseases of plants ” may be coraially— if .sadly recommended to all who are interested in the very necessary extension of technical education by the institution of agricultural schools and colleo-es. He quotes the losses due to the Californian vine- disease (1892) at 10,000,000 dollars ; in 1891 the wheat- rust cost Prussia over £20,000,00, and Australia something like £2, .500,000. Even allowing for laro-e exaggerations — though reports from Sweden, Indfa Ceylon, the West Indies, and elsevdiere suggest simi- larly large losses from fungus epridemics— in these estimates, it is evident that wo have here to deal with the annual losses of which even a saving of a very few pounds per cent would be worth consideration • and the comparatively meagre experiments to hand hold out hopes of much more considerable saving if steps are taken in time, with a due and intelligent knowledge of the problems to be faced, and °tUe iBethods of facing them, * TKE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 1 70 [Sept, i, 1897. TEA-UKOWINCi IN JAPAN : MK. BALLARDIE’S VISIT. Seeing Ids whole absence bas only been a little over three months, and that he visited Hong- kong and Canton on the way going, end Shanghai on his way back, Mr. Ballavdie had only a few weeks to give to Japan. The favourite route was followed, calling at Nagasaki, passing through the Inland Sea to Kobe, thence round to Yokohama and from there into the interior, visiting most of the places of note and attain- ing at one place an elevation of 5,000 feet above sea-level. All was very enjoyable notwithstand- ing occasional uncertain weather. At Ugi, Mr. Ballardie was in the centre of the tea-growing districts ; but unfortunately it was the season for pruning— done by women and youngsteis after a very rough fashion with big knives, just as if hacking into a hedgerow— and very little plucking was seen. What he saw, how- ever, was exceedingly coarse, and the cultivation is chiefly in garden style, though there are some considerable areas, kept in good order One peculiarity was the artilicial shade provided for the tea in pandals — shelter from frost is winter and spring perhaps, but also to induce tender buds. i\.t Kobe, Mr. Ballardie was in a “ Hong” employing some 500 coolies preparing tea, — withering in the sun, then firing, artificial facing and packing. Everything is very jnimi- tive and nn il the Japanese learn to pluck more carefully and to use machinery, they cannot do much. Mr. Ballardie is surprisep more do not visit Ja]ian ; and yet a round dozen from Ceylon met in a local hotel one day including Mess)s. Anstruther, Hadow, Major anil Mrs. Lowry. He also saw Capt. and Mrs. Bay ley in i)assing through. NEW AREAS OF CULTIVATION IN N. C. PROVINCE. Of the 775 acres of land sold during the year about 50!l were opened. The sum total of the sales amounted to R13,348. No large blocks of land were sold : nearly all were small lots below village tanks, and realized an average of R17'21 per acre. This is satisfactory, for what I wish to encourage is the pur- chase by villagers of lands below their village tanks. In most cases the villagers have as much land as they can cultivate ; as the restorations of tanks progress the sales of lands should also increase. _ What is chiefly wanted now is irrore population and more enterprise, and though some of my predecessors objected to the low-country Sinhalese coming amongst Kandyan villagers, there can be no doubt that there is more go in the low-country man, and that his enterprise stirs up his more apathetic Kandyan brother, and that he really does good. There seems a greater inclination now to grow coconuts, and I hope soon to be able to dispose of some high lands for coconut cultivation to some enterprising low-ceuntrynren. —Mr. Byrde’s Administration Report for 1896. THE hurley-burley wind at the KNUCKLES ! {From a Planter.) If in some places there be a question as to the want of energy in the pre.sent S.-W. monsoon, it is not at the Knuckles that they tlisi>ute it There, at present, there is wind enough for ariv half-dozen ordinary districts in Ceylon, with a margin over to restore the lost charac- ter of any suspected monsoon to regulation vigour. The configuration of land vvith its deep and long vallevs, up which it can rage, allows of more than justice to its excessive boisterousness, When the wind is in a playful mood you have to furl your umbrella and put the strap of your hat under your chin ; but when it waken.s to real earne^it, you have got to stop and hold on, if you chance to be on a ridge. Coolies have been blown over lately when plucking ; one factory had over sixty panes of glasses blown in, in a squall ; bungalow windows have been banged open which had been thought to be securely fastened but the crowning feat of the ’’oaring element has been causing a flush to disappear, and making the S. D. to look foolish, wandering about looking for it ! When he reported to his chief that there was no need for pluckers that day, as the flush bad been blown, he expected to be denieious force against weeds, not on account of snakes, but in the matter of agriculture. A bulletin of the Washington Department of Agriculture mentions that laws against weeds are found upon the Statute-books of as many as 25 States of the Union. In some cases, as in California, Delaware, and Kentucky, the law is directed against only a single species, usually the notorious Canada thistle. Other States, such as Minnesota and Ohio, proscribe as many as 14 pecies of weeds. The Canada thistle is on the black list in 21 out of the 25 States, whilst six States legislate against the Russia thistle. This “ Canada thistle,” by the way, is interesting — Canadian in nothing more than in name. It belongs to Great Britain, where it is known as the creeping thistle, growing to a height of some three or four feet, with dingy purple flowers. In some form or another, how- ever, either in bales of merchandise, or other- wise, its seeds have followed civilisation round the world, all over Europe, into Asia, America and Australia. Weeds are peculiar things, and, like tlie rabit in Australia, most weeds are more prolific abroad than in their own home, and the creeping thistle is a much greater nuisance in Canada and in Asia than in its original home. The Washington Department has calculated that one per cent, increase in the crops of the United States, such as might be obtained by the des- truction of weeds at little cost, would represent the large total of $17,000,000, and it urges that there sliould be a common federal law against weeds in feneral, though each State should necessarily e left to decide which are the particular weeds that need extermination within their own borders. In India our agriculture is not yet crowded out, and the agriculturist soon gets rid of weeds when they interfere with his returns of rupees, annas, and pice. The mortality in human lives, however, is so great year by year from snake- bite— and shows such a tendency to increase seriously — tliat it might be well perhaps if villa- gers were not merely ‘ persuaded ’ but could be ‘ compelled ’ to cut away the snake- harbouring jungle within a certain area round their houses or their villages. — M. l imes, July 13. SOME INDIAN POOCHIES. The last volume of Indian Museum Notes relates, among other miscellaneous reprints and notes, to an exhibit collection of economic insects in the Indian Museum, to some new species of Indian beetles, aphids and other insects, to insect pests and Indian “forest flies,” and to the common crow of the United States as an enemy to insects and so as an aid to man. The notes are accompanied by three full page photo etchings of several of the poochies described, beautifully executed by the Survey of India Office in Calcutta. The exhibit collection has been pre- pared with a view to illustrate the life histories of some of the more important “economic ” insects, both injurious and useful, in the various stages of their development, the pests being arranged in accordance with the plants which they attack. Thus we find 17 different insects which are harmful to tea bushes and three to coffee, either as defoliators or borers. No illustrations of these pests are given, which is to be regretted, as they would no doubt have greatly assisted planters in detecting these their enemies at a glance. Mr. C. Kerremans describes a new species of (Buprestid) beetle dis- covered in the Dehra Ismail Ehan District, which is very destructive to melons and cotton crops He has dedicated this “very beautiful species” tothe memory of the late Mr. Atkinson, and it will accordingly be known in the future as .Tulodis Atkinsoni. The beetle is minutely described, but it is not everybody who will be able to make much of the following Jnlodis Atkinsoni, nov, sp. — Oblonga, convexa, apice subattenuata, supra viridi obscura, nitida, elytrorum fossulis thoracisque puuciis aeneo-viridibus ; subtus viridiaenea, segmeuto abdominis 2°, 3°, 4°, que nigro coerulei cinctis, ultimo irregulariter nigro-vermicutato ; pedibus aeneis, antennis nigris ; — capite granuloso, fronts antice subrugosa, vertice longitudinaliter rugata ; — pronote convexo, transverse, grosse punctulato, punctorum, intervallis elevatis et irregulariter vermi- culatis . . .” and so on for several lines. True, a translation is given, but even that is more or less unintelligible to the uninitiated. Mr. Buckton descants on two new species of gall-aphids in the North-West Himalayan region, one a homopterous insect which forms smooth rounded galls on the twigs of poplars growing at an elevation of 9,000, in the Valley of the Yasin river, and one which forms large galls with a rough surface on aspens at Bunji, on the road to Gilgit. Mr. L. de Niceville has a note on the “Potu” or “ Pipsa ” fly which attacks men and beasts alike and whose bite generally causes intense irritation and sometimes death. It attacks the ears and eye orbits, and it is reported that when the Chakrata- Saharunpur road was being constructed, numbers fo the work people died from the effects of being bitten by these flies. Tea planters will appreciate Mr. B. Barlow’s careful descriptions of certain tea pests, accompanied as they are by a plate showing five different species. As regards miscellaneous tea pests, Mr. Barlow says that four species of moth- caterpillars, one species of beetle and two species of soa'e-insects have been reported during the past year as doing extensive damage to growing tea-plants in India, none of which are mentioned in Mr. Cotes’s “ Insects and Mites Destructive to Tea.” Mr. Barlow adds : — “ As regards remedial measures, in the case of the caterpillars, drawings of the parent moths and of the cocoons were forwarded to the parties interested, in order that the pest might be searched for, re- cognised and destroyed. In the ships of the Indian Marine, it is, we believe, found possible to keep down even such nocturnal animals as cockroaches, oy set- TPIE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [Sept, r, 1897. ting boys to catch them, and there seems to be no reason why the same plan should not be successful in the case of such large tea-pests as caterpilLtrs, cocoons, etc.” Among other interesting notes in this number are those relating to the mango weevil, insects infesting croton plants, ticks infesting fowls, and the reprints, especially that referring to the formation of new colonies by Tcrmes incif'ujus, and the crow as an insect destroyer. The 60 pages of which this number consists coateiin a quantity of valu- able and interesting information. — Madras 3Iail. NEW AREAS OF CULTIVATION IN THE HAMBANTOTA DISTRICT. There was but little new land brought under cultivation during the year. Ir. Magam pattu a tract of forty acres under Yodawewa was asweddumized. In East Giruwa pattu Mr. Elliott, late Govern- ment Agent, Southern Province, commenced to culti- vate the Walawe estate, but no new land was sown before the end of the year. In West Giruwa pattu there was more land than usual cultivated during the year, but none of this was cultivated for the first time as far as I can ascertain. — Mr. Hopkins' Administration lieport for 1890. ^ FOOD SUPPLY IN MATARA DISTRICT. The paddy crops reaped during the year were fair average ones. The outturn was about the same as in 1895, viz., 750,000 bushels. This was supple- mented by imported paddy for the estates and portions of the district to the extent of about 10,000 bags. The figures are practically the same as last year. In the Morawak korale and portions of the Kandaboda pattu the extent of land capable of irri- gation is small, and the inhabitants have for years been dependent on fine grain of different kinds to supplement their food supply. These crops w’ere average ones last year. There was however money to be earned for clearing and cultivating citronella estates, and the villagers were thus able to buy better food, and did not attempt to grow much last year. The crops of coconuts, jak, breadfruit, &c., were very good, jak and breadfruit being especially plentiful. Vegetables of the common sort are grown through most of the district, but not in large quantities, and taken to the communal markets, where they find a ready sale. Fish is taken by coolies to the markets at Tihagoda, Kirinda, Uakmana, and Kamburupitiya. There is practically no room for any extension of paddy cultivation. All available land has been brought under cultivation, and is in most cases assured of its water supply from one of the numerous tanks, anicuts, and channels with which the district is supplied. As regards coconut planting, I do not know of any large extents being opened. Mr. Le Mesurier has cleared and planted some land near Kotawila, and also inland on the edge of the Dediyagalamukalana; but native capita- lists do not seem to cai-e about opening anything but the very best land. This is scarce everywhere and even near the coast, where there is still uii- planted land : most of it is condemned as unsuita- ble.— Mr. Viffors’ Administration Report for 1890. Mounting Engkavings. — Cut a piece of clean waste paper the same size as the engraving, and lay the engraving face downwards on a table or board, with the waste paper underneath. Now paste the back of the engraving until it is limp and saturated. The cartoon paper should then be damped with a sponge until saturated, and placed on the pasted back of the engraving. Press it down fiat with a duster, put drawing pins or tacks roond the edge, and leave for twenty-four hours. Trim off when dry. — From Work for July. CROPS AND F'OOD SUPPLY IN THE HAMBANTOTA DISTRICT. Though the rainfall during the year was not above the average, the crops were fair, thanks to the different irrigation works in the district The acreage under paddy and fine grain and the yield is esti- mated by the Mudaliyars as below : — Paddy. Fine Grain. Acres. Bushels. Acres. Bushels. Magam Pattu .. 4,384 87,780 380 3,012 East Giruwa Pattu .. 2,227 11,148 1,972 6,348 West Giruwa Pattu .. 10,830 130,646 3,572 17,864 Total .. 17,441 229,574 5,824 27,224 A good supply of vegetables is usually raised in the West Giruwa pattu, such as pumpkins, cu- cumbers, brinjals, &c. These are planted in the chenas in the same enclosures as fine grain, so it is not possible to form any estimate of the extent cultiv'ated or the yield. It must, however, be con- siderable, for during the annual pilgrimage to Tissamaharama I noticed large quantities of vege- tables, chiefly ash pumpkins, exposed for sale by the roadside between Banna and Ambalantota. Of such vegetables there was a good supply, but coco- nuts, jak, breadfruit, and sweet potatoes were rather scarce owing to protracted drought. There is an abundant supply of sea fish, which, however, is not made the most of by the local fishermen, who in their small boats are afraid to venture out to sea, and consequently the fishing grounds near the shore are overfished, and the number as well as the size of the fish caught is much below what it should be. During the north-east monsoon fishermen come in large boats from the Galle and Matara Districts, and during their stay catchy large numbers of fine fish, the results of standing well out to sea and fishing water which is undisturbed by the local men. Thanks to tbe large number of Mohammedans in the town of Hambantota, beef is generally to be had once or twice in the week, and the quality is very fair. At Tangalla, however, the supply is less certain, and the quality of the meat worse. Mutton is unknown, but goat meat is eaten occasionally by the better classes in the town. Fowls are scarce throughout the district, and ducks are never seen. On the whole, the food supply during 1890 was amply sufficient for the wants of the people, and no complaints of scat city reached me from any quarter. —Mr. Hopkins' Administration Report for 1896. Exploration and Cultivation in Austra- Ll.\.,— Winding up an article on recent explora- tion and loss of life on the Australian Continent, the Sydney Mail well say.s ; — We are about celebrating the glorious reign which is the longest in our histoiy. A feature, and not per- haps tlie least important, is that in the space of 60 years this vast continent has been sur- veyed from every one of its coasts through its remotest parts and now thanks to the bravery and the skill of thousands of pioneers, known and unknowm, it is for ever dedicated to the occu- pation of mankind. Coolgardie lies beyond an explorer’s “farthest.” England receives the wool and perhaps tlie mutton and beef that are grown over the graves of Burke and Wills and the unmentioned resting-place of Leichhardt. We in New South W’ales grow wheat w’here Oxley and Sturt gave no hope of human sub- .sistence. The Australian desert has infinitely receded, but, as the fate of Welts and Jones de- notes, there is a desert. THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 179 Sept, i, 1897.] FOOD SUPPLY IN SOUTHERN PROVINCE. The food supply of the people consists of rice, jak and breadfruit, coconuts, fish, yams, curry stuffs. The town population and the inhabitants of the sea- board consume Coast rice, and even in tlie interior local production is not sufficient for local require- ments. Thus, in the large Bentota-Walallawiti korale it is estimated that two-thirds of the rice consumed was imported; in Gangaboda pattu one-quo. i ter, in "Wellaboda pattu three-quarters, while upvr.-'.rds of 2,000 bushels found their way to distant ilinichima. [All paying 10 per cent., while locally grown rice was free of tax. — Ed. C.O.] Jak and Breadiruu. — These very im '-irtant consti- tuents of the food of che people were plentiful during the ) ear. Coconuts. — Probably the coconut industry is the most piosperous in the Province. It is steadily on the increase, but there is still a large extent of suitable land available. The supply of coconuts was abundant. Fish. — The fishing season was a bad one, and the ex- port to other Provinces contributed to the natural scarcity The fishermen attribute the bad season to adverse currents prevailing along the western and southern coasts. However that nny he, the poorer classes sffered somewhat from the scarcity ; but dried fish brought from Mannar and Battioaloa found a ready sale and helped to supply the local deficiency. l'’.(Ui Ambalangoda quantities of fish are sent up-coiiuiry, and la.st year “fancy” prices were realized as the supply began to run short. Yams,— The villager can usually command an ample supply of this vegetable, but where he earns wages on tea, citronella, and sugar estates he does not take the trouble to cultivate it. Although the extension of the tea, sugar, and citronella industry supplies the villager with a money wage, it withdraws labour from native products, and in this manner affects the supply of home-grown articles' of food. One of our Mudaliyars says : — “ The villager for- merely cultivated his plot of ground with yams, fine grain, and vegetables, and consumed the produce of his own paddy fields.” Now he labours on another man s land, and is paid “partly m advances of rice or of paddy, while for the other necessaries he goes into debt.” He is, in short, being converted from a peasant proprietor into an industrialist, and as such is becoming depen- dent on his purchasing power to supply bis wants. As the process continues he will become moie and more sensitive to fluctuations in the price of food, and unless he learns thriit will be substantially nearer to want than when rupees were scarce and he supported himself on the produce of his own laud. — Mr. IVace's Adniiiuslra- tion Eepoi-t for 1806. TEA BULKING ON ESTATES AND IN LONDON. Mr. Lipton’s Further View.s. In ansvver, specially to the repre.sentations in the Oftscrucr against his circular in re tea. hulking in London, Mr. Lipton has had the following explanation drawn up and forwarded to Mr. Leake, a copy being placed at our dispo.sal : — London, E.C., 1st July, 1897. W. Mautin Leake, Esq., Secretary, Ceylon Associa- tion in London, ol-62, Gracechurch Street, E.C. Deur Sir, — I notice various comments in the Ceylon papers upon my action regarding teas which have not been bulked in Loudon and as no mention is made of the reasons that compelled me to so act, I would like to put the matter clearly before your Association. e , • I have had great cause to complain of the irre- gularity of many parcels both of Ceylon and Indian teas and have repeatedly found damaged teas in the arcels, such damage eviaently having been sustained efore the teas reached London. I have had whole blends of tea completely spoilt through a chest of this damaged tea getting into a blending of tea, which could not have been detected unless each chest had been turned out and thoroughly examined. What this means in a large business like mine, it should not be difficult for anyone to understand, involving as it would do a great deal of extra labor and time, and especially when it is con- sidered that each of my mixes consists of 2,500 lb. of tea. To have a mix therefore spoilt as just men- tioned, means a most serious loss to me. Whenever a case arose, where there could be no doubt of the irregularity and that the damage com- plained of had taktn place and existed before the purchase, I would claim for the loss incurred, but how was my claim met even by sellers who admitted these facts and the justne.ss of my claim? Simply by an expression of regiet and refusal to admit my claim and a curt reference that they were fully protected iagainst any claim of this sort after deli- very of the goods, under Clause 5 of the Public Sales Conditions. These conditions of sale were framed when it was the custom to bulk almost every parcel of tea in London and there was less reason there- fore for exception being taken to them by either of the contracting parties, but what are the circum- tances now? Instead of the former custom, theie has grown up a practice which seems to have be- come the general rule with Ceylon importers, not to bulk anything here, but to run the I'isk of buyers discovering any irregularity or damage in the leas before they leave the warehouses, and should the dam- age or irregularity not be discovered till afterwards, to repudiate any claim that may arise as abovementioned. No doubt they are legally entitled to so act, but surely it cannot be maintained that such action is treating the purchaser fairly. So long as this method of dealing with just claims prevails with sellers, it is small wonder if a purchaser resents it and en- deavours to secure some protection against serious losses arising through negligence or carelessness of others. It will doubtless be said that the teas are in- spected before sale, but under the present system it is absolutely impossible to properly inspect even a large proportion of the packages that are put on sale every week. You can quite understand therefore my reasons for preferring teas that have been bulked in London as I can them rely upon their practical uniformity, and in the event of country damage this is dis- covered when the teas are turned out. Notwith- standing this I would be quite agreeable to buy teas that have not been bulked in London, provided I had some assurance that any claim for irregularity or damage, when cle-iily demonstrated, would receive the due consideration and attention it fairly called for instead of being practically ignored, as I ant well aware that bulking in London is an expensive opera- tion which I would gladly assist the planters in saving; and, if they wish buyers to help them to effect this saving is only reasonble that the plan- ters, on their part, should waive Clause 5 in so far as sheltering tliemselves behind its terms and r efusing to consider or entertain any claim, the bona fides of which they are thoroughly satisfied with. — Yours faithfully, T. J. Lipton. It will be observed that Mr. Lipton now falls back on the risk of non-discoveied damage to estate-bulked tea, and the impossibility under present rules of recovering anything against the said damage. On the other hand, in Lon- don-bulked tea, any damage is at once discovered in the bulking and the offending chest is marked accordingly. Mr. Lipton gives this as a good reason for his buyers preferring London-bulked teas; but in the last clause of his lei ter he offers to meet proprietors who care to have his competition for their estate-bulked teas, ; rovided they are willing to make good any dunnage where such is shown, to their satisfaction, to have been sustained. 8o [Sept, t, 1897, THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. E PLANTING NOTES. Lemon -CULTURE is extending (says a home paper) very rapidly in California. Tliis year what is said to be the largest lemon-grove in the world has been planted near Colton, in San Bernardino County. It comprises 9,000 trees on 100 acres. Cacao Cultivation.— The lesson taught by the experience of Mr. Van Starrex— see his letter elsewhere — would seem to be, to leave nature alone as much as possible in regard to the growth of the cacao tree — no handling or pruning whatever, at any rate for many years. “ Coffee Planting on the Shevaroy Hills” — is . the title of an interesting, not to say flattering, description of the condition and pro- spects of coffee estates on that range, contributed to the Madras Mad, see our Tropical Agriculturist. “ No leaf disease ” and “ live cwt. an acre of crop ” is an experience worth going a long way to note in the present day in Southern India ; but the con- tributor must have overlooked some drawbacks,— or if not, how is it that Shevaroy planters do not make a fortune andclear out every ten years or so? Coffee in Mexico, &c.— In San Salvador and Mexico coffee planters “ are highly incensed at the low nrices and do not wish to part with their coffee. In either country they have not shipped more than 95 ner cent up to the present time. They are stdl makine fully 100 P’r cent profit, as both countries Maim that it costs them about 10 cents in silver to nroducethe coffee, which is 6 cents in gold in our cur- J^encv and they are still getting 12 cents. It is a litv that they are so dissatisfied with these ‘ misera- ble^’ nrofits, but it speaks volumes for the danger in which the article still finds itself. Even if some of the countries like Central America and Menco hold back a part of their crop we believe that our estimate of 14,000,000 bags production for the present cron is a conservative one.” — W. H. Crossman & Co. 'The Decortication of Ramie.— A communica- tion from the Board of Tr.ade was submitted to the Manchester Chamber of Commerce enclosing COPY of a letter received by the Department from Tourcoinc', respeciing a new method of decorticat- ing ramie less expensive than that now employed. A sample of the decorticated fibre was enclosed. This \vas stated by the inventor to have been freed from the bark by a machine capable of burning out 500 kilogrammes of cleaned fibre per day under steam power, or 40 to 50 kilogrammes when worked by hand. It was ordered that the samples and the communication from the inventor should be exhibited to any inquireij^s interested in the cultivation or manufacture of ramie. — X, A; C. Express, July 9. The Rajakadaluwa District.— A coconut Mantel writes The returns published recently of 107 000 nuts from 160 acres eight to eiglit and lialf years’ old are inagnificent. Only in the North-West parts of the island, I fancy, can such quick returns be expected, though exceptional soil and exceptional planting, as at Mirigama, may secure similar results ; but, surelv the estimator had no experience of the district when he provided only for three-fifths of the actual yield. That is certainly erring on the safe side' Will trees that crop so easily last as long as those whifli are slower in giving returns?’’ If liberally cultivated, we should think there would be no risk— at any rate the neighbour- ing- district can show very old, rich- bearing oahns to the “ estimate,” more than one- third of the crop was got in the last picking, shewin*^ how the trees had improved in the year. To estimate higher a year ago could not be justified to the time. Ceylon Tea for Pekin.— It is of interest to learn that Ceylon tea is finding its ivay to the very capital of the Chinese Empire to be used in the British Embassy. Who could have dreamt of tlii.s when twenty or thirty years ago every drop of tea drunk in Ceylon was brought in ‘‘5 catty boxes” from China? Cacao and Orange Cultivation.— There is food for reflection in more than one communication in our Correspondence columns: ‘‘Potts” in the Cacao Dialogue (see page 64, July issue) discourses on the sin of cutting off suckers or any branches from the cacao tree ; while the successful orange culti- vator in Queensland (a man with trees bearing up to 175 dozen fruits each in a year) declares he never prunes his trees nor disturb their roots ! A Fertiliser for Orchids.— MM. A. Hebert and G. Truffaut have addressed a short paper to the Paris Academy of Sciences regarding the withering which attacks orchids cultivated in hothouses. They have endeavoured to trace the cause, and have experimented with the Cattleya species. Analy.sis made by them on a series of these plants in 1891, 1893, and 1897, that is, from the moment of importation to the de- gener.acy period, proves that at the latter moment the orchids are poor in nitrogen, potash, lime, mag- nesia, and phosphoric acid. The remedy they sug- gest is a fertiliser containing exactly these matters. — liemist and Druggist, July 3. Ehea Cultivation.— Mr. J. Cameron, Super- intendent, Mysore Government Botanical Gardens, Bangalore, has published a short but interesting memorandum on the Rhea fibre plant. (Bceh- meria Nivea) with an explanatory plate. Mr. Cameron has, under the direction of the Mysore Government, raised large nurseries of this plant, and every facility, in the shape of grants of plants is, we believe, given to planters, ryots and others to extend its cultivation. In favour- able situations the rhea plant -will to a certain extent, run wild, and a good suggestion made in the memorandum is that endeavour should be made to make it replace the aggressive and useless lantana. — Pioneer. Bi NGAL OR Nepal Cardamoms.— Two case® of this fruit, imported this year and marked “ land carriage,” w'ere sold at Id. per lb. at a recent drug-sale. The “Nepal” cardamom has not been seen at the public auctions for many years. At one time considerable doubt existed as to the plant yielding it, but the matter was cleared up by Dr. King, of the Calcutta Botanic Gardens, who came to the conchrsion that the ‘■Nepal” fruits were the produce of Amoumsubu- latum, a native of the mountainous parts of India. The fruits are of a dark-brown colour, three-valved, and coarsely striated, the seeds being arranged as in the true cardamom, but much more numerous, and held together by a viscid pulp. In India this product is generally known as the greater or larger cardamom, the Bengali name being “ Bara-elachi.” They are plentiful in the bazaars, and are valued at about 12r. per maund of 37| lb. The seeds are aro- matic and camphoraceous. They are employed in India as a cheap substitute for the true carda- mom, and are largely used in the preparation of sweetmeats. An oil is also obtained from them of a pale-yellow colour. The fruit is an agree- able aromatic stimulant, and is applied to the eyelids to allay inflammation. — Chemist and Druggist, June 26th. Sept, ij 1897.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST, 181 CACAO CULTIVATION IN CEYLON AND TKINIDAD, We find in the Agricultural Society’s Journal of this Colony, a very curious, as well as interesting return, in respect of the cacao culti- vation of the island. It affords details as to the acreage, average crop, cost of production, the labour employed, total expenditure, etc. One heading baffles us as to its meaning, namely, — “ Amount of importations per annum,” the answer being given in “ L. S. D.’ — The total result for 24 estates tabulated is thus given : — COCOA. The figures furnished by the Cocoa Planters show that the total amount spent in the Colony in producing 10,038 bags of cocoa is JE17.025 or an average of £1 14 per bag of 165 lb. The exports for 1895 amounted to 158,803 bags. 158,803 by f 1 14 equal to £269,965. " 9 •R C 3 ® O B •do < . G Mfl O S ® ® aS.“- -• .^00 O S<0 MM 00 ^ 0> WOO CO to 00 ji V W-2S.2 S 2 S B. O ® w B . *.§■0 «o « o ^ i 11- ^ Cl jS < II M :SI :2 :23; .S . « e'O Ss ^ 5 V o (Q ^ ^ illf .S b£ 'd © © © "^ •SH-** rt . o « K •**'o ft ” 2 © S «*) PSA ^ t'* CO S4>1 ^ ^ o 00 00 to 'Sfi <90000 JiO.— » rH 1-4 l> CO SCO 00 lO O if» r4iH wtHrH eo 04 04 rHf-4 fHCOp^COOl 2§ o fi •-* g lx « ► 2 ,< A 4 o O w o o o ^ te t-4 m tD 2© o» o oo o©i>.oo 2®S '*♦' OO :OC^OiOO ^ CO SCO 0> CO 04 *<9tA00iHiA ^ t«. O U3 O 0> CO o M ^ CO oi eo Cl irt “co m ift kfS t— *00^t©C06O fa) No returns. (6) Young cultivations, [c) Includes cost of purchase. 23 Very recently Mr. J. R. Martin showed in our columns that “ cocoa ” could be produced in Ceylon at about £1 10s per cwt., and that 55s was, perhaps, a high average net price to put against this. In Trinidad apparently, the cost of production is only a little over 23s per cwt.; but then the value of the produce is distinctly lower than for Ceylon cocoa. Still, the Trinidad figures surprise us, considering the comparative dearness of its imported labour Perhaps, the explanation is found in the richness of the soil, and the little trouble cacao gives aftei being, fully established. Looking at the acreage and crops of each estate, we find that while several places do not yield, apparently, one cwt. per acre according to the return, yet there are others cropping up to 2^, 2’86, 3’25, 4'57 and, in one case “ El Salvador,” to over 6 cwt. per acre. This is very fine : we suppose Dunibara Valley cacao fields at their best did not give more? The average yield for Trinidad is, however, not much above the 2 cwt. per acre estimated for Ceylon. It is pointed out that we were unfair in our above comparison between the cost of cacao cultivation in Ceylon and Trinidad. For instance, Mr. J. R. Martin’s estimate of £1 10s. per cwt. was f.o.b. for a crop of 2 cwt. per acre. A crop of 3 cwt. might tlierefore be put down at 26s. per cwt., and of 4 cwt. per acre at 23s. for cost of production. As regards net prices in London, too, Mr. Martin’s 55s. per cwt. seems to more than oneinterested, to be very low, instead of high. We learn of one estate netting 60s., while a great deal of its crop sold at 75s. As to yield, the highest in Ceylon, we have yet heard of, is 7 cwt. per acre off a 21 -acre field which had never been manured at any time and is still in excellent heart. To learn of an average yield for five years of an estate being 3 67 cwt. and the crop costing in Colombo only R20 (say 25s.) f.o.b., gives one a new idea of the profitable character, under suitable circumstances, of cacao cultivation in Ceylon. Still more, what will croakers say to an actual experience of an estate, not 100 miles from Kandy, giving last year 6 cwt per acre deli- vered in Colombo at RIO (13s.) per cwt. ! After this, we shall certainly not be inclined to condole with proprietors of cacao jiroperty, but rather to congratulate them ; although we may he as anxious as the most troubled of them, to see their Red (Caraccas) trees cleared of “canker,” “fungus,” or “ beetle-borer ” through the good offices or advice of the scientists. In this connection we would call attention to a jiaper on next page by Mr. Hart of Trinidad, discussing and describing the different varieties of commercial “cacao” (Theobroina Cacao). And once again, while on the subject of culti- vation, we would inquire if any cacao-planters in Ceylon have experimented with artificial manures on their fields. If so, we should like innch to know what their experience has been, and their opinions on the subject generallJ^ The Thompson Fibres Company, Limited, has been formed to acquire from the British North Borneo Company the right to collect two indigenous fibres known as wild lamba, and wild or bastard Manila hemp. — British Irade Journal, July 1. i82 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. iSEPT. I, 1897. A GEOLOGICAL SURVEY FOR CEYLON. A recent “Madias College Magazine” liad the following deliverance-'?^ It will perhaps surprise many of onr readers to be told that a geological survey of Ceylon has never been undertaken ; but such is the fact. Rich as the colony is known to be in plumbago, in iron ore and in gems, the extent of its wealth has never been scientifically ascertained. The Ceylon Observer in an editorial points out that the great industry in plum- bago alone would more than justify Government in appointing a survey. The exports of plumbago have developed from 28,823 cwt. in 1850 to 326,764 cwt. in 1895. “But,” remarks the Observer, “the ex- ploiting of plumbago deposits is done entirely by the Sinhalese without any scientific guidance. No one knows how great may be the rich deposits that a geological survey might bring to light within cer- tain untouched areas ; and as the Ceylon Govern- ment draws a royalty of R5 on every ton exported, it has a most practical interest in extending the industry.” Nor have the gem deposits ever been surveyed or mapped out, though they are known to be very rich in some localities. Iron ore too of an exceptionally fine quality is to be met with in abundance in the island and it is believed that, with freights so low, it would pay to carry the ore to London and Glasgow to have it smelted and manufactured. What further mineral wealth might be found in Ceylon, were a survey to be under- taken, it is impossible to say ; but plainly such an undertaking has been too long delayed, and it is to be hoped that at no distant date Government will set itself with energy and determination to make amends for its long neglect. NOTES ON THE VARIETIES OF COM- MERCIAL CACAO (THEOBROMA CACAC.) By J. H, Hart, f.l.s, [From the Proceedings of the Agricultural Society.) The samples of Cacao to which I wish to call at- tention are one and all the produce of trees known to Botanists a.s Theobroma cacao. The different forms taken on by these species are, strictly speaking, varieties only, and not species as they are sometimes locally called . For instance, the well known “Forastero’, is to be des- cribed as the same species as the old “Criollo” of Trini- dad ; the difference between the two forms being va.rietal only, and not specific. There are, however, other species of Theohroma besides T. cacao, among which are Theohroma hieolor, Theohroma angustifolia, Theohroma- sylvestris and others ; but, so far as I am aware, none of these produce the Cacao bean of Commerce. Theohroma jientagona, a species which is doubtfully distinct from Theohroma cacao, produces a very fine class _ of commercial Cacao, and is one of those varieties introduced from Nicaragua by me in 1893. These will probably show their character within the next two years. One plant at the gardens on which I was relying for the pro- duction of pods this year, has been unfortunately killed by the beetle borer, but I have the young pods in preservative fluid for examination, which clearly shows it to be a distinct variety, if not a distinct species. Common observation shows clearly that the variation in the form and colour of the pods of Theohroma cacao, is wide and distinct, for w'e see them in all shades of red and yellow, and some lave been found with a milky white exterior, when ripe, while others are nearly black. If we examine the interior of the pods, and cut through the seeds, we again find a great variation of colour, ranging from white to a deep purple, and usually with a differing flavour in proportion to the amount of colour present in bean ; the white being of the mildest flavour, and the purple strongest and most bitter, Examining the samples on the table we find that the Ceylon beans are the lightest coloured of all, and that this class of Cacao n -.i a \erymild and equable flavour. The vradety c ii.'.jd Id-racas Cacao is seen to give a bolder sample than tlis Ceylon, is heavier, but possesses a similar though d ' i ker colour, other Venezuelan samples running it ' .vy closely. The nearest of our Trinidad sample.s to the Caracas type is that from San Antoniaestate in the Satita Cruz valley. I have many examples of the different classes of Trinidad Cacao, some kindly selecteii for me by local firms, and some samples taken in European markets. From these it would appear that we have a very considerable variety among our samples, but the higher qualities are in a decided minority. The samples would appear to show that there has been little endeavour among the planters to select and grow upon scientific lines, the best and highest priced forms. According to my observation the quality of Trinidad taken as a whole, baa suffered some deterioration during the past ten years, and if the process goes on it will certainly be a matter of vei-y serious moment for planters to face in the near future. I have no doubt that the prevailing contract system is to be held largely responsible for the existing qualities of Trinidad Cacao. The deep purple colour is certainly produced by a class of trees haviug greater vigour and vitality than those which produce the better and higher priced kinds ; and theref .u'e it is easy to see that the contractor "ho is paid according to the size of his trees, will invariably select those haviug the quickest growth. It has been fully proved by the importaiiou of growing plants of Ceylon Cacao direct from that colony, that the class of Cacao there grown, is nothing more than the original “ Creole ” or “ Criollo ” Cacao of Trinidad, which is probably synonymous with that kind known as the Old Red Dutch on the mainland and in Dutch Guiana. There is but little Cacao of this kind grown in Trinidad at the present day, and some even may not be aware of its existence, but I had specimens kindly sent to me some time since, which were found growing wild in the woodlands of one of onr remote districts. These gave white seeds, and a bean having identical characters with those imported from Ceylon, which have now reached their fruiting stage. I would not advise, however, that pflanters should grow this kind, for it may well appear that there are other and different kinds which would suit much better. What I would suggest is, that planters should pay more immediate attention to the quality of the cacao they use for seed, for it is clearly apparent that the cacao tree is no ex- ception to the general rule, viz., that the quality of our produce can be readily improved, if care is taken in selecting seed from those trees only which bear produce of the highest quality. We have as yet undertaken no experiments to prove whether the cacao tree can be successfully budded or grafted ; but should it be found piossible, it follows as a matter of course that to produce an even quality of Cacao, v.'ould be a very easy matter indeed, for it would simply be necessary to select and grow the exact kind we may require from grafted plants. A great deal, however, may be done by the proper selection of seed, and I show specimens which prove that we can produce (if we carefully select our seed) almost any type of Cacao which it may be found desirable to cultivate. To secure trees of a class which will produce beans from which a first-class sample cau be made, our procedure must be somewhat as follows : — 1st — Never select seed from any tree but those giving Cacao of the very finest quality. 2nd — To give a vigorous constitution, we must take our seeds only from those trees having plenty of vitality. 3rd — To secure large yields, we should select seed from trees which regularly bear Large crops. From the mixed character of the trees at present growing on our estates, and the opportunity which necessarily exist in the fields for cross fertilization, there Sept, i, 1897.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTORIST. 183 would probably in the first instance be much divergence from the ‘ vpe planted, but by duly excising all the trees of the poorest kitids, we should eventually obtain a first class strain, and once obtained, such a strain would be of the greatest possible value, for it assuredly will be suiced to our soil. Probably there are few planters who would be willing to carry out the measures v,!ii,-h are essentially necessary in a work of this kind. Some may say we have at present all we require. One answer to this should suffice, and this answer ie, that what can be done with one plant cmi be done with another. We have seen the yield of sugar in the beet, improved beyond all e.xpectation, and we have very promis- ing results in our seedling cane experiments, and we see daily in European countries that all varieties of agri-horticnltural produce o.re being improved and made more productive, and it cannot, I think, bo truly shown that it is impossible to improve West Indian cultures. If we do not look out and try and improve our produce in quality and quan'ity, we may wake up some fine morning and find that other countries are a ioug way ahead, and that the Cacao of Trinirlad ba’i lost its long held prestige. It is, however, fairly confessed that such work as the raising of improved kinds of Cacao, is work which is not suited to be carried out on private establish- ments, and can best be done in public institutions, which are not alone dependent upon what they rea- lize by produce IVliat private planter would be willing to sacrifice half th ' trees in a plantation, because they did not yield the exact qua.ntity, or quality, or grow with the desired vigo-r ? Yet this is one of the most essential of the operations which would have to be carried out, if we are to succeed in quickly raising standard types of the very highest class. Work of this kind faithfully an] properly carried on, is full justifi- C'tiou for the exisieuce of Public Establishments such as Botanic Gardens, Experimental Stations, Farms, or S.rhools, outside of the direct teaching they afford. Work of the same kind is done in Europe for the agricultural classes by the pro- fessional seed grower or raiser, who is well paid by the so.le of seeds of any new thing he may raise, but as there is little hope of such instit- utions being commenced here, owing to small area, it devolves upon public institutions to supply the want. If Trinidad Cacao is actually declining in quality, and if it is true that owing to the prominence of the bitter flavour, manufacturers are not able to use so much of it as formerly, it is high time that such work as the improvement of the quality of our produce should be commenced. There can, I think, be no doubt whateve-. .vsn from the few samples on the table, that Tunidad should grow generally a better quality of Cacao, and obtain a far better aver, age price for its produce. Some may say, can we do it? I answer, it can be done. How are racehorses raised ? How are Zebu, Shorthorn, Devon, and other breeds of cattle raised ? How are Dorkings, Game, Cochins, and other varieties of fowls produced ? How are new kinds of Tomatos. Peas, Corn, Cabljage. etc., raised? If not in the same way and under exactly the same prin- ciples; and there appears no good reason why we should not have high grade Cacao and pro- per cstabli Umeiits for producing it, and not to be defendent upon the irresponsible contractor for the kind of trees we grow and the sample we send to market. Improvements as a rule do rot come quickly, and many persons wolud probably wax impatient, but it is easy to point out that similar institutions in other lauds have fully proved their value, by the improvements effected in all classes of vegetable produce, and there does not (xist, in my opinicu, any good reason why ibey sh'.uld not be eqiiJly succes.sful in Trinidad. There are, I kiiov/. may points which might properly have been touclr. d upon in a paper of this kind, which I have been compelied to omit ; but I trust that in any discussion that may follow, these omissions may be brought forward, for it is but proper that every should one add his mite for the benefit of Trinidad. names of VAKIET1E3 EXHIBITED. No. 1. — Puerto-Cabello — No (clayed) No No. 2. — Maracaibo No. 3. — Venezuelan (clayed N j in Trinidad) No. 4. — Ariba No. 5. — San Antonio No. No. 6. — Para 1 t, No. No.7.-Para f No. 8, — Caracas No. No. 9. - African No. No. 10. — Ceylon No. 11. — Bahia (Ecuador) No. No. 12. — Guavaquil(Ecu idor) No. 13.— No. 2— » No. No. 14.— No. 3 — S Trinidad. No. No. 15. — No. 4 — ) No. No. Iti. — Grenada No. No. 17. — Grenada No. No. 18. — Dominica No No. 19. — No. 1 — ) No. No. 20.— No. 2— „ No. No. 21.— No. 3- (Trinidad. No. 22. — No. 4— j No. No. 23. — Special Trinidad No. (R.B.G.) 24. — Trinidad (Cadbury- . 25. — Afri..an — via Ham) burgh . 26. — Tiger Cacao (Theo- broma bicolor,) Nica- ragua 27. — Nicaraguan Creole 28- — Trinidad (blended) (R.B.G.) 29. —Kola 30. — Coffee (sample si? years old) 31. — Coffee (sample of 1896) 32. — Mexican (R) 33. — Java (R) 34. — Cariipano (R) 35. — Puerto Gabello (R) 36. - -Guayaquil (R) 37. — Bahia (R) 38 —Trinidad (R) 39. — (L.R.C.) Trinidad 40. — Grenada (R) 41. — Dominica (R) 42. — Para (R) BRITISH CENTRAL AFRICA ; NYASSA- TANGANYIKA PLATEAU : CULTIVATION AND PROGEES.8. This plateau, from KarongaonLake Nyassa toKituta on Lake Tanganyika, is 240 miles long, the greater part of which belongs to the British South Africa Company. The Company have five stations on the road, viz,, Nyala, Ikawa, Mambwe, Mpanga and Fort Abercorn, At each station there is a white man and twenty native police, armed with breechloaders. The plateau is from 4,000 to 5,000 feet above the sea- level, and is healthy enough for Europeans. I am living at Mambwe, having recently come here from Mpanga, eighteen miles off, where I have been since last .May. There is a good garden and orchard. Bananas, lemons, guavas, oranges, strawberries, etc., all do well. The soil is fertile ; anything almost will grow. All sorts of English vegetables do well, potatoes best of all. Wheat will grow well on the high ground. The London Mission grow a lot of wheat, and supply all the white people here with meal at 24d a lb. Everyone could grow his own, but there are no mills in the country. Labour is plentiful and cheap — eight yards of calico a month. This costs about 5d a yard or less, and the men feed themselves. Their chief food is a small grain like poppy seed, called malesi, pumpkins and mealies. The Trans-Continental Telegraph is being pushed on as quickly as possible itnder Major Forbes, who is Administrator for this part under the British South Africa Company. It is a huge undertaking, from Salisbury in Mashoiialand to Uganda. There is a weekly post both ways ; a letter'takes about two months to England, but delays often occur through the steamers on Lake Nyassa, and weather. I am glad to say we are to have horses up here soon. At present there is only one, and it has been here for over three years. I think hor,3es ought to do well.— B, B. D.^Natal Mercury, June 18. Plants and Their History.— The first volume of an interesting w'oi k by Professor Ch. Jorets on “Plants: their History, Usages, and Symholisiii in the Ancient ami Middle Ages,” has just been imhlisheil. It refers to the Oriental world, and especially to Asia and Egypt. The suhjecc is treated from the phaniia- centical, agriciiltnial, alimentary, ami other points of view in a very curious ami exhaus- tive manner. — Chemist and Druggist, dn\j \Q. 184 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [Sept, i, 1897, CEYLON PLANTERS AND THE OPENING Ot THE ANAMALLAI HILLS, COIM- BATORE, SOUTHERN INDIA. We learn that a Syndicate made up of promi- ment Ceylon planters has already secured a block of 2,000 acres on the Ananiallai Hills. This Syndicate includes Mr. J. N. Campbell (Chairman of the Ceylon Planters’ Association), Messrs. Norman Grieve, N. Rowsell, E. Hamlin, W. A. Mooyaart-Denison and D. Edwards and Dr. Renny ; and our readers will recognise among these names men of high standing and great and varied experience. The land taken up has been the subject of a very favourable report ; the elevation is from 3,600 to 5,200 feet ; the rainfall is ample ; the land itself excellent and very suit- able at the lower elevation for coffee (Arabica) and higher up for tea. All this is very encour- aging to such other planters as desire to take advantage of the offer now made by the Col- lector of Coimbatore to secure land from the large block of 80 square miles (51,200 acres) thrown open for selection. It is a great matter to have reli- able experienced neighbours Avho, in this case, will no doubt pioneer the way with the products already mentioned and demonstrate how far a labour supply and means of transport can be relied on. In both respects, we feel sure that the Government of Sir Arthur Havelock will do all it possibly can to help Ceylon planters taking up and opening lands on the Ananiallai Hills. The Governor of Madras knows well by experience the great advantage gained by thenative population and the country generally through the introduction of British capital for the open- ing up of hill plantations. He has seen the results in Ceylon and has no doubt noted how comparatively little the general revenue of the Madras Presidency is benehted by the industry which has been the mainstay of the revenue and of the general prosperity of the community, in Ceylon. Then again, there never was a time, perhaps, when fresh and abiding sources of revenue are more urgently required in India than the present. Sir Arthur may feel quite certain of the ap- proval of the supreme authorities both at Simla and in Downing Street, in adopting a policy calculated to give Madras a greater share of the prosperity which has attended the planting development of Ceylon. At first. Sir Arthur must know well that he will have to aid the planters with means of outlet — although this may be difficult just at present in view of the orders issued to him to suspend public works — and with such legitimate encourasement as can be given to ensure a due labour supply. If the Colleetor of Coimbatore and his subordinates have been duly impregnated with this view, the Ceylon pioneers should have a comparatively easy time ; and surely, men taking up land on the Anamalais may be congratulated in continuing under the British flag as contrasted not only with those who go so far afield as Java and Sumatra ; but also even with those whose property is situated in the Native State of Travancore. On the other hand, when once entered upon, cleared and iplanted, the Anamallai lands ought to be much more readily accessible to Ceylon planters, than are the Straits Settlements of Selangor and Perak, with their three or four days of voyaging from Colombo. We cannot write on a matter of this kind — the development of planting enterpi ise in British Southern India — in anything akin to a dog- in-the-manger spirit. Nevertheless, we are by no means blind to the possible efifect on Ceylon interests when further competition for cooly labour springs up. But facing the fact that large districts in the Madras Presidency are decidedly over-populated, we have no fear that when the surplus supplies are properly got at, there will not be enough coolies for both Indian and Ceylon planters, and theseundoubtedly should have the preference whatever may become of planting colonies across the seas who look to India for indentured coolies. DIMBULA VALLEY CEYLON TEA COMPANY LIMITED. Directors’ Report. — To be submitted to the Share- holders at the First Annual Ordinary General Meeting, to be held at the Offices of the Company, 16, Philpot Lane, London, E.C., on Thursday the 8th day of July, 1897, at 12 noon. The Directors have the pleasure to submit the General Balance Sheet and Profit and Loss Account for the year ending 31st March last. The net amount at credit of Profit and Lost Account, after providing for general expenses. Direc- tors’ fees, and writing off £1,000 of the preliminary expenses, is £13,375 6s 2d. Dividends aggregating 6 per cent, have been paid for 1896. less Income Tax, on the Preference Shares, amounting to ,.£3,000 0 0 Interim dividends aggregating 7J per cent. OB the Ordinary Shares have been paid up to 31st December, 1896, araount- iBg to .. .. .. .. 7,500 0 0 It is proposed to pay a final dividend of 2J per cent, on the Ordinaiy Shares (making 10 per cent, in all), which will absorb . . . . . . 2,500 0 0 It is proposed to carry forward to next year a balance of . . , . . . 375 6 2 £13,375 6 2 For several months after the inception of the Com- pany, by reason of legal difficulties in obtaining pos- session of some of the properties, the Directors were unable to exercise control over the working of the estates referred to. The exceptionally high rate of exchange ruling for the whole year and the loss sus- tained in supplying rice to the coolies, both consequent on the Indian Famine, constituted a serious deduc- tion from this season’s profits. Notwithstanding these drawbacks, and the unfore- seen expenses connected with the first year’s work- ing of a new Company, the directors have pleasure in recommending a final dividend of 2J per cent., making 10 per cent for the year. The Chairman visited Ceylon last winter, and re- ported most favourably on all the estates, and also appointed as manager Mr. C. J. Fattenson, a gentle- man of great experience. The directors feel abso- lute confidence that the Company's interests in Ceylon are in safe hands. The total area under full yield was . . 1,441 Mostly giving its maiden crop . . 250 Notin bearing, about .. .. 194 1,885 To plant, say . . . . 25 1,910 The total tea crop for the year was 801,629 lb., realizing the fine gross price of 9.22d. The average rate of exchange was 1s 2 9-19d. Your directors having had the offer of Langdale estate, lying adjacent to the other properties of the Company, at the price of £22,000, purchased as from 1st April last, the vendors accepting in payment £12,000 in cash, and 1,800 ordinary and 200 pre- ference shares. The purchase-price has been paid, and the shares allotted to the vendors. The conveyance having been completed, the Estate is now being worked op behalf of the Company. The Sept, i, 181^7.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. Directors consider this property a valuable acquisition. It consists of 272 acres of Tea in full bearing, and 31 acres of jungle, The elevation runs from 4,200 to 4,5O0 feet above sea level, and its Tea- producing qualities are amongst the best in Ceylon. The crops have averaged about lb. 450 per acre, realizing from lOd to Is, and your Director.^ are oonfi ,ent th"t, with the cultivation this property will now receive, crops equal to the other g .dens will result. In order to meet this outlay, it is now pro- posed to issue to the holders of Ordinal y Shares the balance of the fresh issue, viz., 1,267 Preference Shares and 1,133 Ordinary Shares. They will be ofiered to the Ordinary Shareholders at a premium of £1 per Share, in proportion to their present holdings, and notice will be sent with this Report. NATAL TEA: BARROW GREEN TEAS. Mr. John Fraser is again to the front at the Agricultural Show' in Maritzburg this time as witness the following from the Natal Witness, M»y 29th In our report yesterday we omitted to make more than passing reference to the excellent exhibit of teas by the Barrow Green Estate, which obtained a special and a v h c. The exhibit was in clia g ' >f the manager of the estate, Mr. J. Fraser, au ex- perienced and enthusiastic planter, who though he has only been connected with the estate since Febru- ary has succeeded in obtaining a grand sample of tea, this being an extraordinarily rich Golden Pekoe, of which 1 cwt. was shown. The tea in question was made in March, and without exaggeration it may be said that it will be extremely difficult to find any of better quality in the Colony, or even farther afield. So much is this particular tea sought after that 5s per lb can be readily obtained and was, Bdeed, obtained for a 201b. case yesterday. The "arrow Green teas are, it is pleasing to hear, gaining Popularity every day, and there is a growing “emand for them both in the Transvaal and the Cape Colony. Mr. Fraser is to be congratulated on the success which has attended his efforts. MANUFACTUBES SECTION I. — FOODS, EXTBA. (3), Barrow Green Estate tea ; h c, Stantial & Allerston, lemon squash, lime juice aud cordials, manufactured in 1897 by exhibitors, 12 doz.; h c, W. Francis & Son, ginger ale, soda water, manufactured by S. 8. Birch & Co. in 1897, 12 doz ; h c, R. Derrett, mineral waters and ice, manufactured by exhibitor in May ; h c, Hesom & Sons, Maiitsburg, spiced beef ; h c, IHesom & Sons, carcases, beef and mutton ; c, Barrow Green Estate, tea. -o- A VISIT FROM THE “SUGAR ISLAND.” WM. SCOTT, ESQ., DIRECTOR OF FORESTS AND GARDENS, MAURITIUS. Sixteen years W’ithout a change, i.s a long spell of work to put in, in a tropical colony like Mauritius, and this has been the ex- perience of Mr. Scott who is now on liis first holiday since, in 1881, he succeeded Mr. Horne at the head of the Mauritius Gardens and Forests. Mr. Horne paid tw'o visits to Ceylon during his term of office, once in the “.sixties” to carry back a consignment of the then precious “ cinchonas” granted by the Ceylon Government, and once again in the “seventies” when on furlough. He was an esteemed corre- spondent of the late Mr. Wm Ferguson, f.l.s., aud we have often quoted his writings. Mr. Horne, though retired on pension, cannot be idle and living in Jersey, he is giving' his attention a good deal in that doliglitfuT cli- mate to horticulture. No one would suppose that Mr. Scott, his successor, had been so 185 long without a change ; but then he is a haid-headed as well as .Ttliletic Aberdonian, and his work as Conservator of Forests must take him a good deal over the island and into the higher districts. Still, height is comparative, the highe.st point in Mauritius being under 2 800 feet from which the sea can be seen breaking on the shore all round the little island, and even Bourbon, 80 miles distant, be descried. As re- gards forests, Mr. Scott lias only about 2,500 acres of virgin forest, covering the water-shed at tlie bigliest part, under bis care ; but a great deal has been done by (iovernment in planting np witliGrevilleas, Blue Gums and Casuarinas. The last-mentioned is the favorite tree with the sugar- planters which they put in on abandoned land for fuel. Besides this, little but sugar is attended to. There is no chance of the little experiment in tea, leading to any extended industry ; a far more likely hy-prodnet would be cacao, suiting tlie deep rich soil (but not the hurricanes) and requiring far less labour than sugar. A good deal, however, can be said for the Mauritius planter confining his attention to the product for which he has provided very costly buildings and machinery and which, on the wliole, best suits Ids rich soil. The troubles in Cuba should dve sugar a “spurt” at present; but the fact is that Mauritius has almost become a Dependency ot India in respect both of its imports and exports— most of its finest sugar goes to India from which it gets coolies and rupees. Part of the sugar, of course, goes to Europe and also some to Australia and America direct. As to total exports, we quote as follows, the latest figures to hand ; — In 1894 the weight of sugar exported was 1.39,449,413 kilos., with an estimated value of R28,672,008. The value of the rum exported was R424.697 ; that of vanilla, R82,720 ; that of aloe-fibre, 11171,526; and that of coconut-oil, R187,116. On landing from the B. I. steamer last July, Mr. Scott went at once to Kandy and became the guest next day of Mr. Willis at the Pcracleniya Gardens. Two days later he passed on to Nuwara Eliya and visited Mr. Nock at Hakgala. He is delighted with the hill-country of Ceylon and felt elevated, standing in Nuwara Eliya 6,200 feet above the sea (no time to do Pedro clo.se by with its 8,296 feet) as com- pared with the maximum 2,711 feet of his own island. Mr. Scott left a few days after for Europe by the B. I. ss. “ Golconda ” and it is .satisfactory to think he carried avvay so pleasant a re- cullection of bis visit to Ceylon. KAMIE (RHEA CULTIVATION. PRACTICAL EXPERIENCE. The article on “Ramie” (this name is more generally familiar in Jamaica than “Rhea”) repro- duced in your May issue contains three important statements 1. — That India generally is not so suited for Ramie cultivation as has been supposed ; 2. — That Ramie, when grown in some places there proved quite unfit for commercial purposes ; 3. — That Ramie cannot withstand a drought. 1. One of the chief and most important argu- ments put to me, why Ramie is not likely to prove commercially successful in Jamaica, is th t the en- ormous quantity which could be produced in India would soon swamp the market, and would be put in at a figure with which we could not profitably compete. The above article confutes this statement, and points out that only a comparatively small_area in India is suitable for the production of Ramie on a business I86 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST, basis. It must also be borne in mind, that any ad- vantage India may have o?er us in this industry, BO long as the preparation of Ramie for market remains essentially a hand process, lies in her cheaper labour, and that this advantage v.'ill be greatly reduced, if not entirely swept away with the advent of a successful decorticating machine. Then, aided by machinery, or proximity to market should enable us to compete with success. I venture also to suggest, that the iumimerable irse.s to which Ramie fibre could be put, owing to the lo.v price at which it could be produced with the aid of a suc- cessful machine, or process ; underselling cotton. Jute, Fla.x, &c., and being capable of replacing all these to advantage, make it improbable that the world’s supply should exceed the demand, at least in this generation. 2, — The second statement ; — It was then proved that the Rhea stalk of Saharanpur was usually quite unfit loi conversion into fibre,’’ is perhaps the most im- portant, shewing that, although Ramie may be growr. It may at same time prove commercially useless. How are we to ascertain whether this is the case or not with the Ramie we are growing here, without putting same through a machine or process ? It is most essentinl that one should be able to ascertain this before entc.- ing into extended cultivation. I must admit the growth of Ramie in my rough nurseries has b,.-en very unequal; the flowering stage varies greatly, some blossoming at 2 ft. high and others not before n ft. and upivards ; it is therefore quite jmsible that if cut together as a crop, some difference in the quality of fibre might be apparent. The third statement by Mr. Baden-Rowell drought kills it outright” would if correct, show that Ramie cultivation, without irrigation would be a very risky one in Jamaica. What little experience I have had here tends to show that this statement is incorrect. I cut down my Ramie here on and after 19th January last. It is admitted we had this year one of the severest droughts ever known in this district ; yet by end of March last, or in about two months with drought, I cut some stalks averaging 3 ft. 9 in. and over. From 27th April to first week in May last, I had my Ramie cut down, (that is what had not already been fed down by small stock, sheep and ■pigs.) On 19th May, or after about three weeks’ growth, I cut Ramie measuring over 4 ft. This Ramie nursery is well established ; say two years old. The cuttings, planted out during end of last year, died apparently from the drought. I feel therefore justineii in expressing my opinion, chat Ramie, once (horoughb/ established in suitable soil, will not only withstand a severe drought, but may also grow during dry Wiauher although less quickly than usual. Mr. Alliso.i, a well- known American authority on Ramie, supports this view in his pamphlet, w'here he states, in reference to a Texan Ramie Plantation ; — “ But early in July, 1889, “ a drought began, which lasted nine weeks. During “ this period, so great was the intensity of the heat, “ that the soil was dried to a depth of more than “ two feet. Hundreds of thousands of coffee plants “ perished, but Ramie survived the drought, and, “ quickened by the fall rains, grew with such luxuri- “ ance, that often 150 stems were found in clusters “ not more than two feet in diameter, etc.” The article in your Journal does not state what variety of Rhea is referred to. My plants are of the “ Nivea ” variety or white under-ieaf. As my seeds came originally from Mr Allison, I presume it is of the same variety he writes. My neighbour Mr. Craig, has, however, been growing the “ tenacissima" variety, and as he has, since the drought, supplied me with growing roots, it is evident this variety can also survive a drought. Dr. Morris in his late lectures did not touch upon these points probably because he saw no future for Ramie here until a satisfactory decorticating machine, or process had been made available. It would be interesting to bear the ex- perience of others, v/ho are trying Ramie in this country, as to its general growth, and power of with- standing drought. Sidney Moxsy, Suttons, Ohapeltou, 22nd May, 1897. [Sept, i, 1897. WORN OUT COFFEE LAND IN JAMAICA Proposed Manorial Experijients. In my evidence before the Royal Commission, April 1st, 1897, I stated that up to that time I knew of no manure, or system of cultivation that could bring back our exhausted coffee lands to a bearing state, and that unless something was found there would be no coffe. cultivation in this Parish after the next 25 or 30 years. It must be understood that my state- ment referred to a larger cultivation than that of the peasantry which consists of a patch round each dwel- ling, and which is kept in heart by penning pigs, etc., and the usual household garbage ; this I call garden cultivation, as contra-distinguished from a large cultivation, and I have no doubt that such a cultivation succeeds on old worn-out land, but I am sure that it would be impossible to cultivate, say ,i0 acres, in this WAy, therefore, if coffee cultivation is to be carried on on a large scale in this Parish ex- periments must be made with the various fertilizers on the market. 1 have spent considerable sums in miiuurial exptriiuoiits but 1 am sorry I am still un- able to say tuat I have found out Ihe right sort rulortunately my trial of ‘’Berts” Coffee Manures was a failure, owing to tire unfavourable seasons uariiig Ure last two years. Owing to Dr. Bernard Dyer’s ANALYSIS OF JIY SOILS I began to apply lime to my coffee trees, and although it was highly aisapprovedof by my fellow coffee planters, seems to me to have done good. It certainly made the trees gro-v, although there was no crop. I applied 30 bar- rels per acre but as lime in this quantity is difficult to get I doubt whether this mode of fertilizing is practica- ble {my experiment (?) took 9,000 barrels). Mr. Bert suggested Marl as a good cheap fertilizer so I went as far as to dig, sift and put Marl in heaps of a barrel, here and there all over my fields, but when I saw how poor the crop was last year, I thought I would wait till the trees bore a crop before putting it into the soil. My idea now is to carry out a scheme of exhaustive experiments with Fertilizers keeping a sti ct account of all expenditure, cultivat- ing highly, noting the effects of the different man- ures, rainfalls, weather, etc., and I intend parcelling out into quarter acre plots some ordinary common pasture land. My object in writing to you is, that 1 hope you will m-ake my idea known to the various makers of coffe.-i manures and if they think fit to supply me with enough to cultivate say a quarter of an acre, I assure them that their various fertilizers shall each have a fair trial and that I wdll supply them with all the information they may think neces- sary, and I shall be gl.id to receive any instruction as to the mode of application of their manures. I may say that I intend cultivating two quarter acre plots under any circumstances, one with applications of sifted marl and coffee pulp ; and one with Bonenreal and 10 per cent of high grade Potash. The former being with the object of ascertaining whether there is any value in marl and pulper trash, (because if there is, every sm-all cultivator in the Parish can avail himself of it) and the other, the Bonemeal one, 1 am trying on the advice of Mr. Robert Craig and others. It seems to me that there should be no hesi- tation on the part of the MANURE MANUFACTURES to give enough of their manures for these experiments on worn out land ; because if any, or all, succeed in making coffee growing possible, i.e. with a margin of profit, there is an immense market open to all, as It is quite certain capital would be forthcoming to reinstate the thousands of acres of land which used to bear coffee in the days not too long ago ; there would be every reason lor the industry to be centred here as the laud is “easy,” and accessible and tiicre are scores of old, thrown up coffee works that could be put in order for very small sums, and labour is pientifiil and cheap. I append an analysis of the soil I propose to put into cultivation made by Dr. Bernard Dyer in 1S94. It was owing to his note attached to bis analysis that 1 put lime to my coffee. Walter W. Wynne. Brokenhurst, Mandeville, 29 April, 1897. Sept, i, 1897.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 187 COPY OF ANALYSIS OF SOIL I PEOPOSE TO PLANT. Silica and Si’.icatps insoluble in concen- trated acids .. .. .. 7.200 Alumina, Oxide of Iron and a little Manganese . . • ■ • • 63.333 Lime . . : • • • • -485 Magnesia . . . . • • -300 Potash . . . . . • • • -066 Soda . . . . • • • • Sulphuric Acid .. •• •• •Oli’ Phosphoric Acid . . • • • • -032 Water of Combination, Organic Matter, etc., etc. . . . . . • 28.355 100.000 Nitrogen . . . . _ . . • • -200 Phosphoric Acid Soluble in 1 per cent Solution of Citric Acid . . . . ’0008 Potash Soluble in ditto ditto . . ‘0028 Notf, By Analyst. — This soil is poor in lime and would be benefited by a good application of it. Note By W.W.W. — The soil is common pasture now but was in ruinate for more than 30 years till 1890. FEUIT TBEES AND COFFEE. The following further communication from Mr. Wynne, dated 17th May, has been received: — Since writing to you on the subject of Worn-out Coffee Lands I have had the following work done upon the experimental plot : — I have weeded one and a half acres of Common Land at the cost of £1 11s Od which was done by day labour. I lined and pegged out the land for planting, six feet by six feet, at a cost of 6s lOJd. Cutting the pegs for same (1,875) at IJd per 100 — 2s 4^d. Planting bananas 12 X 12, say 406 bananas, 3s 6d. Cost of banana suckers at 4s per 100, 16s. Planting Seville Orange Trees at thirty feet apart, say twenty five trees, 2s. Carrying aud applying seventeen barrels of old stable manure to the orange holes, 2s l^d. Cost of orange trees, 3s. Cost of planting coffee 1,400 trees 12s. Cost of digging 1,875 holes 2 feet x 2 feet and 2 feet deep at 3s 4d per 100. — 72s. I have given the land a top dressing of sifted marl, actually .387 barrels at a cost of £3 7s lO^d. There was also 6s spent upon a fence, a small sum as I only had to fence one end of the plot the other three sides being already built It will be seen by the above statement that to hoe up the ground, peg, line out, and plant for the coffee, and digging the holes, (I had the coffee holes dug now, which I consider a great advantage, as the digging will serate the soil, and in the subse- quent weeding, between now and the time for plant- ing the coffee, the weeds can be hoed into them) has cost, with the dressing of marl, .£10 6s 9d. I have estimated that the cost of my nursery of coffee seeds will amount to 10s or 12s by the time the plants are ready to put out, it being my intention to plant the plants direct and not from suckers, whish is a great waste of time, say £11 for the acre and a half — or about £5 per acre if the cost of marl- ing is left out. It may be considered that the cost of digging the holes (3s 4d per 100) is excessive, but I am convinced, by my own experience, that if big holes are dug, the plants can be established more thoroughly, and this mode is cheapest in the end. I am perfectly acquainted with the usual mode of planting and know all the evils of it,— a thrust or two with a hoe, and the hole made deeper with a crow-bar, or, more often, a hard wood stake, the coffee suckers jammed in, a stamp with the foot — and the planting is done. I have heard of even more primitive planting, viz : a hole made with a cutlass and the suckers put in. It stands to reason that planted in either of these ways the plants have but a poor chance of thriving, and I have long since given up the “ Old Time” way, and now plant in hi(j holes — holes two feet square and quite two feet deep. I am quite aware that this adds to the initial co.st, but know that in the end it is a saving, and the field grows more regularly and the per oentage of supplies is very small. I have before hie as I write the cost of trimming, pegging and planting 60 acres which was just over £30. Also cost of 22 acres £11 16s 6d : to these sums must be afided the cost of cofiee suckers, say Is 6d per 100. Walteii W. Wynne. — Jamaica A in London on June 29th were of fairly considerable extent. The offering comprised of — ' pkg's. pkgs. Ceylon Cinchona 3 7 of which 2-53 were sold E. Indian cinchona - 1845 „ 1530 „ W. African cinchona 118 „ 118 „ Java cinchona 76 „ 76 S. Ameiican calisaya 135 „ ““ >) ,, cupea bark 8 ,, 2519 1977 Throughout the auctions theie was a very steady de- mand, almost all the agents buying a fair proportion of bark, and only a few parcels were bought in on account of the hi.gh limits placed upon them, A considerable part of the Ceylon bark, and .several paveehs of the East Indian, were imported between three and six years ago, and part of the Calisaya was handed in 1893. Druggists’ barks were particularly well competed for. The average unit may be placed at ^d to Jd per lb., but for some lots a full penny-imit was re ched. The foil . wing figures represent the quantities of bark purchased by the principal buyers : - Lbs. Agents for the Mannheim and Amsterdam factory - - - 78,763 Agents for the Eraiikfort and Stuttgart factory 66,220 Do Imperial quinine-works - 62,786 Do Brunswick qui ine-works - 60,380 J o American ,, - oi,56i) Do Auerbach ,, - 19,968 Messrs. Howards & Sous - - 42,771 Various druggists - - - 29,125 Agents for French factory - ■ 18,0J0 Total quantity sold - 462,973 Bought in or withdrawn 125,285 Total quantity offered 588,258 The following was tlie range of prices paid : — Ceylon cinchona : Succirubra, natural chips Ul lo l^d ; renewed ditto 25-d to 2fd ; Officinalis, natural chips 2 I to 3gd ; renewed ditto 2|d to 3fd ; n.stural Ledger, stem chips, 3jd per lb. CiTRONELLA OiL Is held foi’ Ls l|d to Is 2d } er lb., on the spot, in di ums or ti- s. For arrival 11 )d per lb. c. i. f., for drums ha.s been refused. Quinine.— No busiiie.ss whatever has been reported this week. Practically all the German agents are now with- out quotations, though they still nominally quote a price, being unwilling to sell except!' g in small quantities to special buyers. Cinnamon Chips s-teady: ordinary coarse Ceylon 2^1; quillings 9)d per lb. Vanillin is said to have suddenly advanced, most of the mnnufactiirevs being teniuoravily unable to deliver. There has been a good inqu'ry for immediate shipment to America, one of the manufacturers, who was asking 3s Id per oz. is said to have raised his quotation to 4s 6d. Others still quote 3s 6d per oz., but cannot deliver anything immediately. - — Jubilee of the Ootacamund Botanic Gar- DEN.s. — The Uotacaninnd Botanic Garden.? cele- brate their jubilee bids year. They were opened during tiio Governorship of the Marquis of Tweeddale, in 1847, and now cover an area of about 51 acres. The object with wliicli tlie gardens W'ere founded was to improve liorticiiltiire in llie Madras Presidency ; to introduce vegetable pro- ductions not iiidigenoiis to India, ami to turtlier the distribution of seeds and plants. The g-ir- dens are e.-'timated to cost more than 21,U0Dr. for the present year, and tlie expenditure is pro- gressively increasing. — Chemist and Druggist. July, 10. t88 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [Sept, i, 189;^, SALT IN AGRICULTURE. Pending a translation of tlie papers we have received from Germany on the use.s of salt in agriculture, and the methods by which it is denatured, it may be well to observe that the present is only a renewal of a campaign which has been waged for many years, to induce the local Government to issue salt at cost price, or at a reduction, for agricultural purposes. Our Siyane Korale correspondent, we remember, was very strong, so far back as the “eighties,” in urging the importance of salt as a manure for coconuts, in inland districts, especially those far removed from the influence of salt-laden breezes ; and several past volumes of our Tropical Agriculturist bear evidence of his pertinacity and industry in pressing the matter on official and general attention. We were not aware, however, that the agitation then begun had been continued within the past three years ; or, when we drew attention to the informa- tion brought back from Europe by the Hon. P. Coomaraswamy, that Government had been applied to so recently as March 1895 to sanction experiments with salt at cost price in coconut cultivation. But “F.B.”, whose letter on the uses of “ coconut husk and husk-ash as a manure” we give elsewhere, sends us, as promised, some important correspondence with the Colonial Secretary which has not been previously published, and from which we are able to judge of the attitude of our last Governor. During the administration of Sir Arthur Gordon, some attempts were made to move the Government to issue salt at reasonable rates tor agricultural experiments ; but the early years of his administration were so beset with financial troubles — our revenues having run down by about one-third within a decade — that Sir Arthur hesitated to touch any branch of revenue. It was pretty well known that he was favourable to Auditor-General Ravenscroft’s propos 1 to do away with the present system of Arrack Rents ; but the Government Agents had only to suggest that any change would re- sult in a diminished revenue from arrack, at least for a time ; and the Governor had imme- diately to let the matter drop ! So, with any request at that time, that salt should tie issued at a low rate for agricultural experiments — the suggestion that it might tell on tlie salt revenue was sufficient to ensure a refusal A Veyangoda coconut estate proprietor, however, anticipated a more liberal policy when all anxiety regarding the revenue was at an end ; and Sir Arthur Havelock had not the same excuse in 1895 as his predecessor had in 1887 for giving anxious attention to the immediate present, and refusing to hazard a rupee of revenue. But it is so seldom that officialdom in Crown Colonies can take a large and liberal view of things, or adopt a new line on any matter whicHr has previously come up for consideration and been adjudicated upon. An illustration will be found in our Correspondence column, in the reply which “F.B.” received to his modest and very reasonable application to the Govern- ment of Sir Arthur Havelock. In reference to this answer our correspondent writes to us “ I was more struck with the courtesy and the considerateness of tone, of the reply, than with its force or logic. My application was not, as the first paragraph might imply, for a gift of the salt. I offered to pay the cost price of the salt, or the price at which is sold for exportation As you are aware, salt cost the Government about 40 cents a cwt., and it sells it to dealers at R2'36 ; bat it sells salt for export at R4'25 per ton, or 21 cents per cwt. !* So there was nothing unreasonable in the application. I admitted that the experi- ment was not undertaken from wholly disinterested motives ; but it would cost me some money. I therefore wrote, ‘ I do not ask for a free issue of the salt, though if it were offered I should not decline it, as I shall have to incur some expense in connection with the experiments.' “ The reasons for the refusal set forth in the 2nd paragraph are transparently inconclusive. I offered to carry on the experiments, if necessary, on lines suggested by tbe Government, or under tbe direction of the Superintendent of the School of Agriculture ; and nobody would expect the Government to issue salt to anyone and everyone who applied for it. It would be a sufficient answer to say, an experiment is being carried on and we are awaiting results ; or, better still, salt might have been issued for experiments to half-a-dozen typical estates — typical of soil and climatic conditions, and typical of our different products ; and then a more comprehensive and conclusive answer would have been available to charges of favouritism. “ The suggestion that a cooly, who would not use the salt himself, would pollute his hands with washing it clean, and would run the risks of an illicit sale- all for a few cents, a® sodium chloride, though indis- pensable to human life has not yet reached the value of gold dust or uncut gems ! — the suggestion, I say, is not one demanding serious refutation. Yet, I anticipated it, for 1 reasoned, on the assumption that the revenue would be defrauded to some extent, that the total loss would not be comparable to the gain to the revenue if the application of salt really benefited the soil and made it more productive. \Vhat would a few illicit sales here and there be, in comparison with the benefit to the people and the Government by the increase of crops even by one-twentieth, and by the protection of herds against the diseases which carry them away in such numbers?” We are only surprised that the matter was not carried farther in 1895. Had the Corres- pondence been sent to us, we should have con- demned the extremely illiberal and impolitic at- titude of the government of Sir Arthur Have- lock. We cannot believe that our present Ruler will content himself with following the precedent of 1895 or even ten and thirty years earlier. In the Gazette of May 1869 we find recorded a number of unsuccessful experiments made by Mr. Russell, Government Agent, Northern Pro- vince, under the direction of Dr. Charsley, P.C.M.o. , to denaturalize salt, chiefly by the admixture of carbolic acid. Equally unsatisfactory were similar experiments by Mr. Macready — {son of the great tragedian, the “Willie” of Brown- ing’s well-known verse.s)— when Assistant Agent at Puttalam. But it was rather absurd to quote the failures of 1869, or the refusal — probably to Mr. David Wilson— of 1887, as precedents for Government in 1895. However, we are now likely to be equipped for the campaign in an altogether different way, thanks to the courtesy of Mr. Coomaraswamy and his friend Mr. Lange ; and with the German law and Iiractice before it, we do not think Sir West Ridgeway’s Government will need much per- suasion, to allow a trial at least to be made. Meantime, it is of value to have the Correspon- dence of 1895 placed before the public. We should also reprint the Reports of the Experiments of 1869 had they any practical value now ; but we take it they are altogether too primitive in the light of the latest chemical science on the subject. * What— at half the cost of manufacture— a dead loss ? — El). T.A. Sept, j, iS;;;.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 189 THE PLANTING OF liUBBER : dr. morris on the adverse side. Some little time as'o, we ,t;ave advice to local planters in search of a neM' product for which the demand seemed likel.y to increase as years rolled on, out of proportion to the supply, to cultivate rubber, the Para variety for clioice. We cannot help still thinking that, large as is tlie supply of the raw product from the forests of West Africa and South America, an extending demand will do more than take it all off and that the cultivated article should meet with a remunerative market. But we are bound to show the argument on the other side, especially when stated by so good an authority as Dr. Morris. "We therefore give a recent strong utterance of his on the subject, as well as other e.xtracts referring to activity in Bolivia, Brazil, etc., and we ask our planting readers to give all that is stated, due consideration. There is just one remark we would make on Dr. Morris’s mention of cinchona, namely, that there is no risk of an.y ))lanting community rushing into “ rubber” as the Ceylon planters did, twenty years ago, into “cinchona.” Rubber is not so readily grown, or at any rate not so soon and easily cropped as cinchona bark — a very mate- lial difference which must weigh with intend- ing ])lanters. On the other hand, rubber is a product which, if added to an existing tea or coffee or cacao plantation, gives very liitle trouble after being planted along roads, boundaries, or in fields by itself, till the cropping time arrives — so that the total expenditure upon it should be very moderate indeed. Evidently recent words of warning as to abundant supplies of rubber must have told on the British capitalist ; for a scheme which opened with a glowing pros]tectus of a “ British India Rubber and Exploration Company, Limited,” £■200,001) capital, to acquire and develop 600 square miles of rubber-growing country, 35 miles North of Cape Coast Castle, has fallen to the ground. The shares were not subscribed for, and yet the Reports of experts pointed to prolits of something like 30 to 50 per cent. Here are a few striking paragraphs from the [U’ospectus : — “ According to Her Majesty’s Foreign Office Reports, the consumption of india-rubber by six countries now exceeds one hundred millou pounds (!b.) per annum, worth in the market about ten million pounds sterling (.£10,000,000) ; within the past 18 inonths the. price of Rubber has risen enormously, as it is absohrtely indis- pensable for cycle tyres, motor cars, cabs, and various other industries, It is a well-known fact that the consumption of Rubherin the manufiiotnre of cycle tyres alonehas reached prodigious proportions; andaccording to many competent authorities the supply of the raw material does not equal the demand. It is estim- ated that there are in England over one thousand cycle factories today, working at full pressure, and last year there were registered in London alone cycleand motor corporations giving a total capital of £19,898,000. Messrs. Bagot and Anderson estimate that there are at least four himdred and fifty thousand (150,000) trees yielding Rubber on the property proposed to be acquired by this Company, and the Directors contemplate mak- ing arrangements to plant a largo number of addi- tional trees, thereby providing for a future ocntiuuous supply. A very large proportion of the Rubber, at present being shipped from West Africa, is taken frow the district in which this property is located. “ As it is estimated that there are some 450,000 trees on the property at present bearing Rubber, and as an average rubber tree yields a minimum supply of three pounds of India-rubber annually, which, at the very low estimate of 2s per lb. (and marketable Rnb- bet is now selling at about 3a 6d per lb.), a gross lia- venue should be earned from India-rubber for the first year of the Company’s operations of .£133,000 {vide, re- port of George Bagot). The supply from an India- rubber tree is stated to increase 1 ib. per tree per annum for several years after the first ye.ir’s tapping. Conse- quently, from the 450,000 trees, the Revenue for 1898 should be about £180,000 gross, again assuming that Rubber realises only -2s per lb. on the market in 1898. Marketable Rubber is now selling on an average at about 3s to 3s (id per lb., so that in quoting 2s per lb. the Directors are placing a very low estimate on the sale price. It is the general opinion that the price will still further advance, and the press quotations given hereafterconfirm this belief.” There can he little doubt that West Africa rivals tlie valley of the Amazon as a home for rubber ; but year by year, the goose that yields the golden liarvest is lieing u.-,cd up and i'f the demand as seems likely, goes on increasing, we do not see that j)lanters shoulrl be discouraged from putting in ruliber, more especially as a by-product where they have plantations already formed of tea, cofl'ee, or cacao, or even coconuts, as their stajde. COCONUT CROP8 IN RAJAKADALUWA, CEYLON. (From a Corresnondent-) I was amused at the criticism the remark about crop of nuts evoked. The reference to Kandaugo- muwa was, of course, not made with a view of in- stituting an invidious comparison between it and the Rajakadaiuwa place ; but, as you poi)ated out, the interest was the age at which coconut palms properly cared for come into bearing in the two districts of which these estates are typical. As to the inaccuracy of the estimate being tlie result of the estimator’s “ want of experience of the district” I would propound the following question to the “plan- ter ’ critic who I assume ha^ some experience of the coconut districts in the N.-W. Province: — guess the average number cf trees from which a crop of 108,372 nuts was picked in the year on a plantations to 8-J years in the Rajakadaluwa district '? 108,372 nuts were harvested for the (i pickings in the year of which number as much as 03,192 were got in the last two gatherings (Maroh-April and May- June.) The estimate was originally 05,000 (since raised to 95,000); but the forecast was made more than a twelve-mouth ago and the number ofj trees that came into bearing immediately aitei wards was larger than was calculated upon, while the crop bear- ing capabilities of the palms which were then al- ready in bearing also proved to be better than what was expected. Those who have had any experience in tlie matter know than an estimate of crop for a young coconut plantation jusl cuming into hearing is at best mere guesswork. There are no data to go upon. To begin with, in making an estimate for the following twelve-month, the number of trees that will be in bearing within the next 3 months has to be guessed and when the palms are not uniform, this is not an easy matter. MICA BOILER COVERINGS. The increased use of electric power during recent years has led to a largely increased demand for mica for insnlatiug purposes. But the producers of mica have not found in the electric demand any relief from the state of affairs which was a continual source of loss to them before it began. Large sizes and good shapes of mica, such as are required for insultation purposes, were always marketable, but the difficulty remained of disposing of the waste or scrap which forms so large a percentage of the output of mica mines and accumu- lates so rapidly at imoa-cuttiiig works. Through the iiT' 3uuity of BIr. II. O. Blitchell of Toronto, this waste k; ja has now a value though no doubt a small one as THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [Sept, i, 1897. 1 90 compared with the merchantable sizes. It is being utilised as material from which to manufacture coverings for boilers and steam pipes to lessen the loss of heat by radiation, mica being a good non-conductor of heat as well as of electricity. The scrap mica blocks are first put through a series of corrugating rolls which loosen the laminae ; these are finally separated from each other by air currents, after which the sheets are again put through a process which corrugates them singly. They are then laid be- tween light galvanised wire-netting, made into webs of a thickness suitable for the particular purpose they are intended to serve, and stitched with wire on a machine the first of its kind yet made. The flexible web of mica is covered with canvas stiffened at the back with millboard, and rounded into the desired shape. The covering when finished is fastened on the pipes by firmly lacing the edges together. — Juilimi Plantirs' Gaxefte. THE ANGLO-CEYLON AKD GENERAL ESTATES CO., LTD. Diuectoes : — Quintin Hogg, Chairman; Claude E. 8. Bishop, Norman William Grieve, Alex. William Crichton, Managing Director ; an d Henry Kerr Rutherford. Report of the Board ot Directors to he presented to the stockholders at the eleventh annual ordinary general meeting, to be held at 20, Eastebeap, London, E. 0., on Tuesday, July 20tb, 1897, at noon. The Directors herewith submit to stockholders their report of proceedings, together with the ac- companying accounts for the lltii year of the working of the Company. The net profit as shewn in the audited accounts annexed hereto amounts to tJh, Ids 19d, and the directors recommended the payment of a dividend at the rate of .7* per cent per annum on the Consoli- dated Stock of the Company. The dividend now recommended as above, will, if assented to by the meeting, lie payable on tlie fil’d August 1S97, at the London Office of the Company’s Bankers. In the antnmu of 1896 the Committee of share- holders referred to in the last report of the directors, after making considerable enquiry and conferring with the directors of the Company, formulated a scheme for the reduction ol capital, and re- arrangement of the shares of the Company. The scheme w'as duly laid before and nuaimously adopted by full meetings of shareholders in December, 1896 and .January 1897, and in due course it received the necessary sanction of the High Court. The effect of the above changes was to reduce the capital of the Company to £260,000 Consolidated Stock, of which the old preferred shareholders were allotted £204,610, and the old ordinary shareholders .£15 490, while the preferred shareholders received the dividends in arrear partly in cash, and partly in surplus certificates payable as therein specified. New certificates have been duly prepared and are being issued in exchange for the old share warrants to bearer, as and when surrendered. The name of the Company was also, pursuant to resolutions, adopted at the above meetings, changed from The Oriental Estates Company, Limited, to The Anglo-Ceylon and General Estates Company, Limited, and this change was officially sanctioned on the 26th April 1897. In furlhec pursuance of the policy already ap- proved by' shareholders, and referred to in the last Report of the Hoard, the directors have satisfaction in stating that the liquidation of the Highlands Com- pany of Mauritius, which had been occupying their attention for some time, has made considerable progress during the past twelve months. A large area has been disposed of in lots to native culti- vators and others, and there is good reason to hope that the remaining lands will gradually be taken op in a similar manner. The factory on this estate, which is a powerful one, and capable of dealing with a large crop, will, together with about 500 acres of selected cane land, he retained by this Company, and worked as a Central factory. The quantity of sugar from the Mauritius Estates, amounted to 11,960 tons as against 12,066 tons in the previous year, the canes being reaped from a smaller area. The tea crop in Ceylon during the period under- review amounted to l,74fi,824 lb., which includes 21,406 lb. from bought leaf, as against a total of 1,649,577 lb. in the previous year. The gross average price was 7’95 pence per lb. in London. The cocoa crop was 1,346 cwt as against 1,390 cwt. in the previous year, and the price realised was 60 8 per cwt. With the consent of the Trustees for the De- benture holders the outlying estate of Havillaud in Ceylon, was sold as from the 1st January of the present year. The results of the working of the estates in Ceylon and Mauritius respectively are given in the profit and loss account, calculated at the average rate of exchange of L2i, as against 1/1 J in the year 1895-6. The directors have pleasure in expressing their satisfaction with the manner in which their repre- sentatives, both in Mauritius and Ceylon, have per- formed theirdutiesmider circumstances of considerable anxiety. Mr, C. E. S. Bishop, a member of the Share- holder’s Committee above mentioned, was on the 18tli February last elected to a seat on the Board ofjthe Comiiany. Many large shareholders have expressed a desire that Mr. S. C. Macaskie, the Chairman of the Shareholders’ Committee, should join the Board, and a motion to that effect will be submitted to the meeting, and, if it is carried, the necessary alter- ations in the articles of Association will be laid before the extraordinary meeting of which notice is endorsed hereon. In accordance with the articles of Association, Mr. Henry Kerr Rutherford retires from the Board, and, being eligible, offers himself for re-election. The Auditors, Messrs. Welton, .Tones & Co., also retire from office, and have expressed their readiness to act if re-clected. — By order of the Board, Henry Greey, Secretary. 7th July, 1897. SCHEDULE OF ACREAGES. CEYLON. ea in bearing. ea not in bearing. ew Tea learings. ocoa, Coffee, Carda- loms, &c. uel Re- serves, Grass ields,&c. y c2 CO 5 O Si £ o iz; " a B feo H Acres. Acres. Acres. Acres. Acres. Acres. Acres. 6,260 1,100 413 1,197 1,144 3,328 12,442 MAURITIUS. Under Cane Total. Acres. Acres. Estates owned by the Company.. 2,345 4,26C Estates in which the Company is Interested . . . . 3,257 7,310 DIMBULA VALLEY CEY:..0N TEA CO, THE CHAIRMAN’S SPEECH. Gentlemen, — In moving the adoption of this, our first annual report and accounts, which has been circulated amongst the shareholders, and has appeared in many of the public pilots, 1 think I may safely congratulate you on your year’s working, especially when all the circumstances and difficulties connected with our first off-go are taken into account. First we experienced difficulty in getting possession of two of the properties ; secondly, we had an abnormal Sept, t, 1897.] TFIE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. <9^ high rate of Exchange, which ruled, I may say, from the date of drawing our first bill of Exchange; and then there was the scarcity of rice and of labour. I think, therefore, that it must be satisfactory to you to find that, notvvitlistandiug these drawbacks, a substantial dividend is possible. We are now in quiet possession of the estates, which siuce January last have been managed by Mr. C. J. Pattenson, who resides on one of the properties, and gives practically his undivided attention to the Company’s interests, r was fortunate in securing the services of this gentlem in w'hen I was in Ceylon last December. He is well known to most of your Directors, and I feel sure the Company’s manage- ment there is in safe hands. During the first months Jlr. Thomas Mackie acted, until we could appoint a permanent manager. .Mr. Mackie is a gentleman of great experience, and was of infinite use in organising the Company’s staff, and taking over the estates from the vendors. As I have stated, we are now in full working order, Exchange is more in our favour, and rice will soon be obtainable at lower prices, owing to a satisfactory monsoon. Labour, too, has been coming in more plentifully lately, hence most of our difficulties of last year are rapidly disappearing. To some, no doubt, it may appear lacking in caution to have commenced with so large a dividend as 10 per cent., instead of cai-rying forward a larger balance than we have done, but, deliberating on this point, your Directors had in view the gradual increase in crops, which will enable them not only to continue to pay sim lar dividends, but to gradually build up a subst. ntial reserve. Ten jrer cent, is not so large a dividend as one or two of the lately-formed Companies pay, but in estimating the satisfactory character, or otherwise, of this, I would ask you to bear in mind the source from which your dividend is derived. Every acre you possess is of first-class soil. The estates are situated in per- haps the best district of Ceylon, at an elevation of from 4,000 to 5,000 feet, producing teas of a high class, as our prices for the year indicate. I consider the Dimbula Valley Tea Estates are amongst those holding a unique position in respect of the bugbear over-production, which some discern in the horizon, but, even if there is reality in that in the case of common teas, I think our’s may have immunity. The area over which teas such as our’s are used almost entirely for blending and for bringing up to a certain standard commoner teas, is very circumsciibed. In- deed, it is practically already' planted up, so that no extension of cultivation can take place. In fact, many people whose opinions are worth having, say that the more common teas there are produced, the more will be the demand for our’s. B-j that as it may, you have embarked in a concern which will hold its own in stability and ability to pay dividends. This year, in spite of our difficulties, we have a net of over 4d per lb., and, provided we get similar prices during the current year, the net for our teas will be nearer 4Jd or 5d, and it is not difficult to calculate what a half-penny more on a million lb. of tea means. We have now a fairly good supply of labour on our estates, namely, 1,742 coolies, and, although our ad- vance of 20 rupees per head is very much less than many estates, I hope to see some reduction during the current year. Langdale estate, which is in the same district as our other gardens, was offered to us at a price at which your Director.s deemed it advisable to secure it. It is a property which yields similar tea to our other gardens, and is of first-class soil. The price paid was actually £21,000, half in cash and half in shares at £1 premium. Deducting the premium on 2,000 shares, the estate will stand in our books at £2,200, and sliould, judging from past figures, yield 12 per cent., should we ojily get similar crops. But the Directors are hopeful that, with the cultivation it will now receive, and the economy in being woiked with the whole group, even better re- sults will be obtained. The balance of this issue to meet the £12,000 cash p-aid to the vendor has been allotted pro rata to ordinary sharelioldors at £1 pre- mium, and has all been taken up. I have pleasure n moving the adoption of the report and accounts. PLANTING PROGRE.SS IN PERAK, STRAITS. FROM ANNUAL REPORT ON THE MATANG DISTRICT FOR THE YEAR 1890. Estates in Mataing. — There are three coffee estates in the Mataiig district, viz The Jebong estate, with Mr. F. A. Stephens as owner and manager. The estate of the Straits Coffee I’lantiug Company, under the management of Mr. Mac Cilvary. On the Jebong estate 105 acres have been planted. The young coffee on this estate seems to be doing reuiarkablv well Mr. Mac Gilvary has opened and planted about 80 acres. Both these estates are situated in low lyiii« land, entitely different in every respect from the estates opened up at Waterloo, Gapis, Rumah Papaji and Kamuning. The land appears very rich, and the managers sanguine as to results, which I sincerely ho])o will be more than justified. Mr. C. L. Gibson owns the other coffee estates, but be has so far only cleared a small portion and put in his nurseries. Tajiioca has been planted by a Chinaman u-anied Gob Hooi Chew to the extent of 092 acres. He has also planted 300 acres of coconuts, and has 8,000 more nuts ready for jJaiit- ing. There are about 20 acies of pepper in the district, the balance of the 80 acres granted to Haji Yusuf. Sugar has not been jilanted as yet, altliough the Stewart; and Kennedy concession should have been commenced some time ago. This causes a great deal of trouble to the padi planters in the vicinity, owing to its jungle affording shelter to the pigs aiid vermin which destroy the padi all round. PLANTING IN SELANGOR, STRAITS. REPORT ON THE KUALA LANGAT DIS- TRICT FOR THE YEAR 1896. LAND AND AGRICULTURE t EUROPEAN ESTATES. The year has not been successful as regards Euro- pean enterprise. Messrs. Maynard and Rendle were allowed to abandon the greater part of their block and aro now taking up 300 acres of fresh land in its place. Similarly, Mr. Boning found himsolf compelled to abandon his coffee planted alongside the road (amount- ing to several acres), though 1 am glad to say that some fifty or sixty acres at the back of his estate near the river bank appear to bo really good, and are growing what is generally admitted to be some of the finest coffee in the State. At the end of the year Mr. Borring applied for, and obtained, about 120 acres of good land adjacent to his estate. Mr. Orchard, who had purchased a block (No. 51) on the Klang Road, was permitted to exchange his land for a block of similar area in Klang district. Finally, Mr. Bernard, '.vho was granted 1,000 acres of land near the eighth mile on the Klang road, abandoned his land entitely, and has, I hear, taken up land in Sumatra. The main cause of this want of success was no doubt insufficient pros- pecting. There is an abundance of really first-rate land at Telok, as in other parts of the district, but it re- quires more careful prospecting than it has had hitherto. On the other hand, signs are not wanting that low- water mark has been passed, and, w’ith a fresh start and better luck, I am confident that a really bright future will be in store for this hitherto back- ward part of the State. Thus, at the time of writing, 1 have just received a letter applying for a thousand acres of land on the Klanang Road, where the soil is known to be excellent, and where the 18-foot road, when gravelled (as it should be next j ear), will ma- terially assist the development o( this part of the district, whilst yet other land i!i tlie same neighbour- hood is being prospected by applicants -who desire large areas. CUSTOMARY HOLDINGS. The total area of customary holdings on the mukim registers f®r 1896 wus 6,255 acres 1 rood 33 poles. The total area of land applied for was 2,195 acres 2 roods 11 poles. The total area of land demarcated, 1,636 acres 3 roods 22 poles. The total area of land issued under extracts from register din ing tlie year was 516 acres 1 rood 39 poles. 192 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [Sept, i, 1897. There were 32 mutitions of customary lauds during the year. An area of 1,051 aci'es 2 roods 13 poles was demarcated at Klanang, but it was not pos- sible to prepare the extracts and to bring them on the reit roll before the end of the year ; there "'ll!, however, be an exceptionally large addition to the rent-roll in 1897. To enable' land work in this_ dis- trict to be brought up to date and in accordance wilh the new instructions issued a special clerk for land work is required. The new settlers atlxlanang are almost exclusively Javanese, who form our best colonists, and are still the pioneers of planting in localities yet unprospected by Europeans. PllOGEESS OF CULT1V.\TI0N. Coffee.— Coffee is still the rage among native Settlors, and during the year the whole of the road- side as far as Morib, nearly ten miles, has with a few niiiinportaiit gaps been taken up for the pre- vailing coffee-ciiltiii o, wliicb is rapidly converting this part of the district into one vast garden. It is an especi.ally healthy sign that many of the proprietors of bright green patches of lalang by the road-side have at length awoke to the fact that their property has a value, and have coniniencecl to cultiv.ate it. The demand for land has been growing percepti- bly brisker for some time po.st, and an acre of coftee at Klanaiig now realises something not verj’ far shoit of Klang prices. In October I received on a single day .38 applications from Chinese for land at Tanjoug Duablas, whilst in December I received also on a single day 14 applica- tions from Malays for laud at Telok Gqujeng, a portion of the big island opposite .Jugia, which has hitherto been occupied solely by Sakeis. As an example of the universal coffee-fev^r, I may remark that near Sepaiig there is a small plot of ground which some Sakeis have starlud to plant, and ouwi ich they have built the small thatched hamlet in which they reside. . - , .u .. Peppeu and Oambiee. — Cultivation of botn tnese products has been praciically at a standstill on the Sepang estates owing lo the prolonged absence of the manager, to which reference has already been made. Neither pepper nor gamhier is a species of cultivation which it would be wise to encourage in future with- out making some stipulation as to the planting of shade-trees. , . - t Coconuts.— The area taken up for this form ot cultivation has not increased _ during the year, though there is no reason why it should not do so, the soil near Morib being especially well adapted to this form of cultivation. Some of the best coconuts I have seen in the State are to be found close to the sandy beach at Morib, and there must be at least 30 or 40 miles of sandy coast in the district on wliieh they would flourish exceedingly. REPORT ON ULU LANGAT DISTRICT, STRAITS) FOR THE YEAR 1896. Land and Agriculture.— A great demand has sprung up tor agricultnral land in the Kajang iiiukim dne, tn a' great extent, to the advent of the railway, which has also had a marked effect on the of town lands, vacant building lots having risen 100 and l.'iO per cent, in value during the past twelve months. About 80 per cent, of the customary Ja^nd applied for during the year has been selected lor the purpose of Liberian-coifee cultivation and prac- tically nothing else in the shape of pennanent crops is receiving attention in any part of the district. Further impetus has been given to this form of agriculture by the influx of more European capital, sfx blocks of 320 acres each having been alienated to European planters during the earlier part of the year. The total area under cultivation on all estates niider European management amounted, at the clo,Je of the year, to about 1,2U0 acres. WILD animals in SELANGOR. Mr. Walter 1). Scott, Acting District Officer, Kula, Selangor, reports ; — One tiger, four panthers and 180 crocodiles;>ere killed during the year, the rewards for which "amounted to |256"25 REPORT ON ULU SELANGOR DISTRICT, STRAITS, FOB THE YEAR 1896. Land and Agriculture. — 3,92.5 acres of customary lauds were given out as compared with 1,644 in 1895. The average price at which customary lands changed hands was $25 58 an acre. The average price in 1895 was '|18'2T, ai.d this increase is I think one of the most satisfactory signs of progress and prosperity I ha\e to record. At present there are only two estates, both of 320 acres, held under title. Three more of a like area are in process of alienation. Of the two held under title one, at Batang Kali, belongs to Messrs. W. Meikle and H. A. Ilamerton, and was originally taken up in 1S94. A consider- able portion of this estate is now planted with c offee. The other, held under permit by Mr. .1. Pasq.ial, is now fully planted up with coffee. Eour other blocks, cx- tendingtoaii areaof 160 acrees, have been applied for, but pending survey it has not been found possible to issue titles for them. Nearly all the lands opened duiiiig the year have been planted with coffee. I am agree ably surprised to note how clean and clear of weeds the large mr.jority of native coffee gardens are. It would probably be a great benefit to cultivators and Goveiiiment alike were there an officer available who had a good knowledge of coffee cultivation, cviid who could be spared to go round all the native holdings and give advice. I find that most of the cultivators are only too anxious to he iurtincted. One liecu-s a good deal against the native practice of pluntiug padi and other tuixiliary crops amongst their coffee during tlie first year or two, and it is occasionally reconimr-nded that this should be altogether prohi- bited, but to prohibit it is to prohibit a number of new' setilers planting coffee at all, as there are very’ few native immigiaiits who came to the country with sufficient capital to live on until tlieir ccjffee plantations come into bearing. Under instructions from the Government I held a meeting, on 6th June, of all the penghuliis in the district to discuss what could be done to encourage and increase the cultivation of padi. They all seemed very anxious to see more padi planted and suggested many inigation schemes with this object. I have no doubt th.it the cultiva- tion of padi could be very largely incicasen. but the Government must be prepared to allow (1) a con- siderable sum for irrigation works, (2) seeunly against disturbance by miners, and (3) a sufficient laud office staff to supervise operations. BKITISH CENTRAL AFRICA COFFEE. We have received from Mr. Diincan (of Messrs. H, J. Gardiner A Co.) some statistics of the past season’s coffee crop. The best price ever obtained for B. C. A. coffee was in the past year, viz., 114s 6d, obtained by the firm of Buchanan Brothers for several parcels of peaberry. The average price of the ivhole crop con- signed to Messrs. Gardiner & Co., was ±'86 6 8. The highest average price got by any one shipper was obtained by Mrs. A. Waller, viz., ±97 6 8. On the whole, Mr. Duncan considers that this ear’s figures ate distinctly good when compared with the result.s from other countries. Mr. Duncan states that they are looking forw'ard to a large crop this year, and if it is despatched early enough to reach London in time to be sold in October, it should again fetch splendid prices. — B. C.A. Oa~.etie. June 15. ^ TEA PICKERS IN FORMOSA. Betiveen April and August tea picking constitutes one of the sights in Taihoku (Taiiie). Just as in the interior of Japan, the tea pickers are girls and women, all of the lower cla.sses. Generally girls constitue six-tenths, married women three- tenths, and uiimarried women and chi'dieii one-tenth. In one respect the Formosan tea-pickers surpass their sisters in Japan proper. In every tea district in the interior whether in Shizuoka and Uji, or in Yokohama and Kobe, the tea pickers are not remarkably careful Sept, i, 1897.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 193 about decency Such is not the case in Formosa, in consequence of the long established social restraints concerning manners and customs of women. The Formosan tea-pickers are neatly dressed, often in full toilette, while old and young generally fasten in their hair sprays of fragrant flowers. Therefore when one visits a tea plantation in the season he will inhale an atmosphere deliciously scented from the leaves and the head adornments. The Formosan mothers are also more considerate about their babies. They do not go about working with their little children fastened on their backs, as their Japanese-born sisters generally do both to the inconvenience of mothers and babies. When they happen to come to work with their babies, the latter are quietly placed in large beds made of bamboo provided for the purpose by the tea planters, before the mothers go to work. Thus may be seen even as many as twenty or thirty babie.s in one bed. The Formosan tea manufacturers do not feel any inconvenience at all in the matter of the supply of hands. There is an abundance of labour in Taipe and its vicinity for the purpose, and the people flock to tea plantations as .soon as the season commences. The process is simple , girls or women employed the previous season resort to their old plantations and bring with them new recruits. No advance is asked for or paid, and as their wages are paid every day after the work is over, pickers are perfectly free to continue or discontinue work. The number of tea- pickers in Taipe, or more strictly Daitotei (Twatutia), alone is something enormous. There are a hundred and sixty tea manufacturers in Daitotei, largo and small, a large firm employing more than two hundred and fifty and a smaller one about forty. Putting the average at eighty, the total number of hands for the whole of the tea manufacturers amounts to 12,800. Pickers are generally divided into three or four classes, according to their skill, and wages are paid accordingly. The 1st class pickers receive 40 sen a day, the 2nd class 25 sen, and the 3rd ol.ass 10 to 15 sen. But wages are also paid by results of work, at the rate of 30 mon (1 man corresponds to 1 rin) per kin, or 5 itioit per basket, according to plantations. It is not difficuit to pick 10 to 14 Idn or 60 bask..ts, a day, working from about 7 a.m. to 5 p. m. Of course no particular training is needed ; a month’s picking will make a girl a first class picker, provided sire is endowed with ordinary in- telligence. Therefore little girls of fifteen or sixteen years old, whose hands and eyes are quickest, get in general the highest pay; next, women in their “ twenties,” and lastly old women or children. When these have picked a sufficient quantity they deliver the leaves to overseers, who give them in exchange bamboo checks or tally-sticks, one per kin, and after the day’s work is over the checks are exchanged for cash. Supposing that a te ‘. picker gets on an average 20 sen a day, an estimate that is most likely below the mark, the wages paid in Twatutia alone to 12,800 girls and women aggregate 76,800 7/6» a mouth. These are the good features of tea- picking labour, but unfortunately there is also a bad side, that is to say, corrupt morals of tea- pickers. For at least a third of the total are little better than strumpets or unlicensed prostitntes. The P'.culiar circtiinstances ot life on tea plantations are tb ■ main e.inse of this moral corruption ; the tea ind istry gives employment not only to girls and women but also to a large number of men. There- fore when the season begins, the ingress of labourers to Taihoku is considerable. Every junk or steamer brings to Formosa hundreds of these labourers from the opposite er mt of China. In Taihoku alone at least three thousand labourers, mostly from Amoy and Swatow, ar ive er h season. They are men of hi.v ca,s, whes ; only desire in coming over to the F.rmosa tea plantations is to earn a little money and gratify their animal pas.sions at opium shop? and brothels. Under the circumstances, it is not un- natural for ignorant girls, eager to get fine clothes and knick-nacks, to be seduced into secret prostitu- tion, for procurers Tire plentiful in Forntosa as in any other part of the world. Indeedit is a common thing in Formosa for girls of low class to sell their virtue for money, not unfrequently with the encourage- ment of their parents. Married women are also guilty of the same offence, though proportionally less as compared with the others. — Japan Times, July 2. JAPAN TEA CROP. Owing to several unfavourable circumstances which vye )' t ve noted from time to time, it was generally be- liev. d that the total output of tea this year would be far smaller than in ordinary years. The latest j'ctnrn shows that the total amouiit of tea sold in Yokohama before the third instant, is estimated at 1,396,1,50 catties, showing a slight decrease of 32,650 catties compared with the amount sold up to the corresponding date last year, while the total now in stock amounts 687,000 catties, that is, 107,200 catties less than that of last year, the total decrease being 139,850 catties, which is a much smaller differ- ence than was expected. Such being the state of the tea market at present, it is generally believed that the export of tea will reach 22,000,000 catties this year. — Japan Times, July 10. PLANTING NOTES. Para Kuorek i.m North Borneo.- We are interested to hear from Mr. H. St. J. Hughe.s of lyabaan that lie lias two Para liubber.s doing very well in liis garden- -young trees in pot which he is sending up to Mr. Keasberry at Sapong to plant there. He has also given one to Mr Hewett to plant in the Government House gardens and one Dr. Adamson lias planted in liis garden in low ground by the Galaghan lioad so they will be able to speak with authority witii regard to the tree doing well in Borneo before loinn — B. X. B. Herald. Ked Ants : A Warnino to Cacao and OTHER Pl.vntees. — We direct attention to the important warning Mr. E. E. Green sends to his brother planters tlirongh our columns in refer- ence to the “ red ant.” It lias been drawn forth by the statement to us of a lowcountiy plan- ter that he was in the habit of carrying the red ant to his cacao trees in order to get rid of various minor insect pests. IMr. Gi’een shows, however, that the risk of introducing other and worse enemies is too great ; and we fancy our friend will after r.?adiiig this letter, deem it wise to suspend operations. Manure.s from India.— a correspondent writes to a contemporai y : — “ I enclose a chance enttinf from the Times of India list of export.s for one day this month which shows the brisk export of bone manure and oil -cake now going for- ward from our Indian ports. The hone meal — 2,000 cwts. — for Hamburg — is no douht lieing sent to Geniiany for the beetroot crop raised under the bounty system by every device known to agricultural chemistry to the ruin of our West Indian cane sugar interests. If the Government of India had more, in fact a grain, of the science of agriculture in its composition, there would he an e.xport duty put without delay on all items of plant-food before they were allowed to he taken out of the country to the iiii|)overisli- ment of its soils and deterior.ation of every British interest. This would not be open to the objections applying to export duties of an ordinary knnl on raw iimduee. With the state the Ind, an soils are in there is no bone dust or oil cake whatever to spare for tlie enriehiiieiit of ilie land of countries ouf.side. 194 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. FOR ALL INTERESTED IN “TEA.” There is a great deal of instructive,^ if not practical, information in this issue of the Tropical Agriculturist. First, we may call attendou to the letter of our old contributor, Mr. John Hamilton, who, to experience as Ceylon planter and est ate pro- prietor, has long added that of a London merchant and expert. Mr. Hamilton has always proved a good friend to Ceylon planter, and they will think all the more of him if his surmise in a private note to us, proves true when he says ; — “ It seems probable that we liave now reached the end of unsatisfactory (tea) prices for the present.” But to turn to his letter rc the Bulking and Packing of teas, it will be observed that Mr. Hamilton throws (p-iite a new light on the situation. He avers that much of the trouble arises from overpacking and occa- sional carelessness in retiring, on the part of the Ceylon planter. The temptation to get as much tea as can be squeezed into each chest is it seems, a very real one with some ot our Superintendents and Tiiischief results in several ways as pointed out by Mr. Hamilton. 1 he latter is even doubtful if refiring does not do more harm than good; while he is strong about the unequal gross weight of packages in a_ ucaU. We commend the letter to the careful con- sideration of planters and should like to hear what “ Senex ” and some others think ot it. We have next to draw attention to the valuable review— given on page 19o— by the Investors' GimrcUcm oi •Sw\j lUth of the working of Indian and Ceylon Tea Companies tor 1896 with reference to their value as an invekrnent. Our contemporary has taken con- siderable trouble in the matter, and, as a leadino- Colombo merchant writes to us, “the article” is well-written and the figures appear to have been carefully comihled.” The comi)ari- sons and results cannot fail to attract consider- able attention in this community. The surpris- in" fact brought out by this examination ot the accounts of 94 Tea Companies is that the total result shews a larger net profit for those belonging to Ceylon than for India, though “ Ceylon teas do not reach anything like the high-water mark of the best Indian Companies.” The highest average in the case of an Indian Company is 12 45d lor the Assam, the net profit being 20 per cent on the ordinary shares; while in Ceylon, our highest averaoe is lO’SOd for tiie Nuwara Eliya Co., the net profit being only 6 per cent. But the Guardian editor should really have had a note to say that 1896 was the very first year of the latter Company and could therefore scarcely be taken as a fair criterion. At the same time there are high average (1218d or 10‘75d) Dar- iiling Companies which only pay 6 and less per cent. Nevertheless, the Indian Companies with fine teas show the highest .percentage— 11 62 p. c. as compared with 7.48 p. c. (medium class) and 9.17 low-class teas ; while in the case of Ceylon the result is quite the reverse, the high-ciass teas averaging only 9.10 per cent. a"ainst 12.5 for low-class teas and 9.90 per cent for “ Not classified.” This is a matter which surely requires to be looked into in Ceylon, or the reputation of Conijiaiiies owning high estates must be affected. As the Guardian says, “ the Companies in Ceylon which have pro- duced tea below the average of 8.25 d per lb. have given a much better result for the investor than the better class, the percentages being 12-5 for the former and only 9.1 for tlie latter. [Sept, i, 1897. We await the further article of our con- temporary on the subject with considerable interest. We have further to note the good feeling mani- fested at the annual meeting of the Indian Tea Association in London as to the joint Tea Cam- paign in America and the confidence felt in the good work done througli the Agency of Me.'^srs. Mackenzie and Blechyndcn. The Grocer— ever snarling at Indian and Ceylon, and unduly praising Cliina, teas — has been at its old game it seems, while the editor also deprecates any further reduction in the British tea duty. Both tliis (jiiestioii and that of “bulking” are likely to be the subject of consideration shortly by Committees representative of tea interests in India and Ceylon. THE TRINIDAD GOVERNMENT STOCK FARM. The working of this establishment for the past year ( 1896) is reported to have been a moderately successful one. The following are some pan iculars relative to the dairy. The total out|iut of milk was l.'l:l,151 quarts ; the daily average number of cows milked wa.s 64, and their yield 5'55 quarts per day. The yield, which is apparently less than in 1895, is said to be due not to any fault of the cows, but to the Colonial Hospital suddenly discharging its in- mates in the midille of the ye.ar for the pur- pose of clearing the building, with the result that the demand for milk simultaneously ceased 1 On this account as many cows .as ))Ossible were dried otf to save feeding. Tb ■ yield of the milch COW' is regulated by the qiiantii y required by the medical institutions. Any sur|dns after meeting these demands goes to the calves. As re- gards the feeding of the cow's, rye meal was supplied all through without any ill-effect. With it was mixed “middlings” (a fourth crushing of whe.at), (rotton-seed meal, .and coconut meal. The actual cost of the food, 8 lb. per day, is about 10 cents. The liealth of the cattle was sati.s- f.actory, the total mortality being 7 head, that is 1 cow, 1 bull, and 5 calves. The following remedy for ticks is recommended by the Manager: — 2 gallons coconut oil, 1 quart kerosene, and sufficient Stockholm tar to colour well. This mixture vvill dress 20 head of cattle at, say, S^d per head, if they are not too much troubled. It has to be well rubbed in with a piece of old sacking all over the animal. The price of milk in Trinidad as sold to the hospitals is only 5 cents per im- perial quart. We have referred at some length to the dairy as being that part of the Trinidad Stock Farm which is of most local interest, but it should be noted that the breeding of cattle and horses is succe.ssfully carried on as well. In writing to us, the Man.ager, Mr. C. W. Meaden, says that the ye.ar 1896 “ has been fairly successful, though in all such establishments it must be e.xpected that the success and profit will fluctu- ate. I enclose a photograph of a group of our milch stock. It is hard to define the origin of them, but they are the product of creole cows by Indian bulls (‘Harrina’). These cows give 400 to 500 imperial quarts of milk per month and produce excellent working oxen.” We thank Mr. Meaden for the excellent photograph and his satisfactory report, and wish the Trinidad Farm continued success. THE TROPICAL AGRICULTtjRISt. 195 Sept, i, 1897.] TEA COMPANIES AS AN INVESTMENT. Indian and Cejdon tea companies have lately at- tracted a great deal of attention, both from the remarkable development which has taken place in the industry during the last few years and also because of the very profitable nature of the enterprise. With a view to obtaining reliable data to guide intending investors in this class of shares, we have collected statistics of the result of last year’s working from the balance-sheets of those companies which are open to the public, and which have already published their accounts for 1896. There are several points of great interest in the history of the tea-growing industry of India and Ceylon, whether we regard it from a financial or from a political or social point of view. These latter have their bearing on the aspect of the subject with whichwe are more particularly concerned — that of the investors' — and therefore, they may with advantage be briefly reviewed. In the first place that the industry is situated within the British Empire is an advantage upon which it is not necessary to dilate. The remark- able fact is that this tea industry of India and Ceylon is a comparatively new one, at least in its present dimensions, China having been in the past the great tea-producing country. Now, how- ever, the teas of India and Ceylon have completely ousted China teas from our home markets. Another feature for consideration in judging of the merits of the tea companies as an investment is the marvellous development which has taken place in the consumption |of tea in the United Kingdom. The fol- lowing figures, for the alternate years from 1891-5, taken from the last Blue Book, will show this in the simplest way possible, and will also indicate to whatextent Indian teas have beaten China teas out of the British market. 1891 1893 1895 India .. 109,6.37,790 115,022,926 123,361,870 Ceylon . . 61,900,075 72,630,8.52 83,447,792 171,537,865 187,653,778 206,809,662 China .. 57,023,986 49,911,926 34,329,421 Total imports 240,779,331 249,546,451 255,360,128 The above observations indicate fairly well the present general position of the Indian and Ceylon tea industry. There are other and very important circumstances affecting the future ; these will be considered later on. We now come to examine the companies individu- ally. The statistics given below, being tbe figures of the paid-up capital and the net profits for last year, nave been collected by us from the accounts of ninety- four companies — all those which have, so far, been published, and of which we could procure a copy. In the majority of cases they cover the twelve months, January-December, 1896, but in many in- stances the accounts are made up to the end of the half-year, or to one of the quarters. In collating these statistics our chief difficulty has been to make the term “ net profits” mean exactly the same thing in all cases. The different methods adopted in making up the accounts explains this difficulty. For instance, some companies deduct income-tax in order to arrive at the net profits; others do not. lu the figures given below as net profits, income-tax has not been deducted, and where possible we have restored the amount in those cases where it had been charged as if it were an item of management expenses. This restoration has not been possible in every case. There are also variations in respect of allowances for depreciation and extensions of gardens out of revenue. These it has been impossible for us to remedy. We give the figures as accurately as we can ; perfect uniformity is impossible. In order to allow of convenient comparison we have kept the Indian and Ceylon companies distinct, and we have further subdivided them into groups, ac- cording to the quality of the tea produced, as shown by the prices realised — viz , high class, medium, and low class. The average price of Indian tea last year was 8'75d. per lb., and of that of Ceylon growth 8’25d per lb. In the case of the former we have taken as the margin for high class tea those which realised over 10-50d. per lb.; as medium, those selling at between 8’75d. and lO'SOd.: and as low class those which fell below the average for the year of 8'75d. Ceylon teas do not reach anything like the high-water mark of the best Indian companies, and we have therefore made the single distinction — those ruling over and those ruling under the average of 8-25d. This classing is purely arbitrary. Onlv com- panies with paid-up capitals of £40,000 and over have been set out specifically : — INDIAN. Paid-up Company. share capital. High-class over 10'50d per lb. £ Assam . . 187,160 Darjeeling .. 135,420 Darjeeling Consol 120,000 Doom-Dooma . . 157,500 Eastern Assam (a) 61,120 Lebong . . 65,6.56 Tingri . . 56,.500 Assam Frontier,. 285,000 Jokai . . 300,000 NahorRani .. 40,419 * Other Cos. (7) Under £40,000 capital . . 178,400 1,587,175 Medium class 8'75d — 10’.50d per lb. AttarceKhat .. 66,745 Borelli . . 78,170 Chubwa . . 66,000 Jhanzie . . 83,500 Majuli .. 95,970 Mungledye .. .52,320 Soot. Assam . . 79.590 Dejoo . . 43,580 Rajmai . . 41,000 Hunwal . . 46,600 Empire India and Ceylon . . 429,380 Jorehaut .. 100,000 Singlo . . 180,000 t Other Cos. (6) 157,000 1,519,855 Low class under 8-7.5d. Brahmapootra.. 114,500 British Indian. . 77,.325 CacharandDooars 153,000 Dooars . . 225,000 East Indian and Ceylon . . 170,000 Indian Tea Cachar 94,060 Lankapara . . 50,000 Lungla . . 200,000 Chargola . . 153,017 Borokai . . 43,560 Meenglass . . 43,000 Allynugger . . 120,000 i Other Cos. (9) 180,031 1,623,493 Price Net Per per lb. profit. cent. 1896. 1896. ordy. shares. d. £ 12-45 44,632 20 12T8 9,862 6 10 75 5,031 2 1-12 11-75 31,332 11-50 3,188 4 12-30 12,682 4,059 15 13-42 6 10-77 22,687 6 10-79 30,590 10 10-50 4,049 10 — 16,331 — 184,443 11-62 9-25 4,823 8 9-12 4,513 5 9-93 7,445 10 10-33 9,521 10 10-31 5,162 5 8-87 660 9-40 6,761 7 8-99 3,469 8 9-75 3,700 10 9-77 750 2i 0-.56 30,046 10 9-64 19,213 20 9-13 9,398 5 — 7,988 — 113,819 6-98 27,593 20 7-19 5,592 5 7 00 10,426 7 8-26 30,139 12^ 7-70 12,657 7 7-47 1,589 3 7-50 5,238 10 7-59 13,059 6 7-23 15,!)57 10 7-69 1,684 4 7-19 2,887 6 6-94 5,531 3 16,983 — 148,935 9-17 4 V, , . V; -fissam, capital been reduced by half. T) Beta, Kamroop, Moran, Behubor Brit, Darieehug, Suddia Road (7). ’ • ^ •'^ssam, Chardware, Choonsali, Bor- jan, Tiphook (6). Mazdehee, Sylhet, Dekhari, SephiujuriBheel, Southern India, Wynaad{9). igb THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [Sept, i, 1897. CEYLON. Paid-up Price Net Per Company. share per lb. profit. cent. capital. £ 1896. 1896, ordy. High class over 8-25d. d. £ shares. Nuwara 158,700 10-30 8,320 5,351 6 Ouvah 100,000 9-1-5 6 Spring Valley . . 80,000 9-08 — 2J Dimbula ,, 150,600 9-22 14,375 10 Cevlon Laud . . 47,950 8-25 11,.372 20 Carolina 60,000 8-35 7,586 11 Imperial Es- tates 90,000 8-36 4,113 5 Scottish Cevlon. 50.000 8-86 8,976 15 Standard 56,000 — 11,284 15 Alliance 50,000 8-23 5,187 10 Scottish Trust and Loan 45,000 9-50 5,539 m * Other Cos. (2) 46,000 — 3,702 — 933,650 85,805 9-10 Low class under 8'25d Cevlon and Ori- ental .. 101,26-1 Ceylon Planta- tions • • 218,460 Consol. Estates. 62,000 Eastern Pro- duce ■ • 299,888 Lanka Planta- tions • • 161,700 Sunuyaama ... 5.5,000 -| Other Cos (11) 228,;;6o 1,159,675 8-07 8T4 6-50 7'33 8T5 6-75 8-316 50,596 6,866 15 8 39,163 6J 10,708 5 6,213 8 23,296 — 145,158 12-5 Not claasiiied— New Dhnbula . . United Planters Madulseema . . Haputale + Other Co.s (3) 86,200 139,400 96,700 66,547 48,940 437,787 Total Indian.. 4,730,523 ,, Ceylon.. 2,531,112 20,323 10,268 2,033 4.040 4,602 41.266 4-17,197 272,229 14 6 Per- cent. 9-45 10-75 719,426 9-90 Grand Total . . 7,261,6.35 The striking feature in the above figures is the remarkable and miiform success of the companies, the normal dividends on the ordinary shares being Irom 6 to 15 per cent, whilst the average la 10 per- cent. The 94 companies represented above have an aggregate naid-up share capital of £7,261,635, and the tret profit on last yew'® working was £719,426, equal to an average return of 9-90 per- ceut. The Indian companies, reru-eaenting an aggregate capital of £4,730,523, last veM- made a net profit of £447,197, or 9.4t> per cent. The Cevlon companies, representing £2,531,112 capital, nave a 'return of £272,229, or 10 75 per cent, or If per- cent more than the return on the higher priced In- dian teas. ^ , . n '.•» i The classitication according to the price oi the teas produced on the various gardens gives some reniark- able results, The Indian companies which produce the best class of teas have obtained a profit on an average of 11-62 per cent, and the cheaper teas gave a return of 9-17 per ceut, the better class of tea yielding 24 per cent move than the inferior quality. In the case of * Battalgalla, Ragalla (2). i Bandarapolia, Central Ceylon, liideraxDolla, land, Hunasgeria, Kelani, Rangalla, Tyspaue, Goo- niei-a, Nehalma, Panawal (11). J Caledonian Plantations, Poouagalla, New Ceylon Plantations (3). Ceylon, however, the reverse holds good. The com- panies which have produced tea below the average of 8"25d per- lb. have given a much better result for the investor than lire better class, the percentages being 12-5 for the former and only 9-1 for the latter. What of tea-growing as an investment ? The statistics given above point to it as being a very remunerative undertaking. Tea-growing, we believe, is a sound industrial enterprise, and although there are influences, both advantageous and disadvantageous, which will greatly affect the future of the industry and whicii need to be very carefully considered, under- present circmnstances we think the debenture stock and the pt-cfcr-cncc shares afford opportrrnities for sate investment. An average return of 10 per cent on a total capital of 71 millions is sufficient evidence of the satisfactory security which the preference shaies, at least, offer as an iirvestment. A considerable propor- tion of this 71 million being preference share capital, the dividend upon which is fixed, the amount required for that dividend would be much less than 10 per cent, leaving a larger amount than a ten per centage for the ordinary share capital, which surplus constitutes, in effect, an annual reserve for the preference shares. In other words, the security for the preference shares in the aggregate in the above companies is very much more than the 10 per cent which the net profits seem at first sight to indicate. The ordinary shares are, of course, more liable to fluctuations. Their value as permanent investments will be inquired into in a subsequent article. — hivesiors’ Guardian, Loudon, .July 10. DUMONT COFFEE CO., IJJ. The report of tlie directors of the Dumont Collee Company, Limited, states that the profits for 1896 were guaranteed hy the vendor.s at £120,000 w'hich sum was duly paid to the com pany. After meeting expetrses and writing ott' the entire preliminary charges, paying the deben- ture interest and jireference dividend, and also a distribution of 10 percent, on the ordinary stock, a sum of £83, .506 is placed to reserve account, and £11,411, carried forward. The actual profits of the Companhia Agricola Fazenda Dumont for 1896, after luoviding for all otitstandings on the estates, amounted to K2, 444, 024 •'?694, whicli sum, calculated at the average rate of exchange, is equivalent to £92,005 sterling. This sliort fall in the profits is mainly attributable to the heavy drop in the price of 8antos coffee, and to want of care and su|)ervision in the hanesting and curing of last year’s crop, owing to the ill-health of the vendor’s manager. A large difference arises, moreover, in the conversion of the profits into sterling at the average rate of exchange for 1896, as against the rate at which the audi- tors based their estimates in the prospectus. The crop, which had been calculated at 80,357 cw-ts. amounted to 74,415 cwts. The directors w-ere not in a position to exercise any control over the management of the property until the 1st January last. Since then ste]is have been taken to intro- duce a better system of management, and to add considerably to the machinery and appliances for curitig the coffee crop. A considerable quantity of new machinery has been purchased, and some of it is already erected and in working order on the estates. — Financial Times, July 9. Coffee Plant Disease.— A Nilgiri corres- pondent writes : — “ The comparatively dry w-eather that lias prevailed in the southern and eastern parts of the Nilgiris has developed a serious at- tack of leaf disease on coffee estates and the planters are anxious that some investigation should he made by Covernment.” Sept, i, 1897.] THE TROPICAL C''r.'’c'sni;’iil :r, Cs7. To ike Editor. SALT FOR AGRICULTURAL AND PLANTING PURPOSES. Franklands, Veyangoda, 13th March, 1895. The Hod. the Colonial Secretary, Sir, — 1. 1 beg that yon will place before His Excellency the Governor this iny application for five tons, of .salt, to be used in certain agricul- tural experiments on this estate. 2. The nianurial value of .salt in agricul- ture is well-known ; but so far as 1 am aware, the quantities in which it may safely be applied to land, the jiarticular crops to which it is most beneficial, and the duration of the benefits which may follow on ac application, have never been a.scertained, at any rate locally. 3. A few" years ago there tvas considerable discussion in the local newspapers, on the special value of salt a.s a manure for coconut estates situated at a distance from the sea-borde where coconuts are known to flourish best, presumably owing to the presence of salt in large quantities in the soil, and to their being under the influence of salt-laden winds. My recollection is that an application was made by the Agricultural As- sociation, whicli has ceased to exist, for the issue of salt at cost price ; but tlie then Government felt itself unable to accede to the request because of the diliiculty of denaturing salt, so that it might be made absolutely unfit for human food, 4. Since tlien the island, or to be more accu- rate tire districts in whicli coconuts are most extensively cultivated, have jiassed through two successive years of drought, which liave told dis- aslrou.^ly on coconut estates and coconut crops ; and it has occurred to me tliat expeiiments might establish, that the use of salt as a manure might mininflze the evil effects of droughts, by render- ing the soil more retentive of moisture — the hygroscopic propertie.s of salt being well-known. It is the desire to carry out these experiments, not wholly from disinterested motives, which impels me to make the pre.sent application ; but I do not ask for a free issue of the salt, though if it w'ere offered I should not decline it, as I shall have to incur some expense in connection with the experiments. I am prepared to pay the cost price of the salt, or the price at w’hich it is sold for exportation. 5. The application that salt should be issued for a local experiment, which may be fraught with immense benefits to a national industry, at the same price at w’hich it is issued to stran- gers to be carried aw'ay from the island, cannot be justly regarded as unreasonable ; but it may be as well to anticipate two possible objections. (a) . If it be asked what guarantee is there that the salt thus issued or a portion of it, may not be used for food, to the detriment of the revenue, my only reply can be a personal under- taking that the salt shall be kept under lock and key, and applied under my personal super- vision, mixed with cattle manure, or some com- post, and so dug in, as to be practically inacces- sible for food. (b) . To the objection that assuming tlie ex- periments to be successful it woubi be impossi- ble so to denature .salt, issued lor agricultmal purposes as to render it unfit for food, I answer that it may bo so. 1 am not awaro that cx- AGRICULTURIST. 197 periments have established that salt can, by mixture w'iih other ingredients, chemical or ofi'en- .sive, be rendered ab.solutely unfit for food ; but it would be wiser to deal with juobabiliiies than mere possibilities in the piaciical issues of lite. Every planter knows the diflicuiiy there is in getting coolies to handle, or evtu to n.amoty, manure.s offensive to the smell and sus];ecttd to be mixed with excrenientious matter. Is it then in the least degree probable that even the most needy or foul-feeding cooly will wash small crystals of salt clean, in order to use it for food ? Assuming that a certain proportion of labourers may do so, to what extent will tlie revenue be damnified by their erratic and exceptional jiro- ceedings ? Probably not to the extent of HIO a year. 0. It seems to me therefore, quite practicable to iiSSue salt of a quality unfit for human foor , or so treated as to render its use for food prac- tically impossible, and under guarantee, s from the purchasers which shall jirotect the revenue; but assuming that tlie.se safeguards may fail, it would be absurd to assume that it will fail in every cafse, and that everj" purchaser of salt for agricultural |iurpo,ses will risk criminal conse- quences by turning retailer of salt. The loss to the revenue, if any, is lilcely to be trifling, and caused chi' fly by i'ecu!.‘''tirin. But as against that iiiust be ] . (. ■. .he immense benefit it •would be to the wimie country, if its produc- tiveness can be increased e\ en by one- twentieth, by the use of salt as a manure, and if its herds can be protected against sickness by the free exhibition of salt. 7 If it once be establUhed that salt can be applied with appreciable benefit to the land, the Government may find it po.ssible to sell salt, without any restriction as to its use.s, at a re- duction in price, w'hich, througii the increased consumption, will ensuie the same direct revenue, while indirectly the revenue will be greatly benefited by the greater productiveness of the soil, by the improved health of the people a.s a result both of more abundant food and clieaper salt, and by the greater immunity of cattle from .sickness. 8. I have .said thus much to show that my exjieriinents if they establish that salt rvould be decidedly helpful to coconut cultivation, will be very beneficial to the country at large and will not imperil the revenue. I beg that His Excel- lency may be pleased to give my application favour- able consideration. If necessary, tlie experiments may be carried on under the direction, or on the advice, of the Superintendent of the School of Agriculture, so that results might be carefully noted. — I have the honour to be, sir, your obedi- ent servant, FRANCIS BEVEN. Colonial Secretary’s Otlice, Colombo, 5th April 1895. Feanci.s Beven, E.sq. Sir, — I am directed to acknowledge the receipt of your letter of the I2th ultimo, applying for 5 tons of salt, to be used in e.xperinients to test its value as manure, and to inlorm you that the imxtter wa.s duly laid before the Governor. 2. In reply. His Excellency desire.s me to say that personally he would have no hesiiation in trusting vou to carry out your experimeiiL.- ; but that, if r-iilt weie .so is.sueil m. a large scaie to as many persons as desiio to ii;s a, il.e jiixiitge would be abused t, the uelrimei.L cl the re. ci uc. The Government would, therefore, in granting your rc(]^uc.itj ]jo cx[io;jcd to tv chtu',",c of lav our- 198 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [Sept, i, 1897. itisni, inasniucli as tlie desire to safeguard the public interests \voullication of the husk, in however primitive a fashion, is evidence that it is recognised as a manure; and [ presume, the soil derives the bene- lit of the same constiluents from the husk, whether buried or reduced to aslies — only in the fonner case the alisorption of the manure is much slower. Mr. Cochran’s interesting and practical investigations are of special value, because they liirnish accurate information on the constituents of the busk ;isli ; for tliougli he deals tenderly with the analysis which i\Icssrs. David.son and Lepiiie liavc published, tho gieat ditlercnce between bis uini tlieir iig\ires e;umot be entirely explained away in the imiuner he suggests. Blit e\ i u his more modc.st figur(is prove that a ton of (he crude ash i . worth R81J, ami that the liu.sk of bo,UU0 nuts wijuld produce that quantity, giving about Rl '24 us the value of liusk.s for their jiotasli ami jihosphoric acid alone? I was at lir.st under the im)ircssiou that it was a ton of poiash which was r allied at R8U. That would hare reduced the ralue of the husks to about orie-third the price stated ; but on re read - ID"- Mr. Cochran' - calcuJatioii.s, I .see 1 am mistaken. (Jn his sliowdiig, proprietors part with liusks at much below tlieir maiiurial value in selling them to libre niill.s, buD the question remains, rvill the mills he able to afford to buy ihcm at moie than tlieir ralue as a manure? The coir fibre and bristle trade is believed to be overdone, and the margin of inolit is said to be very small. What would the etlect ol a rise in the jiricc of the rarv material be ? Then, 1 siipjrose, analysis of the soil alone can deter- mine whether it needs all the eon.stitnents rvliieli the husks taken from it yield.s, and rvhether its neeits may not he more etficiently and econo- mically .su))plied in other ways. 'I'hen again, there is the further question — liorr much ol the maiiurial cou-stituents is taken array by iiiaiiu- facture, and liorv imicli reiiiain.s in the refuse coir dust? The dust is kiiorvii (o be an e.\- cclleiit deodorizer, and its etticacy a^ a ilefeii- sir e armour for sliip> betrveeii plates or [dank - has been asserteti. If its ashes contain an appreciable proportion of the constituents which the hu.sk has been credited rvith by analysis — then estates may take back the dust after selling the husk 1 and, who knorvs how much more that is valuable in coconuts and is now allorved to run to rr aste, may be rescued by science for the benelit of proprietor and manu- facturer ? fhougli 1 have not systematically reduced husks tj aslie.s, I bare used tliem largely to jniek ti ouches and to till uji de|)ressio:is rritli good results; while I have sold husks to fibre INlills only rvlien carriage rvas ['•'S-eticaliy free. Tlnit is rvhenever T send my carls lor road.-'ide cattle manure, I send them laden wilh husks if available. Otberrvise husks are retained for a[»plication to trees. After Mr. Cochrans letter, it is a question to be considered rvlietlier I gain any advantage, and horv iiincli, by ex changing a cart of husks for a cart of cattle manure. Curiously, only last rveek when I bad the [deasure of taking the Director of Public Instruction over this jilace, we discussed the uses of husk, ami I mentioned to him its ricliness in potash, and made special reference to the sharp taste of the ash audits resemblance to saltpetre. 1 h d no analysis in view then, but as Mr. Coeliran states that no wood ashes he has ever analysed bad more potash than the ash of coco- nut husks, I would ask him whetlier he has ever analyse ! the lantana bush ? I have a re- collection' that Mr. Dixon, the lirst Scienw Master of the Royal College, found lantana the richest of all vegetable substances in potash, but Mr. Cull was unable to confirm my impression. Then, there remains the question of salt. Its [ireserice in such large quantities in tho asii — two- liftlis of the weiglit— is additional reason for the use of hnsk as manure, esjieeiaily in inland districts ; hut I must reserve what I have to .'ay oil salt for another occasion. Faithfully Yours, „ ' “ AljH OF COCONUT HUSK ; AND VALUE OF SALT AS A MANURE. Colombo, July 17. Sn;,— Referring to vour correspondent’s re- marks as followts — I would iiieainvhile point out that Mr. Cochran’s calculatioii.s are rather out. Has he not taken the weight of ash in working out tho value of the potasli ? ” — I would reply yes, l ortainly ; but not in .such a manner as to “ enha.nce the value of the husk 3-fold.” The value put on the crude ash is simply the value due to its contents of [lotash snd phosphoric acid, so that there is no mistake. The question as to the value of common salt as a manure has always been a disputed one ; Sept, t, 1S97.I THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 199 men like Liebi<;', Lawes, Wanington, and Voelcker declaring against it ; althougli Dr. Voelcker (ac- cording to Dr. (iritfiths) latterly recognized its value as a manure which increased the yield of wheat, barley and oat crops. There is no doubt that in special cases salt is of use as a manure. Thus Dr. A. B. Grifiiths states that from his own e.xperiments and experience, a dressing of cwt. nitrate ot soda, and D cwt. salt per acre, forms an excellent manure for rnangold-wurzel. From the evidence before us, I am disjiosed to Consider the coconut tree as one of the special cases in v.’hich salt is useful as a manure. Dr. Gritfiths sums up th.e general ]iropertie« of common salt from an agricultural point of view as folio svs : — («) The property of salt, in small (quantities, in promoting the decomposition of the animal and vegetable matters contained in all culti- vated soils is considerable (h) Tt acts as a dlrcvt plant fuod in small projiortions. (c) It has the [)0wer of destroying noxious in- sects, slugs and weeds, when applied to fallows. {d) .Salt possesses stimulating powers on grow- ing plants. [e) It has the power of preserving the juices of plants, and the soils in which they grow from the effects of sudden transitions in the temperature of the atmosphere (C. N. Johnson, F.it.s.) (f) “It increases the power of certain soils of absorbing moisture from the atmosphere.” I may mention, in conclusion that, according to the same author, salt has been used as a manure in Palastine and in China for more than 2,000 years. M. COCHRAN. SALT AS A MANURE. July 26. Dear Sir,— The discussion on the use of salt as a manure is one deserving of considera- tion. I have noticed that seaweeds are largely used in England as a manure, and consequently trees and plants which grow near the coast in the island may improve by the addition ot salt to the soil. It'has been proposed from time to time to reduce the Government price of salt for agri- cultural purposes, and to so adulterate it as to render it unfit for human food. According to a reasonable way of quitting the matter it is any- thing but just and equitable to raise the price of salt for the food of man and to reduce it for the food of plants. What would be said if the Customs charged a higher duty for paddy imiiorted and used as food for human beings, and lessened the duty when imported to feed dumb animals. .Such a proceeding would not for a moment be countenanced by Government. .\s far as I know the quantity of salt for a coconut tree need not be very much, one seer or measure, or a little more, would be sufficient for eacli tiee. A bushel contains thirty-two seers, I think, and this may suffice for thirty- three young coconut trees, but older trees may require a little more. If one-third of the price of a bushel of salt be reduced it would answer both for agricultural purposes and as a neces- sary of life. Of all the taxes on food the most unjust one is a salt tax. 'i'he salt which is annually destroyed may be collected and used. Those who have noticed the manufacture of salt, and also the natural cry.s- talization of it in salt pans, or little lakes called leways, would have observed that if soon after the crystalization ot salt it is not collected, long crystals shoot between the square crystals of common salt and render the .salt bitter and unfit for human food. The long crystals are tliose, I think, of glauber salt, or sulphate of soda. Salt of this kind may well be collected and sold cheap for agriculture. The mixed salt is too bitter for food and not easily removed from common salt ; and the co.st of doing so would be expensive and not worth the trouble if salt for food is made cheajier. This would at once re- move the ditiiculty of .adulleraiiiig .^.alt so tiuu ii m.ay nol he used as food. One time salt wa.s sold cliea|i, or in reduced jn'ice, for lish curing yards ; bul theie ha\e been such restrictions (hat the li.sheis ga\e up curing lish in the yards oi- huts kept by C'o'o'rn- ment for the imr|)o,se. It is a |iity that more encouragement was not gi\en to this indu.stry, a.s it is believed that badly cured fish as a diet, is very unwholesome and apt to juoducc di.sease. — Yours truly, X. [We (quite agree that it will be a happy day for the ma.s.s of the qreople when the salt tax can be reduced or abolished j although it is ques- tionable if people in remote districts could even then get salt cheaper than it is now given by Government. But the principle on wliich salt is wanted free for agriculture is that it may increase the production of food staples,— F.P. TA,, SALT IN AGRICULTURE, Devr Sir, — It is a matter of great sati.sfaction to me to find that the agitation I star ted about ten years ago for the use of salt in agricul- ture in general and in coconut cultivation in particular, receives support now from you after the analysis of Mr. Cochran revealed the fact that salt in large quantities is to be found in the products of the tree. I received no sup- port from you at that time as you shielded yourself behind the analysis of Lepine and the oqjinion of Dr. Trimen that the small quantitie.s of salt vegetation required was supqrlied by the .storms of the S.-W. monsoon.* The asqiect of affairs has changed now that Mr. Cochran has proved the unreliability of Lepine’s analysis as regards husks. What about the other parts «f the tree? Will not the moribund National Association do a “ national ” duty by a qu-oduct of “national” importance and Irave com]ilete ari.alysis made of ail the products of the coco- nut tree after the manner of Lepine s tables.! My agitation of 10 years ago started in this wise, coconut leaf disease rvas receiving attention. It was found chielly in inland districts! where coconuts were not growing unde'r natural condi- tions as regards situation and soil. I suggested that possibly the cause of the disease was due to this and that it would be wise to restore natural conditions as much as lies in our qrower by systematic application of salt to the coconut tree. * We cannot under.stand to what our corresqjondent refers. In the very first edition of our illustratet' Handbook “Ceylon in 1883 ” and in every edition since, we have placed the releasing of salt from tax for agricultural purposes, as one of the reforms »f the future to be kept steadily in view. “ B.” must be referring to some remark of our “ senior ” dining our absence from Ceylon '! But on the general ques- tion of free salt for agricultuinl use, we know be also wrote favourably so far back as the “ sixties.” — Bn.- 7'..f, t How is a “moribund” institutiou that has not paid its debts, to do this ? — En. 7’..1. [ It was very bad in Slave Island near Gallo Face. — En. T.A. 200 THK TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. ISept, I. 1S97. If I mistall as a top- Iressiim' and with tlie last lains ot the h.-\}. monsoon. Owing to its power of attracting mois- ture from llie atmos])here, it wid be lielplul Unvards enabling Oic trees to pass through tne trvino period (d’ drought. For districts suHcmig from "drought and where it becomes necessary o water not only coconut idaiits but trees as "ell, its use cannot but be of the utmost use. i y c-uidintv principle in cultivating a coconut estate IS to fet 110 product leave it but what is essen- tially necessary for financial purposes and to get into' it for application to the soil all 1 can. i for a time succea.sfnily re-ustcil the wis.i ol a former employer to sell his husks to hhre mills. He said T could get a return load ot lihrc dust. I was for getting the dust in addition, to keeping the husks. His wishes or orders as supreme prevailed in the end. I feel sure after Mr. Cochran s analysis of the husk he must feel sorry that he allowed so much valuable manurial niatter to be removed from his estate ami for only a mnall eonsidevation. 1 flunk Mr. C.ichran s calculations should not he the means of indneing intelligent planters t,o sell their husks if they get an otter for them above what they are worth as a manure. All waste products should be returned to the soil, after burning, as a rule, for substances that decay slowly. Of cour.se, there is a loss ot organic matter by this, but that is compensated for by the quickness of the results. _ _ The richness of husks and nranches m potash is well known to Ceylon dhoVfies though they are nob clieim«ts and they take |>ractical ad van- tan'e of their knowledge to the de.struction ot oiu clothes. Ill the Western Province the ashes of husks is used in the }dace ot soap to ;yash THE CACAO DISEASE. Sudugaiiga, Matale, 10th July, 1897. Dk.VK Sir,— In solicitation of jnactical experi- ence in ihe matter, and under this to elicit as far as possilde what may be the cause of the disease which attends the Common Bed variety of Cacao at a certain age, would you kimlly publish the cncln.seil Correspondence.— I am, dear sir, yours faithfully, GEOKGE A. GBEIG. clothes, and in the Southern Province that of (be branches, or rather petioles. Alter raui had fallen onbnining branches f have picked up ciude potash in white crystals very sharp and corrosive to taste and touch. [The agitation to enable (.eyloa salt to be used for" agricultural ]mrposes, began first in JSGG, witliiii uur time, nnd lins keen iene\^ed at intervals since. — Ed. /Ml.J * 111 our absence again unfortunately ! En. 1,A. 2Ii\ Cr- -1. Crrcig'ii Idler to 2Ir. Green. Sudnganga, iMatale, June 28tli 1897. B. E. Green E.=q., Punduluoy '. Dear Sir. — I was very glad to see from your letter of the 21st in the Observer of the 23id you were of opinion that the present causes of the disease affecting our cacao v:ere not directly traceable to any insre.t. I have a theory on foot that the spread ot *• can- ker” has been entirely due to having cut off suckers, which 1 base on the following points — 1st, I notice in cases where old trees have been allowed togrow with very little suckering or none at all, these re- main (so far) healthy and are for the most part not subject to disease; 2nd. That canker predominates in the belter cacao where soil is richer; and ord, that the poorer cacao besides being unaffected looks better than it ever did. Taking the 2nd and .'Ird points into question I can only arrive at a reason for the diversities in these, iu the following : — That cocoa in the richer soil having borne abundant crops, and the in con- sequence (being unable to extend or renew themselves ill time owing to suckeriug) were iu a weak state, and diseased (and thereby subject to the attacks of insect and fungii resiiltiiig iu mortality. That the poorer cacao not having cropped to the extent of the other, though subject to the same treatment in every way, the limbs were in healthier condition enabling the trees to withstand the attacks of insects and fungi as well as respond to last year’s favourable weather. 1 agree with you that the branches of a cankered tree, as a rule, are not affected, and this goes to prove, I would think, there is no infection iu the disease. It is well known, or it may not be, that branches renew themselves, and are auxiliaries to one another in different periods of fruiting, and cacao being a stem-bearing tree, so also, I maintain should stems have the same advantage in not being suckered at all at any time to either elongate themselves or that the tree have two or three limbs from the bottom as nature may provide. In having an increased num- ber of stems or timbs (the latter term properly speaking, and I 1 orrow this vantage after reading your letter ot the 21st), this would mean a further development ot primaries (?) secondaries, &c., and equalize the fruit bearing area, and possibly prevent trees over-bearing. And it is to over-bearing on the one limb I attribute weakness. I notice that if a tree does not give much crop in the autumn it generally responds in the spring and vice-versa. In the same manner this may account for extra cropping every altomate year. Of course the question now is in the present causes of disease in old cacao, — What is the best course to pursue for a cure ? In the theory I put forward the only answer is let all suckers grow. But (that inevitable !) in cases where the trees have been subject to a severe treat- ment of suckering it will take at least two years or perhaps longer to -prove the remedy. And this inasmuch as suckers will require the time to mature and assert them.selves fri in the roots, and no tree will be safe till it has a liniti auxiliary either i.i extended form or in two or more stems. Bike- wise suckers will die with the old stem or limb if their growth i.s not well advanced. I know of cacao tree.s (Common Bed variety) which have been allowed to run np and to all appear- Sept, i, 1897.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 2or ance have not been suokerecl, and (those for my “ idea ’’) I would not wish to see better. I should be much obliged if you would kindly let me have your opinion on my views. And you can make what use you like of this letter if it will be of assistance.- -Yours, Ac., (Signed) GEOBGE A. GHEIG. [Mr. Green’s h : ter in renhj.) Et< a, Pnndaluoya, July 2nd. Geoiige a. Gkeig E Suduganga, Matale. Dear Sir, — Please excuse delay in replying to yours of 2Sth ult., but I have been very busy the last few days, and could not hud time to give your letter the attention it deserved. I will commence by repeating part of a circular which, in conjunction with fvlr. Willis, I have drawn up for di.stribution through the cacao districts, It runs as follows ; — “From personal examination (on the spot) of a large number of diseased trees, we are led to the conclusion that the canker is the outcome of some obscure constitutional disease or weakness, the cause of which is still undetermined (whether due to fungus, to over-cutting, insufficient shade, or old age) ; but that it cannot be directly attributed to the work of any insect. The diseased patches on the bark were frequently found to originate quite independently of any insect attack; though any wounds, unclosed knot holes, or insect borings were found to aggravate the disease by permitting the water to enter and permeate the inner layers of bark. On the older and weakened trees, a very large number of the cankered patches were distinctly traceable to open knot holes where suckers or branches had been torn o/f— affording lodgment for water and small insects. On yoirng and vigorous trees all such wounds were repaired by a renewal of the bark. We should be glad to know how far these observations agree with your own.” Now returning to your letter, — -brieily stated, your theory seems to be that canher is niainli/ due to the practice of sucherinQ the trees. And you base your argument on the supposition that cacao trees in good soil are weakened htf over-hearing, and are not allowed to recoup themselves hg the free growth of fresh wood. I think there is a great deal to be said for your theory — and on more extended grounds even than you give. As you will note by my earlier quotation I am of opinion that the disease is the outcome of weakness, and though I was not in a position to nrake the assertion, I personally suspected the weakness to be largely due to over-cropping which sapped the vitality of the tree and besides predisposing it to disease, prevented the healthy repair of wounds. ft is a very general rule, whicli is lieing constantly corroborated, that the more vigorous tlie growth of a plant, the less liable it is to attack from insects or other pests. It is when the flow of the sap is retarded or its nature altered by weakness or cih -r causes, that the plant falls an easy prey to blights of all kinds. It is evident therefore that a system of reducing or concentrating the cropping area, v.H Ji n 'Cessarily exhausts the plant, woiill piredispose it to the disease. Not being myself a cacao planter, I am not able to speak with any authority upon the actual methods of cultivation of that particular pjroduct ; but from an outside point of view and from observations made during the examinations of this disease, I should think it would be more profitable to encourage the growth of several stems or limbs than to confine the ti ea to one main stem. I noticed durii g my recent visit to Matale that though these old stems continued to produce flowers, very little of this blossom ac- tnilly pro duced fruit in snob situation, the bulk of the^ crop being borne on the more vigorous limbs and brandies. My inve.stigalions also plainly sh.iwod that tile canker w.rs pni.ctically confined to the old weakened stem. Young trees and the more vigorous- growing Eorestero variety were almost entirely free from the disease. fla\ ,) you ever tiier! stumping the yonng plant to induce it to start several stems from the base '? With regard to your suggestion to entirely step the practice of “auckeriug.” I should think there must be a limit to the number that could be left with advantage, but you on the spot must be in a better position to decide that question. But wherever suckers have to be removed, the work should certainly be done carefully and the wound stopipeci with some water- prroof mixture. Although with careful treatment, such as you suggest it may be possible to keepr the red cacao free from canker, still there seems to be no doubt that the Eorestero is a much hardier plant and more capable of resisting disease of all kinds. Attention cannot be too strongly drawn to the advisability of selecting ha.idy disease-resisting varieties in any cultivation. It is a most fortunate circumstance that there are such disease-resisting ,-tocks in so many cultivated plants. In the low-country of Ceylon the immunity of the Assam indigenous tea from Helopeltis is most marked and convincing. Particular varieties of potatoe were long ago found to be more or less proof against the potatoe disease; and rust-resisting varieties of wheat have been most successfully cultivated in Europe. In the case of Phylloxera the scourge of the continental vineyards, prarticnlar stock was found that resisted this insect pest, and tliough the fruit of this variety was not so prrofii.able as that of the more delicate vines the difficulty was overcome by grafting the more valuable variety on to the hardier stock. This last hint might prerhaps priove valuable to cacao planters. It would be interesting to ti-y the effect of grafting the more delicate Red cacao' to a hardier Eorestero stock — Yours &c. (Signed) E. ERNEST GREEN, CACAO DISEASE. Crystal Hill, July 2lst. Sir, — Mr. G. A. Greig of Suduganga, Matale, whose coirespondence with Mr. E. E. Green, on the cacao disease now prevailing appeared in your paper, will be siu'prised to hear that his next door neigh- bour so long ago as the year 1890, discovered that it was a mistake to remove the suckers aud gor- mandizers from the cacao tree as it not only tended to weaken the tree by depriving it of its “breath- ing lungs;” but also helped the old wood to har- bour insects which eventually destroyed the trees. Put the tiien piroprietor of this property, uie late Mr. A. G K. Borron, like nrany other i Id j i n. ters, did not believe in it. Two years after, givat mortality ensued among the cacao in ihe dis- trict, aud it was attributed to a deficiency in the rainfall and want of more shade to the trees. Every- one then resorted to planting dadap trees as shade. The year fo lowing was no better both w’ith regard to tliG rainfall and tlie disease ; but just then this property became my own, and enabled me to 1 lit my theory into practice at once. The result may now be seen by any one who wishes to do so, and liie visitor will be well repaid for his trouble wlieii seeing that while the mortality is still con- tinuing among my neighbours, I am enjoying a perfect immunity from it.* Mr. .1. H Jdarber paid me a friendly visit two years ago, and surprised me not a little when be observed that I was doing just what he had also been doing on his property, “ The Grove ” Ukuwala, i. e. he allowed the cacao tree to grow aocoidiiig to its natural habits. He had been to the West Indies, the home of the cacao plant, and iiad seen for himself tliat tills was the latv there. It would be presumptuous on my piart, though a pilanter of 20 years’ standing, to express any opinion bearing on the scientific notions of Mr. Green; but Slice tliat gentleman has liinl the modesty to acknow- 1 dge that he himself was not a cacao pi .uter, I make bold to remark that if by grafiing (as he suggests) the delicate C e I'lo or Car v'ca-! over stoc'i.s of the hardier Forester ), we succeed in projiioing a disease- resisting variety of cacao, still I doubt that the pro- * We should like to know if Mr. Vanstarrex means that diseased Bed Cacao trees after allowing suckers to grow, fully recovered '.‘—En. T.A. 202 rPlE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. duct of the grafted tree would any way be superior to the pure Bed Caraccas with which Ceylon always topped the market. Anyone examining the contents of aForesteropodwill perceive that the beans are much flatter than those of the red pod. The latter is the variety that produce.s the nice and plump bean, and it is this I lumpness that gives tone to our produce. Scientific ireatment nia.y overcome diseases and pests, but never improve the quality of the product. Our endeavour should therefore, be entirely directed to preserve the purity of our red cacao. This could easily be obtained by allowing the plant to grow in its natural v. ild state with, of course, the usual help given to nature by the agriculturist. iUr. Green is careful to caution us with regard to the number of suckers allowed to grow ; but in my opinion the placing of a limit to the number of suckers grown 13 likely to do more harm than good. For the fact is that when a superabundance of suckers springs from the tree, only a few takes the lead — following, I suppose, Spencer's theory of the “ survival of the fittest ’’—and the rest linger lor awhile and die off. .\nd if it is desired to leave only a few suckers to urnw and remove the superfluous ones, who is to distinguish the fittest from those wliich are an tit to survive 'f 'i'iiere is no room here to even err on the liuht side: so we better leave it to nature.— 1 am A. VAN STARREX, RE!) (CARACCAS) CACAO RECOVERING ON SUCKERS RKING ALLOWED TO GROW. Crystal Hill, duly '24th 1S9S. Dkap. Sir,— 111 reply to your query whether “diseased C«cao trees, after allowing suckers to grow, liilly recovered?” — I assure you that .such has actually been the case in iny e.xiieiience wliei'P the so-called disease had been only an insect attack. 1 am unable to .=ay wheiher the tree h.ad any other disease. Neither could I detect any disease in tlie Red Cacao tiees that are dying on some estates in iny neighbourhood other ilian insect attacks. '1 hese insects are in V a-ious tornisas weevils, caterpillars, wire woiins, g libs cL-cetera which infest the old wood. The rafecled wood decays gradually when white ants or termites begin to invade it, and liiiish the work of destruction uhich the weevils and coui- pany hatl begun. It is rcniarkahle that the in- sects do not attack new wood. To my iniml it seems the attack begins just as t-he hark attains a certain degree of maturity ; bvit its baneful intinence does not manifest itself until it is too late for curative remedies to he of any good. Hence it should he understood that a tree incurably attacked, the suckers — if any could be got to grow on such a tree — w onhl be' of no aVail. lint if that tree had had its sucker growing from an earlier stage of the attack, it is the infesLeil wood that would have gone oil' and left the sucker to take its place, wdiich again as time rolls on wil.l be attacked by the insects and die oil, leaving its place for another successor. It should also be noted that a, sucker growing from the stem neaiesl the ground strikes loot and becomes a new tree. Ajiart from this suckcr.s growing higher ufi or over the branches which in the planting parlance are known as u'ormand ixers — are also not ti he de-pised, for they create new arteries in the .stem and roots of the old tree and transform it lo a new mu'. Also observe the attacks of heloimltis, the hrancii dies backward till a joint is leached, whence a new shoot springs out and nils the place of the de- cayed portion. The same law of nature obtains in every other case. — T am, &c. A. VAN STARREX. [Sept, i, 1S97. “ CACAO SPEAKS.” , Sill, — I have uo disease — canker, etc. I have enemies: — The Ilelopeltis and the Paddy Fly ifap- suckeis trom small branches); the Red Borer ipiih- eater=bad piuiiiiig, over- bearing) : since the K- d Cotton Ueetle which perforates the leaves and uiuipe seed; the Planters’ luditference (bad plants and b.idly planted in diffeient soil.) The Helopeltis and Paddy F'ly come iiv swarms at times and suck ray sap from the tender I ranches at edge of leavc.s. .'v mixtnreof sulphur j-, fresh dolomitelinip 1. powdered wood ash ?, — well ini'.ced and thrown ovei and ihinneh- out the tree either after .a .showei or e;i!iy in the morning when leaves liave dew on them, will keep the Heiopelcis, Paddy P’ly and Cotton ] lectio away and this application will strengthen leaf and small branches. The Red Rorer — you should catch the moths in M.ay and .Tune before they lay their eggs; later on you have to watch the trees and as soon as you hud the borer at woiF supply some coolie.s with a piece of wire -and then push in the hole and kill ;he borers — let him dip it in margosa oil, stop up the hole if you cannot even reach the insect, tlie smell and uo ventilation or egress to carry out its own excrement will soon kill it. A^ou make such a cry out against poor Tomicus ; he would never come near me if not for your planters ; and why:— 1. You get and p'aut unripe as well as over-ripe seed, sometimes in soil without lime and potash. You should lem ember I require both lime and potash especially in my infancy, same as a child requires milk. •2. Coolies are not always careful wdien taking me up with transplanter or 'with baskets aud put me in the hole anyhow to get their day’s task com- pleted. In this injured or crippled state, I cannot dravr up suflicicni nourishment to form a healthy tree witliout some help from you which, however, you decline to give — though in your walks round, by I he colour of my leaves and their blotchy seedy b.irk stems, you ought to see that I am suffering from cci iaiu wants, not diseasse, ii. Y^ou are so anxious to secure crops that often when I am s' ill young and afterwards when older you allow me to bear more fruit than I can carry and cannot shake off (spirit willing but flesh weak), when you should relieve me of some of the fruit or give me stimulating food to enable me to ripen that crop without suffering in body, not being able to supply the wbolc tree and fruit with sap, especi- ally when hlelopeltis has injured the leaf and twigs and thus stops their help in taking nourishiueut from the atmosphere and return same with sap, part of the fruit P.nd branches will die and even stem gets bark-bound. You at times plant me in a soil tot.ally uiisuited for me to live and thrive in, soil too poor, a subsoil of clay or rock exposed to much hot wind at one season tlien to much cold with gales at another season; while so placed I cannot supply sufficient sap for fruit and body, aud stem gets also bark-bound. When bark-bound the juice with fibre betw’een outer bark and stem turns sour, then decays. Tomicus is a great drunkp.rd aud soon smells the decay in the sap and then bores holes in the bark to get to the sour sap ; when no more between outer bark aud stem, then bores into the wood which by this time aho gives out sour sap. Yuu also allow me to be handled rather roughly. Y'ou know I am a delicate plant, yet you allow the coc4.es to pull off suckers and hack off branches, leav.i.g the rough cut to decay and the insects to follow up the decay, where -as you ought to have made a clean cut and covered my wound with a mix- ture of oil and tar. It is not necessary to stump me lo start seveial stems fr©m the has-.; it is oue of my failings lo throw out youug shoo s continually if all these were allowed to remain, I should very soon be choked wanting more sap, than the roots and leaf and twigs can supply aud then decay will also set in ; but when one or two suckers only are al- Sept, i, 1897.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. lowed then these will become very strong— even part of the stem below these suckers gets enlarged ; such make a hardy tree and after a time you can cut down the old tree — so lose m crop — but you can saw oS the old tree eighteen inches above ground and then allow one or two of the lowest (if two, one on each side) suckers to grow — only always cover the cut on old tree w’ith a waterproof mixture of tar and oil to prevent sap oozing ont and insects to come to the sap ; after it becomes sour then they would bore into wood, &o. OAOAO. TREE planting; AND CACAO. 13th July 1397, Sir, — "A rev.ohdioH in free planting’'’ is very interesting reading. It must be very encouraging to old coffee planters to know that the system had been anticipated and practised by them almost from the beginning of the era of coffee cultivation in Ceylon. The system of root pruning atid cutting of the 'plant was known as “ stump- ing” and the plants so treated were known as ‘■stumps.” I believe the system originated by the ]ilanter making tlioughtful provision in his imrsery for jibints both for the actual planting of hi.s clearing- and for supplying. The planting was done during the IS. W. mon.soon and the supiilying during the followdng N.-E. and S.-W. monsoons. The plants for sujiplying having been found to have far out-grown the 6 to 9 inches in height, sui)))osed to be the ortliodox height, stumping was resorted to .save transport, the too great shock to the tran.spla,ntation of large plants and chiedy to prei-ent injury to the plant by the tearing up of the tap-root and primary roots. The system was found to answer well and sup- plying was always done with stumps. They were found to be hardier than plants, and wdien the usual monsoon rains failed, they stood a better chance of growing tlian plant.s. The same care of and attention to the pruning of roots was not given by the planter as is directed by Mr. Stringfellow. An ordinary cooly was set to the task with a ]n-uniiig-knife. He held the plane top upwards and Hist pruned the tap root and then the side roots, cutti g at each stroke as many as w'ould come between his thumb and the knife. We are now advised to hold the plant top-downwards and cut the roots, so .tliat when planted tlie cut surface will be downwards ; for “ experience has shown that these roots are generally emitted perpenrlicularly to the ])lane or surface of the cut.” Wlieiher this was a necessity with a surface feeder like coffee is a question, but with a deep feeder like tea there can be no question that it should be carefnlly followed. I wondci- wlictlicr anybody lia,s tried stumping cacao. It is considcreil a \ciy delicalc plani and a nou-di.iturbauce ut ils root.-, at planting > essential to succe.s..ful growth. The general belief was that cacao wa.s one of the most diflicult plants to raise, but once established that it grew on for ever and was as hardy as a jak tree, as I once heard it described. With the experience of the Boring Tomicus, all that i.s changed now and cacao is thought to be hardy only after ‘20 years’ growth. I have a religious love and regard for every- thing old and it grieves me to read that the old red variety of cacao is condemned as delicate and its super.ses.sion by the Eorastero suggested. It cannot be so very delicate after all, for there arc trees of great .age still existing in Ceylon. There arc some very old trees at Mango Lodge, Kandy, facetiously called Graves-end, opposite the Military Hospital. If I mistake not, tlie.se trees have been alleged to be the parents ot the trees on the Doombera plantations. At the “ Devvala,” Badulla, there are also soine old trees and when Mr. Sproule was residing there, the pod.s were freely requisitioned by the planters on the surrounding estates. At the Mansion, Grandpa.ss, Mr. De Bieard has very old trees growing vigorously, from which old Mr. Chas. de Breard used to manufacture chocolate. Please de.sist from condemning the old red variety as deli- cate, if on enquiry these old trees are found llom-isliing.— Yours' truly MAKAVILLA. [The delicacy is associated with unsuitable con- (liLions of .soil chietly ; but the great matter noiv is to try grafting.— Ed. 27 A.] COCONUT BEARING-TREES AND NUTS. Dear Sir, — Your para re coconut crops in Raja- kadalua does not disclose the number qf trees from which these 37,000 nuts were plucked. It is im- possible to judge whether the return was satisfactory, good, bad or indifferent, without this very essential item of information. Is it fair to institute any comparison between Rajakadalua and Kandangomua as to the early bearing capacities of coconut trees ? Were the Kandangomua trees that came into bearing so soon, put down by the present proprielor as young plants, or were they trees that had already come into bearing and simply transplanted by him after he bought the property ? R. RED ANTS ON TEA. Keenagaha Ella, Balangoda, July 25, 1897. Dear Sir, — One of my fields is very badly infested -with large I'cd ants, some of the tea bushes being full of nests. Can you or any of yonr re.aders tell me of any remedy that could be applied to drive them away, as they interfere a good deal both in plucking and pruning. — Yours faithfully, H. H. RIRBY. [There is a great deal of information interesting to p>lanters scattered througli the volumes of our Tropical Agriculturist about red ants. One planter welcomed red ants as the “ tigers of the insect world ” ready to devour all other in- sects, even white ants ! Another complained of his young potatoes at 4,000 feet being all eaten u|) by red ants. A third in 1882, begged in the interests of moiality for a remedy, as his coolies were indulging in awful language in con.sequence of tlie numerous red ant nests ! But the only remedy we find suggested, is the fol- lowing and that was for “coffee” not “tea” ! liowever wo quote it. — A CURE FOR RED ANTS. Dimbula, 23rd April, 1882. Dear Sir,— Your corresjioudent “ II. J.” will, I think, liiid tiro a very effective remedy. I once used it on an estate in the Badnlla district where there was a patch of coffee that coolies avoided as much as possible : some of the trees had so many as three nests m them. As it was important to destroy the nests without arousing the ants, I tied branches of drymana grass to long poles, and having sprinkled the grass with kerosine (a very small quantity) placed the fire under each nest in succession. A great many of the We fancy Llie Rajakadalua tices .'iie pl.anted about the usual distance, say 70 to 80 to the acre ; the year’s crop was 107,000 nuts. We do not know anything of the compari.son referred to, and do not in tlie least de.sire anytliing iavidion.s to be fostered. The interest is simply in noting at what .age and miUi what crop.s, coconut ]ialm.s come into bearing in different districts. — Ed, T.A^ 204 THE TROPICAL AGEICULTLRIST. ants were burnt, and those that escaped took care not to come back. Precautions should, oi course, be taken against the file burning anything more than the nests. — Yours faithfully, 1^- [This remedy, if adopted, should certainly be tried only in wet weather. —Ed. T.A.'] RED ANTS UN TEA : xV REMEDY. RED ANTS ON CxVCAO : HOW TO INTRODUCE. DExVK Sid,— M'hen the coti'ec trees were in- fested with Red Ants, I used to apply a few orains of arsenic dropped into their nests from above. In a day or two after getting a dose, they were all dead on the ground and about then nests. COEEEE PLANTER. [The above ought to suit Mr. Kirby^s case. —How true it is that what is one man’s meat (delight) i.s another man’.s poison (avcr.siou). A cacao planter in the lowcounlry has just been telling us how he welcome.s and even in- troduces red ants to his trees, regarding them *• the tigers of the insect world as mo.st useful in clearing away a variety of smaller but more injuiious insects. His way of intro- ducing led ants into his liehls is ingenioii.s. Eor a jungle walk he provides himself with a long stick” with a piece of meat tied along the end of it : when he wants red ants he thrusts this into a nest, the ants fix in the meat and will not leave it, and finally meat and ants are left on a cacao bush where the insect “ tigers make their future home. Our friend also mentions as a fact within his experience, the great fear ot the conii>aratively big red “ tigers one of the small ants so often found in simar ! He has seen a regular “ bolt of the former on one of the latter being dropped in their midst, and he has seen how the little fellow rushes at one of the big ones, fixes im- movably on his back and (quickly kills him. Can the smaller ants eject a poison with their bite? — Ed. T.A.] the risk of introducing red ants ON PLANTATIONS— OF CACAO ESPECIALLY. Eton, Pundaluoya, Aug. 5. De\K Sir, — With reference to the recent cor- respondence’in your columns upon “ Red Ants,” I think a note of warning should be given against the too free adoption of the plan recorn- inetiiled by your lowcountry correspondent— who encourages and even intrmluces rod ants on Ins cacao trees. Although they will undoubtedly destroy many small insects ; on the other kand these socalled “tigers of the insect world (would not “wolves” be a better simile.) are most distinctly gdilty of encouraging the pre- sence of some of our most injurious insect pests. Their relations in connection with “ scale-iii.sects ’ and aphides have often been misunderstood. This same “red ant” was once before largely introduced into the cotl'ee distri 'ts by .some in- trenious individual under the mistaken idea— based upon imperfect observation of its habits— that it would prey upon and iinally exterminate the CJtl■ee-bu<^ ' This was an excellent arrangement for both”the ants and the bugs ; but the result — from the iilanter’s point of view-was not .so sitisfacfory. Firstly, the coffee vvas rem ered almost unapi>roachable liy the ferocity of these [Sept, i, 1897. supposed allies; and secondly, the “bug" in- creased and waxed fat, if ])ossible, faster than before. “ 8cale-bng.s ■■ and ajihides are to the ants what herds of milch cows are to us ; and, as such, are tended and cultivated most carefully. In return for the plentiful supply of “honeydew” yielded by their “ insect cattle,” the ants will defend them from their natural enemies. I have often noticed that “scale-bugs” attended by ants apiiear to be in a much healthier and jilumper comlilion than are those which are left to shift for themselves. Oolonies of “.scale-bugs” and “ mealy-bugs ’ are often included within the nests of the ants; and when the ants outgrow their (juarters and migrate to other parts, they carry -aitli them some of their cattle to form the nucleus 01 fresh herds. If tne ants are to be got rid ot, after destroying the nests, search should be made upon" the neighbouring bi-anches for any “bugs,” and these also destroyed ;— otherwi.se the ants will surely make their way back to the source of attraction. The fact that the small ■•sugar-ant” {Flarjiule/jin lonr/ipca) —one of the weakest looking of its kind — can attack and overcome the ferocious “reli- ant ’ yFcophi/lla siiiamrjdimi), is a most curious and interesting one, — and rather mysterious too. For the smaller ant is, to all appearance, with- out any efficient means of offence or defence. Its mandibles are comparatively small and weak, and it is unjirovided with 'a sting, but the fact has been ob.servsd more than once. 1 have been told by one very careful obseiver, of a regular warfare conducted between the smaller and the larger sjiecies, in which the former invariably come off victorious, to the gradual extermination or eximlsion of the latter. ' I have myself seen a large cockroach speedily colla^ise under the attack of three or four of these weak looking little ants. Possibly these natural ene- mies might lie employed with advantage in ousting the ‘red ants’ from anj' particular loca- lity where their presence ivas inconvenient. — Yours truly, E. E. GREEN. LACE HARK. Colombo, July 26. Dear Sir, — The June number of the Indian Agriculturist has the following reference to the lace-bark tree of Jamaica (Thymclwacca;, to which also belong the Sinhalese Naha and Walla — two indigenous libre trees):— “The tree producing the well-known lace bark of Jamaica is called in that island by the name of lagetto. The inner bark of this tree (the scientilic name of which is Lagctlii linteuria) consi.st.s of numerous con- centric layers of libres which interlace in all directions, and thus present a great degree of resemblance to lace. It is said that Charles II received as a present from the Governor of Jamaica, a cravat., frill, and a pair of ruffle.s made of this material, and it is to this day used for bonnets, collars, and other articles of' apparel by Creole ladies.” I have long been thinking whether the libre of another tree, belonging to i[uite a different natural order, vi/„ N'a\a (Sicrcidia Ila/caiidias) could not be used in the sail o vvay as that of the lace- bark tree. It ajipears .suitable enough lor hat-making work, as you will see from the accompanying samples of rough and prepared libre, and specimens which 1 have pleached as well as dyed in various colours. — Yours truly, C. DRIEBERG. [We shall forward the specimens of fibre to London for re[iort : they look very promising and attractive. — Ed. T.A.} Sept, i, i 897. THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 265 THE VALUE OF KAJU (CASHEW) NUTS. Galle, August 2. Sir, — K'ljii nuts being lookel upnn and classed fiuits of inferiority which grow in jungles, iheir use- fulness and intrinsic wsrth are lost to ths detriineut of a good trade. They will contrast fiv.irablv withminya fruit tree which adorns g.irdens and plant itions. If the good uses th it are made and can be made of the kaja nuts were more geueraily known, they would be sure to a rest the attention of enterprising agriculturists. How largely have they alre.idy t -keu the place of abn )nds in the prepar.rtion of cakes and a variety of other confectionery. The pu-tiility in which tnese nuts were held by some Civil Servants of old, can be im.igined by the fact of their hiving been frequently applied for from England. Mr. Cripps, the Government Agent of the Southern Province, after- leaving the Service had an agent in Galle, in the person of the late well-kno.vn Mr. Adam de Zilva, who at the request of the former sent, I uaders and, ft supply of roasted nuts properly skinned by the monthly mail steamers of the P. & 0. Company. The late talented Dr. Sortain of B.atticaloa, having doubt- less perceived that some medicinal property was to be found in the juice of the fruit, tried some scientific experiment to ascertain its virtue, but with what re- sult 1 am not aware. In no other part of the islard in which I have been stationed or travelled have I seen kaju Tees grow so luxuriantly and to bear so abundau' ly as in B.itticaloa. They appear to grow like mushrooms in some places and within S or 3J years begin to be.ar. The soil seems peculiarly adapted for its growth. There are l.rrge tracts of land in the vicinity of coconut estates atrd in other places and Crown lands abandoned as unfertile. All these can profitably be utilised for the cultivation of the kaju p ant, if people can only be made to realise the hidden value that is to be found in the produce of this despised plant. Large quantities of kaju nuts are anually exported to .Jaffna and Baduila, while the latter station sends in as large a supply of gallnuts to Battioaloa, for shipment to other districts. The use aud value of gallnuts are sufficiently well-known to need any re- commendation to encourage their cultivation, but not so with the kaju nut, as far as my observation will warrant me to speak with any degree of assurance. The day, I think, is not far distant when the kaju tree will rise to assert its superiority over many other indigenous plants of our island. TRAVELLER. CASHEW-NUT TREE-FHUIT, &c. August 6. Sill,^Tr iveller’s letter on Cashew nuts {Aancar- diuni Occidentale) is interesting. The kernel of the nuts as he says, is used in many ways. Before the nuts are matured the natives pluck and cut and eat the kernel — the nuts are also roasted and the kernel eaten — but kota cashew (the sun dried nuts) are the most appreciated and deservedly so, as they are delicious and used very largely in the manufacture of cakes aud numerous other “ sweets.” They take the place of almonds and by many they a.v.e consi- dered superior to almonds, they are more milky and have not the bitter taste of some almonds. To the European palate too they are very accept- able, some of ths old residents appreciate them very much. It is said that in olden times, a Com- mander ^'f a Portuguese vessel spent the whole pro- ceeds of the sale of his vessel in the purchase of kota cashew nuts and jaggery, of which he was passionately fond ! In the Western Province the cashew trees are getting scarce — the old cinnamon ga-.-dens used to be full of them, but they arc fast dying ont as the cinnamon is being cleared. In the interior the trees are felled for fuel. T e process adopted is when a tree ’S cnl down to bury all the wood for a short time, then dig it up and chav tite branches — the charcoal thus obtained is lai-aeiy used by blacksmiths and is said to be an excellent substi- 26 tute for imported coals — the fire kindled being hot and uniform. The secret of cooking a juicy beef steak on a gridiron locally is the use of cashew nut coals ! C. TEA PACKING ANT) BULKING: No. L August o. Sir,— Many a fciin j and oft have T perused with lileasure tiro letters of our ((uondani planting friend John Hiiniltoii, but liis late.st epistle sni.acks so much of the Broker, I begin to feai all his old iilanting instincts have become ab- sorbed or are ont of date. Most Tea Factories worthy of tiie name employ machine packers nowadays, and with these it is next to impossilile to put more tea into a chest than it can comfortably e intain. Final liring is no ab.soliue necessity in a moist climate like this as no matter liovv airtight our bins may be the teas are apt to lose ciispnessj during the two or three week.S it usually takes to make up a snHici ntly large break to please those London people. Bulking is usually done after, a.s well as prior to this operation and if done properly there should be no unevenness about it. That there must be some donkey amongst us however, is evident, or tliere would never be such a variance as 6 to 8 lb. on the gross weight of a package in any one grade, but why damn the crowd on account of one or two black sheep who could so easily be liuiig up for public execration by our London friends.— Yours faithfully, F. No. II 5th August 1897. Dkar Sir, — In those days of low prices it will indeed be a serious matter for Ceylon Planters if bulking in London is insisteil on by tlie buyers, and we all owe our thanks to Mr. Hamilton and yourself, for calling attention to the matter. With rcfecence to his remarks re OVERPACK- ING, it alw.ays struck me as a weak point in tlie advertised recommendations of packing niacliines that so much MORE TEA could be got into a chest with, than without a packer. And unless .a packer was used in the London Ware- house it needs follow that either part of the excess would be left out to .swell the “ sweepings , or be crushed into the chest by porters’ boots, causing complaints of “Dusty and Broken.” As to final firing causing unevenness. If the Tea is .sliglitly rebulked aftei final firing this need not occur. Mr. H. seems to consider final firing a mistake, but would not tea taste very tlab, if nothing more, if sent home without being final filed. That is tea kept for a few weeks in the factory before jracking. Packing day by day does not admit of bulking.— Yours faithfully, BULKING P.ASSED IN LONDON. n C A C M U Q Q essay describing a really ULnlnCuDi genuine Cure for Deafness. Ringing in Ears, Ac., no matter how severe or long- standing, will be sent post free.— Artificial Ear- drums and similar appliances entirely superseded .Vdilress THOMAS KEMPE, VICTORIA CitAM. RTjis, 19, Southampton Buildings, Holiiorn, London. 2o6 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [Sept, i, 1897. THE CACAO DISEASE. J uly 6. Dkau Sli:,— Mr. E. II Creeu in liis letter (see jiagc 100) states;— “Mr. v-D-Poorten’s argument in favour of the “poocliie’ tlieory, is nieiely that the dead wood is full C)f heevles and that they are often attracted in large (juantities hy light.” Not wishing your readers to have the notion that my intellect is belo .v par, I wish to state that in llie letter 1 wrote to Mr. Green, at his request, on the subject, these were only minor observations and I rvonder that he failed to see this. The main one I considered to be the following: — “The 1st sign of the presence of the grub is the w'eeping of the bark which when shaved, presents only a slightly grey coloi- ation which deepens rapidly, becomes of a claret colour and later dries up. When the ring is not complete the tree survives, if complete but sumci- ently high to allow for new shoots, they soon appeal and form a new tree or ra.ther bush. I think that when the tree is only partially attacked, the flow of sail kills the grub, but however the vitality of the bark within a regular radius ot the puncture is destroyed ' — Yours faithfully, A. VANDEK POOKTEN. be glad if you would send me your book catalogue. There are three of us here, who came with the idea ot going into cotlee raising, but wc do not like the'pol'uical insecurity and should prefer to invest our caiiital under the British flag, \ouis truly, CHARLES LENNOX. [This is refreshing, while Ceylon men are going freely into land for planting, in foreign territory ; ljut then tlie Dutch wlio rule in -Java and Sumatra, may be said to be good as well as near neighbours. — Ed. 7’. A.] PLANTING NOTES. “MANNA” IN AUSTRALIA. Technological Museum, Sydney, July 22nd 1897- Dear Sir,— Seeing your no,te on “Manna” in the June issue of the Tropical Agrievnnriat, 0 828, I have taken the liberty to enclose herewith a cojiy of my paper on that substance, read before our Royal Society, and hope it may be of interest to you in your Editorial work ot that excellent publication.-Yoims [The pamphlet referred to is entitled On the PiiESENCE or a True Manna on a Blue Grass ” Androi’ogon Annulatus, Iorsk. Bv R T Baker, f.l.s., Assistant Curator ana Botanist; 'lechnoiogioal Museum and Henry G Smith F.C.S., Chemist, Technological Museum. [With Plates XXI-XXII.] Read brfore the Royal Society of N. S. Wales, December 2nd, 1890. And the opening paragraph runs The specimens, the subject of this papei, weie obtained at Wild’s Valley, Torren s Creek via Townsville, Queensland, by Mr. J. R. Chisholm. They had previous to our receiving them been determined as Spumaria k Bull,-a fungus found on grass in this Colony and figured in Cooks Aiu- ?ralian Fuuji, PI .05, fig. 056, but as Mr ^isholm was of opinion that they were galls, he asked if we would also examine them for him. Our first ex- amiuation showed that they were manna and not a funous, as we found that they consisted of large quantities of crystals, as well its some sugars. Tliere are some 17 pages of letterpress iiiclud- i„.> “Chemical investigation” be.sides the two of^platey. Any one interested can have tlie loan of this paiiipiiiet. — Ed. T.A.] PLANTING IN HAWAIIAN ISLANDS : UNDER A EOREIGN V. BRITISH I'LAG. Ewa Mill, UiiliU, Hawaiian Islands, May .31, 1897. yjjj \ mu anxious to acquire some information respecting Ceylon and Collee Plantiiig. If you have any works bearing on tins subject, I should Mb. H. L. Templer, who left for Europe receutjy in the M.M. ss. “ Australien, ” was on his way to Brazil, there to take up the new appointment on the Dumont Company’s property which we mentioned some time ago Mr. G. A. Talbot had ofiered him. He will spend about a month in the old country before going to South America, but will set out from LiverpoM for Bio about the > ud of October, eii route for th > Province of Paulo; and he expects to take up duties about the middle of November. Ceylon Supply Baskets for Brazil.— Ceylon planters, and Ceylon tea and coffee machinery, are not the only things that other planting countries obtain from this island, for we understand that a well-known Civil Servant has placed a very large order in the hands of a manufacturer for “ Supply baskets.” They are intende d for Brazil, and, as soon as they are ready, will be sent off to their destination. They have been ordered for a coSee estate there, and it is very likely that further orders will follow this shipment. Orange Cultivation. — We learn that our informant was not quite correct in the information publi.shed by us (see page 210) about orange cultivation. The importation consisted of 1.0 doz. plants which the Manager of the Ceylon Tea Plantations Company ordered from Australia, and we learn that they have now been planted on 30 estates connected with that Company, from Nuwara Eliya to sea level, and it will be interesting to see where they thrive best. They have been planted more for the benefit of the estate superintendents than anything else, altheugh useful information will doubtless be forthcoming as to their growth. Planting in Paraguay. — The Paraguayans have not found much market lor their ‘‘ Mate' ” of Paraguay (Ilex paraguayensis), the bush from which the South Americans prepare a kind of tea. The Indians collect and dry their leave.s, which are ground in mills, those of Parana and St. Catherine, for ex- ample, an I the powder is packed for transport. Ac- cording to Dr. Camiuhoa, mate is less exciting than tea or coffee, about as stimulating as green lea. and more diuretic than coffee. Some think that mateine, tlie active p.dnciple of mate tea, is the same alkaloid as caffeine, others that it is different because it acts directly on the muscles, whereas caffeine only acts upon them through the nerve centres. Be that as it may, mateine would appear to increase the vital activity in every way ; and it does not cause sleeplessness, even when taken in a large quantity. Tobacco is to be cultivated on a larger scale in Para- guay. Several Cubans who paid a visit to Paraguay at the invitation of the Government, go so far as to say that the soil in some parts is almost identical with that of Cuba, which prouuces the best growth. About a year ago the Government placed two of these Cubans in charge of a plantation near Villa Rica, paying them salaries, and giving them a half share in the profits, besides providing hibourer.s, on tho understanding that Cuban methoda of cultivation should bo employed, and the .same taught to such Paraguayans as were willing to learn. The crop raised on this plantation in 1«86, though small, is said to be almost equal to the Vuelta Abajo, one of the most esteemed tobaccos of Cuba. — 11. A C. Mail, July 30. Sept, r, 1897.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST 207 INSECT PESTS-AFFECTING PLANTING AND AGKICULTCRE GENERALLY IN CEYLON. “INDIAN MUSEUM NOTES,” VOL. IV., No. 2.-^ This mo.st useful aii'l interesting serial is still issued periodically from the Museum at Calcutta. The latest parr, — Vol. IV., No. 2, contains, amongst other valuable matter, the following articles of more particular interest to agricul- turists in Ceylon. The first .section de.scribes “ an Exhibit Collection of Economic Insects in Indian Museum.” This is a very practical method of giving information on the subject of Insect Pests, ami one which might well be imi- tated in Ceylon. An exhibit of this kind would be a valuable addition to the Museum at Pera deniya, where it would be more available to planters than if placed in Coiombo, In the Indian Museum, — “ The insect pests are arranged not in any natural order, but in accordance with the plants which they, attack ; thus the insects that attack tea and coffee are placed together, then those that attack cereals, and so on. Wherever necessary, the actual exhibits have been Bupplemetited by enlaiged illustrative diawings.” Atuongst the exhibits are several insects with which we ate fatiiiliar in Ceylon, viz : — ( lania crameri, the “ faggot worm” — common on tea : Zeuzera coffece, the coffee horcr : and many other old foes. The third part of the repot b consists of “Notes on Insect I’ests,” by Edward Barlow. These also are divided into sections according to the plants affected. Amongst the Tea Pests the first place is given to a description of the moth Thosea recta, the caterpillar of which is frequently reuorted as doing considerable damage to tea in Ceylon by defoliating the trees. As this pest is an important one the description may be quoted in full : “On the Gth May 1895, Mr. E.E Green of Punduloya Ceylon, forwarded to the Indian Museum specimens of the moth and cocoon of the species Thosea recta, Hampsn., also specimens of a Hymen-opterous insect belonging to the family lohneumonidas, said to be parasitic on the caterpillars of the moth, with the in- formation that the caterpillars had proved a serious pest to tea plants in Ceylon. He wrote : — “ Mr. W. Holland, of Balangoda, tells me that it has completely defoliated the trees over several acres of tea on his estate, and that the ground is quite black with their droppings. Fortunately a species of lacliina preys freely upon them, and eventually reduces their num- bers. Mr. Willisford, of Blackwater Estate, sent me specimens, and stated that they had stripped the bushes of everything but the youngest shoots over a field of .50 acres.” The following particulars are taken from a notice furnished by Mr. E. E Green: — Larva: Colour bright yellowish green with a quadrate saddle-shaped spot occurring on the middle of the bag ; a chain of smaller red spots on the median line in front, and two or three similar spots behind. Oval ; convex above, a marginal and two dorsal series of conical spinous tubercles. Co- coon, compact, oval, dull green, fixed to tea leaves or stem.” [Not a Tacliina, but a sirecies of Ichneumonid fly.] I ,iiay here take the op|;ortunity of pointing out two rather prominent misprints (or clerical errors on my part). In the description of the larva the large quadrate spot is on the middle of the * Published by Authority of the Government of India, Department of Revenue and Agriculture, back~no\j hag as printed. And the cocoon of the insect is dull brown, not green as .stated. In quoting my remarks the author has appended a footnote contradicting my statement that a si eeies of Tacliina (a 2-w'inged fly) preys freely upon and reduces the numbers of the caterpillars. I can only repeat the statement heie. The Tachina w'as by far the most prominent of the several insects that attacked rlie pe.st. Mr. Barlow was apparently misled by the fact th.at I at the same time sent him an Ichneumonid fly which also preys upon the insect. The best method of dealing with this pest is to collect and destroy the cocoons, before the emergence of the moths, thu.s prevenling a second and increased brood. The compact oval cocoons will generally be found clnstereii upon the branches and twigs of tlie plant. The caterpillars m:iy also be collected ; but as they are plentifully arrived with urticat- ing spines, this would notproveapleasantta.sk. If the field attacked should happen to be ready for pruning, the tea might be cut down and the primings burnt. The next insect noticed also hails from Ceylon and caused ^ome anxiety at the time of its first appear- ance. I have not, however, received any recent reports of damage from this pest. It is a small boring beetle (closely allied to the supposed; cause oi the present cacao disease) that riddles the stems and branches of tea plants. This ac- count, and the author’s remarks, may also be of interest. “ 2 Xyoeborus Fornicatus, Eichhoff. (Ord. Coleoptera, Fam. Scolytidte.) Plate V, fig. 2 — a, larva-, b, pupa-, o, d, imaqos $ and $ e, affected tea stem. Xylehorus fornicatus, Eichhoff. Berk Ent. Zeitschr., p. 151 (1868). On the 28th January 1895, specimens of a small beetle, together with pieces of tea stems riddled by them, were sent to the Indian Museum through Mr. E. E. Green, of Ceylon, from Mr. G. Alston, Superinten- dent of Tea Estate, Craighead, Nawalapituja. The insect proved, on examination, to belong to a species of Scolytid beetle, which has not previously been reported to attack tea plants in India. Speci- mens were therefore forwarded to Mr. W. P. H. Bland- ford, who very kindly examined them and identified them as belonging to the species Xylehorus fornicatus, Eichhoff, a form closely allied to the often destructive species Xylehorus dispar, of Europe and North America. The following is an extract from a letter furnished by Mr. G. Alston : — • “ The pest appears mostly in patches, but has spread very considerably since 1 first observed it in any num- bers three years ago. There is no evidence of any previous disease in attacked trees. Most of the trees attacked show no outward sign of the pest, except when almost every branch is attacked, when they turn rather yellow and stop flushing. Young trees about two years old, before they are topped, often snap off at the spot where the borers have made holes for their entrance or exit. Strong vigorous trees in good soil seem to be very little affected by it, and throw out good red wood even from badly bored stems. On the other hand, poor plants on ridge.s or poor soil seem to natu- rally feel the effect of it quickly, though in no case have I seen a tree kil'ed by it. Isolated branches die off, but new branches come out in their place. As a rule, you can only tell an attacked tree (except in the case of young plants, when the stems snap off] on pruning it, when the holes in the wood are very apparent. It (the beetle) does not attack the cut surface after- pruning, but makes its entrance through the bark. In the case of young red wood it very generally goes straight down the piih : in older branches I have often seen the wood riddled as it a charge of snipe-shot had been fired into it, with only one or two 208 THE TROPICAT, AGRICUI.TURIST. minute holes in the bark for exit or entrance. And yet in the case of vigorous trees, they seem to thrive notwithstanding. Since 1893 the pest has spread very much, i^nd become more general, though I cannot say that I see much difference in the lislds that were attacked them.” The writer, in the foregoing account of the pest, practically suggests the remedy — naniely, — either net to plant in poor soil, or, if the soil is poor, to improve it, and thus to strengthen the plant against the at- tack— the great object of all medical treatment every- where. To prevent the spread of the disease, the affected branches should be cut off and burnt.” It is unfortunate that the very heautifu! figures of the above insect — on plate V — cannot be here re)>roduced. They are I’hoto elcliings executed at tlie Survey of India otlices, Calcutta, and rival any work of the kind tliat I have seen in England. Tire third article deals witli Garieria decorella, a coccid insect allied to the species producing tlie shellac of commerce and the lac-dye This insect has hitherto been considered .t strictly Australian form ; but has recently been received from jSorlhern Imlia, where it is reinoted to have attacked tea. We h.ave two allied species in Ceylon ; but neither of them lias so far shown any prefcience for our staple product. The fourth tea pest is anoUier ‘scale-insect,’ determined liy Mr. Masked as a variety of Cliionaspia prunicola. This species has not yet been observed in Ceylon. The next section is devoted to insects de- structive to cereals and other ciops. A bee- tle, Hispa cenescens, is leported as having- caused great damage to r'ce crops in India. “ The insects are said to have caused damage to the pxddycropiu Poona Taluk. 1,'280 acres of land in 10 Amsams arc reported to have been affected, and the 1 iss is estimated at 20,000 paras cf paddy, worth about E10,000.” No remedy is suggested. If tliis most destruc- tive little insect sliould ap]iear in any of our paddy lields in Ceylon, proni|)t measures shnuld be taken to exterminate it before it shall have made headway. In connection with insect pests of frnit trees, the fact that what the Americans know as “The Iltd-Scalc of Florida” — Aspidiottis re- ported as seriously injuring orange and lime trees near Poona, is of some concern to us. This species is already with us, but I have at present found it only upon rhodoy the sweet secretion (“honey-dew”) from the scale- insects. It i-^ po.ssible that the “green-bug,’ Lcccniiwm viride, may have developed distasteful qualities that make it unpalatable; or that. Sept i, 1897. being (as I believe) an introduced species, tlie native birds do not lecognize it as an article ot diet. Tlie more local species of scale insects may partly owe tlieir comparative rarity to the attacks of our insectivorous birds. Altogether this periodical publination from the Indian Museum more tliau -naintains the liigli standard of interest with which it commenced s (ine seven years ago. E. Eune.st Gri:i:.\. A NEW SCHEME FOB CYFIU'S. Professor Patrick Geddes of Edinburgh and Dundee is no ordinary man. By many of his a'lniirers lie 's eonsidered an e.xt.-aordinary genims and he certainly never fails to impress all with whom he comes in contact with his own views. I'lie re.sult is that he has carried out some notable schemes in ids day. Almo.st single-handed he started and canie l on University Extemsion Summer Meetings in Scotland. He has been in- strumental in rebuilding a great part of High Street E'Unlmrgli, beautiful and stalely liou.ses taking the place of squalid tenements. He lias long been interested in the countries hordering on the Mediterranean and attributes the decline of ancient Boine with modern Spain, Turkey and the Jigean to the gradual deteiioratiou ot their soil— chiefly due to the cutting down of trees. This lie thinks has altered b ith soil and climate ; and be is very strong now on the miscliief wliich lias similarly been wrought in Cyprus. He has been wiiting in the Contemporary as -well as in London weeklies on a scheme lie now lias for resuscitating Cyprus. Tliis must be found in aft'orestalion,— a lioly war” Mr. Geddes calls it which may la.st a long time, hut which as it goes on will hring hack wealth, health and happine.ss to the impoverished and degeneiate Eastern races. But the Professor does not simply preach about afforesting and irrigating : he takes action himself. He is forming a Company to take oyer two estates in Cyprus already purchased by him ; and lie has secured Mr. Chamberlain’s promise to ask lor a grant of £60, 000 to lie applied to irrigation in tlie island. Professor Geddes con- siders Cyprus to be both healthy and safe for British residents; no one has had fever or been molested lor 18 years back. ‘J'he island is also a great centre for the Soiitli-East of Europe and when his Comiiany has its farms, fruit gardens, ii.s trees, siniiigs and wells, in flourish- ing order, there will be aprolilable trade outlet available lioili locally and for export. We feel sure that Profe.s.sor Gedde.s will liave the good vishes ()f all who hear of his scheme for tlie resioiaiioii of pr. speiity to Cyprus— an island of W'ho.se scenery and liiglilaud people he speaks in most favourable terms. Planting in Perak and Selangor — M'e have culled a good deal of interesting inf> rni- ation from the Annual Reports of ihe several District Olliceis just published, which will he found leprodueed on iiage 191. Coffee, tapioca, coco- nuts, pepper and sugar aie the products dealt with in Matang of Perak. --Planting in Kuala Langat, Selangor, by Kiir.ipeans, does not seem to prosper.— But wo liave Ulu Langat district w'ith a very satigiiine account of tlie future in Liberian coffee, for which a larg.^ arei of land h,is been taken up. — finally, tiiere is-- Ulu Selangor district where eortee-plaiiting under both European and native auspices, is in progress. THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. Sept, i, 1897.] 209 COFFEE NOTES. In 1895 France imported 142,156.372 kilos of coffee, of which 56.734,903 were from Brazil. A company of Americans has recently purchased 60,000 acres of coffee, on the Rio Tinto, in the state of Oaxaca, Mexico, and will cnlon'ze the tract with several hundred American fam.ues. Experiments have been recently made with hot talc for drying coffee, and excellent results ar’e re- ported. It is stated that freshly gathered coffee, can be dried in this way in four hours and that the article thus prepared is superior in aroma color and weight to coffee prepared by other processes. — The Uio Neio.i, July 6, A SUBSTITUTE FOR COFFEE. Consul Denster, under date of April 8, writes from Crefeld : Believing that it will prove of interest to the malt- coffee manufacturers of the United States, I submi the following report for publication : Uunder the firm name of Katheriner's Malz-Kaffee- Fabriken, factories have been established in Germany — of which one exists in this consular district, at Mer- dingen-on-the-Rhine, and others at Munich and Beriin —for the purpose of manufacturing a coffee substitute from cereals. The invention relates to an improve- ment in preparing the same, which consists in applying to the grain during the steeping process, an electric current proportionate to the quantity and quality of the grain whereby the proteid substances existing in the grain are altered in such a manner that, in the subse- quent roasting process, only a small quantity of the products of decomposition (as pyridine and its deriva- tives which are objectionable to the taste) can be formed, a substitute pleasant to the taste being obtained. Under this patent, factories have also been esta- blished in Austria, Italy, France, Switzerland and Sweden. The inventor has also applied for a patent in the United States. — American Grocer, July 7. ^ NEWS ITEMS. (From the Chemist and Druggist, i'i.) The Perfumery-trade of Nice. — The manufacture of perfumery goods iu Nice is on the increase. In 1896 1,-420 cwt., worth 10,684?., was exported; the year before 1,120 cwt., worth 8,4927. Paraguayan Oil of Petitghain. — There has lately- been an increase in the shipments of petitgcain oil from Paraguay. The oil is exported chiefly to France. The principal seat of the industry in Paraguay is at Yaguaron, a village about twelve miles from the railway. Armour’s Pepsin-factory Burned. — The Practical Druggist reports the destruction of Armour & Co.’s new pepsin factory at Chicago by fire. A terrific explosion was heard in the factory, and almost before the alarm could be sounded the big six-storey building was in flames. Every available engine in the city was set to the fire, which is in the centre of the stock-yards district, and the fire was checked after it had completely destroyed the factory. The building was only completed in May, and the machinery was moved into it ten days before the fire. The explosion which st irted the fire was in the chemical store room. The damage done is about 175,000. Rinderpest in South Africa. — It is reported from Cape Town that satisf.ictory experiments have been made with the new method of inoculation discovered by Dr. Edington. ^ THE ENGLISH DRUG-CROPS. Only a fevv weeks still separate us from the season when the English peppermint and lavender plants will be put in the still. According to our custom, we have asked some of the principal growers to give us oneii. upmioub or cne state ot the crops and sub- join some of the replies received ; — Messrs. V/. J. Bush & Co. (Limited) say; “We think we are justifiea m anticipating very good crops both of Mitcham peppermint and lavender oils, es- pecially of the former. It is true that the youmr cuttings which were planted last antumu s-lffe-cd severely from the excessive rains, and a large luimbm- of them ‘damped off’ and were lost; but as ilie wea her m tlie eai’ly sprixTg was so very fH.vonrable for mint-growiug, we know that several farmers plan- ted more cuttings, which have done remarkably wUl aud, in fact, look as strong and healthy as those which survived the bad weather of the autumn We are sanguine, therefore, of a good crop, and although the acreage is slightly smaller than Jast yeai iL think that the deficiency will be made up by a Vood yield of oil. So far as lavender is concerned w^'’ be heve a good crop wdll also be obtained. The fields look very healty, and the fanners are gettino- ov-r the loss of plants which they sustained by the's-vers weather of some years a^o." - 'uio Messrs. John Jackson* Co. report; “Our nlanti tions of mint, lavender, chamomile, and rosem irv’ are this year of a most promising appearance, and ead us to expect fiae crops. Mints are gratifyiim to look at, eipjcully the white sorts, which have now become fully developed in most of our fields In ihl early part of June botli black and white mints were tnin and undeveloped, but since then the rain-storms followed by sunny days and high temperature have changed the appearance of the vegetation within p few days, and by the end of June the plants wre fully expanded, and had taken such a vigorous st n f than they were covering the soil sj thickly and uni- formly as to prevent the air circulating round the stems. As a result the lower leaves soon turned yellow and withered, and they may, if we a from appearance get dry and fall before rioen' im thus impairiog the coming crop (should this dpuiale become general), as no remedy could possibly a ml Our lavender-plantations are, as a vvhoie very fi„i' and promise a fair crop, Sliould this expeetpLon h, realised we may be induced to lower our mice which for some years past h i-ye been kept hio-h causing foreign inferior oils to come in to the°ni’aXt m preference to_ our higher-grade Mitcham lavenUei oils. Rosemary is also in a very satisfactory coiui. t.on, and w, 1, we trust, give us full sati fac^im The chamomile-plants have grown wTh abuor n i vigour, and the first flowers seem •muem U 1 small. We fear therefore, tliat the Todue develmf merit of the leaf may lessen the yield of the flower-” Messrs. J. & R V. Matth.w Brothers say th"t the peppermint-fields look fai. ly well, but will nm yield a neavy crop if. the present dry weather shouM continue. Lavender >s a ye;y in. afferent crop, owing to blight ; appearances mdio .te a light yield. Chamo miles look well. Messrs. Matthew Brothers add these observations reter to th a- own growth only Messrs. W. Ransom & Ron, of Hitchin say Th« prospects of onr mops, wit:, one important Exception are airly good. Henbane, however, is shorter haj we have known it for many years, and the p ms of extract end eat ought to be much Jii--hei than they are The beliadonna-crop is about eqTiai to last years. Lavender and peppermint both iLk -wo/l L present, but much will depend upon the wea ht- during the ne.xt few weeks. Aconite is abundant ■ but the prospects for elatsrinm are liardly ud to VL average. ^ It will be seen that our informants, with theexcen- on of Messrs. Matthew Brothers, are unauimoL m then anticipaiuon of good crops tor tiie leading essential-oil plants. TheMessrs. Matthew’s view a f in peculiar contrast to those of tiie other giv u!- x and we must say that our own geneial observations le ,‘,i us to draw the same conclusions as the m.-ijonty of our concspoudenls. But the Messis. Mat hew it wi 1 be seen, expressly state that their statements refer to tlieir own fields oiily. 210 THE I'ROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. TEA MACHINERY FOR JAVA. We understand that Mr. J. H. S. Davidson, nephew of Mr S C. Davidson, the inventor of the well-known “ Sirocco’’ Machinery leaves, by the P. & G. steamer “ Rosetta” on Saturday next, Aug. 3 for Java m order to superintend the erection of extensive ordms tor Si- rocco Tea Machinery inclnduig a number of the newly patented automatic dryers, which machines have proved themselves unequalled in India during the past season. One factory alone about to be fitted will require machinery for 2,000,000 1b. per annum On one Indian estate alone this new machine dried over 700,000 lb. tea last year, which on the London market averaged ^d more than teas dried bv other large tea dryers. Mr. Davidson will also take charge of the erection of a number of Davidson’s Patent Rollers, Oxidizers, Do vvndraft and Updraft Siroccos, Sorters, Packers, etc., numerous orders for all of which machines have been booked for that Island. Mr. J. H. S. Davidson has been a practical planter and engineer for over « years, ana he will no doubt be able to give a lot of assistance to Java planters,— Local “ Times. ’ ORANGE CULTURE IN CEYLON. An upconntry planter semis us a copy of the local “ Times,” markeil at an editorial paragraph on ** Orange Culture” with notes as appended As a result of ihe attention drawn to the matter, some planters from upconntry ordered a number of orange plants througli a Colombo .^lore-keeper from Melbourne.* The parcel ot plants duly ar- rivevl here by the last P. & O. stcamei in a veiy healchv condition, and they were despatclied in lots on Thuisday night by the rail to Veyangoda, Nawalapitiya, Talawakelle, and to a lew ot.ier places upconntry. We understand that the plants are verv choice ones and were selected from a special nursery, and that they cost very near y K500 laid down at Colombo. They were securely packed in small bags, with the iiurseiy soil, and looked quite fresh and green, but without a single leaf. They promise to do \ery well, and we'^shall be glad to know results of their suc- cessful cultivation npeountry. '1 he native orange (bv the wav, is it indigenous?) like other native ?rodncds, is^not systematically cultivated by the Sinhalese. It is generally believed that oranges trrown on the hills are not so palatal, e as those arown in the lowconntry, and that the fealpiti Korale, Kotte, and the neighbounng villages, prodnee the best oiaiige-s as the soil there is best suited for their culture. Upcountiy, we are told the plants thrive well, but the oranges do not 'taste so well as those grown in the low- country, though Nuwara Eliya and the Uia Pio- viuce produce fairly good specimens. t Of course, flip o.-ane'es grown in Ceylon and India are quite unUe those from Australia and the West our oranges, however ripe they may be, as a rule nresm-ve their verdant hue and do not take on L vellow one, while the taste is a sharper and more refreshing one than the sweet liavour of the oranges met with in Europe. We understand that a large quantity ot oranges are imported into Australia during the summer from Italy and Spain, and there is a growing demand for them ill the Colonies. Should theretore the exi.eriments iH.iv liemg made iipcomiLiy prove a success there should be no reason wliy Ceylon should not com- pete in the Colonies with Si.aiu and Italy.! It N^upplied to U. T. P. Co.’s su^ierinteiidents for Eliys’ and Uva oranges are the worst MeinwfdR’the Colonies are supplying us not only^witb oranges but with plants l-Cor, [Sept, t, 1897. is a pity that a few lemon j.lants were not ini* ported as well. Tiie .Australian lemons are simply exquisite, and thej.’ have a much finer flavour than onr Ceylon limes. There U every reason to believe that lemons could be cultivated in our Island as well as oranges. [ I’lie original habitat of the Oiange is Northern India whence it .spread West, East and South. Some s|iecies of lime and orange were introduced here from the Alalay Archipelago. — Ed. T.A.] DRUG REPORT. (From the ChemiM and Drugoist.) London, Aug. l'2th. C-VUD.iiiOMS. — An Indian corre-spondent writes : “ X very pood business was tormerly done between Ceylon with ISomb.ay in cardamoms, but tlie Plague put an end to it, and transferred the trade from Boml.ay to Calcutta, The principal buyers at tbit place are the chetties, nd a smart business has been done between tliom inil the native merdiant.s during the last two months, in botli Ualaliar and .Mysore card,a'moms. Aliout 3 rs. per lb. was paid in .lune for Mysore, and native mer- chant.s were very eager to make adva, nces on crops on estates. But since then there h.as been a sudden fall in price, and the chetties will not touch the produce now. Very few of their shipments realised any profit at al , an I they are now repenting of the high prices they pai.l for the drug. Large stocks of Mysore lar- damoms are held by the na ive merchants, and, with ttie i flux of the season's new crops, it is believed there will be a further drop in prices.” In London the market is ti m, but there is a disinclination to pay the advance asked by owners who have bouglit at auction. Cl.vCHOXA.— A parcel of fifty-five b.ales Maracaibo bark has arrived and will be offered at next Thursday’s luctions when a lot of 2c> pacKages newly arrived Guayaquil Crown bark will also be offered for sale. Coco.v-BL'TTER. — At auction on Tuesday 300 2-cwt. cases of Cadbury’s best cocoa butter sold with little competition at a decline of Jd to ^d per lb.— viz. UJd to I0]d per lb. ; 205 cases Dutch cucoa-butter were bought in at lOfd to lO'jd per lb. Oils (Essential).— The quotations from the East are higher. Oil of Citroiiella u altered Lemongrass held for 2|(i per oz. on the spot. To arrive no business is reported. Qui.ni.N'E.— Several small sales, aggregating about 5,000 oz. were nude early in the week at Ojd per oz., for fair second-hand German bulk, showing a firm market. The price of tlie Auerbach brand has been raised to lOd per oz. ; otlier foreign agents have no r'efiuite prices, although Brunswick quinine was erroneiusly reported in one quarter to liave been raised to lOd per oz. Early in the week tlie B. & S. agents sold t'O 1,000-oz. lots to druggists at 9d per oz., but since then they have stopped ottering. They refused to deal witli any but druggists, or to sell ill >re than 1,000 oz. to any one firm. On Saturday a Mincing Lane broker went around trying to buy 5,000 oz. at ufd, but he appears to have been unsuccessful. Howard’s price is unaltered, but VVhiffen’s is reported to Imve been raised. Sulphate of ciuclio- niiline has lately been in strong demand for India, a .d is quoted higlier. To.N'CA Bea.xs remafii e.xtremely quiet, and no business has been reported lately. Good bright Angostura are quoted at 7s to 8s per lb. ; good frosted Para at from Is 7d to is lOd ; fair black, partly foxy mixed at from Is down to 5d per lb. The Duty on Cocoa-butter. —In reply to Sir Howard Vincent, the Chancellor of the Exchequer has given some information a.s to operation of the duty on cocoa-butter. The leveflue obtained by the duty has amounted to 3,00U. from .Vugu.st 7th, 1896, the date on which the duty took effect, to June 30th, 1897. Tliere are no statistics of the importation of c icoa-biitter prior to the impo.sition of the duty, but, so far as can be ascertained by inquiry of the trade, the quantity of foreign cocoa-butter has increased rather than diminished. This is probably due to the fact that the husiiie. s in cocoa and chocolate has been very active during the past eight months.— C7(C/ni.s< and Druggist, July 17- Sept, i 1897.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 211 COLOMBO PRICE CURRENT. {^Furnished by the Chamber of Corunv’rc.e.') Colombo, Aiig. 31^1, 1897. Exchange on London; Closing Rates. Banl Selliny Rales: — On demand 1/3 13-16; i months’ sight 1/3 27-32; 6 months’ sight 1/3 7-8 Bank Buijina Rates: — Credits 3 months’ sight 1/4 1-16; 6 months’ sight 1/4 Docts 3 mouths sight I'l 3-32; 6 months’ sight 1/4 .5-32. CoEFEE. — -Plantation Estate Parchment on the spot per bushel R14'5') Estate Crops in Parchment, delivery per bus. no quotations. Plantation Estate Coffee, f.o.b. on the spot per cwt. BSO'OO Liberian parchment no the spot per bushel, R7'l)0. Native Coffee unpicked and undvied per cwt. R62 00 Tea. — Average Prices ruling during the week Broken Pekoe, per lb. 52c. Pekoe per lb. 41c. Pekoe Sou- chong per lb. 31c. Broken mixed and Dust, per lb. 21o. Averages of Wednesday’s sale. Cinchona Bark. — Per unit of Sulphate of Quinine per lb 04c. Scarce Cardamoms.— per lb. R2-18 2/30 for special quality Coconut Oil. — Mill oil per cwt. R13-50. Dealers’ oil per cwt. R13’00 Coconut oil in ordinary packages f.o.b. per ton R300. 300 to 307’50 in hogshead Copra. — Per candy of 560 lb. Pt41'50 Coconut Cake; (Poonac) f.o.b, (Mill) per ton. 9000 Cocoa unpicked and undried, per cwt. R41 none offering Com Yarn.-Nos. 1 to 8 ] ilffOO Cinnamon. — Nos. 1 & 2 only f.o.b. 624c. Do Ordinary Assortment, per lb 56c. Ebony.— per ton No sales. Plumbago ; — Large Lumps per ton, K365 Ordinary Lumps per ton, E330 Chips per ton, R180. Dust per ton, R130 Bice. — Soolye per bushel, f R ) ,, per bag, 1 RIO 25 to 11'50 I Pegu and Calcutta Calunda RlO OOto 11'25 Coast Calunda per bushel, R4'20 to 4 50 Mnttnsamba per bushel, R4T0 to R4'65 Kara per bushel, R4.05 to R4T5 Rangoon Raw 3 bushel bag — Ereights. a a 0 0 43 0 ^ oi . Q ^ “ a 03 Cargo. ■W 03 fcl § L S Poonac.— Gingelly: -per ton R83-00 to do Chekku. -iu R9. -on to 94.00 Mill (retail) di RS Vi-O to 9U'00 Cotton Seed: .s.iTiNwooo.— cubic feel Flowered Satiuwooddo P.du: do H,\L«ar.A.— do Fbo.ni.— per ton do Kitul Ficiie. — nsr cwt P.vL.vivn.v. do ■ ilo lo RS2-00 — R1 ‘75 to 2*25 Hi ‘00 Hi- U H ‘50 to 2-00 Rl'iU fo 135 R:ll‘U0 to .3210 RIO 00 to 00 ■lalfna Black.— Clean per o'.vo ills‘00 t ;0‘-'0 do .Mixed ,:o HiG‘-;0 to .8‘00 Indian no do Rh) cO to 1 '-no do Cleaned do R 2d)0 to liO’OO 8apan Wood.— per ton r.50‘00 to 60‘00 Keuosi.ve On, — American per ca.se R7‘75 to 7‘87 ao Bulk Russian ps, tm R'2‘78 to 3‘00 do Russian in Case R5‘00 to G‘00 Kapok. — Cleaned F.O.C ;— per cwt R26‘09 to 28'00 do Uncleaiied do R5‘0J to 6‘50 Croton Seed, per cwt; R25 00 tj 4V00 no businesj iVii.x Vomica do R5 0J to 6 ‘00 nominal, ,,, , ( Large lumps R240 to 380 Rlumlrago per ton, according, J Lumps K180 to 3';0 to grade j Chips I Dust RlOO to 200 K 70 to 120 CEYLON EXHORTS AND DISTRIBUTION 1896-97. r s ^ r: -M j <7) ^ O C O CO O TO CO I-^ • X> X> 05 00 r lO O HO . .o CO i-H 0-1 1-- •noco — oxoicoci^ooi Tff O ■»7' TP o CO 1- O X -T 0‘ 50 Tji CO f-i i ^ I- O 70 O O 191 C t ri Cl X O O LOCAL MARKET. {By Mr. James Gibson, Baillie St., Fort. Colombe Sept. 1st, 1897. Esta'e Parchment per bushel R14‘00 to 15‘00i ’Sxn Chetty do do do Rl3‘i0 to 13 .5q ^ do'^^RtLR [ R5C--00 to R55-00 Liberian coffee;- per bushel R6‘00 to 7‘00 do clean coffee;— per cwt R42‘00 nominal Cardamoms.— per lb R2-L5 to 2‘50 Cocoa. — unpicked per cwt R3-5‘00 do picked do R45‘00 Rice Market List. Kazala — per bushel None first quality Soolai;— per bushel R4.30 very scarce 2nd. & 3rd. do do R4.20 to 4‘30 very scarce Callunda* per bushel R4.1.5 to 4‘30 Coast Kara, do R4.15 to 4‘20 Muttusamba. do R4‘20 to -1‘60 Cinnamon,- — per lbs Nos 1 to 4, at 60c. to 60c. ‘1 Nominal no do do 1 & 2 60c. to 6.5c > b’ness same do Chips.— per candy R.60‘00 to 80*00 ) as last week Coconuts.— Ordinary per lOOO. R33*00 to 36*00 do Selected do R40 •00 to 42*00 Coconut Oil.— per cwt R13.62 do F. O. B. per ton R303 to 307*60 Copra. — per Candy; — Kalpitiya do R3S*00 to 41*00 Marawila do R30*00 to 38 00 Cart Copra do K34*00 to 37 00 I ^ I ^ ' X m o i'j 10 J - o cj r •rP Cq N-1 ^ 01 .-H r 50 iC O I— < 5 ^ 50 m 5 X -n o p *0 50 0 c-S CQ 3 p 02 rH 6 -a -fS H 50 W XI«» cn dO 10 in o 50 50 O 01 C-l X 50 CM O 'iT' Xl> r-l 2TS-S § i S - A* a." , h*ff g ^i: c3 3j*r;5OT S p •< M O Ed M S m H w *<•er head it would not be out of place to state that whatever may be the conveniences afforded by the system of making advances in a lump sum into the hands of the kangani to enable him to pay the debts due by his gang, or by cheque to the employer who sends out his “ tundu,” it would be well for the Planting community to consider whether they should not introduce a rule, that in all cases new coolies should be individually seen by the Superintendent upon their arrival, and whenever it is practicable that the advances should be ascertained as separate debts and placed against each man and woman as stated or acknowledged. Such acknowledge- ment by cooly and entry by Superintendent cannot fail to be of service to the Superintendent in Court. And if such a system had been in vogue among planters, the case under review could not possibly have failed from a want of evidence of the con- tract to serve, since to acknowledge the receipt of the advance parties had to meet face to face as master and servant. In the case of Rowlands vs. Valliamraa the Superintendent has not only failed in the case of desertion, but stands a slender chance of recover- ing his advances from the three coolies to whom he granted a “ tundu.” « OCCASIONAL NOTES. The two varieties of paddy seed received from the Agricultural Department of Madras some lime ago were sown in the School of Agriculture grounds last sowing season and the crops are now coming into ear. We owe our thanks to the Director of Land Records and Agriculture of the North-Western Province of India, for three varie- ties of paddy received from Cawnpore. The seed paddy we have been so fortunate as to secure was sent on our application for the best ap- proved varieties. Some of this seed will be grown at the School of Agriculture and the rest in the Matale district. We make no apology for publishing in full the Report of the Superintendent of the School of Agriculture on the working of the .several establish- ments under his charge during last year. Few of the public have the opportunity of reading the Administration Reports of heads of departments, and we have no doubt that there are many who will be glad to note the progre.ss made by the dairy, and to be provided with the financial details of the concern. Owing to the (.ublication of this re- port a good deal of other matter has to stand over. The Colonial Veterinary Surgeon thus refers in his report for last year to t lie “obscure disease” more thau once written about in the pages of the Magazine, and once treated of under the head of “Hepatitis”: — During the year .sev'eral cows appeared to be slightly unwell at in- tervals and to change colour gradually, lirincipally white cows. The first thing noticed about Sept. 1, 1897.] Supplement to the “ Tropical Agriculturist 215 them ■^^as that they panted a little diiriug the heat of the day, and for this laxatives and saline febrifuges were administered. In two or three weeks, on closely examining the skin, bluish hairs could be detected mixed with the white. This gradually advanced until the colour of the animal was a distinct bluish gray. In a few weeks more the shade gradually changed to brown, finally developing into dark brown. At the same time the hair grew very long, making the animal appear to have developed a thick wdnter coat. Theskin itself also tends to become darker in colour, in connection with this change in colour the animals very gradually became thinner, appearing to grow .smaller in size, and gradually ceased milking (if a milk cow). In all other ways there was nothing to be noticed, so that a stranger would not observe anything wrong. I did not have an opportunity of a post-mortem examination, as there were no deaths. I have noticed on one or two occasions odd cases at the public sales in Colombo exactly similar to those I have described, but as far as 1 have been able to learn it w'as not recognized as a disease. Professor Wallace, the eminent Agriculturist, sow these cases when in Ceylon and suggested liver di- sease. I was convinced the change was of a patho- logical nature. Consequently,] sent a photograph of one animal and specimens of its hair to the Eoyal Veterinary College, London, to an eminent pathologist, whose reply was as follows : — “ The cases to which you refer are certainly remarkable, if the change in colour of the skin and hair is really pathological. I never heard of such a thing, and am quite at a loss to account for it.... I shall be glad if you will let me know what the further progress of the cases was, and whether you have observed any other cases of the same sort since you wrote.’’ I may mention that all the cases I saw were imported animals. I am unable to give a de- finite opinion upon the nature of the change, but my impression is that it is due to morbid change of the blood glands of the liver, due to the changed mode of life and feeding upon rich food. In one case, a white Coast cow, the change in colour developed in patches, which gradually became larger and confluent. We acknowledge with thanks the receipt of five copies of a pamphlet containing Dr. Koch’s reports on experiments conducted by him for the discovery of a cure and a propylactic for rinderpest, sent to us by Vet. Major Mills, Principal of the Bombay Veterinary College. These reports were published in the pages of the Magazine from time to time, but as now presented they form a handy little book of reference. The pamphlet is published with the sanction of the Government of India. FRUIT CULTURE. The physiological facts referred to in our last issue are what all successful tree culture is founded on, whether the workman knows and intelligently applies them, or whether he follows empirical rules that have been taught him without explanation of the reason for them. They show that compact unserated ground, which has never been mixed up with its own bulk of air by trenching to something more than the depth to which average roots penetrate, is not fit to grow trees. They show that the unfitness is only locally and partially rectified by digging out a two or three foot hole and making its earth contents as loose, aerated and open as the whole orchard ought to be. They show that when the advancing root system of the trees has got beyond the poor thirsty dozen cubic feet of decent soil in its liole it reaches the compact earth walls around it and progress is barred. If the feeding tips force their way in, there is little or no aL’, and they cease to respire freely. If they coil back upon the loose earth in the hole, they find it impoverished, for it is their leavings of former years. Of course the trees’ demands are just as great as ever, but the stifled rootlets in the hard untrenched soil and the famished ones in the hole space cannot supply them. Then follows a lingering period of death, more or less drawn out according to circumstances. The young wood of the year dies back, making the well-known appearance that gardeners have likened to stag’s horns. This fatal error of insufficiently trenching up land meant for orchard purposes and relying on the contents of small artificial pits is one of the reasons why fruit trees that do not get fair play are so shortlived. Again, in watering, what do we do.^ We pour it on the depression round the tree till the hollow is lull and bubbles of air keep coming up in the pond that has been formed. Where are the air spaces which we saw were so e.«sential for the vitality of the roots ? Why, every bubble of vital air has been drowned out and forced to ascend and escape at the surface. What should be full of air is now full of water. The roots are completely immersed and their respiration is stopped. Fortunately this state of things does not last long. Even the most com- pact-clays slowly absorb w'ater, and the destructive surplus percolates away through their substance, relieving the asphyxiated roots and makirg way for air to enter from the surface. hl,e repetition of this drowning process several times a week is a common cause of the dropping of fruit, the dying out of the special young shoots of the year, and the general short space of life allotted to a neglected orchard on any other than a sandy open soil. Successful culture depends upon the degree of completeness with which we can make our. soil resemble the mechanical coudiiion present in a sponge. We must recognise that trees do not grow in earth alone, but in a mixture of earth, air and water. Tliat mixture is soil, if the word is properly uuder.stood. Our endeavour should therefore be to bring earth into the con- dition of soil, for between the two there is something of the difference that e'ci.'t.-^ between the rudest barbarism and a high civilization. Little or nothing is possible to the former, but everything is possible to the latter, 216 [Sept, 1, 1897. Supplemevd to the “ Tropical Agriculturist." NOTE ON GREVILLEA. Gvevillea robusta, -which makes such a usefu and ornamental windbreak in our tea plantations, has been ascertained to draw from its soil for nourishment so little of the properties demanded by the tea, that its presence is rather an ad- vantage than otherwise in the opinion of many planters even as regards the yield of the bushes round about them ; but one curious feature has been noted in places where occasionally aGrevillea dies out, and that is that the tea in the neighbour- hood of its roots dies out also. It is impossible to account for this phenomenon without a careful examination of the roots of the Orevillea. A few years back a mycelium which affected patches of cocca in the West Indies was traced by the Director of the Botanic Gardens, Leeward Islands, (Mr. C. A. Barber) to the dead stumps in the around which started tlie root fungus that spread so rapidly and with such disastrous effects to the cocoa. Whatever may be the causes leading to the destruction of the tea at the foot of the dying Grevilleas, it would not be amiss in all cases to hate the roots of the latter taken off the ground ns far as it is possible along with the dead stumps occurring in tea fields. REPORT OP MR. 0. DRIEBERG, B.A., F.H.A.S., SUPERINTENDENT OP THE COLOMBO SCHOOL OP AGRICULTURE. The School. The number of students in the school has never been allow- »d to exceed twenty-five at any time, as the dieting vote does not permit of a larger num- ber being provided for. As a rule, however, applications for admission have been in excess of our requirements, but in 189C the applicants were few, and when the usual examination test for ad- mission came to be applied, it was found that there were less tlian a dozen eligible students. The fall- ing off is attributable to certain alterations in the conditions that attach to studentship at the school, made by the then Acting Director, as well as to the fact tliat the boarding fees w-ere raised. But the reversion to the old order of things will, I ex- pect, in spite of the higher boarding fee, 'give to the school its full complement of students next year. As yet no separate vote has been allow-ed for special agricultural work in connection with the school, but in spite of so serious a drawback some work of this nature was done. A cheap and light type of plough (weighiiqr about 2o lbs.) was de- signed and constructed, and serves its purpose well. Trials were made with blood manure as prepared in Colombo, and “ Homco,” a vegetable manure meal manufactured from rape and other oil seeds by the Hull Oil Company. The makers kindly placed a ton of the latter at my disposal free of all cost, and I am glad to be able to report for their satisfaction that “ Homco ” has given ex- cellent results with garden crops and acted more quickly than blood. The manure is also being tried on coconuts and other planting products in various parts of the Island, but it is yet too early to judge of the results of these trials, though so far reports received have been favourable. The following is an analysis of “Homco,” as supplied to me, by Dr. Bernard Dyer; — Moisture (loss at 212° P.) ... ... 11’82 Organic matter* ... ... 80'58 Phosphoric acidt ... ... 2’36 Lime ... ... ... ... 1'02 Magnesia, alkalies, carbonic acid, N:c. 2'27 Insoluble silicious matter ... ... IHo Total... 10 000 * Containing nitrogen ... 5--18 Equal to ammonia ... 7'09 t Equal to tribasic plio.«phate of lime S'l-J The Company guarantee 61 per cent, of ammonia and less than 3 per cent. sand. The price of “ Homco,” guaranteed to contain from 6| to 7 per cent, ammonia, in double bags, free on board, London, is quoted at £3. os. per ton. The vine experiments had unfortunately to be abandoned, much to the disappointment of many intersted in the venture, as satisfactory- arrange- ments between Government and Mr. Zanetti, tlie viticulturist, could not have been made for its continuance. The experiment, while it lasted, was decidedly promising, and went to prove tliat, under suitable conditions and intelligent management, the “ extensive ” system of grape cultivation, ac- cording to continental methods, ought to be a success in Ceylon, As a result of the experi- ment a few landowners have begun growing vines on their own account, while it is satisfactory to know that about a thousand vines of the finest cultivated varieties have, by sale, been distributed throughout the Island. It is to be regretted that the experiments could not have been kept up at the school till the vines had reached the full-bear- ing period. I am daily expecting half a ton of “ Jadoo fibre ” which the manufacturers are sending me free of cost from Exeter. This growing medium has been brought prominently to the notice of the agri- cultural public, and I am most anxious to give it a fair trial. It has already been highly spoken of as being of the greatest service in “supplying” tea plants in nurseries, in propagating by cuttings, and especially in pot-culture. I have also been in communication with the manufacturers of “Natragin” in Hbchst-on-the- Maiuand hope beforel ong to be in a position to say, whether pure cultivation bacteria for leguminous crops are likely- to be of practical value in the agri- culture of the Island. As in former y-ears, a large number of inquiries were received and answered, while such seeds and plants as were available for distribution were supplied to those who applied for them. It is to be hoped that before long the School of Agriculture will be placed on an independent foot- ing, so that its interest may be specially cared for and not sunk in the general interests of a complex ef tablishment of which it is now but an unit — without a proper status, scheme, or vote of its own, and without the means of fulfilling the true func- tions of an agricultural school. During the year the Government dispensed with the services of the agricultural instructors, as it was thouglit that the results of the work of these officers were not sufficiently fruitful to warrant Sept, 1, 1897.] Supplement to the “ Tropical Agriculturist.'’' 217 their retention. An exception was however made in the case of the instructor at Balangoda (Mr. H. D. Gunasekara), who at the special request of the Government Agent of the Province of Sabara- gamuwa was kept on. This officer, who has a good record of work to show, is at present engaged in establishing an experimental farm at Mahawala- tenne, where the cultivation of economic and medicinal plants as well as the breeding of cattle and poultry will receive attention. The experi- ment should prove an interesting one, and with the liberal help of the Eatemahatmaya (Mr. C. D. Mahawalatenne), and the patronage of the Govern- ment Agent, should not fail for want of support or for lack of enthusiasm on the part of the in- structor. On the discontinuance of the agricultural instructors 1 forwarded the annexed report to Government, submitting suggestions for re-organiz- ing and better equipping the school and for carry- ing on its work on more practical lines. It is a difficult matter to show the exact expen- diture on the School of Agriculture as distinct from the expenditure on the other schools located in the same building, and this fact lias led to in- correct estimates of the actual cost of tlie school to Government. But making as fair a calculation as possible, the cost of the School of Agriculture does not exceed Es. 6,000 per annum. The “ Agricultural Magazine ” in a slightly en- larged form is still kept up : it is now in its eighth year, and is, I venture to think, of good report. Though the work of editing is rather a tax on my time, the magazine has proved of great service to me as a medium of communication with other countries, where it has been accepted in exchange for agricultural publications which I would other- wise have no opportunity of seeing. I am glad to state that the Government has allow'ed a bonus of Es. 150 per annum for the publication of the magazine, and I should here wish to record my gratitude for the concession, ily thanks are specially due to the Indian and Tasmanian Govern- ments for their libei’ality in supplying me with their valuable reports and bulletins free of cost. The School op Forestby. This school started work on the 15th of April with six students (a limited number), three of whom were drafted from the Forest Department, and the remaining three selected from the students of the School of Agriculture after competitive examination. The following is a list of the sub- jects taught, with the names of the teachers annexed : — • Forestry ...Mr. Broun, Conservator of Forests. Mathematics ...Mr. IValter Farys, Forest Law ...Mr. F. M. de Saram, Advocate. Surveying ...Mr. Dyson Blair. Botany ...Mr. C. Drieberg, Superintendent, School of Agriculture. The course of training as at present arranged covers one year. During the latter part of the year the students were taken on tour by the Conservator of Forests himself. The tour occupied about six weeks, during which period many of the forests of the North-Western and Central Provinces that lie on the route between Kurunegala, Dambulla, and Matale were traversed, while visits w'ere also paid to the Galboda, Nanu-oya, and Nuwara Eliya pUjitations. The six students who will be the first trained in the Forestry School are Messrs. Jansz, Jayman and Galagoda of the Forest Department, and Messrs. Fernando, Mendis, and Eatnayaka from the School of Agriculture. The Training School. The number of students trained at one time in this school was, until 1896, ten ; but during the year this number was reduced to five as the result of the opening of a training school in Peradeniya, which was intended specially for the training of Kandyan teachers for Government vernacular schools in the Central Province. The Pracitsing School. The Practising School, conducted in connection with the Training School, has about 80 boys on the roll and an average attendance of about 50. The school is a purely vernacular day school. Situated as it is in the metropolis and in a more or less remote suburb, it is not taken advantage of as much as it would l)e if it were an Anglo- vernacular institution. The demand for an Englisli education is naturally keen in the neigh- bourhood of Colombo, and native parents of the poorer class are satisfied with a IVth or Vth Standard vernacular education for their sons, who are then given the finish in English which qualifies them for the higher grade appointments as domestic or office servants. For this reason the highest standard that can at present be main- tained in the school is, much to the disadvantage of the training students, the Vth. The Government Dairy. All things considered, the dairy has had a fairly good year. 1 have endeavoured to curtail my report on this institution by arranging facts and figures in tabular form. Statement A. is a return of the stock. The dairy was free from of any form epidemic, but, as will be seen from the return fur- nished, a comparatively large number of calves was lost during the twelve months. The causes of death were worm-complaint and other common ailments, which unfortunately could not have been coped with so successfully as in former years. Statement B. shows the quantity of milk supplied during the year. 1 have included this statement in order to show that the demand for milk varies within comparatively wide limits from mouth to month. It will be seen that the demand rose continuouly towards the latter part of the year. These circumstances, and the difficulty ex- perienced in procuring additional stock when required, made it necessary for the Manager to supplement the output of milk at the dairy with milk purchased from outside. But the impossi- bility of obtaining pure milk in any quantity from external sources naturally gave rise to some un- pleasantness with the Medical Department, which it is to be hoped will be avoided in the future. I would urge upon those who rely upon the lactometer as a test for the purity and quality of milk to see that their instruments are correct by trying them with pure water reduced by ice to a temperature of 60° F., and if found correct to add 4 to the reading of the lactometer at 85° F. and 5 to the reading at 90° F. The temperature of milk should always be taken in Ceylon before using the instru- ment. Believers in the lactometer would do well to bear in mind (1) that milk can be made to show a high specific gravity by adding foreign matter, 218 Bupplement to the Tropical AgriculhiristT [Sept. 1, 1897. or (what is simpler) by abstracting some of the cream by a few turns of the cream separator; and (2) that milk abnormally rich in cream has a spe- cific gravity below the normal. In the face of these paradoxical results it will be admitted that the lactometer may often lead its owner astray. My opinion of the in.strument is founded on my own experience of its use and on numerous careful tests that 1 have carried out ; but if any one desires to have the views of an acknowledged authority on the subject, I would refer him to Dr. Wauklyn, who, in his work on “Milk Analysis,” speaks in thiswise: — “From a careful consideration of the whole subject 1 am convinced that one of the most necessary steps to be taken in milk analysis is to abandon the use of the lactometer.” Statement (J. shows the work of the Dairy during the year and needs no explanation. During 1896, 18 cows were purchased at a cost of R2,510, while 22 cows and 25 calves (9 with their mothers) were sold, the sum realized after paying all the incidental expenses of the sale being Rl,257 06. D. is a financial statement for the Dairy Farm (including Government Dairy, Dairy grass lands, and Model Farm) for the year 1896. Statement E. shows the financial position of the Dairy Farm in its relation to Government. F. is a statement of the assets and liabilities of the Dairy Farm. In this last statement no credit is taken for a sum ot R4,400 which was paid out of Dairy Funds as compensation to the late lessee of the Model Farm, though the amount is recoverable as value of the “ good will ” from any future lessees. Grass Lands Attached to the Dairy. These lauds, cultivated with Mauritius grass, constitute the chief source of the Dairy’s grass supply. The area under regular cultivation covers an extent of 20 acres. The net income for the year was R776, but this amount should be greatly en- hanced as the result of new arrangements for working the lands next year. The Model Fap.m. In the management of the Model Farm (about 220 acres in extentl I have had. valuable assistance from Mr. Samarauayaka, an Assistant Master in the School of Agriculture. The total receipts of the Farm in 1894 wereR2,506 90 ; in 1895, R3,001‘36; while in 1896 they amounted to R4,269'72. The expenditure incurred solely on Farm accoun t was R403’89, but an additional sum of R849 77 had to be expended on account of the dry cattle sent there from time to time from the Dairy, so that the total expenditure amounted to Rl,253'66, leaving a credit balance of R3,016 06-. Deducting from this a sum of Rl, 350 payable annually as rent to Government, the net income from the Farm stands at Rl,666'06. The pasture land at the Model Farm is not of the best character, being considered by the Veteri- nary Surgeon too low-lying and wet for the cattle. With the leasing of the Havelock Race-course by the Dairy there will be less occasion for using the Model Farm for pasturing purposes. The greater part of the high lands of the Farm were during the year laid out as golf links, and named after His Excellency the Governor “ The JRidgeway Links,” The Havelock Racecourse. This was taken on lease by the Dairy from Octo- ber. It covers an area of over 80 acres, and affords good pasturing for the stock, thus enabling the Manager of the Dairy to make a reduction in his expenditure on grass for “ soiling ” The proxi- mity of the racecourse to the Dairy is its chief merit, making it possible for it to be used as an exercising ground for the milking cows as well as the rest of the stock. In this way it becomes of special value to the Dairy, which has no suitable land for exercising cattle on the premises. A rental of R60 per mensem is paid to the Ceylon Turf Club for the monopoly of the grazing. C. DRIEBERG, B.A., F.H.A.S., Saperintendent. Report by the Superintendent of the School of Agriculture, Colombo, submitting suggestions for the re-organizing and better euquipping of the School, and for carrying on the work of the Agricultural Branch of the Educational Department on more practical lines. Introductory.— the School of Agriculture was established in 1884, the departmental policy, which has been pursued in the attempt to bring the native cultivators of the Island under the in- fluence of modern agricultural teaching, as well as to further their interests by adopting such measures as would tend to facilitate their work and improve their condition, has virtually been left to the agricultural instructors to work out. It must needs be inferred, however, from the action of Government in discontinuing the instructors, that the plan hitherto followed, whether owing to the nature of the policy pursued or the manner in which it was sought to carry in into effect, has been found wanting. Under the circumstances I deem it my duty to submit an alternative scheme, drawn up on more practical lines, and, as 1 con- sider, better calculated to benefit cultivators in Ceylon. The failure of a first attempt to reach the native agriculturist, so far from deterring the Department from persevering in its efforts, and warranting the desertion of the cause of native agriculture, would, on the other hand, seem rather to call for a fresh attempt on uew lines, which later experience may suggest. For this reason I would urge that the vote for agricultural instruc- tors be not allowed to lapse nor be appropriated for other purposes, but utilized for the re-organ- izing and better equipping of the School of Agriculture, and for carrying on the work of the Agricultural Branch of the Educational Depart- ment with better effect. Site —The availability of the old Normal School buildings no doubt suggested the idea of locating the School of Agriculture where it now stands, but the site, as far as its suitability for agricultural experiments is considered, has proved an unfortu- nate selection. The extremely poor character of the soil and the difficulties that stand in the way of draining the land have been serious obstacles to the success of the practical part of the work of the school. Staff of Coolies and upkeep of Grounds. — At pre- sent the staff of servants is composed of a mes-. senger or peon, a room boy and indoor cooly, and two outdoor coolies. It will thus be seen that there are only two hands available for the upkeej^' ; Sept. 1, 1897.] Supi^lement to the “ Tropical Agriculturist." 219 of the grounds. I have often had to meet the reaproach that the premises are not maintained in an efficient state ; but liow could this be expected ■with only two gai'den coolies at my disposal I see no reason -why the premises should be behind the Victoria Park or Museum grounds in efficiency, both of which institutions are allowed the neces- sary votes for upkeep. Otiginally the school had an isolated situation with a good deal of waste land lying about it ; now it is the centre of a much-frequented public resort, and it is a pity that under the circumstances it should wear a neglected [appearence. Apart from this consideration, it is important that the sur- roundings of the students should present lessons in neatness and method ; and the garden offers pos- sibilities of being w’ell laid out. I would suggest that a staff of six {i.e., an additional four) outdoor coolies — two good gardeners and four ordinary coolies— be attached to the school. The services of these men would be also available for helping in such cultivation as the students may be engaged in, ns it is a difficult matter to carry on systematic work of any extent with the limited amount of labour derivable from the students. Improvement of Native Implements- — In the early days of the school, and before it came into my charge, a large number of English ploughs were purchased both for the school and for the use of the agricultural in.structors, but these imple- ments were eventually found to be unsuitable for the puiposes of native cultivation. The purchasing of these ploughs, before at least carrying out pre- liminary trials with specimen implements, was a mistake. Sub.sequ.ently a specially-designed l)lough— called the '• Cingalee plough ” — -was con- structed, which, it was thought, would meet the requirements of paddy cultivators, but even this implement did not find favour with them, as it was considered too heavy. Since then no ploughs have been purchased in connection with the work of the school, in spile, however, of past failures, I think that there is still an opportunity of doing good work in the way of facilitating and im- proving the quality of the work of the native cul- tivator in the preparation of his land, by further attention to the question of implements. The great point to be attained in the matter of ploughs is to persuade the cultivator to adopt an imple- ment that turns over the soil, which the so-called plough commonly in use does not do, since it has no mould-board — an essential element in every plough. Another mistake that was made in the endeavour to supersede the native implement was to force a novelty in the shape of a foreign plough on the cultivator. The better way of going to work would have been to improve upon the defec- tive implement, and, though earlier alterations may not have been sufficiently effective, to gradually evolve the most approved plough for local require- ments, so that the operation of ploughing might be more thoroughly and quickly done than it is now : the modern ICnglish plough ha.s been the outcome of such gradual evolution. Another matter which policy would have suggested in deal- ing with notoriously conservative class is, that the improved implement should have been locally manufactured. 1 believe that a plough which will meet the requirements of the native cultivator can be made locally. I have had ploughs weighing only 24 or 25 lb. constructed by native black- smiths, and these have worked and worn well. I would suggest that the opportunity be afforded to the school for making another attempt, on the lines I have indicated, towards the improvement of the native implements now in use, as well as the introduction, if possible, of other implements and machines — simple forms cf sowing and drill- ing machines such ns are now in use in India, for instance— which are calculated to improve the condition of native agriculture. For a beginning, specimens of these latter might be secured for the school for trial and report, and if found suitable one or two of each might be kept at convenient centres, such as Kachcheries, and on application being made to the officers connected therewith the use of the implements or machines allowed and, if necessary, a small fee charged. Again, by exhi- biting select implements and machines, and demonstrating their uses and advantages at agri- cultural shows or special gatherings convened at suitable centres, much can be done to bring them to the notice of cultivators. Neiu and improved varieties of Seeds and Plants. — Another important matter about which the School of Agriculture should concern itself is the distribution of seeds and plants. It is of great importance that paddy cultivators should be given facilities for exchange of seed and for the purchase of fresh seed from other districts than their own as well as for procuring new varieties of seed which might with advantage be introduced into the Island from abroad. There are varieties of paddy not to be obtained in Ceylon which, owing to their possessing special characters suited to the special conditions which obtain in particular dis- tricts, can be introduced into the Island to the benefit of cultivators. In introducing such new varieties it might be arranged that before distri- buting the seed (which as imported would be a comparatively small quantity) among growers, a crop should be raised under the auspices of the Government Agents. 1 ndeed, any measure directed towards the improvement of native agriculture must largely depend for its success upon the help and co-operation of the Revenue Officers, Seeds of other desirable grain or food crops and seeds and plants of fruit trees suitable for cultivation here should be procured and kept at the scliool and offered for sale at reasonable rates, so that the country may be benefited by the growth of a larger variety, and of improved and new kinds, of food crops and fruit trees. There is much that we can do in this way in improving native agricul- ture and in encouraging fruit culture in the Island, by giving facilities to would-be growers for procuring seeds and plants which at present they do not know how or where to get. In certain remote parts of the Island such well-known food- supplying trees as the jak and breadfruit are unknown, while arrowroot is unknown in other parts. It will thus be seen that there is a good deal to be done even in helping to spread the cul- tivation of indigenous and naturalized trees with immense benefit to the poorer classes in remote districts of the Island. Publications: Advantages of circulating Leaflets. — I would also suggest that pamphlets, bulletins, and leaflets containing information of value to the agriculturist, with reference to me; hods of cul- 220 Supplement to the Tropical Agriculturist: [Sept. 1, 1897. ture, manures, crops, stock, &c., should be pub- lished in English, Tamil, and Sinhalese (if possible wilh illustrations), and circulated free among the agricultural classes with the help of the Eevenue Officers. This is a convenient and recognized means of reaching the people which is adopted by Agricultural Departments in India and else- where, and from my own e.vpeiience in the pub- lication of the “Agricultural Magazine’’ and in the issue of leaflets in the vernacular (now un- fortunately abandoned for want of funds) I cun state that the means have proved effectual in evoking an intelligent interest in much that should concern the cultivator of the soil. Students to be token on Tour. — In order to make the course of training at the school as thorough as possible, I would recommend that the students be taken on tour during one month of the year, so that they may gain practical acquaintance with the cultivation of Ceylon products as carried on a commercial scale. The necessity for supplement- ing what is at the best a limited knowledge of practical — but more or less e.vi>erimental — agri- culture gained at a college, by the wider and useful experience that would be afforded by such tours, is recognized by the promoters of agricul- tural education iji England and India ; and it is a pity that any element should be wanting in the course of training provided at the school which would tend to make that course as comjjlete as it might be, and go to disprove the charge that the students are lacking in practical experience. The Superintendent of the School to itinerate. — It is very necessary that provision should also be made to enable the Superintendent to itinerate through the Province.? in order to study native agriculture in all its phases, and acquaint himself With the special features which characterize the various forms of cultivation in the Island: to find out the needs of the people, to confer with village autho- rities, and, where opportunity offers, to advise and instruct with reference to agricultural praclice. As the result of these tours the Superintendent should furnish reports to Government. 'I think it would be an encouragement to the native culti- vators to have some one taking an active interest in their work and welfare I do not mean to in- sinuate that no such interest is evinced by the Government Agents and Assistant Government Agents. They are no doubt doing all they can in the cause of native agriculture, but the duties of the Superintendent in this connection will be of a special nature. During such tours much can be done in the way of distributing seeds, leaflets, &c. There are whole Provinces — and many districts — that I have not yet had an opportunity of visiting. A practical acquaintance with the methods and forms of culture adopted in different Provinces and districtsshould place me at a great advantage when- ever I am called upon to report and advise in my official capacity (or when privately consulted) on agricultural matters. Some of these tours of in- spection might be undertaken during school vaca- tions. A Clerk to be attached to the School Staff. — I would urge that a clerk, on a salary of say E25 per mensem, be attached to the school, t.) under- take the comparatively large amount of clerical work and book-keeping which has to be attended to in connection with the School and Dairy Farm, the greater part of which at present falls to the lot of the Superintendent. The appointment of a clerk should relieve me con.siderably, and by con- fining me less to my office leave me free to do more work of an important practical nature. I may mention that a properly furnished office room, to which the many business callers at the school could be shown, is a great want. E.i'penditure on the School. — There is a general impression abroad that the expenditure on the School of Agriculture is excessive; and in consider- ing the cost of the institution to Government the fact that there is a considerable revenue from the school and the establishment appertaining to it is seldom recognized. The work of an agricultural school or college, if it is to be at all effective, must be based on a comprehensive and complete scheme, and the necessary funds should be available for carrying out the details of such a scheme. Savings and Estimates. — The following state- ment shows how Governmtnt will practically save a sum of nearly R9,000 from January, 1897 : — By the abolition of agaicultural in- stiuctorships, 6 at 11528 per annum and 6 at 11396 per annum ... 5,541 By raising of the fee for agricultural students from R5 to KIO per mensem (a measure which came into force in January, 1896) the vote for dieting students will be practicallj- saved ... 3,000 By 1 apse of vote for travelling by Superintendent to inspect the agricul- tural instructors ... 200 Total ... 8,714 I beg to recom neud that part of this saving be utilized for better equipping the school and in giving a more useful and practical turn to the work connected with the agricultural branch of the Department of Public Instruction. The following is an approximate estimate of the cost of carrying out the recommendations made in the above reports : — Cost of extra hands, 2 at Rio and 2 at RIO ... ... ... 600 Cost of laying out and maintaining pre- mises, including cost of implement.^, manure, fences, cart, bulls, &c. ... 800 Exchange and purchase of seeds and plants, storing, maintaining nur- series, distributing, &c. , together with cost of implements for trials and report ... ... ... 800 Cost ot printing and circulating leaflets, &c. ... ... ... 400 Vote for itinerating by Superintendent 600 Cost of taking agricultural students on tour ... ... ... 800 Salary of clerk ... ... 300 Miscellaneous ... ... 700 Total ... 6,040 I have endeavoured to make the estimates as low a^ possible. Considering the cost of a visit to the E i.stern or the Northern Province, the vote for itinerating by the Superintendent is by no means high. The miscellaneous vote would provide for the undertaking of special experiments under e.x* Sept. 1, 1897.] Supplement to the “ Tropical Agriculturist. 221 ceptional circura.stances, and need not be an annual expenditure. The trial in vine-growing at pres?ent going on is such an experiment. Agricultural Shows. — 1 would urge upon Govern- ment the importance of drawing up a scheme for holding agricultural shows at short intervals at different centres. These shows should be cf a purely agricultural character, held mainly in the interests of native agriculture. Such shows are frequently held in India, where it i.s acknowledged that the native cultivators have derived material benefit from them. Employment of trained Students. — Whenever possible students who have had a training at the School of Agriculture might be appointed to posts that would bring them in contact with the agri- cultural classes, particularly where sucii appoint- ments would give them a certain amount of influence over the people. Of this nature would be the appointments of native writers and other posts in the Revenue Department carrying salaries of less than R600 per annum, as well as of minor forest and irrigation officers and officers ap- pointed for special agricultural and veterinary work. Further development of the School. — I have thought that with the help and through the in- fluence of the Eevenue Officers it would be possible to arrange for a curriculum for vernacular students (to be nominated by the Eevenue Officers) drawn from the classes to w'hich the rural native officials belong, with a view to giving an agricultural training, lasting for one or two years, to those who would be eventually employed as police officers, peace officers, vel-vidanas, fiscals’ arach- chies, division officeis, constable arachchies, &c. Special provi.sion might al.«o be made at the school for the sons of wealthier landowner.s who may desire to avail themselves of a couTse of agri- cultural training. For such somewhat better arrangements as regards accommodation and diet might be provided on their paying a higher rate of boarding fee. It would be an advantage if surveying could be added to the subjecis in the agricultural course, by arrangement , with the teacher of surveying in the Forestry School. I would again einjihasize the importance of pro- viding for a practical veterinary training for the students. In case the recomm endations referring to changes in the school are approved of, 1 shall be prepared to revise the present printed syllabus and bring it up to date for re-publication. In conclusion, I may state that some of the suggestions embodied in this report have been put forward by me from time to time in my annual reports, in reports read at public prize givings, and in my official con espondence. A want of funds and other causes would seem to have stood in the way of any such suggestions being adopted. I would earnestly piess upon Government (1) the necessity for adopting some definite .scheme tor agricultural work in connection with the Educa- tional Department ; and (2) of providing the funds necessary for sati.-factorily carrying out all the details involved in such a scheme. With these provided, there will be an opportunity of doing really useful work. A. — Return of Government Dairy Stock for the Year 1896. Cattle. Balance on band on December 31, 1895. Purchased during the Year. Born during the Year. Total . Died during the Year. - - Sold duriiig the Year. No. to be struck of the Li.st. B.alance on liand on December 31, 1S96. Cows 74 18 — 92 5 22 27 65 Calve.s 65 — 52 117 31 25 59 ■ Stud bulls 2 — 2 — — — 2 Draught bulls .. 2 - 2 — — — 2 B.—Statement Showing Supply of Milk During 1896. Month. Supply. Month. Supply. Bottles. Bottles. January 8,779| September 8,8554 February 7,819 October 8,875 Marcli 7.552 November 9,04 U April 7,495 December 9,2734 May 8,116 June 7,713f — July 8,187i Total .... 1(0,491 August 8,7624 Of these 100,491 bottles. 25,6924 bottles had to be purchased from outside sources. Total output of milk at the dairy = 74,7984 bottles of 26 oz., or nearly 12,500 gallons. 2'32 Supplement to the “ Tropical Agriculturist: [Sept. 1, 1897 C.— Financial Statement of the Government Daika" for the Year 1896. Receipts. Amount. Rs. c. January ... Realized by sale of milk. manure, &c. 1,626 29 February ... do. 1,498 98 March do. 1.636 46 April do. 1,445 60 May do. 1,558 88 June do. 1,482 9 July do. 1,569 39 August do. 1,674 32 September do. 1,688 27 October do. 1,694 56 November... do. 1,723 43 December ... do. 1,772 33 For services of stud bull 77 50 For extra milk delivery 5 85 Total ... 19,453 95 * The Manager of the Dairy is allow’ed Amount. Expenditure. R.s. c. Paid to the Maanger as salary during tlie year ... ... 465 00 Paid to coolies ... ... 1,390 00 Expended in transporting milk ... 17'» S5 Expended in feeding cattle during the year ... . . 9, ‘246 .50 Paid as rent of the Havelock Itace- course ... ... 180 no Expended for medicines ... ... 27 2u Expended in the purchase of utensils... 23 05 Expended for repars to water service, buildings, and utensils ... 314 66 Expended in purchase of milk ... 4,624 65 Credit balance (profit)* ... ... 3,011 44 Total ... 19,453 95 a commission of 6 ]jer cent on this sum. D.— Financial Statement of the Dairy Farm , including the Goveunment Dairy, Dairy Grass Lands, AND Model Farm, for THE Year 1896. 1896. Rs. c. 1895. Rs. c. Dec. 31 To purchase of stock in 1896 2,510 00 Dec. 31 By Balance at credit Dairy To amount paid to the Farm, 1895 2,984 75 Treasurer 2,087 55 1896. To amount of commission Dec. 31 By net profit working the paid to Manager for Government Dairy, 1896... 3,011 44 1896 : 6 per cent, com- By net prolit vvorking the mission on Rs. 3,011'44... 180 68 grass lands, 1696 776 OU To balance cash in hand... 4,964 84 By net prolit working tlie Model Farm, 1896 1 ,666 6 By sale of stock, 1896 ... 1,257 (j By interest allowed by Bank 47 76 Total ... 9,743 7 Total ... 9,743 7 I E. — Statement showing Financial Position of the Dairy t arm in its Relation to Government. Rs. c. 1893 To vote from Government... 19,539 12 1894 To special advance, 1894 ... 11,500 00 Total ... 31,039 12 R.s. c. 1893 By amount paid to revenue 7,627 66 1894 By amount jiaid to revenue ... 1,262 65 1895 By amount ]>aid to revenue ... 5,237 35 1896 By amount paid to revenue 2,087 55 By balance to be paid to the revenue 14,823 71 Total ... 31, < 39 12 F.— Assets and Liabilities of the Dairy Farm. 1896. Dec. 31 Liabilities. To amount due Government, balance as per account... To assets over liabilities ... Rs. c. 14,823 71 3,641 13 1896. Assets. Rs. c. Dec. 31 By cash in hand ... 4,964 84 By value of stock, buildings, and utensils ... 13,500 00 18,464 84 18,464 84 Total Total ... WILLIAM MARTIN LEAKE, m- F ' ’ ■ ' • V, ',' .- J, >ir> r.: . /■; -• \ T' t ' / .,• ,• -V..,' T'.-; ■■‘/: '.V^ ^7; :';v'’.;T-:a 4. ' .•/.V ' -•i* ','/'•/•> ^a*« ‘Jm -fi ^\f^:0f,TB£ eiASTlM; £NTEflP:|{if:-|; . ..... , . / ’VK'-.' .' 5, 7^' ’ '• ' - '.f47'^^;7ii;.v.'^ • , ;.' ■ ?.:^;,r;fr 77 • '7 |^■;^.'^X^. .' '" 'i ’" ‘ * ■ !*'i'.'.:K' ■^■7«?-f.-- . .-.■ <7 ',^^7. -.j| 4^ ; ■ / 77 ■ ^“' ■ '*- — getl" '.J.-f t.'i,: «•_. tli* \h . ',7- ' V i-j U/ft ' ,. ,7;.' ' I Hp7 ;^-'^7;"v ■ ^S^t»v7 .vt V .. ,.7,^-'‘.' ' . , : • *■■.' ' ' '■»■: 7 . V.-i*. • 7 --rU i' '■•X ..:u; ^ \ ‘ 'ifA '.•VFte 1 .ix; * • ■•'" ■ ■• " v? ' ■ 1 » ■ ■ ■ . - C'7::'^- ■ :., i ' sJ Jwfir-X;'''' ■ ■ ' ‘.'f ‘ \Kxti--i*- i;> ■ -tiw .»jWMii|iei^v7 Ki'-' ■ ■ F*-7 .' ;.'..S ■ v.i*.':-.W)-„ : ^ •' *-{'<^<} ‘■>:'''5^:.:. ■•j.t;:.- U .. 7-. 77- •i.-i-.cvr v:,. :vj- .7:^?^. - >i.r.v* ., >w.- 'V -.-i V'.- >• J'i ^ MONTHLY. !X> TV' Vol, XVII.] COLOMBO, OCTOBER ist, 1897. |Ko. 4. “ PIONEERS OF THE PLANTING ENTERPRISE IN CEYLON.” (Second Series.) MR. W . MARTIN L E A K R , ENGINEEE, PLANTEIT AND MEECHANT 1859-1S73. T is iiiiieh more difficult to deal with tlie careers of “pioneers” and “ public men” who are -still in the land of the living, than with those who have already passed that “ bourne whence no ti’riveller returns.” And this is especially true when the subject of our .notice is a personal friend, and an ex-Colonist so very generally liked and esteemed as is Mr. William Martin Leake, the well-knowm Secretary • of the Ceylon As.sociation in London. But apart from the fact that Mr. Martin Leake’s career has been nearly all contemporary with our ow-n — and open before us as that of a public man, almost from first to last — w-e have had the great advantage of securing “notes” of that portion of his life of which we could know nothing, written, though reluctantly, at our earnest request. We trust the use made < f this information in the story of the varied career of a Ceylon Colonist of a past generation will tend to the . henelit of his successors in the present day. It is something lo bring before young Colonists of the present day the career of a man of culture and high professional training, who, nevertheless, en- tered on the ordinary and sometimes rough w ork of the picneei — at leiist as Lngincei— w ii h the utmost zeal and jduck, and whose further ex- perience as a Merchant, Planter and Public Man Ceylon was uniforndy marked by transparent honesty, straightforward devotion to duty and no small degree of self-denying inteiest in the welfare of subordinates and young employes. Mr. Martin Leake’s worlc as iSecretary to the Planters’ Association (and for a term as Chairman and M.L.C.) alone entitled him to the gratitude of his brother Colonists, a gratitude which is still fuither enhanced by the continued good W’ork for the Colony he is discharging as the Secretary of the Ceylon Association in Lnndon. But we must not plunge into the middle of our subject. We cannot better begin than by giving the following concise “chronology” for ready reference in regard to the, hapiiily, still unlini.shed career of Mr. Leake : — 1831. — Born in ''lontagu StresL Bryanstoue Square, on 23rd Apiil, St. George’s Day. [Birthday of one W. Shakespe ire.] 183t). — Went to a Boarding School in Bayswater Village, kept by a lady. 1837-40. — At school at a day school in Upper Baker Street. 1840-45. — At the New Proprietary School, Black- heath. 184.5-50. — At Rugby. 1850-54. — At St. John’s College, Cambridge. 1855. — Traveliing in Italy, Sicily, Austria, Germany and France. 1850 58. — Apprenticed to J. M. Rendel, C.E., Pre- sident of the lust. C. B. On his dea- h at end of 1856, served out time with his executor.s — his sons Alessrs. M. & G. Rendel, (former of whom is now Sir A. M. Rendel, K.C.I.E.j and Mr. \V. G. Aimstrong of Els- wick (now Lord A, instrong). These years were divided between official worli ill Great George Street, Portland Breakwater (the Uve Sir J. Coode was in clnuge there.], Shiidwell Basin, London Docks, and the Elswiok Works. 224 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [Oct. I, 1S97. 1858 59.— Assistant Engineer at the new Dock, Leith, under G. Kobertson, F.E.S.B., who afterwards re- ported on the Harbonrsof India, visiting Ceylcmin 18/z. Oct. 1859. — Sailed for Ceylon to join G. D. B. Harrison, then carrying out Irrigation works in Southern Province. „ . .... 1860-61.— In Ceylon in Southern Province— Kmme, Tissamaharama, and Baddegama. Oct. 1861 to June 1862— At home. Married 6th IS ov., 1862, at Galle, Louisa, youngest daughter of Sir James Teiinent, K.C.B.* , 1862-1873.— Partner in Keir, Dnndas & Co.— 1669 ana 1870 were spent in England — in 1870 made a tour m Rus.sia, St. Petersburg, Moscow, Nijni Novgorod, and Odessa, to promote direct coffee trade through buez Canal then just open. 1873. — Left Ceylon. , 1874-1896.— Started Tunnel Portland Cement \\ orks Co. and is still managing it. In the case of Mr. Martin Leake we are able to begin at the beginning with an explanation as to the origin of the FAMILY NAME. This double name, we find, dates from the beginning of 18th century. In the time ot William and Mary and Queen Anne there tvere in the Koyal Navy two officers of dis- tinction, Admiral Sir Joim Leake _ and Capt. Stephen Martin, who married two sisters named Hill. On the death of the former in 1/19, without living issue, he left to his old ^b'l’" mate all his lands and money, value some T.'lOjOOO, on condition that the latter assumed the name of Leake. By letters-patent of George L, dated December, 1721, Capt. Steplien Martin accordingly became Capt. Stephen Martin Leake. These two old naval worthies have not, like the many brave men before Agamemnon, jierished unknown. The “ vates sacer” has been found in Stei/hen Martin Leake, Garter King-at-Arms, son or Capt. Stephen Martin, who compiled from original documents a full and detailed Memoir both ot his father and also of Admiral Sir John Leake. The latter he published himself in 1750, and the book though scarce is still obtainable. ihe Memoir of Capt. Stephen Martin was published so lately as 1895 by the Navy Recoids Society, Sir Clements Markham being the editor, the grandson of the Garter King-at-Arms leteiied to above was Stephen Ralph Martin Leake ot the Treasury — who, in 1831 , when his ymingest son Williai'n was born, was ollicial Private Secretary to Lord Grey, then Prime Ministei. The SCHOOL-DAYS of young William Martin Leake began early, owing to a prolonged absence in Ireland, on Government business, of his parents. His first school was in the then little countiy village of Bayswater. From his house in Notting- ham' Place, 'Regent’s Park, William Leake can remember walking across fields where now aie Westbourr.e Terrace, Lancaster Gate, &c., to the school situated in the present Queen s Road. The Great Western Station at Paddington was then in course of construction, and Master Leake was next removed to Blackheath to a Naval Proprietary School which was starte.l sometime in the “thirties” in opposition to an e.xisting old Proprietary Scho/d which is to this day a ilourishin^ institution. One of its chief pionioters was Mr. Meadows White, Solicitor, grandtather of the gentleman now or lately Private Secretary to the Chief Justice of Ceylon. Tor the better ” * Sir James Tennent of the Bengal Artillery, made K.C.B. for distinguished services in the bikh Wars. W. M. L. has nine surviving children. edification of the pupil mind, a concrete structure after the model of the I’arthenou was erected and divided into class-rooms. The school flourished for a few years, but soon languished. It must have been closed and the Greek temple pulled down some 40 years ago. But recollections of it have been lately stimu- lated by Sir Stuart Knill, who, during his recent mayoralty, gave a dinner to all such of his schoolfellows there as he could find. Forty- two old hoys met that evening at the iUaiision House, all probably over 60 years of age, most meeting after a separation of about half-a-cen- tury, a unique gathering. Three Messrs. White, sons of the IMr. INIeadows White above-mentioned, were present. Next we have yo>tng Mr. Martin Leake at Rugby. Ill 1845 Dr. Tait, after an exciting contest with Dr. 'Wordsworth, had comparatively re- cently succeeded to the headmastershi'p on the death of Dr. Arnold. Arthur Stanley’s life of Arnold had just been published, and Rugby was steeped in Arnoldism. Mr. Leake went to the bouse of IMr. Bonamy Price, afterwards Profes.sor of Political Economy at Oxford. To the same house at the same date, from the old Proprietary School, Blackheath, cameG S. Go«chen, now First Lord ot the Admiralty, also (though not from Blackheath) ^Yilliam Palliser, brother (it is believed) of the Pallisers of Radella, famous afterwards for chilled shot and big guns. Even in his schooldays young Palliser used to have an illicit gun. In 1849-50 IMr. Goschen became head of the school. In the ujqjer forms all lessons were learned out of school in the home studies, generally two or tliree prejiaring the work to- gether.* For the last two to tliree years, in the Sixth Form, IMr. Martin Leake was thus associated in daily intercour.se with the future Cabinet IMinister. Another Rugby con- temporary, afterwards well-known as a Ceylon planter, was the late IMr. AVilliam Greenwood of Gona Adika and Wattekelle. Now we come to Mr. Martin Leake’s University Days. Among contemporaries at St. John’.?, Cam- bridge, were Mr. Leonard Courtney ami Sir John Gorst. Mr. R. (afterwards Sir R.) Cayley came up in 1851, and in the Lent Term Races of 1852 steered the “Lady Margaret” second boat, in which Mr. Martin Leake was rowing. The boat was fifth on the river, and in the vain hope of maintaining that high place — vain because the boat lost one or two jdaces— the crew was kept in pretty strict training. The constant associa- tion during these weeks of training was the beginning of the lite-long friend.‘hip between the then coxswain and oarsman “Dick” Cayley, always so called to distinguish him from his elder brother Edward who was in the year above, and afterwards steered the “ Lady Margaret ” first boat, as head of the river in 1854 and had a great reputation as a judge of good rowing. In October, 1850, when Mr. Martin Leake went up, Mr. Arthur Gordon (now Lord Stanmore) was still an active member of the Union. Other leading speakers were William 'V'ernon Harccurt and James Fitzjames Stephen. Later, Leslie Stephen, James Payn, and H. jMontagu Butler come to the mind as leading lights. Mr. Martin Leake was a scholar of St. John’s, and in 1854 * See life of Bishop T. 'V. French of Lahore, Vol. I., pp. 5 to 7. Ocr. I, [S97.] rtlE TROPICAL AGRIC JLTURIST. was 29th Wrangler and in the second class in the Classical Tripos.* Ceicket, both at school and in college, received from Mr. Martin Leake, much time and attention. BJackheath in the “ forties” was a very nursery of cricket. Kent with Fuller Pilch, N. Felix, the bro- thers Mynn, Wenman, &c., as its champions, had * Mr. Leake has favoured us with the following notice of “ Rcighy ” and “Cambridge” in his day, which is w’ell worth reproducing : — Rugby 5U years ago was thoroughly penetrated with the spirit of Arnold. Though the great headmaster had in 1845, when W. M. Leake went there, been for three years dead, and his mantle had thereon fallen on Dr. Tait, the future Archbishop ; the staff of masters were nearly all Arnold’s men who had been appointed by and worked with him during the stirring years of his headmastership. Further, the recent publication of his life and correspondence by Arthur Stanley had made more widely known than was possible during his life-time the nature of his work at the great midland Public School. Dean Bradley (Westminster), Prof. J. C. Shairp (St. Andrews), Prof. T. S. Eva-ns (Durham), Canon C. Evans were also masters of Rugby between 1845-50. Chief among the assistant masters at that date were Bonamy Price, afterwards Professor of Political Economy at Oxford, and George Edward Lynch Cotton, afterwards headmaster of Marlborough and Bishop of Calcutta, the “young master” of Tom Bi own’s schooldays. These two taught respectively “ The Twenty ” and “ The Fifth,” the two forms next below the Sixth. Never probably have boys had a more lively teacher than Bonamy Price, “ an alert and stimulating man ” as the writer of an obituary notice styled him. “In the Twenty,” Price put on the spur and kept us up to our best. He was an excellent master whom we all thoroughly liked and appreciated, all the more perhaps on account of his “ lively eccen- tricities, ” so writes the Very Rev. G. P. Pownall in his contribution to the Memoir of Bishop French of Lahore. Cotton, though quieter and colder in manner, was also a very efficient teacher. The two had this in common, that they were at their very best in lecturing on the New Testament, in Exetjesis as Price loved to call it. Another notable master, who had a lower Form, was Richard Congreve, the disciple of Comte, who afterwards was, at it "ere, the High Priest of Posi- tivism in England. He it was who in 1848, when the thrones of Europe were reeling under the strokes of the all-pervading Revolution, stirred the fags of the school to rise and throw off the thraldom of thp Preposters of the Sixth Form. Excited meetings were he;d in the Quad at which fiery harangues were delivered, but all in vain. The Sixth proved them- selves too strong for their more numerous foes, backed though they were by a Radical master. It was to Bonamy Price’s house that W. M. Leake went in the summer of 1845. He had the fortune at once to be chosen as a fag by George Lawrence, then head of the House, afterwards well known as the author of “ Guy Livingstone,” “Sword and Gown,” and other novels. Strange as it may seem to those who know him only by his books, there can be little doubt that Lawrence was himself the original of his own heroes. Life in his eyes was not worth living unless as a series of thrilling incidents ; he had no wish to live beyond the age of thirty, he would say, and meanwhile he would thoroughly run through every excitement that life can offer. He has now long been dead, though he lived for several years beyond the limit of his own naming. Among those who came to Price’s house in that same summer were George Joachim Goschen, now First Lord of the Admiralty (like W. M. Leake he came from Blackheath, but from the rival Old Proprietary School) and William Palliser, brother of the Pallisers of Raiiella, afterwards knighted for his inventions in connection with Big Guns and Chilled Shot. Even in his school-days Palliser shewed his leaning for firearms, for he managed to secrete an old shot-gun jn bis study, yyhicb had the repntSltio^ of shootiog played the rest of England on equal terras year after year at Lords and Canterbury ; and Blackheath and its schoolboys — especially those who were at the school kept by Mr. Wanos- trocht (that was the true name of the great Felix) — felt as if they shared in the glory of the country. Enthusiasm thus engendered at school was for Mr. Martin Leake further stirred by the proximity of his home to “Lords,” where at a very early age he used to see and criticize ali tire leading players of the round the corner, but none the less on occasion it would provide its owner with a stray pheasant, par- tridge, hare or rabbit, a savoury addition to the somewhat meagre school-fare of those days. W. M. Leake did not remain long a fag, was moved quickly up through the various Forms, arriving safely in the desired haven of the Sixth Form in January 1848. In the upper Forms all lessons were prepared oat of school, in the house studies, two or three preparing the "ork together. Mention is made of this custom in the sketch of Rugby in the Memoir of Bishop French already referred to. In that case Pownall, the writer of the sketch, was associated in this way with French, the future Bishop, and Cross, now Lord Cross. The companions of W. M. Leake, in lesson- learning during the years 1848-50 were G. J. Goschen and .1. P, Beck, the latter, the eldest son of the late Mr. S. A. Beck, Chairman of the Gaslight (& Coke Co. from whom that hive of industry, the Beckton Gas- works, takes its name. This system, giving life as it does to what is apt to be, when done alone, a work of deadly darkness, is an admirable one. Learn, ing lessons under it became one of the most lively and sociable parts of the day. In 1849-50 Goschen became Head of the School; and the year of his Headship is marked in the annals of Rugby by the departure of Dr. Tait, whose health had for some time been very indifferent, on his appointment to the less onerous post of Dean of Carlisle. This was probably the first occasion on which the future Cabinet Minister bad a genuine opportunity for showing his powers of speech. Few masters can have had a more touching leave-taking than Dr. Tait on this occasion. The boys dragged him down to the Railway Station in his carriage, and the last scene in the stationyard dwells to this day in the memory of the survivors of those present. For the last few months of the school career of those who were leaving in 1850, the school was pre- sided over by that excellent man Dr. Goulburn, but good as he was he was never meant by nature for a schoolmaster. On looking back to the Rugby of those days, one of the most striking features is the number of distinguished schoolmasters sent out by the old school to propagate the Arnold tradition through the length and breadth of the land. Already in 1845 Dr. Vaughan, one of Arnold's pupi.s, was pre- siding over Harrow. Dr. Bradley, now Dean of West- minster, also a pupil of Arnold’s and a master at Rugby in W. M. Leake’s time, succeeded Dr. Cotton as headmaster of Marlborough on the appointment of the latter as Bishop of Calcutta. Mr. A. G. Butler and Dr. T. W. Jex Blake, both contemporaries and friends of W. M. Leake, became headmasters respec- tively of Haileybury and Cheltenham, the former being succeeded in his post by Dr. B. H. Bradley, head boy at Rugby in 1845, the latter succeeding in his Mr. H. Highton who had bet-n both pupil and master at Rugby in Arnold’s time. Dr. Jex Blake, alone among the Headmasters of Rugby of tha last 70 years, was himself a Rugby boy. Further, Mr, Charles Evans (now Canon Evans) and Dr. Feroival (now Bishop of Hereford) and the late Dr. Benson (Archbishop of Canterbury) all Rugby masters in the early “fifties” presided over Birmingham, Clifton, and Wellington respectively. To these who all became headmasters might be added the names of efficient assistant masters too numerous to mention. In the case of Arnold it cannot be said that the gogcl be did was “interred with his bones.” (Coniinwii page.) 226 THE TROPICAL AGKlCUL'I'URlST [CcT. I, 1897. t'a/, (L)in" to llngliy, ilr. Marlin LeaEe had tiie advaniai'e in Ids later years there of the iiistructio?) of old William Jjillywhite and his son Jack. “Old Lilly,” as he was called, was the inventor of round-arm bowling, all bowlers before his time having delivered the hall underhand ; and for a time so destructive was the new style of bowling, that a rule was made that in delivering the hall the hand must not be raised above the sliouhler. Bowling under this limita- tion “ ( )ld Lilly ” succeeded by close and prolonged ]iractice in aenuiring an accurticy of pitch f Continue'^.) In October, 1850, W. M. Leake went up to St. John's College, Cambiiclge, while his friends, Messrs. Beck and Gosclien, at the same date betook themselves to Oriel College, Oxford, where they both carried off high honours, their names appearing in 1854 in the First Class in Literis IJ umamoribus in the same list. Oriel men had not for some years previously shone in the schools, and so deliglited was the Collee at this unwonted double success, that a great feast gwas made to celebrate the event, whereat a silver punch-bowl that graced the board was pre- B nted to the two brilliant students. Both could not iiold this memento of their College days, so bv the tess of a coin it was decided that it should become the prope. t.’ of Mr. Beck. On his death, however, it was transferred to the hands of Mr. Goschen, to be lianded down doubtless as a treasured heirloom to his successors. The changes effected in Cambridge in the past halt century, though very striking both to the out- ward eye aud also iu the inner life, are probably hardlj' so great as those in the great Public Schools. In 1850 the studies of the University were almost confined to Mathematics and Classics, Mathematics still taking the precedence, as, for II nours a certain modicutn thereof was still indispensable. Cases still occurred of brilliant scholars being debarred, as was Lord Mmaulay, from their due place iu the Classical list owing to their failure in Mathematics. As with the studies, so with the athletics. These were con- fined to Cricket and Rowing. There was, it is true, one Tennis Court and one open Racket Court, but the plSy'ers at these games were perforce very few. Football, Lawn Tennis, the Rifle Corps, the Athletic Sports, all now so popular, were things as yet nn- kuown. The majority of reading men had to satisfy themselves with a constitutional of a couple of hours along the Trumpington road or elsewhere. In the interval there have sprung up on the one hand well-equipped Laboratories, Technical Schools and Workshops; on the other Football Grounds, Tennis and Racquet Courts, Running Tracks, Ac., Rifle R urges. Another case iu point is the Union : in 1850 the whole establishment was contained iu one small room in Green Street, formerly a chapel, with a gallery round, lined with shelves whereon the books were kept ; “ a very one-horse afiair ” so said James Pay u recently when writing on the subject in "Our Note Book” \n ihe Illustrated News. Now how changed is all this! The present noble range of buildings with its spacious hall for debate, its library, reading room, writing room, smoking room, Ac., affords to the members all the conve- niences of a West End Club. Another change noticeable by the undergraduate of the mid-century revisiting today his old University is in the style of dress. Top hats and black coats, which, m 1850, [were the everyday non-academioal costume, are now not to be seen. Light-coloured coats, straw hats, aud caps are worn by all ; no kind of free and easy garment is considered infra dig. To note the difference let any one, after a stay in the Cambridge of today, glance at Cuthbert Bede’s pictures in ‘‘ The Adventures of Mr. Verdant Green,”, book first published about 18.50. Even Mr. Charles Lar kyns and little Mr. Bouncer, the lively young gentlemen who took in hand Mr. Green on his arrival in Oxford as a Freshman, are depicted as riding aud driving arrayed in tall hats, while Verdant h'mself is to be eeeu aculling on the river in the tame headgear, that probably has never been excelled : not bowling very fast, but keeping always on the wicket and varying the pitch at will lie was an ideal practice bowler, while bis son Jack, also a fair bowler, was besides a dashing batsman who could teach the young player by example no less than by jirecept. Foriliree years INI r. \V. Martin Leake played in the Rugby .School Bileven, and on going up to Cambridge at once found a place in the University team. For the four years (1851 to 1854) he played in every match in which the University was engaged. In each of these years he played against Oxford at Lords. In the first year, 1851, when Canibridge won in one innings he had the fortune to make 66, the biggest score made iu tlie match by any Cantab up to that date. In 1827, the first match of the series, an Oxonian made 71, but up to 1851 there was no other instance of a score over 60. Things are different in these days of centuries. The reasons are, no doubt:— (1) J lie better con- dition of the grounds. Tlie wickets at Lords in the early “lifties” would not be tolerated today by any fairly good country club. Playing against fast bowling, even at Lords, was then a service of real danger. The improvement in the grounds it was that later biought about the abolition of the rule forbidding tlie rai-^ing the hand in bowling. (2) The system of houtidaries which saves the breath of the batsman. In 1851 Mr. \V. Martin Leake had to run out every hit. ami iu the innings mentioned at Lords was ran out trying a tiftli lun. Boundaries, now rendered necessary by the attending crowds of spectators, had no place at a time when, even at the most important matches, a single row of movable benches gave full accommodation to all comers. The thin line of spectators jumped from their seats to let the ball and fielder pass and repass. During the present season it has often been remarked, when Mr. Jessop has been driving ball after ball at almost lightning pace to the boundary, how inadequate is an allowance of 4 runs for such mighty strokes. The comment is just only on the surface. Had Mr. Jessop been obliged to run out each bit, as of old, he might indeed have converted many of his fours into fives, sixes, or even sevens. But how about the next stroke? Under the present system he has been able to score a second and may be a third four without running a foot in a shorter time than would have been needed for running out the first big hit. To score at the rate of two or three runs a minute, as Mr. Jessop has often been doing, and to continue tlie ]ierformance for half an hour and more, would, withouc boundaries, be a suiierliuman task. To return from this digression. When Mr. W. Martin Leake went to live in Kandy in 1862, CRICKET WAS LITTLE PLAYED UPCOUNTRY : he lost no opportunity of encouraging the game. Organizing an eleven from among tlie ISiiperin- tendents in his Firm’s employment, he challenged the rest of the planters, and for several years this match was the occasion of a pleasant gathering in Kandy. On the opening of the Railway to Kandy in 1867, Colombo was promptly invited to bring up a team to play Upcountry. This, the first of very many succeeding contests, was a most exciting game, the visitors being defeated only by five or six runs. With Mr. T, E. B. Skinner, then Fiscal for the Central Province, Mr. W. Martin Leake about the same date started the Kandy A.B.C, (Athletics, Beating, Cricket) Club which, with the addition of one Oct. r, 1897.I THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 227 more letter (D), lived for a space of well-nigli tliirty years, and came to its end only last year. After Cambridge, Mr. Martin Leake made A TOUK ABROAD. Tlie Crimean winter was .spent in Rome. There he met the late iMr. A. 11. Baillie who^ was travelh ing witli his mother and sisters. Larly in 1855 Mr. A. H. Baillie returned home to go out to Ceylon, wliere, subsequently, he and Mr. W. M. Leake were on very friendly terms as Proprietor and Agent. Messrs. Lightfoot and Benson, after- wards Bishoj) and Archbisho[(, were there also. Mr. Leake had known them at Cambridge; and with Mr. Benson, as being then a young liugby master, there was a connecting link. Mr. Martin Leake helonged to the Artists’ Club for the winter; there he met Mr. Leighton just about to exhibit attlie Royal Academy !iis first picture, the “ Pro- cession in tlie Streets of Florence,” about which all Rome was talking. With three others he walked through the length of the Volscian Hills from Albano on to the rail at Capua, saw no brigands though warned to expect, them— people all very kind and civil. P’rom Rome Mr. Leake went to Naples, saw a fine eruption of Vesuvius, to Sicily (ascended Etna), to Leghoin, Florence, Bologna, Padua, Venice, thence to Trieste, Vienna, Halzburg and the Tyrol, Munich, Prague, Uresdcn, Berlin, Hamburg and home. Next we come to Mr. Leake’s APPRENTICESHIP AS ENGINEER. An interesting item, as bearing on present contro- versies is the expenditure by London Dock Com- pany in 1855-59 on construction of Shadwell Basin. To make this comparatively small area of Dock the Company spent about £1,UU0,0U0 steiling, half the sum being expended in buying up and pulling down streets of houses. The Dock Companj’s shares fell under this expenditure from par to below 6', and have never risen again, aimul- taneously the present Victor ia Dock, just below Biackwall, was being made, G. P. Bidder being Engineer, by an independent Company on the Itssex marshes where land was still cheap, and the London Dock subsequently bought up this much larger and more convenient 'Dock in self-defence, adding to it in 1878 and 1879 the Rojal Albert Dock, the. largest Dock of all. Sir A. M. Rendel is still Engineer to the London Dock Company as his father was 40 years ago. It was at yiiadwell, in I860, that Mr. W. Martin Leake first met his old friend and once partner, iMr. G. D. B. Plarrison. Early in 1857 Mr. G. D. B. Harrison went out to Ceylon as one of Capt. Moorsom’s staff for the Ceylon Railway. At Elswick Mr. W. M. Leake saw the sacond Armstrong Gun made. This gun was taken to Woolwich to practise against the Royal Artillery. Its performance was such as to make absolutely necessary an immediate and com])lete revolution in big guns. It will be remembered that Mr. Armstrong was put in charge of the tVoolwich Arsenal and given a free hand to the great discontent of Whitworth. Such a weapon as the Armstrong gun of that date, the bore with 40 spiral grooves and a shot with lead lining, has long disappeared from the scene. Leith. — One of the pleasantest years was spent in Edinburgh in August 1858 to August 1859, Unbounded hospitality awaited the Southron, especially one who was able and willing to play cricket, rackets and to row. The late Lawrence M.ercer, once Manager of the Ceylon Co., Ltd., -was then tiecretary of the St, Andrew’s Boat Club, and there was a lively time generally. G. Itobertson, trie Resident Engineer of Leith Dock.?, was eldest son of Lord Benhohn, one rf the Judges, so the Assistant Engineer did not want for introductions. In 1859, while at Leith, Mr. W’. Martin Leake received an invitation from his okl fellow-pupil, Mr. G. D. B, Harrison, TO JOIN HIM IN CEYLON where. Sir H. AVard being Governor, money was being freely spent hy the Government on Irrigation Works, &c. The ofiei', seeming to be a promising one as regards prospects, was accepted, and in October of that year Mr. W. Martin Leake sailed Irom Southampton for Galle. Alas! for the luture pios- pecis — by the middle of 18(30 !Sir H. Ward left Ceylon tor Madras, and ISir C. MacCanhy came out with orders to stop all expenditure that could be dispensetl with, and then at once set in the period of “ parsimony ” so ably reduced to practice by that most economising and worthy of public officers, Mr. William Charles Gibson, who hail succeeded the new Goi einor as Colonial Secretary'. The young Irrigation (Jontraclor.? were plainly told that they need look for no more work; and there was nothing for it but to wind up, realize prolils, and look elsewhere for occupation. So ended the short-lived firm of Messrs. Harrison and Jjcake. One evening in the latter half of 18bU and 1861 Mr. G. D. B. Harrison and Mr. W. M. Leake, dining at the Galle Face Hotel, Colombo, met Mr. John Anderson and femily on their way to Galle homeward-bound, Mr. J. Amieison having been ordered lionie for health’s sake with injunctions never to return. 'Ihis sudden depar- ture had, it seemed, ([uite upset the plans of his uncle, Mr. John Gavin, whom he was to have joined as pai tner in the Firm of Keir, Dundas & Co. Mr. Simon Keir had already arranged to retire from that Firm, and Jilr. G. H. Dundas, who was at home, was anxious to retire if some one could be fouml to take his place, so that Mr. Gavin was likely to become the sole survivor of the three old partners. Ne- gotiations were at once opened w ith Mr. Gavin which resulted in a very few days in Mr. G. D. B. Harrison taking an active shaie in the work of the Firm, while Mr. W. M. Leake went home for a few months’ holiday. The upshot was that on 1st July, 1862, Mr. G. H. Dundas retired from, and Mr. G. D. B. Harrison and Mr. AV. M. Leake were admitted as partners into, the Firm of KEIR, DUNDAS & CO., KANDY. A few words on the vicissitudes of fortune of the once famous Coffee Finn maybe interesting, and perhaps useful as a warning, in the present days of unclouded prosperity in Tea. I’robebly no Ceylon Firm has ever liad a brighter time than Messrs. Keir, Dundas & Co. enjoy ed dm ing the ten years, 1854-64. In tlie former year its dealings were on a liumble scale ; in the latter all three partners had retired on handsome for- tunes leaving to their successors a well-secured and apparently most valuable agency business. In 1864-66 came a time of trouble enougli lo try to the utmost the strength of the hirm. First, the failure in Colombo of Messrs. AATlson, Ritchie & Co., w ith whom many joint ventures existed, iniolved considerable liam.ities; tlien in quick succession in London of two houses, Charles Joyce A Co. and Kelson, Tritton A Co., to whom sums were due ; and lastly, several natives to whom advances had been made, siiccumbeu in the general linancial disturbance that accompanied the close of the American Civil AVar, and culnu. 228 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [Oct. I, 18^7. iiateii in the Plack Monday in May, 18(i6, when tile city ol London was a scene oi panic such as lias not since been witnessed. Many of the propeities on which the Finn had claims were owing to tliese failures thrown on a market where there were no buyers; and the positron involved this dilemma, either serious Josses must be faced or inoziey inusc be found to buy in the properties in ([uestion, on which in most cases there were prior charges. The latter alternative was adopted, and beioie the end of 18(it) the Firm, which had hitherto been mainly an Agency business, became sole owners of the F planus and St. Sebastian Mills in Colombo, as well as the largest Coffee Estate Proprietors in the island, the properties being necessarily subject to a .somewhat heavy, though by no means as far could then be seen, crushing debt. Simulta- neously the course of events had thrown into the hands of the Firm the valuable shipping business which had hitherto been transacted by Messrs. M ilson, Kitchie A' Co. The crop of 1866-67 was a right good one, and so far all seemed to augur well lor the new ventures of the Firm. The secxuel, however, may be best told by a few figures, snew ing the ANNUAL COi'FJiE CROPS from that date of the estates owned by Keir, Tlundas Ov Co., results arrived at, sad to say, in spite ol consistently caretul and liberal management, cwt. 1866-67 36, 135 1 6 1 3t:,561 1 average 1st four year.s 68- 69 29,266 j 32,170 cwt. 69- 70 30, , 1 / J 7 0- 1 1 2T, lot) 1 71- 72 1-1,018 I average 2nd do 72- 73 21,21o I 17,996 cwt. 73 7T estimate 12,6UoJ In face of such results the game was manifestly a hopeless one in regard to the ultimate liquida- tion of the debt. The [lartneis placed ihem- selves in the hands of tlieir chief London support- ers, to whom alter many months of anxious deliberation the whole business was transferred, both assets and liabilities, in return for a small cash payment. Mr. VV.M. Leake returned home in September 1873. He remembers calling to say ••goodbye to the Editor ot the Ubacrvcr’' witli the above figures in his pocket. The Editor (he tells us he saw Mr. John Lerguson and adds) “was then eagerly advocating tue extension of the Railway to Hajiutale, using freely as an argument in us lavour the inobable increase of coffee crops,'’ Mr. Leake on introducing his view' that crops had hithtito only been maintaiiicd bj' the rapid inciease of new' land conu:,g into bearing met with so nttie encouragement that he did not disclose liie hgures on which he reiied, but con- teiiied himseii with wishing the Editor good luck in his crusaue ! *— [bee furtlrer on as well as in note for Eilitor’s justilicatiom] * In explanation, one who knew the pated that they or lor a generation, as and the hgures for us out in this : — Season = the Editor has to say that no young districts -n 1H73 antici- Uva were to decline at any rate the old Kandy districts had done, total crops of coffee will bear 1871-2 cwt. 576,878 2-3 ., 860,360 3-4 ;, 509,329 4-5 „ 988,328 6-6 „ 688,434 6-7 „ 927,093 7-8 „ 627,246 8-9 ,, 824,058 Needless here to dwell on the oft-told tale of the part taken by Mr. Martin Leake's Finn in introducing the cultivation of CINCHONA AND TEA. It is not so well known that a venture was made in C.yRDAMOMS in 1871 or 1872 on the . suggestion of Major Taylor, a Wynaad jilauier, who came on a visit to Ceylon about that time full of the success of experiments recently made in South India. A beginning of this cultivation was made in Rangala, in the jungle between old Tunisgalla ami Girindi Ella ; and though at first the plants did not come on and the experiment seemed to be a failure, after some years of practical aban- donment, they were found to be doing well and goid crops were obtained. The cultivation has been continued and extended in certain localities in the neighbourhood with varying success up to the present time. M e have already referred to the part taken by Mr. (Martin Leake in PUBLIC AFFAIRS, but we may add that from February 1863 to 1868 he was becretaiy to the Flaiiters’ Association, in 1872-73 Chairman of the Planters’ Association aiul (M.L. C.; 1877 onwards London Agent of Plant- ers’ Associaiion ; 1888-97 becretaiy ceyioii Asso- ciation in London, — a prolonged recoid of con- nection with Ceylon planting, extending aheady over more than 84 years. As ro details ot work done are they not all written 111 Piaiuers’ Association proceedings and the pages ol \AmCcyion Observtrt No sooner had Messrs. G. L). R. Hairisou and W. M. Leake retired Iroiii Keir, HundasMCo., than a singular change came over the fortunes of COFFEE. The price rapidly rose 50 %) and many accounts, the pDsition 01 which had seemed hopeless, were in the course ot a few months restored to vigorous life. A notable instance was the account of the late Mr. G. A. Crtiwellwho had the good fortune on his Haputale estates, — now owned by Mr. Lipioii, — to have in 1873 a line ciop on his collee tiees. It had been leckoned eaiiy 111 the year that the value ol his puopeiTics leii short ot the total debt on them by at least Lib, 090. Before the year was out Mr. Criiwell bad sold the estates lor £5U,bOO to the late Mr. R. B. Lownali, iiad paid off all debts, and retired WTtli a very substantial fortune, the balance of the purchase amount and of the proceeds ot sale of the big crop sold at 12us. to tabs, per cwt. in Lonuon ! iVlr. Crriwell loliowed iMr. W. M, Leake to England in a very few months, sum- moned ids iriends to a siinqiLUOUs dinner to celebrate his good fortune, not least among his guests being iiis late Agent, Mr. VV. M. Leake. The “booin’ in coffee in 1873 being brought about solely by the rise in price of the produce, was doomed to be shortlived so far as the value of Ceylon land was concerned. No enhancement of price could compensate for the faliing-oli in crops, and not many years elapsed before instances w ere frequent of collapses in the value 01 estates as siulden and as startling as was the prosperity that had attended Mr. Criiw ell’s venture. To mention an instance : in 1876 many estates had good coft'ec crops, jjrices were veiy high, and prolits were very large. Among the rest iNilloo- mally, in Kelebokka ‘Valley, gave returns stated at j-6,0bb to L7,bbb. It was currently reported that an oll'er of £40,000 tvas made for tlie pro< Oct. I, 1897.1 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. perty and refused. Tlie subsequent profits from the coffee on the estate can have been next to nothing. Sucli were the ups and downs of fortune at- tending- the last days of the reign of King Coffee. Tea, tliough it will surely have its bad as well as its good tinie.s, is hardly likely to be subject to the convulsive fluctuations of fortune that attended the downfall of coffee. On retirement from Messrs. Keir, Dundas & Co., Mr. W. il. Leake hesitated as to his course in the future. His partiality for Ceylon and life there was finally overborne by family consider- ations ; his elder children were growing- up and continuance in Ceylon would necessitate separation for educational purposes. He deternaned to find work, if possible, at home. In 1874, co-operating with Mr. T. G. Wainwright, now Treasurer of St. Thomas’s Hospital, he started the TUNNEL PORTLAND CEMENT WORKS CO., LTD., buying as the site for its operations a property of some 700 acres on the Esse.x shore of the Thames near Purfleet. The cement trade was at that time at the lieight of its prosperity. In common with nearly all productive industries in England, it has since come under changed conditions owing to the con- tinued fall in prices. The fall in prices having been general without any compensatory fall in wages, shareholders in those industries, wherein labour forms a large proportion of the cost, have had to stand by while the ])osition of the labourer has been year by year improved. In these cir- cumstances it may be hoped that the good of the many, may in the long run prove to be the good of all, and that the wiiler diffusion of wealth, consequent on tlie economical position, may be surely, though silently, broadening the foundations of the prosperity of the United Kingdom. Certain it is that demand in many branches has lately acquired a way of increasing by leaps and bound beyond all past experience. And though facilities for extending production are now-a-days such that no continuance of very high prices can be expected ; yet in many depressed industries thei-e have been of late signs of recovery and of a return even to the capitalists of a certain sober, healthy prosperity. It is pleasant to adil that Portland Cement, the leading industry of the Lower Thames and Medway, seems to be sharing in this revival. Here, we leave the story of one of the best- equipped, most enterprising and most re-pected Colonists who ever laboured in Ceylon. The work of Mr. MARTIN Leake is by no means over: though in his 67th year — 14 of those spent in the tropics — any one looking at Mr. Leake would take him to be at least ten years younger, and, humanly-speaking, his spare athletic form and vigorous constitution afford a guarantee for a number of years of usefulness; not least in con- nection with the Colony in wliich he has done such good and prolonged service. So mote it be ! Austhalian Ouange Plants, — Messrs. Thompson & Co. have imported a parcel of young orange plants from Melbourue to the order of some upcountry planters. The plants were sent up a couple of days ago and we hope to hear of their vigorous growth. — Cor., local ‘-Examiner.” 229 INDIARUBBER IN THE HUKONG VALLEY. [By H. N. Thompson, Assistant Conservator OP Forests, Burma.] The India-rubber as found growing in the Rukong valley is not a gregarious tree. It appears scattered generally through the dense evergreen forests, but nowhere reaches the density per acre, say, of an average teak forest ; occasionally a family gtoup of four or five trees may be met with, but these are very rare indeed, and the usual thing- is to come across a mature tree every 200 or 300 yards in the richer forests. The average of four valuation sur- veys made at the headwaters of the Namkong chaunq gives --ISla-ge trees per acre. Ficus elastica is essen- tially a light-demaoding species, aud though an evergreen and associated with and growing amongst dense shade-bearers no tree can be more exacting in its demand for light. Whenever it is surrounded with dense shade it will be found that this tree, in order to escape from it, has grown to enormous heights, in many instances towering head aud shoulders over every other tree in its vicinity. Trees of great size were met ou the upper slopes (3,000 feet) of the Loima hill at the headwaters of the Namkong chaun;;, and some of them were certainly the largest trees that I have ever seen of any species whatever. In accordance with its light- demanding character seedlings growing on the ground are extremely rare, and though I searched diligently for them ou many occasions on the rich soil sur- rounding the parent trees (but covered with dense shade) I was never able to find one. The only seedlings seen by me were growing, as a rule, in the forks or crevices in the bark of light foliaged trees ( Dalhcnjias, etc.) at a great height from Dhe ground and occasionally on the half-rotten trunks of dead and dying plants in places where from wind- falls or otherwise clearings had been formed in the leaf canopy. The young seedling thus gets a good start over its rivals in the struggle for existence and grows rapidly up the stem of its host encircling the latter with its aerial roots and sending them downwards towards the ground till they form gieat supports on which the main trunk of tire fig stands ; meanwhile the host is gradually killed off and eventually disappears altogether, and the rubber tree is left standing 011 five or six or even more thick aerial roots. These roots often start from a height of 60 to 90 feet, and attain girths of from five to eight feet. The main factor determining the dis- til bntion of Ficus elastica seems to be an excessive humidity of the atmosphere. It appears to be able to accommodate itself to many varieties of soil (pro- bably because its earlier stages are passed on a host) aud to be indifferent, generally speaking, to rather large variations in altitude, though growing best at from 2,5'JO to 3,500 feet. The absence of a very high temperature would also seem to favour its growth, as the species is unknov/n from the other- wise suitable local! iss in Southern Tenasserirn. However, this latter point may or may not be correct] and very likely the question may be complicated by the correlation of factors that we are not as yet cognizant of. But this much is certain, that it is found growing in abundance on the Loimaw hill at an altitude of 5,200 feet, and is reported from high altitudes in the Jan Muu Bun mountains to the east of N’tupusa and on the nothern aud southern water- sheds 01 the Taron river, the higuer crests and peaks of which are covered with large masses of snow in the winter. Prom what I could make out of the information given by the Singpho Chiefs of Niugbyen and N’tupusa, it does not appear to actually grow in places that are subject to snowfalls, but is found in all the deep, damp gorges on the sloi,es on sucn hills, very often creeping up the former to con- siderable altitudes. The winter snowline in the latitude of the nortlieiu portion of the Hukoug valley (latitude 27° uortli) would appei- to lie at least somewhere between 7,0UU aud S,00u teei. As Colonel Woodthoi-pe aud Major Macgregor, on their return 230 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [CCT. r, 1897. journey from the Bohr Khampti State, found it lying in large patches on the Chaukkau and Mokoshat passes in April; these passes lie to the north-east of N’tupusa and are visible from Ningbyon; the heights are 8,450 feet and 7,000 feet respectively. If the tree does actually grow hirh up the moun- tains on the north-east it must experience severe winter frosts, but it is probable that the influence of the latter is modified to a certain extent by the position of the seedlings on the stems ot their hosts, and they very likely do not suffer to the same degree as they would if growing on the surface of the soil. Mr. O’Bryen, in his report on the India-rubber forests of the Bhamo district, divides those situated in the Hnkong valley into the following areas, basing his clasi-ification on the routes by which the rubber is exported. As these divisions are convenient for the purposes of description, I will not disturb them. They are : — • (i) The tract north at the Tanaikha from its junction with the Tarom river to a point 20 miles above Lagang village. ' (ii) The southern basin of the Tanaikha from the Numgaum chaung down to a point 20 miles above Lagang village on the Tanaikha, excluding the sources of ihe Nampyu chaung. (iii) The area drained by the Namkong chaung, north of Kamaing, including the sources of the Nampyu chaung. (iv) The area drained by the Tanaikha south of a' point about 20 miles above Lagang village and the left drainage of the Namkong chaung between Kamaing and Mogaung. To this I will add, as No. VIII, the whole drainage area of the Taron river above its junction with the Gedu affluent, the greater portion of the India-rubber from this tract being exported to Assam, via the passes across the Patkoi range. The protection of the rnhher foreats. — As before men- tioned the Upper Burma Forest Rules relating to the tapping ot India rubber trees appear to be a de'd letter in the Hukong Valley and Namkong forests. And I have been informed by several Sawb- was, such as Ningbyen and Nitumtumsa, that they are unable to enforce these rults or attempt to interfere in any way with the rubber collectors, lioubtless they have their own reasons for not inter- fering, as the more rubber that is collected the greater the revenue paid to them for it. So it is not likely then that in the absence of any means of enforcing the rule the latter will be attended to. ' Regarding the Hukong Valley itself, I think we are powerless to protect the India-rubber forests by any legislative methods unless we are prepared to take the country over and administer it directly. The Singphos are an exceedingly independent race, and at present realhg recognize no one as masters, under these circumstances, if we are not prepared to take ever the country, and if we still wish to preserve the rubber forests from extermination, there is only one course left open to us, and that is to nut a prohibitive tax on all rubber exported to the Myitkyina district from that valley, Of course there will be a great outcry from the Chinese firms en- gaged in the trade and from others, but unfortunately the choice of alternatives is very limited, and no half-measures are possible. The forests must either be completely protected or left alone; the Singpho would appreciate no other course of action. I very much doubt whether the Hnkong Singphos would understand very early why (in the event of a prohibitive tax being introduced) there would be no^ sale for their rubber. All they would concern themselves v/ith would be the fact that there w'as no sale for it, and that therefore it was not worth collecting. There nauually would be a great falling off in the revenue, collected by- the various Chiefs, and it is difficult to see in what way they could recoup themselves, and perhaps this is the most im- portant objection to the introduction of such a tax. ^ The protection of rubber trees growing in forests situated within our sphere of direct administration, though a difficult matter where Kachins, (Singphos) are concerned, need not ire ent any really serious obstacles, and it is possible that if reserves are made of the richest areas, and 1 he local Saw bwas in whose jurisdiction the reserves would be siuiated were in- duced to interest themselves in the protection of the forests, and that the subordinate forest officials appointed to supervise them were selected from amongst some of the better class of Singphos, a great deal may be done towards the protection of this tree. Work would be found for those who at present live on the proceeds derived from collecting rubber by getting them employed in the plantations. Formation of ruhher plantations. — For experience gained in .\ssam, it appears that it is quite possi- ble to undertake the creation of rubber plantations on an extens've scale with a fair prospect of their supplying large trees in the future. Under these circumstances it would be advi>ible to start such plantations in the richer India-rubber bearing tracts on the lines recommended in Assam. Local Kachins could be employed for the work, which they would probably take to readily. Seedling.s of the species are frequently found planted round the Kachin vil- lages, but they do not attain the same dimensions as trees that have grown upon the forest. — The Indian Agriculturist. CULTIVATION OF THE CHEPJMOYA IN MADEIRA. While on a visit to Madeira last autumn I was much interested in observing the extensive cultivation of the Cherimoya (Anona cherimolia) which is now being carried on there for the London market. Many of the estates on the warm southern slopes of the island, formerly covered with vineyards, have now been systematically planted with the Cherimoya, the sheltered valleys being particularly suited for them, the trees attaining a height of 30 to 40 feet and bearing abundantly. Propagation is by seed only. The young trees are grafted when about two years old and begin io bear aboi t three years afterwards When the leaves have fallen in '"ay the trees are pruned, only those branches which are likely to bear fruit being left. On some plantations the young trees have been topped when about eight feet high and the laterals trained along horizontal espalier s with excellent results. The trees are in this way brought under thorough control, can be eiHly pruned and the fruit thinned out. Stable manure is usually dug into the ground over a considerable area around the trees in the early spring months. The crop is gathered in December and January. As the result ■ f cultivation several improved varieties of the Cherimoya have been obtained bearing fruits with hardly any seeds and in which the fleshy eatable part is largely in* creased in quantity. The fruits vary in weight between three to eight lb., exceptionally large ones may reach 161b. and over. The maturity of the fruit is indicated by the loosening of the seeds inside which may be felt when the fruit is shaken. They are still qul e hard to the touch but flt to pick and if laid in straw will rapidly ripen. The fruit is always cut off the tree with a sharp knife leaving a short stalk attached ; if it is pulled off the core is injured and the pulp spoiled. Special boxes are made for packing the fruit which are flist wrapped in paper and then embedded in straw ; each box holds about two dozen fruits. The journey to London gene’-ally occupies four days. On arrival they are unpacked and placed on shelves in a warm room where they quickly ripen. Average-sized fruits usually fetch from six shillings apiece, larger ones 10s. and more. The Cherimoya grows well in the mountains of Jamaica. Fairly good fruit is not uncommonly brought into Kingston for sale. I venture to think that it might be worth while to bestow more attention on its cultivation in view of the possibility of getting the fruit to London in good condition in cool chambers. The Cherimoya is rightly acknowledged to be one of the most delicious of tro|uoal fruits and there is no doubt that shortly the demand for it will in 1 e ise. very greatly. — fournnl of the Jamaica Agricultural Societg. Kingston. M. Gkabuam. THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST, Oct. f, 181^7.] TEA PLUCKING AND IKKEGULARI- TIES IN TEA. We must tell Mr. John Hamilton that the General consensus of opinion both in planting anil mercantile circles in leference- to his letter is that to abandon “retiring” would be a great mistake. In the iiioist climate of Ceylon, it is simply indispensable; but it is evident tliac moie care niust be taken in regard to both bulking and “packing” in not a few factories in our tea districts. At the same time when Mr. Hamilton speaks of “all the selling broker.s em- FFloyin" a liighiy-paid expert to inspect the teas plaeed°in their hands,” exception is taken and one p'entleman here who knows “all .aliout t.ea in London” declares the inspection is left to quite a junior— an assistant in his second year " No'w ' as regards the need of special care in estate factories, we have had evidence put before us of very recent experience of irregularity in regard to the teas of well-known Ceylon estates which never sell in Colombo. In all, four case.s are adduced as occurring within a few days tellinc against “Ceylon’s.” lor, it is alleged that in re” ard to Indian teas, there is no trouble : on the catalogues of the latter “ bulked in London” is now being printed. We fear it must come to this in respect of “Ceylons, unless each proprietor, who wants to sell in Loudon, in.sists that special care is taken in his factory as to bulking and packing, due supervision being provided for the same. It is impos.sible that a Superintendent by himself can see to all the lyork in the field as well as in the factory. There ouQ'ht to be a run therefore on careful Factory Assistants, who should be made to understand the penalty attaching to irregularity in bulking, to bad packing, difference in gross tares, or above all to using “cheesy” or bad bo.xes ! LAND ON THE ANAMALAI HILLS. lo the Editor, Madras Mail. I see that Government Notices appear in the Madras Mail and in District Gazettes that “ about 80 square miles of land on the Ana- malai Hill-', in the Coimbatore Distiict, aie available lor application for planting purposes under the subjoined rules.” Tins would be say 50 000 acres. There is, no doubt this quantity “available,” but I say wichout hesitation that the quantity suitaMe for tea or coffee cultivation i.s represented by a far smaller area. As I am the only one of the original applicants as yet who has begun to open out those hills, I may claim to be interested in their future welfare and development, and neither of these will be served if unsuitable land is taken up and money spent upon it. A new District has to make its reputation and a bad start takes a long time to get over ; I trust therefore that any who think of taking up land there will use the utmost care in its selection. As I may now claim co have some little experience of the )dace, tlie fol- lowing facts may be intei'esting. Health is very apod, contrary to the alarmist ideas freely ex- pressed. Fever is practically absent (and I am speaking of the worst time, from beginning of February to breaking of monsoon) both with Enropea'iis .and natives; I should .say that, _ man for man, there is less fever than on an oidinaiy healthy hill estate, though it was not in other places' a healthy season this year. The climate is very remarkably even, owing no doubt to the 29 231 mass of evergreen forest. Wind, before and dur- ing the monsoon, is absent on well-selected land, though I should be sorry to have much of the 80 square miles, on this account. I have been there also during the N,-E. monsoon and should say that no on-; selecting land carefully need get wind at any time of the year. The rainfall is probably abnormal this year, judging from the facts that Cochin and Calicut are many inches over their average to date, and that S.-W. i-ain at these places h.as, on every occasion this year, meant rain on the Anamalais, though in lar less quantity at the latter place. As 1 have only had a l ain gauge in position .since f he beginning of l'’ebruary f cannot yet say for cert.ain what the I'csult will bo, hut from results to date and what I hai'e observed when there in September and November, I am inclined to forecast an average rainfall of something under 100 inches, heaviest in June and July but ivith .a good N.-E. fall and enough in earlier months to en.snre setting blossom (this year the fall from Febr'i.'iry to June was If inclies LS cents). Labour, of course, has all to be im|)orted, and 1 may men- tion tliat the greater distance it is brought the better ; labour from the small villages round the foot of the hills is of little use. Felling costs far more than in most districts, the forest being very heavy ; pitting would be easy, but for roots, the soil being a sandy loam of great depth, with perfect drainage. I should mention that my remaiks on health refer to an elevation of 4,000 feet, where I have my buildings, the clearings being a couple of hundred feet lower. I have no doubt of the future of the Anamalais as a planting District if care is taken at the outset, and it is to that end that I would speak a word of warning against indiscriminate selec- tion of land while tliero is yet thne. Every district has suffered from it. Experienced plant- ers are the men first wanted in a new District, and I hope that is the only class which will attempt to settle there to begin with. A good bridle path is now open into the forest, passes my door, in fact, but I do not think the line of the bandy road jiromised by Government is settled as yet. Kotagiri, 30th July. E. G. WiNDf.E. NOTES FROM MAHE, SEYCHELLES. VANILLA The beans resulting from hast year’s flower- ing have nearly all been gathered, and are in course of preparation. Although much smaller than the previous year the crop generally will be a fairish one so far as is yet known. In the lower parts of the island the first flowers of this season are commencing to appear. Apart however from Vanilla and its attendant uncertainties as to crop and price, there is an increasing source of productiveness herein Liberian Coffee. A good deal has been done in planting- out of late years, and althouo-h slow of growth at first, tlie trees once established are flourishing well, and many can be seen here now of 4 and 5 years’ growth, pictures of he.slth and beaFity and in full bearing. H. T. The Kelani Mills. — The mills were opened recent- ly, an 1 desaioating works is in full swing now. Besides this w'ork, the mills are ni aiut’actiuing cocouot fibre for various purp^3.->s. As a result of the opening of the mills a large number of villagers have found work to keep them from idleness. — for. 232 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [Oct. 1897. SIR (iK.KMH EI.PlUNSTOIsE ON THE PLANTINO PROSPECT OF PERAK. “ This will he a grand country in 20 years. C(jffoe Liherian, coconuts and rubbers ; cattle feed- ing also will jiay well. Someliow’ or another one always feels in touch with Ceylon here. So many of the Civil Servants and Planters have been and are associated with Ceylon either by relation- ship or business. Then in the lower grades of the Civil Service all departments and esiiccially in the meilical are recruited from Ceylon. “ I never look on this country except as having a sort of cousinship with Ceylon and that together they will help to supply a large luoportion of the world’s requirenient.s. — (jR.eme Elphinstone.” PROSPECTS IN NYASALANU. INTERVIEW YITH MR. ALEXANDER WHYTE. Mr. Alexander Whyte, the well known botanist and naturalist, formerly head of the Scientilic Department in tite Administration of Rritish Central iVfriea, has just been in Aberdeen for a tew days, on his wav through to Braemar, where be Intends spending a well-merited holiday after his arduous exploratory and scientilic labours in Nyasalaud, of which some account has already appeared in these columns. Mr. Whyte is looking hale and hearty, and none the worse of his ex|jeriences in llritish Central Africa, where in- deed during all his stay of six yeais he has enjoyed exceiitionaliy good health, having never been once down with fever. The collections which he has made of the dried plants and of the birds and the animals of the country are very extensive — among the most extensive made by single scientists it is believed —and the authori- tiesT at Kew and at the Natural History Museum in Cromwell Road are highly pleased with the results. The Zoological Society have rewarded Mr. Whyte by presenting him with their model in regard for the value of his investigations. Mr. Whyte speaks in glowing teims of the pro- gress made in this Protectorate, now our newest Crown Colony. A review of what h.as been done during the [last half-dozen years is truly asto- nishing, and it would be difficult to poirt to such a record of work effected for .anything like the same expenditure of money in any other country or colony. The very tribes who weie the most hostile and the most obstinate to submit to British rule and to abandon their slaving pro[)cnsities are now furnishing the best recruits for the military and police forces. The revenue is increasing by rapid strides, and nearly all the tribes are willingly paying the tax of 3s. levied on every household. Of the wonderful NATURAE CAPABILITIE.S OF BRITISH CENTRAL V AFRICA Mr. Whyte iSi well qualilied to speak. The most serious obstacle to the rapid development of the country, he says, is the want of e.asy and cheaper means' of transport to and from the coast. For- tunately, however, this is to all appearances about to be remedied. A r.ailway survey from Cldromo, at the junction of the Ruo and Shire ri /ers, to Blantyre has been most elliciently com- pleted and laid doA-n on a huge scale by Mr. Macrone, who is now home in Edinburgh, with all the requisite details and information to lay before Ids directors. Britain in self-protection must push it on, so as to secure for herself the most advantageous highway, via the Lakes, into and through Central Africa. Between the sea and the terminus of the proposed line at the Ruo and the Shire rivers, the Zambesi river steamers provide a transport, but the railway which the Portuguese are making from Quiliniane to tlie same point will in a short time provide more convenient and quicker communication. Of the prospects for COFFEE —the staple of the country — Mr. Whyte speaks in a very hopeful way. The soil and the cli- mate are quite suitable. Mistakes have na- turally been made tlirouidi the want of ex- perience. The coffee bush requires special treat- ment, and it does not follow that what suits it in one country will be equally successful in another. Hitherto the coffee planting in Nyasaland has been in a measure pa.s.sing through the experimental stage. Now, howe\ er, the treatment of the cortee, especially as to shade, is better understood, and crops, paying very fairly, are being jiicked. The tran.sport (luestion once solved, land for coffee planting would, Mr. Whyte feels sure, be taken up on a large scale. Among the other products likely to prove remunerative in British Central Africa Mr. AVhytc con.siders the next best to coffee to be RUBBER, which is indigenous in the land, and the de- mand for which in the world of commerce is continually increasing. The Landolphias, the best yielders of rubber, are growing in Nyasa, ready to be tapped in the native state. Samples of the rubber from this plant Mr. Whyte gathered and sent home to this country. His idea of how to cultivate the rubber trees would be to plant them in forests at the foot of other trees, which would .serve as stakes up which they could climb. This would be an in- expensive method of establishing forests of rub- ber, and the only drawback is that it would entail the locking up of capital for five or six years before yielding a return. The Ceara rub- ber also grows freely in the Shire Highlands, but it has not been found productive enough to pay. Anotlrer product which has al- ready been introduced, and which promises well in the lower and hotter districts is Liberian coffee, while cardamoms, nutmegs, and spices might also be grown to ailvantage. Cacao Mr. Whyte has tried to introduce on several occasions, but without great success. The cacao plant is very delicate and difficult of transport, Imt Mr. Whyte feels confident that there are many suitable localities along the banks of the rivers ami in tin- mountain ravines where it would do admirably if once started. As to cotton, it could be grown to a boundless extent, but the cost of conveyance is at present killing to this branch of agriculture. Tapioca has been manu- factured to a considerable extent by the members of the Established Church Mission at Domasi from the roots of the manihot or cas.sava plant, and has proved of excellent quality, finding a ready' sale among the Europeans of the rlistrict. Arrovv- root could also be cultivated, and in fact nearly all tropical and sub-troi)ical economic plants could find suitable habitats in Nyasaland. Stock of all sorts thrive well on the plateaux of w'est and north Nyasa. Cattle are now plentiful with the planters, supplies having been got from Tete, on the Zambesi, and from Angoniiand, to the west and southwest of Lake Nyasa. Goats and fat- Oct. t, 1897.] tHE TROPICAL AGRICULTUKlSf. 233 tailed sheep are everywhere abundant. European sheep have as yet proved a failure, their fleeces beiii}' rendered all but valueless by the quanti- ties of .seeds and burns which become entangled in the wool. As to the HEALTH OF EUROPEANS in British Central Africa, it cannot be said to be good. There is little danger to be dreaded from the ordinary malarial fever, but unfoj’tunately a bad type, called black-water fever, sometimes crops up, and a good many valuable lives have fallen victims to it. Mr. Whyte, however, be- lieves that a great improvement will come about when the country is opened up and moi’e comfortable houses and surroundings be- come available. He remembers well when some of the West India islands and Ceylon were quite as unhealthy. Now they are in some cases being visited as health resorts, so salubrious have they become. In Nyasaland, the services of a staff of experienced and skilful doctors sent out by Sir Harry Johnston are now procurable, and Dr. Kerr Cross, formerly of the Livingstonia Free Church Mission, and Dr. Grey, of Porto- bello, have just sailed to join the Administration. The work recently completed by Dr. Cross on “ Health in British Central Africa” will form an excellent guide for youn» men emigrating. It is all important in Nyasaland, as in all tropical countries, to know how to live, and a r.ian’s health greatly depends upon him.self, whether he uses judiciously or abuses his constitution. Temperate yet active habits, with a well-balanced, cheerful, and equable mind, backed w'lth a good thick stratum of common sen.se, are golden pos- sessions out in Africa, where many trials and worries have to be encountered. Mr. Whyte describes with regret how' practically the whole trade of the East Coast of Africa from Delagoa to the Red Sea has passed out of British bands through the enterprise of foreign, and especially German competitors. Asked his opinion on the MISSIONARY QUESTION, Mr. White has no hesitation in saying that missionaries have been a great power in the land in influencing the natives. A great deal has been said of missions of late, and it is very easy, and so far legitimate, to criticise public bodies. Unfortunately, however, mis- sions frequently undergo very unjust criticism. Of the work done by Dr. Laws and the free Church Mission Mr. White speaks in unquali- fied terms of praise. It is, he says, perfectly astonishing to witness the hold Dr. Laws has on the people and the influence he exercises over them. Mr. Whyte’s last EXPLORATORY WORK before his present return home was done in the Masuka Mountains, on the German boundary to the north-west of Jjake Nyasa. Here lie found a most interesting race of people. They were very shy and suspicious, and although lie sent scouts and guides with presents to attract them, it was days before he got into touch with them. When he at last succeeded in getting the chief and some of his headmen to visit the camp and in gaining the confidence, of the people, he found them a most kind, docile, and tractable race, a branch of the Wankondi. The chief and his head- man invited Mr. Whyte to come and reside with them and be their Chief. They promised to carry timber for liim and build a house if lie would only settle with them and plant coffee. They are extremely cleanly and tidy in their habits, and their villages, which were well stocked with cattle, sheep, and goats, were patterns of tidi- ness, Mr. Whyte was more than surprised to find that public latrines, neatly constructerice not com nected with the coconuts, soil or situation. We lately mentioned that As))okunawatte, the property of Mr. Mel\’ille White, in Flurunegala district, had been sohl. The purchasers (or their Agents) are Messrs. Finlay, Muir A Co., and the price jiaiil is R48,000 for a total area ot 365 acre.s, of which fully 200 acres are planted with Coco- nuts and some Cacao and Liberian Cotfee. This ought to be a bargain for the purchasers if the palms do well. THE TREATMENT OF TEA IN THE LONDON WAREHOUSES. (To the Editor of the Home and Colonial JIail.) Sir, — It seems to me that the time has come for the Indian Tea Association to take up the question of the proper repacking of tea iu the Londou warehouses. The objectionable method at present in vogue has been repeatedly shown up in the English and Indian press, in public lectures on tea in representations to the Assciatiou itself, and iu the elaborate work on tea lately published. So far as we tea planters know only one warehous has thug far shown itself open to im- provement, and has brought in modern machinery to replace the rough docker’s boot for pressing in the tea. Anyone who has seen the present barbarous method in operatioii will, I am sure, agree with me that it is unworthy of the present century^, and to an Indian or Goylou" planter who has been used to the utmost care iu packing teas it is simply shockiug. If something is not done soon to improve matters tlic question will find its way into the magazines and daily papers, and we will have illustrations shovdng ’ a heap of tea being sliovel.led into chests, and a row of dockers jumping upon it and stamping it in with their boots. It is a disgrace to civilised methods. The quoatiou of cost is no doubt a great factor in all improvements, and tl’.e warehouse authorities seem to haw thus far overlooked the fact tliat by Lisin."' iiiacliiucry they would probably save the cost of half a duzoii men by each macliiiio put into use. As a planter i am au.vions to push the subject, becuute I hud that by using machinery I can get more tea into a chest, and thus effect a cuii.ikleiable saving iu cost of packages and transit ; but then I tremble for our line teas when they conic under the heel of the ciithless docker, for if ordinary stamping is not suliicient, such violence will be used that there will be nearly as much dust as leaf when the chest comes to be opened by the grocer. Another point which urgently needs to be dealt with is the manner in which the chests are closed lip after repacking; the shreds ‘f tom lead being merely laid on the top and the lid roughly nailed down. Sometimes a bit of brown paper is added if the load is in a very bad state. Why should not the packages be properly soldered up ? The Indian branch of the Tea Association has recently had a committee to inquire into the treatment which pack.ages receive in Calcutta. Why should the Association in Loudon continue to couuteuaiice and perpetuate a crying evil which causes a continual loss to all concerned and practically ruins a large propiortiou of our finest teas ? — I amsii', yours, &’c., Anxious Pl.vntee. —IT and C. Hail, July 30. THE CONSOLIDATED TEA AND LANDS COMPANY, LIMITED. The following is from the report for the year ending 30th November, 1896, to be submitted to the first or- dinary general meeting of shareholders of the Consoli- dated Tea and Lands Company, Limited, to be held in the Accountants’ Hall, 106, W’est Nile Street, Glas- gow, today (Fiiday): — The directors have pleasure in submitting the ac- counts for the year ending 30th November 1896. The season, as a whole, has been favourable, the total crop having amounted to 16, 620, 5201b., against an estimate of 10,410,.')73lb. The average price obtained was 7‘67d per lb. The season’s operations have resulted in a profit of iT12,228. 15s, to which has to be added the profit deiived from the sale of land in Travaucore, viz., i'63,152 4s — iu all £175,380 19s. Against this sum the following amounts are chargeable : — Commissions on profits to managers of estate.s, managing agents in Calcutta, and secretaries, £11,150 7s; interest to shareholders and others on deposits, £1,039 3s 5d ; interest on purchase price payable to the North and South Sylhet Tea Companies, Limited, £55,811 11s 9d; dividend paid to the first preference shareholders of the company, £12,912 4s lOd : dividend payable to the second preference shareholders of the company, £7,231 6s 8d — leaving a balance of £87,236 5s 4d to be dealt with. Out of this the directors propose to pay a dividend of 10 per cent on the ordinary shares, which will absorb £8,000, to place the sum of £65,000 to a reserve fund, and to carry forward to next year a balance of £14,236 5s 4d. The latest reports from the company ’s visiting agents and superintendents show that the estates are in good cultivation, and that the estimates of yield for the current season, viz, 11,486,300 lb., will probably be realized. During the year under review 4, 827| acres in India and Ceylon have been cleared and planted. Of this area, 4,148 acres have been planted with tea, and 679i acres with coc^a, coffee, and coconuts, bring- ing the'total planted area up to 32,2o7j acres. A fur- ther area of 4,.137 acres will, it is hoped, be planted in 1897, chiefly iu Assam and Ceylon. As mentioned in the circular of May 21, 1897, to the shareholders, the directors have concluded an agree- ment with the Amalgamated Tea Estates Company, Limited, to work the whole of this valuable property on joint and equal account. It was the original in- tention of the directors cither to sell portions of the com-pany’s property or to form various subsidiary com- panies, but further experience in developing it showed them that the introduction of competitors would prob- ably Leml lo enhance the rates of labour considerably, and otberwicc add to the cost of cultivation. It was tliurcforc arranged to form the Kanau Devair Hills Produce Com; .:uy. Limited — the shares to be held by the Consolidated and Amalgamated Companies equally — to purchase the land and estates of the company in the Travaucore Concession for £146,525, being the valuation arrived at after careful inspection, bj' Mr. William Milne and Mr. Leybnrn Davidson. This has accordingly beeir done ; and this arrangement, while preserving the advantage.? of one proprietory, secures the necessary capital for the rapid development of the THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 235 Oct. t, 1897.] undertaking. With regard to the proposal to sell four of the company’s 0e3lon properties to a subsidiary company, the directors have decided nou to ciispo^e of these meantime. As to the amalgamation of certain other of the company’s estates in Ceylon with tho.se of a neighbouring company, the Consolidated Com- pany have now concluded an agreement to amalga- mate their holdings in the Bambarahotua Valley with those of the East India and Ceylon Tea Com- pany, Limited, in that district. The properties of both companies will be valued by Mr. Joseph Eraser, tea planter, Matale, Ceylon, and taken over by the new company, to be called the Hopewell Tea Company, limited, which has been formed to work the amalgamated group, as from September 15, 1897. The shares in the new concern will be held as to two-thirds by the Consolidated Tea and Lands Coin- pany. Limited, and as to one-third by the East India and Ceylon Tea Company, Limited. This amalgam- ation will lead to greater economy in working, and consequently to more profitable results. The directors have to advise the purchase of the Soongaohi, Oodllabari, «nd Gajilidubah Estates, situ- ated in the Dooars, for the sum of £16,000. Soongachi lies midway between two of the estates taken over by the company from the North Sylhet Tea Company, Limited, and as the three properties practically make cne division, considerable economy in working will result from their being under one superintendent. The Oodlabari and Gajilidubah estates having been m-ouped with Soongachi at the auction sale, fiad to be bought along with the latter property, but as they were not favourably situated for being worked econo- mically with the other estates of the Company in that district, the directors decided to sell them on the first favourable opportunity. This oc- curred last .January, when the price of K3‘2,500 was obtained for them. Since the close of the financial year, the directors have also bought the Kuinla estate, Dooars, for B.270,000. This garden lies between two of the Company’s properties, and its acquisition will lead to more economical working on the Dam Dim- Division. The directors propose making a call of ,£1 per share on the ordinary shares, payable in Sep- tember.— H. and C. Mail, July 30. COFFEE COMPANY’S REPORT. THE DLLMONT COFFEE COMPANY, LIMITED. The following is from the report presented at the second ordinary general meeting The profits for 1896 were guaranteed by the vendors at £120,000. This sum was duly paid to the company, the appropriation of same being as follows : Expenses to December 31st 1896 ; In London, .e2,278 11s 7d ; in Brazil, £754 16s Id. Dess amount of 'interest and commission, .£834 5s Id ; writing off the entire preliminary expenses, £3,327 2s 3d ; interest to December 31st, 1896, on the five and half per cent, first mortgage debentures, £5,100 15s lid ; dividend to December 31st, 1890, on the seven and half per cent, cumulative preference shares, £6 109 14s 9d ; dividend to December 31, 1896, on the ordinary shares at the rate of 10 per cent, per annum, £8 14516s 5d; interest on pre-payment of calls, £199 Is 9d’; amount placed to reserve account, £83,506 17s ; am'ount carried forward to 1897, £11,411 9s 4d; total £ 120,000. The actual profits of the Companhia Agricola Fazenda Dumont for 1896, after providing for all out- standings on the estates, amounted to B2,444,024|69 1, which sum calculated at the average rate of exchange ruling throughout the year, is equivalent to £92,605 12s 5d sterling. This short fall in the protit.s is mainly attributable to the heavy drop in the price of Santos cofiee, and to want of care and supervision in the harvesting and curing of last year’s crop owing to the ill-health of the vendor's manager. A large difference arises, moreover, in the conversion of the profits into sterling at the average rate of exchange for 1896, as against the rate at which the auditors based their estimates in the prospectus. The crop, which had been calculated at 80,357 cwt, amounted to 74,115 owt. Your directors were not in a position to exercise any control over the manage- ment of the property until .January 1st last. Since then steps ha-ie been taken to introduce a better system of management and to add considerably to the machinery and appliances for curing the cofiee crop. A considerable quantity of new machinery has been purchased, aud some of it is already erected aud in working order on the estates. The benefit of these improvements will only be partially felt during the current season, hut when completed they will undoubtedly materially improve, the quality of the coffee and consequently the pros- pects of the company. The directors have further- engaged a gentleman of experience, who will shortly proceed to Brazil to thorong’nly examine and report on this machinery-, and to advise regarding future requirements in this direction. The lands planted with coffee, stated in the prospectus as being about 13,900 acres, have now been surveyed, and are found to cover an area of 13,461 acres, of which about 9,800 oares are in bearing and 3,661 not y-et in bearing. Latest advices from the managing director show that the estates are in a satisfactory condition and more labour had been obtained. Seven pulpers have been at work day and night on this season’s crop, against only two last year, aud tlie new machinery is being erected and gradually bi’ought into working order. The reports and valuations received to date on this pulped coffee are of a most satisfactory character, aud justify the expectations of the directors. Three Englishmen have been appointed to assist in the management of the estates, and two of them have already taken up their duties. The company’s rail- way, which is being extended, lias recently been favourably reported on, and is now in good working order. The properties have been duly transferred and mortgaged in favour of the trustees for the debeuture-hoiders iii accordance with the law of Brazil. The vendor company, viz., the Com- pauhia Agricol.a Fazenda Du7nont, the shares of which are held by this company, has been kept ill existence for convenience of working and in order to maintain its local and trade relations. A Stock Exchange quotation has been duly granted for tlie debentures, and both classes of tiie com- pany’s shares. Mr. C. A Cai-lisie, late of Sao Paulo, has joined the board of this company, while Senhor Corneiio Procopio, owing to failmg, health, has been compelled to resign the management ot the estates, which is now undertaken by Mr. John Buchamau, a director of the company-, assisted by Senhor Boiu'gas. It is hoped that an interim dividend ou account of season 1897 may be paid on the ordinary shares in October next, by which time the amount of this year’s crop will be known aud a large quantity ofitsold. /is far as the directors can see, the accounts in the future will be closed, so as to admit of the annual general meeting being held in London in the month of April. — IL. and C. Mail, July 30. AMERICAN DOMESTIC TEA INDUSTRY. There has been 110 question that tea can be grown iu certain parts of the United States, nor that it has been successfully grown in South Oaroliua, The labour problem has stood in the way. South Carolina cannot compete with cheap labour iutheOrient. Machines have not yet been invented to pluck tea, and until that day comes domestic grown tea will not figure in the American inaiket, except as a cariosity. There is also a deficiency in rain fall to operate against the successful growing of tea iu the United States. — - American U racer, July 14. INDIAN PATENTS. Applications in respect of the undermentioned inventions have been tiled, under the provisions of the Inventions and Designs Act of 1888, in the office of tlie Secretary appointed under that Act, during the week ending 2-ith Juiy 1897 : — Improvements in Transplanters. — No. 61 of 1897. — George William Uiaride, planter, of JIarehatch Estate, THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 236 North Travancore, for improvements in transplanters, or implemeDts for traiigplanting plants and shrubs. (Specification filed 15th July 1897.) Improvements in apparatus for Drying I®?') Grain, Hop.— No. 277 of 1890.— Samuel Clelaud David- son, merchant, of Sirocco Works, Belfast, Ireland, for improvements in apparatus for urying tea, gi^ain, hop, or other substances. (From 13th August 189/ to 13th August 1898.) Now ceases: — Improved method of and means for the Drying of the leaves of Tea. — No. 392 of 1892,-- Liouel Maynard Torin’s invention for an improved method of and means for the drying of the leaves of tea and other plants. (Specification filed 19th April 1893.— and Eastern Enqineer, August 7. VARIOUS PLANTING NOTES The Pkospects for the Fruit Season — says the Acting District Officer, Ulu Langat (Mr. O. F. Stonor), in the Selangor Government Gazette^ owing to the long-continued rains, ure extreniely bad, and the durian crop promises to be the worst experienced for many years. On tlie Other hfuid, ft Ifti'ger fireft of pftdi land is being brought under cultivation than was the case last year, planting being fixed to take place in about tliree weeks’ time. Colonial Rudf.er Estates, Limited.— Capital £100,000, in shares of £1 each. This company has been formed to acquire certain territories on the West Coast of Africa, with the sole right to cultivate, gather, and trade in indiarubber from such territories. The purchase price is £80,000, payable as to £30,000 in shares, £10,000 in cash, anil the balance of £40,000 in cash or shares, at the company’s option, thus leaving £20,000 for working capital. We do not at all like the look of this company, which we should advise investors to avoid. — Daily Chronicle, July27. Rubber Cultivation by the Ceylon Forest Department has not come to much as yet. Here is the Report for 1896 , -tx Province of Sabaragamuwa : Edangoda and lati- powa Rubber Plantations.— No further additions were made. The para rubber trees show a most decided growth, especially in the flat portions above flood level where wash is not felt. I do not think that it is yet time to tap the dominating trees, but a be- ginning might be made with the suppressed trees, which will probably not yield much, as the ratio of yield of small trees is much smaller than that of large trees. The experiment with jak on poor chena land near the above plantations cannot be considered a success, especially as the plants suffered from attacks of porcupine and mouse deer. The expenditure of the year amounts to R361-79, and the receipts to R24. The Growth of Sisal Hemp continues to pro- mise profitable results as a fence plant in the Deccan and as a crop adapted for the most ex- posed positions on the Western Ghats, under a heavy rainfall. A single offset planted out three years ago at Rhandalla, wheie the rainfall is excessive, has now leaves 4 feet in length ; it is planted in stony soil and has not received s))ecial culture. A plantation of 170 young offsets has been made near Nandgaon on the crest of the Western Ghats, 12 miles south of the railway station at Louavla. A quantity of Sisal fibre has been prepared from the plants grown at Poona and despatched to Kew for the opinion of experts regarding its value. The rope makers in this neighbourhood say the fibre is very much stronger than that of Agave vivipara which the plants •■•reatly resemble.— Mr. G. Marshall Woodrow, Lecturer in Agriculture and Officer in charge Botanical Survey, Bombay. [Oct. I, 1897. The Tropical Agriculturi.st : A Com- pliment,— An upcountry planter who never wrote on the subject before, says in the counse of a letter received today : — For a planter I know of no such useful work as the one you monthly produce, and I for one am grateful for the reliable information it imparts.” Sleepers on the Railway.— This is what the Engineer of Ways and Works has to say on this subject in his last year’s report : — Sleepers. — The use of doon, kumbuk, na, and other native wood sleepers that have been sup- plied by the Forest Departmeat is not economi- cal, as the average cost is R4 each, and the average life four years, while creosoted pine sleepers from the Baltic ports cost R3'69 each, and have an average life of eight years; but if the Forest Department could supply satinwood sleepers at a reasonable cost, they would be very valuable, as they have an average life of twelve or fifteen years. Australian ironbark (one of the eucalypiti) has pi’oved to be very serviceable for sleepers, as it has an average life of eighteen years in Australia and England. It would be advantageous to ascer- tain if equally good results could be obtained here. Prospects in Nyasaland.— On page 232, will be found the summary of an interview with. Mr. Alex. Whyte, .so well-known in Ceylon, on the above subject taken from the Aberdeen Free Press, Mr. Whyte speaks in a very .satisfactory, not to say jubilant tone. Certainly Central Africa has done well for him. Remembering Mr. Whyte’s age, and his comparatively poor health latterly in Ceylon, nothing has surprised us more than his great success as a pioneer botanist, explorer, collector and agricultural adviser in Central Africa. If Nyasaland is so unhealthy as some men say, how is it that Mr. Alex. Whyte has done so much there without apparently suffering in health ? It is clear, however, that further development of the settlement must be slow until the much-needed raihvayis made. The Trade of the Philippine Islands.— Mr. Rawson- Walker, our Consul at Manila, states in his last report on the Philippines that the islands number about 1,20J and have a population of over 7g millions, including 100,000 Chinese. The chief industries are all in the hands of tin latter, of whom about 59,000 live in Manila alone. Next to Manila the chief centres of trade are Iloilo, in the island of Panay, and Zebu, where some of the chief British merchants of Manila have branch houses. The protective tariff wnich came into force in 1891 has caixsed a large and steadily increasing quantity ot trade in cotton goods and yarns to be diverted from the United Kingdom to Barcelona, the chief loss being in tlie stouter piece goods and in yarns. The trade in fine goods still remains with the United Kingdom, as Spanish manufacturers have hitherto failed to produce cloths made of the finer counts at reasonable prices. For some years past the hardware trade has been gradually pas- sing out of the hands of English firms to German and Swiss houses, so that now the latter have almost the sole importation of all classes of iron and its manufactures. Last year an increased scale of export duties, was put in force with only 24 liour.s’ notice, to the great injury of the trade, and especially of the staple exports, sugar, hemp, and tobacco. The wealth of timber in the islands is incalculable, and it yields resins, gums, mastic pastes, dye products, fine grained ornamental woods, and heavy wood for building. The value of the sugar exported last year was £1,600,000, of the hemp £1,500,000, and of the to- bacco and cigars £650,000.— London Times, July 17. Oct. I, 1897.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 237 THE SWINGING OF THE PENDULUM : AND DEPEESSION IN TEA. Just at present the adverse infl leiices telling against the tea industry are a'out as com- plete as can be. Tropical agriculture is seldom otherwise than a risky trade, and when the planter h.as low prices, high exchange, heavy cooly advances, dear rice, re-bulking in London, and e.vcessive loss of weight in some cases, to contend with, they all emphasise t!>at riskiness in a most emphatic way. Only a few weeks back, the London financial papers were chorusing in a singularly unanimous man- ner what a good investment tea was, and singing the favourable outlook of the fragrant leaf ; and the charm of the song at the time did much for Tea Companies and Tea Shares. It was the kind of piping to which the British capitalist likes to dance, and he footed the measure after an enthusiastic style. Big prices were paid for favourite estates in high districts, Conipanies were floated, shares were steadily on the rise, and the man who paused and wondereil if every- thing had been considered, and if there was not just a trifle of inflation in the princely price per acre, did not thereby advance his reputation. He was considered a smart man who bought, and as for the long price paid— well, the places were worth it, and more. This has continued to be the feeling in London indeed up to the end of July ; for a financial paper of the 27th ult., received by this mail, sums up the situation in the course of a long article on “ Tea Com- panies “ altogether, the shares of Indian and Ceylon Tea* Companies combine the attractions of good security with what in these days may be called a handsome return in interest to an extent of which there are few examples indeed among the whole range of investments.” Here perhaps we reached our highest point a short time ago ; for the outlook — save the fear of over-production — was clear, and the boom was booming. Now there is a change, and the swing pen- of the dulum is very marked. If elation were the dominant tone before, and the song sung was both high-pitched and vehement, it is a doleful ditty we hear today, and that too in a minor key. The chirpiness has disappeared from Planting circles, and even in the local Commercial Capital there is an under-current of pessimi.sm. with much shaking of heads. The Share List tells its own tale ; for, whereas before there was a rush in, there is now a rush out ; and it woulu not be hard to invest in almost any of the Companies therein named, at prices which a few months ago, would have found no .sellers. Those with money to invest do not hesitate to tell their brokers, now-a-days, we believe, that they do not want tea shares — anything else but that. Now, has the bottom fallen out of the Tea in- dustry, or is this renewed swing of the pendulum in the opposite direction just what was to be looked for ? As we have said above, there are at present divers causes telling against tea, but we have no hesitation in saying that most of them are temporary, and some although evil at pre- sent are really making for good in the long run. Low prices are not agreeable, but we have always found that they were the “open sesame” to many markets which before had been all but closed. Dear rice is only temporary and as yet the losses have been more than covered by a long way by former profits. Heavy cooly ad- vances will work their own cure— though per- haps, some will suffer, for if there is to be “ a squeeze” in tea, those who in the day of plenty gave little thought to the matter on tiie principle of “ easy come, easy go,” so long as we ges coolies, will be forced to revise tlieir policy. And then, as for the .minor troubles in Loudon, if they cannot be cured they will have to be endured. The Exchange question is we admit the puz- zler,— the real “ Asian mystery” — to prophe.sy abi)ut which, would be unwise even for thb wisest. Still, although we claim to be no pro- phet nor the son of a prophet, we cannot help thinking', that a .system ot currency which hat a fictitious value — the result of being bolstered up — has a very unstable equilibrium, and is more likely to collapse than aught else. Meanwhile everything is telling against the tea producer, and the call is urgent for watch- ful care. With the great markets of America and Russia hardly tapped as yet, our staple in- dustry has no cause to sit down and weep becau-sc it has no wm-lds to oon([uer. Gur tea planters have had a fairly good innings of good times, and there are good times yet ahead ; but it may be that for a little the road to be travelled may be rough, and the fare scanty. The Ceylon planter has been reared in the school of adversity : knows what it is to have his nose at the grindstone and will meet a check in a manly way. What we deprecate is the violent swings of the pendulum in public opinion and the tendency to be either soaring in the clouds or grovelling in thedu.st. Tropical agriculture is always liable to marked periods of action and re-action ; and there is no need to be unduly depressed when re-action is dominant as it undoubtedly is at present. VARIOUS PLANTING NOTES. The Coxsolidateh Tea and Land.s Com- pany, Limited— popularly known in Ceylon as Sir John Muir’s Company— deals in very lar^e figures and profits as may be seenby the Diri^- tors’ Report given on page 234, The latter also affords very interesting information about dealings with other Companies — amalgamations and sepa- rations — purchase of estates and profitable re-sales. The parent Company occupies a strong position with £65,000 already in a reserve fund'! The Hopewell Tea Company is one of the new Ceylon offshoots, re|iresenting the estates alono'- side of Balangoda. The “Indian Pokestee.”-7A mouthy Magazine of Forestry, Agriculture, Shikar aud Travel, edi- ted by J. W. Oliver, Conservator of Forests and Director of the Forest School, Dehra Dun, for July contains the following ; Ori- ginal Articles and Translations — Shade, Cover aud Shelter, Letter from F. Q. ; Correspondence ; Re- views— Forest Administration in Burma, 1895 t)6 ; Timber and Produce Trade ; Extracts From Offleiai Gazettes ; Report on Tour in France — Fire-pre- vention and the Forest of the Esteral ; The Giir- naud System of treating and wo. king forests or the so-called Metliode dw Conirole ; The present system of Working Plans in France ; Forest Management in a backward pari of France “ /to-pscDon " of B tg- neres de Luchon, Pyrenees ; As above Savoie ; Special investigation of Facts and Phenomena con- nected with the growth and maintanance of FMrests. Establishment of Research Burreaux in Germany, Austria, Switzerland, and France. 238 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [Oct. I, 1897. Arekanuts. —An estate proprietor writes : — “Many of your readers would be glad if you would publish a market report for arelcanuts." Where can sucli be got we ask v Not we think in Lornlon market re)>orts — the great mart for Ceylon uivkanuts being in India; but ve have never s_en quotations in the Indian jiapers. The trade is, we suppose, entireiy in native lianiis. Radiograpjiv OE Buds. —In a recent number of tiie Gardetiers' Chronicle, Mr. G. J. Burcii con- tribute.s an interesting article, accompanied witli figures, upon the u.se of tlie .x-rays for plioio- graphing flower and. fruit buds. Mis Fm.rrl. n.nd his as.sistants liegan by evjinsing jilate.s of 'da'.,, of dill'erent colours to tlie .action of llie lays. The violet glass showed itself mucii more opai(ue than that of other colours. It contained alumina and cobalt in addition to tlie ordinary elements. An experiment was afterwards made with a violet-coloured liyacintli, and, as iiad been antici- pated, the llower gave dill'erent resaltsfromtho.se given by the glass. It was mucii more transparent. The sensitised plate, after du\ -!lopment. showed the contour of tlie petals, tlie \ eins, and tlie inter- nal that form of tlie o\ ary were well represented. Is'ortaking sncli radiograph.s Mr. Biircli advise.s tlie use of tubes that give very little liglit, and tliat, for example, would scarcely give the contour of the hard parts of the liand. The aeriferons tissues are very transparent to tlie x-rays. The more water the tissues contain, the more opaque they are. Dry fruits and llower buds give ex- cellent radiographs. The seeds are very distinctly seen, as are also the different parts of the flower. J \MAICA. — The report on -Jamaica for the past financial year which the Coloaial Office has just published, shows that the colony is, upon the whole, prosperous. It is stated tiiat the colonial public is now thoroughly roused to the importance of giving more attention to the eiilLivation of pro- ducts. “ There is a grewing desire not only to cultivate, hut to cultivate well, and to improve the quality as well as increase the qu uitity of these veral crops.” The local agricultural society encourages this tendency in every way. It must he long before the loss on sugar can be compen- sated for by other products, but the rate of in- crease in the latter is greater tlian the decrease no sugar, and for this the fruit ]iroduction is mainly accountable. The decline in the cultiva- tion of the siiyar cane is gradual, but persistent ; the increase in coffee, ginger, cocoa, and tobacco has been great; while that in bananas is very much greater. Thus twenty years ago 31,6 per cent, of the total exports was sugar ; last year sugar was only 11 per cent., though the value of the exports had increased. Theincreasein fruit exports, and especially in oranges, is due to some extent to the destruction in the Florida groves by a blizzard in 1894. The value of the imports last year was 2,288,946/. against 2,191,745/. the previous yeaiq while the exports amounted to 1,873,105/. Tlie population of the island is estimated at 690,667. In conclusion, Bir Henry Blake observes that tiiongh the year was not one of special pros- perity, it was not one of depression in the colony generally. Borne industries liavc not been so fortunate as in previous years, but (.tliers have been jirosperons. Trade lias not largely in- creased, but it has not diminished, and the value of the imports is greater than in any previous year, showing that the purchasing power of the po])ulaliou h.as not diminished. — British Trade Journal, .July 1. The Dumont Coffee Cumpasv Diuector.s— have acted wisely in their generation in putting £S3,.)00 out of^their tii'st ye.ar’s eaniing.s to a re- .sei ve fund. T. hi.s .simuhl surely restore conlidence, aii.l Innig np their -ih.ares to |iar one would tliink. The Ilepm-i. gh'cn on p.age 23.5 has niiub interest- ing infoi-m itioa. C'n'’FEE Husk A ; a.v Abtu’Ee of Human Con- sum ition. — Occasion. dly orders are received at Co- lonibo from the Persian Gulf ports and Aden for coffee husk, the refuse thrown away after pulping the coffee. It app^.u-s that the natives there boil the husk, and use it as a Idnd of tea, or make a prepara'ion and mb; it with real coffee. The husk of Ijilv-ri i.n eoiiee i>; prcfi-ri-ed to tint of cither p’ani.'Uion or native rherry.—Um' T't.A (T'l.'l r\ ATI IN IN ,Voi: ITIIOUN Indi.v .v\o Cevlon. —.Many of our planters .should be in- terested in the chatty and critical letter which “ 1874' (an Indian tea [/lantei- dating from that year) semis ns elsewhere. E\’en .if there be nothing much that local men can appropriate or utilise, it i.s of interest, to learn- how “manuring,'’ “pruning ' and “ ]jhu‘kiiig ” are dealt within the dilleient Iinlian districts named. One piece of advice is worth cmi.sidering ; it is to speiiii money in manuring rather than in ex- tending tea gardens. The “ AonicuLTUHAi. Gazette” of New South Wales, has the following contents for June 1897:— —Remarks on the Object and Method of Soil. Auilysis; Chemical Notes; Reports on the Darling Pea; The Suppression and Prevention of Tubercu- losi3 of Cattle,^ and its Relating to Hurnau Gon- sumption (Reprint) ; Pruning, Budding and Grafting; Prauiug the Vine ; The Fruit Fly ; The City Abat- ^irs ; A Tobacco-Growers’ Association ; Influence of Bees on Crops; The Treatment of Pells; Orchard Notes; Vegetable Notes; General Notes; Replies to i orresuoadents ; List of Agricultural Subjects Snows ; L-ibel for Specimens. Japane.se _ Tea Bureau.S.— In New York “Bra istreets” of July 3rd we have the following “business note” : — Among the passengers on the steamer “Gaelic,” which o.rived at San Francisco this week, “was a p.arty of Japanese who have come to this country in Ore interest of the Japanese government and 'the CentiMl Tea Association, of Japan, to establish bureaus for the regulatiou of the tea business here. I here is now a bure.au in existence in New York, and other bureaus will be established at Chicago and Montreal. The tea linrcaus will serve about the same purpose in respect to tea as the viticultural bureaus in uhe eastern cities do in the regulation of the foreign wine trade. The (JUEEN.SLAND Agricultural Journal is a new publication, the July number being- the hr, St part. It is is.sned by direction of the Hon. A. J. Thynne, M.L.C., Secretary for Agriculture, and the contents of the first number are as follows : — To our Readers, Some Things we Need, Oigani- satioa amongst Farmers, Agriculture— A Paying Crop ^r the West, Coffee-growing at Cairns, Dairyiug— D.airying Industry in Queensland, The Orchard —Fruit Culture in Queensland, Entomology— Des- tructive In.sects Liable of Introduction to Queensland, Apiculture — ^Bee-keepiug for Extracted Honey, Bee- keepers Association of Victoria, A Tropical Industry India-), ulibar fC-i-outchouc), Tea Fariners' Confer- ence ;rt the Gait.m Agricultural Oollcge, Meat Ex- port -liob-ihle Meat Trade witlr Egyijt, Botany — OontiTbn.imns to the Flora of Queensland, General Notes— Auober in Upper Bm-uia, The Butter Indus- try of C.anada, The Brilish Import Trade in Eggs, Irickly Pears lor Stock, Panning by the Wealthy -'lasses, J he Ma.r,v borough Show, The Lockver Show, Agricultural and Horticultural Shows, Show Fixtures, harm and Garden Notes for Julv. E^^T fhis short paper in an early issue. Oct. t THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 239 , 1897.] “GKEVILLEA ROEUSTA.” We call attention to the interestin" letter, which a plantin'; colonist, tinder tlie well-knoMn sij^natnre “ 8enex,” sends ns respecting tins tree. Our tirst actiuaintance with it arose throu'di a long series of vain attempts made hy the late ^Ir. A. M. Ferguson under the encouragement ef Dr. Tliwaites of Peradeniya, to grow it at “Aloe Avenue,” Kollupitiya. Tlie plants flourished from September till May; but the saline breezes of the South-west monsoon invariably swept away their leaves, anil tlie young trees dwindled down beyond recovery. We should like to know if Greviilea Itobmtu suceeeils in the Kaliitara or even in the Ke’ani Valley district ? U pcountry, its success, as ‘‘Senex” points out, is uiupiali- tied. What he .says of its uses as a timber-tree is very interesting, esjieciaPy when coupled witli the benclib conferred by its Utter of fallen leaves, and through the tree tapping a deep subsoil. Mr. Cantlayof Mount Vernon, wiio, we suppose, has .as line a display of grevilleas as any planter in the country, ought certainly to get an analysis made by Mr. Cochran of the fallen leaves, to see whiit iiis soil exactly gains from them ? “ Senex ” mentions that the tree or its branches are not very useful as fuel unless left to dry thoroughly. He also refers to its ready growth from seed ; but would it not be well to get seed as a rule f.’.om another country — or at any rate, a different district — and to be sure that it is from fully matured trees ? Since writing the above we find Mr. Cochr.an has dealt fully with the leaves of Greviilea Ruhuda in his “Ceylon Manual of Analyses” (a book which ought'to be in the hands of all thoughtful practical phinters). We quote as follows ' LEAVES or THE GKEVILLEA EOBUSTA. As the tea plant is found to flourish best under a certain degree of shade, the tree called greviilea robusta, a native of Australia, has been largely planted on Ceylon tea estates. This tree serves the double purpose of breaking the force of the wind and of afford- ing a suitable amount of shade for the tea plant. It is therefore interesting to ascertain how far this tree competes with the tea shrub for the plant food in the soil. With this object in view, two ten pound parcels of leaves were sent to the author for analysis ; one parcel containing 10 lb. green leaves, the other 10 lb. of sun-dried old leaves. It will be observed from the accompanying tables of a<^ricultural analyses of greviilea leaves acd the com- parison of their composition with that of tea leaves, that, while the tea leaves are very rich in the more im- portant constituents of plant food, viz., the nitrogen, potash, and phosphoric aci h the greviilea leaves are correspondingly poor in these constituents and are very rich in the less valuable lime. The tea and gre- viilea trees are therefore examples of different trees well suited to grow together on the same soil. It will further be observed that there is a very considerable difference between the greviilea green and old leaves. The latter show a smaller proportion of ash when cal- culated upon the dry matter of the leaf, and the ash is of inferior quality shewing more especially a remark- able decrease in the lime and potash and a correspond- ingly large increase in the siliceous matt r. Suppos- ing these old leaves to have lain on the ground for some time, part of this difierence might not be in the con- stitution of the leaf ; but might be accounted for by mineral matter being dissolved out and a small addi- tion of persistently adhering soil, as an amount of ad- hering soil which would add a very trifling percentage to th^weight of the leaf would add a considerable per- centage to the weight of the ash of the leaf. To the above remarks Mr. Cochran appends .»everal tables of analyse.s of “Green leaves,” “ Old leaves, sun-dried,” “ Dry matter of old leaves,” “ Ash of green leaves,” “ Ash of old 30 leave.s,” and “ Comparison of the important constituents of plant food in tea leates and greviilea leaves.” These ought to be consulted by all interested— ami what tea planter is not ? CULTIVATION OF COCA (“ EKYTH- ROXYLON ■’ COCA) IN CEYLON. A planter writes to ask us:— “What was the reason that the cultivation of Coca Ery- throxijlon (for cocaine) was not seriously taken up? I see by an old volume of the T. -I. that an experimental lot of leaves sent home in 18, S5 was valued at 13s jier lb. The plant is said to be almost naturalized about I’eradeniya.” Our correspondent will liiul a full history of our Ceylon experiments so far as they have gone in ' our “ Planting Review” in “ Handbook and Directory” pages 132-133. The one or two Cey* Ion planters who have gone in for coca have no doubt done very well ; for the export of “ coca leave.s” has increased from 9.56 Ih. in 1890 to 3,392 and 3.397 lb. in 1895 and 1896 respectively. The fear of overdoing the market (after the experience of cinchona) h.as no doubt kept planters generally in suitable districts — from Dumbara to lower Pussellawa (?) or so -from going in for coca. Vt'e see that cultivation i.s extending in Peru : in fact we may as well quote what is said in the very latest .Journal of the “Society of Arts” (July 30th) on the subject : — THE PllODUCTIOH OE COCA IN PEKU. Before the discovery of cocaine and ils anassthetic properties, the consumption of coca was limited to the demands of those provinces in Peru in which the mining industry was carried on, the miners refusing to work unless they were supplied with coca. Twenty years ago, accordb g to the Econoiiiiata of Lima, the cultiva- tion was only engaged in in districts which enjoyed the most favourable conditions oi climate and labour. In the province of Outzco, the systematic cultivation of coca was only carried on in the haciendas of Choquisongo and Sanjumas, and the production amply siifflced for the needs of local consumption and the mining industries of Salpo and Saypullo. For some time past the production of coca has greatly deve- loped, and the province of Otuzco is at the present time the most important producing district in the north of Peru, its production e.xceeding even that of the provinces of Huainachuco and Gajabamba, not only as regards quantity but also quality. The number of plants is 2,700,09, and the majority of the plants in this province have not yet attained their full develop- ment. The coca from these districts is bought by two houses of Trujillo for the cocaine factories, of Lima, and as they enjoy a sort of monopoly, the prices vary at will. The proprietors of the haciendas of Huayobamba and Cayhauchal are proposing to establish cocaine factories in close proximity to their planta- tions, which may have the effect of lowering the prices. With the exception of the hacienda of Chuqui lanqui situated on the river of that name, all the other coca plantations are found along the river Ohicama. To obtain the best results, coca should be cultivated in places where the temperature rarely falls below 24° Centigrade (75° Pahr.) and frequently rises as high as 30° (80° Fahr.) As regards the altitude of the plantations, those of Callancas and Huayo- bamba are for the most part situated at an eleva- tion of 3 000 to 4,000 feet above the level of the sea ; a few are found as high as 5,<‘00 feet, but the pro- duct in these cases is of an inferior quality. The haciendas of Chuquulanqui, and a few others tf minor importance, are situated at an altitude of abot.t 2,000 feet. The quality of the coca varies according to the soil. That obtained from dry ground is better than the product of a moist soil. It is for this reason that the Chuqnillanqui coca, although frequently attaining a height of about 9 feet, is far from possess- ing the strength and aroma of that produced in 240 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. Calancas and Huayobamba. In the districts of Pampas and Calancas, there are about 80 small pro- prietors of coca plantations ; at Compin the number exceeds 100, while at Chuquilanqui there are hardly 20, the cultivation of coca having only wdthin the last few years been introduced in the latter district. The latest quotation for Coca leaves in London is only 7d to 8d per lb. -♦ PLANTING IN JAVA : COFFEE. Soerabaya is a “ slummy ’’-looking place — narrow streets — lots of mud and the roads rutty and bumpy enough to shake the liver out of one ! To the stranger passing along the streets two things are especially noticeable ; first, the marked absence of Chinese (happy Soerabaya !) and secondly, the happy, contented and inteHUjent look of the natives of the place — from a cursory glance I should say a much superior type to the Javanese we get in the Straits. In Soerabaya 1 was given some coffee figures which fairly took my breath away. I have more to collect and will give the whole lot together. At present I am currente calamo and currente jalana ! The country appears to be very thickly populated, the markets that we passed being crowded with women buying and selling ; in some cases 1 should say there were over 2,000 present in one market. It is a quaint sight to see them riding along sitting astride their ponies, with a "big pannier hung on either side. 'I'o show how these Javanese drivers rattle their ponies down hill, I give the followirrg : From Prorotrg to I’l igin took us three hours. The return journey was dorre irr one hoirr arrd twenty minutes ! The steep portiorr of the ascent was dorre in orre hour and tliree quarters, with much whip- thong and bad language. The same orr our return was done smiling irr twenty-three minutes. Before I forget it the etiqrrette of calling in Soerabaja seems curious. The correct hour is from 7 to 8 p.m. and you have to give rrotice if you intend to visit tor fear of finding the ladies irr sarorrg arrd kabaya. Tliislast was told me in a wirisper, so please print accordingly. The coffee in Bast Java is wonderful. As in other countries, there are failures ; but the sircoesses are marvellous beyond description. All the coffee is gioicn under dadap shade ; and, where the soil has any incli- nation to stiffness, it is corrstantly worked up with changkol. The young coffee is very forward ; but perhaps figures of actual results will be more interest- ing than tbe most glowing dessriptiorrs of appearance. One estate that I went over gives the following re- turns : — Total area 450 bouws. Age of coffee 12 years old to 2% years old. All expenses, including the cost of the young coffee not yet in bearing, are paid : and tbe coffee has further given a clear profit of two hundred and fifty thousand rupees over and above the capital invested. Ye gods and little fishes ! Let us pray that the Malay Peninsula may erupt heavily. The old saying is “ It’s money that makes the mare to go.” I am sure that it’s volcanic action that makes the coffee to grow. I am more or less sensitive about being called an Ananias ; so I give the following figure taken from a Dutch Directory. The results are extraordinary, but I simply tell the tale as it W'as told to me. The ap- pended table will, I am sure, be of interest to many a planter : — TABLE OF RESULTS FROM SEVEN COFFEE ESTATES IN EAST JAVA. Crop in Piknls. Eleva- ■ L states. tion. Bouws. 1884. 1885. 1886. Limburg ft. 1,200 COO 1,705 500 2,041 Ayer Dingin , .9,500 503 3,200 3,300 5,210 Pangadjaram , 2,500 462 2,160 2,230 4, SCO Minjin . . 3,000 500 1,600 3,108 4,150 Monorarie 3,500 660 3,900 4,300 1..500 Parang Nongko. . 800 316 . , 3,800 6,000 Eati Manis 2,000 050 6,000 3,3.50 6,000 [Oct. I, 1897. Limburg 1887. 5,312 Crop in Pikuls. A 1888. 1889. 6,! 60 5,700 1690. 1.200 Ayer Dingin 3,913 4,657 8,145 3,671 Pangadjaram 1,964 7.970 5.550 3,000 Minjin .. 1.656 5,620 532 3,531 Monorarie 3,600 2.431 2,200 1,000 Karang Elongko.. 2.400 5,000 4,000 2,000 Kati Manis 1,600 8,000 3,100 530 Let any practical planter workout these figures, and he will find a very healthy average at the end of them. The estimate for Limburg this year is 11,000 piculs; and there i.s every reason 10 expect that it will be re- alised. I have seen no poor soil. All is very rich, and of volcanic tormatiou. The strongest complaint, that I heard was that there was too much ash in it. Considering that the analysis of the coffee beau shows over .30 per cent of potash, ash must be indeed abun- dant to be a sense of complaint ! The hospitality of East Java is unbounded. The Java system of cultivation is thus: they work the soil, not the Imsh. But little is done to the bushes after topping, except taking off the suckers: but the soil is kept constantly worked up and open. Very little manuring is done : in fact one planter said to me : ” If my coffee needed manure I should abandon it at once.” I went over one estate that had just given ten piculs per bouw. The coffee looked well and in good heart, and able to be the same next year Baweau is in regular communication with Java, and is only 8 or 10 hours’ steam from Soerabaya. The climate of the hills is delightful : cool and braoiug : and I think that, if Singaporeans realised that such a delightful little sauatarium as Priuiu could be reached at such a cheap cost, more would avail themselves of it. 1 also heard much of a sauatarium at Tosari, 0,000 ft. elevation, but had no time to sample it myself. The country swarms with game. A few days ago a planter shot three tigers three nights running You can scarcely go a hundred yards without finding pigtrack ; and there is other game in abundance. Let no aspiring young planter wishing to better himself, or out of a berth, sav to himself, “ Here is a paradise for a coffee planter, I will go and try fora billet.” Unless a man knows the Dutch language and customs, and at least one dialect of Javanese, he will have to begin at the foot of the ladder on a salary of something like sixty rupees a mouth. Preference is also given to a man who has lived for a time either in Holland itself, or in Netherlands Indies. The etiquette in Dutch official- dom is somewhat complex : and a planter is frequently brought into contact with the officials, both in\egard to his land and other taxes, his labour, and in many cases his water-supply. The- e dealings require much tact and “ a deal o’ salutiu.” — Singapore Pree Press. ^ OOTAOAMUND BOTANIC GARDENS AND PARK : ECONOMIC PRODUCTS. A.s regards the Report itself, there is not much of local interest unless it he the ligiires sliowing how low is the rainfall of Ootacamuml— Me aver- age of Iff inches being exactly half that of Nuwara Eiiya : — The average annual rainfall of Ootacamund is 47 inches. The rainfall for the year was 76-07 iuches, or 26T5 inches more than was registered during 1894-95 and 29-07 inches more than the average. The heavi- est rainfall was in June when 2fi-91 inches of rain fell on 24 days. The monsoon burst with unusual violence, but did no material damage beyond blowing down a large unsightly old tree of Cupressus macro- carpa Hart, and blowing a few branches off trees geaerally throughout the gardens. The fact that lit la damage was done is chiefly due to the sheltered positioQ the gardens occupy in the Ootacamund valley. Of a few notes 011 Plants of Economic Interest, we quote the following : — Ipecacuanha [Oephcelis Ipecacuanha, Bich). — Very little interest seems to be taken in the cultivation of this plant, the powdeied anuulatcd roots of wliich form the Ipecacuanha of commerce. Oct. I, 1897. J THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. Dandelion {Taraxacum officinale, Wigg.). — No indents £ov dandelion rrot were received during the year from any of the Medical Stores departments, and so the crop here has not yet been lifted. It can well be left growing for another year or longer without deteriorating in value. Chiretta. — Messrs. Ettbannaya & Co., Mangalore, wrote for information regarding the “ chiretta ” plant in this Presidency. They were informed that the true “ chiretta ” plant {Swertia Chirafa, Buclt. — Ham.) s a native of the mountainous regions of Northern Indii and that i"; is not found in Southern India, but that a substitute for it {Exacum hieolor, Ro.xb.) ap- peared to be used in Ootacamund. The nature of their inquiry led the Curator to suspect that it was just possible that a substitute for the true species might be used here. He accordingly obtained two samples of the dried “ chiretta ” plant — one from the Oota- camund Baziarand the other from the Ootacamund Hospital. Both proved upon examination to be identical, namely, E.cacum hieolor, Ro.vh. — a native of the Deccan Peninsula. Although belonging to differ- ent genera’ both species belong to the same natural order (Gentianaceae), and, therefore, doubtless possess bitter tonic properties in common. The Douglas I'ir {P.^emlotanga Douglasii, Carr.). — The District Forest-officer, Nilgiris, forwarded a packet of seeds of this specie.? with the request that they might be sown and, should they germinate, that he would like to have h ilf the resultant seedlings, the other half to be kept for the gardens. The seeds were sown in two boxes on ihe 26th October 1896 and it has been interesting to watch the process of germination of the seeds of this conifer. A certain proportion of the seeds germinated in three weeks, and the remainder have been germinating in suc- cession, week after week, till the end of March: in other words, the process of germination has been going on in succession over a period of live months. The seedlings are only about 1 to I4 inch in height at present, but they are in a perfectly healthy and promising condition. This species grows to a height of 1.50 to 200 feet, and forms immense forests in British Columbia and Oregon. Many of the precipi- tous slopes on the higher parts of the Nilgiris might be profitably planted with species belonging to the natural order Coniferas. ♦ COFFEE-GHOWING AT CAIRNS, N. QUEENSLAND. From the Cairns Post we reprint the following ex- tracts from a private letter written by a well-known re sident to a friend in England in reply to queries re coffee and sugar growing in the district: — “On the low-lying lands between the sea-coast and the foot of the Cairns ranges, the climate from about September to March is more or less damp and steamy, of course, perfectly suitable for tropical agriculture, such as sugar, which is fast becoming a very large industry. There is plenty of scope for sugar-planters ; the soil is rich and well watered ; rainfall very good ; remaining mouths of the year are cool and pleasant. Ascending the range by railway, a sort of hilly table- land occurs, which extends inland, but which, for some miles around the vicinity of Kuranda and ex- tending in each direction about parallel with the coast, is covered with dense tropical scrub. The soil is exceedingly rich in many places, and this portion of the tableland is from 1,100 to 1,600 feet above sea-level, and averages about six miles from the coast. This prevents frost in the cool months ; and the sea breezes in the warm mouths, being above the influence of evaporation, are very cool and pleasant. The thermometer goes down to about 36 degrees in win- ter, and averages about 83 degrees in summer. Fur- ther inland again, at Atherton, about fifty miles from Cairns, lies an immense belt of agricultural country covered with very heavy scrub full of valu- able timbers. The land about Atherton is about 2,500 feet above sea-level. 241 “Frosts occur in the cold months, and the climate with the exception of about three months out of the year, is probably as near perfection as it is possible to be. The soil about Athertcn is generally consi- dered to be amongst the richest in Australia. The rainfall is also good. The average rainfall at Cairns and on the adjoining ranges is about 80 to ICO inches per annum, well distributed. It is generally considered that along the top of the range or table- land, where the soil is good and no frost occurs, is the best place for growing coffee. There is no doubt, as has been proved, that at any rate up to about six years the coffee-trees grow exceptionally well and bear heavily when properly planted, but a lot yet remains to be proved before the industry can be called a perfect success, although enough has been proved to warrant anyone going in for it with an exceptionally good chance of success. With regard to labour, there is a moderate supply of Kanaka labour available, which is good labour. Wages are from £16 to £18 per annum and find them in food. Children (who pick well) are available to cope with it for some years to come. From the crops already picked, it is generally expected that, with 430 trees ts the acre, about half a ton of dried beans to the acre may be relied on when the tree is five years old; the trees generally commence to bear when three years old, and the dried beans are worth about £90 per ton. The price of laud is £4 per acre, varying in different localities. Anyone going in for coffee, by looking well around, might possibly pick up good bargains. The approximate cost of pur- chasing and preparing uncleared scrub land per acre fen- coffee would be about as follows : — Purchase of land, say .. .. £4 Clearing and burning off scrub . . 4 Grubbing up stumps , , . , 8 Digging holes for plants .. .. 6 Etc. .. .. .. .. 1 £22 “To put, therefore, say 20 acres under coffee would cost approximately as follows; — Purchase of land, preparing same and planting coffee, 20 acres at £22 per acre . . . . 440 0 0 Fencing, say . . 60 0 0 Dwelling-house, say .. .. 160 0 0 Farming implements and horses about 100 0 0 Cultivating plantation for say. three years until trees bear, allow 160 0 0 Contingencies, allow . . . , 50 0 0 £950 0 0 “Add to this the cost of living, say, for three years. When trees are three years old you could expect a small return, which W'ould increase to full returns when the trees are five years old. Half a ton of dried beans would be worth £4b, and the profit per acre could be estimated at £20, accordi; g to present prices, which are considered lasting. Tlmt is : By an expenditure of, say, £950, and cost of living for three years, you should expect a return from 20 acres of coffee of about £400 per annum in five years from sowing the seed; allow about profit of £200 the fourth year. I may mention also that there are many other things that can be grown with more or less profit besides coffee and sugar, such as oranges, lemons, limes, citrons, mangoes, coconuts, bananas, maize, rice, ginger, pineapples, and many other things. Going further inland, there are immenie tracts of lich mineral and pastoral country, produc- ing gold, copper, tin, and silver, and carrying thou- sands of cattle. For anyone with a moderate amount of capital, and a fair stock of health and energy, especially young fellows witli the best part of their lives before them, I think there are few better places than this for them to make a start and expect a good return for their outlay. “ It must be noted that the above approximate es- timate of outlay aud profit refers to men who are not used to n-amuU labour themselves, and wool • THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [Oct. I, 1897. ^42 have to employ all the labour roquired. Of course, any man used to manual labour, or if married, or if he has children, could do, say with the help of a few kanakas, all the necessary work, and could put smaller areas under coffee at a much less outlay, and expect a larger profit per acre. This would apply in particular to married men with families.” — Queensland Agricultural Journal for Julij. COST OF LIVING ON S. INDIA PLANTATIONS. Sir, — Absurd stress has been laid on my omission of the dhoby’s charges. He costs me exactly four rupees for three washes a month, as from loug experience I have found that to insist on the weekly Wtish is to at- tempt the impossible. Instead of that, I merely have to lay in a larger stock of clothes. Not out of the 50 rupees a month, mind you, for I distinctly stated that clothes wern’t to be got out of this sum at all. My bill of fare rirna somewhat as follows, as it may interest your indignant correspondent to know the composition of the ‘‘ last straw — Chota llazri. — Porridge, a chop or steak, bread and butter and jam (home-made), and tea or coffee. Breakfast. — Rissoles, or chop, or joint. Gurry and rice. Bread and butler and cheese. Tidin or Tea. — Bread and butter, jam and cake, also cold meat if joint is on cut. Dinner. — Soup, joint or made-dish, curry and rice and bread and butter and cheese or plain pudding. As for drinks, an occasional peg. My baziar bill noio costs me (for meat, rice, fruit groceries) R3 8, or say R16 per month. Soap, butter, jam, bread, tea or coffee, milk. &c., B10 per month. Liquor and smokes, R15. Dhoby, B4. Bey, R15. Total B60. Add, R15, for estate clothes and boots, you arrive at my R75 per mensem, which I estimated would keep a young planter very comfortably. Per- sonally, I think that RlOO is the lowest one should offer a European of over 18 mouths’ experience in planting. But as a beginning, R75 should not be sneezed at, especially if yearly additions are promised .jf work is satisfactory — of R25 per mensem. By the way, a ” Planter’s Wife ” gave some ex- cellent directions some time back how a young planter should be able to keep a respectable and comfortable house on RlOO a month or so. While RlOO is better than R75, and R75 than R50, no man need starve or even stint himself if he has R50 a month to his name.” E.x-Ckeepee. — Planting Opinion, Aug. 7. COFFEE PLANTING IN SOUTHERN INDIA : MEETING OP THE UNITED PLANTERS’ ASSOCIATION. At a recent meeting of the United Planters’ Association of South India an able, interesting, and important discn sion took place on the sub- ject of “scientific investigation” into diseases att'ectino' coffee, divided into two jiarts, one beinw leaf disease and the other scale pests. The discussion on leaf disease was opened by IMr. J. A. Harris who said (after reading . Ceylon liter- ature on the subject) lie had reluctantly come to the conclusion that further investi- by an expert as to Ucnt/itctOj V ctstvcttritjc would not be likely to add much to what was already known. He was inclined to the belief that, since the disease was not constitutional, but external, attacking only the leaves, a cure of a permanent nature was not likely to be dis- covered; and that they should turn their attention, as intimated both by Mr. Marshall Ward and Dr. Trimen to maintaining their trees in such strong vitality as would enable them to resist the attacks of this pest. As to how this might best Ve done lie relened to careful cultivation and judicious manuring. With regard to the former lie em))hasized the .soundness of Mr. Marshall Ward’s ojiinion that they simuld aim at making tlie plants flow leaves during the time thattlie disease was least likely to be propagated and avoid the growth of young and succulent wool wlien the spores are most blown about, — with the object of having tlie trees at the time of visitations covered with matured leaves both able to resist the disease and of having them as far as possible free from young ones on which the spores germinate with great rapidity. It was rather curious to notice tiiat in Ceylon the worst attacks of Hemileia Vastratix were usually in the S.-W. iMonsoon, during the months of June, July and August, whereas in Mysore, and he believed in other parts, the worst visitations came in September, October and November, and sometimes extended over January and February. Moisture, heat and air being necessary for the spores, he presumed that the damp chill of the S.-W. Mon- soon checked, it. With reference to digging he considered it was a moot point whether deep cultivation checked the disease, the tendency nowadays being to avoid stirring up the soil more than necessary. As to manure he considered September as far as IMysore was concerned a better month than August for applying manure. Applica- tions however, must be greatly inffnenced by the supply of labour. As to what manures they should apply he said that in this matter the planting industry of Southern India required the services of an Agricultural Chemist, his arguments in favour of getting a thoroughly competent man from home being that the mechanical conditions of a sample of soil sent home must undergo change in transit, and that a man on the spot would be in a ))osition to observe the organic condition of the soil which would enable him to give a more accurate and valuable report. He concluded by moving “that this Association is of oi>inion that the time has arrived when the services of an Agricultural Chemist are essential to the future welfare of the Planting Industry in Southern India.” Mr. E. G. Windle seconded Mr. Harris’s Resolu- tion. A discussion ensued which was taken part in by Messrs. 0. Scott Skirving, Leeming, Parsons, Hay, Hodg.son and Hockin and on the meeting going into Committee the following resolution was adopted : — “ That a Sub-Committee be formed to consider the various proposals put forward, and to aH vise as to the result in general meeting and that tor this purpose Messrs. Harris, Windle, Acworth, Parsons, Hocken, and Leeming do form the Sub-Committee.” The discussion on scale pests was oiiened by the Hon. Mr. Hodgson who said* that a Government Order had been issued which was very satisfactory. It said that Govern- ment was desirous of seeing an entomologist appointed at an early date, and had already com- municated with the Government of India as to the best means of obtaining one. That showed that the Madras Government had taken a great interest in this subject and he could speak him- self of this being the case. This scale pest was increasing rapidly, and in Districts in which it existed it was almost as serious a matter as leaf disease was in the Districts where that existed, and everything should be done to eradicate it. Mr. H. 0. Newport supported Mr. Hodgson’s remarks in a speech in which he referred to various methods of dealing with the bug. He obtained a spray solution from the Chiswick Soap Company called “ Spinno,” and sprayed this evil Oct. I, 1897.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 243 smelling liquid on to the trees with matter in proportion of 100 parts to 1 as directed by the Soap Company. This had no effect whatever; in fact the bug seemed to fatten on it ! Stronger solutions had better results bat even tlien lie never succeeded in killing out at the sc.ale on any one branch or leaf. He also tried a mixture of kerosene and soft soap in water in va,rious proportions — also an infusion of quassia baik. Also mixtures containing in various propoition.->, turpentine, tobacco decoction, sulplier, lime, etc. Some of tliese seemed to have temporary slight effects but none did any lasting good. The con- clusion he had a’ rived at was that lady buds would be not only the easiest and most effec- tive way of getting rid of scales, but the only possible 'way of doing so. He suggested that the Government of Madras should communicate with Mr, E. E. Green (Ceylon) on the subject and ask him if lie would he willing to come over and unaijers .sent to us by Mr. Coomaraswamy’.s friend, Herr Lange. These papers consi.st of: — (1) The Law concern- ing the Levy of a Salt Tax for the North Ger- man Confederation ; (2) The Ratification of the same by the several Confeilerated Powers bj name, whereby it came into operation from dan. 1st, 1868 ; (3) A pamphlet 01 02 pages explain- ino' in detail the carrying out of the Law foi a Salt Levy of July 5tli,_1888, with exact direc- tions for the several parties concerned as to col- lection, valuation, exemptions, also giving sampie forms for the various registers to be kept by the owners of mines and worics or by the Customs’ otliccrs in charge of the Levy in the various States. These are prepared for a European conntry with abundant means foi ohecking and testing at every turn, and could not be adopted here ; but we give enough of the jiaper to enable one to see that the same piin- ciple might be applied under simpler forms. Of course the most important question, from a local point of view, has reference to the de- uaturalization of salt. Are the agents prescribed available, and can tliey be practically applied locally ? On this point we tliought it well to have the opinion of our local Analytical Chemist, Mr. M. Cochran, and it is very satis- factory to learn from him that he sees no practical difficulty. He writes as follows:— * “ Most of the sub.stances mentioned for de- naturalizing the salt for manuring purposes could be easily and economically applied in Ceylon in tlie proportions stateil, more especially charcoal, coal dust, soot, coconut oil, suli)hate of iron or green vitriol ; the latter is a cheap substance and a manurial and disinfectant value are claimed for it besides.” It only now remains for the Tamil Represent- ative, who has been the means of raising the present discussion by introducing us to his Gertnau fellow-traveller, to bring the whole question before the Legislative Council. He will no doubt be warmly supported by all the members interested in planting and agriculture, who, in a colony like this, we may say, include the whole Council, both official and unofficial. Probably the wisest course would be for Mr. Coomaraswamy to proiiose a Sub-Committee of the Council to consider the question in its various issues— practical, fiscal and agricultural. Evidence coi.ld be taken from those best able to give the needful information and Papers could be examined, and the resub ing Report would, we have no doubt, guide the tTOv u'nme.nt in arriving at a fair and liberal de. i.sion on the whole question Some little time ago, we mentioned how the discussion on u.sing s:ilt for agricultural imr- poses W'as first raised in the “sixties”; but wo have noNV come on an earlier reference, being a letter from Mr. Tytler, dated 2.3th October 1855, w-hiidi will be found reproduceil on another )iage. The translations from the German are as ^°'^°LAW OP THE NORTH GER.VIAN CONFEDERACY (NO 1) LAW CONCERNING THE LEVY OF A SALT TAX, OF OCT. 12th. 1867- We William, by the Grace of God King of Prus- sia, &c., order, in consequence of the agreement of May Stb, 1867, entered on by the States ot the German Levy and Trade U nion concerning a Salt Tax, we older the following law in the name of the North German Confederacy and Imperial Diet &o.: — Abolition of the Salt Monopoly § I. The exclusive right of the State (as now existing) to carry on the trade in Salt is herewith and hereby Intp.oduction of a Salt Tax § II. Salt destined for inland consumption is subject to a tax of 2 Thalers per art., nett weight, which where the Salt has been procured inland, must be paid by the producer or owner of die mine ; but where the Salt has been brought in from other lands not belonging to the Confederacy, the introducer must pay the levy. Under Salt (kitchen-salt) are included, beside the made or common and the sea-salt, all s nils from which salt is usually separated ; the head financial aiuhoiity of any Confederate State is however empowered to allow such products to go free if there is no fear of a misuse of the same. I. Tax on Inl.and Salt. I. Notice § III. The procuring or refining of Salt is only permitted in the Salt Works, Mines and Refineries now existing and which have been at work at least six weeks before the promulgation of the law and shall have been anncunced to the Tax-Bureau of that district 6 weeks before ; a similar announcement is necessary from the owners of Factories in which Salt in a pure or impure state is acquired as a by-product. §.-iv. Every owner of Salt Works or Factory already in operation, which produces Salt as a by-product, must, within a certain time, to be fixed by the Customs authorities of the district, present to the Head Office of the circuit, in duplicate, a description of and in- formation concerning the mauufaccory, &c., and its dependencies. Every alteration in the premises as well as in the entrances and exits, as also in the appliances used and general arrangements is to be notified to the authorities before it is put into execution. A similar duty devolves on any one wishing to establish new or to renew former works where Salt is produced, boiled, or refined, or obtained as a by-pro- duct, or on those wishing to start working a Salt, not hitherto traded in. In building new Works or Refineries &c., the Ordi- nances of the levying authorities concerning fences &c., are to be observed, as also in erecting dwellings and sheds for the employes. Where, according to existing regulations, deductions for rent for officials are made, the same must be paid by the Salt mine owner. §.-v. Every owner of new or restored Salt works is bound to bear the cost of the Customs watching of the same, if the total yearly out put of the Salt does not a iiount to at least 12,00u cwt. II. Contkol. §. — VI. The institutions indicated in §. 3, ate subject to the control of the Customs authorities, for the discovery of the made salt liable to duty, as also to prevent any defrauding as regards the trade and business connections; all necessary regulations and papers being obtainable from these authorities. This coulial is exercised for each Salt Manufactory by a Salt-T'ax-Adn.iii.siiation specially appointed or directed. The Manufactories indicated in § 3 paragraph 2 are subject to the control of the nearest Customs’ Administration. § VII. According to the iustiuctions indicated in the 6th section, every owner of Salt-works can be obliged by the Customs’ authorities, — 1. To take care t.hat the approach to the buildings for boiling and for drying, as well as to the chambers for sorting and breaking up, shall be easily overlooked and be protected by safe locks. 2. So to arrange the Salt Magazine that it shall be satisfactorily secured from forcible or secret with- Oct. I, 1897. J THE TROPICAL AGEICULTORIST. 257 drawal of the Salt and to provide the authorities with necessary arrangements for the joint looking of the places. 3. To keep the Salt only in the appointed and announced receptacles, spaces or chambers. 4. To keep exact books showing the Salt mads and despatched, and to place these books before the Customs’ Officer whenever required. [The enactments for the carrying out of the Tax are very detailed; the following are some of the points referred to Weighing of Salt in sacks; Control and Disposition of Inland Salt ; Duties of owners of Salt-works ; Withdrawing from the Depots : Allowances for Employees in Salt-works; Eemoval of Salt within fixed hours only ; Monthly Statement of Sale-owners ; 3 months’ credit on sufficient secj»rity ; Stores of Salt; Bonded Warehouses; Customs, treatment of Salt springs or Mineral springs, Baths, &c.; Foreign Salt how admitted and treated ; Enumer- ation of objects freed from Salt tax ; Products in Manufactories ; Salt for Charitable Institutions free.] exemptions from salt duty. The preparation and sale of so-called Baths-Salt which is useless for human food is (under following conditions) free: — 1. The manufacturer must make no change in place or in utensils employed without consent of the Customs’ officers. 2. He may keep the stores of this salt in one appointed place only. 3. He must follow his directions concerning ap- proach and exit. 4. The Customs’ officers must be admitted any hour of the day, and by night also when the boil- ing pans are in work. Farther, rubbish from the salt works containing less than 36 p.c. of salt is quite free of control, and that containing less than 75 p.c. of salt is free, subject to various conditions. The Customs’ officers are to make periodic chemical examinations of the salt that is not being denatu- ralized and ascertain the exact proportion it contains of kitchen salt. SALT USED FOR CURING OR PICKLING of herrings and other similar fish and for salting of other things intended for export is free of duty. The salt in- tended for the preserving of herrings is to be de- naturalized with 6 Liter (quarts)* of herring brine to every 60 kilogram (110 lb.) of salt. Salt may also be allowed free of duty for charitable institutions or in cases of immediate need. The substances that can be used for DENATU- RALIZING SALT are the following:— A. For salt which is to be used for AGRICUL- TURAL or manufacturing purposes. (a) For salt destined for the feeding of cattle : (aa) For that from made salt : i per cent of oxide of iron and J per cent wormwood powder, (bb) For that made from rock salt | per cent oxide of iron and j p.c. wormwood powder. For the denaturalizing of salt, only such wormwood powder shall be allowed, as has been prepared ac- cording to directions and measures appointed by the Customs and has been locked up or taken in charge by them ; it must also not be over two years old, dating from the time the raw weed was received. (b) For so-called cattle-licking rock salt : (aa) From made salt J p.c. oxide of iron and J p.c. charcoal powder, (bb) From rook salt g p.c. oxide of iron and J p.c. charcoal powder; (c) For SALT FOR MANURE 1 p.c. of soot. (d) For salt for manufacturing purposes: (aa) From made salt : either J p.c. train oil or fish oil and J p.c. iron oxide, or h p.c. train or fish oil and J p.c. lamp black, (bb) From rock salt either i p.c. train oil and § p.c. iron oxide, or J p.c. train oil and g p.c. lamp-black. B. One of the following denaturalizing agents can be employed for salt destined for manufacturing pur- poses or for manure: and which has come from inland s.alt works at which it had once been denaturalized. The process ca,n be attended to in the godowns of the recipient under Customs supervision. If none of the already named denaturalizing agents is suit- able for the purpose intended, one of these follow- ing agents can be employed :— (a) 1 per cent black oxide of manganese; (b) 1 p. c. smalt; (c) J p. c. minium or vermillion* ; (d) 2 p. c. finely powdered charcoal, peat, black oxide of manganese or coal dust; (e) ^ p. c. — lamp black; (f) 1 p.c. soot; (g) 5 p.c. palm oil, COCO- NUT OIL or train oil ; (h) 1 p. c. fine dried soap powder, after a previous testing of its purity ac- cording to directions already indicated ; (i) 4 p, c. iron or copper ■ vitriol ; (k) 6 p. c. alum with g p.c. pine oil. For ordered salt, if necessary, some of the follow- ing agents may be employed by the Customs’ officers; — | p. c. mineral oil (peat oil); i p.c. red oxide of iron in combination with 0.05 p. 0. anirna- oil; 2 p. c, sulphuric acid (of 66 °B. diluted with 3 to 4 parts water), or also only 1 p. c. sulphuric acid of 66 °B. with 1 p.c. water, if the salt is for a hona fide manufacturing purpose, and if no other agent can be employed ; 2 p. c. strong fuming muriatic acid; 2 p. c pink saltt ; p. c. chloride of tin. Salt refuse can only be given for agricultural and other purposes free of duty when it has been denaturalized, in one of the ways indicated. Solid pieces like pan-stones must be denaturalized in the same way as rock-salt. Unbroken lumps can only be allowed to individual planters or manufacturers under the following conditions : — • 1. The delivery of the same requires the consent of the Cirstoms’ authorities. Detailed information of purpose for which used, &c., &c., is required on pe- nalty of forfeiting the privilege, unless every re* quirement is fulfilled. 2. Those who require the salt for cattle fodder, must state exactly number of cattle kept, &c., and fulfil various other regulations. CEYLON TEA IN AMERICA: AN INTERVIEW WITH THE LADY DEMONSTRATOR. “ Well," she said, “ You may grumble about heat, but I can assure you it was a good deal worse in America than this when I left. My cu tomers were going in pretty largely for ice'et tea then. However I will begin at the beginning, and tell you all I can think of about the tea enterprise as I have to deal with it. I am working under J. H. Parke & Co., the advertisers of the Gold Camel blend. Here you see”— she continued, taking in her hand a tiny two-inch little tin box, daintily got uj) Witli a gaudy picture of the gold camel on the lid, and a paper of instruc- tions fastened by an elastic strap to the uncler side “is our sample tin. There is enough tea here for two infusions, and the paper accom- panying every box tells exactly how to make it. Well, when 1 am going to a place to give a demonstration, we first send out a number of circulars saying, I shall be at such and such a store on a certain day. If it is in Philadelphia or anywhere near we send out also our waggon, which * With regard to minium or Vermillion, the Ger- man word “ menuig” certainly has both these meanings, and yet they are totally dilTerent substances. Mini- um is “ red lead, ’ i.c., an oxide of the coinnion metal lead ; verinillion is a red sulphide of mercury. jMenuig also stands for cinnabar, the chief ore of mercury of which Vermillion is a purified form. — M. COCHKAN. t Pink salt is a double chloride of tin and of ammo- nium used by dyers. — M. Gociikax. 6 liters=l'32 gallons. 258 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [Oct. I, 1897. is a very pretty one. It is dark blue witli medallions on tlie sides. Each medallion contains a look- ing glass, in tlie centre of which is itainted a gold camel and the names of Ceylon and India are also printed. There is an elec- tric hell under this carriage which never stops ringing all the time the waggon niove-s, and wherever it stops crowds collect to look or to find out where this hell is hidden. The driver wears a scarlet coat, and the horse is a good one, and altogether our waggon attracts notice where it goes. I have it drawn up before the store where iny demonstration is going on, which of course brings people about the door. That pleases the store proprietor as well as ourselves, you see. Then if possible I get a window, or part of one in the store, and that I till up with our advertisements and samples. Next I try always to have my table or counter, or whatever it is that is given me, as near the door as I can, so that I may catch the customers as they pass in and out and set out with flowers, etc., as prettily as po.ssible. Also as yon know everybody is equal in America. An assistant is as good as his master, and so I pay far more attention to the people behind the counter than to the proprietors, for it is the men selling other goods who will sell our tea. The fir.st thing I do on entering a store and taking up my .«tand there, I gi\e every assistant in the place a sani|)le tin. I toll them whenever they are thirsty just to come to the table, and there will always be a cup of tea ready for them. At dinner time there are always probably some who take their meals on the premises, and fur them I make a big jug of iced tea, or hot tea just according to the weather, or I give them all an afternoon cup if they prefer that. Of course these little at- tentions please them, and put them in good humour, and then when customers come they aie willing to help the sales if they can, and push our tea a little.” “ Now that sounds rather like bribery and cor- ruption to me,” I interposed. “ However go on.” “It is n’t really,” she laughed back, “but I won’t deny I think it helps us a good deal sometimes. Well, then, the customers come in to buy other goods, and 1 invite them to come to my table and have a cup of tea before they leave. They are generally (piite |)leased to do so and I give it to them with sugar and plenty of good cream, or el-e with a lemon if tliey prefer it that w'ay, or iced— just as they like. There are bowls of crackers (all biscuits are crackers over there) and 1 tell them to help themselves; they are welcome to just what they like at the table. Then I tell them while they arc drinking it, how Ceylon tea is made, and all the different ]irocesses. I describe the plant, and how' it is plucked, the withering, drying, firing and all the rest of it ; .and impress on them how clean the manufactuie of Ceylon and Indian tea is compared with that of China or Japan, and how much nice it is whmi done by machinery and not hand. They generally ask a lot of ques- tions and are quite interested. Perhaps they will say they have tried it before, but they did not lilce it ; that it tasted tike poison, and so on. Then I ask them how they prepared it, and very often I am told that a handful of tea leaves was |mt in the ]>an and boiled with the water, or else that the same quantity was dropped into the teapot, ami then the pot allowed to stand from two to four hours on the stove. I assure you,” she went on, seeing my look of incredulity, “ that is no uncommon way of making tea in America, ami then they come and say they don't like it, it is so hitter. You can just fancy what Ceylon tea would taste like heated in that fashion. That is my oppoitunity. I show them they have gone the wrong way to work altogether, and tell them the right manner of infusion — how much tea to put in, how long to let it staner E.\ ports from Soiitliern India. His letter and full detailed table will be found as a Supplement on opposite page, and are worthy of the attention of all who take an interest in our old staple and in the second product — Pepi er— which was once a leading export from Ceylon, and which ought to be a good deal more cultivated than it is in our W’estern Province and especially in the Kegalla district where “ pepper ” reigned supreme in the times of the Dutch and the early part of the present century. Planters, even in the Kelani Valley, are on the lookout for another “string to their bow ” and have been testing Liberian coffee, &c., — w by not then try pepper? What good reason can be given why Southern India should export in one year as -6 18 6-7. 15 acres in Irearing Cocoa now .V. u. P. cwt. qr. lb. 33 1 4 1892-3 Cocoa crop 82 1 01 Tea ,, 3 2 38 1S93-4 18 acres „ 1-25 0 09 Grass ,, 1 2 38 1891-5 20 acres „ 104 1 22 1895 6 22 acres ,. 99 2 27 1896-7 22 acres „ 86 1 23 For five years 502 3 26on total 97 acres Per annum 100 1 16, or 5 0 20 per acre these 5 years. 'Ve will only take va- lue per cwt. these 5 years at the average of R.vo. not £5 10s thougli some Wdssold at 85/. R 25,149 91 Cacao crop 502 3 26 at 50/ 509-34 Tea at /6 2-20 '0' I Coffee 36'00 Pepper 25,915-25 for .5 ye rs, R5,183-05 per annum. EXPENDITURE. 1892-3 1893-1 1894-5 1895-6 1896-7 Total R c R c R c R c R c R^ .Superin- tendence 360 00 360 CO 360 00 360 00 360 00 1800 (0 Weeding 336 82 484 35 516 47 474 6.3 342 43 2154 to Wauure and application 499 66 491 32 572 76 458 52 347 65 2369 81 Road.s and drains 99 54 223 88 113 25 1-23 50 65 83 626 00 Planting, shad- ing & cacao 46 97 85 89 27 40 2 55 162 81 Shade, planting & trimming 215 39 19 17 33 37 1-27 71 91 56 487 20 Nursery tea 8 03 16 20 1 00 25 23 PI -nting tea and plants 10 32 11 71 53 03 34 77 109 S3 Pruning tea 3 68 40 76 17 25 5 78 67 43 Plucking tea 36 90 37 64 70 82 4 08 149 44 Gathering and curing cacao 247 84 434 34 402 44 372 06 401 53 1858 21 Pruning ,, 10 00 .56 93 15 44 82 37 Lines 5o 92 79 20 18 92 51 92 11 04 212 00 Bungalow 39 50 361 68 147 41 164 79 378 71 1142 09 Watcher, &c. 12 47 57 69 62 01 132 08 Coffee gathering . 5 42 3 89 7 -20 0 34 16 85 Pepper ,, 0 90 16 19 17 06 Clearing bound- aries 5 55 2 88 2 04 10 47 Cutting fuel, &c. . 13’ SO 0 68 14 48 Total R209 91 2632 94 2362 48 2 57 35 2065 33 11438 01 THE EFFECT OF THE PAPAW ON TOUGH MEAT. Dear Sib, — Considering the quality of meat that is usually produced in Ceylon, I wonder it is no- more generally known among householders thatth leaves of the Papaw tree (Carica Papatja) have th*^ remarkable property of rendering meat wrapped up them tender in a very short time, a ferment in th^ exuding juice causing a separation of the ranscula' fibres. This is really a time-worn story, more es pecially in countries which have longest been asso dated with the papaw, though those who are yet un acquainted with the fact will probably regard it at first with some degree of scepticism. But, as the papaw leaves and fruit — for the unripe fruit poss- esses the same property in this respect— are easily available at all seasons in every habited locality in (he island (the tree taking the name pf “ MountaiQ We take Expendituve R for 5 years 11 ,43S'01 * Expenditure 1 year 2,2S7'60 t Profit „ 2,895-45 Crop ,, 5,183’05 * Only 22 c.acao acres and It acres tea bearing. t But wliole expenditure charged on 38a. 3r. Oct. I, 1897.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. Papaw ” when the altitude at which it grows is high), it is not difficult to put this efficacy to a practical test. A simple way of doing so is to wrap one or two of the papaw leaves (two leaves being sufficient for a moderate-sized joint) round a piece of fresh-killed meat or fowl ; at the same time roll up in a sheet of paper a similar piece of ex- actly the same quality of meat ; after an hour-and-a- half or so take away the leaves and paper, boil the two pieces of meat separately and note the dif- ference when cooked. In the West Indies where the people swear by the powers of “Papaw,” it is asserted that the same effect is produced on the meat if it is suspended in the upper part of the papaw tree, or merely rubbed with the papaw leaf or unripe fruit; while others recommend boiling a small piece of either with the meat ; some cooks being even satis- fied with adding a small quantity of the Juice to the water in which the meat is boiled before cooking. An Indian scientist has found on applying a few drops of the juice of unripe papaw fruit to raw fresh meat, the latter actually ^ “ fell to pieces before the water in which it was cooked reached the boiling point.” For the vera- city of this I am not responsible ; but it is an ad- mitted fact that the ferment papaine present in the milky juice abundant in the fruit and leaves of the Papaw has powerful peptonising properties and has of late become an article of cominerce in Europe for medicinal purposes, it being said to be “ capable of digesting 200 times its weight of fibrine.” If even half of what is said of the useful properties of the Papaw, be true, it should prove a veritable bless- ing to ladies and householders generally upcountry, and save the butchers and appus from many an anathema. At any rate, I am myself sufficiently convinced to think that no resthouse in the island should be without a few Papaw trees planted around it, and to corroborate this suggestion I will quote the following from the “Natural History of Jamaica” by Browne : — Water impregnated with the milky juice of the Papaw tree is thought to make all sorts of meat washed in it tender ; but eight or ten minutes steeping, it is said, will make it eo soft, that it will drop in pieces from the spit before it is well roasted, or turn soon to rags in boil- ing Old hogs and old poultry which are fed upon the leaves and fruit, however, tough the meat they afford might otherwise be, are thus rendered perfectly tender and good if eaten as soon as killed. HOUSEHOEHER. THE USES OF “ PAPAW RECEIPT FOR YEAST WANTED. Dear Sir, — I was much interested about papaw turning tough beef tender ; but the fruit also makes delicious jam ; they should be peeled and cut up in small pieces, along with ^ ounee green ginger to every pound of fruit ; allowed to soak in sugar all night ; for every pound of fruit 5 Eound sugar should be allowed, and the whole oiled up for about an hour ; fruit should not be too ripe, just fully formed and turning yellow, over-ripe fruit turns into a substance like mashed turnip !— If any of your readers would kiiidly give a receipt for good yeast for bread-making, they would much oblige PLANTER S WIFE. sngar; and a dessert spoonful of salt, all thoroughly mixed. Add the hop water and stir well. (The hop flowers throw away.) Let the mixture stand in a basin, stirring now and then, until it ferments, which may be the next day, or perhaps a day or two more. It should stand in a warm place. When fermenting, strain and bottle for use. The bottles should not be more than half full, as there is a risk of their bursting if filled. It is as well to tie the corks down, as they may pop-out. It is best to use quite small bottles, instead of only one or two larger ones, as constant opening is rather detrimental to the Yeast. It will keep good for some weeks, but is usually at its best, when about one week old. TO M.iKE BREAD OP THIS YEAST. To each pound of flour allow 1 salt spoonful salt ; 1 table spoonful yeast; 4-5th breakfast cupful water. Mix the salt with the flour, in a basiu which it does no more than half fill. Make a round hollow in watemiddle of the flour. Mix the yeast with the reallx which must be lukewarm ( take care it is not stir y hot), pour it into the hollow iu the flour, and the in some of the flour from the sides — not touch- ing the bottom of basin — until the centre is of the consistency of thick batter. Scatter a little of the dry flour from the sides over this batter. (It is well to do the foregoing part of the bread* making over night, as the yeast takes a long time working.) Cover over top of basin, and let it stand untd the morning, when it will have fully risen, being full of little air bubbles. Stir it well, mixing in the flour from the edtes until it is dry enough to handle ; then turn out on a board, and knead well with the hands until it is quite smooth and springy (it will probably take 7 or 8 minutes doing) and sticks neither to the hands or the board. Experience only can tell exactly the stiffness it should be, for some flour requires more water than another does. If the dough be very stiff, it makes a close bread. It is best only just dry enough not to stick to the board and hands. If the dough is too moist, a little more flour can be kneaded in, but if too dry, a little water can’t very well be added, so it is best not to use up all the dry flour in the basin very quickly. Have tins ready, warmed, and greased at the bottom. Place the dough in tins, they should be rather less than half full, cover with a cloth and let stand until risen fully to the top of tin or even a little above it in centre. The usual time for rising upcountry is about three and half hours, but it varies. If the weather be warm, it is only necessary to stand the tins in some sheltered corner out of draughts, but if wet or windy, the bread would rise better near a stove or fire, but it should not be placed near enough for the outside to get hardened. Bake in a mod’ rate oven. The appearance of the crust will tell when it is done. RECIPES FOR THE JUNGLE. Dear Sir, — Some time ago you had enquiries from “A Planter’.s Wife” which I beg to answer to the best of my ability. — Yours truly, ANOTHER PLANTER’S WIFE. RECIPE POR YEAST. Boil I ounce dried hops in 1 pint water for J an hour ; strain and let it cool until the liquid is of the warmth of new milk. Have ready 6 ounces of potatoes boiled and mashed ; i lb. flour ; 2 ounces TEA : INCREASE IN QUANTITY AND PRICES : MANURING— PRUNING— PLUCKING. {By an Indian Planter.) SiB, — I have read with much interest the numerous letters sent in reply to your circular questions respecting tea, &c. I wish that we could copy your “public spirit ” in India. Of course the grand effect of all those letters is not so much that many planters will be benefitted by advice given, as that they will be set “ thinking,” and something always comes of eal serious thought. I do not suppose that the improvements which are discussed in the above letters are very much required at the present time. I judge by the state of the Share Lists of Companies. We growl about low prices but surely we have to come lower still, in fact will not the limit be reached only when tea shares pay a steady and certain 5 or 6 per cent, on capital invested ? I mean shares at par — the original shares of those who “ open-out ’’new estates. 268 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [Oct. I, 1S97. However some are certainly less forward in the race and for these we (myself amongst the rest) must continue to ti’y and worry at improvement. I have written a good deal, and still write for my own information ; I got a good deal of knowledge by finding out what to write about, and I have come to certain conclusions which are perhaps only the beginning of enquiry About M.vnueing — There are two answer's as to the object of Djanuring: The manager will tell you that it is to improve tire bushes. The proprietor may say that it is to get a good return for money spent. And so there will be two ways of using manure : the one, which will improve bad bushes and take a long time to give any return, and the other to apply manure to the best bushes and get an immediate and maximum return. I would say that if you have R.500 to spend on manuring, put it on to the bad bushes, because even a good percentage of profit on E500 would hardly be noticed in the year’s accounts ; but if you have from B,3,000 to R5,000 to spend, then put it on to the best bushes, and it is possible that you will get cent-per-cent profit, and this will make a great show, and encourage you to go in on a large scale, Strong manures are generally put down in large quantities and the effects are supposed to last for 3 years or so. It appears to me that it would be wiser to use one-third the quantity and apply it annually. Then this strong manure is placed at the roots of the bushes with the idea that it will be more readily assimilated ; but by digging up the soil near good bushes, it will be found that the roots are not far from the surface at a distance of 2 feet from the stem; and these are the roots that creep about to find sustenance. So it will be well to distribute the manure all over the surface and dig (or wash) it in to within reach of these roots. Possibly the best method will be to apply the manute with water if available, or broadcast and hoe it in, both these mt-thods would cost less than the one of digging a small trench round the bush and covering up the manure. Manure will be of some benefit w'hen it is looked to as a source of revenue and not as a bush- improver — that is to say that money spent in manuring good tea will probably yield more percen- tage of profit than the same sum put into opening out new extensions. An estate will spend R10,000 in extensions. I think that the same sum spent in manuring its present tea would pay better. The effect of extending new tea and manuring old tea will be the same i.e. it will help to re 'uce tea shares to 5 per cent, profit. We must always been this in view and not be sad as each step brings us nearer to the end. Pkuning. — I have a fairly wide experience. In Cachar, Assam, and Sylhet pruning is done every year, nearly all the year’s growth is cut off, only 2 to 4 inches are left. When the bush grows too tall it is cut back to the manager’s fancy — (from the ground to 24 inches). In those places you can do as you please with the bushes. In Kangra and up country districts the tea is allowed to grow, cutting back is resorted to as seldom as possible, heavy pruning is done in June, light pruning in the cold weather, the (bush is allowed very little growth. In Chota Nagpur the bushes are pruned every second or third year, and not touched with the knife in between. Plucking.— In Assam &o., the plucking begins by leaving 2 or 3 leaves on the new shoot, 1 leaf on every subsequent shoot to the end of the year (some few gardens pluck all close down for the last few flushes in October and November) —the consequence is a growth of from 18 inches to 3 feet, and this is all cut off in December. In Kangra one leaf only is left on the new shoots after the cold weather pruning and after that each shoot is taken clean off ; the growth of the year is about 4 to 6 inches. On hard pruned bushes (pruned in June) they allow 3 leaves of the 1st flush to remain, and pluck close titter thati In Chota Nagpur 3 leaves are left on the new shoot after pruning, and from that time to the next prun- ing, every shoot is taken (if possible) as soon as it has two leaves and a bud. TOBACCO IN RELATION TO HEALTH. Sir, — A late number of the Nineteenth Cen- tury has an interesting article on this subject. In 1895 the total weigh: of tobacco for home consumption in the L’nited Kingdom was 78,200,272 lb. or a trifle under 2 II). per bead of tbe i)opulation ; the duty on it amounted to £10,547,310. 'I'lie co.st to the nation of tliis quantity of tobacco was approximately about £32,554,108. The value of wheat con.sumei'. in 1895 was £33,000,000. Tims we see Imw nearly the sum expended upon tobacco-smoking ap- proaches the .sum spent upon wlieat. It is cal- culated by tlie Customs’ authorities tliat no le.ss a value than £1,000,000, is literally thrown into the gutter in the shajie of ends of cigars and cigarettes. Holland uses the leaf up to 7 lb. per lieail of her i)Opulatioii. Austii;i 3'8lb. ; Den- mark 3’7 lb. ; Switzerland 3'31b. ; Belgium 3"2 lb.; Cermany 3 0 lb. ; Sweden and Norway e;ich 2'3 lb. ; France 2'1 lb. ; Italy 1 lb. ; Russia and Spain may 1)6 classed together with a consumption of 1 i lb., while the IJniteil States rises in the scale to 4i lb. for each inliabitant. These figures give the comforting assurance that the United Kingdom is not so bad as her neigh hours by a pound or more, taking tlie average consumption of the leading nations of the world. The whole world smokes and it is estimated that two thousand millions of pounds weight are consumed every year, and that its money value exceeds live hun- dred million pounds sterling. Investigations made at the instance of the Board of Inland Revenue concerning the fate that befalls cigar ends, have been the means of revealing curious facts. Amid the crowd glimpses may be caught of a quiet fellow plodding along the liigliwaj’s and by- ways, with a bag slung over his shoulder and bis eyes fixed on the gutters, picking up cigar and cigarette ends, or wending his way to the side door of some hotel or hall for the same purpose. Many a young hopeful of slender purse hugs with pride his penny or two penny cigar, clad in a netv coat, little dreaming of its having in a former existence shone glow-worm like, in another .sphere. Then there are fancy mixtures made up for the pipes out of these cigar and cigarette ends, enticingly scented with an odour unknown to the weed. As regards the consider- ation of the effects of tobacco on health and character, it cannot be too strongly emphasizep that there is no question as to the baneful action of tobacco in any form on growing youths. Until the age of twenty-one years has been at- tained, there should be no thought of smoking. The tests and experiments of physiologists, the untrained observ'ation of laymen, and the accumulated experience of civilised nations are agreed in this conclusion, Every one knows that children cannot go on smoking with imjninity, with- out, in fact doing themselves life-long injury. But instreets and lanes boy.s from nine to ten may be seen smoking. In Ceylon, amongst the Sinhalese and Tamils, boys of six to nine may be seen smok- ing in the presence of their parents. Since parents are so heedless of tlieir children’s wel* fare to prevent them from pursuing a practice, the inevitable results of which will by and bye appear in stunted, weakly growth, and the trai^ Oct. r 1S97.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 269 of evils which follow on deranged nev\e-tissue, it would he humane that the Legislature should prohibt tlie sale of tobacco in any form to chil- dren under the age or sixteen. In Ceylon we have an Ordinance prohibiting th.e sale of spirits to children under a certain age — and a similar provision should be extended to the sale of to- bacco. * It will be interesting to know the num- ber of prosecutions against tavern keepers for sale of arrack to children— for very few of the pro- visions of our Licensing Ordinance are enforced — for reasons nest known to policemen and head- men. Diatinguisiied travellers in Turkey attri- bute the change wrought in the character of tlie Turks to the use of tobacco. Mr. Layard and Mr. Crawford, whose large experience of East- ern people is known to th.e world, liavc each recorded his opinion, to the effect that the use of tobacco has contributed very much towards tlie pre.sent sobriety of Asiatics. As to the effects of tobacco smoking upon the human body, bir lienjamin Ivicliardson uouhl appear to see no reason for thinking that it can produce any organic change, though it may in- duce various functional di.stnrhances if carried to excess. These are such as all young smokeis experience more or less severely, according to their temperament and tlie quality or the stieiigtli of the tobacco they use. Tlie general conclusion Sir Benjamin Kichanhson dediic-s from his ex- periments is, that tobacco is irinncuons as com- prreil with alcohol ; it does inlinitely less harm than opium; it is in no sense worse than tea, and by the side of high living altogether, it, com- pares most favouraoly. But on the question of youths smoking, he speaks most decisively against even the smalle.st indulgence in tobacco before the system is matured. His words are ‘‘with boys the habit is as injurious and wrong as i is disgusting. The early ‘ piper ' loses liis growth, becomes lioarse, effete, lazy and stunted.’' Those who pass severe censure on the smoking habit seem to overlook the fact that men do not eat or drink tobacco ; that the prudent smoker is quite contented if its a nihient fuine.s float about him i-egaling his olfactory sense. Deadly re.sults follow the administration, not of the smoke, but of a single drop of the essential oil of tobacco (nicotine) to a dog. If each would- be smoker will in this, as in other things, be guided by the unfailing monitor of experience, and act upon the dictates of common sense, no harm will come to him. The above is a short snmniary of a paper which will well-pay perusal in ^exteiiso. PRO BONO PUBLICO. GREVILLEA ROBUSTA. Kotagalla, Aug. 16. Dear Sir, — Sometime ago — there was a query ly a correspondent, in the columns of the T.A. as to the . I calculate that this average means 39 cents to the Planter — at present exchange, if his business is managed well ; so that Colombo at .39 cents and London at 39 cents are apparently on a level. Only London is selling a larger bulk of fine tea in this average, and Colombo a larger bulk of common. Now let us look at further facts: The following Ceylon teas were sold in London auction of 27th July, by Messrs. Geo. White & Co. Was sold in Last price in London. Colombo pence ; Murraywaithe bro. pek. Naseby do 9| Glasgow bro. or. pek. 91 By Messrs, W. H. Thompson was cents : 48 or 9Jd 90 or l/3i 73 or 1/1 & Co. Dealla bro. pek. 6| . . 46 or 8§ Pedro bro. or. pek. lOJ . . 88 or 1/3| Heihersettbro. or.pek. 8J ... 64 or 11| By Messrs. Gow, Wilson & Stanton. Minna bro. or. pek. 7| . . 44 or 8J Depedene bro. pek. 6 . . 41 or 8 Murraywaithe pekoe 5 . . 31 or 6J Geragama pek. sou. 4| . . 26 or 5J Marguerita do 5J . . 37 or 7 j: This looks as if Ceylon had gone up, and that London will have to climb very much to reach her giddy height ; in fact you must quote “ London advanced Jd, London advanced Id. London advanced 6d,” etc., before she becomes equally exalted ; your “ London Firm ” or “ rather firmer ” or “ better demand ” won’t do at all. But apart from this let “ The Hills” consider a man here with orders for say America ; well he buys a tea suitable at 50 cents and makes the following calculation ; 50 cts at Is. 4d.JEx=8d.l2 Freight to America 20s.i=per ton = ■25 Commission and Shipping say = '63 Costs in America 9d. 00 Now suppose half the same tea is shipped to London and the same order is in that market — well the Lon- don dealer calculates he has to lay down at 9d. he deducts Jd. for freight and Jd. for commission and charges, together ^d, per lb. and buys in auction at 8id. This 8^d. is sent to planter minus IJd. (the freight, handling, dock, auction, brokers’ an ! mer- chants’ charges are not to be avoided when selii.ig in that market) result to planter 7Jd. nel is at la 4Jd. Ex. 44| cents about, against 50 cents realised here and yet the tea is laid down as cheaply in America. It is thus, air, that Colombo, supplying Australia, Russia and America can give the best prices ; it is more than this, because in its limited supplied market when an order comes a man who wants to buy any quantity of a special grade is forced to pay big prices or leave the grade alone ; whereas in London with its 50,000 to 80,000 packages, of tea a week a buyer can pick up when and how he likes. Because London is reported slightly firmer one must not abuse this small but pushing place if it holds its breath at its boldness in pushing prices so high ; and is slightly alarmed at the news of heavy failures among its own tea buyers. — I am, sir, with much respect, your obedient servant ETRANGER. ROYAL BOTANIC GARDENS, CEYLON : -CIRCULARS. Sept. 6. Dear Sir, — Enclosed are copies of first 2 R.B.G. circulars which will be regularly sent to you. Please note terms on which we supply to general public — postage charged to save waste of labour in sending to those wlto don’t really want them.— Your.s faithfully, JOHN C. WILLIS, Director R.B.G. INTRODUCTORY. It is intended to publish at irregular intervals, pro- bably on the average every six or eight weeks, a series of small Circulars dealing with agricultural, horticultural, and botanical topics, with special refer- ence to the w’ork carried on in the Royal Botanio Gardens. Each Circular will, as a rule, deal with one subject only, and in as clear and simple a way as possible. Sinhalese and Tamil translations will also be published when required. To residents in Ceylon thc-e Circulars will be distributed by post at a charge sufficient to cover the cost of postage and addressing. On receipt of a postal order for 50 cents the first eighteeu Circulars will be sent as they appear, and so on at the rate of 36 for each rupee received in advance. Not more than one copy will be supplied free ; second copies will be charged at “extra-colonial” rate. Single copies may be had free on personal application at any of the Gardens. Persons not re- gularly residing in Ceylon will be supplied post free with the Circulars at the rate of six for each rupee received. Single copies may be obtained at the Gardens on payment of 15 cents. The Circulars may also be obtained from Messrs. Dulau & Co., 37, Soho square, London, W. In issuing these Circulars it is not intended in any way to compete with the various Journals that deal with such subjects, but to aid and extend the useful- ness of the Botanio Gardens, and that especially in two ways, A considerable amount of experimental work in agriculture, horticulture, botany, &c., is carried on in the Gardens. The results of such work are often of considerable interest and importance, but when published in European Scientific Journals are practically inaccessible to the Ceylon public, except by meagre references in ihe annual report of this Department. In future such results will be published, at least in abstract, in these Circulars. Further, the officers of the Department carry on a very large correspon- dence with planters and others in Ceylon, India, and elsewhere, much of which is mere repetition ; e.r/., many scores of letters have been received this year asking for information about methods of plant- ing rubber, rhea, &c. By the preparation of Circulars dealing with such questions much time and labour will be saved, and at the same time much more detailed instructions can be given than by letter. The publication of these Circulars forms part of a general scheme (see Ooveriiment Gazette No. 5,481 of June 11, 1897) for the cromotion of the usefulness of this Department. The full benefit which such an in- stitution is capable of rendering to those engaged in agricultural, horticultural, and botanical pursuits in the Colony can only be attained by co-operation bet- ween it and those for whom it caters. It is proposed that, in addition to publishing these bulletins, the staff of the Department should give occasional lectures in Colombo, Kandy, or elsewhere upon important subjects of agricultural interest, such as diseases of plants, new cultivations, Ac. ; also occasional practi- cal demonstrations at the various Gardens. Tours for the study of the botany and agriculture of the various districts of the Island will be regularly made by the staff of the Department, and reports made to Government (and also published in tnese Circulars as far as desirable). On the other hand, the staff of the Department cannot without help find out everything relating to agriculture in the Colony, and the request is most earnestly made that Officials of all grades, planters, and others will assist tbjs 34 272 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST [Oct. 1, 1897. Department by informing the Director of important occurrences, such as the opening of new cultivations, the abandonment of old ones, outbreaks of disease, results of trials and experiments made, and so on. All information thus obtained will, if desired, be treated as. conftdential. In publishing these papers of instructions, sugges- tions, criticisms, &c., we do not intend to speak dog- matically, nor is it our desire that our instructions should be blindly followed. Our aim is rather to offer suggestions or criticisms which the individual cultivator may apply as he thinks best to his own case. In purely horticultural work, it is indeed possible that the most skilful men employed in these Gardens may be the equals or even superiors of any in the Island, but in the larger agricultural enterprises this cannot well be so. The practical knowledge of a skilled planter of tea, rice, or other such produce ought to be much greater than that which we possess in the same line. On the other hand, their scientific knowledge and acquaintance with cultivations of all kinds of plants in the Botanic Gardens and in different parts of Ceylon and elsewhere places the members of this staff in a good position to criticize methods in use, to suggest new or better ones, to try experiments in all directions with the best chance of obtaining good and reliable results, to advise in cases of doubt, difficulty, or disease, and so on. Thus, in the in- troduction of new cultivations into Ceylon — c.lia. — A young tree of the above fruited for the first time last Dec. It was planted in October, 1894, and is now 25 feet in height with a girth of 15 inches at three feet from the ground, this is a favourable growth as the gene- rality of Australian plants do not take kindly to our climate. A small quantity of the seed has been saved and will be distributed to members asking for it. Paddy seed to Colombo. — Read letter from the Superintendent, School of Agriculture, Colombo, dated 6th April. 1897, thanking for the two varieties of paddy sent by us at his request in March last, and promising to send shortly some seeds of Milletiasp. which makes a pretty flowering tree for parks or roadsides. Sorghum seed for Colombo. — Read letter from the Superintendent, School of Agriculture, Colombo, 20th May, forwarding a packet of seed of Milletia sp. and asking if we could send him some Sorghum seed, Cork Wa.ste. — Mr. T. Christy gives us some curious information on anotlier page in reference to this product and he a.sk.s for liints as to further uses, from Ceylon. Meantime we should like to know if the cork tree, Qxicmis could not he giown ill the drier |iarts of the island ? A Tea Factory— on the uttermost borders of Uva and amidst palm trees, is the descrip- tion given in a chatty letter on )»age 278 uf the Factory just erected for Walton Estate, Moiieragala, by Messrs. Walker & Greig. I Ids indicates both Planting and Engineer- ing enterjirise of no ordinary type and of itself ought to hurry on tiie new road and bridges to enable tlic tea to get to the Railway. Plantains Galore.— The Demerara Arrftmi reports a bnnch of bananas in Britisli Guiana tliat weighed, with the stem, 135 poumis. It was the Chinese variety known as Musa Cavendishii, similar to the same variety raised here for ex- jiort. This monster bunch had ten “liands,” with a total of 192 bananas or “tigs.” The largest band weighed twenty pounds and tliebuncli tilled a barrel. Such large bunches are not desir- able for export, as they are so unwieldy in handling. The Elorida Pineapple— says an American liajier — has established the standard of excellence. Nowhere else in the world is better fruit pio- duced, and nowhere else do inlluenees combine to produce more excellent fruit. The climate, soil and methods are all peifectly adapted. Add to this, quick transit, which will permit the fruit to nearly ripen jierfectly in the sunshine before ship- ment, and one can begin to account for the lack of core, the tender pulp, the delightful bouquet, and the delicious flavor of the Florida pine, groivu in a territory less than 200 miles long by not more than 25 miles wide. “The AonicuLTUEAL Gazette” of New South Wales, July 1897. Contents ; — Useful Australian Plants, J H. Maiden ; No. 39 — A Red Box (Euca- (lyptxis Bosistoana, F. v. M.) ; No. 40 — Comet-grass Perotis rara, R. Br.) ; Botanical Notes — A Fodder Plant for the arid interior ( Porlulacana Afra, Jacq.), the Alleged Poisonous Nature of Sorghum, Pepper- tree Oil; The Sheep Fluke (Part I.}, N. A. Cobb; Explanatory Note on the Analysis of Fertilizers, F. B. Guthrie ; Separated Milk as a tfood for Calves, M. A. O’Callaghan ; Influence of Bees on Crops, A. Gale ; Poultry Food, J. J. McCue ; Winter Dressing against Black Spot, M. Bluuno ; Orchard Notes, Geo. Waters ; Practical Vegetable and Flower Growing, W. S. Campbell ; General Notes ; Replies to Correspondents ; Agricultral So- cieties’ Shows ; Label for Specimens. Liberian Coefee, Ac. in the Straits. — A recent visilor to the Straits from Ceylon writes; — “I had a most enjoyable trip,” but was too much rushed. There was no doubt that Libevian coffee has found its habitat in the Sti'ait-i, v.ofr.' ,1, yvo-.vs most luxuriantly, but this i..r.:ij:i’ l.il; in | Lorn $44 to $25 per pical is very alarming 10 inose imeiested. I cannot help thiiddog, though, that much might be done to improve the sample by more careful drying and by picking and sizing it, like on Ceylon plan- tations ; the bean has a most excellent flavor, and one cannot detect it from “ Arabica ” when carefully made and roasted. Kuala Lampur is one of the prettiest, towns I have ever seen, most excellent public buildings and well kept park and surround- ings, in fact, one of the most striking effects in the Straits and more especially in Singapore is the neat and trim appearance of the compounds, frequently some acres in extent, surrounding the bungalows. Colombo residents might take a hint with muclT profit, THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST, 275 Oct. I, 1897.] Coconuts and CopRj^. — Certainty, writes a correspondent, the more distant districts shoiilu send their copra to market, and not then The weiglit of the kernel alone is reduced by one-half by drying ; add to that the cost of tranr-poit of the shell aiul the water \yhicli aie thrown away ; and yon will see how carnage tells. Cacao Disease and the R. B- Gardens’ Circular. — We call attention to the 'eGer ot a practical cacao planter on this subject. It is quite evident that cacao disease is far easier to grapple with than leaf disease or bug in conee, if only systematic care is e.xercised and caretul ob- servation made. Separate cacao trees can be treated in detail, and reliable results arrived at, when there are only 300 to the acre- far more so than was the case with coffee Arahica with 1,200 bushes to the acre. Our correspondent a,d- vocates the use of lime and wood ashes tor the benefit of trees affected : the expermient is well worth trying. “Royal Botanic Gardens’ Circulars.”— We call attention to the letter of the Director on this subject, to his introductory notice and to the first of the series of periodical Circulars, all ot which we reproduce in full today and \velcome with much pleasure. Such periodical deliv'eranccs on certain products cannot tail to be useful, and for onr own part, as reproduced regularly in our monihXj Tropical Acjnculturist, they cannot tail to increase its interest and usefulness especially to readers in other tropical Depemlencies. 1 he discussions sure to arise in the daily press, out of certain of the Circulars as lime rolls on, will also he of service when recorded simultaneously 111 our periodical. In the present case - the circular upon the cacao disease and suggested remedies-there is not much to be said, as the matter has recently been very exhaustively treated in our columns. But we notice that Messrs. Willis and Gieen aie not very hopeful about the old Criollo cacao and strongly recommend all further planting to be with Forastero. British Central Africa. -Mr. John M. Moir, one of the oldest and leading coffee planters in Nyasaland, was to leave Edinburgh on 28th August for B. C. Africa. Mr. Moir sends us an advance copy of his paper for, British Association for the Advancement op Science. Toronto, 1897.— The Climatology of Africa. —Sixth Report of a Committee, consisting of Mr. E. G. Ravenstein (Chairman), Sir John Kirk, Mr. G. J. Symons, Dr. H. R. Mill, and Mr. H. N. Dickson (Secretary). (Drawn up by the Chairman.) In the present report we are able to publish abstracts of two years’ observations made by our old and valued correspondent, Mr. J. M. Moir, at Lauderdale. Mr. Moir is, after a holiday at home, about to return to Nvasaland; but bis work has been continued during his absence by Mr. Thomson. We are also enabled, through the courtesy of Mr, A Sha^e, to publish rainfall observations for ten stations. Larlier unpublished observations for Livingstonia have been added from the note-book of the late Mr. Stewart. Rainfall in Nyasaland — Year 1896. Chiromo Chikwawa Cholo (Nyamteti Estate) Mandala (Blantyve) Zomba (Residency) Mlanje — Lauderdale Nyasaland Coffee Co. Fort Johnston — Fort African Lakes Co Inches. 34-39 28-78 .51-26—81 days 52-60 63-34 108-15 78-54 42-20 45-74 Likoma (Univ. Miss.) . . 50-58 Bandawe (Livingstonia Mission) 92-59 — 126 days Cotton. — The e.xpeiiment made witli seeds of the best kind of Egyi>tiaii cotton in the Horti- cnltuial Gardens, Lucknow, gives yiroinise of some succe.ss. The plants are profusely covered with blossom, and it is hoped that they will give a good (leal of cotton. — Pioneer, Sept. 11. Fisu Guano. — A Ceylon reader writes us from Kandy that Fish Guano has been tried on tea with very poor results. The favourite fertilizer employed is nitrate of soda. A comparison between the two is of course impossible without the fullest data, but we cannot help thinking that the guano has not been given a fair trial. W e hear it is a new but great favourite wilh coffee planters in South India. — Plantinff Opidion. The “Indian Forester,’’ edited by .J. W. Oliver, Conservator of Forests, and Director of the Forest School, Dehra Dun, August 1897. — Contents: Original Articles and Translations-r-The Expoit Works in the Bamsu Forest (illustrated) by G. E. McA. M. Correspondence — Irregnlarity in the Growth of Teak, letter from S. C. ; The nutnber of acres in a Cape Morgen, letter from A. W. Heywood. Reviews — Forest Administration in the Northern and Central Circle of Bombay during 1895-96. Extracts, Notes and Queries. Timber and Produce Trade. Extracts from Official Gazettes. Appendix Series of the Indian Fortsler. Reports by E. E. Fernandez, Esq.. (Re- port of Pine in Germany and Switzerland), Gonsr, of Forests, l^art III. Tapioca as a Food Crop. —The Englishman remarks that a good deal of corre.spondence has been taking place on the subject of the introduc- tion into India of the Manioc or M.aiidioca (Tapioca) plants of South America as an alterna- tive food-cro]) in time.s of prolonged drought and famine. It ayipears that the proposal emanated fn.m Dr. Halliday Gunning, who has resided for a long time in Brazil, and is of opinion ilia the plant could he used as an alternative food'- when the rice-crop tailed in rice-eating districts. It is -pointed out that tapioca is already regularly cultivated in the Dinaji»ui, Rangpur, Bogra, and Jalpaiguridistricts of Bengal. 3Tie yield [ler acre is very large. In most parts of India, however, the peojde have a prejudice .against eating the root, and it is grown merely as a hedge plant. Any attempt, therefore, to intioduce the plant generally as an alternative for rice would pro- bably fail, though its cultivation might he en- couraged in Northern Bengal, where the people are accustomed to regard it in the light of a foodstuff. Pronunciation: “Cocaine” (8th S. xi 485). — The note leferred to is in several particulars somewhat misleading to \A\e simpheitas laicorum. What is im^ant by “words of this formation” I do not quite undeistfuid, but there are many words, ajiparently formed on the same principle as those referred to, in which the termination ine does not denote an alkaloid, as, for example, iodine, bromine, glycerine, chlorine, crocine, and carmine. Nor is it quite correct to say that an alkaloid is the active principle of a thing. Many plants yield half a dozen alkaloids, none of which can properly be said to be the active principle of the plant. Opium, for instance, yields, besides morphine, papaverine, thebaine, codeine, narcotine, narceine , and ]u-obably several more, each of which has properties of its own, none of which has precisely the same value as any other. There are alkaloids, too, which occur in' more tli.an one plant (caffeine, for instance, occurs in both tea and coffee), and there are animal alkaloids, .and artificial alkaloids almost without end, to which your correspondent’s de- scription would not apply. — C.C.B. — Notes and, Queries, July 10. 27^ THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [Oct. i. 1897. THE TEA TRADE OF THE FAR EAST: SOMETHING FOR THE “COMMITTEE OF THIRTY •’ TO FONDER OVER : AN INCRKASE, RATHER THAN DECREASE, IN TOTAL TEA EXPORTS FROM CHINA, JAPAN, AND FORMOSA; LARGE TO'I'AL CONSUMPTION OF FAR EAST TEAS IN RUSSIA AND AMERICA. The friends of China tea who bemoan tlie fallinpi-off in exports to tlie United Kin lies have a strip of garden ground, for if they ever cultivate it, they take an interest in it, and are loathe to throw it all up at the bidding of their cangany. I believe in distributing vegetable seeds. (10- Coolies prefer to meet, at some central place for their weekly supplies, as they can then depend on seeing their relations and friends. Boutiques on estates I think, generally lead to illicit sale of arrack, and perhaps for reception of stolen produce. (II) Liquor shops in the neighbourhood of estates are a perfect curse and genei-ally mean at least ten per cent more loafers about estate lines, than there would otherwise be. “LUNUGALLA.” No. XXV.— High District. (1) Evei’y tea estate ought to have wire shoots leading to the factory wherever the lay of the land is favourable. The damage they do to tea leaf is practically nil. 28a THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST, (2) Endless rox^es, or aerial tramways, for uphill transport in the field, and all machinery in the fac- tories are labour-saving appliances. (3) On most upoountry estates, I should say the gradients are too steep for gi-ound tramways, but wherever an easy gradient is obtainable they might be very useful. (-1) From long experience, my opinion is that weeding cannot be overdone, provided it is done care- fully, With the minimum of scrypiing of the soil omy allowed. Of course, it can be greatly overdone when lieo.vy , SCI’,. pel’s and lUamoties are in use, (5) 1 do n.t think any savi\,g of labour can be effected by weeding less frequently, but just the reverse, as if the w'eeus were left for some months, one weeding would pirobably cost a great deal more than two or three monthly weediugs. As to selected weeding, I am afraid it would be hopeless, as the extra supervision and trouble it would entail would be infinite. The weeders would most certainly le^ve obnoxious weeds, in the shape of grasses, &c,, amongst the ferns and other selected weeds, which in time would lead to no end of trouble and ex^iense. I have personally tried it and found it a failure. (6) I have never tried any experiments in luxiines, &c. (7) If the estate is liandweeded, or practically so, the present system of draining, on our .steep hill sides, cannot well be improved upon, if the drains are close enough, say half-a-chain apiart, and traced at proper gradients, say 1 in 12 to 1 in 16. (8) The use of bullock and hand carts as much as x^ossible. (9) I think the coolies ought to be allowed more space f ,1' gardens &c. than they generally have at presenc. Some Superintendents, in my opinion, are very parsimonious in this direction. All coolies ap- preciate a good plot of ground however small, and at present I fancy not more than 20 % of our I'.ibour force have anything of the sort. Those who have not, very often feel the want of this conve- nience and have to go to the villages, and other places, to buy vegetables &c. instead of having a supply at their doors. (10) In some districts bazaars are plentiful and in others they are insufficient, but it is almost impossible to get coolies to take their supplies from any one place. They will go miles to get their currystnffs at a fraction less cost than they could get the same articles on, or near to, the estate for an insignificant extra cost. (11) Not much trouble about liquor shops in this district, but there is no doubt the fewer there are the better, although I think it would scarcely do to abolish them altogether. G.J.E. No. XXVI.— I,otv District. (1) Wire shoots are iu use for firewood and leaf on many estates, but the formation of the land and situa- tion of the factories render them impracticable on many other-. (2) There is no work so hard on coolies c.r which disgusts them so much as carrying chests of tea. Light narrow hand carts would obviate this very much and ought to be in more general use than they are. (3) On the majority of estates, no practicable, would pay on very few. (4) No, but often underdone. (5) There ought to be 11’ tie weeding. Clean the land thoroughly to begin with and never allow weeds to get to a length that the soil would be disturbed by taking them out. Mosses should never be disturbed — they grow in »et seasons— and go off when heat and drought set in having served a good x>urpose while they lasted. (6) No, nor do I believe it would be advisable in Ceylon where our lands are so steep even though we had the Irr our, nor do I believe it would return the cost. (7) The present system, I believe, is as good as we could get but the distance between the drains is often too great ; with 16 to 19 chains drains to the acre [Oct. I, 1897. according to soil and lay of land, there won’t be much wash. (8) Hand carts for transport of tea. lead, building materials, everything, where practicable will save 30 per cent to 40 per cent in cost and be much easier for the coolies. (9) Certainly give coolies plenty of girdeu .space ; it makes them more at home, and if thsy barter a pumpkin or a few tweet potatoes for a coconut at the caaies, why not ? In the low country it i.s a wise thing t ) dot the estate over With jak trees — :n.';v will begin to bear at 6 years. Set apart a diviii. u for each set of lines to get the fruit and lease out the balance— the Sinhalese will readily take it up. — Estates with plenty of jak trees will never be snort of coolies. (11) Liquor shops— especially illicit — are unmiti- gated evils in every district and Government Agents and Police Superintendents are powerless to suppress them, — though the places are pointed out to them. They are above detective work themselves ; the supposed detectives they send are well entertained and bribed and report “nothing wrong.” ^ W.M.U. PICKINGS. Indian Ink, says the Tnrhan Forester, is made in China as follows: — SESAMTJM (GINGELLY) OB COLZA OIL or oil extracted from the seeds of Dryandra Cordate varnish and pork fat. The lampblack got by burning these is mixed with glue and made into a paste which is beaten on wooden anvils with steel ham- mers. Generally some musk or campnor is added for the odour, and gold leaves to give a metallic lustre. Two good hammers can prepare 80 pieces each weighing half a pound. The price varies from 2s or less per lb. to as much as ±7 per lb., there being over a dozen different grades. In 1895, about two tons of Indian ink were exported to foreign countries from Shanghai valued at £564, but the best part of the manufactured ink laud the best qualities) are used in China and not exported. According to tho Ay ricultiiral Gazette of N. S. Wales, “ Experiments with RHEA have shown that this fibre plant will thrive to perfec- tion in the loose, well-drained, sandy loams of onr Northern river districts.” The Government is anxious to encourage the cultivation of the crop on a com- mercial scale and intends offering a special prize for quantities of the product suitable for export. It is said that numbers of farmers have already arranged to put small areas uud.r Rhea this year. Ceylon Tea in Ameeic.a and on the Con- tinent OF Europe.— The “Thirty Committee” have re.solved tluat the Tea Advertising Cam- paign must be vigorously pressed in America for another year, at lea.st : £12,000 liave accord- ingly been voted for Mr. Wni. Mackenzie to spend during 1898, and attention is to be given to the Western States. For Russia £2,000 liave been voted ; but we were not told who are to be the Adverti-iiig Agents. For the re.st of Europe, but more particularly Austria and Hun- gary, the great tea bouse of Messrs. Cooper, Cooper & Co., are to be assisted in advertising! Wliat will “ Horniinaii'.s ” and other rival liouses say to this? However, the woik ol advei tisino- is to go on merrily and that much good may come of it must be the earnest wish of ail in Ceylon. We only hope the Indian Tea estate propiietors will do tlieir duty as fully as tlieir Ceylon brethren. If Ceylon expends £12 000 in America, India ought to lay out £16.000 to £18,000 ; and in same proportion in Russia, &c. If further warning as to the need is required! Ave would just point to tlie latest deliverance of the Investors’ Guardian quoted on page 283 et scq. Oct. r, 1897.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 283 TEA IN CALCUTTA ; FACTORY BULKING. (From William Moran ct- Co.’s Market Report.) Calcutta, Sept. 1. Factoby Bulking.— In a circular dated 23rd August just issued by the Indian Tea Association, the pro- ceedings are reported of a meeting held in London, at- tended by most of the influential men of the Indian and Ceylon Tea Trade. Mr. Peek, the Chairman of the Dealers’ Association, said : “ The Trade would like to know where the Tea was bulked, but they pre- ferred hulking in the Factori/, because Tea got injured by being hulked in London." He further stated with regard to Teas not bulked on the Factory : “ That what professed to be a sample of the bulk in some instances, was not what it purported to be, the result being, that the Trade not only had parcels of Tea thrown up by their customers, but often lost an account in conse- quence.” In the face of this very decided opinion in favour of Bulking on the factory, we invite Agents and Managers to give it their attention, no chance should be lost to give Indian Tea every advantage iu our power, to further its popularity with the consumer. Owing to the heavy arrivals of our Crop, during the rainy months in London, and the present system which prevails of bulking all Teas, exposure to the d.amp at- mosphere is unavoidable, even under the most careful superintendence, as the bulking rooms, by the Fire In- surance rules, cannot be artificially heated and many fine parcels suffer in consequence and lose their flavour. If Factory bulking can be made really reliable, we think, it will prove a great boon to the Trade. TEA PLANTING IN ANNAM. A French paper states that after a long series of efforts and attempts which have been pursued with indomitable patience two Frenchmen have at last succeeded in giving to Annam a new industry in tea planting. It was in 1780 that the first attempt took place without any result ; but in 1835 a French missionary residing at Phu-Thuong succeeded with a great deal of energy in getting some tea plantations started, but he was obliged to return to France, and thus the result of his energy was for a time dormant. Another missionary, after the insurrection of 1885, succeeded to some extent in making the population understand the value of tea planting. From that time all the neighbouring villages vied with each othsr to such an extent that now all the hillocks of Tung-Sen, Kien-Kien, Phu-Hoa, &c., are covered with tea, where formerly nothing but unhealthy shrubs were growing. Subsequently some French merchants came, they rented a few plots, and undertook to propagate by example in practising on their own plantations a well understood pruning, thus making the plants strong and healthy. A mission was sent to China, another to .lava and Ceylon. A temporary factory was created in 1895, and today the cause has been so well fought that all the dis- trict of Phu-Thuong is devoted to the methodical culture of tea. A large brick and stone factory was constructed at Phu-Thuong at the beginning of this year, where the tea leaves are prepared as at Java and Ceylon, but without the addition of the- perfume to which the Chinese have accustomed the Europeans. — L. and C. E.xpress, Aug. 27. PAPA W- JUICE. A 301b-case of the concrete juice of the papaw [Carica Papaya), shipped from Ceylon, was included in the drug-sales recently. It consisted of small irregular masses of a light brown colour, having an odour somewhat resembling that of Para-rubber. Papaw- juice is obtained by scarification from the unripe fruits, and is generally employed medicinally in countries where the tree is found. The active prin- ciple papain is readily precipitated by the auction of alcohol. Many virtues are attributed to papaw-juice ; it is said to have the property of rendering tough meat tender, is used in the treatment of dyspepsia, diphtheria and as an anthelmintic, and is also recommended or eczema. The lot in question was sold at 5s per lb., “subject to approval.”— CAsHtwt and Druggist, Aug. 28. TEA SHARES AS AN INVESTMENT: INDIA AND CEYLON. In our recent article we tabulated the uet revenue receipts for 1895 of nearly one hundrjd tea-produc- ing Companies of India and Ceyioii. These statis- tics showed that 57 Indian Companies, with an ag- gregate paid-up capital of T4, 730, 523, .last year earned a net profit of T4i7,197, equal to 9'45 per cent, and 37 Ceylon Companies, with a capital of T2,531,112, made £272,229, equal to iO'75 per cent. Together, the ninety-four Companies with a paid up share capi- tal of f 7,2ol,635, made t'719,420 iii net profits, equal to 9'90 per cent, ail round. These figures, we re- marked at the time, pointed to tea-growing as a very remunerative underiaking, and it being, in our opinion, a sound and weil-estabiished industry, we unhesitatingly commended the debenture and pre- ference shares generally as affording opportunities for safe investment. We added, however, that there were circumstances affecting the future of the trade which needed to be carefully considered in estimating the value of the ordinary shares as a permanent investment. The consideration of these circumstances is the purpose of the present aitioie. The immediate danger which threatens the tea trade is that of over-production, with all its associated evils. Hitherto India and Ceylon planters have had a com- petitive market in which to place their increas d outturn, but that market has now been won and fully supplied. The British market has shown tre- mendous elasticity in the past for the teas of India and Ceylon, but it has been very greatly at the expense of those of Chinese growth. China is now almost completely beaten out of competition, there- fore the expansion of the home market for tea in the future must depend upon additional consump- tion per head, and the uatuial increase iu the popula- tion. It is improbable that these possible sources of increased demand will be sufficient to take the increase in the crop which would result merely from improved cultivation of the old gardens, and it is altogether impossible that the British market can by any means take up the enormous increase in the out-turn which must result from the very large ex- tensions which are being made. The trade therefore depends upon the opening up of new markets — in Europe, America, Australia, and South Atrica. Each of these continents offers the possibilities for a large trade, but in many instances they are pioneer, not competitive market.s. Speaking broadly, they are not already occupied by another variety of tea, with which the product of the Indian and Ceylon gardens has only to be brought into competition to win, hands down. In considering the value of the ordinary shares of British tea companies, it is of primary importance to gauge what probability there is of British-grown tea finding acceptance in these new countries. A large increase in the out-turn in the immediate future may be taken for granted. If it needs to be substan- tiated. we have only to refer to the extensions of their old gardens which are being, or have recently been made, by nearly every company — in some cases very Large extensions — and the new areas which are being brought into cultivation. We are informed by an old planter of many years experience, that had there been sufficient labour to have gathered the whole of the Ceylon crop of last year, the market would have been glutteo. This shows how imminent the danger of over- production is. There is no doubt that when, in the course of years, the young plants which have been put iu during the last year or two, come into lull bearing the inci ease must be something enormous. It is quite unnecessary to labour the point of how disas- trous must be the effect of tliis large increase on the price of tea, unless the demand of the new markets is couunensurate with tne increase of one out-turn. What are the prospects of new markets ? Take first America. The consumption of tea iu the United States in 1890-92 was about eighty-two or eighty-three million lb.; in 1893 the imports were 88,000,000 lb. j in 1894, 984 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [Oct, I, 1897. 91,800,000 lb. ; in 1895, 96,.500,000 lb. ; and n 1896 over 100,000,000 lb. Canada imported in 1896 about 22,000,000 lb. These figures are unofficial, and too much reliance must not be placed upon them. The tea for American consumption, however, is supplied almost wholly from China and Japan. The consump- tion of British-grown tea, althongh increasing, is in- significant. According to Mr. Blechynden, the agent of the Indian Tea Association, Indian tea is displacing the China varieties in the American market. Although the capture of this market would be a valuable prize for the Indian tea industry, we do not think that it is in this displacement that British planters can look for relief from the threatened evils of over-production. The American consumption averages only 1^ lb. per head of the population, against 8 or 9 lb for the United Kingdom, and we note also that Mr. Blechynden, in his 1896 report, specially qualifies his statement regarding the displacement of China teas, by adding, parenthetically, “not Jap.an.’’ This indi' oates that the energetic and enterprising Jap will prove a more formidable competitor than his neighbour, the Chinaman. We think, therefore, that the best chance for Indian and Ceylon tea lies i . creating a demand of its own, not in attempting to take the market — and that a comparatively small one— from rival varieties. That would come later, in the natural course of things. British-grown tea is steadily making its way in the favour of our American cousins and Canadian breth- ren as the following statistics, being the imports from 1690 to 1895, will show : — 1890 1891 1892 2,364,152 lb. 2,635,772 ,, 3,208,655 1893 1894 1895 1896 (C. S.) 9,474,019 lb. 4,211,075 lb. 5,379,542 „ 9,283,144 „ This improvement continues, and Mr. Wm. McKenzie, the agent of the Ceylon Association, reports that the shipments of Ceylon and Indian teas for London to North America in January and February of this year amounted to 1,202,0001b. against 262,0001b. in the corresponding months of the previous year. There was also a much larger shipment direct from Colombo and Calcutta, although he adds that the apprehension that a duty might be put upon tea may partly account for the enorm us increase. Notwithstanding this, it is estimated that during the present year the American market will take upwards of five or six million lb. more than in 1896. If this expectation be realised — and there is every indication that it will — the outlook for Biitish-grown tea securing at least a f A 00 (S O O -I -J O O -to C5 i-. cc JO 00 C-1 O ^ CO 05 CO cc> 01 00 ^ OCfSOQ*^I^OO- COOGJtHOJOr— C O O CO r-i o -^ *^ I*- (>1 00 I-X t— O •»^’ *^ I- 1-1 cs CO I*- CO • 00 O • CO r-i W Tit 05 OJ 05 07 CO 05 CO to Tj4 Til VO O Ti< 01 (M OJ CD O C3 O : 00 o . 05 o CCOTC/6 6^ CO 05 Tj4 CO 07 05 O I-- COCO a cocoa QO VO Tji CO ^5 PQ >000 c 7 0 0 0 C 5 05 C5 O C - O *0 CO • C VO Ti< 00 • 1- t> CO c-l CO O CD CO rHf O 00 O C/i VO O t-H •> I- I - 5 TJ1 10 a 1— 05 p- 03 O »0 vO 01 (M CD CD C-l >0 O O 00-0-^rHfNOff0 0ii-HC0v0Tji05vo CC03000505COCDOlcOCDVOt^O C01*^Tji05Tt'TliCO'^05»OOOvOi— ICO Ol CO t-h O' 05 CO I— — • O 05 1— ( 5 lO fH 01 CO O CO ^ 00 *jO — ■ o o 50 1'-i-Hi--0700C:cOOOOOOC5— 1 :cOOCD*Di— l. 'Si CO IC o o T— 05 I— Tjt iM Tfi CD 05 - c M a 230887 07 CO CO 07 Ti« CO CO ,§ . . . Tft 00 CO ... CO © fH CD 1>00 CD © r- CO CD SO 00 O r-t u-5 00 00 01 I- 05 t-i © CD 00 CO o o o VO o o 00 CD O O Tfi to c M ^c3 S . fi='5 TT CO 07 00 © 00 Tji cvj rH rH 4© 07 t- ^ 072 286 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST, [Oct. Li 1897. MARKET RATES FOR OLD AND NEW PRODDCTS. (Prom Lewis d; Peat's Fortnightly Prices Current, London, Scptenxbcr 8th, 1897.) ALOES, Soccolviiie cwt. Zauziliar Hepatic „ BEES’ WAX, „ Zanzibar & j White „ Bombay I Yellow,, Madagasciir ,, CAMPHOR, China Japan ,, CABDAM(!MS, Malabarlb Ceylon. — i ysore ,, „ Tellicherry,, , Long ,, Mangalore,, CASTOR OIL. Calcutta,, Madras ,, CPU LIES, ill cwt. CINCHONA BARK.— Ceylon lb. Cl N N /■ M OIS , Ceylon Isti- per lb 2iirif 3rds ttliS Cliii s CLOVES, Penang lb. Ainboyna Zanzibar \ and Pemba / Stems ( OCULITS IXUKIIS cwt. COFFBE Ceylon Plantation ,, Native Liberian COCOA, Ceylon COLOMBO LOOT COIR ROPE, Ceylon Cochin ton fibre, Brush . „ Cochin ,, Stuffing ,, COIR YARN, Ceylon „ Cochin ,, •do. ,, CROTON SEELS, sift. cwt. OUlCH , - G1 BULB, Bengal, rough „ Calicut, Cut A ,, B & C ,, Cochin Rougl. ,, Japan ,, qDM AMMOBIACBM ,, an 11, Zanzibar , Madagascar ,, AEAlICE.T &Adfn „ Turkey sorts ,, Gbatti ,, Kurrachee , , Madras ,, assalcetii a ,, lUBO UnBEl I, looked ,, Aden sorts „ ■OLIBANUM, drop ,. pickings ,, .siftings ,, INDl ARUl BE L , As.sam lb Rangoo „ Borneo „ QUALIl V. QUOTATIOBS. 1 UlALITV. QUOTATIONS 1 Fair to fine dry 14s a 120s INDIARUBBER, (Contcl). Comn2on to good lisa 76s Java, Sing. & Penang lb. / Foul to good clea.n .. Good to fine Ball Is a 2s 3d 2s 3d a 2s 7id Good to fine fi7 a £8 Ordinary to fair Btill... Is 2d a 2s 2d I’nir £.') 12/G a £5 17/€ Mozambique ,, •< 1 Low sandy Ball lOdalsld Dark to good pali.sh . C5 15s a 2/6 Sausage, fair to good . Liver and liverv Ball.. Is 9d a 2s 71d Fair average quality ... Clifiped, bold, bright.fine 92s 6d V Is 4d a 2s 3d 102s 6d ( iFr. to fine pinky & white 1.S lid a 2s 6d 3s a 3s Id Madag.ascar ,, -i Fair to good black ... Is 6d a Is lOd Middling, stalky & lean 2s 6d a 2s 9d Niggers, low to good.. Is a Is 5i\ Fair to tine plump 2s ed a 3s 9d INDIGO, E.I. Bengal-- .Seeds 2s ed a 3s Id Shipping mid togd violet 4s 4d a 5s Id vioodtofllir ... -s Pd a 3s Consuming mid. to gd. 3s 4d a 5s Brownish 2s 6d [Ordinary to mid. good !Mid. to good Knrpah.. 2s If d a 3s 3d .Slielly to good 2s a 2s 9d ■2s a £s ed Med brown to good hola 3s Sd a 3s 6d Low to ordinary Is 3d a Is lid Ists and 2iids j^d a 4|d •bid. to good Madras... Is Id a 2s 3d ■;d MACE, Bombay & Penang Pale reddish to fine .. Is lud a 2s 9d Dull to tine brigiit •Es a 40s per lb. Ordinary to fair Pickings 1 s 6d a 1 s 9d i .s 3§d a Is 4d Ledgeriana Chips 2d a ed MYRABOLANES, \ . Jladras J Dark to fine pale UG... 3s 9d a 5s 6d Crown, Renewed . . 2d a 41, d Fair Coast 4s 6d Org. Stem Ud a 3Jd Bombay „ Jubblepore 4s a 7s Hybrid Root 2id a 2id Bhimlies Is 3d a 9s Chip ijda 2d Rbajpore. &c. :s 9d a 7s Ordinary to fine quill.. lUifi a Is Cd Bengal ,, Calcutta 3s 6d a 5s 6d lod a Is 5d NUTMEGS— lb. C'l’s to 57’s Is a 3s 2d »• Ogcl a Is 3d Bombay & Penang ,, llO’s to 65's Is Sd a 2s 9d Jf S^d a Is 160’s to 130’s 8d a Is Id kl a 3d NUTS, ARECA cwt. Ordinary to fair fresh... I2s a 14s Dull to fine brigiit bold 4;d a 9id NUX VOMICA, Bombay Ordinary to middling.. is a 6s 6d Dull to tine od a 4|d per cwt. JIadras Fair to good bold fresh ,s a 7s 6d Good and tine brigiit 2jd a 2|d Small ordinary and fail 6s 6(1 Common di ll to fair . J^d a 2 9-16d OIL OF ANISEED lb Fair merchantable :>s 3d Fair Id CASSIA ,, According to analysis. s a 7s Gd Fair 8s ed LEMONGRA.SS NUTMEG Good flavour & colour., idngy to ^vhite 2fd isd a 4d Bold to fine bold colory 110s a 116s CINNAMON Ordinary to fab- .sweet.. 4d a Is 7d Middling to tine mid . Low mid. and low grown loss a inssed y7s Cd a 101s CITRONELLE ORCHELLA WEED- cwt Bright <)i good flavour is 1^1 a Is 2d Smalls 86s a 98s Ceylon ,, Mid. to tine not woody,. 10s a 12s 6d Good ordinary 65s a 89s ed Zanzibar. ,, Picked clean flat leaf ... 10s a 15s Small to bold Bold to fine bold .;8s a 50s 70s a 80s PEPPER - (Black) lb. ,, wiry Mozambique 10s a 11s Medium and fair 64s a 68s Gd Alleppee & Tellicherry Singapore Fair to bold heavy .. lid a 35-16d Triage to ordinary 46s a 55s Fair >|da 3 7-161 Fair to good 20s a SOs Acheen & W. C. Penang Dull to fine Ifd a 3id nominal PLUMBAGO, lump cwt. Fair to tine bright bold 15s a I7s6d Ordinary to fair £10 a £16 Middling to good small -3s 6d a 13s Ovd. to tine long straight £10 a £21 chips ,, Dull to tine bright Is 6d a 8s 9d Ordinary to good clean £15 a £21 dust ,, Ordinary to fine bright •2s a 6s Common to tine £5 a £6 10s SAFFLOWER Good to fine pinky SOs a 80s Common to superior £12 a £26 10s Middling to fair 60s a lOs ,, ,, very tine .. Roping, fair to good .Ul2 a £'34 eioiosa^eis SANDAL WOOD— Inferior and pickings .. 50s a 55s Dull to fair 50s a 60s Bombay, Logs ton. Fair to fine flavour £20 a £35 Fair to tine dry 9s 3d a 32s 6d Chips ,, ... ... ,,, 5s a £3 Fair 16s Madras. Logs ., Fair to good flavour . , £30 a £50 Good to fine bold 70s a 80.S C hips ,, Inferior to fine £4 a £8 Small and medium 3Cs a 68s 6d SAPANWOOD Bombay,, Lean to good £4 a i!5 Coniinoii to fine bold . 2:;s a 60s Madras ,, Good average £4 a £5 nom Small and D’s lOs a 27s 6d Manila ,, Rough & rooty to good £4 10sa£6 15s Unsolit 13s a ISs 6d Siam 1 bold smooth.. 4^6 a i.7 Sm. blocky to fine clean SOs a 50s SEEDLAC cwt. Ord. dusty to gd. soluble 70s a SOs Picked fine pale in sorts .£10 7s 6d a £13 SENNA, Tinnevelly lb Good to fine bold green 4d a 7d Part yellow and mixed £717/6a£10 10s Fair middling indium 2Jd a 4id Bean and Pea size ditto Amber and dk. red bold 70s a £7 12/6 £6 10s a £7 10s SHELLS, M. O’PEARL— Common dark and small Id a 2d Med. Jt bold glassy sorts SOs a 137s 6d Bombay cwt. Bold and A’s £5 7/6 a £5 12/6 E’air to good palish .. £4 8s a £8 D’s and B’s £4 7/6 a £5 12/6 .. ,, red £4 5.S a £9 Small i 3 17/6 a £4 7/6 Ordinary to good pale 40s a 62s td M ussel . , Small to bold 20s a 55s 56s a 85s TAMARINDS, Calcutta.. c\iid.to flue bl’k not stony 7s a 8s 6d Pickings to line pale ... Good and tine pale 20s a 65s 52s Cd a 60s ]ier cwt. Madras TORTOISESHELL— stony and inferior 4s a 6s Reddish to pale selected 35s a 45s Zanzibar & Bombay lb. Small to bold dark / 18s a 25s Dark to fine pale 35s a 40s mottle part heavy 1 Clean fr to gd. almonds 40s a SOs TURMERIC, Bengalcwt. Fair 10s a 10s 6d Old. stony and blocky SOs a 37s Madras „ Finger fair to fine bold 16s a 17s Fine bright £45 a £55 Do. Mix'ed midlng. [bright 12s a 13s Fair to tine pale 70s a 82s Od Do. Bulbs 12s Middling to good 33s a 57s Cd Cochin ,, Finger l'2s 6d Good to tine white ... Middling to fair 34s a 60s 20s a 31s VANILLOES— lb. Bulbs 7s 3d Low to good pale 11s a 12s 6d Mauritius and 1 Ists Gd. crysallized 31 a 9 in. 22s a SOs Slightly foul to tine ... 9s 6d a 14s Bourbon ... / 2nds Foxy & reddish 41 a 8 ,. 17s a 26s 6d Good to tine Is 9d a 2s 4d Seychelles 3rds Lean and inferior 12s a 16s Common to foul & mxd. E’air to good clean Common to tine 3d a Is 6d Is 4d a 2s 2d VERMILION lb. Fine, pure, brigiit 2s 2d Is 2d a Is 9d WAX, Japan, scxuares cwt. Good white hard lls TSIE COLOMBO. Added cifi a Siipplement Monthly to the “ TROPICAL AGRICULTURISIL The following pages include the Contents of the Agricultural Magazine for October : — Vol. IX.] OCTOBER, 1897. [No. 4. SEASON REPORTS. ESTlUtN Province. — Paddy. Yala harvest has begun; the excessive rains have to some extent damaged the crop. Central Province.— 'PhMy. Ahila crop being harvested in Kandy and Matale district. Rain- fall registered at Matale 10 77 in. Northern Province.— Vs\.My. Ploughing and manuring going on in Jaffna for next yeir’s Kalapokam. Rainfall at Jaffna 5 41 in. Threshing of Kalaiiokara going on in Mannar as well as manuring of fields and tobacco gardens. Southern Pron/wce.— Paddy. Yala harvest over’ and yield fair; good crop under Walawe channels^ Preparations for Maha cultivation begun. Eastern Province. — Paddy. Piiimari culti- vation over 8,030 acres in good condition and ear. Murrain in some parts of Batticaloa South- N orth- Western Province. — Paddy. Prospects of Yala crop good. Murrain in the Three Korales_ Rainfall at Puttalam 2'11 in. Province of Uca — Paddy. Maha harvest still going on. Health of cattle good. Province of Sabaragamuwa. — Paddy. Yala har- vest in progress; prospects good. No cattle murrain reported. North-Central Province — Paddy. Crop matur- ing and being reaped, prospects good on the whole. Rainfall at Anuradbapura 1'83 in. RAINFALL TAKEN AT THE SCHOOL OF AGRICULTURE DURING THE MONTH OF SEPTEMBER, 1897. 1 Wednesday . . Nil 17 Friday Nil 2 Thursday . . •42 18 Saturdav •75 3 Friday •50 19 Sunday •95 4 Saturday •07 20 ■Monday Nil 5 Sunday •19 21 Tiie.'^d-iy Nil 6 jMonday •05 22 Wedne.-^day . . Nil 7 Tuesday •3) 2--3 Thursday •11 8 IVednesday . . ■09 24 Friday Nil 9 Thursday . . •13 25 Saturday Nil 10 Friday Nil 26 Sunday •14 1 1 Saturday . . •80 27 Monday •43 12 Sunday ‘8*3 28 Tuesday Nil 13 Monday Nil 29 IVednesdav. . •11 14 Tuesday Nil 30 Thursday . . Nil 1-5 Wedne.-iday, . •12 1 Friday •30 16 Thursday . . Nil Total . .6-32 Mean. . -21 Greatest amount of rainfall in any ‘24 hours on the 19th, Sunday, ’95 inches Recorded by A. R. Jeremiah. TREATMENT OP SUCKERS ON CACAO IN CEYLON AND THE B EST INDIES. We are accustomed in text-books whether treat- ing of agriciiit are or any other industrial pursuit to find certain hard and fast rules laid down for the guidance of the student, — rules, no doubt, founded on correct principles ; but it would be the height of absurdity tor the young agri- culturist to stick by his te.xt-book rules and re- gulations, and, irrespective of any modifying 288 [Oct. 1, 1897. Supplement to the ^‘Tropical Agriculturist." circiirnstniices, vefiise to depart one bait s breath from their teaching. This ■would be as bad as the case of the enthusiastic no'vice ■wlio sallied into the field aimed with a tome which he ever con- sulted before issuing instructions to labourers, regardless of the character of soil, lainfall, and ‘other modifying conditions. Many of our readers may have seen the text- book on Troincul Aunmltnre by Dr. Kicholls, a work which the Jamaica Government considered to be the best of those which were wiitten in com- petition for a premium offered by it. In the end the work was published by the Government of Jamaica, it received the imprimatur of so high an authority as Dr. Morris, and was highly com- mended by the West Indian press. Dr. INTcholl.s Btates that his hope— expressed in his Preface to the first edition — that the book will prove serviceable to peasant propi ietors, owners of estates, and intending settlers in trojiical countiies, is likely to be realized, while the fact that his work is being used in the colleges and higher schools in the West Indies is further testimony to the value which is attached to it. Dr. ^‘icholls himself accounts tor the success of his Tropical yformwZfwe by stating that it “is due probably to the fact that it is not a mere compilation but the record of experience that has been gained by study, observation and experimental cultivation. So that it would appear that all West Indian authorities (including the good doctor himselOhave accepted the book referred to as a standard work on the subject of which it treats. Now the West Indies, wheie Dr. Nicholls has gained all his agricultural training and experience, is the home of cacao, and therefore may we expect to have sound advice as to the method.s involved in the cultivation of the plant. We are, however, at pi esent only concerned with the treatment of Supers, and 'will tlierefoie quote from Tropical Anriculture on this ]ioint. 'in his chapter on Pruning, Dr. Nicholls thus refers to the treatment of suckers, no doubt speaking generally: “In all cases, however, suckers or robber stems, as they are called, must be re- moved from trees or bushes grown for their crops, as suckers rob the plant of much of the sap or food necessary for the growth of the flowers or fruit.” . . But acraiii writing under Pruning— but referring specially to cocoa— he says ; “ The cacao planter will have to give careful attention to the prun- ing of the trees if he wishes to get large crops. As the pods are borne on the larger branches the principle is to develope such branches by judicious pruning and to see that they are not covered up by a mass of foliage and small twigs. A typical cacao tree should have one stem giving off at a few feet from the ground three to five branches which spread in an open manner and are free from leaves except at the tops— thus the leaves shade the open interior portion without iiite’fering with a tree circulation of air. If the young plants throw out more than one main simn, the surplus ones mu^t be ].runed off ; and after the lateral branches are formed, no upward prolongation of the stem must he allowed to grow. If the tree be left alone, these upward branches will Cime off from the stem just below the laterals in the form of suckers, and to leave them on is to cause the strength to be taken off from these fruitful laterals as iv'eU as to allow the tree to run up, perhaps, for thirty feet or more, thereby causing much trouble in picking the pods. When the suckers are pruned off fresh ones will grow after a short time, so that the tree.s will require frequent attention until they are mature, when the tendency to throw out suckers will be stop]ied. Among cocoa planters in Ce's lon there may be said to have been two .schooh:, — those who believed in xjruuing, and iiarticularly suckering, and those who did not. The merits of the system of culture which each school practised were sought to be gauged by the bulk of crop which resulted in each case, and it is still xjerhaps a debateable point which gave the larger x>roduce. But of late there has been a new and uuexi;ected solution to the differences of oijinion as regards the treatment of suckeJS, worked out by the unfortunate malady, affecting cacao trees in certan districts, called hy experts “ the cacao canker.” IVe will not weary our readers by summarising the large mass of cor- respondence on the subject of this disease in cacao and its relation to the treatment of the suckers on the trees, but suffice it to .say that the tendency on the x>art of those who had studied the subject and took i>art in the discussion lias been to condemn such a mode of treatment as that which Dr. Nicholls advices in his Tropical A//ricvltnre from w’hich 'we have quoted. We do not believe that any one who has been moving about, the cacao districts and comparing the condition of the two types of estates reiu’esenting the two schools of cacao xilanters, ■will xiersist in the treat- ment W’hich favours imining and suckering’ The question which remains to be solved i.s “what reason can be assigned for the failure in Ceylon of a system of treatment which is con- sidered to suit the cocoa jjlant in the West Indies”^ OCCASIONAL NOTES. We have to acknowledge with thanks receipt of the first two Circulars or Bulletins issued by the Director of the Eoyal Botanic Gardens, Fera- deniya, and w’e have no doubt, to judge from the character of these two, that the Circulars will ])rove of inestimable value to all who are in- terested directly or indirectly in the cultural industries of the Colony. IVe are glad to be able to state that through a kind concession granted by the General Manager of Eailways it will be possible for the students of the School of Agriculture to be taken on periodical tours in connection with their work. In India the occurrence of serious or epidemic disease among cattle has to be reported direct, and if necessary by telegram to the Veteriu.'iry De- partment. This is a plan that should be followed in Ceylon, as in many cases outbreaks of cattle murrain are found to have died out before the arrival of veterinary aid. Mr. J. F. Bailey writing about the Fapaw ( Carica papaya) gives some interesting informa- tion about this familiar tropical fruit, in the last Queensland Agricultural Journal. The generic name is said to have been given to it Oct. 1, 1891] Supiolement to the “ Tropical Agriculturist: 289 on accouufc of the foliage somewhat resembling that of the common fig {Ficus carica)-, while Rumphius suspected that it was originally brought from a district called Popaya in Peru, and hence that name came to be applied to it. The Papaw Juice — which is now cpioted at -5s. per lb.— is easily prepared. The unripe fruit has to be scarred or lined some ^ in. deep, with n sharp knife daily, and the juice caught and dried upon sheets of glass, when it becomes at once a marketable commodity. The active principle, papain, is in much esteem as a medi- cinal agent. The Chemist and Brucjcjist gives the following method of preparing it:— “The juice is pressed out of the fruit, clarified by filtration through a twill bag, and the ferment precipitated by alcohol. It is then dried but is sometimes purified by treatment with water.” The subject of rainfall has been much before the public of late, no doubt due to the furnishing of departmental rainfall returns and to the occurrence of some unusually heavy falls in the country In this connection the following quotation will' be found interesting : “ Many local circumstances may affect the quantity of rain which falls in different countries ; but, other things being equal, most rain falls in hot climates, for there the vapori- sation is most abundant. The rainfall decreases in fact from the equator to the poles. At London it is 211'5 in.; at Bordeaux it is 25'8 ; at Madeira 27 7; Havannah 91'2.; and at St. Domingo 107'6. The quantity varies with the season : In Paris, in winter, it is 4'2 in.; in spring 6'9 ; in summer 6’3 ; in autumn 4 8 inches. The heaviest rainfall at any jrlace on the globe is on the Ivhasia Hills in Bengal, where it is 600 in., of which 500 in. fall in, seven months. The driest re- corded place in England is Lincoln, where the mean rainfall is 20 in., and the wettest is Stye in Cumberland where it amounts to 165 in.” This was written in 1877, and it would be interesting to know what changes have taken place since then. THE KAPOK TREE. This tree, botanically known as Eriodendron nnfractuosum, the floss from which is com- monly known among the natives of Ceylon as “ pulun,” is the subject of a notice in the Im- perial Institute Journal. In the course of a description of the various uses of the tree, we find it stated that “ the seeds are sometimes eaten ; they yield a bland fatty oil, the residual cake .being used as a cattle food.” Such a statement would more correctly appl.y to the seeds of the true cotton (Gossyppium), for to say that the cake or poonac is used as cattle food would convey the idea that such use is general or even common, while on the contrary it must be rare. Dr. Watt himself does not write very definitely regarding the uses to which the seeds are init. He says: — “ The seeds are said to be eaten the seedcake is some- times given as fodder.” As regards Ceylcn, it may be said that the seeds are used as lood neither for man or beast. Some time ago we were consulted as to the desirability of using the seeds of kapok for Ijiamirial purposes. The inquiry came from a large dealer in the “silk cotton,” who having to deliver the cotton clean naturally had large quantities of the seed on his hands. The follow-, ing is a comparative analysis of the cake of Kapok and cotton. Kapok. Cotton. Water ... ... ... 13'28 12'00 Nitrogenous matter; albumin- ous compounds ... ... 26'34 2062 Fat ... ... ... 5'82 6'36 Non-nitrogenous extraction 19 92 35'42 Woody fibre ... ... 28*12 20 36 Ash ... 6'52 5-64 “ The ash of the kapok seed,” we are told “ contains 28'5 % of phosphoric acid, and 24'6 % of potash ; it ought, therefore, to be of value as a manure.” The great partiality which rats and mice have for the seed (destroying pillows and mattresses, as they do, to get at the few seed that may have been left in the floss in cleaning) would seem to indicate the possibility of utilizing it as a stock food, at any rate in tlie rural districts, for feeding, ploughing and draught cattle. As regards the floss we quote as follows from the Imperial Institute Journal : — Serious complaint is made in Australia and else- where of the quality of the kapok shipped from India. “ Even at the low price of India kapok (about 3d. per lb.) it is found better to pay 8|d. or more per lb., for kapok grown in Java. The former is frequently received in such a filthy con- dition as to be almost unsaleable.” The hydrualic or steam-press packing of kapok tend.s to destroy that peculiar elasticity to which it owes its value. In addition, the packing tends to express a dark- coloured oil from the seeds left attached to the fibre, and hence a noticeable difference in colour between the Indian and the beautifully white Java products. At Java the trade has assumed a uniform practice. No unclean stuff is shipped, but the different grades of cleaning denote standards of quality ; the first, “ extra cleaned,” is the first picking of the crop, and is cleaned by machinery ; the second, _ denoted as “ best cleaned picked,” being all hand-picked and free from seeds, except an odd one here and there ; the third, is simply designated “ cleaned.” It contains a few seeds, together with the “ slubs,” or little knotty curly lumps, which are cast aside from the higher grades. Packing is all done in straw mats, and the floss is never tightly pressed. The silk-cotton tree also grows in the West Indies, but for all practical purposes it is counted of little value. Considerable difficulty was at first experienced in the importation of silk-cotton, owing to its great bulk and the heavy cost of transport, but this has been overcome by a silk- cotton press constructed by Stork & Company, at Henglo. In the annual report of the Director of the Botanical Department, Jamaica, 1884, the follow- ing remarks occur : — ■ “ It now only remains for some enterprising firm to initiate the collecting of .‘•ilk cotton in Jamaica, and to ship it in well-packed bales for the European market. If each cotton tree yilelded at the rate of about 100 lb. weight of clean floss, Ih^teSJigbt be exported from Jamaica every yea| 290 [Oct. 1, 1897. Siipphment to ihe “ Tropical Agricullurisir about 3,000 bales of silk-cotton of the value of £9,000,’' “ In Ceylon Icapok is collected throughout the villages of the interior. The season commences in May, and one cro]) is obtained each year; the tree reaches maturity about the fifth year.” Australia receives large shipments of kapok both from India and .] ava, but it is difficult to obtain reliable statistics concerning the trade, ft is entered at the local Customs under all manner of names, such as “vegetable fibre,” “vegetable wool,” “ silk-cotlon,” “ tree cotton,” “raw cotton, and “ small cotton.” So much attention is kapok receving in the East Indies, that the cultivation of the trees is even said to be ousting coffee in the xu’ovince of Bu mn. linpok has not been received in England on a very large scale; 100 bales a month are sent from India and Ceylon (1 bale = 200 lb. Ceylon, 100 lb. Indian), and the price varies from 2|d. to Id. i>(t lb. IVe recall a letter addressed by Messrs. Thirkell & Co., dated London, 24th May, 1895, to the Ceylon Observer, in which that firm stated that “ ifapok is wanted in fairly clean condition at 4d. per lb., and that a demand seems to be springing up for the silky floss of Calatropis yigcmtea—lln&AV, or, as it known by the Sinha- lese, IVara. We note that the Indian Forester in taking over the article on kapok states that “kapok is a llutch name, whereas the word is un- doubtedly of Malayan origin. THE 'VITALITY AND DISSEMINATION OF SEEDS. This is a subject upon which Mr. W. 'W. Glenny of Barking, Es.'-ex, contributes an interesting paper to the last volume of the Journal of the Royal Agricultural Society, England ; a subject which he rightly terms a comprehensive one, but of great charm and value to the botanist, the horticulturist, the farmer, and even the general observer. The paper referred to is comparatively exhaustive, and we can therefore touch upon its most interesting points. It is a common expeiience that ground dis- turbed below file average depth of cultivatioiij where fresh soil is brought to the surface soon becomes covered uith varied and promiscuous vegetation. Plants unknown in the immediate locality greet the eye, and curiosity is aroused by the apiiearance of these strange visitants. Various theories are rife to account for the presence of such additions to the flora of the immediate district. Where do these abnormal specimens spring from ? Prof. Balfour says that seeds, when buried deep in the soil, lie dormant for a long time, and only germinate when the air is admitted by the process of subsoil ploughing or other agricultural operations. As instances he mentions the springing up of white clover and other plants which had previously not been seen in the locality, when land is turned up for the first time, and refers to the growth of strange plants after the great fire of London, B phenomenon similar to tliat which follows the fuming of forests anti draining of marshes. Mr. Bureau de Malle enunciated a distinct and unique theory regarding this cpiestion. He calls it alternative succe.ssion, and held that, as good hu.sbandmen provide for a rotation of crops, in like manner nature arranges that indigenous species follow each other of their own accord. He cited many instances of one kind of growth, when cut or burnt down, being followed by a totally different form of vegetation. Similarly Herne says that straw’s berries grow’ in great quantity where fire has passed over a country, and Du. Petil Thomas that whenever forests w’ere destroyed in the Isle of Fiance, the soil was instantly covered with alien species indigenous to Madagascar, while Buck, Mackenzie, Davies, and Darwin and others mention many strange cases which w’e need not quote here, in proof of the occurrence of w’hat may be called a natural system of rotation of crops. Mr. Holt White asserts that the application of certain substances will cause seeds to gemmiate that would othcrwi e lie dor- mant- Lime, he says, will produce white clover in some soils; furze if sow’n on a newly-made bank will rarely grow, but put a little gritty sand on the seed and it will certainly vegetate In most of the Essex marshes, whenever a new ditch is dug, brown mustard w’ill spring up, although it has not been seen before in the memory of man. Of C.amomile it is said that it has been observed to spring up on the site of habitations, sometimes marking precisely the ground plan of the building. Miller recoids the springing up of the fumitory plant in a spot where the seeds had lain dormant for fourteen years. All this, though not absolutely supporting M. de la Malle's theory teaches that seeds of certain plants will remain uninjured in the soil for an indefinite time, provided the conditions are such as to hinder germination. Materials such as sweepings from warehouees, docks, cowhouses and stables, manure and dust from ships coming from foreign land.s, pulp from jam factories, are some of the sources w’hence strange specimens arrive. Here are a few instances : the troops summoned from Algeria to France in 1870, disseminated by fodder and otherwise a number of African and southern species which excited wonder. Many foreign and colonial plants are seen for a season where the sw’eepings of the warehoirses are deposited near London- It is amusing to contemplate a field of oranges in Essex, yet where the pulp from Keiller’s Marmalade factory was distributed over the land with manure, thousands of young orange plants were noticed. Wind, water and animals are also instrumental in disseminating plants ; many seeds and fruits with winged and feathery appendages are easily wafted about, others are carried by rivers and streams, and some can be transported by the ocean current to a great distance with their germinating power unimpaired. Seed-eating birds are, as a rule, not the seed- planters ; seeds which convey nourishment are eaten, and in the process are ground and destroyed; seeds which are imbedded in nourishment are swal- lowed and survive. In has been discovered that Americau crows cun take in and retain for som^ Oct. 1, 1897.] Sv2>plement to the “ Tropical Agriculturist 291 time and fin.ally disgorge at will anything dis- tasteful or injurious. Hence, having swallowed benies and assimilated the pulpy part, they can eject by the mouth clean and jiolished seeds. Some seeds may also through the alimentary canal of the carrier travel far away into otiier provinces, countries or continents. Many lords go a, long way for their daily food, wliilst migrants cross whole kingdoms at recurrent seasons. A great number of birds traverse a considerable distance in a minute; they aro thus able to carry into foreign countries in a short time the plants or vegetables on which they feed. Sig. Pistoni of Messina, a patient observer, gives instances of bird.s dis.seminating the bulbs of a species of o.valis, bringing over two varieties of oak into Sicily and Sardinia and Acacias from Massowah and Australia. In Sicily, where quails abound, the plan is to ojien the cup of birds directly they are killed, to obtain the varied seeds therein. The.se seeds are sown in pots, and strange and rare plants are often found. We .‘-hall conclude our notice of this interesting paper in our next issue. AREOWKOOT AND THE CANNAS. Vie are indebted for the facts in this article to a paper on the Canna which is published in the September number of the Queensland Agricultural Journal. We here deal mainly with the economic value of the Cannas, but the I aper referred to should prove most interesting and instructive reading to gardeners. Arrowroot is the product of species of Maranta and Canna. The name Canna is said to be derived from an old Carib name of the jilant ; Maranta from Bartholommeo Maranta, a physician of Venosa, who died in 1559. It was bestowed in hi.s honour by the botanist Plumier. Maranta aurundinacece, and probably one or two other species, yield that which is known as West Indian or Bermuda arrowroot. The name arrowroot is usually supposed to be derived from the fact that the Indians used the bruised rhizomes as an antidotal application to the wounds from poisoned arrows, but some authorities contend that the word comes from “Aru-.\ru,” the name which the Aruac Indians of South America give to the farina obtained for the manioc. Tuus-le.s-mois, another form of arrowroot, is produced in St. Kitt’s and other West India Islands from the underground stems of Canna eiluli.s, and possibly other species. The name Tous-les-mois is said to be derived from Touloula, which is a Carib designation for Canna. It is also said to be given in consequence of the plant flowering the whole year round. Tliis is the variety of arrow'root produced in Queensland. It is in all respects as valuable and nutritious as the M.aranta or West Indian arrowroot, being only a little darker in colour. Under the microscope it is very dis- tinctive in character. The granules are very large, exceeding in size those of all other known starches. Maranta arrowroot, it should be mentioned, 13 the only kind recognised under the Food and Drugs Act of Great Britain, and last year a dealer at Ashford, in Rent, was prosecuted for having .sold Queensland arrow- root instead. It is interesting to find, however, that the case was dismissed on the" ground that there was no intention to defraud, but the fact was pretty well established that Queens- land arrowroot could only be sola in England under the distinctive name of Queensland arrowu’oot. Efforts have been made to induce the cultiva- tion of the ifaranta plant instead of the Canna edulis for the production of arrowroot in Queensland. It is contended, however, that as a food product the Tous-les-mois is equal to or more valuable than the others, and the yield of the farina is very much greater per acre. Again, the Maranta roots much deeper than the Canna eduhs, consequently requiring deeper and more expensive cultivation. For the same reason it is much more expensive to harvesi. From 1630 to I860 attention was given to the Cannas chiefly as foliage plants, and cul- tivation and hybridisation was carried on with this piupose in view. Since 1863 the value of the Cannas as flow'ering plants began to be recognised, and attention was directed to the raising of varieties of dwarfer growth, with brighter coloured flowers broader in the petal for, correctly speaking, staminodiai, thicker in texture, on finer and more massive spikes. The grower who has made the greatest advances in tlie production of the beautiful-flowered Cannas is M. Crozy, of Lyons, so thoroughly is he ideiUitied with our garden Cannas tliat he is said to be known in his own neighbourhood as “ Papa Canna,” a name given to one of his latest varieties. The hard black round seeds of the Cannas are popularly known as Indian Shot, and they are reported to h;ive been frequently used for shot in the West Indies. They have also been used as a substitute for coffee. VETERINARY WORE IN CEYLON. In my report for last year I suggested tlia formation of a staff of veterinary assistants stationed in various parts of the Island. In September last this was sanctioned by Government, and appointments were offered to Mr. W. A. de Silva and Mr. Hoole, Graduates of the Bombay Veterinary College, to be respectively stationed in the Non hern and North-Central Provinces. Unfortu- nately Mr. Silva, from whom I felt certain of great assistance in the work, did not see his way to accept the appointment. Consequently, 1 was left V ith one assistant, Mr. Hoole, who is stationed at Anuradhapura. Early in September Mr. Hoole took up his residence at Anuradluipura, and has been travell- ing most of the time since, as detailed in hia reports furnished to Government. His work will certainly be diflicult at first and disheartening, ana must advance slowly step by step. He men- tions that village headmen are not strict enough, and in the miijoricy of cases do not take sufticieut interest when an outbreak occurs, or even see that JiiS instructions are carried out, 292 Supplenieni to the “ Tropical Agriculturist. [Oct. 1, 1897. Tn some outbreaks, especially in the Western Province, when careful measures have been taken by headmen, disease has not spread further than the village in which it broke out. The owners in most cases, especially in the Northern and North-Central Provinces, are poor and ignorant, and, what is worse, superstitious. A great many believe that disease is due to the displeasure of supernatural beings, and if they arrest the disease they will_ fall sick themselves. Others prefer to commit their cattle to the care of the gods sooner than carry out any sanitary or suppressive measures they do not know about or understand. Again, a large number of animals are semi-vfild, and it is next to impossible to administer medicines or to do anything with thern. These are a few of the difficulties encountered in dealing with outbreaks of disease. It is very troublesome and expensive work in Europe to stamp out contagious and infectious diseases, where fences exist, the country is open, with a large police forces and thoroughly organized Veterinary and Agricultural Departments and other things in favour of the w'ork. In Ceylon, from the wooded nature of the country (hiding wild and domesticated animals dead of disease), seasons, impure water and scanty food, want of shelter, religious and superstitious beliefs, and indifference, the work is rendered extremely difficult. The headmen and people must first be made to under- stand the why and wherefore of such strict measures necessarily enforced, and that it is to their own advantage to try and prevent disease amongst their cattle ; then 1 think Miey will take every precaution against disease. The Assistant Veterinary Surgeon’s work must therefore at the outset be 'largely coupled with instruction upon management and hygienic and sanitary points. A "reat deal rests with the headman of each village. If he would take precautions whenever a case of disease occurred, a large number of deaths might be prevented. As soon as a case comes under his notice of suspected cattle plague, he should at once remove it from all others and prevent any communication with it except by the person wh'o is looking after it, or even kill it and bury it, — the deeper the better, — or burn it. 1 have no doubt many cases are reported as murrain that are not murrain at all. In many cases ipported the disease appears to be confined to" buffrloe.p black cattle escaping to a great extent. True murrain does not pick and choose its victims, but siireads amongst all in contact. The buffaloes lay about in tanks and ])ass both dung and urii e freely into the water. During the dry season, when the water becomes low, it is highly charged with these impurities, and from tins alone there are many deaths from severe diarrhoea. Usually in dry seasons there is also great scarciiy of food. The animals become weak and emaciated. Then when the rain comes and the young grass appears a great many are not able to stand the change, and die. It would be a good thing if some of the m-a.ss, &c., was diied in the sun and made into hay during the time when it is in plenty, and saved up for the cattle to eat during the dry season. ... . r i When cattle are sick they require very careful nursing. They lose appetite and will not eat unless coaxed to do so by giving small quantities often of different foods. They also require gruel or conjee of some kind until they regain their appetite. If they are nor, well attended to, the chances of recovery are minimized, and they have no strength left to sup)port them during conva- lescence. It is w’ith the greatest difficulty that owners can be persuaded to do this. They say they cannot afford it, and it is quite true. In some places I visited they were hardly able to get conjee themselves. I am quite sure that if the cattle vvere w’ell looked after, and given good food and water, there would be a great deal less disease reported. In my report for last year I suggested that animals imported into the Island should be pro- perly inspected before being allowed to land, in order to prevent as far as possible the introduction of any diseased animal or animals that have been • in contact with diseased ones. The number imported is con siderable. as the following figures will indicate:— 189-5. 1896. f Cattle 11,276 .. . 8,983 1 1 Horses I Sheep and Goats [Deer — 832 , 68,201 2 T. r ( Cattle ... 'vn \ oUt 1 8heep and Goats Vankalai[^^^4 4,764 .'. 2,317 .. 72 .. . 4,934 . 3,684 77 (Cattle 801 . . 1,358 Pesalai 8heep and Goats 8,613 . . 4,096 (Horses 18 .. 26 1 am now making arrangements to inspect the cattle daily. The “tick jilague,” so prevalent in Australia, has been noticed in horses imported into India. Most of the imported cattle come from India, where, as is well known, there are frequent outbreaks of “rinderpest.” The South African experience should be a warning to countries into which cattle are imported. It has been reported the outbreak of rinderpest tliere was due to importation of cattle from Aden. Several cases of rabies have been reported by the Police. On March 28th a ra bid dog bit another dog and a goat on the ear. The dogs were des- troyed. The policeman cut off the goat’s ear at once and it apparently suffered no ill-effects from the bite. On April 7th another case was reported from Bambalapifiya, and a woman was bitten and placed under native treatment. On May 25tli a’lother case occurred, and the ownier of the dog and two more dogs were bitten. Tlje dogs were all destroyed. Probably there are many more cases than are reported. I saw two horses during the year that had been bitten on the nose by dogs suffering from rabies. One died showing well- marked symptoms of rabies, the other suffered no ill-effects. A great many more of the unfortunate dogs seen about the towm should be seized and destroyed. In nearly every street dogs are seen lying about covered with mange, wdiose life must be far from happy. Each valuable dog should be provided with a small collar, wdth a number upon it corres- ponding to the ow'iier’s name and address regis- tered at the police station ; the remainder should te fseized and, if not soon claimed, destroyed, Supplement to the “ Tropical AgriculturisL" 293 Oct 1, 18970 T should lihe very much to see something done to prevent the braiidiug of cattle with hot irons to such a great extent as is now practised. It is totally unnecessary, and nothing can be put for- ward to .support it. Nobody can have any objection to branding a small marl i of oirnerslnp upon the cattle, but the letters and name might be as small ns possible instead of nearly covering the sides of the animal. The most unneces.sary and cruel practice is covering the animal with the fantastic figures so commonly teen, especially on draught bulls. 1 have no doubt it is done wdth the belief that it improves, the health and condiliou of the animals, and 1 think a little j.erstuision from district officers and headmen would lessen the practice considerably. — Colonial 1 etenno.nj Sur- geon's Hegort for 1S96. INVESTIGATIONS INTO RINDERPEST. Dr. Kohlstock htis forwarded an exhaustive report to the Secretary for Agiiculture at the C'ape, on the results obtained from the experiments w'hich Dr. Kocli had directed him to carry out in completion of his work, Erom this repoit, wliich ive are unable to take over bodily, we make the following extracts: — To jJrove how long immunisation producecl by the inoculation of 100 cc. of serum obtained from a salted anitnal lasted, three beasts were injected. No. 1 received after 24 hours a fatal dose of rinderpest bfood. No. 2 was heated similarly after 10 days. No. .3 alter 20 days. Nos. *1 and 2 ivere immune after a slight attack of riiiderpesl, and No. 3 died. This tends to show that immunisation produced by serum is of short duration, not longer than 10 to 20 days. The se)'um used in this exiieiiinent ivas of weak immunising power, and it would be well to repeat this witli a more ])Otent samjde. Experiments undertaken to ascertain the best period at wliich to bleed the animals for immu- nising serum have given the following results : — Serum taken from a healthy full-grown animal after mild rinderpest, which had been inoculated with 20 cc. of virulent blood without effect to prove its immunity, has given tlie strongest serum. Twenty-four cattle were used for this experiment. These have been rendered immune either by inoculation with gall or s-eiuni. The best serum w'as given by an animal which was first injected with gall ami then was injected by rinderpest; blood, after four days, arid before immunity was established, so that it .suticred from a mild attack of rindei'i est. This is the method lecomniended by Dr. ivocli, and which 1 have established by luitlier experi- ments- I tbink that these also should be repeated. The seium is stiongest when taken between the 10th and 20tli day after the inoculation of 20 cc. of virulent blood, say the 15th day._ To raise the ininiiinising jiower of tl e animal it would lie advisable to inject hicber doses than 20 cc. This has already been done, but the experiments are not yet coT-cliidcd To ascertain if the mixture of mie jier cent, of virulent bk.od with ininirinisii g scium was callable of spreading the disease, I have rubbed the mixture in the nostiils, and introduced it into the nasal passages. . , - The animal did not h.ecome ill, hut died after it was inoculated with virulent blood. In this experiment only a weak serum was used, as this was the more likely to adow the animal to become infected. I wish the experiment to be repeated with a stronger serirni, to see if it would be rendered immune. 'With rinderpest gall the following experiments Lave been made : — I may mention that previous to use all galls were tested microscoiiically and bacteriologically, since animals which died six or seven days after the injection of good gall had been previously infected by the accidents to which I referred at the beginning of this report. Those which became immune 'vere tested first with 0‘2 cc. and then wii.h 10 cc., and last with 20 cc. of virulent blood, and were unaffected thereby. Animals which were injected either with brownish-green gall, containing the Simpson bacillus in pure culture, or gall of a lirown colour, containing both bacteria and streptococci, became immune without the occurrence of any accidents such as abscesses, etc. Thick green gall, free from smell and organisms, has often been taken from dead cattle, On one occasion I rendered an animal immune with such a fluid, which had previously been mixed with normal salt solution to render it thin enough to go through the needle by injecting 20 cc. of the mixture. This is the only experiment of the kind yet made. The yellow-brown gall, with yellow flakes free from smell, taken frtiin an animal which had been suffering 3 weeks from rinderpest, and died of the secondary infection, caused sickness in an animal on the 9th day and death on the 15th day. The gall if it did not cause the death of the animal cei tainly failed to render it immune. It hfs frequently been stated that gall used while still warm is cajiable of infecting. I ha\e injected an aiiimal with 10 cc. of fresh waim brown gall which gave a yellow' froth. 'Hie beast became immune and resisted the inoculaticn first with '2 cc. and then with 20 cc. of viiulent blood. To ascertain the j eiiod at .vhich gall slu uld be taken to give highest protection, a seiies of animals were injected and killed on the 5th, 6th, and 7th days of fever. Those killed on the 6th day gavethe lest lesults. Ten animals killed on the 6th day gave 750, 350, 470, 600 and 500 cc., total 2,570 of good dark green clear gall, without smell or organism, the others were useless. Thus 10 animals would have served to immunise 257 head of full-grown stock. Gall kept in the ice box does not lose its power for sometime; cattle have been immunised with gall kept 14 days in this way. Several other exiieiiments with a view to dis- cu.ssirg methods of preserving gall are in progress, as it may often be necessary to send galls some distance. *•;<•***♦ Two calves born on the station pioved to be immune ; the first w as produced by a cow w hich had been treated v\iih s'eium. T heyoungbeast when one month old rccei' til w ith impunity sufficient lin. derpe&t blood to kill afull-giown animal .'■ixteen days after it was in oculated a second tune w ith eiuuigh blood to kill 100, and then with enough blood to kill l,Ut)0 oxen, it is strong and healthy notwithstanding. The second or w'eakly animal similarly proved to be perfectly immune. ^ * 'K « « » 294 [Oct. 1, isor. SupiAenwit In the ‘ Tropical Agriculturist." Upon the famous Talpan and Kli^ipiespan, the 217 aninml.s inoculated by Dr. Koch, Dr. Turner and myself are in perfect health, and the majority after 59 days and the rest after 39. I may remark that neither of these animals develo[)ed an abscess. To obtain a clear proof how long the immunity lasts, I have inoculated with rinderpest blood sufficient to kill 100 animals on tbe farm Susanna, five of the beasts previously operated upon by Dr. Koch three months ago. Two of these animals had been tested in tl)is way by Dr. Koch himself, the otlier three had not been touched since the first inoculation with gall. All live animals are in good health, ^'^ith normal tempei’atures after the lap.^^e of eight days. This shows that this immunity jiroduced by gall continues at least three months. My experiences gained on farms on which I have infected the cattle shows me that infecrion can easily be introduced into the herd by the very Kaffirs employed to cast the animals for the pur- pose of the operation. f can also see, too, that young calves and ani- mals in poor condition are those most susceptible to the infection. As regards the idea that rinderpest gall is cap- able of conveying the disease, 1 can assert that Dr. Koch used maTiy galls of various kinds, and until the station became thoroughly infected failed to produce the disease in any animal. At Klippiespan and Talpan wherever Dr. Koch, Dr. Turner and myself made arrangements which were strictly carried out no animals died from the injection, and I can only be responsible for inoculation preformed under such conditions. My recent experiences convince me that gall of a dark green colour clear, without smell, and which when shaken gives a white froth with greenish tinge, never gi\'es rindeipest but confers immunity, and only such galls must be used for the purpose. Even these should be examined microscopicially and bacteriologically to prove them free from septic organisms. I lepeat that gall in sterilised air-tight bottles will preserve its power on ice for the space of at least fourteen fays. This has been tested. Therefore the gall is a practically useful immunising agent. In fact gall properly chosen and used with all scientific precautions cannot produce the disease. I am sorry that it is impossible for me to experi- ment upon an undoubtedly clean herd, and can only recommend that this most urgently necessary ex- periment.should he carried out;without delay with 6 diflerent galls collecteil on the 6th day as previously recommeiuled, and tried upon Go auim.als on a farm where rinderpe.st. has never been and which is far away from any centre of infection. The temperatures should be taken 4 days previous to the inoculation, and if they are normal the experiment should be made on the 5th day, and each lot of 10 animals inoculated with a differ- ent gall, and marked. The persons casting the cattle must not have been engaged on infected farms. The outside of the bottles containing the gall must be well disinfected ; the cattle must be ■watcheerformed without causing them accidental injury by casting, A'c. I'nless this can be assured the inoculation had better be jiostponed until after calving. The thiid lot must be inoculated 8 days after lots 1 and 2, and the 5th and 7th days after inoculation the temperature should be taken and all those with fever must be isolated. The 10th day after inoculation 2% should be taken out of each lot and infected with rinderpest blood. Those full grown should receive 0'2 cc. , calves 0'002cc.,the latter quantity is twice the lethal dose. If the control animals are infected it will be proof that the gall has failed to immunise and the operation must be repeated. I am certain that if gall inoculation is made in the manner indicated, rinderpest will soon be a thing of the jtast in youth Africa. CEYLOK FISH. Dr. Watt, in his Dictionary of Economic Products, gives an exhaustivt list of Indian fishes of economic value, among which occur the following which are well-known and com- monly eaten in Ceylon Cyhium commersonii — Seer or Seir fi.sh. The species of this genus are said to be amongst the most delicate of all marine fishes when of the proper size ; if under a foot in length they are said to he dry, from IJ to 24 feet they are most excellent, while above this they become coarse. Other species of the same genus and also known as •‘Seer” are (/uftatnm and C. lineolatuvi. Cynoylossus lingua — the Sale. Highly esteemed for the table, and considered to be light, nutritious, delicate, and one of the fish that may be safely given to invalids. Engranlis indicus — White Bait — extensively employed as food, cooked in the same way as white bait. Etroplm maculatus — the Sinhalese “ Rallia,” and E. “ Corallia.” Haipodon nehereus — the Bombay Duck. Highly esteemed as food whether fresh or salted, and in the latter form extensively employed as a relish with curries and known as “Bombay Duck.” Lates calcarifer—the. “ cock-up/’ or “ nair fish ” (Koduwa). Good eating when obtained from the vicinity of large rivers ; salts well and piepared as “ tamarind fish.” Supplement to the “ Tropical Agriculturist." 295 Ogt. 1, 1897.] Anabas scandens — the climbing fish (Kaviya). This fish is most remarkable for its powers of living in the air and can travel a long distance on land. It is esteemed as a nourishing food. Saccobranchus fossilis — the scorpion fish, a freshwater fish of Ceylon, attaining one foot or more in length. It is considered very w'holesome and invigorating by the natives. Rynchobdella aculeata — the sand eel (theluja). Found in brackish waters within tidal influence. It is excellent as food though objected to by some owing to its resemblance to a snake but it is less di.sgusting in appearance than the murseua ; by Europeans this is considered the best of the eel-kind. Rynchobatus anchlostomus — the Mudskate. The skin of this, as of otlier skates, is valued ; also the fins and livers, Pristis cuspidatus — the Saw Fi-h. Attains no to 20 feet. The flesh is higlily esteemed, the fins and skins and livers are all valuable (Tamil, vela min). Opkiocephalus stviatus — the walking fish or murrel (Lulla). A freshwater fish which with O. maralius (another spieces) affords excellent sport and good food. Very suitable for stocking tanks. Miiyil (various species) — Mullet, Considered excellent eating, but jierhaps rather too fat and rich for delicate stomachs. The spawn salted and dried forms a sort of “ cavier called by the Italians “ Boborago. Mnstacembelus armatus — the spiued or thorn- backed eel. Found in brackish w’aters. Attains two feet or more and is good eating, especially curried or fired. Lutjanus aryentimaculatus — the red-rock cod, found throughout the seas of India. Attains up- wards of two feet in length and is good eating. The other species of this genus though eaten are rather insipid. They are extensively salted and dried in some localities, and are also known as Singara and Senan Karawa. Sillago sihmna — -whiting; sujjposed to have special milk-forming properties like shark’s flesh FEUIT CULTUKE. ( Continued.) No great reflection will be needed to show that the proper selection of a locality for an orchard may very materially diminish the amount of labour and expense required to produce the mechanical condition so much to be desired. Un- less absolutely confined to a definite acreage with- out a chance of skilled selection, no person would attempt to establish an orchard on a compact clay, or in a place where the level of the ground relatively to other jiroperties rendered it the recipient of surplus water from above. It is e.ssential even when a man chooses his ground and receives no surplus water from his neighbours, that there be the freest possible outlet for his own drainage, whether of rain or iri'igation water. The most favoured localities for orchard should be on a gentle slope to ensure the best conditions ns regards water, so as to fulfil the proverbial saying “ soon on, soon off,” which concentrates in itself a good deal of gardening wisdom. The water-level should never reach the average de])th of the roots. By far the most thorough and satisfactory method of inducing the desirable spongy condition of the soil, is the simple yet expensive and labori- ous operation of trenching. Much has been done by the implement-maker to effectively break up raw earth and let vital air into it ; but for the most part these mechanical appliances, however successfully they deal with such tilth as may suit cereals or even root crops, do not go deep enough for the best orchard preparation, except at an ex- pense for steam-gear which brings their work pretty close to the cost of the much more effective hand labour of trenching. The great thing to be wished for in this regard is that the fruit-grower shall deal as handsomely by his orchard as he has, through long custom and prescription, habitually dealt by his vineyard. The depth to which the trenching should penetrate depends greatly upon the nature of the soil. It must be remembered that if in clay-land it penetrates only two feet, the drainage of the rain-water and much of the irri- gation-water in spring and summer will creep along that two-feet level. The deeper therefore, under such circumstance.®, the cultivator pushes such trenching, by so much does he lower the water-table, and gives his trees immunity against water-logging of their roots. Should the soil be sandy and naturally open, rapidly relieving itself of surplus water ijy percolation downwards as well as along its natural .slope, the necessity for dee(j trenching i,sjiot so absolute, and limits itself more particularly to the aeration of the soil. Under any circumstances a sufficient number of drains should be taken down the main slope in every part of their course, and should descend into the subsoil a little lower than the depth to which the trenching has been regulated. An e.xceller.t .system of drainage consists of what are known as French drains. These drains are formed of a V-shaped trench cut down into the subsoil straight along the main slojpe of the land, care being tnken to leave the bottom of the trench unbroken and in an exact plane, since if its level varies in the least the water vrill not get a free outflow and pools will form in its course so that much of the value of the drain will be lost. The cutting of really good drains without flaws is a skilled operation. Drains that have been patched up by re[)airs, tliat is by ramming materials over parts that have been cut too deep will always be weak soft .spots where the water will tend to hang. It is therefore best to give work of this nature to .skilled workmen, seeing that the work will be better and more economical, because more rapidly executed. The bottom of the trench in these drains will as indicated above be narrower in width than the top. After cutting the trenches, it is usual to fill the channel with rounded river pebbles or similar rubble to a depth of 9 in. or a little more. Angular fragments should if possible be avoided as they do not give such large inter- stices and are more apt to cause clogging and stop- page. Upon the top of the pebble bed it is cus- tomary to put a layer of brushwood well battened down. The object of comprvs.'ing the brushwood is to work the layer togetl)er and prevent fillingfrom soil dropping down to the pebble-bed. V Ijeuciilti- vatoro recognise that good drains are so much capital wdiich constitutes a profitable outlay, they will use .something moie la.'ting in the place of 296 Sxqjplement to the “ Tropical Agriculturist.” [Oct. 1, 1897. brushwood, which must ultimately, after a few seasons, moulder away and help to fill the openings in the pebble layer. The best plan would be to pro- cure old galvanised sheeting and cut it into strips about a foot and make them serve as drain roofing ; a coat of coal tar or gas tar on both sides will double the length of service of the iron sheeting. This plan will treble or quardrangle the term of usefulness of an ordinary French drain. {To be continued.') GENEEAL ITEMS. Sir W. Wedderburn in his series of papers on the Agricultural Problem in India thus refers to the subject of agricultural banks : — Now the recognised method of supplying working capital to peasant proprietors is by the establish- ment of agricultural banks. In Germany alone there are some 2,000 such banks doing a business amounting to something like 150 millions sterling with immense benefit to the rural population. Every other country in Europe has followed the example of Germany: the Autocrat of All the Eussias started such banks with liberal support ; and even the unspeakable Turk has made some movements in the same direction. In India alone nothing has been done. The Autocrat of the India Office would neither move himself, nor allow others to move. Maize growers will be interested to learn that at length a discovery has been made that may turn out of incalculable value to growers of the crop, A well-known ship-builder in Philadelphia (Mr. Cramp) has announced that a chemist under his patronage has discovered that, through a certain process, the stalks of maize will furnish material for a large variety of articles, notably paper, mat- ting, smokeless powder, sugar, etc. Hitherto maize stalks have been of little or no value, except, of course, when a crop has been grown for green food. By this discovery, however, it is alleged that the stalks will be worth at least £l per acre. In fact, the enormous area of land in America devoted to maize will make this by-product — the stalks — more valuable than cotton seed, at one time such a nuisance, but now of immense value every year. A certain person calling himself Kwassie Musean writes to the Locomotief irom. Banjoemas statirrg that he has discovered a leaf of a certain tree, which is a native to all part of Java, as a remedy against W’hiteant®. By placing one or more of the leave.s in the haunts of the whiteants one could get rid of them altogether. He is prepared to make known the remedy on payment of a sum of 3,000f. Veterinary work would seem to be making rapid progress in Bengal. We read in the report for the year 1896-97 that at the Hospital in Calcutta “479 animals were treated as in-patients and 248 as put-patients, or 729 in all. The total shows a decrease of 46 cases, but the number of in-patients show^s an increase of 42 — a fact which no doubt indicates that con- fidence in the institution is growing among owners. The Superintendent! proposes to modify the scale of fees with a view to securing a large number of patients. An ambulance has recently been provided to ccnvey sicki animals to the hospital.” There are also dispensaries at other centres, supported by local sulv scriptions with a grant|.from the District Board or by the Municipality. Some-time ago we referred to the variation of the Indian maund. A corre.spondent to the Indian Agriculturist now complaining of the anomalies of the system of "Weights and Measures refers specially to the seer, and says : “ Within a circuit of twenty miles from the place from which I am writing (Barharwmr) there are no few’er than four standards for the seer — 112, 92, 80 a-id 75 tolas respectively. The calculation of these is most confusing, and at this time of famine we can never be quite sure as to W’hat the real price of rice is. A letter came to me saying that rice was selling at 6 seers for the ruiiee. I found on enquiry that it was the large seer of 112 tolas which would mean 8i usual .‘-eers.” The correspondent sug- gests that the Diamond Jubilee year be remem- bered by the introduction of the metric system throughout Her Majesty’s Domiuious. The outer coat of the seed of the Cannas is as is well-known very hard, and without help the germ is seldom able to break through. It requires heat and moisture, and the best way, says a well-known grower, is to soak the seed in very hot w'ater for about twelve hours before planting. Let the seed bed be exposed as much as possible to sun and water frequently. Even then only' few seed germinate, and that too most irregularly. Some authorities recom- mend filing through the outer coat, others the use of boiling w'ater. w* WILLIAM WALKER. i Vol. XVII.] COLOMBO, NOVEMBER ist, 1897. fNo. 5. “PIONEERS OF THE PLANTING ENTERPRISE IN CEYLON.” (Secoyid Series.) WILLIAM WALKBR: MERCHANT AND ENGINEER 1854— 1891. [The result of onr application to Mr. Edmund Walker for such particulars of his father’s life as would enable us to include a notice of his career among the “Pioneers of Ceylon,” was that our good friend set to work and prepared in booklet form a most interesting though brief biography intended for piivate circulation, but allowing preference of selection for the Tropical Agriculturist. The little book, we must add, is got up in the first style of the printer’s art, and besides the same portrait of Mr. Walker as w'e give, it includes an exquisite reproduction of “Donne Castle from the Bridge of Teith,” near which Mr. Wm. Walker’s youthful days were spent. The booklet also includes quite a selection of the verses by “Brown Palmer” and “.Sandy M’Alpine, ’’ under which sobriquets the late Mr. W. Walker wrote freely in the home press and to the Ceylon Observer. The biographical notice i.S introduced as follows : — “ In the exceedingly interesting volume already published under the title of Pioneers of the Planting Enterprise of Ceylon, the proprietors of the Ceylon Observer have been good enough to include a sketch of the life of the late John Walker, and it seems fitting that this should be followed by a brief outline of the life of his brother William, who for so many years was associated with him in developing the busi- ness known all over the colony as “Walker’s.” The wo brothers, who for so long were united in business, were not long separated, John being taken ‘Home in October 1889 and William in June 1891. ” We now give our summ.arized selection fiom Mr. E. Walker’s fuller notice, only regretting that exigencies of space prevent our appropiating more of the very interesting record of good work apper- taining to one of the most esteemed of Scottish worthies connected with the annals of Ceylon as a British Colony: — Ed. T.A.I ^ ILLIAM WALKER was born in Doune, Perthshire, Scot- land, in 1824, and attended the village school there. At an early age— for his parents were not in a position to keep him long at school — he entered the office of the Deanston Works, where he worked for a number of years, and w'as fortunate in having as his master the late Mr. James ISmiili, who did so mucli for the people of Doune, and whose name is still remembered affectionately by a few of the older people. During this time, being eagerly deter mined, like so many Scottish lads, to luish his way in the world, he continued his education by attend- 298 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [Nov. I, 1897. ing evening classes and neglecting no opportunity for improving himself. He rvas fortunate in having the help of his schoolmaster, who was interested in the lad, evidently recognising that he was “ a lad o’ pairts” and might do the “ dominie” credit yet. This insatiable thirst afier knowledge followed him all through life, and we find him at fifty years of age learning French, and at sixty taking lessons on the violoncello, which he played with great taste and feeling, for his soul was full of music. It was only natural that one of his ambitious spirit should soon begin to look beyond the horizon of his country village, for he was aye “ biggin’ castles in the air,” and Doune did not seem to offer sullieient scope for his boundless energy. So in due time he consulted j,\lr. James Smith, and that, good man gave him evety encouragement, with the result that he went u]i to Glasgow to mix with the busy throng there. By and-bye he got an appointment in the Calico Printing Mills, Thornliebank, near Glasgow, under the late Mr. Walter Crum. About this time, in the j'ear 1842, the five hrothers, Duncan, James, Ebenezer, John and AVilliarn, all met together in Glasgow ; but that meeting was never repeated, and now they are all gone with the exception of Ebenezer, who, after thirty-eight y^ears’ faithful service in the great ship-building firm of Randolph Elder & C». (now The Fairiield Ship-building Co.), Glasgow, retired in 1881, with remarkable expressions of good- will from the heads of the Company, and is still hale and hearty, though now i-i his eighty-fourth year. In June, 1846, when only twent.y^-two years of age, William married Ellen Forta.y, daughter of James Forta.y, of Inverness, who for many years commanded the revenue cutter Afalanta, and was engaged in looking after stnugglers on the west coast of Scotland. It was an early age at which tomfiry, and jiiany people would say a veiy foolish thing to do for a young man vho had yet to make his way in the world! But William had confidence in himself, and felttliat, given achance, he would get on all right. Besides the wisdom or otherwise of such a step depends very largely on the choice the young man makes 1 The reverence and affection in which the widow is held to-day by all who know her, and most by those who know her best, testify to the fact that the choice in this case was a wise one. The next important step in the life of M'illiam Walker was when he entered the lirm of Messrs. Wil son, James & Kajg now Messrs. James Finlay & Co., of Glasgow, and Messrs. Finlay, Muir & Co., of Calcutta, Bombay, and Colombo. It is interesting to note that while in the service of this firm he worked alongside of hlr. John Muir, who afterwards became Lord Piovostof Glasgow, and is now Sir John Muir, Bart. Both young men were fortunate in having as their master one of the kindest-hearted of men — Mr. Alex. Kay — who years ago retired from the firm, and who, though now a very old man, still lives in his beautiful country seat at Biggar in Lanarkshire. William Walker was building up his char.acter, on which alone, coupled with liard, conscientious work, he dejiended for his success. He had no other capital, and no inlluence to secure advancement. ; [hut then “Characler” is the most truly, permanently valuahle thing in the world ?— Ed. T.A.^ The time had now come when William Walker thought he might start on his own account in the cotton-yarn trade, then one of the most flourishing trades in Glasgow, and the one for which his past traiuing had specially fitted him. He received a fair measure of support, and would no doubt have prospered bnt for an unfortunate event — an event which was a soie trial to him at the time, though it was just one of those influences which made for the establishment of his character. Through the failure of Messrs. Blank & Co., cotton-yarn manufacturers, with whom M’illiam Walker had an account, he met with a great lo.ss, and it became necessary for him to com- pound with his creditors. With one exception, he received great sympathy from those who suffered through him, and they did not hesitate to show it the day they met in his office, kir. Alex. Kay was at that meeting, and such was his estimate of the character of his former assistant that he ventured at the meeting to say, “ I may not live to see it, but I feel sure of this, that if Mr. AValker is spared he will pay up this debt.” And Mr. Kay’s confidence was not misplaced, for from that date it became the life-work of M’illiam AValker to pay off every- thing due to his creditors. It was along effort, requiring great patience and much self-denial, for the claims of a large family were pressing on him ; but his wife nobly seconded him in his efforts, and was able, twenty-five years after- wards, to rejoice with him when in 187.5 he made the last payment. By that year eveiy creditor had been paid, with interest at live per cent, per annum in addition ; and thus was pre- seivcd unsullied the only capital with v Inch he started — his good name. The creditors were anx- ious that public notice should be taken of an exjierience not too common in commercial life, and proposed to entertain Mr. Mbilker at a dinner, and have the proceedings published ; hut he begged them to take no such steps, as any public notice of what he regarded as merely the discharge of his duty would be exceeliugly ob- jectionable to him. In 1854 William became the buying agent at home for his firother John, and established him- self in Glasgow under the style of 'Walker Brothers. Later on, in 1862, he became jiartner with his brother in the Ceylon business, then known by the name of John Walker & Co. It was a small business in those days, but with the boom in coffee it was destined in due time to play a not unimportant part in connection with the history of Ceylon’s planting industry. The following extract from a letter written by John from Kandy, Ceylon, to his brother 'William in Glasgow, gives a graphic account of the business in its early days. The letter must have been written somewhere about 1856. : — “ The buildings may be valued roughly at £400 sterling. The motive power for driving lathes, bellows, etc., is the Malabar cooly, as we have not water enough for the blacksmiths’ troughs, and fuel is expensive ! Our customers are among three hundred planters scattered over the Central Pro- vince. As a class I would call them good cus- tomers, but some are very long in paying. Our workmen begin work at 6 a.m. and stop from 10-30 to 12 noon, when they resume work until 5 p.ni. I am usually in the place from 6 a.m. until 5 p.m., less three-quarters of an hour for breakfast, and same for dinner. We have gener- ally employed twelve to sixteen carpenters, four blacksmiths, five or six fitters, three or four turners, four or five boys, and ten to twelve coolies. There is quite enough of opposition to us to ensure the planters fair terms. "We have in Kandy another similar establishment, carry- ing on all our branches of business.” Nov. T, 1897.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 299 From the above it will be seen tint the firm employed at that period from thirty-einht to forty-seven native workmen ; and to-day the number is aboirt twelve hundred, rvhile other large concerns of a similar character have also been estab- lished in the colony. No wonder the brothers were a little proud of the business which they had seen grow up and develop in this remarkable fashion ! In 1864 William made his first visit to Ceylon, to take charge of the old business at Bogambra during the absence of his brother John on a trip home. While in Kandy his time was very fully occupied with business arrangements, and from a pencil diary which is in my possession I find that even then he recognised that Colombo must become the capital and centre of Ceylon’s business, and proposed that the entire business should be removed to Colombo. But the time for this change had not yet come. Estate after estate in the Central Province was being cleared and ]>lanted with cofl'ee — pre- paring for the good time coming. “ Mr. Turner has just sold his Hantanne crop for fifty-four shillings per hundredweight — a splendid price.” So wrote John to his brother William about 1857 ; but in later years coffee-planters received more than double that price for their produce. The highest level of prosperity was reached in 1868, 1869, and 1870, in each of which years the total exports of coffee exceeded a million hundred- w'eights, of a value in European markets of not less than four millions sterling.”* This “ boom” in coffee kept all industries busy, and it became necessary to extend, not in Colombo, hut throughout the leading planting districts. Branch establishments were started in Dimbula, Dikoya, Badulla, and Ilaldummulla. The life in these young districts was at first a rough one, and the assistant who was sent to take charge of the Dikoya branch, and who is now a director in the company, sometimes tells how his room above the store was furnished. His table con.sisted of a pack- ing case, and his chair was a keg of blasting powder ! With this rapid extension of the Ceylon business, including heavy expenditure for stocks for the new branches, arose the necessity for a great deal more capital than the two brothers possessed ; but the good name William had estab- lished in Glasgow, coupled with that of his brother John in Ceylon, enabled him to find all that was necessary. Satisfactory financial arrangements were made .vith Messrs. Blank & Co., and everything went on well until 1874, when William’s faith was again destined to be pretty severely tested. For the sake of those young men who may read this record, the story ought not to he omitted ; and it is due to Mr. Kay, who proved so kind a friend to his old assistant during all these years and to the end of his life, to mention it. One day in 1874, just at the very time when Walker Brothers’ account with Messrs. Blank & Co. stood highest, in consequence ot the large advances required in connection with ths estab- lishment of the up-country branches, the senior partner of the latter firm called. He then infoimed Mr. Walker that, being well advanced in years and anxious to curtail all outstand- ings, so as to simplify his financial arrangements as much as possible, he would like Walker Brothers not to draw any fresh drafts on his firm, and hoped -they would be able to run off the debt by taking up existing bills as they * From "Ceylon in 1893,” by John Ferguson. fell due. Mr. Walker, recognizing how much he owed to these financial friends, could only re])ly that to the best of his ability he would endeavour to carry out Mr. Blank’s wishes. Though not knowing at the time where help was to come from, yet, being a man of strong, simple and devout faith, he felt that he would nor be forsaken in this crisis. When in his office one day at this juncture, Mr. Kay called, just to have a chat, and in a kindly way to inquire how his old friend Mr. Walker was getting on, though he knew nothing at the time of his trouble. Nor was the subject mentioned until, in course of conversation, Mr. Kay said, “I have been thinking 1 -would like to help you, Mr. Walker, if there is anything I can do that would be a personal benefit to you. Now, would it assist you to have the command of a little more capital than you .at present possess?” Mr. "Walker then, for the first time, told the position in which his firm was placed. As the result of that interview Mr. Kay — after- satisfying himself that the bu.siness was per- fectly sound, full of ]iromise, and only in need of more capital, and having perfect confidence in Mr. Walker— went to a leading Scotch bank and opened a credit in favour of Walker- Brothers for all that was required, at air ex- penditure of a penny postage stamp ! Needless to say that the prosperity of the Ceylon busi- ness has long since enabled the proprietors to dispense with that credit, and placed both houses beyond the need of any such help. As already stated, Mr. Walker, as far b.ack as 1864, contemjilated removal to Colombo ; but so rapidly did the business increase, both in Kandy and at the up-country branches, that further extension schemes had to be abandoned ; and though in 1875 premises in Colombo were leased, and rent paid for three years, they weie never occupied. By 1880, however, the collapse of King Coffee was placed beyond doubt, and it became necessary for the firm to turn their attention to other channels. At this time the granil breakwater for sheltering the Colombo harbour from the south-west monsoon was nearing completion, and ciicumstances all seemed to point at last to removal there. Accordingly, in 1881 the premises formerly occu|iied by the late Mr. Home, and known as “ The Corner,” were leased by the firm, and no time was lost in lay« ing down new plant and getting the new work- shops and stores ready. It re(]uired a great deal of faith to go on with this work, as the pros- pects of the colony at the time were about as black as could be. Planters of the highest stand- ing up-country were being ruined, and the mercantile houses were coming down one after another, until the crisis culminated in August 1884 by the stoppage of the old Oriental Bank Corporation. It is, perhaps, not to be wondered at that amidst all this gloom, a Colombo mer- chant, when he saw in 1883 that, in addition to the workshops, a new foundry— the first in the colony — was being built, should exclaim, “Has Walker gonemad !” Buteveryone was not of that opinion, for in July 1883 the CeijlonObserver wrote : — “ It is well that w hen the time came for an era of new life to the port and trade of Colombo, the right men were ready to meet the crisis and provide its requirements. The names of Kyle^ Grinlinton, and "Walker & Co. will he honorably associated with the Nerv Colombo which is rising as the result of the partial completion of the Breakwater, and the resort to Colombo of many lines of mail, passenger and cargo steamers.” 300 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [Nov. I, 1897 Meanwhile, Mr. John AValkei’; who after more than thirty year.s of hard work in Ceylon, did not care to undertake the burden of further e.x- tensions, and had settled with his family in Stirling, decided to retire from the firm he founded, and an arrangement was come to wliereby he agreed to take o\er the up-country places of business and carry them on under tlie stjleof Walker & Greig, leaving the Kandy and Colombo establishments to John Walkei eV' Co. Milliam Walker now became senior partner in the Ceylon business, as well as in that of \\ alker Brothers, who, after the ojiening of the Suez Canal, found it necessary to remove from Glasgow to London, and who, in addition to Ceylon, have now very large interests in South Africa. Although his home was in Glasgow', INIr. M alker frequently visited Ceylon, as he had no sympathy with “ absentee landlordism,” and desired to keep in touch with all, from his junior partners down to the office )>eons, who were eiigaged in the Company’s service. Sometimes his family felt that he W'as not sufficiently .‘•trong for these visits to Colombo, and when the last trip was made, in 1889, I can remember Captain Bayley, who was struck with his appearance, urging him not to return to Ceylon, and concluding his remark with, “Kemember the fable of the pitcher that went once too often to the well.” But Mr. M alker loved Ceylon, and had a w'arm heart for the natives, to many of wdiom he w'as indeed a real friend. Throughout his life William 'SValker w.as deeply interested in all schemes for the uplifting of those whom we describe as the ‘ working classes.” The term is very defective w’hen we remember the number of masters, professional men, mer- chants, etc., etc., who work as hard as, if not harder than, the majority of our w'orkmen. Still, it has its special meaning, and in that special sense I use it. He always dejilored the strug- gles between masters and men, which have wrought so much mischief to trade and roused so much ill-feeling, destroying utterly the old kindly and personal relationship which used in many cases to exist between both. He had little faith in Trades Unions, which he regarded as in barge measure involving the transfer of the men from one tyranny to another ; and when, as sro often is the case, they deliberately go out of their w'ay to sow discord betw'een master and men, he considered their work diabolical. It was not in Trades Unions he saw hope for a better state of things, but in co-operation and profit-sharing, which in the later years of his life he advocated, in season and out of season. I cannot give a better exposition of Mr. Walker’s views on this exceedingly interesting question than by quoting from a panqrhlet called “ Christianised Commerce,’' which lie wrote and published in 1888, as follows , “ I am for freedom, not socialism. I am for freedom in our dealings with other nations, in our manufactures, in our merchandising, in our contracts between employer and einjiloved. _ Free- dom for every man to do his lie I for his own truest interest, and for the good of the com- munity ; but freedom tempered and controlled by the teaching and e.xample of Christ. I see no other solution of the pressing .social troubles and difficulties of our day.” So earnestly did he believe in this as the right principle that he laid aside a portion of his own share in the business, the income from which was to be divided among those w ho con- tributed by their work to earn the profit. When on one of his visits to Ceylon in 1886 he wa.s invited to meet some three hundred of the Company’s employes, who presented him with a beautiful address, accompanied with a liandsome desk made out of Ceylon native woods. In acknowledging the gift he said : — “ I desire as much to be your fnenil as your master. I think that the linn with which I have been connected so long as its head has done good work for Ceylon. We have lirought works to the Island that were never brought before. M’e have also paid large amounts in wages every month to the Sinh.ilese and Tamil workmen. But we think we can go on a step further and do better. The first thing 1 will try to do for yoir will be to allbrd you medical aid in time of sickness. I wish also that some pro- vision be made for any one who meets with any accident, or in cases of any ]irotracted illness. The next thing I wish is that something be provided for our men w hen old age comes on and youare not able to work. If this is carried out, no old and steady worker in the Company’s service will ever have to apply to the Friend-in-Need Society.” The scheme thus formulated was carried out, to the great benefit of the workmen. In the year 1890 IMr. Walker was persuaded to agree to the conversion of the Ceylon business into a Limited Company. For some time lie had great misgivings about this step, as he feared the elimination of the jiersonal clement and dreaded the possibility of the business becoming a mere instrument for grinding out dividends for shareholders who had no interest in the con- cern beyond their shares. He was afraid that the government of the business by a “ Board of Directors” would tend to blight personal res- ponsibility, and was inclined to regard a “ Board” in much the same w'ay as Syilney Smith did cor|ioratioi;s when lie said ‘‘ they had neither a body to be kicked nor a soul to be damned !” And so it wuis only under certain conditions be w’onid agree to the change in the constitution of the business ; anrt one of these conditions was that certain shares, the most of which he him- self provided, should be set aside, and the income from the said shares be devoted to the forma- tion of a “ Provident Fund. ” This Provident Fund meets all expenses for the w'orkmen when laid aside through ill-health ; finds them in medical advice and in medicines ; and finally, when the men are too old to work, or perma- nently disabled, secures to them a small pension. From this fund thousands of rupce.s are thus dis- tributed every year among the men, in addition to their wages ; and the members of the European staff also benefit by it. In the preceding pages I have endeavoured to give some of the leading jioints in the busine.ss career of William Walker’s life ; but it is only one aspect of the life, and probably he himself w’ould say it was the least important, except so far as it was a “ means to an end.” For mere w'orldly prosperity he had .'uprenie contempt; but the joy of being in a position to “ help lame dogs over stiles” was genuine, and many lessfortunate ones havehad cause to bless hisname. He cared little for public suhsci iption lists, where people’s names and contributions are advertiseil to the wmrld. His belief w'as that if eachmemher of the community, in a position to do .so, were simply to attend to the cases that come across his or her path in life, then theer would be a tremendous re- duction in the sum-total of human misei y. Nov. I, 1897.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 301 From his youth he was an earnest total abstainer from all intoxicating drink. He joined the Scottish Temperance League shortly after its formation. His name appears in tlie first annual ‘Register’ published by the League in 1849, where it has stood continuously year after year ever since. From 1853 to 1856 he was a member of the Kxecutive, and was for many yeans, and up to his lamented decease, an honorary director of the Institution, He was a most liberal subscriber to the funds of the League, and in many ways sought to extend its influence. Throughout his life Mr. Walker was always busy with his pen. When in the company of those who tlioroughly understood him, and with whom he felt perfectly at home, he was the very life of the gathering, full of good stories, and ab'e to sing with exquisite pathos our chief Scotch ballads. This reference to his singing leads naturally to a quotation from the most beautiful of all the printed notices published at the time of his death. It appeared in the Ceylon Observer of .June 15th, 1891, and is greatly valued by the family. Between Mr. Walker and the propi ietors of the Observer — the late Mr. A. M. Ferguson, C.M.G. , together with his able partner and successor, Mr. .John Ferguson— there existed a sincere and wartn friendship. I quote from the ai ticle referred to as follows “ Mr. Wbalker’s love of music and song was intense, and those who heard his illustrated lecture in Colombo on Scottish Poetry, Music, and Song, will long cherish the memory of a great intellectual treat. His own performances as a singer .vere exquisite. Who that heard can ever forget his rendering of Lady Nairn’s pathetic ballad, ‘ Fm wearin’ awa’, .Jean,’ and George Macdonald’s Scotch version of the grand parable of the good Samaritan, ‘ W^ha’s ma neibor ?’ Who that heard and saw can ever forget the expi’ession of voice .and features, and the appropriate action of the truly artistic singer ?” In his youthful days William Walker must have worshipped in the parish church before the Disru])tion in 1843 ; and there is more than one reference, in articles written by him, to the Biidge of Teitli Church, near Doune. But at an early period m his life he joined the Baptist Church, and for many years attendeil the Blackfriars Street Church in Glasgow, where he greatly appreciated the thoughtful and devout ministry of Dr. K. Glover, then a young man, but now (of Bristol) one of the leaders in tlie Baptist community. Dwring the later years of his life he attended the Hillhead Baptist Church, where the Rev. F. R. Robarts still carries on a most successful ministry. Though a Baptist by con- viction, yet in religion, as in all other (lepart- mencs of life, lie chaimed for himself, as he allowed to all others, the utmost freedom ; and so we find him equally at home among Non- conformists of different denominations and Evangelical Churchmen.* Not only was Mr. * One of many interesting experiences in Mr. Wal- ker’s Ife was that which brought him through tem- perance work, in contact with an earnest but extremc-ly High ritualistic clergyman off (Mty Road, Loudon, who begged of him to come and give an addre.ss to his people. When the occasion arrived, and Mr. Walker watclud the procession passing to the hall and all the syml ols ai d forms accompanying 1 he opening service, he felt far from comfortable and honestly stated how widely apart belief and practice were from ail this, and then went on with his address in which he introduced one or two pathetic Scottish ballads. After- Walker actively engaged in Church work at home, but he took ,a great interest in missionary work abro.ad. He never visited Ceylon without devoting a great deal of time to tills work, going right round the Island on one occasion, in order that he might see what was being done at the ditt'erent mission stations along the coast. In 1886 he made a special trip to Bombay and the north of India to get some knowledge of the missionary work carried 011. there, especi.ally in connection with mission schools and colleges. How best to work our missions and utilise the conse- crated energies of our missionaries must always give anxious thought to all who are truly interested in the work, Imt anything like dogmatic assertion on tliese points must be left as the “ prerogative of the passing tourist,” to use the delightfully sarcastic phrase of Dr. Copleston, the devoted and able Bishop of Colombo. Mr. Walker wrote a number of very interesting letters to the Ceylon Observer, giving an account of his trip to India, and we may contrast his calm and judicial remarks with the extravagant utter- ances too often made by the “ passing tourist.” Thoughtful men cannot but realise that our missions in India and China, where the people aresteeped in elaborate religious systems older than our own, present many a “ great and perplexing pro- blem” ; but Mr. Walker felt very stroiiglj- that it was most unjust to abu.se the missionary. Let those who sneer at the results of their work and the ap- parently slow progre.ss that is being made, devise a more excellent way, and prove their earnestness by paying for the experiment. In politics Mr. Waleker was a staunch Liberal until April 8bli, 1886, when Mr. Gl.adstone intro- duced his Home Rule Bill and broke up the grand old Liberal party that included such men as Bright, Chamberlain, Lord Harrington, Foster, Goschen, and many others. Bright and Foster are no longer with us, but tlie others are among the men who are toilay making this country’s history, and many old Liberals feel it is a pitj"- they had logo to the other side to do it. For the whole of his life, Mr. Walker, of the House like many oth.ers, almost worshipped Gladstoneand when the crisisof 1886arose, he felt as if he had lost a personal friend. He had taken Ills share in fighting for the different Liberal measures of a whole generation, but I do not think he even voted after 1886. When he did take a holiday his great pastime was burn-fishing, of whicli he was enthusiastically fond; and then lie was like a boy just let loose from' school. His whole soul respondeil to the beauties of nature, and he seemed to find and see God everywhere. Such is a brief and all too imperfect record of the career of one who, beginning life in a Scotch village, sought to live to some purpose, and with good effect, to make the most of what ever talents he possessed. He humbly but earnestly believed that for those wlioseektodowliat is right “God shapes the fitness of iisall, and gives toevery man his meaning.” Life for him was full of meaning, and the meaning of his life to those who come after him becomes thericher and more heutifiil as the years pass by. It is some- tliingtomake the little corner of the world in wliicli a man lives the better for his being in it ; and that is what Mr. Walker managed to do. all was over and the audience gone, the ritualistic clergyman came and shook hands beaming all over and exclaim out of a full heart to Mr. Walker; “I do love you ! ” Wide as the poles asunder, denomina- tionally and doctrinally, and yet brothers !— Ed. T.A, 302 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [Nov. I, 1897. A few months after his death the clerks and native employes presented tlie Company witli a very sjood and handsome oil painting of their late master to be hung in the office. After tlie presentation the manager, astonished at the costly character of the work, expressed to the chief clerk, who headed the movement, his fear that the cost must luive been more than tlie men could well afford from their pay. It was then ex- plained to him that at first it was proposed to levy a percentage from the pay of each of the workmen and staff'. “But we thought, ” said the clerk, “ that Mr. Walker would not like that, as it would seem like forcing contributions. So last pay day we placed a box at the gate for the men to put in it whatever they felt inclined to give; and we got more than was required.” Motliing could have been more in harmony with the spirit of him who was so long their master, and it shows that even the native clerks had caught something of the spirit of his teaching. * * * There is a little thatched cottage occupied by a small farmer or crofter in the West Highlands of Scotland. A merchant from Glasgow one summer, when on a holiday, visited the cottage, and on looking round the parlour was surprised to see on the mantelpiece a photograph of Mr. Walker. “ Doyouknow Mr. W'alker ?” askedthemerchant. “ O yess, ” replied the farmer’s wife, with the sweet Highland accent; “he used to bring his fa-.nily here for the holidays when the children were young. He iss a good man. “ Yes, ” said the merchant, as he looked again at the photograph, “ there is no better man walks he streets of Glasgow.” * “ When I die, put near me something that has loved the light, and had the sky above it always.’ These words express exactly the feeling of Mr. Walker, for though death had no terror for him he often said that he hoped he would never be buried in a city cemetery— like the Glasgow Mecropolis— where flowers cannot grow and Heaven’s light is for the most part of the year made dim with the dark canopy of smoke overhead. And so, on June 16th> 1891, he was laid to rest in the little country grave' yard belonging to the parish church at Cathcart’ “until the day break, and the shadows flee away.’ So passed away in his 67th year, one of the truest and best men who ever came to this Colony of Ceylon: his “pioneering” in one direction alone led to the expansion of indus- tries with a staff under 50 to one of over 1,200 workmen, and he lived to see the usefulness of his Colombo and Kandy houses not only recognised all over Ceylon, but in India, the Straits Settlements, Java and Borneo as well as in far-distant Brazil and in the West Indies ; while not a few ocean-going steamers have benefitted by the prescience which established the Colombo Iron Works. With these Works, the nameof William Walker will ever be in- dissolublyassociated, while all who knew him will acknowledge with us that a more single-hearted and altruistic Christian never lived : “Only the actions of the just Smell sweet and blossom in the dust. ” A HOME-MADE ARROWHIOOT MILL. We were lately asked by a farmer in the Blackall Range how to make an arrowroot-grinding machine. He had arrowroot growing on his farm, and wished to make enough starch for domestic use. The only method he knew of was to grind down the bulbs on a large tin grater, but the results did not com- pensate for the labour. As we were once in exactly the same predicament, we cannot do better than describe the primitive machine which we invented, and which proved eminently successful. Being far distant from any place where a machine could have beeu constructed, not to mention the detail of a scarcity of cash, we constructed the machine as follows: — First, a log about 2 feet in diameter and 8 feet long was hollowed out by axe and adze into a trough. At the head of this trough was fixed a framework much like the wooden stand of a grindstone. A large wheel was then cut from a sound log. T’his wheel was about 3 feet in diameter and 1 foot wide. Tin plates, turned into graters (which required frequent renewal) by punching holes in them with a nail, were next nailed on to the edge of the wheel, to which a wooden axle was fitted. The wheel, when placed in position, turned in the water with which the trough was filled. Above it was a w-ooden hopper, through which the bulbs dropped on to the wheel. This was turned by a man with ease, and the grated bulbs went into the water in the shape of pulp and starch. The latter gradually settled at the bottom, and the pulp was removed with a narrowtiued fork and also by hand. After a short interval to allow the starch to settle down firmly, pegs were withdrawn from the lower end of the trough, and the water drawn off. The arrowroot was then dug out of the bottom of the trough and passed through calico stretched over a tub. By stirring it round with the hand on the calico, and at the same time pouring water on it, the whole of the starch passed through into the tub, leaving the gross impurities behind. This operation was performed three or even four times, until the arrowroot was perfectly white and quite free from any foreign substance. After the last washing, it was placed on shallow trays and dried. With the machine described, we not only made sufficient arrowroot for our own use, but we sent a quantity home to our friends, and sold the balance in Brisbane at Is. per lb. This was in the year 1863. Such a machine, however, would scarcely enable a grower to-day to make a profit out of arrowroot. — Queensland Agricultural Journal. THE CULTIVATION OF CACAO IN MEXICO. ( From a Special British Consular Report.) The tree that products the “food of the gods” (chocolate), “ theobroma cacao ” of Linnaeus, “ cacari, ” or “ caoava quahuitl ” of the ancient Mexicans, and “cacao” of the Spaniards, is a native o^ Mexico. Long before the conquest, the Aztecs and other ancient Mexican tribes used the fruit as one of their alimentary beverages. They prepared a drink called chocolatl by mixing the seeds after having crushed them on the nietatl, together with a fine corn meal, vanilla (“ tlilxochitl ”), and a species of spice called “ rnecaxochitl, ” and those that drank it were a picture of health, preserving handsome and vivid features even to old age. All nations subjugated under the Aztec eagle had to bring, among other valuables, a certain Nov. I 1897.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 30^ Dumber of bags of cacao to the place in the great Tenochtitla as an annual tribute to the Emperor. It was so highly prized amongst the ancient natives that in trade it was utilised as currency among the lower classes. The varieties cultivated were, namely : — The quauhcahuatl, “ ua^r^jcahuatl, “ zochicucahuatl, and ‘‘ tlaoacahuatl. ” The bean of the last one was very small, analogous to the kind found at present at Soconusco, Chiapas. The fruit produced in Zoconochco, in the provinces of Tabasco and Chiapas was considered as the best. The followers of Hernan Cortez endeavoured in vain to maintain the plantations then existing, but it is a well known fact that on the conquest of this countrv by the Spaniards agriculture and the industries then known retrograded to such an extent that the cultivation of the cacao as well as that of the cotton plant suffered so severely that both plants were reduced almost to a wild state. The conquered Mexicans were compelled to work in the mines and serve in slavery, and were thereby obliged to neglect their plantations. And as the conquerors were not versed in the culture the industry was nearly aban- doned, and did not take a new life until sorne Spaniards started one or two large plantations in Choutalpa, Tabasco, a few years before Mexico threw off the Spanish yoke. Other plantations were estabished in different sections of Tabasco and Chiapas. Chocolate, the product of the fruit, was first introduced into Europe (Spain) by the Spaniards from Mexico. .Portugal followed in the use of it; France and England did not appreciate its full qualities until the latter part of the seventeenth century. After the year 1778 it came into vogue in all the cities in Europe. Its alimentary virtues became more generally known, and Doret, a French- man, invented a hydraulic machine to manufacture it on a large scale. Since then all civilised nations have consumed this rich American product of Mexican origin, which, up to date, is not produced in sufficient quantities to meet the world’s consumption. This tree is found growing wild and in cultivation in the States of Colima, Michoacan, Guerrero, Oaxaca (districts of Jamiltepeo and Tuxtepec), Chiapas (distiicts of Soconusco, Mezcalapa, Pichucalco, Simojovel, and Palenque), Tabasco, and central and southern Vera Cruz, where the elevation is from 100 to 1,200 feet above sea level, but Chiapas and Tabasco are noted as being its home, the climate and soil there being more particularly adapted to its culture and development ihan any other portion of the globe. The production of cacao in the year 1893 was 2,147,730 kilos., valued at $837,197. In 1870 the States of Tabasco, Colima, Chiapas, Guerrero, Michoac- an, Oaxaca, and Vera Cruz had 569,795 trees in culti- vation, producing an annual crop of 31,285 quintals, worth to the planters $782,125. Cacao is an evergreen tree of medium size, which, if grown in a good soil and left to itself, will reach a height of 20 to 30 feet, and spread out to an extent of 10 feet or mere on each side. At the height of a few feet from the ground it sends out three to six lateral branches (*■ horquetas”) without any sign of a leading stem, and it is only when the branches are matured that a leader or leaders (“ rama chupona ”) spring out from the side, and not from the centre of these branches. The leaves are smooth, alternate, lanceolate, pendent, of a deep green colour, 9 to 10 inches long by 3 inches across. The flowers are small, of a pale yellow or very light red colour, and they come off in a bunch from the stem, branches, and the place where a leaf formerly existed. It is rarely that more than one of them develops into fruit, and thus many more flowers are borne on the trees than fruit pods. The cucumber shaped pods are 5 to 9 inches long, and nearly 4 inches in diameter at their widest part, with a thick, almost woody rind. They are pinched in at the top and pointed at the end, the point being curved to one side. The skin is first light green, then of a yellowish red colour, jvith ten furrows and tuberculated ridges, These indicate a fivec-elled fruit, which contains on an average 38 seeds, embedded in its sweetish pulp. The species most cultivated in Mexico are: Cacao or Theobroma ovalifolia, T. bioolor, and T. angustifolia. There are other kinds known, generally found growing wild, which come under the head of the Guazumas or guacima, Guazuma polybotrya being the principal species. Practice and study have shown us that the cacao tree will thrive well in virgin lands recently cleared, but rich in organic matter and minerals, and as it has a long tap root the surface soil needs to be deep and thick with humus. The best soil, however, is that occurring in valleys and undulating lands, along the banks of rivers or streams made by years of alluvial deposits, or by the decomposition of volcanic rocks. A proof of this is shown in the department of Soconusco, Chiapas. It will also grow well in loams and the richer marls, but it will not thrive in stiff, heavy clay. A warm, moist climate, having a mean temperature between 76° and 77° Fahr., is necessary for the culti- vation of cacao if large crops are expected, but when the soil is suitable, the tree will grow and give fair returns in a moderately dry or weli drained location. The ordinary cacao plant will not do well in the mountains above 600 metres (1,968 feet), and even at that height it becomes stunted, and is fruitful only for a few years. The best elevation is from 300 to 500 feet, and in sheltered situations near the seashore good crops are to be obtained, but the tree will not thrive if exposed to the direct influence of the sea breeze. Cacao will not bear much exposure, hence sheltered lands and valleys should be selected and on the Gulf side of Chiapas, Tabasco, and Vera Cruz, nothern and eastern aspects should be avoided. Still, locations i ' Colima, Michoacan, Guerrero, and Oaxaca, on the Pacific side, having a south and south western exposure, must not bo preferred for the formation of successful plantations. Cacao plants are obtained from the seed, which germinates readily and quickly. The best looking pods from the April or May crop, which are not over ripe should be picked for the purpose. Those known as bechas are generally preferred by the planters. These are distinguished by their light colour, solid appearance, and the seeds not rattling inside. After selecting the largest seeds from healthy pods, the former are soaked in lukewarm water for 12 or 18 hours, rejecting those assuming a reddish tint ani likewise those floating on the water, the rest, are left to dry. A virgin spot close to a spring or stream whose soil is not porous, in the immediate vicinity cf the plot to be planted, should be selected for the nur- sery. For the convenience of handling, more than one nursery should be formed along the plot, 300 feet distant, if a large sized plantation is to be esta- blished. The spot is prepared by hoeing the soil, extracting the weeds and roots and pulverising the earth with a rake ; then beds are made 5 feet wide by any length, separating each one by a walk 3 feet wide. Small furrows are made, about an inch in depth and about 12 inches apart, and the seeds are sown in them 8 inches one from the other. That part of the seed attached to the stringy centre of the pod is the one to be placed downwards in sowing. The seed is covered with vegetable mould or loose loam mixed with horse manure and ov'er that banana leaves. The bed is sprinkled every day for 12 or 15 days, when seedlings appear. Then the btmana leaves are removed, and sheds, made of palm leaves and sticks, so fixed that they can be raised as the seedling grows, should be placed over the nursery as shade and shelter ; no weeds or grass are allowed on the beds. The sprinkling should be continued when necessary, or on rainless days, and the palm leaves are gradually taken off, but not altogether until the plants are ready to transplant. The operation of forming the nursery is done in some places in the months of April and May, and in other localities as late ae September, 3°4 THE TEOPICAL Either in the month of Febuary or March the planter’s attention must be directed to the preparation of the land ; in some iilaces, where the rains cease early in the season, that is done in December or January. The forests having been cut down (tumba) the branches must be lopped and strewn (rozada) evenly over the ground before they are burnt (quemada). But when the forest is cleared, shade belts should be left, or afterwards planted in ex- posed places so as to shelter the cacao trees from the wind. Of course the felled forest trees must be allowed to remain for a time exposed to the sun, otherwise the smaller branches will not catch fire properly. Where possible it is better not to burn the bush, but to pack it in lines between the young plants or madres, in order that, by its rotting, it may add to the richness of the soil, otherwise the nitrogenous compounds so beneficial to plant life are sent off into the atmosphere by the burning. Immediately after the burning, which should take place in April, or a month after the land is cleared, corn and beans are sown on the plot. If the land has no natural trees suitable for shade, mother trees (madres) are looked for, such as mataraton, pito, cocoite, chipilcoite, and chontal. The lastnamed, a broad leaved tree, is not good for anything but to give shade and shelter. Cocoite and chipilcocoite, small leaved trees, are hard wood and are used by prefereirce for posts for houses. These trees are obtained from forests in the shape of cuttings or young plants, and planted in the beginning of the rainy season and at a distance of from 15 to 18 feet apart on rich flat land, but on poorer soil and on hill sides, from 12 to 16 feet will be the proper distance, llubber can also be planted as shaue, but it requires more scientific work and care. In July and August the com and beans are harvested, and the plot throu{;hly cleaned ; the banana suckers can then be planted between every for madres, providing rubber has not been thought of and no preparations made to raise it. In the spring of the following year another crop of corn can be sown between the madres leaving a hill close to the place destined for the cacao seedling which will serve as chichihuas, tem- porary shade, to the young plant when transplanted. In Chiapas and Tabasco trees called challa and niadre serraua are utilised for this purposes. A year after sowing, seedlings are 50 ceutims. (20 inches) high and ready to be transplanted. In the beginning of the rains, on a cloudy day, the operation of transplanting is proceeded with. A peon with a machete cuts a squaie line around the seedling and with a spade (ooa) lifts up earth and seedling; this is clone in 15 to 20 minutes. Then another peon wraps up the whole mass with a large leaf grown on a plant called hojablanca, found in those sections. In the meantime the holes are being made, they are dug 8J feet away from the madres if these are set 17 feet apart, so as to form a square with a mother cacao in the middle. The holes should be 2 ieet square and 2 feet deep, that is 8 cubic feet of earth must be taken up, this can be done by a practical man inside of 5 minutes, in soft soil. The earth around the seedling after transplanting must he W'ell pressed with the loot, but a,t the same time, before finishing that operation, dried leaves are mixed with the soil to be placed on top. Of course land under cacao cultivation, as under all proper and successful cultivation, should be kept clear ot weeds. In the first place the plot should be drained off to ensure quick crops ; and then proper tillage will improve the soil and do good to the trees. To accomplish this, 4 weedings (ladeas) are necessary in the first J year.s, 3 in the second 3 years, and 2 in the fol'owing years. On steep hill sides cutlassing will be sufficient, and on level places hoeing will be required. When the trees are grown so that their branches shade the land, the weeds will not grow very fast, and as a rule they are so loosely rooted that they may be easily pulled up. The cultivation p,nd barveBting of the side crops must be attended AGRICULTURIST. [Nov. i, iSgy. to in due time. The cacao planter should give careful attention to the pruning of the trees and trimming of the madres if he wishes to get a large yield. As the pods are borne on the larger branches,' the prin- ciple is to develop such branches by judicious pru- ning and to see that they are not covered up by a mass of foliage and small twigs. A typical cacao tree should have one stem, giving off at a few feet from the ground three to five branches which spread in an open manner and are free from leaves except at the top ; thus the leaves shade the open inner portion without interfering with a free circulation of the air. If the young plants throw out more than one main stem, the surplus ones (mamoces or chuponas) must be pruned off when the moon is on the wane, and after the lateral branches are formed no upward prolongation of the stem must be allowed to grow. If the tree be left alone these upward growing branches will come off from the stem just below the laterals, in the form of suckers, and to leave them on is to cause the strength to be taken from these fruitful laterals, as well as to allow the trees to run up, per- haps for 30 feet or more thereby causing much trouble iu picking the pods. W^hen the suckers are pruned off, fresh orce will grow in a short time, generally in a month, so that the trees will require frequent attention until they are mature, when the tendency to throw out suckers will be stopped. In gathering the pods, the suckers may be taken off at the same time, but the trees should not be pruned in the flowering season. Unless in the case of sickly plants on poor soil the trees will not require manuring until the crops are taken off, when, as may be imagined, it will be necessary to restore to the soil, in a cheap way, what has been removed iu the valuable produce. A good deal will depend on the nature of the soil and the yield of the trees. Should crops which were abundant be found to be falling off, it is an indication that manure is necessary. A compost of yard manure and bone dust in the proportion of 5,000 cart loads of yard manure and 500 lb. of bone dust per hectare of land applied every 3 years is all that is required. The successful harvesting of cacao requires great care and watchfulness, as it is a fruit that has many enemies, the principal being parrots, squirrels, tusas (a species of gopher), tepeiscuintle, another animal of the rodent class, and ants, specially these known under the name of arrieias. But damage bj’ these can be obviated by proper cultivation and care. Eeturns from a cacao plantation (motelar) cannot be expected until 5 years from transplanting. At 2 years old the tree, in rich soil, stands 5 or 6 feet high ; when 7 or 8 feet high it begins to bear (jugar), but it is not in full bearing (cuaja) until it is between 10 and 12 feet high. The first flowers under favour- able conditions will come out at the third year, hut, as the tree is not matured then, they should by no means be allowed to produce pods, otherwise the plant will be so weakened by the fruiting that its grow th will be greatly checked. The first flowers, therefore, should all be rubbed off. After the leaves of the flower fall, a bud appears like the common Mexican chile pepper and takes 3 or 4 months to mature. Peons or mozos must be employed daily until the crop is harvested, as birds and squirrels are apt to eat the bud and afterwards the seed. The cacao tree flowers all the year round and the pickings of the fruit are divided into four harvests or seasons. The first, which covers the first three months of the year, is known as invernada ; the second, lasting through April, May, and June, is the cosecha or harvest proper, and is the most abundant of the four; the product of the third, ex- tending over July, August, and September, is known as cacao loco; and that of the three last months of the year as alegron. The average yield of dry cacao from each tree of course varies very much. The limits may be said to be from IJ to 8 lb. per tree — Sugarcane, Nov. I, rSgy.J THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. PALLEGAMA GRANT ESTATE. Sportsmen occasionally find their way to the neighbourhood of Pallegama and we are glad to have independent opinions of the olanting in some “ Notes ” — not from one of a recent party, but gained indirectly : — “Pallegama has every appearance of being a very fine property in course of time ; coconuts and coffee were looking very well indeed, though wild pig and buffaloes do a lot of damage to young supplies. But couldn’t the liides and horns of buffaloes be turned into a ‘ New Product,’ and add to the revenue of the estate instead of taking from it? The bungalow is a neat building on the top of a knoll, and has a cart road right up to the door. The whole distance from Matale is 47 miles, and sportsmen often go much farther than that in search of game.” 4^ FRUITS AND VEGETABLES : HINTS FOR MR. WILLIS AND HIS STAFF : AS ALSO FOR ALL UPCOUNTRY (AND I.OtVCOUNTRY) RESIDENTS. [From a practical Golomst.) “ The Tottum, Sept. 14th Don’t you think, Mr. Editor, that our energetic Director of Peradeniya Gardens would be conferring a boon on the whole community, if he were to train a staff of coolies that could be hired out as garden workers at so much per month just as gardeners are lent out at home. For instance, if any one wanted a garden laid out or one re- modelled, what a convenience it would be to get a cooly who knew how to do it, even by paying a good wage for him ! — and an ordinary estate cooly could keep a garden weeded and watered when once it was laid out ; and twice a year, say, an experienced gardener from Peradeniya might be had, to put in fresh plants and seeds. The Peradeniya Gardens might do wonders in introducing new fruits that could be grown in our island, 1 am perfectly certain there w’ould be much le.ss fever in many districts were people to eat more fruit. Even plantains are not to be always had in planting district.?, and if oranges, limes, pineapples, papa ws, &o., W'ere for sale at the Government Gardens, there would be a great de- mand for them, and I have often thought a good way of celebrating this year of .Jubilee would be for every one in the island to plant GO fruit trees (of sorts) near bungalows wherever sucli a thing w’as practicable. The expense would be trifling and people ought not to bo deterred by the feeling that those who planted the trees might not reap the fruit of them. Let us all be disinierested for once in a w'ay : some one will eat the fruit in course of time. “ I fancy the pineapple fibre you wrote about is extracted from the leaves, is it not ?— we could grow tons of these. Papaws planted from seed come into bearing in about 10 months at an elevation of 2,400 feet. So papaw juice could also be produced in large quantities.” NOTES ON RUBBER. The Indict Rahhcr World of New York is starting a discussion as to the relative values of the rubber of different countries, and certain authorities seem inclined to make out tliat Para rubber trees are never to succeed in Asia, nor Africa rubber from the Congo ever prove as 33 305 good as the rubber from South America. Even the latter proposition is improbable, while we have no faith in the former. Why sliould not Para rubber prosper w'ell in moist w'arm Ceylon, just as much as Trinidad cacao has ttoiir- ished in our upland valleys and Peruvian cin- chonss on our hills? We quote from our Ameri- can contemporary as follows : — Any hope that rubber may be cultivated success- fully in more favourable climates seems to us wholly unfounded. There is no higher authority on this sub- ject than Mr. Mann, late forest conservator in Assam, who wrote recently in The India Rubber World : ‘:The acclimatization of American rubber-trees in Asia has not been a sirocess, and, generally speaking, I am now inclined to think that all rubber plants had better be grown in the conn-tries in which they are indi- genous.” By the way, there is not, and never was, a large plantation of Para rubber-trees in India, ab though a statement is going the rounds in regard to such a plantation, said to cover 200 square miles. More than this, experiments made in Brazil have de- monstrated that, while cultivated trees may flourish, they may not yield rubber on a different soil, or at a higher elevation, than is common to the native rubber forests. Thus it will be seen that the business of planting rubber should not be undertaken without considerable oantion. The cultivatioH of India-ubber, coffee, and pineapples together is proposed by the Mexican Gulf Agricultural Co. (Kansas City, Co.), incorporated under the laws of Missouri with jpl00,000 oapiial. Organized origin- ally to start a coffee plantation in the isthmus of Tehuantepec, their plans have been extended until they now include an offer of 100-acre tracks, one-half planted in coffee and pineapples, and 4,00J rubber- trees. The idea is to attract additional capital and increase the number of persons interested in tropical cultivation. They claim to have several thousand rubber trees on their lauds already, and more will be planted. After eight years it is promised that the rubber-trees will yield yearly .|1 each. A despatch appeared in the New York Sim of ,Tuly 12, dated from Oaxaca, Mexico, saying; “The India Rubber Company of Mexico, an English corporation with a paid up capital of !^2, 000,000, is going into the rubber industry in Mexico on an extensive scale. This company is now planting .5,000,000 rubber trees on their lands in the district of Pochutla, this state. They have 400 men at wefrk'-'oH' the land now.” Every increase in the demand for any grade of rubber tends to raise its cost to the manufacturer. Suppose, then, that certain African sorts shoii.ld be found truly to yield a substitute for Para. Hov.' long would the present difference in price continue? Thera would be a steady rise in Africans until it would be economical no longer to use them instead of Para rubber. This consideration would soon put an end to any hope for great profits from substituting low-pvicsd African gums for the higher priced sorts from South America. But it remains to be proved that the African rubbers are capable of such use as has been asserted. Of comse great advance has been made in their manipulation, permitting their use in channels where, not so many years ago, it would have beeM impossible. It is reasonable to suppose that the use of Africans will continue to extend in new directions, but the experience of every manufacturer who has ever had anything to do with these sorts has helped to make him conservative. It is not the question of how much rubber there is in Central Africa, or of how many laborers can be had. It is not even the question of transportation that is most important, but how the rubber is going to find a market. Para rubber always has been and always will be the mainstay of the rubber industry. There is a demand of course, for African rubbers, and this will grow, hut from this time on it will be only in the same proportion as the rubber indurf -y grows as a whole. When the limit to the demand for Congo — or any other — rubber lias been reached, the production will fall off, and this is why I say 3o6 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [Nov. I, 1897. that we are not going to see such a great lot of Central African rubbers comint; to market in the next few years as some other people think. Let the market once become overstocked with these grades, and prices will fall below the cost of producing and shipping them to market. AMERICAN TEA IMPORTS OF 1897. The total imports of tea for the year ending June 30, 1897, were, from the countries named, as fob lows : — Pounds. Dollars. United Kingdom .. . . 6,212,008 . . 2,547,371 1,165,765 British North America 396,738 China . . . . 56,483,924 7,281,931 East Indies . . 2,120,003 272,683 Japan ... . . 45,465.161 5,651,279 Other Asia and Oceanica 454,111 57,226 Other countries 60,597 10,240 Total.. .. 113,343,175 14,835,862 Exports 439,577 98,790 Net imp'ts or cons’mpt’n 11 2,903,-598 14,737,072 Net imports in 1896 . . 93,340,248 Increase . . 19,563,3,50 Consumption, 1897, per capita 1.56 Consumption, 1896, per capita 1.33 Tea is the most talked-about article in the grocer’s stock, and yet the total import cost of one year’s supply is less than |15,000,000, and the retail cost less than |30,000,000. The tride is insignificant in comparison with other articles consumed, and yet it absorbs more attention than any other one article. It has always had a historical interest, a social con- nection ; been in favour as a stimulant, and of inter- est to the grocer because it is a medium for generorrs profits. The net imports, reduced to gallons of beverage, show a consumption of not less than 561,517,990 gal- lons, on a basis of five gallons of beverage to one pound of leaf. Some claim that one pound of leaf makes six gallons of beverage. When India or Ceylon tea is used, one pound of leaf will make from twelve to sixteen gallons of beverage, showing it to be the cheapest good stimulant in favor with consumers. — American Orocer, Aug. 18. THE TRADE IN ALOE FIBRE. The Indian Textile Journal writes ; — Few of our readers are probably aware of the increasing business that is now being done in the export of aloe fibre. There has been a continuous demand for the fibre from many parts of the world and it seems that if India can supply it in large quantities there will be a good future before those who will set to work and begin the export on a large scale. As it is, it unfor- tunately remains a neglected industry, in this coun- try, but if once regi^ar shipments are made and de- pended upon, a steady demand will be kept up. According to a correspondent, a visit to the press houses at Colaba would surprise many a capitalist in search of a profitable investment. Waggon loads of the fibre are sent down to Bombay from the grow- ing ’districts by merchants or their representatives. It is forwarded either in bulk or in loose bales and on arrival is carefully sorted by the buyer, who fixes his price, which varies from B75 to B.125 per ton according to the different qualities. It is then pressed into bales of the same size as cotton bales. The price delivered in Loudon is reported to be from £5 to £17, so that a good margin of profit is generally left to the Bombay exporter. India, like most of the Eastern countries possesses a great variety of fibres ; but a very few of them are commercially useful. Aloe fibre grows wild in many part of India, the Bombay supply depending on the wild tracts of Central India, the whole of the Deccan and the Bombay Presidency, where on the coast of Kathiawar, and particularly in districts near Poona it grows in abundance. No systematic cultivation of the weed is yet attempted. Men, woman and children of the lowest caste pick the leaves in swamps and malarious bogs when they have no better occupation to follow. The work is alike unhealthy and injurious, as the juice of the plant causes itching of the skin, and in the case of sores of cuts the limbs have been known to swell. The families set to work in groups, and wbile some gather together the leaves and stems, the others strike the leaves, after they are dipped in water, against a stone, which operation separates the fibre from the leaves, juice, &c. This is the most primitive of the methods still followed in many districts, but of late several hand machines of some- what crude design have been made by which the fibre is extracted. Having separated the fibre in this way, the natives attend the bazaar with their supply and part with their small bundles for a very nominal con- sideration in the shape of food grain or copper coins. The fibre is used in this country either pure or mixed with hemp or flax for making cordage. &c. America exports large quantities of the flbre to all parts of Eu- ppe, Mauritius being next in her supply. The plant in these countries is, moreover systematically culti- vated, and the fibre being extracted by improved machinery, is commercially far superior to the Indian Aloe. — Pioneer, Sept. 9. PLANTING AT THE .STRAITS, In the “ Negri Sembilan Government Gazette” of Sept. 3rd, received today, we find the Report by tlie Coniinissioner of Lands and Mines (Mr. H. Conway Belfield,) f.m.s., dated Taiping, 23rd March, 1897, and from it we make the following extracts : — Seuemban.— The progress of coffee planting by Europeans is very noticeable and satisfactory. Eight applications of this nature were registered during the year, and a total area of 4,138 acres was granted for this purpose. 6,977 acres were surveyed, and seven leases were registered for this purpose alone. The amount of quit-rent now paid annually' in respect of large estates in the district owned by European plan- ters is |2,707.56. Poet Dickson.— One thousand eight hundred and ninety-two acres of land were alienated during the year, bringing the total on 31st December up to 49,393 acres, distributed among the following descrip- tions of cultivation : — Gambier and pepper . . 23,353 acres Tapioca . . 21,395 „ Coffee, kampong, and sawah. . 4,645 ,, Ninety-one applications for land were received, embracing an area of 2,745 acres, and 195 leases were issued during the year. The concession of 11,000 acres of gambier and pepper land, granted in 1876 to Toh Eng Sew, for twenty years, fell in during the year, and the land reverted to Government. Jelebu. — The total amount of land alienated in the State for agricultural purposes on 31st December was 2,740 acres, of which it is estimated that about 2.000 acres is padi land. Of this quantity, 552 acres were alienated in 1896. The mining lands now oc- cupied amount to 6,514 acres, 411 acres having been given out in the past year, of the above area, nearly 6.000 acres are held by the two companies above mentioned. ♦ A CEYLON PLANTER REPORTING ON DOMINICA. In the “ Colonies and India ” of August 2Sth we find the following reference to a Report pre- sented^ to Mr. Philip Temj)ler’s Government by Mr. Naftel, so well-known here as a Pussellawa planter and afterwards pro tem, Visiting Agent to Me.ssi.s. Cumberbateh & Co. We have received a copy of the report complied by Mr. C. O. Naftel, late Inspector of Plantations in Ceylon, who, it will be remembered, was invited Nov. r, 1897.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 307 by the Government of Dominica to inquire into the capabilities of the latter island. Mr. Naftel is emi- nently qualified to perform such a task, having had more than 20 years’ experience of tropical agricul- ture in Ceylon, and his report is a most valuable and interesting document which, although it applies particularly to Dominica, may be found to furnish some useful general hiuts to planters in other parts of the West Indies. Mr. Naftel holds up the Ceylon system of cultivation as an example to Dominica, and, in writing this report, he has had before him the hope that means may be found to enlist the services of Ceylon men for Dominica. The question has been asked why the Dominicans do not take advantage of the natural resources of their island. The principal answer is that they have no capital, and though the planters are experimenting in new products to take the place of their old staple, sugar, they cannot do much without money. What are re- quired to bring out the resources of Dominica are capital, cheap money, and experience obtained in more prosperous fields of enterprise. Thei-e is no doubt that Dominica offers a profitable field for an agricultural company, and in addition to their being a good opening for such a company there is one for men with the necessary knowledge and capital. Plan- ters trained in Ceylon have gone to the Straits Settle- ments, Borneo, and East Africa, }o take up lands for Liberian or Arabian coffee. If others are medi- tating such a step Mr. Naftel advises them to look at Dominica first. There is no need to go so far afield and to bad climates, when, within a fortnight of England, there is this fertile island, possessing a climate difficult to equal, and certainly not to be surpassed by any place within the tropica. Mr. Naftel has seen enough of the island, and so com- pared its advantages with all that is considered essential for agricultural purposes in Ceylon, to induce him to confidently advise anyone with capital (which he can afford to invest without requiring an immediate return) and with knowledge of planting, or with confidence in some person whose services he can secure to plant for him, to invest in Dominica. It is to be hoped, therefore, that this report may bear fruit in the shape of attracting capital and fresh settlers to the island, the inhabitants of which, however, can greatly help to improve its condition by recognising and acting upon the recognition of the fact that what is worth doing at all is worth doing well, and that method counts for much, both in the eyes of c apitalists and in the successful carrying out of even the smallest enterprise. Not only coll'ee, hut cacao and nutmegs are re- ported to do well in the West Indian island administered hy the ex-Government Agent of the Central Province. TEA PLANTING IN FIJI. We find the following advertisement in the Fiji Times of 7 tli August : — For Sale. — ^The Wainunu Tea Estate, consisting of 700 acres. 200 acres under tea, fully bearing, will produce 80,000 lb. of tea incoming season. The latest appliances for manufacturing and water power for driving. Estate thoroughly clean and all buildings in first-class order. Inspection invited. — Apply to, Robbie and Evans, Levuka. And an editorial note referring to it is as follow's The Wainunu tea estate, it will be noticed in this issue, is advertised for sale. The property consists of 700 acres, 200 acres of which are under tea and in full bearing, while it is estimated that the mill will produce 80,000 lb. of tea during the incoming season. The mill has all the latest and most im- proved appliances for manufacturing, being driven by water power. All the buildings are in first class order and the estate is thoroughly clean. The Wai- nunu tea is well known all over Fiji and finds a ready sale in the group, and as the demand here is nearly equal to the supply but very little has been exported, although what has been sent away has been reported on very favourably. Such an estate in Ceylon would be valued at from £80 to £100 per acre, for all the area under tea, so the planters in that island have evidently a high appreciation of tea property. The estate should prove a very pro- fitable investment with any one with the necessary capital to carry on operations, not that the amount required would to our mind need to be very large. We understand thi.s Wainunu tea estate is the only one now in Fiji. If it were situated in Ceylon .such a place would readily find a purchaser, but the scarcity and dearne.ss of labour in Fiji will militate against it being sold for anything approaching a decent figure. Local sales of tea are the only thing to keep an estate going in Fiji, until labour conditions alter greatly for the better. — TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO. From the report of Sir H. Jerniegham on the condition of 'Trinidad for the past year, it seems that the revenue was £618,332 — the largest figure reached for years past — and the expenditure £594,462, The public debt is £556,288, wholly incurred for railways and roads. The population is estimated at 248,404, of which East Indians number 81,404. The imports amounted to £2,463,525 and the exports to £2,165,820, of which about half in each case belongs to British countries. Sugar and its products, cocoa, asphalte, and bitters are the chief exports. The area of the colony is estimated at 1,120,000 acres, of which more than half remains to the Crown. The area under sugar cane is 58,500 acres, and cocoa 97,000 acres. The Tobago report is also satisfactory the re- venue exceeding the expenditure. The labourers, who are mostly peasant proprietors, are in compara- tive comfort. The larger landowners and merchants may feel the pinch of the times, but the labourer, with his small holding and his few head of stock, supplemented by occasional work on estates or public roads, finds his existence an easy one. — London Times, Sept. 3. THE RESOURCES OF ABYSSINIA. Ethiopia is a mountainous and very fertile country, the latter cliaracteristic being especially true of the plateau.s of moderate altitude (2,000 to 3,000 feet). According to tlie Bulletin de la Ssciete de Geoaraphie Coninicrckde, the products are bar- ley, wheat, millet, maize, .sorghum, flax, various oils, medicinal plants, potatoes, coffee, tobacco, sugar-cane, &c. There are vast forests ; the sy- camore, the mimosa, the tamarind, a variety of wild olive (reaching thirty feet in height), the lemon, the orange, and the coffee tree are among the principal species. The domestic animals are horses, donkeys, cattle, sheen and goats. Birds and bees abound. The latter contribute largely in certain districts to the w’ealth of the country, their honey being used in the jireparation of hydromel, the favourite native drink, and the wax serving for candles. The mountains contain gold, copper, iron, and rock salt. Potter’s clay is common, and in many places very pure. The principal articles of export are coffee, gold, ivory, skins, gums, wax and medicinal plants. The im- ports consists of cottons, silks, cloths, carpets, fii’earms, cutlery, hardware, |5rovisions, and tools. The French colony at Obock has opened a route for commerce to Harrar aud various ju'ovinces of the Emi>ire. A [rostal service lias been est.ab- lished between Djibouti, Ilarrai', Addis Abalia, &c , and there is telegiaphic communication between the two latter places. In the interior, THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST, [Nov. I, 1897. 308 the i^ei’vice is by horse ; from Djibouti by boat. Addis Ababa, the capital, has a jjennanent population of some 50,000 ; the total number of inhabitants of the country is 15,000,000. Addis Ababa is an important centre of trade. Harrar is the residence of Pas Makonen ; it has a po)iu- latioti of 4'2,000. This is the point of transit of all the commerce from the southern )>rovinees. The goods .are brought to the city from the in- terior by mules, and carried thence to the ports by camels. The annual vfilue of the trade of Harrar amounts to over£l, 000,000, .and is growing steadily. — Journal of the, Society of Arts, Aug. 27th. • o AREKAS-PLANTAINS— PLUMBAGO. KEGALLA DISTRICT (CEYLON) AND ITS INDUSTRIES. We have already reviewed Mr. Davidson’s admirable Administr.ation lleport for 1896 on the Kegalla District; but it was so full of matter vvorthy of notice, that we could only give samjdes at the time. On ne.Nt page will he found an extract sunjilying useful information bear- ing on the local industries in new and old pro- ducts— in plantains (of wliicli ne.arly .8,500 tons were carried from Pambukkana to Colombo last year !) as well as in arekanuts, Liberian coffee, cacao, and rliea. About arekanuts Mr. Davidson gives us new and valuable information accom- panied by suggestions well worth the attention of the Government. He estimates the gross re- turn from arekas (iropeiiy planted at R90 an acre ; and as the exiieuse of upkeep and collec- tion must be comparatively moderate, there would seem to be a margin quite as good as that in coconut palms. Mr. Davidson does not mention how long it takes to bring arekas into bearing ; but from our own little guide for areka ])lanters (out of type, but which we must at once reprint) we see’ the time required is five to .six years only— a great advantage over coconuts. Curiously enough, Mr. Davidson’s estimate of gross return (K90) agrees very closely with that of the late Mr. Borron (R87), although the latter, planting 10 by 10 ft. had far fewer trees to the acre. Tlie natives, according to Mr. Davidson, would allow 1,200 arekas grow to the acre— far too many ; but while he would cut this down to 750, Mr. Borron would have less than 500 areka- r.uts to the acre in order to do them full justice. Tlie diiferent views w’ill be fully discussed in our little m.anual. What we want to ask is wdiy should every tea estate in the Kelaui Valley not have its boundaries marked by areka palms? If there is room for a double or treble row' (ea,ch tree 10 feet apart) so much the better. As a .supplementary jn-oduct to tea in the Kegalla district — the favourite home of the areka — there can he r.o better cul- tivation, unless it be pepper of which, how’ever, Mr. Davidson sa.ys nothing, although it was the special staple of the di.strict up to 100 yc-'-s ago or so. The time has come when we 1,,.. press on all lowcountry planters to give special attention to arecas, pepper and nutmegs. In regard to plumbago in the Kegalla district, Mr. Davidson affords interesting information. 'I’he next time the Governor visits the valley, he should 1)6 taken over a selected areka palm grove ; and down into a jilumbago piit, if His Excellency w'ould care to venture into the latter. AVe cannot hel]) anticipating a considerable deve- lojmient of 'plumbago mining as certain to follow a ; h'ological Survey. Mr. Davidson mentions one Kegalla piit w'hich employs no few'er than 200 labourers ! CINNAMON ; THE LAST LONDON SALES. The particulars which have reached us of the last quarterly Cinnamon .Sale.s, held in London on the ,30th Aug., give no cause for anxiety reg.arding the position and pro.spects of one of the principal ancient staples of the Island. There w'ere 1,289 bales ottered, as against only 779 bales at the corresponding s.ales last year; and of these 1,120 were disposed of in the auc- tion rooms, at rather better jirices than ))re- vailed at the M.ay sales. It may be remembered that in M.ay only about one-haif of the large offering of 1,676 bales found buyers at auction ; and fears were expressed that already the trade was being overdone, and tliat (lie better prices W'hich obtained, conse■'>3 lb. .. 379.543 lb. . . . ■ - 1 „ . . 478,048 ,, 1».j6 .. 1.3-1(5,298 „ .. 551,898 ,, 1897 .. 1,656,057 „ .. 726,404 ,, It will be seen how large and steady has been the increase during the jiast four years. Planting in Seychelles.— It might be in- ferred from our notes of yesterday that “ 800” feet was the present limit of planting in the island. Not so, coffee and even vanilla planters have gone up alre.ady to 1,6-. 0 or even 2,000 feet above sea-level. As much as 22s (id net has been got for Seychelles Vanilla (ordinarjq) in the early part of this year, and 30s for very line samples. Nov. I, 1897.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 309 LAND IN NORTH BORNEO. Mr. A. E. Wright who represesents some im- portant Ceylon planters arrived here on tlie 15th August froi’n Singapore and was the guest of Mr. H. VV'alker. He left for Lahad Datu on the I6th and on his return stayed at Government House unril tl!e23rd, when he left with Mr. H. Walker for Kndab. He was looking for land suitable for coconuts, tea, coffee and cinchona and is reported to have been well pleased with some of the locali- ties he visited.-- Rorueo, Sept. 1. ARECA PALMS ; PLANTAINS ; PLUMBAGO, &C. AGEICULTURE AND MINING IN THE KEGALLA DISTRICT. (From Mr. IV. E. Dcividson’s Administration Report for 1896.) What we ask from the AGBICULTUEAL SCHcUl. and the Eoyal Botanical Gardens is (1) that the Super- inten dent and Director should guide us when we want information ; (2) that we should be supplied with seeds and young plants when we want them ; and (3) that the Superintendent of the Agricultural School, or a really competent assistant from the school or from Henaratgoda or Peradeniya, should deliver special popular lectures on any new garden development. E.y.. this year we want in Pour Korales to have all the information we can get on (1) the growing and pre- paring of rhea fibre ; (2) the preparation of the tan- ning material in the green arecauut, and an analysis of the increased profit to be derived from preparing the product locally. Again, this year and next in Three Korales I want the whole country to hear all the facts and figures about plantain culture, so as to have their produce properly cultivated and ready for the railway to carry it to the market. If Mr. Drieberg can prepare popular lectures on these points with limelight illustrations and such-like at- tractions, I will guarantee to find twenty audiences in selected neighbourhoods, and the net advantage to the country will in one season exceed all the advan- tages derived from any attempt at local school train- ing. In fine, from my point of view the one benefit derivable by this district from the appointment of an Agricultural School in Colombo is that the Superin- tendent, or a competent assistant, should deliver locally popular lectures on popular subjects. He should fulfil the same functions as are discharged by a “ County Council ” lecturer, e.g., as in Sussex. The subject is fully discussed in my reports of the 2nd December, 1895, and of the 16th February, 1897. NEW PRODUCTS. In the same reports I have reviewed the history of the attempts to introduce new paddy, e.g., muttusamba pulukhamban, and Carolina, and of barley ; of new gar- den fruits such as pomegranate. Mandarin orange, Mada- gascar papaya, pomeioe, loquat, jambu, guava, and the Cochin goraka ; and of new commercial products, such as tea, Liberian coffee, cacao, cotton, cloves, pepper, and rhea fibre. The growing of rhea fibre promises to develop into a cottage industry. In a fertile, highly cultivated district like the Four Korales a great deal depends on facilitating the transport of surplus p -oduce to the best market, and in this direction my own efforts have been specially directed by opening out feeders to the railway and constructing bridges a,nd developing paths into roads fit for wheeled transport. In this way the area upon which plantains can be profitably cultivated has been greatly extended. Following up the detailed account of the plantain industry given in the 53rd paragraph of my report for 1895, I furnish in the next paragraph a few par- ticulars of general interest regarding arecaimt culti- vation. I may record here that the plantain indus- try around Rambukkana is still growing fast, and that the railway carried 3,481 tons of plantains from Rambukkana to Colombo, earning thereby freight charges amounting to R19,319'55. This local industry will reach its culminating point about 1,900 and wi then fall away owing to want of further suitable so I hope that the cultivation of rhea fibre — well-suiced to village ideas — will step in to take its place. The Areeanut palm flourishes throughout the Kegalla District most luxuriantly. Although it grows freely over a limited range in other districts and countries, yet, as almost the sole source of supply to Southern India of what the Indian races look upon as a neces- sary of life, the arecauut trade of the Kegalla Dis- trict has for generations represented one of the few agricultural monopolies of the world. The ’DioUuce of the arecannt.s of Four Korales was the nackbone of the King of Kandy's revenue ; and the Dutch Gov- ernment on the coast used, whenever occasion arose, to put pressure on the Kandyan King by blocking the export trade at Puttalam and Kalpitiya and stopping the importation of salt in exchange. Areeanut palms, if left to seed as they please, grow as densely as 1,200 to the acre. This is often the density in the village Aramba ; and then the average yieM per palm is 80 to 100 nuts. If, however, the palms are planted fas is generally the case now) at 750 per acre, they practically double their yield. A fair crop is 120,000 nuts per acre, and 24,000 dried arecanuts go to the ainunam, which is the standard measure of the trade. The weight of an amunam of dried iruts is 2J cwt. The yield there- fore may be calculated at 121 cwt per acre. An amu- nam of dried nuts sells on the spot at from Rl2 to K24 according to the market demand and the facilities of transport. The present average rate is RI8 ; it seems to me probable that high prices will be again reached owing to a quantity of the crops being sold when unripe as sliced arecanuts in order to meet the demand of a new market. The gross average return per acre would be about R85 to E90. An experiment in which 250 palms only were planted in an acre resulted in an average yield of 750 nuts per palm, or 187,500 nuts per acre. This is equal to about 8 amunams per acre, or nearly a ton in weight, with a g’ross return of R144 per acre. The yield of the Madras Presidency estimated at 3,000 tons off 1,600 acres, is manifestly inaccurate. The area under arecanuts in the Kegalla District is 24,749 acres, rather less than one- half of the total acreage under the areeanut in Ceylon. The yield is 15,469 tons in weight, and that of the whole Island at perhaps 25,000 tons, of which about one-fourth appears scheduled in the Customs returns as exported to India or Mauritius. It is probable, however, that the weight of the produce has decreased before export, and that the quantity ex- ported considerably exceeds one-fourth. The growth in the demand for “ kalli pakku ” — the sliced green areeanut— has been very marked in the past few years, and it is now most profitable to dispose of the crop while still green and unripe. It is used in South India, I am informed, to tan leather, chiefly sheep skins. But it is generally boiled down and made into a kind of “ kaipu,” and in its prepared state finds its way to Bombay and is shipped to Europe. It has been suggested to me that the Govern- ment should send a trained agricultural student to the coast of India to ascertain the processes through which the prepared produce passes, the prices current, the ports of destination, and the uses to which it is eventually put. Plumbago. — I here follow up the theme touched on in the 54ih paragraph of my Administration Report for 1895. A professional miner, who has been appointed Inspector of Mines under the provi- sions of Ordinance No. 2 of 1896, has made a thorough inspection of the plumbago pits in this district and reports highly as to their prospects, which he con- siders equal to any in the Island Of the 18 pits now open and working, 10 are situated in Bebgal korale, 4 in Paranakuru korale, and 4 in Three Korales. In Beligal k rale is the deepest perpendi- cular shaft in the Island, 328 feet deep ; and at another pit there was on the day of liis l.st inspection a force of 201 labourers, the lirgest force at any one pit in Ceylon. The average number of miners employed is a little short of 1,000 men The condition of the timbering is generally 310 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST [Nov. I, 1897. excellent, and the cooly lines, where such are re- quired. are fair ; the checkrolls seem kept in a busi- ness-like way, and there ai'e no compl lints as to the non-payment of wages. The labour shifts — 24 hours — are too long for efficiency one would thint, yet the arrangement is popular with the men, who like to have a day on and a day off. Nearly all the pits are sunk by perpendicular shafts, which are the most eco- nomical to work and the safest to work in. Two fatal accidents were reported during the year: one from the falling in of earth in the only pit which consists of an open cutting, and one in hammering a blast. The output for 1896 is estimated at 1,516 tons, worth at the pit’s mouth R196,305. The following are the figures, which are b.ased on imperfect inform- ation, for the last four years Tons, Value. 1893 3,520 . . E. 422,400 1894 1,875 163,220 1895 2,254 225.400 1896 1,516 196,305 MINOR PRODUCTS TRADE REPORT. Sept. 2. Cardamoms, , — The supply was again moderate and with an active demand ; the whole sold, on the average, at an advance of about 2d per lb. : good bold pale Ceylon- Mysore realised 3s 10 J per lb, ; medium ditto, 3s 4d per lb. ; small ditto, 3s per lb. ; medium splitting, 2s 9d to 2s lid per lb ; brown splits, 2s 7d per lb. Seed sold well at 3sldperlb; for good, down to 2s 9d to 2s lOd for pale. The arrivals last month were 160 cases, deliveries 303, and stock 862 cases, as against 426 same time last year. CiKCHONiNE. — Howards’ sulphate has been raised to 4Jd per oz. in bulk vials fijd for not less than 25 oz. Coca-leaves.— At auction 20 bales of Truxillo and Bolivan were offered and bought in at 6d per lb. The following figures relate to the Java export of coca- leaves for the last four years from July 1st to J une 30th : —Bales 1896-7, 1,067 ; 1895-6, 1,105 ; 1894-5 , 1,121 ; 1893 4 362. Ckoton-seed. — Seventeen bags were shown today at auction ; 10 of these, poor and dark mixed, were bought in, there being no bid at 30s. Of another lot of 7 bags, 4 sold at 50s per cwt, subject to appro- val the remaining 3 being bought in nominally at 80s per cwt. Oils (Essential). — There in a fair amount of business doing in essential oils this week, but there are no changes in price to report. Cassia is without alter- ation ; business has been done at 5s l^d per lb, c.i.f. terms, for 80 to 85 per cent. Oil of cubebs is offer- ing at 4s 3d per lb., 8 cases of Cinnamon oil were bought in at auction at 5d per lb. About 100 cases of Eucalyptus oil were offered today, but nothing was sold. For 17 cases, commercial quality, a bid of lOd is to be submitted ; 16 cases from the Macedon Eucalyptus Oil Distillery Company. Macedon, Vic- toria, were bought in at 2s Id per lb. Other lots were bought in at Is per lb for fair commercial qua- lity. Nutmeg oil ; Seventeen cases were offered, but nothing sold ; from 2Jd to 3id per oz. is asked. Quinine. — 9sd per oz. still remains the nominal quotation, though we hear that business has been re- fused at this figure for a speculative order of 10,000 oz. Wholesale druggists’ orders are being filled on the spot at 9jd per oz. At acution today 1,000 oz. of Tailandier’s brand, in 100-oz tins, were offered at 9jd per oz, without finding a buyer. The arrivals last month were 2,686 lb, with deliveries 4,082 lb, and stock on August 31st, of 85,566 lb, as against 99,098 lb same tiine last year. Vanilla. — At auction, 153 packages were offered. Of these 120 sold, common foxy, 3J to 8 inches, 11s to 21s 6d ; bad-keeping 6^d to 8i inches, 23s 6d to 26s; fair dull to good chocolate, 3^ to 8 inches, 21s 6d to 26s ; fine fresh chocolate, 6 to 8 inches, 26s to 27s 6d. — dhnmist and Di ufjfiist, Sept. 4. CEYLON TEA COMPANIES :-DIVIDENDS AND “KESEKVES.” We happened to be in Scotland when the City of Glasgow Bank came down, and witnessetl a scene of unexampled hnancial excitement and disturliance. We recall, too. the deliberate opinion of a .shrewd old private capitalist who had prolonged experience as an investor ami who was a great au- thority on share-lists. “ Of all home inve.stments” — he said — “my f.i vorite.s are Railway shaies. Rail- way Companies furnish their report.s and accounts in such a waj that each shareholder cannot fail to understand exactly his position at the end of the twelve months, and he gets such dividend as the earnings justify, no more and no les.s. There is never any question of keei)ing bad debts out of sight, any more than of laying by nest-eggs for the future.” We are reminded ot this praise of the accounts of British Railway Comiianies as, in their system of financing, models for all Limited Companies to follow, by the criticism in \i hich our evening couten.porary has once more chosen to indulge against the Directors of local Tea Plantation Companies, Limited. This criticism strangely enough is tlirceted against local Directors for following the example which was held up to us well-nigh twenty years ago by a shrewd financier as the Very best model that could be followed. But whether this be the best model or not, anj’ one who has thought on the subject must realize that there is a great difference between the case of shareholders resident and at work in Ceylon — as most of the holders of rupee shares are, — and the average of shareholders in home sterling Companies. Here, shareholders almost to a man do not want their money to lie in reserve ; they prefer to get a full share of what is earned, in order to utilise and, if jjossible, turn over such profit on their own account ; and we cannot therefore see any fault to he found with local Directors for doing as their shareholders desire. The latter know exactly how they stand and if they are wise, they take steps against the evil day of lower dividends — fully anticipated for some years in the face of the steady fall in the price of tea by further investments on their own account. But we are not trusting in this matter to our own inferences and authority : here is the opinion ot a leading Colombo merchant who has had as much to do with successful Tea Plantation Companies as any man in the jilace : — “With regal'd to forming Reserve funds for the equalization of dividends, I look upon ‘H.H.C.’s’ ett'u.sions in the local “Times” as all ‘ Tommy Rot ’ so far as Ceylon Companies are concerned. At home, ivhere many of the share- holders may be persons totally unacquainted with the working of tea properties and perhaps looking for a steady income from their investments. Directors are no doubt wise in exercising a maternal care for the interests of their clients. You will not find that, in such concerns as Railways, which the Biitish Public understand, this practice obtains. 8hareholders iti these Com- panies, I think, get as large dividends as can well be divided and consequently sull'er or gain according to the returns of the year, and the value of shares finctuates correspondingly. The origin of local Tea Conqranies was to enable people with a little spare c.ish and with faith in the future of tea, to take a limited interest in such ventures. A very large majority of the shareholders in local Companies THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. Nov. T, 1897.] know quite well wliat they are about, and are not so idiotic as to expect the same return from their investments when the tea average is 7d and exchange Is 4d, as with tea at 9d and exchange Is Id, The value of shares necessaiily fluctuates with the price of tea, and a Reserve Fund to equalise dividends would not prevent this. Annual balance sheets are carefully ex- amined and reserves are taken into consideration by purchasers of shares, but as soon as it becomes necessary to use such reserves for paying dividends, shares will fall in lalue. I am strongly of o]iinion that profits should not be reserved for future dividends, but that shaieholders should have the choice of doing what they please with the annual earnings. Many may wish to ‘ average ’ their investments by putting the money into coconuts, hotels, &c. , or into sterling concerns, instead of^ having it invested for them in a Bank at a nominal rate of interest. At the same time, unless a Company is fully capitalized, I am no advocate for dividing profits ‘up to the hilt.’ Almost every property acquired is in need of development, and if the subscribed or paid-up capital does not provide for the cost of sucli development, as well as for outlay on coast advances, &c., then by all means let the Directors reserve part of the profits to cover such excess expenditure. It may even be advisable in some instances (alas, that it should be so 1) to have a cash reserve to carry on with, when the price of tea is so low as not to cover cost of production.” PURSLANE, A ‘ BOTANICAL WONDER.” The common purslane (Portulaca oleracea) is one of the wonders of botany, as far as seeds are concerned at least. A single seed of this plant will produce about 20 seed-pods in a season. The average number of seeds in each of these, by actual count, is 6,000, making 120,000 in all. As far as we have been able to learn, there is no instance of similar fruitfulness in any plant found growing in this country. A single plant of either the Jamestown weed (“ jimson ”), the butter weed, the rag weed, and some of the vervains produce an enormous number of seeds ; but it is doubtful if any one of them produces ouefourth as many in a year as the purslane does. COFFEE-PLANTING, LAND AND AGRI- CULTURE IN SELANGOR. (From Mr. Rodgers' Annual Report.) Europea-N Estates. — The chief cultivation was that of Liberian coffee, both by Europeans and Asiatics, and the cultivation of this product was extended in every district of the State. The number of plan- tations owned by Europeans now amounts to seventy- two, comprising approximately an area of 47,000 acres, of which 10,835 have been cleared and cultiva- ted. The labour force employed consisted of about 4,000 men, chiefly Tamils and Javanese. I am glad to be able to record that several Ceylon planters, "among whom was the Hon. T. N. Christie, the planters re- presentative in the Council, Ceylon, took up land in Selangor during the past year. The whole of the land selected by these gentlemen was in the Klang district, but some of it was situated at Damansara, a place 16 miles inland from the coast NativeHoldings. — The areaiheld by natives approxi- mately amounts to 60,000 acres. The cultivation of coffee has largely increased, but that of rice, and other products of tropical agriculture, has made com- paratively little progress, and still leaves much to be desired. Regulations are now being considered for ensuring the simultaneous planting of rice, so 31 1 as to minimise the damage caused to the crops by wild pigs, rats, etc., and the whole question of the best means to encourage and assist native planters is one of which should be taken into consideration at the first general conference of Federal represen- tatives. Coffee Curing. — There is a small coffee-curing establishment at K'ang, now owned by a Chinam-an, which is of great use to native planters in the neigh- bourhood, but it is to be hoped that some firm of European merchants will soon see their way to establish a factory on a large scale, either in the Colony or Federated States, to which European coffee planters will send their produce to be treated, as is the practice in Ceylon. The export of coffee increased from 5,395 cwt. in 1895 to 8,388 cwt. in 1896. Planters’ Association. — The Selangor Planters’ Association has given valuable assistance to the Gov- ernment, and its Chairman, Mr. E. V. Carey, was selected to represent the State on the Labour Com- mission. The various local associations have now been amalgamated, and a central association has been formed, representating the planting interests of all the Malay States. NEW PRODUCTS IN THE KELANI VALLEY (CEYLON). With reference to our remarks on another page, we are able to quote the views of a proprietor as follows : — “ (1) Arecas don’t pay. I think that where they are grown on tea estates (and there are several estates which have them) the coolies are allowed to gather the nuts for themselves. “ (2) Pepper and nutmegs are troublesome subjects and Superintendents with the careful attention they have, or ought, to give to tea have not the time to devote to their successful cultivation. I do not think that these minor products can be made to pay (in Ceylon) the value of European supervision 1 ” This simply means that tea, even now, is too profitable to make it worth while to attend to minor products. Should misfortune overtake tea, the case will be very dill'erent ! After coffee failed in Ceylon, business in vegetables and milk and butter even was not despised by upcountry planters. It would be well, therefore, to keep plant- ing arecas and nutmegs in the Kelani Vailey against the chance of an evil day to come. The coolies can soon be taught not to steal when they see the durai in earnest about his crop ; while as re- gards the trouble involving in growing and cropping the pepper-vine and preparing the pro- duct, all this is as nothing to the trouble taken over tea — at one time thought to be far beyond the Ceylon planter and his coolies. Surely one or two coolies, well up in “ pepper,” could he got doivn from that part of Southern India, which supplies for export some 22-2,383 lb. of pepper every year ; while the export from Ceylon once considerable has dwindled to a mere trifle. BRITISH NORTH BORNEO. (Wednesday, September 1.) Rhea cultivation has, we may note, justbeen com- menced in the Suan Lambah district. Several thou- sand plants have been put in. Peop’e desirous of seeing the beautiful fibre it produces with specimens of cloth, canvas and belting manufactured from it can do so at the B.N. Borneo Museum. ’ We hear that Mr. Hastings has had some good plants of tobacco raised on the Arendsberg Com- pany’s ground near Tawao, in view of that Company’s early opening of an estate there. The tobacco is re- ported to have grown well and to be very fine. The Company will commence work in September. A commencement has also been with made the neces- sary buildings. 312 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [Nov. I, 181^7. PLANTING NOTES. Tropical Fruits. — Tt is surprising we do not see more tropical fruits in the markets. Wbat Vi^ould attract more attention at large dinner-parties during Gliristmas-time than a dish of Custard Apples or Avocado Pears ? They would add the variety and change so much needed, the flavour is so unlike that of our own native fruits. The two fruits mentioned I can recommend as being very palatable. The Melon- Pear, frequently seen two or three years since, has not gained favour in this country. The Loquat (Erio- botrya Japonioa) I am not acquainted with. I had a large plant, but was not successful in fruiting it, I should be interested to know if it has produced edible fruits in this country [often], W. H. Clarke, "Wellington, Somerset. — Gardeners’ Chronicle, Sept. 4. Local Tea Companies and Eesebve Funds. — In his rejoinder to recent criticism our evening contemporary takes special care to ignore the all-important reason given by a mercantile authority and ourselves for the course pursued by the Directors of Rupee Tea Companies with the full approval of their shareholders. The latter being nearly all in the Colony and busy on their own account, did not— and do not — want their money locked up in a reserve, lying idle at the bank ; but preferred to get a full share of their Companies’ earnings, in order to invest on their own account. For our contemporary to pose as superior in sagacity and business apti- tude to the mass of the Directors and share- holders in local Companies, is rather ridiculous ! Vanilla Cultivation in Seychelles.— Governmeut House, Seychelles, Sep. 25th, 1896. Sir, — I have the honour to report that the result of the Vanilla crop for this year is most satisfactory. The crop up to the present (it is not quite gathered) is returned at 40,000 lb., and has realised over half a million. The prices have been exceptionally high owing, I am told, to a reduced exportation of "Vanilia from Mexico. Seychelles Vanilla is now well and favour- ably known" both in London and Paris markets. — I have, &c., (Signed) H. Cockburn Stewart, Admistrator. To the Right Hon. Joseph Chamberlain, M.P., &o., &c. Extract from Colonial Reports, Annual. No. 182. Sey- chelles. Annual Report for 1895, p. 9. Next to coconut oil Vanilla is our most important produce, and in a good year the crop gives a return of about R400,000. Unfortunately vanilla is a most capricious plant, and, whereas we may have a good crop for two consecutive years, we may have also three, or even four, years without any crop at all. — Ken- Bulletin. [One planter gets as much as 80s or 32s 6d per lb. for his Vanilla. For 1897, we believe, the crop will not exceed 25,0001b. — Ed. T.Ai\ Longevity of Seeds. — Botanists, who have reason to revere the name of de Candolle, will read the following note with sympathy, not only for its in- orinsic interest, but also as the production of one of the fourth generation of this famous botanical family. M. Auguste de Candolle, who now writes to us, is the great grandson of Auguste Pyramus de Candolle, who died in 1841. With reference to M, Ch. Naudin’s paper on the longevity of seeds and their preservation in the earth, referred to in a recent number of the Gardeners' Chronicle, the following facts may be of interest. Some time ago, I was put in possession of some earth which had been dug up in Peru, n ar the Amazon River. Less than four days after the earth had been plac'd in two large germinating pans in a hothouse, a species of grass began to spring up, which proved to be Bleusine indica, Stead., and of which I .subsequently counted over a hundred plants. I also detected Vandellia Crustacea, Benth., a Spurge, and a species of Verbenacese, perhaps new. These species all flowered and produced seed in due course. No doubt, with proper care, and had the Eleusine been kept down, many more distinct species might have been reared. Anej. de Candolle, Geneva.” — Gar- dencTs Chronicle, Sept. 4, New Garden Plant.s at Keyv in 1896.— Kendrickia Walkeri, Thw. (G.C. 1896, xx., ,394.) Melastomacepe. S. Described as one of the most beautiful of Ceylon plants. It is a climber with creeping ivy -like stem.s, ovate fleshy grey-green leaves and terminal umbels in large bright red flowers. Ceylon. {Ke\y.)—£cir Bulletin. The Manufacture of Picric Acid. — On Saturday, at the Oartford Petty Sessions, Mr. Bruce, on behalf of Messrs. W"allace A Co., manufacturing chemists, of Fenchurch Street, Loudon, E.C., gave notice of an intended application for permission to make piiric acid at their works at Cray ford. Mr. Bruce stated that the acid is largely used in the manufacture of explosive, and at present is only made in Germany. The Bench fixed October 9th for hearing the application. — Chemist and Drur/gist, Sept 4. The Forests OF India.. — Few people have any idea of the immense forest area in British India— a valuable asset which is now being systematically conserved. At the present time the reserves of forest cover an area of nearly 75,000 square miles, and they may hereafter be further extended in Madras and Burma, where the work of reservation is as yet incomplete. Outside these reserves are about .56,000 square miles of State forests some part of winch will be brought eventually within the reserve area. This means that there are in India, practically for all time, forests wl)ich would com- pletelycover the United Kingdom, — Daily Chronicle Cruelty, Coffee and Rurrer in the Congo Free State. — The following in The Century for September is from the journal of the late F. J. Clave who crossed Africa in 1895 : — There is good ground for coffee at Stanley Falls, where it grows prolifically. The station is on the north hank. Just below the rapids and falls. In former times the station was on the south bank, but the tendency with the Arabs lias been to the other side of the river. All ivory and rubber comes to the st-ation of the Congo Free State. No matter how wide a road you make, the natives soon have in it a tiny footh-path, and tramp one after another in single file. The state conducts its pacification of the country after the fashion of the Arabs, so the natives are not gainers at all. The Arabs in the employ of the state are compelled to bring in ivory and rubber, and are permitted to employ any measures considered neces- sary to obtain this result. Mr. Giave died just at the conclusion of his expedi- tion, May 12, 1895, at Matadi, near the mouth of the Congo, Shortly after his arrival at Matadi, he wrote a letter to the President of the Century Co., dated April 25, 1895, in part as follows : — The administra- tion of the Belgians is decidedly progressive. Five large, comfortable boats have replaced the tiny A.I.A. “Royale” and “En Avant” on the upper river: a reliable postal service has been established to the very limits of the state territories; the Arab slavers have been crushed beyond ever again being a menace to the state’s authority ; and the Congo Railway, already running over a well-laid track for sixty miles, promises completion in three years’ time, provided sufficient funds are founds. This line will of course supersede the miserable depopulating system of manual transport by the native porters (the Bakongo), and will, when finished between -Matadi and Stanley pool, bring the heart of Africa within easy reach of the markets of the world by steam communication. The state intends also to carry a telegraph line from the coast to Tanganyika, and operations are already begun. Coffee of a superior quality has been found to grow out here in nearly every district, with most promising results ; and, to my mind, coffee and rubber will constitute the main articles of pi’ofitable export. Ivory is getting constantly scarcer, and in a few years’ time trade in elephant-tusks will have yielded up its important position in the list of African pro- ducts. Nov. r, 1897.J THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 3^3 “HOW TO ECGNOMISE THE AVAIL ABLE LABOUR SUPPLY ON OUR TEA PLANTATIONS.” IIEVIEW OF LETTERS XVIII. TO XXVI. Tlie nine letters now under review cover a very varied ran^e of districts. “W.J.” from the low- country, who h.as also had long experience up- country, is followed by “ G. D. D.” from a high district, and by “ S. ” from a mid-district. The first has had no practical experience of shoots, and as he left the bill-country before the era of tea, he excuses himself from oll'ering any opinion on shoots, tramways, and other labour-saving ap- pliances. “G. U.D.,” though also without per- sonal experience of shoots, has seen them at work, and thougii they are said to damage tea leaf, he cannot understand how that can pos- sibly equal the compensating advantages. For firewood they are undoubtedly useful ; but tram- ways would be difficult to work on steep places and too expensive on most estates. Telephones, tavalams, wire tramw.ays, cart roads, and carts in the lowcountry, are the labour-saving ap- pliances which must be requisitioned according to special circumstances. “ S.” knows that shoots work satisfactorily, and tliink, they should be used more largely ; but he counsels less costly or more lasting “runnel's” than those now in use. which are a great source of expense. “ B. W.” from the lowcountry, while asserting the undoubted usefulness of shoots for down- hill loads, expresses his preference for wire tramways for leaf, as they save crushing and damage, and can further work up-hill. He has experience of a 2 ft. tramway on the estate from which he writes, and finds that it saves a lot of Labour, as a car fully laden with 4,000 lb. of leaf can be moved by four coolies. “ Engineer,” with experience of erection, supports the pie- vious writer, as regards both shoots and wire tramways, and thinks they can be much more largely used than they are, as they efiect .an immense saving of labour ; and the former need not damage tea leaf, if stretched a,t an easy gradient. His opinion coincides with that of most planters, as to the inability of the average estate to afford a tramway ; but he believes that water-power might be far more largely used than it is— many estates using a steam engine all the year round, which mioht well utilise water 8 to 10 months in the year at a great saving of cost. “ K. V.”’s incredulity as to the fitness of shoots for the economical tran- sport of leaf should cease in presence of the body of evidence in their favour ; but he be- lieves in them for fuel, though not in tramways on the ground of cost. “ Lunugalla ’ has had no experience of labour-saving appli.ances for transport, but thinks trams should be useful where manuring is done to any extent. This opinion is not sh.ared by “ G. J. R.” from a high, and “ W. M. U.” from a low district, both of" whom aie in favour of shoots and aerial tram ways ; while the latter favours narrow’ hand- carts as a means of sa\ ing the coolies the carrying of tea chests, w'hich is work they detest. “ VV. .1.” is in advance of m.any, perhaps most, of his brother-planters in believing that weeding is being overdone. His difficulty lay in finding a weed which would protect the 39 grounil and save ivash without being injurious to tea and coil'ee. The entrance of grasses would have to be guarded agJiinst ; mosses would not grow below 4,000 feet — is he sure of this? — and even if an imported plant of very foic growl h be found he questions w het her there can be .any real saving of Labour. He is al.so entirely against .any digging in of crops grown for that purpose, as the loss of soil w'onld more than counteract any benefit from aeration on even moderately steep land. He is supported in this view by “ G. D. D.” atid also by “ S.,” both of whom favour clean weeding ; awl the latter has special experience of a moss-grown patch on his estate, which at once responds, now in tea, as it did when it was under colYee, as soon as light and air are admitted to the roots by the use of the “ karandy ” on the moss. We can quite understand this result, especially in damp situa- tions where the soil sliows .a tendency to sour- ness ; while, perhaps, in soil without such ten- dency moss will not thrive. And this view finds favour with “ K.V.,” who, while holding that moss does not seem to do harm, has found that it will not grow on some s))ots. On the other hand, he does not think weeding overdone j but he desiderates, what would be priceless, a plant which, while thickly covering the ground, would take little or nothing out of it 1 Con- sidering the general poverty of our soils and looking to the importance of preventing wash, he would neither grow’ a second crop nor dig it in. “W.M.U.” s.iares this view, while holding that weeding as practised now is underdone, rather than overdone. He would clean the land thoroughly to begin with, and thereafter never allow weeds to grow to the extent that would cause disturbance of soil for their removal. Mosses he would not disturb, as they go oft' w’hen heat and drought supervene. “Lungalla,” too, favours mosses, and objects to mamoty weeding, and so does “G.J.R” who pronounces, from long experience, that weeding cannot Oe overdone, and considers selected weeding next to impossible. “ B. W.”, however, always encour- ages mosses, &c., as soil binders and thinks cut- ting down weeds the correct and scientilic way of treating them and the soil. On Drainage all our cori’espondents are pretty well agreed - that the drains should not be too far apart, nor the gradient too steep. F'ew’ have yet made the acquaintance of eusens ; but those who have tried it, like it. Terracing is considered the ideal provision against w’ash, but the cost is prohibitory over any considerable acreage. Hand-carts as auxiliaries to transport are recommended by more than one Planter, because they wuu' 1 ooviaie unpleasant w’ork for coolies who, in the opinion of two very experi- enced and observ.ant Colonists, should be en- couraged to m.ake the existing labour supply go .as far as possible by santosums to men w'ho work 24 days at le.ast in the month. The idea is .an excelient one ; but the gift should go direct to the worker, so that he might feel himself independent, to its value at least, of the Kan- gany who generally appropriates all he can of monthly balances for debts, real or fictitious,* The * If it were porsilde to g. t R.-unasamy to bank such surp'us cash either at the Post Office or with Id- employer, a great advantage in starling him on a course of tluift w’onld result; but we fear tlie time has not yet come for a move of that kiud, how- ever desirable. 3U THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [Nov. 1, 1897. influence of vegetable gardens to bind the cooly to tlie estate is very freely admitted ; but any interference with his liberty to roam to what- ever boutiques he pleases for supposed bargains in curry sturt's, is depreciated ; and there is much in the suggestion that e.state caddie.", are often the home of illicit trade in arrack and the desti- nation of stolen estate produce, Kamasamy’s weakness for a drop too much when he has a chance is a sad, hut not unique, feature in his character, hut far better a licensed tavern than contraband trade. (Letters Continued.) No. XXVir.— High DisTRicr. (1) Have used wire shoots for manure, firewood grass, &o., but not for transporting tea leaf ; they, save a deal of labor. (2) (.3) H.ave had no experience. (4) It has often struck me that weeding was over- done, but, as a rule, our hilly land would suffer from any other kind of weeding. (5) Selected weeding might be tried with advantage, but less frequent weeding would be a mistake. (6) Have not experimented in this way. (7) The present system of drainage is not satis- factory, but I doubt if it can be improved on at a cost that would pay. (8) (9) Good gardens make coolies more contented, as a rule, 10) This might be advisable on outlying estates. 11) Liquor shops to sell by the glass might be done away with altogether, with advantage. C. A No. XXVIll. (1.) No experience. (2.) I have not seen anything beyond what is usual in all web-equipped factories and estates. (3.) Very doubtful, except in very exceptional places. (4.) Weeds are pernicious wherever met. (5.) One argument in favour of clean weeding, is the saving of labour ; coolies are generally more content on a clean estate. (6.) No. (/.) A good deal more might be done in draining, both by having drains closer, and a system of silt traps ; tea apparently feels (8.) Wash more than coffee. (9.) A present of a Spinning and Weaving Co.’s cloth every 6 months to all good pluckers, and once a year to everybody on the estate. (10) Private Bazaars are good and they help to con- trol illicit arrack dealing. (II.) It is not so much the liquor shops as the enor- mous amount of illicit dealing that we have to content with. (Signed) DIMBULDANDAOYA. No. XXIX. — Mei' Um Di.'^trict. (1.) Wire shoots can be used with advantage for shooting down tea leaf or firewood to 'the factory on estates where the land is steep. (2.) I consider a tea-packer to be a considerable saving of labour in the factory. (3.) Have had no experience of tramways, but should doubt if they would pay on most estates with .labour at present rates, (4.) 1 I think selected instead of thoronghly clean [weeding might be a good thing, but doubt if t'l.'i ) one could get coolies to carry it out properly. (6.) Have never tried the experiment and can give no opinion on it. (7.) Yes, if carefully and thoroughly done. In steep stony land I have put terraces at an almost dead level right across the hill side instead of drains and found the system answer well. (8.) (9.) I think it is a good thing to let coolies Irav e gardens round their lines, but it is worse than useless trying to be rjenerous to them. Give them good and sufficient line accommodation and treat them juntl;/ — but try and attempt nothing further. 10.) It is a good thing, I think to prevent coolies going into the towns for rice, &c. (11.) Y'es, the liquor shops are a great source of trouble, but it is hard to know what to suggest except possibly that every liquor shop should be licensed directly from Government and the present system of arrack renting done away with. E. W. No. XXX.— Lowcouxtry. (1) Yes. Not if properly erected. (2) (3) No I do uot think so. I believe that wuth rather broader roads cut, leaf carts drawn by bullocks is the cheaijest method for transport of leaf to the factory. (4) No. But too much “scraping” is done. (5) I think shade trees such as Albizzia stop a good deal of wash. (6) (7) (8) A really good machine for tea-plucking. (9) Gardens. Cows and goats. (10) Most of the kanganies and many of the coolies have been on this estate for twelve years, and seem as a rule contented. (11) There are several arrack shops, but we have very little trouble fx'om them. The illicit selling of toddy etc. by the villagers does more harm. LOWCOUNTRY. No. XXXI.— High District. (1) I believe in wire shoots and think on many estates they could be used and save a deal of labour; if properly erected they do no harm to leaf. (2) Saws (circular) for cutting firewood could more extensively be used. (3) No, I do not think so. (4) No. (5) No. (6) No, I should not advise such an experiment. (7) Diainsare generally cut at too steep a gradient which causes loss of soil. But if cut at say 1 ft. in 25 to 30 feet I find they stop wash well and the soil except in very heavy rain is not wasted. (8) In getting larger averages of leaf per cooly; but as the labour in Ceylon now is so utterly demora- lized, I fancy this cannot be done. (9) I do uot think they want any. (10) No. (11) Very much so and if there were J the amount of liquor shops, our coolies W'ould be certainly better I believe. In reference to my answer to No. 8, coolies now do at most j the work they did (per day) 18 years ago and the average per cooly in plucking leaf is very much less in the last 8 years, in my idea and m v experience extends over20 years of planting life. I am of opinion, that our coolies now, are half useless — an ^ what is the cause of this? Years ago one never hear I of a cooly taking his master to Court. Now the ex- ception is the other way. If you gain your case in the Police Court, it’s one thousand to one, you get it upset in appeal, and the cooly soon believes this, and simply does as he likes. G. No. XXXH.— Mid-District. (1) Yes, my experience proves they might be far more largely adoiTed, but runners could be improved. Leaf is not materially injured. (2) Many roads on easy gradients could be widened into tracks for single bullock carts. (3) Only on large properties or groups of estates where roads had been laid out suitably. (4) Glean weeding is cheapest and thei'cfore best from every point of view. (5) No. Nov. I, 1897.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 3(5 (6) No, not in tea. Except when lay of land is un- usually easy. (7) Hedges of tea above roads and drains are tried now in parts of Dimbula. Cuscus suffers from a fungus at roots very often, also from scale and black bug and is not desirab e. (8) Machine pruners and pluckers. A light, cheap, narrow transport cart a la bicycle. Betttr tempered steel tools ! (9) Unquestionably, give gardens to all coolies who will use them and keep them clean ; encourage growing vegetables largely. (10) It would he a. good thing forestates to have their own bazaars and canteens, but whether practi- cable is another question. (11) Yes, liquor-shops are a nuisance, but no use to abolish them. Their number might be reduced with advantage. Gothenberg System should be tried. (Signed) T. KOKO. No. XXXIII.— High District. (1) Yes. No, not more than leaf carried in sacks. (2) (3) On large estates only. (4) Yes. (.1) Moss very bad for tea bushes. (6) No. (7) Pairlv so. Only by terracing. (8) (9) Treating them justly and getting a good day’s work from them. Gardens generally given. (10) No. The nearer the bazaar, the bigger the debt. (11) No. S. No. XXXIV.— High District. (1) Have had experience of wire shoots. They might be more freely used ; but by any method I have seen of working they damage Daf. (2) More cart-roads wanted. Less might be spent on useless tanks and a little more on cart-roads. (3) Not only tramways, but a modification of switchbacks could be used on estates and elsewhere. M' Weeding is overdone especially on steep land and' wind-blown ridges. The soil, if bare, cannot fail to suffer during the monsoon. (5) I would advise selected weeding ; especially on steep land and exposed ridges. (6) Have no experience. (7) I consider the present system as satisfactory as practicable ; but if a grass could be got that did not spread, much benefit would result from planting as suggested. (8) All estates of 100 acres or over, ought to be assisted to afford cart communication to the station at least from the boundary. (9) I think, coolies are generally very liberally provided with gardens so far as the estate is con- cerned. The cultivation and turning them to account is in their own hands. (10) Wherever there are coolies, boutiques or bazaars very soon follow. (11) Liquor shops are a curse to the coolies and a perfect nuisance to all concerned. M. No. XXXV.— Medium District^ (1) Wire shoots are very useful on steep estates for firewood, less so for leaf. Are already in general use where suitable. Do some damage to leaf if the shock at the base be too great. Runners are a great trouble and expense. (2) Wire tramways worked by power are being successfully worked and may often be much more economical than a cart road. (3) Transport of leaf by coolies does not take up much labour and 18" or 12" tramways would be of little use for this. For transporting tea, rice, &c., a wire tramw.ay or cart road would be better. Few estates would suit tramways. (4) This was discussed in the papers about 1882-3 by “Ageratum” (G. D. Gollinson) and others and has often been thought of since. (5) Regular clean weeding is the cheapest and therefore most labour-saving method. No doubt soil would be preserved by letting weeds grow and “selected weeding ’’ if it could be done would be good husbandry. Cleaning up after weeds have got in is very expensive. (6) Have not tried, but think other forms of cultiva- tion would pay better. (7 ) Silt pits in the drains, about 4 ft. long by 1 ft. deep and the width of the drain have w'orked very satisfactorily. They must be kept cleared and should be at frequent intervals say 10 or 12 ft. apart. (8) Labour would be saved if the migration of gangs could be diminished. The coolies in these migrating gangs won t work, but live on what the kangany can screw out of successive Superintendents. (9) Certainly gardens are of great importance and when cultivated generally imply that the cooly intends to stay. Good lines, good water, and dispensaries on the estate or within easy reach, should be provided. (10) If rice is issued on the estate, boutiques would be useful, otherwise coolies will go to the bazaar and exchange their rice for their other wants. More might certainly be done for the coolies, but they don’t, always know what is good for them. (11) If you abolish the arrack tavern you encourage the illicit dealer who sells adulterated arrack, also the cheap gin shop. Few estates but have their regular supply of arrack on sale in the lines. O. Y. A. REVIEW OF LETTERS XXVII. TO XXXV. The nine letters under review do not cover as iniich space, as the batches we had jne- viously reviewed ; but tliey are none the less suggestive on that account, nor are tlie opinions they contain le.ss weighty or definite. While “ Dinibuldanda Oya ” lias had no experience of wire shoots, and regards tramways a very doubtful ally, except in very exceptional p'ace.s, “ C. A.” from a liigli District has used shoots for manure, firewood, grass, &c., and found them a great .saving of labour. “ E. W.” from a Medium District commends shoots for leaf, as well firewood ; but like “ C. A.” he has had no experience of tramways, and doubts whether they can be shown to pay on most estates. “ Lowcountry,” “ G.” from High District, and “ T. Koko ” from Mid District, endorse this commendation of shoots, express their belief in the saving of labour they would effect in many estates on which they have not yet been erected, and see no reason why leaf should be damaged, if the shoots are properly erected and carefully worked. All three correspondents are further agreed that tramways are unsuited to the average estate, and two of them prefer wider roads and light single-bullock carts as means of transport. The suggesiions that circular saws for cutting firewood and packers for pack- ing tea, should be more largely employed as labour-saving appliances are deserving of atten- tion. “ S.” from High District, as also “ M.,” and “ O. Y. A.” from Medium District agree on the advantages of shoots ; but, while “ IS.” de- clares that leaf is not damaged by their use to a greater extent than leaf carried in sacks, “ M.” has found leaf damaged by every method tried. “0. Y. A.” on the other hand, refers damage to too great a shock at the base — a drawback, surely, which can be avoided ; while he has found runners a greit trouble and ex- pense. His experience of wire tramways is greatly in their favour, and they may often be much more economical than cart roads ; while both are to be preferred to ground tramways which would not answer on most estates, " M.” 3i6 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [Nov. I, 1897. is more venturesome than most of his contem- poraries ; for lie goe.s beyond u am ways, am I sug- gests a modification of switclibacks, tboiigb he does not disdain cart roads, and thinks more inigbt be siient on tbeni than on useless tanks. As in previous letters, so in those now before us, there is much diversity of opinion on Weeding. “ C. A.” has often thought weeding overdone ; but As a rule hilly lands would suffer from any other kind of weeding ; and though selected weeding might be tried he de[>recates less fre- quent weeding. “E.W.” would prefer selected weeding to thoroughly clean weeding j but doubts if coolies could be got to carry out the selection properly. “ M ” is more unequivocal in his opinion that weeding is overdone, especially on steep land and wind-blown ridge.®, as a bare surface cannot fail to suffer during the monsoon. He therefore favours selected weeding. Not so “O.Y. A.” who thinks regular clean weeding the cheapest and therefore the most labour-saving, thou"h selected w'ceding would be better hus- bandry. “Low'country” (with the qualification that there is too much scraping), “ G,'’ “ T. Koko ’ and “ Dimbutdanda,” all favour clean weeding as the best and most economical ; while the last-men- tioned jdeads the further advantage, that coolies are generally more contented on a clean estate, evidently shaving master’s oi)i.iion, that weeds are pernicious wherever they are met ! None of our correspondents have had exiierience of dig- "ing in any other growth planted between the tea, and most of them are aveise to any e.xperi- ment in that direction. On Drainage there is less difference of opinion some of our correspomlents being content with their drains, others sugge.siing minor modi- fications, such as the growth of a grass that would not spread and silt pits in the drains at intervals. “O.A.” however, condemns the present system of drainage, but cannot suggest a better at a reasonable cost. 1 he objection against dis- cus, that it develops a fungus in tlie roots, deserves investigation. We have not heard of it before, and it may he due to purely local causes. Hedges of tea above road.s — and why not above drains ? — are said to be popular in parts of Dimbula as a preventive of wash. The importance of gardens in conciliating coolies is generally admitted. Goats and cows are suggested as an auxiliary by one planter,— so that we may develope by-and-bye, to the proverbial “three acres and a cow” !; another, a present once in 6 months of a Spinning and WeavingCompany’s cloth forgood pliickers, and a jiresent once a year for all ; while from more than one comes the caution, that the cooly need be only treated justly, and a gooe at 6ft. 2in., a 'oot above t lie groui.d.'’ Well, done we say ! The size given is not far from the maximum size quoted of ■S feet in circumference. The tiees referred to are on a well-known Kotmale estate, and cannot be over 34 years old (if so much) because as “ Senex ” showed the other day, no plants were issued from Peradeniya Gaidens before 1862 or 1863. In this connection, it is of interest, while noting the general testimony to the value of the “ grevillea ” planted in tea fields, to ask w hether, if it had been generally adopted as a shade tree in the colice era, its ))resence and bene- ficial intluence -would have delayed, or pi evented, the ruin of our old staple ? One projirietory planter writing from a high district expresses his opinion on this ]ioint as follows : — “ I know by practical experience that the good done by (irevillcas is great. Every acre of tea OJ-, 01, r — ! places (naming an old coffee dis- trict) has been planted with them, and I am plant- ing up this estate as fast as I can. I think there are many acres of coffee that have been cut out and idanted with tea, which, had we know'n the value of grevilleas, would still be bearing paying crops of the old staple.” Has this been tested at all on any of few coffee fields still remaining to ns ? Or is it^ too late, even now to make an experiment? What does “ Senex,” as an old coffee planter, say to the use of grevilleas among coffee ? the nyassaland coffee company^, ld. A general meeting of the Nyassaland Coffee Company, Limited, was lield on -the 2.6111 Sept, at the Registered Office of the Company in Raillie Street." Mr. G. K. Deaker luesided and the others present were Messrs. E. Macindoe, W. Shakespeare, J. H. Carson, R. D. Carson and H. Creasy. Mr. Jameson was re))resented by his attorney Mr. Macindoe. Tlie following report was adopted ; Superintendence.— Since last year s report was pre- «puted to the Shareholders, the Directors regret to vpuort that Mr. G. M. Crahbe had to resign his uositiou owing to ill-health, Mr. L. T. Moggiidge was appointed in his place, and with Mr. S. Robins looks after the Company’s interests in Nyassaland. Procress of Work. — During the financial year which Closed in Nyassaland on the 31st March, 1897, 240 acres were opened and planted, making a total planted acreage of 250 acres. Owing to the failure of a h rge rursei-y which was destroyed by grub, the cxpendilme on plants has been more than anticipated. A email consignment of seed frem Brazil also proved a complete failure, none ojit having germinated. Estimate for season 1897-98. — The Superintendent has estimated for a fuither 250 acres to be opened and plan led this year, but the Directors hope that he will be able 10 manage at least 500 acres, and have advised him accordingly. Labour is reported to be plentiful, and ihe only difficulty is the secur- ing of an adequate supply of plants. Should ad- ditional European supervision be required, the Direc- tors have auihoiized the Supciintei dent to engage that on the spot. The health of the Superintendent and Assi-tant Superintendent, the Directors are glad to report, is fairly good. Purchase of Land. — During the year the title for the 2,0n0-acre block arrived, and the purchase was carried through. The Company now owns 3,476 acres in all, which was the acreage stated in the Prospectus to be purchased. The Ilf gotiatiens for the acquisition of an adjoining estate in partial bearing relerred to in Directors’ previous report fell through, and the money in hand will be devoted solely to the development of the al- ready purchased land. Mr J. H. Carson retires by lot fiom the board of Directors, but is eligible for re-election. It will be necessary to appoint an auditor for the ensuing year. Cakson & Co., Agents and Secretaries. PLANTING NOTES. Royal Gakdens, Kew. — Bulletin of Miscellaneous lufonnation. Cements for February and March, 1897 : — A Lily Bulb Disease ; Tengah Bark ; West India Sugar Tiade; Prices of Home-grown Timber for 1896 ; Myrrh ; Botanical Exploration in Yunnan ; Kino from Myristica nialabraica ; Cultivation of Cotton in Egypt; Papain; Miscellaneous Notes. The Nya.ssala.n!D Coffee Coy’-s Directors have not a very bright account to render of their stewardship so far; but they liavenot al ated one jot of their faith in the enterprise and ho[ie to have 500 acres added in the cuirent year to the 250- acres already planted with coffee. Well one. — that area sh.nild give a fair trial to the capabi- lities of B. C. Africa. Expedition to Torres Straits and Oceana. — At the sitting at Toronto of the Antliropolo- gical Section of tlie British Association (for which lie is Secretaiy) Professor Haddon — ac- cording to the London Times — presented a leport “ on the necessity of the immediate investigation of the anthropology of oceanic islands.” Next Spring Professor Haddon is to renew his acquaintance with Tories Straits and Soutli Pacific isles in order to linisli his investigations there. The Council of Cambridge University have made him a grant of £300 for this Expedi- tion and while he will be in command he will have five or six assistants. From a correspond- ent’s letter on the subject we quote as follotvs : — Blr. Ray, the greatest living expert on the lan- guages of the Pacific, will study the languages. Two young Cambiidge honours men (medical) — very Clevel- and extremely cultured — will more particularly study the physiology of the senses and experimental psycho- logy. This class of work has nev. r been done on sava- ges and will be quite a new line of research. An- other man is an under-graduate, a History student, and a first-class photographer who has published a book “Through Egypt, With a Cameia.” The two medicos are rich and pay their own passage money there and back, (100 guineas each) ; and another £400 is needed which will have to be raised before the party starts. Savages are fast disappearing and the work must be done at once. Nov, 1, 1897.] the tropical AGRICULTURIST. 319 CEYLON F.S'. JAVA : COFFEE CULTURE IN EAST JAVA BY CEYLON PLANTERS. COFFEE IN QUEENSLAND. There is really no eoini'tarisoii between the extent, population an 1 natural resources of Java — one of the richest islands in tlie world — and Ceylon witli its comparatively poor soil and scant population. Nevertheless, for political vcasonp, the British Government whs to exchan;,;e Java for Ceylon with the Dutch at the peace of 1815. It w'as _ rightly felt that the geographical position of this island made it in- disiTensable to the Power holding India. At the last Census in 1891, the Western Province of Ceylon was found to be occujtied at the rate of 532 persons to the square mile ; but at the other end of the scale, we had only 19 to the mile in the North-Central Province. Even in the Western Province there is still a considerable area of unoccupied land, under forest or low jungle. Rut if the whole island were occupied at the same ratio as this provinee, Ceylon would have in its area of 2.5,333 square miles, a population of ISj millions — which is probably, over rather than under the maximum population reached in the palmiest days of native rule from Anuradhapuia. Let us now turn to Java, and w’e find from the Stateman’s Year book that, while the Dutch claim to hold in their Netherlands Indies (it*- eluding lai’ge divisions of New’ Guinea and Borneo) no less than 736,400 square miles of territory with a population of 33 millions, the gem of their “Indies” isun d of in “Java and Madura” covering 50,554 square miles with a population of over 25 millions. Java, therefore, with double the area of Ceylon, has more than eight times our population ! Of Europeans, Java has four times as many as Ceylon. Indeed, Java on the average is as thickly populated as the South-western division ot this island, while its soil is far superior and its means of com- munication are not one whit behind. At the end of 1894, Java had over 1,000 English miles of railway open, and by this time has probably four to five times the mileage existing- in Ceylon. It is no wonder, thei’efore, that Britisli capital- ists have been attracted to Java, and more especially, that Ceylon planters partly because shut out here from further iii vestments through the embargo laiil on Crown lands, but more especially in order to try coffee, rather than tea, in a new division of a country w'ith virgin soil — shouhi have found their w’ay to .Jav.a. Our attention has been called to tl e sub- ject through information which has leaclied us, respecting the success of the coffee enteriwise already undertaken by seveial well-known Cey- lon proiirietors in East Java. Messrs. D. and J. R. Fairweather, in association w'ith Mr. J. H, Starey, to(dc uj) a block of 4,000 acres in that cpiarter, of which altogether 1,300 acres have now been o))8neil as Glen Nevis estate with “Arabian coffee” in successive dealings which range from one, two, three to four yea's old, the largC't (about ,500 acres) being in its third year. That the venture is proving a success may be judged from the fact that the crop gathered this year aggregated 6,000 cwt. J'he labour suiqdy is described as ample, though the rale of pay — the standard being a gold one in Java — is not quite so cheap as in Ceylon. Rut the Javanese and Madurese employed are of a manly type and do good work. Not far off’ is the block taken up by Messrs. Rutherford, Todd and Talbot — some 2,000 acres, of which 300 to 400 acres have been planted, the oldest coffee being over tw'o years. Whether Messrs. W’elldon and Duns- mure are to invest in the same division, as the result of a recent visit, is not known to us at present. Elsewhere in “old Java,” if we may so call it, Mr. A. E. W'’right and a relative have taken up an existing estate and .are well plec.sed with their tea as well as Liberian coffee and cinchona. Everywhere there is the same rich volcanic soil ; and w’hile the last- named gentlemen are in the midst of the well-occupied planting districts corniTianding road and rail, the locomotive line constructed through the heart of the island had, at last report, got w'ithin a few miles of that part of East Java w'here Glen Nevis and its sister estates are situated. So far, we have been writing on what may seem partial information, although the figures given are beyond dispute ; but we are in a position to add the opinion of a competent and disinterested observer by quoting a letter from Mr. Donald Mackay to Mr. D. Fairweather, which has been courteously placed at our disposal (to be followed, we trust, by another after Mr. Mackay has actually gone over Glen Nevis plantation). Meantime, here k what he writes : — Soerabaya, Java, Sept. 7. “ I arrived here on the 6th yesterday, Mr. Sohiff met me and has shown me every kindness. I find however that the direct overland route to the Glens involves a very rough walk over the mountains and disabled, as I partially am, from a severe attack of lumbago, I cannot face that part of the journey and muse wait departure of local steamer on 13th for Banjoe wangi. This will of course involve a much longer stay in the island than I anticipated, but as I came to see the Glens I am unwilling to leave the principal part of my journey unaccomplished I expect to be back in Batavia early next month. I have been through the curing mill here and find it crowded with “ Glen Nevis” which has produced a fine bold parchment superior to anything else in the place Reckoning roughly and mentally what you have had this season, I make out something like 10 cwt. per acre which is simply enormous for coffee of four and three years old and speaks volumes for the soli and climate. It is possible the trees may have over- done themselves this year in giving this wonderful crop vvhich I believe excels anything known before in the is land. 1 shall be interested in seeing the condition of the trees after bearing such]a heavy crop. It is unfortunate I am so late, as crop is all over and I shall be seeing the trees at their worst.” We ilo not expect tb.at Mr. Mackay will find inucli the matter w'ith Glen Nevis trees even after bearing so heavy ,a crop, considering the dopMi and ricline.ss of the .soil. So far, we understand, the Dutch authorities liave been very considerate, if not liberal, towards the British eapitalist.s. It is their de.sire that the enterprise by “foreigners” in their territory should, if possible, be located in the one extensive and hitherto unoccupied district ; and from all W’e learn, we should be inclined to pin our failh more to this coffee inve.stment in East J.iva than to the Dumont Company venture in Brazil. Mr. J. R. Fairw’eather, who has been suil'eiing f om fever, left Colombo by the Orient steamer for a trip to New Zea- land, returning via Queensland and Torres iStraits to Java, where his brother and partner, 320 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST, Mr. D. Fairweallicr— at pie?ent nianagir'r Yala- deria— expects to meet liim before the end of tlie year. If there were time we should re- eonimeml to Mr. J. R. Fainveallier a vi^it to the coffee gardens in tlie Caiins district of (Queensland, where soil and climiUe seem s]iecially favc.uj'ahle to ouir old staple; while the great difhculty, labour, might he oveiccme if (as Mr. Wardlaw Thom])Son rejiorted) the Kanakas in the I’acitic Isle.s, are now' very glad to take etu|)loyment from responsible pianters in (Queens- land. At ('aims, which is in 17 degiees ISouth latitude on the North-East coast of (Queensland, there is a raihv.'laleau with good soil, ft i.s doubtless alongside this railway that coffee has been cultivated so successfully, although as yet only to a limited extent. For a capitalist d>'ig business on a big scab*, there is pioh.'ihly no cunpaiison between (lie ad\antages of invesiimni in East Java with jilcnty of lich land and good labour and in Northern Queensland with no local labour. But then, in the latter case there is the con- sideration of being under British ru’e. BOTANICAL NOTES FROM MINCING LANE. A botanical ob.mvver who visited the Miucic.g Lane showrooms lately gives us some notes of what he saw fr> m his point of view. The goeds which cover the tables he writes, bring before our mind within a few yards the three divisons of the vegetable kingdom mixed together, r.ot by any means in accord- ance with the view of a botanical systematic t in the dicotyledonous group we spot kola nuts, the true seeds of Cola acuminata, which about twelve j cars ago were to be had only from their native country, tropical Africa. About the time of the Coloni 1 and Indian Exhibition, in 188G, when some fine fresh samples were shown from Jamrica and other West Indian islands, the cultivation of the pi nt was stroijo'ly recommended by some, and ridiculed by ethers jpe wisdom of the former has sin. e been shown. Coca-leaves, again, the produce of Kn/throa t/lon Coca, are a comparatively new product which has thoroughly established itself, and which is a near botanical ally to the kola though brdongiug to another natural order, Linacece. Pruthur on we see a sample, of guarana, a peculiar substance from Brazil, made by beating up the small seeds of Pajilinia soi'hilin, a close al'.y to the horse-chestnut, into a pasty mass and then rolling it into thick sticks and drying it. The invigorating power of this substance has been known to the natives of Brazil for a very long period, and even at the present tinre they use guarana as of old in the preparation of a beverage by grating a small portion of one of the hat'd cakes or rolls into a cup of water and drinking the conicnts. For this purpose they carry a roll of the guarana, an 1 the rough tongue of a fish to grate it upon, with them on thrdr journeys. It- introduction into English commerce, like that uf kola, is of o nnparatively recent date. Proo eding from the Papimtaceep, to which guarana belongs, the product of a leguoiin .us plant next catches the eye — m m ly the hair fr .m the puds of Mucuana pruviens, popularly known as cow-itch, and in eomnierce as cowuge or cowliage. — C. & D. It may not be ouc of pi cu lo mention a s.mpleof Boldo-leaves {Peuwus holduti) a Chilian shiul), which was iiitioduced to this coumry in 1871 as ;.n aid to divesdion, and as a remedy in liver diseases. Tin! discovery of the properties of the jilaut is said to have been made by noticing the beneficial effects on a flock of sheep that were suffering from liver [NoV. I, 1897. difease. The fold in which they were enloscd have been repaired will, two bcldo twigs, the sheep ate the leaves and shcots with the result that they ripidly re.oveied. Seme siigiiJar-lcckiDg dried and shrivelled flewets lave also been shewn under the none of “ Cactus fiev. e rs.” '1 hough they cannot yet be sutisfacti 1 ily ick rtified, ti er p 1 e b; bly l.eV.ng to the genus J./;i/..-.clw. a greup of fl'e.‘hy jointed blanched Icf.f'tss pl.’irts belcrginii g to tie Coitocccc. They are G, STRAITS settle:\iknts. (From the Adininisfrator's Annual Report.) Of planting, other than rice and the usual native fields of maize and sugar-cane, there has been little. The Liang Syndicate has brought 130 acres of land under cultivation, and has planted it with coffee during the year. A further plantation of 120 acres will be opened up on the same property during the current year. The coffee already planted is I'eported to be doing very w'ell, and the laud selected is said to be exceptionally good. It is to be hoped that this is but the beginning of an enterprise, which, if success- ful, may greatly benefit this State. It is probable that the superior rainfall on the east coast of the Peninsula will prove to be to the advantage of the coffee planter, but those who open up land in Pahang have still to contend with groat difficulty as regards transport. The labour employed on this coffee estate is drawn entirely from .lava and Sumatra. Kami planted on the property of the Liang Syndi- cate has been f ivo'jr tbly reported upon, and it is possible that decortiea ors will be erected during the current year. Biini grows well on P,i,hang s dl, but the necessity for its immediate decortication renders it improb . ble that it will be widely grown for some years to come. At.OB Eibrk. — On page 306 we quote an extract in which a hopeful account; is given of the trade in aloe fibre. Theie seems to have been a continuous demand fur the fibre from all part.s of the world and the prospects are such as to warrant the statement that the trade affords a jirolitable field for investment. 32f Nov. I, }8g7.] THE TROPICAL MR. NAFTEL’S REPORT ON DOMINICA. We have received botli from the Ceylon Secretariat (and from Mr. Naftcl direct) co[iies of the “Repoit of Mr. C. O. Naftel on the Forest Lands and Estates and A^ricnltnia.1 Capabilities of Dominica,” sent to ns at the reqnest of Mr. Templer, the Aflministrator of Dominica. The Report was printed after Mr. Naftel left Domi- nica, so that he had not the chance of seeing it through the press, wirioh accounts for certain aberrations in paragraphing. The Report itself is dealt with rather fully in certain of its aspects, hy onr London Con respondent on another page ;■ hut we may supplement v.’hat is there said. To the letterpre.‘s is preli.xel a. topographical maj) on which are indicated the several divisions with their elevation from 500 to 3,000 ft. above sea level ami the I'ainfall (from 67 to 190 inches) for which there are detailed tallies in an ajipen- dix. Mr. Naftel’s paper is laid out after a very elaborate and satisfactory fa.'hion, beginning witli “agenei'al description of the island” (Dominica is sliaped like a cacao pod) 29 hy 9 miles greatest length and width, the total area being 190,000 acres — or about tlse total extent of the section of Ceylon between Nawalajjitiya, Adam's Peak, the BopatalawaPlains, Horton Plains and Nuwara Eliya — but the highest peak in the West Indian island is only 4,747 feet. Roads are few and generally bad. Climate, temperature and rainfall are well reported of. So is health and .soil — the latter being of volcanic origin and rich. The census of 1891 showed a total of 26,841 persons of whom 33.5 were white, 6,806 coloured, and 19,700 black. The females exceeded the males by 2,723. The “blacks” go to woik freely on estates — 9d to Is a day for men and 6d to 8d for women — task work preferred. Here is a typical extract : — I think I have now shown that, with its rich soil, good climaie and command of labour, Dominica fulfils all the conditions required for the prsfitable cultivation of moat tropical products. What these are I will show later on in this report but I propose first to give some attention to Arabian coffee, as it was at one time the principal export, and might, I believe, have continued to hold that position but that the high price of sugar led not only to che abandonment of the cirltivation but to the actual rooting out of the tv vs. it is the generally received opinion that the abandonment cf coffee cultivation here was due to the ravages of a blight; but, that this must be an exa,ggerated or erroneous idea, is shown by the fact that coffee trees are now found growing in the bush oir portions of estates vrhich have not been cultivated for 50 years or more, and that, wlien relieved of the jungle growth, the old tools threw up strong suckers w'hieh crop well as soon as they reach the hearing age. These remnants of the old culti vatioir are found in a'lncst every district in the Island and 'uoh vitality in so delicate a plant as Arabian coffee proves bo h the fertility of the soil and the suitability of tlie climate for its growth. The nearest approach_to systematic cultivation of 01 ffee that sawv/as on Dr. W. Eee s Yv'iliiarus’s estates Bona Vista and Emelia. These are situated about five miles from Roseau cn the Leewind coast at an elevation of betw’eeu 1,000 to 9,0CG ft. above sea level. He has some of the verj’ old coffee thei'e, of v hich I have spoken, both of the Arabian and Mocha varieties and the very fair crojjs these old trees gave him led to his planting more. The land is said to have all been coffee in the old days and is general y veiy sleep and rocky. Its rocky nature has pie. ei ved much of the soil and much of it has reverted to fni,...- t or at any rate heavy bush. It has been opened in three or four small pieces, Ihs hugest of which does not, 1 think, exceeii three acres. The oldest is about five years, and the youngest under two years old. Indi- vidual trees and small bits in the various fields are 40 AGRICULTURIST. good, but other patches, and generally there pre- dominate, are thin and we Aly. Some of the trees are evidently w'iud-blown and it is noticeable that all the trees that are fairly sheltered arc doing well. The fields have not beeir filled up with “provisions” as is usually done here but some bananas have keen put in for shade and there are a great many weeds. The most attention that they have ever received is, I uilderstand, five weedings a year. Of Liberian coffee, Mr. Naftel makes a good report : — This variety was introduced into the Island during the “ seventies ” by the late Dr. Imruy and a few trees were planted on his small experimental garden St. Aroment. They are now about 20 years old and are still bearing well though they have not been oared for as well as they w ould have been if there had been a large acreage under the cnltiva.tion. The Planters have only recently begun to give much attention to this coffee, many having kept to their old staple, sugar, in the hope (hat prosperity would retunr to it. Others, more enterprising, have taken to lime growing which in its early days gave very large profits and still pays well, though the price during the last few years has fallen. There is consequently as yet no extent of land under Liberian toffee, but it is now being seen that it will pay to grow and, I believe, the next year I r so will show a good increase in the acreage. There is hardly a place in the Island where it will not thrive and there are large tracts of virgin forest where it will flourish as well as anywhere in the world. The elevation best suited for Liberian Coffee here will be found to be from sea level up to 1,500 ft. but I am not prepared to say that it will not do well even higher than this. There is, however, no necessity to go into lands higher than 1,500 ft. for there are thousands of acres in the Island below this, the best being in the Northern district on the Lower Slopes of Morne Diablotin. We ireed not refer to what Mr. Naftel say.s about “ Possible Enemies of Coffee,” or on the “proper cultivation of coffee”; attd vve must postpone our notice of tea, coconuts (nuts sell for only .3s per lOO !), nutmegs, other spices, cardamoms, tobacco and limes (a prolitabU: iudusti y for lime juice). Tliere is much under these liead- iiigs to be quoted more sjrecially for our Tropical Aqviculturist. lAr the present we cannot do better thasi close with the .summary which Mr. Naftel affords of the various planting districts, into which he divides the little island, with refer- ence to furtlier .settlement, as follows I. — Extensive flat — sheltered from prevailing winds — well watered — suited for Arabian "coffee — 2,500 to 3,000 ft. II, III, IV. — Long valleys running into No. 1 — suited for Liberian coffee, cocoa, kola, nutmegs, limes & oranges. — 800 to 1,200 ft. V. — Large plateau suited for same products as II, III, IV.— well watered an 'heltered.— 500 to 1,500 ft. VI. — Slopes close under Morne Duiei tin sheltered —suited for Arabian coffee.— 2,000 to 3,000 ft. VII. — Undulating slopes North of Basin Will- heavy forest— very good soil— parts possibly good for tobacco — excellent tea land — sheltered aird well watered. — COO to 1,800 ft. VIII. Pagoua Valley — well watered and sheltered — heavy timber— tea land.— !)00 to 1,300 ft. IX. — Layon Flat — large extent of lint land— well watered and shelte ed— heavy timber.— 800 to 1.000 ft. X. Very fine U nd~ UHriicnlai ly suiled for Arabian coffee — well timbned and sheltered. — 2,000 to 3,000 ft. XI. Fine extent of t-'.ndul,i.ting land at foot of Trois Pioons Range sneitered and well suited for Arabian coff K —1 ,8' (I i.T 2,800 ft. M II.— Contiu atioii of No. IX.— well watered with ri i: .-^uil.— i.OOU to 2 000 ft. XIII. — Head (.f Roseau valley— very broken land hui parts are suited for cocoa and Libeiiair coffee 1,000 to 1,500 ft. THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. Nov. I, 1897. 322 XIV.— Soil veiy rich— suited for cocoa and Liberian coftec' — sheltered. — SCO to 1,5C0. Though VII, VIII, IX, and XII, all contain rich soil and’ are generally sheltered, the absence of infor- mation about the rainfall makes it difficult to ^ say for what cultivation, besides tea, they are best suited. The rainfall of these districts probably approximates to 200 inches annually. COFFEE IN COSTA PvlCA. It will he renienibered that Mr. J. L. Sliand went out to Costa Kica last year to inspect a coffee plantation and large extent of land in private hands. The result was the formation of the “ Sarapiqui Estates Coy. Limited,” of which Mr. Shand and Mr. Huntly Thring— as repre.sent- iim Ceylon— are directors. This mail brings ns'’ information (not from Mr. Shand) of the progress of the Company, which we quote as follows “ The first lot of coffee has come and has realized the, veiy good price of 108s for the A mark with an ave)-age of 96s for the parcel. I send you a sample of the mark which I feel sure will interest you and friends in Ceylon, the size of bean will make some open their eyes. The colour is not up to the mark, owing to being prepared in a most primitive fashion ; hut by next picking matters in this respect will be put right. We are all so far quite content with the out- look and I trust the next year will enable the Company to take a place in the ranks of dividend-paying concerns. All the shares are taken up and I think it will not be easy to obtain any later on when more defii ite news of the coming crop is to hand.” BENEFITS OF THE NE'SV AMERICAN TEA LATY : CHARACTER OF THE MERCHANDISE IT HAS EXCLUDED. The following letter from the Indian Tea Com- missioner to a leading New York journal explains very fully the interview with Mr. Plielan (Chair- man of the Committee of Tea Experts) which it answ^ers. Tire lieadings of Mr. Phelan’s inter- view may, liowever, he given : — “ No Tea unfit for use Admitted to this Country — The Law has been Rigidly Enforced in all four Ports of entry where Tea Examiners are Stationed — Esti- mated supplies of Tea this Season.” Also his estimate of tea supplies :— Season Greens Japans Formosa Amoy Eooohow Congou Ceylon and India 1897-8. 14.000. 000 40,000 000 17.000. 000 200,000 3.600.000 8,000,000 3.000 000 1896-7. 16,216,906 42,626,418 18,994,324 M. 52,848 3,430,327 13,080,536 3,000.000 Total 85,800,000 98,501,359 Making deficit for the present season as against last year of FI ere Ihen is Mr. Blecliyiiden’s reply 12,701,359 THE NEW TEA LAW IN AMERICA. New York, Sept. 2, 1897. Editor “The Journal of Commerce and Corrmeicial ijiiueuu . gji. _x have read with some attention Mr. Phelan’s rtmaiks on the “Benefits on the New Tea Law,” to which yon give prominence in youi issue of this morning, and I desire to take exception to certain matte) s of facts and figures, for which you make Mr. Phelan r-esponsihle. In the paragraph relating to India and Ceylon teas you quote him as saying : “ The importers of India and Ceylon teas made an appeal against the rejection of certain lots for ex- cessive dust on the ground that some of the needle leaf was excluded as dust. By request of the General Board of Appraisers a conference was held between the tea examiner and the < ommittee of Standards, which resulted in an equitable adjustment of the matter, which arose simply through a misunderstand- ing of the term “dust’ as contra-distinguished from Pekoe tips and small leaf.” The fact is that appeals have been made to the Board of General Appraisers, and those gentlemen, while admitting that the regu- lations under which the fine leaf teas from India and Ceylon are excluded are opposed to the spiiTt of the law, appear to consider that their powers are liirrited in the matter until the regulations areclianged, and this can only be done by the Treasury Depart- ment in Washington. The committee of which Mr. Phelan is chairman, has not actually met since the “ misunderstanding” . or misuse of the woid “drat” in the regulation in connection with India and Ceylon teas became apparent, and the “ conference” between the “Committee of Standards” and the tea inspector, to which Mr. Phelan refers, could not, therefore, have a practical result so far as the question at issue is concerned, so long as the regulations remain un- changed. I, therefore, take exception to Mr. Phelan’s statement that an equitable adjustment has resulted. Importers’ protests ate in abeyance, and the India and Ceylon teas under appeal are still being held over pending an “equitable adjustment.” The flaw in the regulation relating to “dust’’ is that it fails to lay down a rule by which the examiner shall distinguish “needle leaf.” The 16 mesh sieve is admittedly inadequate lor this purpose, and is yet the only definite guidance provided by the regula- tions. It is further admitted that India and Ceylon tea leaf separated by 26 mesh sieve, contains no particles which can be classed as dust in the sense used in the regulations. I have stated that Mr. Phelan’s figures are wrong, and this I will proceed to show. The figures quoted by Mr. Phelan are practically those published by Messrs. James and John E. Montgomery & Co. in their circulars, with some slight differences, to which I will refer. Messrs. Montgomery & Co.’s statistics, and therefore Mr. Phelan’s figures, include the im- ports for Canada, as well as the United States, they expressly emit all indirect shipments, which in this connection means for England. The latter I propose to supply. The fact that the statistics are for all North America should be borne in mind when read- ing Mr. Phelan’s contention that the new law, appli- cable to the United States alone, is the sole factor in reducing the Ripply of tea available for Canada as well as the United States. As Messrs. Mont gomery’s statistics omit indirect receipts of teas 1 heir figures for imports of Congou from China are defi- cient to the extent of the imports of this tea via London (I concern myself only with black teas), Mr. Phelan therefore adds to their figures the round amount of two million pounds for season 1896-7, but makes no allow'ance from this source for seaton 1897-8, actually reducing Messrs. Montgomery’s figures for the estimated supply by one million pounds. Curiously enc ugh, Messrs. Montgomery & Co. omit the figures for India and Ceylon teas, but Mr. Phelan makes a statement that the imports for season 1896-7 were three milli' n pounds, and estimates the supply fer teasou 1897-8 at the same figure. The actual imports of India and Ceylon tea dining the year 1896 were 9,681,040 pounds, which is six and a half million pounds in excess of Mr. Phelan’s figures. The estimated supply for season 1897-8 is greater than that of the previous year. The actual imports for the half year ending June SO, 1897, are 6,249,608 pounds, more than double Mr. Phelan’s estimate of the supply for the entire season and about 66 per cent incieose over last year’s imports to same date. The figures I use have been published by accepted authorities, and aie open to all in the tea trade. If the law is stiictly enforced it may be that much of the most impure tea frcin China and Japan will Nov. r, 1897.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 323 be excluded from the United States. The deficiency can readily be met with supplies of the unquestion- ably pure teas from India and Ceylon. If an arbi- trary regulation which acts in a manner never con- templated or sanctioned by the law is applied to these teas, and the finest are kept out by classing them as “dust,” it will probably be a good ihing for those who are importing Japan and China teas. — Yours, etc., Kichabd Blechynden WYNAAD PLANTERS’ ASSOCIATION. AN EXPERT TO DEAL WITH COFFEE AS PROPOSED BY THE UNITED P.A., S. INDIA. From Proceedings of a General Meeting on Sept. 1. The last subject requiring notice is the decision arrived at on the employment of experts. We all felt that Mr. Newport’s scheme deserved support. The Government of Bladras will nay half the expense and theLorverPulneys will raise R4, 000 to 115,000 for this purpose. Green bug does not at present affect us, but as it has spread from Ceylon to the Lower Pulneys it may easily spread north as far as coffee extends. Personally we hope it requires a dry dis- trict to thrive in and our heavy monsoon will kill it, but that is no reason the U.P.A.S.I. should not afford help to districts that need it. There was considerable dissgreement as to the practical benefit likely to accrue irom employing an expert for improving cultivation, and the subject was thoroughly thrashed out in special meetings of those most interested. Eventually it was agreed to meet the views of both sides by trying to secure the services of Mr. Cameron to improve the strain of coffee, and also to ascertain if sufficient support could be obtained from Associations and Governments in- terested to obtain with the help of the U.P.A. the services of an Agricultural Chemist. ^ ^ MACHINE-MADE TEA IN AMERICA. One cannot withhold admiration of the pluck, enter- prise and persistency that characterize the work of the agents of the India and Ceylon tea syndicate. They came into the markets of America to stay. Encountering a prejudice, as unreasonable as inex- cusable, they have, by patient endeavor, made rapid strides in its overthrow, and succeeded in making it obligatory upon every up-to-date distributor of tea to place Ceylon and India tea in stock. By judi- cious and well directed advertising they have created demand, and with all classes of the people. Think of the enterprise shown in securing the cover page of the Ladies' Home Journal, which reaches 700,000 American homes, and to the unique and convincing ads. in other of the foremost journals and magazines of country, which enterprise is working directly for the benefit of the retail dealer. These teas not only have merit, but are much more economical than China or Japan growths. It pays the dealer to handle machine-made tea, because the demand is created by just such striking and suggestive and an- nouncements as that on page 9 of this issue. — American Grocer, Sept. 1. COFFEE CROPS-1897-98. It is estimated by W. H. Crossman & Brother that the coffee crops of the world in 1897-98 will be about the same as during the 1896-97 crop — that is, a total of 14,000,000 bags, divided by about 8,500,000 for Kio and Santos and 6,500,000 for all other count- ries, with the possibility that one may be more and the other less, but the total not far from the figure mentioned. If low prices stimulate consumption this year as much as they appear to have done in 1896-97 it will tend to check a decline to the low prices of 1882, when a record of 5i cents was made for ordinary, and No. 3 (or fair Rio) sold at 7i cents. If this year’s total supply is as large as estimated it may be that the market will drop to prices made fifteen years ago. — American Grocer, Sept, 1. JAVA CINCHONA SHIPMENTS. The exports of cinchona-bark' from J.iva during the month of August have been declarjd at 697,000 Amsterdam pounds. The following figures show the totals for the past five years up to the end of August : — 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 Amst. Amst. Amst. Amst. Amst. Month lb, lb. lb. lb. lb. of Aug. 636,000 853,000 697,000 979,000 697,000 January to Aug. 5,376,000 5,654,000 6,013,000 6,029,000 5,005,000 These figure have created a favourable impression at Amsterdam, and raised expectations of a better unit tor the coming auction, at which a small quantity only will be offered. It is rumoured that the German combination of manufacturers contemplate an advance in the price of quinine. The Java works are iooking for higher prices, but the figures they quote contradict the conclusions they arrive at in their reports, which state that they are enlarging their capacity to 100 kilos per day. — Chemist and Druggist. PLANTING IN JAVA, STRAITS SETTLE- MENTS AND B.N. BORNEO: THE VISIT OF AN EXPERIENCED CEYLON PLANTER, At our request, Mr. A. E. Wright, the well- known Ceylonproprietor and In.spector of Estate.s, has written the following interesting account of his recent trip to the “Far East” I left Ceylon on the 5th July 1897, arrived at Singapore on 10th July, left there for Batavia on 13th July, where we arrived on the 15th July, and on 16th went on to Buitenzorg, Mr. ami Mrs. Dunsniure and Mr. Welldon accom- panied me so far and they went back by steamer, via Batavia, Samarang, &c., while I went up to THE PREANGER to visit my interest, there I found everything very floiirishing- Mr. Dunsmure, Mr. Welldon, Mr. Bingley and self, visited a Mr. Motman’s LIBERIAN COFFEE ESTATE together, the day we were at Buitenzoig, and it certainly W'as a sight worth seeing, the soil, and growth of trees, and crop was magnificent, and his factory arrangements very complete, and as for his bungalow it was good enough for a Governor-General ! You can fancy my surprise at finding a telephone wire connecting Tji Wangie estate with Tji Rengas Station (the rail and telegraph station) a (listanee of ten miles, for the cost of which we pay 20s a month to the Telephone Company, and they pay cost of plant, erection and for keeping it in repair. In this particular Java is far ahead of Ceylon. Some estates have telephone communication with each other thirty to forty miles apart. I left Java for Singapore on the 23rd July, arriving there on the 25th and finding that there was no steamer for British North Borneo until the 3rd prox. and on Sir Charles Mitchell’s re- commendation I took a run up to the Native States, tiie result of which, was that I applied for a block of 6t0 acres at KUALA SELANGOR, which lias been granted to me on very favourable terms, for coconuts, &c. I was not very favour- ably impressed with the land between Klang and Kuala Lumpur, through which the laihvay runs, but I was told that this was not a fair sample of the land at all, but had not time to 324 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [Nov. I, 1897. visit the better parts. Kuala Lumpur is a very pretty place, and tl.eir puldic buildings Mould do credit to a town tM'enty times its size, Mr. Spooner has ceitainly left liis mark there, as I believe he designed and built these buildings by the P.VV.D., they are of rMoorisli architecture, and very beautiful, and Mell linished. After spending a leM- very [ileasant days at Kuala Lumpur, I returned to Singapore on the 4tli September to find my steamer did not sail until the 6th, when I started for B.N. BORNEO. Arrived at Labuan on the 9th, spent one day there, left for Kudat on the 11th, arrived there on the 12th, spent tM O days there, and Ment on to Sandakan, 14th, arriving there on the 15th left for “ Sahad Datii ’ in Darvel Bay on the S.-E. side of B.N. Borneo and returned to San- dakan on the 19th and spent four days at Gov- ernment Hou.se Mhere Mr. and Mrs. Beaufort were extremely kind to me, and maae my visit a very plea.sant one. On the 23rd I left for Maruda Bay in Kudat, Mhere I found some very fine land, and visited some tobacco estates as M'ell. 1 also saw some good land in Darvel Bay. Beturned to Ceylon, 12tli Sept. At [ire- sent the B.N. Borneo Co. have only touched the fringe of the country ; the interior is yet unknoMii. Lheie are great possibilities for this counti'Y, but they want men and money to deve- lojie it ; a young felloM’ M’ith £2,000, and his head screMeil on the right May might do Mell there with coconuts, Ac. EOBESIBY IN THE ISLE OF IMAN. We have received, from the genial editor, a copy of the Journal of the Isle of Man Natural Hisiory and Antiquarian Society, published on September 2nd, 1897, edited by I’. M. C. Kermode (m.b.o.U., f.s.A. Scot.), ^Tlume III., Part V. 'Ibis pamphlet coveis a year’s pro- ceedings of the Society, and includes a lull account of the very successful and instructive British Association Excursion in September last year, in M’liich we took part and the memory of M'hich m ill always allord us pleasure. But Me do not mean to lefer to this nor to the many attraction.s — archaiological, geological, botanical or geographical— connected with the Isle of Man and recorded in the pages before us. We M'ish rather to make one quotation of some practical concern to Planters in Ceylon who are interested in forestry and mIio should note the very large number of trees (5,500) planted jier acre in the Isle of Man in experi- mental plantations and the object M'itlr which this was done. At an excursion ;to Archallagan, lOtli July 1896, (Leader, Mr. G. W. Lamplugh, E.G.s. ) M'e read : — “Mr. Drinkwater M'as called upon lor some particulars of the experiment of planting the M’aste land of the Island with trees. Archallagan Plantation Mas, he stated, planted in 1883 by Lord Loch, being one of a series of three Govern- ment plantations— this the earliest, next in order of date iSoiith Barrule, and the latest Greeba, Archallagan is about 381 acres in extent, and about 5,500 trees were planted per acre, or in round numbers over tM'o million of tiees at the first planting. Of the trees per acre there were of Larch 1,368, Scotch 1,368, Austrian 684, Corsican 684, S|>ruce 350, and Silver Fir 350, and the remainder hard M'oods — Oak, Turkey Oak, Sycamore, Ash, Elm, Birch, Beech, Alder, and a feM' Mountain Ash. The hard Mood has almost entirely disappeared. The principle of modern scientific planting is to keep the trees so thick that the liranche.'^ die of! and clean symmetiical boles are formed, the trees being .supported by the air space above them rather than laterally, it becomes, ilierefore, important to consider tlie relative speed of groMth lest one tree should overto)) its neighbour, and so steq) its groMth. In Greeba the trees have been fu.ther arranged in grou[KS so that the colours may stand out in the landscajie — by Mliich he meant that the [irincipal trees are so placed that m hen the nurses are thinned out, the remainder Mill [iroduce a distinct ell'ect — mass by mass. A further point of interest is that the ash and sycamore have been placed to the best advantage for naturally seeding the plantation. Turning again to Archallagan, the speaker continued: You Mill notice patches where the trees are not croM'ded, according to my statement of the piincijiles of forestry. You may attribute these either to the chaiacter of the soil being unsuitable, or to the fact that the drainage in the particular place is deemed too costly to be M'orth doing. As to the future value of the plantations, a good deal dejiends upon Mhether or not the yield of timber’ is in excess of the demand or the reverse. Until comparatively recently there has been a reckless destruction of timber. Nom’, in SM'itzerland, and I believe in Noruay and America, there are regulations about replanting so many trees for each one cut doMn ; and in India great attention is being devoted to scientific forestry. The age is such an inventive one that if the sujrply runs short before these trees arrive at maturity in some 50 or 60 years’ time, some substitute for M’ood is sure to be forthcoming, and even already pa]ier is used to some extent instead of M'ood. 1 he Government plantations here are in a [nirely experimental stage, and are in consequence the more inter- esting.” THE DEMAND FOE CEYLON TEAS. The figures given by Messrs. Gom’, Wilson & Stanton in their “blue circular” issued by us ypsterdayq shoM’ing the consumption of teas in the United Kingdom and Export for the first eight months of 1897 as compai ed M’ith 1896, are very satisfactory' as far as “ Ceylons” are concerned. The “home consumption” in the period named Mas 55,951,359 lb. against 52,397,003 lb.- or an in- crease of 3,554,3561b. This amount is, in excess of the increase in imjiorts ; but apart from it there is also an advance in the quantity taken for Export, thus : — Expert of Ceylon Tea from U.K. Jan.-Aug. 1896-7 1897. Continent of Europe. , 3,692,683 United States .. 1,337,406 Canada .. 1,096,543 Other Countries .. 711,84-1 1896. Increase. 2,826,899 865,784 9.50,229 387,177 825,553 269,990 603,854 107,990 Total lb. .. 6,837,476 5,206,535 1,630,941 The total demand-increase, therefore, for the eight mouths may thua be given : — lb, Home Consumption , , 3,554,356 Export . . 1,630,941 Total . . lb. 5,185,297 while the eomparative increase in imports was only 3,037,726 lb. This is decidedly satisfactory. Nov. I, 1897.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 325 THE :MA:NUrjNG OF TEA. There is, perhaps, no direction in which money can be mote e.asily \tastfd in connection wiiii the cultivation of troj ical products, than in the purchase and applicatioti of manures. Not only should the fertiliser purcha.'^ed be tested by the analyst ; but ab-o the .soil to whicli manure is to be a 1 plied. 'J'he jdanter should know uhat is required for bis tea-fields, o.s well as i he exact value of what he is buying and its suitableness to his own particular case. This is the more es- pecially nece.ssary in Ceylon because of the great diversity of toils in our tea-idanting distiicts. Not only does one district differ from another ; but it may be that adjacent plantations require very different treatment. Euttbeie is tlie great temptation among planters to follow some one particular lead ; or there is the feeling that for Ceylon tea bushes, “ bones and castor cake or fish manure” cannot fail to do good. Possibly not ; but it is equally certain that a previous examination of the soil might supply information which would lead to con.siderahle economy or to a great deal more lasting benefit from the application of fertilizers. A plantei will tell yon, " I liave experience to guide me — look at the “great improvement in that field I manured “ last year as compared with its neighbour : I “cannot do wrong in following its lead all over “the plantation.” Now one of the greatest temporary changes we ever saw on a tiopical upcountry Held aro.se from its having been all holed ready for manure whiili ne\er came from Colombo,— so after a few weeks or months, the holes were filled in again, and the apparent benefit in the fiesh show of vegetation some months after could scarcely have been greater if an expensive manure had been applied ; hut the good was but a fleeting one, and v. e merely mention this to show how unsafe it is for the pleaiter to go by mere appearance. Fortunately, so far as the testing of manures sold in the Colombo or Indian markets goes, a good deal more use has, of recent year.s, been made of the scientific analyst, and gnar.''nteed analyses are now generally furnished with any considerable (quantity' of manure puichased. What is wanted now is that the same care should be taken to have the soil examined, and as far as possible to adapt the manm-e to the needs of the field. But scientific men are the first to confess that guidance by analysis alone is not suflicient. Experiment and observation have also their part to play ; only, vve have long felt that certain clear directions were w.auiing in connection with manures of recogni.scd value, to enable our tea planters to make for themselves the needful experiments according to the rules recognised by the best cultivators. Such clear directions, and a great deal of valuable information, have just been broueht togetlier in a Report drawn up by Mr. Cochran with reference to certain standard manuies for which Me.ssr.s. Fteudenberg & Co. are agents in Colombo. This Report, with the clearest i)Ossible directions as to the needful experiments iu fields, acres, or half acres — counting by bushes — or even smaller plots of trees, is given by Mr. Cochran, so that the planter can make bis own e.xperiment with a variety of mixtures named, and compare them alongside of similar experiments with the hitherto more commonly recognised fertilizers for our lea fields. The expen.‘-e of such experiments need be comparatively little. W'e are much pleased that this opportunity is made so readily available through the pamphlet about to be published and circulated very widely. We need not, therefore, quote from it ; but u e would urge every proprietor and manager in the island to take Its teacbit}g into consideration and to endeavour to make some, at least, of the experiments defined. In this way we should have the whole question of manuring put on a scientific basis — a result that could not tail to be vastly beneficial to the whole planting coininunity. THE AMERICAN TEA MARKET. To the Editor of The Home and Colonial Mail. SiE, — Your correspondent “ Noreih ” advocates the formatiou of a synaicate to take over the crop ol two or inree estates at a fair average price, and with the aid of an expert to prepare tea for the American market. He thinks it is useless to contend in America for an adequate share of the market for our teas on their merits, but says that ho is of opinion that the old- fashioued panned and soft liquoring teas are more of the kind to “ catch on ” in America. I do not think that your correspondent is correct in saying that this market was gamed by maKing a p ecial lea to suit its requirements. My impression ss that the mai'ket only took very gradually and inwiilingly to Indian tea. I do not agree with “ Noreih ” as to the policy of making green tea to suit the United States market. Such an attempt to make something retembling Japan or China tea would be sure to end in failure, and would result in having on hand a tea unsuited to any other market, if the United States people declined to by it, as they probably would. 1 know of one such attempt to make a light imfermented tea, which was said to be just what was wanted, but, strs.ngely enough, no one cared to buy the parcel of 60 chests. We have infinite varieties of black tea, soft or rough, weak or strong, from different districts to choose from, and in time no doubt the Yankees will take to our tea, if we continue to offer them our machine-made sorts in place of other kinds prepared by the use of hands and feet. The actual imports of Indian and Ceylon teas during the year ISyti were 9,681,040 lb. while the imports for the first six months of the present season, ending June 30, 1897, are 6,949,608 lb. or about 66 per cent, iucrease over last year’s imports to same date. These figures have been pniblished by accepted authorities, and are taken from a letter dated New York, September 2, 1697, addressed to the editor of the Journal of Com- merce by Mr. Richaid Blechynden. They show that progress is being made iu the United States. — Y^ours truly, Anglo-Indian. — H. S C. 3Iail, Sept., 17. CEYLON TEA SHARES AND PROPERTY IN THE LONDON MARKET; GOOD ADVICE TO CEYLON PLANTERS. A (!oncspoiidciit, much interested in our teas anti tiie pio.siieiity of Ceylon, writes from Loudon by a recent mail ; — “ Ibe uncertainty of exchange Ls playing havoc with tlie tea share market and has curtailed busi- ne.ss, for people are doubtful of the eliect upon dividends. N\ ben the market gets into the pre- sent state it is veiy difficult to realize as so few Ceylon Companies are quoted on the Stock Ex- change, aiui bu.siness thereby entails a great amount of conespomlence to bring buyers and sellers together. 1 think however the stringency will be only temporary, for tea is slowly mov« iiig to higher values. 326 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [Nov. I, 1897. “You shouklj however, waken up Ceylon Plant- ers to the necessity of paying greater attention to manufacture for comparing them with tliat of India they are not in it as to superior fermenta- tion, rolling and grading of their teas. The broken pekoes of Ceylon, which at one time would have been taken readily by the trade, are now neglected by the larger wholesale houses in consequence of their dusty and broken condition and theiefore cannot tnix with their higher class of blends and their forces the price down to the inferior grades. I send you four samples, two of desirables and two of undesir- able broken pekoes with this relative values. These you can show to any enquirer. I also send four samples of Indian teas for comparison. It is not a matter Ceylon men should shut their eyes to, for the compeoition with Indians will become keener, because the liquor from Indians is superior to anything from Ceylon, and it is only by care- ful manufacture on the part of the Ceylon plan- ter that he will maintain his ground and raise his teas to a higher value. At last sale some Ceylon teas were sold at 2jd and how any one could think of a profitable result from such tea is a mystery, for it would have been better to have put it into the furnace. “ Mr. Jofin Hamilton’s advice about packing teas and weighing of packages was deserving of more attention than it apparently received in Ceylon. So long as they remain blind to what materially affects their own interests, no improve- ment can be looked for. In the early days of Ceylon tea cultivation they showed the way to India, but now they are losing ground and should waken up. “ The value of tea properties, of course, has likewise been affected by the position of exchange and value of teas — to the extent, I should think of 30 to 40 per cent and the high prices lately paid need not be looked for, for a considerable time as Company promoters will not take up anything less than 10 per cent on present results. Several Companies lately floated will have a hard struggle to make ends meet if the present position of affairs remain long as it is.” ♦ CLOVE CULTIVATION AT ZANZIBAR. From “ The Shamba ” or “ Journal of Agricul- ture for Zanzibar ” for Sept. 1897 we quote as follows : — Our Pemba correspondent writes as follows I believe the clove crop as a whole is a very poor one, but I have noticed that when there is a clove tree close to a hut where the ground is kept more clear of undergrowth, and the refuse from the hut is thrown near clove tree, the crop of cloves is 4 or 5 times as great as on ordinary trees. In fact the tree is full of buds. This seems td show that care- ful cultivation and manuring will greatly increase the yield of cloves. Some of the trees that are being picked are very much damaged already, which will proba- bly injure next year’s crop. The buds are still being dried in the old rough and ready way. Nevertheless I have found some very nice clean and dry samples of cloves which if they could reach the market in their present condition would sell well. I have been making some experiments in drying cloves in a small way with interesting results, though of course further experiments might show my present conclusions to be worth very little. So far, I incline to think that the buds should be gathered pinlc, not red, or else they will burst open in drying. They should be dried in plenty of air and wind with some sunshine. My best sample No. 4 is about equal to Penang but small. The samples were gathered in a very poor plantation and the buds were small to begin with. Expeeimems in Dkying Cloves in Pemba, August 1897. No. Condition. Method of Result \vhen Deving. Deied. 1 Red and fully Under cover About 20% opened grown buds from rain acd into flower 10% of but not dew, but exposed the flowers came opened. to air and wind right out. 75% were and about 5 striped and spotted hours sunshine with light brown per day. lines on lower part. Sample poor. Pink. In broad day- None damaged. light with all Heads brown other obtainable air parts chocolate and wind but no colour sample good sunshine. but small. 3 Almost Green. Same as No. 2. None damaged, heads brown other parts darker than No. 2 and rather smaller, otherwise good. Pink. Same as No. 1. None damaged, heads light brown other parts redish brown — also rather small — Best sample — except for size about equal to ‘‘ Penangs.” Large and In dull light with About 6% opened Red. free air but no into flower 30% dis- wind or sun- coloured with light shine. brown lines and spots — the rest almost black. Sam- ple large but poor. Nos. 2. 3. 4. Were gathered from a poor planta- tion and were small buds. COFFEE IN WESTERN AFRICA has begun to suffer much from “ borer.” The following is from “ Kew Bulletin ”: — Extract from a letter, dated, Aburi, 6th tlanuary, 1896, from the Chief Justice to the Governor. I came up here on Saturday, and on Sunday morning I locked round the coffee. It is in a deplorable state. The Arabian coffee apparently likes the soil and cli- mate, but is literally ruined by (I think) a boring grub, which enters near the bottom and makes a hole roolwards, thereby doing fatal injury to the trees. Practically all the Arabian coffee looks wretched. I never saw anything looking better than the Liberian coffee. It looks superb. On closer in- vestigation I found about two trees out of five at- tacked by a boring grub, different, I think, from the grub which attacked the Arabian coffee. This grub has only lately begun to attack the Liberian coffee, and you can see trees laden and breaking down with fruit getting yellow from the t Sects of the grub ; some are dying, some dead, all due to the boring grub. The natives see or will soon see it, and will abstain from planting coffee. Considering that this is an agricultural country, and that soil and cli- mate appear to suit the Liberian coffee to perfection, something should be done to try and defeat the grub. On specimens and information sent him, Mr. Walter F. H. Blandford furnishes a long report to the Colonial Office : much of what he writes is familiar to us in the East, but there can be no harm in repeating hints that are of use ia 327 Nov. T, 1897.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. respect to the insect enemies of more plants than coffee : — The following points in the life-history of the borer should be accurately made out : — The season at \'hich the perfect beetles appear. This will probably stand in some relation to the dry and wet season. The linhits of the perfect beetles, theii flight time, place of rest during the day ; their tendency, if any, to frequent flowers, oozing sap, diseased trees, &c. The at which they oxiposit. This is of import- annce. Probably oviposition is favoured by wounds in the bark. Special attention should be paid to the probability of the eggs being laid at pruning wounds, and the system of pruning adopted should be looked to with this object. The length of larval life and the length of time a tree will withstand injury without succumbing should also be investigated. The early signs of injury should be carefully made out, in order that infestation may be detected as soon as possible. General Suggestions. — The following general sugges- tions for treatment over and above those already given are based mainly on the assumption that information will be gained on the above points. Prevention of Egg-layiny. — All pruning and acciden- tal wounds should be tarred. Possibly egg-laying may be prevented at the usual situations by plastering the part of the bark usually selected for the purpose with clay and cow dung, or a similar mixture, or painting it with lime-white mixed with rice water, to make it adhere. This treatment has proved successful with other species of borers. Capture of the perfect Beetles. — This to be successful must be attempted after study of their habits and time of appearance. It may be done : — (a.) By placing sheets under the bushes, and shaking oS the beetles, in the early morning or whenever they are so sluggish as to drop. The beetles should then be collected and killed with boiling water. A convenient plan of collecting them from sheets is to fit a tin bucket with a wide funnel-shaped lid of tin, furnished at the centie with a short tube. The sheets are shaken on to the lid, the beetles diop through the tin tube, [and cannot escape until the lid is re- moved. (&.) By setting baits for them, and collecting them from the baits. This cannot be done unless their habits show that some kinds of. bait will serve to attract. (c.) By providing logs of any tree which they will attack, ringed trees, coffee shrubs which have been condemned and are dying or have been ringed for them to lay their eggs in. These “ tree traps ” should be provided before the flight period and removed before the beetles in them have bred out, or they will do more harm than good. Preservation of attached Shrubs. — This can only be done, if at all, by attentive examination so as to detect the early signs of injury when the larva is still feeding under the thin baik. That these early stages can be detected with practice I have little doubt ; whether it can be done with sufficient rapidity to make it practic- able is more questionable. If such a patch is detected, the bark should be cut away and the larva tumbled out ; it will soon die if exposed to the air and light. The cut part should then be tarred. If the patch has been opened after the larva has finished its superficial burrowing, and gone deep into the wood, it might pos- sibly be killed with a wire, or by w'etting the burrow with kerosene, which will penetrate. But these methods are not very pmcticable, and I regard the surface burrowing as the most important. With the exception of these methods the larval and pupal stages are not open to measures calculated to get rid of them. The suggestions made in the foregoing pages cover all the points by which success in the treatment of the borer appears to me likely to be obtained. That they are all practicable under local conditions is unlikely ; but they are all measures which have proved of ser- vice in* other countries and with other host plants Particular attention is drawn to the necessity for in- vestigating the antecedent causes which may have favoured the infestation, to the desirability of study- ing the relation of shade-trees to the infestation, to the great importance of destroying all woody mate- rial, shrubs, &c., which may harbonr the larvae and are past recovery, to the importance of attending to prun- ing wounds, and of catching the perfect insects bv shaking down. PLANTING NOTES. “ Royal Gabdens, Kew."— Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information. Contents for April is as follows: DLiii.— Mycologic Flora of the Rojal Gardens, Kew; DLIA.— Spindle Tree; dlv.— Miscellaneous Notes; Sir Robert Meade; Sir John Thurston ; Seed Distribution; Botanical Magazine; Flora of British Central Africa ; Drift Seeds from the Keeling Islands ; Algas in the Kew Herbarium ; Broom Root ; Snowdrop disease ; Canna disease ; Double Rice • Sorghum Sugar. Bulletin of Miscellaneous informa- tion for May and June has the following contents Insects destructive to Plants in West Africa ; Fnrit- growing at the Cape ; Canaigre ; Extraction of Gutta Percha from Leaves ; Wine Production in France ; U.S. National Heibuium ; Completion of Flora of British India ; Miscellaneous Notes. Bulletin of Miscellaneous information for July 1897 has the following contents Marram Grass ; Agricultural Depression ; Fat Hen in Australia ; Eucalyptus Timber for Street Paving; Grafting Sugar Cane; Grama Grass ; Flora Capensis ; Hand-list of Tender Mono- cotyledons ; Fiji Ivory Nuts ; Additions to list of Kew Publications, 1841-95; Miscellaneous Notes. Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information. Contents for August and September are as follows :—plxxv.— Diagnoses African®, X ; dlxxvi.— Miscellaneous Notes ; King of Siam ; Botanical Magazine ; Key Plan • Water Lily Pond ; Tampico Jalap. ’ Timehei. The Journal of the Royal Agricultural and Commercial Society of British Guiana, June 1897 edited by James Rodway, F.L.S. Contents Papers’ —Nesting of some Guiana Birds, by C. A. Lloyd • Early English Colonies in Trinidad, by Hon. n! Darnell Davis, C.M.G. ; Agriculiure in 1829 bv William Hilhouse ; First Impressions of the Colonv- by \V. Arthur Sawtell ; Tobacco and Cotton Cultiva- tion in the British West India Colonies, by William H. Burnley; Ruin, by the Editor; The Result of Recent Scientific Researches into the Agricultural Improvement of the Sugar Cane, by J. B Harrison M.A., F-I-C., F.G.S., F C.S., etc. ; i?he Life HEtory of an East Indian m British Guiana, by the Rev J. G. Pearson, Note on the Arrangement of Sugar Cane* Experiments, by J.B. Harrison, M.A. &c., &c. "Reports of Society’s Meetings, from January to June, 1897. Mr. Chambkrlain and Sisal.— It was recently reported says that Mr. Chamberlain had abandone'd hi.s .visa! plantation in the Bahamas as a losino- speculation. The annual report of the Governor" Sir W. F. Haynes Smith, which has just been issued, tends to confirm the general impression that a number of people Imrnt their fingers over this extravagantly-boomed West Indian industry The Governor observes “ The cultivation of sisal plantations is abandoned in some places, whilst in others it is reported to be on the increase. The prospects for this new industry are now becoming more clefined, and although it has absolutely failed to fulfil the anticipations once formed of it, there seems to be less reason to fear that it w ill die out altogether, and some reason to hope that it may in time become a .sinnll but well-established industry returning fair ]Jiulits to those enga<'-ed in it. ^ 1 iiie-apple cultivation in the islands i.s more promising.’' The Governor reports this industry to be increasing and that large growers are niakinc^ substantial profits. ® 328 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [Nov. 1, 1897. CoppEBAH Goes bp in Price. — The market in this article has suddenly risen and there is a 'Stiff competition between millers and shippers. The sud- den rise is due to the presence of a new buyer in the person of a Nattukotta Chetty, who is purchas- ing largely for the Calcutta iniirket; which last week remained steady at R39'7.5 per candy. The Chetty in question suddenly ran the price to E40 75 and the wily boatmen are keen cn holding to the the new price, demanding the same from their old customers.— Local ‘‘ Independent,” The Countky Nokth of Kuruxegala.— A gentleman interested in the Northern Coinmis- .sion’s line ot railway, but ho lias we believe, not been over tlie ground, writes : — “ People who see no value in the land norih of Kuriinegala forget that there is there soil, climate, and rainfall, such as would be admirably adapted to the growth of such an article as cotton.” But far better .soil and the very climate for cot- ton is that found between Anniadha]iura and Manaar — the “ black cotton soil” of Tinnevelly being repeated in part of the Manaar district. “Toon” Trees. — We are otten asked about these and their success in Ceylon. Here is n- forination from a practical planter who has hati as much to do with them as any man in the island : — “ There are two varieties of Toon pretty common in Ceylon. One is Oedrela Toona which is generally supposed to be the red, toon but I understand that is the name of the white variety which has been a failure all over the country except at Peradenia, where the late Dr. Trimen said it was a far liner tree than the other. The name of the red variety is Toona Serrata and I think it a very nice tree for wind belts especially if intermixed with gre- villeas and the timber is said to be very useful indeed, but I doubt if much or any has so far come into use here.” Manubes and Manuring (Indian Manures).— The “ Agricultural Ledger ” 1897 — No 8 deals with Indian Manures, their composition, conservation, and applica- tion. Anote by Dr.'J W. Leather, agricultural chemist to the Government of India. The materials dealt with are the materials which are more or less avail- able to the Indian cultivator may be included in the following list : — 1. Cattle Dung and Urine 2. Cattle Bedding materials 3. Night-soil and other city refuse 4. Oilseed refuse 5. Bones 6. Saltpetre 7. Biver, Canal and Tank silt 8. Green manures 9. Influence of Leguminous crops 10. Sheep folding. A New South Wales Forester on Tree Growing in Ceylon. — We direct the attention of planters and others to a letter from Mr. Rudder of New South Wales in another column. His inpressions ofonr liill-couiitry and timber-grow- ing are worth having. An upcountry coriespond- ent writes ; — “ A gentleman who has been paying' us several visits in the past two weeks is a Mr. Augustus Rudder of Sydney, U. S. W., who on his way back from the Ju- bilee celebrations in London broke his jouiney at Colombo so as to have a fortnight in Ceylon. Mr. Rudder having served the Government of N. S. Wales for many jears in the Porest Department, naturally saw a good deal to interest him irr Oeyicn. He is to leave Colombo this week by tlie ‘ Orriba’ for vdiat he now cc nsiders bis home in N. S Waies, where, though net born there, he has spent 64 years of his life.’’ Mr. Rudder, it will be observed, recommends two trees that are comparatively new to us— one a Eucalyptand one a Cedar— AT pilvlaris^.wi\ Cedrda Australis. HasMr. Nock of Hakgalaor Mr. Fraser on Abbotsford got either of these growing? BxTKACTrON OF GUTXA PeBCHA from LEA^•ES. — The following communication supplements the in- formation already given in the Kcn' Bulletin (1891) pages, 2:jl-2.99. Extract from letter from Direc- tor of Gardens and Forest Dep;o tnii n', Straits Settle- ment?, to Royal Gardens, Kevv, dated Botanic Gardens, Singapore, September Isth, 1806 : — “ I have been down to inspect the little factory where Mr. Arnaud m:.kes his gutta-percha. Serullas has gone hack to Paris with endle.=s patents of different kinds, and Mr. Arnaud alone keeps up the business. The leaves are imported in sacks dry from Borneo and Johore. Meet of tlie trees are over-cut in Sing-rpore, and there are no more leaves left, I hear. The leaves and twigs cost four dollars and a half a picul (133 lb.). They are then put, damped wiih hot water, into a rolHng machine, two rollers working agaiir,?t each other, which giind ihem to powder. The powder is thrown into tanks of water and shaken about. The gutta doals in the form of a mealy-loobing stuff, is lifted out by tine copper- gauze nets, put in warnr water and pressed into moulds. I have samples of the gutta as it comes from the eaves, and the pressed out iiuislied article. It is really a. very errrious little manufactnry. I do not know how long it will last, on account of the diffi- culty of proem iijg leaves, w liich must, I think, sooner or later stop the trade.” — Kew Bulletin. 'I HE Indian Tea Crop, 1S97-8.— We published the other daj' a special telegram from Calcutta announcing that the e.stimate for the current year’.s crop was reduced io 148 nullion lb., of which 130 million were expected to go to the United Kingdom. Rut nowhere has the original estimate been quoted to show the actual reduc- tion now aiiticiiiated. This is 110 less than 8,669,112 lb., for the estimate framed in June la.st gave a total of 156,669,112 lb. — Our evening contein- )iorary wa.s between 7 and 8 million lb. w'rong in the ligtires he gave the other day for tlie “total output” of tlie 1896 crop. According to Mes.srs. NbTn. Moran dt Co.’s return of 1st June last, the actual crop of 1896 was 148,217,416 lb. of whicli 16 million lb. went to the Colonie.s and America. It will be seen, therefore, that the Indian crop for the current year is not expected to exceed tliat of 1896; while the shipments to the United Kingdom may be 2 million lb. less ! Here are the details published on 1st June last ; — We are favoured with the following figures by the Indian Tea Association : — The General Com- mittee have now the pleasure to hand you the following figures showing an estimate of the Indian tea crop 1897. Original Estimate of Crop OF 1897. Actual Crop, 1896. lb. lb. Assam 63,359.989 59,655,793 Caehar 21 540,153 20,401,487 Sylbet 26,762,000 25,099,486 Draieeling 7,644,250 7,817,495 Terai 3,734,000 3,738,927 Dooais 24,209,720 22,073,781 Chittagong 919,000 1,030,125 220,322 Chota-Nogpore 320.000 Karigra Debra Dun and Kumaon 2,180,000 2,180,000 (Estimate) Private and Native 2,000,000 2,000,000 Gardens (Estimate).. 4,000,000 4,000,000 156,669,112 148,217,416 being 8,451,696 lb. over the actual outturn of the crop cf 1896. Estimating shipments to America, the Colonics and other poris with local consump- tion at IS millions (or say 2 millions more than last year) there will remain about 138J million lb. for export to Great .Britain. Revised Estimate : — lb. Total Output 1897 = 148,000,(X)0 ,, to United Kingdom = 130,000,000 Nov. I, 1897.] THE TROPICAL “TEA MANUFACTURE BY ELECTRICITY, Tlie lirst issue of t,!ie new series of the Indian and Eastern Engineer is an edition dc lm:e printed on toned paper Vitli numerous illustrations and much instructive letterpress. The most interest- ing article to us is on the above topic, and we quote it as follows; — Mr. Davidson Rickie, Electrical Engineer to the British Dar jeeling TeaCo.,Ld., has successfully intro- duced electricity as a motivepowerfor the manufacture of tea. This v.e believe is the first instance in which electricity has been introduced with success for tea manufacture. Mr. Rickie is also the patentee of a process tor the complete manufacture of tea without the aid of fuel where water power is available within reasonable distance from a tea factory. The value of this can hardly be overestimated when one considers the thousands of acres under tea cultivation, and the numerous gardens with water power available. A wide field for electrical enterprise, and a bright future for electricity in this direction, has now been opened out, and those who are interested in tea will not be slow to perceive the great advantages electricity holds over any other motive power. We will enumerate the advantages hereafter, and, for the present, confine ourselves to a descriptive account of the electrical plant which has been steadily at work from the beginning of 1896, and has proved to be a conspicuous success. The Thurbo Tea Estate, which covers over 6,000 acres, belongs to the British Darjeeling Tea Co., Ld., and extends from the Mechi River (one of the Nepal boundaries) to the Eungbong River, which flows through the Nagri Valley. The tea factory, of which we give an illustration taken from a photograph, is situated one . from the Bungbong River at an elevation of 4,000 feet : all the machinery is worked by electricity, ihe w^ater taken from the Bungbong River, is led by a substan- tial waterway of masonry to a point where a lail oi 56 feet is obtained ; from this point 16-inch steel pipes convey the water, down the .56 feet fall, to a 40 11.1 . Jonval Turbine (this being one of the best low-water fall horizontal turbines, by Mr. William Gunter). To this turbine is connected, by belt and pul- ley, a Messrs. Mather and Platt’s Patent Man- Chester Dynamo capable of generating 30 B. H.-P. indicating 320 volts and 7C amperes. The cur- rent of electricity is transmitted by overhead copper wires to the factory ; the terminals being connected to a Manchester motor, patented by Messrs. Mather and Platt, and capable of developing 24 B.H.-P. The motor is under complete control, and the speed is regulated by a graduated 10-stop switch ; it is also supplied with drop sight oil cups, and Messrs. Mather and Platt’s patent carbon brushes, so that, practically speaking, it requires no attention. We learn that this enterprising firm of electricians have further enhanced the value of their electric plants for tea manufacture by then- recent patent enclosed motors, which protects the motor from all tea dust. Among other useful pro- ductions are their patent automatic brushes, which are absolutely necessary for the varying loads resulting in tea manufacture, during the rolling process. The machinery driven by the above electric plant comprises- — 2 Large Davidson Down Draft birocco t^ driers ; 2 Jackson’s Patent tea-leaf rollers ; 1 David- son-MacGuire tea packer; 2 Tlea sifters; 1 Tea cutter. It also provides for the lighting of the factory throughout by electricity with numerous 16 C.-P. in- candescent lamps which are hung from the ceilings and give a brilliant light. The electric lighting of the factory is effected by joining the positive and nega- tive wires for the electric light, to the positive and ne- gative wires between dynamo and motor ; the current being regulated by a small resistance box. The entire confidence which the British Darjeeling Tea Co. place in Mr. Rickie’s abilities, and the reliance they place in electricity as a u AGRICULTURIST. 329 motive power of tea manufacture, is proved by the fact that there is no reserve power at hand in the event of a breakdown ; and no doubt can I e entertained of the success of the above plant, seeing that such satisfactory results have been obtained, and it is now well through the second sea- son, with no sign of any trouble or stoppage. We will proceed to enumerate the many advan- tages to be derived from electricity, as a motive power, for tea manufacture. I’irstly, we must consi- der that most serious question of fuel, always a diffi- culty, but more specially in the Darjeeling District, where it is difficult to obtain firewood owing to the stringency of the Forest Department, and the enhanced rates for freight on coal on the Darjee- ling-Himalayau Railway, and the trouble and cost of carriage of fuel from railway to the tea gardens. Electricity has a great number of advantages over the old style of generating motive power by a steam boiler with its great cost for fuel, when, as is the case with most gardens. Nature is ready to supply ample power, constant and never-failing, in the form of abundance of water, which is running to waste. It certainly seems almost incredible that those who are striving daily to reduce expenditure, and study economy, on a tea garden, cannot see that they are throwing away a large percentage of the profits in smoke ; whereas, by utilizing this water power and adopting electricity, a great economy could usually be obtained. There are, at this present time, tea gardens in the Darjeeling District paying R34 per ton for coal, and R30 per hundred maunds for firewood ; at the same time they have abundance of water power within easy distance from the factory. What are the advantages derived from steam power ? Coal or wood is absolutely necessary. There is the constant fear to the manager of a tea garden that the native driver may allow the water to run low in the boiler. The fires must be lit at a certaiir hour to be ready for withered leaf, and after steam is raised and the leaf is not quite ready, the fires have to be kept back. The boiler has to be cleaned out occasionally and scaled, which incurs the cost of packing, jointing, etc. The yearly overhaul to machinery, viz., steam engine and boiler. The dirt and dust resulting from the use of fuel. These are all disadvantages, and the only advantage steam can claim over electricity is, that it does not require so large a supply of water. In all other- respects, electricity proves to be superior. It is the acme of cleanliness as a motive power. It can be started and stopped at any moment, night or day, at a moment’s notice. It will run for years without requiring any repair.^. It is more economical than any other power except- ing the water-wheel. There isthegreat advantage of lighting the factory by electricity, and most of the disadvantages, arising from the use of steam power, are obviated. The Superintendent can command the electricity at any moment, as he has only to ring an electric bell, and the man in charge, at the turbine house, turns on the water by opening a sluice door, and in 2 to 3 minutes all the machinery in the factory is in motion. There is no necessity to order more or less power, as the ammeter indicates what machine is at work by the resistance indicated thereon, and the voltmeter indicates the speed by the number of volts. No danger can arise from too great a pressure, as a safety fuse would immediately melt and cut off the current, or, in other words, break the circuit ; but this seldom, if ever, occurs, and in the event of it occurring, a fresh fuse is always at hand, which can be replaced in half a minute. We learn that Mr. Rickie is now making arrange- ments for testing his patent on a large scale ; and should he prove successful it will create a revolution in tea manufacture ; and it can only be a question of time for the general adoption of electricity. Another decided advantage of electrical plants is, the ease with which they can be carried. A dynamo or motor can be taken in parts, and the heaviest of these can be carried by eight hill coolies to the 330 THE 1R0PICAL AGRICULTX^RIST. most inaccessible tea gardens in the hills ; whereas it would take days of labour and anxiety, with hun- dreds of coolies, to drag a steam boiler and engine. As a matter of fact, it has been found to be quite impracticable in some of the hill gardens. We would impress on all interested in lea, who decide to adopt electricity as a motive power, the necessity of having the plant erected, and fitted up, at the outset by a thorough, practical engineer, as the secret of success is that electrical plants must be thoroughly put together, and if this is done they will run for years without giving any trouble. Many who are not conversant with electricity have an idea that it is a dangerous power ; that is a great mistake, as the only danger lies in touching the exposed parts which are charged with electricity, and there is no reason or necessity for doing so; but even should this occur, the only result would be a severe shock, as the power required for a tea garden would not be sufficiently strong to cause any serious accident. It has been very amusing to read in the local papers articles headed “ The Dangers of Elec- tricity,” the writers of these articles appear to forget that, accidents due to electricity are few and far between, whereas accidents from steam are of frequent, we may say almost daily, occurrence. We are con- hdeut that such articles appi aring in type will not affect the p' ogress of the electricity, and we are glad to see that our enquiries in our issue of last March, “ Notes on Electricity ” as to ‘‘ Whether Electricity had been adopted in any of the Hill Tea Gardens,” have brought to light the fact that it has been successfully introduced ; and we have no doubt that it will eventually, in the near future, be generally adopted, both in India and Ceylon. There are three illustrations entitled : — Thurbo Factory, Darjeeling ; A corner of the Factory shewing Electric Motor and leaf rollers ; The Manchester Motor shewing regulator and electric light connections. As a 8i(pj)lcment to the Engineer, there is an extremely good photo etching of the effects of the earthquake on Munshai Bridge, Cooch Beltar State Railway. Altogether this issue is a splendid one of the new journal, and we congra- tulate all concerned on its get-up, “THE PROSPECTS OF RAMIE CULTIVATION IN PERAK.” ME. L. WRAY’S ESTIMATE SHOWS A LOSS ON THE CULTIVATION; ME. E. MATHIEU— A NET PROFIT UP TO 136i DOLLARS PER ACRE. MR. J. M. MACDONALD’S ESTIMATED PROFIT, £25 TO NEARLY £50 PEE ACRE ! WOULD THE SOUTHERN PROVINCE OF CEYLON RETURN £5 PER ACRE PROFIT? We have received a packet of papers on the above subject from the Straits Settlements con- taining information of an exceptionally inter- esting character. To the literature on “ Ramie ” Fibre, its cultivation and preparation, there is literally no end. We are heartily tired our- selves of all the glowing reports and circulars issued by interested Companies in the old country,— of the many new processes and patents which are to make the fortune not only of the holders, but of the producers of the fibre; and of the diverse instructions offered by gentlemen who probably never saw a tropical fibre-yielding plant in its habitat, nor did any practical cultivation in their lives. It has, there- fore, become our practice to dispose of all fresh circulars or reports on “Ramie” after a very [Nov. I, 1897. cursory inspection ; but in the present case we have ijeen appistey a careful summary of atailable information prepared for the Perak Government by Mr. L. Wray, junr., respecting the yield per acre, the cost of harvesting and prej>aring, and finally the value of the result. Here is the information as to j’ield put into tabular form Foibes Eoyle J. Blontgomery (mean) Hardy e.m. E. Mathieu .. Fibre. lb. 900 986 1,260 610 1,881 Ribbon. lb. 1,280 1,314 2,100 1,080 2,608 Mean yield per acre 1,173 .. 1,666 The mean yield of fibre is therefore a few pounds over half e- ton, and *739 of a ton of ribbon per acre* that IS about 14| cwt. or 12^ pikuls. Then as to cost : — Very little is to be found, in any of the acconnts of ramie, of the cost of the cultivation. It is vari- ously stated that one coolie can keep in order 2 to 3 acres of land ; while no information is available as to the cost of gathering, boiling, stripping, dying and baling the ribbon. Taking the mean, that is one coolie to 2^ acres of land, or 2 coolies to 5 acres, wages at $9 per month, the cost per annum 18 $43 20 per acre, and per ton of ungathered ribbon ^ have already said, there is nothing on which to base an estimate of the cost of harvesti ng and preparing the crop. The process is as follows- — The stalks are cut near the ground, then stripped of leaves and topped. They are then carried to the bcihng tanks and boiled for about a quarter of an houn The bark is then stripped off by hand, carried to the works to dry, when quite dry it is sorted into lengths, and baled ready for shipment. Considering that some 15 tons of stalks have to be treated per acre, I do not think that less than $20 could be allowed per ton of libbon. This wonld bring up the ribbon to $78'45 per ton or $57'98 per acre. , then supervision, manure, rent, duty and buildings. The least that can be allowed for this IB $10 per acre per year. Taking a 500-acre estate this would be made up as follows : — Rent at 50 cents per acre . , Supervision, $300 per month Manure Upkeep of buildings Duty on 369'5 tons at 2J% ) 250 3,600 500 250 623 5 223 The final cost of the ribbon wonld be $91-97 per ton or $67'98 per acre. Summing up as to result, Mr. Wray is not en- couraging : — Dr. D. Morris, the Assistant Director of the Royal Garden, Kew, in a lecture delivered on the 30th November, 1896, gives the price of ribbon as £8 per ^*^0®® J’ol' appear that more than £7 ($67’20) per ton could be reckoned on for the rib- bon, and as by the above estimate it would cost to grow and prepare $9197 per ton, it would appear that there is a loss of $4-77 per ton or $18'30 for each acre of cultivation. There is another side to this question, and that is for the planter to also be the manufacturer of the finished product, in the same way as sugar planters are. Wray’s Report came from Mr. E. Mathieu of Singapore who quotes actual experiments made for two years at Buitenzorg Java, under the control of the Director of Botanic Gardens : — “ One bouw gives four cuttings in one year, weigh- ing in the aggregate .34,000 kilos of green stems, without leaves and topped.” In English figures this works out One bouw (If acres)=74,000 lb. of green stems, strip- „ ped and topped One acre =42,800 „ ,, „ Nov. r, 1897.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 33* He next quotes a series of American experi- ments ; but we do not attach much importance to these, thougli the tabular results of all the ex- periments quoted may be given : — I shall now bring together the figures presented you so far, and put them under tabular form : Yields of Kamie. Countries. Java Louisiana . . Texas California, Kern Valley Algeria q • 03 O ® to S 03 c3 ^ -te •'S CL ft ^ > O 10,700 lb. 12,880 „ 12,600 „ 11,013 „ 09 P O » a 8 § .2 ® =« I 03 > fc, ^ «4-i CO <0 O 03 P4 gj -g. q qj T3 .SPo G.C3 ftcS 42,800 lb. 25,760 lb. 50,400 „ 33,040 „ It will be seen at a glance that while the above figures present very large differences in gross totals of the yearly crops, yet when they are apportioned into separate cuttings they agree very closely ; the relative weakness of the weight of the Java cutting, as compared with those obtained in the States or even in Algeria, being explained by the fact that the latter experiments have been carried on for a longer period than in Java. Mr- Mathieu is therefore inclined to think that after 3 to 4 years a ramie plantation in Malaya should give in 4 cuttings, 20 tons of stems per acre per annum. Such an estimate we consider most unreliable to work on as a perma- nency, even on tlie richest soil and with the best possible cultivation. It may be done on a small plot for a few years ; but we scarcely think any practical planter — in Ceylon at any rate— would embark capital with the hope of harvesting 20 or 10 tons of a crop per acre, continuously. However let us see what Mr. Mathieu has further to say in respect of the “ yield in fibre.” We agree with him as to the great confusion over the different terms used ; — “ Yield in i'ifej'e.— Turning now to the yield in fibre, here again we have to brush away the am- biguity attaching to the term fibre. It is dubbed ribbon, raw fibre, clean fibre, dry fibre, filasse — without these words conveying any true idea of the standard of purity of the fibre nor of its value in money : and sellers of patents or machines have too often availed themselves of the vagueness of the terms used to impose on the public as to the output of their inventions.” Mr. Mathieu adopts “clean dry fibre” and takes as the average of several experiments (chiefly with the Faure machine at Buitenzorg,) an average of 3 '75 per cent. He then recapitulates after the following attractive— not to say triumphant — fashion : — My estimate of yield of ramie stems, stripped of leaves and topped, stands as shown above 20 tons per acre per annum. Green stripped stems yield 3'75 per cent of their weight in clean dry fibre, as sample No. 2, worth £32 in London. Therefore 20 tons of green stripped stems, the aggregate yearly crop of one acre, will give 1,680 lb. of fibre, worth £24 in London. Conclusion : The gross yearly product of one acre planted in ramie in Malaya is £24 in London. Let us now establish the cost of production of these 1 680 lb. of fibre, and laying them down in London. ACREAGE, 500 ACRES. $ Rent per acre . . . . . . 0.50 Cost of cultivation of 1 acre, trimming and cutting superfluous roots; light boeings 30.00 Manure (using the leaves and refuse from decortioationl . , . . . , 4.00 Cutting, stripping of leaves, gathering and carting 20 tons of stems to factory . . Management and superintendence, per acre f Cooly labour, 1 cent per lb. of * fibre 25.00 20.00 16.80 6.20 10.00 Decortication j tiDgine-room wages, l,(>801b.- V. i day’s output Depreciation of machinery and upkeep Cost of production of 1,680 lb. at the estate 112.M Duty 2|% on $112.50 . . . . 2 70 Pressing, baling, transport to port of ship- ment, freight to London, etc., |30 per ton on 1,680 lb. .. .. ... 22.50 Total cost of 1,6801b. of clean dry fibre laid in London . . . . . . 137.70 This figure of $137.70 should he under ordinary conditions considered a maximum ; under favourable conditions, and labour at $6 per month, the expendi? ture should be much reduced. As it stands, however, it shows that one acre, at a cost of $137.70, brings in a gross return of £24 or $240, leaving a nett profit of $102..30. But it is possible for the planter very materially to increase his profit by partially degum- ming his fibre himself. How to gain the last-mentioned advantage with an additional profit of ,34 ’20 dollars per acre, is thus described : — Degumming, when the gum is yet fresh and fluid, offers very much less difficulty than when it is hardened, as is the case when the fibre is sent simply dried to Europe. Anyone can satisfy himself on this point by boiling freshly stripped ramie in water for, say, one hour ; it will be seen that the fibre loses a notable quantity of its gum. If the boiling is kept up for several hours and a small quantity of washing soda added, or soft green soap, the reduction of the gum will be yet more complete; if the boiling is made under pressure in autoclave kiers an almost complete degumming can be ob- tained; but, beyond the fact that pressure implies more or less complication, it is not necessary nor desirable to carry the degumming so far, because in the presence of a perfectly finished fibre the spinner is apt to suspect the use of injurious chemicals; he prefers, as in the case of hemp and flax, to finish off the process h>mself with his own particular dress- ing. The planter, therefore, if he ungums at all, need only concern himself with a partial degum- ming, limiting himself to extracting, say, two-thirds or three-fourths of the gum. And then the final conclu.sion becomes ; — ( =20 tons of stems, stripped and topped 1 acre < =1,680 lb. of clean, dry fibre I =1,344 lb. of degummed filasse Cost of production . . . . $163'50 Value in London .. .. 300-00 Nett profit $136-50 per acre and per year. Mr. Mathieu further thinks that the best market for the fibre is not Europe but China itself, since while he puts the whole production of ramie (China grass) in China at 11,0 0 tons, the export is only 2,000 tons, the rest being used for local manufacture. Finally among the papers sent us is an es- timate from Mr. J. M. MacDonald (of MacDonald, Boyle & Co. London,)— “of the Machinery neces- sary, to decoiticate and degum the produce of 1,200 acres of land, and of the profits to be made from the cultivation of Bamie and its subse- quent decortication and treatment on the ground, so as to render it unlit for the manufacturer, in which condition it will readily command £42 per ton in Great Britain for large ontracts, and much larger prices for small quantities. In France a.» much as 2 francs per kilo, equal to about £90 per ton, have been oftered ; indeed at our mill at Long Eaton we are selling the noils or waste at from 4Jd to 5d per pound.” 332 THE TEOPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [Ncv. I, 1F97. It may Le judgcil from this passage alone that Mr. MiicDonald is a sanguine man and that he writes after a magniliceut fashion dealing in large figures. He is writing to Mr. T. Gibson, Hon. Secy, of the local Planters’ Association : — ill calculating the return from an Estate, I have taken, six mouths as the lime required for the plant to mature, but as you are aware, from your experience of Ramie on your Estate at Klaiig, it matures m three months. I have also taken the product at one ton only for the first six mouths, but properly planted this may he calculated at 1^ ton, also the product of the second year at Ij tons, when two tons per acre can be relied upon if the land is suitable. The estimate for machinery does not include buildnigs. "What I should suggest for the consideration of the Planters is that a central factory to degum the fibre should he erected on some suitable spot, and a battery of decorticators placed on each Estate where the Ramie is grown, so that the decorticated fibre only, need be sent to the Central Factory to be treated. Thus an enormous saviug in carriage would be effected; the decortioatois would be worked by the central factory, and credit would be given to the Planterfor the weight of stems decorticated daily, and according to the weight of stems decorticated the amount of his proportion of the profits of the central factory could be determined. The cost of the machinery tor the centra! factory, including working capital for six mouths, would not exceed £10,0C0, which will be returned in full with 9 months of the first crop, leaving a considerable profit, and after that the Planters will be receiving at least i'25 net profit per acre for every acre under cultivation. By doubling the item for decorticators the output of the central factory could be doubled, the other machinery being equal to the output of 2,4U0 acres. We may as well put Mr. jMacDonald’s sanguine fi- guves on veeord though we fancy few practical planters will put faith in those leferring to le- turns on working of estate;— EAMIE IN THE MALAY PENINSULA. Estimate of cost of necessary Machinery and erection thereof for treating the product of 1,200 acres ; 900 being under cultivation, the rest being roads and paths. Decorticators, 4 Installations of 40 drams, £ one installation of 20 drums, with 4-12 HP Engines .. .. 1,898 Fixing and fitting same with brickwork including sheds .. .. 425 Degumming machinery, including fit- tings, &c. .. •• 1,000 Sleani boilers and engine.. .. 1,000 Soaking tanks . . . . 250 Chemical tanks . . . . 250 Water tank . . • • 1-00 Steam pumps and appliances . . 100 Wharf with loading crane, weighing machiuery, &c. . . . . 500 Soap tanks and fittings . . . . 125 Fittings for treating sheds.. .. 250 Steam barrel, steam valves and fittings 150 Belting, say . . . . 100 Baling machinery . . . . 500 Sundries, say . . • • 127 6,775 Estimate of t.he first 12 months’ expense of thf. CULTIVATION OF THE EsTATE AFTER PLANTING. £ S d Allowing one coolie for eacii two acres of land for the cultivation and cutting purposes it will be necessary to employ 450*^ coolies who will keep down the weeds for the first five weeks, and cut the stems as they ripen, but in case of illness allow for 480 at 6d per day, this will amount per annum to . • • • 3,208 5 0 Cost 6 months tp.eating the fiuhe, say 156 WORKING DAYS. The first cutting will take place from four to six months after planting, so that there will only be 6 months’ produce the first year. Coolies collecting the stems and deliver- ing to Decorticators, 2 to each 100 acres. 18 at 6d per day 70 4 330 coolies working Decorticators at 6d per day 1,287 0 16 coolies assisting in Mill and Baling and wrapping, at 6d per day 62 8 Chemicals to treat 450 tons at £2 per ton of Filasse 900 0 Engineer, 6 months 200 0 Cultivation Manager . . 600 0 Works Manager, 6 months 2.50 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6,477 17 0 Return from Estate First Year. £ s At the end of the first year from Planting it is estimated that the product will be at least 450 tons of cleaned fibre, ready for manufacturer. Taking the sale price of this at four-pence half-penny per lb. only, it amounts to . . . . 18,900 0 £ s Cost of producing the above as on other side . . 6477 17 Freight £2 per ton . . 900 0 Brokerage and Incidentals, 2% 260 0 7637 17 Working Profit 11,262 3 The second year the Estate should he in full bearing, and producing 2 tons of cleaned fibre per acre, but for sate calculation we will only take it at 1 and a half tons per acre. Product of Estate, 1,350 tons at four-pence half penny per lb. (£42 per ton) . . 56,700 0 Cost. £ s 450 coolies cutting 1,208 5 18 do. collecting stems and delivery to Decorticators 140 17 230 coolies on decorticators 1799 15 60 do. assisting in Mill and dryirg and baling sheds 469 10 Chemicals £2 per ton 2700 0 Engineers 400 0 Managers 1000 0 Freight, £2 per ton . . 2700 0 Brokerage and Landing charges. say 2 per cent 1134 0 Working Profit 43,147 13 From these profits the Patentees Royalty of 25 % will have to be deducted. For the present we would only note one little point of discrep.aney: Mr. Matliieu writing on actual experience bases his estimate for Malaya on a 3^ years to 4 years old ramie plantation: Mr. MacDonald begins operations in six months after planting ! It is a pity that planting opinion should, we feel, he prejudiced at the very outset by estimates and figures, whicli seem to ns far too glowing. Far better pleased would practical men be to see a well-considered moderate statement work out a poasi If profit of £ r> per acre than to be met with over £12 per acre profit tlie first year and well-nigh £50 of w’orking profit in the se- cond year from a cultivation which, so far a.s we know, no one has yet tried on a scale sufli- cient to justify reliable e.stimates for a jilanta- tioii at any rate in the Eastern world. Garden experiments are useful as guides ; but they ilo not count tor serioii.s estimates on a big scale with experienced tropical planters. The Southern province of Ceylon lias been described by practical men as “a paradise for Nov. 1, 1897.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 333 fibre-yielding plants” and labour in some parts, is abundant and cheap. But we should be sorry to see anyone go in for “ Kaiuie” there on an expectation of more than £5 per acre return — and even tlien rbe i-i\ estment would be a venture as all pioneering actcnq.rs in the tropic.s invariably are. Since ■\vriling tiie above we have seen it stated that Mr. MacDonald has arranged with a natii e Sultan (Datu Mahonimed) to put 1,OOU aere.s under ramie and tliaC a cetitral factory is to be erected to treat the product aftei the MacDon- ald-Boyle process. Tliis undertaking and experi- ment will certainly be watclied witli tlie greatest possible i’ terest. Mr. MacDonald has a wide margin to work on, and we wish him all success. PLANTING NOTES. Planting and Piioduce in Trinidad. — The report of Sir Herbert Jerniugham of Trinidad shows that the imports amounted to £2,463.525 and the exports to £2,165,820, of which about half in each case belongs to the United Kingdom and the British colonies. Sugar and its products, cocoa, asphalte, and bitters are the chief exports. The total area of the colony is es- timated at 1,120,000 acres, of which nearly half a million acres have been alienated, the remainder being Crown lands. The area under sugar cane is 58,500 acres, and cocoa 97,000 acres. The Tobago report, which is annexed to that from Trinidad, is also satisfactory. The revenue exceeded the expen- diture, and the island had a balance to its creait at the end of the year. The population of the is- land at the end of the year was estimated at 248,404, of which Bast Indians numbered 81,404. — U. and C. Mail, Sept. 3. E1.JI. — The last report from Fiji deals wdiolly with the trade of the islands for the past four years. The trade last year amounted to £677,834, of which, approximately, two-l birds were exports. Of the whole trade more than nine tenths was •with, or through, the Australasian colonies. New Zealand taking nearly half the whole and New South Wales the lion’s share of the remainder. More than four-fifths of the total trade of the group is carried on at the port of Suva and the remainder at Levuka. The chief imports are drapery, breadstulfs and biscuits, coals, hardware, meats, and a great variety of manufactured goods in small quantities, while the export trade shoivs an increasing tendency to concentrate a,round three main sLaple.s — sugar, fruit, and copra. When the fiofures for these are deducted from the whole it is seen that the export of minor products is diminishing. The value of the exiiorts last year was £435,342, of which sugar absorbed £336,929. The area under sugar is increasing, in .spite of the unsatisfactory condition of the market, for the sugar industry can only be profitably con- ducted on a large scale. The export of copra last year amounted to £48,950, which is very much below the average, and only half that of the previous yeir, while the fruit export — bananas and pineapples, wholly — was £18,490, also a great decline on previous yeiirs. But this decline is regarded as temporary only, especially as large areas are being put under fiuit cultivation in different parts of the islands. There is ,a very great nuiidier of minor products, the export in most cases being very trifling; the list of them “is more indicative of possibilities than of tneir ful- filment the export of them is “ of a more or less casual nature,” altlwugh there are indications that some, such as coffee and rice, may increase in the near future, as soon as they have supplied the considerable local market which exists. — London Times, Sept. 17. Fecundity of Plants.— Your Monday morn- ing “ Echoes of Science” made mention— says a correspondent— of the common Purslane (Portu- laca olemcea), a weed common in Ceylon and known among the natives, who use it as a vege- table for their curries, as Gendakola. The plant is put down as a “ botanical wonder” in that the average number of seeds in each see>lpod was found to be 6,000. From the following (taken from Khind’s Vegetable Kingdom) it will be seen that there are other plants, which, for fecundity, beat the common Purslane: — “The fecundity of plants, in other words, tlie aston- ishing number of germs or seeds which they pro- duce, is one of the causes which are most [lower- ful in facilitating their reproduction, and in affecting tlieir surprising mutipiication, A single capsule of the white poppy has been known to contain 8,000 seeds, and a capsule of the Vanilla from 1,000 to 1,500 : a single stalk of Zea Mays, Indian corn or maize, will )»roduce 2,000 seeds • a single plant of tobacco has been found by calculation to possess the almost incredible num- ber of 360,000, and a single stalk of spleen wort has been thought, by estimation, to produce at least a million of seeds.” 1.8 Coffee “King?”- In an article under this heading The Planter says :— Coorg, doubtless, has for inany years past held the premier position in the industry in Southern India, but there is no denying the fact that even there it is now slowly declining. Leaf disease, borer, and bad season’s are, of course, responsible for this falling oft’. What coffee planters ought to set about is to try and improve the .soil which has had all the sustenance it once contained taken out of it by years of continuous planting. It is better to go on opening up fresh land than to persist in planting and replanting that which has borne fruit a thousand fold more than there was any reasonable right to expect, and then to do it at a loss from year to year. While on this subject it may be useful to glance at the Coorg coffee prospects for the current season. According to an official forecast which has just been published, the Coorg coft'ee crop of 1897-98 is as follows: Estimated yield at IJ cwt., Euro- peans 1 984 tons; estimated yield at H cwt. per acre. Natives 7.30 tons; total 2,714 tons. The average crop during the last ten years has been 3,409 tons; thus the forecast represents only a thirteen-anna crop. Viewed in the light of these figures we feel justified in repeating the question which heads the pre.sent article. Yerba Mate, oh Paraguayan Tea? — In his las^ report to !be Foreign Office Her Majesty’s Consul at Villa Asuncion has something to say about Para- guayan tea. He says: “ There are two classes sold, but it is only in the manner of preparation that they differ. The kind know'n as ‘ Mborovire’ is merely dried over a furnace, and then beaten into small pieces with sticks. The ‘ Molda’ goes throuo-h the same process, but is afterwards ground in” a mill. The export duty on the former was increased in 1895 from 30c paper to 10c gold, and on the latter from 25o paper to 9o gold per 10 kilos. The revenue derived from this source in 1895 amounted to 471,G68dols (£16,845). The Yerba ic.rests, cdled yer- brles, were formerly the property of the States, 'but most of them have been sold, and are now in tiie hands of a few capitalists and companies. The In- dustrial Paraguaya Uompany, which owns about half of the yerbales kiiowuto exist in the couiitry, exports annually about 400,000 ar. obas (4,512 ,ous). 'The total quantity of yerba exported during the past year is estimated at about 9,024 tons, and the average price per arroba (25) was lldols 50c paper (7s 8d).” 334 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [Nov. I, 1897. $Oi]fi3spond^nc0 To Ihp, Ed a nr. TEA CULTIVATION IN SOUTH CAROLINA, U.S., AND THE PROSPECT OF A PROTECTION TEA DUTY. Summerville, S.C., 13tli August 1897. Dear Sir, — I have not received the July num- ber of your excellent Tropical Agrindturi.st. I fear that it has quite gone to pieces in the mail. I recently sent yon the Report on my Tea Farm by the Agent of the U.S. Department of Agri- culture. The tea-duty must ultimately come and then the success of my work will be acknowledged. — Yours very truly, CHARLES U. SHEPARD [The Ceylon tea planters -would not at ail object to a moderate import duty by the United States Government on tea, as it would far more tend to discourage cheap and impure “ Chinas ” and “Japans,” than the superior “Indias” and “ Ceylons.” There is no need, too, for Eastern planters to fear Mr. Shepard’s little enterprise ; for all he can do with his estate of 700 acres — of which, however, only a small area is under tea— with the avail- able labour, will be to encourage tea-drinking habits among his neighbours and an appreciation e.speeially, of really good pure tea, rather than to injure the import trade from Ceylon. The Report sent us is a very interesting one, and will be dealt with later : it is signed by Mr ‘ Wm. Saunders” — the same worthy officer of the Agricultural Department at Washington wdio showed us over the offices and gardens during our visit in 1884, and who was specially proud of his solitary tea bush nourishing in the open air (at Washington.) We need scarcely say Mr. Shep- ard had not then begun tea planting or we should certainly have visited his garden at Pine- hurst when we passed through South Carolina. — Ed. T.A.] “ GAPES ” IN CHICKENS : A REMEDY WANTED. Sept. 8. Dear Sir,— I shall feel greatly obliged if either you or one of your many readers could give me a cure for “ gapes ” in young chickens I have lost a number of quite young chickens, about a month old from this. I should be most glad to know the cause and cure. — Yours faithfully, “AMATEUR.” [An experienced Head Servant advises : — “Mix saffron and sulphur well together and rub thoroughly about the heacl,” &c. — Ed. T.A.'\ COCONUTS AND COPRA. Dear Sir, — The question whether it is wiser to sell coconuts or to convert them into copra- does not offer the same difficulties as beset con, sideration of the advantages and disadvantages of the sale of tea locally and of shipment to England. For one thing, the fluctuations in ex- change do not enter into the calculation, and then the rise or fall in the price of the article be- tween the shipment and the date of the London sale, is excluded. Whatever millowners may have done when the Desiccating industry was in its infancy, they now recognise the fact that the price of oil is the chief factor in determining the price of copra, and through it of nuts ; and they regulate their oflers for nuts accordingly. Not only so, but they discount the advantage they dofl'er of quicker returns to the extent of fixing prices which have induced proprietors who are in no urgent need of cash to convert their nuts into copra, though the Desiccating mills are nearer to them than the oil mills ; while needy holders have preferred to give the nuts they had unwisely carted to the mills without prior arrange- ment, at a loss, rather than cany them back for conversion into copra. It is for these reasons I said in a few lines I sent you last week that estates at a distance from Colombo should certainly send down copra to Colombo rather than nuts. Of course, I mean, as a rule, and under present circumstances when the supply of nuts is ample for all needs — for the slack demand for oil and also for Desiccating mills working full time. If the supply fall ra- ther short of the demand, or is only just equal to it, competition may disturb the tine calcula- tion in prices which is now' pr.actised and which may yet induce me to convert my crops into copra though I am not far from Colombo, though I have generally preferred to sell nuts, and though I have benefited more from the sale of nuts tlian of copra, and though, like a burnt child, I dread fire. When distant estates are requisitioned foe nuts, I rejoice, as I know they are getting to be scarce in, and NEAR COLOMBO. CASTOR OIL AND SUNFLOWER OIL. Sherwood, Haputale, Sept. 13, 1897. Dear Sir, — I see there is an article in your T. A. magazine for August on the cultivation of castor oil and sunllow-er seed for their oils. Could not both these be grown to advantage in this island where they abound in the wild state ? Is there any difficulty in extracting the oils for commerce ? — I am, sir, yours sincerely, PLANTER. [We do nob know that any systematic attempt has ever been made to extract the above oils in Ceylon ; but the natives in the case of castor oil prepare a good deal for their own use after a primi- tive fashion, and we do not see why there should not be success in a big experiment ; the native checku could, we think, be utilized for the expres- sing of castor oil. — Cultivation of both is a simple matter, though good or manured soil would be required. — Ed. T.A.] TEA PREPARATION AND MACHINERY. Central Province, Sept. 18. Dear Sir, — You ask the opinion of experienced Factory Managers in Ceylon on “ Engineer’s ” letter of 4th Sept, in IncHan Planters’ Gazette on his remark : “ a properly equipped withering-house should turn out the leaf at a given hour, let it be web or dry.” No doubt, that is the point to aim at ; but there are precious few factories in Ceylon any more than in India that can meet this requirement. There is precious little control over the withering and that is why there is so much Sunday work. With reference to this same letter I should like to know' “how many Ceylon planters have got Jackson’s Rapids or Brow'n’s Triple-action Rollers with their tops ofl and 2 feet .added to depth of box and fitted up with circular battens? ” Davidson’s Roller meets this requirement to have leaf beautifully rolled and still keep leaf quite cool. — Yours truly, ESTATE TROTTER. Nov. 1, 1897.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. TEA PREPARATION— OVERFIRING. Dimbulla, Sept. 27. Dear Sir,— Replying to the letter from “ Indian Planter” there is no doubt that a large quality of tea goes into the market that is over-tired, although it has no taint qf burning. This, I think, most often arises from too long final firing at a low temperature, until the flavour is baked out of the tea. I get the best results from final firing at 220° in a Desiccator, using one chamber only, and spreading the tea half-an-inch thick on the trays. When the tea is slightly heated the odour is rather unpleasant than otherwise, but when hob, all flavoury tea gives off a fragrant aroma ; as soon as this begins I think it is time to stop. — I am, your faithfully, 6,000 FEET. REFIRING TEA : A QUERY FOR A “PUBLIC-SPIRITED CEYLON PLANTER” IN A HIGH DISTRICT. Sir,— On an estate at a high elevation where delicacy of flavour is the chief desideratum we find that in re-firing the tea for packing, there is a decided loss of flavour. More strength perhaps, but less flavour is the result of re-firing for pack- ing. Will any benevolent, public-spiritec'. planter who has had e.xperience with high-grown teas kindly offer any suggestions regarding the best tem- perature, length of time in drier, and thickness of leaf upon the drawers, which have been found to give the best results ? I see the suggestion has been made not to re-fire for packing and doubtless if the binning of teas could always be avoided it would be very desirable to do this, but where one is obliged to binn the tea for a month or so surely, softness would be the result if the tea was not re-fired. — Yours faithfully, INDIAN PLANTER. CEYLON TEA IN RUSSIA. Kandy, 27th Sept., 1897. Sir,— I enclose letter received from Mr. Rogivue, regarding his work in Russia, in pushing, adverti- sing and making known Ceylon tea.— I am. Sir, yours faithfully. A. PHILIP. Maroseika-House, Lebedieff, Moscow, 21st August, 2nd Sept., 1897. A. Philip, Esq., Secretary to the ‘‘Thirty Committee” Kandy (Ceylon.) Dear Sib, — On my return from abroad, I find your letter of the 23rd July covering letter of credit No. .35/18 of the National Bank of India Limited, dated 22nd July 1897, for £at.500. (Five hundred pounds ster- ling) in my favour, to be used by me for the advertising of Ceylon tea in Russia. I thank you for this re- mittance and take due note of the resolutions passed by your Committee at one of their recent meetings, of which you send me a copy. I also note that Mr. Thos. North Christie has been appointed by your Committee to visit Russia during the current year. I shall have great pleasure to see here this genthman and will make it my duty to give him every information regarding the work done, the money spent and the steps to be taken in future for the furtherance of Ceylon interests in this country. When I was the last month in London, I have been pleased to attend a very interesting meeting of the “ Ceylon Association,” when I gave to the gentlemen present a short illustration of the work I have done during the past months of this year. The progress, I am glad to say are going steadily and the quantity of Ceylon tea imported in Russia is increasing visibly. 33S consumption L m scale and the quantity used for blending with China, tea is getting rather impMtant. I also notice that direct Export from Ceylon to Russia has— in the six months past— (from 1st Tonno^* to 30th June 1897) increased of 10,600 lb. over the coi responding six months in 189C.-I am, dear sirs, yours' M. ROGIV^K TREE PLANTING IN CEYLON : AUSTRALIAN TREES BY AN AUSTRALIAN FORESTER. Dear Sir, -Being on a short visit to your beautiful island and having .during that time found ,,my way to “Kandy” and to “Nuwara Ehya, etc., and having observed the nature of the SOI and climate, and its accm- panying conditions, 1 was much struck with what I judged to be the fitness of the country for the extension and profitable growth of our Aus- trahan Red cedar (Uedrela Australis), so it curred to me that this valuable and very light and easily worked handsome furniture timber might well be made to take the place here of a gieat deal that is now next to valueless or only made use of for shade purposes amongst the cacao plantations, etc., in what was originally the jungle forests in and about Kandy, and other kindred places. In Australia this tree so long and much sought after for its timber is no\y becoming very scarce, and is besides more 01 less subject to the ravages of the ova of a Tbn^r deposits her eggs in the young shoots when as they mature in the grub form thev eat the young tender germinating leaves and eventually work their way down into the pith of the young wood and, in this way, often do consideiable damage. In this country I think it is highly probable that it would not liave this pest to contend with, and as it is a quick-grow- ing tree, and ot large size (up to 20ft. in cir- cumference) It might perhaps be introduced and cultivated to the greatest advantage, more especially on the hilt slopes under the partial protection of other trees. That the Australian trees will thrive well now you have abundant I thousands of silky oaks (Grevillea tobuUa) to be seen on the tea plantations every- where between “Kandy” and “ Nuwara Eliya^” besides eucalypt.s; also some of our acaciasf.4 decurrens, and A. melanoxylon, at the last men- tioned place, where I have rarely seen their growth equalled in their native toil S habitat, nor have I seen a more vigor- ous and promising growth than is to be observed in the other trees mentioned, even in their native Australia, unless I except E, Globulus which might do better, but here T would remark that in some places under mv ob- servation, unless thinned out at an earlier .stage of their growth, some of them are planted a gieat deal too close together. Of our eucalypta m N. S. W. I would recommend a trial of our Blackbatt, E. pilularis, which is a very quick straight-growing tree whose timber is fissile, and lasting when mature. ’ “ There is one thing in which I may compli- ment the tea planters of Ceylon ; in the eTer- prise they have shown in their tree planting • also the administration of Ceylon in their systein of Conservation of Forests, both of which hafe put us to shame in N S. Wales, where these matters are treated ^^^th stoical and ignorant indifference, both by Its people and Government. AUGUSTUS RUDDER. 336 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [Nov. I, 1897. N. B. — I have been a continuous resident in N.-S. Wales for over 60 years, and for 12 years in its Forest Department. — A. li. P.S. — Tlietiniher of in N. S. W. is considered our best for the staves of casks as it is tough, does not warp, nor does it shrink much, nor impart any bad flavour to wine or butter stored in it. Our only regret in respect to it is, that it is now very scarce, indeed while we are now losing some of our best timbers, and fodder plants, other countries, more alive to their importance than ourselves, are getting the benefit of them. In N. S. W. the proportion of forest that has been conserved is little more than per cent of the whole and even this -wretched pro- vision is constantly liable to curtailment under political pressure from outside influences, and very bad Timber Kegulations under an uninformed Ad- ministration of Forestry. — A. li. TREE-GROWING IN CEYLON. Abbotsford, Nanuoya, Sept. .30. Dkar Sir, — Theere is neither laris nor Cedrcla Australis on Abbotsford ; but there are specimens of the former on Carlabeck in the near neighbourhood. It is a magnificent tree and nothing better could be used in forest clearings, but amongst tea it is objectionable, as it is one of the eucalypts which exudes any amount of tarry gum which tea dislikes. Ce- drela Australis, I presume, is allied to the Ce- drela Toona, etc., -which have been tried exten- sively here. The C. Australis evidently suffers from insect pests in the same way as the White Toon, and I should therefore say leave it severely alone in its native habitat. — Yours faithfully, F. HOW TO ECONOMISE THE AVAIL- ABLE LABOUR SUPPLY. — From afar I venture to give you my ideas on some of these points : but will only touch on such of your questions as I can tackle with full personal knowledge. To begin with, let me bracket questions 2 and 8. Let your field S. D.’s have a pony each, especially on large estates, and more espe- cially in the lowcountry. It is a long morning from 6 till 11, and after 8 o’clock many a young- ster feels slack and limp, especially w'here he has to cover long distances over rough ground from point to point, not to mention that a pony will save much time otherwise wasted in weary trudging, and .will allow’ considerably more attention to be uiven to field supervision. I am satisfied that more time behind the gangs w'ould result in more work being got out of the coolies ; and a man fresh from the saddle would have more energy and could impart more of the same to his coolies, than one pumped out by a steep short cut ; languidly dragging one fooc after the other, and only wishing it was time to get back to the bungalow. I have vivid recollections of my S. D. days when I was not allowed to use tlie road if there was a short-cut ; and I know of one man who was told by the doctor that he had injured his heart permanently by '• busting it” up koorka pdthics. 'riiere used to be an idea that a man who rode to his work was lazy. The sooner this is puc aside, the better. 4. The cleaner the estate the cheaper the work : and I never met a man who “believed in w’eeds” but he was short-handed. A.s .soon as such an one has sufficient labour he will unblushingly tel you that his estate has always been clean and that he never did believe in weeds! — and he is invariably strongei on the enoimity of a dirty estate than the man who has been habitually clean. 5. Less frequent weeding would certainly end in disaster : and selected weeding is not possi- ble in practice. I have known it tried : but the inevitable tares came up with the wheat, and the last state of that man was worse than the first. 6. Wheat and tares again. 7. Drainage might be much improved by re- novation pits between the existing drains. These conserve much soil which i.s otherwise carried away ; and if made big enough, could be filled in with piunings, the ])runings, of course, being covered, and fresh pits ojiened. These cannot be too many nor too big. I prefer them in shape of a trough two feet deep .and long enough to cover two trees. They should, of course, be di.agonally one below the other, so as to overlap each other over the whole field, thus reducing the loss by wash to a minimum. They are risky on steej) lands with heavy rain- fall ; as an overflow from such pits would cause Tiiore damage than Inirsting drains. 9, Gardens by all means. If they are well kept, you know that your coolies intend to re- main. But no extra perquisites. One great cause of the l.abour trouble is that Ramasamy is too rich already. No Asiatic can stand pros- l>erity. What percentage of coolies had plain rice and chillies brought out to the field twenty years ago? Ami how many have three meals a day of good curry ami rice today? i\lost .appetising is an occasional sniff from their breakfast in the fields. Further perqui-ife-; 01 presents make Ramasamy think himself imlispensabe, ami as soon as that idea gets inio liis head, he is useless. 10 Estate boutiques and monthlg pagments are excellent — but the present cu.stom of adv.uices and payment of coolies puts the system, with its control of boutique debts, out of the region of practical politics. WILD MAN OF THE WOODS. Paraguayan Tea. — Ina report to the Foreign Office, quoted in the Board of Trade Journal H M. Consul at Villa Asuncion states that Ycrba-matc or Paraguayan tea, is the most valua- ble article of export from that place. There are two classes sold, hut it is only in the manner of preparation that they differ. The kind known a.s “ Mborovire ” is meiely dried over a furnace, and tlien lieaten into small pieces with sticks. The “ Molda” goes through the same process, but it is afterwards ground in a mill. The export duty’ on the former was increased in 1895 f om 30 c. paper to 10 c. gold, and on the latter from 25 c. paper to 9 c. gold per 10 kilos. The re- venue derived from this source in 1895 amounted to 471,668 dols. (£16,845). Yheyerha forests, called yerbalcs, were formerly the property of the State, but most of them liave been sold, and are now in the hands of a few’ capitalists and companies. The Industrial Paraguaya Company, whicli owns about half the yerbuls known to exist in the country, exports annually about 400,000 arrobas (4,512, tons). The total quantity of yerba exported during the past year is estimated at about 9,024 tons, and the average price per arroba (25 lb.) was 11 dobs. 50 c. paper (7s 8d.) — Journal of the Soeiety of Arts, Sept. 17. Nov. J, 1897.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 337 ‘‘HOW TO ECONOMISE THE AVAIL ABLE LABOUR SUPPLY ON OUR TEA PLANTATIONS." (Letters Continued.) No, XLIL— High Histkict. 1. "Wire shojts of great advantage. The damage to leaf can be minimised. 2. Aerial tramways. 3 Average estates are too steep ; and curves awk- ward. 4. Not. when well drained beforehand. 5. Not on ruy own estates. 6. Have not tried. The experiment would be useful. 7. Have no experience of cuscus. Might not the roots prove a nuisance in the soil ? 8. 9. Time and half for night work in factories. Keep the lines clean and ir good repair. They usually have gardens enough. Few care much for them. 10. A rice store and one boutique are good. 11. Liquor shops (having usually very bad liquor) are a curse to the coolies. D. K. No. XLIIL— UVA. 1. I have worked wire shoots for transporting leaf, and consider them a great labour-saving ap- liauoes. If terminals are properly arranged, no amage will be done to leaf. 2. On most estates labour might be economized by construction of light cart roads, and working single bullock carts to take leaf to end of shoots, fire- wood, &c. 3. Tramways in my opinion can only be profitably utilized in very large concerns. On ordinary estates, traffic would not pay cost. 4. £ certainly do not consider weeding has ever been overdone in Ceylon, and weeds when not re- gularly taken out, become both expensive and trouble- some. 5. I certaiidy would not advise less frequent weed- ing, as a means of saving labour. In the coffee days it was tried with disastrous results. 6. I have never tried the experiment and would prefer seeing some one else do so. 7. I scarcely think cuscus grass or anything else would have much effect in the retention of the soil, when the rainfall registered in a couple of hours as 7 inches, and this is no uncommon occurrence in many parts of Ih^i island. 8. 9. Coolies are very fond of their gardens. All the same they are a doubtful advantage. The lazy coolies prefer staying in the lines to coming to work on the chance of being able to steal his neighour’s produce. The working cooly often remains at home to watch his garden produce ; and often as not gardens are only nurseries for weeds. 10. No, decidedly not. It would only multiply the coolies’ borrowing powers, which are already extensive enough. 11. Not with liquor shops licensed, but illegal sale of arrack is carried on to a great extent in the villages, where produce is taken in barter, both tea and coffee find their way to these dens, and small chance of catching the thieves or getting a conviction when they are caught. J. B. No. XLIV. -High District. 1 No experience of their working, but I think they might with advantage be used on moat estates. They are said to damage tea leaf, but it v/ould get as much damage during Ijng transport in bags on coolies' heads. 2. Small tramways in factories and withering houses save a great deal of labour, and, if more automatic working of machines could be thought out and applied by engineers, tea bouse labour would be saved and the work of the tea-house would be more satisfactory. 3. Only on estates with a favourable lay of laud; not on the majority of upoountry estates. 4. Not hand weeding, but carandi weeding is cer- tainly overdone, and it is very? difficult to prevent it. 5. Less frequent weeding would result in a con- tinual increase of weeds, and more expense or labour; a three weekly weeding would in the end take less labour. Mosses, and small ferns, Ac. can be left with advantage. 6. No. Digging on the average estate, with the ordinary system of drainage, would probably result in the loss of a great deal of soil. 7. Not very satisfactory. I have seen good results in the way of retaining the soil from planting hedges of tea on the upper banks ot roads and drains. 8. By giving tasks as much as possible, and paying extra for extra work clone over and above the ordi- nary task, especially in plucking. 9. Coolies appreciate the privilege of having space given to them for vegetable gardens and of keeping cattle, where there is grazing land. Where land is reserved for gardens round each set of lines, coolies are more likely to be contented. 10. It is always an advantage to have boutiques on or near an estate, and coolies will work more regularly in this case than if they have to go a long distance for uiipplies, as they are then more likely to want a day off work. 11. Yes; and I find liquor shops and arrack can- teens most demoralising to coolies. The few’er liquor shops in a district, the better for all con- cerned, for there is nothing so damaging to the efficiency of a labour force as the close proximity of a liquor shop. J, REVIEW OF LETTERS XXXVI TO XLIV, The nine letters under notice, share many of the di.stinguisliing feature.s of tho.se which preceded them, especially in variety and vigour ; and they cover more space than the batch of letters we last reviewed. “A. F. C.,” from the low-country, has avoided the mistake of attempt* ing to find an answer to each question in a word or two ; and his deliverance on wire shoots is specially interesting, as his experience, based on the erection and working of several of them, is entirely in their favour. One in six is a reasonable all-round gradient and by no means too steep, though he has set up and worked shoots as flat as one in 15, but these require runners of large diameter to facilitate work. He has found that leaf is not damaged if carefully packed and tlie loads are not too heavy — say over 56 lb. This is also the experience of “ Hantana ” from a medium district, who is convinced that they save a lot of labour, that in many cases they pay themselves, and MrH tliey might he much more largely used. “W. J.” from' a high district, has no experience of shoots, except for firewood ; but lie is contemplating an overhead wire tramway for the transport of leaf from several estates to the central factory, and believes this is just the direction in which time and labour might be saved, where both are of importance. “A.V.R.” also from a high district, like the two corres- pondents who follow him, has a blank against wire-tramways ; hut he is a believer in shoots and find.s they do not damage leaf when pro- perly worked at the receiving end. That, too, is tlie experience of “T.C.H.” of the Kandy district, who has used shoots for the last five years in sending down leaf to the factory, with a good buffer of grass at the lower end which prevents any appreciable damage to the leaf. “ S.” from a Southern district, on the other THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST, 1 338 [Nov, I, 1897. hand, has been unable to prevent some damage to leaf and would prefer not to shoot leaf, except where there would be a great saving of labour. We. fancy the gradient and the weight of the loads explain this dilierence of fipinion ; for we lind botli “D.K.” from a high district and “ J.B.” from Uva uniting in their testimony in favour of shoots, as of great advantage in saving labour without damage to leaf if the terminals are properly arranged ; while “J,” also from a high district, thougli he has not worked shoots, sees how they must save labour, and how the damage to leaf need not be greater than during long transport. He also appreciates small tram- ways in factories and withering houses ; but con- siders out-dooi tramways unsuited to the majority of upcouiitry estates ; and that o])inion is shared in by all the writers whose letters are under notice, including “A.f'.C.” who, — although he has laid three miles of a two feet gauge and has practi- cal experience of tramways, — regards them as un- suited to most estates. There is nothing in his view — and most of the letters we have noticed coni|)rise that view— to touch the cart road and bullock bandy lor economy and serviceable- ness, and there is the further advantage of their being thoroughly understood by the native. On the question of weeds and wash too, •‘A.F.C.” writes with welcome freshness, and without being afraid of dilt'ering from other daiiters. He has no doubt that weeding is overdone ; but the difficulty of deciding what special weeds peculiar to each locality should be left, and the impossibility of following the Indian plan of leaving everything to grow and then digging it all in, without the risk of having all the surface soil washed oft', have reconciled people to the present system. Moss, as more than one previous v liter hinted, has a tendency to sour the soil by excluding light and air ; but on Labukella estate our friend cultivated a creeping grass vvhich prevented wash admirably ; altliough lie fears bis successors may have regarded the experiment as “rot.” He prefers guinea-grass to cuscus, as serving for fodder, while protecting the edges of drains. “Hantona” and “ W.B.J.” do not believe there is over -weeding, though the niamoty and scraper are objected to. Grevilleas are recommended, as their leaves prevent wash, and the wood is useful for fuel ; but the growth of a crop to be dug in is an experiment which “Hantana” as well as “J. 13.” would wish some one else to try ! ; while “ W. B. J.” refers to experiments with Scotch thistle which did not succeed, though he fails to see what the benefit would have been if the weeds had been replaced by the thistle ! In fact there seems to be a consensus of opinion against digging in on steep lands, and a prejudice against a second crop on land of eveiy descrip- tion. Cuscus, about which some writers seem doubtful, does not, so far as we know, spread in a way to damage tea, while it can be easily thinned if it shows too great a tendency to spread. Tea heilges certainly strike one as a good idea; but whatever precaution and preventives be adopted against wasii, there is nothing so ell'ective a.s a careful system of drainage at the outset — shallow drains, of gentle gradient, not too far a)iart and with traps at intervals, for they can catch something more than silt, at any rate during average showers. It is note- worthy that from one planter comes the sug- gestion of effective su[)ervision as one of the iiiost ])otent means of saving labour ; and from another the regular enforcement of tasks with extra pay for extra work. Frequent absences from the estate, even for such pleasant recrea- tions as most districts provide, and which, in moderation, would be most unreasonahle to condemri, — can scarcely help towards efiective supervmion or the exaction of a good daj’’s work for a day’s pay; and if “ master ” takes it easy, Kamaswamy has too much of human natuie in him not to follow the comfortable example. In this connection “A.F.C.” raises the important question of the sufficiency of the cooly’s )>ay, and whether the extravagant advances now in vogue, most of which are irrecoverable, are not an undesirable way of giving the cooly a higher rate than appears in the check roll. The dis- cussion of higher wages is scarcely opportune in the face of dwindling profits ; but how can we be sure that a higher rate of wages — even it adopted — would give the quietus to the injurious sys- tem of advances ? u hile gardens commentl them- selves to most employers as a great attraction to coolies, it is gratifying to find that several of our corres))ondents give prominence to firm, just, yet kind treatment, with an occasional jocular remark, as the best way to attract the cooly to, and make him respect, his durai. The multiplication of boutiques is generally regarded as a mistake, as also would he the absolute prohibition of “a drop,” seeing that it would be impossible to enforce such prohibition. It is quite evident that as regards the relations of master and servant, cooly and the durai must be in touch if they are to work to the best advantage of both, and this is just what .so many experienced men say the young planters of the present day — with notable exceptions of course — fail to realize, not qualifying in the cooly language as they ought, nor in attention to cooly complaints, quarrels and little wants, even to the extent of an occasional jocative remark ! f Letters Continued.) No. XL'\^.— Kotmale. 1. None. 4-5. Weeding. — The existing system of weeding can- not well be beaten if carefully done with the mini- mum of scraping and moss and soil undisturbed in order to get a cover over the ground. Less frequent weeding would mean vigoious scraping, loss of soil and erelong more expensive weeding. It has already been proved that two-monthly pr three-monthly weeding is more costly in labour per acre per annum than monthly weeding. 6. On weedy estates, rows of grass might with advantage be planted above drains, but on clean estates thsre is very little wash : hence these are unnecessary. 9. Labour. — Out of a total force of 764 working coolies and children, I find 175 were born on the estate. Some have never been to India and it has occurred to rue that estates would have a better chance of retaining the old coolies and in a great measure stop the constant changing of estates by coolies if all estates wtre to adopt some system of an annual bonus to both adults and children born and resident on the estate, say at Tivali or Thai Pongal. I have been thinking out a scheme for some time, but h ve not yet decided upon the best means of doing it. A coat or cloth to each cooly would not amount to much and be money well spent. A. F. S. No. XLVI.--N0ETHEEN District. 1. 2. 4. There is weeding and weeding ! Weeding has been vastly overdone by scrapers and mamoties. Hand weeding can scarcely be overdone. 5. ^ 'With sciapers, weeds cannot be easily “ selec- ted.” Mosses and bard ferns are not erauicated on my places, unless the ferns become too luxuriant. 339 Nov. I, 1897.] tHE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. i would not advise such experiments unless the land is flat. 6. No, and would not advise it. 7. Yes — in the circumstances No — the cusnos scheme is not practicable on a large scale. The rows Would have to be moved every year or so. 8. 9. No. I always allow gardens up to reasonable limits. 10. No. Prices in these small boutiques are gen- erally so high that a working cooly will never go to them if he can get to a larger village. They are besides admirably adapted to facilitate the cooly’s getting into debt, and illicit sale of liquor. 11. No. But there is plenty of illicit selling. I scarcely think anything short of abolition of liquor shops within 25 miles of an estate would stop drink- ing and even that would only do so partially. The vicinity of villages with toddy trees also must not be overlooked. The labour difficulty began with altered conditions of superintendence, assisted by the Medical Aid Or- dinance, and its remedy is probably to be found in superintendents’ hands taken generally. The cooly is pretty much what we have made him or allowed him to become. W. No. XLVII.— High District. 1. I have not much practical experience of wire shoots as regards leaf transport, but they most injure it to a certain extent. 2. A question impossible to answer without knowing cost of tramway. But on certain estates it would free a larger proportion of coolies for plucking purposes. 4. Weeding is not overdone in Ceylon. The best form of weeding, il it could be carried out, would be once in three weeks. At any rate in wet weather. 5. This applies to 5 or 6. 7. The present drainage system, I don’t think, can be much improved upon. 9. Coolies : — A certain amount of ground should be allowed round all lines for gardening purposes Attention should be given to the water supply Coolies greatly appreciate a supply of pure water, (which can only be done by spouting from the source) laid on to the lines. 10. A bazaar supported by the estate (at fixed rates as far as possible) is an excellent thing, but coolies would obtain from this all they could afford to pay cash for and would then probably run into debt in the bazaar outside. What in my opinion would be the best check against coolies running into debt in the baz- aars would be a law making advances from the estate to the cooly a first claim over any other debts. Chetties rather would not then be so ready to accept Kanganis’ promissory notes, which are the ruin of many a labour force. C. No. XLVIII.— Mid District. (1) Yes, certainly. No; on steep gradients shunts could be used to obviate any damage. (2) In the field, plucking shears ; but 1 do not recommend them. Factories are as a rule, so well equipped now with labour-saving machinery that but little, if any, improvement can be made. (3) No, but I think that Tavalam bullocks could be more freely used for transport of manure, tea boxes etc. (4) Yes, most decidedly. Present system seems to me more for appearance than for any advantage derived therefrom. (5) I should certainly advise a less frequent weed- ing, say once in six weeks, also selected weeding, taking care to keep the tea trees clear of mosses etc. 6 inches round the etems. (6) No. Yes. (7) No. Waterholing might be advartageous. The rows of ouscus grass on a neighbouring estate are certainly deterrents to washing down of soil. (8) I can suggest nothing further. (9) Gardens round lines are general. In my opi- nion as much ground should be given to coolies as 18 available and can be spared for the purpose. (10) Yes, but coolies will go to the principal bazaars in their neighbourhood to learn the news and to meet friends and relatives from other estates. (11) The liquorshop in this neighbouihood (which is luckily somewhat distant) gives no trouble, but there is a considerable traffic in illicit toddy. — No, as it would only lead to further illicit sales (and of adulterated liquor.) “S. E.” No. XLIX.- High District. (1) llhVe Shoots. — These are invaluable when ground is suitable, but gradients in hilly districts are often too steep for effective working and the converse holds true in the lowcouutry. Intermediate ridges are the chief obstacle to their general employment. (2) Labour-saving Apph’ajiccs.— hlxcept sifters and automatic driers, laLour-saving appliances are of little use in a factory. A certain staff is reqtiired and labour-saving appliances reduce the hours of work rather than the number of men employed. (3) Not in upcountry districts — there are about 10 miles of roads to 300 acres — at least 3 miles of road (Tram) would be needed to transport say 300 tons of green leaf per annum. (4) Clean weeding may be overdone, but 1 do not think a dirty estate would last longer in bearing or give more crop or cost less than a clean one. (5) Less frequent weeding would not save labour in the long run. Moss and selagiuellas are hurtful to tea owing to the damp they engender. A cooly is not a botanist and it would be difficult to get him to discriminate between injurious and beneficial weeds, if the latter exist. (6) No 1 I should be willing to try the experiment if seed were available. (7) A tea hedge above each road and drain seems to me the best conserver of soil ; if pruned low, it does not interfere with passage of workers and gives a good crop of leaf. (8) It is evident that one must have coolies sufficient to pluck the maximum crop of the largest mouth and to manufacture it- The difficulty is not to save labour, but to find work tor it in the slack months when sufficient for high pressure of crop. (9) Coolies have as a rule more garden ground than they work. The gardening cooly very often does not work and simply squats on the estate occupy- ing line room, keeping others away from the estate. There are exceptions to this rule. (10) Small boutiques for each estate would keep down opportunities for crimping, but there are objections to them as leading to inferior supplies of certain articles. (11) Liquor shops could not be too much reduced in mxmhex, provided that illicit sales were kept down. Quality of liquor should be rigidly seen to. li. No. L.— UVA, (1) Yes, they might be more freely used. They do not damage tea leaf if laid at an easy gradient. (2) Tramways in factories. Endless wire ropes, where the weight of down load brings an upload. (3) Certainly wherever the easy gradient of road will admit. (4) No. Kanganies must have a quid-pro-quo if weeding contracts be taken from them. (BlOU a cooly!) (5) If I resort to this, it will be solely due to shortness of labour. (6) No. I cannot wiite from any experience of this. (7) Yes. The closer the drainage, the less soil is carried away. (8) A contented labor force and good rice. (9) No. I don’t think it is a situation of the cooly’s lines has a good deal to do with this question. (10) I would certainly. (11) No. I consider them nearly a necessity, though I visit with severity any laborer who forgets himself in this respect. D. 340 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [Nov, I, 1897. No. LI,— Medium District. (1) I consider wire shoots might be more used than at present. They do not damage the leaf. Wire shoots are most useful when they can also be made use of in manuring. (2) A wire shoot from cattle shed, wire at the far end which can be moved from one part to another of the estate. (3j I do not think so. (4) I do not think hand weeding could ever be overdone, but I have noticed great damage being done by the use of mamoties and carandies. (5) No. Not if hand weeding is done, (6) No. I think not. (7) The present system of drainage is satisfactory, and I am of opinion that nothing can be done to improve on it that would pay for the extra outlay. (8) By paying cash for anything over a certain number of pounds. But the coolies require to be looked after and always paid by the Manager himself. There is no doubt an estate can bo worked with two-thirds of the coolies if extra cash is paid and it is also cheaper. (9) Yes, any cooly that wishes a garden can generally have one. A cooly allowed to look after all the coolies’ cattle when out at grass. (10) No. (11) No. Great trouble is caused by the unlawful sale of fermented toddy by villagers, G. C. No. LIL— Medium District. (1) Planters as a rule do not let slip opportunities for adopting labour-saving appliances. Wire shoots do not necessarily damage leaf. (2) Wire tramways are the most paying appli- ances I know'. (3) The tramways you speak of are, I presume, small railways. They are not to be recommended as an estate appliance, but are possible as a district appliance. (4) Never ! Our contract system is our grandest labour-saving appliance. Indian men envy and wonder. (5) See answer to No. 4. ((3) It would add to our labour troubles ; though as a manurial agent, it would do good. On the score of labour, I deem the experiment inadvisable. (7) Our drainage system has been often carried too far, removing too much moisture and thus checking the flush in dry weather. The rows of cuscus grass would only be a very partial remedy for wash. (8) The only imxiortaut direction in which labour might be saved is by the abandoning of unprofitable fields. (9) Nothing but fairness and justice. “ Suaviter in modo, fortiter in re.” The velvet glove covering the iron hand. (10) Each estate should have its own boutique run by the estate or a kangani ; and all kaddie-keepers and chetties should be deprived of the power to give credit to our coolies by an ordinance. (11) Rather ! No liquor shops if possible, and no liquor on credit. Government must step in and pro- t ct our coolies as soldiers are protected ; and we must be prepared to issue supplies ourselves to our coolies. In Australia, I believe, publicans can only recover a certain limit from all bushmen. So a law should be passed fixing say R12 per annum as the maximum legal credit or debt that can be recovered from a coolie. “ 1897.” No. Llll.— High District. (1) Wire shoots are certainly a great saving where roads are steep for transport and factories distant. Leaf I have never found damaged. (2) Leaf carts for transport where roads are avail- able. Machine or hand-packers in factories if cheaper would probably be more used. (3) There is too much horse traffic on most estate roads to allow of tramways being used, I doubt the saving even if practicable. (4) The average estate weeding (i.e. scraping) is overdone. Land weeded carefully by hand or small stick is always clean and consequently take less labour. Scraping and scrapers are generally winked at. (5) Moss on banks of drains and roads should be carefully left untouched. It keeps the soil up and does no harm. (6) (7) Holes cut in alternate rows are being tried on some estates to catch wash and soil, and are proving effective. (8) A question most of us would like to know. Energy and a European S.D means more work from the coolies and a smaller force required. (9) Gardens are generally allowed, but very few contain anything worth growing. On estates where cattle and goats, etc., are allowed, the coolies stem content. (10) The less bazaars the better. Most estate coolies deal near their rice depots where they go on Sundays. (11) Liquor shops do not themselves directly do harm, but the retailing of arrack in the lines means several coolies absent from work.. K. H. REVIEW OF LETTERS NO.S. XLV TO LIII. The nine letters under notice are as full of interest and variety as tlieir predecessors. “A.F.S.” and “W.,” from a northern district are silent on wire-shoots and tramways ; while “ C,” from a high district, who eonfe.sses he has not much practical experience of shoots in the transport of leaf, inclines to tlie view that they must injure leaf to some extent. As one ounce of fact is to be preferred to a ton of theory, “C.” will be pleased to find considerably more than an ounce in the letters we have already reviewed, as also in many which follow his own welcome, if cautious, contribution. Thus “S.E.” of a mid-district is empiiatically m favour of shoots, and says that on steep gradients “shunts obviate any damage.” “R.,” from a high district, re- gards them as invaluable when ground is suit- able, though some places upcountry may be too steep, just as in the lowcountry the fall may be too flat for effective working ; but the chief obstacle to their more general employment is the intervention of ridges. “D.,” from Uva, thinks shoots might be more freely used, as they do not damage leaf if they are laid at an easy gradient. “G.C.”, from a medium district, endorses this view; and so does “1897,” who, however, considers wire tramways the most paying appliances in his experience; while “H.H.” goes further, and declares he has never found leaf damaged l>y the use of shoots, wliich he holds to be a great saving of labour where the roads are steep and factories distant. And yet, he does not disdain leaf carts, where roads are available. Ground tramways continue to find little favour with our correspondents, owing to their initial cost— though for district, as distin- guished from estate, purposes, they would bo welcomed in many directions. Among the other labour-saving appliances which are recommended, are machine or hand-packers in factories, if their cost could be lessened ; wire-shoots from cattle- sheds to be shifted to suitable points at the other end; tramways in factories; endless wire ropes, where the weight of a down-load brings an up-load ; the planters’ old friend the tavalam bullock ; while one writer regards the contract system— the envy and wonder, he says, of India — as the “grandest labour-saving appliance” of the country, and the most economical means of weeding ; and yet another thinks that cash for extra work beyond the task, would enable an The tropical agriculturist. 341 Kov, I) 1897^] estate to dispense with one-tliird of its labour force. This, surely, is a matter that needs in- vestigation : for altliough the dictum may sup- port the view of more than one old planter, that the average of work at the inesent day is far lower than it used to be, it would indicate a way out of the difficulty of enforcing a full task, and facilitate the recovery of advances. The cooly who earns his extras will have less objec- tion to deductions on account of advances than the man who is demoralized into idleness by the weight of advances he can never hope to liqui- date. On the question of Weeding, there is the same conservative love of the existing system which earlier letters disclosed, qualified by protest.s against the excessive use of karandi and mamoti. “ A. F. S.” thinks ” the present system cannot be beaten but he would leave moss and soil undisturbed as far as practicable, and he would grow grass above drains on weedy estates, as there is very little wash on clean estates ! “ W ” admonishes us that th.ere is weeding and W'eed- ing, and that there has been overdoing only where scrapers and mamoties are in use. Hand-w'eeding cannot be overdone ; and he leaves mosses and hard ferns alone, unless where the latter becomes too luxuriant. “ C. ” is emphatic that weeding is not overdone in Ceylon, and he holds that the present system of drainage cannot he much im- proved on. “R.” does not think a dirty estate would last longer than a clean one, and he condemns mosses and selaginellas as hurtful to tea owing to the damp they engender, while, w’ith the un- botanical cooly, selected weeding cannot be entertained. “ D.” is as emphatic as he is brief against any interference with the present sys- tem ; for without weeding contracts, the kangani will expect lilOO per cooly. So with “G. C.,'’ “ 1897” and “ H. H. ” Avho more or less reflect the opinions of the writers we have above-quoted. The only exception is “ S. E. ” who is most decidedly of opinion that weeding is overdone, and that the present .system seenis to aim more at appear- ance than any real advantage from an agricul- tural point of view. He is in f.'ivour of less fre- quent weeding — say once in six weeks— and w ould enforce selected weeding, taking care to keep mos.ses away within six inches of the stem. There is general satisfaction with the present system of drainage, with slight modifications, sug- gested, we fancy, by local circumstances. Cuscus has not many friends as a stop-wash, but it is not altogether shunned by those who have tried it, or have watched its effect on adjoining places. Though gardens are generally recognised as an attraction to coolies, and planters, where they can, (allow them suitable plots, and also liberty to keep cattle and goats, we find very decided testimony from experienced and influen- tial quarters that, what the cooly chiefly wants is fair-play — firmness combined with kindness, and a real interest in his poor soul and body. That was the secret of the durais of old ; but, some- how, the modern master is, with commendable ex- ceptions, either too busy or too keen on sport to cultivate the acquaintance of his labour force, and to make his men understand that he really cares for their welfare and is willing to listen to their grievances and remedy them, so far as he _ may. We should be glad to find the ex- perience of “A.F.S.” more common. Out of a total force of 764 woi king coolie.s and children, 175 or nearly one-fourth, w ere born on the estate, and_ a goodly number have never been to India ! Similar results might, he thinks, be obtained on other estates by occasional presents and bonuses. The suggestions are worth considering and trying. Boutiques and taverns call forth much diversity of opinion. Some favour estate boutiques as tying the cooly down to the spot ; others regard it impossible to check the vagrancy of coolies in search of a bargain whereby even a cent may be saved on curry-stufl's, while an estate boutique is generally a handy receiver of stolen produce. Some would make Kamasami a tee- totaller ; others see the impracticability of en- forcing total abstinence, however desirable, and welcome licensed taverns, as greatly to be pre- ferred to the illicit sale of arrack. ( Letters Continued. ) No. LIV — MiD-DlSTBtCT. 1. I consider wire shoots on estates. Where suit- able sites are to be found, a very great saving in transport of leaf. Where practicable, more should be used. They do well also for transport of fuel. 2. I fail to see why all final firing and packing should not be done in Colombo, all teas being sent down in special chests made for the purpose in good stout paper, so saving transport of all lead, nails, hoop-iron, etc. up to the estate. 8. I think not ; besides, most estates require all their fuel for factory. 4. Nothing like clean weeding frOln the first. When tea covers the ground well and when weeding is done for a rupee per acre per mensem, I think, seeing our pluckeis have to go over the ground every eight days, they can, at the higher altitudes, be made to keep down all weeds — when the kanganies would be well paid if they got 50 cents per acre jm o ?-afa on number of pluckers employed during the month, thus saving 50 cents per acre. 5. No, I would weed as above. Mosses and small ferns should be left as they do no harm, and all help to keep up soil and prevent wash ; indeed with this in \iew, tea should be planted closer I should say two plants in each hole, say 18 inches apart. Land planted in this way will terrace itself, no matter bow steep. 6. No, beyond growing grevilleas for fuel which do no real barm to the tea. I would do nothing in this line. The mulching of the ground by fall of leaves of this tree does a lot of good particularly in thin tea where there is a large percentage of vacancies. 7. 1 don’t think we can improve our present system of draining. Drain as close as possible ; but, try to have few leading drains, other than natural ravines, as possible as they always cut up terribly with our N.E. plumps, I don’t believe in soil traps, the best soil is always washed away, leaving nothing but sand in the trap which is useless. 8. The best means of saving labour is to get a good S.D. or conductor and make him carry the pocket checkroll regularly, thereby keeping a lot of cents cff the cost of the pound of tea. Allow a fair rate for each work and don’t let it be exceeded. 9. Cooly gardens should always be encouraged; they are a sure sign of contentment. Few coolies, how- ever, care to have them owing to the thieving that goes on. 10. Yes, every estate should have its own bazaar. They help to keep the coolies from wandering and from being crimped and save a lot of time lost by coolies, who should be at work, having to go for their supplies in some cases long distances. 11. Yes ; the very curse of the low-caste natives. Government Agents should restrict them as much as possible in planting and all other districts. OLD PLANTER. No. LV.— High-Disteict. 1. I have had no experience in wire shoots, but have seen them working. They save labour, and might be used more than at present. Can’t say whether they damage leaf or not. 2. Can’t think of any except these generally knows* 342 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [Nov, I, 1897; 3. Tramways would be too costly, including their own cost and the sacrifice of a number of tea bushes. 4. I prefer the present system of montlily weed- ing to any other. 5. With the present system of manuring, mosses, etc., etc. would scarcely get time to grow. 6. Answered in Is' o. 4. 7. I think close draining on the present system the best. Can’t give an opinion, on therffect of rows of cuscus grass planted above drains, having never seen them, or ever heard of the system being carried out before. g , 9. There are gardens around all my lines, but very little grown in them except weeds. The only thing coolies seem to care about now is getting into debt. It leaves them no time for gardening. 10. I think the system would be a good one, but it is very difficult lo get boutique-keepers to start in isolated places. They like clustering together in certain central spots. 11. I am not troubled much with drunkenness amongst coolies except at Teevali and Pougal. No. LVL— Loavcountby. 1. Have only used shoots for firewood. They might be used a good deal in this district for short distances. . 2. Narrow cartfi-oads for half-carts might save a good deal of labour on large estates. ^ 8. I fancy cost and upkeep Would be too large. 4’ Yes, but the cheapest way is to keep the land clear of weeds by monthly weeding and — 5. I do not think there would be saving of soil or labour by less frequent weeding. Selected weed- ing might do good. 6. No. 7. I have done a little terracing above roads, but it W’ould be too expensive to do much except in very stony parts. u c r 8. Have found I require a less number of coolies for plucking since I started paying Tamils by the lb. instead of by the day. 9. Have always seen small plots given to coolies round the lines. 10. No each boutique would sell illicit arrack. 11! No! but arrack is obtainable by the coolies on the edge of the estate, and I have reason to believe is likewise sold in the lines. Nothing will do any good in this direction unless we can get the co-opera- tion of the renters. C. H. No. LVII.— Medium District. 1 Yes, they save a great deal of labour, and the damage done to leaves is very slight. 2. 3. No experience. 4 Yea, it is often overdone, but occasional weed- ing’ is very expensive in Ceylon where weeds grow all the year round. In India from October to March no weeds grow. 5. No. 7' The litter from grevilleas saves .wash very much and keeps down weeds. 9' Coolies work far less when they have large gardens- they are very fond of living on their gar- dens and cattle. I am strongly against large gardens and cattle. 11' Yes they are a great curse, and spoil the good effect of cash plucking. F. J. H. No. LVHI.— High District. 1 Too constantly working. Yes, unless much care 1 exercised they do injure the leaf. 3 Tramways owing to formation not practicable icept on very flat estates. i. - Weeding not overdone, scraping n&a been. 5. No. Remove “ karandies.” 6. No, no. 7. Closer droin'ns and more frequent cleansing of drains very desirable ; v.here land is very steep cuscus might be tried on upper side. 8. ? 9. Give more accommodation. Build lines and a9 a rule they will be occupied. Allow cattle and goats and provide accommodation for them. 10. Caddies, as a rule, are quite near enough and sufficient. n. No. B. No. LIX.— High Di.strict. 1. Wire shoots are probably applicable much more freely than at present on estates. They damage tea. leaf a little. 2. 3. No experience. 4. Weeding may be overdone in Ceylon, but kan- ganies will not stay on estates unless they have weeding contracts given them. 5. Selected weeding might be advisable, but no moss or lichen should be allowed to accumulate on the stems of the bushes. 6. No experience. 7. The present system of draining is, as a rule satisfactory. 8. None to suggest. 9. I believe it always pays to give ground for gardens to coolies Coolies with good gardens are those who think twice before leaving. 10. Yes, certainly. 11. Liquor shops might be reduced with advantage. Arrack is, however, smuggled into the lines on every estate, as is well-known. O. 0. No. LX.— -High District. 1. I have had experience with both shoots and wire tramways on Hunasgiriya. IShoots will do well for bringing firewood near the factory, provided there is wood growing or to be procured on the estate from any point where the gradient is sufficient. I should think a wire shoot w’ould damage and bruise tea leaf ; but a ich'c tranncay with endless wires at a suitable gradient, and wheels with grooves on each wheel, also a brake to regulate the speed, would be correct for transporting tea from higher elevations. Every estate has not the lay of land suitable for a wire tramway of the kind I write of. I have used wire tramways for artificial and bulk manures fre- quently and with success, especially in bringing back bags or manure sacks. 2. Carts could be used more frequently. 3. Yes ; very possibly. 4. Weeding. — I have no reason to believe weeding has been overdone in Ceylon. I know that Indian planters have remarked this; but cooly labour being expensive in Ceylon the general system of weeding contracts given to kanganies helps to keen a labour force, and I fear that any change of system would check a labour force. Selected weeding might be tried, but the Tamil being very conservative I do not think it will answer i as it is, the clean W'eeding, done in the coffee days, has not the attention given now to tea on account of daily plucking. 5. I cannot say ; but a great deal of moss is left while weeding on many estates. 6. No, I have not; but I should like to see it tried. 7. I would suggest where practical a large pit or dam be constructed at the bottom of the estate and all drains directed to this pit. It has been done before with good results : possibly several pits should be dug, but many estates have not the lay of land for one pit. 8. A better Labour Ordinance ; the one of 1865 was more for coffee ; but tea being a daily product the present Ordinance is unsuitable. 9. During my experience all or most coolies have gardens ; if not given they are generally taken and enclosed. Nov. 1, 1897.1 the tropical 10 Yes, until two or three estates have their own'- also bring rice for coolies on to the estate. Tl Not now. No, I do not think hquor-shops . should be abolished, as coolies, if they want liquor will procure it some way or other ; but I would reduce them in number in the planting di..tiiots.^ Note,-I consider the first thing necessary in Plant- ing is a new Labour Ordinance suitable for the tea priduct. Agents in India to and longer terms of agieemeuts with coolies and kan- ganies. Possibly bring a “Register Ordinance in force, to prevent continual running away of coolies, and I w'ould even suggest e. legal visnoi 01 "It'S'® trate for coolies on estates to settle all their family and caste quarrels, also to act as a civil com- missioner to decide all irregularities with respect to debts, as I know personally the present i^i^oiir force is disorganized by kanganies and heads of families , possibly a visit once in four months would suffice. No. LXI.— High District, 1 Yes; but not for leaf. No reason for damage unl’ess the shoot is too steep when the check cord They have been pretty well utilized in all well- going factories. 3 Only- on exceptional estates. 4 Clean estates, weeded under a ru^e, should be kept clean, with drains in proper order. Dirty estates far better left, save taking out coarse weeds and the surface stirred over with a mamotie once a year to prevent a too compact surface lorming. i No; have no experience of the process. 7. Drains are often traced too steep ; one m 2o should not be exceeded. Cuscus grass will rob three feet tool., .oil ‘.‘li 'VO*. cy to, g«ao... »b.n th.,0 none; when plenty space for them, gardens are .ho ho.il it-8."y but coolies like to go where they pLase. ^ 11. Liquor shops are bad, and unnecessary ; but here I never see a drunk cooly- I have plentj of labour and no advances out. THIRTY-THRBE-YEAES-AT-IT. No. LXII.- Medium District. 1. Yes ! they can be used more freely than they are at present, especially on steep estates of laig^e acreage It does to some extent dsmsge tea leaf, dependent more or less on the length and gradient of the shoot. 2. Usual machinery in factory, 3 Not in eveiv instance, but it may be pioii- tahiy used, where great distarces have to he cow red and where a dip exists between the starting point, aud that to which goods, &c., aie sent. 4 Yes; where the hoe was incessantly used. 5’, No ; but would suggest, that the hoe and kariandi be dispensed with, and the kootchie used instead, and every weed being pulled up as lar as practicable. This would not loosen the surface soil, and consequently there would he less wash. 7' Planting tea in hedges, both above and below roads and drains, will to a very great extent catch un the soil and prevent wash. There is no method vet found out, that oau he praclicahly applied to- wards preventing all the soil from being washed away. 8 A rough estimate before a W'ork is staAed, as to its cost, and the work done thoi oughly (allowing in cost for good and substantial work) will save a great deal of trouble and expense and be cheapest in the ^’^'9.' Leave the cooly to look after his comforts and he 'will always he contented ; but if you attempt to administer towards his comforts, yon wRl breed dis- content and he will never be happy. The cooly is happiest when he is the most ignorant ; if attempts AGRICULTURIST. are made to over- educate him, he will no longer be a cooly, for, when thus, he will not care to do the work of a cooly, but will look upon it as_ beneath his dignity to do such work. The best thing is to give him his wants and let him alone. 10. Yes. 11. No. If arrack shops were abolished in the planting districts, estates would get on very much more satisfactorily than at present. W. S. PLANTING NOTES. “Will Coffee-growing Pay?” a.sk,s Mr. D. Buchanan, Manager, State Nursery, Mackay. He answers ; — I would advise all those who are in doubt about the matter to visit the State Nursery and see for themselves the crops on the trees here. Mr. Dausy, manager of the Mackay Cofiee Company’s estate, says he has not seen a better crop in Ceylon. I feel sure that a good future is in store for the coffee- growing industry; and it is just those farmers who have 30, 60, or 100 acres of cane who can go in for coffee snccessfiiily, as they have money coming in to tide tliem over the three years dining which they have to wait for a crop. Double Rice.— In tlie Proceedings of the Asiatic Society of Bengal for April 1896, Dr. D. Prain describes and figures what is known in India as Double Rice. In all cases the phenomenon was found to be due to an increase in the number of ovaries, the other parts of the flower being invariably of the normal number. In the gynaeceum of over 1.60 flowers examined not one was found with fewer than four ovaries, all apparently perfect ; the usual number being flve. A few flowers W'eie found to have six, and one or two had seven ovaries. When five, six, rr seven ovaries were present, sometimes only three, but usually four or five appeared to be perfect. The ovaries may be one-, two-, or three-styled. Usually only two ovaries develop into grain, sometimi s three, and their shape is modified accordingly. — Keiv Bulletin. Bubber-Tree Lands.— The National Congress of Bolivia have issued decrees declaring all rubber trees, or other wild tree.s or plants, available for industrial purposes, which may grow in fcn.sts or lands not legally held by individuals or duly authori.sed Companies, the jiroperty of the Govern- ment. In doing so, the Congress, however, promise important concessions to natives or others exploring the jiublic forests in search of rubber trees. Conces.sions are to be granted by “e.stradas,” or groups of one hundred and fifty trees, and actual proprietoiship will accrue to those who reside in the community for a period office yciirs. Unle.-s actually authorised by the Legislative Chambers of Bolivia, no individual c.'iii hold more than five hundred estradas, and no Cl iiiiiany mo) e tlian one thousand. The expenses attending the giants (15 Bolivian clolJais) aie payable by grantees and may be extended over fifteen years. Discoverers of rubber trees will have the preference in the granting of conces.sions. Certain rules are made for the )notection of labourers employed on the lands included in these concessions, but they do not seem irnduly stringent, though they throw a great deal of responsibility on the grantee. There has been recently formed in London, the Columbian India Bnl.ber Explor- ation Conip.any (Idmited) with a capital of $1,5UO,000, it being tlie outgrowth of an .agree- ment made on Aprils. U'97, between the Colum- bian Syndicate, Limit' and Mr. B. Alena as Tiustec for the new ( .mpany. The object of the Company is to explore, obtain conces.-iions and carry out the business of India-rubber tree growers and merchants, 344 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST, [Nov. I, 1897, Paba Eubbeb, Cocoa and Libeeian, says a Ceylon cor- respondent from Kandy to Planting Opinion ; — “ People are talking a lot about this para rubber, and I hear of home being planted. We have a hundred plants or BO doing very well. I also hear of Liberian coffee being cut out as a failure. The cocoa ground here looks good enough .for anything and carries a fair crop, but parts are being planted up in tea, which does not look like a paying concern.” Tea Machinery. — We ought to have directed the attention of planting readers to the criticism of Tea-preparing Machines and especially of Driers, by “Engineer” in a letter which we repioduced from the “Indian Planters’ Gazette.” \\e .should like to know what experienced Factory Managers in Ceylon have to say on the criticism therein offered. “Engineer” is severe on Assam withering houses and says : — “A properly equipped withering house should turn out the leaf at a given hour should it be wet or dry.” PROGRES.S AND AGRICULTURE IN ZANZIBAR.— We have received copies of a new Zanzibar jour- nal “ The Shamba,” to which we wish all sm ref s. It quotes the “Tropical Agriculturist” .-.bout iron ploughs introduced into Madras anil adds : — We in Zanzibar have not yet reached the wooden plough Btage, which is against us. There are now some iron ploughs and other iron implements on their way from Ev gland, which if successfully tried might help us to dispense with a period of probation with the wcoden article; though a wooden plough would be better than none at all. We feel sure that the question of agricultural implements should be taken up by Arab planters. It is interesting to learn about rainfall in Zan- zibar ; — The total rainfall for May was 12 21 in 9'04 in. of which fell on five consecutive days. May 19-2.3, when the Mwera Bridge was washed away. Though more than a month’s dry weather has elapsed, the small lakes of water which were then formed, have not yet disappeared, and mosquitoes are the con- sequence. The average rainfall for April and May for the 6 years 1880-4 was 10 24, and 10T2 in. re- spectively, according to the reports published by Sir John Kirk, making 20'36 in. for the two mashiha months. This year it was 15T2 in. for April, which with the 12'21 for May, makes 27'33 in for the maslnha, so we have had a wet time of it altogether. The average annual fall should be given. The clove crop is the most important : — Reports have come in which show show that the clove crop is not so promising in the north as in the middle of the island. The prospects in the neighbourhood of Kokotoni, and to the north of that, are not so good as they were last year. Cloves. — The stock of cloves in the London market on May 8 was 83,257 bales, the imports to date being 12 223. This shows that 71,036 bales of last year’s crop have not yet been disposed of. The correspond- ing figures for each year since 1893 are : — Stocks in hand Imported to date (May 8.) Bales. Bales.' 1893 45,804 25,656 1894 53,535 23,141 1895 78,507 26,461 1896 79,479 8,199 1897 83,2.59 12,223 Here is a useful reference As we shall frequently have occasion to refer to an acre of land and as many of our readers may not be familiar with its measurement, we give below a few figures. An acre of land measures: — 220 yards long and 22 yards broad 110 „ ,, 44 „ „ 88 ,, »» 65 ,, ,, 694 11 ” ” A yard is a good long stride : few men step a yard in their nalurui stride. There are two yards in a pima : one mile long and one mile broad is 640 acres. Cevlon Bamboos to Geeman East Africa. — The N.-D L. ss. “ Sachsen ” took away from Colombo, s, well-packed box containing several shoots of bamboos of various varieties to Aden, to be transhipped thence to German East Africa, The plants are despatched from the Peradeniya Botanical Garlens. We believe they are sent at the request of a German gentleman as an experi- mental measure to introduce the bamboos to African soil. For a new country the bamboos should prove not only an ornamental plant, but one of great use for many purposes. Several kinds of the wild bata and cane are included in the outgoing shipment and as our readers are aware, one of this kind is profitably used in the manufacture of tea-plucking baskets. Coco-Palji.s and Locusts.— Miulalyar Dassa- nayake brought to us recently part of a leaf of a coconut palm nearly all eaten away and a bottle of large brigiit-coloured creatures, pro- nounced at once to be huge grasshoppers or locusts — though the natives say they never saw such before. In Hapitigain Korale, the Mudaliyar said, palm branches were literally covered and riddled by these enemies. Mr. Staiiiforth Green kindly reports as follows : — “ Locusts — These usually appear in large num- bers. They are of a most destructive species." The visitation is a most unusual one, and we trust the locusts may as suddenly disappear as they have come Have they been seen in other districts ? Mr. Nathan Sharpe, an interview with the Inventor of the “ Simplex ” tea machinery is reported in Indan Planters’ Gazette of July 17th, accompanied by a portrait. The information given is very much wliat we had before in Ceylon ; hut we may quote the following : — Mr. Sharpe hopes to get some oxidisers at work on the Darjeeliug gardens later on, and to lessen the time now taken up by the process of fermentation in those parts, and at the same time improve the standard of quality. Mr. Sharpe has received orders from the three largest estates in Ceylon for his machines, viz., Mr. Lipton’s Lemastotte Factory^ Dambatenne Group, the Diyagama estate and the Bandarpolla estate, and has promises of a good amount of orders f®r next season from Indian estates. The machines are all manufactured by the well known engineering firm, Messrs. Richard Moreland & Son, Aldersirate, London. The Coffee Outlook. — In the coffee market the influence of that bogey, the Brazil crop, is paramount. Speculation in “futures,” which is supposed to rule the coffee market in the main, is still of a sorry character, and the downward tendency in prices goes on unchecked, says the Grocer. “Sagging,” to use a familiar term, has been the order of the day with operators in coffee for several months past, and the decline in quotations for inferior and common qualities since the begining of the year has been a very serious matter for holders- The prodigiousness of the Brazil crops for the 1896-97 season — which we have before pointed out — has been the sole cause of the prevailing depression, and until their full extent is known or realised, and the bulk of the coffee has been delivered, no solid improvement can be expected. With the 30th ult. the old season ended, and recent cables give the total receipts of Rio and Santos at the Brazilian ports, since July 1, 1896, as 8,680,000 baes, in comparison with 5,489,000 bags in 1895-96, al'co 6,699,000 bags in 1894-95, and 4,,307,000 bags in 1893-94. Here we have a crop representing about twice the amount grown and gathered four years ago, and likewise materially heavier than what was then — in 1891-92 — regarded as the largest yield ever recorded, viz., 7,386,000 bags, consisting of Rio and Santos in nearly equal pro- portions. Nov/, however, the excess is composed chiefly of Santos, which description has yielded over 5,000,000 bags of coffee, as contrasted with 3,100,000 bags in the previous season, and only 1,750,000 begs. Nov. r, J897.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 345 PLANTING AND TRADE IN THE PERAK STATE IN 1896. We have to acknowleilge receipt of the Annual Report on the State of Perak for last year by Mr. W. H. Ireaclier, C. M.G., llritish Resident. It i.s a full and valuable statement of pro^ae.ss under the various heads of administrations witli very copious statistical returns in appendices. At the outset we note there has been a falling-off in General Revenue last year, by less than 2 per cent on that of 1895 ;'but quite 6 per cent below the Estimate. This is attributed to the low price of tin and a decreased output. The total trade too shows a falling-off’ as follows : — Value of Imports . . $ 8.71.3,940 do. Exports . . 14 239,080 Total value of Trade, 1896 2,3,00.3,620 do. do. 1895 25,177,597 Decrease, 1896 . . 2,173,977 We are told a good deal about Public Works and Surveys trigonoTiietrical and otherwise, and o-reat activity is manifest in respect of Railways. At present there are open the Larnt line 17 miles and the Kinta Valley line 51 miles. Then as to further progress we quote as follows : — Extension to Penang. — In the absence of any port worthy of the name, Penang (Kuala Piai) is the natural Port for the northern portion of this State, and the extension thither of the Larut line, at a small cost per mile, by arrangement with the Colo- nial Government, thioug’n flourishing agricultural country, would be of benefit both to Perak and Penang, and in all probability yield a fair return on capital expended. The distance is about 50 miles, of which 24 miles would be in colonial territory. CoNSTBUCTioN. — During the year the extension of 13 miles from the terminus at Ipoh, via Tanjong Rambutan, to Chemor, was opened to traffic. Sanc- tion was obtained for the extension of the line from Chemor to Kuala Kangasar in June 1896, a distance of 22 miles. Work was at once commenced, and by the end of the year about six miles of formation were completed. It is hoped that the extension will be opened to Sungei Sipnt, 12 miles from Kuala Kaiigsar by the end of .Tune of the present year. A sura has been provided in the estimate to complete the line into Kuala Kangsar, by the close of 1897, with the exception of the superstructure of the bridge over the Perak river, which will probibly cost §130,000 and should be put in hand at once. SoBVEVS. — The survey of 16 miles from Chemor to the Perak river was completed, including selection of site for the river crossing. The survey thence to Taiping is being rapidly performed, and the hope is indulged in that the old trace may be somewhat im- proved upon and the anticipated cost of the tunnel at the pass be reduced. Trial surveys for proposed extension from Tapah Road to Tanjong Malim, on the Selangor borders. The Resident Engineer for Railways reports 584 miles of trace cut, surveyed and levelled, seven miles cut and surveyed, 47 miles cut only. As far as can be at present ascertained the line will be easy and the length under 50 miles, but for nearly the entiie dis- tance it will be through heavy forest, and some con- siderable deviations will be required to avoid heavy works. Towards the close of the year a commencement was made with the survey from Ulii Sa’petang to Parit Buntar (Kuala Prai extension.) Fuutber Extensions. — Extension to Kuala Prai, 50 miles. Joining up the 20 miles between Taiping and Kuala Kangsar. This will be essential to complement the pro- posed extension to Kuala Prai and to form a continuous line of railway from Kuala Prai, the northern port, to Teluk Adson, our southern port. It is, in any case, manifestly desirable to connect the Larut and the Kinta Valley Lines by the construction of this 43 proposed '20 miles of line, which has now been in contemplation for some years. Tapah Road to Taiijung M ilim, i.e., to the Selan- gor boundary. Distance about 50 milts. I am not in a position to express an opinion as to this ex- tension. The district has not yet been opened up by roads, and I have seen no reliable report as to the capabilities of the country through which the line would pass. There are, donbless, tin deposits, but the probability is that the railway will, to keep down cost, run even fnrtlier away from the cross valleys which conts-in the depofits than does the cart-road now uadsr construe ion. Again the richer deposits, it is anticipated, will be found towards the Selangor boundary, and the natural route to the sea would be the Selangor- Kuala Kubu line. The soil of many parts of the district is reported suitable for European plantations. The time has arrived for a forward policy in rail- way extension, and for connecting the existing linos, an the past we, in Pe ak, have c mstruoted our shoit pieces of railway, not out of current surplus revenue alone, but with the assist moe of the surpluses Iccumulated by the wisdom of Sir Hugh Low, dur- ing the period when the question of Native States railways was in its infancy. We have no longer these accumnlat' d surpluses to fall back upon, and if we are to extend it must be wit'n the assistance of a loan. To employ any small amount of surplus revenue that can annually be piovided in carrying out alight extensions, which can bring in no return until the completion cf the scheme of which they form part, is haidly a judicious policy. Blit t'j iis in Ceylon the most interesting inform ation is containel in the following the total acreage of EUROPEAN COFFEE ESTATES, Liberian with one exception, opened, or being opened, in the State by the end of 1896, is given as 35,242 acres (approximate). On the whole the reports from these estates are encouraging. Six thousand four hundred and five acres of new land for European coffee estates were given out during 1396. Batang Padang is the district in which Malays have made most progre.ss with the onltivation of coffee, and the District Magistrate reports ; A very large amount of coffee has been newly planted by the Malays and three large blocks of land for the same purpose have been applied for by Europeans. I hope their example will lead to others coming into the district, which ought to be one of the finest in the State for coffee planting.” In other districts Malays and Chinese are increasingly interesting themselves in this culture. Pepper. — The improv'ed price of this article has caused the natives to pay some attention to their few and neglected pepper plantations but, except when high prices rule, this culture does not appear to attract onr natives. One European planter has found that he can obtain very profitable prices for his white pepper. Coconuts. — Some of the European planters are now alive to the solid advantages to be derived from coconut plantations and are planting to a considerable ex- tent. The soil and climate appear to be admirably suited to the requirements of this palm, in the inland as well as in the coast districts. Natives in different parts own not inconsiderable plantations and efforts will be made to encourage them to extend. In the Matang district the Chinese proprietor of a tapioca estate of 692 acres has planted 300 acres with coconuts and is extending his plantation. Ramie. — The subject of ramie cultivation, as the Resident-General is nware, has not escaped the attention of the Perak Government, and thanks are due to Mr. L. Wray, the Curator, for the trouble he has undertaken in investigating points connected with the subject. The results of his investigations are not yet ready in a shape to be placed before the public. The plant has been grown for ages by the natives, in very small quantities, for their own use, and our rainfall and climate generally are said to bo especially favourable to its growth. 346 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [Nov. I, 1897. Banana Flouh. — A new industry, the preparation of banana flour, has been inaugurated on a trial scale by one of the European coHee planters. G-ood quotations have been given in England for small samples, and hopes are entertained of the success of the experiment. Mr. F. D, Osborne presented samples of some particularly wtll-oured Liberian coffee, grown near Gopeug, in the Kinta District, as to which the Curator writes, “this coffee has been fetching a better price in Singapore thair any other produced in the Straits. The high value placed on it has been due to its colour and not to any superiority of the bean.’’ He continues, “ the Liberian coffee grown on the hill at Waterloo Estate apiparently has a finer bean than any from the plains. Some trees planted by Mr. Cecil Wray in 1880-81 are well-grown, vigorous bushes, in full bearing, while trees of tour years old, planted by Sir Graeme Elphinstone, on the same estate, on land cleared twelve years previously, compare most favourably with bushes of the same age on the low lands, planted on newly cleared forest land.” Exports for the years 1895 and 1896. Article. Total 1895. Total 1896. Agricultural I’roduce. Betelnnta . . 9,019 23,806 Tamarind — 60 Cotton .. — 32 Fruits . . — 9,162 Patchouli . . — 1,831 Tapioca — 60 Coconuts . . — 3,354 Copra . . — 5,001 Indigo 13,377 — Coffee 80,759 80,112 Pad! 32,443 267,136 Sugar, Brown . . 593,329 546,196 188,357 ,, White 205,263 ,, Cane and Tops Tobacco 2,187 27 — — Pepper 14,836 14,032 SALT IN AGRICULTURE. A planting correspondent write.s : — “You have placed agriculturi.sts of all classes under a great obligation by the handy compilation you have iust issued Irom the Observer Press, Oi.e great obstacle to ellective and persistent agitation on any matter, is the diflicnlty of bringing the in- formation hearing on it, ami scattered in diverse ephemeral publications, into a focus. In respect of the value of salt for agricultural purposes, of the restrictions ]>laced on its sale for other than culinary pnipose.s through the Government inonoiioly, and of tire manner in which .similar obstructions have been overcome in Germany, admittedly one of the most progressive and scien- tilic countries in the world, we have ail the in- formation now collected in a handy fo;minthe little booklet, which is cheap at fO cents. Its pnhlicaiioii slioiild not only s-trengtlien the hands of those who are agitating for a redaxation of the stringency of the conditions under which salt is now' sold, but it should also stimulate inquiry on the part of planters of all products, so that they might test the utility of salt in the cultivation of different products. The value of salt for stock is beyond all question, and is admitted and recognised in all countries.” RUBRER cultivation in CEYLON. We give below the papers embodied in Sessional Rajier compiled in answer to Mr Cliamiierlain’s Inief desiialcli giving cover to a letter from Kew. Neither Mr. Rroun and his able assistant, Mr. F. Lewis, nor Mr. Willis add much to our practical knowledge on the subject, although Mr. Willis’s estimate of 750 acres being now planted with rubber in Ceylon is a safe one. Our latest Directory compilation gave 631 acres and we should hope the returns we are just about to call for, in order to make up a fresh Directory estimate, will show an increase of at least lilty per cent in area. The e.\[)eriments in “tapping” promised by IMr. WiUis will he looked for with much interest. The Eight Hon. J. Chamberlain, M.P., to Governor the Eight Hon. Sir J. West Eidgeway, k.c.b., k.c.s.i. Downing street, Apiil 23, 1897. Sir, — I have the honour to enclose, for such action as you may think lit to take, a copy of a letter from the Director of the Eoj al Botanic Gardens, Kew, calling attention to a report on the cultivation of rubber-producing trees in Mexico, and suegesting that the subject should be entertained by your Government I have, Ac., J. CHAMBEELAIN The Director-, Eoyal Garden^', Kew, to the L’nder Secretary of State, Colonial Office. Royal Gardens, Kew, April 20, 1897. Sir, — You have no doubt observed that the employ- ment of indiarubher in the industrial arts has of late enormously increased. This substance is ob- tained in the tropical and warmer parts of the world from trees occurring spontaneously, and which have to no appreciable extent at present been sub- jected to cultivation. Apprehensions have there- fore been expressed that the supply at no distant date may be very much restricted. 2. On this point without accurate information it is difficult to give a positive opinion, but it must be admitted to be extremely probable. It is therefore not surprisiug that projects have been formed to grow plantations of rubber-producing trees artificially. I am anxious to draw the attention of the Secretary of State to the account of an enter- prise of this kind given in the accompanying report by Her Majesty’s Minister in Mexico. 3. Twenty years ago the Secietaiy of State for India in Council invoked the aid of this establish- ment to introduce the species yielding indi-aiubber in South America into India. The operation was suc- cesfully accomplished at considerable cost. Three species were established in Ceylon, where they have since produced seed, which is available for aistribu- tiou. As far as I am aware, no practical result has followed . Yet it oaniiot be doubted that there must be many spots in our Eastern Colonial Po. sessions where rubber cultivation might be prosecuted suo- cesslully. I venture to thiuk that the matter is one to which the attention of the Governments of Ceylon and of the Straits Settlements might be properly drawn. Probably if a memorandum were issued by the botanical officers of these colonies pointing out the culture, conditions suitable to each species and the source from which seed could be obtained, planters would engage in the enterprise. 4. In 'recent years a tree (Kickxia africana) has been discovered in West Africa which yields a rubber of excellent quality, and this has become the basis of a trade of great magnitude. Seeds of this tree have been sent from Kew to rhe Botanioal Depart- ments of Ceylon and of the Straits Settlements. — 1 am, Ac., ' W. T. Thiselton-Dyer. The Conservator of Forests to the Hon. the Colonial Secretary. Office of the Conservator of Forests, Colombo, May 20th, 1897. Sir, — With reference to your letter No, 195 of 18th instant I have the honour to state that the pamphlet enclosed therein deals with tlie Casliiloa rubber. 2. Tlie late Dr. Trimen recommended tlie planta- ion, not of Castilloa, hut of Para rubber plantations, and in consequence the Forest Department planta- tions have been made with the latter species, Nov. I, 1897.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 347 3. I have already requested the Assistant Con- servator to make an estimate of plantations on a lai'ger scale than has hitherto been done, and as soon as it is submitted 1 shall forward it with my remarks. 4. I can however state here that if a large planta- tion is taken in hand it will be necessary to have a special superintendent in chai-ge of the plantation for the Assistant Conservator, with his numerous duties requiring his presence in different parts of two Provinces, will be unable to devote sufficient time to a plantation which requires constant supervision. — I am, &c., A. F. BEOUN, Conservator of Forests. The Conservator of Forests to the Hon. the Colonial Secretary. Office of the Conservator of Forests, Colombo, May 25, 1897. SiH, — In continuation of my letter No. 202 of 20th instant I have the honour to annex copj' of a report on the subject by the Assistant Conservator of Forests, Western Province. 2. Mr. Lewis proposes to plant 300 acres per annum, and .submits an estimate for the first year amounting to E10,202, or B34 per acre. Against this expenditure he shows an estimate of revenue from the sale of timber, firewood, &c., amounting to E4.200. The net expenditure w’ould therefore be Eb,002, or K20 per acre for the first year. To this amount would have to be added the expenditure in the second, third, and fourth years on weeding and supplying, which I expect would amount to R12, E8, and E5 per acre, respectively. 3. To my mind, if such a place can be selected I would much rather keep the plantatiots in one block than open a number of different plan- tations at various points. Such a multitude of plantations would not only increase the cost of fencing and watching, and the cost on a larger number of cooly lines, but it would do away with the advantage of having a special superintendent always on the spot. 4. If Government wishes the work to be taken in hand, I shall early next month inspect the place near Pelenda where the Assistant Conserva- tor proposes to start work. It will also be neces- sary to issue instructions to the Director of the Botanic Gardens to reserve all the seed from the trees at Henaratgoda for our plantations. 5. Finally, 1 beg to point out to Government that the expenditure on these plantations lessens the chance of a surplus for the Department, and that if it intended that the Forest Department should show an increasing net revenue, the start- ing of these plantations should be put off. — I am, &c., A. F. Bboun, Conservator of Forests. The Assistant Conservator of Forests, Western and Sabaragamuwa Provinces, to the Conservator of Forests. Colombo Kaohoheri, 20th May, 1897. EUBBEB CULTIVATION, PASDUN KOBALE AND KUKULU KOBALE. SiE, — With reference to our conversation at Avisa- wella on the 12th instant, regarding the further ad- dition to the area of land under rubber cultivation, I have the honour to state that I think it ispossible that at Pelenda in the Pasdun korale, and in the delta formed by the Pelan-ganga, Kukulu-ganga, and Maguru-ganga streams, that the total extent might be brought up to say 3,000 acres. 2. I rnay remark here, however, that the question of area is not so difficult a' the selection of land of a suitable degree of fiatnei- situation, soil, and ele- vation : for, while it is perfectly possible to find an even larger extent, experience shows that it is unde- sirable to plant steep hill sides or swampy lands, or lands in which the soil has a high percentage of sand in its composition, with this product. 3. Under these circumstances it is extremely diffi- cult to fi d a continuous piece of land with all suit- able conditions, and therefore I would respectfully suggest that selected areas be first fixed upon, and if their success will justify it they could in many cases be connected by opening the intermediate areas, 4. I am of opinion that in this way a most profit- able block of 150 acres could beoblaiued iutheowita lands in the Kukulu korale; where there are 850 acres of this sort of land, but I think it would be unwise to select any below flood level, and so I restrict the proposed extent there to 150 acres. I have afurther reason for suggesting this land in particular, as it is both flat and fertile and might be specially worked as a centre for raising seed, for which it is reason- able to anticipate a very large demand as rubber becomes known as a permanent industry ; aud judg- ing by results of areas set apart in tea for seed bear- ing, it is not unreasonable to anticipate a very large revenue from this source alone. 5. I may moreover point out that local labour in the Kukulu korale is not in such demand as in other places, where tea estates absoib all available hands for plucking, &c., and therefore be easily obtained by us. 6. I would venture to suggest -that 300 acres of rubber per year might be opened, and that opera- tions might begin at once this year, by selection and survey of suitable blocks, and preparatory extraction of all timber that could be first disposed of ; and if this is done under European supervision I anticipate that the return by sale of timber and firewood would more than pay the salary of the officer in charge, thus securing the services of one who would be able to devote bis entire attention to the proper management of the plantations at practically no cost to the estate. I submit that constant super, vision is essential to the proper management of such a plantation that I propose, to increase by 300 acres yearly, and for that purpose I have estimated for a European Assistant to be under my orders. 7. Annexed will be found an estimate for opening 300 acres at once, to be planted early in 1898 with plants to be first grown in a nursery, for which pur- pose all the seed at Henaratgoda should at once be secured ; and I may add that I have, in anti- cipation,communicated with the Director of the Botanic Gardens to know what quantity can be obtained. 8. Finally, I would beg to be informed with as little delay as possible if I may make arrangements for the selection of 300 acres of land, and if the estimate may receive sanction. — I am, Ac., Feedeeick Lewis, Assistant Conservator of Forests, ESTIMATE OP COST OP OPENING AND PLANTING 300 ACEES OF FOEEST LAND WITH EUBBEB : PASDUN KOEALE. Felling and clearing 300 acres of forest at R12 per acre . . . . , . 3,600 Lining 300 acres 10 ft. by 10 ft. at B2 per acre .. .. .. 600 Holing 300 acres at 75 boles per cooly, at 40 cts. = 130,680 -j- 75 by 40 . . . . g97 Filling and planting and carrying plants from nursery to loVq, 300 per cooly, at 40 cts. = 100,1 8' ' -f 300 by 40 . . 175 Draining : 300 it. ol di ains per acre at 1 ct. per ft. run ... . . . . 900 Lines for coolies : one shed of 10 rooms of 12 ft, by 10 ft., mud walls and battocalla roof, at R30 per room . . . . gpo Roads for inspection : 2 miles at R80 per mile .. .. .. igq Bungalow for Assistant ; improvements to present building at Midellana plantation 75 Plant nursery, including watering of seed beds . . . . . . . , ISO Weeding (assuming the opening of the land to be in July 1897), at Ri pier acre, for six months = 300 by 6 . . . . 1,800 Cost of surveying lines round plantation, say . . . . . . . . 75 Contingencies, such .as special work, bridges over streams, or supplying va- cancies, &c. . . . . , . 250 Total actual outlay 8,783 34^ THE TEOPICAL AGRICULTURIST, [Nov. I, 1897. Special Expenditure. R. c. S.Tlary of Assistant, for one year 1,000 0 Cooly to CHiiy letters End orOers 120 0 Tools (cost of supply) .. 300 0 1,420 0 10,202 0 Estimated Return cif SCO Acres of Forest to BE Planted with Rubber. R. C. 600 trees sold standing at R2 per tree Value of firewood and “ ritti ” after 1,200 0 deducting cost of working : RIO per acre . . • . 3,000 0 Total to credit of first year’s work . , 4,200 0 The Assistant Conservator of Forests, Western mid .Sabaragainuwa Provinces, to the Conservator Forests. Colombo Kachcheri, 9th June, 181)7. Sir,— In acknowledging receipt of the Hon. the Colonial Secretary’s letter to you No. 211, and here- with returned, I have the honour to report that in 1890 a small plot of 15 acres was selected at a place called Edangoda, in the Kuruwili korale in Sabara- ^amnwa, and planted wi'h Para rubber. The land W'as selected close to the Kalu-ganga, and at certain periods cf the year it was subject to hoods. As the late Dr. Trimen was of opinion that as similar land in its native habitrt was best suited for this species of rubber, I laid out my plantation in such a situation as would best correspond with these con- ditions. 2. It was foundj however, that these periodical inundations were harmful, and that plants below Hood level were destroyed, notwithstanding much attention having been paid to the supplying of vacancies. By this loss about one-fourth of the Bdangoda plantation was destroyed, but of the remainder above high water mark I cannot speak too highly. The trees are in robust health, and form an unbroken cover of trees of some 20 feet in height and from 15 to 20 inches in girth at four feet from Ihe ground. Some 275 trees are this year it -fruit at the Edatigoda plantation, and 1 anticipan getting a crop of 30,000 seeds that will be available for nse during the piesent year. 3 In 1891 the Edangoda plantation was extended by one acre, and at a place called Yattipowa, six miles from Edangoda, a second plantation of 16 acres was planted, and in 1892 a further addition of 21 acres more, while as an experiment in chena soil 5 acres of -chena land at Edangoda were planted, thus bringing the totT area in rubber to, siy, 58 acres. 4. The Yattipowa plantation is, on the whole, very successinl, the only exception to its general regularity of growth being found upon a ridge where the Eoil is iuftrior and the wind appears to check the growth. This is only a very small piece and is quite compensated for by the satisfactory growth of all the rest of the plantation. 6. lam not so well pleased with the experi- ment of planting chena land, as it has shown a thin and weedy result in trees, but the general conclusion I have drawn from the ezperience gained is that hooded lands, wind-swept lands, sandy soils, and wide apart planting are equally unfavourable to the successful cultivation of Para rubber. 6. 1 am not in a position to give any inform- ation as to yield of the trees, as it has been deemed inexpedient to attempt to tap auy of them, but for my otvn information I selected a solitary tree and obtained from it, from a single wound, a “ tear ” of pure rubber about 4 feet long and one- third of an inch wide, that wht n dried appeared to be of excellent quality. The oldest trees being only seven years old, I have not attempted to ex- periment further, but I hope to be allowed to con- duct a few tapping operations in order to test the yield per tree. — I am, > rt 00 ;o t**- 1-4 rH kO . lO (M IM I- I- 00 00 © to l-f CO 00 00 r- «P C. Oi O O -o CO 00 CO 0*1 CO CO CO O CO c o I-*. o -B a: C5 CO 00 N 03 c:i f- 1- ® CO 03 : O CO CO rH 3 CO O CO o . : rH O IM 00 © O CO W 03 r- CO 03 O CO *^ r— lO O O', -v*- l.-- 00 CO CO *35 O O O O 00 r- O O O GO O '0> CO 00 I - ■vji oi to I- O CO -CO *03 CO" 01 e-i o C3 O C3 O 03 CO o -H 'C -«J» O to CO 03 i'* - l'.00COO3-c: r-(l**-OC003t0l'*03COt00 03C30*rrt.7C003-VCO-^0030 • • ■ r- 1-H r-i 03 U3 CO CO ' ^ 00 0-1 I-H !■- 0-1 . -Mr-HOOCOiCCOCOOSrH 4C0C0-3*C)-^C3OI'-O ‘OOl'-lM'vrrH-fitOpH-^ h o — o 00 c*'^ w PH t- o; CO o ■>3 pH CO CO pH CC CO ‘O CO 2*) 00 C-J I 1 l*N. Q.1 CO 21 cs.^ S ii CO 03 03 © PP PH © CO ^ to — C*J .. © 00 O pH O • CC Cl I I : = - s ^ c -2 ^ 'S ” V W O 33 M 5^00 ^ M S S I a; © ^ 21 ^ o s6o THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [Nov. I, 1897, MARKET RATES FOR OLD AND NEW PRODUCTS. (From Letcis <& Feat's Fortnightly Pricts Current, London, October 6ih, 1897. j ALOEt', Scccotiiiie cwt. Zaiz:lar A: Bc]atic ,, IEES’WAX, „ Zanzibar & j AVhite „ Bombay i Yellow,, er ,, CAMPHOR, China Japan ,, CABDAMOMb, MalabaiTb Ceylon.— i' ysove ,, ,, Tellicherry,, M I-ong „ „ Mangalore,, ( ABTOE OIL, C.alcutta,, Madras ,, ( P1LI.IE8, Zanzil a) cwt. CINCHONA BARK.— Ceylon lb. C. A MON, Ceylon Ists per lb, 2iidi- 3rds 4tbs Chli s CLOVES, Penang lb. Ainboyna Zanzibar \ and Pemba / Stems COCULUS lELICBS CWt. COFFEE Ceylon Plantation ,, Native Liberian COCOA, Ceylon COLOMBO BOOT COIR HOPE, C. ylon ton Ci.ehin ,, HERE, Brush Cochin ,, Stuffing ,, COIR YARN, Ceylon „ Cochin ,, do. ,, CBOTON SEEDS, Slit. cwt. CLICH >. U 1 Ml !• 1' , Bengal, rough „ Calicut, Cut A ,, B & C „ Cochin Bough ,, Japan ,, GIM AMMUMACBM „ A Nil, Zanzibar „ Madagascar ABaLIC E. I. & Ad(n Turkey sorts G hatti Kurrachee Madras ASSAECETIDA KINO BBH, picked Aden sorts OLIBANUM, drop pickings siftings ISDIARUBBEB, As.sam lb Rangoon Borneo QHALITY. 1 QUOTATIONS.! QUALITY. QUOTATIONS. Fair to tine dry «s a 120s INDIARUBBER, (Confd). Common to good Ils a 76s Java, Sing. & Penang lb. Foul to good clean ... Is a 2s 3d r i Good to fine Ball 2s 3d a 2s 71d Good to tine £7 a £8 Ordinary to fair Ball . 1 s 2il a 2s 2tl Fair £5 12/6 a £5 17/6 Moziinibique ,, •{ I Low sandy Ball lOd a Is Id Dark to good p.alish . £•5 7/6 a £6 2/6 Sausage, fair to good Is t d a 2s 7^d Fair average quality ... 90s V ( Liver and liverv Ball.. Is 4d a 2s 3d Clipped, bold, brigbt,fine Middling, stalky & lean 102s 6d Fv to tine pinky & white Is nd a 2.S 6d 3s a 3s Id Madagascar ,, 4 Fair to good black .. Is td a Is 16d 2s 6q a 2s £d Niggers, low to good.. Is a Is 5d Fair to tine plump 2s 9d a 4s Id INDIGO, E.I. Bengal — 4s 4d a 5s Id Seeds 3s 4d a 3s 5il Shipping mid togd violet (icod to fmf •». 2s rd a 3s Consuming mi(L to gd. 3s 4d a 5s Brownish 2s Cd ('rdinary to mid. good 2s 1( d a 3s 3d Shelly to good ■2s a 2s 9d Mid. to good Kurpali... 2s a Ss Cd Med brown to good bold 3s 6d a 3s 9d Low to ordinary Is 3d a Is nd Ists and 2nds 4d a 5d Mid. to good Madias... Is Ida -2s 3d 4d MACE, Bombay & Penang Pale reddish to fine ... IslOda 2s 9d Dull to tine bright 36s a 46s per lb. Ordinary to fair Pickings ls6d a ls9d ls3jd a Is 4d Ledgeriana Chips 3id a .'d MYRABOLANES, T Madras J Dark to fine pale UG... 3s 9d a 6s 6d Crown, Renewed .. 2d a 4 d Fair Coast 4s 6d Org. Stem.. Ud a fid Bombay „ Jubblepore 4s a is Hybiid Root ... 2]d a 24tt Bhimlies 4s bd a 9s Chip IJd a 2d Fhajpore &c. ss 9d a 7s Ordinary to fine eiuill... 10. d a Is 6d Bengal ,, Calcutta 3s 60 a 6s 6d ,, ,, ... lod a Is 6d NUTMEGS— lb. 64’s to 57’s 3s a Ss 2(1 it »« ••• 9|d a Is 3d Bombay & Penang ,, llO’s to 65’s Is 4d a 2s lid n ,, S^d a Is 160’s to 130’s /da Is Id Dull to fine bright bold ■Ijd a 3d 4|d a 9id NUTS, ARECA cwt. Ordinary to fair fre.sh... 12s a 143 NUX VOMICA, Bombay Ordinary to middling.. 4s a 6s 6d Dull to fine Sd a 45tl per cwt. Madias Fair to good bold fresh... ,3 a 7s 6d Good and fine bright .. 3d a 3Jd ,‘8mall ordinary and fail Cs Cd Cin-mondill to fair .. 2|d a 2]d - OIB OF ANISEED lb Fair merchantable ts 3d Fair Id CASSIA According to analysis.. fsa 7s 7d Fair 8s 6d LEWONGRASS NUTMEG Good flavour & colour... Dingy to ■white 2§d 3jd a 4d Bold to fine bold colory llOs a 116s CINNAMON Ordinary to fair .sweet... 4d a Is 7d Middling to fine mid . Low mid. and low grown 103s a 108s 6d 96s a 101s CITRONELLE ORCHELLA WEED— cwt Bright & good flavour... Is 3d a Is 3Jd Smalls 9s3 a 9Ss 6d Ceylon ,, Mid. to fine not woody.. 10s a 12s 6d Good ordinary 66s a 89s ed Zanzibar. ,, Picked clean flat leaf ... 10s a 16s Small to bold Bold to fine bold 41 s a eOs 7‘2s a 76s PEPPER- (Black) lb. ,, wiry Mozambique Its a Ils Medium and fair 63s a 70s Alleppee & Tellicherry Singapore Fair to bold heavy 33d a 3jd Triage to ordinary 46s a 65s Fair 3 n-lul a Sj I Fair to good 2Cs a S2s Aclieen & \V. C. Penang Dull to fine Sid a 3|d nominal PLUMBAGO, lump cwt. Fair to tine bright bold 16s a 20s Ordin.ary to fair £10 a. £16 Middling to good small 3s ed a 13s Ol d. to fine long straight £10 a £21 chips „ 1. nil to tine bright l.s 6d a 8s 9d Ordinary to good clean £15 a £21 dust „ Ordinary to fine bright 2s a Common to fine £5 a £6 10s SAFFLOWER Good to tine pinky fcUs a 85s Common to superior ,, ,, very fine ... £12 a £26 10s Middling to fair 60s a 70s £12 a £34 Inferior and pickings ... ;/0s a 55s Roping, fair to good .. £10 10s a £13 SANDAL WOOD— Fair to fine flavour Dull to fair 60s .a 60s Bombay, Logs ton. a £85 Fair to fine dry ils 3d a 32s 6d Chips ». 5s a £3 Fair 16s Madras, Logs Fair to good flavour .. £30 a £60 Good to fine bold 70s a 96.S Inferior to fine i’4 a £8 Small and medium •28s a 68s 6d SAPANWOOD Bonibay,, Lean to good £4 a £5 Common to fine bold ., ■24 s a 60s Good average £4 a £5 nonie Small and D’s 10s a 24s Manila ,, ) Rough & rooty to good jL 4 1 0.s a £ 5 1 09 Unsplit 14s a 16s 1 bold smooth... £ C a £ / Sm. blocky to fine clean 3Cs a 60s SEEDLAC cwt. Ord. dusty to gd. soluble / Os a SOs Picked fine pale in soi ts £10 7s 6d a £13 SENNA, Tinnevelly lb. Good to tine bold green 4d a 7d Part yellow and mixed £7l7/6a£10 10s Fair middling medium 2sd a 4|d Bean and Pea size ditto Amber and dk. red bold 70s a £7 12/6 £5 10s a £7 10s SHELLS, M. O’PEARL— Common dark and small IJd a 2d Med. & bold glassy sorts 80s al37s6d Bombay cwt. Bold and A’s £5 2/6 a £6 Fair to good palish .. £4 8s a £8 D’s and B’s £5 a £6 5s .. red £4 5s a £9 Small £4 7/6 a £5 Ordinary to good pale 40s a 62s Id Mussel ,, Small to bold 20s a 67s 6d 5Cs a 86s TAMARINDS, Calcutta... M id. to fine bl’k not stony 7s a 8s 6d Pickings to fine pale ... Good iuid fine pale Reddish to pale selected i ark to fine pale l.'^s a 46s 52s Cd a 60s per cwt M adras TORTOISESHELL— Stony and inferior 4s a 6s 35s a 45s 30s a 35s Zanzibar & Bombay lb. Small to told dark j mottle part heavy 1 18s a 25s Clean fr to gd. almonds 4Csa 80s TURM ERIC, Bengalcwt. Fair ICs a 10s 6d Old. stony and blockv SOs a 37s A' adras ,, Finger fair to fine bold 16s a 17s Fine bright i45 a £'55 Do. Mixed miding. [bright 12s a 13s Fair to fine pale 70s a S^2s 6d Do. Bulbs 12s Middling to good 33s a 57s td Cochin „ Finger l'2,s 6d Good to fine white Middling to fair 34s a 60s ■20s a 31s VANILI.OES— lb. Bulbs 7s gd Low to good pale Ils a 12s 6d ' anritius and 1 Ists Gd. crysallized 3J a 9 in. 22s a 30s I7s a 2Cs ed .Sliglitly foul to fine .. 9s Cd a 14s Bourbon ... / 2nds Foxy & reddish a 8 ,, Good to fine Is yd a 2s 4d Seychelles 3rds Lean and inferior I2s a Its 2s 2d Common to foul & nixd. Fair to good clean 3d a Is 6d Is 4d a 2s 2d VERMILION lb. Fine, pure, bright Common to fine Is 2d a Is 9d WAX, Japan, squares cwt. Good white haid ...|< tla THE AQmmiTumi mAGazme, COLOMBO. Added as a Supplement Monthly to the “ TROPICAL AQRIGULTU RISTT The folIo^ving pages include the Contents of the Agricultural Magazine for November : — Vol. IX.l NOVEMBER, 1897. TNo. 5. SEASON EEPORTS FOR SEPTEMBER. ESTERN Province. — Paddy. Yala harvest nearly over, a good Malia is expected, but pro.spects would have been better if excessive rains had not spoiled them. Rainfall all over above the average. Fruits and vegetables n.rt as plentiful as usual. Central Pro ymce.— Paddy. Yala harvest over, and sowing, transplanting, weedings, &c., in progress ; crop prospects good. Rainfall in Matale 7'40 in. Health of cattle good. Northern Province. — Paddy. Sowing, and pre- paration for sowing Kalapokam going on. Rain- fall 4 '86 in. in Jaffna, -8’25 in. in Mannar. Southern Province. — Paddy. Yala harvest going on or over. Preparations in progress for Maha. Rainfall 11-37 in. in Galle. Eastern Province. — Paddy. 6,000 acres in Kalmunai under Pinmari were partially sub- merged, 2,500 other acres in fine condition^ Good crop in Trincomalee district. Rainfall in Batticaloa 7'53 in. and 10’35 in. in Trincomalee. Murrain still prevalent in parts of Batticaloa district. North-Western Province. — Paddy. Yala crop being reaped, and Maha sowing commenced. Muiraiii still exists in the province. 12,000 bushels of paddy are expected from the Yala harveit of Pitigal Korale, central division, and 5,182 bushels have been sown for the Maha, Rainfall in Puttalam '91 in. North-Central Province. — (Not received.) Province of Uva — -Paddy. Maha harvest over, yield middling. In Wellassa a scarcity of food is reported owing to failure of last year’s chena crops. Province of Sabaragamuiva. — Paddy. Yala har- vest over, good in Kegalle district but damaged by ruin in tb.e Eutnupura di.strict. Maha culti- vation has also suffered owing to excessive rain. No cattle murrain repoi'ted. Rainfall at Euanwella 14 -76 in. RAINFALL TAKEN AT THE SCHOOL OP AGRICULTURE DURING THE MONTH OF OCTOBER, 1897. 1 Friday •30 17 Sunday Nil 2 Saturday •16 18 Monday Nil 3 Sunday Nil 19 Tuesday , Nil 4 Monday ■28 20 IVediie^day . Nil 5 Tuesday Nil 21 Thursday Nil 6 Wednesday . , Nil 22 Friday Nil 7 Thursday , . Nil 23 Saturdiy Nil 8 Friday ■15 24 Sunday Nil 9 Saturday , . Nil 25 Monday Nil 10 Sunday Nil 26 Tuesday Nil 11 Monclajr Nil 27 Wed'iesday. . lo3 12 Tuesday Nil 28 Tlmrsday . . Nil 13 Wednesday. . Nil 29 Friday 106 14 Tlmrsday .. •07 30 Saturday . , •54 15 Friday •03 31 Sunday Nil 16 Saturday Nil 1 Monday Nil Totil. .4-32 Mean., -19 Greatest arnou it of rainfall in any 24 hours on the 27th, Wednenhiy, 1'53 inches. Recorded by A. R, Jeeemiah. RAMIE FI3RE. The visit of Mr. J. M. Macdonald, of Messrs. Macdonald, Boyle & Co., London, to Ceylon last month should, if anything will, give an impetus 362 Supplement to the “ Tropical Agriculturist: [Nov. 1, 1897. to Eamie cultivation in the Island. The ex- citement in connection with this much-discussed fibre — about which, perhaps, move lias been written than any other plant, ilbrous or otherwise — that was evinced some two years ago, waned as raiiidly as it waxed, and the chief reason assigned for this was the tech- nical difficulties that arose in the disposal of the produce. These difficulties, however, Mr, Macdonald brushes aside by hi.-^ recommendations that the material to be exported should take the form of filasse to be pirepared by means of a machine in which he is interested. The degum- med and treated fibre, we are informed, will readily command £42 in England, vvhile the cost of producing a ton (at l|-d. per lb.) should not exceed £14, that is to say there should be a profit of some £28 on every ton produced. Taking tons as what Mr. Macdonald considers a safe estimate per acre, this will represent a profit — when the estate is in full bearing, — that is from the second year — of £42 per acre. Deducting the royalty of 25% on the net working profits due to the patentees, there will be left a clear ijrofit of £-32 per acre on the enterprise. In comparing Mr. Macdonald’s estimates with those of other writers, we should bear in mind the method of planting which he recommends, namely, putting the cuttings 1’ « 1’ apart at first, or 43,560 to the acre, and afterwards taking away every other plant, so reducing the number permanently to 10,190 per acre. In a letter written just before leaving Ceylon, Mr. Macdonald says : “ Get 40 tons (that is of stems free from leaves) pier acre and Ramie begins to pay, but nothing under 30 tons will pay.” Taking £32 as the profit per acre with a field of say 60 tons of sticks, the profit will be proportionately re- duced to £21 per acre with a yield of 40 tons, and to £16 with a yield of 30 tons. But Mr. Macdonald bases his original cultivation on large! acreages ; with smaller pilantations the cost of producing a lb. of prepared fibre may bo expected to be greater, so making the pirofits smaller ; and Mr. Macdonald gives R25 as a fair average profit per acre. Hitherto it has been customary to grow ramie 4 or 5 feet apart. Row, if we compare the number of plants in an acre put 2’ w 2’ apart and the number pier acre put 4’ w 4’ we find that there are nearly 8,000 plants more per acre in the former case, go that the method of planting advocated by Mr. MaC'lonald upsets all pre- vious calcuiations as to the amount of pro- duce per acre and makes his .own estimates unique. It may be said that there is a certain limit to the productive power of an acre of land, and that the amount of pro- duce varies within certain limits which Mr. Macdonald’s estimates overstep on the higher .side. It may further be said that it is a bad system of agriculture which recom- mends close planling with the object of getting more [iroduce. This latter statement applies of course with great force to fruit-bearing cropis as we know so well in the case of the coconut palm. But the ramie is a stem-bearing crop, and we also know that when trees are planted close they tend to grow spindly, and in the case of a branching tree that the tendency to branching is in a degree supipressed, whereas with jilenty of light and air surrounding it the tree will grow more symmetrically, de- veloping proportionately in a lateral direction as it grows in height. But in the ramie shrub the tendency to send up straight and tall stems without any lateral branches is a decided ad- vantage, for the longer and straighter the stems and the fewer the side shoots the better the fibre. Indeed, in the cultivation of the pihint it is necessary to remove all lateral foliage buds in order to pireserve the continuity of the fibre in the stems. So that by growing the plants close together, beside the advantages of the weeds being kept down and the ground shaded — for ramie does not stand drought well — we as it were force the plant to produce long straight stems of the most acceptable form. This close planting of ramie has certainly thrown a new light on tlie method of cultivation which, as we have shown, most materially- affects the quality and quantity- of the fibre and also nullifies all pirevious calculations as to yield and profit. As regards the cutting of sticks, Mr. Mac- donald advises that this should go on almost continually-, so that the sticks fit for cutting will be gathered at the pjroper time. Periodical cuttings he deprecates on the same grounds that periodical pickings of tea leaf are t ) be deprecate!. There is no doubt th it con- tinual cuttings of ramie would result in the production of a more uniform qii ility- of fibre. Mr. Macdonald estimates that one man c;ui go over two acres in a day- cutting the mature stems. The chief jioint it seems to us in e.ubarking on a new planting industry- sucn as this is to dis- cover the most suitable localities for cultivation. Ramie wants a loam or clay- loam (not too heavy-) and the more atmospoheric moisture the better. Dry sandy- soils are objection ible, but on the other hand land inclined to be water-logged is to be avoided. The plan adopted by the patentees of re- covering the roy-alty on their machines is certainly novel and speaks well for their certain faith in the prospects of ramie cultivaiion ; for when they demand a piercentage on the net profits of cultivation they- at once idenfify them- selves with the success or failure of the industry-. If ramie cultivation succeeds, the paitentees secure their royalty- ; if it fails they lo-e it. That is certainly a very fair bargain. On the whole we confess to be favoui-ably irapjressed with the pirospiects of ramie, and we feel justified in advising local growers — ptarticnlirly- those already engaged in cultivation and wi: h spare land available — to give it a fair trial on a mo- derate scale, and according to the methods of culture advocated by- Mr. Macdonald. If there is no central degumming factory- now. we fancy it must come before very long, and Chose who have their reserves of ram;e will then be able to launch into extensive cultivation afteiy of. course, having satisfied them.selves by a tentative measure that they were jusiified in so doing. With them it will be “first come fir.-t served” by the factory, and to the £42 per ton which is so temptingly offered. Nov. 1, 1897.] Supplement to the “ Tropical Agriculturist. 363 OCCASIONAL NOTES, The visit of Mr. Macdonald of Ramie fame has aroused a new interest in the cultivation of this ■well-known fibre plant, and we are inclined to think has also engendered a certain amount of confidence in the new industry. There was some talk about our having got the wrong vai'iety of the plant. We will not here enter upon the discussion of the botanical difference between Rhea and Ramie, suffice it to say that Mr. Macdonald has stated that we have got the correct sort which could be easily identified by the white-back leaves that characterize the true Ramie. We should there- fore abandon the word “rhea’’ for “ramie,” as in this instance there is a good deal in a name. We may state for the information of our readers that Ramie fibre cuttings can be had either at the School of Agriculture or from Messrs. Clarke, Young & Co,, at Rs. 20 per 1,000 cuttings one foot long. We shall be glad to show the specimens of fibre, thread, and cloth prepared from ramie — which were given to us by Mr. Macdonald — to anyone who may de- sire to inspect them. Arrangements which had been made for a first excursion-class of agricultural students, when the Henarntgoda Gardens were to be visited, had to be abandoned owing to the irregularitj' of the train service as a result of the big rock slip on the line. We have, to thank Messrs. Freudenberg & Co. for samples of the following manures : — Blood- meal, Kainit, Basic Slag and Sulphate of Potash, as well as for a number or pamphlets treating of the properties and uses of these fertilizers. We hope to make reference to the manures in their relation to Ceylon crops, in a future issue. In the meantime we 'would only say that the fact of Messrs. Freudenberg & Co. having brought these fertilizers into the local market must prove a great convenience to growers — at least to those who are wise enough to think of reducing their manure bill by replacing their stock compounds with the equivalent of more cheaply mixed fertilizing agents. We are glad to have among our numerous ex- change that most acceptable and up-to-date Journal, The Australian Tropiculturist, for which we thank the Editor. We are greatly obliged to M essrs. Hynde & Stark of Zomba B.C. Africa for their letter of the 26th August, and are pleased to know that our magazine reaches them. P. G. S.’s letter from Mildura, Victoria, received. INSTRUCTION IN AGRICULTURE. In his Administration Report for last year, Mr. W, B. Davidson, Assistant Government Agent of the Province of Sabaragamuwa e.vpresses his views on Agricultural Education — ^with reference Bpecially to the case of the native cultivator— and indicates the directions in which he thinks the School of Agriculture should work: — “What we ask from the Agricultural School and the Royal Botanical Gardens is (1) that ihe Superintendent and Director should guide us when we want information ; (’J) that we should be supplied with seeds and young plants when we want them ; and (3) that the Superintendent of the Agricultural School, or a really competent assistant from the school or from Ilenaratgoda or Peradeniya, should deliver special poijular lectures on any new garden development. E.(/., this year we want in Four Korales to have all the information we can get on (1) the grondug and preparing of rhea fibre ; (2) the preparation of the tanning material in the greeu arecanut, and an analysis of the increased profit to be derived from preparing the product locally. Again, this year and next in Three Korales I want the whole country to hear all the facts and figures about plantain culture, so as to have their produce properly cultivated and ready for the railway to carry it to the market. If Mr. Drieberg can prepare popular lectures on these points w’itli lemelight illustrations and such-like attractions, 1 will guarantee to find twenty audiences in selected neighbourhoods, and the net advantage to the country •ndll in one sea- son exceed all the advantages derived from any attempt at local school training. In fine, from my point of view, the one benefit derivable by this district from the appointment of an Agricultural School in Colombo is that the Superintendent, or a competeirt assistant, should deliver locally ircpular lectures on popular subjects. He should fidlil the same functions as are discharged by a “ County Council ” lecturer, e.g., as in Sussex. “ The sirbject is fully discussed in my reports of the 2nd December, 1895, and of the 16th February, 1897. “ In the same reports I have reviewed the history of the attempts to introduce new paddy, e.g., muttusamba, pulukhamban, and Cart lina, and of barley ; of new garden fruits such ns pomegranate, mandarin orairge, Madagascar pa- payui, porneloe, loquat, jambu, guava, and the Cochin goraka ; and of new commercial xrroducts, such as tea, Liberian cofiee, cacao, cotton, cloves, pepper, and rhea fibre. The growing of rhea fibre pronrises to develop into a cottage industry.” We have not had the pleasure of reading the two reports referred to by l\Ir. Davidson in which he has fully discussed the subject of Agricultural Instruction, for though, curiously enougli, we receive the Agricultural reports and papers published in India and most of the British Colonies, we are not supplied with the local pub- lications bearing directly on the agriculture of the Island. Nearly all the suggestions made by Mr. Davidson were eurbodicd in the scheme which was drawn up by the Superintendent of the School of Agriculture for the re-organising and better equipping of the school and for carrying on the work of the Agricultural Branch of the Edncalioual Department on more practical lines. This schema was appended to his annual rep>ort for 1896, and, reprinted in the September number 364 Supplement to the “ Tropical Agriculturist: [Nov. 1, 1897. the Agricultural Magazine. 1 he additional sug- gestion that the lectuies in the pro\ ince-^ should he illustrated -ssith limelight views and otlier attractir.ns is a ver;r practical idea. When it is rememl.eved that a sum of nearly K9,000 is being saved by the wdthdrawal of Agricultural Instructors and other measures of retrenchment, it might reasonably have been expected that some alternative and ‘ more practic.d programme of work for the improvement and extension of native agriculture would be adopted, but^ so far no action has been taken in this direction. The views of so experienced an oflicial as Mr. Daridson, vxho has been giving more than the ordinary attention of a revenue officer to native agriculture, coming also when the -scope of working the Agricultural Scliool has been diminished, ought we fancy to prove acceptable to Government and h.elp towards the draf- ting of a scheme which would make the mo t of the material available in the school. We would advise further that in connection with the jiroposed lectures, there should als o be demon- strations as far as poossible, at the time of and in illustration of the lectuies, and later also in a more practical way out of doois, and e\in literally in the field. Such practical demoustn.- tions are always given in connection, for instance, with the itinerating dairy classes in England. There is nothing like going to the very doors of native cultivators to reach them. What we want is an agricultural campaign, so to . speak, in the villages. In his last Administration Report the Director of rubiic Instruction refers to the good work being done by Mr. Lewis, the Sub-Inspector of Schools in the Central Province. Mr. Lewis may be called an old boy of the Senool of Agriculture, where he acted for a long period ns a master. We have a vivid recollection of his enthusiasm in all that pertains to llie betterment of native agriculture, and can well imagine his making the most of his opportu- nities as an Inspector of Schools— who is par evcellence a provincial grandee — to preach on the means available to the native cultivator for improving his status and prospects, and not merely to preach but to see that hi.s precepts are put into actual practice by, for instance, growing such new piroducts ; the seeds and plants of which Afr. Lewis himself would supjily them with, t • ’ Isow we aie inclined to think that Air. Lew'is self-imposed dutie.s provide an admirable example for imitation, for if his w'ork is fruitful and com- mendable, why .shoLildnot the School of Agriculture adopt the same course and work on the same lines as he pursues,— only on a wider scale. _ An Inspector of Schools is a busy man with little time to deviate from the road that leads from one school to another, and his agiicultural skirmishes must necessarily be confined to his line of route and to school centres: but we take it that schools are not so numerous in this country, nor are they always the most convenient coigns of vantage from which to attack the agricultural labourer. The neighbourhood of schools may, we confe.^s, be assumed to be the enli'drtencd centres of rural life, and there- to be capable of readily assimilating the teachings of enlightened agriculture. But w e would proceed further and work deeper, and, as we said, go to the very doors and fields of the agricultural labourer in making not mere skrimishes, hut in carrying oa a well-planned campaign, in which the im- pedimenta would be represented by seeds and idants, models and maps, machii'es, diagrams, et hoc (jenw omne so far as relates to agriculture. In India — in connect ion with the Saidipet College, for instance — we know that a special feature of the practical work is the going among the cultivators, studying their needs and ministering to the wants, w hether they lack information and instruction or such material requirements as reeds and plants. Dr. Alorris, in a late addres.s oil Tropical Agriculture in Jamaica, is reported to have declared that there is nothing which “ pro- mises to le more widely appreciated by the mass of cultivators or calculated to be of more permanent benefit than the plan of sending agricultural instructors to advise and encourage them.” AVe think we have written enough to show' that before any good may result from the teaching of the School of Agricultureits work must be made of a more practical character. Some will say that lecturing the people is not a very practical way of teaching them, but by lecturing we do not mean the declamation r f the class- room lecturer, but a method of speaking to the people not merely in words, hut by illus- tration and practical demonstration and all the available means of eflectually appealing to all the five senses of an individual. Personal contact with the masses is what is neces- sary in order to influence them, no matter in what direction, and until some such pro- gramme of work as has been recommended by Air. Davidson and which is siqiported (as we have shown) by so many independent authorities, is adopted, the question will continue to be asked, as it has been so often asked during the past year: — “ What good has come out cf the Agricultural School ? ” FRUIT CULTURE. peo’iiie ih such localities may be supposed ( Continued. ) But after all the French pebble drain which we have described, however great an improve- ment it may be on open channels or no drainage at all, is far from being perfect, inasmuch as it is comparatively a make-shift affair, which requires periodical cleaning out. The most per- fect and satisfactory though costly system is un- doubtedly the laying down of permanent drain tiles. These, when properly laid, outlast several generations and carry off the water with three or four times the certainty and .swiftness of the French drain, while they never clog. Instances are numerous w'here by this means large areas of worthless “ drowned ” land, in which cattle could not venture without risk, has been converted into productive market farms. The gospel of trenching and draining is a hard one ; it means considerable outlay long before a return can be expected. To minimise this and attain a certain sort of success, though Snjj'plement io the '^Tropical Agriculturist 365 Nov. 1, 1897.] not tlie best, tlie total expenditure might be spread over a number of years. Thus an orchard of say 20 acres upon a gentle slope may be trenched up in strips of land straight do\rn the incline with a drain along- side each strip. For example, let the first strip laid out be 20 ft. \^ide and the drain to follow. The next plot of 20 ft. is ploughed up in the first year and used for a catch crop. In the second year it is trenched up exactly as was No. 1. Next to 1 his comes the 3rd plot trenched up at the same time as N’o. 1. Then comes a second line of drain followed by plot No. 4 treated as was No. 2 for a first year's catch crop and a second year’s trenching. And thus the alteration goes on over the whole area. By this means about half the cost of comjdetely tienching an acre to be devoted to fruit cul- ture would be distributed over perhaps two or three year.s. The time of trenching is the best time for manuring if the natural poorness of the toil requires that assistance. The old method of putting a bti-'liel of manure near the foot of the tree trill not do at all. The manure must be scattered with the aid of a six-pronged fork .“o as to diffuse it pretty evenly tlirougliout the whole mass of trenched-up soil. If your supply runs short reserre it for the upper trvo feet of soil instead of working it deeper, and if you have a still shorter supply you will have to be very .'•paring. You will find it more thrifty to leare the top surface of your land rough. Then scatter what manure you have over the rough surface and turn it in when you finally level it down to a cultivable smoothness. Prac- tically this amounts to a top-dressing only. When working with a clayey soil, manuie that is not particularly rich in animal matter, but contiiins much of incompletely decomposed straw find its best use in aeration and preventing the packing together of the soil. We are apt to look upon manuiing as a sort of cure all, which with the help of a copious water supply is to save the labour of trenching up the soil, pruning the trees to a fruitful condition, and looking well after them generally. Have we not given them plenty of compo-stP Then why don’t they bear satisfactorily ? The fact is the majority of fairly fertile soils that have been industriously cultivated will suit fruit trees without other manure than a light top-dressing, for years, if only they get the inevitable and necessary opening upby trenching. Heavy manur- ing is the cultural need of annual crops, which have to spring up, blossom and seed at racing speed, to get through with their short lives within the year. Y'our fruit trees do not take life so fast, and they therefore don’t require the stimulus appropriate to cereals where work is done in 5 or 6 months. (To be continued.) THE MANIOC PLANT. Dr. E. H. Clrenning, who in 1874 addressed the Secretary of State for India on the subject of inducing the people of India to freely cultivate Manioc, especially among their hedgerows, so that the trees may serve as an alternative foodstuff in seasons of scarcity and famine, has again taken up the question in connection with the present famine in India. Dr. Gieuning, who writing last year, describes himself as “ blind and in indiffeient health and in my 79th year” believes that manioc tuliers will prove a valuable stand-by when other crops are killed by drought, and refers to them as a God-ordained food for drought and famine’’ which will be the means of saving millions of pounds and millions of lives. Living- stone Calls it the .staff of life in Africa, while in Brazil, Chili, Peru and Central America it is a universal food, and it is a curious fact, says Dr. Gtenning, that in these countries we never hear of famines though there are often very long droughts. Two species of manioc are recognised, one with a sweet root (M. Aipi) and the other ( M. uiili'isima) bitter and poisonous from containing prussic acid in its juice. The poisonous pro- perties of the latter are, hovveTer, easily got rid of by squeezing out the juice or by heating. The poisonous kind differs from the other by having its leaves and tiie summits of the branche.s dirker, and the roots have a purple hue beneath the cuticle which is wanting in the sweet kind. But the easiest test is to taste the broken root.s ; one is sweet like almonds, the other bitter and repulsive. The Brazilian arrowroot of com- merce is nothing else than the starch (known ns “ polvilho ”) from manioc. Dr. Grenning be- lieves that manioc, which has practically the same composition as rice will exactly replace it in the economy of the native Indian during times of scarcity. He writes thus enthusiastically in a letter to Lord Lome: — “Men like Stanley, Selous, Bishop Tucker andotheiswho knoiv much of Afiica, could uscist and bear testimony to the thesis that manioc is God’s natural jirovision aganist drought and famine, and is the secret means of saving people when drought destroys rice and other kinds of food.” The Superintendent of Botanic Gardens, N. W. P., India, repoiting on Dr. Grenning’s scheme says that manioc is extensively cultivated in Bengal, and is al.'^o well-known in the Madias and Bombay Presidencies. It is not raised as a commercial crop as it cannot compete with the potato and sweet potato and so does not pay. The Superintendent of Botanic Gardens, Calcutta, does not believe in the drought-withstanding properties of manioc, and states that it would fail as a food crop in seasons when rice also fails for lack of moisture. Another authority on the subject is Mr. Eobert Thompson, who writing from Lan Cayetano, Columbia, mentions that some 20 varieties are know'n in cultivation there, and that the plant could be grown from sea-level to full 6,000 feet. He then goes on to say that its peculair and most commendable merit consists in its capacity to flourish in regions not only where prolonged droughts are experienced, but also in com- paratively desert regions. Under favourable conditions as much as 25 lb. is procurable from one plant, but allowing an average of five pounds per plant, ten tons per acre would result if they are planted a yard apart. It has been said that in most parts of India the manioc is not in favour with the people, 366 Supplement to the “ Tropical Agriculturist. [Nov. 1, 1897. But the plea for maiiioc-growiiig is not as a principal crop, but as a stand-by in times of drought, during which periods the question of satisfying the palate must be secondary to the cravings of the stomach ; besides, it is well-known that in seasons of scarcity the poorer classes have to resort to all forms of vegetable products, with w’hicli at ordinary times they would epurn to appease their hunger. The State of Travancore w'ould seem to be the only place in India where manoic is cultivated at all systematically, and “ Tapioca Cultivation in Travancore” is the subject of an interesting paper by Mr. A. M. Sawyer which appeared in The Indian Forestor, Vol xxi, pages 290 — 296. We have, however, written more than we in- tended for the present issue on the subject of manioc, and must reserve any reference to a epitome of Mr, Sawyer's paper for another issue, when we shall also deal with the cultivation of manioc in the Island. AEECANIJT PEEPAEATIONS. Dr. Watt gives the following methods of treating Arecanuts for the market in India : — In some cases after the nuts are husked they are boiled till .soft ; the slices are rubbed wdth the inspissated water in which the mils aie boiled, which become im- pregnated with the astringent principle contained in the nuts ; the slices are then dried in the sun, and in this condition sent to market. Again, instead of being sliced and boiled the nuts are sold entire. In other places (Manipnrl they are sold in the streets with the husk neatly opened up like a fringe to show that the i^ts are fresh. In the Bombay and Mysore Gazetteers interesting details are given regarding the methods of preparing the nuts for the market. In Thana the growers sell the nuts wholesale to a tribe called Vanis, who by different treatment, prepare six classes of nuts. To pre- pare phulhardi supari or those with flower-like fissures, the nuts are gathered when yellow but not quite ripe. The husk is stripped off and the kernels are boiled in milk or water in an earthen or tinned copper vessel. When the nuts grow’ red and the wmter or milk thickens like starch, the boiled nuts are removed and dried in the gun for seven or eight days. The red tambdi arecanuts are prepared by boiling ripe fruits stripped of husk in milk or water with a small quantity of pounded Kath (Catechu), lime and betel leaves. As soon as the boiling is over, the nuts and boiling milk or water are removed in a basket with a copper vessel under it to catch the droppings. To make Chikni or tough betel-nut, the nuts are gathered when they are beginning to ripen, and when the boiling is over the catechu-like substance left on boiling is rubbed over the nuts, when they are dried in the sun. This process is repeated until the nuts grow dark red. To make Lavangachuri or dove-like nuts, the kernels of tender fruits are cut into dove-like bits, and after boiling in water are dried in the sun. Pandhri or white nut is prepared by boiling the ripe fruits with the husk and afterwards drying in the sun till the husk is easily removed. To prepare or dtrong nut the fruit is gathered when ripened into hardness, and after stripping it of the husk, it is boiled and dried in the sun. To make Kapkadi or cut nut, the kernels are cut out of the nut when tender aud dried in the sun without being boiled or soaked in water. Ill Mysore after removing the husk the nuts are boiled in water, then cut into pieces and dried in the sun; or they are flr.st cut into pieces, then boiled in water wdth catechu and leaves of the betel vine and afterwards dried in the sun, when the)' are fit for sale. Extract. — The w'ater in which arecanuts are boiled becom.''s discoloured and thick ; this on being inspissated forms Kossa or the catechu of the greatest astringency; but the best catechu of a red colour is obtained by boiling in fresh water the nuts which have been previously boiled. The ripe fruit is boiled for some time in an earthen or tinned copper vessel and the nuts together with the boiling water are poured over a basket. The boiled water is caught in a tinned copper vessel and is allowed to thicken of itself or thickened by boiling into a black very astringent catechu. Sometimes these nuts are boiled a second time in fresh water, when the boiled water gives a yellowish brown catechu. The refuse after boiling is sticky and is used for varnishing wood and for healing wounds. Chemists, after examining into the chemical character of the seed, have come to the conclusion that catechin is not a constituent of arecanuts, and that any e.xtract made from them must be essentially different to the catechu of the acacia, and is rather to be considered a kind of tannic matter of the nature of liatanhia- red or Cinchona-red. It is interesting to learn further that incineration of the seed produced 2-26 per cent of ash, which, besides jieroxide of iron contained pliosphate of magnesia. BISULPHIDE OF CAKBON FOR PRESERVING STORED GRAIN. We have lately been consulted as to the best means of preserving paddy from the attack of weevils, ajid among other remedies recommended bisulphide of carbon. This is the chemical which is now' most commonly used against Calandra granaria and Calandra oryzce. We find in that useful publication. The Agri- cultural Journal of the Cape, full and clear in- structions given by the Government Entomologist as to the method of using bisulphide of carbon, aud we reprint them for the benefit of our readers. Bisulphide is commonly considered to be a dangerous explosive, but there is no danger to be apprehended from ics use if it be kept out of the reach of fire. Carbon bisulphide has for a number of years been acknowledged as the simplest, most effective and least e.xpensive of the many agencies recommended and used for the destruction of W'eevils and other grain-infesting insects. As supplied by chemists, it is a colourless liquid which, owing to impurities almost invariably present to some extent, possesses a penetrating and exceedingly vile odour not un- like the stench from a decomposed egg. The liquid rapidly change.s to a heavy vapour when exposed to the air at ordinary temperatures, and to this pro- perty is largely due its utility as an insecticide Nov. 1, 1897.] Supplement to the ‘‘ Tropical AgyHculturist." 367 The vapour is very inflammable and highly poi- sonous to animal life. To ensure success the grain to be treated should be in a bin with tight sides and bottom, but the treatment of gi’aia even in open cribs is reported to be successful by the Mississippi Agricultural Experiment Station, where experiments in the use of this insecticide were conducted for many years. The chemical is placed in shallow dishes or on pieces of cotton waste or other absorbent material on the surface of the grain, or is even sprinkled directly on the surface of the grain. If there is a depth of more than five feet of grain in the bin, it is well to put part of the charge well into the mass either by pouring it in through a tube or by burying material soaked in it. After distributing the charge, the bin is usually covered with blankets or other heavy cloths to shut off the air ; the fumes, however, being so much heavier than air, cannot escape upwards to any great extent. The liquid soon evaporates, and the fumes, descending, pene trate to all portions of the mass of grain, carrying deatli to all insect and other animal life. If the bin is tight, the charge need not be over one pound of the bisulphide to each forty bushels of grain; one pound to each hundred bushels is said to be used with success at the experiment station alluded to above. It is customary to leave the grain exposed to the fumes for at least twenty-four hours. A longer exposure does not injure the grain for milling purposes, but an e.x- posure of more than two days affect its germin -ting powers. After opening the bin, the fumes gradu- ally pass of:, although if the bin is very tight it may be necessary to stir the grain or even throw it out of the bin. If the grain is in open bins and much affected by weevils, it may be desirable to repeat the treat- ment in si.x or eight weeks, particularly if the conditions of temperature are favourable for the rapid propagation of the insects ; under favouring conditions of heat the common grain weevil ( Calan- dra granaria, Linn.) passes through a generation during this peiiod. It is also sometimes desirable to have the room in which the grain is stored or even the whole building fumigated, in which case the space should be made as tight ns possible and not less than one pound of bisulphide evaporated for each one thousand cubic feet. Many mill owners in America periodically fuudgate their en- tire buildings. The bisulphide is distributed about in shallow vessels, or on absorbent material as is done when grain in the bin is treated. Because of the disagreeable and poisonous nature of the fumes and their tendency to sink to the lowest level, it is customary, when there is more than one floor, to begin the distribution on the ground-floor and to work upwards, making the exit from the top floor. While carbon bisulphide is poisonous to all kinds of animal life ifitihaled in quantities, the amount bre, allied by a man in handling and distributing it i.s insufficient to do him any harm. The only real danger from the sub.stance is its injlam/mahility , and care mu^t be taken to prevent anyone ap- proaching where it is being used with a flame of any .sort ; even a lighted pipe or cigar is dangerous. If this precaution is observed, there is no cause for anxiety. Cape Town chemists sell carbon bisulphide at 2s. per pound in small quantities and generally at a slight reduction from this price when ten pounds or more are taken. The demand for it is small and no dealer carries very much in .stock. It is not unlikely that if one is likely to require much, it would pay to import a (puintity direct from E'tgland or the United Stale.s on his own account. Edward R. Taylor, Manufacturing Chemist, Cleve- land, Ohio, U.S.A., makes a specialty of carbon bisuljihide for fumigation purposes, and for .several years has been supplying a very satisfactory grade which he calls “ Fuma Bisulfide”; thi.s he sells at 10 cents (about od.) per pound in fifty iiouud drums. From New York, the carriage on goods to South African ports is said to be even less than from London, so it might prove a good investment to some gr.iin dealers to mike a trial of importing a few fifty pound drums from him. THE VITALITY AND DISSEMINATION OP SEEDS. {Continued. ) As to how long seels carefully preserved retain their vitality, and the power of germina- tion remains, there is little precDe and reliable information, though attem[)ts have oft'Ui been made to solve the que.stion. The labours of Danberry, llenslow and Liiidley afford much material for reflection, h.aving been conducted in a methodical and pe.in.st.iki ig way, whiLt their labours extended over a long serie.s of years. More is known of ttie seeds of cultivated specie.^, for, bei ig article.s of Lrad'g merchants make a careful study of a matter so closely affect- ing their interests. Coffee seeds, in order to grow, require to be sown immedi.ately after ripening. On the other hand, melon seeds have been siiid to retain their vitality for upwards of 40 years. (Balfour, Manual of Botang.) The l ist example could only ajiply if the k»ed was p.eserved under special conditions, not exposed to the air. It is acknowledged that seeds of the Br.aS'ica family, (to which belong mustard, c ibbage &c.) will ge: minute when 10 years of age, though a less i>erceiitage of growths arrive, after the 6;h year, klany gardeners maintain that t he progress of cert.iin vegetables is more regular, more gradual, with less chance of running away to bloom prematurely, when the seed is 2 years of age than when it is threshed from the pad. On th.e contr.iry, .should condition.s advei’se to germination prevail, such as drought, or should mi-ciiievous insects abound, tlien new seed has a decided advantage as possessing more moisture and strength. The .-tory of wheat jiroiluced from the Egyptian pyr.imiil.^, and which was ,sup])Osed to have been placed tlnn-e at the time of the burial cf the mummy, tests the credulity of the scienti.-^t as well as th.at of the hus- bauilman. De Candolle in his Origin of Cultivated Plants., confesses that he doe.s not believe in the so-cillel mummy wheat, which the Count of Stenburg is credited wit h growing at Prague, !ind which issiqip sed to have [)roduced a new rtice of wheat. He states that lie Arabs slip modern seeds into the lomlis (even maize, an American plant i for the purpose of impo.^ing upon visitors ! 368 Supplement to the ‘‘ Tropical Agriculturist. [Nov. 1, 1897. Mr. William Carrutliers mentions an authentic case of the seeds of the sacred Lotus (Nelum- .bium speciosiim) which were known to have been more than a hundred years in the British Museum, being grown by Robert Brown. Dif- feieuce in germinating, says (Jarruthers. are mainly due to difference in the structure of the testa or outer covering of the seed. Where the testa, as in most cereals, is thin and soft, the dessication of the seed i.< rapid, but where hard and compact, the seed is protected from the air and the embryo is preserved in a living condition fora longer period. Thus the seeds of Canyia indica and Asparagus plumosus have a very tough covering, and the only way to release the embryo is to boil or nearly boil them for 3 or 4 hours. Some writers on horticulture as well as botanists have drawn up tables to guide gardeners as to the age at which seeds will germinate. These are interesting as giving different opinions, but as not being of any great practical value we do not reproduce the lists of Beecher, Watkins, and M. de Vilmorin. The last writer, referring to germination, says that the duration of Ihe germinating faculty depends greatly on the condition more or less favourable under which the seeds have been harvested or pre- served. Nothing contributes more to destroy seed than the influence of humiditj' and heat ; these are difficulties which are encountered when seed has to be sent to tropical regions. There is no better means of preserving seeds than to put them into linen bags in a dry airy i)lace. When attention is called to the vitality of the seed of those indigenous plants called weeds, our experience is more at fault, and serious difficulties arise. How long w'ill seed survive which have been buried deep below the surface where light and air cannot penetrate ? It is a common experience to find the seeds of weeds lying dormant until again exposed to the elements, or brought within a reasonable dis- tance of the top, and noxious annuals and biennials frequently reappear where such plants have been allow'ed. to mature and ripen their seed, leaving a legacy for many successive seasons. It is obvious that no obnoxious plant should be allowed to reach maturity, as a few specimens are sufficient to poi.son a field. R'lind in Ids Vegetable Kingdom, referring to the fecundity of plants, writes as follows : — “ The fecundity of plants, in other words, the astonishing number of germs or seeds which they produce, is one of the causes which are most powerful in facilitating their repro- duction, and in affecting their surprising mul- tiplication. A single capsule of the white poppy has been known to contain 8,000 seeds, and a capsule of the Vanilla from 1,000 to 1,500 ; a single stalk of Zea Mays, Indian corn or maize, will produce 2,000 seeds ; a single plant of tobacco has been found, by calculation, to possess the almost incredible number of 360,000, and a single stalk of spleen wort has been thought, by estimation, to produce at least a million .“^eed.'.” Why does the seed lie idle so long in the ground, and in a dormant or lifeless condition ? Without sufficient moisture to saturate and soften the seed germination does not commence. As long ns the seed is e.xclnded from oxygen no move- ment need be expected, even if other conditions are favourable. In the case of seed under deei) water this has been often exemplified. Again, a moderate temperature must exist, or seeds will not sprout. Some grain will start at a much lower temperature than others, but this does not generally apply, and different species neeil different degrees of heat according to the nature and temperament of the plant. The common and coarser indigenous plant will of course always have the advantage over the tender and cultivated one TETERINARY WORE IN CEYLON. The Prevention and Supjjressiofi of Contagious Disease. Dining 1896 the Island ha.s been comparatively free from disease. Western Province. — During the fir^t half of the year cattle plague and foot-and-mouth disease e.x- isted in and around Hanwella. It was suppressed and the Province was free for the remainder of the year. Cattle Return for the Western Province, 1896. Number of cattle : — Buffaloes ... ... 31,904 Black cattle and other breeds 127 86o Number affected by disease : — Buffaloes ... ... 4,683 Black cattle and other breeds 13,026 Supposed nature of disease: Principally foot- and-mouth disease. Recoveries ... ... ... 14,937 Deaths ... ... ... ijgQ Central Province. — There were outbreaks of mur- rain in three villages of Yatinuwara and two villa- ges of Turapane, in Kandy District, during July and August. The villages were proclaimed infecte.d areas. The proclamation regarding Yatinuwara was revoked in December, the disease having dis- appeared ; that regarding Tumpane was .still in force at the end of the j'ear. There was an outbreak of hoof disease in Uda- palata in August, and certain villages were pro- claimed infected areas. Cases of hoof disease were repoi ted from Pahala Hewaheta, Pata Dumbara, Harispattu, Yatinuwara, and Tumpane, and of sore mouth from Pata Dumbara and Harispattu. The outbreak was not severe, audit was not considered necessary to take steps under the Ordinance. Matale. — Cattle murrain was prevalent in Wara- kamura and Purijjala in Matale South during the months of June to August, 1896. Three buffaloes and seven head of black cattle in Warakamura and four head of black cattle in Purijjala were attacked with the disease. Of these, one buffalo in Wara- kamura and one head of black cattle in Pur.jjala recovered, and the rest died. The disease was re- ported to have been introduced into Warakamura by .some cuttle brought for sale from Kuiicbuttu Korale of the North-Central Province. Prompt measures were taken aiid the siu-ead of the disease was checked. Only one other ca.«e of murrain was reported from Aluwihara, about two miles from the town. Poot-and-moLith di-ease prevailed in almost all parts of the district, but no animals died from it. NuWAB.t Eliya. — There wasno murrain during the year. There was foot-and-mouth dise isa in Supplement to the “ Tropical Agriculturist." 369 Nov. 1, 1897.] 42,387 43,064 4,178 4,950 almost every village of the district. Only a few cases proved fatal. Cattle Keturn for the Central Province, 189b. Number of cattle : — Bulfaloes Black cattle and other breeds Number affected by disease : — Buffaloes Black cattle and other breeds Supposed nature of disease : Foot and-mouth disease and murrain. Recoveries ... ... ••• 7,669 Deaths •• •• ••• li4£>y Northern Province.— Mannah : In January and February a purging sickness prevailed amongst black cattle and buffaloes in the Iluppnipadavaip Pattu, and 27 cattle died out of 52 attacked, the rest re- co.fering. The disease is believed to have been in- troduced from the adjacent Vanni villages where murrain was prevailing. About the same time somes cases of foot-and- mouth disease occurred at Kannarponnai, but no mortality was reported. The cattle were quite healthy during the rest of the year owing to the good supply of water and pasture. Number of Cattle. Number af- fected by Disease. Na- ture of Di- sease District. Buf- faloes Black Cattle or other Breeds. Buf- faloes Black cattle or other breeds Reco- veries A 0> P Jaffna 2,421 137,996 4:8 813 Mur* rain 218 1,013 Mannar 9,206 25,214 31 21 Purg- ing 25 27 Mullaittivu ... Vavuniya . . 5,362 5,605 3,442 4,647 368 140 Mur rain "so 428 Total ... 22,594 171,299 817 974 323 1,4.8 193^893 vailed to some extent in July in the Four Gravets and Wellaboda Pattu, in September in the Pour Gravets and Talpe Pattu, and in October in Bentota- Walallawiti Rorale. There was no serious loss. Eastern Prorince.— There were no cases of cattle murrain in this Province during 1896. Hoof-and- mouth disease prevailed all over the Batticaloa District and in the town of Trincomales and Kaddu- kulam Pattu, though not of a virulent type, and there were no cases of death from the disease. North Western-Province. Number of Number of Animals in- Plaee. Hiriyala hatpattu Weudawili hatpattu Wanni hatpattu Dewamedi hatpattu Katugampola hatpattu Dambadeni hatpattu ... — Chilaw District. — Cases of murrain were report- ed in July as having occurred in Pulichchakulam,but the animals were isolated and the disease did not spread. Cases of murrain were also reported from Millawa, Potuwatawana, and Kahatawala in the southern division. The disease was supposed to have been introduced by animals purchased from the North-Central Province. 19 head of cattle were Animals in- fected with fected with Foot-and- Murrain. mouth disease Nil ... Nil Nil ... Nil Nil ... Nil 37 ... Nil 629 ... Nil 339 ... Nil attacked, but 3 only died, and the disease did no t spread further. No cases of murrian were reported from the central division. Cases of foot-and-mouth disease occurred in all three divisions, but no deaths seem to have followed. Puttalam District. — There has been little hoof- and-mouth disease within this district. The only imported outbreak was in Chenakudiyiruppu with- in the gravets of Puttalam in July, when 34 cases were reported. None of the animals attacked died. The village in question has an imported cattle trade, most of the animals being brought from the north. As regards murrain, Akkarai Pattu south, which connects Kalpitiya peninsula with the mainland, has been the worst sufferer. There was a sharp outbreak lasting through October and November, during which period 99 animals were reported attacked, chiefly at the important village of Kattakadu. In Demala Hatpattu, Pera- vili, and Pandita Pattus, which adjoin the Put- talam-Kurunegala road, have suffered rather badly. The disease is supposed to have been introduced into Pandita Pattu from Wilachchiya Korale in Anuradhapura. Puttalam Pattu itself has been singulary free, as only seven cases were reported. Of the animals attacked, about 100 were buf- faloes, the rest black cattle. The annexed state- ment shows the loss in each division : — Pattu. Affected. Died. Puttalam (January) ... 7 3 Pandita (January to April) ... 29 3 Peravili (August to November) ... 57 29 Akkarai south (October to November) 99 47 Total ... 192 82 North-Central Province. — Murrain has been prevalent in this Province throughout the year: during the first four months it existed in the Nuwaragampalata and Tamankaduwa district to a great extent. About the end of April Taman- kaduwa was freed from it, and nothing but a few cases of foot-and-mouth disease during the second half-year troubled that district again. In Nuwara- gampalata the disease continued throughout the year, although not with the severity of the first half-year. In Hurulupalata and Kalagampalata the disease has broken out at places now and again, but not to- the extent of the other two divisions, Hoof-and-mouth disease has prevailed only in Nuwaragampalata and the Meda Pattu of Taman- kaduwa, but it has not been much noticed. Cattle Return for the N.-C. Province for 1896. District, Number of Cattle. Number affected by Disease. cn o 0) ^ Deaths, . i Nnwaragampalata Murrain and hoof-and- mouth disease. 1,500 4,500 Hurnlupalata Murrain 186 155 Ealagatnpalata Murrain 160 366 Tamankadnwa District Purging and sores on hoof and mouth. no 95 Total . . 1,946 5,116 Uva — Foot-and-mouth disease prevailed all over the Province during the year. Cattle Return for the Province of Saharagamuwa for 1896. District. Number ot Cattle. Number affected by Disease. W 78,727 Supposed 03 p and down, and indicated how he would expose him in Court; but finally said “to be done with it I otter you” — say £5,000 (perhaps half or one- third of the half profits), and Mr. jumped at the offer rather than face expo.suro ! Hurirg the interval between tlie failure of coffee and success of tea, Mr. Shand — even when well on to 70 years — during his last stay in Colombo, was indefatigable in experimenting with new products, among the rest with fibrous (ilants; and he tested, with machinery of his own in- vention, nearly every fibre-yielding plant in the island with the result that our little Ceylon aloe ( Sanseviera Zeylanica ) gave the best result.^, though not enough to make it jiay at that time. Another curious experience of Mr. Shand was his gifting (as a pleasant fancy) his Rakwana Coffee estates to Mrs. Shand when leaving Ceylon with his “cotton” fortune in the “sixties.” Most fortunate accident ! For when through business complications with the Messrs. Collie, London Mr. Shand lost all that fortune, the desiused Rakwana properties came in very handy as beirm free of his personal estale ! Haring his long residence in Ceylon Mi . Shand had never more than a day or two’, s ilh e.'s, a fact which heattiibutes to the climale b.-ina' suited to those who are able to move about the country or to those in Colombo who la he ph ntv < f exercise combined with moderate living. Mr. Shand himself was one of the most active as well as cheerful men we have ever seen. His Inisk step, cheeiy voice and phnuant laugh were mi.ssed in the Fort of Colombo when he left for England in 1863; and the same was THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 374 true when he finally quitted Ceylon in his 71st year in 1890. He is now in his 79tli year and continues to take a great interest in Ceylon affairs, though his health wil not permit of his moving about as freely as he did ever since he went home until very lately. He carried on a brisk correspondence in the Observer some months ago on the Currency question, pointing out how China Tea must sjore at the expense of Ceylon, with silver and exchange so much in favour of the former. The latest letter we have had from the veteran was still clearly written and hopefully expressed. For industry, cheerfulness and in- domitable pluck, few Colonists ever came to Ceylon who equalled Mr. Charles Shand : may his shadow never grow less ! MAY TEA BE PROFITABLY GROWN IN THE (AMERICAN) SOUTHERN STATES ’ It is not a question whether individual plants inay not be successfully grown so as to present interesting and beautiful objects, in landscape or other gar- dening, nor wornte.d lea f/ai den favor- able conditions of soil and exposure to the sun with protection from winhy 1 lasts ai d theavoidar.ee of ftegnant water about the icots of the plant. (Jood qwlily means Hu t the plants have been i aised from ihe best seed attrinab’e or capable of being grown in the loi al climate. It is cirtainly nccefsary to distinguish at least time sorts of tea plants. Ihe Assam uriquestionably leads. It derives its name from the north-oastei ri province of British India which was wrested from Bur mah early iu this cen- tury. It was found growing to the height of tl i:ty [Dec. I, 1897. feet in the dark, steaming jungles along the banks of the Brahmapootra river, where the atmosphere Vitas always damp and frost unknown. Its leaves are bright green and large, often attaining a length of seven or more inches, and broad in proportion. Few regions elsewhere appear to be favourable to the growth of this variety, although long ago the forests of those jungles have given place to well ordered tea gardens, where the indigenous plants bask in full sunshine — a requisite for the renumerative production of tea crops. The attempt is being made at Pinehurst to cultivate some of this variety ; but the severe weather (15° F.) to which this section of South Carolina is liable, makes success less than probable. It may be that fully hardened and woody plants are capable of enduring such extreme cold, and that by grafting or otherwise, a slightly lower type may be obtained for successful use. At the other extreme is the Chinese variety. Not that all or even the greater part of Chinese tea plants should fall under this catagorjq for unquestionably very many deserve far better treatment ; but as the type exists to a considerable extent in China, and especially in its colder provinces, the name may be retained. This variety is a low, bushy shrub, slow of growth, adapting itself to a great range of climate, and capable of withstanding frost, snow and ice. The leaves are of a dark green color, tough and small, i. e., from two to three inches in length and quite narrow, (lancet shaped). This stunted and generally unpro- fitable description of tea plant is supposed to be the result of the exposure of the better varieties for centuries to dry and cold climates, and to a lack of pjroper cultivation. Intermediate betw’een the Assam and Chinese types stand the so-called *' Hybrids, ” and reproducing in their countless varieties the characteristics of both the parent sorts. Strictly only few of them have been obtained by the direct hybridization of the before mentioned varieties ; most of them are the result of endless crosses of different kinds, as also of the effect of climate and cultivation. It has been observed at Pinehurst how few tea plants are not susceptible of great improvement in form, productiveness and quality by liberal cultivation ; and that gardens of widely different origins exhibit, under the same treat- ment, a tendency to produce a local tjpe of leaf, with marked and distinctive characteristics. It is generally held, especially bj’ English authori- ties, that those hybrids which stand nearest, by origin and in their nature, to the Assam, are to be more highly prized. There are substantial reasons for our advice to plant only the best seed that can be grown in each locality. The Assam plants produce, in their own climate, about twenty ihtshes a year, whereas the average number of pickings iu China do not exceed more than three or four. And it may be well to hei'e explain what is meant is meant by a “flush.” The work of the tea planter is to produce from the seedling and as rapidly as possible a vigorous bush of from two to five feet in height, according to the variety of seed. He then proceeds to deplete the plant of by far the greater part of its foliage, which is usually done in the cold season. Nature makes a prodigious effort to restore the natural equilibrium between roots and foliage, and with the advent of warmer weather, throws out from every branch a vast trumber of tender shoots and leaves. The planter immediately plucks off as much of this young foliage as his experierree has taught him to be wise, i. e., without injury to the vitality of the plant or loss to the subsequent pickings. For the struggle between him and the plant goes for rvaid through the entire season. These successive crops of young leaf are terrrred “ flushes. ” The wise planter will not strip the plant of .youi'g foliage at any picking, and thus thei e is a steady gain in the size of the tea plant during the growing season. Wilh the return of cold weather, a more rrroderate pruning is resorted to, severe pruning beitTg enforced only every three cr four years The length of years that a tea plant can endure this struggle is uncertain, but it should, under favorable circumstances, produce at least ten good yearly crops. Dec. I, 1897.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 375 Large leaf goes further than small leaf, (both being tender, for that is an indispensable condition for making good tea.) The young plants, whether grown from seed in situ or transplanted seedlings from the nursery, should fill out the gardens at regular intervals, determined chiefly by their expected growth, varying from three by four to six by six feet, where plowing is used. Vacancies occur from the death of individual plants ; they should be as few as possible, as they waste the land and increase the labor of cultivation and gathering. A vigorous growth depends upon the productiveness of the variety of plants used, on the climate, the richness of the soil and the cultivation. As regards temperature, the best climate for tea is a warm one, ranging during the year from 45° to 90° F., and without sudden and great varia- tions or severe wind storms. The rain-fall should be abundant and evenly distributed throughout the year. But it is essential that copious rains and frequent fogs should occur during the warm season when the flushes are produced. The rain-fall in the countries best adapted for raising tea ranges from 75 to 150 inches and more per annum. Nevertheless it is possible to remuneratively grow tea in medium climates with lower averages of both heat and rain- fall. Indeed, were this not the case, it would be idle to attempt the cultivation here with an average temperature of 65° F., and an annual rain fall of 56 inches. The question then probably turns on the two points already mentioned, viz. : the dearness of labor and the liability to extreme cold in the winter. The occurrence severe cold in the winter may so weaken the vitality of the choicer sorts of tea that the crop of the following season may be reduced by the amount per acre that marks the limit of profit. An average production per acre of Indian and Ceylon gardens, in good bearing, is about 400 pounds of cured tea annually ; although instances are not in fre- quent of 700 to 1,000 and even more pounds under the most favourable conditions of cultivation and climate. The tea plant is an enormous feeder. If the soil does not afford abundant food, artificial enrichment must be resorted to. Liberal fertilization augments not only the quantity but improves the quality of the leaf, as has been demonstrated experimentally at Pinehurst, especially on poor and medium lands. The picking of the leaf on a garden of twenty-five acres will keep a small force of say twenty children almost continuously busy during the season. With patienoe and attention, the colored children in the Southern States quickly learn to perform the task satisfactorily. In thh earlier flashes, they are taught to pick only the nnexpanded leaf bud at the end of the shoot (the “Pekoe tip,’’) with perhaps the one or two next and very tender leaves. Later in the season, the number of leaves to be picked may ex- tend to three or four. It is a pretty sight to see the gathering of the leaf by the children. A suitably equipped factory is indispensable to even a moderate-sized garden. Ft r the present only black teas are made at Pinehurst ; and, consequently a brief descr p i ion of what is requisite for their manu- facture mu I suffice. The first step is the withering of the fresh leaf. This is effected by thinly spread- ing cut the h af orr floors or trays, so that every pound shall cover about ten square feet. As each pound of finished tea represents four and one-fifth pounds of fresh leaf, it will be seen that arr output of one hundred pounds of dry tea per diem requires about foi r Ihcusarid square feet of withering surface — in itself an expensive item. The pnirpose cf withering is to render the fresh leaf susceptible cf being rolled without breaking. As it comes to the factory it is crisp and elastic ; it crackles wherr com- pressed in the hand ; wherr bent, it irrrmediately resumes its forrrrer shape. Withering requires a light, airy roorrr, but it is better to exclude direct sunlight. A few hours sometirrres suffices for the change, but irsiially a vchole day’s exposure is necessary. When sufficiently withered the leaf has lost its elasticity and leels like an old kid glove; no longer will it crackle when compressed, nor will it regain its shape. Fresh leaf has neither distinctive taste nor odor. Withered leaf has a faint odor; peculiar, but not suggestive of the finished tea. By rolling (either by hand or machinery.) the oily cells in the leaf are broken up aird the juice expressed upon the surface of the leaf. There it becomes foamy from the action of the air and the continued rolling. An oxidation begins, which is prolonged by exposure to the air. By rolling and oxidation (formerly and erroneously termed fermentation) are developed the strength and in part, the flavor of the tea. The rest of the flavor and the fragrance are the result of the final process of “firing” or drying. It has been found advanta- geous to substitute machinery for hand power in most of these operations, especially where the pro- duction is sufficient to warrant the expense of buying and erecting the especially devised machines. And aside from economy in production, the greater uni- formity of product and the more attai' able cleanliness of the manufacture are commendable features. In the rolling of tea leaf, a capable man can handle thirty pounds a day; a “Little Giant ” rolling machine can do as much in half an hour, and takes the labor of one mule to accomplish it. The total cost of a factory suitable for the daily production of fifty pounds dried tea may be estimated at 50n to |2,000. ® " It has been thought advisable to dwell on the expensiveness of tea production, as letters are cons- tintly leceived asking for such information. There should be added the loss which follows f-om" impair- ment of seed on the long journey from the East" whereby only one box in four comes to hand in good order, as also the remuneiation of the skill and attention which must patiently and constantly oversee every step in the growth and manufacture of this product. And thus, even if the raising and manufac- ture of tea in the United States be divested of all fancy, and the utmost economy be practiced it will be seen that the obstacles and expenses to be over come are very considerable; indeed so considerable" that any serious competition with Asiatic producers on the lower and medium grades is simply out of the question. What, then, are the grounds which justify the continuance of experimentation in this direction ’? And the only satisfactory answer that can be given is, that thus far experience appears to justify the original hope of our ability to grow high grade teas remuneratively. Thus far, we have established at Pinehurst very fair tea gardens from choice imported Chinese and Japanese seed. From them we have produced both the green and black teas cf a quality which readily ccmnnnds one dollar or more in the retail market. The gardens have few vacancies and the plants have a luxuriant growth. There ar ’ also a number of gardens raised from hybrids that were introduced m.my years ago into this country by the national government. Unfortunately thev exhibit the effect of neglect, in having largely relansed towards the Chinese type. They require rigorous pruning, often the extirpation of refractory indivi duals, the promotion of a more favourable s^ondarv growth, and liberal cultivation; under these oondi tions they give excellent results. Other gardens of Formosa, Assam, and the best hybrids from India and Ceylon are yet too young to afford reliphlB data. There can be no question of the luxuriant growth of the hardier sorts, nor that the quality of the product and its reception by the public entirely meet with our fullest anticipations. But not enough experience has been gained to form an estimate of i s productiveness per acre (or per plant) of the gardens; nor can any positive statement be given as to the success of the two lines of experimentation to improve the general quality of the plants bv importing different varieties of the more tender"sort = until that variety be found which combines the utnu st quality with the ability to stand this climate or bv direct propagation by cuttings and grafting to’rerro- duce the best individual plants in the already established gardens. It w’as to be expected that our experiments must encounter many obstacles and cause many disappointments. But there has been 376 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [Dec. I, 1897. enough success thus far to ’wanant their continuance. Ultimately it is hoped to attempt the manufacture of those veiy highly esteemed ondfriced leas which are rarely met with outside the countries where they are grown; and simply, because of a light •‘firing,” they do not stand distant tiansportation. They should be drank shortly alter manufacture. This is a field where the American grower need fear no competition from the Orient. Such teas must demand a high, very high price ; but if better than can be otherwise obtained, there will be no scarcity of buyers. CHAELES U. SHEPABD. Piuehurst, 1896. COFFEE PLANTING IN i\] ADAGASCAP. In 1871, the late Mr. Alfred Guf not, of Yatcmandary, tried large plantations of ccffee in Mahanoro Dis- trict. The plants grew very well, and if that gentle man had succeeded in the enteipiise he would have certainly been one of the richest man who ■ ver attempted serious planting in Madagascar. Sine time after, in 1872-73, a kind oHever passed through the district of mahanoro, the disease unknown tmt l that time, acted so strongly on lie brains of the inhabitants, that an epidemic immediately broke out : it was planting coffee; almost every' me wished to plant, and planted coffee; that plant responded to the desire of the inhabitants and gi ew luxuriantly ; unfortunately this did not last long. W hat often happens in such cases soon occurred, namely, deceptive appearances, and then disillusion, Ccffee had been, it is true, planted on a large scale, but no one provided for the means of maintaining it, FJanted orlilinully, the care of hringing up the child ivas left to Fainre alone. In a short space of time latge plantations of coffee has been made, but alas ! they did not last long. In a few years, after a few crops all the plantations had disappeared. Almost all the coffee- trees had died. No one searched for a remedy, or to discover the cause of the disease. All cciutented themselves with saying, “The coffee plantations are destroyed by a disease.” Only one pb.nter, Mr. .lean Comte now in Tamatave, tcaa in the hahit of manur- ing the coffee-trees yearly. H ell, he prcserced Ins plantation, and toe remember, long a/ti r the disappearance of the other plantations, having twice accompanied him on his estate situated at Ambodiriana Lohariaiia and saw the coffee-trees in a very Jair state of vegetation. When the late war took place and Mr. Comte was obliged to leave Mahanoro, his plantation was in full crop, while long before there remained only stumps of trees on the estates of the other planters. In our opinion, the coffee-tree was destroyed by a disease which could be summarised by these words ; icant of nourishing elements. We think that the coffee-tree could be planted and would succeed on the condition that the plantation be manured yearly, even tidce a near if possible. The soil of this country possesses an incredible degree of vegetation, but, by the very fact that the vegetation is so active the scil becomes impoverished quickly. Since artificial plantations a^e made Nature ought also to be aided urUfcially. il e late M Alfied Guenot, who had lost so much money in planting ccffee, was of opinion that ccffee ought to be tried again and waspreparing to do so, when unfortunatelv he died. The same sort of icffceis that which was cultivated at the time could, we believe, be planted aliesh— the tree is not sick, since on all estates where ccffee was planted, it is observed that a few have escaped owing, undoubtedly, to having been planted in richer veins of soil. In the villages and yards one notices a few ccffee-tiecs griwing nicely, probably taking their nulritice pr'nciples frem the manure foiined naturally in these places. It is a good idea to inticduce the ceffee ef Lileriahcie, but it is no reason why the ancient scirt should net be planted again. In 1880 the ccffee in white shell was worth 3 dols. per ICO lb.; at the present tirne, one could hardly, by cffering 11 dols. or 12 dels., obtain 100 lb. of the same produce, Most of the foreign community, if not all, make use of tea now. We have also observed that ccffee flourishes here in places sheltered frem winds, and ever so little umbrageous. We believe that the plant would do very well as interlineary plantations. — Madagascar Ncics. COFFEE CULTIVATION IN BEAZIL. The following on the subject of the cultivation of Coffee in Brazil, published in the Herne Colcmale, is taken from a report addressed to the Minister of Foreign Relations of France by Mr. Viener, on bis return fiom South America; — The largest ccffee-plantiug region is found between latitudes 18 degrees and 25 degrees south ; but it extends much farther north, and coffee raising is carried on in an immerrse territory', embracing 25 degrees of latitude and 24 degrees of longitude. in the beginnirg of this century Brazil exported only a very small quantity of ccffee, but rrow it is the piiircipal coffee-producing country of the world. The following rtiitenient shows the increase of the Braziliair ci ft’, e trade since 1,800, from the ports of Bio and Samos alone in bags of 60 kilograms (133 pounds) each. 1800 13 1817 66,985 1620 97,489 1830 484,222 1840 1,037,981 1676 . . 3,765.122 1895 6,508,768 In 1895 tire crop was estimated at 7,000,000 bags ; in 1696 it was even larger. The coffee plant is rrot indigenous to Brazil, but it is today completely acclimated. One finds, it is true, irr the forests of Botucato (State of Sao Paulo) a so-called wild coffee plant (Cofea omarello), but they are without doubt plants that have come up from seeds earried by birds or monkeys. The culti- vated variety is called in the country coffea vermelho. The height of the plant varies from 2 to 5 metres and tire steirr measures from 40 to 70 centimetres in circumference. The processes of cultivation vary according to the locality. Thus in the province of Ceara, according to a pamphlet by Mr. Job, quoted from by Mr. Vierrer, the coffee plant is always started iir green- houses. The roots are transplanted at the age of two years, preferably from January to April, and are planted at a distance of from 10 to 12 palmos (the palnro is eqrrivalent to about 9 inches). They begin to yield at four or five years. The season for gathering the crop is not always the same ; on the other hand, it has quite a long duration, varying somewhat according to the heaviness of the rainy season, which generally begins in May or June and ends in August. The beans are placed on a paved floor (uncovered), called in the country fachine, and the drying lasts from thirty to thirty-five lays. In the State of Ceara the old system of decoiticatiou by grinding by millstones (rodierosj turning in a stone trough is still employed. This method leaves much to be deriied, for many of the grains are crushed by the weight of the stones. The cleaning and burnishing are done usually by hand. In the States of Sao Paulo and M inas Geraes the cultivation of coffee occupies vast areas, and the treatment of the ccffee after the crop has been gathered is done in a much more pei feet manner then in Ceara, by the most improved machinery. The largest fazenda (plantation) in Brazil, and p ihaps in the world, is the Dumont plantation (State of Minas Geraes) esIablLhed by a Frenchman, whose name the plantation s ill bears. The total extent of the property is 30,000 hectares, 6,150 of wh eh are planted in col ee. The number of plants in 1896 was 4,718,000. The cultivation is carried on by Italian emigrants, of whom there are 8,000 employed. Each year the extent of this plantation grows, and the pioduction becomes larger and larger. t)EC. T, 1897.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 377 In 1895 the yield from the Dumont fazenda alone amounted to 4,100,000 kilograms, and that of 1896. rose to 4,5110,000 kilograms. This plantation was sold three years ago to a Brazilian company for the sum of 12, 000,000 francs. — The American Grocer. LUCERNE (ALFALFA) CULTIVATION. Extr act from ‘ Hand-Bool' of Experimental Station Worle, ’ published by the Depart- ment of Ayricidture, Umted States, in 189S (pp. 10—11.) Localities suitable ior Cultivation. — A perennial forage plant, resembling clover in its feeding value, habits of growth and effects on succeeding crops. Under favourable conditions it will live from eight to fifteen years and does not run out as clover does. It has long been cultivated in Europe and is grown quite extensively in California and some of the other Western and Southern States. It seems probable that it may be introduced with advantage into may parts of the Southern States east of the Mississippi, and over a wide tract cf the more arid regions of the south-west. It has been grown successfully for several years at the station at Geneva, New York, but in recent experiments on thirty farms in different parts of Vermont, it was very largely winter-killed. While a southern climate is more favourable to Lucerne, numerous experiments have shown that it will do well in maijy localities in the Northern States, and, when established, will produce from three to five crops each season for a number of successive years. “Lucerne is specially adapted to dry climates and withstands drought much better than ordinary clovers.” For this reason it is largely relied on in Colorado and California, especially where irrigation is used. A Nitrogen-collecting Crop. — Lucerne is one of the plants which collects Nitrogen from the air. It also gathers a coi siderable amount of Phosphoric Acid and Potash. At the New Jersey station in two years Lucerne grown on 1 acre collected 553 lb. of Nitrogen, 98 lb. of Phosphoric Acid, and 686 lb. of Potash, valued at 124 dollars. If Lucerre and its products are properly utilised on the farm, it cannot be considered an exhaustive crop, but rather one which transforms the raw materials in soil and atmosphere into products for man’s use. Soil Preferred. — Otdiure. — Lucerne prefers a light’ sandy or loam soil, with a sub-soil through which its long roots can penetrate. In some cases its top roc t down 12 to 15 or even 20 feet. At the New Yoik station, however. Lucerne has been successfully grown on a clay soil. On such a soil greater pains must be taken to secure a good stand, but, when the plant is once established, the character of the sub-soil is of more importance than that of the suiface soil. Use fresh, pure seed. Sow at any time when the ground is in suitable condition, and when theie will be time for the plants to become well established before they are subjected either to drought or extreme cold. The soil should be thoroughly prepared and the seed sown at the rate of 15 to 20 lb. to the acre. If sown broadcast, about the latter quantity will be required ; if in drills, the former amount will be sufficient. In the north spring seeding is adrisable, but in the south it is better to sow in the autumn Irrigation. — In regions where irrigation is necessary, the Colorado station advises that the water should be applied to Lucerne before cutting, because thus the reaper does its work more effectively, and the growth of the succeeding crop is stimulated. A relatively large amount of moisture is required the first year in order to secure a good stand. Harvesting. — Lucerne should be cut during the first period of good weather after the blossoms begin to appear. If allowed to stand too long, its stalk be- comes hard and woody, and succeeding crops are likely to be diminished. If designed for hay, it must be carefully cured and housed, for otherwise its leaves will drop off and only a mass of bare stalks be left. Value as a Feeding Stuff.— During a single season Lucerne furnishes a large amount of nutritious green forage relished by all kinds of stock. It should be partially wilted or mixed with hay or straw. In the dry regions of the west it is much used for pasturage, especially in the autumn, but there is more or less danger that it will cause the cattle to bloat or that the plants will be killed by close pasturing. Cattle sheep, and horses relish Lucerne hay and seem to thrive on it. Chemical analyses and digestion experiments show that Lucerne compares very favourably with red clover both as green fodder and as hay. It may be used either for fattening or for milk. To secure a well balanced and economical ration. Lucerne, which contains a large proportion of protein, should be fed with corn, wheat, oats, straw, root crops, etc., which contain relatively large amounts of the other food in. gredients (carbohydrates and fat). In many instances farmers might profitably raise Lucerne as a substitute for the wheat bran, cotton-seed meal, and other mate- rials which contain large amounts ci protein and which they are now buying in order to utilise the excess of carbohydrates produced in corn and other crops. Disadvantages.— (1) It is not easily estab- lished; (2) it is less hardy than clover; (3) if allowed to grow too long its stalks become hard and woody; (4) except in dry regions cattle cannot be safely pastured on it; (5) it requires peculiar treat- ment to make good hay. Advantages. — (1) ‘When established it does not run out ; (2) it wi;hstands drought much better than clover • (3; it grows rapidly and m-iy be cut early in the season ; (4) it gathers a large amount of nitrogen from the air as well as from the soil, and is there- fore very valuable as a fertilising crop ; (5) it furnishes several large crops of green fodder each season • (6) when properly cured it makes an excellent hay- (7) it is relished and digested by all farm animals and is an excellent flesh and milk producer ; f8) it makes muscle rather than fat, and is therefore valuable to use with corn and other fat-pr oducing crops to make a well-balanced ration for cattle. In brief, experience at the stations and elsewhere indicates that Lucerne is valuable as a feeding stuff and as a fertilising crop, but that it requires peculiar conditions of climate and soil for growth and careful culture and curing to make it a profitable crop. It is worthy of repeated and systematic experimental tests by farmers, even though in some regions and on some farms it should prove a failure. Diseases. — (Pscuclopeziza medicayinis). — This fungoid disease is found in nearly every place where Lucerne is grown. \ sually it does not attack the plant until the second year’s growth when the plant is able to survive the disease. Sometimes, however, it completely destroys seedling plants. The disease shows itself as minute dark-brown spots of irregular shape upon the green or discoloured leaflet. The centre of each spot forms a small pustule. In this are developed the spores, which are set free by the breaking of the epidermis. The disease readily survives the winter and may develop year after year in the same field. In serious cases covering with straw and burning alone stopped the disease. It may be held in check by frequent cuttings. Lucerne Root-rot. — {Ozonium auricomum ). — The fun’« gus causing this disease has been identified as the same as that causing the “root rot of cotton.” It attacks the crown of the plant and W'orks down for 6 to 10 inches, completely killing it. In the field the disease spreads in almost a perfect circle, at a rate of 50 to 60 feet during the season, killing’every plant. It is thought that sowing salt plentifully or appl3iug kerosine over the infested spots will kill it out, thus preventing further spreading. The disease is worst in dry, hot weather. In the Appendix to the Handhoolc of Experimental Station Work (pp. 386, 388 and 397) the followiug ig 378 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [Dec. I, 1 897. given as the averages of the 23 chemical analyses of Lucerne : — As Green Fodder. Fresh air-dry material 71’8 2’7 Water-free substance A^i7. 9’4 As Hay and Dry Coarse Fodder. Fresh air-dry material 8’4 7'4 Water-free substance A77. 8’1 Fertilizing Constituents of 'S 0 0 . s .2 ‘ *0 Ash be p ospb acid CO rn 03 X ■g 0 Ph Green Fodder- ... 75’30 2-25 0-72 013 0’56 Hay or Dry Coarse 0-51 1-68 Fodder .. 6-55 7-07 2-19 To contrast with the t bove So 1 ghum Fodder may be here shown from the same table of analysts of Fertilizing Constituents of Feeding Stuffs; — Green Sorghum Fodder ... 82'19 ... C'23 009 0 23 • — xifjricultund Ledger. The Longevity op Seeds. — M. Charles Naudin contributes lo the Bulletin of the Societe Nationale d’Acclimataticn de France a paper on The Longevity of Seeds, and their Preservation in the Barth.’’ Seeds, says he, are known to remain for an indefiitile length of t me, even for several centuries, in the ground without germinating, ow'ing to atmospheric or oilnr causes. M. Naudin instances, as a case of suspended germination, a packet of earth from the Sahara, which spread over a liow'er bed, and duly watered, was found to contain seeds of Helianthemum, which grew, and bore yellow flowers. The inference is, that an apparently barren region yet contains in its soil seeds which, were the climate to become more humid, would rapidly transform it to one of vegetable fertility and luxuriance. M. Naudin mentions, in further confirmation of his opinions, that in 1895 he received a few seeds from Gaboon packed in some of the soil of that place. This earth, less than two pounds in weight, w'as placed in a flower-pot, whence, in a fortnight, sprang twenty seedlings all belonging to the Cucurbitaceaa. The stems and branches of these plants grew to a length of from 20 to 24 feet, and it is hoped that they will put forth bloom, thus showing the genus and species. From this accidental yield, it is supposed that soil more carefully selected would give still richer results. In the many cases where plants cannot be brought to Europe in good order, where they die on the voyage, or are imma- ture or past their prime, it is suggested that a sample of the earth selected from some likely spot in their vicinity should be sent over in their stead, and might be found to contain fertile seeds of the species desired. If this says .VI. Naudin, seems a proceeding based too much upon chance, like that of a fisher casting his net at a venture, this difference may be pleaded: the botanical collector is no more sure of finciag what he seeks, but in all probability will oblaiu something new and acceptable. Finally, it must always be borne in mind how easily packets of earth can be transported from place to place without any attention on the journey, — The Gurdencrti' Chronicle. PLANTING NOTES. Orange Culture in Ceylon — We understand that there has been a considerable importation of good orange plants litely fer distribution and tiial in different districts. The plants are very choice ones and were selected from a special nursery, and that they cost very nearly E500 laid down at Colombo. They were securely packed in small bags, with the nuisery soil, and looked quite fresh and green, but without a single leaf. They promise to do very well, and we shall be glad to know results of their successful cultivation up-country. The native orange {by the way, is it indigenous ?) like other native products, is not systematically cultivated by the Sinhalese. It is generally believed that oranges grown on the hills are not so palatable as those grown in the low-country, and that the Salpitti Korale, Kotta, and the neighbouring villages, produce the best oranges, as the .soil there is best suited for their culture. Upcouutry, we are told, the plants thrive well, but the oranges do not taste so well as those grown in the low country, though Nuwara Eliya and the TJva Province produce fairly good specimens. Of course, the oranges grown in Ceylon and India are quite unlike those from Australia and the West. Our manges, however ripe they’ may be, as a rule preserve their verdant hue and do not take on a yellow one, while the taste is a shaiper and more refreshing one than the sweet flavour of the oranges met with in Europe. We understand that a large quantity of oranges are imported into Australia during the summer from Italy and Spain, and there is a growing demand for them in the Colonies. Should, therefore, the experiments now being made up-country prove a success, there should be no reason why Ceylon should not compete in the Colonies with Spain and Italy. It is a pity that a few lemon plants were not imported as well. The Australian lemons are simply exquisite, and they have a much finer flavour than our Ceylon limes. There is every reason to believe that lemons could be cultivated in our island as well as oranges. — The orange fungus is a great pest in some districts: the introduction of lady-bird beetles would speedily stop that. Planting Life in Brazil — Mr. T. L. Villiers, the Ceylon planter who recently proceeded to Brazil as the Manager of the Dumont Coffee Company’s estates there, has returned to Ceylon. His description of planting life in Brazil is not attractive: — “ Mr. Villiers went with Mrs. Villiers to the estate, but found the life there rougher than he anticipated and very different to a planter’s life in Ceylon. The heat, he says, was very trying, almost as bad as Colombo, and yellowfever was very prevalent in the neighbourhood, so that he managed to get his agreement with the Company cancelled, and left Biazil after a very brief stay. His description of planting life in Brazil is interesting. There are very few English in the country’, and they are not popular with the indigenous population. There was a European family on the Dumont Company’s property — the Secretary and his wife — but the nearest European doctor was a 16 hours’ railway journey away, and the labourer is Italian, with little in common either with the cooly or with the planter. The little narrow- gauge railway that traverses the San Paulo district is the principal means of communication, but there is an accident on it nearly every day, so that, while it is useful for freight, passengers prefer to go round to Bio by sea, as being slower but safer. Brazil coffee growing may be profitable, but is evidently not an occupation for a married Ceylon planter, or for anybody who is not prepared to rough it a good — Planting Opinion, October 16. The “Queensland Agric iltural Journal,’’ Vol. I., Part 5, November, 1897. — Contents : — Agriculture, Dairying, The Orchard, Botany, Apiculture, Tropi- cal Industries, Bacteriology, General Notes, Statistics, The Markets, Farm and Garden Notes for November, Orchard Notes for November, and Public Announce- ments, Dec. I, 1897.] THE TROPICAL GEMMING— AND GEM-SEPARATING. Ever f3ince we made the acquaintance in London of Mr. \V. S. Lockhart, M.i C.E., M. I. M.E., and saw his patent Gem-Separator at work, we have been anxious to see his invention tested in the Gemming Fields of Ceylon. Quite tAvo years have elapsed since we first heard of the formation of a Prospecting Syndicate in London having a strong Board and ample capital with the object of purchasing and utilizing the Patent Rights of the Geni-Separator for Ceylon. But we have still to learn of actual work hav- ing been begun. It is, of course, quite possible that, taught by his experience in Burma, — where Mr. Lockhart was at one time connected with the famous Rubies Company, and which he left in order to invent and perfect the separating machine he felt to be indispensable to success, — the patentee prefers to make quite sure of his invention, as well as of his position in Ceylon, and of the certainty of getting at the best fields, before he consents to make a start. Delay, therefore, we hope, will only strengthen the assurance of eventual success ; for, by recent news, it appears, the time is drawing near when Mr. Lockhart himself proposes to visit the island, no doubt in order to give a fair start to the Gem-Separator and to learn where it can best be applied. Of the machine itself, though we do not mean at present, to attempt an exact description, we have only praise to give from what we saw of its work. It IS simplicity itself. We saw a buckettull of such clay as oiir sapphires are found in, mixed up with a handful of small gems, carefully counted, and the whole tin own into the hopper of the machine ; and in a wonderfully short time we had the full quota of precious stones deposited in a glass case below the machine, having, through the process worked clear of the clay by their specific gravity. When taken out they were found to be correct in number. So with minute grains of gold thrown into a mass of detritus which seemed to swallow them up, never more to be seen separately ; but passed through the hopper and mmdiine,' the result was equally satisfactory, and not a grain tvas missing. Not only therefore was it demonstrated that masses of clay or gravel containing precious stones or precious metals could be speedily treated in the machine ; but that there was the most absolute guarantee against theft, hitherto the chief drawback experienced by all Europeans embarking in the gemming industry in Ceylon. Mr. Lockhart has said that he is prepared to deal with from 50 to 500 tons of gem-bearing earth per day per machine— a quantity ample to test the best fields around Ratnapuia, or in the Kakwana and Matara districts. We feel sure that when the trial is made, the result will be satisfactory in bringing to light, and that very speedily, any gems or gold there may be in the soil treated ; and we therefore consider that the introduction of Lockhart’s Patent Gem Separa- tors Avill mean the commencement of a-mew and important development in the history of Gemming —an industry going back beyond the Christian era —in Ceylon. , , j j. Since writing the above we have learned from the local Agents, Messrs. Lewis Brown & Co., that a Mr. Goldie was engaged some months aplicable to Ceylon, is much intlu- enced by the ciiaracter of the natives of the two countries. The Sinhalese are not a painstaking- people ; the natives of .South India are more in- telligent and will take very mucli more trouble in all the work of their hands. Xo doubt the natives of both countries recognise the good old proverb, that ‘ the coconut tree likes to hear the people talk,’ and the good effect of burning the dry fallen leaves underneath them to des- troy injurious insects. Tlie Indian ‘ prunes ' his trees : that is, he cuts away the old stalks wliicli liave home nuts. For cultivation a very simple process is piactiseil, viz , breaking up the soil about the roots generally into little heaps, into which are brought the ashes of burnt leaves, at the time when the immediate advent of the monsoon is apprehended. Both these simple processes increase the yield of nuts, so that in ordinary years there is a bunch of ripe fruit, often of 12 nut.? to be gathered every month. “The making of copra |s a careful operation in India; and far otherwise in Ceylon. The nuts when opened are not placed on the bare ground in the sun or exposed to a fire ; but clean mats are put down to which the women attend, taking them in at night or covering them over on the approach of rain. The pressing of the oil by the checku is the same in both countries* ; but even in this part of the process the Indian is the superior in oleanly methods. .“These few hints are given for what they are worth. It is not supposed our native friends in Ceylon will change their methods ; but European proprietors and superintendents of coconut plantations by accepting these recom- mendations may increase the produce of their trees and improve the quality and value of their oil. Sometimes a red tint is observable in the oil. This arises from too long delay between the gathering from the tree and the conversion of the kernel into copra by exposure to the sun ; especially when the nuts in tlieir husks are piled in heaps in the open air, geimination having commenced witliiii the shell. These should be carefully avoided, germinating nuts being dis carded. What is desired is a clear colourless oil when linally pumped into the casks for shipment, to jirooure a white solid sample when offered for sale in London or at the Continental Pons.” Vve now return to the inacticfil question with which we oiiened. Surely, we may say we have as e'ood coconut palms in Ceylon as on the Cochin coast ; as good soil and a climate equally favour, 'iblc at least in the disiricts North of Cidoml.io (and in Battiealoa and Jafl’na?); and if this be granted what is to hinder equally g)od copra being prejiared here? It seems tons that the ex))lanation must be found in the greater care exercised by the natiies of Cochin in their handling .and drying of (he copra— a fact that is testiiied to by both our mercantile * We suppose there are European oil-preparing mills at Cochin as at Colombo? — Ed. T.A. correspondents, and that it should be quite possi- ble, say in the Maravila and Chilaw districts, if not in the Negombo district— to prejiare with a little extra care, copra equal to that of Cochin. For instance, not only can Negombo, Mara- vila and Chilaw (including Kajakad.aluwa) boast of most luxuriant palms growing in fine soil ; but even Cochin can scarcely show a much larger number of dry sunny d.ays during which copra might be prepared. We lind that the meteoro- logical record for the several centres of coconut cultivation in Ceylon runs as follows ; — Average annual total : Name of Rain- Rainy Dry Side of Station fall : days ; days; Ceylon. Colombo 88-52 171 194 We.,t Heneratgoda 93-84 t48 217 West-inland Kalutara 86-03 151 214 South-West Galle 91-47 206 1.59 South Matara 68-26 19 266 South Negombo 67-11 98 267 West Chilaw ( Horakclle) 65-45 92 273 North-West ,, (Raiakadaluwa) 51i 106 259 North-West Puttalam 46-36 78 287 North-West Kalawewa 50-14 76 289 North-Central Kurunegala 84-12 168 197 Central (low- country) Jaffna 47-68 72 293 North Batticaloa 54-85 101 264 East From the above we would specially select the Ne- gombo, Chilaw, Kurunegala, .latlna and Battica- loa districts and ask, for what reason — if suffi- cient manual care be taken— as good and at- tractive copra cannot be pre[)ared from the co- conuts in each of these as in i*ochin ? We have heaid, indeed, of plantation copra from Batticaloa being pronounced very superior to ordinary Cey- lon. Is this an established fact ? If there is no other remedy, would it not pay on some of our plantations to import some natives of Cochin ac- customed to manipulate the coconut kernels for copra in that State ? We await the opinions, or experiments of practi- cfil planters in the districts referred to, from whom we shall be glad to hear on the subject ; for surely, if increased care in preparation increase the price of a great part of Ceylon oil even ten or twenty, much more by thirty-six per cent., there is ample reward awaiting the experiment. One point may be raised as to the greater proportion of stearine in Cochin coconut oil ; if (ihis be due to soil, we should have to get samples from Cochin to analyse and com- pare with our Ceylon coconut soils* ; but we cannot believe there can he much difference in this respect between the best of our West Coast and the Coast of Cochin. The difference is most likely to arise from the more careful cultivation of the palm, the plucking of ripe nuts only, and the watchful manipuhation, as already described, of tiie kernels to secure the best copra. All thi.s should be within the reach of coconut estate proprietors in Ceylon, at least in some of the districts we have selected as :uo...t allied to Cochin in climate and soil. CEYLON VS. COCHIN COPEA. On the subject of (lie above article we have drawn u[) the following questions and circulated them among authorities in Colombo who have not alrea 1 Pipr £.3 pm- ton. We can recall Uva coffee co.s.: ^ - £6 per ton to bring ib 170 miles to Colombo, or more than it cost for freight over 15,000 miles via the Cape to London ; Avhile the labour difficulties of the Uva pioneers and planters for many years Avere infinitely greater than any so far ; realized, judging by the e.xperience of Mr. Isr.ael and Mr. Henry Brown, in British Ce itral Africa. Under these ciicumstance.s, Ave hail Avitli pleasure the cheery optimi.stic utterance.? of our correspondent, an I we hope his lab.ours as .abso those of the Ceylon Ny.assalamI Coffee Company' ■M inager and Assistants Avill be crowned wiili all the success they, or their proprietors and shareholders, can desire. We also call attention to an article on Coffee I’lauting from the British Central African Sews, . . on page 390, in Avhich a first list of the 390 TH^: TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [Dec. 1, 1897 coffee properties in British Central Africa is given The total acreage planted, it will be observed, is very considerable, albeit most of the clearings are young. Some local authorities think aliade will be needful for coffee in Myassaland ss it is in Mysore and Coorg. COFFEE IN BRITISH CENTRAL AFRICA. It has often been discussed within this Protectorate as to whether a coffee bush will continue to bear crops for a long period. It is worthy of notice that a patch of the oldest coffee in the country, on Messrs. Buchanan Brothers’ Zomba plantation, which was planted 12 years ago, this year gave a crop of between three and fmr hundredweight to the acre of good coffee. — B. C. A/iica Gazette, Aug. 1. The following notes on coffee plantations in B. C A. have been recently collected by us. As our readers will see, they are by no means exhaustive, but are meant to give outsiders in other planting countries, such as Ceylon, India, &c., some rough idea as to what is being done in coffee in B. 0. A. We have been freely supplied with information and statistics by all the planters we have applied to (except one). Should we have omitted to mention any plantation now in existence, it is through inad- vertence.— Ed. B. C. a. Gazette. Namasi District. — The agent of Mrs. A. L. Bruce at Namasi has now about 200 acres of coffee planted, and a clearing of 70 acres ready to plant oat. Prom what is seen of this plantation from the miin road, it appears to be in a thriving condition. Plants of two years’ growth look particularly Healthy. Mr. Owen Stroud has been in charge of this estate since Mr. Livingstone’s departure on leave of absence, and the neat appearance of the estate shows what care is bestowed on it. There is a line of blue gum and Pride of India trees along the road, and another line of Mlanje cedars planted a little further back. With a good brick house, which is being erected this year, the plantation will be completed. Mr. J. Boyd-Wallace has already planted 116 acres, and has about 100 acres cleared ready for planting next season. Mr. Wallace ha,s laid out his estate with taste, and the roads passing through are lined with Pride of India trees. All the plants are only of one year’s growth so that two years must elapse before a return is obtained. Mr. Gordon Mitchell’s estate is being managed by Mr. J. R Greenshields. He has aboulTO acres under coffee : 100 acres of this is only first year, 70 acres second year, and 25 acres third year. This latter portion of 25 acres was originally planted with second nursery plants, and though this is but the second year since planting, the crop, being really third year plants is coming on, and looks promising. Mr. Green- shield, has also planted blue gums and Pride of India strees along the avenues on this estate, and along the main road. These are sufficiently well grown to afford shade. There is one rather notice- able feature in his estate in regard to shade : some of his young coffee plants were planted in the shade of a large Jicus, near the Namiwajva river, aud though the rest of the estate looki in a flourishing condition, the plants under the shade of the fig tree are sickly and delicate. The following are the other Namasi planters with the approximate area under coffee : - Messrs. Robert- Boa and Wren, 140 acres cleared and about 150 acres planted ; Mr. K. Keiller, 100 acres planted ; Mr. J. Cameron, about 30 acres planted, and Mr. P. Morkel, about 40 acres planted. Another flourishing p’antation along the Zomba Blantyre road is that of Mr. S. Israel. He has about 60 acres third year, 70 acres second year, and 80 acres first year: about 210 in all. He does not in- tend to plant any more this year, but this does not tell agaiut^t the rate at which he intends to extend his estate, because he has decided to transplant from his first year nurseries into a second year nursery, and this, while being much cheaper than actually putting in the seedlings where they are to remain in the fields, does not retard their growth ; and next year, when these plants are finally set in the plantations, they are expected to be much stronger for the second transplanting, and a smaller proportion of blanks are obtained. The following is an ex- tract from Mr. Israel’s notes on coffee : — “ The first step, of course, is to choose the site of your estate. I selected mine on account of the healthy appearance of the forest trees and rich growth of grass. When the forest is cleared, pegs are put in where the pits are to be dug. This is called “ pegging.’’ After pegging comes the pitting, then draining. In my case, I prefer to drain immediately after pegging, because the drains can be made better then. Thorough drainage is necessary, as the open drains prevent wash, and admit air into the soil. Then the ashes of the burnt trees and grass are carefully mixed with earth and put in the pits where the coffee plants are to be set. It is not advisable to leave the ashes exposed as the rain may wash them away, or the winds blow them about. Putting in the plants is a simple matter, if well looked after. Pruning should be constantly kept up, and is even advisable in the second nursery. I have between 30 and 40 men continually pruning. After the plants are three years old, before bearing, I make pits between the rows, one pit between every four trees, and into these pits I throw all the weeds, rotten leaves, and decaying vegetable matter, as a substitute for manure. Then I cover up these pita, and when the substances decompose, a valuable manure is obtained. I also ‘‘ thatch " my plantations in bearing, that is, cover the ground between the coffee trees with grass. After picking my crop I propose to manure the trees of one ^art of my plantation in the following way : dig a hole about 12 inches deep and about one foot distant round the stem in a half circle, fill this with cow dung, coffee-pulp and ashes, well mixed with soil. An- other part of my plantation I intend manur- ing with sulphate of ammonia and phosphates, of which, for an experiment, 1 have purchased six ton. I have now commenced to plant shade trees, and have big nurseries of different kinds of Australian trees for this purpose, I shall not be able to tell o two or three years what effect the shade trees will have. Coffee estates might be advantageously laid out in gardens of from 5 to 10 acres each. When these are numbered and recorded, it is easy to make reference to certain plots, and to know what has been spent on them, when weeded, what is produced and the working by task work is easier. In this man- ner my estate is laid out aud worked. The follow- ing improvements will become necessary for a systematically worked plantation. Large cattle stalls (built near the coffee gardens so as to save carriage of manure), brick houses, for collecting ashes and manure, and good brick houses for the native labourers (to keep them in good health), good stores for drying coffee, for grain, aud for general merchandise. Well laid out vats add to the value of a plantation. I ha''’e never a scarcity of labour Labourers are coustanly applying for work, and even in the wet season I am always well off. The fact of giving them good houses, giving them the option of food or merchandise to buy food with, weekly sup- plies of silt, and medicine when anyone is ailing, adds to a ci-itain repute amougit natives, I notice that every tribe liao i s peculiarities and special fitness for certain kinds of work: — The Ajawa for skilled labour, such as sawing, pruning, brick-laying, carpentering; the Machinga, a section of Ajawa, are a strong set of men, and well suited for build- i ig, cutting trees aud similar work, where strong m iscles are required. The Augoni cannot be beaten lor pit-making or careful weeding, and the Atonga, a strong and active race, can be made useful for all-round work. The Anguru are not well suited for garden work, but are excellent for tenga-tenga work — carrying loads up to 75 pounds. THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 39t Dec. I, 1897.] If, however, you happen to pity one of these men and pay him something extra for carrying a heavy load, he is never satisfied, whereas, if you take no notice, he makes no complaint whatever,” Mr. Israel has now been in the country three years and says he has had practically no illness. He believes “ a really active life” and moderate living to be the secret of health in British Central Africa. Mr. Israels crop just picked is close on twenty (20) tons of parchment (from 60 acres). Around Blantyre, Mr. T. M. Hastings has an approximate area of 300 acres under coffee ; Bucha- nan Brothers at Chiradzulu, 80 ; the late Mr. Horace Waller at Naguafui, 50 acres; Buchanan Brothers at Lunzu, 200 ; Mr. Killer, Matope, 60 acres ; Kum- taja, 75 ; Blantyre Mission, 10 ; Sharrer & Co., a small plot at Blantyre of say, 20 acres ; Malotta, 20 ; Pettitt Brothers, on their various plantations, more than 500 acres ; Lloyd, 30 ; Lamagna, 200 ; Hunter, 100; MoLagan, 100; Jonathan Duncan, 100; J. Lindsay, 100 ; AfricanLakes Co., Mandala, 10 acres ; Bismarck, 10 ; and David Livingstone, 10.— British Central Africa Gazette, Aug. 15. BRAZIL COFFEE NOTES. There have recently been fires, supposed to have been caused by incendiaries, on several coffee plan- tations in the vicidity of S. Carlos do Pinhal, Hi- beirao Bonito and Araraquara. The losses reported are as follows : — Bento de Ahreu Vidal $20,000 ; Boro- neza de Dourados, $30,000 ; Capt. Aurelio Civatti, $200,000. In the fire on Capt. Civatti’s plantation 5,500 arrobas of coffee were destroyed. The mer- chants who have been discussing the dep ession in the coffee market held their seventh and final meet- ing on Saturday. Before adjourning they adopted resolutions in which among the means re-commended are the following: — Cooperative banking societies; reduction in the export duties ; reduction in freight rates ; responsibility of railway companies for losses cansed by them or their employes ; more stringent and efficient measures for punishing and repressing the theft of agricultural labor laws : measures for inducing immigrants to come to Brazil and to remain in the country; agricultural instruction of the neces- sary measures for the execution of the Torrens law; measures for promoting the increased consumption of coffee in foreign countries ; negotiations for obtain- ing a reduction in the import duties collected in cer- tain countries on coffee ; cultivation of food products on a larger scale. — liio News, Sept. 7. On the Albertina plantation near Eibeirao Preto the buildings, machinery and 50,000 arrobas of coffee were recently destroyed by fire. — Ibid, September 14. CEYLON TEA IN NEW ZEALAND. We have a letter from the representative of one of the first houses in New Zealand — “the Hondai-Lanka Tea Co.” — to go in for Ceylon teas, complaining of the frauds which v, r now practised in reference to the packet trade 111 our teas and calling on the Planters’ As.sociaCon to deal with the matter. Our correspondent lells us he has sent to his agents in Colombo a sample packet of tea bearing the words “ packed in Ceylon and C. B. Hall, Printer, Colombo.” We know of no such printer here and it is quite evident as our correspondent declares that such packets and many more besides, sold in New Zealand, as “packed in Ceylon,” are really made up locally in Dunedin and other town’s with blended teas. In most c.ases, as our coire- spondent indicates, nothing can be done to stop this practice; but the packet he sends over with an unknown (false) printer’s name, gives an opening for steps to be taken, since the firm or linns selling such packets can be exposed and even prosecuted if our Planters’ Association choose to move in the matter. The tea in the packet we hope to have tested and reported on when it reaches the Colombo Agents: it has not yet come to hand. But meantime our correspondent adds: — “The best thing your Planters’ Association (or Committee of Thirty) can do is to send over an agent to prosecute the houses in New Zealand selling s[)urious or blended, as pure Ceylon teas. New Zealand is now one of the best markets for your teas; but unless this system is checked, the trade will speedily fall off; for blenders are rapidly importing Fiji tea and calling it Ceylon.” We commend the above suggestion to the “Committee of Thirty.” A single prosecution in New Zealand could not fail to have a good effect all over the Austra- lian Colonies as well. DEVELOPMENT OF NORTH BORNEO. Amongst the passengers who arrived in Colombo by the ss. “ Friedrich de Crosse” were Mr. and Mrs. fryer, who are returning to North Borneo. Mr. Pryer has lived there for twenty years and is the oldest European official in the island. He is the representative of the North Borneo Development Co., of which Lord Water- park is chairman, and which owns 100,000 acres of land, of which, however, only some 1,500 are brought under cultivation at present. He is also associated with the Borneo Trade and Planting Company, the chairman of which is Mr. H. A. Scrutton. Mr. Fryer’s errand at home has been to arrange for the further development of the large estates of the two companies and to engage European assistants, several of whom will join him en route or meet him on the island .shortly after his arrival. The large area of land, which the two com- panies have secured, is mainly situated on or near to the seaborde near Sandakan. This, Mr. Pryer claims, is one of the finest harbours in the world, almost landlocked, with an even depth of water and situate so as to be safe from violent winds. Vessels call on their way to and from Hongkong and Australia, but at present the trade is not sufficiently developed to enable them to call regularly at frequent intervals. The land that has been put under cultivation has been mainly devoted to coconuts and has been pro- fitably employed, but experiments have been made in COTTON CULTIVATION. And it is intended, in view of cotton mills, started or to be started in China and .Japan — the sup- plies for whicii are mainly derived from India — to make a commencement on an extensive scale. The cotton plant is indigenous to Borneo and the colt n that grows is much the same as Egyptian in staple, while it will realise in the home market a penny per lb. more than the ordinary American. That was the verdict at any rate of experts in Liverpool, who had the samples recently submitted to them. In Borneo, Ameri- can cotton cannot be grown because the rain that falls, spoils the produce, but this does not ))rove to be so with the cotton indigenous to the island, which resembles Egyptian. Anoihei’ deve- lopment is to take place in the culti\ation of MANILLA HEMP xvhich is so largely exported from the Phillippine islands, where the export dnii'sare so heavy and the restrictions on trade si wxatious. There are also other exactions thc.e grievous to be borne, but at Borneo, under the British flag, all is free and everything that can be done to pro- mote trade is done by the representatives of the 392 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [Dec. I, 1897. Government. Hitlierto there has ])een a difficulty in .securing suitable labour for this crop, but there is now a rebellion in the Phillippine.s and it i.s believed that one of the results of the troubles there will be that there will be in Borneo a large influx of rebels, who, under a free and settled government, with the certainty of fair wages, will soon settle down to regular work. It is hoped that in five years Borneo will be exporting Manilla hemp to the value of £1,000,000 sterling, and that in ten years the island will have virtually secured the trade now enjoyed by the Spanish colony. Another ad- vance will be made in RUBIiER CULTIVATION, In regard to the demand for which, there have been of late such rapid developments. Rubber is indigenous to North Borneo, the kind most commonly grown being Willoughbeia. There is already some exported and Mr. Pryer has secured twenty thousand seeds so that as soon as he lands steps will be taken to place an increased acreage under cultivation. Such are some of the anticipations Mr. Pryer has formed and our readers will join us in wishing him success in his enterprises. Mrs. Pryer was met at Colombo by Mrs. S. H. Dyer, of Kotagala, who is her cousin. ^ FACTS ABOUT TEA SEED. {Contributed.'] To those w'ho have billets on seed gardens, as also to those whose gardens are purchasers, there is little mystery in the manipulation of the annual crop. But as I myself have been often asked how it is done, and others having, I presume, been in the same predicament, there are many to whom the “ history of the mystery” may possess some little interest. On the seed gardens the time and season comes round and passes aw.'iy without causing any undue bustle. We look upon it as a matter of course and get ready for the crop as others at the beginning of a’ tea season put their machinery and leaf houses in order. The matter is simplicity itself. About the middle of September the seed be- gins to fall, and previously to this we have cleared all the jungle from the foot of the bushes, so that picking it up may involve as little trouble as may be. As soon then as the first signs appear the children and some of the women are put on to grope for what they can get. At lirst this is little, but the seed ripening tlie night breeze of falling seed shakes down more and more until there is sufficient to justify the clean- ing preparations in view of the first challan ; so we spread the seed out in the sun and dowm beside it plant such of the garden labour force whose physical incapacity for arduous labour best fits them for the matter in hand. These strip off the outer skins and throw the cleaned seed into baskets Next day the cleaned seed is put little by little into a tub of w’ater. Such as floats is thrown aside and that from the bottom and floating in mid water is gathered up and spread on elialn'ies to dry. Some make a second quality of the mid-water seed, and keep it separate. Dried the seed is buried in layers in beds of clean dry sand heaped uii on a leaf house floor, ready for packing. The seed ripening still further artificial assistance is necessary to cause it to fall, so some able-bodied men are put on to give the trees a good shaking. This brings down a lot, and soon we are in the thick of our .season, cleaning, sorting and packing as last as we can. The packing requires a little care in its su- pervision. We here use tea chests cut in half, as we find, filled with half a maund of seed packed in charcoal, lidded, nailed down and bound with iron, the finished chest turns out just a maund. This is as much as the despatch service .allows. The mistri first cuts the boxes in half. The bottom half is then taken, and the bottom and all four sides lined with stout paper. Then a layer of charcoal is dropped in thick enough to bed a seed in. Ideas vary as to the best trans- porting medium. .Some use charcoal, othersohar coal mixed with sand or earth, others, again, light dry earth only. On the first layer of any of these seed is scattered as close together as may be but not lying double. This i-s covered with the pack- ing mixtuie and another sheet of paper laid down. Then the operation is repeated until the cfiest is full up, and a final sheet of pa])er is put down under the lid. The seed and charcoal or otherwise are weighed out for each box, and one or two seed taken out from each as a test to determine the percentage. Now in this testing much ditlerence of opinion is shown, and until a uniform method is agreed on it is as well in agreeing to a minimum per cent good, to know now this will be arrived at. This is the usual method. Take one hundred seed, and breaking the shells, split them open into the two natural halves. Then all absolutely bad is counted out in one row, so many as are “spotted” in the second, and the good seed is in the third. The bad is at once counted out. In the spotted two out of three are counted good, and these, plus the third good row, give the per- centage. This is a very fair method, and is usually accepted. The difference of opinion lies in the spotted seed. Some men testing will count out the absolutely bad as before and into this count all seed spotted near the germ. Those spotted away fro!ii the germ, on the other hand, being reckoned all good, there is not very much room on the surface of an opened seed, and the meanin:/ of the word “near” may be read differently as one is seller or buyer. It is a delicate matter. Others again— these being buyers — will split a seed into four lest any inperfections should remain hidden after a single cut. The boxes are hooped, marked and sent off by the quickest route. The price runs from sixty to two hundred rupees a maund, and a further charge of rupees three per chest is made for packing. The expenses of collecting it on the garden are small, so the profit is — fair. First, however, catch your seed.— TAe Planter, Oct. 9th. Sierra Leone Coffee and Cotton. — One of the most interesting of the economic plants of Sierra Leone is the highland or native Coffee [Coffea stenophulla) which though discovered about a century ago by Afzelius, was not described until 1834, and was not introduced into this country until sixty years afterwards (1894). It was figured in the Botanical Magazine (t. 7475), and described more recently in the Kew Bulletin (1896, pp. 189-191). This coffee has been widely distributed from Kew, It has lately flowered in the West Indies, and is there regarded as likely to prove useful for cultivation in lowlands where the Arabian coffee will not grow. Another promising economic plant in Sierra Leone is the native cot'-on, probably Oossypium herbaceum, L. In order to supplement this an effort was made some years ago to introduce the cultivation of the Egyptian cotton in the colony. Dec. t, 1897.] THE TROPICAL TEA COMPANIES AND DIVIDENDS. THE NEW DIMBULA COMPANY. ^ We call attention to the Directors’ Keport 01 this Company for last year. It indicates con- tinued prosperity notwithstanding adverse ex- change and a lower average price for tea. 1 he “ New Dimbula ” is one of the strongest Coni- panies connected with Ceylon, and much credit is due to Mr. Dick-Lander and his staff for the admirable management of the Company’s ex- tensive property, which now includes over '2,300 acres of tea. The Company has three classes of shareholders A. B. and C. and it will be observed that the first two have dividends at the rate of 16 per cent per annum divided amongst them; and the third 14 per cent ; while after deductions for planting extension, some £3,000 are carrie d to the reserve fund. Among the home Direc- tors we always tliink of Sir Arthur Birch, and Mr. W. Herbert Anderson (the Managing Director) in connection with this Company and its good Tnanagement. It is in every way a credit to the Colony. Few Companies give so much information about its operations as “The Consolidated Estates Coy., Ld.,” whose Keport also finds a place in this issue. The interests of this Com- pany are spread over a good many districts — Dimbula, Kotmalie, Hewaheta, Nilambe, Matale and Kalutara — and it has now 2,711 acres of tea in full bearing, 129 partial with 334 acres recently planted, besides some carda- moms and cacao. The crops of the past year have been excellent (and the prospects are good), but a lower average price for tea with adverse exchange has led to a reduction in dividend from eight ]>er cent, in 1895-6, to six per cent, in 1896-7. The strictest economy is to be exercised during the current year, in order, if possible, to counterbalance exchange. We need scarcely say that with Messrs. Geo. Steuart & Co., as agents in Ceylon, and Messrs. Arbuthnot, Latham & Co. in London, the interests of “The Consolidated” are in good hands. Une has never heard much of “The Korala Tea Estates Coy.,” and indeed it only dates from May 1895, when Riverside, Glenloch, Karagastalava, Wewesse and Debedde estates were taken up and the Company formed. The Keport now published is not pleasant reading ; but we trust there are better times in store for this Company as indeed for all Ceylon Companies. PLANTING NOTES. Royal Gardens ‘‘ Kew Bulletin,” of Miscellane- ous Information. Contents for October is as fol- lows ; — Botanic Station, Sierra Leone ; Improve- ment of the Sugar-beet and Sugar-cane ; Forest Products of Sierra Leone ; Butter and Tallow Tree of Sierra Leone ; Coffee Cultivation at the Gold Coast ; Botanical Enterprise in West Africa ; Mis- cellaneous. What the Coffee Planter has to put up with. — Professor A. W. Stokes, the public analyst for the borough of Hampstead, says in his annual report to the vestry of Hampstead, which has just been printed: “ Coffee showed an adulteration of 8| per cent of its samples, by means of from 50 to 60 per cent of chicory. It is usually said that the buyer E refers a mixture of chicory and coffee. This may e true ; but when the buyer asks for ‘ coffee ’ he ought not to get the mixture. But so long as coffee costs twenty pence and chicory only four pence per Eound the temptation to some vendors to think the uyer means a mixture when he says ‘ coffee ’ will be irresistible.” — H. and C, Mail, Oct. 22. AGRICULTURISt. 393 From Tea to Coconut Planting. — Mr. T. Patter- son, employed on Holmwood estate, Agrapatnas, purchased on the 13th October last a block of land containing about 97 acres between Negonibo and Miri- garna. He intends to leave Holmwood, after four- teen years as conductor and assistant superintendent to take charge of the new block and, plant coconuts and Liberian Coffee. Weight of Coconut Crop Per Acre.— Our correspondent “D” writes: — “You were asking about the weight of a crop of coconuts. Taking 4 lb. as the average weight of a fresh coconut, and calculating 3,000 per acre jier annum, for an average crop, the weight of tho produce will be something over 5 tons.” We are much obliged to our corre.spondent : now for “ cinna- mon” sticks and a'l? Scientific Research.— We understand that Mr. D. Hooper, formerly so well-known as a clever Che- mical Analyst at Ootacaiiiund, has established a research laboratory in the Indian Museum in con- nection with economic products. He will be allowed by the Trustees to undertake on a small scale private analyses of cinchona bark and other organic produce. It is a pity that the Madras Government could not see its way to retain his services in this Presidency, but, though further off, Madras planters will, we fancy, be only too glad to re-avail themselves of his invaluable services.— Pfaith'rey Oi>inion. guano in the Seychelles,— By a recent mail we had a letter from Mr. John Hughes in wliich, inter alia, he mentioned :— “ I have this week completed the analysis of a Phosphatic guano forwarded me from the office of the Crown Colonies in Downing Street. The sample was forwarded from the Seychelles Islands. I don’t know whether the results will be made public or not, so I had better say no more, but it may be inter- esting to know that a phosphatic guano exists in these islands, to what extent I do not know. “I am very busy with agricultural analysis as the rise in the price of wheat has given quite an impetus to the manufacture and sale of manures.” Coffee anb Cacao Cultivation at the Gold Coast.— A good deal of general work has been done in the Government Botanical Station during the year and considerable attentioa has been paid to the plantations of coffee and cacao, in the cultiva- tion of both of which, but more especially the former, the natives appear to have become interested. Along the road leading from the Botanical Station through the country of Akwapim to the interior are large numbers of small clearings in which coffee plants, chiefly obtained by pur.-;hase from the Botanic Station, are to be seen in a most flourishing con- dition. The Liberian coffee plant appears to thrive best, but there are large quantities also of the Arabian coffee plant, the berry of which, however, is small and apparently deteriorated. It will probably be necessary for the Government at no distant date, if the coffee industry is to be fostered into a trade, to instruct these native cultivators in the proper way of preparing the berry for export. At present the most primitive method is employed! The berries are scraped by hand with a round stone worked in the hollow of a larger stone, and after this process they are washed and dried in the sun. It is obvious that a large crop could not be so dealt with, and that the employment of machinery in the near future is imperative. During the last two years the Government has introduced machinery for pulping and curing coffee, and consignments of both coffee and caono have been forwarded through the Crown Agents for sale in the London market. This plan afforded tho best means for testing the commercial value of the produce, and it is gratifying to find that the result shows that coffee and cacao can be grown in West Africa capable of realising good prices in European markets. Much still remains to be done to induce the natives to cultivate and cure their produce in a satisfactorv manner. — Kew Bulletin, 394 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [Dec. I, THE COCONUT INDUSTRY. In view of the references which have lately appeared, from time to time, in our columns on the disappointing prices which rule for coconuts, and in continuation of our article on i>age.S81, it iniyba of interest to note the cliange which has come over the oil industry on which the price of nuts most largely depends. Although the De.siccating Mills consume what a few years ago would be considered an immense number of nuts, yet, we saw in our review of last year’s exports tliat the Mills accounted for only about 30.000. 000 nuts, while the Oil exports represented 171.000. 000 nuts — a figure much below the re- quirements in previous years. The new Desiccating industry lias undoubtedly helped to keep up prices ; but it has chiefly bene- fited estates in the neighbourhood of the Mills, as these save the cost of transport wddle they realise the same price for their nuts as estates situated at a distance. Oil, therefore, has practically ruled the price of nuts ; and even proprietors who have found it advantageous to sell to neighbouring Desiccating Mills complain of tlie serious fall in price, Erom one of these we learn, that the difference between this year’s and last year’s prices averages between R4 to K7 per thousand for .separate crops ; while the difference is as much as R6 to KIO and even RT2, compared with the prices of 1895. Does the difference in the value of oil then and now explain this immense fall in the price of nuts ? Not wholly, we think ; because the gold price of oil has remained about the same, and the difference is mainly connected with the rise in exchange which cannot account entirely tor the lower prices wdiich rule for nuts. Let us look now at the Oil exports up to 26th October, the latest figures available, we find that the quantity sent away from the island, (300,8.57 cwt.) is greatly in excess of the quan- tity exported during the corresponding period of last year, which was 262,818, and little less than in 1895 which showed 310, 168 cwt. The figures for the coriesponding period of 1894 are 385,616 cwt. ; but the shipments that year wereexceptionally large and were exceeded we believe only once, that is, in 1892. The present year has thus been one of high average exports for oil ; and there is nothing in the qu.antity exported to explain the price of nuts. The ruling prices for oil have, how’ever, evidently stimulated the demand ; and it is on this fact, perhaps, that the hopes of the Coconut Planter must primarily rest. When we turn to the table of distribution, ,we find that our oldest, and till recently largest customer, the United Kingdom, took from us only 58,770 cwt. as against, 68,285 last year ; while America, our next best customer for many years took about the same quantity, 52,124 cwt. against 51,570 ; but India has more than doubled her demand with 135,723 cwt. against 64,961 last year. Singapore too, has made a stride from 32,921 cwt. to 37,566. These two neighbours of ours have thus absorbed more than one-half of our exports, evidently under the stimulus of low prices which are^Lraceable to cheap and abun- dant tallow in Europe and America. When once the substitutes for coconut oil in the European and American markets rise in price, the demand for our oil, we suppose, will im- prove ; and with that the competition between our new customers and old should lead to better prices. There are two hopeful circumstances connected with the trade with India and Singa- pore—that the oil is chiefly required for c?il- inary purposes, this fact pointing to a regular de- mand ; and, secondly that they have found our oil cheaper than Cochin oil ; while, for Calcutta and Singapore, it is somewhat nearer at liand. On this point, it may be well to quote from the communication of a Coconut proprietor who had, curiously enough, written what follows before he had seen our last article. He says : “ It li.as always been a puzzle to me why “ Cochin oil should be so much dearer than “ours. The explanation offered, that the Cochin “ Oil is richer in stearine, affords no information “as to why it should be .so; and whether, by “improved cultivation or improved manufacture “ Ceylon m.ay not secure for her oil, too, the pre- “ eminence she enjoys with almost all hef products. “ Oui oil might certainly be whiter; but the natives “ have an inveterate habit of resorting to methods “ which give them the least trouble; and, in the dry- “ ing of copra, the ea.siest method is to split the nuts “ and put them on alow platform with fire under! “ This blackens the copra, and the resulting oil “is of a darkish yellow colour. Careful drying, “ even over a fire, may yield clean white copra"”; “ but it is seldom the necessary care is observed' “ and some of the blackened stuff which is offered “ for sale, and readily purchased, is a disgrace to “ the producer. I do not say that all our copra “ can be sun-dried, because on a showery or cloudy “ day, the nuts in process of drying must be dried “on a platform or they would turn mouldy and “ be discoloured ; but what the mills mioht do is “ to offer higher prices for sun-dried copra, and to “ make oil separately, of the clean white copra “ and of the black. As it is, though higher prices “ are paid for clean copra, without reference to “ its being sun-dried, good and bad are mixed- “ and hence the oil is not white. May not a dif- “ ferent system, save our reputation, and place at “ least some of our oil on a par with Cochin ; for “ in the Northern ports, at least, of the Is’land| “sun-drying might be made the rule, if hiolioe in the Viirious States has been diminished by the removal of their charges from the States to the Federation. Mr. F A. Swettenham, in the course of his annual Report, says: — Since last June I have travelled close nx>ou 7,000 miles, in and about the Malay States, and I have therefore had opportunities of seeing, not only the work being done under Government control, but also the operations of jrrivate individuals. I have been specially struck by two things ; European planting in the Negri Sembilan and European mining in Pahang. Planting, esx>ecially the cultivation of Liberian coffee by Europeans, Chinese, Malays and Tamils, has made great strides during the last two years. The evidences of this forward movement will be found in all the States, even in Pahang, but I think the progress is most notable, or it may be only noticeable, in the Negri Sembilan. I am personally very glad that this is so, because I do not myself regard the Negri Sembilan as a State rich in minerals, and it is therefore fortunate that it has attracted planters. It is equally satisfactory' to know that one must go to Pahang to find the greatest mining enterprises in the Peninsula. Pahang is the State where we want to see progress, for it is deeply in debt, it is back- ward in every respect, and fears have been expressed that it was likely to prove a millstone round the necks of its helpful sisters. I do not share those glooms forebodings. One of the best Chinese mining capitalisty in the Peninsula has very recently come to terms with the Government of Pahang, and proposes to begin extensive tin mining operations in the Bentong distric'-. If he carries out his present intensions and is successful (the prospects are encouraging) great advantages must result from this undertaking. But it is as a gold country that I think Pahang will presently become favourably known ; a country where companies with capital and skilful management will make considerable profit. With the extension of planting operations, the labour question has become one of such importance that, if the Governments of the Malay States really meant to encourage planters, it was evident that something must be done to help supply them with labour. It is not a new question, and the Malay States have never been backward in their desire to take a fair share of the cost of introducing immi- grants into countries which possess no sufficient or reliable labour supply of their own. But unfortunately the matter did not rest with them ; it was necessary 10 secure (he sympathy and assistance of the Indian Government, as the source from which the best supply was hoped to be obtained. Whilst the question was discussed, year afier year, Government works, espe- cially roads and railways, could uot wait, and, so far, the Government, either departmentally or through con- tractors, has taken advantage not only of the free labour that came into the country ; but, I fear, to a coiis.derable extent, of the labour introduced by planters in the Colony and Malay States. Now, how- ever, there seems a prospect of better things, and the Federated States have this year undertaken to find a considerable sum of money to introduce Indian immigrants, to strengthen the force of labour avail- able for their own works and the needs of the com- munity. I trust no further difficulties will arise, for the number of large estates now being opened in Malaya increases so rapidly that the scarcity of labour is likely to be increasingly felt, and if, as not uncommonly happens, the price of x>roduoe falls, the present high rate of wages cannot bo maintained. New Industries. — The price of tin has fallen, and the price of Liberian coffee has fallen, and though miners in Malaya can produce tin, and planters can grow coffee, and make a profit at existing prices, it is distinctly advisable that we should increase the number of our productions, and uot rely on these alone. As regards mining, there is gold, and that will xirob- ably take care of itself ; but we have, had to en- courage agriculture, and it will probably xiay us to THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [Dec. I, 1897. 398 continue that policy. The climate and soil of the Malay States are suitable to most tropical products and, when a successlul experiment has been made, imitators are never wanting. It is probable that, in the near future, there will be a great _ demand ior rubber, and while many valuable species are indi- genous here, amongst them the Jim da^iica, which grows like a weed, others have been introduced from South America, and shewn to do well. That is one of the benefits conferred on the country bj' Sir Hugh Low. Excellent tea has been grown and manu- factured in Perak, Arabian coffee of a high class has been produced on the mountains, and, when a cart- road has been carried into the highlands that divide Perak from Pahang it is probable that other paying forma of agriculture will be introduced. SIROCCO TEA MACHINERY. V>^e have received front Me&sr.s. Davidson & Co. of the Sirocco Engineering Works, Beltast, an illustrated catalogue of their speciad tea machinery and also a letter upon (he subject. Tlie catalogue is no dry record of the appliances lor preparing tea, but an interesting and well iirinted hand-book, descriptive of the Sirocco works, with jiortraits of the heads of the various departments. Amongst these are tlio.se of Mr. F. G. Maguire, chief visiting engineer of the Colombo branch and IMr. H. M. Harris, formerly of Ceylon, who is now commercial manager of the Calcutta branch. We commend the pamphlet to the attention of anyone in- terested in tea. PLANTING AND PRODUCE NOTES. The West Indies and Tea Cultiv.ition. — In look- ing through the report of the West India Royal Cour- missiotier and the subsidiary report by Mr. D. Morris, assistant direator of the Royal Gardens, Kew, we find no mentioir of any suggestion that West India planter.^ should turn their attention to tea cultiva- tion. There are srrggestions made as to the develop- ment of subsidiary rrrdustries other tharr sugar, but nothing is said aborrt tea. Coffee, tob.icco, and fruit cultivation are freely recommended, but, presumably, the Commissioner did not soe any prospects for tea cultivation either in the West India Islands or in British Guiana. The Use of the BjInana. — No doubt its cultiva- tion will be overdone, but at present there is a keen demand for bananas in the United States, where the baked fruit is being extolled in America as the ideal food both for the nervous, the anasmic, and the brain worker. Bananas, it will be remembered, occupied a high place in the diet of the late Sir I.saac Holden, and without going so far as to say they are a panacea for all ills, it is asserted that their great power to sustain mental effort is recognised in India. — II. and C. Mail, Oct. 15. COCHIN Vs. CEYLON COPRA AND COCONUT OIL. ' (Answer to Circular.) One reason for Cochin oil fetching more than Ceylon oil is, that the process of manufacturing it is quite different in the former place from that of the latter. Cochin nuts are smaller than Ceylon nuts and the outturn of oil is rou, hly speaking about cwt. per candy for Cochin against cwt. 3 for Ceylon. The Coconut area in Cochin is small as compared with Ceylon, and more care is taken there in the plucking and the drying of the nuts. Only ripe nuts are plucked and the kernel is cut into slices, and carefully dried in the sun. All unripe and bad nuts are removed and only the good clean white copra is manufactured into oil. This is the white oil of Cochin and it is used in some parts of India as a substitute for ghee. Mousoon-inade oil sometimes fetches the same price as white oil, if the quality is fine, but the objection to monsoon- made oil is, that it is, as a rule, eff the color in consequence of the damp we.ither rendering tie copra liable to get mouldy, but of course there ui-sy he some fine oil made duiii g the monsoon. Greater care in the plucking and drying of the nuts may be bestowed in Ceylon, but the area is too wide, and the climate will not permit of the proper drying of the nuts in the sun. Nuts are plucked anyhow or nohow hero, split into two and thrown to dry in ihe sun, aird if the weather is bad, all the kernels are put on a platform and smoked, which blackens the copra and imparts to it a smoky taste. The copra is then hurried off to the carts or boats to Colombo. Little or no trouble is token to separate the good copra from the bad nor the white from the black. All come to the mills and it is this produces the Ceylon oil. White oil, indeed is manufactured in Colombo, but the demand is limited and manufacturers do not keep a stock of it. It fetches about R20 per ton over ordinary good merchantable oil. A good deal of care is taken on some of the estates owned by weil-knowu Ceylon genliemen, and the copra from these properties always fetches quite R1 per candy over ordii ary quality. The best re- sult would be obtained in the Chilaw District. Copra is frequently brought into Colombo from Bafticaloa, The climate being dry there the shells get hard soon. It is lor this reason that the nut is broken the other way, from top to bottom, for, if the usual custom v/as followed, the shell would get “ splintered ” and damage the kernel. There is but little use, in my opinion, of either sending a Ceylon siqierintendent to Cochin to learn the method of manufacturing or in bringing over Cochiuese to teach the way how to do the work in Ceylon, so long as our climate is what it is. The Cochin men may lead in any thing but he cannot control the clerk of the weather. We have rain almost throughout the j'ear and the coconuts cannot be kept on the trees.* Tliey imist be plucked, and rain or no rain, the copra is made and quickly con- verted into cash ! Some years ago a film of mill- owners manufactured oil from selected copra brought from their own estates. This was superior to ordinary oil and always commanded in London about £1 per ton over the value of ordinary Ceylon, but this firm have now gone largely into the Desiccating line and have given up oilmaking. In this couneclioii' it must not be forgotten that copra from the Pacific. South Sea Islands, Australia aud other places fs- imported into Liverpool aud this competes to a large extent with our oil. In the sixties and seventies, during the existence of Armitage Brothers and C.. Shaud & Co., a very large business was done im Ceylon coconut oil, the contract being sometimes for 1,000’s of tons at a time. The former firm who owned Mills at Mattacooly and Mutwal were very large charterers of sailing vessels, and some of the largest ships that ever loaded here were chartered by th'^em. The volume of business then was done direct with London, but now every thing is changed and the news telegraphed out that the stock of coconut oil was 200 tons, the month’s landings 200 tons, and the deliveries 200 tons, points to what straits the business in coconut oil with Loudon has come to in 1897 compared with what it was in 18C0-70. g, — The Austeaeian Salt Bush.— Professor Hilgard of the California State University says that the Australian Salt Bush can be grown successfully on arid and Jalkall lands ; that it I'cmoves from the soil large quantities of Sodium carbonate and Sodium chloride, the two most injurious alkaline salts. In soils, therefore, where the percentage of alkali is near the danger point they may be sensi- bly relieved by planting salt bush for several seasons. _ TUe yield is nearly equal to that of Alfalfa. — Scientific American Supplement. THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST 399 Dec. I, 1897.] CHILLIES. A correspondent writes During tlie past few months the prices of all food-stn(fs ha,ve increased considerably, and notable among them are dry chillies, which some little time ago sold for 12c. a lb., now the market price ha,s risen to 25c. a lb. ! It is a matter to be e.xplainefl why Ceylon with its thou.sands of acres of available land, should be dependent on the neighbouring Con- tinent for this indispensable commodity. The cultivation of chillies is not new to the Sinhale.se villager, almost every garden has a small plot planted with it and in many places where the crop is large a portion of it, in its fresh state, finds its way to onr vegetable markets or is hawked about for sale by basket- women, but the process of drying and preserving the fruit, as it is done in India is foreign to the Sinhalese. The cultivation of the plant is not attended with any difficulty and does not require any .special care. The requisite fertilizers being cattle- dung and dried kc|ipettiya leaves [croton lacci- feruni.) Many years ago the late Sir Kichard Morgan tried the e.xperiment by [danting some 40 acres of land in Veyangoda — he imported a few skilled labourers from India for the purpose, and if I remember rightly his ex|)eriment was a f.ailure owing to his plants being attacked by poochies — perhaps some one who knows more of this undertaking may be able to give other r articulars. NEW SYSTEM OF WITHEUING TEA LEAF. With a rising exchange and increasing cost of production, planters are not likely to be slow in their appreciation of machinery designed with a view to labour-saving economy, and inventors are very alert just now in regard to all that affects the manufacture of tea. Last week there appeared in our advertisement columns some particulars of an apparatus for withering tea introduced by Mr, Edward Bobinson. As it is our province to give details of all tea machinery coming within our knowledge, we give alike for the benefit of the tea planters and other inventors of machinery a de- scription of this apparatus, together with a state- ment of the claim made on its behalf by the in- ventor, who mentions that working models of his invention have been on view for some time in the City, and are still to be seen on application to him. He aldo mentions that a complete installation has been sent out to Ceylon and will be set to work without delay, and that a large number of planters have inspected his working model, and opinions highly favourable to this new departure have been expressed. He points out that an important part of the system has already been thoi'oughly tested in practice and has proved a remarkable success namely — the arrangements for producing and evenly dis- tributing large volumes of warm wind. Some forty installations of this special apparatus are, it is men- tioned, at work, and there are excellent testimonials respecting it. Having thus been able to secure in large buildings the exact conditions necessary for successful tea withering, the inventor has turned his attention to this widely-felt requirement, and has designed and patented an arrangement of swinging trays which he claims is not only very simple, but which introduces a distinctly new idea into the practice of using trays as spreading surfaces for withering. The new method may be briefly de- scribed thus : Strong trays, having each an area of thirty to forty square feet, and made with a frame of round iron, covered with wire netting, and all galvanised, are attached on one side by means of staples to a strong angle-iron framework. They are fixed about four inches apart, and will swing about from one side to the other like the leaves of a book. To the side opposite the hinge-liko attachment ropes are fastened, which ropes are connected to a con- tinuous roller or v/indlass, carried overhead and sup- ported by angle-iron uprights. The windlass is worked by a worm-wheel gearing, so that a boy can easily raise up a whole row of trays at once. On commencing to spread leaf the whole row of trays is made to recline backs upwards. The first of the series is then turned over by hand and the leaf spread, the same with the rest of the trays in suc- cession. The row of trays being thus spread, a few turns of the windlass raises them all up at once to any desired elevation, It is then found that the leaf rests securely on the trays when raised to an angle of 45 deg. or even more. To about this elevation the trays are raised and left until the leaf is withered. Obviously trays standing in this position, with clearspaces of about four inches between each tray, admit of a free up-draught of wind to carry away moisture from both sides of the leaf. The air pipes are so arranged as to disperse a constant gentle current of fresh dry air under each row oftrmjs uniformly, thus each tray gets its own supply of fresh drying wind, such wind having only to pass once between the trays, after which it is driven out through the upner ventilators by the constant incoming wind from below. Thus in bad, wet weather it is only necessary, accord- ing to the inventor, to close all doors and windows, and set heater and fan to work, and first-rate withering can be done irrespective of the weather outside. Many planters of large experience, the inventor mentions have told him that this system of withering is well calculated to save a large portion of the losses now unavoidable during heavy flushes of leaf in the rainy seasons. Should this expectation be realised it is scarcely possible to over-estimate the importance of such an improvement. As to the great saving of labour, that, the inventor contends, is obvious on the face of it, for the spread- ing of the leaf upon a flat open surface some 2 ft. from the floor is much easier than the stooping down, and climbing up, and reaching between the tats necessitated by the present mode of working, whilst for gathering: in the withered leaf a few turns at the winding gear raises a row of some fifty or sixty trays to an up- right position, and the leaf at once shakes down upon the sheet spread out under the series of trays. The sheet is then wound in upon a simple roller having a handle and light gear-wheels. The leaf can be dropped through an opening in the floor or picked up as desired. There is nothing in the process that cm break or bruise the leaf, which is another very important consideration, having regird to all the vexed questions about small siftings. At first sight it does not strike us that there would be the saving of factory space which is claimed for this system. It is, however, a matter of simple com- putation, but the inventor contends that upon a careful comparison of the spreading space obtained by the new arrangement with the actual spreading space available in numbers of factories of the ordi- nary kind more than twice the area of spreading space is obtained under the new method in the same area of building. It is further claimed that in the wear and tear of plant a saving of fully 60 per cent will be realised. The wire trays are never moved from their places, and the only handling re- quired is just to swing them over for spreading the leaf. Strong trays so used are calculated to last for some years. The inventor claims that the moat important re- sults are expected to arise from the control the system gives over the necessary conditions of wither- ing in bad weatlier. When the weather is good and quite favourable for natural withering the windows of the house are opened and no heater or fan used. The arrangement of the trays he regards quite as suitable for natural atmospheric withering as the ordinary tats now in use, plus the saving of labour, space, &c. If the weather is hot, dead, and still, the fan alone can he worked, imparting a nice gentle motion and life to the air and expelling the yapom« 4oo THE TROPICAL AGRICULTl^RIST. [Dec. I, 1857. When the outside air is saturated with moisture and will not wither leaf a little steam can be let into the heater, raising the temperature a few degrees ; vapour will then be freely carried away, and good withering done. By increasing the inlet of steam the temperature of the house can be raised so as to wither »\ell on the coldest and wettest of days. Thus it is claimed that without in the least inter- ering with any existing advantages, natural or other- wise, this new system afiords the planter the means of effectively withering his leaf, whatever the weather may be. The same thing is being done, says Mr. Bobinson, now in numerous factories larger than any withering house on this system would need to be, the conditions obtained being identically the same as the well-known conditions required for withering tea leaf. — H. and C. 31ail, Oct. 22. INDIA RUBBER, LATEST NEAVS. In an article on India Rubber in the Indian Af/ricullurist of the 1st S^tember, we notice an extract from a paper by Mr. J. B. Jackson, which appeared in “Nature,” Vol. 55, page 610. Except where this paper may be taken to refer to the few artificial plantations that have been established, it is, we regret to say, far from accurate ; for it talks of the Firm el ast ica iormmg laige forests in India and Ceylon, while, as far as our Indian experience goes, we only find this species very sparingly interspeised in ever- green forests. The Ficus elastica is not sufficiently shade-endurirg to permitof its germination and growth on the ground. The seed no doubt germinates very freely in the forks of trees where a little mould or debris has accumulated but in Older to peimit the young plant to establish itself and to become suffi- ciently strong to form a connection with the soil below, it is absolutely necessary that the tree on which it finds itself placed should be either dead or diseased. If not the young Ficus cannot obtain sufficient nourishment, and dies. That this is the case has been clearly established by experiments in the Charduia rubber plantations. Here many hundreds of Ficus were planted in the forks of trees. They were supplied with a considerable quantity of soil and grew to be healthy plants ; but they lived the life of pot plants, and after more than 10 years not one of those grow- ing on a healthy tree had established its connection with the soil. Now, even in a virgin evergreen forest, the majority of trees are neither dead nor so un- healthy as to yield sufficient nourishment to the Ficus elastica till it has become connected with the soil and established itself as an independent tree , and the ‘‘ veritable forest of trunks” remains a thing to be wished for, but does not exist in nature. As regards an entirely artificial rubber plantation, Mr. Jackson’s description is perfect. In fact over- acres of such plantations the roots of the trees, in some instances planted 100 feet apart, have not merely become interlaced but have amalgamated, and acres and acres may be said to live, so to say, on one great root. — Indian Forester for October. ■ PLANTING NOTES. The Pat AAV Juice, which is iioav quoted at 5s. per lb., is easily prepared. Tlie unripe fruit has to be scarred or lined some 4 in. deep, with a sharp knife daily, and the juice caught and dried upon sheets of glass, when it becomes at once a marketable commodity. The active prin- ciple, pai>aw is in much esteem as a medicinal agent. The Chemist and Drugqist gives the fol- lowing method of preparing it : — “ The juice is pressed out of the fruit, clarified by filtration through a twill bag, and the ferment piecipita- ted by alcohol. It is then dried, but is sometimes purified by treatment with water.” — Planting Ol>inion. The Oldest Poplar in France.— The citizens Dijon, France, recently voted a sum of mon^y for putting a railing round a tree standing within the city limits. The tree bears a label which informs the sight-seer that it is the oldest Poplar in France. The Town Council has a record tracing the history of the tree since the year 722 a.d. It is 122 ft. in height and in circumference. — Scientific American. The Export.s of Coal and Coke from India for the year ended 31st !March, 1897 — says the Indian and Eastern amounted to 136,719 tons, the destinations of which were; — Ceylon . . 93,635 Aden .. 16,775 Straits . . 14,532 Mauritius . . 7,757 Turkey in Asia. . . . 2,550 Sumatra ... 1,300 and trifling quantities to the Persian Zanzibar. tons. Gulf and to Cultivation cf the Soy Bean.— Dr. W. G. King, of Calcutta, has requested certain officers in Vizagapatam, Bellary, and Saidapet to report upon the possibility of cultivating the “ Soy beau,” with a (juantity of which he furnished them. The “Soy bean” is, he states, probably the most nutritious form of readily assimilable pulse at present known, and should it prove possible to introduce it widely in Madras, it would prove of great advantage in jail administration and also to the poorer classes generally. — Pioneer, Nov. 5. German East Africa is politically and com- mercially the most important, as Avell as the largest, of the German [)ossessions, but it is un- fortunately also the most unhealthy, says a re- port in the London Times. “Not a foot of East Africa,” according to Major von Wissman, “ can be regarded as healthy.” Of the produce of the plantations in the province of Tanga coffee pays best, but it has been attacked by a disease which is the most serious in that the destruc- tive fungus is considered to be native to East Africa. Tobacco and cotton can be grown, but not, apparently, under remunerative conditions. Special attention is being paid to indiarubber nnd cocounts. Agricultural experiments are being made in other distiicts also, but no opinion can be yet expressed as to their success. Gold-bear- ing quartz has been discovered at LTsambara, but of too ])oor a yield to repay mining. On th'e other hand, as rich deposit of hard coal has been found close to the Avater at the north end of Lake Nyasa, The only raihvay so far is the Usambra line, ot Avhich 40 kilometres were com- pleted by January, 1896, but funds failed to extend it, and the company is chiefly occupied in maintaining and improving the existing sec- tion, over Avhich one passenger train a week is conveyed. A grant of £15,000 has, however, been made for preliminary surveys of a line from Dar- es-Salam to Lakes Nanganyika and Victoria, the cost of Avhich for the fist section alone (258 kilometres out of 1,7381 is estimated at £592,500, but its construction cannot be attempted A'ith- out a financial guarantee, which the Government has not yet ventured to propose to the Imperial Diet- It is Avorth noting that the total trade of German East Africa in 1896 (R10,338,278) less than a quaiter of the imports came from Germany and less than one-sixth of the exports went to Germany, Dec. I, 1897.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIS f. 401 CRITICISM OF CEYLON COMPANIES. We felt sure that, sooner or later, the famous In- vestors' Review, edited by A. J. Wilson, was likely to find a text in some one or other of our Ceylon Companies ; and sure enough in the October number just to hand we find three pages devoted to “A Weak Tea Company”; while an editorial note dis- cusses the Company identilicd with its Chaii- man Mr. James Sinclair in anything but favour- able terms. We can do no more in this issue than quote : — A ■ftTSAK TEA COMPANY. It is not a sign of prosperity, we regret to say, to find a particular industry honoured by a company formed under the fostering care of Messrs. Antony Gibbs & Sons. Whether it be the high and lofty ideals of the bank parlour, or the innate “cussedness” of things in general, that are against the firm, it is a fact that hardly a venture brought out by it of late years has been a success. Yet the firm does not weary in well-doing, and despite the malevolent way in which the nitrate, gun-making, and brewing industries have foiled its efforts in the past, it is now giving the reflected glory of its finan- cial aureole to the tea-growing industry, by standing sponsor to a tea-growing concern. This Com- pany—the Tea Corporation Limited (Ceylon) -was brought out at the end of July with a capital of £181,000 divided into £65,000 of Five per Cent. Debenture Stock, £65,000 of Six per Cent. Preference Shares, a. d £51,000 of Ordinary Shares. The object of the Com- pany was to buy up a number of tea-growing estates in Ceylon, with a total area of 7,033 acres, of which 3361 acres were under cultivation. The price to be paid for this property, after allowing £5 per acre for uncultivated land, worked out at about £45 per cul- tivated acre. It does not seem to be a high price, as Ceylon tea companies go, but this is perhaps the best that can be said about the issue, for the pros- pectus is drawing up on the free-handed system. A list of thirteen estates to be purchased is given, and it is set forth in big type that considerable economy will be effected by working them in one combination. But the prospectus rhetorician does not mention that four of these estates have for years back been worked as one company, that three others had been similarly handled, and that two more were one in all but name. As a fact, the Loudon market knew these nine estates as three, and therefore the economy of combination bad already been in force to a great extent. Then al- though the 3,211 acres under tea to be purchased was mature, except as to 282 acres, no record of past working is set forth in the prospectus. Now, to have such a mature area implies that the estates must have been worked for a number of years ; why, therefore, this mystery of silence ? Most probably the reason for this omission is the fact that no satisfactory statement of past profits could be drawn up. The estates in several cases are poor, four of them having formed the Lauderdale Tea Estates Company, which after having been in existence a good many years, paid, we believe, its first and only dividend of 2 per cent, last year ; and two others to the Asiatic Produce Company, which has the still more unenviable record of never having i<..id any dividend. A number of the es- tates, iucluding the Lauderdale group, have to our knowledge been offered about the City with a view to inclusion in a company, but no one who had a knowledge of the industry would take them over at the prices asked. Ti e only piece of information voitchsafed as to the past by the gracious sponsors is that the crop for the year ended .30th June last amounted to 1,060,463 lb. But while no information is affouled, there' is a wealth of estimates, and by the dexterous use of this childish device, a visionary dividend of 10 per cent, on the Ordinary Shares is brought out. These estimates, by the bye, are made by Mr F. Tatham, who is to be managing director in Ceylon, and who, therefore, must be considered not wholly unbiassed in his judgment. Ee starts with the amazing surmise that in the current year the crop will be 1,250,000 lb., or just 189,537 lbs. more than in the preceding year. This is an increase 18 per cent., produced by an area that has less than 3 per cent, of tea shrubs only in par- tial bearing upon it. Why such an increase should be expected we fail to discover, except that it comes in hardy to swell the estimate of coining profit. Then this 1,250,000 lb. of tea is figured out to pro- duce 6d per lb. nett , and from the gross revenue of £31,250 thus triumphantly reached, the deductions of working expenses and interest charges are made, so that it is all plain sailing. Now, the majority of the estates are situated in districts of Ceylon that produce a low-priced tea, and yet such a nett price would imply that the Company must dispose of its tea at an average gross price of at least 7d per lb., in order to cover the freight, landing, warehouse, and sale charges that go to make up the difference. In the most recent Mincing Lane sales the produce from six of these estates has been selling’ at 5Jd per lb. gross; of one at 6id per lb. gross ; and of another at 7d per lb. gross, and only the produce of three of the estates has produced more than the indispensable 7d per lb. gross. Finally, the exchange for the purposes of the estimate was taken at Is 2Jd, yet the day the prospec- tus was issued the Indian exchange stood at Is 3|d, a difference of gd per rupee, which would probably mean -'P a loss to this Company of £1,800 per annum at least, and since then the quotation has been forced higher still. Too hopeful an exchange is therefore assumed, the increased production seems to be taken at too high a figure, and the nett price to be obtained appears sanguine. What this combination of favourableestimates means can be discovered if we assume more mode- rate figures. Should the Company produce in the current year 1,1(1 ((l 1 . (j j‘ lb., more than last year, a very fair increase on an acreage of this character, and if this crop yield 5Jd. per ib. nett, ’ which is by no means a low estimate, and if the ex- change rules at Is 3^d — it is now Is 4d — the Com- pany would find its nett revenue amount only to £5,370 instead of the £12,970 set forth in the pros- pectus. Were such to be the case, and from (he present condition of affairs our estimate seems more likely to be fulfilled than that of Mr. F. Tatham, the Tea Corporation would not be in a position to pay the full interest upon its Preference capital, to say nothing about a dividend on its Ordinary Shares. Of course we do not say that this will be the result of the first year’s working, but if esti- mates can be varied so easily, no one can wonder that we prefer to have hard facts as to past work- ing. The remainder of the prospectus is filled up with windy generalities about the enormous increase in the consumption of tea, and a state- ment of dividends paid by Ceylon tea com- panies, which is not entirely correct. We note, however, that the vendors give themselves the option of taking the whole £169,000 of the purchase price in cash, if the public be foolish enough to subscribe the whole ot u,e capital. Therefore, al- though the Company possesses the benefit of a sou of the Governor of the Bank of England as director, and has a so other high-class banking connections upon its Board we should strongly dissuade the public from touching any pint of its capital. It is com- panies nich as these, and there are too many now being formed, that will bring disrepute upon the tea-growing community, which of late years has been rather free from wild-c..t creations. * Now we come to the first of “Company Notes” as follows : — Dimbula Valley (Ceylon) Tea Company. — In our article about Ceylon tea companies, we advised the public not to be sanguine about the future of some of the newer companies. This is one of the newer conip-nies, and in reference to it we might even go a step farther and say that we regard its future with extreme apprehension. Established |in January 1896, its first report shows that with £150,000 of share 402 THE TROPICAL AGRICUL 1 URIST. [Dec. I, 1897. capital and £6250 of mortgages, the Company pos- sessed 1441 acres of land under mature tea, and 444 acres under immature tea, so that the reserve land only amounted to the trifle of 206 acres. The capital cost was therefore over £100 per acre, and how this must handicap the concern can be imagined when it is stated that any company with a capital cost cf over £50 per acre is considered highly valued, while most of the good companies have a capitalisation of between £19 and £40 per acre. To show how badly this Company shows up, we compare its figures with those of a few other companies on the same basis, as we did the companies in the article on Ceylon tea companies, • M oH aper it may interest you to liea.r that we have been manufacturing white coconut oil regularly for the last tea years. — Youis faithfully, FREUDENREKO & Co. [We are interested to learn that this desciip- tion of oil has been regularly manufactured at the Hult.sdorp Mills during the past decade. The question then is, — how does its value compare with “Cochin Oil,” and whether it is sold in Europe under a mark u liicli distinguishes it from Ceylon oil generally. — Ed. T.A.'] PLANTING NOTES. Selangor Planters’ Association.— As will be seen from the summary of a meeting which we publish in another column this Association has had under consideration the question of having a labour-recruiting agent in India, but it lias been allowed to lie in abeyance in the meantime. Steps are also being taken for esta- blishing a central cotlee-curing store in the State. Tea Preparation by Electricity.— The Indian and Eastern Engineer returns to tiiis question as follows ; — A corre.spondent of our contemporary, The Englishman, under the nom- de-plume of “X. Y. Z.” writing on the subject of our article on “ Tea Manufacture by Electricity,” puts on record the fact that Mr. Lloyd originally introiluced the system on the Darjeeling estate. Mr. Lloyd did orig.- nate electrical plant in this garden, hut as an amateur in Electricity ; and is entitled to great credit for the ideas on the subject which he partially developed. However as stated by us, Mr. Rickie is the first to successfidly introduce Tea Manufacture by Electricity, En gmsi^ant we hear that Mr, Rickie has been ai>poiiited Uliief Engineer to Messrs. P'inlay, Mnir & Co., for all their gardens, and we look for considerable deve- lopments of electrical enterprise in connection with their numerous interests. Cacao in the West Indies. — By the last West Indian mail infoi niation arrives that cocoa- growers have of late been doing remarkably well. In three montlis the price had riseii by 13s. per cwt. This, after a long depression, has gi early benefited all the colonies not wholly dejiendeiib upon sugar. Of late years many have chosen this ileliglitful occupation. The planter s house is in the middle of a grass clearing surrounded by all trees, which in the earlier part of the year are a mass of pink flower. From the house, paths of about half a mile long radiate. Along these avenues on both side.s the cacao tree, which is about the size of our own apple tree, is planted at regular intervals, each being allowed a certain number of square feet. Beliiiid tbe.se cacao tress are larger trees, required to shelter them. In these leafy avmiues the planter has merely to see that his small stall' prune judiciously, thin out the immature jiods where they are too thick, and keep the trees from parasites. In the b;-st plantations costly machi- nery for drying and separating the beans has been introduced. Email beans are kept for home con- sumption, and large beans fetch better prices in Europe than those produced elsewdiere, except erhaps Venezuelan. — (rj'oce)'s’ Juarnal,(IvX. 23. FRESH AIR IN BULK: A TRIP TO THE HORTON PLAINS. To any one who has been long stagnating in an ener- vating climate such as is found in many of our lower dis- tricts, a change of scene even though a short one, with a cooler atmosphere, offers such temptation as hardly requires to be backed by the authority of medical advice. The pity is that we are sometimes not quick enough to grasp the occasion, and by putting ofi a holiday indefinitely, only prepare the way for a longer holiday, but one in which the only exercise we get is that of patience, while physical exertion is confined to the prescribed exhibition of pills, powders and mixtures. The weather is often made the excuse for delaying a much-needed trip, but without adequate reason : considering how little satisfied each of us usually is with the weather that falls to his lot, it would be only fair to assume that people even a short distance away have some of finer quality. There are many ways of getting to the Horton Plains, and THE LEAST TEOUBLESOHE WAY is probably by rail to Ambawela or Ohiya station, the distance being short and the road easy ; but for a cross-country trip, with plenty of exercise and varied scenery, a walk from Haldummulla via Kalupa- hani may highly be recommended. The elevation of Haldummulla is 3,380 and the Horton Plains some 7,000 feet. But the cart road goes downhill to Kalupahani, and the distance being nearly four miles, there is probably a drop of nearly 800 feet, so that one has a clear ascent of 4,500 feet to make before reaching the pure air on the summit. At the foot of the hills there is a painfully oppressive feeling in the atmos- phere and even light clothing eeems a burden, but long before the summit is reached a change of flannels becomes necessary. The town of HALDUMMULA does not strike the casual visitor as a terrestrial paradise. There are two or three native shops well- stocked with tinned provisions, umbrellas, country salt, c&c., but a striking scarcity of fruit and vege- tables. Not a single lime was to be had for money, the only circulating medium with the Moorish frater- nity, and only about a dozen plantains, more withered than ripe, were visible in the whole place. Possibly holders of plantains were wa.ting for a rise in the market, but this seems to be their normal condition, and the population are not likely to take an increased interest in fruit before the Last Day, unless a Light Railway drops supplies at their doors. The few small gardens at the roadsides were being weeded and fenced, but HOETICULTUR.AL KFFOBTS appeared to be limited to the growing of cabbages and beans. If the School of Agriculture can turn out a few practical gardeners, there is room [for one here. The only fruit trees visible about the place, and those very few and for the most part utterly neglected, are mulberries, tree-tomatoes and papaws. Some of the former were carrying a fine crop, but the fruit is generally neglected by the natives, and the bulbuls were enjoying them. In the villagers’ gardens at Kalupahani things seemed a little mors hopeful : sweet potatoes, cassava, yams and a few chillies being grown. Jak trees and kitul palms are f iirly numerous, but coconuts and arecas are re- presented by some half-dozen sickly specimens. The villagers seemed to be living largely on hope and short rations until their paddy and chena crops ripen three or four months hence, unripe jak fruits and the succulent stems of certain wild plants being much in demand. Plantain trees, even in the meal sheltered situations, are very scarce : the large number of wild pigs and porcupines iu the neighbourhood are said to account for the cultivation not being taken up. CATTLE EEAEING. The road, after leaving Kalupahani, is a tavalam road running, or more correctly climbing, up through THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [Dec. I, 1897. 4 10 Bome miles of patana, here and there, with a sprinkling of trees, mostly wild hgs and ‘kshaata,’ often miscalled the ‘ patana oak.’ The soil, e^peoially on wind-blown ridges, seems poor and gritty, and the periodical ficiug of the grass probably makes it annually worse. It seems a pity that th® natives sh.Duld be allowed to devastate such an enormous area as they do ‘ to improve the pasturage.’ If they raised cattle in proportion to the acreige burnt olf, we should be able to export frozen meat instead of relying on Australia to supply us. Besides the large area fired each year for the benefit of the owners of cattle, a good deal of promiscuous firing is doubtless done with the object of driving game into convenient places for shooting and trap- ping. GREVILLEAS AND PARA RUBBER. Here and there ®n the patanas one comes across a paddy-field or a kurakkan ohena defended from wild beas's and cattle by wails of loose stone, and cannot help wishing that the cultivation was more exten- sively carried on so as to remove more stones from the road. In the patana hollows too, below the most w'estsrly of the Kalupahaui estates, there are ex- g'nsive nurseries of tea and grevilleas. About a mile or more from Haldummulla, a small plantation of grevilleas had attracted notice. They had apparently been planted in scrub and patana land and were growing very well with scarcely any vacancies? It seems curious that the Forest Department should, for so many years, have neglected its vast opportunities of redeeming the sterile grass lands of Uva by plant- ing them up with grevilleas and other suitable timber trees, instead of trespassing on the right of private owners by starting extensive plantations of para rub- ber. Many planters were called upon, some ten years ago, by a circular issued in the Central Province, to give information as to the growth in their districts of some three or four dozen kinds of trees for timber and fuel, including some which were useless for either purpose, but rubber cultivation (with a view to the preliminary expenses being ail wiped out by the sale of seed) was not then suggested. The Government Blue-book for 1892 reported over 825,000 acres of PASTURE LANDS available in the colony ; since then Mr. Vincent’s examination of the country has probably added to this a large area, and the total of course does not include all paddy and dry grain fields, which are available for crazing purposes as soon as the crops are reaped. Even if these figures are above the mark, there is surely ample scope for considerable work in the patana hills i f Uva alone. IVith a Government rail- way clamouring for fuel, to say nothing of estate requirements, why is this work so long delayed. It may be said in answer that experimental planting some years ago in Dimbula was disappointing : trees grew to a great height and then died out, ap- parently killed by the same boring beetle which has recently devastated our cacao trees. But is. the Forest Department expected to squat, like a sedent Buddha, in contemplation ? _As regards the boring beetle, it has long been known to attack only trees in an unhealthy condition. Specimens of it were sent, with other insect pests, to the Planters’ Association some fifteen years ago. The actual cause of the decay of the gums and grevilleas was most likely the prolonged visitation of cockchafer grubs. A great many of the large bi’ov-.n chafers have been flying about on the patanas in the evening lately, so that there would probably be a large number of grub ready to interfere with any ex- perimental planting. But the aeration of the soil by draining and forking would soon put a check to their ravages, while a careful analysis of the patana soil would show iu what chemical constituent, if any, it was deficient. After leaving the patanas, THE ROAD IMPROVES considerably and winds up, at a very steep gradient, through some very fine tea fields and then through jungle till it joins the bridle road leading from Haldummulla to the Plains. Here tree ferns and rhododendron trees begin to get numerous, and in the early part of the year, when the latter are in flower and the varied jungle trees put on their new foliage, the scenery must be enchanting. Many of the wild flowers on either side of the road re- mi od one strongly of those at home. On reaching the Plains, the road becomes easy : a mile and a quarter of comparatively level walking, through the grass land gay with crimson orchids, brings one to the restheuse. It has been said that the finest scenery in the world is improved by A GOOD HOTEL in the foreground, but its attractions are distinctly increased w'hen it is found near the vanishing-point. Tlie garden surrounding the resthouseis bright with flowers, periwinkles, gladioli, caunas and hydrangeas, and the delicious air is filled with the perfume of borders of mignonette, but after a climb of four thousand feet sssthetic aspirations, unless very intense, are apt to be overcome for a time by considera- tions of the practical measures necessary to restore lost energy. The fresh air of the plains is certainly bracing but one cannot drink in much of it at once, and the suggestion of a draught of the liquid which is popularly supposed to be obtained from fermented grain is irresistible. But the fine weather may not last all day, and if one of the great attractions of the plains, the view of THE “ world’s end,” is to be seen, it must be done quickly : a farther walk of two miles. Packets of sandwiches, which at starting seemed more than sufficient, disappear in a galloping consumption : the air makes one feel as hollow as a spectre, bat breakfast must be postponed. About a mile from the resthouse, at the side of the road, with ihe juiig e growth carefully clearsd on all sides, appears a small log hut. The door has no hinges but is raised some two feet from the ground by a rope tied to a pole fixed horizontally above. The in- terior is uninviting; the uneven earthen floor is littered with brushwood, and at the farther end a small part of the space is fenced off. The guide explains that it is not a summer-house, but a cheetah trap : no one but a cheetah could feel sure of it. One wonders why no provision has been made for the animal’s com- fort ; there is no dry straw to lie on nor any feed- ing-trough. There are many break-neck places in Ceylon, but the “World’s End” is probably the finest known. Leaving the road at a point where it emerges from the jungle and dips into a sa '.die, one has only a few feet to step down the grassy tlope to obtain a splendid view of the panorama spread out beneath. Oautious movements are necessary : there is no railing to support one and the stunted vegeta- tion growing on the brink would be of little use. With a fresh breeze blowing behind one it is advis- able to plant one’s feet firmly : the slightest move- ment to save a blow'u-away bat might laud one-fifteen hundred feet in the valley below. Ihe sunlight gradually fades and the air gets colder, and though the thermometer in the resthouse porch marks only 62° the ample fire-place in the dining- room is at- tractive. After breakfast a tour round the garden was very enjoyable. It is seldom that one finds a garden iu which the splendours of Western floriculture are to be seen grafted, as it were, on Oriental luxury, many of the flower-beds are raised on banks of empty beer bottles. The effect is striking and pro- bably also beneficial from a practical point of view: few visitors can conscientiously say farewell to the Hor- ton Plains without making an effort to promote the cultivation of flowers in such an artistic way. GIPSY JOHN, Dec. I, 1897.] THE TROPICAL COCHIN vs. CEYLON COCONUT OIL. The following are the questions embodied in our circular : 1. Have you ever considered the reasons for Cochin O'l selling for 30 to 36 per cent more than Ceylon Coconut Oil '? 2. What is your opinion after having read the article in Ceylcn Observer, 30th October ? (See page 381 of this issue.) 3. Do you think it possible in your District to give the same attention to palms and kernels as is given by the Cochinese according to the description under notice ? 4. Ariy objections or difficulties in your district ? 5. In what Districts of Ceylon would you think the best results could be obtained ? 6. Would you recommend a Ceylon Superinten- dent being sent to Cochin to note what is done there from beginning to end ; the nature of the soil, cul- tivation of palm, etc. ? 7. Or, would you recommend getting two or three Cochin natives accustomed in copra and oil- making to lead on local plantations ? 8. Do you know of any Ceylon estate or district whose copra or oil is always superior to ordinary Ceylon oil, and approximates to Cochin ? 9. Any other observations ? The following have been received from well- knovvn planting authorities : — (Answers.) No. III. 1. Yes ; and if you will look up the T.A.ior 189.5 or 1896 you will find that this question was dis- cussed in the Observer and opinions elicited. 2. My opinion is that the great difference is al- most, if not entirely, due to the large amount of stearine in the Ccchi'n oil. 3. Quite. Although there is not the same long spell of dry weather ; yet copra dried over coconut shell fires can be cured quite as white as surr dried. 4. None except the more frequent rains prevent- ing copra being sun dried. 5. In Jaffna, Kalpentyn, Batticaloa, and Chilaw. I am sure that copra quite as fine as any Cochin article can be, and is prepared in these districts. 6. Perhaps it would be advisable, There may be something done there of which we are ignorant, though I doubt it ! 7. No ; by no means. 8. Answered iii No. 5. 9. I am afraid that the difference is due to climate and soil and perhaps, to some extent, to keeping the nuts for so many months before converting them into copra. Is there no reliable person in Cochin from whom information might be got? W. J. No. IV. Oct. 5. 1. The difference in price of Cochin and Ceylon coconut oil attracted my attention many years ago. The experts in the trade whom I consulted, referred the difference, partly to Cochin oil being richer in stearine, partly to speculation and combination among owners. 2. My opinion, confirmed by the Observer article of 30th October, is that a third explanation is to be found in the fact that most of our copra is smoke dried, much of it positively black, yielding oil which cannot b.e filtered white. 3. Not the same, perhaps, to kernels, because of the greater humidity of the air and the greater rain fall ; but more attention than now. To palms the same attention can be paid as in the most favoured countries. 4. The special difficulty in the way of sun dry- ing in this district is the absence of the sun for a good part of the year. Half the number of days in the year is wet or drizzly, and the sun is often obscured by clouds; but smoke drying is resorted to too readily. 5. In Jafl'na, Batticaloa, Manaar, Calpentyn, and Puttalam. If the copra from these districts should sell distinctly better, not only because it is better (tried through its long journey but because it is 51 AGRICULTURIST. 411 sun dried, other districts would re.sort to open air drying whenever possible. 6. It wmuld be an advantage, but it is not abso- lutely necessary. Cultivation is understood here and is being practised with good results — larger crops and thicker kernels. 7. That, too, may be desirable, but is not es- sential. (. opra drying is a simple process and every one knows that well dried copra is more valuable than damp, and clean is preferred to dirty. There should Le an incentive to greater resort to the sun than to fire. 8. The copra of Jaffna, Batticaloa, Puttalam and Calpentyn is generally superior to that of other dis- tricts because it is cleaner and better dried, and it fetches better prices, because it contains less mois- ture. The oil of one district cannot be compared with that of another, as there are no district mil's and district oils. 9. For the above reasons I do not agree that it is merely a planters’ question. If the mill-owner offers more for sundried copra than for smoke-dried, in order to prepare white oil as a speciality, there will be inducement for planters to avoid smoke or steam drying, except as a last resort. F. B. No. V. Nov. 4. I have not had any nractical experience in coconut oil manufacture — so cannot reply to questions 1 — 7. As regards (8) I can only repeat what I heard from Mr. O’Grady of Karativoe estate, who told me he took home some of his (chekku-mill oil) and sub- mitted it to some large dealers in London, who after examination assured him that it was far superior to ordinary Ceylon oil, and I think he said equal to Cochin; but that to secure a proper price it should come into the London market under some different designation than “ Ceylon” oil. On another occasion I know Mr. O’Grady made some very superior Copra for a local Chotty, who sent it to Calcutta (to be used he said for sweet- meats), but it took a lot of trouble and additional expense and did not pay. So these facts show it is in the long dry season which prevails on the Eastern side of the that there island could be prepared a superior class of copra and oil. Mr. O’Grady would give fuller particulars doubt- less if asked. I may also mention that in the Batticaloa estates, the nuts are left (I think for a month) in the (coir) husk before being split — which is done with an axe without removing the husk. E. ELLIOTT. No. VI. 1. For the reason that no endeavour is made in Ceylon to export white oil. I saw a sample of white oil in Colombo some time ago, which if exported, should approximate, if not equal. Cochin oil. 2. Except as regards any superiority due to climate conditions, there is no reason why Ceylon oil should not he as good as Cochin. 3. The attention given to palms on my estate is quite equal to that in the description you notice. In the treatment of kernels too, I do not see any difference between our methods and those adopted in Cochin except as regards the use of mats. 4. I believe there is not so much uniform sunshine here as in Cochin, hence we are obliged to have more recourse to fire. In drying by fire there is now no means of excluding the smoke, which accounts for the bad colour. If the smoke could be excluded by the introduction of some kind of Sirocco, I think much of our difficulties may be overcome. 5. Kalpitiya, Puttalam, Rajakadaluwa and Chilaw should do well. I believe Jaffna and Batticaloa would a'so do, although I have no acquaintance with them. 6. & 7. I do not see any necessity of adopting either of the suggestions. Given good weather and good nuts there is no difficulty in making white 412 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [Drc. I, 1897. 9. My expei'ience is that nuts of estates on the sea- board make the best copra. I think tliis superiority is due to the presence of salt in the soil. If some means could be devised for obtaining salt at cheaper rates for manuring purposes and better methods of manuring are adopted. I think our nuts will not be much inferior to tnose in Cochin, and if some method can be devised of drying copra by means of a uniform heat without smoke, I think we will be able to manufacture a very superior oil in Ceylon. D. J. We direct attention to two thoroughly prac- tical coimmujications di.scussing this matter below. One is from the Manager of a large plantation in the Kajakudalnwa di.s- trict beyond Chilaw, which ought to he specially favourable for sun-drying; and the other hears the initials of an old conlrihntor who will be recognised as almost “ the Patriarch ” among coconut planters, at any rate in the We.stern Province of Ceylon. The former snp|ilies a great deal of out-of t lie- way infoi Illation as to the care- less, if not fraudulent way in which copra is treated by native owners and middlemen before reaching the mills ; and both writeis seem to make it e\ident that the IMill Managers are prettj' well helpless in reference to refoim — since they must take the copra as oH'ered, and it would net be profitable for them to deal separately with small quantities of cleanly superior or sun-dried co]u a. But “MCB. Ij.” shows us very jilainly liow' private estate owners in Ceylon, anxious to do as much ju.stice to their nut-kernels as is done in Cochin, can accomplish their purpose. We infer from wdiat he says that a “ Sirocco” (or query “ Dessiccator”) — or even a more iirimitive contrivance descrilied by our cf 1 respondent— ■would enable copra to he iiroperly dried even in our wetter districts; while in the di-ier series — which must have as many sunny days as Cochin— the result can he arrived at with a little care more .‘imply and economicallj'. “W.B. L.” tells us of a [iroprietor of 200 acres of coco-palms wlio regularly prepared his own copra and manufactured superior oil from it on the estate, we suppose at a CMisiderahle profit over his neighbours’ returns? M'itli this example before them, we do not see why a good many individual planters should not go and do likewise and secure in the London market not £'2l to £22 but £29 to £30 for their oil. “W.B.L.” says it should ]iay to erect a Mill (with hydiaulie presses) for 50 acres ; but to make the venture safer, a (Syndicate of pro- prietors owning not les.s than 1,000 acres — or why not a Limited Company buying up estates to that extent ?— should be tried to establish a Mill to manufacture only superior Cey'on oil. No doubt, a distinctive mark would have to be adopted to secure due atteiition'in the 1 ondon market. With a margin of from 30 to 36 per cent, to go on, it does not seem to us that encouragement is vvanting to deal with an enter- prise of this kind. (No. A’ 1 1, — Answer to Circular hj a Itajaladahnca Manager. ) I have read the leader in the Ohserrerot 30th ultimo with grea,t interest. The superiority of the Cochin coco- nut oil, as evidenced by the high price it obtains in the London m-aiket, is a matter well worthy of our con- sideration and the remarks made in tire leader are quite to the point. The opinions expressed oir the Bubject by the authorities quoted are perfectly correct that little remains to be added. Considering what large tracts of land in Ceylon are rruder coconut culti- vation and what vast quantities of copra are prepared, it behoves us to pu' our best foot forward and see if we cannot successfully compete with our rival, but what is the use of the etrerg) and care of a few when the vast majority of the natives iir this island engaged irrthe cccomit industry are notorious for their apathy. To irrake good copra, as made in Cccbiii, three 1 birgs are of paranrourrt inrpotlance ; — f.'V, Ih (.hoice of' nuts', 2nd, modeoj mani pula lion ; 3rd, time 0/ dryiini. 1. With regard to the choice ofuuis — these should be thoroughly well matured and dry on the tree before plucking and of a dark-brown colour. Nuts that are so dry ihiit they sever their connection with the parent tree by their owrr weight and fall of themselves ai'e the best adapted for making copra. The Cochin nuts are so gathered and I suspect this accounts for the larger percentage of stearine in the Cochiir oil. By this method two bunches of thoroughly matured irms nray he relied upon froirr a well-hearii.g tree and the third or less rrratuied hunch nray he left to fornr the first hunch of the irext crop and so on. These nuts should be plucked once itr three moirihs instead of two irroiitlrs so as to ensure two perfectly dried huirclres. The nuts when plucked should not be left in a heap longer than three weeks or a nrouth by which time the kernel is so far desiccated that it comes away fre m the shell after a slight exposure to the suir and veiy often the mornenttlie nut is split. Germninted nuts shoirid he avoided if a trr.st-class copra is to be turned out The general rule iir Ceylon is to pluck once erery two months. I think this accounts for the inferiority of our copra, for inrnrature nuts are houird to he mixed with the mature oires even on the best regulated plantations. 2. As regards the manipulation, nuts should be placed in a tierce sun as soon as they are split, care being taken that no sand or earthy matter adheres to the inner surface. M^here practicable they should be placed on mats or cadjaus till the surface moisture sufficiently evaporates, leaving a dry inner suiface to which foreign substances cannot cling. This can be ascertained by passing one’s fingers over the inner surface a few' hours after the nuts are exposed. When this amount of dryage is ascertained and the kernels are detached from the shells, mats i-.nd cadjans are no longer needed, as the kernels may then be placed on the bare sand (the looser and whiter the sand the better) till thoroughly dried, w’ithout any fear of taint. Where large quantities of copra are prepared at a time it is not awvays feasilile to effect the preliminary dry- ing on mats and cadj ins, but it is trouble well laid out when the ulterior benefit is taken into account. In Ceylon the natives are very careless as to what becomes of the nuts in the splitting. They are split and chucked about anjhow, rolling over muddy ground or dirty sandy soil clogged and damp with coconut water or over patches of cattle dung or any dirt that is lying unswept. The nuts are then spread out to dry with a large percentage of earth sticking to them thus rudely spoiling their snow white appearance. The earthy matter leaves its stain and quantities of sand are embedded in the body of the kernel. This is regarded by the natives as the proper thing to happen as it increases the weight of the copra. I have seen sand actually thrown on the newly split nuts for this very purpose. How is it possible to obtain a good merchantable copra when men are capable of such nefarious practices ? In some instances the coconut water is not all out of the split kernels when exposed to the sun, a small portion at the bottom is allowed to remain and evaporate slowly (as it is too much trouble to throw it out) and in this slow process of evaporation a sticky gummy substance is formed w'hich clings to the boitom of the kernel and) readily holds any rubbish that may eventually come into contact with it. The kernels should be placed closely side by side to dry, but no nuts should be split after 11 a. m. as those split in the morning get the benefit of a full day's sun, whereas those split in the afternoon may, or may not, get a dry inner surface by the evening. This is an important factor in the drying process, {Qf damp on the inner surface all night long is Dec. I, 1897. J THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 413 apt to engender a sticky substance which may in- duce mildew before the sun rises next day and present a sorry appearance in juxtaposition with the better dried kernels. The kernels should be placed in long narrow heaps about 8 inches deep and covered with oadjans before ii'ghtfall so as to prevent the dew getting on them, as any watery interference with the oleaginous sur- face is most detrimental to the unique colour of the copra. These heaps should next day be spread out again in the sun, as at first, and so on till perfectly dry. Kernels dried on sandy soil dry quicker than those on ordinary hard ground, as the heat of the sand at the bottom is intenser than that of common earth, and helps to dry the kernel faster. A white colour is produced by hard bleaching. When the kernels are well dried (which can be ascer- tained by a sharp snapping sound they make when doubled and pressed in the fist and by an even leaden hue perceptible in the broken portion where the escaping oil stains the outer surface) they should not be allowed to sweat too long in heaps. The sooner they are despatched to the mill the better for the oil they are expected to yield. Mildew forms thickly and rapidly and is most prejudicial to the making of a colourle.ss oil ; but with a nice, even, snow-white inner surface and a thoroughly suudried kernel, I don’t see why good colourless oil should not be made in Ceylon equal to ihat of Cochin, provided no other copra of inferior quality is mixed with the good lot ciushed. The heterogeneous mixing of all kinds of copra in the mills is a great evil. If good, bad and indifferent are all crushed together it is impossible to get any other than the amber coloured oil now in vogue, which, when congealed, gives a palish yellow' hue instead of alabaster white. The excess of stearine in Cochin oil, which makes it preferable for candle- making purposes, is, I suspect, due to the excellence of tlie nut and not to the superiority of the soil — an excellence attained by full maturity and a regular system of manuring the trees— for the soil of the west and north-west coast of Ceylon compares favour- ably with any soil in the world as a feeding ground for the coconut peJm. 3. As regards the time when copra should be made I am convinced that the hottest and driest season of the year before the advent of the south-west monsoon {i.e.. between January and June) is the best, because it is the most reliable for heat and rainless days. Copra, to bo white, .should have no interruption in the proce-s of dryage, save that of the night. It should run no risk — no heat but sun-heat being use'l. If it has to be transferred from the drying-ground to be finished off over the “ Attoowa ” fire in the event of clouds or rain intervening, then good-bye to the hope of making a pure white copra. The smoke of the coconut shell fire soon leaves its tell-tale mark on the inner surface and a browned, if not partially blackened, copra is the result. If the heat brought to hear on the keniels is not unique and continuous, a browni!3h tint is observable on the borders and this tint is bound to tarnish the oil expressed therefrom. Shuuld rain-drops find their way to the copra whilst drying a spotted and motley appearance ensues and these spots of many colours, in the development cf mildew, can never berenioved, iro matter how severely they may be subsequently dried. Undoubtedly the colour of the oil is affected by these accidents. Bain and dew are the enemies of copra and should he carefully guarded against. In Ceylon copra is made all the year round and plays at hide and seek with all weathers and conse- quently much damage accrues ; but given a good season of the year, a well matured nut, thorough cleanli- ness of inauipnlation in a powerful sun and careful handling in the mill, and it would be hard lines indeed if we conld not compete with Cochin. Good white copra has been turned out from heating rooms, so well constructed as to be impervious to smoke arrd maintaining an equable temperature regu- lated by a thermometer. The heating room, if in good order, makes one irrdependent of the weather, and if it involve no risk, should be resorted to by all proprietors of estates who turn their nuts into copra, Nov. 6. {Answer by an Old Coconut Planter No. VIII. Nov. 8, 1897. Pew parts, of the coconut districts of Ceylon, enjoy suliicient sunshine at all seasons, to dry copra with* out more or less damage. These unfavourable climatic conditions, are not the only causes of injury to this product, as it is usual to sell the nuts on the spot, to middlemen, who make a trade of it, and probably, three fourths of the crops of the Island, pass through their hands. It is of course their business to mak# as much profit as possible on (heir ti ansactions, and as a large proportion of the original weight is mois- ture, it is an object to get it to market, with the greater part of the moisture retained. It is therefore put into a rude kiln after a few hours in the sun, not to dry, but to be smoked which prevents mould and rot from setting in at once. Thus most of the copra brought to market, is discoloured with smoke, and contains at least 50 per cent of its original moisture. The large buyers, therefore regulate the price accord- ing to the average quality, the only distinction being boat and cart copra. This seems rather a curious method of arranging prices, but there is some reason in it; boat copra comes chiefly from the dry climate, to the north of the Mahaoya, v\here the drying pro- cess is less liable to be interrupted by rain, and if only half dry, vshui put into the boat, the drying goes on during the voyage often days or a fortnight, and, it is peifectly dry when it arrives in Colombo. On the other hand, the cart copra is collected from the country round Colombo, within a distance of say thirty miles, and consists of the smoked article of the traders, and the still more carelessly prepared produce of the villagers. I do not know whether any change has taken place, since I was familiar with the working of the oil mills, but then all copra that came in, was thrown in one heap, and taken to the stores as it came to hand. This produced a dark-coloured article which is still — I believe — the character of all Ceylon oil, and so it mast continue, so long as the bulk of the copra comes through the trader and the villager. Perfectly ripe nuts, cleanly and thoroughly dried, consists of 66 per cent oil, and of poomic 34 per cent. The checku cannot extract more than 60 to 63 per cent of oil, but the grinding stones and hydraulic press can do mote with the same material ; but with the com- mon quality of the copra delivered at the mills the yield must he much less. Perfectly clean and dry copra yields an oil, that in a glass, Iseside another of spring water, the eye cannot diatii'guish a difference. Whether Cochin oil ia intrinsically superior to the produce of Ceylou, is aqueslion for the chemist to decide ; but there can be no doubt that clean colour less oil, would command a higher price in the markets of Europe and America, than the smoke-stained article now supplied. There is not however the least hope, that the trader and the villager, will spontan- eou-sly improve their methods, and the mill owners probably make more profit on the existing system than they would do by a superior arCole. The only hope of raising the quality of Ceylou oil, lies with the Europeans who are going in for coconut cultivation, which they may do, by rendering them- selves independent of the nut dealer, and the mail owner. It has been done before, and can be done again on the same or improved lines. A coconut estate planted in 1840 about 200 acres, owned by a non-resident European, manufactured all its copra on the spot, for over twenty years, with very satis- factory results. This was done by checkus ; but a proprerty of 500 acres, could afford to have its own mill, or several neighbouring properties might join in it convenient ; at all events in a coconut distiict, nuts to k ep the mill going could always be purchased, at current rales. Every coconut estate should have an apparatus, for artificial drying. Without tliat, no one can prevent copra all the year round, from getting mouldy and sjroctcd. A sirocco would do first-rate; but there are cheaper means of attaitnng the end in view ; an> thing will do that carries the heat without the smoke, say a sheet iron platform, with a tire of dry coconut husk, five feet lower giving out heat with- out flame, and raising the temperature of the chamber 414 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [Dec. I, 1897. above to 150 deg.j wbich i£ kept up for 48 hours, will thoroughly dry the copra, and so clean and bright, that the oil made from it will be perfectly colourless. Once ou a time, the Engineer of one of the Colombo oil mills, showed me a phial of clean bright oil, which I duly admired, and asked by what process he had got it. He replied, that was his secret. Do you prepose to take out a patent ? I'll consider of it, he said. Well I think you had best not go to that expense, for I could show you tons, as pure as that, and any one is free to inspect the process; it merely amounts to this; — ‘ clean copra makes clean oil.’ Ceylon may not be able to compete with Cochin in quality; but it is in her power, to make the best of the material she has to deal with, and thereby gain both credit and profit. W.JB.L. We append some half-a-dozen additional an- swers to our circular-questions on this subject, BO closing the discussion for the present. We trust, some practical good will come out of it. ■\Ve may say that the whole of the correspon- dence and remarks will Ije embodied in our forth- coming Coconut Planter’s Manual. There can he little doubt, we think, that as regards both copra and oil from our dryer districts — Jatl’na, Batticaloa, Kalpitiya and Chilaw— only, a.s Mr. S. C. Munvo hints, “.a bad name” — a confounding of the superior with the general character of “Ceylon” copra and oil — can account for the value being placed lower than for Cocliin. If that he the case, it rests with proprietors themselves we think to get matters put on a proper footing. Let them obtain standard samples of Cochin oil and copra from their Agents, and then challenge com- parison when ' they feel, in tlie dryer districts especially, that tliey have attained to the same standard. At the same time, experiments in the directions jiointed out by “J.D.V.” and other correspondents could not tail to yield in- teresting and perhaps, profitable, results. “ W’s” idea of using a “Clerihew” for drying copra in the wet se.ason is a very good one, and we hope to liear of success. Answers to Circular •. No, IX. an offer of white copra to COLOMBO. Nov. 7. 1. Yes. The reasons given in your issue of the 30th ultimo, are to the point. We of Pallai turn out much better copra than estates in the South, but nearly all our copra used to be shipped to Cochin ! At present there are no purchasers here for the Indian market. In consequence price of copra has fallen, and we have to sell to the oilmongers. 2, i think it quite possible to make good clean copra rivalling that of Cochin, and indeed our copra is perfectly clean and white. I don’t think there is much room for improvement over the Cochin treatment either of soil or kernel, though we don’t use mats on which to spread the copra. ,1 . 1 t ' • -nr 3 Matting would be excellent, but expensive. We heap the copra on the approach of rain and cover with hucMs made of palmyrah olas and jungle 4 The only disadvantage is, this copra, if not sufficiently dry, is apt to get soiled and discoloured by heaping. Perhaps tarpaulin would be better to cover with, heaping the copra. Best results can only be obtained in the districts where the rainfall is lowest like Pallai ; 40 in. average per annum. In the South vihen the copra is filed it is sure to lie discoloured, and the oil ex- pressed’ from it to be anything but limpid. ^6 I am not quite sure if a Ceylon man could profit much by going to Cochin ? I think it had better be left to individual effort. 7. However I won’t speak dogmatically on the sub- ject. But I certainly should prefer the course sug- gested in (6) rather than get Cochin run over. 8. I think it is quite clear from what I have already stated that Pallai copra is just as good as the Cochin copra. The oil here is perfectly clear. 9. I was about to write to you when this paper came to hand, iu i-e the quality of the nuts. There cannot be any material difference between these and the nuts of the Western or Southern Provinces, or even those of the Cochin Coast — at least so far as they contribute towards the clearness of the oil. The socalled ” superiority” of the copra is simply the irhilenesn of tlie copra which is entirely due to careful preparation, and fine weather. We have from 8 to 10 months of dry weather, which people in the South don't have. Hence our copra is whiter and better in every respect. We spread out the nuts when sxilit open ou fine white hot sand, and the copra is thereby subjected to heat both ou top and laiderneath. Thus the kernel comes out quite crisp and dry and per- fectly white from the shell. It is only when we are disturbed by rain unexpectedly that the copra suffers and is apt to get discoloured and mouldy. It also gets soiled by being thrown about during heaping and then spreading out when the sun shines. The one problem that has been simmering in my head for the last 11 years since I settled here, is, hovbast to cover the copra heaping it on the approach of raiu. Tarpaulin might answer, but I have never tried it: and I am not sure if it is without dis idvantages. My second question is what do ve gain here in the North by our copra being whiter, seeing that we do not get a higher price for it than people in the South. Supposing we take more than ordinary care with our copra and make it extra white and clean, what are the chances of getting higher prices, and what should be done to secure that end ? There being no demand for copra in Cochin, local merchants do not buy copra now. Our price is regulated entirely by tlu prices ruling in the Colombo market ! It is as a rule 4/ less per candy at Jaffna than the Colombo price, with its inferior copra. If, indeed, the Colombo Oil Manufacturers offer us sufficient inducement, I, for my part, can gurantee to supply good, clean, white cox>ra, quite equal to the Cochin copra in all respects. One disadvantage of spreading out the broken nuts on mats instead of on hot sp.nd is that it does not get the benefit of the hot sand, and I venture to think that spreading on mats is not a very great ad- vantage anyway. I don’t think the cojira would be anycleaner by the precaution. I dare say that in Kalpitiya and Puttalam they shonld be able to turn out just as good copra as here. Good well-matured nuts, (especially dropped nuts) sun-dried, without being exposed to rain, will make excellent copra. I dont think you have the cliniatio condi- tions necessary for the preparation of copra of superior quality, either iu the Western or in the Southern Province. John E, PHiLii-s. No. X. In answer to your circular on the above subject, the disparity between the prices for Ceylon and Cochin oil attracted my attention long ago, and I discussed the subj^ot in the pages of a contem- porary about a dozen years ago. It was then said that the reason was iu the Cochin oil being richer in stearine than Ce.ion oil. Coconuts iu Cochin were said to be stored on covered messas or plat- forms, under which small fires w’ere lighted, till the nuts were quite dry and had absorbed all the water or milk in them. They’ v.’ere then converted into copra. Of coarse this method of dealing with coco- nuts can be practised only by' small peasant pro- prietors and is not possible on large estates which have to deal with hundreds of thousands of nuts at each picking, and when two crops are on the ground at the same time. THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 415 Due I, 1S97.] I think the pioprietors of the large oil mills in Colombo will be able to inform you whether Cochin oil is richer in stearine than Ceylon, and how the white oil they turn out compares with Cochin as regards prices. The communication of the retired Colombo mer- chant is very interesting and instructive. What he savs about the application of ashes to the coconut tree only supports Mr. Cochran’s recent analysis, that Potash is the leading mineral constituent of the coconut palm. Potash manures ought to be the principal manure for coconut trees, especially in sandy soils which are poor in potash, bat not I think the only manure. It is gratifying to know that I am practising the style of cultivation which he says is practised successfully in Cochin, t.e., tirrning up the soil round the trees and leaving it in little clods. The advantages of thus aerating the soil are too api^rent to need explanation. I always dig in manure round the trees, and do not apply it in circular trenches, and I leave the clods of earth as they are. Further, to prevent them from being battered down by the rain and caked by the sun, I use a mulch of coconut leaves and weeds. The loosened soil is then kept free and open for a considerable period. This is especially impor- tant in heavy soils which cake as hard as cement in dry weather. A friend, who followed my advice on a heavy soil, was full of the increased freeness and porosity of the soil which resulted from this treatment. What your merchant friend says of the color of copra from germitjated nuts is true. Desiccating mills will not use these as the stuff turned ont is quite yellow. Copra likewise from these is quite discolored and if dried over fires turns out black. Of course it is not possible for large estates to dry nuts on mats, butbirbacues are possible and should, I think, be made on every estate making c- pra. The disadvantages of keeping nuts to be cure 1 till dry weather sets in, are that left out as they of neces- sity are in the open, the bottom layer of nuts go bad or germinate even when the nuts are well spread out. 2. Thei-e, is the delay in realizing their value. I think that with a little attention means could be devised to dry coconuts white over fires. That this has not been done yet is, I think, a re- proach to all coconut planters. I know of experiments that have been made but have been unsuccessful owieg to sufficient thought not having been bestowed on them. Fire or smoke should not be allowed to come into contact with the nuts, especially in the earlier stages when they are not quite dry as they then get readily discolored. I think a simple plan would be to have sheet iron immediately under the plat- form of “ wtratchies ” on which the nuts are placed. Unfortunately everything on a coconut estate is done on the “ cheap Jack ” system. On coffee and tea estates expensive stores were and are built, aud much money' spent on up-to-date machinery. Not so on coconut estates. Everything is of the most primitive kind, and ‘‘ cheap and nasty ” is the rule. 3 and 4. Quire possible to give the same attention in this distiict aud elsewhere to copra curing and cultivation as iu Cochin, but since I came here we have had very little continuously dry weather. If after coconuts are split they have not two days at least of fine dry weather the copra gets mildewed. But after this, fire drying does not discolor the stuff. 5. Putlalam, 0 ilpentyn, Jaffna, Batticaloa and last Chil iw. U and 7. Hardly necessary. Copra curing is well- known h. re and we can dry white given the weather and failing that proper appliances, i.c., a well-fitted hot room. 8. C.alpentyn copra always ranks first in the Colombo maiket and Marawila second. I do not know whether Jaffna and B.x'ticaloa copra fills a la>'ge plice iu the Colombo market, but if it does there it 110 reason why it should not be classed with Calpcntyn. 9. Answered fully in the beginning of this paper. I do not think it advisable for the copra to be in direct contact with the tire-h“ated iron sheets. If a “ messa ” of “ waratchies ” will not live over the heated iron, wont perforated iron do ? B. No. XI. 1. Yes, but could not fathom it, as soma years ago, and (I believe even now), all copra from Jaffna was shipped to Cochin aud the oil extracted there. 2. My opinion is, that it is not so much the copra that is to blame, bat the mode of extracting the oil. 3. Yes. 4. No. Considering it to be the driest district in the island more or less. 5. Jaffna and Batticaloa. 6 Certainly ._ A good idea. 7. Certainly 1 should also recommend getting some Cochin natives. 8. No. 9. I do not think the tint observed in the oil has anything to do with delay in collecting and making into copra, and nuts should always be allowed to lie in husks for at least a fortnight or three weeks. ip_ No. XII. November 11th. 1897. 1. Yes, and in my opinion 2. The vast difference between the price of Cochin oil and Ceylon is due principally to the better quality of copra the Cochin country is turning out. 3. I do not see why in dry districts the palm should not enjoy the same attention as it does in Cochin, and so with the kernels, if not all the year through at least most part of it. 4. My district is one of the wettest and in such localities unless expensive factories are provided, with rooms heated by steam and free of smoke, the quality of the copra must be inferior hi that of the dry district. It is unquestionable, though, that with care and cleanlinei's our present means should be suffi- cient to secure a quality of copra nearly as good as that now produced by our dry districts, and these in their turn go much nearer to Cochin. The colour of copra does not depend solely on the means of heat (sun or fire), but a great deal on the handling while curing. In wet districts it is iu fact a matter of repeated handling and shifting from the drying ground to the drying tray, layer upon layer, and from this again to the ground. It is during this handling that the fibre dust of the shells, and other d>rt sticking to the gummy kernel spoil the appearance of the copra. This could only be avoided by having commodious hot rooms with plenty of trays where on’y one la ver of kernels should be spread , but as long as our copra must be heaped up on a single drying tray eight to ten layers, one over the other it will never turn out dean. 5. This is not the case in dry districts, where the split nuts once spread out on a mat to dry and simply covered at nights, can be left there ’until ready. Those districts certainly should be able to give better copra than what they give at present. 6 and 7. Systematical, clean sun drying, or im- proved accommodation for artificial drying, and well matured mits are, in my opinion, all that is wanted • hem e not much to learn in Cochin, by a superin- tendent from Ceylon nor from a Cochin man here. 8. No, but I know of one estate in a wet district (with 128 inches up to 31st October) obtaining for its copra as good a price as Maravilla. A New Hand. No. XIII. 1. I have. 2. The piincipal cause is a bad name as regards the oil of this district, Batticaloa. 3. It is always done. 4. None. Batticaloa, Jaffna and Kalpitiya 4i6 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [Dec. t, 1897. 6. I would not. 7. No. 8 Eatticaloa, Jaffna. y In Buenos Ayres foreign wool growers can never obtain Auatvalian prices from the bad name due only to the filiby condition of native WOOL ^ No. XIV. 1 and i2. Dr. V/att m bis Dictionary of the Eco- nomic Products of India, says that to produce fibre of the purest hue the green or unripe coconuts, i.e., about ten months old, are used in South India * and it may be that in this fact we have the explanatimi of the superiority of so-called Cochin oil ” with reference to which, too, Dr. M'att says that he is almost forced to the opinion that by ‘ Cochin oil, as with ‘ Cochin coir,’ may be meant the superior riualities of the oil derived from the Madras Presidency.” Several gentlemen connected with the coconut industry of South India have told me that nuts are not allowed there to thoroughly mature before they are plucked, as the fibre of the immature nut is so much superior to that of the mature, and the oil, though less in quantity, is superior in quality. Another difference from Ceylon practice pointed out to me \>as that the nuts are not allowed to wither as w'ith us for two to four ■weeks (and sometimes even as many months waiting for better mr.rkets) before they are hu.-ked, but are husked within a day or two of their being plucked for the sake of the fibre from the green busk ■ind prtsum ibly thekernels are dried at the same time as well Ceylon experience in the preparation of cooking oil and hair oil also shows that a superior white oil is obtained from the immature or rather partly mature nut. Our cooks, too, prefer such nuts in the preparation of curries. A careful series of analyses of samples of best and monsoon Cochin and of Ceylon oils extracted from nuts at various de-^rees of maturity and withering is very desirable, 3 and 4. The Ceylon growers and dealers would be only too glad to pluck their nuts earlier and dry them ‘sooner, if it be the fact that less maturing on the trees and withering in the heap, would pay them better. But as for more careful preparation of copra than is the practice now, I do not think that is _like^ly. ^1^^ drier districts, that is where the air is least humid, Jaffna, Kalpi iya, Puttalam, portions of the Kuruuegal-a district and Batticaloa. (j Yes. Will W. J. oblige? His long experience, open mind and clear judgment would be invaluable in such an investigation. t ^ • , • 7 We have a large number of Cochinese working our' chekkus and at our oil mills, .and I suppose they are also to be found in our larger gardens. 8. Answered in 5. ,, , , 9 I shall test on a few acres the value ot “pruning” off the stalks that have borne fruit. Does the sap continue to nourish these stalks ? If so the advice to prune, seems sound ; but would the bleeding of the sap not attract the red beetle ? J. D. V.-d-S. No. XV. 1 Ceylon can produce as good oil as Cochin. The faiiit is that the men do not pick the nuts when mature. Natives as a rule send small quantities to the market, :]dored forests, and to bring back some valuable plants destined for cultivation in French jiossessions. The.«e consist of new textiles, india-rubber, some species of gutta-percha, some of the latter quite unknown as yet, some trees pro- ducing vegetable butters and greases, oils, resins, varnislies, and tannins. The immense island of Sumatra, which was visited, is almost unknown in the interior. There the mission found veritable riches, amongst which gold, which they were not seeking, and have located the presence of petro- leum and di.scovered immense forests of trees, pro- ducing resin, india-rubber, and gutta-percha. All that wealth remains unutilised for want of workers, because the natives are apathetic, igno- rant, and cannot be employed as labourers. — Lon- don dk China Express. PRODUCE AND PLANTING. Russian Centpal Asia and Its Tea Tkade. — In the last report from the British Consuiate-General at Meshed some space is devoted to the tea trade of Russian Central Asia. Tea and indigo are the two main exports to these regions from India. Russia has now begun to cultivate tea in the Batum district with some success, but, although it is said that tea enough to satisfy the requirements of the Central Asian market will be produced here in time, it is evident that the Russian planter will not be able to compete with the Anglo-Indian for a long time to come. The bulk of the tea from India and China into Central Asia now goes by the Batum route in place of by Bandar Abbas and across Per- sia. At the end of last year it was stated in Bokhara that the Russians were trying to deprive Bombay of the trade in Chinese green tea by creating a direct demand between the Bokharan dealers and Russian agents in China, and also by inducing the Peshawar merchants trading in Bokhara to purchase in China and import by Batum. As the latter were representatives of Indian firms, they did not alter their commercial routine ; but it seems clear that there is now direct communi- cation between Russian houses in Bokhara and in China and direct purchases and sales between them, mainly of green tea, consignments being shipped direct to Batum. This involves loss to India, where great profit was made by importing green tea from China and then exporting it to Central Asia. But India has not lost the trade yet by any means. Indian traders in Bokhara continue to make their purchases in Bombay, and have them sent by Batum in place of Bandar Abbas. Thirty-six to fifty days is the time taken from Bombay to Bokhara by Batum. This is much shorter than the Persian route and the cost of carriage cheaper ; but the Batum route is said to be unpopular with the Indian trader, for he has to pay the customs duty in cash at Askabad or Bokhara immediately on the arrival of the goods there, whereas by the Persian route the Persian forwarding agents paid all c'ues and charges and recovered them afterwards from the consignees without requiring any advances. Hence Indian traders are making inquiries about the new route from Quetta through Seistan into Khorasan, as they think it might suit them better than the Batum route. The Indian traders residing in Bokhara are natives of Peshawar, Rawal Pindi, and other Punjab districts, and prefer buying near their homes in India. Hence it is suggested that tbe tea planters in Kangra, Dehra, and other places in India should endeavour to recover a ti\. de w' ich was wholly in their hands twentv jtars a.o. They can beat I he Chinese green tea imported by Russian tiau6i ?, for their tea is of better flavuni aiidcht-rtuer especially now that the Indian tea will have ir< heavy Afghan duties to pay by the new' Seisian route. Rut It will not do to wait for the tiaders to come to the Indian gardens as they used to do; the pur- chasers must be sought out in Quetta, Karachi and other places in Upper India. In this way ib Indian planter might be al.le not only to secure ilie green tea trade of Central Asia, but also a trade in b'ack tea in tlie Seistan and Khorasan markets, and per- haps elsewhere in Persia. “Were a Eurepscu Per- sian-speaking commercial agent deputed by the Indian tea companies collectively to travel in the country to study Persian tastes and ascertain the qu.ilitv of the tea that may be in demand, and then to advise thern to produce suitable tea especially for the Persian market and make arrangements for its direct export and sale through a central depot in charge of a European or trustworthy Indian agent, the Indian tea trade with Khorasan might be expanded large extent even now.’’ to a A Tbaveli-ek's Tale. — The opponents of tea drink- ing, who aie always on the look-out for an object- lesson wherewiih to point a moral, can find one if they turn to the columns of the Boston TraveUev. As that journal may not come within their range ot vusion, we supply an extract from it referring to the case of Peter Schultz, an old man wlio has just died inaNew York work-house. Peter, accord- ing to the Iraveller, was a great tea drinker, and visitors to the almshouse encouraged his fancy by sending him many packages of his favourite leaf. Scbultz was a hard drinker before he went to the almshouse, but it was of something stronger but apparently not more potent than tea. His reform and his affection for tea pleased the missionaries amd good folks generally who visited him, and hence the many gifts of Oolong and Japan. But they did not know the truth. Schultz used to boil a great quantity of tea down to such a degree that the lesiilt w’as a potion that would have eaten away the stomach of an ordinary man. He increased the frequency and strength of his dose and soon became a tea drunkard. His nerves began to trouble and he saw things. ’ He was believed to have nephritis and was treated for it. One night Schultz partook of tea more liberally than usual, lit bis pipe, and fell dead. At the autopsy it was discovered that his heart was fractured. It had been stimulated too much with tea and had broken under the strain That- IS the plain English of it, the medical terms bein^ left to those who deal in them Otherwise than tldf fracture Schultz’s body was that of a man in fine nhv- sical condition. He was a victim to his over thidf effectively than Indian and CeyiortVasrbureve“the latter, when boiled as Peter is supposed .0 have mani pulatedthem, are not good for the constitution. The PosiTioNOFCocoA—Cocoaisadvancinginponu- larity.andm theimportmarketitstands well The points out that its appreciation is not confined to = Single set or class of consumers of one special or isolated nationality, but extends 'fa’r and near anH after winning favours with the British nomilatinn both high and low degree, it is fast maS"a con- quest of the palates and liki gs of foreign dOnkers of the beverage in Eastern Europe. Esneciallv -H.?* so with the Germans, who have becmnreaee/nat n of this form of food of late, and are bu/ers of lar"e and increasing quantities every month. No seuarlte official returns are given of the countries abroad o which cocoa 13 shipped from the Port of London so that we cannot trace from official figurerRs destination, or form an opinion as to wffich pirt of the Continent is the best customer for cocoa after it leaves the United Kingdom. Rut, jp thg Dec, r, i8;7.J THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 419 absence of such snthoiitalive paiticulars, it may be interesting to slate that statistics are prepared from private doenmer.ts ss to landings and deliveiies of cocoa in Loi don, and they rffoid rente criterton of what is the extent and nature of these ntovenients, as cempared rtith the entries in the previous year. First, then, we may state that the total exports of cocoa from L( ndon this year up to date have amounted to 76,7C0 bags, in contrast with 59,700 bags in 18S6, shoving an iuoiease of 17,0C0 Lags. In addition to shipments on an extended scale, there have been clearances for heme consumption also at an advanced rate, bringing the aggregate at the present 'time up to about 118,000 bags, against lCC,0t0 tags in the forty-cne w eks lost year, which exhibits arrther gain in the delivery of 12,0t0 bags, making, with the 17.000 bags above mentioned, an augmentation of 29.000 bags in the joint deliveries of cocoa at this port daring 1897. The latest ctficial accounts, carried up to the end of September, furnish similar com- parisens, stating tie duty payments in the United kingdem to be on 20,067,905 lb. in lieu of 18,443,403 lb. last vear, and returning the quantity exported as 11,020,787 lb. instead of only 8,752,442 lb. in the first nine months of 18E6. Few Gaudfns akd Tkcpical Plants. — The “ excr- tiers of the Eight Hon. Joseph Chomterlaiu, Secre- tary of State for the Colonies,” are credited by the Keto Bulletin with being chiefly instrumental in ee- cuiii g for the Eoyal Gardens at Ki w a very im- portant extension. Few is veil supplied vith ac- cemmodation for plants requiring the temperature (f the stove and cool green-house, but l:as long wanted an '• intermediate house” of larger dimen- sions than the censer vatory. This, thanks to Mr. Chf.mberiain’s kindly inleiest, has new been supplied by the ereclicn of the new south wing of the Tem- perate House. It is intended to devote this wing mainly to large specimens of econcmic plants, such as the margo, guava, cinchona, sisal hirnp, and ro on. It will have largely a Mexican character, and will house a great many interesting fiewerirg shrubs previously excluded. Anew north wing about io he erected vvill be devoted chiefly to Himalayan plants. • — II . and €'■ Mail, Oct. 29. THE PUTUl’AULA TEA ESTATES COMPAJ^Y, LIMITED. The Annual Ordinary Gei.etal Meeting of the Sliaielioldei-i of tlii.s Company vvaslicldon the Nov. lutli. at the Office of Messis. Aitken, Spence & Ocmpatiy, vvlien tire following report vvls .sub- mitted ; — Diufctces.— Edward Aitken, Esq., Golden Spence Esq., \V. B. Fingsbury, Erq. ScprEiNTEKDENT. — U. A. Tipple, Esq. ACREAGE. Tea in bearing .. 391 ,, ,, piirtial beaiii g .. £0 ,. uridtr Two years .. 33 Liberian Coffee .. 10 For f St— ■) Grass &c. > .. 235 Waste laud J Grand Total .. 699 Acres. The Directors beg to submit to the Shareholders the accounts for the year ended June £0th last. The crop amounted to 155,593 lb. tea (against an estimate of 165, COO lb.) and 8 bushels Lffieii an Coffee. The net average price realised for the tea was nearly 39 cts. per Jb. The Coffee sold for E67'69. The estate suffered during the year from unavoid- able change of management, Mr. Tipple having been invalided home frem July to end of April: the crop was short of estimate as above; and, added to this, there was the depressed slate of the tea market, aggravated by high exchange, all combining to show poor results. E8,312 C0 were spent during the year in manure W'hich has been chaiged to cxpendiluie. 58 E3.000 COO were spent on the 36 acres young teft cleariig and have been chaiged to capital account. The net profit for the year amounts to E2,980'CO, and, with the balance brought forward frem last year, the balance at credit of Profit and Lo.sa Account is E7,786 94. The Directors leccmmetd that as no working capital Vi’S s provided for at the formation of the com- pany, and as the charge for interest during the past year was, ewirg to dearmcney, veiyheavy,no dividend be paid; but that the balance at disposal E7,786‘94 be carried forward The estimate of crop for the current year is 170, CCO lb. on an estimated outlay on worm’ng account of E37.2S0. In terms of the Articles of Association Mr. Spence retires from the Board of Directors and offers him* self for re-election. The appointment of an Auditor or the current year will rest with the meeting. — by order of the Directors, Aitken, Spence & Co., Agents ard Secretaries. OVERLAND TEA. One by one our cherished illusions are being dis- pelled, cur idols shattered, our preconceived notions destroyed. When the reign was yourg we learned as an irrevocable fact that lea coming oversea gets spoiled, and that (he Eussians, recognising this, refused to use the dried leaves of lire aromatic and pungent shrub if they had crossed the stormy wateis. There was Justi- fication for this belief, so tar that the overland system has continued to this day', and caravans are now on their way from China to Eiissia which will travel many months and over many leagues ere the buyers get acquainted with their load. But achange has occuned in these later days — the charm has been broken, and, as might he expected, it is English enterprise which has done it. Messrs. E. M. Moir and Co. could not see any reason why China tea should not reach Eussia via England and penetrate to Siberia keeping yet its origi- nal fragiance. They organised an expedition to the Obi and the Yenessei to prove their contention, and in the last w eek of July a little fleet left London on its reforming rrrission. After seven weeks’ voyage, the Fara Sea was passed, and Tienmau reached, end those in charge of the venture were very anxious as to bow the brick lea from Hankow which had been put on board in Louden would show up before the cognoscenti gathered together to lest its merits. Singular to relate, not only did the tea commend itself to the judgment of those qualified to judge, but they were even forced to admit that the condition in which it had arrived was superiorio that they were accustomed to in the con- signments by the all-land route. It was an eye-opener to them, as we can well imagine, to get tea in four months from Hankow which has hitherto taken six times that period to reach its destination. Moreover, this new route is incomparably cheaper. Those who go down to the sea in ships have gained another vic- tory. The fleet has returned from its voyage laden with golden grain and jubilant at its success, and no doubt is entertaii ed that the future Siberian demand will be met in the new way. Thus the overland tea, the pride of Eussia, the erstwhile envy of the connois sear, is to become a thing of the past, and the British flag is to float over the tea imported into the dominions of the Czar of all the Eussias. Moreover, the same fchips which convey these ‘‘bricks” can carry the pro- ducts of British Indian tea gardens, and the slow pro- cess of conversion which Eussian taste is undergoing in respect of its tea be quickened, to the benefit of the colcsEal trade the last decade has seen built up by British capital and British industry. — Grocers' Journal, Get. 23. ♦ EXCHANGE AND PLANTING MATTERS. THE VIEAYS OF A SOUTH INDIAN FLAN TER. Mr. G. L. Acwmth, late cliairnian of the United Planters’ Association of South India was last month in Ceylon having booked his passage from Colombo to Europe by the P. & 0. ss. 420 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. “ China which left on the 18th. Nov. He had been subjected to the interviewing process, in the course of which he expressed the opinion that his successor was mistaken in his view that the Government of India should impose an ex- port duty of 5 per cent., being convinced that if exchange dropped to a shilling the export duty would have to be considerably higher than 5 per cent— ])iobably 10 or 15 per cent. The difference between the actual and artificial value of the rupee meant that the planter was then really paying an export duty of 52 or 53 per cent. The Government must resume their council drawings to meet their obliga- tions and exchange must then fall. He did not think there was the slightest possibility of the mints in India being reopened wdthout agitation, bur, the West coast traders were against agita- tion as they were remitters and desired a liigh exchange, and they shipped a class of goods for which there was always a steady market which did not come into competition with other silver-using countries. Referring to tea cultivation he said it W’as extending very rapidly in Travancore and the Wynaad and he hoped it would continue as he was interested in the sale of tea seed. One of the advantages of buying tea from I'ravan- core instead of Calcutta was that they could get it at all times of the year and perfectly fresh. He had already sent to Ceylon through Mr. Cole, formerly of Ceylon, and now' in Permaad, a number of leaves, and had brought a great many himself picked at random. They measured from 10 to 12^ inches in length. The parent trees from which he got his seed were about .35 years old and there was not a hybrid plant within 20 miles of where they were planted. They were raised from w'ild seed from Assam. In the Wynaad he expected there would be a boom in tea in two or three years. As to labour supply he believed the' cry there -was one of “ wolf.” What however handi- capped thein in Southern india was the drought. As to Coorg they were beginning there this year. He added : — In Travancore my district, you must remember, is different from that Messrs. Finlay, Muir & Co. are working in. Our district was opened 40 years ago, and we are favourably off as regards roads and general conveniences, our produce being sent to Cochin, which is an ex- cellent port where we can get direct freight home once a month, and freight via Bombay home twice a month. Messrs. Finlay, Muir & Co.’s district is a new one. The land was originally entered by one or two men after it had been attempted by the North Travancore Land and Plantation Company, but these few men had not means enough, and were not numerous enough to com- bine, and thoroughly open the district, so that Messrs. Finlay, Muir & Co. ' had practically a new district to develop. But they are going ahead fast, and their coming has been the greatest possible boon to the district. The place is now practically all Finlay, Muir, as they bought out the private properties, with the exception of those in the lower part of the district— particularly Mr. Knight and Baron Kosenburg, who are largely interested in cinchona, though iii. Knisrht is going to open everything. Referring to the labour question he said : — “ Well our great trouble now is in recovering lost advances. There are a large number of frau- dulent contractors, and the matter became so .serious that we sent a special deputation to the Viceroy in 1895 and he granted a Commission [Dec. I, 1897. of Inquiry consisting of two Civilians and one planter to inquire into our grievance, and they wrote a very sti'ong report in our favour, which was considered this year by our Planters’ Asso- ciation, and had our very cordial approval, and it was sent to the Madras Government, and has been passed on to the Government of India, and we hope if Plague and Famine do not stop the way, the Government of India will legislate in this present session. What we principally hope for is to have registration of kanganies. A man would have to hold a certificate as a properly authorised kangany to collect labour, and the name of this employer would be endorsed on his certificate, and we liope and have asked that the rule may be made applicable to anyone. Registration of kanganies is the chief thing we have asked for, but there are other matters such as increased punishments for thefts of pnndial products and some minor changes. “Lastly,” said Mr. Acworth, “I should like to say a word about the healthiness of Travancore. There is a very mistaken hlea that Travancore is unhealthy. It has unfortunately arisen through superintendents having gone from Ceylon to the south and got into an unhealthy tract of country. I believe in the Venture group they had many Ceylon Superintendents, and that gave Travancore a bad name, for Venture is unhealihy, and I don’t think will ever improve. I know the country well. It is one of the richest pieces of land I know, and it is all magnificent tea, but it never can be otherwise than unhealthy. It is 800 ft. high— one of those steamy hot climates where fever is always remittent. Mr. Cole was very agreeably surprised at finding how healthy Per- maad was, and we have two or three Ceylon men in the hills — Mr. Bisset and young Knight and Mr. Wood, who keep their health splendidly while I have been there for 20 years, and I don’t think I am a bad specimen.” INDIAN TEA ASSOCIATION. INTERESTING PROCEEDINGS. We make a few extracts of special interest to Ceylon planters from the proceedings of the Meeting held in Calcutta, Oct I2th : — The Chairman announced that the contribution promised to the American Market Fund up to date amounted to R97.431. Recorded telegrams from branches in Assam, Cachar, Sylhet, Dooars, Terai and Darjeeling, with crop prospects at the end of September. The Secretary was instructed to telegraph to London, stating “ prospects show little or no improvement.” Recorded letter of 27th August, from the Secretary American Market Fund, enclosing copies of letters from Mr. Blechynden, dated 16th and 17th idem, with copies of his accounts for June and July, and pointing out that the injurious method of test- ing the purity or impurity of tea imported into America by means of a No. 16 sieve still prevails, and that Mr. Blechynden fears that in consequence English houses selling packet teas will be bound to do their packing in the States. Mr. Blechynden was taking active steps to have the new regulation altered, as a great injury was being done, as it was block- ing the finer grades of what was known as needle leaf. In his letter of 3rd September, Mr. Blechynden stated that he h> d just learned that the Japan people had made final arrangements in regard to the work they were going to do in America and he understood that they had entered into a contract to spend at the rate of $60,000 each year in magazine and newspaper advertisements for seven years, and they had reserved $10,000 for other purposes. He also understood that they had some hope of being able to secure a further grant from their Government after January next for additional work. t)Ec. r, 1897.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. IMPORTANT FACTS CONCERNING CATTLE MANURE. The November number of the Agricultural Magazine contains an article, entitled “Denitrification — Some important discoveries,’’ dealing -with the latest inves- tigations of the German Agricultural Society, into the action of cattle manure, the results of which, it must be admitted, are of a startling character. Expeiiments carefully conducted by the leading Ger- man scientists have gone to prove that cattle manure, when used with artificial fertilizers, tends to “depress” the action of the latter. We note that the power of denitrification, or of causing a loss of nitrogen, is possessed to a great extent by the straw or litter in the manure, while the depressing action is exerted, not only upon the artificials used along with dung but even upon the nitrogen naturally present in the soil. Superphosphate of lime and kainit were found to intensify and prolong the denitrifying action, but this objectionable property tended to decrease with the age of the manure and with long contact with the soil, while such substances as sulphuric acid and copper sulphate have the effect of minimising deni- trification. All these results, it must te confessed, open out new questions with regard to the use of manures, the forms they should take and their method of application. The first idea that strikes us with reference to this question is that to defeat the denitrifying power we should apply cattle manure and artificials sepa- rately and at different periods, due time being given for the dung to lose the power of bringing about a dissipation of the nitrogen of artificial fertilizers. But the subject is altogether too complex to be disposed of by any offhand suggestion, and there is little doubt, considering the far-reaching results of the German investigations referred to — not only to the agriculturist but to the manure merchant — that English scientists will thoroughly thrash out the subject before long. It would be interesting to en- quire whether the denitrifying power of dung also ex- tends to or is exerted upon such organic fertilizers as castor cake, blood meal and fish manure, while we should be glad to know whether any of our tropical agriculturists have been struck by what is termed the “depressing action” of cattle manure when used in combination with the more concen- trated fertilizers commonly in use in the tropics. We would draw attention to the article in question in the Agricultural Magazine, which we may mention is given as a Supplement to the Tropical Agriculturist, COFFEE IN THE STRAITS. Mr. W. W. Bailey writes some pungent comments in the Straits Times upon the careless way coffee is pulped in the Native States. As the matter is of great importance to our own coffee growers, we quote a portion of his remarks On the cherry loft, I saw a lot of cherry which had been picked several days without having been pulped, though, in the old coffee days in Ceylon, one would have been in a great state of mind if any had to be left over even to the next day. 10 per cent, of the cherry was imature and the beans of such cherry are bound to shrivel in drying, and not turn out a good glossy sample (and I imagine it is more likely to go bad in transport). I remarked at the time that it was a very good sample of cherry. From the cherry loft, I went to the pulper, which was sending some 40 per cent, of pulp into the receiving cistern , we have not yet got a pulper which can do anything approaching good work in separating the cherry from the bean, no matter how well set it is ; however, I think one will soon appear which I have seen do really good work. From the pulper I went on to the receiving and fer- menting cistern, and there I got a shovel and turned up some of the parchment which was being fermented. Xtte etbuch was something horrible from enormous percentage of pulp being fermented with the parch- ment; when 1 was looking at it, I said to myself, “No wonder our coffee is getting a bad name in the market.” This treatment does not much interfere with the appearance of the coffee when it has been pulped, polished, and made ready for market ; but I am absolutely certain that it must give the coffee a bad sour taste. I consider this fermenting of the parchment with the pulp the worst of all the evils I have mentioned, and the simple and cheap remedy for it is as follows: — Pulp into the washing cistern, in which have two men washing and separating the pulp from the parch- ment, and this can be done to the large extent of 90 per cent : throw the pulp (which still contains a little parchment) alongside the cistern to be washed again the next day to get the rest of the parchment out, and the parchment into the fermenting cistern (it will then be minus 90 per cent, of the pulp it first had). If any one should say that this is ex- pensive, I am prepared to prove that the curing per picul of clean coffee on the estate on which it is done is about the cheapest curing done in the Peninsula. On looking over the sidesof the fermenting cisterns, I saw flakes of nasty, sour, half-dry saccharine matter, and at the bottom in a pool at one end was some white looking stuff, which smelled very much like bad bread barm that had a dead rat in it for some days, and this horrible stuff, I know, is left there until the next lot of coffee is put in to be fermented and get its flavour ; whereas with the water turned on for 5 minutes one man with a brush would make it as sweet as a nut. I would not write the above if I did not realize that the planters have to do something to produce a better sample of Liberian coffee than they now pro- duce, and I know they can produce one very much better at a cost of less than 60 cents per picul of clean coffee. I am a strong supporter of doing something; but. I do not think that the planters should look for any direct profit out of it, and I thick that a travelling agent m America would be more likely to advertise our coffee than a place of business in London: but, before we had advertise our coffee better see and turn out a better sample than the present one, — British. North Borneo Herald. CURING VANILLA BY THE CALCIUM CHLORIDE PROCESS. The cultivation of vanlla is the largest secondary industry in the French colony of Reunion, near our own possession of Mauritius. Indeed, the profits yielded by it have more than tnce helped the farmers in the island to tide over a bad sugar season, although on an av'erage the value of the vanilla production is onlv one-third of the 600,000f. which represents the sugar output. A great deal of the Reunion (or Bourbon, as it is often called) vanilla is consigned to London) and passes through our drug-auctions. About two seasons ago attention was called in the sales to some packages of Reunion vanilla which had just been received as havit g been “ dried by a new process,’ but no information was given wherein that new process differed from the old. We were afterwards enabled (see C. and Z)., September 12th, 1896) to give a short outline of the process, which consists, in the main, in the substitution of calcium-chloride as a drying-agent for the free air or hot-air stove foimerly relied upon. Consul C. W. Bennett, in a recent report, gives further particulars of the calcium chloride process, which appears to have thoroughly established itself in the island by this time. The preliminar} treat- ment of the fruit is the same as that of the older method. The pods should be picked as soon as their lower portion begins to turn yellow. If picked too green their aroma does not fully develop ; if tpo ripe they will split in the drying, which lowers 422 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [Dec. i, 1897. their commercial value. Within twenty-four hours after gathering the pods should he dried in tins not too large to prevent all the vanilla from being heated evenly ; old petroleum- tins do very well. The tin is lined all through with wool, a quantity of vanilla-pods placed vertically at the bottom, and a horizontal layer laid on the top of the first one. A number of tins are then put in a halved wine-barrel, and hot water poured into the barrel up tothe lid of the box; hut no water must penetrate it. The barrel is covered with a piece of sacking and left overnight. The pods are then taken out, dried for a while in the air, and then indirectly exposed to sunlight, covered with a woollen cloth, and spread on shallow wooden boxes placed upon trestles. 'This first drying generally takes two or three days, and is completed when the pods have acquired uni- formity of colour. At this point the calcium-chloride process comes into operation. This is cai’ried on in a galvanised- irou box, 40 inches long and broad, provided with a hinged door with indiarubber edging — airtightness being a necessary condition for the success of the process. The apparatus, as will be seen, is the same in construction as an ordinary hot-air chamber. The sliding hurdle frames rest on side brackets, a calcium- ehloride tray being placed in the centre, and at the bottom. The vanilla-frames should not be made of resinous wood ; split rattan is the best. The calcium- chloride vessels should be double-bottomed, the upper bottom being perforated, in order to allow the liquid (CaCl2 is extremely deliquescent) to escape. As a rule, the process of drying takes from twenty-five to thirty days. The box should be opened every two or three days, and all mouldy pods removed. The usual charge for a whole box is 40 ib. of calcium chloride and 100 lb. of vanilla-pods. Any mouldy pods removed during the process of drying should be sunned, collected, and dried in a separate box. When sufficiently dried, the vanilla-pods are exposed on small frames f r several days in a covered and well-ventilated place, and then put in tins holding from 30 to 60 lb. each. The pods are kept in these tins for several weeks, well closed, and are examined every few days, all pods showing traces of mildew being carefully wiped. When the pods appear to have reached full perfection of aroma the last stage but one in the treatment is reached. It consists in wash- ing the pods in a receptacle containing clean water of a temperature of 60° C. (140° F.). About three pints of water should be used for every pound of vanilla-pods, and the pods well stirred by hand during the washing-process. They are then lightly wiped and put to dry in the shade. In a few days they are ready for sorting according to length and quality, bundling, and boxing. Vanilla ought not lo be shipped mntil at least a month after being boxed. Every few days it should be examined, and all pods showing traces of moisture removed. The action of calcium chloride is of course due to the avidity with which it absorbs moisture. The advantages of the calcium -chloride proce-s are that the loss of aroma almost inseparable from the o:d curing-processes is avoided, and that there is a great saving of hand-labour (which, in Reunion, costs about Is fid a day). Vanilla has realised very high prices recently, and its culture is extending in various parts of the Tropics. In Reunion there is now hardly a BUg'rr estate which has not more or less land under vanilla. Many large planters cultivate noth! g but vanilla, and in the parishes of Ste. Rose, St. Philippe, and St. Joseph the little plots of ground round the huts are covered with vanilla-creepers. When the pods are ripe they are sold green to neighbouring merchant, realising quite- a small fortune for the grovrer. The only drawback to the crop is that it gives rise to a great deal of theft. Mamy small for- tunes have been made by illicit va ilia buyers, but the detection of the culprits is almost as difficult as ^at of diamond-thieves at the mines.— Chemist and vggist, Qct. SQ. COCA fERYTIlROXYLON COCA, LA M BY J. F. B.VILKY. Cultivation. — The Coca is cultivated very largely in the Andes of Peru, Bolivia, Columbia (especially in the very moist mild climate met with at from 2,000 to .5,000 feet above sea-level), parts of Brazil, and many other countries of South America. The plants are propagated from seed, which should be sown as soon after gathering as possible (as like many other seeds in this climate, they do not keep well), in a plantation set apart for the purpose. When the seedlings are about six indies high they may be transplanted to their permanent situations. Collection, Puepaiition, etc. — Great cave must be talcen in the gathering, drying a.nd preservation of coca, as its activity and value depend in a great measure on its mode of preparation. The leave.? should be gathered as soon as they have arrived at maturity, at which period they are bright-green on the upper surface and yellowish-green on their under surface, and have an agreeable and some- what aromatic odour. The leaves are gatherei sepa- rately and carefully by linnd with the twofold object by preventing them being crushed or bruised in the process ; and also so as not to injure the young leaf buds vhich are left behind for the pur- pose of obtaining a second crop of leaves. They are then spread out and dried slowly in the sun. This operation must be performed with great are, for if the leaves be dried too rapidly, they lose their odour and green colour; and if stored away before they are thoroughly dried their colour is also changed, and they acquire a disagreeable odour and taste. — Queensland Anricultural Journal for October 1897. PLANTING NTOES. Eucalyptus Oil. — The trust in the. therapeutical efficiency of this oil has passed its zenith and is evidently much on the decline. Most of the oil is still coming from Australia whose total export of the various eucalyptus oils amounted to the value of i'5181 in 1895. As the average value per pound is about Is fid this amount represents about fi9,fi'80 lb. of oil. Algeria is still pioducing considerable amounts of oil ; however, it cannot successfully compete with Australia. More recently the d stillation of eucalyp- tus oil has also been imroducted into Northern Por- tugal. The leaves used are from Eucalyptus globulus La Billardiere and Eucalyptus resinifera Smith. The latter species is remaikable for its rapid growth; the oil obtained from the same consists mainly of a hydrocarbon of turpentine oil odor, so that it hardly will meet with much favor. We expect soou to re- ceive samples of the oils of both species for esti- mation.— Schimmel <£■ Co.'s lieport. Lf.hongkass Oil. — The shipments from the coasts of Malabar have been considerably greater than hose stated in our last Report. They amounted to : — Season of 1891/92 „ „ 1892/93 „ „ 1893/94 „ „ 1894/95 „ „ 1895/96 „ „ 1896/97 1450 cases. 1863 2332 2370 3079 3000 n These figures show that the production keeps .n a close ratio with the ii. creased consumption. E'^ach prigiiral case contains 12 wine bottles filled with oil. Small instalments of oil of inferior quality are legularly shipped from Ceylou, but the production of this oil seems to be constantly on the decrease in Ceylon as is to be seen from the blue-books of the Straits-Settlements, while that of oil of citro- nella is very considerable. The demand for lemon- grass oil was brisk and most of the recent crop has been sold in advance and for delivery in fall. We are booked for 500 cases. In consequence of this demand, the prices have advanced from 2d per lb. (o 2|d, and may go still higher during the time of delivery and use, — Schimmel di Co.’s Report, Dec. I, 1897.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 423 THE LANKA PLANTATIONS COMPANY, LIMITED. Dibectohs. — George AHen, Esq. (Chairman), William Austin, Esq., Henry Bois, Esq., Edward Pettit, Esq. Agents IN Colomeo. — Messrs. J. M. Robertson & Co. Secretary. — Mr. Charles M. Robertson. The following is a cony of the report presented at the seventeenth ordinary general meeting of the Lanka Plantations Company, Limited, held at the office of the Company, on Wednesday, the 17th November, 1897, at twelve o’clock noon precisely. 1. The Directors now submit their report for the twelve months ending 30th .Tune last, together' with the balance sheet and accounts of the Company made up to that date and duly audited. 2. The coffee crop shipped to London was 172 cwts., against 605 cwts. last year and realized T2,688 15s. 8d. net. The acreage under coffee alone is nominally 187 acres. 3. The to'al crop of cocoa gathered on Pattawatte amounted to 1,272 cwt., against 1,355 cwt. last year, and realised £3,735 8s. 4d. Durirg the season 46 acres were planted with cocoa, 24 acres of which have been interlined with liberian coffee, and .58 acres of available land adjoining the estate have been pur- chased, making a total of 250 acres new land. The cost of the land and the new planting are charged to capital cocaunt. 4. The tea received from the Company’s estates amounted to 701,112 lb. and has been sold at an average of 7'53d. per lb. net, realizing £22 002 8s. 4d. Last year the Company received 646,161 lb. which was sold at an average of 8T5d. per lb. net, and realized £21,967 lOs. 2d. The cost of production has, however, been increased by the rise in the sterling value of the rapee, consequent upon the closing of the Indian Mints, and by loss on the sale to the coolies of im- ported rice, owing to the famine in India. A fully equipped factory has been erected on the Rillamulle Estate, and the cost charged to capital account. 5. The following statement shows the acreage and state of cultivation of the Company’s estates on the 30th June last : — Choiia and Patena. 'm <3> td C£ Coffee Tea. Cocoa. Grass. Fores aud Til her Tre Total Ampittia- kande, and Arnhall . . 60 414 4 167 70 705 Fruit Hill 227 10 237 Fordyce, Garbawn, Gona- galla aud Para- matta 784 17 185 936 Rappahannock . . 322 31 30| 90 473J Rillamulle 232 , , 6 20 258 Thotulagalla 137 235 4 83 96 555 Tattawatte *717 95 803 82 1,197 187 2214 717 151 699J 493 4361J * 68 acres interlined with liberian coffee. 6. The net profits for the past year amounted to £8,281 Os. 4d., to which must be added the sum £2,060 7s. lid. the balance brought forward from the year 1895-6, making together £10,S41 8s. 3d. 7. Having already paid a half-year’s interim divi- dend on the six per cent. Preference shares to the 31st December, 1896, amounling, less property tax, to £426 6s. Od., the D'rectors recommend payment of the dividend on these shares to the 30th June last requiring, less property tax, a similar amount, and having deducted £1,493 8s. Od., being one-tenth of the sums charged to suspense account during the 10 years ending 30th June, 1896, they further recom- mend a dividend of 10/- per share, being 5 per cent, free of income tax on ihe ordinary shares amounting to £7,500, carrying forward a balance of £495 8s. 3d. to the next account. 8. The Directors who retire on this occasion are Mr. George Allen and Mr. Edward Pet.tit, who being eligible offer themselves for re-election. 9. Mr. John Smith, the Auditor, also retires, and being a shareholder offers himself for re-election, — By order. C. M. Robertson, Secretary. 12, Fenchurch street, London, E.C., 5th November, 1897. THE KANAN DEVAN HILLS PRODUCE COMPANY, LIMITED. NEW ISSUE OF SHARES. Capital ... £1,000,000. DIVIDED INTO 25.000 Six per cent, cumulative preference shares of £10 each. 75.000 Ordinary shares of £10 each. (Of which £500,000 of ordinary shares have already been issued to the Coi solidated Tea and Lands Com- pany, Limited, and the Amalgamated Tea Estates Company, Limited.) present issue — 10.000 Six per cent, cumulative preference shares of £10 each. 15.000 Ordinary shares of £10 each. directors. Sir John Muir, Bart., of Deanston ; and of Messrs James Finlay & Co., 22 West Nile street, Glasgow' and 34 Leadenhall street, London ; and of Messrs’ Finlay, Muir, & Co., Calcutta and Colombo — Chiiirmnn. Sir Robert Drummond Moncreiffe Bart of Moncreiffe, Bridge of Earn, Perthshire. ’ P r’ Buchanan, Esq., of Darleith, Cardross. 'Wiliiain Allan Coats, Esq., Director of Messrs. J. & P, Coats Limited, Thread Manufactures, Paisley. ' ’ A. B. Murray, Esq., 33 Renfield Street, Glasgow, and Rosebank, Partick; A. M. Brown, Esq. of Messrs James Finlay & Co., 22 West Nile Street, Glasgow - William Walker, Esq., of Messrs. James Pinlav & Co ’ 22 West Nile Street, Glasgow; Robert Scott. Esq of Messis. Moigan & Scctt, 12 Paternoster Buildiiins Lot don ; R. H. Sinclair, Esq., 19 Ktlvinside Terrace’ Glasgow. ’ BANKERS. The Bank of Scotland, Glasgow and London • The Eoyal Bank of Scotland, Glasgow and London - The British Linen Company Bank, Glasgow and London The Clydesdale Bank, Limited, Glasgow and London The Capital and Counties Bank, Limited, London - The National Bank of India, Limited, Loudon India and Ceylon. ’ ’ AGENTS IN INDIA AND CEYLON. Messrs. Finlay, Muir, & Co., Calcutta and Colombo solicitors. Messrs. M'Grigor, Donald, & Co., 172 St. Vincent Street, Glasgow. auditor. Alexnnder Sloan, Esq., C.A., 140 Hope Street Glasgow. ’ AGENTS IN LONDON. Messrs. P. R. Buchnan & Co., 46 Leadenhall Street. Loiidcn. * FECEETAEIES. Messrs. James Finlay cSi Co.,22 West Nile Street, Glasgow. ^ OFFICES. 22 West Nile Street, Glasgow. PROSPECTUS. This Company was formed in May, 1897 for the purpose of acquiring a,nd developing the lands and estates which originally belonged to the North Tra- vancore Land Planting and Agricultural Society, Limited, particularised in section A of the accom- panying schedule. The purchase price was fixed hv Mr. W. Milne and Mr. L. Davids^, as follows -- Value of Land, .. £102 775 "Value of Estates, 43,750 , £146,525 The purchase price has been paid, possession has been given, and the transfer of the property to the Ccmpany is in course of comptetion. THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST, 424 Since its formation, the Compan}’ has succeeded in securing the following further and adjoining lands and estates: — The property of the Anei- mudi Tea Company, Ltd., E159,600 The property of the Toliar Valley Planting Compan, Ltd. 70,000 The property of the Chitta- varrai Planting Company Ltd. 7,000 The Benmore Estate, 38,000 The Cuddalaralle Estate . . 30,565 The Kanniamallai Estate. . 100,000 The Haichatch Estate .. 29,000 The Peria-Kanal Estate . . 37,500 The Puli-Vassel Estate .. 25,000 E496,665 at exchange, say 1/3=£31,041 11 ^ The Parvithi Estates, .. 8,500 0 The Vagavarrai Group of Estates, &c., . . 19,000 0 0 £58,541 11 3 Particulars of these are given in section 15 of the accompanying schedule. The Directors have also recently purchased — The Estates of the Noakaoharee Tea Company, Limited. Assam for .. £100,000 TheLynsted Estate, Bogawantalawa, Ceylon . . . . . . 30,000 The Maddegedera Estate, Kalutara, Ceylon . . . . . . 35,000 E165,000 Particulars of the last-named Estates are given in Section C of the accompanying Schedule. In regard to these last three purchases (Section C), it may be explained that the Directors thought it desirable to secure the property of the Noakacha- ree Tea Company, as, in their opinion, a combinatiod of good Assam estates with high coun- try estates, such as the Company’s property in the Kanan Devan Hills, North Travancore, will secure the most permanently successful results. In addition to this, the Directors considered it, as a favourable opportunity offered, advisable to secure some estates capable of earning a dividend on the whole paid up capital during the period in which the Company’s lands and young estates in North Travancore were being opened up and developed. To complete the purchase of the properties named in Sections B and C, and to develop the same, some additional capital is required, and the Directors have accordingly resolved to make a new issue of £250.000, viz. ; — 10.000 six per cent, cumulative Preference shares of £10 each, £100,000 15.000 ordinary shares of £10 each, 150,000 £250,000 all of which are now offered for subscription to the Shareholders of the Consolidated Tea and Lands Company, Limited, to the Shareholders of the Amal- gamated Tea Estates Company, Limited, and also to the employes of the Kanan Devan Sills Produce Company, Limited. 4c * * * The Directors are of opinion that it is to the be- nefit of the Company to encourage the Managers, Superintendents, and Assistants (on whose work so mirch depends) to become Shareholders- They also think it fair that the Shareholders of The Consoli- dated Tea and Lauds Company and of The Amal- gamated Tea Estates Company, who as such Share- holders are now so largely interested in The Kanan Devan Hills Produce Company, should have an op- portunity of becoming personally interested in it if they so desire. As, howexer, it is essential that this Company should, during the period of its develop- ment, be worked as a private Limited Company, Shares will only be allotted to those who desire an investment, The Company will be worked on some* [Dec. I, 1897. what similar lines to those on which The North and South Sylhet Tea Companies were so successfully conducted. * ♦ ♦ With the addition of the new purchases, the Com- pany possesses : — Uncultivated Cin- Total. Land. Tea. Coffee chona acres. In Travancore, 92,200 2,131 606 926 95,863 In Assam, 10,326 2,442 — — 12,768 In Ceylon, 141 778 — — 919 102,667 5,351 606 926 109,550 Travancore. — A considerable proportion of the land in Travancore is of the very finest description, and is capable of yielding large crops of fine quality tea, and also coffee. It will be seen that there are 2,131 acres of tea, 606 acres of coffee, and 926 acres of cinchona, at present under cultivation. With the exception of the cinchona, and 515 acres of tea and coffee in bearing, the whole of this area consists of young tea and coffee, principally planted in 1894, 1895, and 1896, which will not yield much crop for two years. A further area of 2,000 acres of tea and 300 acres of coffee is being brought under cultiva- tion in 1897. The whole of the Company's land in Travancore under tea cultivation is at an elevation of from 4,000 to 6,000 feet abovelsca level, and it is estimated that there are still 16,000 acres of forest and good grass land at a similar elevation, and suitable in every respect for the profitable growth of good quality tea and coffee. The lands at a lower elevation are also very rich, capable of producing large crops of coffee and medium tea, and suitable, it is believed, for the growth of rubber. To the last-named industry the Directors proposes to turn their special attention. Important roads are in course of construction on the Company’s Travancore property, to connect it with the east and west coast?, and these will greatly add to the value of the lands. There is a large permanent Coolie force, and labour is easily procurable. There is a good staff of European Managers and Assistants, under the supervision of Mr. W. Milne, the Eesident Superintendent. It is proposed to extend as rapidly as possible the cultivation of high-grown tea as well as coffee and rubber in Travancore. Assam. — The estates of the Noakaoharee Tea Com- pany, now acquired by the Company, are very valu- able. They are situated in the district of Jorehaut, Sibsagar, Assam, a locality of proved excellence in the production of high quality tea. There are 2,300 acres of tea in bearing, which are estimated to yield a profit of £7,000 per annum. But the feature which makes the purchase more particularly attractive is the possession of 7,600 acres of valuable freehold forest land, which will be rapidly developed. Mr. Mann, the Visiting Agent for The Consolidated Tea and Lands Company, Limited, places the value of the whole property at £116,000, and the Dierctors succeed ed in securing it on behalf of the Company for £100,000 In writing of this land, Mr. Mann remarks : — “The forest land is very valuable. If extensions are con- templated on a large scale, and at no distant date, the jungle forest would not be prohibitive, even if valued at E150 per acre, which would raise the value another £24,000. It must be borne in mind that this property is all practically freehold, which is now scarcely to be had in Assam. What still remains to be opened out is well timbered, and, were it now taken up under Government lease, there would be, at least, E80 per acre demanded by Government on account of Timber.’’ There is always a good demand for good Assam teas, which are in comparatively limited supply. Ceylon. — The Lynsted Estate is a first-class high country estate, and is estimated by Mr. F. W. Clements, Visiting Agent, Ceylon, to yield a profit of £2,870 per annum. The Maddegedera Estate is a specially attractive low country property, and is estimated by Mr. L. Davidson, Visiting Agent, Ceylon, to yield a profit of £3,200 per annum. Taking the profits of 1897 and 1898 of the bearing area in Tjfivapeore at f2,000, Dec. I, 1897. J THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 425 the profits of the Company for those two years from all sources should be about £15,000 per annum, which will provide a satisfactory dividend on the called up capital. A large increase of profit may reasonably be expected when the young cultivation in Travan- core comes into bearing. This point should be reached in 1899. The encouraging prospects of this Company will be immediately recognised from the fact that it possesses a total area of 100 OCO acres or thereabouts of land, which, as will be seen from the Schedule, is practically Freehold, and a con- siderable protion of which is exceptionally rich, and suitable for the growth of tea, coffee, and other Eastern products. .THE SCOTCH TRUST AND LOAN COMPANY OF CEYLON, LTD. Capital . . . . . . £250,000 First issue (fully subscribed) .. £1,50,000 Of which paid up . . . . £45,000 Reserve Fund . . . . £10,000 Dibectobs. — James Haldane, Esq., C.A., Edinburgh John Wilson, Esq., of Messrs. Honeyinan & Wilson, Edinburgh ; Henry Johnstoir, Esq., Q.C., Advocate Edinburgh ; and J. H. Beilby, Esq., 10, Clarendon Crescent, Edinburgh. Seceetary. — Francis A. Bringloe, C.A., 123 George Street, Edinburgh. The following is the report by the Directors of the Scottish Trust and Loan Company of Ceylon, Ltd., to the Twentieth ordinary general meeting of share- holders, held within the Company’s Registered Office, No. 123 George Street, Edinburgh, on Wednes- day, the 27th of October. The Directors present their Twentieth Report, being for the year to 31st August, 1897. Estates in the Company's Possession.— The yield of tea from the estates continues satisfactory, both the crop and the net proceeds having been in ex- cess of those of last year. The adverse factors during the past season have been the rate of exchange, the enhanced cost of rice, and a slight fall in the price of tea. The coffee crop was slightly shorter than last year, but better prices made it equal in value. This pro- duct will be coming forward in diminished quantity, and the fields are by degrees being planted up in tea. The new clearings are well advanced, and further small extensions will be made during the coming season. Factobies, Buildings and Machineey.— Special at- tention has been devoted to these. The machinery is in efficient working order, and the buildings are maintained in thorough repair. The New Factory on Sarnia is almost finished and forms a valuable addition to that estate ; it has, however, cost more than was originally expected.. The Directors have pleasure in recording their ap- preciation of the work of the staff in Ceylon, who have been successful in arranging their labour sup- ply to suit the needs of the estates, with only a moderate increase in the advances to coolies. Mortgages held in Ceylon by the Company.— The loans have been increased during the year by the sum of £1,600 in a further purchase of Terminable debentures of the Tonacombe Estates Company of Ceylon, Limited, bearing interest at 6 per cent. A loan of £9,000 over Lawrence estate is to be repaid in November, and the proceeds will be applied in meeting debentures maturing at Martinmas, and in reducing the temporary advance from the Company’s bankers. Debenture Debt — The debentures have been re- duced by £2,300 during the year, and the directors propose to pay off at Martinmas the sum of £3,600 falling due at that term. As the Company's debentures have now been practi- cally redeemed, the directors propose, in response to a very generally expressed feeling among the share- holders, to take the necessary steps to reduce the liability on the Company’s rhares by writing off £6 per share of uncalled capital, thus making the shares £5 shares, with £3 paid. Before the Company can proceed to the matter of reduction of capital, it is necessary to alter the Articles of Association of the Company. The necessary motion to that effect will be submitted to an extraordinary general meeting to be held after the close of the Company’s annual general meeting. Accounts.— The balance at the credit of profit and loss account is .. .. ..£8,395 12 0 And the Directors propose — To pay a dividend of 5 per cent per annum, free of Income Tax . . . . .£2,250 0 0 Note. — Two and a half per cent of this was paid as an Interim dividend at Whitsunday 1807, And a Bonus of 7§ per cent free of Income Tax ..£3,375 0 0 £5,625 0 0 Thus leaving .. ..£2,770 12 0 to be carried forward to the next account. The directors desire to record an expression of their regret at the loss they and the Company have sustained by the death in December last of their valued colleague. Mr. Thomas Dickson, who, from the inception of the Company in 1878, occupied the important post of Managing Director, and since 1880 that also of the Company’s Agent in London. The directors have appointed Mr. W. Bowden Smith of Colombo, who will shortly be resident in London as Agent there, in place of Mr. Dickson, and Mr. A. Gordon Dickson as Assistant Agent. Until Mr. Bowden Smith's return from Ceylon, the duties of London Agent are being discharged by Mr. W. Herbert Anderson. The late Mr. Dickson was, in ordinary course, the retiring director, but the Board do not recommend that the vacancy caused by his death be filled up. The Auditor for the current year falls to be ap- pointed.— By order of the Board. Francis A. Bringloe, Secretary. Edinburgh, 19th October, 1897. ♦ PLANTING NOTES. Coconuts and Paddy at the Straits.— The District Officer, Kuala Selangor (Mr. A. Hale), reports A customary holder refused $200 for an acre of coconut trees, half in bearing, half too old or too young, at Jeram. I assessed a l®t of land at Dungun for Jeram people, who want to extend their coconut plantations. The Di.strict Officer, Ulu Selangor (Mr. E, C. Grey), reports: — The most important event of the month was the receipt of an application from Towkay Loke Yew for some’ thirty-two square miles of country in the Ulu Beinam district for the puipose of padi-planting. The Towkay came to see me on the subject on the 9th, and we then discussed some of the details of his scheme. He intends to import an army of Chinese agriculturists, and he and his partners in the enter- prise are prepared to spend a large sum of money in irrigation. 1 have not yet visited the place as Towkay Loke Yew has not been able to accompany me, but as soon as we have had an opportunity of seeing the coun ry I shall be in a position to report more fully on the matter. In the meantime the scheme seems so commendable that I think every possible assis ance should be given to the Towkay. The greatest difficulty with which miners, and prob- at ly also planters, have at present to contend, is the high price of rice, and the most pressing want of the time is that rice planting should be under- taken on a really large scale. For these reasons the initiation of a scheme of this sort should rank among the most impoitant events of the history of the Native States. If the price of rice in the country were definitely reduced, labour would become cheaper, and probably more plentiful. 420 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST, Scientific Planting. — Dr. Leather, Agricultural Chemist to the Govevnnaent of India, has addressed the planters of Northern India through their re- presentative body, the I. T. A., stating that his engage- ment was about to terminate, and enquiring whether it would be worth his while to commence practice as an Agricultural Chemist in connection with Tea, Indigo, &c. IJuluchily, sufficient inducement could not be offered him at the present time, as there is “practically no work for an Agricultural Chemist.’’ No work indeed ! Bather should it t e said that the necessity tor such work is not recognised. Madras the Benighted will soon, w'e hope, give North India a lead, and a long one, in this matter. — Ibid. Tea Planting in PruNioN : a Pcssille Opening fok a Ceylon \’an.— A Pieunion sugar planter — whose name (Scotcli) is not un- known in the past banking ami sni veying annals of Ceylon — is anxious to leave tea tiled in liis neighljonrhood. Wiitingtoa relative acejuainted w'ith Ceylon he says : — “ Can yon give me some good information as to the culture and manipulation of tea as it is cultivated in Ceylon ; above all as to the price of labour. You will lender me a service because here in Reunion tea grows admirably and is of very good quality, and I think if wo could meet with an English- man who would come to tiy it here, he would be well received by my family and neighbonrs, because you know our land is, as in Ceylon, 5, COO feet high and even more. If you know any one who won d come and see for himself I would receive liim wiih pleasure and show him much suitable coun- try for growing tea.’’ We leain tliat the writer’s ]dace is easily got at being about three hours’ jouiiiey from where the steamers from Mauritius lainl, and it is only 14 hours from Mauritius. The climate is delightful; hut tlie doubt will be os to a sutiiciency ot labour for tea culture. Any one interested can have tlie addre.ss on application. Tea in Java. — Mr. J. H. S. Ua\idsor, who went to Java some four months ago, in the interests of tlie linn of Messrs. Davidson A Co., lias returned to Colombo with a very good im- pression of tea growing prosiiects there. He says that, though tea lias been grown for a long time past in Java, the suece.es of tlie jdace as a tea growing country undoublediy lies in the future. Enormous tract .s of land are being iqiened np, and there is a great demand for tlie newest kiml of machinery. Mr. Davidson has had good op- portunities of seeing tea cultivation in India, Ceylon, and Natal, and he says, he never saw a place better fitted for the industry iliQii Java. From what lie could see the soil is excellent and there is very little trouble in regard to labour. It is all Malay laliDur, of course, and it is free; that is to say there is no such thing is coast advances. He was also much struck with the facilities for travelling^ in Java. The gradients are not so steep as in Ceylon and he says tliat, beside.s a railway which inns into the heart of the tea-growing district, they have remaikably good roads. A kind of tea tliej" go in f r there to some extent is k' own as “ w bite tips.” It is a very delicate, light liquoring tea made without fei mentation. He only met two English planters in Java, but both were doing well. One is Mr. Binglcy, who was in Ceylon for a time, and the oiher Mr. Evnis. Mr. Bingley has w'itli him Mi. Adams, wh.o went out from Ceylon at the i econimemlation of Mr. Wright not very long ago. According to Mr. Davidson, when all the newly o|iened eslate.s in Java come into bearing, it w ill make an appreci- able difl'ercnce op the tea maiket, [Dec. I, 1897, Cinnamcn Oil, Cf.vlon. — The result of the last cinnamon aucliou, whiih took place on May 3rd, was not as satisfactory as the preceding ones. Only abcut one-half of the brok effered was sold and piices declined Ly about Id told per lb. The prices realized for both commodities, bark and chips, seem to be prcfitable to the planters; for the issue of the 2nd of August of the “ Tropical Agricultuiist” pnb'islied in Cob mho contains an urgent warning against the contemplated c-st'ention of tiunamoii plantr foils, correctly arguing that ihe consequence would be over-production and low piices.— esides as sub'^oil ploughing agents. Willi certain crops (parsnips) it is found that though the land ■was worked only a foot deep, that the soil immediately below the part dug is in finer physical condition than the cultivated land above, due to the roots penetrating and minutely subdividing the hard subsoil. We give another illustration from India, where the same result is seen when forest gradually extends itself into adjacent grass land, and the roots of the trees permeate the land below the roots of the grass, and so turn the whole soil to a considerable depth into beautiful cultivated con- dition. Again, agriculturists in France, in order to improve certain arable lands, are kncsvii to sow on them a mixture of gorse and grass (to be cut for hay) with a view to improving the depth and texture of the soil ■u hich after some years is again ploughed up. We have now taken account of (1) the action of routs in disintegrating the soil, and (2) their power to act as subsoil ploughs, and so to enable the roots of grasses and clovei'i and other plants, not only to supply themselves with moistuie from great depths in the soil, but also to retrieve and bring to the surface nitrates and ash constituents which are fur beyond the reach of ordinary plants at present used in agriculture, and thus, 1 need hardly .‘^ay, add enormously and without any special outlay, to the manurial resources of the farmer. We have lastly to consider the direct manurial action of roots as they decay in the soil. Humus, or decayed vegetable matter*'existing in the soil, is well knov/n to be one of the most important constituents in all fertile soils, and it is this which largely gives great value to newly-cleared forest lauds and freshly broken ■up old pasture. Through two agencies of culti- vation, cropping and drainage, it is gradually partly consumed and partly washed out of the land, and i think 1 am correct in saying that, in the opinion of our most experienced agri- culturists, one of the gieatest difficulties is the exhaustion of the soil, mainly arising from the decline of this most necessary agricultural agent. And this is proved by the fact that if we put back on the soil as large an amount of vegetable matter as it contained originally, the poorest soil, will again and for some years, produce good crops, with the addition. of little or no manure. 1 SCIENTIFIC MANURING. COCONUTS. Communicated. It will be a happy day for Ceylon when manur- ing is carried on generally on scientific lines. If tve find a friend use a manure with satisfactory results, we take it for 'granted that it will yield like results if we use it ourselves, quite regard- less of any difference there may be in the soil. We have not advanced sufficiently far in the path ;of agricultural progress to employ a che- mist to analyze and report on our soils before we use any manures. So far as the tea industry is concerned, thanks to Mr, Hughes, a complete analy.«is of the tea jilant enables jilanters to apply manures to replace the elements of fer- tility removed by a tea cup. Coconut planters unfortunately are not so highly favored. They do not count amongst their members men of .‘■ufficient progress who have a complete analysis of the coconut tree, and they have no Association to undertake what the individual has not the public spirit to do. ‘‘All about the Coconut Palm"’ has a series of analyses undertaken by Mr. Lepine of all parts of the coconut tree. The corrtctness of this table of analysis was taken for granted till Mr. Cochran recently undertook the analysis of the husk of a coconut. The disparity between his figures and those of Mr. Lepine was so startling as to shake confidence in all the figures of the latter! With this single reliable analysis of the husk, a system of scientific manuring for coconuts is recommended. This may strike one ns not very .<;cientific, but it is the best course to follow under the unfortunate circumstance in which coconut planters are placed, or rather have placed themselves. Messrs. Fieudenberg & Co. have with praise- worthy enterprise introduced into our market the chief manures which have been known to yield good results, and which are in general use in European agriculture, and they have with equal enterprise enlisted the services of Mr. Cochran to introduce them to the public with analyses of their composition and essays on the methods of aj)plying them. In Mr. Cochran's analysis of the husk of a coconut grown by the sea-shore, he found salt the dominant mineral constituent. He is not sure whether on this account he should recommend its application to coconut trees with other manures. It will be safe for him to do so, especially in situations removed some distance from the sea, and -u here in consequence the tree is not giown under natural conditions. On sandy, non-retentive soils it will be best to apply salt in grains on the surface of the soil towards the end of each monsoon. In the absence of reliable analyses of the products of the coconut tree, the plant food contained in manures, the application of ■which is known to yield good results in most soils, is taken as a basis to calculate the manurial ingredi- ents of a coconut tree. Nitrogen ... 1 lb. Phosphoric Acid ... 1^25 „ Potash ... I — I „ Thomas’ Phosphate Powder being more soluble than the phosphate in bone meal, Mr. Cochran has thought fit to reduce the quantity of phos- poric acid in the mixture he recommends. Whe- ther this is wise is a question. Perennials do not want so highly soluble and readily available manures as annuals. What the latter fails to take up during i*^s limited life means in the first place a corresponding shortne.ss of crop, and secondly a pecuniary loss. Chemical research has proved that drainage w'ater has been found to contain manurial substances in solution. Not so with peren- nials, especially with the vast network of roots of the coconut palm. Hardly anything goes to waste. Everything is greedily sucked up. And DMc. 1, 1897.] Supplement to the “ Tropical Agriculturist^ 439 too readily available manure stimulates the tree to too heavy bearing and the natural reaction follows. For the cccouut palm the available plant food ought to be continuous. The quantity of potash for each tree has been increased and lightly. The mixture recommended is ; — Castor Cake ... 16 lb. Phosphate Powder... 3 „ Sulphate of lutash ... 2 „ which is equivalent to Mtrogen... ... 1'05 lb. Phosphoric Acid ... 1- „ Potash ... ... 1-18 „ This dose is to serve for two years, but if husks are removed for the estate 1 lb. of Sul- phate of Potash ought to be added in the year following the application. Not knowing, the price of Sulphate of Potash, Mr. Cochran can- not say whether it will be more economical to sell husks and buy and aj;p]y Sulphate of Potash or to burn the husks on the estate for the Potash they contain. Only few estates are so situated as to be able to sell their husks, and whether it is wise even for them to do so is a question, for according to Mr. Cochran’s own analy.'^is the ashes of husks contain besides Potash, Salt, Phosphoric Acid and Lime, all very valuable manuiiul agents. kainit. This is a Potash Salt that Mr. Cochran expects to yield very good results when applied to cocanuts : — COCONUT BUSKS. KAINIT. Potash ... 31% ... 12 8% Salt ... 38 „ ... 34- „ Magne.'^ia... 3'6„ ... 10- „ As the other products of the coconut tree do not contain so much Potash as the husk. Mr. Cochran is of opinion that Kainit wall be found to contain sufficient Pota,sh for the require- ments of the tree- As cue ton of Sulphate of Potash has ns much Potash as 4 tons of Kainit, the question is suggested as to whether it will be cheaper to apply the one or the other. Four tons of Kainit ha,'-', besides the Potash it contains, 1'88 tons of common salt, aveiy necessary manuie for coconuts. To foim an opinion one requii'cs the relative prices of the tw'o manures. To price will have to be added transport of 3 tons extra and cost of application of same. Where transport is concerned, the more concentialed a manure is the better. No fear need be entertained about Kainit containing salt in excess of the actual requirements of the coconut tree as indicated by analy.ses, and no necessity will arise to balance it by the addition of Sulphate of Potash. The na- tural conditions under which the coconut palm grew’s, on the salt-saturated soil of the sea-shore and in an atmosphere heavily laden with salt, should not be forgotten. Besides, salt ])lays a very important part in altering the chemical and mechanical condition of soils. CALOTKOPIS GIGANTEA. This plant known in India as Madar or Mudar, and among the Sinhalese as U'am, is the subject of investigation by Messrs. Macdonald, Boyle & Co., the patentees of machinery for treating ramie fibre- The bast fibre of the wara has attracted considerable attention in the past, and has been often refer-red to as one of the best of eastern fibres. The difficulty so tar has been the inability to rapidly arrd cheapdy .separate and clear the fibre. If the ramie fibre machinery is found to do this as well as it has proved to do with ramie itself, a great success w'ill be attairred, and the wara which is a hardy weed in many parts should prove a dangerous rival to ramie. Mr. Liotard, who has devoted much time to the study of Indian fibres, has, however, ex- pressed a very unfavourable opinion with regard to Calotropiis fibre, and that on two grounds, (1) the small percentage of fibre, and (2^ the shortness of the fibre. Other observers, curiously enough, are loud in praise of it. The followrirg statement contains the results of Dr. Wight’s experiments as to the comparative strerrgth of the fibre : — Name of Fibre. AFeight in lb. the fibre can sustain. Coconut... 224 Hibiscus Cannabinus ... 290 Sansiviera Zeylanica ... 316 Cotton ... ... 346 Agave Americana 362 Crotalaria Juncea 407 Calotropis Gigantea ... 562 A decided recommendation for Calotropis is the fact that it is not particular about the soil in which it grows, arrd flourishes in poor dry sandy situatiorrs as is well seen alorrg the seaside railway line. It has been suggested that the plants should be employed to reclaim waste lands with pcor soil. In India the leaves and twigs are run ch souoht after as a manure for paddy-fields, and wet lands so manured are found to yield a much superior crop. Another use to w hich the herbage is put is to reclaim lands impi-egnated -with salt. The decomposition of the leaves somehow or other “kills the salt” as the natives say. 8o that in growing the jjlant for fibre, if nothing but the fibre be removed off the land and the leaves and rejected parts of (he stem be returned to it, there should be little exhaustion of soil. As regards the value of the floss or silky coma got frorri the ped there has been much specu- lation, but Dr. Watt mentions that at the time of the last Indian and Colonial Exhibition held in London, he had an opportunity of discussing with manufacturers the prospects of Mudar floss and that a Lancashire spinner had declared (hat he had completely overcome the difficulties offered by this floss and was prepai'ed to purchase any quantity. The spinner referred to is said to have put some money into the hands of a missionary for the experimental cultivation of a few acres. Dr. AVatt reports that the results have been encouragirg, and hope is even held out that by careful selection of seed and attention to cultivation it might be possible to charge the character of the floss and improve its length. Mr. Cameron of Mysore states that a demand has lately arisen for Mudar floss, Messrs. Collyer & Co., of London, offering 5d. a lb. for it. In 1895 a letter from. Messr.s. Thirkell A Co.. London, addressed to the editor of the OAserm', was published in that paper, and there the 440 Siqyplement to the “ Tropical Agriculturist. [Dec. 1, 1807, following passage occurs: — “In conclusion we would ask for samples of the silk cotton or floss from the seed-pod of the Calotropis gtgantea, or Mudar for which a demand appears to be springing up again, jtresent value about 6d. per lb. landed in London.” Among the other products of Caiotvojns r/igantea may be mentioned a dye, gutta-percha, liquor and “manna,” and wood for charcoal, while the medicinal properties of the lant are well known aud widely reputed. T)E. WATT ON COCONUT OIL. While a brief abstract has been given of coco- nut oil, it is nece.'Sary to deal with this subject in greater detail. Enquiries are frequently addressed to the Government of India I)y merchants interest- ed in the trade in this substance, so that it has become necessary to put on record as complete an account as can be collected from the scattered publications that exi.st, even should that prove but a statement of the littleness of our knowledge. Otie of the earliest, and to this day the most satisfactory descriptions of the Indian coconut oil industry is that written by Lieutenant H. P. Hawkes, and published in 1857. Gazetteer writers have contented themselves with treating the subject as too well known to call fm- any detailed description, and utmost only the meagrest accounts have been given to the merchant desirous of starting a new or e.xtending an existing trade, the question of primary importance to which he calls for a reply being the province or district with which he should open up dealings. The chief products of the coconut are coir flbre, oil, and toddy, or the juice from which sugar and spirits may be prepared. We know that in Bombay the juice is largely extracted from the tree, that in Mysore the flbre is the chief pre- paration, and that in Madras and Travancore enormous quantities of both flbre and oil are exported ; while Bengal, on the other hand, imports immense numbers of coconuts and a large quantity of copra, but exports very little of the products of the palm. It can nowhere, however, be discovered wliether any two of these primary products, or all of them, can be derived from the same trees or even prepared by the same cultivators— certain plants or portions of the plantation being periodically set apart for these several industries. Under coir fibre it has been said that green or unripe coconut is alone used for that pm pose, while most writers seem to agree that the ripe kernel is necerssnry for the oil. It wnuld be most instructive to know if cultivation had resulted in the production of certain races of coconuts famous for their oil- yielding properties, just as the inhabitants of the Laccadive Islands appear to have developed a small fruited one with a specially good fibre. In connection with commercial reports on coconut oil it is generally stated that the finest qualities are obtained from “ Cochin.” (Spoil places Cochin after Ceylon.) It wdll be recollected that this same statement occurs regarding the fibre derived (or siqqioscd to be derived) from that Native State. The writer has failed to discover any account of the Cochin oil industry, and is almost forced to the opinion that by “Cochin coconut oil” as with “ Cochin coir” may be meant the superior qualities of ‘he oil derived from the Madras Presidency. If ripe coconuts are essentially necessary for the preparation of the oil, then the Maidive and Nicobar Islands might be looked to a.s the great seats of the oil indn.stry. But while these i.slands export perhaps little short of from 1.5 to 20 million ripe coconuts a year, they do not appear to manufacture coconut oil, and the ripe husks are of no use for fibre. So, in a like manner, the Laccadives . would not be looked to ns a source of oil ; these islands are famous for their coir, the inhabitants growing a peculiar coconut that would seem to be inferior to the Malabar either as an oil-yielding or an edible nut. The imports from the Maldives and Nicobar Islands into Madras are very unimpor- tant as compared with those recorded against Bengal, yet Madras, and not Bengal, ajipears to control the coconut oil market. This fact would lead to the inference that the locally-grown nuts of Madras were largely employed for the ex- piression of oil — the very considerable imports from the Laccadives affecting mainly the coir industry. But if this inference be correct there remains the difficult position that the ripe nuts, serviceable for oil-making, yield no flbre. The presumption would therefore appear to be that a very much larger amount of the Madras coir comes from the Laccadives than we have any definite knowledge of at present, or that a large preparation of the coast coconuts or those of certain localities only are always or periodically set apart for oil-yielding. It may, of course, be the case that the trees are, so to speak, pruned by the removal for coir of so many green nuts from each tree, the remainder being allow'ed to ripen for oil purposes or as articles of diet. This brief review, from want of definite infor- naation, may be accepted as indicating the direction that future reports might assume ; but it may safely be concluded that, as with coir, so with coconut oil, Madras is the chief seat of the trade. Certain writers familiar only with Bengal (with the waving feathery clumps of coconuts dispersed through its suburban jungles or surrounding its mango topes) have advocated the claims of the Lower Provinces as a future region of oil-produc- tion. This would appear to be a pure hallucination which the enormous imports of ripe nuts should have prevented. It is extremely doubtful if Bengal is ever likely to do more than meet the local and internal demand for ripe nuts and oil. The European oil merchant, if he finds the suggestion impracticable which has been offered in an early paragraph, viz., to call in the aid of the Maidive and Nicobar Islands, — will do well to concentrate his attention on the Madras Presidency. « BANDAKAI FIBRE. Enquiry has been made through the Ceylon Inde- pendent as to the possibility of extracting flbre from the plant locally known as “ Bandakai ” (its botanical name being Hibiscus esculentiis), Dec. 1, 1897.] Supplement to the ^'■Iropical Agriculturist.''^ 441 and we therefore give the following references to the subject : — The bast yields a strong useful fibre of a white colour, which is long and silky, generally strong and pliant, and composed of very strong individual fibres. It is employed economically in some parts of India, but in many districts where the plant is much grown as a vegetable, the excellence of the fibre seems to be unrecog- nised. It is undoubtedly valuable and seems to possess qualities specially fitting it for the purpose of paper-making. According to Eoxburgh its breaking strain is 79 lb. when dry, 95 lb. when wet. It contains 74 per cent of cellulose, and in Messrs, Cross, Bevan & King’s experi- ments it was found to lose 9'8 and 14 -2 per cent of its weight when boiled in 1 per cent solution of caustic soda for five minutes and one hour respectiveljn The average yield of fibre by Death and Ellwood’s process was found to be 84| lb. per acre, while by retting it amounted to 6 maunds and 17 seers. (The acre yield of fibre by the same process from Hibiscus abelmoschus, Sinhalese “ Kapu Kii.issa ” w'as 800 lb. by retting 12 maunds and 17 seers; the average breaking weight of the fibre whether wet or dry being 107 Ib.j. Liotard in his Paper- making Materials of India notices the fibre, mentioning that it is very fine and well suited for paper making, and in another passage says that paper has been made with it, though only on a small scale, in the Lucknow Central Jail. In France the manufacture of paper from this fibre is the subject of a patent ; it receives only mechanical treatment and affords a paper called banda, equal to that obtained from pure rags. In Burma, Madras and other parts of India, the stem is allowed to rot unused. This valuable fibre which could thus be obtained very cheaply does not appear to attract the atten- tion that it merits. (iJr. Watt.) The okro (Hibiscus esculentus J \ms, long been known to yield a long silky fibre. Specimens of Indian okro fibre in the Kew Museums re- semble hemp in colour and texture. It is evidently well adapted for making ropes, twine, and sacking, while the residual portion can le utilized for paper-making. Kecently the preparation and use of okro fibre has been revived in the Souli.ern United States, where the plant is largely grown during the summer season, and also in Cuba. In a report by Mr. Consul Kamsden the following information is furnished; “The fruit is well-known in the English West Indies under the name of ‘okra’ and is used as a vegetable, but although Pichardo, in his ‘ Diccionario de Voces Cubanas’ mentions the plant as being applicable to rope making, I am unawai*e that it has been used ns a fibre, and, therefore, refer to it here. Last year Messrs. Bosch & Co., of this city, made an experiment with fome, and sent 400 pounds of the dried fibre to London, w'here they say it was much liked, and found to be worth £40 i)er ton. Three crops are obtained in the year, and its preparation by maceration gave very little trouble. The stem produces a fibre of fine quality, and about 4 feet in length, and apparently strong. Further trials will probably be made here. I send sample of it with this report.” With regard to the commercial value of this Cuban fibre, Messr,=. Ide & Christy of 72, Mark Lane, E.C., to whom it was referred reported ns follows : “ The sample shows the fibre to be only moderately stronger that jute, im- perfectly cleaned and very yellow in colour. We value it at £18 to £20 per ton today in London. It is po.^sible that the colour could be greatly im])roved by more careful preparation, and that in that case its value might be increased by £4 or £5 per ton. We cannot imagine it possible that fibre of this type could have been found worth £40 per ton last year in London as stated to the Consul and mentioned in his report.” ( Keiv Bulletin, No. 46.^ We find the following reference made by us to Bandnkai fibre in our issue of September 1893: Within the past few years, says the Auck- land Weeklg News, much attention has been given to okra as a fibre plant in the Southern States of America. Mills are said to have been erected in England as v\’ell as in Germany and France by a Mr. Sadlow, for -wmiking up the raw muteiial, which he says he can produce at ^d, per lb. This information came oiiginally from an American source, and may of course be over- drawn, but one fact is clear, and that is that the fibre referred to is a valuable one and its production, cost and value are worth careful enquiry. In an official report on the cultivation of jute and other fibres. Hibiscus esculentus is referred to thus: The fibre is harsh and brittle for which reason it is not manufactured to any large extent in Bengal, but in Alymen Singh and Dacca it is occasionally prepared for adulteration with jute. The defect in the fibre it would seem is due to the process adopted in making it, for in the Southern Fre.sidency it is so manufactured as to retain considerable strength and pliancy, well-suited to the manufacture of rope, string, gunny bags and paper, and bearing considerable resemblance to the true hemp of Europe. The quantity prepared annually is large, and there is an exportation calculated many years ago at belwten 6,000 and 7,000 cwt., and valued at between £27,000 and £28,000. SERUM INOCULATION FOR RINDERPEST, Of the two methods recommended by Prof. Koch— the serum treatment and the bile treat- ment—for inoculating cattle with the object of rendering them immune against rinderpest, it would appear that the former will prove to be the most effective. Space does not admit of our referring to the difficulties which stand in the way of carrying out Koch’s method of treat- ment with bile, or of de.-ciibing Dr. Edington’s improved method of using glycerinated bile (both of which when properly carried out have without doubt been the means of saving much loss of lifej, but we must not omit to quote the important communication made by the Colonial Veterinary Surgeon of the Cape with reference to the serum treatment: — ■ Professor K'.ch, in the early stages of his e.xperiments at Kimberley, verified the fact already discovered, that serum obtained from salted cattle gave an immunity from linderpest when injected 442 Supplement to the “ Tropical Agriculturist.'" [Dec. 1, 1897. in large doses of 100 c.c., but that, immunity conferred was only “passive in its nature and temporary in its effects.” In order, tlierefore, to increase the immiini-iug power of the serum, and at the same time reduce the necessity for so large a dose, he added to it 1 per cent, of rinderpest blood. This mi.tture acted more sati.sfactorily, but at that time he con,=idered that it was neither .so safe nor so effective as the mill obtained from sick animals. Con- temporaneously experiraeiits with serum were conducted conjointly by the chief veterinary sm-o-eons, Mr. Fitchford, of Natal, and Mr. Tbeller of Transvaal, on similar linei. Since then Drs. Danysz and Bordet, the French scientists, have devoted' their attention principally to the perfection of the serum method of treatment both as a preventive and curative agent. As they express it, “ their main object was to procure a serum which could be successfully applied to a herd in which the disea.se had already made its appearance, and where the em;d -.ynmut of methods which brought on the dise i.-j in a light decree could only aggravate the condition of the animals already affected, and the le^rults of their numerous e.xperiments show that this object has bean attained. With respect to the manner in which herds inoculated with serum should be treated, they say: “It is known that the blood of salted oxen does not give permanent immunity from rinderpest, but that animals injected with this blood acquire the property for a limited time of withstanding the attack of the disease more easily. If they are brought in contract with rinderpest after the injection with blocd, they contract the disease but recover, and become salted. When the animals are already sick, or if they already possess the germs of rinderpest at the moment of injection, nothing else remains to be done chan to inject blood to make the dimase less serious for them. On the other hand the animals that are not affecte I by rinder- pest ’at the moment of injection must become infected so tliat they can catch the disease in a liaht’form which the blood will help them to rt'et through, but which is also sufficient to thoroughly sTilt them. Kinderpest can be trans- mitted eit'her by allowing the animals to mix with sick oxen, or by injecting rinderpest blood, and it must be known which of the two means is the better We are convinced from the trials thac infection solely and exclusively developed through rinderpest blood cannot be regarded as good, as it is impossible— within the range of our knowledge— to apply it in practice in such a maimer as to obtain good results.” From the foregoing it will be ob.served that the principil advance which Drs. Danysz and Bordet have made in the application of the serum treatment to rinderpest consists in the method which they have devised for communicating the infection to the serum-inoculated cattle; so that they contract a modifted from of the disease from which thev recover and become .salted. Other scientists,‘buti)rincipally Semmer, Nencki, Sieber and Wyznikievvicz, had previously dis- covered that the serum of animals which have recovered from the pest has immunising properties, but these experts trusted to repeated injections of the serum while the anim ils were liable to the disease rather than to one large injection followed by immediate exposure to infection, £0 that the inoculated aniniil should contract a mild form of the disease at once, under the modifying effects of the serum, from which they would recover. This is the most important point in Drs. Danysz and Bordet’s application of the serum method of treating rinderpest. It has to be noted, howe'er, that these French e.xperts do not con-ider the serum treatment so suitable for dealing with clean Icrds as with herds already infected, or herds which can be exposed to infected animals immidiately and continuously afterinoculation. T’hey say: “The injection of small quantities of rinderpest blood into animals that have been previously inoculated with the blood of s ilted animals is not sufficient to infect a beast in such a degree as to secure for them a continuous salting after the cure. To attain a goad result a cirefullj' regulated ipiintity of blood must be injected, large enough to occasion a small degree of sick- ness, small enough to guard against serious sick- ness or death. But the correct meisureof such a quantity of infected blood cannot be deter- mind in practice, as it depends on how much strength the preventive blood previ msly injected possesses. Two samples of preventive blood never have the same strength. . . . It huppena differently wdth animals which have received an injection of preventive blood, and coming into contact with animals infected with rinderpest immediately afterwards. Such animals always get an attack of rinderpest, which is not deadly, when the preventive blood used is good, but which is sufficient to w ell salt the beast.” Further, if healthy animals which have been inoculated with preventive blood or serum are exposed to infected cattle immediately and continuously afterwards, it is of little importance whether the dose of serum injected is unneces.sarilj'^ strong or not, so long as it is sufficiently strong to give complete immunity at the time ; because the subsequent infection being continuous each animal contracts a mild form of the disease as the strength of the immunity conferred bj^ the serum gradually admits. This cannot be accom- plished satisfactorily by an injection of rinder- pest blood, which has to be made at a deftnite time after the serum inoculation, because if the dose of serum is very strong the majority of the animals may resist the after-blood inoculation and manifest no signs of fever, and consequently will not become silted. On the other hand, should the dose of serum be comparatively weak, and the after-blood inoculation be too long delayed, the animals inoculated would be liable to contract a virulent form of rinderpest, from which many would die. In like manner if a healthy herd of cattle is in.oculatad with a strong dose of serum, and at the end of 2i hours they are driven in amongst an infected herd, and kept there from 12 to 24 hours and then withdrawn, this has been found to give very unsatisfactory results, because during the slii rt exposure many of the inoculated cattle did not contract the disease but caught the infection subsequently from their companions (since the immunity had jiassed off by that time) and died of Dec. 1, 1897.] Supplement to the “ Tropical Agriculturist. 443 ■virulent rinderpest. Experience indicates there- fore that the plan which gives most promise of success is to inoculate with a large dose of good serum or defibrinated blood obtained from a salted animal which has been fortified by several injec- tions of rinderpest blood, and to expose the inocu- lated cattle immediately and continuously for several days afterwards, until every one has con- tracted a mild form of disease from which very few will die. While this is the position at present, “ we have every hope,” says Dr. Hutcheon “ of being able to devise a method by which clean herds which cannot be exposed to infected cattle may be successfully inoculated with serum. Drs. Turner and Kolle have recently been directing their attention to this matter, and in a telegram which I received from these gentlemen on the 8th inst. (Sept.) they state that “there is no longer any doubt that the best way to immunise cattle is by injecting into them one cubic centime of virulent blood, and directly after infecting them with serum.” Should their confidence in this matter be confirmed by extended experience, the inoculation of healthy herds with preventive serum will become a comparatively simple matter, which it is not at present.” Dr. Hutcheon cautions cattle owners against the indiscriminate use of serum ; for it is a mistake to think that to bleed a salted animal and inoculate healthy stock with the blood is all that is neces- sary, since the result will be useless and disap- pointing. FEUIT CULTURE. Let us suppose that the land intended for the orchard has been thoroughly broken up and converted into mellow well-aerated soil, and the drains also laid out in the manner described. Open drains are in many ways objectionable ; they aie so much space wasted, the side-slopes inevitably become gardens of weeds and hai-borers for pests innumerable. The next consideration is the laying out and locating places for the trees. The question of how many trees to put to an acre, is one about which there are many opinions. The question, however, should not be “ How close can I stick my trees without being considered mean to them?” but rather “what distance apart -svould be best for their healthy growth ?” The tendency is naturally to put them far too near each other, because they come to the ground as mere plants and we have little idea of the proportions to which they will grow in 5 ( r 6 years. It is best to remember in allotting the space that the foliage-head of two adjoining trees must go halves for the space between them : and what is true of the branching head is also trne of the branching roots which must share the feeding ground between them. The smallest distance which can be allowed between tree and tree is 20 feet ; set squarely, this will give 109 trees to the acre. The more liberal allotment of 22 feet apart, giving 90 trees to the acre, will probably pay better in the long run. The device of planting by which any one tree in a row is hetioeen t'w’o trees of the next is now universally adopted as the best. The underground feeding space of the roots is thereby more evenly divided, and the effect of high wind much diminished. In planting, the holes should be dug out before beginning, one among other advantages being that the earth thrown out is all the better for being exposed to the sun and air, and particularly so where the land is inclined to be heavy. It is best for two men to attend to the actual planting out of the trees. A little of the upcast earth should be thrown into the bottom of the hole and the soil is then loosened up by a chopping action. More earth is then added until it is found by trial that the tree will sit easily on the loose contents and the collar stand a little higher than the level of the surface in which the hole has been dug. The contraction of the filling will take up that surplus and leave t true. Tlie roots are then carefully looked over, all broken roots are cut off with a sharp sloping cut facing downwards, and the fibres distributed eveuly upon the cushiou of soil in the hole. They must be divided evenly around the cir- cumference of which the stem is the centre. Little by little the attendant should shovel in small quantities of loose earth, and this is packed and -worked in by the planter’s hands, so that close contact, and above all the absence of hollows, may be ensured. At the same time the planter should see to the accurate setting of the tree both for line and uprightness. Then both men shovel in the earth to the surface. Neither immediately on the roots nor even on the surface soil is there any need for the ill- considered tramping and jumping which is often practised. The contact of earth and root system should be firm yet gentle. The ramming in of earth which may be necessary when planting a post will not do when dealing with a living organism from which we expect delicate rootlets to grow and for which we desire to prepare a suitable feeding ground. It is far better to manipulate the first additions of soil around the roots should be by the hands instead of the foot, so that the proper degree of firmness and closeness may be insured without losing the open texture of the soil. Then even if rain is falling at the time the final operation must be watering, and from '\\ to 2 gallons of water, according to the size of the hole, should be gently and slowly poured in through the rose of a can. It will not do to slush it from a bucket. The effect desired is to settle the particles of soil finally in their places and establish average and equal pressure round the root. A sudden dash of water will convert the top and layer into mud which will dry into an impervious caked surface, whereas after watering the soil round the tree should be as open and porous as before. If the time could be chosen, the planting should be done in cool overcast weather, without bright sunshine or much wind. In a few days’ time the callusiug of the cut roots shotild be over and ne-w white feeding fibres spring forth. Then the tree will have caught on to its new situation. ♦ PRESERVATION OF GRAIN BY WEEVIL. (Note by Prof. Chucrh.) The only cheap and perfect application of the prevention of the attacks of weevil upon 444 Sujjplement to the “ Tropical A gricuUuristl [Dec. 1, 1897. corn and grains consists in the emploj^ment of ■bisulphide of carbon. The quantity required, pro- vided the grain is kept in closed vessels, is very minute— not more than I3 lb. to each ton of grain — so that 8cf, is the cost of preserving a ton of wheat. Tlie bisulphide leaves no dis- agreeable taste or smell behind, and the quality of the grain remains unimpaired. When bags are used instead of the iron cylinders specially prepared for use in the bisulphide process, the protective influence of this chemical soon ceases, and a fresh application of the bisulphide must be made. In either case the liquid is aj>plied as follows. A ball of tow is tied to a stick of such a length that it can just be plunged into the middle of the vessel containing the grain. The tow receives the charge of bisulphide like a sponge and is then at once plunged into the sack or cjdinder and left there, the mouth being closed tightly. When necessary the stick may be withdrawn and the charge (1 oz. bisul- phide to 100 lb. grain) renewed. (Note by F. W. Cabaniss, Asst. Director of Agriculture, Burma, on the Prevention and Destruction of Black tteevil.') I have been trying for several years a number of experiments, with the object of finding a cheap and simple method of preventing the ravages of this weevil. I think that I have found it in the use of naphthalene powder. My method of using the powder is here given for the benefit of the grain dealers of Burma. It is best to place the nnphthalene powder at the bottom of the bin or bulk of grain. To accomplish this take a bamboo, about inches in diameter and long enough to reach from the top to the bottom of the bulk of grain. Punch the joints out of the bamboo, so as to be able to pass a stick through from one end of the bamboo to the other. Have the stick made to fit the cavity in the bamboo. Pass the bamboo, with the stick in it, down through the bulk of grain from the top to the bottom. Withdraw the stick, and drop into the top of the bamboo about half a teaspoon of naphthalene powder. The bamboo can then be drawn out, as the na- phthalene is safe at the bottom of the bulk of grain. If the bulks are large this should be done once to every 10 feet square of the bulk. Repeat the application every 15 or 20 days as the powder evaporates. The weevil that can leave the grain will do so, and those that cannot leave are killed by the odour of the naphthalene. I do not believe that naphthalene thus used can cause any injury whatever to grain. For seed purposes the germi- nating powers appear not to be affected in the least. For marketable grain the colour is not affected, and the odour will leave in a short time if fresh naphthalene is not applied to it. The quantity of powder used is infinitely small in proportion to the quantity of grain, and the powder is entirely destroyed by evaporation, so that for food purposes the effect is nil. Naphthalene powder can be procured at the Medical Halls in Rangoon at Rs. 2-8-0 per ounce, and a feAv ounces of it will be sufficient for one season for any grain dealer in Burma. [There are two species of weevil ( Curculionidae) belonging to the division Bhyncophora which at- tack stored wheat and other grain. One is Calandra (Sitophilus) Granaria, and the other Calandra ( Sitop>hilus) Oryzae. The former is found piincipally in Europe America and Canada. The latter which requires a high temperature iS chiefly confined to India and other liot climates.] GENERAL ITEMS. Good coca leaves yield '5 per cent or more of cocaine, but the average is less, and if fer- mented often nil. The London market price of cocaine in J uly 1897 was 9s. 3d. to 9s. 6d. per oz. Great care must be taken in the gathering, drying and preservation of cocoa, as its activity and value depend in a great measure on its mode of preparation. The leaves should be gathered as soon as they have arrived at maturity, at which period they are bright-green on the upper surface, and yellowish green on their under surface, and have an agreeable and somewhat aromatic odour. The leaves are gathered separately and carefully by hand with the two-fold object of preventing them from being crushed or bruised in the process, and also so as not to injure the young leaf buds which are left behind for the purpose of obtaining a second crop of leaves. They are then spread out and dried slowly in the sun. The operation must be per- formed with great care, for if the leaves be dried too rapidly, they lose their odour and green colour ; and if stored before they are thoroughly dried their colour is also changed, and they acquire a disagreeable odour and taste. Commercial coca either consists of the leaves more or less pressed together in compact masses or of the leaves in a loose state. In either case the leaves are not curved or rolled in any degree, but perfectly flat. The properties in the leaves are injured by transportation and often by keeping ; they should therefore be packed in tin-lined cases.— (J. F. Bailey in the Australian Tropiculturist.) Hygroryza aristata (Sin. Gojabba) is what is commonly known as “ wild rice.” It is an aquatic grass found floating on the surface of water or creeping on wet land. The grain, w'hich in India ripens in September, is there eaten by the poorer classes who collect it by sweeping the heads of the grass with baskets. According to Roxburgh, cattle are fond of the plant. We have not heard of the grain being consumed in Ceylon. There are three varieties of gingelly (Sesamum indiewn) from which oil and poonac are got, viz., the white, black, and red-seeded varieties. All are extremely rich in oil, but especially the first mentioned. According to analyses Dr, Leather, Agricultural Chemist to the Government of India, 'white gingelly contains 48' 13 per cent of oil, black 46 'oO, and red 46'20 per cwt. of oil, while the percentages extracted by the country mill were 38T, 30-9, and 30 9 respectively. Artificial Indiarubber, the most recent pro- duct of the laboratory, which is a mixture of Dec. 1, 1897.] SuiJplement to the “ Tropical Agriculturist:' 445 rape oil and sulphur dried down to solidification, though to a certain extent successful, has not by any means the requisite durability. it has been well-known that a solution of iron sulphate has long been employed for the destruction of ground mosses which overrun plantations during damp weather. It has also been found that the same solution will cleanse the trunks and branches of trees of the numerous lichens which infest them, and may also be employed with success against the numerous colonies of AgaAcus campestris (the common mushroom) which spring up in cultivated spaces. This peculiarity of iron sulphate has led to new efforts being made with it against parasitic fungi on plants in general. On orders received from the Viceroy of India, Messrs. Carter & Co., the well-known seedsmen, shipped no less than 108 tons of carrot seed, which were collected an d despatch wdthin nine days of the receipt of the Viceroy’s telegram ordering the seed. The original order was, however, for 200 tons at a rate not exceeding £80 per ton delivered in Bombay. The seed which was brought over during the famine crisis W'as deemed sufficient to sow about 42 square miles of land. There is a demand for cow-pea seed among the Queensland sugar grow’ers who have come to recognise the merits of the plant as a nitrogen gatherer. Of leguminous crops the cow pea ma- tures most rapidly and occupies the ground at the shortest time, and produces perhaps the greatest amount of nitrogen. When grown and ploughed into the land just before it reaches maturity, a manure is thereby added to the land con- taining about 100 lb. of nitrogen, equivalent to that produced by the addition of 4 cwt. of sulphate of ammonia or 8 cwt. of dried blood per acre. f:.., ■ ■ . . ‘":v%.?;,:':;:-!a52^^ • ...rv ■■■ ,'. -, .:;'-';v...> ';■' .": • m- .'•■/-i!r??'»f, {/■Till ' ' / ■ >V;'^..* S'- V i. ;}'■>• b:>^ ■ 'ris’ "V.**.;;? ■'•'‘•*J>;#1-',- :. JS^ - ' T t-.. "*• :> -, •{»; ^ ■ ■ , --•■ / ' ■' c'^ /Vj^vVv'-, t'if-;,.- ' ■■ -'■ '•^■•*r."S .s;;:V;,M^‘' •i/ A ' ’m-. i . - -:7- .P'- • ^S^^i ■ . .. . ■' . ■j". '■ .f ..y-...,. , Jl'4. >, i- ...I'. 'V ■■^, 'w ./ '.'i‘>v..<. t ^ MONTHLY. tx> % i' Vol. XVII.] COLOMBO, JANUARY ist, 1898. [No. 7. BUITENZORG BOTANICAL GARDENS, JAVA: A LESSON TO INDIA AND CEYLON. E have to acknowledge re- ceipt of copies of “Hand- Guide to the Botanic Gardens, Buitenzorg with a plan published under super- vision of the Director in Batavia, by G. Kolfif & Co., 1897” — all printed in English and all very interesting. It includes besides the “introduction,” a walk through the Botanic Gardens ; a visit to the Agricultural and Experi- niental Gardens (which we must copy in full into our next Tropical Agriculturist')', and “an index of scientific and vernacular names.” The Guide is clearly modelled on the one drawn up for Peradeniya by the late Dr. Trimen ; but the Java Gardens are far more diversified — al- though the Buitenzorg Botanic Garden itself at 145 acres is almost exactly the same area as Peradeniya which includes 150 acres. The Dutch Director has, however, a virgin forest reserve of 700 acres, as may be seen later on. Meantime we transfer the introduction as follows ; — The Botanic Gardens at Buitenzorg were established in April 1817, at the suggestion of Reinwardt, who was afterwards a Professor at the Leiden University. During Reinwardt’s stay in Netherlands-India there was no special director for the new botanical establish- ment, he took over the superintendence himself. On his departure from Java Dr. C. L. Blnme was ap- pointed the first Director of the Buitenzorg gardens. Blume proved to have remarkable abilities for natural science ; in a short time he got great renown as a botanist and so the gardens seemed to have under his direction, a very satisfactory prospect. But, after a stay of four years, Blume was obliged to go home on account of his bad health ; there was no director appointed as his successor, the gardens were left in charge of a curator. The curator James Hooper, an able man, who came originally from the Royal Kew-gardens, returned to Europe in 1830. A young gardener just arrived with a new Governor-General was selected as hit successor. The young man’s name was J. E. Teysmann ; devoid of the slightest scientific notions, lacking even ordinary general instruction, and having had but a very superficial training in horticulture, he seemed rather an unqualified person for filling up the post of curator. Happily the Buitenzorg gardens belong to the institutions which have good luck. Teysmann turned out to be a most energetic man, with a bright intelligence and greatly gifted for natural science. By self-training and hard work, guided by a clear insight and supported by a keen aptitude for organi- zation, he became, in fact, a second founder of the gardens, with which his name will always be in- separably connected. Ib the course of his career as a curator Teysmann was assisted by two very clever men, J. I.. Hasskarl, and S. Binnendyk. Hasskarl, afterwards famous as a botanist, was the man who suggested a new plan for the gardens, in order to have all the plants, even the trees and shrubs arranged after the natural system. That idea, once grasped by Teysmann, was pushed by him, often under great difficulties, with fierce energy. The arrangement after the natural system, in some parts already sixty years old, cons- titutes now one of the prominent features of the Buitenzorg botanic garden. It makes it still com- par’tively easy to study the plants and especially to compare the species belonging to the same natural orderj though the number of species under cultiva- tion 18 now some 10,000, covering an area of 145 acres. Binnendyk was appointed assistant-curator in 1858. His services were of great value, not only because he was a very able horticulturist, but also because he had had a fair training in systematic botany at the Leyden botanic garden. And so as Teysmomi resigned (in 1869) Binnendyk was of course, seleot.ed as his successor. In the mean time the whole institution was re- organized, on a plan drawn up long before by Teysmann. There was to be a Director again, and it was Dr. R. H. O. O. Scheffer who in 1868 was apppointed the second Director of the Buitenzorg gard ns. Having made thorough studies in botany under Miquel’s direction at the Utrecht University Dr. Scheffer although young, was well prepared for the post. Devoting as much of his time as possible to research and original scientific work, he had the good idea of starting in 1875, the Annales du Jardin Botanigue de Buitenzorg, a scientific periodical still existing. Beyond all other things the Buitenzorg es. tabliihment is most indebted to the late Dr. Scheffer, for establishing, in 1876, a special garden, on a large scale (an area of more than 180 acres) for agricultural and experimental purposes. He added also an agri- cultural school to this experimental garden. This school lasted only a few years. Without time to go OD forlongb to Europe to restore bis health. Dr. 448 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [Jan. I, 1898. Scheffer died, of overwork, iu the beginning of 1880, only 36 years old. Dr. Treub was selected as his successor. This gentleman, who has been in charge since 1880, still continues the extensions begun in 1876 by Dr. bchefier. The institution still called ‘‘ ’s Lands Plantentuiu ” consists of the following nine Divisions; — Division I. „ II. III. IV. V. VI. VII. VIII. IX. Herbarium and Museum. Botanical Laboratories. Agricultural and experimental garden (181 acres) with Laboratoy for agri- cultural chemistry. Pharmacological Laboratory. Botanic Garden (145 acres) and Mountain Garden (77 acres and 700 acres of virgin forest) with Laboratory. Office, Library and Photographic Labor- atory. Forest flora collections. Laboratory for the study of Deli To- bacco.* Ex)perimental station for coffee. f The second division has special laboratory accom- modation for 8 foreign visitors, the institution acting,' since 1885, also as an international botanical station that has already been visited by a great number of foreign naturalists. It is hardly necessary to point out that the name of ‘‘Botanic Garden,” does not give a fair idea of ■what the “ Buitenzorg Institution ” actually is. "What is now the 5th division, corresponds, in general lines, with what was ‘‘the Botanic Gardens” till 1876. In Dutch the difdoulty arising from a no longer- appropriate name, is partially avoided by keeping for the whole institution the original name “ ’s Lands Plantentuiu ” and giving the name “ Botanische tuin”t to the Botanic Garden belonging to the 5th division. The Buitenzorg institution is working now with a staff of 27 Europeans, and over 200 natives. The iiuinense e.xtent and variety of the Java Gardens must at once strike the reader ; but still more conspicuous is the scientific as well as the practical enterprise of the Dutch Government in the staff of ‘27 Europeans and 200 natives attached to tlie Buitenzorg institution. It is useless to compare this with the three Euro- peans and handful of coolies given to the Gardens in Ceylon ; but we believe it may be compared (to the advantage of Java rather than India) with what the Government of India does for the opposite Continent in tliis department. Ceylon ought at least to have a scientilic staff of half a- dozen Europeans — —Director and Assistants, En- tomologist, Cryptogamist, Analyst, &c. THE “DURIAN” AS A NEW PRODUCT. Now that tea prices are low, exchange high, cacao attacked in some places by a fungus disease, and perhaps other adversities looming before us,— the question of “ New Products ” is again being freely mooted by planters, and among other resources, at such a time, the durian as a fruit- tree may well claim our attention. Emit culture in Ceylon as a profitable industry, as well as for local consumption, has been fre- quently discussed iu the columns of the Tropical Agriculturist, but notwitlistaudingit is still looked uijou only as a prospective venture. The obstacles that lie ' iu the way of such an undertaking are not all imaginary, it is true. The prospects of a local market are not sufficiently encouraging, and the variety of really good fruits Uiat have so * The divisions VIII and IX work at the expenses of private committees of persons interested in the culture of Deli tobacco aud of coffee. •jj The Dutch word “tuin” means gardens. far been found suited to our climate and soil is somewhat limited. Orange and lemon cultivation has not made the strides that were predicied some years ago ; neither have pineap)ffes and plantains yet tempted cultivation on any considerable scale. The raangosteen and avocado-pear have not been entirely overlooked ; but the durian .so far is somewhat of a rara avis with us. Observant visitors to our sliores are quick to observe that if we are fruges consuracrc nati, our choice of local ly-grown table fruit can hardly he said to redound to the credit of the planters whose reputation as the best agriculturists iu the tropics has travelled so widely. Although the durian (Duiio zibethinus) may in one way or another be known to manj’ of us, yet the opportunities of becoming acquainted with it in Ceylon are very few. This is much to be won- dered at considering that in our ccmparatively near neighbourliood — the Malay Peninsula and islands— the tree is met with plentifully, both in its natural growth and in its cultivated state. Any one who has lived for any length of time in the countries mentioned must |)erforce he acquainted ■with the name of durian, and probably also with its flavour. There all the natives are born durian- eaters ; even the dogs, cats, and tigers are said to be fond of it, and especially the civet cat, to entrap which it is often used as a bait : hence the specific name. The durian fruit to the Malayan inhahitants has many wouderlul attributes, however adversely its odour may be classihed by peo])le inclined to be delicate in tlie olfactory sense. Irrespective of drawbacks in this way — wliich in time may be considered trilling — the craving of tlie natives for tiie fruit is simply insatiable ; and, when in season, many families, not content with tlie local supply, remove from tlieir homes and llx their abode temporarily, in fact camping out, iu areas where the durian is found to be plentiful. One of the chief attractions of the fruit to them is the aphrodi- siacal properties which they invariably believe it to possess. That it is in a measure exciting is scientifically admitted. Europeans also; notwith- stanling tlie smell which is at liist rather offen- sive, (being likened unto putrefying rats com- bined with rotten onions !) soon come to regard the fruit with peculiar favour, and when once they acquire the necessary taste, which is usually after the third or fourth trial, it is said to replace all other delicacies in the way of fruit. In fact, it has been said that the sensation of eating durians is in itself worth coining to the East for ; and some writers on the subject describe it as being “ beyond question the finest fruit iu the world.” It might be supposed too that it is also some- what of a braiiitonic, for Governors of Ceylon— notably Sir Arthur Gordon, and others performing mental work of a responsible character — have declared that there is nothing to beat a good durian. The Dutch ladies in Java are credited with having developed a considerable liking for it, and to be reported “eating durians ” is often sufficient excuse for their non-appearance to visitors. A durian in general appearance is not unlike a small jak fruit, though of course differing widely in its natural affinities. The chief point of resem- blance between the jak and durian is found in tlie peculiar angularily-marked rind surface com- mon to both, and which in the latter forms a complete covering of stout spines or prickles. In both cases the fruit is borne on the older branches and trunk ; but this is also characteristic of very nia.ny other tropical trees. In shape, a /an, I, 1898.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST, 449 durian fruit is somewhat oval, tund about the size of a large coconut. So the danger of walking under durian trees when laden with fruit can be readily appreciated. Fortunately, however, the fruits usually fall at night, .seldom during the day. The edible portion is the cream-coloured fleshy pulp in which the seeds, which are about the size of nutmeg seeds, are embedded. The very mention of this pulp is enough to bring water to tlie mouth of durian epicures ! The flavour is certaiulj^ all its own and apparently defies adequate description. A combination of cream -cheese, Slrerry wine, and onion sauce, and other similar incongruities, seems to convey the most general conception of it. Various notions exist as to WflE.V THE FRUIT IS BEST FOR EATING. Some say it should be left on tire tree till ripe enough to dio}( or until it opens naturally (dehisce*). Very often, however, many of the fruits fall before reaching tliis stage either on account of their weight, wind, or heavy rain. But in many opinions this does not in the least detract from ihe quality of the fruit— provided the fall is not too early, of course — for it can be kept from a week to ten days to ripen. For a novice to know whether a durian is fit for eating, it is only necessary to press the foot on it : if ripe, it opens at the growing end, show- ing five separate divisions. Those who are better accustomed to it, however, are guided more by the intensity of the odour which it emits, and of course, by the yellow tint the fruit assumes when ripe. Like almost all tropical fruits, the durian can also be used in the unripe state in a variety of ways as a vegetable : not even tlie seeds need be wasced, if not required for sowing. The con- ventional way of eating a durian is to retire to the bathroom or godown, with only nature’s knife and fork (the fingers) to deal with it. But those who stand on scruples of etiquette may (ind the following recipe more to their taste ; — E.xtract the pulp from the fruit and leave it standing (in the back verandah) for a few hours, so that the offensive scent may escape ; then place, in a basin, and )iour on it some fresh milk or cream ; .add a table spoonfull of sugar, or more if needed ; beat well together to the consistency of thick cream ; if the odour is still objectionable, add a few drops of rose-water; whisk the whole well, taking out any strands of fibre there may be, and serve the ambrosia. Unfortunately the durian does not readily re- commend itself as a regular table fruit, for reasons already indicated. But the chief consideration for the present is WILU DURIAN CULTIVATION IN CEYLON PAY? The following facts justify a reply decidedly in the affirmative. Judging from what oneseesin the markets of Colombo, Kandy, and Galle, the pro- duction of durian fruit in Ceylon is practically nil. In July and August, a few fruits are irre- gularly brought there and readily disposed of at prices varying from .50 cents to R2 each, Euro))eans often paying more than this when an opportunity of buying offers. Probably the largest and best fruits never find a place in the local markets, being sold to regular customers and given as presents to friends. A few trees on one favoured estate a few miles from Kandy supply all the fruit that reach the market of that town. More or less in consequence of this, many of the wealthier * Debisce=to get Dpen as the pods of plants. Malays, we are told, leave Ceylon for their native country annually when the durian season there is approaching. From tlie prices men- tioned, and tlie fact that even the ordinary Malay, Chetty, and Moorman — or for the matter of that all well-to-do inhabitants of the tropics, for the Sinhalese, Tamils, and Bengalees, have ex- hibited an indomitable desire for the fruit — is “ fit ” for anything between 50 and 200 durians in one season, it is evident that large quantities of the fruit could be profitably disposed of every year, in Ceylon. Unfortunately however the tree does not come into bearing until at least 14 or 15 years after planting. Nevertheless it war- rants at any rate, a share of the patience that tropical planters are wont jierforce to exercise, not unfrequentl.y. It may therefore be placed on a par with the coco-palm ; and the planter of durians in tlie island may feel assured his pro- perty will yearly increase in value. When in bearing each tree will mature from 50 to 300 fruits. Planted at 30 feet apart, an acre would contain about 50 trees, which at the low average of 100 per tree would give 5,000 fruits ; the.se if sold at 50 cents each (now the minimum rate) would give the appreciable return of K2,500 per acre. This forms a con- trast with the best reconl returns from tea or coffee, especially ■when it is understood that hardly any outlay is necessary on the cultivation of the durian tree, and that it can be grown from sea-level to 1,500 feet altitude in the huu'iid Central and Southern districts of Ceylon. Of course, 50 cents per fruit is not a rate to base an orchard or estate estimate on ; but put it at 10 cents each and where else can we look for a gross return of R500 per acre ? We have AN ADVANTAGE OVER OUR INDIAN NEIGHBOUR.g, for despite many meritoiious trials at Calcutta, Madras, &c., tliey are not yet able to revel in their own durians. The variablene.s.s of that climate is quite unsuited to the plant, and even in the southei n parts of India the durian can only be grown as a m.atier of curiosity.' Consequently with the latest improvements in the system of cold storage, the development of an export trade in durians with India and other countries seems eminently feasible. The durian, though a fruit-tree, does not on that account lack in being AN EXCEEDINGLY ORNAMENTAL AND GRACEFUL TREE. It is the tallest fruit-tree in the woi ld, reaching a height of 90 feet or more, is evergreen and always symmetrical in shape and well-proportioned in growth, so that it cannot readily be surpassed as an avenue tree. As a wind-belt and shade- trbe for lowcountry estates, it would also no doubt prove a valuable acquisition, for the older trees afford good fuel, and the trunks being remarkably straight and of large girths would, if required, make excellent planks, etc. As to cultivation, the tree thrives in deep marly loam. It might be described as a deep feeder, there being no tendency to develop buttressed roots aboveground, as might be expected from its size. When planting, unless the ground has been deeply tilled already, it is best to dig holes four or five feet deep by live feet \fide, which should be filled in with such soil as mentioned above. Once the plants reach a height of nine or ten feet, which they do in three years in a favourable situation, practically no care is needed beyond keeping down undergrowths and protection from cattle, which are often fond of the young twigs and leaves. The fruits set independently of any 45° THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [Jan. r, 1898. . artificial agency ; that is, the flowers are coot- •pUte, (the two sexes in one). Plants can be raised by means of “cuttings,” but propagation is best from seeds, which are _ re- markable for their power of quick germination, taking only about seven days to germinate. As a natural consequence, however, they soon lose their vitality, so they should be sown immediately on being taken from the pulp. In three or four months’ time the seedlings are ready for transplant- ing to their permanent places. VARIETIES : Considering that the durian has been cultivated, though not on any systematic principle, for some centuries now, we cannot be surprised to find there are a few varieties, some being more prolific than others. It is diffi- cult however to discriminate between them till they reach the fruiting stage. Closely allied to the durian is the “ Katuboda ” {Cullenia tx- celsa) of the Sinhalese known also as_ the “ wild durian.” This tree is fairly common in Ceylon, at low and medium altitudes in moist districts. The fruit is not eatable, but monkeys are very fond of it. It resembles durian proper in foliage and structure of fruit, and in fact the two are sometimes contused by botanists unacquainted with living specimens. The “Katuboda” how- ever can easily be distinguished by the leaves being narrower, the fruit much smaller and overed with thickly placed, long, slender, recurved spines, and of course by the absence of a pro- nounced odour. [The “Katuboda” fruit is vari- able in the character of prickles : a specimen just under examination shews these to be rather closely set and sinuated, not regularly recured.] THE CULTIVATION OF INDIA-RUBBER IN NICARAGUA. There has been a revival of interest in Nicaragua in the future of the India-rubber industry there, due to the decreasing yield and the resulting fear that the methods practised by the gatherers hitherto will lead to the extinction of the trees. The government has manifested its interest by means of the decree, published lately in The India Rubber World, pro- hibiting the exportation of other than cultivated rubber for the next ten years. This decree was preceded by laws for the encouragement of rubber- planting, and something has been done in this direction. But how far any law can prevent the exportation of native rubber remains to be seen. The United States consul at San Juan del Norte reported recently that, “ notwithstanding the law made in Costa ?Rica some years ago prohibiting the cutting of rubber, much of the rubber shipped from San Juan del Norte comes from Costa Rica. It is esti- mated that Costa Rica has contributed between 35 and 60 per cent, of all the rubber shipped from San Juan del Norte.” Recently many persons in western Nicaragua— the Pacific-coast section — have declared their intention to plant and cultivate India-rubber in the eastern portion of the republic, investing some of the money which they have accumulated during several years past from their profitable coffee estates. Likewise many requests for information have been received in Nicaragua from citizens of the United States, bearing upon the whole subject of rubber cultiva- tion the impression evidently existing in many minds that India-rubber is becoming a scarce com- modity. These circumstances have led to the preparation of some reports of interest published recently by the department of state, at Washington — one by Thomas O’Hara, the efficient consul at San Juan del Norte, and one by J. Crawfords, of Managua, the author of a paper, included in the volome of special consular reports prepared at the instigation of The India Rubber World in 1890, which forms the most valuable contribution to our knowledge of Nicaragua rubber. Consul O’Hara first calls attention to an extract from the Bluefields, Recorder, of June, 6, 1896, as follows : — “ On this subject of agriculture, we may add that a great deal of attention is being given to the cul- tivation of the India-rubber tree. Several of our banana growers on the river, while cultivating the product of the more rapid growth (the banana), devote some of their time to the India-rubber tree, which has the advantage of being a product full of staying qualities, yielding handsome profits after it has attained its full development, and which has not that baneful influence on the soil which is the peculiarity of the banana. We do not believe that we are beyond the mark w'hen we say that there are to be found on several plantations on the Escon- dido more than 75,000 rubber plants, vigorous and promising, ready for transplantation. Ten or twelve years after these shall have been planted, bananas will be nowhere ; the very places where they are now grown will be exhausted and allowed to lie fallow for the subsequent cultivation of other and less ephemeral products.” The consul has undertaken an inquiry respecting the details of such plantations, and be reports hav- ing learned through Vice-Consul Henry E, Low, at Managua, of two rubber plantations in western Nicaragua, with a producing capacity not to exceed 5,000 pounds a year. Further information on this head is promised to the department. Mr. Crawfords writes in his report that localities in Nicaragua south of latitude 15° north and between longtitudes 84° 10' and 85° 35 , in low valleys where the soil is deep alluvial or deep vegetable humus and sand and capable of being rapidly drained and in a climate that is almost uniformly warm and humid, are best suited to the rubber tree. Many such valleys in central and north eastern Nicaragua supported groves of large-sized trees yielding rubber until about fifteen years ago, when nearly all the trees had been killed by too frequent tapping, or by being cut down by irresponsible collectors. There are, by the way, several species of rubber trees in Nicaragua, some of which are indigenous to a higher, drier climate and soil. Mr. Crawfords uses the term “ elastic rubber ” throughout his report, because some varieties, as the ” tuno, ” for instance, are but slightly elastic. Next to the Castilloa elastica, the second best rubber prodncers, in quality and quantity, are of the Ficus family, a variety locally known as ‘matapala,’ an epyphite having numerous bodies from a'erial roots (like the banyan tree). It is also an inhabitant of low, fertile, well-drained lands. By cultivation, this tree would, most probably, fully equal the other low-valley varieties in quality and annual output of rubber. It has the advantage that if one of its trunks or bodies is deadened by excessive bleeding or drainage of the sap, it has several other live trunks from which to obtain supplies of rubber.” Evidently the tree thus described by Mr. Crawfords is not unlike the rubber tree of Assam and Burma. “ The quantity of the annual yield of elastic material depends,” says Mr. Crawfords, “ the soil and climate being suitable, on the bulk of the bast or lactiferous tissues that exist or that can be developed in the tree or vine. Some trees of two to three feet diameter and thirty-five to fifty feet tall will give annually twenty to forty pounds of good rubber. The quality of the rubber depends largely upon the shape or form of the cells and spaces composing the bast, or lactiferous tissue, and in part in the process used to separate the elastic material from the emulsion-like sap. Quality and quantity, therefore, are responsive to cultivation — to be increased or decreased.” Cultivation begins with sowing the seeds in beds and transplanting to a nursery at the end of the first year, and to the permanent plantation at two THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 45* Jan. I, 1898,] *nd a half or three years. The planting is at such distances apart as to allow sixty-four “ matapala ” or 100 Castilloa trees to the acre. “ Cultivation consists in ditching the land so as to drain it slowly or rapidly at will, keeping it moist without per- mitting water to stand in pools or low places. During the rainy season, drain rapidly. Keep all undergrowth cut down and the land ‘ hilled up ’ around the trees in cone shape to about six inches higher than the general level within five feet of each tree. Deaden or fell other varieties of trees and vines until they shade but a very small part of the surface of the land.” Tapping may begin during the sixth or seventh year of the tree’s age. If the tree has matured properly it should yield from eight to twelve pounds of rubber every second year until it is twelve years old, after which tsn to fifteen pounds of rubber should be obtained annually. The coagulation of the milk and the separation from it of the elastic material can be effected by heating to 167° to 175° F. and stirring in a hot decoction or hot, strong tea of the leaves and twigs from some species of Con- volvidacce — as morning glory or bindweed, or, stirring into the emulsion, when fresh and hot, the smoke from burning palm-nuts or other oleaginous nuts — all of which are abundant in districts where the rubber trees grow.” Secondary crops which may be grown profitably between the rows of rubber trees nntil they reach a productive age are Liberian coffee and bananas, the latter of which would afford a large percentage of the food required by all the animals on the estate. As for profits, Mr. Crawfords estimates that sixty- four trees to an acre, at nine years of age and thereafter, should yield an average of ten pounds of rubber, or 640 pounds to the acre. At 30 cents net per pound, this would yield $192 per acre, which should give considerable profit, the cost of cultiva- tion being so slight. The net profit from an acre of coffee trees in Nicaragua is given at $65. Consul O'Hara’s attempt to compile statistics of the production of India-rubber in Nicaragua has not been entirely successful. For example, the cus- toms recorded at San Juan del Norte extend back only to. 1874, and the invoices on file since that date do not, for most of the years, specify the quantities of India-rubber shipped, but only the values. He is now trying to col ect the figures for the other ports, but even if these can be obtained, it will be impossible to say how much of the total represented the product of neighbouring states. The India Kubber World happens to have at hand the details of Central ■ American rubber imported by Great Britain and the United States for the years 1870 to 1885, inclusive, the greater part of which was the product of Nicaragua. The larger share was taken by great Britain, until 1878, when the United States took the lead in the importation of Nicaragua rubber, which it has since maintained. Pounds. Taken by Great Britain . . 6,654,780 Taken by the United States .. 13.789,499 Total for sixteen years . . 20,444,279 This without doubt practically embraces the whole production of Central American rubber for the years named, though a small amount may have gone direct to Germany. More than half this rubber was exported during the last four years (1882-85), and by far the greater part of this half was taken by the United States. Nicaragua rubber then began to be entered sepa- rately in the United States customs returns, and the imports from that country alone have since beon as folio -vs, by fiscal years ending June 30: — Year. Pounds. In 1885-86 1,552,574 In 1886 87 1,575,837 In 1887-88 1,545,121 In 1888-89 1,573,331 In 1889-90 1,209,730 Year. Pounds. In 1890-91 1,146,727 In 1891-92 1,027,232 In 1892-93 958,703 In 1893-94 892,908 In 1894-95 907,243 Meanwhile Great Britain has begun to record imports from Nicaragua separately, with this result, for calendar years: In 1892— 7952 pounds ; in 1893— 37,072 pounds; in 1894—75,936 pounds; in 1895— 33,264 pounds. There have also been unimportant shipments from Nicaragua to France, Germany, and Holland. Just what has been the rate of decline in the output of Nicaragua rubber can only be conjectured, but that It has been great is proved by the follow- ing table showing the receipts of all Central American rubbers by the two great importing countries : — United Great Total States [a] Britain [5] Pounds In 1885 . . 2,079,278 237,552 2,316,830 In 1895 1,300,802 33,264 1,334,066 Decrease . . 778,476 204,288 982,764 [a, fiscal year; 5, calendar year.] Nicaragua has not so long been a produce of India-rubber as many other countries. Its output suddenly more than doubled about 1880, continued at the figure then reached for a few years, and then began to decline at a rate which justifies the fears of the trade and the government that without protective measures the rubber tree will soon dis- appear from Nicaragua.— Y/ie India Buhhcr World. -» INDIA KUBBER IN ASSAM. A brief account of how rubber trees (Ficus elastica) are grown in Assam. By Mr. D. P. Copeland, Deputy Conservator of Forests, Darrang Division. 1. Ficus elastica. — The Indian rubber fig or caout- chouo tree, is indiginous to Assam, where it is found a dominant tree in the evergreen forests. It requires an exceedingly damp atmosphere, and the best natural rubber trees are aet with in the forests at the foot of the hills, or on the hills themselves up to an elevation of 2,500 feet. 2. Natural germination. — In its natural state the rubber tree starts from seed dropped by birds in the forks of other trees, often 20 or 30 feet or even more from the ground, where it germinates, and the young plant remains an epiphyte for years until its aerial roots touch the ground ; as soon as this takes place the little epiphyte changes rapidly into a vigorous tree, throwing out numerous aerial roots which gradually envelope the tree on which it first began life and often kills it out. Having started life so high up it soon throws out branches which overtop the surrounding trees, and the numerous aerial roots which fall from these and establish connection with the ground, in a few years enable it to dominate the forest growth around it. 3. Seed. — The seed of this tree is contained in a fig-shaped fruit about 75 seeds being found in one good sound fig. The fruit first begins to form on the trees in March and ripens from May onward to December. On some trees the whole crop ripens and falls off by June, but as a rule the rubber tree has fruit on it from April right up to December, the figs forming, ripening and falling off the whole of the rains. After collection the figs have to be carefully dried and mixed with pounded charcoal, which preserves the seed for several months. 4. Seed beds. — In the Charduar rubber plantation nursery, for a seed bed 40'x3J', two to three seers of pulverizeu rubber seed, 10 seers ash and 20 seers of vegetable loam or good soil, are well mixed in a half cask and spread evenly over the bed, and then lightly stamped Qown and watered. Such a bed should yield with good germination, 2,000 seed- lings and should be sufficient for putting out 100 acres of rubber planted The beds must be 452 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [Jan. I, 1898. well raise! and drained, the soil being prepared in the same way as for vegetable or flower seed. If sown in boxes these should be put under the leaves of a house ; if in beds light removable shades must be put up to keep off the direct rays of the sun. The shades should be removed during rainy or cloudy weather and at night. Light sandy loam i=i most suitable for seedbeds, if the soil is stiff, charcoal dust should be mixed with it to make porous and prevent caking. The beds or boxes must never be allowed to get dry. 5. This should be done exactly in the same way as for vegetable or flower seed which requires transplanting after germination. The figs are broken between the hands. As the seed is very minute the particles of the fruit are left with the seed and sown with it, no attempt being made to clean or separate the pulverized figs. In order to distribute these minute seeds evenly over the seed beds or boxes, a certain quantity of ash and soil is mixed with them. 6. Germination. — Germination takes place from the end of April to the end of rains. Seed sown between October and January requires daily watering and screening from the sun, and will not germinate before the end of April or the beginning of May but seed sown any time during the rains will germinate in a few days {from five days to a fortnight). It follows the best time for sowing seed is during the rains that is from June to September. The embryo appears on the germination of the seed as a seedling having a pair of opposite coty- ledons with an entire margin destitute of incisions or appendage of any kind, with the exception of the notched or emarginate apex, oval in general outline, green in colour and of a glassy smoothness. The second pair of leaves shew a tendency to the alternate arrangement on the stem but appear at the same time. Their shape and venation are very different from those of the primary leaves for they have a central midrib and a distinctly coarsely crenate margin. The third pair of leaves do not appear simultaneously, and are distinctly alternate with a marked reddish colour. After this the plant is easily recognized. 7. Flicking out. — When the seedlings are two inches high in the seedbeds or boxes they should be transplanted into nursery beds, and put out in lines about a foot from each other. The nursery beds should be well raised and drained but the soil need not be so carefully prepared as for the seed beds. Here the plants are kept till the fol- lowing rains when they are dug up and taken to stockaded nurseries in the forests and put out 5' x 5' on raised well drained beds; where they remain for two years till they are required for planting operations. 8. Forest Nurseries. — Almost every animal will eat the young rubber plants, it is therefore impossibie to plant out small seedlings in the forest owing to the destruction by wild elephants and game, un- less each individual plant is carefully fenced in. As this is too costly and the rubber after it is 1-2 feet in height is very hardy and can be transplanted with ordinary care, at any time of the year (the best time in Assam is between May and July), the seedlings are kept in stockaded nurseries in the forest where planting operations are to take place, and remain there till they are 10 or 12 feet high, that is about three years after germination, when they are dug out and the roots are cut back 18 inches right around the plant and planted on the mounds in the forests. 9. Planting operations. — In artificial planting it is found that the rubber grows best on mounds. Lines are cut through the forest 20 feet wide and 70 feet apart from centre to centre; in these hues 15 foot stakes are put up 35 feet apart. Hound each stake a mound is thrown up 4 feet high. The base of the mound is about 10 feet in diameter and tapers to 4 feet on the top ; on ihis mound the rubber tree is planted, care being taken that the roots are carefully spread out before may are covered up with earth. To prevent animals pulling the plant and wind blowing them down they ate tied to the stakes. The rubber tree can readilv be nro- pgated from cuttings, it only perfectly lipe young branches or shoots are used, but the tree raised trom cuttings does not appe.r to throw out aerial roots, and as the fu'ure yield of the tree probably depends on its aerial root system it is questionable Whether trees raised from cuttings ought to be used except where required only as shade givers, such as in an avenue. In the Chardaar rubber pli.ntation propagation by cuttings were given up very early, that IS about 1876. the plantation havin^^ been commenced in 1879. The best time to take cuttings IS May and June. 1 1 rubber grows equally well on high land or low land, in forest land or grass land so long as it is planted on a mound and its roots' are not exposed to the sun. It is a surface feeder, but as soon as its roots appear above ground they must be covered with fresh earth until such time as the tree has formed sufficient leaf canopy to protect itself. — The Indian F'orester. THE EXTRACTION OF GUTTA-PERCHA FROM THE LKAVES OF THE ISO- NANURA GUTTA-PERCHA TREE. Mr. Bourdillon has sent as a copy of an iuterest- mg report on the above subject by Professor W Ramsay, Ph.D , f.e.s., of I'niversity College, London’ from which we make the extracts given below! Could not a somewhat similar process be applied for extracting India rubber from the leaves of Ficus elastica? Perhaps some of our readers who are in charge^ of rubber forests W'ould make experiments in this direction and let us know the results. The existence of a gum of a plastic nature in certain of the trees found in the M;,layan Archi- pelago w’as first indicated by Montgomerv. in 1832 • but it was not until 1847 that Mr. Thomas L bb sent Specimens to Sir Willian Hocker. The material extracted from this tree was named “ Gutta-percha ” or the ‘-Rag Gum,” to translate the word literally. The word “rag” refers to the appe.aranee of the gun before it has been kneaded into the usual com- pact form in which it is known in commerce In 1843 the material was patented as an insulator for telegraphic wires by Messrs. \V. H. Barlow and T. Forster, and in the following year by Dr. Siemens • so that its value for the purpose for which it is now in ever increasing demand was early recognised. In 1849 Mr. Walker Breit laid the first cable, two miles in length, in the English Channel. It con- sisted of wire, insulated with Gutta-percha; and at the present date, with the exception of a small consumption for bottles and stop-cocks to resist the action of strong acids almost all the Gutta-percha produced is used to cover the wires of submarine cables. But the supply is far behind the demand. There is in existence to-day no less than 162,000 nautical miles of cable, and in 1884 over 3,000 tons were exported to England, involving the destruction of 12,000,000 trees of thirty years old. Owing to this great destruction of trees, the quantity of Gutta- percha in the market has been greatly diminished and the price has risen accordingly, while the ma-' terial is no longer of such good quality as it used to be. Indeed, it is stated (“ Le Caoutchouc et le Gatta-percha, ” by E. Chapel, Paris, 1892) that the Chinese merchants are so much in the habit of adulterating the pure gum with resins from other species of trees, that it is not possible to find a pure specimen of Gutta in the market. The gums from species of Euphorbia are frequently used for this fraudulent purpose. ” “ There is great need to increase the supply of genuine Gutta-percha; and there is every prospect that a rich reward would recompense a successful effort to do so. ” Jan. I, 1898.] rHE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 453 “ The present process of producing Gutta-percha is, as has already been indicated, ■wasteful in the extreme, and very costly. The trees are either ringed, so as to cause a flow of sap, or felled, and in either case the tree is destroyed. Moreover the gum is mixed with impurities of vegetaL'le matter, such as pieces of bark, and even with mineral matter, like sand and earth ; to say nothing of the adulterations fraudulently added by the Chinese merchants. This necessitates a costly purification, which is achieved by softening and kneading the gum, or by squeezing it through wire gause or some similar process, the results of which are, at the best, not very satisfac- tory. Solution in bisulphide of carbon, or in benzine, has also been tried as a means of removing these impurities, but the quality is thereby deteriorated. After the impurities h-ave been mechanically removed, the gum is rolled between grooved or spiral rollers to expel water and air.” “ The yield from a single tree, too, is by no means great. A tree of fifteen to twenty years old gives only three to three and three-quarter ozs. of Gutta, one of thirty years old gives some nine ozs., according to Serullas ; and Burck gives about ten ozs. as the yield of a diohopsis tree twenty-six years old.” ‘‘ The juice as it flows from the tree is "vyhite, on standing, it solidifies spontaneously, forming a sort of pellicle on the surface. On boiling or heating the juice, the Gutta collects into a more or less coherent lump.” ” The Gut. a as it comes into the market has usually a brown colour, which, however, does not belong to the pure gum, but is due to a trace of colouring derived from the bai'k ; in some specimens the colour is dirty-white or pinkish, but the pure gum is really colourless. After being kept in the air for some time, the gum changes spontaneously to a brittle resin ; this change does not occur if light be excluded, nor is the gum changed by light if air be excluded. Under water it is quite stable, whether the water be fresh or salt. It is found, too, that specimens differ in their power of withstanding the action of the air, and it is believed that the purer the Gutta the better it will resist the action of the air. It is found, indeed, that pure Gutta is only slightly attacked even after a very long exposure to light and air.” . “ In what is usually termed “Gutta percha ” three distinct chemical substances are to be found. On boiling the gum with absolute alcohol a quantity of resinous matter is dissolved, varying with the speci- men of Gutta employed. Even the purest gum in the market yields some 18 to 20 per cent, of its weight to boiling alcohol ; and only what is left can be considered to be the chemically pure compound. Of worse vatieties of gum, 40 or even 50 per cent, may be thus dissolved. These dissolved resins, al- though possessed of good insulating properties, cause the Gutta to deteriorate very rapidly if they a,re present in large amount ; it becomes friable and easily disintegrated owing to oxidation. It is their pi’eseuce in poor qualities of Gutta which renders them un- suitable for telegraphic purposes. But up to 18 or 20 per cent, they do not appear to act injuriously. The resins are named “ albane ” and “fluavile” respectively ; the former, when quite pure, forms white crystals, the latter is a yellow gum. Both appear to be products of oxidation of the pure Gutta, albane containing twice as much oxygen as fluavile. Oude- maus gives the formula of albane as C20H22O2, ^od that of fluavile as CjpIIjiO. But the chemical nature of these bodies, including Gutta-percha, has hardly been explored.” “ M. Serullas has been led to devise a method of extracting tliese mixed gums from the leaves, instead of from the trunk of the Isonandra Gutta-percha. This tree used formerly to flourish in the Malay Peninsula in the neighbourhood of Singapore, but until it was re-discovered in 1887 by M. Serullas, it had not been utilised as a source of Gutta for thirty years, and it was supposed to have become extinct. It is the product of this tree which M, Serullas says is best adapted for telegraphic purposes, for it yields gums containing the highest percentage of pure Gutta, mixed with the smallest proportion of albane and fluavile.” “ In the best Gutta, the following are the propor- tions of these constituents ; — Pure Gutta-percha.. .. 75 to 82 per cent Albane 19 ,, 14 „ Fluavile A ,, 4 ,, “ The process of extracting Gutta-percha from the leaves is an exceedingly advantageous one. To quote from the Sarawah Gazette, of the month of April, 1895 : — “ A tree of twenty-five to thirty years old yields one catty (one and one-third lb.) of pure dry Gutta, the same amount can be obtained by two pluckings of the leaves.” The Gazette goes on to say that the stumps of trees which have previously been felled have now become covered with shoots, bear- ing rich crops of leaves ; and that M. Hourant has induced the natives to collect these leaves, and that they are now exported iir considerable quantity.” “ M. Serullas states that a tree thirty years old yields 25 to 30 kilograms (55 to 6(3 lb.) of green leaves, or about 11 kilograms of dried leaves (24 lb.), from which it is possible to extract, by methods to be described, no less than 1,000 to 1,100 grams (over 2 lb.) of Gutta-percha, while the felled tree yields only 365 grams as a maximum. It would thus re- quire that a tree should yield only 7 kilograms of fresh leaves per annum in order to give as large a supply as the whole tree felled, aird with much less expenditure of labour.” “ It now remains to describe the method of extract- ing the Gutta-percha from the leaves. The process is due to M. Serullas. “The leaves, either fresh or dry, contain Gutta- percha. The process of drying, whether artifial or natural makes no difference to the percentage of Gutta, if the latter be reckoned on the dry leaves. The leaves, after being dried, are ground to a flue powder, and then mixed with one-teuth of their weight of caustic soda dissolved in water, and heated to boiling, or indeed digested under a slightly increased pressure. The liquor turns dark brown in colour, owing to the solution ol a brown colouring matter’ to which the Gutta-percha which usually comes into’ commerce owes its colour. The weight of the leaves and also their bulk, is materially decreased by this process. The power is then dried by heating to 212°F. ; a solvent is added, in a closed vessel, so as to hinder loss by evaporation. The mixture is heated so as to effect the solution of the Gutta-percha more quickly. The mixture is placed in a filter press, and the solvent is separated as completely as possi- ble. The residue of leaves is washed vvith fresh solvent so as to extract the whole of the Gu»-ta. The solution is of a greenish-brown colour, owing to the solvent dissolving out some chloro’phyll the colouring matter of leaves. As some solvent remains adhering to the powdered leaves, a current of steam is driven through this residue, which carries off the solvent aud permits of its recovery. The extract is next placed in a still, and the solvent is partly removed by distillation, the pressure being somewhat reduced, so as to cause its boil at a tem- perature lower than that of boiling water. The concentrated extract is then run into a tank and mixed with twice its bulk of a volatile liquid. On mixing this liquid, which is done in a closed tank, there is produced a flaky or “ raggy ” precipitate of Gutta-percha. This precipitate is filtered off ao-ain by means of a filter press and the mixed liquids are run into a retort where they are submitted to distillation and are thus separated. “The cakes of Gutta-percha from the filter-press are dried at a low temperature ; they are then heated so as to soften them, aud in presence of water they are moulded into lumps.” “ The process is thus seen to be a very simple one. The products are easily prepared, and there is no loss except the unavoidable one, which always occurs when any substance is put through a round, and which is unlikely to be considerable.” ' 454 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [Jan. i, 1898. “ The next question is as regards the yield of Gutta- percha from the leaves and twigs. The following table is extracted from the valuable work on “ Caout- chouc and Gutta-percha," by Seeligmann, Lamy, Torrilhon, and Falconnet, published by Britach, of Paris, 1896 : — ‘‘ Old dry wood ‘ Dry twigs ‘Dry leaves.. ,, imperfectly dried ,, imported in water 10 9T5 10-20 10-50 1002 9-06 1005 9-00 per cent ‘‘ I have myself extracted Gutta from the leaves of the tree, by the process of Serullas, some six or seven times. Even on a small scale, where the diffi- culties of extraction, filtration, &c., are much more considerable than on a larger, I have obtained a theoretical yield. The following is a typical analysis of a sample of leaves, chosen at random from among many ; — ” Water in the naturally dried leaves 19'92 per cent. Extractive matter removed by caustic soda 55'00 „ Gutta, reckoned on the thoroughly dried leaves 9'61 ,, “ The statements made by M. Serullas are there- fore thoroughly borne out.” The following letter from the Director, Gardens and Forest Department, Straits Settlement, to the Director, Royal Gardens, Kew, which is printed in the Kew Bulletin for May and June 1897, gives a somewhat different account of the process. “ I have just been to inspect the little factory where Mr. Arnaud makes his gutta-percha. Serullas has gone back to Paris with endless patents of different kinds, and Mr. Arnaud alone keeps up the business. The leaves are imported in sacks dry, from Borneo and Johore. Most of the trees are overcut in Singapore, and there are no more leaves left, I hear. The leaves and twigs cost four dollars and half a picul (133 lb). They are then put, damped with hot water, into a rolling machine, two rollers working ‘ against each other, which grind them to powder. The powder is thrown into tanks of water and shaken about. The gutta floats in the form of a green mealy-looking stuff, is lifted out by fine copper gauze nets, put in warm water and pressed into moulds. I have sam- ples of the gutta as it comes from the leaves, and the pressed out finished article. It is really a very curious little manufactory. I do not know how long it will last, on account of the difficulty of procuring leaves, which must, I think, sooner or latter stop the trade — The Indian Forester. PRACTICAL EXPERIENCE IN LEGUMINOUS MANURING, Dear Sir,— In P.O. of 15th August you published some experiments of mine in Jjeguminous manuring ; and as “Wynaad Bean” in P.O., 9th January, asks that those who have tried the ” Legume cult” should publish their experiences, I give you a few notes of what mine have been since August. In my former letter I made mention of a 12-acre field manured in August and September 1895. The crop was small and I now consider the manuring was done too late, but at present time the tress are looking well and with a good spike. In June — July last year I applied ‘‘E. Lithosperma" cuttings to some other portions, and in three months the efiect of the manuring was most marked, the trees having made a fine growth. They are continuing to look well and have an abundance of healthy spike. In October I manured another portion and the trees now show the e*^ect of the manure by a nice growth of wood and leaves. The wood will of course not ripen to bear crop, and my experiments show the beat time for applying Leguminous manures is not later than July. Their action is so quick that by applying them you get a wood for next year and help your tree through leaf disease. I last year also manured with both Fish and Cattle manure, and before comparing results I might men- tion the cost to me of each manure. To cut and apply a good armful of ‘‘E. Lithosperma” cost 2 pies per tree. Fish applied at about 1 ton per acre cost 6 pies per tree. Cattle manure two baskets to a tree cost 1 anna per tree. Perhaps I did not manu- facture my cattle manure as cheaply as it should have been done, and in calculating the cost I have taken cattle-keeper’s pay and cost of applying. The fish was applied in May and the result is much the same as the ‘‘ E. Lithosperma” manuring. The cattle manure was applied in June and so far the trees show very little appearance of having been manured and the benefit will come next year. The great point in ‘‘E. Lithosperma” manuring is its quick effect which proves that all the plant food constituents are in a soluble form and can imme- diately be taken hold of by the coffee. Those|who don’t know ‘‘ E. Lithosperma” would be astonished at its quick growth, and when once established the amount of cutting it will stand, Albizzias are not in it with “E. Lithospera ” for growth. The wood is extremely soft, almost pithy, and if instead of the loppings being buried they are left on the g ound, they decay and are eaten up by whiteants in a few months, thus improving the soil and feeding the whitesnts. While on this point, I believe a remedy for whiteants in tea would be to place a quick-growing Leguminous tree, keep it lopped so that its shade should not interfere with the tea flushing. The loppings would feed the whiteants and they would not then trouble about the tea and the nodules on the Legumnious tree would be supplying nitrogen to the tea. Whiteants don’t attack tea in a new clearing, at least this is my experience, but only in clearings which have been opened some years and where the tree roots and trunks have all disappeared. The whiteants having nothing to eat, they attack the growing tea. If confirmation is wanted that planters are on the right attack in using Leguminous manures, I think what native cultivators do is a proof in that direction. In the paddy districts below these hills the price for a bandy load of such Leguminous plants as ‘‘ Tephrosea purpurea” (Cassia Auriculata) is Rs. 2 and they are carted miles. For cattle dung the price is 4 annas, but this is never carted except from the house to the field. The native has also found out that Leguminous manures are quick acting and prefers to apply them to this three months’ paddy crop rather thas to the six months’ one. — Planting Opinion. Legume. THE COCOA EPIDEMIC. I’ve read it in the pipers, I’ve met it in the street. It’s all abaht the bloomin’ ’bus From wheel ter gawding-seat ; The sa» mple tin comes rattlin’ in Your letter-box all dye. Free— or they’ll pye yer fur it, if Yet’ll tike a tin awye. Pickshur ? Chap drinkin’ cocoa. Reading ? It’s always there — It’s cocoa this an’ cocoa that An’ cocoa ev’rywhere ; It spiles the show where’er yer go, It’s ’ummin’ in her ’ead, Yer ’ole life smells of chorklit, and Yer wishes yer was dead. It’s ’ighly chawged with phosphits— I do not sye it’s not ; It’s grite on tonic properties. An’ touches of the spot. It is (whichever mike it is) The purest and the best. But cawnt yer sell us sumfink else And give that stuff a rest ? —Daily Chronicle, Dec, 4. THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 455 Jan. t, 1898.] A VISIT TO UDAPUSSELLAWA. THE NEW FACTORY ON RAGALLA ESTATE. (By a Special Visifcn-. ) The Ragalla New Factory, or rather the work of levelling, was comniencecl on November 13th of last year, and tea-making was started in the building on the 10th June of this year and con- tinued ever since. The plan of the Factory may be sketched for the printer as follows : — 12-6 y " —37-6- HH W M d Firing Room. | 2- y — 60-0— 'O Sifting Room ~Main Shaft, Up Draft Sirocco. -125-0- RoUers. Office. Geound Plan. Ragalla Factoey. THE GENERAL DIMENSIONS OF THE FACTORY are — main building, 125 feet by 42 feet, with a 12 feet 6 incli verandah running the full length of the front .side. The manager’s office is in the centre of this verandah, but built higher and with a storey above it, for weighing the green leaf and as an entrance to the second floor. This entrance is approached by “ladders” from both sides running parallel with the main building. Ordinary stairways have not been adopted : sloping platforms reaching up to the entrance being considered more convenient. One of these “ ladders ” has ribs of wood to keep the coolies from slipping on wet days, but Mr. Nicol for the sake of the younger pluckers and to make the ascent as easy as possible for them has left the other without these ribs. Behind the main building almost at each end and built at right angles to it are the fermenting and firing rooms with an open court between them. The latter has an open verandah, on the outer side, from which the driers are fired, and is only one storey in height. The fermenting room however has two upper floors, same as the main building, for withering purposes. The fermenting room, unlike the rest of the factory, which has only three feet of brick above the ground level, has been built up with brick for 17 feet on both sides, and on the gable end with 14 feet. This is for the [lurpose of keeping the room as much as possible from being affected by the direct rays of the sun. The room itself is 50 feet by 37 feet 6 inches, and has a concrete floor. On passing into THE FERMENTING ROOM from other parts of the building we at once felt a considerable reduction in temperature, almost equal to the difference between the night and 56 day shade temperature of the locality. By a thermometer placed in the room, we found the temperature was about 64 degrees Fab. This lowering of the temperature is secured by hang- ing ordinary jute hessian from wires running the full length of the room, about 10 feet above the floor, and saturated with water. These jute hes- sian screens run down on both sides of the room, having immediately below a drain in the floor covered over with cast iron grating to carry away the surplus water falling from them. Besides these screens, and just in line with them, are two water taps, which are kept running as required to help to reduce the temperature. Practical tea planters will understand the reason for the moderation of the temperature while the fermenting operation is proceeding. The vola- tile and delicate E.SSENTIAL OILS OF TEA, which, of course, give character to the commercial article readily evaporate from the newly rolled leaf. How to retain the essential properties of the leaf during the process of manufacture is the crux of tea-making, and perhaps the higher temperature at which loiv-country tea is gathered and manufactured may partly account for its inferior flavour ! Who can say ? We knew of one gentleman who was experimenting in this direction, by devising means to fire the tea in a vacuum ! We have never heard with what result. This point, however, opens up the whole question of tea manufacture, and it is here where, perhaps, an expert chemist might score. In any case, the advantages ot cool rolling and cooler fermenting is now widely recognized, although, perhaps, the practical apjdication of the know- ledge is not so widely effected owing, in many cases, to want of accommodation. THE FIRING-ROOM is 62 feet 6 inches by 37 feet 6 inches, and is fitted with an ample ventilator or lantern in the roof. The heated air can be directed into the withering-floor, by ducts which can be operated to supply either the one or the two floors to help the withering process. A new paragon drier fired, as already stated, from the verandah as well as a down draft sirocco, is installed in the firing-room. Both are driven from tlie main shaft' by a counter shaft on to a short secon- dary shaft let through tlie wall on a level with the floor, which then drives the shaft in the firing-room. The paragon was in operation when we visited the factory, and on entering the room, the sweetest scented air we remember hav- ing ever experienced in a tea factory greeted our olefactory nerves, and, we could not help ■ x- pressing our delight. It was more like goii g into a confectioner's shop with its delicate inter - mixture of scents ! Here were the essen- tial oils from the tea dissipating under- the influence of the lieat of the para- gon, and which if retained might add a penny or twopence to the price of the tea on the market ! This paragon is capable of making 400 lb. made Tea per day, and is a beautiful price of machinery in every w'aj'. THE SIFTING ROOM is a part of the main room partitioned off, close to the Firing Room. All the rooms are partitioned from each other by half glass partitions and large door ways by wliich ac- cess can be got from the main building to any other one direct— verandah connection be- tween the fermenting and firing rooms, 25 feet by 12, feet wide, facilitating access in their case 4S6 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [Jan, I, 1898. to each other. The size of the sifting room is 50 feet by 42 feet. The ruuchiiiery here is a Jackson’s “Eureka” sifter, a Jackson’s tea cutter and Davidson’s tea packer. A 24-inch Blackman’s fan is used in tlie sifting-room to expel the dust, not placed as is usually seen in the generality of sifting-rooms, near the top of the room, but level with the floor. Ihis is its proper position, for the dust tends to fall, and the fan helps it. THE LEAF-ROLLING ROOM — the main room of the Intildingis open and spacious, — feet by — feet. The first floor of the build- ing is placed exceptionally higb, so that the light of the whole ground floor is_ as good as could be desired — an important desideratuin for facilitating careful inanufactuie and cleanliness. In this connection, a system of drains, covered with cast iron perforated covers, allows copious washing without any diliiculty in getting rid of the water, etc. These drains run below all the rollers, roll breakers, and sifters. In the centre of this room the jullars, which sup)3ort the second floor are placed sufficiently wide apart to obviate any ajipearance of crowding or breaking up of the space. There are nine ])illars and these support the transver.se beams all are 8 inches by 4 inches. Along these pillars run the main shafting for 188 feet varying in diameter from 4 to 2^ inches sujiported by angle iron biackets ; and one useful apparent improvement on the usual arrangement for oili'.g purposes, is the erection immediately below, of a neatly constructed light staging extending from one end of the shafting^ to the other. This will be of much value in giving ready access to the bearings for any purpose. THE MACHINERY in this room is a Jackson’s 32-inch circular “ Rapid,” a Jacksons square “ Rapid,” an “ Economic,” made l>y Walker, Sons & Co., 2 Michie’s Roll Breakers, also made by ’.'/alker. Sons & Co. , and one up-draft sirocco, for retiring purposes. All the machinery is new, except the Si[uare “ Rapid ” and Davidson s down-draft sirocco, riiere is provision made for the installa- tion of 10 rollers altogether, and when these are placed it may be easily com])uted, what the out- put of this splendid factory will amount to. The rollers will be in two rows on each side of the main shaft and at the end nearest to the tur- bine, and close to the fermenting room. The sirocco is placed in the verandah, in line with the sifting room. It is sunk 6 feet below the factory floor, and very conveniently placed for retiring the manufactured teas. The whole arrangements of this room gives a feeling of great freedom, and is in every way arranged for the luactieal, expeditious, and easy handling of large quantities of tea leaf. ■ At the end of the factory nearest the tur- bine is an ordinary stair ladder rep-cbing up to the second floor, with another from the second to the third floor at the entrance above ti e office. On ascending we lound outselves face to face with a thicket of wood shelving. This was the liist time we came acro.ss the extensive utili- zation of WOOll IN.STKAD OF THE JUTE HESSIAN TATS generally in use. It is well-known that leaf gels a better wither up on wood than upon hessian, and full advantage has been taken ot this fact in the Ragalla lactm'y. On the second floor of the main building these tats are arranged to allow 2 feet 3 inches space as room to pass down the centre and on both sides^ so that easy access is gained to spread the leaf. Above the fermenting room, the tats are full breadth across, 33 feet, leaving room on each side only. The tats are made of pine deal, gths inch by 7 inch wide, put together to form a width of 3 feet 9 inches, with three inches of a slope. Six inches are left between each shelf, and these, are piled up to the ceiling of the third floor, not too mucii out of reach from the floor. The usual arrangements hold for sending down leaf to the rollers. Each floor has a 48-iuch Blackman’s fan, .so placed as to draw the heated air from the firing room right through both floors. In the whole factory there has been used about 90 tons of wood alone, and this will of itself give some idea of the pro- portions of this modern and up-to-date factorjn In closing our remarks about this splendidly ar ranged factory, we may state, that it was built and designed by Messrs. VValker Sons & Co. Ltd., the well-known engineers, &c., of Colombo and Kandy, and everything in connection with the factory reflect of them thehigl e t credit, for the care and finish bestowed on every detail. Mr. Holland Porter, we believe, has been the repre- sentative of the firm more immediately concerneil with the building since its inception, and it is highly satisfactory evidence of his executive ability and professional skill. TEA IN DARJEELING. Nov. 16. Leaf is still struggling out, but the season is nearly closed. We are, however, all making more tea than is usual at this time of year, on account of the warmer nights. The tea is very flavoury and will sell well in the London market, but these cold- weather-flavoured teas do not seem to be appreci- ated in Calcutta. The weather has been stormy in the afternoons for the last few days, very black thunder'y-looking clouds geitiug up, but they come to nothing and disappear in the evening. We do not want any morcraia until Christmas time. — Planter. THE NEW MAP OF THE TEA ESTATES AND DISTRICTS. ,^FTER many disappointments and heart-break- ing delays, -we are at length enabled to offer to the public of Ceylon— and especially to the planters and merchants — the long-talked of, map of the Tea Districts, as compiled under our direction, and lithographed at one of the first London establishments. We are very far from claiming “perfection” for our map — indeed we are conscious that there must be not a few errors, most of which are attributable to our hav- ing had no opportunity of verifying the “ proofs” or .supplying the latest corrections as we should have done, had we been near to the litho- graphers. Still we trust the map will be found a fairly accurate and useful production — at any rale a great improvement on its predecc.-.-cr of 1875. The execution by the printers has been admirable, we think — the printing being very clear and attractive. If a second edition should be called for, w-e may hope to make any specially needful emendations. THE AGRICULTURAL SCHCOL : A PRIZE STUDENT EllOM THE STRAITS Mr. a. R. Jeremiah, who was aw, aided moie tluui one prize and a certificate of merit at Uie late distribution of prizes at the School of Agri- culture, came over from the Straits Settlements Jan. I, 1898.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 457 with the .special object of joining the School. He has gone through the full course of study ex- tending over two years with credit; the only pity being that he could not have been shown the cultivation of Ceylon products as carried on, on our estates, the Government making no provision for taking the Agricultural students on tour. • CACAO DISEASE AND SHADE. Dec. 3, PLANTING NOTES FROM MATALE WEST. Pluckers will be vei'y busy again. This season has been a good one for cardamoms, and with the high price we are having, owners of cardamom fields will have a happy time of it. I wish the same could be said for those having tea, cinna- mon and coconuts. Mr. AVillis and the expert’s opinion on the cacao disease are interesting reading, but the opinion that heavy shade might be one of the causes, does not seem to hold good, when one sees the growth of cacao on Marakona, where the shade is more dense, than any propei ty I know of. Passing by train through about two or three miles of this property, one does not see for miles, a tree diseased, while higher up and lower down, a good many trees are diseased. A good number of planters passing this property were of opinon that the soil on the estate was too poor, as cacao required a rich deep soil, but luckily there was the superintendent, Mr. Hollo- way, who knew what he was about, and allowed weeds to grow, thus saving wash. Latterly when the estate had a fair amount of shade, the weeds were cut down, and mixed with lime and buried, thus giving the trees a good manuring at little cost, and making the soil richer than when first planted. If this estate was kept clean from the com- mencement of planting, the soil exposed till the shade came on would have hardened, and with the rains, there would have been a great deal of wash. CHOCOLATE CULTURE IN NICARA- GUA AND MEXICO. BY ROWLAND W, CARTER. The visitor to Nicaragua, will not be long in the country before an opportunity to ‘ sample’ Tiste will resent itself. It is a preparation of powdered cacao eans, sugar, maize-flour, and water, and may be called the national beverage. Europeans, accusto- med to the chocolate of the French and Italian cafes, do not at first care for it, but they soon recognise its virtues. To the poor peon it is often both food ami drink, and with a jicara gourd more or less full of it on his back, he will toil contentedly for six or eight hours, asking no other nourishment. Long before the conquest, a decoction of which the cacao bean formed the principal ingredient was held in the highest favour in Mexico and Central America. The Aztecs called this drink cJiocolatl, and every tribe they subjugated had to bring a certain number of bags of cacao as tribute to the Emperor. The chocolate of those savage conquerors was flavoured with vanilla, even as ours is today, but other spices, some of which have not been identified, were used to improve this ‘ food for a god.’ EAETHQUAKES GALORE. I am not likely to forget the catastrophe which led to my first introduction to Theohroma Cacao as cultivated on a large scale in Nicaragua, for it was nothing lass than an earthquake. Seismic dis- turbances are common in Centi al America : and the volcanoes on the flag of Nicaragua are not without meaning. It is a land of volcanoes, and the sonorous names which the Indians bestowed still cling to many of them, telling, as plainly as sounds can, of the awe and dread the ancient people held them in when they were not slumbering, as now, but active and malevolent. Omotepe — Mombacho — Momotombo — the names suggest a rumbling and roaring, fire, and a lava flood that nothing could withstand. Granada, where I was dwelling in September 1890, stands at the foot of Mombacho. At one time it was the capital, but the Jealousy of Leon has made Managua the seat of government. Granada, indeed, has never recovered from the Fili- buster War, when General Henningsen almost razed it to the ground. Before the Revolution, and since, it was a city of palaces. Now it is more or less ruinous. Ou Sunday, the second day of that eventful Septem- ber, I was sitting in the patio, or court-yard, of the house in which I resided, when I suddenly became aware of a muffled roar, not unlike distant thunder, but apparently proceeding from the ground, which quivered under my chair. My companions instantly sprang to their feet. ‘ Tremblor — Trembler I ’ they shouted, and ran through the w'ide portiere in to the street. I followed. They, and hundreds more, men, women, and children, were racing towards the plaza, or great square. Hysterical shrieks, cries, and shouts filled the air, which was so thick with dust that I could see no better than in a London fog. The plaza was no great distance, but the vibrating ground made my steps so uncertain that it seemed many minutes before I joined the terrified throng already gathered in that open, and therefore comparatively safe place of refuge. Some, struck down by falling tiles and bricks, never reached it, but the casualties were few. The roar and the quivering died away, and after a while the people, thinking the danger at an end, began to return to their homes. But j had scarcely reached the patio that I had left so hurriedly when another shock, sharp and sudden, sent us all flying to the plaza again. This was fol- lowed at a brief interval by a third and a fourth, each more violent than the preceding one.. Stone houses rooked to and fro like poplars in a hurricane ; adobe walls cracked and fell; roofs seemed to be stripped off entire ; but the huts of the poor, built of timber, with walls of plastered canes, generally escaped. The crash of falling masonry, clanging of bells in the church towers, howling of dogs, cries of children and lamentations of their parents, made an uproar almost indescribable. A few priests of Spanish blood ran about endeav- ouring to calm the people ; but many cried that it was the Day of Judgment, while others declared that it was heaven’s punishment on the inhabitants for visit- ing the theatre, where an operatic company bad been playing La Mascota. The shocks continued at intervals for twenty- eight days — four weeks of panic, desolation, and dis- t’ e s. Those who had haciendas in the country fled Jrlther, leaving their city houses at the mercy of tdieves, whom even earthquakes could not restrain from pillage. The government ran free trains to places of safety, so that long before the shocks came to an end Granada was comparatively deserted. Those who remained ate and slept in the streets. I, almost a stranger in a strange land, did not at first know where to go until I bethought myself that I had an invitation from the manageress to visit the ‘ Valle Menier’ cacao estate, situated near Nandaime, about half-way between Granada and Rivas. Thither I went, leaving my lares and penates in the care of the earth- quakes, with small hope of seeing them again. A LARGE CACAO PLANTATION. The ‘ Valle Menier’ plantation is by far the largest and best-managed in Nicaragua, and, as its name will indicate, it is the source of the famous ‘ Chocolate Menier,’ so largely consumed in France and England. The owners, Messrs. Menier Bro- thers, of Paris, culivate the cacao in a thoroughly THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 458 Bystematic way, and in consequence they have no rivals in Nicaragua, and no superiors anywhere — that is, as regards the quality of their product. The careless, unstudied methods of the native haciendados are scorned at ‘ Valle Menier,’ where the very best machinery available is in use, and nothing spared in order to attain perfection. Of course tlie earthquakes, of which Granada seemed to be the centre, were felt in the valley which the Brothers Menier have made so productive, and there was great excitement duiing my stay ; still, I saw enough to convince me that a cacao plantation, care- fully and systematically managed, is a very profit- able investment. And this I think I shall be able to show. Theohroma Cacao is a tree of moderate size, averaging when in a wild state from twenty to thirty feet in height. Its deep green oblong leaves vary in length from eight to twelve inches, and are generally about three inches broad. The light red or pale yellow flowers, growing in tufts at the extremity of the branches, are small. On these falling, the gourd or lemon-shaped pod appears. It is about eight inches long by three in diameter, and has a thick, tough rind, light green at first, then pale red, and eventually reddish purple. The pod contains from thirty to forty seeds, closely packed in white pulp. These seeds after being fermented, rubbed, and cured, consti- tute cocoa ; if they are merely broken up, they are known as cocoa nibs. The soluble cocoa familiar to all is composed of the seeds or beans finely ground and mixed with starch. Chocolate is the same thing, but made up into a paste and flavouied. There are many varieties of the cacao tree. The Tobasco cacao of the Atlantic slopes of Central Ameria, and the famous Socunusco cacao of the Pacific shore are obtained from Theohroma amjustifolia. This is supposed to be the best cacao known, and very little of it finds its way to foreign markets. In addition to Mexico, Central America, and many of the West India Islands, cacao of excellent quality is obtained from the United States of Colombia, Ecuador, Venezuela, Brazil, Ceylon, Madagascar, the Philippine Islands, &c. In British Honduras, Theohroma Cacao and T, angiistifolia, the famous cacao tree of Socunusco, both grow wild. Mr. Morris, now the assistant-director Of Kew Gardens, saw a number of them on the banks of the Bio Grande, ‘ with their stems covered with flowers, and often loaded with fruit,’ growing ‘ under the shade of large overhanging trees in deep soil, and inrather moist situations.’ Bi'itish Honduras, therefore, where the most valuable species are indi- genous, would appear to be the most favourable of our colonies for a cacao plantation. PRACTICAL HINTS, In choosing land an elevation of from three hun- dred to six hundred feet is desirable : the plantation must be sheltered from the winds and the direct in- fluences of the sea-breezes. The cacao will thrive close to the sea-shore but the site must be sheltered. The well-drained but moist alluvial lands in the river- valleys afford the best soil and situation. At the ‘ Valle Menier ’ in Nicaragua, when I received my first lesson in cacao cultivation, only seedlings, propagated in nurseries, are planted out. In other places the method known as planting ‘ at' stake,’ that is, propagating on the plantation, is sometimes adopted but this I cannot recommend. When the plantation is intended to be made on lands covered with virgin forest, the first step is clearing a space for the nursery. When the trees and undergrowth have been removed, the soil should be hoed und raked, and all weeds carefully pulled up. For planting, the best-looking pods, not over- ripe should be chosen. Those known in Mexico as • hechas ’ are generally preferred. They are light- coloured and solid, and distinguished from the * viches ’ by the seeds not rattling inside. A light tap with a knife handle is the test usually employed. The seeds should be planted eight inches apart and one inch deep in small furrows, covered with [Jan. 1, 1898. loose, fine mould and banana leaves, and watered lightly every morning and evening for a fortnight, when the seedlings will begin to show above ground. The banana leaves should then be removed, and a roof of palm or other large leaves, raised on sticks, constructed to shield the young cacaos from the sun. This done, the planter may leave them and turn his attention to the land where they will be planted out. The close of the rainy season is the proper time to begin clearing. This varies according to locality, but in the Eivas district the winter or rainy season— ‘ Invierno,’ as the natives call it — commences about the middle of May and ends in the middle of November. In Mexico the rainy season is not over, as a rule, before the end of December. The first step is to mark the valuable timber trees, fell them, and haul them away. The remainder, with the undergrowth, should be cut down, leaving, however, a belt on that side of the plantation which is most exposed to the wind. The branches should be lopped off the tranks, and the whole left a month to dry. When perfectly dry the brushwood and trees should be piled in con- venient heaps and burned. It is advisable, however, to sort out such vegetation as will decompose quickly and allow it to rot for use as a fertiliser. When the whole is destroyed by fire, constituents very neces- sary to enrich the soil are given off and lost. SHADE. As the cacao trees require to be shaded from the direct rays of the sun and sheltered from violent winds, it is customary in Nicaragua to leave such trees standing as can be utilised for shade. When more shade is required, cuttings of fast-growing trees called ‘ Madres de Cacao ’ — mothers of the cacao — are planted to supply it. The tree generally used for this purpose in Nicaragua is locally known as ‘Madera negra.’ Various species are used in different places, but the most common perhaps is the Savonetta of Trinidad, supposed to be identical with the ‘ Madera negra.’ As a rule these trees serve no other purpose than to give shade, whereas the banana, planted as a shade-tree, will yield fruit as well. I recom- mend either the banana or Castilloa elastica, the india-rubber tree, for this purpose, and give the pre- ference to the latter, as being much more valuable and lasting. It would be a good plan to plant bananas first in rows fifteen feet apart, each tree in the row forty-five feet distant from the next. They spring up directly and afford good shade in six months or less. Then rubber and cacao trees should be planted between the bananas, thus forming a composite plantation. The bananas die down after fruiting, but are soon replaced from the same roots. When the rubber trees are big enough to shade the cacao, the banana roots might be grubbed up, leaving the rubber and cacao in possession of the ground. The space occupied by the bananas might then be filled up with rubber, or cacao, as desired, when the trees would be fifteen feet apart. As the Castilloa elastica is a deep feeder, and proof against the attacks of insects, it is perhaps the best possible shade-tree. The Castilloas may be tapped in the eighth year, when they will yield, on an average, five pounds of rubber worth two shillings a pound. The quantity of rubber will increase every year for a certain period, and continue for from twenty to thirty-five years or longer. PLANTING OUT. To return to the cacao seedlings. When twelve months old they will be about two feet high and ready for transplanting. This should be done at the begin- ning of the rainy season. Considerable care is necessary. In Mexico the process is as follows : A peon cuts a circle or square round the seedling with a machete, then with a spade lifts up both earth and plant. Another peon stands by with a large leaf, which he wraps round the mass to retain the earth and guard the taproot. Holes two feet square and two feet deep having been dug fifteen feet apart, or that distance from the shade-trees, the young cacaos are carefully placed therein, the holes filled up, and the earth well pressed down. Dried leaves, banana trash, or mixed wood ashes and decomposed vegetable THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 459 Jan. 1898.] matter should be placed on the top, and the opera* tion is complete. At two years old the tree, in good soil, will stand five or six feet high : when seven or eight feet high it will begin to bear, and when ten or twelve feet high it will be in full bearing. This will take place in from the fourth to the seventh year, according to situation. In the meantime considerable attention is necessary. Twice in each year the land should be weeded, and the trees must be carefully pruned. PRUNING. With regard to pruning I quote from a valuable report on the productions of Mexico by Sir Henry Bering ; ‘ As the pods are borne on the larger branches, the principle is to develop such branches and see that they are not covered up by foliage and small twigs. A typical cacao tree should have one stem, giving ofi at a few feet from the ground three to five liranches, which spread in an open manner and are free from leaves except at the top ; thus the leaves shade the open inner portion without inter- fering with a free circulation of the air. If the young plants throw out more than one main stem, the surplus ones must be pruned off when the moon is on the wane ; and after the lateral branches are formed, no upward prolongation of the stem must be allowed to grow. If the tree be left unpruned, these upward growing branches will shoot from the stem just below the laterals in the form of suckers, and to leave them on is to cause the strength to be taken from the fruitful laterals, as well as to allow the trees to run up, perhaps for thirty feet or more, thereby causing much trouble in picking the pods. When the suckers are pruned off, fresh ones will grow in a short time, so that the trees will require frequent attention until they are mature, when the tendency to throw out suckers will be stopped.’ After the flowers have fallen a small pod appears like that of the Chile pepper, maturing in three or four months. The first flowers, however, should not be allowed to produce pods, but should be rubbed off. As the cacao tree blossoms all the year round, the harvest is practically unceasing, but for con- venience there are considered to be four harvests, each covering three months. That lasting through April, May, and June is the most abundant. When the pod takes a reddish purple tint it is generally considered to be ripe, but this is definitely ascertained by tapping it with a stick or the knuckles. If it sounds hollow, and the beans are loose, it is ga- thered. HARVESTING. In the harvesting great care is necessary, or the next fruiting bud, which grows close to the pod, may be knocked off, and the branch rendered barren. When the pod is beyond reach the mozo generally uses a curved blade attached to a pole, and with a peculiar twist removes it without damaging the branch. When gathered, the pods are placed in heaps under the trees for twenty- four hours, then carried to the cacao-house and again heaped up. Round the heaps a number of men, women and children take their places. With their machetes the men open the pods, ■ which are then passed to the women and children, who remove the beans. CUBING. On large plantations, such as the Valle ‘ Menier,’ the beans are then carried to the ‘ sweating-house,’ heaped together, covered with banana or plantain- leaves, and allowed to ferment for from four to six days, according to the season and temperature. To insure thorough fermentation, the heaps are occasionally levelled and re-made. Unless this is done the beans in the centre of the heaps will turn black. When sufficiently fermented they are placed on shallow wooden trays and exposed to the sun to dry. Sometimes ‘ Barbecues,’ or yards with a flooring of cement, are utilised. But whether dried in the trays or on a floor, the beans should be protected by a moveable roof of canvas running on rollers, or a temporary thatch of plantain or palm leaves. When the sun is out the roof is rolled back and the beans are exposed : during rain at nights the roof is rolled over the trays or the yard as the case may be. This process is continued until the thin skin covering the beans becomes brittle and may be easily removed. As the drying is very important, I quote again from Sir H. Bering’s report : ‘ Where they are dried in yards the sweated beans are spread out thinly, well rubbed, and exposed to the sun in the morning, and at mid-day put back in the sweatingrhouse to undergo another partial fer- mentation, for if they be dried straight off they will deteriorate in value. A peon must turn them over once in a while during the day, so as to expose the whole seed, otherwise one side only will become red and the other black. The second day they are kept longer in the sun, and the third day they remain out as long as the sun lasts. They are put out on succeeding days until they are thoroughly dry, which is told by their producing a crackling sensation when pressed between the thumb and forefinger, or when the outer skin breaks off easily. To brighten the colour to a deeper red, the beans are washed in a 33 per cent, solution of lemon or sour orange juice. Sometimes the cacao is clayed — that is, sprinkled with red clay that has been dried and pulverised — immediately after they have been removed from the “ sweating-house.” Claying, however, is not adviseable. as the buyer can tell immediately when the natural colour of the beans has been artificially heightened. Beans of a deep-red hue sell for the best price, but this should be attained by silkful curing, and not by giving them a coat of clay. The wash of lemon or orange juice is quite harmless. When perfectly dry the beans may be placed in sacks and sent to market. CROPS, PRICES, AND PROFITS. The yield of a mature cacao tree varies considerably! In Nicaragua it ranges from 3 to 8 lb., and I think 6 lb. per tree may be taken as a fair average. Sir Henry Bering, referring to Mexico, states; ‘ Generally one can reckon on 50 pods per tree R year, each of which v\ ill produce from 30 to 40 beans and 250 dried beans will weigh one pound.’ Taking the lowest number of beans per pod, namely, 30, this would give 6 lb. per tree. The trees, if carefully, cultivated, will continue in bearing for from 22 to 25 years. The price varies considerably. Cacao beans some- times sell for 50 shillings per cwt., and at other times for as much as 130 shillings. Fair qualities may be said to average 75 shillings, but in estimating cost and profit I propose to base my calculations on the low average price of 65 shillings per cwt. Sir Henry Bering estimates the cost of cultivation at £8, 8s. per acre, which includes the price of the land and all expenses incidental to forming a planta- tion. In order to be on the safe side, I estimate the cost at a shilling per tree to the end of the sixth year, so that an acre, planted with 193 trees, will have cost £9, 13s. The expenses of harvesting and curing Sir H. Bering places at 2Jd. per lb., which is very fair. The following figures will show the cost and rofit of one acre of land planted with cacao trees 5 feet apart : Dr. Cultivation, in- cluding cost of land, clearing &c., for the term of six years, at Is. per tree £9 13 0 ng and ng for of 1158 acao, at rib.... 10 17 1 Bla 13 1 11 £33 12 0 Each successive year, for twenty years or more the plantation would yield a crop of the same, or Yield of one acre, planted with 193 trees, bear- ing 61b., each, or 1168 lb„ at 65s. per cwt. .£33 12 0 Profit, £13, Is. Jld. 460 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST, [Jan. I, i8g8. greater value, whilst the only expenses beyond those of harvesting would be the cost of two annual weedings, pruning, and occasionally replacing a tree. These £5 per acre would more than cover. The profit, therefore, for the seventh and succeeding years would be £17, 14s, lid., or 87 per cent, on the ori- ginal capital expenditure of £20, lOs. Id. per acre. The figures given by Sir Henry Bering show a cost per acre to the sixth year of £20, 1.8s., and a net annual profit of £53, but his calculations are based on 300 trees to the acre, which, in my opinion, is too many. Enough has been written, however, to show that chocolate growing is a very paying occu- pation.— From “ Chamber’s Journal,” Oct. 23. AGKI-HORTIGULTURAL AND COTTAGE SHOWS. Mach credit is due to the Executive Coinmitee and office-bearers connected with the late Agri- Horticultural Show at Nuwara Eliya— one of the most successful and useful in every way ever held in the island. The rock on which such Shows usually split is the financial one; hut it will be seen by the accounts given elsewhere, how well matters liave been managed this time, and how the Committee have been able to supplement with medals and votes where merit called for the same. The only omission we can observe in this part ot tlie busine.ss has refer- ence to Mr. Nock who, we suppose, more than any other individual, laboured for the success of the Show. We should have liked to see a gdft or at least a special medal sent his way. The proposal to follow with a Cottage Show' and to maintain sucli Shows once a year, is a most com- mendable one and h.as our liearty sn])port. Still more important and suggestive is the further i>ro- posal included in our Special Telegram on Saturday, and reported more in detail elsewhere, and we sincerely trust that His Excellency the Governor may see his w'ay to support the appeal for a pkrmanent A.ssociation to arrange for Agri- Horticui.TURAL Show.S at intervals at different stations throughout the i.sland. Our reader.s aie aware that an annual Show, Fair and Spoet.s specially for the benefit of native agriculturists in connection with each Kachcheri, has long been advocated bv us as a most desirable innovation. But Ave are“aw'are of the difficulties in the way. Most of tliese would be removed if there were an Association with permanent plant which could be utilised for any station w’here a Show was proiected. Such an Association with a fixed Committee and Rules could make tlie arrange- ments a much easier matter for the Provincial or District Agent, and there w'ould then be no chance of one Show clashing with another. Shows of the extent meditated if held once in tliree years at most stations, could be supple- mented in betw'een with purely native gather- ings in the shape of a Fair amL Atliletic Sports under the patronage and guidance of the “Agent- Mahatmaya.” Anover-true complaint of the natives is that the British Government which has given them Law Courts, Police Stations, and Arrack Taverns, has done nothing for tlie innocent amusement of the people in fixing Holidays with attendant Sports (free of gambling !) and if pos- sible Shows of Stock and Produce, while the re- quisite Fair w'oiild be sure to come in of itself. o RICE FROM SOUTHERN INDIA. The thanks of his brother planters are cer- tainly due to Mr. James Ryan for his exertions to make all clear about getting rice readily from Southern India. Unfortunately, to all ap- pearances, we are on the eve of some- thing like a Famine in the Madras Presidency counterbalanced by abund.ant— even superabun- dant— crops in Bengal and Burmali, whence tlierefore, it is evident our wants are shortly bound to be supplied. Madras Presidency, we fear, ivill require all the nee grown within its borders for some time ; and indeed we may anti- cipate a rush of coolies to Ceylon early next y'ear if the scarcity extends — so that a plentiful and cheap supply of labour should be the rule in the Spring of 1898. THE SOY BEANS. The Madras Government sends us a paper .show- ing how Surgeou Lieutenant-Colouel AV. G. King, M.B., C.M., D.P.H., Sanitary Commissioner for Madras, addressing tlie District Medical and Sani- tary Officer, Vizagaiiatam, the Deputy Collector of Bellary and the Tahsildar of Saidapet, on 8th September 1897, says : - I have the honour to forward herewith oz. of soy beans, with the request that you will kindly cause them to be sown in any suitable place where they can be carefully watched as to progress of growth, and that you will oblige me by stating the nature and amount of crop obtained and whether you think the beans can be grown successfully in your district from the expe- rience so obtained. I need not remind you that the “Soybean” is probably the most nutritious form of r' adily assimilable pulse at present known, and that, should it prove possible to introduce it widely in this Presidency, it would prove of great advantage in jail administration and also to the poorer classes generally. The enclosed extra.ct from “ Church ” will show you the method of cultivation and the various use to which both the seed and the stalk can be put. 2. As this is a suitable period of the year for sowing, I trust you will oblige by taking aciion in the matter as soon as the seeds are received. In asking you to kindly undertake the experiment, I may state that it was only after long and persistent search in India and Burma that I have ultimately obtained specimen. The Soy Bean. — This crop is generally grown by itself; the seeds are sown from June to September; the harvesting takes place between November and January. It is consequently a kharif crop. The seeds should be placed at a depth not exceeding 1 to inch ; 18 plants may be left, after weeding and thinning, to the square yard. A peaty soil, or one rich in organic matter, suits the plant best; a cal- careous soil is also favourable to its growth. Sulphate of potash is a good manure ; nitrogen may be supplied either as nitrate of soda, or, in the case of soils poor in organic matter, in the form of rape or mustard cake, but it is rarely needed, while large applications of nitrogenous manure exert a distinctly injurious effect upon the yield of beans. Sb far as we know, this very important, vigorous and productive pulse is not attacked by any insect or parasitic fungus ... , That composition entitles the soy bean to the highest place, even amongst the pulses, as a food capable of supplementing the deficiencies of rice and of other eminently starchy grains. Very few vegetable pro- ducts are so rich as this bean at once in albuminoids and in fat or oil, the former constituent amounting on the average to 35 per cent, and the latter to 19 ... . In China and Japan three preparations are exten- sively made from the soy bean. Soy sauce is the best known of these, but more important are the soy or bean cheeses, and a kind of paste. The beans are sometimes pressed for the sake of the oil they yield ; the residual cake forms an extremely rich cattle food, containing as it does 40 per cent, of flesh- formers and 7 per cent, of oil. The soy bean may also be grown as a fodder plant. If cut just when the pods are fully formed, it makes an excellent hay, superior to that of the lentil. Jan. I, 1898.1 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 461 COFFEE IN MEXICO. In continuation of our remarks yesterday, we may add that it vill be interesting to Ceylon and Indian coffee planters and ex-planters to hear of the great interest which is at present being taken hy “ Bi uisliers’' in coffee cultiva- tion in Mexico. In that country the coffee in- dustry is nov/ making rapid strides and coming well to the front. It has been known for some ^ears that there existed in Mexico vast tracts of the finest coffee land, hut it is of comparatively ^recent date only that the exploitation of coffee in tliat country has been taken up in a scien- tific and well-organised manner. The recent visit of experienced Ceylon planters did much to open the eyes of both London gierchants and Ceylon planters in London, to the immense advantages that Mexico offers for the cultivation of the bean ; and during the last few months an influential Syndicate has been formed of merchants and planters in London, with a view of acquiring and working some of the promising plantations and of opening up new’ lands for coffee. Not three but four experienced Ceylon men, viz., Messrs. John Clark, Cecil 0. Naftel, J. G. Fort and P. F. Hadow are now in Mexico on behalf of the Syndicate and should their Reports, as it is expected they w’ill, con- firm tho.se already in the hands of the Syndicate, it looks as if a very big thing were likely I0 come out of it. Possibly this may prove the finest chance that Ceylon planters have yet had to take up their old favorite industry in a new country and those first in the field will no doubt obtain the pick of the land. We understand that the name of the Syndi" cate is the “ Mexico Produce & Estates Syndicate, Limited,” of 138, Winchester Hou.se, London, E.C., and any Ceylon man interested in the matter cannot be wrong in placing himself in communication with the Secretary. CEYLON TEA IN AMERICA. The “ tea campaign ” of Ceylon and Indian planters in the United States, is cei tainly 1 eginning to tell when Messrs. Gow’, Wilson and Stanton ean send us such satisfactory figures as those which are appended to their letter elsewhere. It W’ill be observed that during the nine months up to 30th September last, the demand for Ceylon Hiea has increased by 50 per cent over the quantity taken for the same period of 1896. The Rood Lane firm sum up the case for both Ceylon and In- dian tea as follows : — “ I'lie use of Indian and Ceylon tea in North Anierica shows decided progress, being 8,464,749 ]b. taken during the last nine months, against 5,562,994 lb. during tne same })eriod of 1896. This increase having occurred in face of somewhat ob- structive legislation, the develojimentis very grati- fying. As these restrictions are likely to be re- nioved there is reason to believe that the use of British grown tea will become even more general.” For the whole year 1897, w'e may hope that the total of Ceylon tea taken will not fall much short of 6 million lb., and of Indian, 5 million or 11 million lb. of both and the improvement ought to go on steadily year by year now, seeing that the taste is spreading for sound teas among the people of the United States. COFFEE PLANTING IN EAST JAVA : “WHY GO TO MEXICO?” This is the question asked of us today w'ith reference to our article on Mexico. “Why .should young planters in Ceylon with .some capital go across the seas to far away Mexico, when there is far better scope and encouragement near at hand in East Java ? ” We have had the pleasure, through Mr. Fairweather of Yataderia, of meet- ing the pioneer of coffee in East Java. This is Mr. Frank Adam with 23 year.s’ experience of Java and the Straits and who has just come from Burmah on a month’s visit to tlie Ceylon planting districts. Mr. Adam goes to Yataderia tomorrow’, and afterwards he W’ill visit his cousin, Mr. Mooyaart-Uenison in Kandapola, and Messrs. F. and W. Stewart Taylor, Passara, and see some of the estates in Haputale, Passara, &c. Mr. Adam first thought of coffee in Banjoe- wanjie. East Java, in 1890, but he was scoffed and laughed at for going so far afield, to a district separated by 30 miles of “ w'ilderness ” from the occupied parts of the island. However he jieisevered, and there- sult now is some of the finest coffee plantations seen in Java (notably that of Glen Nevis), in the opinion of competent Ceylon and Java men ; a capital road all the way, apart from steamer communication ; and while labour was 90 cents (of a guilder) per man per day, to begin with, it is now down to 45 to 50 cents or lOd per day. Mr. Adam w’ould fain see more Ceylon men turn their attention to East Java ; and it must indeed be a certain proof of labour being abundant, that we find Mr. Fairweather and his partners se- conding this proposition ! For, what has been the cry for years in Ceylon ; but that “ a good thing is no sooner found than it is spoilt by too many hearing of it.” Here, however, we can assure young capitalist-planters that they will be welcomed to East Java and that the advantages in rich land, good labour, easy rent and taxes— nothing to pay for five years and then about 2s 3d jier acre rent with 2 per cent tax on produce — seem very decided indeed. We have no doubt that Mr. Adrm while in Ceylon will be very glad to give information to any ap])licant. The Company comprising Messrs. Fairweather ard Staiey have 4,000 acres land with 1,000 in coffee ; while Messrs. Talbot and partners have 300 in coffee out of 1,000 acres. One coffee cro]) is reported at 5.000 piculs (136 lb. each) of coffee, and that 1,000 c f these cover expenses ; while the coffee as cured is ranged with “ M. P. Cl ylon ” at 100s per cwt. ! PLANTING NOTES. Ramie Fibre.— Messrs. MacDonald, Boyle & Co., of 39, Victoria Street, S.W., write in reference to a note on “Ramie Fibre,” that appeared in these pages recently, that we must have been misinformed. The Midlands Spinning Co., of Long Eaton, have been W'orking Ramie under their process for the past four year.s, and tons of the yarn hiive been turned into lace and other niateiials. — Garden ers' Chronicle. The Effects of Eaetiiqu. ke on Trees.— Two or three corresjjondents of Indian Gardening says that since the earthquake in June the fiu'is on their Papaw-trees have not increased in size nor ripened, but lemain in the same state as before the earthquake. New growth, however, and a fresh crop of fruit has been jirod need .since the catastrophe, leaving the previously-formed fruit airesled. 462 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [Jan. I, 1898. OUR RICE TRADE. Mr. James Ryan writes : — “Re your article ‘Our Rice Trade’ (4-12-97), Mr. Janies Gibson does not botlier whether Coast Rice arrives in bajjs of one size or another ; but this matter is one which intending ]iurchasers from the Coast must take particular note of. The consolidated rate of the South Indian Railway is the same for a large bag or a small one, provided the weight does not exceed 190 lb. gross, and it is this concession that enables the purchaser to land Rice at Bandarawella JJi cents per bushel cheaper than Mr. Gibson’s sea- borne Rice.” The experiment of getting rice from Tanjore in the way pointed out is certainly one well worth trying; although we cannot 'think that the supply will continue available at the low rate while famine prevails in anotlier division of the same Presidency.— Mr. Frank .Adam, just come from Burmah, conlirms today the report of a large rice crop, and says when be left Ran- goon “ paddy ” Avas being shippetl, he understood, to Tuticorin or Colombo. CEYLON TEA IN AMERI A. Writing from New York, 5th November, the Tea Commissioner sends us the following extract from a Metropolitan Journal; — A DIRECT LINE TO INDIA. A Regular Service to be Commenced this Month. — A regular direct steamship service between this port and India has just been arranged for, the first sail- ing being set for November 27th, by the “ Sahara,” a vessel of 4,089 tons, going via the Suez Canal and taking freight for Aden, Persian Gulf, Bombay, Ma- labar Coast, Ceylon, Madras and Calcutta. She will be followed by monthly steamers. The new service is of especial interest, inasmuch as it is the first direct regular line to India from New York. Most India business has heretofore been handled via Great Bri- tain and Mediterranean pens, with occasional sailings by tramp vessels. The new line is established with the definite purpose of developing trade, the agents and managers believing that present trade conditions were ripe for the enterprise, and also feeling confident that with regular facilities the trade will increase. The advantages will be especially felt by American manufacturers, who can thus sell on samples, and conduct their business with greater convenience. The outward cargoes will naturally be of a more or less general character, but steel rails and railroad material will figure as one of the most prominent items. Bucknall Bros, of London are the managers of the new line and Norton & Son, the New York agents. He adds : — “ Thi.s cutting fiom the Journal of Commerce here, will interest your reader.s. It should also benefit the Colombo market, as our kith and kin here dearly love direct trading, and hate everything that look.s like supporting London trade. The recent rise in the tea mai'ketin Colombo and London, has made importers here very angiy. They were beginning to think Ceylons were permanently down to the level of common Chinas. It is the large quantity of insipid pointless teas made in Apii! and May, that depresses the market, ard gives cause to men to sneer at Ceylon quality. Why do planters make so niucli at that season ? Better prune more in March, as quite half the April and May teas showed no ]>rolit this year. ” But is it not evident that cheap teas in America may benefit our ])lanters in the end by enabling a wide dissemination and when once the “ taste” is got, we may expect the enquiry to be for Ceylons 2 PRODUCE AND PLANTING. British Grow'n v. Foreign Produce. — This ques- tion of British grown versus foreign produce is of interest to tea as well as sugar planters, because it has often been stated that the consumer of produce de- sires to give his own countrymen the preference when he can, and that this has been a factor in the develop- ment of the Indian and Ceylon tea industry. We fear that in the case of sugar the facts do not point in this direction. The St. Jaines’s Gazttte recently instituted some inquiries as to Ihe part the consumer played in the matter of cane sugar and beet. As a result the special commissioner who made inquiries says : “ In the first place the average purchaser rarely knows what she is buying. This applies to pretty nearly everything. When English- women go shopping they place themselves almost entirely at the mercy of the shopkeeper. They do not know' the quality or the origin of the goods they buy, and w'heu they take the trouble to ask, which is seldom, the shopkeeper, who is often equally ignor- ant, may tell the truth or not as he pleases. What they care about is not quality or origin, but cheap- ness a I d appearance ; and of the two the upper classes are more taken by the cheap, the lower by the pretty . If they care about any other considera- tion it is the name attached to a thing, either because it has traditional value or because it is much advertised.— Zf. and C. Mail, Nov. 19. PLANTING NOTES. Fiji and the New Hebrides.— Mr. R. B. Heinekey, of Colombo, has, says the local “ Times,” recently returned from Fiji travelling via New Caledonia and the New Hebrides. In New' Caledonia ISlr. Heinekey found the P'rench Government encourages the growth of coffee, giving free grants to new .arrivals of good character. In the New Hebrides coffee is as yet only in its infancy : and the coconut plantations are not good. I^ith regard to Fiji w’e are told it “ has ahvays been a sink for money. Many men have taken money into the country, but it is not on record, any one has ever taken money out of it by plant- ing.” Coffee is a failure, but sugar (under an Australian Company) is doing w'ell, while copra is a large industry. Messrs. Lever, Bros., of Sunlight Soap fame, who have a mill at Sydney, crush 10,000 tons a year. Poonac realises £4 10s a ton in Australia. The condi- tons for tea in Fiji are favourable, but Icbour is very costly. A Pamphlet on “Bermuda Lily Disease” has reached us. A friend wh® has seen it, writes : — “This disease is also very troublesome in English gardens. Various remedial measures have from time to time been tried though none, of course, w'ith permanent success, the disease being a durable form of fungus. Its evil effects can, however, be combated to a great extent by soak* ing the bulbs before planting, in strong solu. tion of Condy’s fluid. But it is the minute ‘mite’ insect that gives most trouble; such applications as soft soap and sulphur, qua.ssia solution, and carbolic acid solution, have fre* quently to be resorted to diminish its numbers. In Bermuda, wheie lily bulb-faiming is a consi- derable industry, the disea.‘e seems to have made itself rather seveiely felt. But we need hardly fear its depredations in Ceylon, for, outside of the Botanic Gardens the lily is seldom, if indeed at all, seen. Even at our higher elevations the climate is sucli as makes the cultivation of this beautiful (and profitable, when grown for market class of plants almost impossible.” Jan. I, 1898.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 463 THE CEYLON GENERAL TEA ES- TATES, CO, LTD. Tills Company has just been floated principally through the agency of Messrs. W. H. Davies & Co. , to acquire, we believe, the following estates Estate. Penrith Logan Verulupitiya Weymouth Sirisande Stinsford Ivies Hemingford Bovillae Alnoor Glanrhos Eaglesland Clontarf Attabagie Group Orion Group Hatale . Kuruwilla Benveula . Clova-Sana Gonamotava Berragalla 195 Pussellawa 350 Gampola 274 Kallebokka 434 Matale 54 159 Kuruwitte ^ 112 Haputale 234 >» 225 Acres . . 4,087 ci o 03 IS (D °“®vs under Is 5d c.i.f. are invited, and, although the use of machinery in repacking tea, the Managing ®®nie .sangninA ner,r,lA rniu . Director of Butler’s Wharf wrote to Mr. Tye as follows : — “We do not use any machines for repacking teas. It has been an utter failure at the London tea Warehouse. We fail to see how an average sample of tea can be drawn from any machine p,'’cked chest. All bulked teas are weighed gross, and nett, both under the supervision of Her Majesty’s Customs; teas not bulked are weighed gross, and average tare fixed by Her Majesty’s Customs.” In this connection the Secretary was |instructed 9d c.i.f. we have little doubt that as soon as the bear accounts have been covered in Ceylon will recede quickly, and by the beginning of the new year, we shall see the old range of prices again.— <7om»iercmZ Eecord. PLAjNTING notes. ‘‘Wara’’ Fibre.-A useful letter on this fibre and plant will be found on another page todav fi'om a planter who has experimented to some m writing to London to embody the remarks made purpose. It is quite evident that the ciiltivaf' by Mr. Traill, when the letter was in circulation, of calotropis gigantea is worth a trial . w "®” ,rs.‘s Sf .irss-s o?."S ™ •" as at present, weighing the chest gross, deducting Royal Gaedens, Kew “Bulletin” of MiscellariA. fractions of a pounds, then turning the tea out and ous Information. Appendix HI, — 1897. Contents taring the chest, taking any fraction of a pound as List of Staffs in Botanical Departments at Horn a full pound. By this system it is quite possible for and in India and the Colonies. For Ceylon we havA ■ the Customs’ weight to show 1 lb. 15oz. less than is Ceylon. — Department of Royal Botanic Gardens; • in the chest. There is no doubt that many claims Director — John C. Willis, m.a. ; Peradeniya Cnmfo for loss in weight are largely due to this antiquated Hugh McMillan ; clerk, J. Ferdinandus ; draftsma^’ and unfair method of weighment. It was presumed W. de Alwis ; Hakgala— Superintendent Willio^ that the wholesale dealers could not reasonably object Nock; clerk and foreman, M. G. Perera •’ Henm- r to a system that would ensure their getting the goda — conductor, S. de Silva, Arachchi • ’Annm/iL ' weights of tea they paid for. pura-Conductor, D. F. de Silva ; Badulla-Con^nA' tor, D. A. Guneratne.— Appendix 1—1898 CnniA^f —Lists of seeds of Hardy Herbaceous^' Plants aL' of Trees and Shrubs. longer, ana unless rney nave mm oraers in nana Oerman COLONIES. they prefer to await the further development of Gesellschaff oi things. This is particularly the case in seme essi 11- n®*!! Baganioyo, German East Africa, have tial oil markets, especially citronella oil. Theyesi- ^ large piece of land for the culture at present appears to puzzle most ™ vanilla. Part of this is already in bearing rade, and those supposed to be in nut the crop this year has been very noor on ” can only surmise, only guess at, the account of the dryness. The plants'^ want« of the present spurt ir’ Ceylon. Prices moist soil and must have shade-trees siTaL ^ there have risen in au incredibly si ert space of time crotons or bananas to nrotect H,Ar». ’ r. from aLeut lid per lb in drmrns to Is 5d c.i.f and .sun and absorb the excess of moLure It IS extremely doubtful whether oil even at this fi„est vanilla-plantation in Geriimn ® fagure would be procurable m Galle, the piinopal .1, ' jlV- S'®"*ian East Africa port for citronella oil, whereas here in the open mar- -x 77-, C-tliolic Mission at Bagamoyo. — ieet it would be difficult to flud a buyer over Is 2id and Druggist. ^ •>' c.i.f. Abnormal circumstances only can have pi educed TeA-GROWING IN THE CAUCASUS -Tl such an extraordinary market in the East, for there tea plantations at Cliakva in tiie Os f^i"^ has not been a shortage of supplies or unfavourable Government in the Caucasus havA . crop report, nor has the equilibrium of the market excellent resnit,;; and a..aa..Va ^ niost been at all upset by a strong demand from Europe toA to engage a nnmhAr a or America. In fact, all along the belief has been inctrnct flfo 11 1 ^ experts to current that both dealers and consumers were well , tlie natives m all the intricacies of tea- stocked. This belief in heavy stocks, we are inclined R*®'ving. J he last tea crop yielded I lb. of tea ■ 00m now ^0*' '^«sh planted, or 1,500 1b from an THE POSITION OF CITRONELLA OIL. Buyers are afraid to purchase on speculation any longer, and unless they have firm orders in hand tion of this oil people in the trad “ the know real cause to think, is mainly responsible for the boom . , -- prevailing in Ceylon, inasmuch as it has induced Having 6,000 tea plants on it. some ’ ’ . :i-i i_ 7 . tactic 0111 an shippers, and even dealers, to enter upon a hear available area for tea-grovvino- is ' up OOO "acvla , and the attempt of these bear operators to therefore the total yielded could wfth pssp 1 their open engagements hasbeen instrumental brought up to near v 30 000 0(10 Ih in cr^eating the belief in Ceylon in a large bear ac- preselits more than I half of tL an, i^ a count. Braces rose rapidly, supplies were withheld sumption of tea imported into Ku!sir W from the bazaars, and a veritable corner for prompt Gawtte Nov 1 sxnssia,.—d^la)iiers 468 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. Tea in Russia. — An interesting interview on this subject will be found on another page. Though praising Mr. Kogivue’s work, it is evident that Mr. Jordan does not believe in es- tablishing a rival business to the Ku-ssian deal- ers as the best means of making our teas known. liAVENDER-GROWING IN VICTORIA.— Mr. N. A. Woolnough, who has a lavender farm in Moorab- binshire, Vict(jiri.f^ad vises Australian agriculturists to take up laveiidm -oil distilling. He says that all the oil Australia could send to Euroi)e for ten years would be but a drop in the bucket of European consumption, so that there is no danger of overstocking tlie market. — C7)«a/sf and Drug- gist, 13 Nov. 1897. There Seems no bottom in Coffee— says the Grocers' Journal — highest grades maintain their position f.airly well, but the lower have got down to incredible depths. This week the recoul has again been beaten, and while the market has taken it quietly here ju'etty well a panic has occurred in Amsterdam. Santos h^s been sold forward as low as 29s 6d., French rates being equal to about 30s ; while Hamburg prices have shaded even these low figures, and Java in Amsterdam has been bought and sold at wide ranges in the excitement induced by reports of immense quantities in sight in Brazil. Coffee at KotaKota, B.C. Africa.— Four- teen or fifteen miles inland from KotaKota is the pioneer coffee estate on Lake Nyasa. The coffee was planted at the end of the last wet season. I was surprised to see how M’ell it looked. The land is evidently well suited for coffee growing as the young plants look exceed- ingly healthy. The elevation is about 300 feet above KotaKota or about an elevation of say, 1,800 feet above sea level. This seems to suit the coffee very well. Labour is cheap here (as it is all the w.ay up the coast of the Lake) the ordiniiry wages being Is 6d a month (with a yard of calico a week food ]>ay). — B. C. A. Gazette, Sept. 2 1. AVhat is Prosperity for a Nation ? -It behoves all intelligent Sinhalese to ponder the answer : — “It is to have all its people at work. When all the people are at work the nation is adding to its wealth all that is possible in its day and generation. New inventions might have made it more, but for each year the labour of each nation is the sum of that year’s creation of wealth.” This is in a Hawaiian journal which adds; — “Teach the young Hawaiian lads, who are each year graduating from our high schools,— teach them how to care for coffee trees, — hoTV to prune and handle them, how to pick and care for the berries. They are well suited- for this work, in which hundreds of them may find steady and profitable employment.” Labour Uifficultie.s in Fiji.— In the “Fiji Times” of Oct. 9th, we find an order of the Commissioner for Native Affairs which shews what restrictions are placed on engaging natives A circular letter from Hon. W. L. Allardyce, Native Commis ioner, is published, in which Bulis are warned that married men are not to sign on to work for Europea' s fur a longer term than three months ui der hravy penalties. We learn from an authority on Fiji Affairs that “ Married men often engage to go away and work for a year, but they are prohibited from doing so by law, and if found out are liable to punishment. No married man is allowed to engage to work out of his district for a longer period than 3 months.” [Jan. I, 1898, Wood Ashes as a BJedicine. — In the American Xnturalist, Mr. Stahl of Illinois extols the virtue of wood-ashes as a medicine for farm animals, and says that used with discretion no other remedy is required to keep animals in full health. For swine he makes a mixture of wood-ashes, charcoal, and salt, and keeps it constantly before them in a large lox having holes in the bottom, through which the animals work it out as they require it. He also peaks well of the mixture for horses, and in thirty- seven years of experience of farm-life has lost only one horse, and that through an accident. The ashes may be administered by putting an even tea spoonful on the oats twice a week ; but he thinks it pre- ferable to place a mixture of three parts wood-ashes to one of salt constantly before the animal in a little compartment at one corner of the feed-box. Mr. Stahl also has great faith in the value of wood- ashes when used as a fertiliser. — Journal of the Jamaica Aijric idtu ral Soc it tij. Coffee in Mexico.— Our home correspondent elsewhere reports, not one, but two espeditions of Ceylon men to Mexico to see about “Coffee investments.” Mr. Naftel appears to lead the one andMr. Jas. Sinclair the other. Our readers are aware from letters in the Observer, of Mr W^m. Forsythe (formerly of Maturatta) that European enterprise in coffee has been extending for some time back in Mexico ; but with all the investments (on behalf of Ceylon men espe* cially) in Brazil, Costa Kica, Java and the iSIalayan Peninsula, of late years, one would imagine that coffee had had its full sliare of attention. No doubt the troubles in Brazil over the Government and imper currency is an encour- agement to invest elsewhere in our old staple. The Ca.mbiior Trees of Japan, China, and For- mosa are beginning to fail, and the L^nited States Go verninenthave tried theexperinient of growing cam- phor in Florida, with encouraging success. It is found that there is no need to kill the tiee, as they* do in the Far East, because the gum can be ex- tracted from the leaves. — Globe. Very Obliging. — The Board of Tea Experts, re- cently appointed by the United States, wno distin guished themselves by framing some obnoxious tea regulations, have found the task so tremendous that they have resigned in order, as they generously point out, that “ other members of the trade” may “ bring a more varied experience and wider range of interest toward perfecting the regulations of the new law.” The report which the retiring members have fired off before seeking retirement is an outburst of collective wisdom. They do not seem to know much about tea and tea dust, but they are of an obliging turn of mind, especially to- wards China. The Chinese Minister having de- manded a different standard for Canton teas, and a revision of the Board’s rejections, the Board replies mildly that an endeavour shall be made to find specific standards more thoroughly satisfactory. With regard to Ceylon and Indian teas, it has been found that the effect of the sieve test has been simply to exclude high-class teas made from the youngest and finest leaves of the tea plant. The “ Experts’ ” regulation has, therefore, been abandoned for more tnan two months past, and the Boai dean only plead that before that time “ the difference between dust and needle leaf had not been suffi- ciently well understood.” It is suggested therefore, that siftings from India and Ceylon teas may be lesifted ihrongh a No. 26 sieve of thirty wire to sepa- rate needle leaf from dust. The Board made a show of objection to backing down on the question of the Hyson standard, but recommended. “ That the exa- miners be instructed to ctmpare all Imperials, Hysons, coarse leaf gunpowders, and extra young Hysons wiih the Hyson standard, and all other young Hysons and small-leaf gunpowders with the young Hyson standard. — IT. and 0. Mail, Nov. 12.” Jan, I, 1898.J THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 469 CRYPTOGAMIST FOR CEYLON. Mr. J. B. Carruthers, who arrived at Colombo by the mail steamer “ Himalaya ” from Eng^land, last month, accompanied by Mr. Dickman of Wariapola estate has come out to Ceylon, we believe, to conduct new investigations into the cacao disease. Mr. Carruthers went up to Kandy, where he was expected to remain about ten days. Mr. Carruthers has not been appointed or en- gaged by the Government. The London corres- pondent of our morning contemporary says : — The Colonial Office, being of a dilatory nature, shewed no inclination to appoint a Cryptogamist to inquire into the disease, so Mr. Dickenson has taken the matter into his own hands. I hope that Ceylon may benefit by Mr. Carruthers’ visit ; he has many qualifications for the work before him. He has for some time past been working with his father who was till quite recently Keeper of Botany at the Natural History Museum, S. Kensington, and is now Consulting Botanist to the Boyal Agricultural Society. Mr. J. B. Carruthers has therefore had ample opportunities of acquiring considerable and varied experience, and I may say, has also been very successful in his treatment of several fungus pests here in England, especially in connection with larch trees. He is recommended by Mr. George Murray, the present Keeper of Botany at the British Museum (Nat : Hist :) as “ thoroughly fitted by train- ing by natural ability and by performance to carry out such an investigation ” as that in connection with the Ceylon cacao trees, It may interest such of your readers as are Pres- byterians to learn that Mr. W. Carnrthers, f.e.s., the father of this rising cryptogamist, combines with the highest scientific attainments in his own special branch a very pretty knowledge of the “ Shorter Catechism ” drawn up two hundred and fifty years ago by the Westminster Assembly of Divines. Yes- terday was celebrated the 250th anniversary of the day, 25th November, 1647, on which the flouse of Commons ordered 600 copies of the Catechism to be printed. In literary commemoration of the event a book has now been published giving a photogra- phic facsimile of the document as then printed, with an historical introduction and bibliography by Mr, Carruthers, himself a prominent member, of the Pres- byterian Church in England. The London correspondent of our evening con- temporary says : — It may be that the Colonial Office (notwithstanding the Kew people having decidedly said they saw no necessity for sending any one from England) have decided to act ; it may be that a wire has come from Sir West Ridgeway upon which the Colonial Office people have promptly acted ; or it may be that Messrs. Dickenson and Martin Pirie have secured sufficient support to their efforts to obtain £300 guaranteed by those interested in cocoa cultivation, and have closed arrangements with Mr. Carruthers and sent him off to catch the season. Mr. Leake, as Secretary of Ceylon Association in London, sent a circular to the leading cocoa proprietors here giving the facts up to date, and asking for adhesion to the above guarantee, but the replies were not of that nature that would enable Mr. Dickenson to act But Mr. Dickenson has put his back into this busi- ness and deserves the greatest credit for all he has done. If his efforts have moved the various firms and individuals, armed as he was with the subscriptions of himself and Mr. Pirie, and, moving quicker than Government action moves, if he has carried his point and despatched Mr. Carruthers, he doubly deserves credit. I may mention that Professor Marshall Ward named a Mr. John Parkin, a demonstrator under him, but not more than two or three and twenty for the post. Mr. Carruthers is 30. His father, now retired, was many years at the Natural History Museum at Soueh Kensington and is now Chemist to the Boyal Agricultural Society. He has been, I hear, very strongly recommended for the Ceylon post by his father’s successor, Mr. Murray, undej. whom he has been working. 1 have just heard that Mr. Dickenson has himself engaged Mr. J. B. Carruthers, and they have left today via Brindisi. THE CACAO DISEASE AND A SPECIAL CRYPTOGAMIST. We give Mr. J. Carruthers a hearty welcome to the island, and trust thaf his mission may result in lasting benefit to our cacao industry and in credit to himself. The name of his honoured father as well as his own have long been familiar to us, and from what we have heard of Mr. Carruthers' ability and past investi- gations—especially as to a disease affecting larch trees— we are very hopeful that practical good is likely to result from his visit to Ceylon. We feel sure he may depend on the hearty co-opera- tion of Mr. Willis, Director of the Botanic Gar- dens, , and of Mr. E. E. Green, Honorary Ento- mologist, as well as of the several planters in the island who have paid attention to the pest which has injured, and still troubles, their cacao fields. While admiring and giving special credit to the en- terprise of the private proprietors— represented by Mr. Dickenson— who have brought out the C/yP^^fgamist, w;e trust that the way will be made plain for an official engagement for Mr. Carru- thers, so that he may be able to study the cacao disease not on one group of estates in a single district; but wherever it is found, and so furnish an exhaustive Report and, let us hope suggest a sufficient remedy. If it be true that Mr. Carruthers is the bearer of a letter from Lord Selborne, Under-Secretary of State to the Governor, we may feel hopeful that His Excel- lency will agree to make the visit, inspection and Report, more or less an official one, arrang- mg that the three experts— Messrs. Willis Carruthers and Green — should, as far as possible, co-operate to the desired end, namely the over- coming of this cacao pest. GEM-MINING IN CEYLON. We call attention to a specially iiiterestin" letter from Mr. W. S. Lockhart, Managing Director of the Ceylon Pro.specting Syndicate, Limited, which is about to commence active operations in Ceylon. Mr. Goldie and “ the plant” may, by this time, be on the way, and Mr. Lockhart himself is likely to follow erelong. We are clearly on the eve of im- portant developments in connection with this department of industry in the island, and about this w'e shall have more to say in another issue. The Experiment of Importing Orange from Australia in ordinary cases without refri- gerating en route, has not been a grand success, judging from the out-turn of the fruit ex- “Lusitania, wdiich must have been disappoint- ing to shippers. Not a .single ease out of 1,157 catalogued was sound, and many lots contained so much waste that two boxes w'ere required to make one sound when re-packed. Prices ranged from 6s to 17s ; but it must be said that the Iruit was delicious, and sure to find favour if shipments can be made in better condition.— Grocers" Joiirnal, Nov. 13. 470 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [Jan. 1, 1898, PLANTING NOTES ON THE WEST INDIES. (From Report of West Indies' Commission.) ST. VINCENT. “ At St. Vincent, coffee and spices are being grown. The value of the spices, chiefly nutmegs and mace, exported in 1895, was £1,812. “ In the development of these and other indus- tries (including that of sugar), valuable services have been rendered to the island by the botanic station established in the neighbourhood of Kingston. The plants distributed have included 34,335 Arabian coffee. 3,164 of Liberian coffee, 5,343 cacao, 1,183 nutmeg, 2,390 new and improved sugarcanes, and 1,108 limes. The total plants distributed have amounted to 53,224. Large stocks of plants are still available for distribution. The Curator visits various parts of the island whenever his duties allow, and gives assistance to all engaged in agri- cultural pursuits. Bulletins with agricultural in- formation are issued, and gardeners are trained in horticultural methods. The present curator, Mr. Henry Powell, is devoted to his duties, and his services are widely appreciated amongst all classes of the community. If the stringent measures of economy necessitated by the poverty of the colony are carried out, it is feared the usefulness of the station will be destroyed.’’ Report of West Indies' Commission. DOMINICA. “ The botanic station at Dominica was started in 1890, in a charming spot immediately behind the town of Roseau. Mr. C. A. Barber, late Superinten- dfent of Agriculture in the Leeward Islands, states in a recent report : — ‘ The founding of the botanic station in Dominica will probably, in future years, be referred to as one of the greatest strides in the progress of that island during the present period.’ 'There are large nurseries of economic plants and ex- perimental plots for Cacao Coffee, Kola Rubber trees, spices, and fibre-plants. The station, which may be regarded as one of the most successful in the West Indies, has distributed 165,000 economic plants during the last six years, or an average of 29,000 per annum. The present curator, Mr. Joseph Jones, is described as having rendered ‘great serrices universally ac- knowledged by the planters of the island.’ The cost of the station in 1896 was £400, while the net re- ceipts from the sale of plants were £99. It is pro- posed in the ‘ Additional Note ’ at the end of this Mport, to extend the work of this station, employ ac'ricultural instructors, and establish an industrial school in connection with it.” Report of West Indies' Commission. MONTSERRAT. ” A botanic station, with a gardener in charge, was started at Montserrat in 1890, on a small plot of land to the South-west of the town of Plymouth. The space available was utilised for the cultivation of a selected number of economic plants: large numbers of these were raised and distributed during the last six years. Amongst them were 8,000 plants of Blue mountain coffee from Jamaica, 1,800 cacao, 2,000 nutmeg, pine apple suckers, grape vines, 800 suckers of the Jamaica banana, Liberian coffee, kola, &c. The gardener also gave information in regard to the cultivation and treatment of new plants. The principal recipients were estate proprietors, and not small cultivators. The latter had evidently not been induced to start new cultivations, as, owing to the absence of shipping facilities, there was no pros- pect of being able to find a market for the produce. Owing to the straitened circumstances of the island, the botanic station has now been abolished, and the services of the gardener diverted to other duties. The work done at this station, with the limited means at its command, was of a distinctly pro- mising character. It was the only organisation existing in the island for improving and extending the cultivation of industrial plants, and its aboli- tion destroyed the hope of immediately benefiting the agricultural interests of the ia\&aA."— Gardeners' Chronicle, Nov. 20. PLANTING NOTES. “Lady Birds.”-— We are pleased to see [that the Nilgiri Planters’ Association has not lost Its interest in the proposal to introduce the •scale-eating beetles from Queensland. At a recent meeting, the Association offered to bear half the cost of “ Mr. Newport’s” scheme for their introduction. Surely other Indian Associations will follow — not to speak of aid from Uva (?\ and Java. ' Tea, Coffee and Cinchona in India.— Sup- plementary to his Annual Report, Mr. O'Conor, Director-General of Statistics for India, has issued three separate papers dealing with the above products and giving the latest official information as to area, production, persons employed, exports and consumption, prices. A great deal is mere approximation ; for Mr. O Couor dealing with all India, cannot as yet approach for ac- curacy the statistical returns we have, for so many years, compiled for Ceylon incur “Hand- book and Diiectory.” Still Mr. O’Conor gives us the best possible, and ive shall deal with his infoi Illation in an early issue. Cacao Cultivation in Central America. — We call attention to a chatty account of personal experiences in Nicaragua, and especially on an extensive cacao -walk in tliat State, by Mr. R. W. Carter, reproduced on another page. Our cacao jdanters may not learn much that is new from it; but they will find it inter, esting to compare notes with Mr. Carter, and they.may discover some reasons for reflection in what is said about shade, pruning and harvesting. It is news to us that British Honduras should have rich indigenous cacao of a fine description growing along the river banks in some districts. Mexico has been long known for its production of cacao — indeed the Seeds were a substitute for currency in some districts in the time of Montesuma ; and now that English capitalists are going there in connection with coffee, they may see it to their advantage to develop cacao as well. Meantime Mr. Carter’s paper.contributed to Chambers’ Jotimal, wiU repay perusal. A New Cotton— Mr. H. D. Carroll, a young American traveller, a few years ago discovered a cotton plant in Central Africa, the quality and abundant growth of which — says The Chamber of Commerce Journal for November — so impressed him that he brought a quantity of the seed with him to the United States. Extended trials have been made with this seed in the State of Georgia, and if the reports thereon are only approximately true, it would appear, according to a New York journal, that a revolution in the cultivation of cotton is approach- ing. The first trials were made in the State of Georgia in the year 1895. Of the seed then sown fifty- seven cotton plants were obtained. The seed procured from these plants has multiplied to such an extent that it is intended to make extensive plan- tations in 1898. The cotton plants hitherto cultivated in the United States grow from three to six feet high. Whilst these plants, particularly during the first stage of their growth, require extraordinary care, the African plants require only very little attention. The new plants attain a height of twelve to fourteen feet, with[numerou3 fruit capsules, which after bursting, show cotton wool of distinguished quality. This new Elant is uncommonly strong in substance and presents y far more resistance to rains than the American one. The picking of the cotton also costs considerably less than that of the American. Whilst in Georgia two to three acres of land are required to produce 500 lb. of cotton; the African sort produces three times as much. Jan. I, 1898.J THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 471 $oi!v»3sponi36nc0 To ihe Editor : COCHIN vs. CEYLON COCONUT OIL: OIL MILLS AT BATTICALOA. Batticaloa, Nov, 15. Sip, — I have read the leader and correspondence in the Observer of the 10th inst.— Cochin vs. Ceylon oil — with great interest. It might perhaps interest yon to know, that largo quantities of our best sun-dried copra are bought up by middlemen and shipped by native vessels to Cochin, to be made into “Cochin” oil. This refers mostly to copra made by European planters, who take greater pains to produce good, clean copra, than the villager does. I know also that a considerable amount of copra is shipped from Jaffna to Cochin. The mill- owners in Ceylon would turn out an oil, which would be quite as good as Cochin oil, if they would desist from making good clean copra with inferior stuff. On the estates I am in charge of, every bit of dis- coloured copra is carefully picked out and sold separately. Mill-owners, however, don’t seem to care to pay a higher price for superior copra, and therefore most estate proprietors don’t trouble much about the making of good, clean copra. Mr. Le Mesurier, I am glad to say, is putting up an oil mill here, and I also hear, that a similar establishment is likely to be started by another European. But I think, there will be no room for two mills, as even a small mill will consume at least 50 cwts. of copra per day. — Yours faithfully, . , COCHIN VS. CEYLON COCONUT OIL. Jaffna, 16th Nov. 1897. Sib — You complained some time ago in your paper that the cause of the great difference in value of the Cochin coconut oil over the Ceylon -article is due to the suj>erior whiteness of the Cochin copra, which, in its turn, is owing to the fact that, at Cochin, the copra, is dried more oarefully than in Ceylon. It may interest some of Vour readers, -merchants in particular— that, in the Jaffna district, owing to the dryness of the climate copra is dried by exposure to the sun, as soon as the nuts are plucked, and it is, I believe, equal in qualitv to the best Cochin article. The oil made of It ought, therefore, to obtain as gooa a pnce.— Yours tj„ly B. L. MABTYN. It is my belief, when accurate returns can be obtained, as the result of washing on a large scale, that the value of the gem-bearing depo- sits will be found to be far greater than has hitherto been conceived. Gems are never evenly distributed throughout the gravel beds where they occur and as a necessary consequence, wash- ing on a small scale becomes a matter of chance. A rich spot may be hit on at once, or tons of barren gravel may be encountered and the ivoik abandoned irerhaps, as unproductive. On the other hand, washing on a large scale and without risk of lo.ss either by thelt or accident, renders the result a practical certainty, as the rich spots are sure to be reached from time to time and if the work is economically and regularly carried on, the “finding” over the whole will seldom be otherwise than highly satisfactory. If this view’ is correct, ,and the coming Geologi- cal Survey brings to light, .as it no doubt will, districts l ich in getns but hitherto lying unworked, the impoitance to the general trade of the island can hardly be estimated. It is this consideration that has caused the Ceylon Prospecting Syndicate to be called into being and 1 am glad to see these views stated by one so familiar with the subject as yourself. It is quite nue that Mr. A. B. D, Goldie will shortly leave England for Ceylon, and the first large plant, which has now been built and thoroughly tested here, will follow him at once. A series of machines capable of dealing auto- niaticallj' with 60 tons or so of gravel per work- ing day required care in manufacture, but the result has been satisfactory, and the seeming delay you lefer to, will be found to be fully warranted when washing commences on the ground. This plant has been kept per work in- London for the last month and has fulfilled all expectations w’ith regard to it. We are send- ing you by this mail, copies of some of the technical journals which described it, as I feel suie they will interest you. — I remain, sir yours faithfully, Wm. S. LOCKHART, M. Inst. C.E., M. Inst. M.E, Managing Direc- tor, The Ceylon Prospecting Syndicate Ltd. THE CEYLON GEMMING INDUSTRY. BY A WORKER. TEA CULTIVATION : SOME PRACTICAL QUESTIONS. Dear Sir,— With reference to the lengthy Enquiry being conducted in the columns of your paper t propose that you prepare and submit a few questions to the local scientific authorities such as the following , 1. Is tlie average temperature of the soil lower on weedy land than on clean land? 2. Do the roots of the Tea bush become more clogged with moisture during the monsoon, on weedy land than on clean land ? .3. Do weeds pick up the soluble nitrates moie easily and rapidly than do the roots of theTea bush? I venture I0 suggest these questions as samples of queries that I think should be dealt with by our recognised authorities. — Yours faithfully. INDIAN PLANTER. GEM-MlNlNG IN CEYLON. Nov. 24th, 1897. giRj — I am glad to see by the editorial article (see page 379) that you point out the importance of the gem-mining industry to the trade of the island. 58 Sir, — As I had ten long years of Gemming life in the Southern Province, allow me a little space in your valuable columns, to throw some light on the gemming operations in Lanka, in a small as well as in a large scale. The beginning (of course) was on a small scale, and owing to bad luck and thieving, the result was not a favorable one ; after this with the help of ‘ Mr. C. P. Hayley of Galle, we got up a Syndicate and went Gemming on a large scale in Morowak- korale. This would have been a paying concern if I ,had been supplied with propermachinery, and owing to this lack it turned out a failure. Thieving in the gem- ming operations is carried on in Ceylon, by the .coolies in the small as well as in the large scale, not only where European management is employed, but .even amongst natives themselves. At the washing 'time is not an easy job for them to steal, as there goes only the small gems and the watching is kept on keenly, but most of the gems are stolen at the time of the disintegration of the gravel, where a large gem cannot be hidden in the mud, but as in the gemming pits, there is always water, so thi 1 arge gems left clear showing their beautiful colour, so if it happens that the super- visor turns his eyes into a different direction, the gems will fly into the opposite way, the natives having many different tricks to let a gem disappear. 472 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. I Jan. I, 1S98. I do believe, that the new model of the Gem Se- parator will be good to a certain extent, but there are many other things to look into. Generally gravels where gems are contained are not found on the surface, in many instances they must be dog several fathoms deep before they come over the gravels or (illama) as it is called by the native diggers, then the quantity of gravels secured by that pit, will be ten or twelve tons at most, then a fresh pit must be dug out, with this operation it will pass a month before you can secure a day’s work for the Separator. These given details are only preliminary. Now comes the trouble. The people who go to dig or to desintegrate the gravels, are experienced diggers, the greatest villains and thieves in creation. After having broken the gravels they have to fill up the baskets and they are from hand to hand and are thrown out and put in a heap. And then they are filled up again and sent to the washing macnine. After having passed so many hands, if a good gem had escaped detection from the coolies, youcansay that it is a miracle. I am sure of this, because, I, and others employed under me, were watching very carefully, and many valuable gems were stolen by the coolies employed. Then it comes that, that the most of the gemming lands are paddy fields, where heavy loads cannot be taken across as the soil is swampy. Gemming operations in Ceylon are not an enterprize for Europeans as the facts have shown not long ago, that one after another, all the Gemming Companies have failed with heavy losses. It is true that natives are gemming here and there; first of all they know all the tricks as to how a gem can be robbed ; second, they have many trustworthy relatives to watch ; third they have very little ex- penses to meet and in many instances they only feed the coolies. When they come across some gems, then they pay something to the coolies and the rest is pocketted by the Ealahamy or Locoo Mahatmeya. These are facts, and not made-up stories. The Prospecting Company may turn out a success. To do so, first of all their agents must learn the native language; second, they must acquire experience, then it will give a good return to the Company ; but I fear that by elapsing such a long time — which means money — it will be too late. The Company will be successful at the very beginning if they engage a trustworthy and experi- enced man — not otherwise. If I had not given up Gemming and come to Colombo, to reside here, and carry out my profession as a watch-maker, I would have been always hardup. Many who know me, not only in the Southern Province, but in many other parts of the island, will confirm that this is nothing else but the very truth. I hope that the new Company will overcome all these difficulties and will be a successful one, but no one can assure me that they will not fail. A. De DOMTNICO. THE FIBRE OF CALOT-ROPIS GIGANTEA:-WARA OR YERUKKALAL Vannarponne, Jaffna, Nov. 17. Sir, — On reading in Observer of the 2nd November regarding Calotropis rjiqantea — Wara (Sinhalese),yerut« kalai (Tamil) cultivation and its use as a fibre plant, certain suggestions offered themselves to my mind which I wish to communicate to your journal and thereby make known to the planting community who are interested in its cultivation. Some six years ago Mr. F. A. Fairlie was deputed by the Director of a Manchester firm to see whether Wara cultivation could be carried on profitably in Ceylon. I then accompanied him through the Wanny district and we satisfied ourselves that the plant grows wild and that with proper management it will thrive well in the lowcountry. Mr. Fairlie had to leave for England owing to urgent private aSairs and nothing could be done further than to try the experiment on a small scale on “Temple Bar,” Sir Graeme Elphin- stone’s estate on Pallai, which was then under my management. The cotton produced on the estate was sent to England and was pronounced excellent. I have seen fishermen getting the fibre and making ropes out of it for their nets. Had even Sir Graeme been in Ceylon at the time, I am sure the Wara cultivation would now be an accomplished fact and in full swing in the lowcountry. The cotton obtained from the plant is of greater value than the fibre which must be considered as of secondary importance. It is of very fine qnalitv and is much in demand and will find a ready market. I send you a sample of the cotton which you will find on inspection of the quality I describe.* It adds an increased interest in the cultivation, for it turns out to be doubly productive and large areas that lie undeveloped in the lowcountry can be turned to use if Government will grant reasonable concessions. The plant is never allowed by the natives to grow in gardens as it exhausts the soil and sucks up all manure. They uproot it whenever it is grown for the winged seeds find their way to all parts of the land and plant themselves. Your correspondent’s suggestion to cultivate it on road sides and to supply the vacancies in tea will prove, in my humble opinion, detrimental to the staple industry of the island. Instead of prov- ing an additional revenue I fear it will stunt the growth of tea plants and exhaust the soil.— I am, sir, your obedient servant, M. CATHIEAYALO. We find the ioWov/'mg in the J ournal of the Impenal Institute by this mail : — • THE FLOSS, OR “ SILK-COTTON,” ovCaJotropis Proccra. Calotropis procera is a shrub found in the drier parts of India, chiefly in the sub-Himalayc n district from the Indus to Jhelum ; in Central India and the Deccan ; and distributed to Persia and tropical Africa. Calotropis gigantea, a species only doubtfully distinct from C. procera, and; jvhich has the same vernacular names, is recorded as identical in its properties and uses. The sap yields a form of gutta-percha, and is also used as a tan and dye : a manna is said to exude from the plant ; the bast fibre and floss from the seeds are well-known fibres; the root-bark and sap are medicinal ; the wood is used for gunpowder charcoal; and various parts of the plant are employed for sacred, domestic and agricultural purposes. These plants, C. procera and C. yield two distinct fibres — (1) a silk cotton from the seeds, known commercially as “ madar floss,” and (2) a rich, white bast fibre from the bark. The floss is soft, very white, and has a beautiful silky gloss ; it is employed to some extent, like the Dutch “kapok,” for stufiing pillows, but has generally been regarded as of too short staple to be spun, although as regards its possible use in this direction, a Lancashire spinner stated, at the time of the Colonial and Indian Ex- hibition of 1886, that he had overcome the difficulties and was prepared to purchase any quantity. But’ as the plant is only found wild, scattered over a wide area, the supply is limited and irregular. If it can be cultivated, there seems to be no reason why a regular supply should not find a market at a re- munerative price, and, at the same time, by bestowal of attention to the cultivation aud selection of seed, the character of the floss might be improved and its length of staple increased. The attention of the Scientific Department of the Institute having been directed by the Government of India to the possible utility of this floss, it has been submitted to examination by Mr. C. F. Cross Scientific Referee on Fibres to the Imperial In- stitute, and the following results have been obtained. Tn6 niorG iinpoit8.Dt coiistsjiits of tliG fibiG, whicii * A sample sent to us indicates a very fine staple or floss.— Ed. T.A. THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. Jan. I, 1898.] 473 the chemical characteristics of lignocellulose, are as follows; — Moisture . . 9 0 per cent. Ash • . O’O „ „ r (Alkali, 1 per cent. Na O H), _ , , . j 26'2 percent, (loss). Hydrolysis ■{ ^ g 1, 24’7 per cent. (loss). Cellulose . . 69'8 per cent. Furfural . . 19’5 ,, ,, Mr. Cross states that this floss fibre is an extremely interesting chemical type containing as it does a very high and, in his experience, unique percentage of furfural. He is of opinion, however, that although use may be found for some applications of floss fibre, its somewhat unfavourable chemical characteristics are not likely to recommend it to the spiuner, in view of the present low price of cotton. The floss has also been submitted to the Expert Re- feree to the Institute on Fibres, who has reported that this floss was in considerable demand in the markets a few years ago for fancy textile purposes, but that, owing to the difficulties presented by the variations in the quality of the parcels supplied, and to the intermittent supply when requirements arose, the material has dropped out of use. The quality of the Indian growth has, so far, proved inferior to the product of Java, which is probably derived from C. gigantea, and of which small samples have occasionally been received from India. The present specimen was of fair colour, of rather short staple, somewhat towy in character, and contained an excessive quantity of inferior, immature fibre ?-nd seed fragments. Many varieties of the floss in question have been dealt with, most of thsm from Calcutta, where it is some- times called “akund cotton,” which were usually inferior to the present sample. These samples were sold at as low a price as one penny per pound, and there was but little demand for them at the price. The trade in this floss might possibly be revived if a moderate and continuous supply could be guaranteed. If of good quality, it would realise prices ranging from Id. to 5d. per pound (0. f. & i. terms). In packing for sale, the floss should be handled as little as pos- sible, the pods and seeds being entirely removed and the floss left in its natural condition — unopened ; any discoloured portions should be removed and for- warded separately. The bales received here from Java usually contain 80 to 90 pounds of floss tightly sewn in canvas, but not pressed. “WAKA” FIBRE: CALOTROPIS GIGANTEA. Nov. 30. Dear Sib,— With reference to your planting correspondent’s note, (see page 477), how can the cotton of this plant be said to have valuable medicinal qualities? Is it made into ‘ cellular ’ shirtings and ‘ war(r)anted ’ to prevent chills ? I sent home a sample of this fibre some ten years ago unnamed. It was prepared by hand, regardless of cost and the brokers classed it as the finest Rhea, value, 1 think, £36 or £38 per ton. I do not re- member the percentage of fibre from the weight of stems cut, but it was rather higher than that from Rhea stems obtained at the same time : the latter were grown, though, under shade. The calotropis would doubtless be improved by cultivation. The plant is very common over large tracts of our low- country, growing often in poor soil and springing up frequently in abandoned chena lands. The medical profession, when they have leisure and inclination to examine this and other native drugs, may find “ Wara ” of some value : the milky juice is often used as an application in cases of rheumatism and as a blister for liver complaints and for coughs. . ^ If the Director of the Royal Botanic Gardens would send home a bale of the silky floss obtained from the seed-pods, we should soon know whether this pro- duct was worth collection, but I fear he has no funds for experimental work of this kind.— Yours faithfully, HOW TO ECONOMISE LABOUR ON ESTATES. Sir, — It seems at first sight venturesome, if not absolutely reckless, for anyone to undertake to criti- cise the opinions of an Editor, and especially of one having practical knowledge of this subject as an estate proprietor. But there are many questions, in connec- tion with the discussion which has recently taken E lace, which naturally hinge on the points that have een specially brought forwaid for debate, and it is to these that the writer more particularly invites attention. As with other Examination papers, there is a natural tendency to stray beyond the limits of the questions set: indeed to answer them all fully, with all their collateral issues, would involve the com- pilation of a Treatise on estate management. Many of the contributors have been very careful to avoid going beyond the bounds: some no doubt with a wish to be precise, other apparently because they felt they were on dangerous ground. With the country flooded with “Experienced” creepers who have paid their trainers’ board expenses and premium for twelve or eighteen months, and are eager to drop the oppro- brious title of creeper for that of assistant superinten- dent, it is hardly safe for any planter, unless he has special interest with his employers, to breathe a sylla- ble which might be construed as a reflection on the existing state of affairs. He must agree with Pope, “ Whatever is, is best 1” ’ The circular issued by the Editer of the Ceylmi Observer contained queries with reference especially to the labour supply on Tea plantations, but as manv estates comprise, in addition to tea, considerable areas of coffee, cocoa, cardamoms, etc., it will be con- venient to treat the questions as applying to all estates on which Tamil coolies are employed. As regards the first question : Wire Sfioofs. The advantageous use of these may in some few cases perhaps depend on the situation of the coolies’ lines. If the lines are near the factory and the estate a small one, a wire shoot for the transport of leaf might be of no advantage, but on very many estates there is no doubt that shoots might be erected and would effect a laro-e saving in transport of leaf, grass and firewood. Anything that saves the labour force from extra work in the evenings is certainly worth consideration, 2. Labour-saving appliances. — There is room as many contributors have shown, for more appliances in factories : some seem to be always muddled Withered leaf, for instance, is often carried by coolies, from the withering shed to the rollers, exposed to" the outside air ; in other cases it is carried down- stairs instead of being passed through the floor into the roller’s mouth. Able-bodied men, who might be employed at pruning, or sawing and splitting fire- wood are often to be seen in the factory doing work that would be better dm e by children. For field woiks, the more extented use of single bullock carts, hand carts and porters’ barrows, for transport of leaf, manure, grass etc,, is very desir- able. The objection to bullock carts on some places is that grass is required for the cattle, and the modern mania is :o plant every yard of ground (except the Tennis court,) with tea, from the boundary right up to the bungalow doorstep. For this reason on many estates, no space is allowed to the coolies for vegetable gardens, and the Superintendent must live on condenced milk and feed his horse on straw as every ravine has been drained and cleared of grass. 3. Jramways. — There is little prospect of these being used except on large estates in the lower disitricts, and as lomr as coconut estate proprietors with their special facilities of level ground and large, acreages, do not adopt them, it seems hardly possible that they would prove economical for Tea unless a large group of estates combined for their construction. 4 and 5, Weeding : 7, Drainage. — The majority of planters in favour of the present system of weeding appear to be actuated solely by the fear of losing their labour force, if any change were made. This THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [Jan. i, 1898. 474 Would, of course, be a sad result from afforts to “eco- nomise the existing labour supply but the question is a wide one, and some points in connection with it have been altogether unnoticed. We must all admit that with this question, as with many others, different methods may be necessary in different districts, but speaking generally, the following bases will be agreed upon (!) monthly weeding, instead of three-weekly, as giving less trouble to the superin- tendent, and (2) payment of El’OO per acre as an average minimum. Fifteen or sixteen years ago, when the rupee rate was first introduced by a Colombo estate manager, the suggestion was met with howls of derision as an utter impossibility. And this was when coffee was the principal cultivation, nearly cover- ing the ground with its horizontal growth ! Varying rates were then in vogue, from R1'50 to 2'50, or more, per acre, but the weeding contracts were then, as now, looked on more as a means of drawing regular weekly supplies of rice than for making money, First, as regards monthly weeding. This system was adopted naturally in the beginning as being most convenient, and it has many advantages when firoperly attended to. But the contractor is frequently eft to his own devices: there is no proper supervision (on many estates, the weeding cool’es do not even come to muster), and when the contract, through their bad work, illness or idleness, gets behindhand, it often happens, as the contractor has frequently shrewdly foreseen, that the superintendent is unable to lend him any labour, all checkroll coolies being required for ordinary words. Result : the field ffoes hitch and the rate of pay has to be increased for some months. Sunday weeding is sometimes resorted to, the hired coolies being paid in rice or cash. It is on occasions like these when, without supervision, work is disgracefully scamped, and more harm done to the field than most people realise. Growing weeds are covered up with dead leaves or soil scraped over them : holes are scratched a few inches deep and bushes of weeds “ buried ” with a handful of soil, only to be washed off with the next rain : weeds growing near timber-belts, pre- cipices or jungle are thrown hastily into them where they quickly take root and become nurseries of seeds. Secondly, as to rate of payment, most planters appear to be under the impression that when their weeding has been got down_ to a rupee per acre they have touched bottom : it is not safe to reduce the rate further as the Kangani must be considered or rather bis so-called Coast Advance Account. This is the parasite which paralyses all estate v)orh. It is a remarkable fact that the gentleman (?) who invented the “ tnndu ” system, which has been the cause of all our modern labour troubles, has never yet come forward to assert his right to a statue or an annuity. When Hindu mythology has room for a new god, the chetties perhaps may elevate him, but he will probably go to his grave “ un- wept, unhonoured and unhung.” Some planters argue that the rupee rate is incapable of being re- duced, because the contractors always lose money in the wet months. They miss two points : weeds grow much less in cold, rainy weather, and the aver- age contractor is not fool enough to retain a losing business. Were it not for the awful amount of advances outstanding, the average cost of weeding even on the present system, might be very considerably reduced, but it is a work, which, merely because it is done by contract, too often receives but little attention from superintendents. Too much power is sometimes allowed to a head kangani, the whole acreage of an estate being given him on contract. He will sublet the fields at perhaps half the rate paid him, and having the contract in his own name, he will keep their accounts, in a certain way, himself, and even where this mistake if not made, what a lot of room there is on most estates for more super- vision. How often is the weeding of part of a field carried forward to “the next month, and then repeated, instead of the contract being given to a better man ; and how often is the weeders’ use of mamoty and goraper winked at if not actually sanctioned on estates supposed to be weeded entirely by hand? On how many estates are cooty-sacks issued to the weeders, or when issued actually used for bringing weeds to the roads ? We sometimes go out of our way to divide the weeding contracts into small fields, so as to give each sub-kaugani one, at RIO OO or 12'00, though no single coqly, however conscientious (and these are scarce) can fairly earn so much in the average twenty days which they work in a month. So ihe small contract means either double payment or scamped W'ork, the field if finished being done with the help ^°^j’°wed labour, often young children from the lines. And what a waste of supervision (or loss of it) there is on the small contract! The kangani's wile or niece will saunter out at 7 or 7-30 a.m. (even if she has attended muster) and begin weeding when the sun is well up. If the field is too far away to allow of her going back to breakfast at il, she will work on diligently till 2 or 2-30, when it is time to collect firewood. On any average estate she will time have collected all the vegetable luxuries, called by the general name of “ keeri,” which her mmily may require for curry, so that she can get back to the line easily by four o’clock to attend to her household duties. And for this work, or rather occupation, she is paid about ten rupees per month, perhaps more, though five would cover its actual value. If we were to work five or six of these small contracts together, with the same identical coolies to weed them, for a month, and an independent kangani to look after them, paid by results, what a shock it would give us! The head kangani would ask for his tundu,” or a further advance of R.500 1 There are two sides to every question, so having looked at this from the employer’s point of view, let ”1 '“O"’ take a glance at it on behalf of the cooly. Many estates are not kept in such good order as they should be. Roads and drains are often scan- dalously neglected, through a mistaken policy of economy or through labour being scarce, and though many people do not seem to be aware of it this adds considerably to the growth of weeds. Some fields are from aspect, soil and situation more favourabi# to the growth of weeds than others : some have weedy, ravines and precipices with perennial supplies of seeds ripening in them, and jungle boundaries are a per- petaal curse if weeds have been thrown into them. Other fields may be perfectly sheltered and shaded, but are often given out at the same rate as the most difficult contracts. Bad drainage means not only wash but weeds also. The least accessible fields are often the most in need of additional drainage, while boundary drains even on many old estates have never yet been cut. Some fields are very badly roaded and without weed pits have no convenient places for depositing the weeds. So much for the cooly, A wider knowledge of the first principles of agriculture would be of use to many of us. How few planters apparently practically understand the objects and effects of draining, and the results of planting shade trees. With a more extensive acquaintance with what is realy only elementary gardening, we should not so often see the cutting of new drains postponed indefinitely, the clearing out of drains neglected for months together or exposed fields of tea left without shade trees being planted throughout. The general planting of grevilleas and other shade trees, as some contributors have advocated, would, with regular attention to drains instead of the present studious neglect, enable ns to reduce our weeding expenditure by nearly .50 per cent. Though “selected weeding” in fields devoid of shade, very considerably reduces the wash caused by heavy rains, its adoption cannot fairly be made an excuse for lowering rates at first, as the mosses and small ferra require occasional regulation and removal from the base of the stems. The writer was able some years ago to reduce his weeding rates from Rl'25 and R1'60 per acre to 75 cents, and the con- tractors made larger profits than under the old sys- tem. But the reduction was facilitated rather by extra attention to drains and to the weeding coolies, and also to the planting of cuscus and lemon-grasa THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. Jan. I, i8g8.] on rocky hedges to prevent wash. The estate was a steep one and W. J. (No. XVIII) will perhaps, be interested to learn that the mosses grew luxuriantly even below 1,000 feet elevation. As regards cusous grass, another contributor No. (XXXII) complains that it suffers often from fungus, scale insect, and black bug. This is the case only when it has been carelessly planted; often with all its rootlets chopped oft the plant is shoved into a small hole in perhaps stiff clay, without any pretence even of forking up the soil. It is a grass : it must grow ! Cuscus or lemou-grass is much to be preferred to hedges of tea as a means of stopping wash or pre- venting drains being choked, but it should be cut regularly, and if not required for cattle bedding, be spread on the ground and, if possible, forked in. INSPECTOR. MR. T. N. CHRISTIE AND CEYLON TEA IN RUSSIA. Kandy, 4th Dec. Sir,— I enclose copy of a letter from Mr. Christie, acknowledging vote of thanks pas.sed at a recent general meeting. I also send extract of a private letter from Mr. Christie as giving interesting in- formation regarding his visit to Russia. — I am, dear sir, your obedient servant, A. PHILIP, The Hon. Secy,, Planters’ Association of Ceylon. (Extract of a Letter from Mr. TIios. North Christie, dated 11th Nov. 1897.) I am leaving London about the 25th for Russia. I have already obtained a good deal of information, and am well provided with letters of introduction for St. Petersburg, Moscow, and Odessa, and the Colonial Offtce people are providing me with letters of official commendation to the British Consuls. I hope to be able to report by the 1st January. Drumblair House, Forgue, by Huntly. N.B., llth November, 1897. The Secretary, Planters’ Association of Ceylon. Dear Sir, — I have to acknowledge your letter of the 27th ultimo, giving cover to copy of a Resolu- tion passed by your Association. I much appre- ciate the kindly manner in which my services, as M. L. C., are referred to, and I beg to thank the Asso- ciation therefore. — I am, dear sir, yours faithfully, (Signed), Thos. North Christie. RICE FROM SOUTH INDIA. Glenomera, Talawakelle, Dec. 4. Sib, — I am in receipt of a letter from Capt. Shelley, General Manager, South Indian Raihv.ay, from which I quote as follow.s. Date 29th ult. ; — “ The through rates we quote for a bag of rice not exceeding 190 lb. in weight include Indian export and Colombo import duties, Colombo harbour dues, and all other incidental cliarges. Provided the bags of rice do not exceed 190 lb. in weight, our rates cover everything after receipt at one oi our stations to arrival at station on the Ceylon Government Railway. It may interest you to know the actual details of the harbour and Customs charges included in the through rates which are as under : — R. A. i>. Pier dues at Tuticorin ..002 Export Customs duty at Tuticorin .. 0 6 9 Harbour dues at Colombo . . 0 1 3| Import duty at Colombo . . 0 13 5 Landing at Colombo and loading on carts 0 1. IJ Total R1 6 9 (say Rl'42| ots.) Captain Shelley suggests that the writer should pay a ijersonal visit to the Tanjore district, when he has little doubt that busiiuss might be done with a great saving of time 415 and money. For the information of the public he states that cheap excursion tickets for the Christmas holidays between Colombo and Madras are to be issued by his Company. The cost of S.I.R. time-table (to be procured from the Company at Trichinopoly) is 2 annas or 12j cents Ceylon cuirency. So far Captain Shelley, to whom our thanks are due for this information. It will be ap- parent that the cost of transport of rice by this route compares very favourably with that of sea-borne rice as estimated by Mr James Gib- son, whose large experience of the rice-trade places his ligures above suspicion. ’ Taking t.he 1901b. bag of rice at 2| bushels nett (it really amounts to a little more) it will be seen that the rate of transport to Bandara- wella amounts to R.5-02 cents per bag orKl-82A cents per bushel, as against Mr James Gibson’s estimate of III '97— delivery charges by sea and Ceylon Government Railway at the same spot a saving of 14| cents per 'bushel. ’ It is therefore clear that Soutli Indian rice can compete with sea-borne rice in the matter of trans])ort rates, and I am informed that in January, 1896, the cost price of rice at Tanjore was slightly under R2 per bushel. This 'rice might have been placed at Bandarawella at R.S-824 per bushel as against R3’9.5 for Calcutta rice pm-- chased at 112. I am also informed that the rice in question was Mootoo Samba and Kalunda, which are superior in quality to the average Soolye rice given to coolies. Under these circumstances it might be advis- able for some one to go from this side to Tanjore about Christmas time and purchase a trial ship- ment of rice, and I shall be happy toljoin a small syndicate of not less than ten members to pur- chase 1,000 or more bushels of rice at a cost not exceeding tlie current Colombo rate. I regret that I cannot spare the time to go myself, but there will be little difficulty in finding a ’more efficient substitute. I must apologise for trespa.ssing so far on your space, and the patience of your readers and remain, yours faithfully, ' ’ JAMES RYAN. AN INSECT ENEMY OF TEA. Dolasbage, Dee. 8. Dear Sir,— Under separate cover I send por- tions of tea brandies killed by a borer. You-will see the borer (resembling a w^eevil) eggs &c in and on the branches. You can also see the perforations on the outside of the branches through which the borer enters. I have referred to a W’ork on tea pests, but nothing resemblin<>- this is shewn.— Yours faithfully, “ WALTER R. TRINGHAM. [Our reference to the Honorary Entomologist has brought the following " “ The insect is a seblytid beetle,— by name Xyleborns fornicaius, Eichhoff. It was described and figured in the ‘ Indian Museum Notes ’ Vol. IV No 2 page 37, from specimens sent by me in 1895,’ which specimens were obtained from the same district viz. from Craighead Estate, Nawalapitiya. The article from the ‘Indian Miweum Notes’ was copied, (with description of this particular pest in full) into the Tropical Aa for this popular fruit, and buy it jdelivered on the boat for 16 cents a bunch. Every bunch must average eight hand,” which, to be sure, is large enough and full grown. Oranges bear two crops a year Limes, lemons, guavas, and kindred products grow with little or no attention.—//, and C. Mail, Nov 36 THE CHINA TEA TRADE, OLD AND NE'W METHODS OF PREPARATION. The exhortation of theTsung-li Yamen and the Vice royof the Liangkiang Provinces [see below] to Chinese tea planters is not calculated to produce any striking results. The exhortation has been issued at the instance of the Minister for the Netherlands, who says that no tea is superior to the Chinese tea in flavour and delicacy of taste and urges that the ancient methods of preparation should be continued instead of being changed for the more modern methods The Minister would appear to speak in the interests of a limited class ot connoisseurs, by whom the deli- cate flavour and aroma of superior Chinese tea is held in high appreciation, but the amount of leaf re- quired to supply the demand in that quarter can never be large. The great bulk of the consumers prefer the Indian and Ceylon tea and if China wishes to regain her place as the leading exporter she will have to adopt the methods of her competi- tors. Even in Hongkong, where one would expect China tea to hold its own if anywhere, we find Indian and Ceylon tea largely imported to supply the re- quirements of the European community, which is a plain indicatiou of the direction in which popular Jan. r, 1898.] THE TROPICAL taste tends. It may pay Chinese growers to produce a limited amount of high class fancy teas for the supply of special markets, but the trade in those descriptions can never attain any great magnitude. It is the taste of the average consumer that must be consulted if the China tea trade is ever to regain its former proportions. The Viceroy Liu ascribes the loss of so large a proportion of the tea trade to the carelessness and dishonest practices of the Chinese planters, which have allowed foreign teas to capture the markets. There is no doubt a good deal in that, but it is far from being the whole truth. Indian and Ceylon teas are preferred to China tea even when the latter is of unimpeachable quality. Nor must the deteriora- tion of quality be ascribed entirely to the inherent dishonesty of the planter. The unfortunate man, finding his product labouring under a weight of taxation that prevented it competing on even terms with foreign tea, has been more or less driven to pinch the quality in order to retain a margin of profit. It is all ve)-y well for the Viceroy to exhort his people to “ seek reform in the trade and mutually “ aid each other in producing carefully prepared high “ quality teas, and thereby create a new a wide “ demand for the article, which will be followed by general prosperity to all,” but if any success is to be achieved in that direction the Government must in the first place lighten the burden of taxation and so give the industry a fair chance. Given lighter taxation, however, and the improve- ment in quality and the greater cheapness which might be expected to follow, a reform in the methods of cultivation and manufacture would still be necessary if China is to compete on equal terms for the sup- ply of the general demand, for the small demand that exists for fancy teas will not be sufficient to keep up the volume of the trade. The Tsungli Yamen does not expressly condemn new methods, but urges that “ whether their teas are prepared by the old methods or by the new ” the inhabitants of the tea planting districts “ should always keep in mind the importance of being careful in the work and aim at producing high quality teas in order to command the market.” The Viceroy Liu also says he has on former occasions repeatedly exhorted the tea planters in his jurisdiction to introduce reforms into their methods of preparation, etc. What is intended by the Viceroy and the Yamen, however, is, apparently, that reform should pro- ceed on the old lines rather than that an entire revolution in the trade should be effeoted ; for the quotation of the Netherlands Minister’s despatch and the general tone of the exhortation seem intended to throw cold water on the attempt now being made at Foochow to introduce foreign methods. Yet it would seem that in the success of the Tea Improvement Company’s experiment, coupled with reduced taxation lies the sole hope of a resusoitation of the China tea trade. If the Company has not at once succeeded in producing a class of tea to command the approval of the open market we hope it will not thereby be discouraged, but will preserve until success is achieved. — Eonglcong Weekly Press, Dec. 2. AN EXHORTATION TO CHINESE TEA PLANTERS: THE HUTCH MINISTER TO THE RESCUE. The following despatch, of which we (N. C. Daily News) give a translation, has been received by His Honour Ts‘ai Taotai from H.E. Viceroy Liu, of the Liangkiang provinces : — TO THE TAOTAI OF THE SOO-SUNG T‘AI INTENDANCY, AT SHANGHAI. I have to inform yon that I am in receipt of a despatch dated the 12th day of the 9th moon (7th October) from Their Excellencies the Ministers of the Tsun ,li Yamen, embodying a despatch of the 24th day of the 8th moon (20ih September) from H.E. Knobel, Minister-Eesident of the Netherlands at Peking, to the said Yamen to the effect that H.E. had received a communication from the Tea Im- AGRICULTURIST. 481 porters of Amsterdam, the contents of which ran as follows : — “We regret to find that the samples of tea pre- pared by the new methods are not very good, but that the flavour of those made by the old methods is still vastly superior to the tea made in other coun- tries. If therefore China tea be prepared after the new methods the leaf will be similar to that prepared elsewhere, while it will lose entirely the original delicacy of flavour peculiar to its place of production. Although the tea-planters of Java., Assam, and Ceylon expend much skill and labour on their products it must be confessed that they do not come up to the teas of China. As matters now stand people in Europe anxious to purchase high quality Chinese teas are un- able to do so, and they are compelled to think that tea merchants in China are ignorant of the fact that the people of Europe and other places prefer to buy good Chinese teas to others. The tea made by the new methods in China is really a poor edition of the Indian tea, and therefore vastly inferior to that pre- pared by the old methods; whilst the prices demanded in England and the Netherlands for high quality [China] tea are three times greater than those asked for teas produced by the new methods. Moreover, tea prepared by the new methods is exported to foreign markets whilst British India tea are also exported to the same places for sale; and the two teas are com- pelled to compete for buyers. But then there are those [amongst tea consumers] who prefer to drink Chinese tea and yet others who like to drink British India tea. Upon a comparison of the respective merits of the two, however, it has been found that no tea is superior to the Chinese tea in flavour and deli- cacy of taste. Furthermore, the merchants of Russia, England, the Netherlands and other countries are of the same opinion and have requested the writers of this communication to inform the tea exporters of all China of the actual state of affairs as above explained.” “‘I, the Minister-Eesident, have had the question of the preparation of Chinese teas in my mind for along time, and after many years’ investigation have also arrived at a similar decision as that of the tea importers of Amsterdam and elsewhere, and I have also reason to believe that Your Excellencies will be pleased lo learn the opinions above presented.’” * * ♦ >lt I would, therefore, earnestly exhort all my people to seek reform in the trade and mutually aid each other in producing carefully prepared high quality teas, and thereby create anew a wide demand for the article, which will be followed by general prosperity to all. This despatch is to be distributed to the various local authorities of the tea districts, who are commanded to make the same known to all our people. Let no one be guilty of disobeying my exhortations. Liu, High Commissioner of Trade of the Nanyang and Victory of the Liangkiang Provinces. — Ibid. ^ THE AUTOMATIC GEM AND GOLD SEPARATOR SYNDICATE, LIMITED. A Ueylon estate proprietor writes : — “ I see you are noticing ‘ The Ceylon Pros- pecting Syndicate’ iuul in case you have not got it, under separate (uver I send you a book on the Gem and Gold Separator. I saw it working at home, and I think it should do well out here. I had a letter from Mr. Goldie only last mail : lie hopes to he out very shortly.” We quote from the circular descriptive of the Ceylon “ plant ” as follows The plant shewn has been built for the Ceylon Prospecting Syndicate, Limited, 10 St. Swithin’a Lane, E.C., and will be sent to their Mines near Eakwana, Ceylon. The mines consist of deposits of alluvial gravel, containing Sapphires, Rubies, Spinels, Cat’s-eyes, Zircons, Topaz and alluvial Gold. The gravel is trucked or sluiced to the head of the plant at the rate of about 8 tons an hour, or[say 60 tons a day of 8 hours. Such gravel may contain bould- ers, clay, sand, sticks, roots and the like, but all are THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. IJan. I, 1898 48? shot promiscuously into a large revolving Grizzley ■which arrests and throws out anything that will not pass between bars 1 inch apart. The clay is broken up and washed through the bars and this, with the gravel and fine sand, passes on to a pud- dling machine which reduces the clay and washes it and the sand out together. The washed gravel is then elevated by means of a bucket elevator to a classifier, which screens it into eight sizes, ranging from J-in. to|-in.; and each size is then fed by a band elevator into a special sepa- rator, which, by means of a current of water, auto- matically selects the gems and gold, their specific gravity being slightly higher than that of the worth- less gravel, and discharges the latter into the tailings shoot, which convoys it away to the dump. The Gems and Gold are deposited in locked receptacles, from which they may be removed from time to time by an authorized person holding the keys. The main object to be accomplished is to perform all the above operations automatically, and without possi- bility of theft during the passage of the gravel through the plant, the difficulty of preventing theft of so small and valuable a product hav- ing hitherto been an insurmountable obstacle to the successful washing of gem-bearing gravels on a commercial scale. It will be noticed that the gravel 3annot be seen, nor a handful of it in any way ob- tained, throughout the entire series of operations until the Gems are safely deposited under lock and key and the gravel finally discharged. The weight of the plant is about 20 tons, and it is erected on a steel gantry, which requires only a few logs of rough timber as foundation. It is made in small parts for easy transport, and can be dismantled and re-erected when necessary, without skilled labour The cost without driving-powere is about HI, 500, and the plant shown is being driven by a small 6 H.P engine. Water-power is applicable, if available, for driving and, with this advantage, that the tail-water from the motor may be used again in the washing plant. The machinery at Westbourne Park is working with only about 1,000 gallons of water, pumped round and round by a small auxiliary engine. In most cases a supply of water will be available from a local source, so that the return of the water in this way will seldom be necessary. As the plant is auto- matic and one man can take charge of several plants, the working expenses are extremely low. The machinery shown is suitable for Diamonds, alluvial Gold and other minerals in coarse sizes. Plant to deal with crushings from rolls or stamp-batteries is built on the same principle with same necessary modificsHions, the Grizzley and puddling-machine being dispensed with. For the ores of lead, tin, zinc, copper, and the like, it has special advantages, and is particularly suitable for tender ores such as Cinnabar. — November 1897. CEYLON AND CHINA TEAS. Mr. Thos. Pairhurst, the well-known merchant of Foochow, and Ceylon estate proprietor, who left by the homeward bound mail steamer “Valetta” has stated to a representative of your cr n temporary that when China teas were made in the European fashion the leaf did not seem to answer. Jt was neither China tea, nor Ceylon, nor Assam ; and he drd not think it was going to be a success. Experiments had not been made on a large scale, howevn-, and Mr, Fairhurst said they were trying to enlarge ihe Foochow Tea Improvement Company, in order to see if they could not extend operations. He does not think that success is at all likely, because from his obser- vations the leaf does not seem to answer made up in the Ceylon way. It produced a very good looking tea, but there was no flavour in it. In his opinion it would be along t'me yet before a new style of China tea is ready to compete with Ceylon. He did not think China looked like resuscitating her tea trade to the danger of the Ceylon trade ? “ Is not a good deal of your China, made tea green ?’ He was asked and ho replied : — “Only about ten per cent, and they do not seem to care much for it in America, or anywhere else as far as I can see. I believe people here at one time feared competition with China, but now. my impression, after spending a fortnight in Ceylon, is that they do not think there is anything in it. The fact is that as the output of teas like those made in Ceyloa goes on increasing ours must proportionately de- crease.” With regard to the Straits he said that it struck him Liberian coffee was going to be a big success in spite of the white ants and other troubles. It was only a question of what price it would realise. It would grow well enough and it was only a ques- tion as to whether it would command a price to secure a big profit. THE “ANNATTO” INDUSTRY AND OTHER MINOR PRODUCTS IN CEYLON. The high ])rice.s paid for the seed of Bixa Orellana by one who is known to be tlie largest grower of the dye in the island, and the only exporter of the manufaclured article, has attracted attention. Planters will now think, that after all, annatto is a paying product and that it was a great mistake to destroy the trees in some instances to make room for tea. The same might be s.aid of croton oil seed which of late has been fetching high prices in the home market. Vanilla also comes under the same category ; so do cardamoms. But let the cause of this sudden rise be carefully considered, before any one embarks in the re cultivation of these prod^’ets on an extensive scale. Two ye.ars back annatto seed was locally obtained at 10 cents a lb., and croton R6 per cwt.— not because there was no demand for them at that time, but rather because the output from different ’parts of the island was then much greater than it is now. The present prices will keep up as long as the present output is not exceeded and it must he borne in mind that the world’s demand for these minor products is very limited. — . TEA IN FORMOSA. Tamsui, Nov. 20. The tea season in Formo.sa has closed. The total jirodaction runs about 4.30,000 half-chests which is about tiie same as last year. The duty question in America disturbed the market con- siderably and it is reported that there have been some heavy losses in consequence. Japanese as yet have made no serious attempt to enter the tea business either as planters, packers, or exporters, with the single exception of one company which packed some 12,000 half-chests and exported via Kelung and Japan some 800 half chests to America. The J apanese Government rendered great a.«sistance in officially endorsing a movement made by the mer- chants to prevent the export of impure teas. It has been the custom of an occa.sional unscrupulous Chinese dealer to impurl inferior Amoy teas, mix them with Formo,s.a’s, and then export the product as puie Formosa oolong, also to add extraneous matter to Formosa. But tire Government has now invested a committee consisting of three foreign merchants and four Cliinese merchants wdth the authority to confi.scate and bui n all such leas found on themarket, while the salesman of the same will be fined a sum double tlio .amount he has named as the value of the teas. Several seizures of spurious teas were made during the season and it is quite reasonable to believe that there will be but few at- tempts made to disposeoffal.se goods on this market during the coming season,— Overland Trade Eeport, Dec. 2. Jan. I, 1898.J ~ THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 483 GOOD ADVICE. Somebody gives the following good antithetical advice : — “ Drink less, breathe tm re ; eat less, chew more ; ride less, waUc mere ; clothe less, bathe more ; worry less, work mere ; waste less, give more ; write less, read more ; pi each less, practise more.’’— TJ fness. COFFEE PLANTING IN P.LITISII CENTRAL AFRICA. The following are Messrs. Buchsnan Eiotliers’ es- tates in the Zemba District : — MIuDgusi Ests.te, about 70 acies, is^ the oldest plantatiorr in the country, some of the coffee berng 12 years old, and still hearing well. Chirunga Estate, 120 acres, was opened in 1891 with 10 acres, additions being made every year. This year dOaoreshave been added. Namiwawa Estate, 100 acres, was begun in 1893 by planting about 20 acres, additions being made every year. Likangala Estate, 60 acres, was opened in 1890. No additions have been made since 1892 to this estate. Should the expectations of the Manager be realipd, the crop for next year from the Zomba Plantations will be at least 40 tons of coffee. • i ■ Messrs. Sharrer have three r f utations in this district, viz., at Zomba, Namiteiubo, and Likangala. MI.ANJE District. — The Nyasaland Coffee Co. have opened up 630 acres this year, all of which they hope to plant during the coming season. Carl IViese opened up 100 acres last year, about 50 of v. hicli are planted. Further extensions are to be made during the coming year on this estate. Mr. Richie of the Likulesi Estate informs us,— \ve have now got about 220 acres under coffee, 60 of which has been planted out this year, and the seed- lings look fairly well considering the k ng spell of dry weather they have had to fight against. bVe have now 160 acres four years old. ‘When two years old it gave us 2501b. ; last year 9 tons 16 cwts, ; and this year we expect to get 16 tons, picked off littse more than 50 acres. These trees of course are still young, and taking everything into consideratiou I do not think v/e can grumble. The rainfall has been very insuffi- cient iiTdeed, there having been only a fe ‘ showers after the end of .Tanuary. We generally get a few days rain about the end of September and the beginning of October; this brings out the blossom right enough ; then w'e get six or eight weeks of scorching sun ai.’d by the time the rains are on us in December, the primaries are likely to be burned bjack. This has occurred here for two year.s in suc- cession on coffee that has never given a crop. Irrigation has been tried, hut was not a i r e- cess owing probably to insufficient supply ci water-. Of insects, the White (or vtcaly) Bv(j is th.e greatest enemy we have in the plantation here : rt is most disastrous to the plants on which it mt;y settle. AecZ Spider is vissible during the dry season, hut is always exterminated by the rains. e have a c]uantity of horer amongst the oldest plains, but nothing to any extent. With reference to shrde it is now well under- stood amongst planters that we must 1 a e s lade for coffee, and I think that most cf the ] lanters onMlanje are going in fer shade. On oue block ot 0 acres w-e areplanliug fig cuttings and they are brealdug well. They are planted 25 feet apart, wiih the view of course of thinning out if necessary. Vie are also rais- ing a nursery of GreoiUea Hobusta which -we inteud planting out as a shade tree.” The Mount Zion Estate of ilr. Bia-.lshaw is com- prised of, — 50 acres . . . . 7 50 acres 100 acres 50 acres 50 acres H total of SCO acres, uivier shade zia mostly. The cefiee returus from been so far vei-y satisfactory. yeers chi, D years o’d, 4 )c:..3 0lu, 3 ye: rs old, 1 jear old, !ue yt-.'u' old, JII j'z- the above has The Bloomfield Estate owned by the same gentle- man consists of 250 acres under cultivation and another 50 being opened. This estate is also under Alhizzia, planted 24 feet apart. Mr. A. C. Simpson, of the Ntundulima Estate, one of the oldest planters of Mlanje, does rot think the coffee prospects of B.C. A. are of the brighest. He has tried cattle manuring and green maniuicg with no appreciable result. I'he fault is not to be found in the soil, as be says it has been proved to be suitable by analysis. Shade has not helped Mr. Simpson, as creps taken frem coffee i i her bananas and other shade has not increased, but in fact, lias decreased, as thengh the coffee trees look much better under shade, they do not bear such large crops. The rainfall, he states, is the secret of non-success as the rain comes at the wrong lime, heavier showers being required in September, October, and November. Mr. Simpson slates it is his opinion that for this reason coffee will never pay in B.C. A. Mr. H. Cox of Ntundulima Estate intends put- ting the whole of his plantation under shade, using by preference native species of the fig (native names “ Turidu” and ” Katchesi") and the “ Kunda” tree. He is ot opinion that the crop of 1896 would have been much larger than it was had more of the estates in B.C. A. been under shade. The promise of the blossom was very good indeed, but the crop did not come up to expectations owing to the coffee trees being parched by the dry weather, being in many estates quite unprotected. The use of shade will also enable the planter to fight more successfully against the ravages of the borer. Borer has not been so bad this year on Ntundulima owing to the fact that many infested trees were cut down last year. Mr. Eric Austen of the Stewart Estate only com- menced operations in March, 1896. Mr. H. Brown’s DuNirAVEN Esta'ie has some 170 acres under cultivation, and this year he has opened something like 150 more. Mr. Brown believes in shade. His house has been roofed with shingles, the first to be used in this country, made from native woods. Borer is fairly active, and entails a good deal of labour in cleansing the trees. The estate also suffered last year from the prolonged drought. Mr. John Moir op Lauderdale has also had a smaller crop than was promised by the blossomiug, owing to drought. Borer is seen in parts of the pl.rutation. On some of the new coffee plants there is white marking on the leaves. The larvae of a brown weevil was also foul. 1 this year in some bprries. Blade bug was easily disposed of by washing with soapy water. Alhiz^'ia 'nmluccana seedlings planted for shade in Fehtu.'rry last year are over 4 feet high with a good spread.^ This appears to be a suitable tree for shade. Qrevillea robust a &x\d. native fig cuttings are about the snme height, but they do not appear to give such a good shade. Some coffee under bananas is doing very well hut then coffee under shade, although the trees may be in splendid condition, is said not bear a large crop. Mr. Moir has this year cut semicircular trenches a short distance from the coffee tree.s and filled them with manures. This has been done on the side looking north and next year a similar semicicie will be made and filled with manure on the south side, thu.s com- pleting the circle round each coffee tree. Trees treated in this manner are said to develop very strong wood. Ill b-itwei n the coffee grass has been strewn on about 12 acres and left. This has beeir done with the idea of keeping the ground cool and moist. It is open to the objection that an accidental fir e might destroy the coffee trees. The hole cn the Zomba plateau has recently been explored by Captain .1 rake and Mr. Gough of the B. C. A. Rille.s. Having take si up with them a coil of stout rope Captain Brake vv.s.s th.e first to des- cend, being lowered with a light to the bottom, Mr. Gough following alterwaids. Au immense pile of human skulls and bones was found at the 484 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [J*n. 1, ,898. bottom, the hole having evidently been consider- ably made use of as a ^burial place. According to native accounts the last body buried there was about three years ago. The depth is about 60 feet. The ivory which was reported to have been thrown down some years ago was not discovered, nor were there any relics whatever. A shot gun dropped down some time ago by Mr. MacDonald was recovered not very much the worse for its exposure. The natives expressed great fear when the in- tention of exploring the hole was made known to them, but after Captain Brake had been drawn safely up again they recovered their spirits. It is feared that the prolonged drought may cause some damage to coffee. This appears to have been the driest year on record, practically no rain having fallen in Zomba since the end of the last rainy season. From reports received from the West Shire and Ruo Districts there is reason to believe that Rinderpest has made its appearance among the game in those districts. Information has been received that game is dying in numbers in the Elephant Marsh. Prompt measures have been taken to endeavour to prevent its intro- duction into the Shire Highlands. In arnther column appear a few notes by Doctor Kerr Cuss as to the best method of preventing and ti’eating the disease taken from reports and papers published in connec- tion with the outbreak in South Africa. The segregation of herds of cattle can be more easily carried out in this country than in the South and this is one of the greatest safeguards against the intrcduction of the disease. — B. C. Afnca Oazette, Oct. 18. THE AGRICULTURAL MOVEMENT IN ZANZIBAR. Here is an example for the Ceylon Government in regard to backward districts. We quote from “ The Shamba,” — a journal of agriculture fer Zanzibar : — A very successful Shauri was held at Weti on Oc- tober 24th in connection with the w'ork of the Agricultural Department of Zanzibar. Hamis bin Salm, the Li Wali had summoned the Arabs to meet Mr. Lister, Government Agent for Pemba, and Mr. Lvne, the Director of Agriculture, who were travelling through. The most significant feature of the meeting was the interest which some of the leading Arabs, notably Mohammed bin Jumnh of Kish Kash and Mohammed bin Juraah of Mikindani, took in the matter. The Li Wali took the chair and in a brief speech explained (he obi'ects of the meeting and called upon the Arabs for their interest and support. Mo- hammed bin Jumah of Kish Kash followed with a very energetic address. The Aiabs, he said, were too fond of sleeping and eating, and never bestirred themselves to any work, but the time had now come to make an end of all this. Mr. Lister next rose and said he had been among the people of Pemba now for eight months and during that time had made m.auy friends both among Arabs and natives and he now appealed to that friendship for a fair and impartial hearing. He asked the Arabs to believe that what he had to say on behalf of the Government was sincerely said for their own welfare. In travelling through Pemba he had been struck by the fact that many people completely misundeistood Ihe nature of their work. Most people seemed to think that be' cause they were members of the Government that their only business was to help in taking their slaves away. He and Bwana Lyne had nothing whatever to do with this. Their business was with the land, the shambas, the cloves and chillies, coffee and cocoa, rubber and vanilla, all trees and plants; what to grow and how to grow them, how to prepare them for the market and so on. They all knew that cloves had been falling in price and that Arabs were not BO well off as they were three or four years ago. The Zanzibar Government saw that if the people did not begin to grow something in addition to cloves they would get less and less money each year and probably in the end be all ruined. And sotheGo- wrote home to Europe for a man to come and try and find out what would be the most suit- able plants for these islands to grow. That was what Dunga. He had many sorts of trees at Dunga and all the work that he was doing there was for the assistance of Arabs and their fv. A to help the Arabs nu ess the Arabs would help themselves. They must try and improve their shambas. Each shamba should have a nursery of young trees for planting out as the rainy seasons came round. Every shamba had a lot of waste ground upon it, and if each Arab had planted out say 100, 500 or 1,000 coconut trees, according to the size of their shambas, they would soon become valuable estates. As it was many of them were almost worthless on account of being eg ec ed. It was a work not of one year but many years, iiwana Lyne would get now seeds and plants tor them but they must ask for them, and if they got them he would come round and see that they looked after them properly. They should all buy a py ot lae Sl^mha Gazette which was written especially tor Arabs. They could buy it every month from the tlmdi Hashim m Weti for one anna. The Arabs s ou d write letteis to the Shamba if they did not understand anything, and their letters would be printed and answered Rev, J. Key in proposing a ote of thanks to the Li Wali for his trouble in collect* ing the people said he himself felt verv strongly about these matters. The whole system of cultiva* tion in Zanzibar could be improved upon. Many of the products such as cloves, copra and chillies reached the London Market in a disgraceful coi dition and in nearly every crop which the Zanzibar planters grew they were at the bottom of the market Ceylon Planters in the STRAiTS.-ln the distnct report on Kuala Langat, in Selangor, lor Octolier, it is noted that applications for land tor planting have been received from Messrs. Miinio and (,arey at Morib, and an application for permission to take up the whole of the island opposite Jugi a, received from Mr. Carey on behalf ot Ml. \y login of Ceylon, is now being considered and dealt witli by Government. The area of the island IS said to be about 30,000 acres. In view of the increasing activity in the district, it is a matter for regret that the' only means of ingress by land— VIZ., tlie road from Klang — is in a very bad condition. Since the advent of tlie rains, the road IS little better than a quagmire.— Nfrm'fs Times, Fibre-Yielding Plants. — A writer in the latest JwfOan Forester just to hand condemns tne hbre ot Calotrojns gigantea (“Wara’* ol the Sinhalese) as comparatively useless : his letter will he found on another page. We cannot understand this experience after what we were told about the value of this fibre Mr Macdonald’s report should clear up the discre- panoy. We have had placed before us by a an appreciable quanticy Ot libie rather coarse but strong — which- he obtained without much trouble from the stems ot Hibtsctis esculentiis, the well-known plant yielding the “ handekai ” vegetalile of our dinner tab.e, described as follows in our “ Gardening in Ceylon ” :— ® BkmiKAY— Hibiscus esculentus.~1he long capsnlea when young may be boiled and served like asparaoua and are very delicate, or sliced and put into soups or curnes. Seeds in good light oil. in drills 2 feet apart, I his plant IS easily grown and if it turns out that besides supplying a useful vegetable, it yields paying fibre, tlie cultivation might w.dl prove profitable in the neighbourliood of our iowcountry towns. We are sending the fibre to London for report. Jan. I, 1898.J THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 485 MINING AND GEMMING IN CEYLON. APPROACHING VISIT OF AN EXPERIENCED MINING ENGINEER. We said the other day in discussing Mi‘. Lockhart’s Patent Gem Separator and the Plant now on the way to Ceylon, that we were on the eve of new and important developments of local Mining and Gemming Industry. VVe had, of course, partly in view, the approacliing Geological Survey of the island which, we hope is not to he much further delayed and the important re- sults -which may be expected to flow from it, as well as from the success of the Patent Separators in onr Gemming regions. We have now another “departure” to re- port. Our old friend (and one of the shrewdest Colonists that ever came to Ceylon) Mr. C. Tottenham in a letter just received, reports that he is sending out to Ceylon, _ by the Orient steamer “Oroya” a Mining En- gineer of great experience in Capt. Leonard Tregay. The primary object is to inspect and report to Mr. Tottenham on some extensive plumbago deposits on his Monarakanda plant- ation, Gallagedera. But Capt. Tregay will be open to engagements elsewhere in the Colony after he has discharged the mission confided to him OH Monarakanda. The very fact of his being selected by so experienced and competent a judge as Mr. Tottenham is enough testimony in our opinion to the merits of Capt. Tregay ; but our readers may like to know what Mr. Totten- ham has to say of him in writing to us : — “Captain Tregay although not a scientific geo- logist has a true miner’s instinct, comes from a mining family, and has been mining in many parts of the world in gold, tin, copper, and iron chiefly — with all of which he is thoroughly acquainted. Capt. Tregay is almost the only mining man I have ever known — and I have known tnojny — on whose thorough honesty, one can perfectly rely. Like other mortals he may be mistaken, but it will be an honest mistake any- way. -I have known Capt. Tregay for a quarter of a century, and for much of that time he has been associated with me, in charge of mining properties I was sole or part owner of, and I have rarely found him mistaken. I have asked Captain Tregay to have a good look round while in Ceylon, and to let me know what he thinks of our mining prospects generally. I have asked him to have a good look at our quartz formation for gold amongst other things. A man like Captain Tregay would be invahmble in connection with the proposed Geological Sur- vey, you have so strongly advoc.ated, and which now I am glad to see is to be undertaken. Capt. Tregay when he has done my work, goes on to Western Australia on a visit and to report on mining property there I believe.” We think the Colony is greatly indebted to Mr Tottenham for sending so experienced a mining authority into our midst ; and we feel sure that owners of land likely to have plum- bago deposits, cannot do better than put them- selves in communication with Capt. Tregay, in order that he may make an inspection after he has finished on Monarakanda. If any letter for our visitor should be sent to this office, it can be handed to him on arrival. We are almost afraid to reopen the question of “ gold ” after the many abortive attempts in the past; but clearly no such practical and ex- perienced expert as Capt. Tregay has ever come to Ceylon before this time, and it would be a great advantage that he should inspect some of the spots associated by the Sinhalese from time immemorial w’ith the finding of gold — in Rangalla, Ramboda (Kangboda), Ruwanwella, &c. ; and if he goes so far, Capt. Tregay should see the quartz near Badulla recently referred to by Mr. Haly of the Museum. In our ironstone, especially the “ 15 miles of ore” in Sabara- gamnwa, referred to by Gygax, Capt. Tregay would be certain to take a special interest if only he can be brought to the “location.” He is sure also to have a “look-in” at the Ratna- pura and Matara gemming pits, and to take an interest in Mr. Lockhart’s new “plant.” As respects the Geological Survey, of course the Ceylon Government is committed to the officer — Mr. Oldham probably — who is to be sent to us from India; but we can fancy that Mr. Old- ham himself would be delighted if he had the chance of having the assistance of a practical mining authority of long experience like Capt. Tregay, and this mightlead eventually to an engage- ment for the latter in India, when his mission in Western Australia is completed. It certainly seems a little puzzling as to why paying goli reefs should not be found and opened among the quartz hills of Ceylon (and Travancore) as well as among those of Mysore and the Nilgiris ? Capt. Tregay’s opinion on this matter will be very valuable one way or the other. PLANTING NOTES. The Bengal United Tea Co., Limited, is one of the latest of new Tea Companies and is to hold 5,245 acres of tea in Assam, Cachar and Darjeeling— the capital being £300,000. Al- together the properties cover nearly 20,000 acres. The capital issued is only equal to £40 an acre of tea, not counting the 14',000 acres in reserve ! Pepper is grown at the Straits on a big scale when a single estate despatches as reported by the District Magistrate, Kuala Kangsar, as fol- lows : — The weight of pepper shipped to London from Chigar Galah estate was 97 pikuls 33 katis. When shall we see estates in Kegalla district doing this ? The Spring Valley Coffee Company, Ltd. — The Directors of this Company have decided in a circular, dated 9th November, “That no interim dividend will be paid at the present time, as the Board consider it advisable to adopt the same policy as last year, and let the dividend on the ordinary shares stand over until the annual accounts are presented to shareholders. The £15,C00 preference capital recently issued was over-applied for and has been allotted, all ■works connected -with the speedy development of the estate as a tea property are therefore being actively pushed forward. This year we are planf- ing 186 acres of tea and 134 acres of fuel, and it is hoped that ail the remaining area under coffee will be planted up next season. Plans for the additional factory accommodation for dealing with the increasing quantity of leaf have been approved by the Board, and this work will be put in hand at once. Latest reports from the estate with regard to tea are in every way satisfactory. The dividend on the preference shares will be paid half- yearly, viz, On 1st February and 1st August.” 486 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [Jan. I, 1898 “Records of the Geological Survey op India.” Vol XXX, Part 4. 1897, has for contents : — On Nemalite from Afghanistan. By F. R. Mallet, late Snperin- tendent. Geological Survey of India ; On a Quartz- barytes rock occurring in the Salem district, Madras Presidency. By T. H. Holland, A. r. c. s., f.g.s.. Geological Survey of India (with a sketch map) ; Note on a worn femur of Hippopotamus irraradicus Oaut. and Falc. from the Lower Pliocena of Burma. By Fritz Noetling, Ph. D., f.g.s.. Paleontologist, Geological Survey at Jainlia. (V/ith Plates xix and XX.) ; On the Supposed coal of India, Buxa Duars- By H. H. Hayden, b. a., b. e.. Officiating Deputy Superintendent, Geological Survey of India ; Per- cursion Figures on Micus. By T. L. Walker m.a. Ph. D., Assistant Superintendent, Geological Survey of India; Geological Notes; Donations to the Museum ; Additions to the Library. The Consolidated JSstates Company, Ltd.— (Messrs. vVrbntlinot, Latliain & Co., Great St. Helen.s, General Managers) are to purchase the Horana Group of estates, comprising about 657 acres in the Kalutara district of Ceylon, of wliicli about 426 acres are planted with tea, with tea factory and machinery complete. This group of estates is conveniently situated for tlie business of the Conprany, and the price at which the estates have been nci^uired is considered a very favourable one. The jirice paid for the estates is a little over £15,700, in addition to which some (ields ))lanted with tea adjoining the estates, with expenses of transfer, will probably bring the total cost to nearly £18,000, To cover this, the Company are to issue, £7000 in 5pei- cent. Debentures at par, £7,000 in 8 jier cent. Preferred shares at £1 per share premium, £7,000 in ordi- nary shares at |iar, and these issues are to be oll'eved to the shareholders. The Bengal Government Cinchona plantations.— The Governmeut oiuchoua- plantations and quinine- factory in Bengal appear to be almost as profitable as those in Southern India. From the rather com- plicated accounts published in the a.miual report of these plantations for 1896-97 it is difficult to arrive at the exact profits ou the year’s working, hut it is apparently half a lakh of rupees. The total factory output of sulphate of quinine was 14,124 lb. The Naduvatam factory made 7,891 lb. during the same period, so that Government manufactured in all just two tons of quinine last year. Most of this goes to meet a new demand that would not exist but for Government undertaking the distribution. In the Bengal report it is stated that cinchona-febrifuge is bought largely by the non-official public who are under no sort of compulsion to use it in preference to other febrifuges, but who do so because the find it such an efficient medicine. There is, for example, a single native medioa.1 practitioner in they Jessore district vi'hose purchases of it last year exceeded the official consumption of the [whole province of Bengal. — Ibid. Rubber in Zanzibar, — One hundred and fifty Para rubber trees have been taken from the Dunga nur- series and planted out at Tundauwa,' Pemba. They have been placed 25 feet apart and cover a spaca of a little over 2 acres. Up to the time of writing, all, with the exception of seven, have taken hold aud show every sign of growing rapidly. The locality is low sandy swampy ground though not actual swamp. The “ Para ” rubber tree appears to be especially fond of light aud sun. It was found that trees grew much faster if the shade were removed as soon as signs of renewed vitality became apparent. The great thing is to keep the roots moist and well mulched with grass or leaves. The mystery of the Pemba rubber forests has at length been cleared up. No one was more ignorant of the locality and nature of the reported forests than the Pemba people themselves, particularly those who lived almost in the middle of it and all around it. Natives are loth to leave pathways, hence a black forbidding wood is to them a thing to he avoided, as it means sore feet— /S/tamia. IIUP.BEE .-vr THE STRAITS— is going to be done on a large .-caie to judge by w!»at the Acting District Magi.-trate, Matang, says in liis monthly report ; — Mr. S'epiiens of Jehong estate has applied for some 3,0( 0 acies of land for rubber pilantiiig in accordance with tiic terms of the circular that lately appeared on the subject. New rnles ior land have just been promulgated by Sir F. Swettenliam as follows :— Cultivation of Gutta.— As it is the desire of the Government to encourage a comparatively new indus- try, it i.s hereby notified that hi.ud applied for the cultivation of gutta can, for the present, be granted on the following terms, which, liowever, will only bo given to the first six successful applicants, after which they will be cancelled, (n) Quit-rent. — Ten cents an acre for ten years, afterwards fifty cents an acre, ili) Chdtiration. — In concessions of 1,000 acres or less, at luast one tenth of the land granted to be planted with gutta of any description, every year, no other form of cultivation being permitted soTong as the land pays a quit-rent of ten cents per acre only. In concessions of over 1,000 acres and not ex- ceeding 2,000 acres, one twentieth to be planted in each year. If over 2,000 acres and not exceeding 3,000 acres, then one thirtieth to be planted in each year, (c) Dtiiy, — An ad valorem duty of 2) per cent for fitieen years from date of commencing work. After that the duty in force for the time being; such duty not to exceed 5 per cent, [d) The above coudicious to bind the lessee and his assigns, alien- ation of the laud being unrestricted. — 1st Decem- ber, 1897. The Po.sition of Vanilla.— It is believed- says the New York Drug Jiejyorter —Xha.t a syndi- cate is in control ot the situation, so far as vanilla imiiorts fioin Mexico go, and one view is that the reports from Alexico during the past three years of damage to the crops have been colored to some the ends songlit by the mani- pulators ; hut on the other hand, the shipment last April of 42 cases of the croji of 1894-95 is thought to conlirm the reports of actual short- ages in the croji.s. The action of the Mexicans has seriously curtailed the consumption of tlie Me.xican bean. Dealers have ransack-ed the markets of the world for the other varieties. That they have been successful in securing sup- plies is attested by the importations. During the past two years about 40,000 pounds of Tahiti beans per annum have been received here, as agaiu.st annua! average of 15,000 in the jireceding three years. Thus far in 1897 about 570 cases, or 57,000 pounds, ot Bourbon beans have been im])orted. Only in rare instances have dealers sueceede.l in j-ersuading their customers to con- tinue to use none hut the Mexican beans. Most of the users have mixed the cheaper varieties Mith a certain proportion of the Mexican beans, and in instances a small quantity of vanillin has been added to produce and extract of tlie flavor desired. The consumption of vanillin has in- creased enormously, the drop in the price from $5'50 per ounce to $1’70 (in fact to 90 cents before the new tarift' became operative) having been coincident witli the advance in the price of beans. Wliile it is probably true that the arti- licial product does not produce that same rich flavor in the extract that the best Mexican bean does, a very large quantity of the cheaper ex- tracts are used, and unless the price of Mexican beaus is speedily reduced, it is very doubtful if there will be an outlet for the former average crop of 1,090 cases, even at the prices which existed before the upward movement commenced three years ago. Jan. r, 1898.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 487 PROGRESS OF NORTH BORNEO AND THE PROSPECT OF TAXATION. The recent action of the Briiisli North Borneo Government in notifying the increase of certain duties might have been anticipated by any one who knows tlie history of tlie Chartered Companj\ Established in 1881 by Sir Alfred Dent and some iufiuential men like Sir Rutherford Alcock, whose death has so lately been communicated to us, the Chartered Company have seen their attempt prosper, and after sixteen years of pater- nal Government the territory can boast of a well established planting enterprise which is gradually increasing and comprises tobacco, colfee, gambier, pepper and other plantations in adtlition to the .sago plantations which existed in 1881. Some of these have advanced to a [laying stage, but no revenue is as yet collected except from tobacco which pays one cent a pound or in other words about one per cent of tlie value. VVe ahso have a well established timber trade witlx China, and the shipping engaged includes two steamers of 1,347 tons and 825 tons res|)ectively which maintain a very valu- able and constant communication with China whence a large proportion of our labour force is drawn. Time was when the Chartered Company paid a bonus on each trip to China and a large proportion of the ten thousand pound.« sterling expended in the eighties on introducing Chinese immigrants had to be expended on chartering steamers to convey the immigrants ; and even after the timber trade with China commenced the Government subsidised steamers and ga^e assisted passages from China by tickets issued here and in China. This paternal care extended to the trade with Singapore and it was only in 1891 that the subsidies to foreign steamers ceased. Since then the' expansion of the trade with Singapore has enabled the shipping companies to hold their own, and today we are witness to the competition for tins trade by the China Mutual Shipping Association which has lately commenced running two steamers from Singa- pore. But while watching the development of their territory, the Chartered Company have not benefited in any material w'ay on the capital they have expended-— a little over half a million sterling — except in 1889 and 1891 when dividends of 2^ per cent were paid, and in August of tliis year when the modest men of 1 per cent dividend on the paid-up capital wa.s declared. On this last occasion the shaieholders pointed out that the capital expended might fairly be viewed as a National Debt on which the Directors should try to pay a fixed rate of interest, as is done in all civilised countries. This suggestion naturally brings the Government face to face with its Revenue duties and the late increase imposed on the export of timber com- mended itself from several points of view. The duties formerly imposod were very low, and in the case of sawn timber were nil : moreover, when the first duty was placed on timber, exchange stood at a higher figure than it does today. Exchange is now so low that a profitable timber trade may be done with Europe, and the small increase in the export duty will probably not materially affect such a trade. An- other point of view is tliat the timber exported was not grown by the timber companies, and it is only taken from the most easily accessible points along our coasts and rivers, and is there- fore worked at the niinimum of expense ; and if the Chartered Coni|)any is ever to receive any return from this valuable asset it must be today, and 6Q before these points are denuded of their natural forest growth. It nmy fairly be expected that, as the desirable tiiuber.s are exhausted along the frontage, increased knowledge and more effective appliances will reduce the working co.st. U[) to the present it is an open fact that want of capital has not allowed our timber companies to do justice to the magnificent stores of timber .so freely laid open to them, and from tins point of view the opinion has been expressed that it would be better to prohibit small exporters fiom entering into the trade. From yet another point of view the present is not an unfavourable tiuiC for increasing the timber duties as the [irices ruling are fairly favourable, and exports have conse- quently increa.sed from Sandakan, while Kudat has lately addetl some 5,004 to 10,000 cubic feet per month. Looking to the future it may naturally be expected that the Chartered Company will expect established industries to pay for the be. nefits accruing from a well established govern, ment. Tlie paternal sympathy with tlie grow, ing interests of the Colony are today exhibited by a continuance of the old steamer-subsidising ])olicy wnich has largely assisted the establish- ment of the local Sabah Steamship Company which maintains frequent coastal inter-port com- munication and is a dividend paying concern, jH’ofitable to those concerned in it; and last, though not least, by the erection of a telegrapli wire acro.«s the territory and by the construction of a Metre Gauge railway now being construc- ted from the West Coast to the interior. All this cannot be done without money, and it seems but fair to expect a small return on the capital expended on the development of the Colony. The history of the past sixteen years is a record of patient-waiting and of hi.peful anticipation that the Colony established by the Chartered Company would pay its way. This has become an accom- plished fact and the next hope to be realized is that the Colony may pay a fair return on the capital expended. This also seems to be in a fair way of realization, not by imposing heavy Cus- toms’ duties but by .so carefully levying duties as not to be a iiardship or a deadweight on advancing trade. There are some articles on which a heavy duty, properly placed, would benefit trade. Our sago now sells for twenty- five per cent, less than Sarawak sago, a difference entirely owing to our allowing the natives to export it in a filthy, raw state ; and the action of the Government in the future taxation of this product will probably lead to a much higher value and to large, local, sago cleaning comp.anics wdiich will be domiciled on our shores and add to our population. The Government has no in- tention of departing from its policy, hitherto maintained, nf assisting trade and enterprise in every legitir.i ... . way ; we offer our land at no- minal prices, ju.,i ,ve offer to give land for nothing under certain conditions ; but at the same time it is to be expected that we shall ask for the return of a small percentage of the incomes extracted from the land and from the trade which the Government of the Chartered Company has been so successful in building up. — British North Borneo Herald, Dec. 1. - THE GUTTA-PEltCHA CORPORATION, LIMITED. (From the Daily Chronicle, Dec. 2.) Capital £200,000, in 80,000 seven per cent, cumula- tive preference shares, 120,000 ordinary shares, both of £1 each, of which the whole of th© preference 488 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [Jan. 1, 1898. shares and 80,000 of the ordinary shares are now offered for public subscription. This company has been formed to trade in and manufacture gutta- percha, and to acquire and work a patent process “ to obtain gutta-percha from the leaves and twigs of gutta-percha trees by an efficient an deconomical method.” The prospectus goes on to show that there is room for a considerably increased supply of gutta- percha, which has advanced in price during the last few years, mainly owing to the wasteful method by which it is obtained — viz., by cutting down the trees. At the same time, to pay £150,000 for a patent which may possibly be very good, but which, so far as we can gather from the prospectus, has not yet been worked on a commercial scale, is, we think, too much, and it makes the company a very specu- lative venture. We think the patent should have been worked by a syndicate, and its merits fully ascertained, before being sold to a company at such a high price. AUTOMATIC GEM AND GOLD- SEPARATOE. Altliougli sapphires, rubies, spinels, cat’s-eyes and other precious stones command good prices and a ready market, it has hitherto been an impossibility for companies formed to promote this particular branch of mining to become really successful, owing, principally, to the fact that they were unable to prevent theft during the process of washing and picking the gems from the gravel. This obstacle has now been surmounted by Mr. William S. Lockhart, M. Inst. C.E., M. Inst. M.E.. the inventor of the Automatic Gem and Gold -Separator, and our representative had the pleasure of insjrecting a complete plant, which has been specially manufactured for the Ceylon Prospecting Syndicate, Limited, the other day at the works of Messrs. Clayton, Hewlett and Co., Woodfield Road, Westbourne Park, W. The mines where the Separator ’will be erected are situated near Rakwana, Ceylon, and consist ot deposits of alluvial gravel, containing sapphires, rubies, spinels, cat’s-eyes, zircons, topaz, and alluvial gold. In order to give our readers an idea as to how the plant performs its duty, we may say that the gravel can be trucked or sluiced to the head of the plant at the rate of about 8 tons an hour, or, say, 60 tons a day of eight hours. The gravel is shot promiscuously into a large revolving Grizzley, which arrests and throws out anythins that will not pass bet- ween bars 1 in. apart. By this means the clay is broken up and passes with the gravel and line sand on to a puddling machine, which reduces the clay, washing it and the sand out together. A bucket-elevator immediately carries the washed gravel to a classifier, which screens it into sizes, ranging from J in. to fin.; and each size is then conveyed by a band elevator into a special separator, which, by the aid of a current of water, automatically selects the gems and gold, their specific gravity being slightly higher than that of worthless gravel, and discharges the fatter into the taillings shoot, which car- ries it away to the dump. The gems and gold are deposited in locked receptacles, from which they may be removed by an authorised person hoh'ling the key.s. The above operations are auto- matically accomplished and it would be im- possible for anyone to appropriate a particle of the valuable product during its transmission through the plant. The machinery is suitable for diamonds, and also deals successfully with alluvial and pyritic gold, free-milling, refractory and telluride ores. Some modifications, of corn s are necessary to treat crushings from rolls o stamp-batteries ; for instance, the Grizzley and puddling machine, mentioned previously, are dis- pensed with. The weight of the plant is stated to be about 20 tons, and it is erected on a steel gantry, possessing the advan- tage of being made in small parts, and therefore, can be easily transported. The machinery at Westbourne Park is driven by a small 6-h.-p. engine, and is working with only about 1,000 gallons of water, pumped round and round by a small auxiliary engine. The separa- tor is especially applicable to Western Australia and other countries, where water is scarce, as the same supply can do duty over and over again. We may mention that Rakwana is one of the best gemming centres of the Ratnapura district of Ceylon, so that with the aid of the Automatic Gem and Gold-Separator, the Ceylon Prospecting Syndicate may look|forward to a pros- perous career and to the inauguration of a pro- fitable industry, — The Mining World and Engineer- ing Becord. CLUB ECHOES AND TEA LEAVES. I do not know whether the idea may not have already been ventilated in Ceylon, but it occured to my mind the other day in glancing ever one of the Reports of the United States Department of Agriculture to wonder it CAMPHOR had ever been tried as a bye-product in your island. From the report mention it appears to be|a tree, which grows well under widely different conditions. It grows in Egypt, Madagascar, Buenos Ayres, the San Joacliim Valey in Cali- fornia, the Canary Islands, and the South East of France as well as in its native Japan. In Tokio the trees are subject to a winter of from 70 to 80 nights of frost, but the conditions of really of successful cultivation seem chiefly a tem- perature never below 20 degrees F. in winter, plenty rain, in the growing season, and a nitro- genous soil. The camphor is distilled from the wood of the trunks, roots and larger branches, and the work is all done by hand. The wood is felled, cut into chips and placed in a tub something like a churn, size about 40 inches and narrower at the top than the base. A tight fitting cover is then put on. A bamboo tube from the tub connects with a condenser in which the oil is separated from the camphor crystals. Twelve hours is required for the distillation of a tubful. Twenty to forty pounds of chips go to each pound of crude camphor; and from Lp" ■ and Peat’s last fortnightly price list I see !h ■ Chinese camphor sells in London at 92s 6d a i \. . and Japan at 100s. « THE AMSTERDAM CINCHONA MARKET. The 8,916 bales and 627 cases of Java cinchona- bark offered by auction at Amsterdam on Decem- ber 9 weighed 753,859 kilos. According to ana- lysis, they contain the equivalent of 40,793 kilos, of sulphate of quinine, or an average of 5'64 per cent. The tone of the market remains extremely firm. On Tuesday, Decembej: 7, 42 tons of cocoa-butter will be offered for sale at Amsterdam. These include 10 tons of “Hammer" brand (Dutch), 10 tons of “Helm" brand (Dutch), nearly 5 tons of “ Holland ” brand 9 tons of Suchard’s (Swiss), and7J tons of “Mignon ’ brand. — Chemist and Druggist, THfi TROPICAL AORICULTURIsT. 489 Jan. I, 1898.] PRODUCE AND PLANTING, The Bulking Question.— The bulking question, like the problem of the poor, is always with us in some form or other. The latest point at issue has been whether the place of bulking should be mentioned in the catalogues. As will be seen from a report which appears elsewhere, the members of the Indian Tea Association are by no means unanimous on the matter, and suggest that, for the present at any rate, Indian tea producers should be allowed to follow their own sweet wills as to whether this in- formation be given or not. As was pointed out in the discussion at the meeting, no valid reason has yet been put forward for giving the information on the catalogue, and if it is required, it can at all times be obtained at the warehouses. At the same time it may appear only reasonable to meet the views of the trade by stating the fact that the tea has been bulked in London when this has been done. It is certainly, however, strange that any dealer should prefer to have tea turned out of its original air-tight packages, thus absorbing the moisture in the London atmosphere, and losing not only its aroma but also its keeping qualities, merely to as- certain whether there was any country damage or not in the package. It looks as if the whole ques- tion has been raised in the interests of the ware- house-keeper to swell his profits, and to place a tax on the planter. It is a well-known fact that the cost of bulking on the factory does not amount to more than 2d, a package, while the warehouse charge for bulking an average, chest of tea is Is. 5d. It will be seen, therefore, that the planter stands to lose Is. 3d. a chest by this demand for bulking in London. On a garden producing 6,000 boxes of tea this would form an annual charge of £375 for doing in London what could be done far better on the garden. Natal Tea.— There is a steady development of tea cultivation in Natal, and this year’s crop may reach a million pounds, which would constitute a record. Natal’s tea trade with the Cape and the Transvaal is gradually increasing, and the local demand is larger. Messrs. Hnllett and Sons have just erected in Durban large double-story warehouses and offices and are also opening out in London. — H. & C. Mail, Dec. 3 TEA IN AMERICA. New York, Nov. 24. At the last auction sale prices were off, and some lots sold at very low figures. Fahey Formosa brought 38c. This is strange in view of the better tone of the foreign markets, notably London. One of our foreign exchanges says : — “ So far as the producer is concerned, the position and outlook of the tea market is favorable. Already the large distributing retail companies are showing some anxiety on the subject of supplies. Shipments from China have shrunk to small dimensions ; the Indian crop is, so far less than last season, and there is only a small increase from Ceylon. Meanwhile consump- tion at home and abroad increases, and a steady depletion of stocks in the United Staten is taking place, the quantity in bond being 5,000,000 pounds less than it was a year ago. The tea trade of the United Kingdom, including re-exports, is now at the rate of 275,000,000 pounds per annum : the cocoa trade, which is rapidly increasing, is at the rate of 50,000,000 pounds weight.” The imports of tea, as reported by the United States Bureau of Statistics, for the nine months ended September 30, compare with the same time in 1896 as follows ; — Tea imported from— Pounds. United Kingdom British North America . 1,778,513 - 328,857 China • 28,214,238 East Indies 782,236 Japan - 19,776,294 Other Asia and Ooeanica - 49,237 Other countries 7,470 Total • • 60,937,44 & [The figures affording comparison with 1896 are not given ! — Ed. T.A.'] New York, Nov. 23, 1885, Editor American Grocer. There is something inconsistent in the actions of the leading tea importers. They petitioned Congress to pass an act to exclude cheap and nasty teas, and said that if their suggestions were carried out, the standard of teas in the United States would be higher than in any other country. Well, their suggestions have been the basis of the new tea ordinance, but we find they still demand ihe cheapest and coarsest teas. Excluding dust, which does not come here, the average price of pure, uncolored tea in London has been for the last few weeks about 9Jd. (say 19c). Yet importers seem to fix a limit of 12 to 14c, laid down in New York— a price at which only the sweepings of the London market can be secured. The margin between this importing price and the price to consumers is surely great enough to allow ample profit, even if importers raised their limits to a figure which would enable them to buy average teas. 'This rich country should be able to afford itself food products of average quality. Apart from this aspect of the matter, there is the important fact that with an improved quality of tea, an equal quantity would make 60 per cent more cups of tea. Other Anglo-Saxon countries consume three to five times the quantity per head that we use here, simply because they import the good quality, leaving the rubbish to come to America. — Yours, etc.. Distributor. TEA CULTIVATION : FLAVOUR AND MANURES. A very delicate as well as important question is suggested in the course of an interview by an Observer representative with Mr. A. Baur who has just started the Colombo Manure Works. We have great faith in the experience and shrewdness of Mr. John Hughes and should be inclined to take his advice on any point affect- ing our tea culture ; but we submit that only practical experiment can decide as to the effect on the flavour and aroma of our teas, of cer- tain specified manures. Prima facie there would certainly seem to be good reason to object to certain rather unsavoury fertilisers, not only for the objection specially mentioned, but in view of tire risk of introducing disease ; but, on the other side, we have the fact of a good many years of experience appertaining to not a few plantations in the use of some, at least, of the fertilizers repudiated ; while again many of our old coffee-planters used to think that the in- troduction and too free use of aitificial manures had somehow to do with the succumbing of their coffee bushes to fungus and green bug. There is nothing, therefore, like having the whole question looked into and the way in which individual planters can settle it for themselves, it seems to us, is by giving a perfectly equal trial to the different ingredients mentioned. One acre or a-half or a-fourth for each plot— so long as all the plots are fairly equal in soil, lay of land, age and treatment of trees— ought to suffice and if the different manures are applied at the same time, and some trouble taken to keep the results in crop, flavour and value of tea, separate, and to report fairly on the appear- ance of the trees, — a very valuable object lesson should be the result. Meantime, we have no doubt that Mr. Hughes’ opinions and recom- mendations will receive very careful consideration from our planting readers, leading to enquiry and practical experiments. 49° THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. PLANTING AND MANURING IN CEYLON. Mr. A. Baur, who is well and favourably known in coinniercial circdes, has on his re- turn to the island, after a course of study at the Swiss Agricultural station ol Zurich, and consultation with the best known agricul- tural cliemists of France, and Mr. John Hughes, who has so extensive and intimate an experience of Ceylon soil, climate, and planting, devoted his business energies to the pixshing of the sale of manure. His attention was naturally directed to the subject on account of his being a proprietary planter himself, and after perusing the correspondence, which had appeared in our columns, last year, on the manuring of tea estates he put himself in communication with a friend, who was a doctor of agricultural chemistry and who had originally gone out to Sumatra, under engagement to assist and advise planters of that colony. That expert advised him as to tlie qualities and defects of tlie manures in common use here, and this advice he followed up as we have already stated when he went home recently by securing the opinions of those who had given special care to the subject on the continent and in England, Mr. Hughes, in whose judgement must be placed the greatest value, expressing the opinion that no blood, raw bones and fish should be used as strong smelling substances taint the llavour often, and that unless first treated with acid, these materials were dangerous, tliere being a risk that they might introduce some fungus disease which should certainly be a warning to ])lanters considering the havoc done by the coflee leaf disease. Mr. Hughes was very particular as to the in- gredients to be used and that their composition should be such as to sxiit the nature of the soil, cro|j and climatic conditions of lo\v-country and up-country estates. There will however be this further advantage that his mixture can be made up in any proportion which planters with prac- tical experience on the subject, may deem best suited to the requirements of their soil. IMr. Baur, who has made a special study of manures and of the principles of manuring will be very glad to give every possible information to planters and at nominal expense to secure analysis of their soils and obtain the best pro- fessional advice so that they may be induced to give the new method a trial which he feels confident will result in the adoption of more scientific manuring. Mr. Baur further assured us that his mixtures were made up on the most up-to-date scientific principles and that he was ready to guarantee the quality of the materials as being only first-class. He also pointed out the defects of the present system 'of manuring by which very often a good deal of the most expensive of ihe manurial constituents gets lost without taking any ett'ect on the plants and claims that his mix- tures will effectually overcome this draw'back and that they will therefore prove to be a more eco- nomical manure. With regard to his Works at Vauxhall Street, Mr. Baur mentioned that he was importing special machinery for grinding and mixing, as it was very important that the ingredients should be carefully mixed, so as to ensure each plant getting the pro- per percentage. As to the motor power he was going to have a 25 horse-power oil engine which is considered the most perfect type of its kind, one advantage being that the engine is guaran- [Jan. I, 1898. teed to require cleaning of its inner parts only once every six-eight months. All the machinery is expected to be here by Februar.y, and we are sure from Mr. Baivr’s business enter- prise that he will achieve a very fair measure of success indeed. COLOMBO TEA SALES. The results arrived at by Messrs. Forbes & loifc ^ compared with 189b, (litter a good deal from those given by Messrs. Somerville & Co. as may be seen from the follow- ing:— (From Forbes d.- Walker's Circular.) Offered. Sold. TO packages, lb. packages. lb. 426,298=33,886,803 | 33.5,866=26,512,099 189b* 402,219=32,083,163 | 320,225=25,412,624 Increase 24,079= 1,803,640 15,641= 1,099,475 (From Somerville ct- Co.’s Circular.) Offered. Sold. packages. lb. packages. lb 1897- 425,682 = 33,788,217 | 322,755 = 25,630,499 1896* 403,295 = 32,005.564 | 318.770 = 25,403,345 Increase 1,782,653 227 154 80 lb. is said to be about the average of "a package of Ceylon tea can tlie test be safely applied ? The China Tea Ti!Ade.-“ The Chamber of Commerce Journal ” to hand by last mail contains a full report of a paper read by Mr. Geo. Jamieson, C.JI.G. (H.B.M. s Consul at Shanghai) on “The Effects (if the Japanese War and Prospects of British Irade,- from which we quote the fol- lowing : — TEA TRADE furnishes another and an even worse instance of how a great national industry is being ruined bv the folly and indifference of the governing classes. It 13 only yesterday, as you are aware, since China' supplied nine-tenths of the tea consumed in this country, and now I do not suppose she supplies a tenth. It IS asserted, aud I do not doubt it, that if foreigners were allowed to introduce machinery into the tea- growing districts and superintend the preparation of the leaf, China tea could even yet hold its own against the best that India and Ceylon can produce. But no such prospect, I am afraid, can be held out. The treaty gives us the right to buy from the Chinese such tea as they prepare, but not to grow and prepare It ourselves. I was consulted, just before leaving bhanghai, by a small syndicate who were very desirous of getting machinery introduced into one of the large tea-growing districts as aa experiment. The proposal was to co-operate with a native company, who would be the owners of the plan, and employ as superin- tendents the necessary foreign staff. The plan seemed feasible enough, but it came to nothing. The native ^a-men had not the courage to risk their money. They did not know what the officials would gay or probably enough they got a hint that the officials would not have it, and so the whole thing fell through. 1 am, glaci, however, to observe that somethinef of the kiuff is being (3one at Foochow, where a supplv of leaf can be procured near the port. A foreign com- pany has got some ter, finng machinery into operati(fn with. It IS said the approval of the official and 1 trust this may be the beginning of a new departure. Ic IS not particularly in the interests of China tea aa apinst Indian that I say this, but in the interests of China trade m general. For unless the exports increased neither can her imports. What she exports does not matter, neither does it concern us what country it goes to. * Total to 22nd Dec, TtlE rROElCAL AGEICULTURlSl’. Jan. I, 1898.] PAYMENT BY RESULTS. It is impossible, in almost any walk of life, to do absolute justice to all classes, by any rule of universal application. We have all ap- preciated the obstacles which the old system of nomination to official ap|)ointments offered to justice. Had those with whom nomination rested been ' both clear-sighted in judgment and free from all taint of prejudice or partisanship, there would have been no need for change in the system ; but men, however high-placed, being only human, the best candidates had often to give place to the most influential or the most showy. Competitive examinations were sugatested as the best means of checking favouritism ; but even on the assumption that perfect fairness obtains in the setting of papers and the award- ing of marks, the candidate who obtains the highest number of marks may be far from being the ablest in intellectual power or deep reading. And even if he is the ablest, be may be defi- cient in character, or in aptitude for business, or in physical ability to do justice to his duties. The student is not always a practical man ; and the cleverest student may prove a poor Adminis- trator or be wanting in the Judicial instinct Competition is accepted as, perhaps, the best test that has been suggested though far from being perfect, or even safe in many cases. Then, in regulating promotion, after admission has once been obtained into a Service or Depart- ment, we are confronted by similar difficulties. Seniority is regarded as an old-world tradition ; and when any other system is adopted it opens the door to favouritism and to the advancement of the more plausible or complacent. The very necessity for the Re-organization Scheme which has been adopted as applicable to the Civil Service, is connected with the difficulties we have been considering of doing justice to the indiri- dual on the one hand, and the community he serves on the other ; and the di-awbacks even of that Scheme are neither few nor imaginary, as we have seen. The difficulties which beset officialdom are present with the private employer of labour, but certainly not to the same extent. The latter has fewer interests to consider, fewer critics to appease. He deals, with what is, in a sen.se, his own ; and not a trust for the community or the country. Though a conscientious man will reckon whatever he has as a trust to be ad- ministered with care and circumspection, he can disregard all criticism when he feels he has done what is right ; but still, awkward questions may arise, and have arisen, in regard to one’s duty to one’s employees ; and the present contests between capital and labour, are but the expres- sion of the difficulties we have indicated. One of the faii'est and most reasonable solutions of these difficulties is to be found in giving the employe a pecuniary interest in his master’s business. There are obvious difficulties in the way •f a general application of concessions. Who are the employes who are to be allowed this modified partnership ? What is to be the extent of their share in the profits ? If profits are to be shared, why not losses? These are details whicli offer difficulties ; but none of them are insurmount- able ; and it is being very widely recognized now by far-seeing employers of labour that, both good work and loyalty are best purchased, by 40 awarding to labour a share in the profits which it has the power to develop or lessen. In this view, we have always favourably regarded the action of local Plantation Proprietors who have offered their Superintendents something more than a living wage ; who have provided for in- crements, at stated intervals, for good work : or better still, have held out the inducement of commission on i)rofits, in order to create a closer feeling than is generally associated with payment for woik. So far from considering the time inopportune for suggesting the division of dwindling profits from Tea, we are strongly of opinion that one of the most effective means of anesting the falling-off in profits, it not of materially increasing such profits, would be to offer the Manager or Superintendent a share in whatever is netted beyond the latest returns- or beyond the average for two or three years. The interesting and instructive letters we re, ceived in response to our Tea Circulars, show how great and diverse are the responsibilities of a Superintendent, from day to day, and how widespread a feeling there is that all Superin- tendents do not attend to the manifold details of their duties as closely as they possibly might. What then is the best incentive to persistent effort, and to close attention to worrying details which one might with propriety leave to subordinates. Surely it is the offer of some benefit for extra trouble. It is impossible to bind people to hours in certain classes of work, just as it would be the height of unwisdom and cruelty to be guided by the law of supply and demand in regulating wages for duties which it is im- possible to define. In keeping down advances, in exacting task work, in conciliating labour, in visits to the field and the factory, there is a vast difference between what can fairly be ex- pected from a SuperintenUent, and what a careful thrifty Proprietor will do for himself. The latter is the standard to be aimed at, and that can never be secured by rules and regulations, and any amount of supervision. Personal interest is required ; and a share of the profits is the best inducement. For these reasons, we commend the action of Companies which en- courage their Superintendents by an annual bonus ; but we are inclined to think that the better course would be, after the example of the Advertiser in our columns for a Manager for Travancore, to offer Superintendents and As. sistants a share in profits, or a commission beforehand. We should then hear less of com* plaints like those which “ Greatly Interested '' suggests— complaints for which we would fain hope the occasions are tew and far between. The Cinchona Cultivation Company fasir NangJca, of Java, has declared a dividend for the last year’s tiading of 13 4-5ths per cent. A New Steaai Turbine.— Our (London Times) Rotterdam Correspondent informs us that two Amsterdam engineers, Mr. van Gink, managing director of the Cycle and Machine Factory de Hinde, and Mr. W. J. Holsboer, have invented a steam turbine which (according to a report in the Nev) BotUrdam Gazette) will cause a revo- lution in steam engineering. The inventors have sold their system, it is said, to a German firm for one million marks, preserving for themselves the application of the system to gas and benzine motors ; and have taken a patent for it in several countries. THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [Jan. r, i8g8. 492 THE CEYLON AND LONDON SHARE LISTS— IN 1896 AND 1897. The following comparison is afforded by simply taking the local Share Association’s list of yester- day’s date and placing alongside the quotations in the similar list for 22nd December, 1896. The falling-off in the value of the shares of some of the local Tea Companies is very striking and shows how lack of confidence (due to lower _ prices, higher exchange and continued extension of cultivation) and scarcity of money have told on the financial standing of our local Tea Estate Companies. The last cause — scarcity of money — has also affected some of the more Eurely commercial or trading Companies ; ut these, as a rule, stand the comparison much better. So also, strange to say, do the London- Ceylon Sterling Tea Companies, and we are aware that, in their case, the quotations _ for the local market are not so good as those given in the London share lists. Several new Coni- panies (some of them absorbing small Companies appearing in 1896) have to be noted, and also care must be taken to discriminate between Tea and other Plantation Companies. In one or two cases the value of the shares hp been either reduced or increased (more capital called up) and this must be allowed for. Nevertheless the comparison afforded by the table cannot but prove instructive, not the least noteworthy fact being the readiness of so many holders of shares to “sell” at this year’s quotations : — Ceylon Produce Companies. Quotatioua Quotations. Dec. 1897. Dec. 22, 189S. Agra Ouvah Estate t~o., Ltd, Castlereagh Tea Co., Ltd, Ceylon HilN Estate Co.. Ltd. Ceylon Provincial E^tlltes Co., Ltd. Clareit ont Estat Co., Ltd. ciui.es Tei Co.. Ltd. Clyde Estate Co., Ltd. Delgolla Estate C ., Ltd. Doomoo Tea Co., oE Ceylon, Ltd. Drayton Estate Co., Ltd. Eadella Estate Co., Ltd. EilaTiaCo , ff Cey on Ltd. Estates Co. fUva, Ltd. Glasgow E tatcs Co., Ltt. Great We-tcrn Tea Co.,of Ceylo-’, I td. Hapngahalande Tea Estate Co., L'd. High Forests Estates Co., Ltd. Do part paid Hor telly Estates Co., Ltd. Kalutaia Co., Ltd. Kandyan Hills Co., Ltd. Kanapi^awatteCo., Ltd. Keiani Tea Garden Co.. Ltd Kirklees Estates Co., Ltd. Kuavestnire Estates C '., Ltd. Maha Dva Estat< s Co., Ltd. Ml cha Tea Co., of Ceylon, Ltd. Nahavilla Estate Co., Ltd. Nyassaland Coffee Co., Ltd. Ottery Estate Co., Iitd. Paimerston Tea Co., Ltd. Penrhos Estates Co., Ltd. Pine Hill Estate Co., Ltd. Putupaula Tea Co., Ltd. Ratwatte Cocoa Co., Ltd. Rayigam Tea Co., Ltd. Roeberry Tea Co., Ltd. Ruanweila Tea Co.. Ltd. St. Hellers Tea Co., Ltd. Stinsford Tea Co., of Ceylon, Ltd. Talgaswela Tea Co., Ltd. Do 7 per cent Prefs Tonaconibe Estate Co., Ltd. Udabage Estate Co., Ltd. Udugama Tea & Timber Co., Ltd. Union Estate Co., Ltd. Upper Ma.skeliya Estate Co., Ld. UvakelUe Tea Co., of Ceylon, Ld. Vogan Tea Co., lAd. Wanarajah Tea Co., Ltd. Yataderia Tea Co., Ltd. 1050 1309 m-60 I'O 70 noml.107'50 SCO 690 ■SO noml 75—8' 115 170 105 120-125 200 365 -370 100 117'60 160 170 2f0 560 fO 155 450 685 nil 1409 750 965 320 .385 475 625- 630 250 nonil . £25 I'O 90 330 530-635 60 noml 90 90 — 90 102-50 170 180-185 80 115 785 11125 900 1175 660 oml. 900 90 „ 100 nominal 125 130 500 615 90 105 - 107-50 fO* no lOOnom' . 115 3 0 „ 475 70 „ 102-50 75 „ 105—107-50 60 no SOOiioml. 1300 100 112’50 35 56 90 noml. JS— 90 660 700 t5 105 25 noml 30 360 640 700 830 85 iioml. 120 77-60 no 1350 150-1625 263 4035 Ceylon Commercial Companies. Quotations. Quoitions. Dec. 21, 1897. Dec 22, 1896. Adam’s Peak Hotel Co., Ltd. 90 100 Bristol Hotel Co., Ltd. O'* 100 1 0 / 1 er cent Deb.s lol 100 Ceylon Gen. Steam Navgn. Co. Ltd. 105 85-'.io Ceylon Spinning and Wvng. Co. Ltd. 15 40 Do. 7 o/o Debs. 90 KO Colombo Apothecaries Ce. Ltd. 130 109 Colombo Assembly Rooms Co., Ltd. 12’ 0 noml. 12- 0 Do. prefs. 17 noml 17 noml Colombo Fort Land and Building Co., Ltd. so 95 Colombo Hotels Company 335 32-2-50-3-25 Galle Face Hotel Co. Ltd. no 105 Kandy Hotels Co , Ltd. 85 90 Kandy Stations Hotel Co., Ltd. — noml 7-50 noml Mount Lavinia .'OC — Do. part paid DO — New Colombo Ice Co. Ltd. 192-.50 180 Nuwara Eliya Hotels Co., Ltd. 75 95-97-50 Public Hall Co., Ltd. 17’.50 17-50 Wharf and Warehouse Co.. Ltd. 7-5 85 London Companies. Alliance Tea Co. of Ceylon Ltd. Associated Co., of C yl n Ltd. Do. 6 per cent prefs. Ceylon Tea Plantations Co., Ltd. Ceylon Proprietary Dimbula Valley Eastern Produce and Estates Co. Ltd. Ederap Ila Tea o.. Ltd. Imperial Tea Est it s Lti. Kflani Valley Tea Asscn. Ltd. K nlyre Estate Co , Ltd. Lanta Plantation Co.. Ltd. Nahalraa Estates C".,Ltd. New Dimbuli Co., Lid. A. Do B Do C Nuwara Eliya Tea Estate Co., Ltd., Ouvah Coffee Co. Ltd. Bavalla Tea E-tate Co. Ltd. Scottish Ceylon Tea Co. Lti. Spring Vailey Tea Co. Ltd. Standard Tea < o. Ltd. Yatij antota Ceylon Tea Co., Ltd. Yaiiyautota rref 6 o/o * Shares reduced from RlOO to R60 each lOi/8 8 11— ni 29J 1 6J 6} 13 8f 9}— 10 iO n 1 26 13* 9i luj 29i— 30 13^-14 lOJ 12-12^ lOJ— 11 7 H 26 25 25 15-20 15-20 lU 13— 13i 12g 12|- 12i — 23—24 23-24 9 9-91 14 15— 15J 8 — lOi — Coffee and Ants. — Here is a receipt for driving ants away from coffee beds. It is sent to the Straits Times from Kuala Lumpur : — Dig where the black ants are to be found, and sprinkle cold wood ashes as much as may be necessary. This will drive away the black ants, and will probably prevent the white ones from coming up. The ashes will not only drive black and white but even red ants, and can be used to keep these little parties away from almost every object dear to their tiny hearts. — B. N. B. Herald, Dec. 1. Feench Colonies : how a Coffee Industry IS (NOT) started.— Says the Daily Chronicle : — A Paris contemporary tells an admirable story of French colonial administration. Some little time ago, 500 coffee plants were in store at the public garden of a French colony. The director conceived the happy idea of distributing these amongst the natives, and the suggestion was warmly approved by the Governor, who next day issued a proclamation to this effect : — • Art. I. — Any native requiring coffee plants must apply in writing to the authorities. Art. II. — This application must bear a penny stamp. Art. III. — The request must be countersigned by the head of the Second Department. Art. IV. — It must further be stamped by the head of the First Department Art. V. — The director of the gardens must keep a strict account of the plants delivered. It is, perhaps, needless to say that coffee culture still languishes in that particular colony. In the Belgian Congo State private traders buy up the plants and give them to the negroes, making the advan- tageous stipulation that they shall receive half the produce. One hardly knows which method is the more to be commended. Jan, t, 1898,1 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 493 THE VISIT OF THE MINING ENGINEER. Capt. Teegay, M.E.— of whose mission to Ceylon we gave a full account, quite a week ago— passes a few days in Colombo nefore going upcountry. He will probably go to Kandy on Monday next and next day to Monerakande estate, and there, with the Manager, Mr. A. J. Thomas he will enter on the special undertaking which lias brought him to Ceylon. He is meantime readins' up local iterature bearing upon the Mineralogy of the island, our compilation “ Gold, Gems and Pearls” being new to our visitor. We have mentioned the “gold campaign” entered on during the dark days of the Colony a decade ago, and how more than one mining expert then inspected some of our quartz reefs and directed how shafts should be driven, although they could not remain on the spot themselves to see the work completed. The most elaborate investigation was made by Mr. A. C. Dixon, B.SC., «&c. ; but though a scientific man, Mr. Dixon had had no experi- ence as a prospector or mining engineer. In Ambagamuwa and Dolosbage districts chiefly were the reefs examined. Capt. Tregay considers that too little time was given to the quartz reef trials ; for, he holds with all other authori- ties that where gold is f p^ind in the streams as in the Mahaoya and .s,,iiio others of our rivers, there ought to be gold-yielding quartz not far off. At the same time, we know that gold is the most widely and finely distributed of metals and poor old Robert Dawson’s saying about gold in India and Ceylon— has clung to our memory sitice he first repeated it over thirty years ago — “ Gold in Ceylon?” — he would say to the enquirer, — “why, of course, gold is found in the sands of every river here, just as in Southern India, where, when a man has nothing else to do, he goes and washes for gold and makes his two fanains a day — and it is on record that a man once made *our fanains (fid) a day ! ” There is no doubt of gold existing in our hill formation ; but whether it is in an accessible and paying form is the problem. Still, there are the profitable mines in Mysore and Coorg to encourage investigation ; and here comes Mr. Domenico in a letter elsewhere, to tell us how he found vei'y appreciable evidences of gold below the Morawak-korale District in the Southern Province. Proprietors with likely quartz on their estates in that District should write and engage Capt. Tregay to pay them a professional visit. Our visitor has had very great and varied experience in both Victoria ancl New South Wales, in California, South Africa, Siam, Chili as well as in Europe, and he comes to us with the Irghest possible re- commendations. We trust wherever Capt. Tregay travels in the island he will meet with cour- teous attention and all possible inih rmation of which he may stand in need. Oar native Plumbago Pits or Mines and Gemming Districts’ operations ought to intere.st him very much ; and our readers will learn of Capt. Tregay’s im- pre.ssions at the close of hi.s inspection. Mean- time, Capt. Tregay’s address after Sunday next, will be care of A. J. Thomas, Esq., Monara- kande, Madawallatenna. CEYLON GAME PROTECTION SOCIETY. We direct attention to the letter of Mr. Farr — who is ever in the front in such matters — giving cover to an Interesting report of a meet- ing lately held in Haputale in connection with the establishment of a local branch of the Ceylon Game Protection Society. The Committee appointed is to act for Uva generally and is exceeclingly well chosen as representative of the different districts in the principality. Very practical lesolutions bearing on the subject were carried ; and we trust Mr. Farr may be gratified by finding other divisions of the country estab- lishing branches after the pattern just set in Uva. THE AGRICULTURAL SCHOOL. As an old believer in the Agricnltural School and in its judicious well-trained Principal, Mr. Drieberg, we are delighted with the brave defence of the institution put forth in his Report reproduced on another page. It is monstrous that in this colony so purely agricultural, the one institution that should wither for want of proper encourage- ment and support is the Agricultural School. The Report very clearly shows where the institution IS placed .at a disadvantage as compared, with other not more deserving establishments for whose encouragement much more is done ; and we sincere- ly trust that as the outcome of the present Commis- sion, the Agricultural School in place of being allowed to lapse, may be established on areally liberal, sound basis and may prove the successful progressive seminary which Ceylon should specially have in connection with its horticultural, agri- cultural and even planting interests. Several valuable suggestions were made by successive speakers and, the Mayor, who made a splendid Chairman, gave a most practical, enlivening as well as inspiring address— although he rose even- tually to a point a little beyond the present generation. We must walk before we attempt to sour into the empyrean ! Still, there is nothing like holding up a high ideal. With some of Mr. Davidson’s illustrations of the backwardness of the community in its interest in Agricultural teaching we are rather puzzled. We do not know that we have ever seen the paper which he said provoked no criticism ; but surely he cannot accuse the planters of the island or the city writers who fill the Tropical Agriculturist or Mr. Drieberg and his contributors who give us the excellent Agricultural Magazine w'ith being at all backwaid in theii interest in the main industries of the Colony. The rest of the world or “balance of creation’’ regard Ceylon (and its T. A. !) as the fountain-head of information on nearly every branch of Tropical Agricul- ture. We can only trust that Mr. Davidson and Mr. Obeysekara and Mr. Peris— if not on the Agricultural School commission already will be individually asked for their advice and suggestions by the Commissioners, -whoever they are, in reference to the School of the future. Meantime, it is refreshing to hear of Mr. Drie- berg’s headquarters being the centre of so much useful activity, and of the paying investments of Governnient that are represented there. May such activity, and success continue and expand largely through the influence which a well-ad- justed, liberally-conceived Agricultural School IS certain to exerci.se in the time to come. THE GALAHA TEA COMPANY. The shareholders of the Galaha Ceylon Tea Estates and Agency Company, Limited, held their first annual general meeting at the office* of the ('< inpany, 39, Lime street, London, on Tues- day, 7ih December, Mr. C. E. Strachan, Chairman. After the notice convening the meeting had been read. 494 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST, [Jan. I, 1898. The Chairman, in moving the adoption of the Report and accounts, said— The accoums, duly certified by your Auditors, and the Kepoit, have been in your hands for some days, and have, no doubt, been carefully read by all interested in the Company. I trust, therefore, you will allow me to take them as read. In moving their adoption it is only necessary for me to say a few words , as the Report deals fully with everything, and states the causes of the differ- ences between the estimated and actual results of the season, and you will see that these are causes over which the Directors had no control. The crop turned out 829,000 lb. of tea and 19 240 lb. of cardamoms, against our esti- mate of 880,000 lb. tea and 2U,600 lb. of cardamoms, or a shortage ot about 5 per cent. This may be consitlered close and carWl estimating when you bear in mind the large acreage, the different ages of the tea fields, and the different aspects and climates, which had to be considered. At one time there was ever} reason to expect a considerable excess on the estimate, but the last tw'o months of the season were unpropitious, and very little crop ■was hai vested. With regard to price, we based our estimate on the return of the two inevious seasons, but, in the case of tea, there was an unexpected fall, and we only realized 6^(1. per lb. again.st the estimate of 7d.; while, in the case of cardamoms, there was a substantial rise, but the extra amount obtained for the carda- moms did not, ot course, cover the ditieience in the price of the tea. Then we had exchange against us owing to the action of the Indian Government, and we also sustained a loss in rice, an advance in price being caused by the famine' in India. As far as rice is concerned the crop reports from India are favourable, so there should be a Recline in price soon, but about the course of exchange I can say nothing— high exchange is, of coafse, much against us, and I can only hope that the Indian Government will be unable to maintain its action. But, in spite of the circu m- stauces I have detailed, the Company has done well, and it says a great deal of our properties, and’ business that, last season, with leos than two-thirds of our tea in bearing, we are able to pay so good a dividend. With respect to our progress we have, as the Report tells you, ad- ded 200 acres to the acreage, opened 218 acres of new land, completed the Factory which is now able to deal w'ith the crops for some years to come, provided new line accommodation for the larger force of coolies required, erected a hospital and doctor’s bungalow, and, in fact, done, nearly everything necessary to make the estates complete. All this expenditure has added materially to the value of the properties and to your security. We spent £1,418 in manuring, which amount wa.s charged to current expenditure. Little or no bene- fit was derived from this last season, but it will be reaped in the future. This item alone repre- sents nearly 3 per cent, on the ordinary share capital. I only mention this to let you know that the properties are being thoroughly well cultivated and cared for. During the pre.sent season we are opening 422 acres of very fine land, and' we hope to have the tramway at work, and to complete all buildings in course of construc- tion. The capital expenditure after this season will' be small, as very nearly all this work is completed. The acreage in bearing and in ini- tial bearing this season is 2,047 acres of tea, from which we expect 1,026,000 lb. I leave it to you 1,0 jnd"e what we are likely to get when the whole 2,774 acres in tea are in full bearing, and 1 will only say that the larger quantity will, I believe, be produced at a smaller cost per lb. The Directors have not lost .siglit of the neces- sity of creating a reserve fund, but at present we are developing the properties, this being considered the best reserve that can be made, forming as it does a solid basis for future profits. With all the buildings completed and fully equipped, and with .so large an acreage of the best laud to come into bearing, the prospects in my opinion are de- cidedly cheerfirl, as the whole business is a sound working concern. Mr. Jonas, a shareholder, said tint in one sense the declaration of the final dividend of only two jier cent, on the ordinary shares was disap- [lointing, after an interm dividend of five per cent, as it could hardly be expected that such a large proportion would be declared for an interm pay- ment. The Chairman explained that , at the time it was considered by the Board to be fully justi- fied, and that there was every reason to antici- pate the payment of ten per cent, for the year, but, owing to the unforeseen circumstances already mentioned, the estimate had not been obtained. Mr. Low enquired if any allowance were made for depreciation, and what steps had been taken to maintain a fuel reserve. In reply, the Chairman stated that nothing had been written ofT this year for depreciation, most of the machinery being new, but that in future this important matter would be borne in mind ; as to fuel re- ■serve there was a large acreage in timber in ad- dition to the belts of timber on the estate. The Chairman’s motion to adopt the Report was .seconded by Mr. Harwood, and unanimously carried. The Chairman also proposed the payment of a final dividend of two per cent, in respect of the 5,000 ordinary shares, and this being seconded by Mr. Evans, was agreed to, making a return of seven per cent, for the year. On the proposal of Mr. Low, seconded by Mr. Dunphie, Messrs. Fuller and Wise were duly elected Auditors. The proceedings closed with a vote of thanks to the Chairman. MADAGA.SCAR UNDER THE FRENCH.— From a commercial point of views this seeem tohavealready proved a very unfortunate matter for trade. The “ Tariff General” has been introduced and the result is (says the correspondent of the Bntish Trade Journal) that the whole trade of Tamatave is turned topsyturvey. Here are two instances of the troubles that have arisen : — Ten cases of tea arrive from Ceylon, each of which contains 150,j-lb. packets of tea packed in tin-foil. The Custom-house authorities exact that every packet be opened, the tea poured out in bulk, and the tinfoil weighed apart, as it pays a duty of 13»."per 100.1b., while the tea pays 2f. per 1001b. Result: the tea is virtually ruined. Morton’s goods, of which there is an enormous consumption in Madagascar, have to pay 35 per cent, on invoice price. The other day a mer- chant presented his declaration as’ per invoice of three cases “ mixed pickles."’ Every case has to be opened, and amongst these mixed pickles were found several bottles of piccalilh. The underlings immediately drew up “ a court of accusation,” and condemned him to pay a fine of 351., because piccalilli contains curry powder, which pays 35^per.cent.,'althongb the saffrou root from which it is ground pays nething. Jan, I, 1897.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 495 THE CACAO FUNGUS SPECIALIST, Mr. Cairutliers is very busy with his in- vescigation and hopes to be able to throw light on the origin and cause of the cacao plant disease, by-aml-bye; but obviously the investigation is not one to be hurried, and will require time to deal with it. An upcountry correspondent (not a cacao planter) writes : — I had the pleasure of travelling with the cacao expert sent to Ceylon by cacao planters for the purpose of investigating into the cause of death amongst the cacao trees. That the canker is there, and the deaths in some of the fields are very numerous are facts beyond dispute. The cacao planters have an able and ener- getic Specialist amongst them in Mr. Carruthers and it is a fortunate circumstance, for he has a hard task before him, ere he can confidently say, “ Here gentlemen is the cause of the disease and death, but prevention is better than cure and this is what you must do.” Is the cacao enterprise of so little importance in Ceylon, that the Government should not be asked to contribute towards the cost of this investigation ? 1 think Mr. Editor you will agree that His Excellency ought to come forwai'd without being asked, and at least hold out some prospect of reward, and aSoid every facility for a thorough ex- amination into the cause of so many deaths amongst the cacao trees of Ceylon. We have the man ; let Government now provide the means. “ Hear, hear ” we emphatically acid ; or at least, ‘ let the Government supplement the means.” SALT FOR AGRICULTURAL PURPOSES. “In the name of the Prophet SaIjT !” After all, the Government wound up the some- what controversial if not stormy sitting of the Legislature, with a very acceptable concession to public opinion as represented by the Tamil Member. A. Committee to enquire into the denaturalising of Salt .so as to be available duty- free for agricultural purposes was granted to Mr. Coomaraswamy, and the Colonial Secretary went further in showing his personal interest in the sub- ject in a very satisfactory little speech. The area of “ inland estates” likely to use salt has consider- ably increased since 1888, and we do not see why the demand for denaturalised salt should be confined to palm cultivation. So that the question may arise in an urgent form as to how the 150,000 (rising rapidly, perhaps, to 250,000) cwt. of salt required for local agriculture, are to be provided. Better mean.s of manufacture and transport will be indispensalde and a further reason will thus be adduced for the Railway to Puttalam. Mean- time we congratulate the Hon. P. Coomara- swaray for bringing this long-standing request so far to a practical issue and we heartily trust that the labours of his Committee will be crowned with success (we had almost written with salt !) and then he will certainly deserve well of his countrymen even if the operation of the “five year.s’ rule” bring his present term of service as Legislator to an early close. The report of the discussion is as follows : — The Hon. the Tamil Member moved • That a Select Committee of this Coirncil con- sisting of the Hon, the Auditor-General, the Hon, the Treasurer, the Hon. the Principal Collector of Customs, the Hon. A. De A. Seneviratne, the Hon. W. W. Mitchell, the Hon. J. N. Campbell, and the mover be appointed to consider and report upon the feasibility of selling salt at cheap rates for agricultural purposes. He said : — It is not my intention, sir, to say more than a few words in support of this motion It is admitted on all sides that salt is benelj- cial to agriculture and especially coconut plants. It is^ largely used in other parts of the world, but in Ceylon because it is a Government mono- poly and sold at prohibitive rates, the planters find difficulty, in using it as a manure. The Gov- ernment makes a very good thing out of it, sir. I find that the revenue from this monopoly is certainly a million rupees a year. According to the Blue Books the cost of production is 32 cents per cwt. and it is sold at R2*40 per cwt. The profit therefore is R2 S per cwt. and there are about 400,000 cwts. produced annually. Any amount of salt can be produced and the more it is produced the less it costs. Therefore I think the Government should find no difficulty in supplying planters with salt as manure. There is certainly one difficulty. The Govern- ment will naturally argue, if we supply salt at cheap rates as manure, how are we to prevent it being used for other purposes. Now, sir, this is a question that was solved elsewhere 30 years ago while we had gone to sleep over it. In January, when I went to Europe, I had the oppor- tunity of meeting a German gentleman. One of the subjects we discussed was the Salt Mono- poly here, and he told me that the King of Prussia, as far back as 1867, passeil a law where- by the mode of denaturalising salt was fully laid out, and salt was sold cheaply, not only for manuring, but for another ]nirpo,?e — fish- curing—about which the Government had been very anxious, but which they had not been able to carry out before, owing 'to the difficulty to which I have referred. On my return I mentioned the circumstance to Mr. John Ferguson of the Ceylon Observer, whom we all know ; and he has published a pamphlet giving full information on the subject and containing a translation of the German law which any member can read for himself, and see that i't is most simple. Com- petent authorities in Ceylon declare that what has been carried out successfully for the last 30 years in Germany can with equal success be carried out here. I sm sure that Your Excellency’s Government will be only too glad to help the planters and it is because I believe that, that I ask that a Committee be appointed to go into the matter fully and report on the subject. The Hon. the Mercantile Member seconded. He said This subject has been brought before this Council in years gone by, but the difficulty hitherto has been in finding some method of denaturalising salt. I his, as has been pointed out by the hon. mover, has been discovered by a German, and in the pamphlet to which lie Las referred, full details are given. I have reason to believe that one of the great needs for the cultivation of the coconut in inland districts is a good supply of salt, and, if Government can see their way to adopt tlie method sn<^^ested as an experiment, I think the result will be to afford encouragement to continue. I do not think the revenne will suffer in the least degree. I hope we shall not be told that the stocks of salt are so sinall that there will be difficulty because that is a difficulty that can be easily got over. ^ The Hon. the Tamil Member -.—I wouhl add to the Committee the name of the hon. the Government Agent, W. P. H.E. the LiKUT.-GoVER.voR There is no ob- jection whatever on the part of Government to the passing of this resolution, and in jiroof of that I may state that the .suhjccl has been under the consideration of the Goveniment .at different times during the last 40 years, and the l^t 496 THE TROPtCAL AGRICULTURIST. [Jan. t, 1898. occasion was in May 1889, when a communication was maile to a European gentleman, who, I think, lias taken up native industries. In that communication he was told that the Govern- ment would be quite prepared to consider any proposal which might be made on the part of the agricultural community. I, too, had the advantage of meeting the German professor to whom the Iron, member has alluded and he assured me tliat the system of dena- turalisation could be effectively and readily carried out. I was very much assured by what he said and I am very glad that the hon. mem- ber has brought the subject to the notice of Government in his motion today. It is now 30 years since the discovery was made but we need not go to Germany for information. Dr. Letheby in 1869 said there was “ no substance which can be easily, chcaiily and safely u.sed tor adulter- ation. Pi'oper use is only secured by actual ocular supervision.” I nndeistand from the Ger- man jirofessor that in the progress of science something has now been discovered which is effective and practical. 1 understand sir, that this is not such a laro'e question as one would suppose at first; In 1888, the last time but one when enquiry was made there were only about 100,000 acres' of inland coconut plantations, and the information given to me by coconut planters was that the amount of salt that they would undertake to purchase was 125,000 cwts. for the whole island. I may mention sir, that we have not at present such a very large stock of salt ; owing to the season the stocks at some of the stations are very low. I am very glad that the hon. member has included the Auditor-General on the Committee because he is Controller of the revenue and has ahvays been our authority on the salt revenue. As I have already stated there is no objection on the part of Government to help this Enquiry and I hope it will have a successful issue. The resolution was unanimously adopted. ^ — — - PLANTING NOTES. Expehimental, Fakming in Madr.vs.— The question of the establishment of experimental farms and farm school is still under the con- sideration of the Government of Madras, and it is not probable that, if any scheme is ulti- mately settled, effect can be given to it before the end of next year. The provision of R20,000 made l»y the Board of Revenue in its Budget estimate for 1898-99 on this account has accord- ingly been struck out. — Madras Mail. Vanilla as a Ceylon Pkoduct. — Vanilla, which has hitherto been conspicnons by its absence in the products cultivated in the Island, will soon be in- cluded in that category, providing the climate and soil prove favourable. Herr Langa, a young German who came out some time ago to learn tea planting under Mr. Holloway of Pranklauds, Wattegama, has purchased an estate of nearly a hundred acres, on which he intends cultivating vanilla, and should he be successful, he will find little difficulty in securing for it a speedy sale in the market for Ceylon pro- ducts. Vanilla by reason of the agreeable flavour which it imparts to tea and other beverages, is in great demand, though at a premium, and on this account the profits accruing from its cultivation will in time be considerable. Now that the projects has been fairly launched on the somewhat treacherous waters of experiment, it deserves encouragement, and Herr Langa ought to receive hearty co-operation in his endeavour to promo^te a new industry,— Local *« Elxamineri'' SALE OF ESTATE PROPERTY IN CE\LON DURING 1897. We direct attention to the long and interest- ing list of Sale of Estates in Ceylon during 1597 given on another page. Our mercantile and plan- ting readers cannot fail to scan this detailed series of sales with special attention, ami we trust they will give us credit for some little enterprise in presenting the list to them at this early date. Tliere has been little or no abate- ment during the year now drawing to a close in the formation of limited Comiianies to take over Ceylon properties, and several of the sales are of groups of estates in tlilferent districts associated for the very purpose of starting a Limited Company. This continued activity in the selling and buying market is the more striking when we consider the discouragement offered by lower prices for tea ami hiedier rates of exchange generally prevalent in 1897. Taking the totals realized by the Sales of Estates in our lists as compared rvitli 1896 we have tlie fol- lowing : — Total Value of Plantati- ns sold : 1896 .. R5.790.768 .. £1,668,912 1897 .. 3,382,311 .. £1,. 517,702 Decrease this year R2,408,457 Decrease ..£ 151,210 CEYLON TEA COM PAN IE, S. A REVIEW. We have on several occasions alluded in this column to the steady progress and splendid finan- cial position of Ceylon, which, needless to s.ay, has been brought about solely by the tea planting en- terprise. When wonder is expressed that other tropical countries do not enter into the lists of competition against Ceylon by growing tea, the fact appears forgotten that no other country could suddenlj open up its land into tea estates as Ceylon planters were able to do within a few years. The coffee-growing industry had been going on in the island for upwards of forty years before the first break of Ceylon tea was ever shipped to England. During all these forty years jungle had been felled, roads and drains traced and made, and Tamil coolie labour imported, or, indeed, had been raised upon the estates themselves. When, there- fore, owing to the ravages of leaf disease and the fall in prices, coffee began to show a recurrent loss to planters who had been long accustomed to a high percentage of profit, the entire island was equipped with nearly all the requirements of a tea-growing country. In thousands of instances tea plants were put in between the lines of the rapidly-failing coffee trees, so that the weeding which was required for the one product was equally advantageous to the other. The young tea plants also benefited from the shelter and shade furnished by the coffee trees. In hundreds of other instances the coffee trees were bodily removed from whole hill-sides, and either carted away or burnt in the ravines when the denuded portion of the estate was relined, holed, and planted up with tea seedlings, all within the space of two or three months. Under such circumstances the cost and efficiency of the planting up of 200 acres with tea were such as to defy any competition, while the fact, that Ceylon was equipped with an army of 600,000 Tamil labourers all conversant with the routine and discipline of an estate enabled the new enterprise to be carried on without a hitch. The change of the face of the planting districts was comparable to nothing but a dissolving view. As the coffee trees faded away the tea plants came into focus, until the same dark green aspect was visible over {ill the hills of the upcouutry districts, Jan. Ij 1898.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 497 GENERAL CEYLON TEA ESTATES. The history of the tea enterprise of Ceylon has been one continued snocess, and, although the price of tea may fall, there are no grounds for anticipa'ing any alteration in the good profits now being made by well- opened estates. The company whose prospectus is before us has been formed for the purchase of some twenty-two different pro- perties in various well-known planting districts, and including upwards of 4,000 acres of tea in full bearing, 1,622 acres of young tea, and 3,600 acres cf reserve land. It may therefore be literally said that the company has its capital scattered over a thousand hills, and from the figures and estimates given there is room for a con- siderable increase in the profits as uniformity of management curtails working expenditure and young tea comes into full-bearing, which it does usually at the end of the sixth year. The estimates contained in the prospectus are based upon the experience of the past ten years by experts who are seldom greatly at fault, and the total amount available for dividend shows that a rate of 10 per cent, may be reasonably expected. A good feature about the company is that the land to be acquired ranges in elevation from what may almost be termed the low country, such as the district of Kalutara, to the elevation of 3,500ft. or 4,000ft. orover in the higher portions of Pussellawa. With low country teas the planters get quantity, provided the rainfall be sufficient to induce a constant “ flush,” while for the tea grown in the upper districts they expect a smaller yield per acre, but a considerably higher price in the market. Apart from the shai'e capital the five per cent. Mortgage Debentures should be a good purchase for any investor desirous of having a stake in the tea-growing enterprise and who prefers a fixed rate of interest with specified security for his money.— London Echo, December 2. ^ SALT AND COCONUTS. We direct special attention to the letter of Mr. Cochran, Chemical Analyst, on this subject. Mr. Cochran seems to prove that it is quite needful to supply salt to the maritime, as well as to the inland, growing coco-palms. The former no doubt benefit by the saline breezes ; but at the same time, they make great demands on the soil. Inland trees havirrg no salt-hearing breezes to feed them, make still greater demands on the soil. Altogether, it is evident that our coconut-palm cultivation ougirt to greatly improve from the liberal appli- cation of denaturalised salt. Let us suppose that the result from 200,000 acres being »o treated, was an increase of even so few as five nuts per tree per annum, and we should get an addition of between El, 400,000 and R2, 100,000 to the annual income of the island. No mean improvement this! The fact is that neither the Government nor the public of Ceylon have ever awakened to a proper sense of the importance and capabilities of the great Coconut Planting Enterprise of the Colony. THE GAL AHA COY. Considering the difficulties experienced during the past year through high exchange, lower prices for tea and dear rice, we think this new Company has done exceedingly well in paying a total dividend equal to 7 per cent per annum. This has been secured too without neglecting to do the fullest justice to the interests of the shareholders in cultivation, factory and transport improvements. Then the Company has no less than 700 acres of young tea, so that it occupie* an exceptionally strong position. The report of the Chairman’s (Mr. IStrachan’s) address and of the other proceedings appears on page 493, and tve now give the main portion of the Directors’ Report : — The Directors have pleasure in submitting their Report, also Statement of Accounts duly audited for the year ending 30th June last. £. s. d. The gross profit for the season is . . 10,580 16 11 From this has to be deducted — Interest on £55,000 Debentures £2,750 Dividend on £60,000 Preference Shares at six percent . . 3,390 And the Interim Dividend of five per cent on £50,000 Ordi- nary Shares paid in January 2,500 8,640 0 0 1,940 15 H London Charges, including Directors’ Fees, Trustees’ Fee?, Income Tax, &G. . . . . 77X X5 5 Leaving a balance of . . £1,169 0 6 From which the Directors’ recommend the payment of a — Final Dividend ot two per cent, on £50,000 Ordina,ry Sha res, making seven per cent, for the year .. 1,000 0 0 Balance to carryforward .. £169 0 6 The outturn of the Tea Crop was 829,000 lb,, being 5 per cent below the estimate, and the Cardamom Crop was 19,240 !b., being 6 per ceot below the estimate. These shortages arose from unfavonra be weather during the last two months of the season. The Tea sold at 6'23d per pound nett, or about |d per pound below, but the Cardamoms realized lOd per pound above the e.stimate. The unfore- seen advance in exchange was an element of loss not calculated upon, as was also the high price of rice, caused by the scarcity in India. The above causes account for tiie difference be- tween ^ the estimated and actual result of the season’s working, but, considering these adverse circumstances, the Directors cannot birt feel satisfied with the result. During the past year 200 acres of additional land adjoining the Company’s estates were acquired, 218 acres were opened for tea, and the expenditure of the season included the sum of £1,418 for nmiuuing, the benefit of which will be felt later on. The factory was extended in a substantial manner in order to deal with the increasing crops, and new lines were built to accommodate the larger labour force neces- sary for the efficient working of the estates. The capital expenditure has materially raised the value of the Company’s properties. The acreages under cultivation, including 422 acres which are being opened for Tea and Cardamoms this present season, are : — Tea in full and partial bearing . . ,, non-bearing Cardamoms in full and partial bearing „ non-bearing . . Timber ,, .. Total cultivated acreage And in addition to this are 1917 acres of Forests, etc., etc. .. Making a total of . . The Tea crop for the current season is estimated by the Ceylon Manager at 1,026,000 lb. against 880,000 lb. for the last season, and the Cardamoms at 27,750 lb. against 20,5001b. for last season. The Directors are glad to say that the market has mproved, and the sales of present season’s Teas to date show an average of 6|d. net per lb. They acres. 2047 acres 727 — 2774 93 14 — 107 276 3157 1917 acres 5074 498 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [Jan< I, 189S. take this opportunity of expressing their satisfaction with the work done by the Manager and staff in Ceylon. CACAO IN CEYLON AND TRINIDAD. Tlie following paragraph from the Londo^ letter of onr morning contemporary, is of so startling a character that we reproduce it in full : — ■ “ The following extract from a letter penned by a writer well versed in cacao planting may be found worthy of the consideration of the Cryptogamist who is now called on to prescribe a remedy for the disease under which the trees are suffering; — ‘What I believe to be the matter with cacao is limit of ege, which limit is reached at 13 or 14 years. At any rate cacao dies out, I may say, universally, when it reaches that age. Supplies grow vigorously where the original cacao has died out, so it comes to this, that on a cacao estate you have a certain proportion of acres bearing, a certain proportion dying out, and a certain proportion coming on towards bearing, i.t., if you re-plant as the trees die out, as you should do. When the cacao is sickening before dying it is no doubt attacked by various pests which do not attack it while it is vigorous and healthy. I do not think these pests are the cause of the death of the cacao, although they may hasten it.’ If this be a correct view, the practical benefit to be anticipated from Mr. Carruthers’ visit will be limited to a slight prolong- ation of the life of these infirm old patients, though from a scientific point of view his researches into the life history of the fungus may be full of interest.” We say the above is “startling” intelligence, because of what is said about the limit of age of cacao. All authorities on the plant and its culture in South America and the West Indies, that w'e have come across, give a widely different opinion and generally agree with the Dutch writer Berthelink, who, in his monograph on tlie Cacao in Dutch Guiana, states that no tropical product gives more trouble to the planter, or proves less certain success, up to its tenth or twelfth year, than Cacao ; but after that all should be plain sailing, with little or no trouble, and the prospect of steady continuous crop.s up to a hundred years. The w’viter further quoted instances of “Cacao Walks”— as plant- ations are called — in Guiana that had gone on bearing for quite a century. Of course South America is the natural habitat of “Cacao” and the deep rich soil of the Guianas and Amazon valley is no doubt specially favour- able ; but wherever the plant has been established in fairly good soil in valley “pockets” or in alluvial e.vpanses in Ceylon, we should be con- fident of a far longer term of productive life than is given by the pessimist quoted above. The risk of disease, such as is now engaging tlie attention of the Cryptoganiist, Mr. Carru- thers, must of course be taken into account, ajiart from soil or situation. It wdll be remembered that Mr. li. S. Eraser of Kaiidenewara and Warriapolla— like Mr. Tytler — before commencing Cacao cultivation in Ceylon, visited Trinidad, and we have just received from that Colony, Proceedings of “ The Agricultural Society,” which include a very full and valuable lieiiort, giving elahor.ite analyses ot soils and of tiuit in all stages Irom different AVest Indian Colonie-s— the two kinds of Cacao dealt wiili heii g “ Calabacillo ” (a new’ name) and “ Eorastero.” i here are more than a dozen pages cf analyses alone. In Ceylon we can ha\e no .soils to compete with those here detailed. Tyjies of good cacao soils are given for IJcmeraia, Guiana, St. Vincent, Trinidad and Nicaragua, and we must quote the table with the results obtained, into our Tropical Agri- culturist. Meantime, it is of interest to learn from the Report : — From these figures it appears that the cacao tree whilst storing up in the plant itself relatively large proportions of the important elements of plant food present in the soil, requires for the yearly production of young shoots, leaves and fruit not less than 138 lb. of nitrogen, 64 lb. of phosphoric anhydride, 94 lb. of potash, 1041b. of lime and 311b. of magnesia. Under careful conditions of agricultural practice, however, of this great annual drain upon the soil but 8'7 lb. of nitrogen, 4'51b. of phosphoric anhydride, 3'7 lb. of potash, l'41b. of lime and lib. of magnesia are neces- sarily removed from it, the remainder becoming more or less available again for plant food by the decompo- sition of the fallen leaver, pruning and husks upon the land. Of the, in round numbers, 130lh. of nitrogen returned to the soil a considerable proportion, possibly 20 to 30 per cent, may be lost during the decom- position of the vegetable matter, hut where the trees are shaded by the nitrogen-collecting Bois Immortel or Oronoque tree {Erytltrina vehuina and E. itmhrosa which are used on the islands, or E. ylauca which is used in Guiana) doubtless much of the amount thus lost is recouped to the soil. Hence from these con- siderations, we are led to the conclusion that a good cacao soil should be one capable of yielding to the tree in the course of years a somewhat high proportion of the important constituents of plant food without exhaus- tion, aud also capable of rapidly rendering again available the large quantities of inanurial matter returned to it in the forms of pruniiigs, leaves fallen and broken pods. It must in addition be one in which the course of nitrification readily take place ; in other words, a fairly rich friable and well drained soil. Again, as to manuring, we are told : — In the absence of direct experiments on the manuring ot cacao we have formed our opinion that where the Erythrinae are used as shade trees, manur- ing should be directed largely towards the upkeep of the potash and phosphates necessary to enable the shade trees to do their part as nitrog-n collectors and that where no shade trees are used the mineral manuring ought to be more largely supplemented by nitrogen. Thus the following mixture or mixtures of other materials yielding the same proportions of nitrogen, phosphates and potash per acre might be advisedly tried on cacao plantations : — Ertlirince used Not for shade. shaded. cwt. cwt. Nitrate of soda . . 1 2 Superphosphate of lime 36 per cent, soluble .. f 4 Potash sulphate . . 1 i The materials should be rvell mixed and applied iu quantity according to the number of treis planted per acre around each tree at a distance of about two to three feet from the stem. But the most interesting portion is the con- clusion bearing on “ pests,” only unfortunately the tree gets little attention — nothing being said of “fungus” or “canker”— as compared with the fruit. We quote in full : — Pests affecting cacao plantations. — This country being particularly suited over vast areas of its extent for the cultivation of cacao, we availed ourselves of opportunities for investigating some of the ailments that affect both trees and fruit. Two or three species of borers prey on certain trees, but on healthy plantations are not a serious pesc, the trees growing under unfavourable conditions of soil, drainage, Sec., suffering most from the attacks. Much of the pre- valence of these pests is due to the amount of dead brushwood lying about on plantations dropped from the shade trees or left from pruning of the cacao. Plantations kept clear of dead wood would not suffer much. A more serious affection is the fungoid disease to which the fruit is liable and is often attacked with. Fruit so attacked are called by plan Jan. r, 1898.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 499 ters “ Black” cacao. The fruit is subject to it i many cacao growing countries. The disease as far as we can ascertain is, although present, not very common in this colony. The external signs of an attack of the disease consist of the following : first a minute brownish black spot or spots forms on the outside of the pod as a rule towards the lower part of it but freqnently in the middle and occasionally near or at the top. In the majority of cases this first appears at the time when the cacao fruit has attained a considerable size and is approaching its period of ripening. The spot or spots rapidly in- crease in size producing large patches of a blackish brown colour which appear over the lower part of the pod, in the middle of it or all over the top and if the fruit is allowed to remain on the tree it rapidly becomes black all over and partially rotten. On opening an affected pod when the disease has somewhat advanced it is found that the pulp sur- rounding the beans in the immediate vicinity of the blackened part of the husk is slightly disco- loured, whilst in the more advanced stages of the attack the whole of the pulp becomes browniih yellow in colour and evolves a characteristic sour and somewhat offensive odour. Later it quite dries up, leaving the beans bare. Where a diseased pod is in contact with a healthy one the disease in many cases extends to the healthy one. Microscopical examinations of the diseased fruit show that the blackened exterior is occupied by the mycelium of a fungus which gradually makes its way from the husk into the pulp surrounding the beans and finally into the beaus themselves. The blackened husks if kept for a short time becomes covered with a light coloured incrustation consisting of vast numbers of the spores of the fungus. We have found that these spores when brought into contact with healthy fruit give rise to the same disease. We have been informed by J. H. Hart, Esq., P.L.S., that this disease ora similar one occurs occasionally in Trinidad but is there not looked upon as serious and is generally ascribed to an excess of moisture. We have recognised the disease as occur- ring commonly in one of the West Indian islands. It is common and has produced much injury in Surinam, from which colony we have seen and ex- amined pods affected by it. Analyses were made of diseased pods, and the fol- lowing gives the composition of the dry matter of the whole fruit of the variety “ Forastero” in a healthy and in a diseased state Healthy. Diseased. Organic matters 95 93 94-43 Phosphoric anhydride.. ■81 •59 Sulphuric anhydride . . •18 •19 Sodium chloride •06 •11 Iron peroxide •05 •04 Manganese oxide traces. ■01 Calcium oxide ■22 ■27 Magnesium oxide •65 ■69 Potassium oxide 203 2-85 Sodium oxide •03 ■40 Silica •04 •58 100-00 99-98 Taking into consideration that the healthy fruits analysed were quite ripe whilst the diseased ones had only attained about two-thirds of their normal development, the variations in the analytical figures have but little significance. As the contents of nit- rogen and of the mineral constituents derived from the soil varied but little in the two oases, probably the prevalence of black cacao in any place is not connected with defects in the composition of the soil. Wherever we have seen it occurring the diseased con- dition has appeared to be closely connected with an undraiued condition of the soil or with dampness resulting from over-shading and over-crowding the trees. We consider that the remedial treatment con- sists in the proper drainage of the soil and judicious pruning of both the cacao and shelter trees to let a Containing nitrogen ., 1A2 1’64 in light and air. All affected pods should be sepa- rated from the apparently healthy ones, broken at a distance from the trees and the husks either burnt or else treated in heaps with quick lime an covered with soil. As an alternative the husks might be treated with a solution of half a pound of sulphate of iron (green vitriol) to one gallon of water or with Bordeaux mixture, but we are satisfied that the destruct- ion of the pods by burning is the most effective process. When trees are at all badly affected it may be advisable to spray them with Bordeaux mixture pre- pared in the following manner: — Dissolve six pounds of copper sulphate (blue vitriol) by suspending it in a coarse cloth bag near the surface in four gallons of water contained in a wooden or earthen vessel. Slake six pounds of quick lime (do not use air slaked or agricultural lime) in four gallons of water ; mix the two and when thoroughly mixed, insert into the liquid the freshly polished blade of a knife and leave for a few minutes. If the blade then shows a cop- pery discolouration more lime must be added until upon immersion it ceases to do so. Dilute the mix- ture with water to about 40 or 45 gallons. We give this receipt as the mixture may be found efficacious in fungoid diseases of fruit and other crops of which the smuts so common on mango and orange trees may be mentioned as instances. There is nothing here to help us in regard to the subject of Mr. Carruthers’ investigation ; but all through the Keport under review, a great deal is made of trainage and clearing the soil, and also of “judicious pruning.” But we do nob think that Ceylon cacao planters have failed of their duty in respect of any one of these particulars. OUR MAP OF THPl PLANTING DISTRICTS OF CEYLON. A PEW OP THE TESTIMONIALS RECEIVED. H. E. THE GOVERNOR. His Excellency desires me to convey to you his thanks for your new Map of the Planting Districts, which will be most useful. It is in fact just the sort of thing we have been wanting for some time.— Yours truly, ,Ti. , r, ^ Ward Jackson. IheCueens House, Colombo, 7th Dec. 1897. FROM AN OLD SUBSCRIBER. I must send you a few lines to wish you a merry Christmas, and thank you for the new map of the Estates : its arrival h.as been one of the events of the week. Long-looked-for, come at last. Although I don t know all the districts, and am therefore no authority on the geography of Ceylon estates, yet so far as I do know, I think it is beautifully done and wonderfully accurate The marvel is that you have been able to produce so useful a map of the planting districts and issue it at the low figure fixed. One would think that you expected to sell them by the thousand before they could pay you for the trouble and cost you must have let yourself in for, to produce such a map. For my own part I thank you very much for undertaking the work and congratulate you on the result, and hope it may piove, as it deserves to be, financially a success. — Yours faithfully, , 1.T r. „ , ^ A Subscriber. MataleN.E., 26th Dec. 1897, FROM “TIMES OF CEYLON,” DEC. 15TH. We have to acknowledge receipt from the i bserver Office of a new large map of the Planting Districts of Ceylon, brought up to date, and such as ]dauters and others have long needed. The map, which 500 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. (Jan. I, 1898, is on a scale of three miles to an inch — with a small map in the corner for speedy reference — shows principal roads, railways completed, railway stations, resthouses, boundaries of pro- vinces “ pearl stations,” and gem and gold dis- tricts, and most useful of all, the estates in the new and old planting districts. The.se include, besides the former and better-known coffee districts, the new ones tliat liave been, and are still, spring- ing up in the low-country, .such as tlie Kurune- gala distiict — where tlie extcn.sion of tea and coconut cultivation during the last few years has been wonderful, — the Panadura and Kulutara districts, the Veyangoda estates, the Morawak Korle extensions, and the estates scattered throughout the Southern Province at Udagama, Ambalangoda, and near Galle. The publishers certainly deserve credit for their work. FROM THE “ CEYLON EXAMINEE,” DEC. 15. With characteristic zeal in everything likely to advance the planting interests of the Island, Messrs. A. M. and J. Ferguson of the Ceylon Observer, have iust jiublisbed a sjilendid map of the Planting Districts of Ceylon, showing the position of the principal Tea, Cacao and Coffee Estates in the country. The scale of the Map, 8 miles to the inch, has enabled its projector to delineate the natural features of the districts ex- ploited for planting inirposes, in a clear and com- prehensive style. The Map cannot but be there- fore, of the highest value to intending pros|)ectors in search of suitable localities for cultivating the staple products that already form the objects of agricultural enterprise, or for the introduction of new ones for which peculiar conditions in regard to altitude, situation and so forth ilre essential. Therange of country exhibited is from the Nalande Oya north of the Matale District to Ambala- tota in the South in the vicinity of Hambantota, and from the West Coast of Ceylon to Monaragala District in the East. Each Planting District is dis- tinguished by colour as well as by name, and to the ordinary traveller the inclusion of Principal lloads, Railways completed, Railway Stations, and Rest- houses must prove of no small utility. A printed list of all the Tea Districts with the altitude of each forms part of the contents, while a smaller map on the same sheet in which is marked the Gem Districts, Pearl Oyster Stations, and the places where gold has been traced, will no doubt be of service to the mineralogist and the scientific explorer. EOM the “ CEYLON INDEPENDENT,” DEC. 17, Messrs. A. M. & J. Ferguson of the Ceylon Observer have placed both the planting and mer- cantile community of Ceylon, it may be added the general public as well, under a considerable debt of obligation by their publication for the first time of an up-to-date map of the Planting Dis- tricts of Ceylon showing in a clear and accurate manner the position of all the tea, cacao, cardamom and coffee estates in the Island. A reliable map of this description has long been a desideratum and we had a guarantee that if Messrs. A. M. & J. Ferguson undertook the work they would do it thoroughly and turn out something that would reflect credit upon their enterprise, but we confess that the excellent result achieved surprises us. It has been a colossal task, but the preparers have not shrunk from the difficulties in their path, ren- dered all the more acute by the rajud develop- ment that has gone on and is continuing to this day. We can well believe that every effort bas been made to secure reliable information and wC can only find words of unstinte-l ]iraise at the skilful way such information has licen utilised. The size of the map is 48 indies by 36 inches, and on it the position of nearly 1,600 estates can with ease be located. It makes an invaluable reference and shoubl form an indispensable ornament in every bungalow and mercantile oHice in the Colony. The proprietors hope to make it the bas-is of a series of maps which ‘‘ is.sued from time t" rime will prove useful records of the progress of Tea Planting in Ceylon.” The map is arranged on a scale of three miles to the inch and the principal road-, railways with stations and the resthouses are equally clearly defined. There is also a list of the altitudeof the various jdanting districts, and a small key map of the Island of Ceylon .showing the gem districts, pearl oyster .stations and the places where gold has been traced. The work was lithogra]ihed by Messrs. Standidge & Co., Ido., of Old .Tewry at their extensive works in Worship street Finsbury, and the proprietors accord ungrudging testimony to the care and efficiency with which this part of the labour has been carried out. “CATHOLIC MESSENGER,” DEC. 18. We received from the Observers Office a new large map of the I’lanting Distiicts of Ceylon, which will be very useful to all the Planters. The mail which is on a scale of 3 miles to an inch, with a small map in the corner for speedy reference, shows principal roads, railways com- pleted, railway stations, resthouses, boundaries of provinces, pearl stations, gem and gold dis- tricts and, most useful of all, the estates of the new and old planting districts. On tliis map are marked also the new estates that have been, and are still, springing up in the lowcoiintry, such as the Kurunegala, Panadura, Kalutara dis- tricts, the Veyangoda estates, the Mora\iak Korle extension, and the estates scattered through- out the Southern Province at Udugama, Ambalan- goda and near Galle. This useful map, will no doubt, find a ready sale among the Planters. “MADRA.S MAIL, ’ DEC. 20. Messrs. A. M. & J. Ferguson, Proprietors of the Ceylon Observer, have just published a very fine map of the Planting Districts of Ceylon, showing the position of the principal Tea, Cacao and Coffee estates. The scale of the map is three miles to an inch, and various simjile devices, marginally noted, are used to indicate )trincipal roads, railways completed, railway stations, rest houses and boundaries. The various districts are distinguished by colours as well as by name. To the right of the map is given a li«t and altitude of tea planting districts, some fifty in number, while in the left band corner is a small map of the Island in which are shown the gem districts, the pearl stations and the gold producing tracts. The map is likely to prove most useful to the colonists and reflects great credit on Messrs. Standidge & Co., Lithographers of Old Jewry, London, who produced it. ^ AMSTERDAM CINCHONA SALES. Our Amsterdam correspondent telegraphs on Thurs- day evening (Dec, 9th.) that of the 8,842 packages of Java cinchona offered as today’s public sales only 4,889 packages sold, at an average unit for the Manufact- uring bark of 7c. per half-kilo (equal to per lb.) against 7 90c. paid at the auctions on November 4. Today’s sale has therefore resulted in a decline of about 12 per cent, the general tone throughout being dull THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 501 Jan, r, 1898. J and with downward tendency. The American and English manufacturers bought 5,372 kilos ; the Auer- bach factory, 2,613 kilos ; the Brunswick factory 6,069 kilos ; Mannheim and Amsterdam factories 1,552 kilos ; Frankfort and Stuttgart factories 2,421 kilos ; various other buyers 4,921 kilos. The prices realised for Manufacturing bark ranged from 10-Jc. to 60Jc. (equal to 2d to 12d per lb.) and for Druggists' barks from 10c. to 99c. (equal to 1 3-8thd. to Is 6d per lb). — Chemist aad Dniggist. THE AMSTERDAM DRUG-MARKET. Our Amsterdam correspondent writes, under date of December 8, that the Cinchona market remains firm, everybody anxiously awaiting the result of the heavy auctions (equaling 40.793 kilos sulphate of quinine) on December 9. Quinine shows no change, busines.s in this article being very restricted. There has been ralhermore speculative demand for Cubebs, and ofier of 12c. per half-kilo have been refused for fair bold berries. But the stock, both in first and second hands is very heavy. A parcel of 186 kilos of Java Vanilla has been sold by tender at a secret price. The lot was valued at from 6f. to lOf perbalf-kilo. There has been some trade in .lava Cannaga oil, of which about 100 bottles have been token by dealers. The present value of good quality is about 7'50f. per bottle. Cassia fistula iu pods is somewhat lower. About 200 baskets have lately b ensold, but the price has not been made public. — Chemist and Druf/cjist. THE SCHOOL OF AGRICULTURE IN 1897. During the past year the Scliool of Agriculture has been the subject of much criticism. Owing to the lack of encouragement on the part of Gov- ernment and the reorganization of the Technical School as a Tiaining College for employees in the various scientific departments of the Colony, the numbers of students in the School of Agricul- tural fell considerably. This state of ail'airs gave rise to a good deal of comment, some going the length of advocating the suppression of agricul- tural education, but the large majority rightly demanding the i-eorganization of the institution ou a more liberal scale. The scliool has undoubt- edly been neglected by the State and given small opportunity for carrying on the useful work which is expected of it owing to a want of funds and any kind of support from Government. It has been officially announced that a Commis- sion is at present dealing with the school, and the result, if the interests of the Colony be consulted, should be that the institution will be set on a proper footing with wider scope for doing the good work which ibis cajiable of doing. The School of Forestry for training students for the For- est Department has proved a useful adjunct to the Agricultural School and now sujiplies the neces- sary technical education, which was much required for employees in the Forest Department. The Veterinary Surgeon attached to the School has been given an A.ssistant who is stationed in the N.C. Province, and between these two officers some progress has been made towards the sup- pression of cattle disease in the Island. The Government Dairy has proved an unqualified success both as a source of revenue to Govern- ment and as an agent in the improvement of the indigenous breeds of cattle in Ceylon. OUR COMMERCE FOR 1897. (Special Report by a European Merchant.) Although returns for the year will not be com- pleted till some time in January, yet those figures jfhich fire available new are complete to a point sufficient to draw fairly accurate comparisons with those for 1896 : — A. Expoets. 1. — Coffee. — In 1896 Ceylon exported 22,747 cwt. ,, 1897 ,, exports not likely to exceed 19,250 ,, showing a falling-off, of 3,497 ,, 2. — Cinchona. — In 1896 Ceylon exported 1,309,560 lb. ,, 1897 Ceylon exports not likely to exceed 650,000 ,, showing a falling-ofl:, of 659,560 ,, A temporary increase in export of this bark might be looked for in 1898, as prices in London are dearer by 100 per cent than what they were about this time iu 1895. 3. — Tea. — In 1896 Ceylon exported over 108,000,0001b. ,, 1897 Ceylon exports not likely to exceed 114,500,000 ,, showing an increase of 6,500,000 „ 4. — Cocoa. — In 1896 Ceylon expoi'ted a little over 31,000 cwt. ,, 1897 Ceylon exports ex- pected to amount to 35,000 ,, showing an increase of 4,000 ,, Market for cocoa steadily improved during the last six months of this year. 5. — Cardamoms. — In 1896 Ceylon exported a little over 452,000 lb. ,, 1897 Ceylon exports will, it is thought, ex- ceed 515,000 „ showing an increase of 63,000 ,, Prices for cardamoms show a sharp decline as the year closes, but for most of the year prices have been exceptionally good. 6. — Cinnamon. — In 1897 exports of quills and chips considerably exceed these for 1896, and prices have gone back quite Id per lb. both in Europe and locally, during the closing months of the year. 7 — (jocoNUT Oil. — In 1896 Ceylon exported a little over 343,000 cwt. ,, 1897 Ceylon export is expected to exceed 410,000 ,, showing an increase of 67,000 ,, ' Exports of oil to India in 1897 are double those of 1896. Exports to the Straits also show a large in- crease in 1897. Rupee values have not fluctuated violently during the year, 8. — Copra. — In 1886 Ceylon exported a little over 50,000 cwt. ,, 1897 Ceylon exports will probably aggregate 107,500 „ showing an increase of 57,500 „ The large increase in export of copra this year is almost entirely due to a strong demand from Hamburg, where other copras were in smaller supply than usual. 9. — Desiccated Coconut is expected to show an increase in quantity exported, of 12J per cent over 1896, Prices unfortunately for this industry remain at a very low figure. 10. — Plumbago.— Exports for 1897 will show a slight increase over those for 1896. Prices during 1897 have ruled higher all through than for many years past, and owners of pits must have made good profits. The market closes very firm and dear prices seem likely to rule for some time. 11. — Coconuts. — Exports this year will be much about the same as for 1896. 12. — Coir Goods, Rope, Yarn and Fibre all will show an important increase, but Yarn and Fibre es- pecially so. 13. — Ebony and Sapanwood, both will show a large decrease, 14. — PiALMYEA Fibre and Kitul Fibre will also show a falliDg-off. 502 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [Jan. I, 1898. B. Imports. Bice.— The price of rice during the year ruled very high, gradually increasing from January t'll August, when it was dearest. Since then prices have been easier, and as the year closes good Kuruvi'ay is ob- tainable at B3‘80 per bushel in Colombo. Dry Goods.— Imports of Manchester and Continenta goods have been considerable. Exchange has been favourable to importers; and as the year closes with high exchange, dry goods may be expected to arrive on a fairly large scale during the first half of lo9o, and supplies will be ample tor all demands. Business was to some extent impeded during the latter half of this year owing to the slip on the Bailway line. In anticipation of “ Tivali” demand, upcountry dealers who came to Colombo for supplies, had in many instances to return without these being nnable to get them up in time for Tivali— thus to some extent a market was lost. The small cash balances due to coolies after deductions for rice have also tended to curtail the offtake. Estate Bequisites have on the average ruled low in price. ■ v Metals have been imported in fair supplies. Haberuasheky Goods. — A fair business has been done during the year. C. Shipping. With the exception of the closing prrt of the year, tonnage has been ample and on the average freights ruled low. Increased facilities for loading and un- loading at the wharf and jetties are urgently needed to expedite the despatch of steamers. The quantities discharged from and loaded into steamers— taken per hour of continuous work— compare unfavourably with former years. review of the general native TRADE 1899. (By a Sinhalese Trader.) The native trade in the Pettah during the past year, has been looking up, in spite of prices fluctuating, consequent on the rise and fall in the value of our rupee. Luckily for importers of European goods, ex- change rose opportunely, which enabled all Christ- mas goods to be placed at a reasonable value. A glance at the Main Street shops will convince one, that importations have been heavier than previous years. Some shops show better quality for instance in Drapery and Millinery, F. X. Perera’s have kept up their usual reputation for good quality, fair value, and politeness.—" The Diamond Jubilee Warehouse " which was opened during the celebrations of Her Majesty’s Diamond Reign is dressed in good style. Abdul Carrim also deserves mention for his usual display of superior goods, especially in Millinery and Drapery, and last, but not least, “ The Pettah Cash Drapery Warehouse ’’ owned by the general R S P’. established in 1893, though still in its infancy, has done well in following in the wake of her elder English sister— all goods imported, being of superior Quality and finish. ’ gpiniTs AND Wines business has been brisk in good brands, but the market is glutted with spurious inferior rubbish which ought to be prohibited by the City Fathers. OiLMANSToBES.— Trade in this line has shown up well Importations have been heavy. Anstralian Produce is making headway. Germany is still push- ing her biscuits, dealers looking to cheapness rather than quality. Special mention may be made of A. Simon E’ernando as being the largest wholesale ? algr and Cornelius Fernando and Sons may be reckoned the largest retailers. Messrs. V. P. Perera and Rons who established themselves about 32 years ago, have ’unfortunately collapsed ; some attribute failure to recent bad management. Lampwahb, Glassware, Hardware, Cement, Oils Paints &c., did a very big business during the year, at steady rates, caused by increased demands for building purposes. Germany has held her own in nearly all the above lines. Paper, Patent Medicines and Drugs’ Tr.ade.— In these lines have been very favourable. Steam’s V ines Scott's Emulsion, &c , making good headway. But the line, which showed the greatest activity, and assumed large proportions, was Paper of all descriptions. Here again German makes, espe- cially in printings and coloreds found great favor. Sorry to find that the Indian Paper Mills have fallen off considerably during the year. The Ba ly Mills were offering stocks on hand at cutting prices, but very little changed hands. Chinese and Japan goods : transactions were much restricted, a little passed in Canton matting. Paper lanterns were in great demand during the .Jubilee, but importations fell far short of demands. Fire crackers came into the market in large quantities and found good sale. Indian Products, Rice. — The demand during the year has been larger than ever, rates fluctuated daily for all kinds except Rangoon raw rice which was rather sluggish, owing to abundant supplies. Busi- ness done during the year was very steady. The Chetty firms almost monopolising the trade. Prices ran up to R6 per bushel for Muttusamba. Supplies were up to demands. The high prices ruling may be attributed to short crops caused by long drought throughout India . Castor Oil, Castor Cake, Fish Manure, and Cat- tle Bones : next to Grain these form a very impor- tant importation, large business has been done with European Firms at steady prices, the trade being almost monopolised by the Tuticorin Tamils. Sugar. — Importations were heavy during the year, demands for the middle grades were great, but impor- tations were restricted owing to European importa. tions, German Granulated crushed has held the market firmly and bids fair to maintain its present position. Importations have been heavier than ever of the latter grade. Kerosine Oil. — Messrs. Carimjee Jaffei-jee are mono- polising the trade in oil. “Daylight” as usual found most favor, “ Sumatra’’ bids fair to do good business. The largest consumption has been in Russian Tank Oil. GraIn, Cotton Seed, &c. — These did a free sale as usual in spite of the heavy prices that ruled. Dry Fish and Maldive Pish : rates have been fully maintained and the bulk of the business in the former is in the hands of the Tuticorin Tamils. In the latter article the trade is almost entirely in the hands of Messrs. Carimjee Jafferjee, the Bom- bay merchants, who have the Maldivians sellers well in hand ; shipments arriving in their own schooners. The demand was great, stocks plentiful. Prices exorbitant ; a month or two ago rates ran up to R45. About four years ago Maldive-fish was sold at R14'50 per cwt. Monopoly is the only reason one can give for this unjustifiable raising of prices. Bombay and Calcutta Flour. — The Bombay Flour Mill Co.’s brands were to the front, landings heavy and the trade satisfactory ; but the Plague having broken out in Bombay, direct arrivals were nearly nil. The Bengal Flour Mills Co., did a fair trade. Im- portations from the former Company are now coming in freely and good business is being done in their brands. Sundry Indian Produce Curry Stuffs, Ac. — There was keen competition in these, but prices have been maintained. Chillies ruled at unheard-of prices, and Shellots or Red Onions were ditto. Exports. — Leading native firms did good business in Ceylon Produce, heavy consignments of Coconuts, Coconut Oil, Desiccated Coconuts, and a little Tea, Plumbago, &c., have been shipped to England and the Continent, Madras, Calcutta, Coconada and Singa- pore drew large shipments of oil. Native Journalism.— Success is still crowning the printers at Pettah. “ Srilankodaya,” another native journal, has come into existence during the year under review, and one ov two other magazine?, ; Jan. I, 1898.1 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. S°3 Sale of Ceylon Plantations (Tea and Coconut) during- 1897- District. Kegalla Maskeliya Negombo Dolosbage Medainalianuwara Name of Estate. Hunugalla Glencoe Ekelle, Allegalle* Havilland and Donoughinore Ensal watte Bogawantalawa Lynford Ramboda Tavalamtenna Balangoda Balakotenna Gampola Gadadessa Do 1 Pussetenne P.anwila Kaduwella Dimbula Langdale Bogawantalawa i Loinorn Kelani Valley Polatagarna and New Polata- gama Do We-oya Do Walpola Group Pussellawa Kanapediwatia, Blackford and St. Cuthbert Galle Mount Pleasant Kalutara Neboda Group, consisting of Neboda, Deegalla and Narthupane Maskeliya Lower Cruden Pussellawa Heatherly Matale East Cattaratenne Wattegama FloAverdew Kurunegala Bridstowe Do Matilda Valley Do Ambanpitiya Do Moratenna Do Pittiakanda Maskeliya Blairavon Passara East Gowrakele Kurunegala Handrokanda Bamberabotua Welewale Mukalana Gampola Dimbula Udapussellawa Dik i'ya Negonibo Matale North Dimbula Matale Kurunegala Bogawautalawa Do Do Negombo Dikoya Gampola Do Ambagamuwa Do Kegalla Matale Kurunegala Negombo Batticaloa Nuwara Eliya Do Ram bod a Do Ranawelle Mayfield and Pittenweem Coneygar i Marlborough Hunupitiya Mill f Drulindetenne Mayfield and Chalmers Nicholoya Daisy Valley t + Bridwell and Kirkoswald Elbedde Bogawanna Pallanchena § South Wana Rajah Dartry Blackburn Koladenia do Eangegama Pitakanda Group which in- cludes, 'Pitakanda, Dambu- lagalla, Kinrara and Sylva- kanda. Puswelgodellall Brankajayah Forest LandlT Kandapolla "v Monkswood I Rushbi'ook I Frotoft I Na?ne of Purchaser. Goomera (Ceylon) Tea Estate Co., Ltd. Mr. Kennedy ,, A. E. de Silva The Gangwarily Tea Co., Ltd. MessTs. E J Young, Chas. Young and Eric S. Anderson Mr, W. W. Maitland ,, Dobbs Consolidated Tea and Lands Co., Ltd. Mr. E. de Silva ,, H. J. Charsley F. Tathani The Dimbula Valley Tea Co., Ltd. Mr. W. A. Sparling The Yatiyantota Ceylon Tea Co., Ltd. do do do do do do The Kanapediwatte Tea Co., Ltd. Dr. C. E. de Silva The Neboda Ceylon Teas Co., Ltd. Mr. Cotesworth Ceylon Proprietaiy Estates Co., Ltd Messrs. VV. H. Tindall & Co. Mr. Shelton Agar The Kurunegala Estates Co., Ltd. do do do do do do do do do do do do Amount. £ 7,250 ,, 10,000 K 35,000 £ 9,000 ,, 1,000 „ 25.000 ,, 3,500 R 25,000 ,, 10,000 „ 40,000 „ 50,000 £ 22,000 „ 3,200 „ 58,650 „ 28,325 „ 39,725 R322.200 „ 22,000 11170,000 £ 8,500 ,, .500 8,400 5,900. 61,000 9,000 R Mr. J. Shannon Stevenson The Namunakula Tea Estates Co., Ltd Messrs. J . A. Roberts and A. H. Taylor Tile Consolidated Tea and Lands Co., Ltd Mr. Charles Blair Mr. F. W. Jamieson The Standard Tea Co., of Ceylon. Ltd Messrs. L. G. Young and R. H. Eliot Ceylon Tea Plantations Co., Ltd. The Hapugahalanda Tea Co., Ltd. The Mayfield (Dimbula) Tea Co., of Ceylon, Ltd. Do do J The Amalgamated Tea Estate Co., Ltd. The Bogawantalawa District Tea Co Ltd. Do do Do do Lady De Soysa The South Wana Rajah Tea Estates Ltd. Do do Do do Mr. C. P. Plant Messrs. Edgar Smith and F. H. Davis Messrs. C. Blair and A. M. Blair } „ 19,000 ,, 85,000 £ 8,500 £ 5,0 0 ,, 5,000 R 21,600 ,, 37,000 £ 21,750 „ 3,500 ,, 5,500 R 45,000 „ 12,000 £ 63,000 R 130,0CO £ 110,000' ,, 55,000 ,, 3'>,000 R 73,000 £ 13,000 ,, 20,000 6,600 42,1 00 85,(0 ) 3,5C0 ' R The Pitakanda Tea Co., of Ceylon, Ld. Ibrahim Bin Ameth Do Admiral Drummond The Kandapolla Tea Estates Co , Ltd. J R 240,000 8,00j ,, 50,OOo 40,000 23,125. 19,920 5,00o 14,282 £ • Cinnamon principally, t Oil and fibre mills. Coconuts. ^ Cinnamon. S2 : Coconut and Cocoa. § Cinnamon and Coconuts. |) Foj 504 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [Jais. i SALE OF CEYLON PLANTATIONS (TEA AND COCONUT) DUPING 18S7. District. Name of Estate. Bogawantalawa \ Deteneg.alle Pus.sellawa Beaumont, B.agatelle Do (Jlive, Winsley Black Forest Do Maskeliya Forres and AVarburton Nilainhe Laurawatte Dinibula Ardlaw Do AVishford Batticaloa Siyane Korale Kalkudah* (Veyangorla) Alntkuru Korale K an debod da* (VVe)isara) AA'eli.sara Kurundnwattat Do Anningka,ndeJ Dikoya Exmoiith or Donnybrook & Froine or Midford Pntt.akani iSetavai'.n§ Knrnnegala A, s 1 ) 0 k n n aw a 1 1 a § 'Trincoinalee F'orest land (347 acres 1 rood and 23 jierchcs)!! Chilaw Haldandnwana*' Badnlla Moragolla CItilaw Letchmey** Dikoya Errol 1 Bogaw an t al awa Noi th Cove Do Devonfold Ratnapura Mahawala Badnlla Oodoowere Maskeliya Laxapiana Do Maha Elliya Yakdessa Katidal Oya Panwila Zululand N. Kadugannav a Alagala and Dekanda Kadiigannawa Bellongalla Dimbula IJndulaand Llan Thomas Maskeliya Bitterne Do Gnngawatta Doloshnge Barnagalia and Dedugalla Panwila Goon.ambil .and Eriagas- terina and | Baxawe Anibaganinwa AA"ay weltalawa Dikoya Berat Pussellawa Castlemilk Dikoya Lawrence ' Alagala Kotnngodella and Hingul- gnlla Dolosbage St. Helen Nnwara Eliya Denmark Hill Do Heliiersett Ratnapura £- Cainey and A.^oka Dikoya Lynsted Kalutara Maddegcdere Kurunegala Chena land 105 acres|| Kelebokka Belugas Udagaina Riseland Chilaw AA^alahapitiya Kotmale 1 Gingran Oya Yeyangoda Kalagah a* Henaratgoda Kiriketfa„ Dimbula Ouvahkelie Do Vellekellie Pussellawa Rosalie Balangoda Chelnole Name of Purchaser Mr. A. G. Layard ! The Ceylon Pro])rietary Tea Estates Co., j Ltd. J The Agra Tea Co. of Ceylon, Ltd. (lo do Mr. C. Pieris ,, D. S. Senanayake ,, E. de Silva The Donnyhrook Tea Co., Ltd. Mr. 'J'. Valiii^iillai The Con.solidated Tea and I.and Co., Ltd. Mr. II. V. Lushiiigton ,, II. Bastian Fernando ., S. II. Fearless ,, T. Valnjiiiillai iiandapola Tea Co., Ltd. Mr. VaiiCitters The Kandapola Tea Co., Ltd. 'Die Mahawale Tea Estate Co., Ltd, The Oodooweia Estate Co., of Ceylon Ltd The Ceylon and Indian Planters’ Asso- ciation Ltd. do Mrs. Bird ,, Y'. S. Bennett Messrs. B. P. Y’arlow & C. G, Tnrler- ville The lindnla Tea Co., Ltd. The Gangawatte E.states Co,, Ltd. do 'The Central Province Ceylon lea Co., Ltd Messrs. Dent Brothers Mr. H. F. Harris Edere))olla Tea Co., of Ceylon, Ltd. The Nnwara Eliya 'Tea Estate.s Co., Ltd. Mr. G. AY. Greenshields The Kanan Devan Hills Produce Co., Ltd. do N. D P. Silva 'The Central Province Co., Ltd. The Eastern and Ceylon Tea Estates and 'Trading Co., Ltd. Mr. T. Sannuigani Mr. A. Padwick Mr. M. J. Cooray Dr. Johnson The Vellekellie Tea Co, of Ceylon Ltd. The Ceylon Proprietary 'Tea Estates Co., Ltd. 'The Consolidated Tea and Lands Co., Ltd. Kalutara Sorana Group (including II- lenihe, Sorana, Dorakeda- kande and AVaykola- kande) The Consolidated Esta,tes Co., Ltd. * Cinnamon and Coconuts. | Cinnamon. J Coconut and Cocoa. § Coconut 100 acres, jj ^ Coconuts 800 acres, Coconuts 218 acres, 1898. (Could.) Auiouut. £ 6,000 „ 64,4u0 ,, 1 3,025 B 200,000 ,, 60,000 ,, 32,200 ,, 13,300 ,, 16,100 ,,102.600 ,, 33,000 ,, 48,000 ,, 5,288 ,, 60,000 ,, 61,oft0 ,,162,000 ,, 14, .575 ,. 5,000 „ 13,148 ,, 3,(00 ,, 85,000 £ 65,000 ,, 16,000 K 32,000 £115,(00 ,, 3,000 ,, 37,0.50 B 81,500 „ 93,000 £ 92,500 „ 44,000 B. 38,000 £ 6,000 £ 12,500 ,, 24,000 11 66,000 £ 30,000 ,, .34,600 K 8,300 £ 10,000 ,, 1,400 R17L00O £ 5,500 R 7,600 ,, 15,000 „ 20,750 „ 17,750 R 40,000 £ 9,000 R236,0C0 CoceSutSi Jan. I, .898.J IHE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 505 SALE OF CEYLON PLANTATIONS (TEA Distiict. Name of Estate. Badulla Deiiioileia Orouj) (including Weyweliicna, Oeliiinbe, Panolgasheua and In- gurugania) Dimbiila ” 0 > I Devon Dikoya Claverton Do Bro,adoak Eamboda Helbodde Do Ranghodde Hapiitale Wiharegalle Dikoya Lawrence Do Venture Matale Belegama Do Kahawatte Do '\^'aveena AND COCONUT) DURING 1897 — [Contd.) Name of Purchaser. Amounts The Demodera Tea Co., Ltd. £ 90,000 Mr. Walker „ 2,000 The Lethenty I'ea E.states Associa- tion. Ltd. do £ 16,000 ,, 20,000 Duffs E.states Co., Ltd. ,, 25,000 do „ 25,000 do ,, 10,000 The Caledonian (Ceylon) Tea Es- tates Ltenal offence, and that Goi eminent be respecG fully asked to alter the Game Ordinance accord* i‘-«'y. ” It was then proposed by Mr. Maitland and seconded by Mr. Mui'RlE WlL.SON : — “ That the Goveinment Agent of Uva be a.sked fo issue orders to the various headmen and forest watchers of the Province to be more vigilant and in every way in their power to as.sist the Game Protee- tion Society in preventing the present whole.sale slaughter of deer during the closed season, the local branch of this society agreeing to pay a reward of R20 for each conviction.” A lengtliy discussion here en.sued ami it trans- pired that it was a well-known fact that there was a large illicit export of horns and hides from the Souili^ern coast, and it wa.s believetl that the liglit-huuses aided this smuggling. St was thought expedient to enlighten the autli®- rities on this subject and to ask the hearty co- operation of the Trinity House and port offi- cials of Southern India in the matter. It was nnanimomsly carried that a cordial vote of thanks le tendered to Mr. Thomas Farr fior his untiring energy in furthering the interests of the Game Protection Society. The meeting heie adjourned. J. R. Barkley, Hon. Secy. fro. tem CEYLON CINNAMON. Mr. Ernest Williams offers in the “ WimlsoF amu.sing indiettnent of the Chri.stmaa piuui- pnddiiig. it is consecrated to John Bull, and yet most of its ingredients are foreign, Greek currants, American ])lnms. candied peel fixtiu everywhere, French brandy ! The only com- fort for Mr. AVilliains is that the cinnamon conus from Ceylon, and Ceylon is still [lait ot the Biilish F.mpire, though you can never be sure tlmt when you ojien a Tory ei'ening paper you will not find a suggeslion that J.ord Sali- bury is thinking of making a present of Ceylon to Fiacn However, it is plain now' that pati iots cannnot eat their Carisimas junhling any more and we expect fo bear that it ha# been h;uiisheil from Mr. Chamberlain's bous^j hold. — London Dady Chronicle. 5o6 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [Jan. I, 1898. Cun'c-Bpondcncc 7’i/ Ihp. E It Hot. CEYLON GAME PROTECTION SOCIETY. Dec. 1st. Sir,— I have the pleasure to forward for pub licatioii iti your columns, if you will be good enough to oblige me — a copy of the Report of a local meeting of the Game Protection Society held in Haputale on Nov. 20th, It is most gratifying to me to welcome this new departure, and I trust the example of Uva will be followed by other districts in Ceylon. If only some enthusiastic Sportsman in each district would take up the matter of Game Pro- tection in the same wholehearted way that Mr. Barkley has done, I ani confident that real and lasting progress would be made. I take this ojinortunity of recording my thanks to Mr. H. V. Bagot of Hewaheta, for his hearty co-operation. — I am. Sir, yours »&c, THOS. EABR, Hon. Secy. [The report of the meeting referred to will be found on page 505. — Ed. T.A.] tea cultivation : PRACTICAL PLANTERS ON “FORKING,” “DRAINS AND THE “ PREVENTION OF WASH.” Pundaluoya, Dec. 17. Sir,— I am pleased to see “ Veteian,” (see page 476) drawing attention to the fact that forking on steep land d >es not engender wa-h, if earned out as he desciibes, namely, by loi s 'ning the soil wilhout turning it over. 1 am prepared to go further and assert that it is actually preventive of wash. The chief cause ot wash is the in- ability of the lain water to pei •irate the ground ast enough when the surface soil is firm and close. Directly the .soil is loo.sened by the proiier use of the fork, the rain will soak in as it falls, and there will be no accumulation of surface ’ water to rush down thcslopes transport- inf' valuable soil in his progress. The plants also will benefit by the well-known valuable jn-operties of rain water and by the more per- fect anation of the soil. “ V'^eteran ” also touches upon the question of filliiif' up drains to avoid some of the eftsers of drought, which, it is thought, might follow the breaking-up ot the surface soil. But when the rain water has been allowed to pene- trate to the subsoil, iuste.ad of being hurried off into the nearest ravine, I think 'it will be found that the tea plant— with its deep roots— will feel the effects of drought much less. In connection with both the prevention of wash and the closing of drains, I would draw atten- tion to another plan that I have been lately adopting and which has so far proved most satisfactory. This is, to fill up all the drains evenly with the primings immediately after a field has been pruned. Paradoxical as it may seem this really prevents the disastrous block- ing of drains that so often occurs during a heavy plump of rain. There can be no accidental heading back of water. Any solid matter that falls into the drain rests where it falls— above the primings, and is not carried along to form -a dam at the first obstruction. The water filters jhrout'h the rubbish, depo.siting any .soil it has brought down, and trickles .slowly away below, much of it finding its way into the subsoil. The repeated clearing out of drains is no safeguard against a block — as I have often fouml to m> cost. 'J'he cleanest drain is at the mercy of the first rock that rolls down the hill. I ])!ead the following advantages for my method : — 1. The saving of soil : the water being filtered in its passage through the lubbish. 2. A great saving in expense: there being no necessity to clear out the drain until the time for the next pruning, when the accumulated soil and decayed vegetable matter will be spread over the surface below the drain, and the drain will be recharged with the new prunings. 3. The avoidance of any accidental block at one spot, with ics consequent leading back of water and overflow. 4. Benefit to the tea by the freer percolation of water in its slower flow along the drain ; and by the application of accumulated soil and humus. 5. —The convenient disposal of the tioublesome primings. — I am, sir, yours truly, E. ERNEST GREEN. THE CACAO DISEASE. Dec. 16. Dear Sir, — As the investigation into the Cacao disease may benefit all growers of that product, and as it would be unfair that the cost of it should be borne by a few, I think that, as in the case of work done for the benefit of the Tea Industry, it should be met by an extra export tax on that juoduct, to be levied till the account is closed. This, at the rale of 25c per cwt., would proba- bly take only one year. Hoping you will give room to my suggestion, — I am, yours tiulj\ A. V. D. P. [A very fair suggestion. — Ed. T.A.] TEA CULTURE AND THE RISK OF Al'PLYlNG CERTAIN MANURE.S. Colombo, 22nd Dec. Dear Sir, — With reference to your comments passed in Mond.ay’s issue of j’our paper on the question of tainting of the flavour of tea by the application of strong smelling manuies, like blood or fish, it would read as it the chief argument of Mr. John Hughes against their use was in this direction, whilst on the contrary his princi- pal objection against them — and raw bones — was on the ground of the risk of introducing some fungoid disease. Mr. John Hughes laid special stress on this point and declared the use of these substances as ^'■dangerous,” unless treated with acid before their application. The immense damage done by the Coffee leaf- disease, and more recently by the Cacao dis- ease, whether due to the above cause or not, should certainly be a warning to planters not to treat this matter lightly, and in their own interest try to avoid any such risf s— prevention in all cases being better than cure. As regards the question of strong-smelling substances tainting the flavour of tea I would point out that I had been cautioned agaim^t their use by more than one authority on this matter, and as a practical demonstration one of the leading agronomists of Fiance submitted to jue samples of wine from a vineyard, which Jan. I, 1898.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. S°7 had been manured with a strong-smellin" fertiliser, and the flavour of which liad been distinctly affected, whilst the wdne from the unmanufactured plot of the same vineyard was all right — Yours truly, A. BAUR, The Ceylon Manure Works. ESTATE SUPERINTENDENTS AND PROPRIETORS. Sir, — How is it you have never given us your views on the question of treatment of Superin- tendents and all Tea Planiers by Pioprietors? Further reference to it seems desirable as some practical good may result from adequate venti- lation of the matter. As a contemporary of yours once pointed out, the only difference — a very material one too — in which way employers treat their Superintendents and Assistants is, that the one is recognized as a fellow human being, toiling in a trying and dangerous climate to make capital bring in its largest leturn to the owner and the other is considered simply as a machine, to be used as long as it can go and then to be cast aside ! Awaiting your opinion. — I am, yours truly, GREATLY INTERESTED. GEM DIGGING AND GOLD PROSPECTING IN CEYLON. Sib, — Will you kindly allow me for the second time a little room in your valuable columns for the benefit of your readers who may be interested in this special industry in the island. I have read with interest some paragraphs which appeared in the local ‘‘ limes ” a few days ago. I agree with the explanations given by the writer, as regards the eriental amethyst (the mlakanthij a of the natives) which is a mixture of the red and blue colour in the same stone. When the ruby colour is predominant the stone is subjected to fire and in most of the cases the blue colour will disappear, leaving a first-class ruby, but when the blue colour is in excess no attempt is made to subject it to the fire and it is cut as it is and takes the name of the orien.al amethyst. Tie real Ceylon amethyst is the best specimen 1 have ever seen. Certainly Lockhart's Gem Separator will not retain it as the specific gravity is very low. Even with the present system of washing if the water is muddy when the Washer can’t see its sparkling colour, in many in- stances it is lost, as this gem will not settle down under the gravel where the other gems separate from the rubbish. The amethysts, which are produced in Mexico and Brazil can’t approach the Ceylon specimens. Up to date there has not been discovered any gemmiferous primitive soil or matrix from which the gems are disintegrated. Therefore gemming is carried on only where the deposits of alluvial soil hides the deposit of gravel where gems are supposed to be. This kind of gravel or strata is found at different dep hs, depending especially upon the size of the water-course. When digging near a river at a depth of about 90 feet, I came across two or three strata of illau one over the other. The two upper ones showed no signs of gems, but gems and gold I found in the last one, that is to say the gravel resting on the malava, as it is caded by the gemmers, or the primitive soil of the English. Therefore to wash all the alluvial silt which covers the gravel seems to me to be absurd. I admit that a gem may have been picked up by a cooly wcman in Rangwulatenne estate without any signs of iilan. When the island came out Irom under the waters and before the vegetation took place, naturally the earth was naked. There- fore the water could easily wash the earth carrying with it all that it contained. In these days also landslips were more frequent and in large masses ftnd wlieie the waters found space there they left it, so the present alluvial deposits which now we come across are of primitive formation. Then when the earth covered herself with vegetation the water could no more wash easily the soil of the high- est mountains so it is not easy to find gems in recent deposits. After the opening of so many estates in the island and the land being bare and naked again it will not be strange to find a gem on the surface of the earth without any signs of iilan. The gem being naturally disintegrated from her matrix by the action of the water and remaining there unprotected on the surface, anyone could have picked it up • this has happened many times on upcountry estates. As to gold the writer says in his letter of the 17th inst., that gold has been found in the iilan of gem pits in specks up to the size of half grains of rice. Gold has been found by myself a great deal larger than that size. At a place called Deturangalla three miles this side of Mqrawaka, gold nuggets were found of ten penny- weights and larger. ^ Another well-known European and I went pros- pecting there and we could not trace the matiix from which the gold had been disintegrated. I hope as the writer sa.v s that Mr. Lockhart’s Separator may locate it in the bottom of the machine, but it cannot point out the reef. There is another trouble which the Gem Separator will find on the way, that is, that the alluvial soil of the island contains a large quantity of piroxides of man- ganese which will fill up the receiver in no time so there will be little or no space left for the gems, especially the large ones which remain at the very top of the Kalu-icelln. There is another place well-knovn to me wheie I found gold dust and pepitas, better than the last-named place. I am suie that some startling things will be found— things which will surprise not only the afoiesaid writer but the inhabitants of the island. ^ At the time of the gold prospecting f ver in Ceylon I applied to Government for assistance, but it was lefustd. As my means could not affoid’ the prospecting expenses the matter died a natural death- but, if God spare my life and piovide me with the means to go and prospect the place at my own ex- pense, I will not leave a spot unsearched for the piecious metal. If this trial is notallowec’ to me the secret will pass to my heir.— Yours faithfully A. DE DOMiiucO. GOLD IN UVA. Dkar Sir,— I have read with interest your leader on “ Mining and Gemming in Ceylon ” I would certainly endorse Mr. Daly’s opinion that the quarts and localities at the foot of the hills below Namunukula Kanda should be searched and examined by Mr. C. Tottenham’s friend Capt Tregay ; there is a village called '' Rang-denia’’ reputed in ancient times as being a city of gems and gold in such abundance that the very plough shares of the villagers, were made of gold 1 (see a book called “ Wagarupota” belonging to Tel- denia R.M.) Near Wellawaya there is tiie site of an old ruin (temple or dagoba), with a rock in- .SCI iptiou recording the existence in ancient times of a fabulous w'ealthy city and country whose inhabitants died of plague or famine ; and that all their goods and chattels, golden ploughshares and all, were buried underneath this ruin and rock inscription. Some years ago, I got from the villagers near about this locality some ancient coins in gold and copper, and many other persons are said to have found lots of jewelry ; I am of opinion that gold may be lound in this locality if a search be made. As for iron : I remember Lr. Gygax, the geologist in June 1858, was at Billuhuloya on his explor- ing expedition, and he reported that iron of a very superior quality existed betw een Ratnapura 5o8 THE TROPICAL AGRICLLTURIST, [Jan. I, 1S98. and Haputale ; iron used to be smelted in hole« and kilns on the patnas by villagers near Kaba- galla 'when I came in ’58. The rough lumps of iron were taken to RatTiapura and they came back to us in the sliapeof catties and axes tor felling our forests, and manioties for the villagers ploughing season, besides gun-barrels and many other kinds of im- plements. I think Dr. Gygax said the ironstone contained 90 percent of pure iron. NYhat we want is coal to melt it. — Yours truly, OLD HA^sD. It will be observed that the larger coconut, although grown on an inland estate, yielded the larger prc- portiou of chlorine ; and even supposing the iticine- ration of the husk of the iniand-growu nut to have been conducted with somewhat less loss of chlorides the legitimate inference from these two analyses if that a sufficient supply of common salt must exist in the soil or be supplied to the soil, for the suc- cessful cultivation of the coconut tree. M. COCHRAN. SALT IN THE ASH OF COCONUT HUSK. Kandy, Dee. 27. Dear Sir, — Some time ago I sent you the results of an analysis of the ash of the busk of a coco- nut grown near the sea. The analysis sliewed that the ashes contained a large proportion of chlorides, the total chlorine found being 2'1'80 per cent, equivalent to 40'87 per cent of common salt. The iuterence from the analysis was that common salt should be regarded as an essential ingredient of plant food of the coconut tree ; but to make certain that a large amount of chloride was nor- mally present in the ash of coconut husk, and that this was not simply an accidental circumstance due to the proximity of the tree to the sea, it seemed to be necessary to prove by experiment that salt was also present in large proportion in the ash of husks of nuts of good quality grown far from the sea. A short time ago 1 had the oppor- tunity of demonstrating this in the case of a well- grown coconut, much above the average size, received from Mr. Austin Fernando, of Veheralanda Watta, Kurunegala. I have not Mr. Fernando’s letter beside me, otherwise I should quote from it, but it was stated in the letter that the nut was grown on land that had never been manured, and that the nut had been allowed to mature on the tree. In the case of the sea-side nut, one third part of the husk, cut longitudinally, was reduced to ashes. If the husk be regarded as built up of three carpels . then one-third part corresponds to a complete carpel. In the case of the inland nut, with a view to minimise the loss of chloride that is liable to take place during incineration, as chlorides of the alkalies begin to volatilise at a red heat, I took only one-sixth part of the husk, corresponding to half a carpel. As- suming the two halves of a carpel or modified leaf cut longitudinally to have the same chemical com- position, a half carpel may be regarded as re- presentative of the whole husk, while a shorter time is required to reduce the smaller proportion of the husk to ashes, and the possible losS of chloride is therefore proportionally reduced. The chlorine was the only constituent of the ash that I considered it necessary to determine. This amounted to 2(j'498 per cent of the ash, w'hich is equivalent to 49 67 per cent of common salt. The following exhibits, in tabular form, a comparison of the results obtained with the sea-side and with the inland coconuts respectively Weight of coconut with husk . . Weight of nut . . Weight of husk.. Proportion of husk used for analysis . . • • Percentage of crude ash yielded by husk Percentage of chlorine in ash of hush Percentage of common salt equivalent to chlorine in ash of husk . . Weight of common salt equi- valent to chlorine in one husk .. •• -01417 lb. ■02152 1b. Ditto in I,00C husks same as those analysed .. 11T7 Ib. 21 52db- Seaside Coconut. 3-482 lb. 1-693 lb. 1-789 ib. Inland Coconut. 4-407 lb. 1- 9i4 lb. 2- 493 lb. one-third one-sixth 1-938 1-977 21-80 26-498 40-87 43-665 The “ AoRicui.TUR.tL Gazette" of New South Wales, Vol. VIII. Part 11. Edited by W. II. Clarke. Contents for November, 1897 Further Notes on the Milling Qualities of the Differ- ent Varieties of Wheat, F. R. Guthrie and E. H. Gurney; Fruit-drying, W. .J, Allen; The Culture cf Tobacco, A. M. Hi-well ; Sumriier Pruning of the Vine, M. Rlunno ; Piunn g Ornamental Trees. H. V. .Jackson ; Profit,: ble Poultry. breeding for the Local and English Markets iContlusion), Geo. Ilradshawa the Curing of Meats, Reprint; Infiuence of Rees on Crops, Albert Gale ; Ree Calendar for December, Albert Gale; Oichard Notes for December, Geo. Waters; Practical \igetable and Flower Growing for December, V . S. Campbell ; General Notes ; Replies to Correspondents; Agricultuial Societies’ Shows ; Label for Specimens. MINOR PRODUCTS :-DRUG REPORT. (From Ihe Chemist and Jhufjcjist.) London, Dec. 9. Coca-leaves.- Privately the market i.s very firm Sd pet- lb. for f. ir ftreen sh TiuxiPo leaves. Of 54 Lale.s Truxillo ottered at auction, G soUl ,td per ib. for fair greenish and .‘■(I per lb. for ordinaiy damaged. Nine casM of good IIuucoco character leave.s uom Ceylon sold rather ehe-iplv at 6d per lb. ‘ Croton 8eeds tern in neglected. At auciion ten bags of orilinary part small at.d dull from bhai ghai sold very cheaply at 13s per cwi. Another tot of two ba"s rather dark mixed Ceylon, was bought in at4ts per cwt’ nominally. KOLA.--Four Miiall consigmneiits, totalling 27 packtin-es of West Indian kola were oftered at rale today, amP a portion sold at 5d fur souml, and from 3d to Vd per lb for damaged quality. Another lot of nice washed West Indian kolas is held for 7d to 7Rl per lb., and fair natural at 6d per lb. Oils (Essential).— Sandalwocd oil firmer on account of the advance in the price of wood in lucli . A fair quan* tity of eucalyptus oil was offered at auction today. At aucti- n there was a rather large supply of Cinnamon oil One case of this oil was bouglit in nominally at 4s per oz. ; others aie limited at fiom 1s 7d down to Is peroz Two cases of very pour rank quality acre knocked down at 5d per cz. There is plenty more of this same lot on hand. Ltmoiigrass is extrtmely firm, and noihing can be had on the spot below £d per oz., but it seems doubtful whether more than (id per oz. lias yet been p.id. There is practically nothing offering to arrive. At auction 10 cases, *■ land carriage," were bought in. Another lot of 25 cases imported via Hamburg is 1 mited at Sd per oz At auction it was bought in nc minally at Is per oz. One case distilled W.I. Oil t f limes sold at 3s 3d per lb which sh ws no alteratiui compared with the last sale at auction. For three cases Nutmeg oil ottered ‘without reserve,’ and sold at lower prices, viz. IFl to 2d per cz. For Citronella oil, November shipment Is Id per Ib. oif terms, in drums, has been paid, and on the spot, ne.'iiVst quotation is Is 3d ; er lb. for drums, and Is 4d’ per lb for tins. DEAFNlSS. All essay (tescnbing- a really geiuniie Cure for Deafness. Ringing in Ears Ac., no matter how severe or long standing, will he sent post free. —Artificial Ear- drums and similar ajjpliances entirely superseded. Address THOMAH KEMPE, ViCTOltiA Cham- UERS, 19, Southampton Buildings, Holborn, London. ’ Jan. I, 1898.1 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. S°9 COLOMBO PRICE CURRENT. Furnished by the Chamber of Vctnmcrce.) Colombo, Jp.n. 4th, 1898. Exchange on London: Ceosing Rates. Banl Selling Rates: — On demand 1/3| to 27-32; 4 months' sight 1/3 25-32 to 7-8th‘. 6 months’ sight 1/3 13-1> to 27-32 Ranh Buying Rates: — Credits 3 months' sight 1/4 1-32 to 3’32; 6 months’ sight l/4g to 5-32; Doots 3 months sight 1/4 1-16 to J; 6 months sight 1/4 5-32 to 3-16. Coffee. — Plantation Estate Parchment on the spot per bushel R14.75. Plantation Estate Coffee, f.o.b. on the spot per cwt. R80 00. Liberian parchment on the spot per bus. E4’73. Native Coffee f.o.b per cwt. none. Tea. — Average Prices ruling during the week Broken Pekoe, per lb. 00c. Pekoe per lb. OOo. Pekoe Sou- chong per lb. 29c. Broken mixed and Dust, per lb. 00c. Averages of Week’s sale. No sales. Cinchona Bark.— Per unit of Sulphate of Quinine per lb 07c. Cardamoms. — Per lb R2'35 Coconut Oil. — Mill oil per cwt. B13.C0, Dealers’ oil per cwt. R12 50 Coconut oil in ordinary packages f.o.b. per ton E297.50 Copra. — Per candy of 560 lb. RIO 00 Coconut Cake; fPoonac) f.o.b. (Mill) perlon, R70’00 Cocoa unpicked and undried, per cwt. R46'00. Com Yarn.— Nos. 1 to 8 ] Ctnnamon.- — Nos. 1 & 2 only f.o.b. 60c. Nominal Do Ordim ry Assort uent, per lb 51c, ,, Ebony. — Per ton No sales Plumbago ; — Large Lumps per ton, R365 Ordinary Lumps per ton, R345 Chips per ton, R220. Dust per ton, E145 00 Rice. — Soolye per bushel, j R 3.48 to 3’65 ,, per bag, 1 R9.15 to 9 70 Pegu and Calcutta Calunda None, Coast Calunda per bushel, R3'87 to Rl 20 Muttusamba per bushel, R4'25 to R4 60 Kadappa and Kuruwe per bushel, R3'12 to R3 44 Rangoon Raw 3 bushel bag — R9.75 LOCAL MARKET. (By Mi\ James Gibson, BaiUie St. Fort.) Colombo Jan 4tli, 1897. ! S12-00 Estate Parchment per bushel K.14'04 to ]4'25 Chetty do do lilS'OO to lo‘25 Native Coffee do F 0. B p r cwt iiiberian coffee:— per bush R2'50 4'00 , do clean coffee:— per cwtRSC'OO Cadamoms Malabar:— per lb. R2 00 to 2.2.4 do Mysoore do R2'2.5 bo 2’.'0 Cocoa unpicked per cwt 11:34.00 to S6‘00 do picked Co R45'0U Rice Market List Soolai per bag of 104 lbs nett RO.1.5 to 9.70 Slate & 1st quality soolai:- per bushel RiOO to 3.70 Soolai 2 & 3rd. do Coast Callunda Muttusamba ordinary Kuruvee Coast Kara Kazala Raw Rangoon Rice per 3 Cinnamon, per lb No 1 do do R3.C0 to 3.00 J13'37 to 4.20 .Scarce R4.60 to 4.7.5 R:l.t2 to 8.44 K3.76 to 4'UO R:3 '50 bushels bag E9.73 to 4 at ti4cts. to oOcts do do 1 & 2 03c. OoCts do Chips, per candy none Coconuts. Ordinary per thousand E08.00 to 40.00 do Selected do R41 00 to 42.01 Coconut Oil per cwt 13'00 to 13'25 do F. O. B. per ton 293 to 29.5 Copra per caudy:- Kalpitiya do Marawila do Cart Copra do Poonac Gingelly. do Chekku Mill (retail) Cotton Seed (latiiiwood ger cubic feet. R:)C.00 to 47.00 R35.00 to 38,00 R3:1.00 to 34-00 per ton 80.00 to 84. do R62.00 to 67.00 do R7.5.00 to 78-00 do R77-0O to SO K-2.00 to 2.50 do Flowered Palu. Halmilla Tuun Pali do CIO ilo do 6.00 to 8.0J 1.30 to 1.40 1.30 to 1.70 R1.30to 1.40 Ebony per t n R80 to 180 Kltul fibre per cwt R3.5.00 Palmira do do R9 50 to 22-00 Jaffna Black Cleaned per cwt R20.00 to 22* 0 do n ixed do R18.00 to 19 Indian do R9.50 to 17.00 do Cle.anecl do R12.50 bo 17 Sapanwood per ton R55-r0 Kerosine oil American per case R7.-27 to 7.37 do Bulk Russian per tin R2.60 to 2-65 do Russian in Case R.5.25 to R5.37 d ) Sumatra in Case R5.00 to 5 03 Kapok Cleaned F. O. B.— N j stock do tinpicked do none Croton Seed per cwt 25.'‘0 to 40 Niix V(.m.-3 (Jo Rl.OO to 6.03 I Large lumps R240 to 380 Plumbago per ton, according J do ,, R223 to 360 to quality 1 do Chips R120 to 2-20 y do Dust R 9 ) to 140 CEYLON EXPORTS AND DISTRIBUTION. 1896-97. *5 I m O \ 00 is 00 ^ . -M -S' o ^ 00 o ; CO o o 00 c CO O; C3S CO O r-l 00 I - o o 0000 “OS '2-t CO 50 CC " Tf- C ' 1 ~ CO c J IC CO r GO CO CO 00 CO i'. ^ CO CO I-- CO eS ^ i- c o o oc o c 0 CO CO Cl .0-1 o CO o os 00 uo o 01 o Cl . ir. »tC 01 O O CO 'CO O (M 'O 01 00 O lO rti o •iOiOOOOll'-'COOOCOOCO'O'MCOQO-^muO ■i5Ori00COuO'»n-^(5'lOq » CO Tji o CO ^ rH I i$ . - f- r- CO O ■X) I'- I-* O ■«. . - . . ■iOClcOOouf'iC''U>-a5;OiMO<»*ii-t ; UO r—( CO 01 UO r-i CO OJ ic Cl ^ r-H C-1 Oi CO 01 CO CO l>. O 1- lO 03 Cl 00 03 — JO O O Cl 1-* m a I ^ O O ^ CO O CO 00 CT CO 1/5 01 c> CO ® 00 ^ O 01 CO CO CO 00 CO o < 01 ^ 10 Ij 00 10 c 01 Cl CO CO 00 ..O O lO iH 10 CO 03 • CO 01 a ^ S s p,.rcnt. Psgidial lobes small buc prominent. Female insect paie'ytrlow before gestation; afterwards rttiuish. Male with 4 knobbed digitules on feet. Locality Punduloya. 7. C. graminis,\x.%p. — Onlemon-gi&ss (AndropogonJ, Pnuctured area of leaf turning dark purple. Female THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [Feb. 1, 1898. 516 shield snowy white ; insect reddish orange. Pellicles of male puparium dark brown. Adult male with 3 knobbed digitules on feet. Locality Pundnloya. 8. C. minuta, n. sp. — On Tetranthera. A very small species, appearing to the naked eye like minute yel- lowish specks on under surface of the leaf. Female shield colourless and transparent. Male puparium also very thin and transparent. Adult female insect very pale yellow. Male with 3 knobbed digitules on feet. Locality Punduloya. 9. (7. acuminata, n. sp. — Found on both surfaces of leaves ot ArOisia and several unidentified plants. Female shield very long and narrow with a median ridge, yellowish brown. Insect very pale yellow, tinged with bright orange in order individuals. Pygidia lobes very smalt. Male puparium strongly carinate, the furrows coloured reddish, giving a general pink tinge to the mass. Feet with 3 knobbed digitules. Terminal point of antenna with 3 knobbed hairs. Locality Punduloya. 10. C. doBuyni, n. sp. — On Elaagnus latifoUa under surface of leaves. Female shielo thin, whitish, but closely covered with tbe stellate hairs of the leaf. Insect bright yellow. Pygidium reddish. Pygidial lobes large and prominent. Ma e with 3 knobbed digitules on feet. Locality Punduloya. 11. C. exercitata, n. sp. — On both surfaces of leaves of Tea, Pyscaotria aird other plants, in colonies consis- ting usually of one, or a very few females and a large number of males; the white carinated male puparia being disposed very regularly in parallel lines. Female shield long and narrow, r eddish brown. Insect dull purplish red; pygidium with single median lobe. Male with 2 knobbed digitules on feet. Locality Punduloya. 12. Aspidiotus nerii, Bouche. — Common on Tea, Loranthus, Palheryia, Palms, etc. Localities Punduloya, Kandy, Colombo. 13. A aurantii, mask. — On Agave (American aloe) and Citrus rwmda. Locality Punduloya. 14. A. osheckice, n. i-p. — On atems of Osheckia, not common. Allied to re.rrii, but differs in the opaque brownish shield, and the marginal hairs of the insect. Male with black apodema. Feet with 4 knobbed digi- tules. Terminal joint of antenna with 3 knobbed hairs. Locality Punuuloya. 15. A. occultus, n. sp. — In minute galls on leaves of Grewia orientalis. Female pale yellow : no grouped spirrnerets. Male with 4 digitules on feet, and 3 knobbed hairs on terniirral joint of antenna. Locality Punduloya. 16. A. trilohitiformis, n. sp. — On leaves of uniden- tified tree. Female shield broad and flat, opaque, reddish brown. Insect very regularly and symmetrically formed ; segents strongly marked : a deep transverse groove behind the cephalic segments. Pygidium with well-marked reticulated path on upper surface. Locality Punduloya. 17. Diaspis lanata, Morg. and Ckll. — Very common on stems of geranium. C'dlicarpa lanata and Tylophora asihmatica. Very destruolive to cultivated geranium, the stems often being completely covered with the white male puparia. Locality Punduloya, 18. D- ciiculata, n. sp. — Common on young tea plants and on the twigs of older bushes : also on Cinchona and Osheckia. Female shield yellowish : pellicles usually dark, with a small whitish central boss surrounded by several concentric raised circles. Insect yellow. Male unknown. Locality Punduloya. , ^ ^ ^ 19. Mytilaspis citncola, Packard. — On orange, and leaves of Cocculus indicvs. Localitiec Punduloya, Kandy. 20. At. elonyata, n. sp.— On leaves of Arundinaria. Female shield very long and narrow, snowy white. Insect also very long; almost linear; pale yellow to orange. Male with 4 knobbed_ digitules on feet, and 6 knobbed hairs on terminal joint of antenna. Locality Punduloya, 21. 31. pallida, n. sp. — On leaves of unidentified shrubs. Allied to 31. citricola. Female shield pro- portionately longer, smoother and more regular, very pale yellowish or brownish. Insect creamy white : pygidium pale reddish. Male pale lilac: foot with 3 knobbed digitules: terminal joint of antenna with 3 knobbed hairs. Locality Punduloya. 22 Aonidia corniger, n. sp. — On upper surface of leaves of Psychotria aud Lif-.ea. A very remarkable form, the first pellicle bearing a series of 16 long, glassy, colourless horn-shaped processes. Adult female pale lilac : completely enclosed within second pellicle : pygidiums without spinnerets : margin produced into tooth-like processes. Locality Punduloya. 23. Fiorinia saprosrnfe‘ n. sp. — On under surface of leaves of Aopro.sma. Female shield almost completely occupied by the second pellicle, which is pale orange coloured. Male puparia concealed beneath a mass of nose white filaments. Female insect pale yellow : m.uiite jointed tubercles on margins of abdominal segments. Locality Punduloya. 24. F. secreta, n. sp. — In small galls on leaves of Grewia orieiitalis. Female insect yellow : pygidium long and pointed, with a prominent double median lobe : no grouped spinnerets. Locality Punduloya. 25. F. scrohicularum, n. sp. — In glandular pits at base of veins on leaves of Gaertncra kcenigii. Female shield very narrow in front, widened behind ; pale yellowish with reddish median area. Insect pale yellow : pygidium with deep median cleft. Locality Punduloya. 26. F. Palmce. n. sp. — On fronds of Coconut palm. Differs from F. saprosmat in smaller size, and in possession of a long stout spinelike process on rudimenrary antennae. Locality punduloya. 27. Planchonia ijamimso’, Boised. — On stems of Giant Bamboo. Male Unknown- Locality Punduloya. 28. P. miliaria, Boisd., var. longa, n. var. — On Arundinaria. Differs from type in proportionately gi eater size and length. Male yellow. Terminal joint of antenna with 3 knobbed hairs. Locality Punduloya. 29. P.delicata, n. sp. — On leaves of Arundinaria. Much less convex than P. hamhiisoe: sometimes al- most flat. Male reddish ; antennse with 6 very long whip-like hairs, and 3 knobbed hairs on ter- minal joint. Locality Punduloya. 30. P. solenophoroidei, n. sp. — on leaves of Ai-undi- naara, a minute species. Hinder part of female test narrowed and elevated. Insect bright yellow. Male pale yellow ; foot with 3 digitules : antenna with 3 knobbed hairs at apex. Locality Punduloya. 31. (Valkeriana Jioriqer, Walk.— On stem of Litzea zeylanica. Locality Punduloya. 32. IF. compacta, n. sp. — On stem of unidentified tree. Without the silky filaments and tufts of W. Jioriqer. Short, stout, compact, conical white processes on dorsum. Locality Kelani valley. 33. IF. eupliorhice, n. sp. — On branches of Euphorhia antiquorum. Very convex behind ; narrowed and de- pressed in front. Short curved conical processes in concentric series. Locality Hambantofa. 34. T| poleii, n. sp.— On stems and twigs of Podoncea viscosa, Pinkish grey : short, conical, trm cate yellow- ish processes : very convex dorsally ; laterally com- pressed inner side of femur with stout spines. Locality Chilaw. 35. IF. senex, n. sp. — On stems and twigs of Dodontea viscosa. Broader, flatter than IF. Poleii: processes very long and curling white or brownish. Locality Chilaw, Feb. I, 1898.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 517 36. Orthezia insi/jnis, Dongl. — On numerous orna- mental shrubs, affecting specially AcanthaceoB. Avery destructive species. Male slaty-grey with a brush of long silky filaments from extremity of abdomen. This species has been redescribed from Ceylon specimens by Mr. Buckton under the name of 0. nacrea ; but I can find no distinguishing points between this and the species from Kew. In fact our specimens are doubtless the direct descendants from the Kew insect, as they first appeared in the plant-houses of the Government Botanical Gardens at Paradeniya. Locality Kandy. 37. Monophlebus ^eylanicns, n. sp. — On trunks of A ntidesma hunius. Female bright orange-red : rather long and narrow. Insects of second stage occupying email cells in the living tissue of the hark. Locality Punduloya. 3d. Icer!/aceyyptiaca,T>oug\. — On leaves of variegated Croton. Locality Chilaw. 39. I. tangalla, n. sp. — On leaves of unidentified plant. Differs from CBgyptiaca in absence of dorsal waxy cushions, and the marginal processes being very short, stout and truncate. Locality Tangalla. 40. I. crocea, n. sp. — On leaves of Citrus, Croton and Cocculus. Body reddish orange : dorsal area covered with bright yellow mealy secretion, with double marginal series of yellow waxy tufts and numerous delicate silky filaments. Locality Punduloya. 41. I. pilosa, n. sp. — On a species of wiry grass growing on seashore. Body dull crimson : dorsal area completely covered with white granular powder and short white filaments ; skin with blackish hairs. Locality Chilaw. 42. Eriococcus arancarice, Mask. — On Araucaria, oc- curring locally in enormous numbers, making infested trees quite unsightly from the sooty fungus that accompanies the insect. Locality Newera, Eliya. 43. Coccus cacti, Anct.., var. ceylonicus, n. var. — On Opuntia. Differs from type in proportions of antennse in different stages. Male, with a pair of longish knobbed hairs on each of last seven joints of antenna. Locality Hambantota. 44. Pseudococcus maugiferce, n. sp. — On Mangij-era indica. Female pale yellow, dorsal area covered with white mealy powder, except on a subtriangular median patch : a marginal series of stout white fragile pro- cesses. Male very pale yellow. Locality Punduloya. 4.5. Dactylopius adonidum, Lin. — On nearly every cultivated plant and in every part of Ceylon. Localities Punduloya, Kandy, Colombo, Chilaw, Hambantota. 46. D. longifilis, Comst. — On Easminum and Adian- tum. Localities Punduloya, Kandy. 47. D. talini, n. sp. — On Talinum, Liliuui, Croton. Female purplish brown, sparsely dusted with white powder : a single pair of longish stout filaments at abdominal extremity : numerous long, very delicate, colourless, glassy filaments. Localities Colombo, Kandy, Chilaw. 48. D. scrohicularum , n. sp. — In glandular pits at base of veins of leaves of Eloeocarpus. Dark slaty- grey, sparsely covered with whitish powder, abdominal segments only with stout white processes, which protrude from the opening of the cell in which the insect lives. Locality Punduloya. 49. Vinsonia stellifer, Westw. — On leaves of Mango, E'icus antimcsma. Coconut palm and other shrubs. Localities Punduloya, Kandy, Colombo. 50. Ceroplastes floridensis, Comsi. — On Tea, Mango and dims. Locality Punduloya. 51. C. cenfems, Anders.— On stems of Anticjouon and PoutzoUia. Specimens from the hills less than half size of those from low country. Localities Pundnloya, Chilaw. 52. C. actiniformis, n. sp. — On leaves of Coconut palm. Very convex. Median area of test with radiat- ing purple lines. Localities Punduloya, Kandy. 53. Pulvinaria psidii. Mask. — On Guava, Tea, Cin- chona and numerous shrubs and plauts. Occurring in enormous numbers and doing considerable injury to infested plants. Locality Punduloya. 54. P. tessellata, n. sp. — On leaves of Ophisrrhiya pectinata.. Female scale with tessellated markings ; bright green ovisac, fluted. Locality Punduloya. 55. P. tonientosa, n. sp. — On unidentified tree. Female scale olive-brown; median area rather thickly covered with small balls of tightly curled woolly filaments, ovisac with deep median longitudinal furrow. Locality Punduloya. 56. Lecanium coffece. Walk.— Common on leaves and stems of Tea, Coffee, various ferns, aud numerous other plants. Localities Punduloya, Kandy, Colombo, etc. 57. L. longulum. Dough — On branches and twigs of Alhizzia and Greoillea. Locality Punduloya. 58. L. viride, Green.— On Coffee, Cinchona and numerous shrubs and trees. A very injurious species. But though it has killed out the coffee in whole districts, it has fortunately not seriously attacked Tea. Localities Punduloya, Kandy, Colombo, etc. 59. L. mangiferce, Green. — Un leaves of cultivated mango trees. Locality Pundnloya. 60. L. nigrum, Nietner. — Rather Common on various shrubs and plants, Croton, Asparagus, Begonia C’obcBa, etc. Though originally described from coffee', it is now very seldom seen upon this plant. Localities Punduloya, Kandy, Colombo, etc, 61. L. tesscllatum. Sign. — Rather common on leaves of Caryuta urens. Found also on Cinnamon and some other shrubs. Localities Punduloya, Colombo. 62. L. planum, n. sp.— On upper surface of leaves of unidentified tree. Bright castaneous to dark choco- late brown. Flat, broad. Subtriangular; pointed in front. Antenn® 6-jointed. Margin with continuous fringe of very delicate overlapping fan-shaped scales. Dermal cells small and circular on median area oblong and irregular towards margin. Male puparium divided into 18 plates. Adult male without caudal filaments. Locality Punduloya. 63. L. planum, var. maritimum, n. var. — Found on both surfaces of leaves of a thorny shrub growing on the sea-shore (within reach of surf). Differs from type in smaller size and absence of dermal cells. Scale protected by a secretion that becomes tough and gelatinous under treatment with potash. ° Locality Bentota. 64. L. gcometricwn, n. sp.— On leaves of unidentified shrub. Pale castaneous, or fulvous. Flatfish sub- circular, median dorsal area with concentric series of polygonal depressed spaces. Antenna; 6- jointed. Marginal fringe of overlapping fan-shaped scales^ Dermal cells oblong, irregular. Locality Punduloya. 65. L. marginatum, n. sp.— On upper surface of leaves of Psychotria thwaitesii. Pale fulvous to cast- aneous, a bub-marginal zone almost colourless. Oval' pointed in front. Antenn® 6-jointed. Marginal fringe of overlapping semi-circular scales. No dermal cells. Male with long caudal filaments; costal nervure of wing bright carmine. Locality Punduloya. 66. L. expansurn, u. sp.— On leaves of Litzea and Dalbergia. A very large flattish species. Longest diameter nearly J inch. Margin with continuouB fringe of fan-shaped scales. Antenna obscurely 6 (?). jointed. Legs wanting. ^ Locality Punduloya. 67. L. untidesinm, n. sp.— A single specimen found on leaf of Antidesma hunius. Very Hat, but onaaue* reddish brown with a thin-greyish powdery THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. Antennae 8-joiuted. Margin with simple stoutish hairs. A distant series of short, fine, white cottony filaments springing from glandular spots near margin. Locality Punduloya. 68. L. caudatum, n. sp. — Very abundant on leaves of passifloi'a, occasionally on Coffee. Convex oblong, oval ; broadest behind. Colour varying with age from bright orange to deep chestnut brown ; the paler specimens with a dark brown longitudinal and several transverse bands. Three or four very long white thread-like filaments springing from anal aperture, frequently extending two or three times length of insects. The hairs from ano-genital ring very cons- picuous, stout and dark coloured ; marginal hairs dilated and toothed. Antenrise 7-jointed. Locality Punduloya. 69. L- acutissimum, n. sp. — On under surface of leaves of Coconut and oiher palms. Very narrow; pointed in front and behind of the shape and size of a carroway seed. Reddish brown to black. Antennae 6-jointed. Single stigmatic spine. Localities Punduloya, Kandy, Colombo. 70. L. pipcris, u. sp.— On leaves of wild pepper, upper surface. Female broadly oval, flattish, with prominent median longitudinal, and two transverse ridges. Pale fulvous to pale reddish brown. Antennae 8-jointed. Stigmatic spines in deep cleft, four to six. Male puparium divided into 18 waxy plates. Locality Punduloya. 71. L. ophiorrhizce, n. sp.— On leaves and stems of Ophiorrkiza pectinata. Oblong, pointed in front. Pale fulvous with daikreddish, reticulated pattern. Stigmatic spines three, the central one very long and prominent. Antennm 8-jointed. Male puparium composed of 9 glassy plates, a median longitudinal series of prominent points. Locality Punduloya. 72. L. formicarii, n. sp.— On stems of Tea and other shrubs, always sheltered by nests of a small brown ant ( Cremasto(jaster,f.\).). Highly convex, almost globular; dull brown. Locality Punduloya. —Indian 3Iuseuin Notes. YIELD OF BLUE-GUM PLANTATIONS. From some interesting figures lately supplied us by a correspondent, we gather some valuable infor- mation regarding the yield of fuel from gum plan- tations : — 03 &.2S c3 CO O rH fl ^ er annum. When the Island was under the cloud of depression, the Government added to the burdens of the taxpayers. That was, perhaps, in a way, inevitable ; but it proceeded on the assumption that the best way of increasing the revenue wgs by the simplest expedient of doub- ling certain levies. Of course, its anticipations were not all realized in connection with the re- venue from Stamps and Customs. INot only so; but an impulse w’as given to Crime, for when impow-crished people found resort to the Courts to establish their rights rendered more difficult, they began taking the law into their own hands. The chief grievance, however, is that when pros- perity returned to the island, there was no reduc- tion or removal of the special levies. But rather, a new' engineof taxation has been found — which many think will be widely used, should “depression” recur — in increased Bailway fares. Take again the entirely unjustifiable enhancement by Sir Arthur Havelock cf the Kerosine Oil Tax, to meet a conlingency of his ow'n creation. The appre- hended deficit in the revenue did not happily arise from abolition, but when a reduction w'as applied for, and the interests of agriculture W'ere specially pleaded in connection with oil engines which are a convenience on tea estates which have no firewood available, there was any ■ amount of quibbling in order to escape an ob- vious obligation. Now, a reduction has been tardily granted, but applicable only to oil used for machinery ! But to return to the question of Salt, the revenue roughly makes a profit of E2 per cwt. a year on 450,000 cwt., or say a nett annual average of E900,000 by the monopoly. The production of a larger quantity cannot inconvenience in the least tlie Govern- ment which has the work chiefly done by contract, and has to arrange only for receiving the salt into its stores and for issuing the same. The probability is that the contract rates can be lowered for larger colleetions. The only reason advanced, in the past, against issuing salt at a cheap rale lor agricultural purposes was that it could not be eflectually denaturalized. The Ceylon Government was eontent to wait for an article that would render adultera- tion perfect, and it has renewed its refusal to help Ineal agriculture during the SO year* that Geimany has been strengthening the hands of lier ^agriculturists by the issue of cheap salt. We have already expressed our thanks to the Government for the tardy and round-about conces- sion of a Salt Committee ; birt we hold that, even if it is impossible to denaturalize salt, the Govern- ment would lose nothing by the concession. Assuming that the wealth of local Coconut produce is increased to begin with, by only El, 000,000 a year, would the planters concerned, be able to avoid contributing at least 1 per cent of their profits to indirect taxation ? That would represent E10,000 a year — a handsome insurance against any loss from the use of cheap salt for culinary purposes ! But it is not for coconut laud alone that cheap salt would be used. Other cultiva- tors would benefit by rt, while salt would rid land of grubs and other insect pests, and cattle would thrive on a free exhibition of salt and be protected against disease. We bespeak, therefore, for our local Agriculture, not alone as touching salt, but in every w’ay, a far more considerate and sympathetic treatment at the hand of our Government, as its truest wisdom. AN AGEICULTUEAL COLLEGE. Ceylon is far ahead of the Straits in one respect, it possesses an Agricultural College, where W'e un- derstand, several schools are being conducted, amongst which are those specially devoted to the seperate education of students in agriculture, veterinaiy, science, forestry, and daiiy-farming. Quite receiUly a technical school has been added, with, it is said, the brightest prospects of success. Now if there be any particular knowledge cf more value than all others in the Straits, it should be that concerning agricul- ture and forestry. And yet, there is no establishment or institution, of even the most humble character, where the local youth can acquire any scientific train- ing in reference to those two importairt subjects. Consequently, the Straits aspirants to knowledge in that direction must needs go elsewhere, and, Ceylon being not far distant, they naturally mi- grate there for a seasorr of instruction. One of these student s, Mr. A. E. Jeremiah, has achieved the latest success, and it is about him that a Ceylon contemporary has been pleased to say a few words of well-deserved commendation, which we give else- where. Of the ten prizes, offered for competition at the Agricultural School, this youthful Scientist has secured those for (1) Senior class 1891, lor pro- ficiency in Agriculture. (2) Agricultural Chemistry and (3) Dairy Work given by the manager of the Dairy. lie has been also awarded a first-class certi- ficate for 1897. We congratulate both the student and his family ; the former on having made the best use of his time at College, and the latter on having had the good sense to permit the youth to do first a profession suitable to his tastes, and to send him ■ though probably at considerable expense, to the best available source of knowledge on the subject, re- quired to be studied. Everybody knows how staunch a supporter technical Science had in Sir Cecil Smith, arrd we presume that the present Governor is no less ready to do all that might be necessary to pro- mote the success of an institution devoted to the study of that and kindred sciences. Yet if the Straits Settlements and the Native States, are even to have Schools for Agriculture and Forestry the first move- ment in that direction must come from persons intimately associated with the practical side of the question. We must, therefore, look to Messrs. H. N, Kildey, C. Curtis, Leonard Wray, A. B. Stephens and Eobert Derry and the numerous planters around us, to take the initiative, feeling sure that, afterwards the several Goverments in Malaya, if properly ap- proached, will be easily persuaded to do all that may be required of them towards establishing an Agricultural College on lines suggested by the experts we have named.— Feuang Gaxette, Dec. 22, TttE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [Feb. I, 1898. TEA CULTIVATION IN CEYLON : OUE HEAVIEST-BEAEING PLANTATION— MAEIAWATTE— BEATING THE EECOED. We are indebted to Mr. H. V. Masefield* Manager of the Ceylon Tea Plantation Co. _ in the island, for the figures of crop, and bearing per acre, realized by the Company’s far-famed Mariav/atte garden for last year, as compared with the returns previously published ; — Eevised statement of yield of Mariawatte old tea from 1884 to 1897 showing average per acre, also yield of whole estate for six years showing average : Oldest and Special Field.— Actual acreage in bearing 101 a. 1 r. 0 p. Year. Made tea. Yield per acre. lb. lb. 1884 109,230 . , 1,078 per acre. 1885 117,842 1.163 1886 105,925 1,046 1887 115,996 1,145 „ 1888 106,410 1,050 „ 1889 113,834 1,124 1890 140,144 1,384 „ 1891 120,366 1.188 1892 119,909 1,184 „ 1893 115,440 1,140 1894 110,443 1,090 1895 118,660 1,170 1896 113,360 .. 1,119 1897 105,729 1.044 Average for above 14 years 1,137 lb. per acre. YIELD FOE THE WHOLE ESTATE. Year. Actual acreage in bearing 458i acres, lb. *1892 . . 643 per acre. 1893 817 1894 760 1895 . . 886 „ 1896 896 „ 1897 926 Average for above six years 821 lb. per acre. • Atgalla crops having been included prior to 1892 figures are not available. We congratulate the Company, Mr. Masefield, and the Acting Superintendent of Mariawatte for last year (Mr. C. M. B. Wilkins) on the splendid result. It will be observed that over the whole estate of 4584 acres, the crop is the largest per acTL— 926 lb. made tea- ever gathered ! It is in fa(t not only a “record” for Ceylon, but also for “the world.” Nowhere in India or Java, we suppose, has 926 lb. (11 maunds) made tea, been harvested over so large an area as 458 acres ? If we turn to the oldest field of Mariawatte, planted in 1879 and therefore in its 19th year, we find the crop shews a slight decline, but it still reaches the unj)recedented figure of 1,044 lb. per acre for the 101^ acres, against an average for 14 years of 1,137 lb. The average for six years over the whole estate is 821 lb., while 1897 gave, as we have said, no less than 926 lb, per acre. TEA CONSUMPTION AND CULTIVATION IN RUSSIA, Mr. R. Valentine Webster is surely a man to be envied and admired I Envied for the free scope given to him in travelling over this world’s surface as an Agent and Advocate of Ceylon teas, and admired for the “pluck” and enterprise he has displayed in the discharge of his duty and for his special facility in the use of his pen as an amateur “litterateur.” Here he is sending to the Ceylon press by far the most graphic and interesting, as well as instructive letter (see another ])age) that has ever reached us on the subject of Russia and its tea drinkers and growers. In half-a-dozen years, !Mr. Rogivue and his colleagues did not manage to give us -so vivid an impression of the country, the people and the “ tea situation ” ; while Mr. Webster’s expedition to the Crimea, to Batourn, the Caucasus and right into the preserves of the carefully guarded Govern- ment Tea Plantations, is unique and most interesting to every tea planter and tea mer- chant in Ceylon. As journalists in fact, we are inclined to think Mr. Webster has missed his vocation. He ought to be a special Pi ess Correspondent and to climb up the ladder along which such men as Sir W. H. Russell, Archibald Forbes and Henry Stanley gathered fame. Probably, however. Mi. Webster, is quite content with his own particular calling and most heartily do we wish him the widest possible success in making Ceylon tea known and in extending its sale all over the habitable globe. Nowhere, do we wish to see such sales extend more freely than in Russia. Mr. Web- ster gives us much reason to expect rapid improvement during the next few years; while his account of the experiment of tea-growing in the Caucasus, shows there is no more to fear from operations in that quarter than in the Carolinas where indeed the climate is far moie suitable. We thought the tea-bush a hardy plant when we saw it Hushing in the open air in Washington at 39 degrees North latitude ; but this is l.eaten by Mr. Webster’s descrip- tion of a tea field covered with snow ! Then again the (.’hinese employe on the tea garden at £40 a month reminds us of the experience of the Messrs. Woims in Pusselawa in the “forties” when they got a Chinaman over to make tea from their Condagalla bushes; but dropped the experiment w hen they found the tea made, cost them £5 sterling per pound avoirdupois ! THE CEYLON TEA CROP FOE 1897. Only at a veiy late hour as we are going to press, have we been able to get figures from the Chamber of Commerce final Export Return for 1897. We can only give the main results as follows* — Exports in 1897, Total lb. Tea for United Kingdom .. 98,930,069 Tea for Australia .. .. 13,258,456 Tea for America .. .. 830,873 Grand total to all countries 116,054,567 lb. The first estimate made by the Planters’ Asso- ciation was 117,2(0,000 lb,, afterwards raised to 119,000,000 lb. Messrs. P'orbes & Walker fixed their’s at 120 milion lb., and had it not been for exceptionally unfavourable monsoon experi- ences, we believe this figure would have been attained, as the best authorities in the i.^land fully anticipated. But both in India and Ceylon first estimates had to be cut down as the year grew older. PLANTING REVIEW FOR 1897. Tba. — The past year has not been such a good year for planters as its predecessors. Higb-rates of exchange, dear rice and a lower average of prices in the Local and London markets have upset many calculations. The yield has not been quite so much as expected. Such authorities as Messrs. Forbes and Walker and the Plant- ers’ Association made the forecast 119,000,000 lb. The result according to your contemporary, will Feb. I, 1898.] rHE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. be 116,000,000 a little under 3,000,000 lb. Con- sidering tlie weather, which lias generally been .antagonistic to flushing, I consider the estimates nia.de by the leading authorities mentioned very close ones. The long-continued wet cold and sunless weather in S.-W. monsoon easily accounts the out-turn very less than expected. Up to July it appeared as if even more sanguine estimators than those quoted were to be true prophets, but the sponge had to be thrown up by end of October. Uva, I believe, will be found most progressive in 1897. The severe S.-W. mon- soon in the Central and Western provinces carried moisture clouds into Uva, and this last province had not the prolonged dry showerless weather it generally experiences in the S.-W. Manufacture as a rule was well attended to. If not, it certainly was not the fault of Colombo and London Agents who continually were prod- ding up Managers of tea estates. I think, how- ever, many factories have not sufficient w ithering accommodation without which it is impossible to have that fundamental operation in tea manu- facture an even wither.— As we have had so many obstacles to conterd with in 1897, we may have on the see-saw jirinciple a good time of it in 1898 for tea planters : so mote it be — [We have added in the correct export figures n each case. — Ed, T.A.'\ lb. Exported Tea 1895 .. 97,939,871 Do. 1896 .. 108,141,412 Do. 1897 .. 116,054,567 Coffee. — The price of this staple has been lower during the past season than it has been for some time. Fortunately, Ceylon is not much affected by this for we have so little to export. The leaf disease is quite as bad in the few acres of coffee left, as it was when we had thousands of acres, so a revival of this product is not likely to take place. cwt. Exported Coffee 1895 .. 63,920 Do. 1896 .. 22,747 Do. 1897 .. 19,383 Cacao. — The disease which commenced to be talked about last season has made such strides that scientists are now in our midst. Where you have soil and a climate adapted for the cultiva- tion, we have planters who are quite pleased with the returns they get. “Supply, supply, supply” is their motto. Cacao is not like tea or coffee when the old bushes are so close that supplies have no chance. Supply with a hardy variety, and the results, say the favoured cacao planters, are successful. The action taken by the Proprietor and Manager of Wariapola ought to put to shame our lethargic Government, who after repeated prodding at its tough hide, on the part of the Planters’ As.soeiation, labours like the mountain labouring and with the same result a ridiculous mouse, — munificently designates Mr. Green an Honorary Government Entomologist, and gives him a small honorarium. How differ- ently does the Indian Government act when any of tiieir Agricultural Products are threatened. lb. Exported Cacao 1895 . . 27,420 Do. 1896 .. 31,366 Do. 1897 .. 34,503 Cinchona. — Alas we have none of this product to benefit by the higher prices now ruling ; — lb. Exported Cinchona .. 1895 921,085 Do. .. 1806 1,309,560 Do, .. 1897 653,346 525 Cardamoms. — A limited cultivation, but those who are fortunate to grow the article, look very happy ■’ ^ lb. Exported Cardamoms 1895 .. 374,63.5 Do. 1896 .. 452! 595 Do. 1897 .. 532,830 OUR STAPLE EXPORTS FOR TEN YEARS AND DISTRIBUTION FOR 1896 97. We direct attention to the interesting tables given as a. Supplement last month as compiled from the Chamber of Commerce return. We have already noticed the figures for tea and explained how the increase between 1896 and last year is 3 million lb less than between 1895 and 1896. Our table looks well however with the exports of tea running up from 24,381,296 lb in 1888 to 116,054,567 lb in 1897. As regards distribution Australasia treats us well in taking 2,200,000 lb more last year than in 1896 (or over a fourth of the total increase). America only shows an increase of 112,000 Ib direct but to this un- doubtedly 320,000 lb more entered to “China” should be added. So that America altogether takes direct (apart from U. Kingdom tea re-ex- ports) 1,520,000 lb. The Export to Russia has greatly improved, showing 200,000 I b advance la-t year and so has that to Germany and to Africa the latter export now standing at 265 480 lb’ Leaving out the United Kingdom, Australasia' India (which continues to take close on a million ib ) America, Africa. Singapore, Mauritius and Malta we get the totals for the Continent of Europe of tea sent direct as follows : — 1896 1897 Increase Tea Exports lb. 617,345 937,629 320 184 Our poor old staple coffee makes a very poor show in 1897, but strange to say the export of 1888 was only twice last year’s though in the interval w-e rose to nearly five times that quantity. Very different is the case with cin chona bark which has lun down from 12* mil- lion lb. to 650,000 lb in the ten years. Cacao on the other hand, shows a steady advance from 13,000 to 34,000 cwt., nearly all sent to London Cardamoms too have nearly doubled in expor’t in the ten years, the shipments being divided between London and India with an appreciable quantity 30,290 lb to Germany direct. We must leave the more purely native Exports for notice later on, save that we cannot help attracting attention to the grand show made by the pro- ducts of the coconut palm, more esiiecially*^ in oil, copra and desiccated produce. A thousand pities, that the richest coconut region in Ceylon should not have its railway before seventy miles of unoccupied, uncultivated country which could so well wait ! OUR PLANTING DISTRICTS IN I897 Reports from well-known residents in nine additional districts will be found on our thbr? page today, and deserve attention. They rane-e Madulkelly to Lower Dimbula and from Madu? Sima to Rangalla. It is cheering to learn the last-mentioned of the faith felt in future of cardamoms and the prcbabilitv an extension of cultivation. The attention of a member of Council is directed to what is said in correction about road-making in the days of Mainr Skinner by one who ought to know : indeed wb can ourselves testify that never was better work done on the roads than during the do^„ of Ceylon’s great Road-maker. Criticism of roads 526 THE TROPICAL AGRICDLTURIST, [Fee. I, 1898. or of olRcial action, and snjrgestioiif? for improve- ment will be found in neaily all the Reports — and more especially in that for the Kotagalla division of Dimbula. Motor Cais electrically driven are sufigested by a Mattegama planter, the power being taken off periodically from a storeage factory placed near a good waterfall. This is, of course, quite a feasible idea, which may be realised freely in the country by-and- bye. Tt is not pleasant to read how the rail- way slip sent more of the Uva planters to the Hambantota and Ratnapura cart outlets. Our Gampola reviewer has much to say about the usage and law regulating labour : a higher stamp on “ tundus'’ d.s a feasible and piobably good idea if it kept coolies steadier at work. Fifty-four applications for one vacancy of Super- intendent is a lug order ; but we car. quite believe it. North Travancore should take off .some more of our trained planters. PLANTING NOTES. Rat Coffee.— W. K. Brooks, the naturalist, in an article contributed to Scribner’s Itagazine some time ago on “ Aspects of Nature in the West Indies,” states that the natives of J.amaica claim that their coffee is the best in the world, and that which grows on the sides of the high mountains is the best in Ja- maica for in high altitudes it acquires a rich flavor, w'hich’ commands the highest prices in the English market. We are told, however, that the quintessence of all tiie rat coffee, or the seeds from berries which have been gnawed by ra.ts, for these animals are very fond of the aromatic pulp of the cherry-like fruit which encloses the seeds ; and as their fastidi- ous taste leads them to select the best, children are employed to gather among the bushes the berries which'they have gnawed, and this_ coffee is set apart as the finest and most delicious of all. — American Gro- cers' Journal. Cacao CuLTivATK N m Ceylon, -u e omitted yesterday to call special attention to the excel- lent and re-assuring letters fnm practical plan- ters in answer to the London imragraph of a Cey- lon cacao pessimist wliicli we quoted the other day. We were of course aw.are of the old trees in Peradeniya Gardens, in Kandy town, and in front of the Palakelle bungalow ; but a few detached trees growing in this way cannot be taken as a fair test of a field or “ cacao walk. ' Still it is quite evident from what our correspon- dent says that there is no re.nson to fear dying out in the latter case when proper land has been selected and the plants put in and treated judi- ciously. The very fact tb.at ( nr export m 1897 shews so large an increase — 15 per cent above that ot 1896— may be taken to iticlicale that “the cacao industry” has come to stay with us. The Ceylon Land and Peoduce Company. —We can do no more today than call attention to the summary of the Directors’ Report for this Company. It is a very full and extremely satisfactory document, and we con- gratulate the sharebolder.s on once more get- ting 15 I'cr cent of dividends- a rale that has continued without interruption since 1892 and this notwithstanding that cocoa has fallen from 96s 5(f. average per cwt. in that year to C6s Irf. in 1897 and tea from 7 '81(1. to 6’51d. per lb. The crons have however, increased : cocoa from 1 431 cwt. in 1892 to 2,266 cwt. in 1897 and tea from .503,293 lb. (average 364 1b. jier acre) to 748 994 lb. (average 476 lb. per acre) in the same neriod.s Mr. James Wilson, the Chairman, of this prosperous Company is now in Ceylon and be reports favourably 011 the prospects of 1897-8. Cinchona Pro.spects. -A Java correspondent writes as follows about Cinchona : — '■ Cinchona continues to rise, the price of the unit being per iast telegram 7 cents (1 2, 5d) to 8 cents (13/5d) at the Am.^terdam auction, and higher rates being realized for lots sold privately. This is a big rise from 24 cents in March of this year, and thanks alone to the starting of two Quinine Fac- tories out here, which have for the moment broken the back of the German ring, who for the last 4 years have made the price just what they liked.”— Batavia, Dec. 15. The Racali.a Tea Estates, Limited.— The Directors’ Report dated 24tli Decetnber last will be found on another page and affords very full information respecting the Comiiany ai d estates. Dividends were paid up to July last; but for the current year, tlie Directors rejairt they can- not declare a dividend on llie oidinary shares. They are, however, very sanguine about pros- pects in the near future with young te.a coming into bearing, a new factorj’, &c. Certainly Ra- galla ai d KelLiiine are both verj' valuable projjer- ties, and ought to do well. A New Product for Export.— Not long ago we stated that there was a good business done between Colombo and the Persian Gulf ports in coffee husk, which was practically refuse thrown away by planters after pulpirg and cteaning the ci ffee beiries. The Arabs, especially, make use of the husk in place of the civilized preparation of caje noir. We now hear that, besides coffee husks, dried cardamom husks have a marketable value, and that shipments of these are being made to some Continental prals. In grad- ing the cardamoms, the '‘splits” are utilized lor this purpose after "seeding” (hem. and the husks can be placed on the market without being thrown away as refuse. Planters would do well to note tbi.s fact, and, in sending the different grades, to add " husks” to the existing classification. — Local " Times.” “ The Agricultural Annual and Mark Lane Ex- press Almanac for 1898” has just hern issued from the cffice of this worldknown journal, li contains, as in former years, a series of articles on top es of interest and j:rcfit to farmers, the comributors being experts in their different depiirlmeuts. Amongst tbe mole notable will be found one entitled “Can the Empire Feed Itself?” by Mr. C. Kains Jacksrn ; ' Malt and M- nure,” by Mr. H. Stores; and ‘‘Ex- tended Stock Farming as a remedy for Depression,” by Mr. J. Daiby. Tbe importance of ‘‘Chemical Analysis” to the farmer is pointed out by Mr. A. E. Sibson, and Mr. T. Ironmoi'ger describes, “The Position of Foreigners in the Hop Field.” An im- portant contribution is one on ‘‘ Teat Troubles,” by a Member of the Royal College of Veterinary Sur- geons, ar.d Mr. Sanders Spencer explains the great use and profit of ‘‘ Grass as Food for Pigs.” Mr. W. Scarth Dixon describes the ‘‘ Cleveland Bay, and their Place on the Farm,” and Mr. E, G. F. M'alket treats of “The Seamy Side of English Dairying.” Other topics are ‘‘Small Fruit tor Small Grewers; by Mr. G. H. Hollingworth ; and ‘‘How to Combat Foul Brood in Bees ” by Mr. C. N. White. Mr . J. T. Critchell directs attention to ‘‘Australasian Food Exports to Great Britian,” and Iheir relation to the food supply of the Kirgdom, whilst Mr. J. B. Simp- son contributes an interesting aiticle cn the “Futire of the Leicester Breed of Sheep.” The Editor (Mr, A. J. Stenton), as usual, contributes a summary of “Agriculture in 1897,” which will be read with con- siderable interest, as setting out the principal events of the year The Annual is W'ell illustrated, and more profusely so than ever, the pictures being up- to-date, iiicluding Jyjr. Wortley’s cross-bread steer “ Genei;al,” which took champion prize at iheNorwich, Birmingham, and Smitlifield Shows this winter. The frontispiece is an admirable portrait of tbe Rt. Hon. Earl Spencer, K.e., President of the Royal Agricultural Society of England. [Feb. r, 1898. THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST 527 The Planting- Districts in 1897. HANTANA DISTKICT IN 1897. Weather. — On the whole it has been a fair average year. A capital season for planting and supplying though it was perhaps a little late before it could be begun. There has heen an absence of very heavy rain; and burst drains, washed away roads, and scoured out ravines, have not been in evidence to any ex- tent; land-wind has been wanting in energy, and not so prevalent. Crop. — Estimates ought to be secured if they have been carefully made. Labour Supply. — Has been sufficient, and of a good quality. Transport. — Many estates have their own cartsi and those who have not. had to pay enhanced rates owing to the rise of price in ail foodstuffs. Eoads. — Nothing to brag about, and those in and about Kandy were never worse. Rice and other Supplies have been at famine rates pretty much. When the derangement of trade, owning to the plague precautions, had made itself felt in a general advance of price, the situation was intensified by the rock-slip on the railway, and any rag of conscience which the Moormen traders had left was then lost for good. There was no attempt to get a fair profit, and so grasping did the traders be- come that there was more than one occasion when the kaddies were in danger of being looted. This fear was the only thing that there was to check their capacity, and even with it, what they did demand was unmerciful. Grievances. — I have not any. If I were only to think a little no doubt something might come to my mind whicU might serve as a plaint ; but like the nation which is happy in having no history, so is the dis- trict happy which has no grievance. But Hantana is not quite that yet. Round about Kandy, there are a number of planters who have to serve on the jury, and too close to town to get any batta at all from Government for their work. When the Court is sit- ting they have to use their own horses to come in with : when it adjourns for tiffin they have to spend their own money or go without the meal: and if the trial be a long one, and the sitting is late, they have to find their way home in the dark, or pay for hotel accommodation. The Government takes every thing out of them, and gives nothing. They are the hardest- ground section of the jury world which I know of — and deserve some consideration, but get none. A man may during the time he is a juror have to travel 100 miles or more, and get no allowance, may have to eat half a score of Queen’s Hotel’s tiffins, while labour- ing for the public good, and have to do it at his own expense : have three or four nights in town, and yet if he asks for batta, or suggests carriage hire, he is smiled blandly at by a Civil Official, and is told the thing is not possible. Why not possible 'I Ah 1 that’s the rub. It would be difficult to establish the justice of the act, or give sound reasons why the elect few should be so systematically neglected and preyed on. LOWER HEWAHETA AND HANTANA SOUTH. Weather this year has been favourable. Crop. — All the year the crop has come in well and estimates were generally exceeded. Labour Supply. — Owing to the district having its own federation, labour seems more settled and the supply seems ample for all requirements. Transport has been as usual. Roads have been in very bad repair all through the year. Rice and other Supplies have been sold at in- creased rates on most estates owing to heavy prices ruling. Grievances have been few and far between ; but what have arisen, have been due to arrack. Remarks. — The area in tea in this old district must nearly equal the coffee area of the old days. 65 AMBAGAMUWA DISTRICT IN 1897. Weather generally not unusual for this district. Crop.— Estimates have been a little short, but not to any material extent. Finer pluckiug business for it ! Labour Supply very good. Advances a b't stiffish ; a certain firm alone has to be blamed for this cause, which never existed before. Transport and Roads.- — Roads were never in better order. Great credit is due to Mr. Ward and his staff for the upkeep of roads. Rice and other Supplies very expensive. Unless the Chetty and Moormen clique are overcome by some other means it will be disastrous to the tea enter prise to let it go on longer. Grievances. — A permanent Magistrate for Gampola and Nawalapitiya a sine quo non and medical officers stationed in the district should on no account be taken away to act for others, and this vast dis- trict left to the tender mercies of under-strappers, and why do not the Medical Department have a man stationed in every province for relieving duty ? Surely he can be well employed when not acting for a D. M. 0. KNUCKLES DISTRICT IN 1897. Weather. — Rainfall: — January 6’48, February 3 55i March 208, April 14'40, May G‘05, June 1515, July 4 80, August I1'03, September 9'01, October 9 5, Nov- ember 17’51, December. Crop. — The tea flushed well to June, but the flush has been very short the last six months. Labour Supply. — Short. Transport and Roads. — Expensive owing to the railway slip and the bad condition of the roads. Rice and other Supplies. — Rice has been very dear. PUSSELLAWA DISTRICT IN 1897. Weather— generally has been favourable for tea. There was a marked absence in comparison with pre- vious years of high wind in the early part of the year. The advent of the South-West monsoon was rather abnormal, but when once clearly established we had some very severe bursts of strong wind which did no little damage. Rain has been more evenly distributed than usual aud in comparison with former years con- siderably more has fallen. Crops have been up to the mark and estimates generally secured. Labour Supply has been ample throughout the year, employers generally combining to help one another. Transport.— In some cases there has been a good deal of foot-and-mouth disease and carta have not been so freely available at all times as previously. Roads are going from bad to worse, and though attempts have been made towards repair, these have been of a very temporary and inadequate character. Rice and Supply.— 1’, ices for these have ruled exceptionally bigh throughout the year, reaching famine prices duting the first short period after the Railway slip at Alagalla ; Chetties and traders through- out the district taking advantage of the ignorance of the native population in keeping up prices long after the necessity, so called, to do so. Grievances. — Telegraph station at Ramboda is very desirable. Hospital accommodation and a new dispensary for Pusseilawa District absolutely neces- sary. More adequate grants for upkeep of roads keenly wanted. A resident Police Magistrate urgently required, and the abolition of tolls at Gampola bridge and Pusseilawa town longed and prayed for the necessity of such obsolete and barbarous taxtion being out of all proportion to any advantage gained in having easy lines of transport communications. MORAWAKA DISTRICT IN 1897. Tea Crops. — M stly short of estimates, chiefly owing to want of Irbor early in the season. Labor Supply — has been very short on many estates till quite recently, when in common with the 528 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [Feb. 1, 1898. t of CeyloD, we benefitted by the influx from the st. Tkanspoet, — The improved Mac Bride system has been responsible for our cart hire goinp up 55%, but our new District Engineer (Mr. Clemc-nii Smith) is putting matters right. Transport of rice and tea to and from estates not served by roads is a matter of infinite difficulty and great expense. Eoads. — Eiuing this year a grant-in-aid_ road from Deniya to Anningkanda has been finished, and extension will now be made to Hayes and later on, it is hoped to join the Rakwana road at Lauderdale. Rice and Supplies. — The former rose to R5, and was scarce even at that for some time ; other supplies have been dear. Supply of meat and bread is indifferent and uncertain. Grievances. — Want of a police force and a proper resident headman, also a telegraph station (wire could be taken across to Rakwana, 10 miles). Hospital at Deniya should be finished sharp, as the present system of carrying sick coolies to Matara is inhuman. The balance of the Government laud not leqaired for public purposes should be sold and the countiy opened up by means of cheap roads, so as to render it available for Tea and other products. KOTMALE DISTRICT IN 1897. Weather generally. — The rainfall was about the average, but the N.-E. monsoon was a failure. CEeP. — Most estates were a little short of their stimates. Labour Supply. — Was sufficient except in the very busy months, April and May, when Sunday pluck- ings for cash had to be resorted to. Transport. — Most estates keep their own carts, and as the farthest estate for Nawalapitiya is within 13 miles, no difficulty was experienced. Rice and other Supplies. — Always obtainable at Nawalapitiya, except when the slip occurred at Ala- galla, then the (ihetties, Ac., raised their prices to exorbitant prices. Roads. — The main road was kept in very fair condition, branch read (Kataboola to Tyspane) es- pecially, the last mile is very had. Grievances. — None that I know of. Mirahile dictu 1 Remarks. — Happy and Prosperous New Year to the Ceylon Observer and especially to the veteran Editor, PASSARA DISTRICT IN 1897. Weather — Rainfall 115 inches. Crop 2,500,C00 made tea, bearing tea 5,821. Total 8,700. Labour Supply 7,000, shortly wanted 9,800 coolies. Trnsport via Bivella Rail 1-45 cart '55=2 carts. Roads. — N. Kula Doomoo Gap Road Madulsima progressing. Rice and other Supplies very dear. Grievances. — Want of cheap transport. Remarks. — Rail charges on rice higher than on tea ; shameful simply- WATAWALA DISTRICT, 1897. Around here, we are not sorry to say “ eff with the Old Love and on with the New.” A hearty good-bye to Old 1897, as he fast expires! He might have been a good deal worse to us, and he might have been much better. A rather dull uninterest- ing old chap he has shown himself on the whole. Labour. — To his credit he it said that he greatly improved our Labour Force, so that he leaves our estates, and district roads, &c., in good cultivation and order; but, what he gave with the right hand, he took back with the left ; as with his gift of extra coolies, he gave an extra dose of wet and sunless weather which has left its mark on us and our crops. Crops. — Talking of crops, a few of the lucky “ to- tums” have got over their estimates, as many more have only managed to secure them : while the greater number seem to be just a shade on the wrong side ; so, on the whole, the district will probably be found a little, but not greatly, short, Transport. — Fortunately, with our ample and good roads, new station at Rozelle, &c., we are ab^e to get cur crops off cheaply, and get easily’ about, when we feel so inclined. Grievances. — The one thing we lack, in the waj’ of public conveniences, is a Central Telegiaphio Station at the Post Office, to save us having to send to Hatton every time we need to “wire”; and we look to 1898 righting this. Rice has been abnormally dear, as in other dis- tricts ; but, now-a-days, with easy transport and facilities for buying from European Importers in Colombo, the planter who pays too much for rice may blame himself chiefly. On the whole, we may close as we began,' and say that 1897 here might have been worse ; and had it and its predecessor not taken away so many of our oldest and well-liked neighbours, it should have had a fair place in the annals of “ Old Ambegamoa.” R. I. P. TWENTY MILES WEST OF THE PEAK. Dec. 25. Weather : — 1st Quarter 1897—32-31 inches. 2nd „ 68'2‘) 3rd „ 51-29 Ith „ 15-37 „ 167-26 20 inches above average. There were 35-19 inches in September, nearly twice the average; October 9 71 or about one-third the average November 7 20 two-thiids the average 1897. 3'35 in. July 12 23 above 4 84 ,, -Aug. 20'87 above much 7-18 normal Sept. 35-19 above very much 18"82 below Oct. 9-71 below very much 7'20 below ver}’ much Jan. Feh. Mar. Apr. May 11 -95 normal June 20’42 above Nov. Dec. 15-7C above Jan. Feb. March April 1894 2-12 2-85 4-78 19-93 1895 5-72 4-06 9-55 20-46 1896 5-27 2-35 1207 10-88 1897 3 35 4-84 7-18 18-82 June July Aug. Sept. 1894 22-57 6-03 7 09 7-88 1895 14-37 5-18 10-37 22-81 1899 18-09 6-67 17'55 16-15 1897 20-42 12-34 4-26 13-09 May 6-48 12-.36 14-86 11-96 Oct. 16-33 22-08 27-20 , - 13-80 Heavy squalls in S. (V. monsoon, especially in July and August. November ana December gloomy. ^ Crop. — Least said, Ac. Labour Supply. — Village labour chiefly, very ir- regular and unreliable. Transport.— Two miles by coolies, thence river end canal. Roads.— Private path bad ; public roads tolerable. Rice and Supplies. — Prices very high ; Ratnap'nra the dearest outstation in the low-country. Grievances. — None that can be mended by a row. ELPITIYA DISTRICT, (S. PROVINCE,) IN 1897. Weather generally.— Very ordinary ; rainfall con- sittent and satisfactory, although slightly below average. Crop.— Slightly under estimates as a rule. Yet deficiency due more to overestimating than to natu- ral causes. Labour Supply.— Sinhalese labour plentiful, and rates co siderably higher than need be owing to reckless competition. ° Transport.— Available at all times. Carts really to meet all demand. Roads. — In good order. Rice and other Supplies. — Supply always procur- able although rates are high, nevertheless they com- pare fairly with quoted rates in newspapers. Grievances.— None, but those that emanate ffiom imagination and self-caused indifference. THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 529 Feb. X, 1898.] Eemaeks. — A happy valley that would be happier with more cordial co-operation for general good of proprietors. MARAV/ILA DISTRICT (CHIDAW) IN 1897. Weathek generally. — We had rain during every month of the year, with very heavy falls of 8 and 12 inches. Crop. — Coconut and paddy crops have been good. Labour Supply. — Scarcity of Tamil labour all over the district. Sinhalese unreliable. Transport. — The canal is the only means of through transport and on the whole it was in good navigable order except at Negombo, where it gets silted up with each rise of the Maha Oya. Roads. — There being very little heavy traffic on the main road, it was in good order. The old road was in fair order. Minor roads require attention. Rice and other Supplies. — Supplies sufficient, but prices very high and press heavily on the poor. Grievances. — A more vigorous administration, viz., an A.G.A. untrammelled with judicial work. Remarks. — Badly served as regards mails. We have one mail either way and letters that reach Negombo one evening for districts northwards are forwarded the following noon ! Two coaches leave Negombo together at noon and two leave Chilaw in the mornirgs. We want a mail for Negombo in the mornings, and from Chilaw in the after- noon. Our greatest want is a light line passenger railway. BATTICALOA DISTRICT IN 1897. Weather generally abnormal : too wet during the early and middle of year ; too dry at the beginning of N.-E. monsoon ; too wet now. Crop. — Under the average. Labour Supply. — As usual. Transport. — As usual. Roads. — In fair order. , Rice and other Supplies. — Prices very high. Grievances. — Continual change of magistiate and D. J. Want of communication with outer world. Remarks. — When the railway has been extended to Batticaloa, and the old Dutch Bar is re opened, this place will be only second to Colombo in importance. It is destined to be the great lice-producing dis- trict of the island, and it only wants facility of com- munication by land and sea to develope it. Coconut cultivation has been largely extended during the past year. The trees do not yield so much and do not last so long, as in the wetter portions of the island, but they make up for this by producing better nuts. What the disliict wants more than anything else is fresh blood and competition, and this it will not get, until it is easier to get in and to get out of it. RANGALA— MEDAMAHANUWARA AND NITRE CAVE DISTRICTS IN 1897. Weather.— The weather throughout the year was very favourable, no long spells of either rain or drought. Both the South-West and Noith-East mon- soons were mild. The rainfall varied on different estates from P8 to ISO inche.s. Crops.— Tea and cardamoms were above the average, especially the latter, which has been a record year. Labour. — With no great shortage we could have given employment to a few hundred extra hands. Sinhalese labour comes as a great help in pruning and all odd jobs. The arrivals from the Coast on his side have been few. Transport.- The majority of estates have a coolie and tavalam transport to cart road of from 3 to 7 miles. Coolies dislike the work and will not stay where the wo.>-k is heavy. Roads. — Our cart roads have been kept in fairly good order, but more might be done in putting down a larger quantity of metal and not cribbing it from the sides of the roads. The beginning of the year saw our roads all smashed up by the great rainfall in the latter part of December 1896. We badly want a few short extensions to make transport easy. Rice. — We were kept well supplied, but the price was very high and likewise all Ramasamy’s cuny stuffs &c. Grievances. — We have one great grievance. Our Grant-in-aid cart road from Nngatenna to Kobonellp i.a to cost us 3/4th of the total (•xrenditurc ; Govern- rriunt only paying 1/lth. We cuf the road and f ' the last moment Government refused the half of the cost, and now charge us one-half the expenditu: -■ for laying down the metal and finishing it. Remarks. — Coolies were fairly healthy and are taking kindly to hospital, some of them are even anxious to go to it. The birth and death rate was normal. Factories were enlarged on a good many estates ; a large new one built on Deanstone ; and wire shoots are coming into favour. The tendency was to pluck finer all through the year. Very little new land was opened for tea ; but longing eyes were cast on every available acre for cardamoms ; we are beginning to find that cardamoms are more permanent than we at first thought and there is no doubt we will take to manuring them before long and also replant old fields. MADULKELLB IN 1897. Weather. — Very favourable for the first six months but quite the reverse for the latter half of the year; a fairly fine Jure being followed by three almost sunless months, with low temperature on the higher estates and consequent cheek to vegetation generally, Almost all estates have made less tea than in 1896, some very much less, and those which close their accounts to the 30th June, will have to reduce their estimates considerably. Labour. — Plentiful on one or two estates, but most people would be glad of more coolies. Transport. — Almost all estates employ their own carts or contract for the regular hire of the carts they require. The Road gets worse every year, for the simple rea- son that sufficient money is not spent on its main- tenance and that the work done is badly done. The form of the road is to a great extent lost, and in heavy rains, where there is a steep incline which is pretty general above the 7th mile stone. The water luns down the road instead of into the side drains, ploughing out deep ruts and washing away metal and “blinding” together. These luts are roughly filled up with metal, to be washed out again with the rext icins. The road above Panwila was thoroughly well mare originally by the old pioneer corps (ihongh the trace is bad) being, like the niapni- ficent road from Ratnapura to Badulla. all fiimly paved with large flat stones below the metal, Had it not been so, it wt uld have been cut through lorg ago. I mention (his ns Sir J. Grinlinton’s lemarks in Conncil seemed to imply that work was better done now than foimerly ; quite a mistake. Rice has of course been dear and a heavy loss has fallen on most estates, it having been issued to coolies at lates ranging from R4 to R4'40 per bushel. There was some scarcity at the time of the railway slip and seme es^a*cR had to send their men to 'Wattegama and Matcle in October. EAST HAPUTALE IN 1897. Weather — The rainfall has been over ICO inches, rather more than the average and too evenly dis- tributed for ceffee, but very suitable for tea. Crops.— C( ffee a vanishing quantity; tea a good average. Labour. — Plentiful cn most estates. Transport.— Cost of tiansport has shown a ten- dency to rise during the year. Roads. — Winor roads in fair order. The Ampitiya- kanda Gap Rood is to be ie-surve3ed and will then if all goes well he constructed fjom Brndara- v/ela to Leangawela factory. The effects of the slip have not perhaps bet n f It so much here as in some other districts as we hive alternative routes of supply by Hambautota and Ratnapura. 530 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST, [Feb, I, 1898. Remarks. — Estimate for Haputale for 1698, 4,000,000 lb. from 10,000 acres in bearing. KANDAPOLLA DISTRICT IN 1897. We have had about an average rainfall ; the S.-W. rnonsoon was mild, and we did not have as heavy wind as usual. It has been a good year for tea crop ; and coffee what there is of it. has done well. Labour seems settled and h.'rs been fairly abandant. The tramway from Nuwara Eliya is the great want of the district. UPPER HBWAHETTA DISTRICT IN 1897. Weather. — Generally favourable. Crop. — Above the avetage. Labour Suppi.y. — Sufficient except during the very busy months. Transport. — Is also as usual except since October, when higher rates have been sought owing to the increased cost of food stuffs due to the rock-slip on the line. Roads. - The Government road from Rickelegas- goda to Kandy 20 miles, is in bad order, and has been so for the past two seasons. Too much metalling is taken in hand at one time, which as the road is of a very steep gradient over more than half its length, makes it hard on the cart cattle, and the complaints of the drivers are just. Rice and other Supplies. — All ample. Grievances. — Delay in delivery of postal letters, the runners taking 12 hours and more in covering 23 miles, Kandy to Hewahetta via Deltotta, whereas an allowance of 7 hours, even, would be ample. MADULSIMA IN 1897. Weather. — The past year has been rather excep- tional in the abundant supply of moisture during our usually dry months, and also in the long- deferred arrival of the N.-E. monsoon, which really only set in properly at the beginning of December. Since then the rain has been almost incessant, nothing very heavy, but more continuous than I ever remember. Tea has flushed well and many places have ex- ceeded their estimates mainly owing to the unusu- ally forciug weather. Since July, prices generally speaking for our teas have been .good, one or two estates as usual showing up well in the London sale lists. Labour. — There does not seem to have been nearly so much trouble With labour as in previous years. Coolies and kanganies are, I think, beginning to realise that pleasant as may be the spending of that extra ad- vance screwed out of their unwilling Dorai, yet the day of reckoning comes before long, and the more sensible among them realise that they gain nothing in the end by moving about from place to place increasing their debts with each change. The extension of our Cart Road is being pushed on and the energetic District Engineer Mr. Arna- salem is deserving of great praise for the excellent work done. Had it not been for the stupid advocaf-y of another trace by a resident in the district, bs'ked up by a late Government Agent who never took the troulTe to examine the trace on which the road is i.ow being cut, this extension would probably have been taken i- hfind several years ago. The main sufferers are the estates in Hc-wa Eliya, who now transport their teas to Luniigala, at a cost of cts. per lb. for the eight miles jourrey. Such is the unfortunate result cf one man endeavouring to impose hia will on the district. WATTI’.GAMA DISTRICT IN 1S97. ■.V, . ii — RaiufiiH 14 inches over average; Ncv- t-ir!ii..-c r- -1 Dc-cemhcr very hot. Citor.s- Gener-aily good all rouiu,. December rather short. IjAbc'UR Supply.— Ample generally. Transport. — Rates nearly doubled in some cases owing to state of roads ; severely tested by heavy plumps in December. Rice and other Supplies. — Cost influenced by slip on incline. Crievances. — More work wanted on roads and more lab'.ur to ao that work. Remai;ks. — An em^u-prising finn (like say Bous- tead A Co.,) is wai.,(;>' to slprl Motor Cars for trans- port on s.'-rne of tin .awful roads now common in Ceylon, whh cr-iit-. a- ei'. etric power station, at the big waterfalls in the districts. LOWER DIMBULA IN 4897. Weather — Ha.s not on the whole been very favourable for grow h ; especially was this the case during July, August, September and the beginning of October. Tea pruned during these months took very long to come into bearing again, perhaps longer than I ever noticed before. During November and the first half of December flush came on with a rush but unfor- tunately it shut up a good deal again from the effects of cold wet weather in the latter half of December. Crop — In proportion to acreage I do not think crop will be large; but I think the quality on the whole has been above average, notwithstanding the poor averages ruling. Labour Supply— Rather scarce the first six months of the year, but fairly plentiful during the latter six months. The outturn seems to he poorest always dur- ing the busy months. Transport. — An accommodation cart-road is badly wanted to the station at Kotagala from the North side ; the only approach from that side being a narrow bridle path, with a large stream to cross and the bridge generally unsafe for a horse. Roads. — The condition of the roads has improved of late, but more roads are required, to shorten trans- port to station. Rice and other Supplies. — In spite of the slip there was no actual want of supplies, though the Chetties and bazaar-keepers tried to run famine prices. Prices and Railway rates have been very high. Grievances. — Want of direct cart road to station from the North ; a road could be got to station that would halve the distance and make an easier road. Platform and waiting-room accommodation at stations is inadequate. GAMPOLA district in 1897. A Happy New Tear and a prosperous one to you all and all good wishes if not too late. Reviewing the past year it must be admitted that it was one of the most anxious for all connected with the tea enterprise, since we began some 15 years ago, when we were all glad to listen to men such as Armstrong and Cameron and when we devoured with avidity everything they told us, old planters, about our new “ Queen Tea.” The year without doubt, has been a disappointing one to very many; but, after all it was more the rise in silver than any reduction in our average prices people felt. Weather. — The weather generally has been all that could be wished ; but the N.-E. plumps were not quite as heavy as usual. Taking it all through, the S.-W. was not agood planting one; but rains in the N.-E. enabled those who had planting and supply- ing to get both done in good time Crops. — The estimates as a lule were pretty well secured though a few will be short. Prices both home and local have been miserable and those buying leaf and making tea for others had difficulty in making ends meet and in view of lower prices; the superintendent who sticks (0 his estate and keeps cost of lb. of tea as low as possible will com- mand a decent billet. There sre a great many men out of woik justnow — seme 54 applications having been made lately for one vacauce and that a temporary one I Cost of leaf during the year was shout 6J ctuls per !b. and poor siuff it was. At our P. A. meet- ing on the 11th December, it w’as decided to reduce the cost of cash plucking to IJ cent per lb. This is I think a fair rate to pay now and the Sinhalese Feb. t, 1898.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. avo had a very fair time of it getticg all along 2 cents per lb. Superintendents must be unanimous, however, and the agents should insist on the reduc- tion as it makes fully 2 cents per lb. on cost of the lb. of tea. Labour. — Coolies, both Tamils and Sinhalese, have been with few exceptions sufficient for requirements. The Chetties are having rather a rough time < f it, as also the Caddy men, and Plante: s feel that these people have a lot to do with unsettling of Eamasamy and that they induce the kangonies to ask their tundn and leave. If Government were to insist on a pretty big stamp being put on tundus, it would not only stop this much-abused system in a great measure, but it would be a very fair source of revenue, as most districts are swarming with them. Our worthy Police Magistrate continues to give satisfaction, but he is terribly overworked. The best thing for cooly, kangany and all concerned would be if W'e had a penal clause in oiir wretched Labour Ordinance, which would enable employers of labour, with debts of over E20 due the estate, to be in a position to refuse either notice or tundn while so in debt. This would at once not only raise Eamasamy from the dreadful state of doubt he is now in, but it would also be a direct blow at dis- honest bolters and the rotten advance system, like a cancer gnawing out the very vitals of our planting enterprise. The Tamils have a most v holesome dread of being held in service for any specified teim; so, I think, if being indebted to an estate or to his kangany over a certain amovnt held him if not in service, or limited him to the boundary of the estate till debt is paid ; his condition, as also that of the planting employees, would be improved, for he would not be so fond of borrowing. Let him sever his contract of service by all means, but if indebted to the estate, or to his kangany over a certain amount, make his stepping over the boundary and finding new employment impossible until he has paid the utmost farthing. Other colonies have such laws for insolvent debtors (white men); why shouldn’t we for coolies. If we had, our P.M. would have no work to do! Eoads — Mostly in very bad order and showing up the MacBride system in its true light. "What a grand thing for the Colony a change of blood occasionally is. Health. — There has been a good deal of sickness during the year, but the average number of patients in our hospital has not been higher than usual. I never can make out what our Gampola Local Board is doing. The streets are a disgrace. IMPORTATION OF SEED OF SHADE TREES INTO B.C. AFRICA. We are authorised by the Commissioner to publish the following extracts from aletter from the Director of the Eoyal Gardens at Kew to the Foreign Offii e regarding the introduction of the seeds of shade tites into the B.C. A. Protectorate from India. “ The coffee disease was introduced into Fiji thiough the instrumentality of tea seeds from Ceylon. Not- withstanding the splendid attempts i, adeby Sir Wil- liam MacGregor to stamp it out, it ultimately completely destroyed the coffee industry, which wa.s the most promising planting enterprise in the colony. The Germans by some unknown means have suc- ceeded in introducing the disease into their African territories. “ In the face of these undoubted frets it would in my opinion be the he'ght of folly (o run the smallest risk of inticducing the disease into British Central Africa where its presence wculd le an irreparable disaster. “Knowing the mechanical way in which such work is carried out by native cfficials in India, I do not think that any stipulation as to locality is of the smallest value “Whatever was stated to the contrary, the first parcel of seed would in all probability come from a plantation reeking with disease. “The present request is the more unnecessary as according to a coffee planter in Nyasaland who is 531 well acqiminted with coffee cultivation in Ceylon, a local African tree ‘ Albizza fastigtata' is admirably adapted for a shade tree for coffee. Xf this is no sufficient the rain tree or ‘ Pithecolobium Saman’ might be tiied. The seed can be obtained in abun- dance from Tamaica and that would be perfectly safe. “ In view of the opinion of so high an authority danger of introducing shade-tree seed from India H.M. Commissioner cannot consent to any mfringement of the provisions of Clause I. of the Queen’s Regulations for the prevention of Coffee di.sease in British Central Africa.’’— “ B.C. A. Gazette,’’ Nov. 7. B. C. AFRICA : CURRENT CHAT. A sale of 683 acres took place at Cholo a short time f’fTO. Xhe land is od or Dear to the Mowazi. 1-35 bags of Nyasaland coffee were sold in the last week ot July at prices ranging from .58s. to 94s. 6d Ihe tone of the market at last advises was fiimer. We arc glad to hear that H. M. Commissioner has refused to allow any recruiting of labour for export from B.C. A. to take place. Captain Sewell leaves errand having been so far fruitless We hope he will meet with more success in districts where there is not the same need to conseive labour as here. Mr. Selby of the A. T. T. Co., who was up in Central Angoniland recruiting labour, has retnrned to Blan- tyre. He was successful in obtaining some 300 la^urers who are being sent on by the Administration. Our veteran pioneer, Mr. J. W. Moir, who has just returned from furlough, has been spending a few days at Blantyre before going on to his estate at Mla-nje. which fell at Blantyre on the 29th and 30th October have been of great benefit to the plant- ations there and a good spike has been brought out. They seem to have been very local however, as only shgnt showers are reported from Zomba and some parts of Cholo. — Cerdral African Times, Oct. 1897. PRICES OF COFFEE. The New Yoth Tournal of Commerce says: — “Prices of Brazil eeffees are now ruling at about the lowest figures in the history of the trade. In December 1882, February delivery sold at 5'24c. Since that date until the current year the range has been be- tween 6|c. and 19c. During this year, however there has been a gradual decline, and on the 9th instant November was quoted on the excbai.ee at 4-45@4'60c. W. H.CroBsman & Brother, large receivers and authniHes on coffee matters, say The decline is the result of a coffee production treater than the consumption. The quality of this crop in both Rio and bantos is the beet that W’e have seen for twelve or fourteen years. The average is belter than any crops,, except the large ones of 1681-82 and 1882-83 It IS jrcof positive that it is the product of youn? tree and not old trees. The quality of the old trees was so roor that during the year of 1893, 1894 1895 and l!96 any coffee grading better than No. 7’com- manded a heavy piemium and resulted in the hieh . fferences made on the Coffee Exchange last year The quality of this crop was certainly not expected by anybody. On the basis of the receipts up to date nobody can figure less than 5,250,fC0 to 6 >=00 0(0 bags Sanlos and 4,00(',000 to 4,250,000 bag’s Eio From two parties in Santos estima'es have been re' fneoncil’ srowing Santos crop is as large as 6,000 000 bags. In one case it was estimated that including the new-crop coffee, which comes in during May and June, ibe receipts for Ihe twelve months could not be figmed at less than 6,000,000 bags And while this is a very high figure, actual receipts so far argue strongly in its favor. The coming crop has been estmmleu as high as 6,00('000 bags for bantos and 4,000,000 bags for Eio. And for the present crop, as theic- aie new trees and a laige number that will bear fiuit for the first time next year, it does rot seem so unreasonable. I: will certainly, I should say insure low prices for a long time to come.’ ’’ * s 533 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [Feb. r, 1898. CEYLON TEA IN AMERICA. Our Tea Commissioner sends tlie Committee of Thirty a lull and cheering imdget of news w'liieli will he found given in our Corre.^^pondence column elsewhere. Mr. Mackenzie ileal.s largely w ith the progi ess made in the Canadian Dominion and es]iecially in Lower Canada through the enterprise of Messrs. Larkin & Co. in con- junction with Messrs- Tetley & Co. — both, we take it. receiving a snhsidy from our Tea Fund in support of their work. But we are also t< Id of_ progress in Boston, New York and Philadelpli’.a, as well a.s in more inland towns — Clp'-elar-d and Biitialoe — and still moie in .'-■ome oi ilie I'm M est States. So. the good ww'k o: accnsti loing our American cousins to really good tea, goes on, and hy-and-bye, Ceylon and Indian idanters ought to rea)-)' the fruit by tinding the consum- tion of machine-made teas across the Atlantic, double every year for sometime. Mr. Mackenzie, is very clear as to the advant.age of t he ne\y ( us- toms system — a number 26 sieve being substituted for a 16 .sieve — .ami liC. gives Mr. Bleeliv; ■ en the fullest credit for the good work be perlormed in urging the Goiernment until the amondment was granted. The result is that instead of pure Ceylon and Indian teas, inferior Japan and China tens are now being shut out in large quant- ities both from the States anu Canaila. These, the importers now propose, to ship to the London market— that refuge for the destitute and worth- less. "NVe have already mentioned how teas re- jected at Melbourne as “unfit for human food ” got reshipped to Ijondon wheie they s
oclamation of 1894 prohibiting the export of hides of sambhur and spotted deer, w'ere brought up to the Game Laws as they exist at the present time. That these are somewhat defective and lament- ably inoperative will, I think, be admitted by Government itself, and it is for the Game Protec- tion Society to devise and propose some scheme whereby the condition of the wdld beasts of the Ceylon forests may be ameliorated. MR. T. FARR’S VIEWS. To me it seems clear that until the active co-operation of the officers of the Forest and Survey Departments is secured, with the sanction and support of Government, the Game Laws will never serve the purpose for which they were framed. A legislative enactment, such as the Madras Forest Act, combined with an Act giving special powers to officers of the Crown, would, I am convinced, do much good and would be an im- mense boon to the Game Protection Society in the prosecution of its work. I would urge in addition that the revenue derived by Govern meut from the sale of game licenses and from fines inflicted on olfender.s again.st the Game Laws be either placed at the disposal of the Society or expended by Government in the protection of game. My object in this paper is to furnish fo mem- bers as lull a report as space will permit of the work of the Society since its initiation in 1894 ; and upon perusal of the following pages it will^ I hope, be admitted that we have not been idle. WORK DONE. Although no drastic measures have marked its progress nor radical changes in the Legislature borne witness to its power a beginning has been made which, with better and wider representation, will develop into a sound and powerful organization. There are many difficulties to contend with in undertaking the proiection of game in a country so varied in its natural featKies, w'here its forests extend for miles and miles beyond tlie every-day influence of tlie European, and where the uuscruimh u.s native or Moorish trader can carr.y oi\ his nefarious trade at Uie cost of thousands of lives undetected and unchecked. There are, too, when endeavouring to check the wanton destruction of the wild beasts of the forests, the interests of the difl'erent classes to he considered. The hona fide villager should be given a free hand in tlie matter of his food supply, and the cultivator should have no restrictions placed upon the due protection of his crops ; but the law should be made far reaching in its scope and reieiitless in its administration when dealing with tho.se who, for purposes of trade kill down hordes ol deer which the most rabid of non-])rotec- tionists can never assert those created for that end. MEETINGS HELD. The following reports of mee'ings held ami resolutions passed will speak for itself, and if Government has been inclined to turn a deaf are to our recommendations and to leave us severely alone, we have not failed to endeavour to make ourselves heard. On the 23rd May 1894, a meeting was held .at the Bristol Hotel, Colombo, at which the fol- lowing gentlemen were present : — n B Rear-Admiral W R Kennedy [jn-t siding). Captaiu Lyon, a.d.c. Milo MacMahon, Esq. Colin Murray, Esq. H Glyn Eocles, Esq. E Gordon Reaves,, Esq. T Y \Vright, Esq. A P Green, Esq. F H C Webster, Esq. E H L Thomas, Esq. R V Webster, Esq. A H Thomas Esq. Richard Jackson, Esq. Edmd Jeffries, Esq. Hawtrey T Thwaites, Esq. W Waddon Martyn, Esq. Gerald Browne, Esq. E Rosling, Ei^q. Commander Fisher, e.n. Di'ummond Deane, Esq. Lieut. Hiokley, e.n. R W levers, Esq., c.c.s. Jjieut. Hume, e.n. Alex. Murray, Esq. Lt-Col. Corse-Scott, RW J E A Dick-Lauder, Esq. Regiment. Tlie following resolutions were proposed and carried : — 1 Tliat this Society be called the Game Pro- tection Society of Ceylon. 2 That H. E. Admiral Kennedy he Honorary President and R. W. levers. Esq., c.c.s., Pre- sident of the Society, and that E. Goidoti Reeves, Esq., be Honorary Secretary. 3. That H.E. the Governor he asked to pro- hibit the export of Hides and Horns of spotted deer and Sambhur for at least 3 years, piovided only that Government reserves to itself the right S34 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURISt, [Feb. I, 1898. of purchasing at the various Kachcheries (after due inquiry as to the hona ficlcs of the vendors) liorns and hides tliat are ilie property of genuine villagers. Ai.so that some legulations as to the local tanning of hides he adopted by feejicenses or other control The outcome of tliis meeting was the prolnbition of the expot t of hides of samltbur and .spotted deer for a period of 5 years as, from January 1st, 1895, by proclamation on Oct. 23rd H.E. Sir Arthur Havelock, K.c.M.G., Governor of Ceylon. A second meeting was held in Colombo on Augu.st 14th, 1894, at which the following gentlemen were present : — R W levers. Esq. (presi- C H Bagot, Esq. dent) H Waoe, Esq. T Farr, Esq. \V Saunders, Esq. H V Masefield, Esq. E L Thomas, Esq. Edmd Jeffries, Esq. J S M Ross, Esq. Geo Beck. Esq. A T Cathcart, Esq. "W Murray, -Menzies Esq. Fred Hadden, Esq. N Rowsell, Esq. A H Pain, Esq. H P Gallwey, Esq. Allanson, Bailey, E.sq. F 0 Fisher, Esq. A M White, Esq. H Gordon, Esq. H W Kennedy, Esq. A Jackson, Esq. G W Templer, Esq. A Thomas, Esq. J V Owen, Esq. A M Hurst, Esq. E Rosling, Esq. A S Brc'UC, Esq. II E Power, Esq. R Jackson, E-q. H Paterson. Esq. iElian A King, Esq. G A Craib, Esq. A Tiitbani, Esq. C M McCausland, Esq. B Ffanshaw, Esq. E Turner, Esq. F H Price, Esq. F J Hadden, Esq. H M Philby, Esq. E G Reeves, //o». Secy. The following resolutions were proposed and carried ; — I. That a Committee be formed composed of all Government Agents and their assistants and all Conservatois of Foiests and their assistants and the following gentlemen, with power to add to their number : — H Pain. Geo. Beck, Esq. Major As, Esq. H Gordon, Esq. E Jeffrieby, Esq. A Jackson, Esq. H M Pliilden, Esq. R Jackson, Esq. F J Hadnts, Esq. A T Cathcart, Esq. F L Clemeas, Esq. A M Hurst, Esq. M H Thomas, Esq. G H Bagot, Esq. A H Thomey, Esq. T Farr, Esq. H P GallwSmith, Esq E G Reeves, Esq. W Bowden Smith, Esq To the above Cotnmittee the names of J. R. Barkley, Esq-, and W. Hermon, w'ere subse- quently added. II. That five shall form a quorum. III. That the annual subscription be E5 for the current year. IV- That the formulation of rules be left to the Committee. Asavesult of this meeting the following rules were drawn out by the following members of Com- mittee on August 17th, 1894. R W levers. Esq., H P Gallwey, Esq. Geo. Beck, Esq. W Bowden Smith, Esq. G M Fowler, Esq. Major A H Pain E Jeffries, Esq. Frank Hadden, Esq. A F Broun, Esq., C. G. AM Hurst, Esq. Forest Department H Gordon, Esq. A Tatham, Esq., C. G. T Farr, Esq., Acting Ron. Forest Department Secretary A H Thomas, Esq. Rules of the Game Protection Society of Ceylon: — 1 It shall be the duty of every member of the Society to make himself acquainted with the ]>rovisions of the existing Game Oidinar.ces and to see that these provisions are carried out within his District. 2 It shall be the duty of every member of tlie Society to lay information as to a breach of the Game Ordinances before a Police Court, and members may exercise their discretion as t» whether they shall proceed directly against offen- ders or after reference to the Hon. Secretary. 3. In the event of an informant in a success- ful prosecution being a member of the Society, the reward received by him shall be paid into the Society's funds. 4. The Society shall receive through the Secretary applications from members for the appointment of paid watchers, these applications to be dealt with by Messrs. G. Beck and T. Farr in conjunction witli the Secretary. 5. It shall be the duty of every member of the Committee to obtain for the Society as many members as possible. 6. Annual General Meeting shall be held on the dates of the Colombo and Nuwara Eliya Race Meetings at Colombo and Nuwara Eliya and an Extraordinary General Meeting shall oe held in Kandy or elsewhere whenever called by the Secret ary^ It was resolved at this meeting that copies of the Game Ordinances (interleaved) be supplied to each member of Committee for their information. On the 2nd December, 1895, a Special General Meeting was called by the Hon. Secretary at Hatton, at which the following gentlemen were present ; — P' L Clement', E?q. (presiding) J Manley Power, Esq. H Gordon Cuff, Esq. W Maitland, Esq. Capt. Justice C Stafford Northcote, Esq. J G Riadore, Esq. H Blacklaw, Esq. R Sidgwick, P..'q. D Renny. W A Wilson, Esq. E G Reeves, Esq. T Farr, Esq. Hon. Secretary. K H Plumridge, Esq. The following resolutions were proposed and carried : — I. That Government be asked by the Society to allow a sub-Committee of sportsuicu to make a draft of an Ordinance to revise the existing Game Ordinances in order to ensure the more efficient protection of game. II. That Government be asked to provide a certain sum from the revenue collected from gun licenses for the payment of watchers for the protection of game, the Society finding an equal amount for the same purpose. III. That the annual subscription due for 1895 be collected, and that the Hon. Secretary be asked to invite a certain number of members in each District to collect. The Hon. Secretary, Mr. E. GOKDON Reevef, re-signed and Mr. T. PAer was elected in his placed Subsequent to the above meetings the Hon. Secretary approached Government on the subject of (the 1st , and 2nd resolutions, and was informed that Government was not prepared to legislate further in this direction, and that the funds asked for could not be granted, as “it would be irregular to place public money at the ois- posal of a private Association in no w'ay under Government control.” On P’ebruary I8th, 1896, a General Meeting was held at the Hill Club, Nuwara Eliya, at which the following gentlemen were present : — F. L. Clements, Esq. (presiding) K. Macandrew, Esq Hon. W. Paulett A. C. W. Clarke, Esq C. H. Bagot, E.-;q. S. P. Gallwey, Esq A. W. Jackson, Esq. F. J. Hadden, Esq R. Jackson, Esq. H. M. Philby, Esq A. M. Walker, Esq. W. L. Murray-Men- W. Hei'mou, Esq. zies. Esq. H. V. Bagot, Esq. T. Farr, Esq.— /7on. Secretary. Fib, I, 1898. J THE TRUPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 535 Ihe following resolutions were proposed and carried : — I. That the Honorary Secrt?tary be request- ed to suiiiniarize the vaious suggestions made by nieinbers of the Society for the better protection of game in Ceylon and to forward the same to (Government. II. That copies of the Game Ordinances be pur- chased at tlie expense of the Society and distri- buted amongst the members. III. Tliat the Society regrets the indiscriminate manner in which licenses to kill game are issued to visitors to the island, affording privileges to them which far exceed those to local sportsmen. This last resolution was proy)Osed by a member who had been refused licen.ses to kill in a certain District more than one buffalo, when certain “ titl- ed ” visitors had been granted licenses to kill three or more in the same District. During this year the Honorary Secretary ob- tained from the Government Printer as many copies of the Game Oidinances printed in Tamil and Sinhalese as were available. These copies were distributed to members and were also sent to kr.nganies and coolies of certain estates where illegal destruction of game was being carried on On August 12th, 1896, a General-Meeting was held in Colombo at which the following gentle- men w'ere present : — II W levers, Esq., c.c.s. ( President) F. C. Fisher, Esq., c.c.s. Lieut. A. 0. Pitman, k.a. A. M. Hurst, Esq. W. S. R. Cox, Esq. F. J. Saville, Esq. W.L. Murray-Menzies,Bs( Geo. Deane, Esq. H. Whitham, Esq. J. Wickwar, Esq. C. H. Bagot, Esq. H. O. Hoseason, Esq. F. G A. Lane, Esq. H. Wace, Esq., c.c.s. W. D. Bosanquet, Esq. H. J Vollar, Esq. A. n. Thomas, Esq., T.Farr,Esq.,Hon. Sec. At this meeting the Honorary Secretary read his summary of numerous suggestions made by experi- enced sportsmen with regard to the better protection of game in Ceylon, which was as follows : — Summary of suggestions received from a large number of spoitsmen in Ceylon having in view the better protection of game in the Island. Ordinance 10 of 1891, Sec. 3. — Game should include Paddy Field Deer (Atiis Porcinus.) Sec. 5 Sub. Sec. 2.— License to capture Tusker should be E250 or K300. If it is considered by Government that ele- phants require further protection, shooting at cow elephants should be forbidden. Sec. 5 Sub. Sec, 5. — License to kill or capture game should be raised to lilO for each Province or K20 for the whole Island. More stringent conditions and limits must be written on the backs of licenses by the Govern- ment Agents when issuing them. Close Season. — That a fixed period for the whole Island is inadvisable. That each Govern- ment Agent should ascertain from thoroughly ex- perienced sportsmen in his Province or District the right and proper season that should be de- clared “ closed,” and should issue licenses ac- cordingly. That gang hunting with beaters, dogs, and guns should be absolutely forbidden. Pitfalls, deadfall traps, large snares, spring guns and shoot- ing game from machans should be made illegal. That sanctuaries should be declared by fixing limited areas of forest, from entering which all persons should be debarred. That any person possessing fresh meat or raw hides or horns should be liable to account for 66 the same at any time, and that the Police or any Public Officer should have power to search for the same. That the export of deer and sambhur horns should be prohibited for 5 years at least. That guns should be licensed annually through- out the Island, the license to be obtainable at the local Post Office, and that in villages all guns should be handed in to the Kachcheri at the beginning of close season and restored at its termination to tbeir respective owners. That all Public Officers and a limited number of Members of Committee of the Game Protec- tion Society should be empowered to demand the production of his license from any person carry- ing a gun, and to seize the latter and send it to the nearest Police Magistrate on no license being produced. Ordinance No. 10, 1891 Sec. 11 (rf)— That a minimum penalty of RIO be imposed for every breach of this clause. After the words “ capture game ” should be inserted the words “ or aid and abet in the same.” The Conservators and Assistant Conservators of forests should be empowered to investigate all cases where any infringement of Ordinances Nos. 10 and 11, 1891, and No. 6, 1893, has oc- curred, and to administer the law as laid doWll by those Ordinances. That licenses to Immigrant labourers on estates should only be granted at the written request of the Superintendents of such estates. That the possession of live sambhur or deer should be an offence punishable by the law', as it is reported that a large trade is done in this manner. Complaints against the visitations of the Globe Trotter are frequent and emphatic, and the general opinion amongst members of this Society is that the present facilioies for sport afforded to visitors to the Island should bo discouraged by consider- ably increasing the cost of a license to such strangers, and that local sportsmen should not be unfairly restricted in the matter of obtaining licenses. A copy of the above suggestions was placed in the hands of H.E. the Governor who gave them his careful attention. At this same meeting it was resolved that a Sub- Committee consisting of Messrs. K. W. levers, F, C. Fisher, C. H. Bagot and T. Farr should be authorized to expend immediately a sum of R500 on the importation of game, and on the 14th August, 1896 the Sub-Committee met to discuss the ex- penditure of this sum. It was resolved that the following gi.mc birds be imported at an early date : — Black Francolin, Chukhor, and Hungarian Partridges. The Hon. Secretary was requested to make enquiries regarding the importation of the Indian Antelope (Black Buck) and Cervus Hippelephus (Mauritius Deer). On March 1st, 1897, a General meeting was held at the Hill Club, Nuwara Eliya, at which the following gentlemen were present : — Allaason Bailey, Esq., c.c.s. ( Presidi nej ) . Captain Marker, a.-d. c. F G A Lane, Esq. E Boyd Moss,Esq.,C G Forests C H Bagot, Esq. W Ferguson, Esq., North C Davidson, Esq., A E Wright, Esq., J Fraser, Esq., R Jackson, Esq., Alderson Smith, E:;q. E Marker, Esq. T C Huxley, Esq. J Qnayde, Esq. J Wickwar, Esq. T Farr, Esq.— Hon. Sec, THE tropical AGRICULTURIST. [Feb. I, 1898. Sob The following resolutions were proposed and carried : — • I. That Captain Ward Jackson, A.D C., be warmly thanked for liis liberality in presenting the Society with 21 chukhor, which birds he imported iioiu N. India. if. Tliat it be suggested to Government that the export of deer and sanrbhur horns be prohibited, and that the prohibition of the export of the hides of these animals be continued indefinitely. ■III. That the Game Protection Society, in reply to a minute from the Hon. the Colonial Secretary, sees no objection to the proposed Buffalo Kraal on the Bagalla Patanas, provided that no buffalo be shot in the Kraal unless absolutely necessary. IV. That the Honorary Secretary be authorized to expend a further sum of 11500 in importing chukhor, and to make enquiries the cost of im- porting other game birds. V. That the Secretary be empowered to have printed and circulated, forms inviting member- ship. A copy of the above resolutions was forwarded to the Hon. the Colonial Secretary, and on the 27th March, 1897, the following letter was received by the Honorary Secretary : — Colonial Secretary’s Office, Colombo, March 26ih, 1897. Sir, — 1 am directed to acknowledge the receipt of your letter of March 12th forwarding for perusal copies of the resolutions passed by the Game Pro- tection Society. — I am, sir your obedient servant, J. J. Thorburn, for Colonial Secretary, To T. Farr, Esq., Hon. Secretary, Game Protec- tion Society. ACCLIMATIZATION OF GAME. From the minutes of the two last meetings it will be seen that the im))ortation and accli- matization of game was first undertaken in 1826 under the auspices of the Game Protection Society, and late in the same year Hungarian and French partridges, 10 brace of each, were indented for by Mr. C. H. Bagot from Messrs. John Bailey &■ Co., London. This experiment was attended with most dis- appointing results, and only twos Hungarian and two French partridges survived the long sea journey and reached Mr. Bagot alive. These were turned down on the patanas ad- joining St. Leonards’ Estate in Udapussellawa, and represented an expenditure of £20. Early in 1897 the Honorary Secretary received, through the kindness of Capt. R. Ward-Jackson, eighteen chukhor out of twenty-one birds that were despatclied from Northern India. They arrived in very poor condition, and three of them were evidently in a dying state on ar- rival. These were carefully raursed and attended to, but with no success. The remaining 15 birds were confined in a warm and dry room with a “ run ” attached. With the exception of three sickly birds they appeared to thrive remarkably well on paddy and green food. Sods of turf were placed in tlie run twice a day and vvere soon made bare of vegetation by the birds who pecked at the blades of grass greedily. When considered sufficiently strong to feed for themselves, the surviving twelve birds were turned down on the Horton Plains in a sheltered and carefully chosen piece of jungle. They were fed three times a week for a short period, and water was supplied to them in small tins placed just on the edge of the forest. They had easy acbess to a stream of water some 60 yaidb from where they w'ere turned down, With the exception of a very small sum e x pended locally these chukhor cosi the Society nothing. THE RESUr/r.S so FAR.. The initiation and history of the Ceylon Game Protection Society having been given 'in the fore- going pages, a .‘-urn m ary of the good done and points gained by it during tlie past three years may prove of interest to its members, and in order to set this forth clearly I must deal with e.-x h animal separately .and summarize tlie reports of various sportsmen whose o[)portunities of formini>- a reliable opinion entitle them to respect and coix sideration. Elephants.— These animals appear to have been on the increase of late years, and it is an undoubted fact that the enhanced license fee has checked their destruction in a most marked de"ree. It behoves the Society now to see that the/ are not destroyed for the purposes ' of trade hy iiersons who may have discovered that their hides are of sufficient value to render the license fee of RlOO a matter of no consider, ation. Buffaloes.— Reports reach me that a laroe and lucrative trade is carried on in drieil mea” and in hides, and that large numbers of buHaloes are killed by “ Moormen ” traders for these purpo.'cs. Sambhur. — Fiom my own observations in the Hills I am satisfied that there h.as been no de- ciease of Late years ; indeed, I am in a position to state that where legitimate hunting only has been the means employed to kill ihem'they Inave increased in numbers. Tracts of country too much overrun by estate coolies with guns and dogs or beaters have been almost denuded of game. Large numbers have been killed and still more have been driven to the quieter sanctuaries remote from cultivated land. The more stringent conditions attached to li- censes by the various Government Agents have proved benelicial, and during the past year many Tamil coolies were refused licenses altogether wdiere tliey had in preceding seasons offended against the spirit of the game laws. These measures have proved salutary, but I ven- ture to que.stion the propriety of issuing any li- censes to kill deer to immigrant labourers on es- tates. In a force of, say, 200, to 1,000 coolies application will be made for 2 or .3 licenses at the most, but, protected by these, gangs of twenty and thirty go out into the forests and patanas and compass, jointly and severally, the destruction of many deer. In the Plains I am told that sambhur are on the decrease, and that mature animals are seldom seen. Spotted Deer or Chital (Axis Maculata). — There is a general consensus of opinion that these beautiful animals are decreasing in num- bers to an alarming extent. Jhey are de.'^troyed in the remoter districts of the Island in a variety of ways, even to the extent of hei’ding them together during the dry season near” water- holes and pools in dried up river beds and killing them with clubs. ° Their hides are, I believe, the most valuable of all hides on the markets of Europe, and their horns as well as those of sambhur are exported jn immense numbers. Red Deer (or Muntjac). — It is impossible to state with any degree of accuracy whether this timid little aninial has benefitted by protection, lhat they aie very plentiful in the habitats they most frequent is, 1 hear, an assured fact. They arQ THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST 537 Feb. I, 1898.] not slaughtered for their horns 01 foi their hides, and as they breed and uniltiply more rapidly than their larger brethren, there can be no danger of their extinction or even decrease. Paddy Field Deer (or Axis Porcinus).— Ibis handsome little beast inhabiting the jungles, mainly of the Southern and Western Provinces, has been inadvertently omitted from the list of protected game. He is by no means common, and being by nature more or less a day-feeder should receive the attention of all sportsmen in whose vicinity he may l e found who should endeavour to extend to him the protection he merits and needs. For the information of those who may not have come across this deer J describe him as a miniature sainbhur. Peafowl. — These birds are, I understand, becoming more and more scarce, as they are shot by native traders for their handsome plumage, and I fear their “ closed” season is but lightly regarded by these poaching scoundrels. Mouse Deer and 1Iare='. — The aegis of pro- tection is not extended to these animals which are very plentiful on the hills and plains alike, but sportsmen should ende.avour to stop in their neighbourhood that pernicious habit of the Tamil cooly of setting dead-fall traps in the jungle and nets in the open patanas and scrub by which means large numbers are killed, whilst many a good hound and favourite dog has fallen a victim to the former. Horns and Hides. — The Proclamation of October 23rd, 1894, prohibiting the export of sambhur and deer hides conipelled the traders in those commodities to seek fresh means of disposing of them, and a large local industry in c nverting them into leather is carried on in Colombo, as is evidenced by the large number of tanneries now in existence. Hides are also being stored in large quantities in ■ anticipation of the expiry of the term during which the prohibition of the export is to be in force. The Proclama- tion should therefore be indelinitely prolonged. I am of opinion that deer and sambhur hides are smuggled out of the Island in considerable quantities, concealed in cattle and buffalo hides as well as in native boats from South and East Coast Ports. A case of the former method was detected at the Custom House in Colombo some months ago, and the only punishment was, accord- ing to the newspapers, the confiscation of the hides. With regard to horns of deer and sambhur, these are exported in sufficiently large quanti- ties to prove that the export is not confined to shed horns It is wellknown to all siiortsmen who have stndieil the habits of deer that they eat the shed horns of their species very quickly, and unless the collector of horns goes his rounds very frequently he would find very little left for him to cairy home. Within a few days all but the very base of the horn would be gnawed away and consumed. Government is, I believe, to a certain extent in sympathy with the Society and would, I believe, gladly take measures to check the trade in horns cottld it be proved to their sati.sfaction that the bulk exported are not shed horns. Horns stored for export in Colombo have been inspected and examined by members of the Society, and what vvould seem so easy to prove is by no means so. The itinerant Mahomedan traders who collect them have evidently some method of detaching them from the bone, so that the horn has all the appearance of a shed horn, except that the corrugations on the base of the horn are roughei and fresher looking than they would be if shed in the course of nature. On November 16th, 1897, the Honorary Secre- tary paid a surprise visit to one of the shops in the Pettah of Colombo where horns of deer are stored for export, and having discovered a large heap ot deer and sambhur horns, took the oppor- tunity of examining them closely w’ith the ob- ject ot ascertaining the proportion of shed horns amongst theni. At a rough calculation not more than five per cent, w'ere “shed” horns, the rest h.ad bone attached and were undoubtedly those of killed animals. The Honorary Secretary was in- formed that the market value in London for spotted deer horns was K2 per lb., and that of sambhur horns 62 cents per lb. A pair of deer horns was then purchased for R5 It is believed hy many members of the Society that the export of deer horns is not confined to the Port of Colombo, but that a large illicit export is carried on from the Southern and Eastern coasts. With this in view, the Hon Secre- tary on November 1st, wrote to the Hon. L. F. Lee, Principal Collector of Customs, asking for a statement of the export of deer o.nd sambhur horns during the years 1896 and 1897 from Colombo and other ports, and the following reply was courteously and promptly returned : — No. 1,113. H. M, Customs, Colombo, 3rd Nov. 1897. Sir, — I have the honour to enclose a statement giving the information asked for in your letter of the 1st instant. No horns were shipped from other ports in the Island during the period mentioned. I am, &c., L. P. Lee, Principal Collector. THE EXPORT OP DEER AND SAMBHUR HORNS SINCE 1892 TO THE PRESENT DATE IS GIVEN BELOW IN HUNDREDWEIGHTS. 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 ^^1897 Deer . . — -- — 548 512 Sambhur . . — — — — 605 295 Total .. 1313 1643 1760 1439 1153 807 * For the first 10 months. The above figures represent a ghastly record of slaughter. It has been stated by the Custom House author- ities that the average number of Sainbhur horns to a cwt. is 114, and of deer 130. This evidently refers to the single horn and not the pair, for tlie'y are all cut or sawn in two for shipment. If members of the Society will now reckon up the value to the trading native gunner of a spotted deer, of its flesh, it.s horns and its hide he Avill find that the temptation to make a trade in their carcases is very great. It should be borne in mind also that more hinds than stags are killed by natives. I am unable in this report to give a list of prosecutions under the Game Ordinances, but they are comparatively insignificant and will be dealt with in my next Report. 1 append a statement of the Society’s funds and accounts to tlie present date. THOS. FARR, Hon. Secy., G.P. Society. 538 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [Feb. I, ligS. THE HONORARY SECRETARY IN ACCOUNT WITH THE GAME PROTECTION SOCIETY. R. c. January 10th, 1896. — To balance per B. G. Reeves, Esq. 409 11 February 24tb, 1897. — To subscrip- tioDs received iu 1896 . . 500 2.5 Do. do in 1897.. 15 31 December 30th, 1897. — To subscrip- tions received in 1897 . . 645 00 R 1,569 67 R. c. February, 1897. — To cheque books. Bank charges, &c. 17 75 By Stationery 34 95 ,, Printing ordinances. . 8 91 ,, Advertisements of meetings, &c. 21 25 ,, Postages 20 00 ,, Cheque for demand draft for £20,000 at 1/3| in favour of J. Bailey & Go., for partridges . . 313 47 ,, Bank charges, 1897 . . 8 50 ,, Advertisements of meetings, &c. 39 55 ,, Balance 1,105 29 Rl,569 67 E. & O. E. Thos. Faeii, Hon. Secy., G.P. Society. December aOth, 1897. To balance .. .. Rl,105'29 PIAMTING NOTES. Silkworm. — Our local lovers of sericulture will be interested in the following r — “ An interesting exiieriiuent is being made by the Department of Revenue and Agriculture in the importation of a quantity of China silk cocoons (antheiea neinyi). These have been procured from mountainous dis. tricts in China, and the cocoons are, therefore, being sent to Darjeeling and Chakrata.” “Passing oe the Old-School Grocer.”— Under this heading an article signed “ S. Elwood May, successor to the Ceylon Planters’ Tea Co,,’ appears in the American “Merchants’ Review.’ At the outset the author states that in his many travels in pursuit of new clients in the interest of the Ceylon planters and their bhud, tiffin and bungaloe teas, his mind had been directed to how rapidly con- ditions change in that country. He states; — Not many years ago, when I pioneered the intro- duction of Ceylon tea, the lea^ding grocers of every city, large or sn.all, were autocrats, vho stoutly resisted any innovations of whatever nature, pleasantly dictated to their customers, and followed out their own ideas absolutely. This method of procedure caused me to study other lines of business, and I found that the grocer was the only old-school mer- chant successful at that period. Those representing other lines of trade had long ago been forced into transacting business in accordance with the advanced methods of the day. I made up my mind that the old-sthool type of grocer, wedded to his traditions and ruts would soon find that the prerequisites to future success would be the following out of his clients’ whims instead of his own. I recently tra- velled some six Ihousar.d miles, and in most of the cities that I visited the passing of ‘‘ye olden school ” grocer was quite visible. After relating ineident.s, he concludes : — I am one of many who wish the old-time merchants yet remaining would change before it is too late, for whatever credit may be given to the new school ones, all honor to the integrity and lofty purposes on the whole that have always existed in the class of the olden school, The “ Indian Forester,” edited bv J. W. Oliver, Conservator of Forests and Director of the Fore.‘t School, Dehra Dun, for December 1897, has the following contents Original Articles and Translations— Nitrogen ami Forest Crops by E Henry, translated by G F Gleadow ; Obituary— jMr. C H Hobart-Hampden; Correspondence— Extra Pensions for the Forert Department; Dry Rot in Deodar trees; Sir Richard Strachev and Indian Forestry, letter from AC Wi'd ; The'After-Tiaining of Cooper a Hill jMen, letter from ‘‘ Spifiicator ”; Official Papers and Intelligence — The Destiuctien of the Prickly-pear with the aid of the cochineal msect and other paiasites ; Ceara Rubber in a Malabar District; Extracts, Notes and Queries : Timber and Produce Trade ; and Extracts from Official Gazettes. Indian Tea Companie.s,- The Planters’ Store anil Agency Company, Ed., has issued an ana- lysis of the ^ working of several I ondon Tea Companies. Tliree companies .stand far in front of the rest in the dividends declared in 1896, namely, the Assam Co., the Rrahmaputra Tea Co., and the Jorehaut Tea Co., all of wliicli yielded dividends of 20 )ier cent. 'Tlie Doom Dooiiia Tea Co., and Ralijan Tea Co., come next with dividends of 12^ per cent, but as regards the profit per iiound of tea, Ralijan and Doom Dooma take priority with 4 9/16d and 4-3/32d. In tlie percentage of profits over the entire share and Debenture Capital the Assam and Rrahmaputra Tea Companies take tlie lead ‘2314 and 23 -43 per cent.—/, P. Gazette. Ceylon Land and Produce Company.— We omitted to niention that besides the 15 per cent of dividends for eacli of the past .six years, the fortunate sliai eliolders in tliis Loriipany got in addition, in 1893 and eacli of the last three years a bonus of 5 per cent, making 2u in all. Tl'.e following return issued with the annual Iveport of the Directors is of interest: THE CEYLON LAND AND DEODUCE COMPANY, LI.MITED STATISTICS FOR PAST EIGHT YEARS .’—TEA : 2 2““ - o - 6 > ® ci ^ 1890 1,131 354,842 314 286,292 1891 1,-345 480,684 358 357,648 1892 1,385 503,293 304 479,005 1893 1,406 589,192 419 . 526,172 l>-94 1,451 608,110 419 342,040 1895 1,556 597,399 384 435.9(8 1896 1,556 694,720 446 590,111 1897 1,571 748,994 476 432,0.52 M 1—^ ^ ee W ^ rS U O U-2 c3 ^ .^0(0 qj 03 15 9-46d 9T0d 7 81d 7'70d 6- 77d 7- 34d 6-80d 6-51d Pi 1/6 1/43 1/3 1/24 1/Jd 1/2 1/3 Ps 64 06 48-61 46-63 61-33 46-08 65-40 48.37 43 40 he C3 qj rrt Q 03 COCOA : 03 ore which took 64,058 cwt this year against 34,133 in 1896. The great free Port of the Straits and India have thus taken from us consider- ably more than ore-half of our total output of Oil ; and if our ohier customers revert to their large orders, the brisker demand should lead to higher ) rices. But how is this to be se- cured ? Cannot coconut growers combine to act in the way tea planters have comtiined to make their teas known in new markets, and to study the requirements of the old nmikets? 540 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [Feb. r, 1898. The effort is worth making, if there could he a satisfactory organisation, because, as we have seen it is the demand for Oil that governs the price of nuts ; and with large extensions and immense areas comings into bejaing, the .supply may possibly go ahead of the demand. In Copra, too, the exports represent only a fair average quantity in 106,601 cwt., tliough that is double the quantity sent away in 1896. Germany tocdc 42,878 of the total output and Belgium' 2.3,245 cwt. In Desiccated Coconut, the progressive incre.ase has continued — 12 million lb. having being sent away against lOi million in 1896 ; but ' we are not hopeful there will be much more expansion in the manutacture. Al- ready, we learn that some of thejsmaller Mills have restricted their output, or ceased work for some months of the year. The article is not one that improves by keeping; and although the oldest establi.shments may be able, through good bu.si- ness connections and advance orders, to keep up their output or increase it, there is no en- couragement for new factories. IMore thanthiee- foirrtl'.s of the exports have been to the^United Kingdom. Ameiica follows trith 9(0,917 11). or less thair one-tenth of the total qvrantity; Au'^tralia with 672.897 lb. and Germany with 542,965 lb. Keferenceto other lowcountry and native products we must reserve for another occasion. the CEYLON TEA COKBORATION, LIMITED. An extraordinary general meeting of shareholders in the Tea Corporation, Limited, was held on Wednes- day (Dec. 22nd) at the registered offices of the Com- nanv No 15, Bishopsgate-street Within, the chair being occupied by Mr. H. W. Tugwell. The Secretaiiy (Mr. Alfrea Howell) read the notice convening the meeting. . The Chairman said : This, as you know, is only an extiaordinary general meeting of the Corporation, and therefore the business we have to transact is purely formal. I will, however, give you a brief Lcount of the Company’s property, taken from the renoits of our managing director in Ceylon. Mr. Tatham’s reports are satisfactory. He left London for Ceylon at the end of July; but ovyng to delay in transferring the estates, he is ]ust taking over the actual management of our properties. In the mean- time he has been visiting all the estates and advising the managers how to proceed, and under the circiira- stances they are naturally ready to value his advice In the estimates in the prospectus we put the yield of Dotaloya and Penylari at 530,000 lb. of made tea. I may remind you that these two estates produce nearly one-half of our tea. .Now, our manager i^tatesthat he will be rather disappointed if they do not produce 550,0001b. during the first year of his manage- ment, and that in the third year he hopes to work the yield up to 700,000 lb., or an increase of 170,000 lb. of made tea. You must add to this the lucrease on the Kudaoya group which he is sure he can effect. The average net price so far obtained for our teas has been very satisfactory ; but against this has to be set the advance of exchange and the high price of rice owina to the Indian famine. Our managing director, in his report on Dotaloya, says : “ The factory is a fine building, and capable of making 500,000 lb. of made tea. The estate, taken acre for acre, would more than hold its own against any estate in the island. In the past it has suffered from scarcity of coolie labour,- but in recent months the labour force has been increased by 481 men, with 200 more coming in.” He also says he secs no reason why Dotaloya should not give 400,000 ib. in 1900. if the estate is aided with a little manure. Penylan is smaller than Dotaloya, and- vet produces 250,0(0 lb. of made tea, which should be increased to 300,0001b. In Penylan a gradual improve- ment can still be made. I think, thcreiore, we may congratulate ourselves on being the owners of a good and improving property, which in niy judgment, should soon show very good results. (Applause.) The Chairman then moved certain special resolutions embodying some changes in the articles of Association so as to comply with the requirements of the London Stock Exchange. Mr. Smith seconded the resolutions, which were carried unanimously. A desultory discussion ensued, during which Sir Charles Lawson asked how long it would he before any return of the tea would be made. Sir. Hancock replied that for the first half-year the tea would not be sold until an interval of something like another three months had elapsed, so that it was impossible at present to answer that question. A Shareholder asked whether it was the intention of the Board to declare an interim dividend. The Chairman said he considered that the share- holders should give the directors a little time to see how things went. A Shareholder said he considered that these matters might very safely be left to the dis- cretion of the directors. (Hear, hear.) He had visited most of the estates in Ceylon belong- ing to the Company, and could confirm every- thing that the Blaiiager had said in regard to them. The production on the estates had iu tbe past been limited by the difficulty of obtaining a sufficiency of coolie labour; but the manager had now a force of 400 extra coolies coming on the plantations, and he had no doubt that the product iu the future would be very largely increased. Mr. Shand also spoke hopefully as to the Com- pany’s prospects, and said that if reasonable arrange- ments could be made in regard to freight the estates would no doubt do very well. The Chairman, in acknowledging a vote of thanks which was unanimously passed to the board of dir- ectors, expressed a hope that at the next meeting they would be able to put the shareholders into possession of an even more favourable etatement as to the Company's position. The proceedings then terminated. — Grocers' Journal, Dec. 25. PROPOSED ASIATIC COMMERCIAL MUSEUM AT SAN FRANCISCO. The United States Consul at Bangkok pro* posed, in a report to hi.« Governnieiit, the establishment of an Asiatic commercial museum at San Eianci.sco on similar lines to those of the Philadelphia Museum, for the special purpose of bringing the immense markets of the Asian Pacific into closer touch with those of the United States, and providing manufacturers and ex- porters with ready and accessible means for securing all kinds of information relative to the markets of tlie Far East. He recommends, inter alia, that the exhibits should be samples which could be readily obtained and shipped to the miisentn at San Francisco, or, if too cumbersome, then nliotographs could he made, the main ob- ject being to show exactly what competition must be met in style and quality. A study of these, with information as to prices, would pro- vide the exporter with sufficient details and en- able him to determine whether he could enter the field or not. It now requiries fully three montlis for a manufacturer to receive a i'epl.y to enquiries sent to Asiatic ports, but through a museum of this kind the same information could be obtained in ten to twelve days, whilst exporters would reap the benefit of frequent consultation and ready ac- cess. The exhibits should consist of exports as well as imports, and all necessary information as to prices, firms, duties, etc., should be pro- vided.— Imperial Institute Journal. Feb. I, 1898.1 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 54t CEYLON LAND AND PRODUCE COMPNY, LIMITAD. GENERAL MEETING. The thirteenth annual general meeting of the Cejlon Land and Produce Company, Limited, was held at 101, Leadenhall Street, London, E C., on Wednesdays the 22nd December. The chair was taken by Mr. Y’illiam Keiller. The Secretary having read the notice convening the meeting, THE chairman’s SPEECH. The Chairman said : Befoie passing to the report I wish to remark that Mr. Y'ilson has expressed his regret at being unable to be present at this meeting, but he considers the company's interests will be better served by his remaining in Ceylon for a little vhile longer. Gentlemen, — The report of the directors for the year ending June 30, 1897, is in your hands, and I presume it may be taken as read. The statistics issued with the report, covering the ciops of tea and cacao for the past eight years are to complete that I have nothing further to add in this respect. With regard to cofee, I am sorry to sa.y that the crop v\as a very small one : in fact it was too small (only 264 bushels) to deal with in the same way as we have dealt with tea and cacao. I may say that the tea crop ex- ceeded the estimates by 62, 0001b., but realised in Ceylon currency about five cents per lb. less than the previous year. Cacao fell short of the estimates by 50 iwt, NO CACAO DISEASE. This deficiency occurred solely in the North Matale group, and v\as due to abnoimal rains in December last which injured the, blossom, and, roughly speaking, resulted in a diminution of the crop by 200 cwt. With regard to cacao disease I may give ycu the opinions of the superintendent and Mr, Wilson re- garding our estates. The former states that a tiee here and there may have died (the same as happens to coffee, tea, or any other product), but no patches have died out and that there is no more disease now than what might have been, say ten years ago. He has rr;ade a point of going caiefully thiough all the company’s clearings, but has not seen a single in- stance of the disease that is being written about just now. He has questioned all the si.piei intendents, and likewise the kanganies, if they have seen any signs of it, but their verdict is in the negative. He hopefehis slate of affaii s may long continue. He has been over estates where it does exist, but he says it is nothing so seriousas he was prepared to see. Mostof Iheccmpany’s cacao is on undulating and pretty steep gicund, which is a great advantage, I understand, although it may not crop so freely as what is planted on flat land. Trees die out here and there from different causes, as they have done ever since the company’s cacao veas planted, but tone greater extent than previously, just as tea does, and fruit trees and bushes in Englr.nd. Mr. Wilson reports he has never seen the company’s cacao, with the exception of some backward patches of the new clearings, look better than at present, and I think you will agree with me that this is a very satisfactory state of affairs for this company. VARIOUS PRODUCTS. At the last meeting the directors weie asked to obtain a census of coconuts, and I now give you the figures collated in September last; 1,343 trees in full bearing, 16,052 trees not bearing (these all promise well), 24,336 nuts in nurseries. I will now direct your attention to our new clearings. Our last reports from the Alloo- wiharie group state that they are doing well, and promise to be successful. As an indication of the pro- gress being made here, I may say that during last year 8,0001b. tea leaf were secured, whilst the estimate for the current year is 30,000 lb. leaf. We have seven acres of tea four and five years old in bearing, and in addition are now plucking from a portion of a 40-acre lot. About 20 acres have been added to this estate by purchase. The tea clearings at Andangodde are com- ing on very well ; they consist of 6^ acres under three years old, 39J acres above one-year old. The 80-acres clearing on Fetteresso is making good progress — we bope to commence plucking off about SO acres during the coming calendar year, and the balance in thefinan' cial peiiod 1898-99. The young cacao at New Pera- denij a is doing well, andatthe moment there are no signs of disease whatever. The tea dealing also is piogressing favourably, and in tune will be a good field. During the piesent year the plucking area will be increased by nearly 30 acies. The ceffee clearings at Noith Matale hay’s not done well, I am soriy to say, the Arabian variety being almost a failure. It had a bad attack of leaf disease shortly after being planted, and since then it has not fully got over it. The young tea and cacao make good progress; six- teen acres of tea will come into bearing next finan- cial year, and fifty-five acres of cacao in 1899-1900. The aiea of Ovveila has been increased from 261 to 372 acres (by purchase), whilst the planted area now conipiises 105 acres cf lea, cacao, and coconuts. On October 31st the supeiinteudent repoits that the general cendition of the estate is improving, and the various products aie doing well and have a healthy look. The figures given in the direct'. rs' report for 1895-96 with regard to Strathisla, were not quite ac- curate owing to an error on the part of the superin- tendent, but I think the acreage statement, which shows an incieased area cf about sixteen acres in the present report, is siibctautially correct. TO SUM UP. The high opinion pieviously foimed by Mr. Wilson of this estate he still adheres to. He thinks that in couise of time we shall have a very valuable asset. It now remains for me to sum up, lii 1896-97 we had 1,571 acres of tea in bearing, and thus it will be seen that cur total tea clearings amount to 660 acres (in- cluding coconuts on Owella), all of which will come into healing during the next frur yeais. The bear- ing^ area of cacao last year was 929 acres whilst since 1893-91 we have planted 445 acres, which will, we hope come gradually into bearing from 1899-1800 on- wards. Now as to the prospects for the coming year. The estimates piovide for 752,500 lb tea, against an intake of 749.0U0 lb last year, and a cacao crop of 2,5( 0 cwt, comparing with 2,266 cwt brought into store during the past twelve months. Including tea made for others and from purchased leaf of our total estimate of tea figures out at 1,107,000. My advices from Ceylon bring estate figuies down to November 15th, and at that time we W’ere 23,000 lb tea ahead as compared wi’h the same date last year, the in- creases being mainly from New Peiadeniya and North Matale. Fetteresso and iUckartou crops are, so far, shoit, owing to the very wet weather encountered. On the whole, I think the prospects of our estimates h'ing exceeded are encouraging. The cacao intake to 15th ult. is 575 cwt, and compares W'ell with 141 cwt secuied by November 15lh, 1890, but it must be borne in mind that the crop is earlier this year than last. It is, of course, too soon to make any pro- phecies about the total cacao crop, hut if I may hazard an opinion, I think it is likely — given normal weather — that the estimate will be secuied. I now tutu to the profit and loss account and balance-sheet, and with your permission will deal with the items seri- atim. Upon comparing the present profit and loss account with the previous one, it will be seen that expenditure on crop account has been increased by £2,248 ; this is due to rise in exchange from Is 2d to Is ,3d loss on rice, and cost of handling the increased tea crop. THE RISE IN EXCHANGE. The rise of a penny in exchange has cost us over the entire expenditure a little more than £1,800. Interest on debentures and loans is a decreasing quantity, the aggregate of bonds outstanding and the rate of interest payable being reduced. On the credit side it will be found that produce has realised rather more than .£750, as compared with last year. Commission show a reduction from £753 to £190, whilst we have made a profit in realising the produce outstanding from the previous year of £177. Turning now to the balance sheet, it will be found that our paid up capital has been increased by £3,200, being the proceeds of a 10s. call on the ordinary shares, Debenturea have been paid olf to the extent of £5,Hp, 542 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [Feb. I, 1898, Deposits are much the same. Sundry creditors, con- sisting for the most part of advances against produce, indicates a reduction of £536. Q he large increase in bills payable is due to a larger expenditure and also to the fact that an acceptance for a substantial figure matured in the early days of July. On the other side of the account our estates show a book value of £103,032, or an increase of £4,095. This represents the sum spent upon purchase of land, opening, and plantin,g, plus up-keep of our new clearings during the year. The three following items need no comment. Coast advances are an increasing item, due princi- pally to two causes : (1) the rate of advances has a tendency to grow ; (2; we need a larger number of coolies in connection with the new clearing. It will be of inter-est to point out that we have 1,374 acres of cacao and 2,232 acres of tea, and that, allowing £5 per acre for forest, chena, &c. (say 1,550 acres), adding .£2,000 as capital expenditure from July 1st to date, and deducting the reserve fund, the planted area of tea and cacao stands in the company's book at £24 12s. 5d. per acre. The report and accounts having been adopted, and the dividend and bonus declared, BIr. William Keiller was re-elected a director and Mr. James B. Laurie an auditor. The usual vote of thanks to the chair was carried unanimously. « NORTHERN QUEENSLAND AND THE “• TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.” A Queensland idanter, ordering the 'I'. A., writes from Geraldton, John-stone River, Noi th- em Queensland, on 10th Dec. and -says : — “ I have read the numbers received with great in- terest. Such a paper is just what we require in Northern Queensland, and more particularly the articles relating to coffee and rubber growing. The first-mentioned is likely to be largely planted both in this district and Cairns, the climate and soil being w'ell adapted for its growth. It may interest you to know that the price received by the Cairns growers this season was 9d per lb.” Ninepence a 11). equals S4s a cwt. ; a very good price for coll’ee not very well-prepai ed pioliahly, in view of the absence of pulpersand proper factory arrangements? These will come in time. Climate and soil are evidently well adapted for coffee in Northern Queensland. PLANTING NOTES. Matale as a Tea District.— Matale lias — says a contemporary, — not genet ally been considered a. leading tea di.strict, nor has it attracted much attention by its big yields or high price.s. Probably its iailuie as a coffee district towards the end of the coffee era, and the disappointment experienced with cacao by many pro[)rietor.s, prejudiced planters again.st it, but Mr. Storey ( see our 6th ] age) again shows that Blariawatle is not the only estate that can boast of continous big yields. It is true that the record for BVaraka- mura does not cover such a series of years as that of Mariawatte, and the total acreage is not so large, but on the other hand the outturn of the 204 acres, which was 093 lb. in 1896 and 1,066 lb. of made tea in 1897, i.s higher than the yield of the 458 acres of Rlariawatte, but does not beat the old 100 acres field of the Gampola estate, tiiough Mr. Storey says his yield has been obtained without the aid of manure. If the yield goes on increasing, we may so»m exijcct BVarakamura to equal the record yield of the Mariawatte old field, and over twice as large an acreage. We shall look for future lelurns with intcrc-.st, and we are glad to hear that there are other estgte.? iu Matale doing nearly as well. Coffee.- — At a meeting of the Coffee Trade one Wednesday lo consider the advisability of alteriiii; the conditions of public sale with regard to simill lots, it was decided that no alteration from existing rules should be made. — Grocers’ Journal, Dec. 2.5. ‘‘ Hand-Books of Commercial Products.” — We have to acknowledge receipt of No. 10, on Adhatoda Vasica. Revised by David Hooper, f. i. c., f. c. s.. Assistant Curator, Economic and Art Section, Indian Museum. Fruit and the \txe. — There are now in Vic- toria 36,023 acres under fruit — an Austra- lian exchange tells us. 'Ihe wine-giower.s aie becoming fewer, and have fallen off to the number of 372 during the last year. The area under vines is 28,000 acres. Tobacco-growing is another industry which shows a great falling-off from former efforts in that direction. A Fireproof Tree. — A Government report from Colombia describes a tree, known as the Chaparro, which is said to be fireproof. It grows on the immense plains of Colombia and th<> north of South America, and when the enormous fires set going to clear off rank vegetation after the rainy season strip the surface, the bark of the Chaparro protects it, and it grows on un- scathed.— Sj/dney Mail. Cinchona-bark. — Louis XIV. for his “ great Encour- agement for Useful Discoveries of all kinds and parti- cularly in Physick. ’Tis well kuow'ii that he bought the secret of the Jesuits' Powder and made it pulilick.” It would seem that towards 1679 an Englishman named Robert Talbot cured Louis XIV. of intermit- tent fever by a secret remedvq which the con- valescent monarch gave him 48£00 livres (with a life pension and a title) to disclose. It was cinchona- bark, and afterwards describe! in a book as the ” Eng- lish Remedy for the Cure of Fever, published by the King’s Command 1682.” — Chemist and Druggist, Dec. 25. A Peculiar Fabric, which may find a u.se for many purposes, is made iu Biussels. It is flex- ible, trans]jarent, ami impervious to water. This textile material can be washed off with cold water, like a glass pane, by means of a sponge, and is mainly to be used for portieres, window shades, umbrellas, &c. The patented process for the production of this tissue consists in filling the meshes of a wide-meshed fabric, such as muslin, with chrome gelatine or with a similar material, and then rendering the chrome gelatine insoluble by exposure to light. The fabric is then coated on both sides with boiled linseed oil or fat varni.sh : the treatment w'ith chrome gelatine and linseed oil is repeated several times, and the fabric is ornamented by printing. Pearl Fishery in Wale.s.— Sir Walter Besant (in the Queen) is responsible for the fol- lowing : — Are there any people in these modern times who carry on the old Pearl fishery of the River Conway ? I have come across a few notes on the subject. There was an extremely ancient Fishery here, dating certainly far back before the Roman conquest. It is said that Julius Cajsar obtained while he was in the country a breastplate set with pearls from the Con- way, and offered it to the temple of Venus in Rome. It is also said that a fine pearl from the Conway was pre- sented to Queen Catherine of Braganza by Sir Richard Wynne, of Gwydir, and that this same pearl is now in the Regalia. Lady Newborough, in the last cen- tury, possessed a good collection of Conway pearls, and in 1780 'Sir Robert Vaughan appea- ed at Court, bis hat adorned with a loop formed of Conway pearls. It might be worth while to collect a few mussels — it was iu the mussel, and not the oyster, that they were found — and ascertain whether these interesting ci’eatures have lost the art of making pearls. 543 Feb, I, 189S.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. OUR PLANTING DISTRICTS, Three more District Reports of an interesting character for last year will be found below. In all three— Central Maskeliya, Pnndalu- oya and New Galway— crops, with few ex- ceptions, were nothing to boast of, Pundalu- oya, we are glad to see, is still going on with cardamoms — a crop which sometimes beats tea for profitable results. More coolies and cheaper rice are wants which we hope this year will see generally rectified. In our Maskeliya Report, we get the best idea yet supplied by any Dis. trict statement, of how the weather during the past year interfered with tea crops and esti« mates ; may it prove more favourable in 1898 From New Galway, the one staring piece of folly is the non completion of the Railway Station connecting road. The longer it is de- layed, the longer must the railway receipts suffer. We must always maintain that this road should have been made in 1892 by the Govern- ment before the opening of the Uva line, and without reference to the few planters concerned in any way. It is chiefly required in the inter- ests of the Government and the native trading community of Weliniada and adjacent villages. The Planting Districts in 1897. PUNDALUOYA DISTRICT IN 1897. WeA'iheb.— On the whole very favourable. There have been no very long spells of drought, nor ex- cessive wet and cold. August was the stormiest month. Cbops —Tea leaf generally considerably below totals at same date in 1896. The small acreage of coffee left in the district is all on the northern side of the valley tNorth Pundaluoya and Eton) and gave what must now be considered a fair crop. Cabdamoms are cropping well in parts : but heavy, toll is taken of the fruit by petty pilferers- biped and otherwise. The rats are perhaps the worst enemies, and difficult to keep in check.^ Laboub Supply.- Though no very serious difficulty has been felt, most estates, with a few favoured ex- ceptions, could employ with advantage about a fourth more than they have. . Tbanspoet. — There seems to be no difficulty about transport. Roads.— In fair order. . . „ . The pkice of Rice has been exercising the mindi of planters. The Chetties have taken advantage of the^^recent slip to greatly advance their charges, on the plea that they have been compelled to cart their supplies for long distances. Those who had to go to the Chetties have had to pay as much as R5 30 per bushel. No particular grievance. NEW GALWAY IN 1897. The weather generally during the past year has been very abnormal, a good deal of rain fell during what we consider our driest months, while hot February-like weather was experienced in November, and the past leveu days have been rainless. The Tea Cbop has not been startlingly good, though I hear of one estate that has largely [exceeded its estimate. The very little yood coffee left has crop- ped fairly well, but the area under this product is getting smaller by degrees and wofully less. Of cinchona the less said the better, but several tons of acacia bark has found its way to the tan yard and the demand for seed of this valuable fuel tree {accacia decurrens) has been pretty brisk, as locally grown seed is more reliable than imported which is often very mixed. The Laboub Supply, as far as quantity goes has been ample, but there has been more “ moving on ” than usual, which means higher advances and less work, 67 Tbanspoet as usual. The Ambawella Station Road will probably be finished to the ctd de sac by 31st January, 1898, but official pig-headedness and Highland obstinacy com- bined still leave an impassable ridge away in the centre of the trace, while rumour has it that the station master at Ambawella will have to act the role of toll-keeper in addition to his present arduous (?) duties. Rice and othee Supplies have been dearer than for many years past, but have always been prO> curable, OuB Chief Gbieyance is the dishonest rupee which appears to have increased the bump of caution already pretty fully developed by our caterers, and when yon see an English article with “ price sixpence ’’ printed on it, marked Rl’25 nett, it's enough to make anyone cave in and long for a planters’ Co-operativa Store with bead office in Colombo and branches in the principal upcountry centres. CENTRAL MASKELIYA IN 1897. Weatheb. — The first half of the year just ended might be called nominal as regards weather. At this end of the valley, the rains from N.-E. in April and May were disappointing, which is often the case in these months. The Castlereagh Trig range on the one side, and the Goweravilla ana Peak range on the other, divide the thunder and rain clouds that come over from the Hortons and across Bogawantalawa giving welcome rains to the upper end of the valley and all [round, but toO often leaving us in our parched state with fine flushes drying up and going to bangy. The leaf came in steadily during the first six months and without any great rush in April-May. In fact the older tea gets, the steadier the leaf seems to come in, although two to three months in the Spring and the same in the Autumn are always heavier. The last six months of the year are invariably the poorest as regards flush, but the last half of 1897 was unnanally so. The S.-W. monsoon broke with the usual thunder storms accompanied by wind and rain. This, we think nothing of, any time during June, July and August, but we look for a little snuehine in September and October, and generally get it to dry things np and start growth again; bat this year, M- though there were only 36 days on which rain fell in these two months, there wore only wven sunny days out of the 61, and during the whole time there was a cold bleak wind from S.-W. keep- iug the temperature unusually low, which, succeed- ing the three monsoon months, retarded growth still more. With the advent of the N.-E., November started pretty well, but this month as well as Decem- ber did not do so well as usual. The rainfall for the year was 124'65 on 188 rainy days against an average (for 20 years) of 141’fiO inches. The half-yearly averages for the same period being Jany. to June rain 56'60 inches — Rainy days 64 July to Deo. „ 85’90 „ „ „ Ifil Cbop- was in nearly every case short of esti- mates owing to the unfavorable weather. The quality in some cases varied a little, oompared with previous seasons, bnt was on the whole fairly well maintained. The drop in the market was dis- appointing, but this we have to face and fight as we are doing, that Is the market, bnt an artificial exchange is a direct impost much harder to bear, and I hope will soon be done away with. Transport and Roads.— Cart transport to the rail- way station gives no trouble. The hoof and mouth disease talked of so much in connection with light railways and road trams is a bugbear. Our tran- sport is as cheaply and more conveniently done than it could ever be by light rail or tramway. Onr roads were never better kept or in such good condition. The cost of upkeep is a good deal more than it was a few years ago, but not more, I should say, than proportionate with the extra traffic, 544 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [Feb I, 1898. Rice. — The heavy cost has been a great hardship on Ramasamy as well as on the estates. Few pro- prietors or Companies have been able to charge the full price, but have divided the loss with the coelies, which, under the circumstances, was a fair way of dealing with the matter. RE OPENING OF THE BAMBARABOTU WA- EATNAPUKA DISTRICT. The letter elsewhere on “ planting, gemming and reading in Bambarabotuwa” reminds us of the wonderful transformation which is being wrought in this old coffee district through the agency and capital of Companies or capitalists represented by Messrs. Finlay, Muir & Co. We have not yet got the full returns or statistics for our “Handbook and Directory;” but we know enough to infer that “ Balaiigoda and Bambarabotuw'a ” will erelong constitute arising and important division among the sixty odd planting districts in our list. The neighbouihood of Balangoda was the first scene of ojierations by Europeans on that side of the country and so far back as 1838, land was selected there at an elevation of 1,800 feet, the luxuriant collee in the surrounding naiive villages having attracted attention. In 1840 large purchases of land were made, out of which Massena, Pettiyagalla and New Pettiyagalla estates were created and later on Hatterabage and Lankabarony. But the crisis of 1845-47 brought abandonment in some cases, and the district, as a whole, never re- covered a position of any standing until Messrs. Shelton Agar, Layard, Torkington and Bosanc^uet & Co. began in the later “ Seventies,” to give Balangoda a name as a tea district. Now we liave an almost continuous line of estates from the neighbourhood of Ratnapura light on to Balan- goda, lying between the Bambarabotuwa and Rat- and Walauwa gangas with a dozen more plantations detached along the road leading to Bogawantalawa. Altogether, some 25 iiroperties are counted in the Rasagalla division (Balangoda proper) and some 15 in the Bambarabotuwa and Ratnapura divi- sion. A most important tea district it is bound to become very shortly. The Ir.ige “ Hopewell Factory ” (belonging to the Company of that name) is expected to turn out eventually 2^ million lb. of tea annually, and it is intended to be connected by cart road with Ratnapura, 40 miles distant. The late Mr. John Dent Young traced and partly-made cart road comes in usefully here. The machinery of the Factory is to be electrically driven and tea from a group of neighbouring estates is to be made in it. A better watered district there is not in the island ; but it is puzzling to think what gave rise to the idea that the Walauwaganga had its source in Walawadowa block for which the Government; exchanged at the rate of 3 acres of splendid forest for one,— the true source of the river (which runs through this block) being much higher up ! The activity, life and business con- nected with the opening up of hundreds n«t to say some thousands of acres with tea in the districts referred to, need not be dweit on. Yerily an immense change is coming over thin side of the Adam’s Peak range, and if the Kelani-Avisawella railway is prolonged to Rat- uapura to catch the traffic at the end of the 30 to 40 miles cart road, its financial success will be still further confirmed. Indeed, we may be stire the several powerful Tea Companies In- terested will want (and provide) a tramway on the new’ di.strict road as soon as it is finished, in order to be ready to connect with the Govern- ment Railway. FERTILIZING MANURES. The fact that, though last year only about one hundred tons of all kinds of chemical manures were imported into Ceylon, this year that f[uantity is likely to be greatly exceeded, is proof of the attention that is being paid to this question by^ estate ow ners, agents and sujierin- teudents. hollowing our policy of drawing at- tention to anytliing that can benefit the jdanter, we toilay turn to Odam’s Siiecial Tea Fertilizer, of which we have the following guaranteed analysis given: — 18 to 20, soluble i)hosi)hate of lime ; 4 to 6 per cent of undi.ssolved iiho.sphate of lime; 3.t to 4 per cent of imre ammonia and 4 to 5 of jiure potash. Mr. Iveith Rollo, manager of the Wanarajah Tea Company, says of It: “The results have been excellent, as tea has immensely improved and given remarkably heavy liushes, and when pruned two months aoo there was magnificent wood to prune on, which ir.eans heavy flushes for another eighteen monihs at least.” The excellence of these manures has been cer- tified by Dr. Voelcker, of London ; Dr. Mac- adam, of Edinburgh ; and others, includino- Mr John Hughes, F.c .s. Consulting Chemist to the Ceylon Planteis’ Association. IMe.ssns. Baker and Hall, the Ceylon agents have alre.ady this season booked exten.sive orders for Hatton, Kalutara, and Wattawala. To the.se districts in a very short time fifty tons of the tea fertilizer w ill be despatched. As an instance of what the mamiie will do we are assured that on part of one estate the yield w'as 1 aised from 3t0 ibs. to 7t0 lbs. per acre. PLANTING IN JAVA AND CEYLON INTERVIEW WITH MR. FRANK ADAM. As^ our readers are aware one of the visitors to Ceylon at present is Mr. Frank Adam wfio IS veiy largely iutevested in eoflee planting in J&vu. Mr. Adam came here in the beginning of December last and .since then he has been travel- liiig about the Kelaui Valley, Kandapola. and U va^ districts. His visit will extend till the end of Tebruary and during that time he will do some inore visiting in the hill and low country. He w’os the lust to interest Ceylon capitalists in coffee iilanting rn Java— men such as Messrs. G. . Talbot, J. H.- Starey, D. & J. ]t. Fairweather, Wilson Wood, Rutheifoid,Reid, &c. — and theGlen Nevis Comirany started in 1892-93 i.s doing so well that those in- terested arc, along w'ilh Mr Adam, now engaged in takrng steps to float a Company here to start a further block of similar land iir the same district of Java as the Glen Nevis Company. That, and the extension of this Glen Nevis Company, he explarned to one of our representatives, who mterviewed him, was the object of his visit to Ceylon. SIGHING FOR THE COFFEE DAYS. Asked about his impressions of Uva he said : — I have met a good many old coffee planters and one and all of them sigh for the coffee days again in preference to those of tea. With regard to coffee here, I speak with a cer- tain amount of reserve because the situation of the island, the soil, and the climate are en- tirely different from Java ; but my impression Feb. I, 1898.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. from what I have seen and from what I have heard from old plaiiters is that one cause for the decadence of coffee liere is that the plant was forced and grown under unnatural condi. tions — that under those same conditions the tree in the magnificent volcanic and humus soil of Java would have a chance of a longer life and a chance, with proper remedies, of recovering itself. From what I have seen the soil here is not altogether what coflee loves, but as I have said I speak with some reserve. When I say that coffee has been forced here I mean that it has been grown without shade. In Java we grow the coffee entirely under shade. In the second place until 1 came here I never under- stood the meaning of what Ceylon men said when they talked of pruning and handling coffee. That to me is another means of forcing the tree and thereby taking as much as possible out of it ; and while it gave good crops as long as it lasted that rendered the tree less able to withstand any outside attacks. Our METHOD OF CUETIVATION IN JAVA IS to have no topping at all on high elevations, while on lower elevation^ we top from 5 (o 6 feet leaving a flat surface on the upper portion of the tree, and we do not go in for such an unnatural process as pruning and handling. That is in contrast with what I have seen in Uya where they top the tree at abour feet and leave the head of it exposed to the full force of the sun and the air. Another thing I notice is that the coffee, or what remains of the coffee, is growing in some places on slopes amongst boul- ders and stones. Uva planters seem to fancy that the worst spots for growing coffee are in the shelteied places at the foot of slopes. In Java such steep slopes abounding in boulders and stones woottld be looked upon as implant- able, and some of our best coffee in Java is grown in the very spots at the foot of slopes, which Ceylon planters, as far as I am able to judge, seetn to condemn. THE SOIL. Then in Java, the soil especially where tve are, is composed, for the most pait, of deep vege- table humus mixed with volcanic ash. Going through the jungle, otie is able in most places, to put a common walking-stick up to the head into the ground without resistance. Whereas it seems to me in Ceylon a good deal of the fertility of tea is owing to the climate ; we in Java, in addition to our having a good cli- mate, have an advantage in the superiority of our soil. AVIIAT COFFEE CAN DO IN JAVA. I will give you an instance of what coffee can do in Java. The Pioneer Company — that is the GlenNevis Company— started by Ceylon people was first cleared or planted in 1892-93, and the last clearing was completed in 1894-95. At the end of 1897 over a cleared area of about 615 acres under coffee there was produeed a crop of the gross value of £22,000 sterling. Theamountyielded to the end of 1897 from the first year’s clearing (1892-93) showed the equivalent of production of 15 cwt, of coffee per acre. At the end of the third year the land produced on the first year’s clearing 5 cwt. an acre ; at the end of the fourth year 7i cwt. an acre ; and at the end of the fifth year (1897) it produced the equiva- lent of 15 cwt. an acre. The proprietors are so •well pleased with the results that they are putting all the profits into further clearing, the estate liaving a large jungle reserve. As regards S4S THE RAINFALL it is very well distributed, not one month being without a certain proportion of rain. The heaviest rain-fall is from October to March in- clusive, and the average annual rainfall is from 85 to 87 inches. As regards THE TEMPERATURE the observations taken at six o’clock in the morning, mid-day, and 8 p.m., in the verandah of the Superintendent’s bungalow showed a range at 6 a.m., of not lower than 67 and not higher than 72 Fah : at mid-day not lower than 75 and not higher than 84; and at 8 p.m., not lower than 72 and not higher than 78. CONCESSIONS BY GOVERNMENT are not granted to the outside publics but only to Dutch subjects and foreign subjects resident in Netherlands India. The lands, acquired by the Ceylon planters were therefore obtained through myself as aresident, having had 23 years’ experience of Java. The conditions upon which the Govern- ment give the land are very fair, but they are very slow in making grants. They alienate no land. The land is given out by the Government on a 75 years’ lease and if nothing is said to the contrary at the end of the lease it is renewable, so that it is practically ownership that one receives. The Dutch law allows the mortgage of these lands in the same way as freehold property, subject of course to the con- ditions of the concession. No tax of any kind is payable until the end of the fifth year, when an amount is levied, which varies, but which may be put doivn at a maximum of one Java guilder (equal to Is 8d) per bouw, which is equal to If acres. No obligation is imposed as to bring- ing the land under cultivation. In British Colonies you are obliged in most eases to undertake to bring so much under cultivation, with n a certain time, but in Java there is no such stipulation. As regards other taxes there is no tax levied, until the estate comes into profitable bearing, when the usual income tax is levied which is somewhere about 2 per cent. The Government reserve to themselves all rights to minerals on the lands and also the rights to open roads and water-courses, subject to compensation being paid to the concessionaires. They will not permit the manufacture on the land of salt, which is a Government monopoly, or the cultivation of the poppy for opiuin which is also a Government monopoly. REPORT BY A CEYLON MAN. A well-known Ceylon man, who is also inter- ested in coffee in the Straits, — I refer to Mr. Donald Mackay — was down in Java and .after seeing the lands reported most favourably on them. With regard to Glen Nevis ho said that the soil, situation, and giow th of the clearings were so far, beyond that of any plantations he had seen in many of the countries with which he was acquainted and the reality was better by far than the descriptions of his t eylon triends had led him to expect. The sheltered situation, encircled on all sides by mountain ranges, the uniform richness and- depth of the dark volcanic soil, and the luxurious growth of trees from two-and-a-half to four-and- a-half years old could hardly l>e excelled, if it could be equalled, by Arabian coflee in any part of the world. The Liberian coffee trees liad' made fine progress. As regarded the cacao trees he was inclined to think from their appearance, that they might do better next year G898) than progress bad led planters hitherto to expect. So far "546 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [Feb. I, 1898. as his inforniatiotl went, the climate of the district generally was comparatively healthy ; there did not appear to be mucli malaria ; and the out- breaks of cholera which had been recorded were due more to preventible causes such as careless- ness of the coolies themselves, than any un- healthiness arising from situation, soil, or climate, or water. Continuing Mr. Adam said : — The total acreage planted on Glen Nevis and tlie neighbouring estate by the same proprietors, up to the end of 1897 was about 1,400 acres of ivhich two-thirds are in bearing. OJT this acreage the gross value of the crop for 1895, 1896, and 1897 was £35,000 sterling. ARARICA AND LIBERIAN COFFEE. Our experience is that we obtain much more favourable results from colTec Arabica than Liberian coffee. Liberian coOee lias been planted in these concessions experimentally but our attention is devoted to Arabica. Liberian cottee experimentally is doing very well, but the Arabian is wiiat we dejiend u|ion. We argue that as long as we can find good land to grow Ar.abica it is better to grow that variety. As a fancy coffee it lias very few competitors and we think it much better to leave alone Liberian which may be classed among the coffee of the many and not of the few. The wisdom of our doing so is evident from the f.act that during the recent drop in coffee, such rough varieties as those of Brazil, Santos, Liberia, &c., experienced a very heavy fall, while the fall in fancy coffees such as Java, Ceylon Plantation, Guatemala was not appreciable. In fact since I came to Ceylon I have seen a quotation of bold, coloury, yellow Liberian in London at 44s per cwt. while Ceylon Plantation, which is very much the same prepara- tion and quality as Java private estate coffee, was quoted in the same market report at 100s to 11)23. Comment ujion that I think is needless. GEOGRAPHY. Java, for agricultural purposes, is practic- ally divided into tivo portions. The Uestern portion which is nearest Batavia and the niain lines of sea communication is the part which is mostly seen by the globe-trotter. The^ climate of this part is very humid and the soil, upon which tea in the uplands is principally grown, is stiff and reil. The east end of the island which very few people take the time to run down and Bee and widen is remote from the main steamer lines, is the Garden of Coffee in J,ava. There is direct railway communication from Batavia to Djemoei quite close to the extreme east and the line has been surveyed for a further extension from Djember (tunnelling through a mountain range) to Bangoewangte one of the principal stations of the Pastern Telegraph Company and the most easterly port in Java. It is from that port that the Glen Nevis coffee is shipped, the distance between the estate and the port being 38 miles, 25 of which are over a good Government post road and the balance over a good riding track. As regards THE POPULATION it consists in the first place of Siindanese (Abori- gines) inhabiting the west or tea districts of the islaml. They are less hardy than the inha- hitanls of the east end of the island who are composed of Javanese (also indigenous) and Ma- durese who crossed over to -Java from the island of Madura immediately adjoining. There are also Malays in Java on the western sea coast, the descendants of Malay pirates in days gone by. These people are not employed as labourers, but .03 household servants, coachmen, &c. The total of the po]mlation is about 23i millions. The labour supply is very good. We h.ove our own labour difficulties, like the planters in every other part of the East, but these have been reduced to a minimum. When Sir Stamford Raffles was in Java in 1810 to 1812 the population was somewhere about six millions and the figures now show Iiow the natives have increased and multiplied under the Dutch rule. In regard to THE WORKING OF THE ESTATES we find it better to have that done by Dutch- men and according to Dutch methods with an Englishman at the head of the whole affair. The system works better than employing English- men who are not acquainted with Dutch methods, customs and language. The wages of a cooly on a coffee estate average about 40 to 45 giiilder-cents per day. EXCHANGE is on a bi-metallic basis and therefore we do not have the fluctuations to which silver countries in the East are subjected. THE ROADS are amongst the finest in the world and for the most part beautifully shaded on both sides with tamarind trees. OTHER PRODUCTS. The land grows sugar very well indeed ; but owing to the continental bounties during the last few' years and the change in the tariff duties of America that industry is in a very precarious state. Indigo grows very W'ell in mid-Java on a limited area.. I may mention that at an agri- cultural exhibition in Calcutta some seven or eight years ago I remember to liave seen that five prizes were given for Indigo. The first, second and third fell to Java and the third and fifth to India. Java also produces tobacco which is grown on a limited area naturally on account of tlie humid climate which it, like tea, requires. It also grows tea, as I have indicated, also cacao, vanilla, nutmegs, cinchona, &c. In the west ot Java there is some of the finest table rice in the world, and throughout the whole island, there is the ordinary native rice. Of late years pet- roleum has been discovered, piincipally in mid and east Java, and some of the Companies have obtained splendid results. TRIP IN SOUTHERN INDIA : NEW NILGIRI RAILWAY. Hill Grove Hotel, Coonor, Nilgiris, South India, Jan. 11th 1898. We arrived here yesteiday at noon having come by kind pei mission to the foot of the Ghat by the newNilgiri Railway. This railway, I am told, has been somel2 years in construction, but it IS hoped that it will now be (yiened for traffic in the course of a few months. It is a very diffi- cult piece of work. It is a narrow-gauge railway with cog metal in the centre after the fashion of some of the mountain raiBvays on the con- tinent. The engine goes up behind the train, and the cogs secure the train from slipping back in case of any breaking of coupling irons etc. The line is now' complete with the exception of seven miles which as I have said, it is hoped, will be completed all the way to Ootacaniund in, a few months. It is almost certain there will he the teopical agriculturist. 547 Eeb. r, 1898.] some heavy rock slips here and there in the future, but let us hope that precious lives may be spared. This railway will probably be much used, and probably Coonoor and Ooty will _ soon grow in importance. With such a magnificent climate, and charming scenery there can be no doubt that these two places will become _ very im- portant in a short time. Coonor is about the elevation of our Nuwara Eliya, and Ooty is a 1,000 feet higher. Already rents arc rising very high, and land which Mr. , could have bought at R20 an acre when he came here first, can’t now be bought at E2, 000. Mr. J. G. Gregson has just secured a large bungalow here called “The Lodge” as a home for sionaries during the hot season. The bungalow has good bedroom accommodation, and extensive grounds with pretty nooks under shady trees, and commands a most magnificent and exten- sive view. Mr. Gregson and his family will reside in a smaller bungalow during the hot seasons of the three years’ Travancore work. ^ I have just tasted, at Mr. Thomas Stanes bungalow, Springfield, some delicious strawberries gathered this morning from his garden. Mr. Stanes tells me that the Tea here, though of good quality, yields only about half the amount of leaf yielded in Ceylon, or about 250 lb. an acre. Coffee seems to do well. Me expect to stay here till Thursday morning, when we are to go on to Ooty till the following Monday. Then probably we shall de- scend to Coimbatore. CEARA ROBBER. The Madras Government has recently issued a resolution on the experimental cultivation of Ceara rubber in the Malabar district. The experiments have not been very encouraging but the Government is of opinion that the matter should be kept in mind and that it should be considered whether the cultivation cannot be improved. The following are the reports winch form the subject of the Resolution t — _ , . , . Report by M. B. By. V. S. Guruuatha Filial, Act- ing District Forest Officer, South Malabar, datea Nilambur, ethFebriiary 1897. . ‘In January 1895 one hundred Ceara rubber trres were tapped in Iravallikavu both morning and evening, each tree was tapped six times, t.e , twice a day for three days and 10 lb. of rubber was collected which •was valued at la 6d to Is 9d per lb. in England. ' In the latter end of December 1896, 309 trees were tapped and 21 lb. of rubber collected; the largest tree tapped, Le. 8 feet 9 inches in girth gave 8 oz. of solid rubber and the smallest, i.e. 3J inches in girth gave l-8th of- an oz. ; on an average 1 oz. per tree was collected.’ ^ Method of Tapping.— A few trees were tapped by making incisions on the trunk of various shapes and little cups made from leaves were P'nned underneath to receive the milk, but it was found that no milk could be collected in this way. The milk trickling down the stem from the incisions was after three days peeled off in long strips which gave a few grains of rubber per tree, but the pbber was of good quality, t.e. clean and very elastic and free from disagreeable odour.’ ‘ The other trees were tapped as follows the large roots near the surface were laid bare, and incisions IJ to 1 inch long and i an inch apart were made on the exposed roots with a bill-hook and the milk collected in little pus dug in the ground under the roots to receive the milk. The trees were tapped twice a day for three days t.e. between 6 to 10 a.m. in the morning and between 4 and 6 p.m. in the evening and on the next morning the milk was found to be coagulated in hard tongues. These were removed and the tree tapped •gain «0 before,’ ‘ It was noticed that the trees bled more freely in the early morning than late in the day; t.e. a tree tapped at 6 a.m. would bleed for 10 to 16 minutes, while those tapped later would only bleed for 5 or 6 minutes, as the heat caused the milk to set much quicker and clog the milk ducts. Again trees growing on moist alluvial soil bled more freely than those growing on dry soil, a small sized tree with a girth of 21 inches standing on good moist soil and little distant from the surrounding teak gave oz. of rubber, while a tree growing on dry soil and surrounded by teak though 37 inches in girth gave only | oz. of rubber. Particular notice was taken of the trees tapped in January 1895, the in- cisions made then were completely healed and those that b!ed well then bled freely even this year. From this it is plain that soil and surroundings have a good deal to do with rubber-producing qualities of the Ceara.’ ‘ In Match and April 1896 attempts were made to tap but with little success, the trees bled but little, the weather being too dry and hot and the trees leafless, the best season to tap is between De- cember and February.’ ‘From the experiment tried has been noticed that trees planted 20 yards apart t.e. 100 trees per acre (the soil being favourable i.e. deep moist alluvial soil) will produce on an average 4 oz. of solid rubber per tree per annum when 3 feet in girth in about 18 years.’ Report by Mr. H. Tireman, District forest Officer, North Malabar, dated Manantoddy, 29th Augt. 189'7. ‘ Twenty-three Ceara rubber trees were tapped at the end of May this year. The average girth of these trees was 21 inches. The yield was 8 oz. of rubber. These trees were tapped three times on three conse- cutive days. They bad never been tapped before. In July, during a break in the rains, 67 trees, all of which had been tapped last September, were again tapped once. Their average girth was 27 inches and the yield was 20 oz. I will do some further tapping after the rains are over. I do not, however, think that the Ceara rubber is of any use as a rubber producer, compared with Ficus elastica and HeveaBrazillensis.’ •—Indian Forester. NEWS FROM BRAZIL. From an Ex-Ceylon PLAN’fER— Me. Sco’tt Blacklaw. Rio, 16th Nov. 1897. Three things have engaged public attention . in Brazil for the last six months. The Little Rebellion in the State of Bahia— the Low Price of Coffee— and the Diminished Value of the Currency. It has been A BAD IHING FOR THE COttNTRy. This expedition alone cannot have cost less than 6 000,000®, already a vote of 4,000,000® has been asked for from the Chamber of Deputies. "When the Vice-President began this struggle in December — by sending the forces of the Union to the aid of the State of Bahia, exchange on London was over ninepence per milreis ; by the time the struggle ended it had fallen to seven pence. That is from 26i milries to a pound sterling to 34i. The par value is 8.mil.-890-reis). Whenever any political commotion occurs or when the Government adopts any policy which may lead to drafts of money on the Treasury down goes exchange ; for it is well known that the expenditure can only be met by increasing “ the promises to pay ” either in the shape of a loan or in the issue of paper money. Paper money in this country is different from yours. With you any one can demand to be paid in metal, and the guarantee is the deposit in the coffers of Gov- ernment of sold silver, and your exchange is regulated more or less by the value of silver. Here there is no guarantee but the Government promise to pay,” and one is forced to accept payment in thiv forced paper currency. A Bank note of an English or Scotch Bank aavs distinctly on demand the value to be paid in sterlin;/. In Brazil metal currency that is gold pieces of the value of twenty milreis and silver miJreiB,,ato 548 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [Feb. ], j898. to be seen occasionally; but they sell at about times their value represented in paper — a twenty milreis gold coin can be sold for ircm seventy to seventy five milreis in paper I For a longtime it could not be seen that it was the excessive issue of aper money that had lowered exchange. The popular elief was “Oh it is the Engli^-h Banks that are bringing it down in older to make large dividends.” The Government understand the reason now, for they want to sell or rent the State Eailways, and apply the proceeds to the redemption of paper money. In the same sort of local arguing the present low price of coffee is not due to overproduction, but specula- tion and the grasping policy of the foreign merchants. This fallacy is beginning to be exploded too. This leads me to the question of COFFEE to which 1 really intended to dedicate this epistle but was led by the current of circumstances to go off at a tangent, on other subjects not so interest- ing to your readers. Coffee has been pouring into Santos and Rio at quite an unprecedented rate. Some days as much as 50,000 sacks (of 132 lb.) at the former and 30,000 Backs at the latter. For the season ending 30th June of this year (crop 1896-97) the shipments amounted in round numbers to 8,-500.000 sacks (of 132 lb.) — That is to say 5,500,000 from Santos, and 3,000,000 from Rio — against 7,200,000 sacks from the two ports for season 1895-96, and 6,600,000 for 1894-95. For the ten years previous — with the expection of 1891-92 and 1892-93 when the shipments were in round numbers 7,300,000 and 6,400,000 sacks respectively— the average- — in round numbers — has been 5,500,000 sacks (of 132 lb.) from the two ports. The effect of these heavy crops has been a great fall in the price of the product. The greater part of Brazilian coffee is shipped to the United States, where it is always quoted in cents, and decimals of a cent per lb. Coffee there and in Rio it is classed in numbers according to quality from No. 1 to 9. The Rio papers quote generally from 6 to 9. No. 7 in the average of Brazilian Coffee No. 6 is superior and No. 8 is inferior. Up till the end of Dec, '96 the price for that year was about 12 cts. per lb. for No. 7, and 11 cts. per lb. may be taken as the average for ten years previous to that — fluctuating a good deal but seldom falling below that figure. Since January of this year the price has continued to fall steadily until in November this year No. 7 was quoted in New York at 8^ cts. per lb. — and with the prospect of a million more sacks from the two ports — this increase being from Santos alone— the price is not likely to rise. With regard to THE ESTIMATE POE 1897-98 opinions differ. A British exporting house telegraphed to London a few days ago — the fact being noticed in the Rio papers — that the Santos crop for 1897-98 would be 6,500,000 sacks (of 132 lb.) Rio which receives coffee from Minas Geraes, and Espirito Santo States — in addition to that of the State of Rio — will not ship less than its average quantity — 3,009,000 sacks. The State of Rio gives alternately large and small crops and this will be its small crop year, but on the other hand new plantations have been extending in the two sisters States at a remarkable rate, — justified of course by the substantial prices ruling for some years previous to this — which will more than make up for the yearly diminishing crops of the State of Rio de Janeiro. Every year about this time (Oct., Nov. and Dec.), we see in the newspapers reports of there having been during the flowering season too much drought or too much rain, which has destroyed a great part of the embryo fruit, but somehow the yearly extending clearings — especially in the State of Sao Paulo — are seldom taken into account. The acreage in Sao Paulo of planted coffee has more than doubled during the last ten years, and until this check of low prices, and con- inability to raise money, new plautatioua will still continue to extend, for there in the far West, there is any quantity of forest land, and near a Railwa3u I notice in the new.spapers as referring to what I mention above the following — “ A Ccffee Commission Agent in Santos, an educated and practical man. who has been taking a run through the Coffee Zone, affirms in a letter sent to us, that the Planters cannot at pre- sent count on anything but a small crop.” “A great part of the bloss' m has not set in conse- quence of a southerly wind which blew during the opening of the flower.” The same paper adds a letter from a Planter in the interior to a commercial house in the town of Sao Paulo : — “ The crop of 1898 w’ill be one of the smallest we have had since 1860. The flowers of August and September are completely lost, a flower is show- ing for this month (October), part has already fallen and the other part is in spike. It appears the plan- tations will flower later, say the end of December and January, which will be a great inconvenience to the Planter.” When I was Coffee Planting in these parts it was n(-t customary to count on either too early or too lalo flow^ers ; from the later end of September to the beginning of November was the flowering season, on which to estimate crop. I do not think the seasons have changed much since then. The question remains — can coffee planting in Brazil paj’ at the present low price of the article ? The consideration of this must be left to a future com- munication. The same as regards the supply of Labour. A. SCOTT BLACKLAW. OUR COMMERCE FOR 1897. II.— IMPORTS. The fluctuations in Exchange have made busi- ness in Imports from sterling countries of a somewhat risky nature. An occasional rise or fall of one jienny in the rupee brought a dis- turbing element among prices, and it may be safely assumed that dealers and consumers benc- fitted accordingly, to the disadvantage of im- porters. Prices locally become depressed with any important rise in Exchange, but on the other hand when Exchange falls, it takes a considerable rime to get prices up again. Business in Im- ports is at present much impeded by the tight- ness of the money market, and until rates of discount are easier sales must be small. Cotton Goods. — During the past year the tendency of prices of Cotton Goods was down- wards and the following figures show the fall in the more important qualities „ Per Cent. Grey shirtings, a fall of .. 7i White .. do. ..8 Prints .. do. ..20 Coloured woven goods do . . 10 The fall in prices of prints is partially due to importation beyond the Island’s requirements, and the losses sustained from recent forced sales will no doubt prevent a recurrence of oversup- plies. It must be borne in mind that the off- take in the Island is a limited one. During the first nine months of 1897 there were bonded 495 cases of printed cottons, as against 362 cases during same period of 1896, showing an increase last year of nearly 100 per cent. A large crop of American cotton (probably the largest on record), coupled with every promise of a good crop in 1898, has kept prices in Manchester and other manufacturing centres at a very low level. Manufacturers appear to have bought largely both for immediate and forward supplies, and it fol- lows that there will be a very large production of cotton goods this year at cheap prices, Feb. I, 1898.] I'HE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 549 Estate Supplies. — Prices in general have been steady. Tea Lead became dearer as the year closed and is likely to continue dear for some time. Tea Chests have been in ample supply and prices ■»vere much lower on the average last year than was the case in 1896. Metals. — A large and steady business has been done in iron and other metals. Prices of bar-iron at home were a little dearer, but the variation has not been great. Hardware has been imported steadily, but business in this is of a hand-to-mouth character. Spirits. — The bazaar trade in Sjurits has been a large one, but it is questionable if this trade is in a healthy condition. More than one dealer has failed to meet his engagements during the past year, and the readiness with Avhich con- tinental e.xporters shipped cheap liquors for sale on consignment, wilt no doubt be lessened w hen returns are received. The following figures for the first 10 months of 1897 and 1896 are interest- ing 10 Months 10 Months 1897. 1896. 1 2,113 1.420 Cases Brandy V 1,939 4,114 ,, Gin J 6,592 5,386 „ Whisky Entered for Home Consumption The taste for gin is apparently on the de- crea.se, whereas both brandy and whisky show ncreascd demands. Kick. — The year 1897 will be memorable as a year of dear rice in Ceylon. Soolye rice at the beginning of the year was worth R9'50 per bag wliereas in Se]itember the price had gone up to KIO'50 per bag. Other qualities of rice weie correspondingly dear. As the year closed, however, jtrires gave way considerbaly (about 112 per. bag) and with a large crop in Bengal and Burma, we may look for a continuance of cheap rice for some time. Some fear was held of a ])Oor crop in Southern India, but recent rains liave dispelled anj' fear of short supplies in that district. Coal. — Indian Coal continues to be imported in largely increasing quantities, to the exclusion of English and Australian Coal. Cheapne.«a is the. gieat point in Indian Coal, and the quality of output is on the average better than in foinier years. It may be noted that Indian Coal is being laigely used by local mills in place of firewood which has become scarce and dear. Local consumers can obtain supplies of good Indian Coal from K14 to K15 at the Wharf. OUR STAPLE EXPORTS FOR TEN "kEARS AND DISTRIBUTION FOR 1896 AND 1897 : NATIVE PRODUCTS. On page 5.S9 we dealt with the figures relating to the Exportation and Distii- bution ot the principal products of the Coconut palm, and showed that the steady development of business, from year to year, had evidently been hindered by the low prices and slack de- mand ruling for Coconut Oil. In contrasting the smaller shipments of Oil last year with the figures for 1894 and 1892, we remarked that, had the i>rices been better and the demand brisker, there wa.s no reason why we should not have ex- ported as much Oil as in 1892, with perhaps a slight reduction in some of the other products. careful analysis of the figures shows that the last qualification requires revision, as the excess in Oil-exports of 1892 represents a far larger number of Nuts than is represented by the development of business in Desiccated Pro- duce and in Nuts in the shell ; w bile in Copra, too, 1892 beat last year. The result is that the shipments of produce in 1892 show an excess, calculated in Nuts, of about 48^ million Nuts, over the exports ot 1897. So that, so far from there having been an advance, there has been an actual falling-oil' ! The figures are instructive, and not the less so because they were unsuspected, and we place them for the two years, as re- presented by Nuts, side by side to facilitate com- parison : — Exports in 1892. Nuts. Oil .. .. 275,488,5(0 Desiccated . . 11,549,172 Ripe Nuts .. 9,717.386 Copra . . 30,148,160 326,903,218 The above figures are based on the calculation that a cwt. of Oil is equal, on an average, to 500 nuts; alb. of Desiccated kernel to 3 nuts ; and a lb. of Copia to 2 nuts ; and they show diminished expoits in 1897 to the extent of 48,450,730 nuts as com]>ared with five years ago 1 The Island’s production haviig decidedly grown in that period, the shrinkage in exports inust be referied to a slack demand, leading to a fall in prices which resulted in the retention for home consumpiion of a larger pioportion than ever of the coconuts produced in the Island ; and home consumution represents an enormous quantity which it is most difficult to calculate accurately. We have not included the exports of Poonac in the above calculation, as Poonac is, in a sense, a waste luoduct, the outturn of which de- pends on the outturn of Oil— every cwt. of Copia yielding 2-3rds the weight of Oil anti l-3rd of Poonac; but the inclusion of the figures will not avoid the general conclusion. Tn correspondence with larger exports of Oil than in 1895 and 1896, last ye.ar .shows more Poonac sent away ; but we never rejoice at the growth in exports of a substance, every pound 0/ which is needed in the Island for the feed- ing of stock, and for incrca.sing the productive- ness of the soil. So long, however, as the juices now ruling are maintained— averaging about R80 per ton— only working and milch cattle, owned liy the well to-do or the more enlightened classes will be fed with the stuff; and it is rot sur- prising that nearly 200, ( CO cw t. of Poonac were exported. Our largest customeis were Belgium a«d Germany, which took over 90,000 cw't. each the United Kingdom being content with 4,84^ cwt, Italy and Australia being the only other countries, which took this product in small quanti- ties. It is said to enter largely into the pro- duction of special cattle food ; but whether it is given to stock as imported into other countries or " made up” in atti active foi ms, it is curious that we should be sending away any cattle food at all, while importing from India immense quantities of gingelly poonac, cotton seed, cattleoid and bovinia, which are regarded with moie or less favour by different people for cart-cattle and milkers. The other minor products of the Coco- nut palm are rope, yarn, and fibre,— in all of which a fair average business was done, the exports of every one of them having been exceeded once or oftener during the decade. Looking to the large number of small Coir Mills w'hich have been erected in Exports in 1897. Nuts. 204,800,000 36,163,356 13,610,608 23,878,624 278,452,488 550 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [Feb. I, 1898. various parts of the Islard, the comparative stag- cation in exports may cause some surprise ; but the local consumption, especially of rope, must be immense ; and herein consists alike the value of our chief Palm and its safety, that the home demand for its products is continually growing and that their circulation adds to the health and industry of the community. The United Kingdom continue to be our largest customer for Yarn ami Fibre, taking away about ivo- thirds of the total exports; but of 11,732 cwt. of Kope exported, no less than 11,486 cwt. found their way to Singapore. Of the other lowcountry products, the next in importance to Coconuts is Cinnamon ; and that has shown a steady develojnnent for some years now. We have long regarded the increased pro- duction of the spice, which is so closely identi- fied with the very name of the Island, with much the same feeling with which we con- templated the growing output of cinchona, after receding prices had reduced the protils from it to a minimum, and indeed wiped them out almost entirely ; but the increasing output of cinnamon the past four or five years has not caused the usual uneasiness. Prices, which had run down seriously through over-production, began to look up since 1893, and the larger exports, which have been stimulated by the better prices, have not led to a fall. It is reason- able to believe that the demand which has con- tinued notwithstanding growing suiiplies, is a real demand and has not been createil for specu- lative purposes. Yet, growers who contem- plate extensions would do w'ell to note that the last three years have shown larger exports than were ever before recorded ; that in 1897 both Quilled Cinnamon and Chips have separately show'll the largest quantity ever exported ; and that a spice is a luxury on the ad- vancing demand for which the same reliance cannot be placed as on that for articles of diet and necessaries of life. On the other hand, enquiries have reached the Colony about Cinna* mon from London which indicate faith in its luture— one English capitalist wanting to invest £1,000 in any Ceylon Company Limited for the production of Cinnamon ! A satisfactory feature, too, apart from the maintenance of juices in the face of grow’ing supplies, is that Cinnamon counts almost every nation among its importers ; but the fact that less than one-half of our produc- tion is now taken l y the United Kingdom, shows how the Suez Canal has diverted trade from London. The exports of Plumbago have been fairly satisfactory and so have pi ices ; but' higher prices have ruled before now, and it there be a rever- sion to them, there is no reason to .suppose that we 'shall not be able to send away more than the' 357,257 cwt. we did last year, of whieh the United Kingdom took 159,675, America 88,810 or about one half the previous year’s supply, and (lermany 63,518. The figures show a falling- ofl in the trade in Ebony (due, no doubt, to the gradual exhaustion of the supply); in Sapan wood (in which there ought to bo expinsion, if the value of the tiee on boundaries is duly ap- preciated) ; in Palmyra fibre (in the collection of which much destructive work has been done); and in Kilul Fibre, which ought to .‘how better figures. Cinnamon Oil shows a considerable in- crease, and is capable of fuither expansion. So also with Citroi;ella Oil, which is much in de- mand now for jierfumery and about the differ- ent-qualities of which t)a;c are great dis- putes in the chemical world at present. Con- sidering the scarcity of money during the larger part of last year, and the interruption to trade with India, caused by the plague and famine, there is every reason to be satisfied with the position of Native Products, in which, how- ever, we hope to record more substantial progress during the present year. PLANTING NOTES. Rubber— says Messrs. S. Figgis & Co.— has been a capital market at advancing piiccs, which are 3d to 4d per lb. higher than a year ago for mediums. Supply reduced from Zanzibar, in- creased from Borneo and Penang. The Ceylon Tea Corporation Limited.— We direct attention to a report in our daily issue, and Troinml AfiricuUnrUt, of an extra- ordinary meeting of the shareholders in this Company and to an interesting statement by the Chairman, full of praise of Doteloya and Penylan estates; but not much reference is made to the other ])roperties of the Coi poration. Ceylon Land and Produce Company.— The report of the proceedings at the annual meeting of this Company — see our daily and Tropical Agriculturist — makes pleasant reading in view of the contitiued prosperity of the Company. The Acting Chaii inan (Mr. Wilson being in Ceylon, was able to give a good deal of information about cacao, which is of special interest at this time. The present Company seem to be very fortunate with this product ; but not ro with Liberian coffee, which is not regarded with favour. The Ceylon Prospecting Syndicate Limited. — In our Daily and Tropical Agri- culturist we give a report of the pro- ceedings at the annual meeting of this Com- pany last month. As will be seen from the speech of the Chairman (Mr. A. W. Lawder) the Syndicate are now in possession in Ceylon of 191 acres of free hold properly which is reported to be good gemming land and in order that their work may be prosecuted vigorously and on a large scale they have had plant manufactured for dealing with the alluvial gravels of the island in a manner hitherto unknown lo- cally. Capt. Pilkington, who followed the Chairman, spoke in a most hopeful n aimer of the jiossibilities of the eemming industry here, the position of the Company being all the more favourable, in his opinion, that they had the sole right of using Mr. Lockhart’s machinery in the island. Several of the shareholders wlm took part in the proceedings expressed themselves in terms which must have been very gratifying to the directois in regard to the wisdom of carrying on operations on an extensive scale and as to the suitability of the plant ; and Mr F. L. Shand gave the meeting the benefit of his experience in gem-mining in the neighbourhood of the Com- pany’s jiroperty. He alluded to the “ Golden Grove,” “ Everton” and “ Ranweltenna” proper- ties and expressed his belief that the rich gem- bearing gravel which existed there, extended over the Company’s land — the ilium of which he valued at 10s per ton. The Managing Director produced convincing proof of the value of the land owned by the Company in a case of sapphires of a quality very scarce in the market and commanding splendid prices. It was his experience that valuable gems were constantly being found in ground adjacent to the recognised gem-iuts. The jiro- ceedings altogether are of a very interesting and proniising character, Feb. t, 1898.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 55*. Lurrcsponclcnca To the Editor. CEYLON TEA IN CAM ADA. Toronto, Nov. 30. Dear Sir, — We had the pleasure of a visit from Mr. McKenzie, accompanied by Mr. Blechynden, representing the Indian Tea Planters’ As.soeiation. They are both we think very well satisfied with the wonderful progress Ceylon tea has made in this part of Canada, and is making in other parts. There is no article being offered to the public today, that is so largely advertised as Ceylon tea : there seems to be a craze among tea dealers to advertise. We ourselves were the originators of Ceylon tea advertising ; in fact, before we took it up, no tea was advertised, but there are dozens of “Kichmonds” in the field today. We are sending you on with this, a couple of papers, one of last Saturday, and another of Monday, shewing the extent to which Ceylon tea is advertised in Toronto. The ousting of Japan teas in the Montreal districts is a harder task. Still, this is gradu- ally taking place, and we have no doubt that in years to come practically nothing but Ceylon and Indian tea will be used in Canada. In the United States we are making very great progress. We opened up branches there, in Buffalo first, at the instigation of Mr. McKenzie, and we had grave doubts as to the ultimate results ; today we have none. It is only a matter of “holding on,” when >ve shall catch the trade there, as we have in Canada. We have now offices in Buffalo, Pittsburg, Detroit, Roch- ester, Cleveland, and latterly Boston, in which place' we had a fine exhibit at the Food Fair recently running there. This was very successful, crowded houses, afternoons and evenings ; and it continued for over a month. The results to us have been magnificent. We have been shipping on in hundred or two hundred box lots until the other day, when we thought it best to get a carload of twenty thousand pounds ready, which we expect to despatch in a day or two. We have also about four tons to go forward to Buffalo, Pittsburg and Cleveland : in fact, we are kept at’ work night and day. Mr. McKenzie has urged us on to push the business down by the Atlantic, in the Provinces of New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Prince Edward Island. Yon will perhaps understand that, although this is in the Dominion of Canada, it is a thousand miles further off than many parts of the United States that we are now in. Tliose provinces are exclusively black tea drink- in" districts, but the chief teas in use there are China Saryune Congous. We are making great efforts now to introduce Ceylon teas, and are meeting with fair success. We venture to send this on to you, as it may be interesting to many of the planters. — We are, yours truly, the “SALADA” CEYLON TEA COMPANY, P. C. Larkin & Co. [The Aifvertisements are large and attractive and are an undoubted evidence of the earnestness of the Company, in pushing our teas.— Ed. T.A*] • 68 TEA GPvOWINO IN RUSSIA- ITS FUTURE, AND EFFECT ON BRITISH GROWN TEAS. Dear Sir, — While travelling in Sweden I met a gentleman who kindly gave me a letter of in- troduction to Mr. Popoff of Moscow, the pro- prietor of a tea plantation in Russia so I decided to visit Moscow, and if possible see the tea plan- tation. at ST. PETERSBURG. After a very pleasant stay in Stockholm I took steamer for St. Petersburg, where we arrived on the third day. After presenting my Passport to a Military Officer, who took a keen interest in the valued document notwithstanding it was written in English, and he knew not a word, my baggage was examined and I was allowed to land, At St. Petersburg my spirits were somewhat lowered ; and all said it would be impossible for me to visit the tea plantation, as even Russians were not admitted, and they were very certain no foreigner would be allowed to see what was closed to them. AT MOSCOW Leaving St. Petersburg on the third day, I arrived at Moscow on the following morning. What a city to behold ! Buildings of all sorts, and sizes packed in the smallest possible space ; and as the houses are not numbered, the population close on a million, and few streets named, the new arrival must engage a guide as the “ Svostchik ” (Russian driver) has no idea of locality. To the Tourist there is much of interest : footpaths which in many places will not allow pedestrians to pass in single file, badly paved narrow streets the equal of which it would be hard to find. At every corner is an image of the Saviour, with a glass containing a lighted wick floating in oil. At each of these Altars the Svostchik takes off his hat and crosses himself some thirty times in the most devout manner, but trust him not, for in the same breath he will lie, and rob you in a manner that would put the lowest oriental in the shades The leading merchants have their offices in the old city round which the famous Chinese wall still stands ; the greater part of Moscow today, is outside. the Chinese wall, and with few exceptions is as much behind the times as the old city. caravan tea. The cold was intense which made it all the more interesting to one who has lived for some years in the East. On the morning of the second day having procured a guide and droskie, I drove to the office of Mr. Popoff, where' I met one of tl e chief clerks, who informed me that Mr. Popoff' would be in at 2 p.m. I then drove to a large warehouse wfiere a quantity of Caravam tea had lately arr ived ; the tea was in chests sewn up in hides with the hair still on, and placed next the chest ! 'What with the close atmosphere and the smell from the hides (some of which were still damp), five minutes w'as as much as I could stand, and glad I was to get in the open. From that day I have, and always will carry my own tea when in Russia, and take good care it is not “ Cara- van tea.” Ceylon, or Indian will be good enough for me. tea With a slice of lemon. From my youth, having heard much of “ Rus- sia’s tea with a slice of lemon,” I was prepared 559 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [Feb. I, 1898. for something “extra special” on my arrival at St. Petersburg. Soon did T find it, as many otlierSgood old stories of Russia| -vvere, a huge delusion. The tea as drunk by the Russians, is very weak, with little flavour, and as a finish, it is served in thick tumblers. The custom of drinking tea in tumblers dates back to 1812. When the Trench soldiers entered Mos- cow they are said to have broken all the croc- kery, and only a few tumblers were found on their departurk In these the tea was served to the higher officials, and ever after it has be- come the custom. At 2 p.m., I again entered the office of Mr. Popoff, and was met by the chief clerk, who informed me, “ Mr. Popoff was not in, he was away from home, and would not be back that day ” I told the gentleman I would call the following day. “ It will be of no use, Mr. Popoff is away, and will not be back.” I thought it strange after my interview in the morning as then not a word was said as to Mr. Popoff being out of the city ! I asked for Mr. Popolfs address, as I wished to write him ? “ Don’t know, he is away, and may not be back for a month.” My doubts were then confirmed ; this gentleman must be a pure-bred Russian ; not one word of what he has said is true. The following morning, I went to the side entrance, and tlius avoided my friend of the previous day; sent in my card, end was shown into the Committee room where I met Mr. Popoff — “ the gentleman who was away, did not know where, and would not be back for a month or more !*” Mr. Popoff the founder of the firm “ K. & C. Popoff” (whose jiacketteas are known throughout the length and breadth of Russia), is very interest- ing to talk with, and all the more so to a Ceylon Tea Planter, as some of his ideas on the growing and preparing of tea are to say the least strange from our point of view. Mr. Popoff cannot understand why we in Ceylon, and India will spoil our teas by prejiaring them with macliinery when we have so much cheap labour? On his plantation where the cost of labor is Is. 6d. per day and free lodging it is possible they may use a roller and sirocco for the cheaper teas, but it will be much against his will as he knows it destroys the natural flavor of the tea ! ! Mr. Popoff says the differ- ence between hand rolled tea and that rolled by niachinery is as great as, “ a good tune played by a fine orchestra, and the same fiom a German organ ” ! Mr. Popoff who had visited China, Java and Ceylon, intends to adopt the ])lanting system of the former, as- it is far a-head of that in Ceylon ! ! ! The prayer of the Indian and Ceylon tea gro\ er will be that not only Mr- Popoff, but otluis who maybe interested in the cultivation of t> 17 1,646 M 25 705 • • 24 2,560 31 1,861 Aug. 1 651i .. Aug.. 7 2,079 8 914 • • 11 14 1,743 »» 15 905 . . Aug. • • 21 1,764 22 791 28 2,416 29 411 Sept. 5 505 . . Sept. 4 2,615 ft 12 974 • • ») 11 2,632 n 19 1,527 • • ft 18 2,421 26 983 25 3,078 Oct. 3 1,040 , . Oct. 2 2,740 9 3,346 This is very encouraging isn’t it ? Last week .vould have been very much larger for the Montreal Branch, but our traveller was home part of the time. There is no doubt about it, that the same state of affairs will come about on the American side, but it will take time, as it has here. Yon would be sur- prised at the talk that goes on in Buffalo now. Very often latterly, our man will be received, when he goes into a store, with “ Oh no, we don’t want any more ‘ Salada,’ we have got a Ceylon of our own now; yours isn’t the only Ceylon tea!” . . j Of course, we never told them that it was, but they Beem to have formed that impression themselves [Reb, I, 1898. and when some wholesaler came along and sold them a box of Ceylon tea, and they immediately jump to the conclusion that they can displace' “ Salada ” with this. We generally find that, in the course of another week or so if they are low in “ Salada ” when the man calls again, he gets an order, because people want what they are used to and know to be good and they won’t take the loose Ceylon tea for it, that is, in most cases. We have the wholesales still sending in for small lots, but very small ones. The trade is a regular every day trade, but so small that I do not feel like keeping tab on it, although I am going to start now, and have books kept at Buffalo and Pittsburg, showing the exact sales every week. I did nut keep this in Montreal for a long time after I had started, because it used to cost us about two dollars a pound to sell the tea. It is paying us a good round profit now every week, latterly never less than $40 or $50, and as big as $76 ; and my man down there thinks he wnll soon be able to put another ‘0’ to the end of it. You will be glad to hear that, at the beginning of this week, we had 71 accounts in Cleveland and many signs up. We are now running in the “ Press ” there. Mr. Larkins’, manager in Montreal, tells me he feels quite confident the sales by October, 1898 will be 10,000 lb. a week (at the Montreal Branch) that is, that they will in the next 12 months treble, as they have done in the last year. A large dealer in Philadelphia was shown a Ceylon sample — apekoe — a few days ago. He likedit, and asked how much there was left ; but being told there was only 25 chests he said, I don’t taste a tea unless there are at least 300 packages. He has been ac- customed to buy from standards of China Tea. I send some samples of the advertisement, used in Canada by Tetley & Co., under our joint scheme for working the Eastern portion of Canada. Also — The tea trade “Tussle” we are putting into magazines and newspapers just now. I am going out west next week, Pittsburg, Chicago, Detroit, Cleveland, Buffalo, etc. 1st Dec., 97. My last letter was that of 19th November, written before I went west. Mr. Blechynden accom- panied me and we have returned much pleased with what we saw and heard. Much more interest is now being taken in our teas and the convictions are gaining ground that they have come to stay. Two or three of the largest importers still refuse to carry a stock of Ceylon or Indian, but they are constantly taking a few chests from those who have stock, show- ing that their customers insist ou getting the teas. You would have seen Gow, Wilson’s circular showing the great increase in American importations during first nine months of this year, as compared with same months of last year, viz., 8,464,000 lb. as against 5,560,000 lb. Whether our estimate of 12,000,000 lb. is to be realized or not, time must tell. The recent rise in price, stopped many orders. I have heard of a few large ones sent to Calcutta, because low grade teas there are cheap enough to meet the limits given. 1 am glad to say Lipton’s managers, here and in Chicago, are again pushing vigorously, and are meet- ing with much success. Their recent progress with packet teas sutprises themselves. I saw today a letter from a New York grocer asking for samples and prices and ordering 200 lb. Now Lipton’s people had never solicited this man’s trade, they had never even heard of him, but he evidently had enquiries for the tea. A letter which I enclose from Miss Parkinson gives her experience of the increasing in- terest created by our advertising. Lipton and Franklin Maeveagh an bear at all.” He concludes as follows; — “The most satisfactory sign of all is the number of sm.all dealers who are everyw'here holding our teas now and the number of houses putting up their own packets. “My report with the accounts will follow in a few days. “ I send you a memo, which you might publish for the benefit of Colombo shippers, showing the difficulties which arise when teas are shipped different from tlie samples. It comes from one of our best friends. “ I also send some of the indefatigable Larkins communications, they will show you how we get the rejected teas stopped entrance into Canada, also our advertisement in last Canadian Grocer.” CEYLON TEA IN THE CONTINENT OF EUROPE. Mr. R. V. Webster who recieved as grant of £500 from the X X X Committee for the purpose of advertising Ceylon tea on the Continent of Europe writes that he has visited the principal towns in Belgium, Holland, North Coast of Germany, Denmark and Sweden, and that he has succeeded in interesting a great many in Ceylon teas THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 559 Feb. 1, 1898.] a,D(l is sending small shipments forward to each town. The duty in Belgium is 4d per lb. Holland 2^d, Germany 3d, Denmark 4^d, hi 01 way Is, and Sweden 3d. He has made arrangements with the largest tea importing firm in Stockholm for making known Ceylon tea in Sweedm, and also with a Firm of good standing in Norway. He said “1 can quite understand the British Commercial Agent giving Kussia a wide berth. It h.as taken two clays hard work to get my tea through the Customs, and then 1 had to pay duty on nearly double the coirect weight in this country there is no redress and foreigners are treated with the greatest contempt. Mr, Webster suhsequently visited Sr. Peters- burgh, Moscow, Kief Odessa, and nearly every seaport in the Black Sea and writes as follows : — “ Large quantities of Ceylon Tea is finding its way to Russia and I am certain there is a great future in this field for our teas which are mostly used for blending with China.” I know of two Firms who each imported last year over a million pounds of Ceylon Tea : — “ The imports of Indian Teas into Russia have fallen oft' during the past few years, while those of Ceylon have very much increased, as they find them better suited for their blends.” Mr. Webster completed his three months tour on the continent by visiting Austria Hungary and Italy and has appointed Agents in many towns who will endeavour to push Ceylon Tea. He will return to Ceylon in the ss. “China” due on the 25th instant,— I am, dear Sir, yours faithfully, A. Philip, " Secy, to the Thirty Committee. India Tea Association 138 Front Street, New York, Dec. 7th, 1897. The main trouble with India and Ceylon teas in the American market is that when teas are sold forward 011 samples that it is most difticult, if not impossible to make the goods match the sample. A firm may order from standard sample a couple of hundred chests of tea, when the ship- ment comes forward this is found to be made up of several “ breaks ” from one garden, or even from distinct gardens. These lines must differ some- what under present conditions of manufacture, and, as a consequence, the buyer has a right, and exercises it of rejecting those which are least like the sample. Indeed, he may reject the entire shipment. This may be done in perfect good faith, for, he, in turn, may have sold to his constituents on the original samples, but finds the goods are not suitable for his trade either on account of leaf, or liquor not having been matched. In the event of such rejection a great deal <1 cross correspondence ensues. The tea may have been paid for on letter of credit. The merchant rejecting it, has to notify the local agent who, in turn, notifies his principal in Calcutta or Colombo. Bills have then to be drawn on the shipper, and there is a delay of from two to three months before matters are adjusted. Or the tea may have been shipped and the documents drawn against. The bills have to be accepted by the merchant who ordered the tea, purely as a matter of courtesy, and bills drawn against the shipper. In the case of the shipment being taken over subject to revelation and an allowance made, the same tedious process has to be gone through. The meichant buying on mail samples feels he. is running risks as he is not buying on actual samples drawn from the chests as he would do if 69 the tea was on the spot, or where he a buyer in London, Calcutta or Colombo. The gist of this trouble is that it is apparently impossible to rely upon teas ordered on samples being matched, This trouble will exist so long as no provision is made for blending teas in the Eastern markets. Until then there is no guarantee that san)ples will be accuiately matched, and the trade is carried on practically upon the local agents’ good character and reliance upon his good faith. In some cases the buyer of a house refuses to buy on samples, and will only go so far as to order teas on approval. Such orders are at the risk of the local agents, and he in turn has to rely upon the Calcutta buyer, following his in- structions as to selections of tea. In filling the order the same difficulty occurs in obtaining long lines, and the shipment is compo.sed of several breaks bought at diti'erent prices averaging the limit imposed. The buyer here may select the teas which brought the highest price, and the balance on sale in the open market may lose the sipper the entire margin of profit which would have been obtained, had the whole line sold at the avera*'e expected. ” All in this class of business are of opinion that it would be better in cases where tea cannot be matched absolutely, or where only a portion of an order can be filled to match thestandard, that that portion only be shipped, or the order left unex- ecuted, rather than that byers here should be subjected to the trouble and annoyance of deal- ing with teas they do not want, and have not ordered. WELL DONE MATALE : 1,066 LB. OF MADE TEA PER ACRE. Sir,— I last year reported to you a crop of 993 lb. made tea per acre from this estate for 1896. For 1897 I realized from a total bearing acreage of 204i acres, a crop of 218,290 lb. made tea, equal to a yield of 1,066 lb. made tea per acre. This has been realized without manure and by medium plucking, I manured some 25 acres in October, but no result has shown itself to date. Also I may say that some fields were '‘off” flushing, having run to leaf owing to my not having been able to prune them, other- wise crop might have been larger. I believe that several Matale 'Valley estates can run my figures very close, too.— I am, &c., ^ H. STOREY. VS arakamure Estate, Matale, Jan. 12th. THE BAMBARABOTUWA DISTRICT- AND CORRECTIONS, Ratnapura, Jan. 17. Dear Sir, Some errors have crept into your leading article re opening of the Bambara- botuwa-Ratnapura distr-icts. Hopewell ^estate is 40 miles from Ratnapura : if you go via Balangoda outlet, but only 23 by cart road now being constructed via Hapugastenne it joins in, or branches off at Vewalkettiya. Government did not give three acres heavy forest for one, but three acres chena mixed with bothersome native holdings per acre of jungle. Hopewell factory is intended to turn out L250,C00 or H not 21 million lb.— Yours faithfully, JAMES GRAY. [Ihe correspondent who distinctly wrote 21 mil- lion to us, should be metaphorically “ handed.’ — £jD. T,At^ ° THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [Feb. I, 1898. 560 COFFEE AND CONSPIRACIES IN BRAZIL. After a considerable interval we have received an interesting, chatty letter — see page .r47 — from Ml. A. Scott Blacklaw, so long resident in Brazil, although he began life as a Ceylon planter. His introduction gives us a very graphic account of the curious disturbance in the State of Bahia — ilignified with the name of “Revolu- tion” through the persistent way in which the Government police and troops scut against the “rebels” home or stockade, got defeated over and over again. Mr. Blacklaw winds up too with a tragedy in the attempted assassination of the President and actual murder of the Minister at War. But in between comes the practical part of the letter in w hich our corre- spondent has to tell us about “coffee” in the great South American State. M^e should have wished to learn more particularly of the con- dition and prospects of the Dumont Company’s properties in which so many leading Ceylon men are interested ; but we learn instead the general prospects, and certainly these d > not indicate any cessation to the extension of coffee planting in Brazil, cheap though the ])roduce has lately been. If the Brazil authorities leally sold their State Railways and established a stable Currency, a new era of prosperity might be ex pected for their very rich country. PRODUCE AND PLANTING. Bkazilian Rubber. — The British Consuls at Para and Manaos give in their official reports some in- teresting particulars regarding the rubber industry. Mr. Churchill, who is stationed at Para, says, in regard to the question of buying rubber forests, that he gathers from those engaged in the trade that it would be possible to buy forests, and probably whole islands, producing the best rubber, but excessive prices would have to be paid, as rubber is the chief industry at Para, and yie'ds comparatively large profits to the greater part of the population It is believed that it would be quite impossible to com- pete successfully with Brazilian and Portuguese forest- owners, who exploit their estates in the most economical manner, and can stand the climate, which is deadly to Northern Europeans. It appears that the trade is practically in the hands of a class of traders called aviadores, who establish themselves at various points on the Amazon, and advance food and other require- ments to the collectors of rubber, and in exchange they receive all the rubber collected, which they send down the river for sale at Manaos or Para. Through the credit system the aviador makes the collectors of rubber permanently in his death. He is enabled to accomplish this all the more as the rubber districts do not produce any foodstuffs, and all payments for rubber are made in kind. It is said that it is not customary to buy forests, as they are worthless to the owner unless he can get the pro- duce, and he certainly does not get it unless he lives on the spot and acts in the same way as the aviador. This would appear simple, but, so far as Europeans are concerned, it appears to be rendered impossible by the climate. There is no doubt that the climate most suitable for rubber is the least suitable for human beings, especially white ones. But given reasonable comforts, and proper food, which it is possible to have on the banks of the Amazon, a Britisher, with proper organisation, might perhaps stand the much-dreaded climate. Tne best means of working a large rubber business would pro- bably be to employ a large number of aviadores, and to make their centre at Manaos. Pi.ANTiNO IN British Centrai. Africa. — Up to the present the exportation of coffee to Europe from the Nyasaland Protectorate has been little more than an experiment. There was no question about the high quality of the berry there produced ; all experts pro- nounced it to he quite of the old Mocha standard. But before going farther with the venture it was essential to ascertain whether transport charges would not sivallow up all profits. The voice of the pessimist uttered that dismal prophecy freely enough, while the doleful Little Englander refused to believe that any good could come out of British Central Africa. Remembering these mournful predictions, it is pleasant to learn that the planters are entirely satisfied with the financial results of their plucky experiment. A greatly extended area has been brought under cultivation, and the time seems not far distant when the Proctectorats will become a dangerous rival to Brazil in the European market. The planters also look forward to the time when the Zambesi branch of the Bechuanaland Rail- way will bring Nyasaland into touch with British South Africa. That is no longer a dream, hut, thanks to Mr. Rhodes, on the way to become a realised fact at a com- naratively early date. Tea of high quality is also pro- duced in the Protectorate ; indeed, so rich is the soil and so propitious the climato that it is very difficult to say what crops could not be cultivated. There is, too, an abundant supply of very cheap labour, and although newcomers are apt to pick up fevers before they become Hcclimatised, the old Scotch planters and missionaries are said to enjoy excellent health. When the Zam- besi branch of the Bechuanaland Railway is completed there seems to be no reason why planters should not supply Mincing lane with both tea and coffee. — 11. and C. Mail, Dec. 31. GOW, MTLSON A STANTON’S INDIAN AND CEYLON TEA SHARE REPORT. London, E.C., Dec. 31. It IS only during the last few years that invest- ments in Tea Producing Companies have been ex- tensively made by the public. Until lately', they were looked upon as difficult of sale, an opinion which was certainly correct some years back, but is far from being so at the p--esent time. Shares have lately become so widely distributed that their market- ability has considerably increased. The past year has been noticeable for its increasing number of comparatively small investments, rather than large amounts ; and for the distribution of Tea Shares over a more extensive area. Tea production was carried on under greater draw- backs than during the past two or three years. In the first place, Exchange ruled at a higher average. This enhanced co«t of production, which was further raised by the high price of rice, owing to the recent famine in India ; the average price was also some- what below that of last year, while the earthquake in India has also, either directly or indirectly, affected several Indian Companies. The average price of all Indian Teas sold in Lon- don since commencement of season was 8’99, against 9T3d same period 1896. The average price of all Ceylon Teas sold in Lon- don during 1897 was 7'71, against 8‘2ld same period 1896. It may therefore be doubted whether the result of cultivation will be as satisfactory as during the two previous seasons ; still many of the best Companies should be making fair profits, although such as have not accumulated a solid reserve, may, and in some instances have to, distribute less in dividend. The growth in consumption was larger than in pro- duction, new markets, as well as the home trade, having shown a substantial advance. There appears, therefore, no likelihood of imme- diate over-production, while the fact that India and Ceylon together subscribe some £18,000 per annum for the purpose of fostering the use of their Teas in new markets, is sufficient evidence that Plante-s are on the alert to prevent actual danger menacing the Industry, through lack of energy or forethought upon their part. iSgS. ! THE TROPICAL ACRlCUL'ITJRIST Regarding the question of Exchange, as long as the Indian Coinage Act remains as at piesent, Exchanp cannot- rise much over Is 4d, while many people who are intimately connected with the subject believe that the rate will be lower during the coming year ; the average in 1897 was Is 3 1.5 32d against Is _ 13-o- in 1896. , ,.11, 1 Although the strong demand which has taken place in the last few j ears for Tea Shares caused a considerable rise in their market value, the prospects of a somewhat poor year have lately caused a re- duction in quotations of many securities, and the market for the year closes lower. Several Companies were brought out during the year, the general tend- ency being for private owners to amalgamate dinerent gardens together, and then form the groups into Limited Liability Companies. ^ Ceylon Dividend?. — Ceylon L. & P., a final per cent Old., 3 per cent Pref. and a Bonus of 5 per cent on Ord.; Dimbiila Valley, 2nd Int., 2J per cent Ord.; Mayfield, Int. of 3 percent Pref. THE DIMBETLA TEA ESTIMATE. , The following- is a copy of t!ie full return Kd on the table at the recent annual meeting ot the itnbula Planters’ Association : 1897 — Tea estimate 19,323,510 lb. Acres. Tea in bearing . . • • 41,232J Native •• •• Total Cultivated, but not tea Total cultivated Uncultivated 2,826J 45,059 416 45,475 9,522 Total acreage . . 52,997 Average yield per net acreage 457 lb, „ gross „ 437 TEA AND COFFEE TRUST. Anv one who looks into the dates and periods of the formation of the various financial trust companies cannot but cbserve how invariably they have been Momoted iust when prices are at the top of the wave. It may be true to say that this must necessar, y be the case inasmuch as investor are forced into Bubscribing for their Preferred or Deferred Stocks by chean money. As cheap money also means high crice^, the natural consequence is i hat the directors of the Tiust Company either bny .n at about the highest average of the year or they unconsciously be- come the recipients of unmarketable and had \®ast boom in Financial Trust Companies cor- responded roughly with the last boom in Argentines. We should like to see, just as a matter of curiosity, how many purchases of Buenos Ayres Great Southern or of Central Argentine Railway Ordinary Stocks were made at prices of 190 and over, and how tnany were made a few years later, when these quotations had sunk to 96 and 50 respectively. When these railways were up at the former level Trust Companies were coming out week aftei week, and had hundreds of thousands of pounds to lay out. When the same Railway Stocks were in the mud the same Trust Companies had neither the iunds nor the faith to buy a single thousand btcek. At the present time a great boon would be be- stowed upon investors if a highly reputed Financial Trust Company could be formed for the purchase oi tea and coffee shares, thus spreading a millioir or to of money among the shares both of weli*kiu \mi Indian and Ceylon tea gardens, and also amoi g home trading concerns whnh sill tea lelail ar:d which pay handsome dividem^s. k^ooner cr later the far-off cry for a free breaktust-thble will make itseli heard iu Parliament, and the consumption of tea will be increased by 50 per cent within, the following three years. There are many Indian and Ceylon tea shares as well as tea shares in the industrial market over bcie which can be bought to yield from 5 to 7 per cent upon money invested. If a sum of AT0,000 we o divided among a score of such companies, no one oiui say that it would not be fa'c more safely invested th.-ii if sunk in any one company. Instead of TIO.OOO a sum of T3,0C 0,000 could easily be outliid, and a new company with a capital of £1.000,000 iu Three-aud-a Half per cent Debentures, £1,000,000 in Four per cent PreferiLce, and £1,000,000 iu Deferred, would receive immediate support. — Echo, Dec. 28. IIAPUTALE DISTRICT IN 1897. WEATHEn.^ — Rainfall about 45 to 50 inches above the usual average ! Crop. — Latter half of the year, bad flushing weather, most estates short of estimates. Coffee crop little or nothing. Labour. — Fairly plentiful. Roars. — As there is a great saving of upkeep on the road all below Haldummulla, Government might allow the four miles, say from Kalupahana estate turn-off, to Haputale, to be repaired twice in the year. Once is not sufficient with all the heavy up. traffic it get.s now, which it never did before the railway was opened. Grievances. — No Telegraph station yet at Haldum- mulla, no siding at Idulgashena gap, where there should have been a Railway Station, according to original estimates. The line was made level on this spot for a station, and everything is ready for it. Natives would buy up the Government land on both sides the line very readily for boutiques. But nothing is done PLANTING NOTES. Avoiding a Thunderstorm.— On the approach of a thunderstorm French peasants often make up a very smoky fire, says Industries and Iron, in the belief that safety from lightning is thus assured. By some tliis is deemed a superstition, but Schuster shows that the custom is based on reason, inasmuch as the smoke acts as a good conductor for carrying away the electricity slowly and safely. He points out tliat in 1,000 cases of damage by lightning 6 3 churches and 8'5 mills have been struck, wliile tlie number of factory chimneys has only been 0'3. Prices of Plumbago.— A merchant calls at- tention to a remark in our review of the year’s e.xports which ran as follows ; — The exports of Plumbago have been fairly satis- factory and so have prices ; but higher prices have ruled before now, and if there be a reversion to them, there is no reason to suppose that we shall not be able to send away more than the 357,257 cwt. we did last year. Our correspondent adds: — “I don’t think jiicrs ever came within 25 per cent of these ruling a.s last year closed and this year opened.” Me stand corrected : we certainly thought that in the “ sixties ” or “ seventies ” prices were higher than in 1897 ; but ,ve had not time to refer. M^e are glad to note maximum prices for our one mineral of commercial importance, and feel sure th.at they must lead to a development of the mining imlustry. Indeed Capf. Tregay’s “ mis- sion ” is primarily connected wdl, idtinihago. M^ould that the Government Geologi.^t from India made his ajipearame and began the Sur- vey. Al hough no one has snggesied it that we h.ave seen, it is just possible, we su]i)Hise, that jilumhago veins may run through the couni ry North of Kurnnegala, about which we can get no encouragement from a jilanting or agricul- tural point of view. 562 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [Feb. t, 1898. THE LAST QUARTERLY SALES OF CIN'NAMON. The particulars we lately published of the quarterly sales of Ceylon Cinnamon held in London on 29th November, exhibit a very large and varied catalogue. The quantity brought to the hail iner was no less than 3, COO bales, against 1,29S at the previous quarterly sale, and against 1,400 bales at the corresponding sale of 1896. Notwith.'tanding that more than double the quantity which we ofl'ered at previous sales w.as catalogued, and perhaps the largest quantity ever brought forwaiil at one sale, the competi- tion was brisk, and about three-fourths of the offerings were disposed of. Naturally, the prices were rather irregular, as buyers would hold back to see whether the demand was at all commen- surate w’ith the immense supply ; but the prices at which most of the lots were cleared, make the disposal of 2,350 bales a very satisfactory feature of the sale. At most there was a drop of a penny .a lb. for ordinary sorts, whicb had the drawback, in the eyes of the London monopolists, ot being “ unw'orked ” — that is, in the opinion of local shippers, of not having con- tributed to the exorbitant charges of Ware- housemen for undoing and re-doing (badly) the bal- ing and sorting which had been already well done here ; while the better sorts of cinnamon and those which had been “ worked ” fetched higher prices than in August. Indeed, the com))etition for the best brands was keener than it had been for almost a score of years, and quite recalled “old times.” Thus A. S. G. P. (Golua Pokuna), F. h. W. S. and F. S. K. (Wester Seaton and Kim- bulapitiya, whose industrious head Frederick Schrader, joined the majority last year) ami J. D. S. R. (Kajepakse Mudaliyar’s brand) were well competed for and held their ow n at prices ranging from Is 3d to Is 7d for Firsts, and lid to Is 3d for Fourths ; but the “ record ” was marked when Golua Pokuna fetched 2s 4d for a lot of six bales of its Firsts. Of course, this was a fancy price, and may not again be re- alized for years; but the competition w'hich led to such a price shows, both that the old mark still heads the list under Mr. Gerald Nicholas’s careful supervision, and that cinnamon is attract- ing more attention than it has done for years. “Umvorked ” cinnamon, wdiich is not graded so carefully, realised from 7d. up to l.s. Id. |)erlb., which, we fancy, is scarcely less than the price which “worked” cinnamon of the same class fetched. Any way, of 2,500 bales of “unworked,’ including large quantities of the De Soyza marks, 1,800 bales were sold at auction. Altogether, the results of the last sales justify our coniidence in the future of the S)iice, as ex- pressed in our Review of last year’s Exports ; and if too much is not thrown on the market at a time, the demand promises to ensure a mainten- ance of the ))rices w hich have ruled for the last three or four years, and given satisfaction to proprietors. The following is the Report of a leading Firm in the Spice trade on the la.st Sales : — London, Dec. 2nd, 1897. At the closing auctions of this year, held on 29th November, the laige supply of 3,090 Bales, Ceylon offered, ugainet 1,289 Bales in the August sales, and 1,400 Jtales at this period last year. Notwithstanding the large supply, there was a good deniaod resulting in about 2,350 bales heii g cleared. Prices, however, ruled iiregular, hut on the whole Ordinary and Fair sorts must be quoted about Id per lb lower, while the upper grades of fine and superior "worked” well- known brands were well competed for at advanced prices, some of the finest realising fancy prices far above the regular values. These extreme prices were entirely due to the spirited competition of two of the principal buyers to secure the fine lots, such as A,S.G.P., F.S.W.S., F.S.K., and J.D.S.R.; and they cannot be looked upon as any guide to values at the next sales. “Worked ” sold. First sort, fair to good lid to Is ; fine to superior Is 3d to Is 7d with one lot at 2s 4d; second, medium to fair, lOd to lid; fine to superior is 2d to Is 7d ; thirds ordinary to good 9d to lOid; fine to superior Is to Is ,5d; Fourths ordi- nary to fair 8 Jd to Ogd; fine to superior lid to Is 3d per lb. Of the 2, .550 Bales “ unworked ” cinnamon offered, some 1,800 Bales were cleared at prices ranging from 7d up to Is Id per lb, for ordinary to good. Chips Ac. Of 1,030 bags on sale, about 250 sold, ordinary to good 3d to 3Jd; Quillings Arc. 9d to lljd per lb. Stocks of Ceylon 4,384 Bales' against, in 1896-2 100 Bales, 1895—5,679; 1894—4,087. The next Sales are fixed for 28th February 1898’ Foubes, Forbes A: Co., Limited. THE CEYLON “THIRTY (TEA) COMMITTEE.” Minutes of proceedings of a meeting of the “ Thirty Committee ” held at Kandy on Saturday the 15th day of January 1898 at half-past seyen o’clock (7-30 a m ) in the morning Present Hon. Mr. J. N. Camnbeil (Chairman), Messrs. A.; Philip (Secretary), W. Henry Figg, James G. E. Ryan, Edward Rosling, A. Melville White, Edgar Turner, J. H. Starey, Joseph Fraser F G. A. Lane, R. A. Galton, Oliver Collett and Gordon Pyper. Ihe notice calling the meeting was read of proceedings of a meeting of the Saturday, the 13th day of November, 1897, were submitted lor comfirmation. Resolved “ That they be and they hereby are confirmed,” ^ Finances.— Submitted letter from the Treasurer of the Colony. Read letters from the Manager National Bank of India Limited. MmuTEs.— Read letter from Government acknow- ledging receipt of copy of the minutes of proceedings of a meeting of the “Thirty Committee” held at Kandy on the 11th September and confirmed at a meeting held on the 13th November 1897. Governor in Executive CcuNciL.-Read letter from Government intimating that the Governor has been pleased with the advice of the Executive Council to approve of the proposed expenditure of £200 sterling m advertising Ceylon tea in Austria and Hungary ^ Representative in America. — Read letter from Mr Y m. Mackenzie to the Secretary dated New York 7th November, 1897. Read letters from Mr. Wm Mac- kenzie dated New York 1st November, 2nd November Ml November, mh November, 19th November, 1st December, 24th December to Mr. Campbell with en- closures. Resolved (I) That the memo forwarded by Mr. Macken^e for the benefit of Colombo shippers showing the difficulties which arise when teas are shipped different from the samples be published ” Resolved (II) : — “That the thanks of the ‘Thirty Committee ’ be conveyed to Mr. Blechynden lor his successful efforts in connection with the American legislation regarding the ‘sieve’ test for teas im- ported into the United States of America.’’ Resolved • sterling favour- mg Mr. Wm Mackenzie and wired to London the confirmed.” Resolved (IV' •— .m the gusftion of placing a certain amount ’of the Tea Fund in faxed deposit be left for considera- tion in the hands of the (Chairman and Secretai-v ” Resolved (V) That an approximate statement of uie amount at credit of the Fund and of the appropriations voted by the Thirty Committee ’ be placed on the table at the meetings of the Committee with a view to show the funds available, " Fee. r, 1898. J THE TROPICAL Read letter from Mr. J. D. Quinn. Resolved : — “ That the Seer, tary’s letter in acknowledgement be confirmed and that Mr. Guinn be referred to Mr. Wm. Mackenzie.” Read letter from Mr. F. A. Pappe. Resolved : — “ That the Secretary’s letter in acknowledgement be confirmed.” Read letter from Mr. e’rcd. W. Bois. Read letter from the Ceylon Association in London forwarding copy of correspondence with the Secretary of Her Majesty’s Customs in regard to tea rejected by the American Customs as to which Mr. Mackenzie sent advice. Resolved “ That the letter be published.” Ceylon Tea in Russia. — Read letter from Mr. M. Rogivue. Resolved: — “That the letter be published.” Read letter from Messrs. Peek Brothers and Winen Limited. Bead letter from Mr. J. M. Maitland Kirwan. Bead letter from Messrs. A. F. Vagd & Co. Resolved: — “That the Secretary’s letter in acknow- ledging be confirmed and that in further reply it be staled that the Committee will be glad to receive any information or letters from them for guidance.” Ceylon Tea in the Continent of Eukope. — Read lette s from Mr. R. V. Webster dated Stockholm, Sweden 24th October, St. Petersburg, 31st October, Moscow 2nd November, Buda-Pesth, Hungaria 12th December, Syracuas, Sicily, 24th December 1897, reporting on the work done by him in advertising Ceylon tea on the Continent of Europe in terms of the minute and resolution passed by the Thirty Commit- tee at a meeting held on the 16th of January 1897. Ceylon Tea in Austria and Hungary. — Read letters from Mr. G. A. Alarinitsch, Colombo with reference to the free distribution of Ceylon tea through the press or otherwise under the resolution of the Committee passed on the 13th November 1897. — Re- solved : — “ That Mr, Alarinitsch be asked to confer with Messrs. Rencon and Ryan in whose hands the arrangement of the whole matter is left by the Com- mittee. Read letter from the Imperial and Royal Austro-Hungarian Consul at Colombo stating with reference to the contemplated presentation of Ceylon tea to His Imperial and Royal Majesty the Emperor Franz Josef on the occasion of the Jubilee of His Reign that the intention will be conveyed to the Lord High Steward of His Imperial and Royal House- hold. Read letters from Alessrs. J. H. Renton and J. P. Ryan. Read letters from the Ceylon Tea Company Limited, Colombo, transmitting invoice for a 1,(JU0 lb Ceylon tea in 800 one ounce packets shipped to the Anglo- Colonial Import Association Baua-Pesth, Hungary in terms of minute and resolutions passed by the Committee on the 10th July 1897. Resolved : — “ That the approval of the Governor in Executive Council be obtained to this appropriation. Read letter from the Agents Ceylon Tea Company Limited, Colombo with Invoice for 500 1b. Ceylou Tea delivered to Alessrs. Darley Bntler & Co., for distribution in Austria and Hungary on behalf of a correspondent in Vienna under minute and Resolu- tion passed by the Committee on the 13lh March, 1897. Read letters from Messrs. Cooper Cooper and Cc., Limited, London. Ceylon Tea in Belgium : — Bead letter from Alessrs. Cfoper Cooper and Company Limited on the subject ot pushing and advertising Ceylon Tea in Belgium. Resolved : — “ That T200 sterling be granted to Messrs. Cooper Cooper and Company, Limited for advertis- ing Ceylon Tea in Belgium. (2) That Messrs. Cooper- Cooper and Company, Limited be requested to fur- nish the Committtee vsith a formal report of progress for publication from time to time. (3) That Messrs. Cooper Cooper and Company, Limited be asked to con- sider the grant made on condition that Ceylon Teas tnly are advertised and pushed. (4) That the sanc- tion of the Governor in Executive Council be ob- tained to the above mentioned appropriation.” Ceylon Tea in Sweden :— Read letieis from Alessrs. Cooper Cooper and Company, Limited in reference to advertising Ceylon Tea in Sweden. Resolved :— “ That a sum of £40 sterling be granted to Messrs. Cooper Cooper and Company, Limited, for adver- AGRICULTDRIST. 563 tising Ceylon Tea in Sweden and that they be in- formed that in future application should be made to the Thirty Committee and sanction obtained before expenditure has been incurred by Messrs. Cooper, Cooper and Company, Limited on behalf of the Committee (2) that the sanction of the Governor in Executive Council be obtained to this appropriation. Ceylon Tea in France and Switzerland. — Read letters from Alessrs. Peek Brothers and W inch, Limited on the subject of puTiing Ceylon Tea in France and Switzerland. Resolved that the Chairman do communicate with the Agent at Colombo of Alessrs. Peek Brothers and Winch, Limited on the subject and that meantime consideration of the matter be deferred. Ceylon Tea in Norway. — Read letter forwarding Report from Mr. C. Floor on the progress made in pushing Ceylon Tea in Norway. Resolved that the Chairman be asked to deal with the matter. Ceylon Tea in South Africa. — Read letter from Messrs. Alui-doch and Branwell asking for a grant for pushing and advertising Ceylon Tea in the South African Republic. Resolved that the Thirty Com- mittee do grant to Messrs. Murdoch and Branwell, a sum of £200 sterling for the purpose of adver- tising Ceylon Tea in South Africa on condition that they or their constituents spend a further sum of £400 sterling in such advertising of Ceylon Tea in South Africa (2) that reports and accounts be sub- mitted from time to time for the information of the Thirty Committee. Ceylon Tea in Burma. — Read letter from Mr. C. G. Jansz. Resolved that ihe , Committee regrets that they are unable to entertain the application. The Thirty Committee then adjourned. A. PHILIP. Secretary to the Thirty Committee (QUININE) CINCHONA BARK. Messrs. S. Figgis & Co.’s Review, for the year 1897, is worthy of attention ; — This year has been eventful in the great rise in value compared with 1896. The excessive shipments from Java appear to have reached their maximum, after the very rapid growth ;of the previous fifteeil years, and the same causes as have led to the almost exhaustion of many Cinchona plantations in Ceylon whence we received as much as 12 million lb. 10 years ago, against 1 million this year, induce many to think that Java will decrease her production for some years. Whatever the causes may be, the Java shipments are only 8f million lb. against lOJ million lb. last year. Ceylon has not increased her supply, nor India to any extent, and South America has not recommenced, and Bolivia sent but trifles (mostly for Druggists’ purposes.) Coupled with a falling off of 15 per cent, in supply ofbaik as compared with an average of the last five years, there has been an extraordinary demand for quinine, all the factories of the world having been lully occupied during 1897 and the old stocks of former years’ speculation nearly exhausted in America, and reduced by one-half in Europe. Doubtless the unprecedented low price of quinine last IMbruary induced many dealers all over the world to buy freely, but today’s stocks of quinine and of bark are very moderate, and probably not two-thirds of stocks at same period of the last ten years. We are of opinion that the very low price for bark, id (2.12 cent.) per unit, was totally unremunerative to growers, and that in consequence many estates have rooted up the trees; Succuubra plantations we know have largely decreased, and the active demand and enormous price paid for this Bark and for Cinchonidine, 8id per ounce recently, is the natural consequence. It must be remembered that it takes 7 or 8 years for newly planted trees to yield appreciably. Therefore we expect that, unless we have a renewal of the very large shipments Irom Java and elsewhere, we may see a higher ranoe of prices for some years. Our tables of figures of siTpply, price, contents, &c., shew the enormous quantity that has gone into consumption, and if this has been (so with excessive old stocks of quinine, we see no valid 564 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [Feb. t, 1898. reason to expect a less consumption in future. Indeed, the so-called “opening up ’’ of China, Corea and the East must tend to enlarge the demand, and America has steadily advanced her requirements of late years. ^ Stock December 31st. January to Packages. November. In Amsterdam In London. 1897 12,000 16,000 1896 17,040 22,190 1895 16,147 27,450 1894 24,635 32,066 1893 14,184 37,841 Price of unit at close Average price of year. London. Amsterdam. j • London. Amsterdam- 7 cents. Id 4.70 cents. 2.25 „ id 2.67 „ 3 ,. §d 2.79 ,, 2.80 „ 13-16d 3.95 „ 3.86 „ id 4.28 „ Stock of quinine in London 3lst December, 189V 1^, 1896, IL 1895 2, 1894 2J million ounces. 1897 1896 1895 1894 1893 l^d id ^'-d 13-16d FKOPOSED ALrEKATION OF COFFEE SALE RULES. A largely attended meeting of the coffee tiv.de was held last week at the L- ndon Commercial Sale Rooms, Mincing Lane, E.C., “to consider the advisability of alterino- the rule governing the i c nditions as to size and sale of fots offered in public sale,’’ Mr. Melville Wood- house was voted to the chair, and said the meeting had been called together to see whether some means could not be devised for facilitating and expediting the sale of coffee. If it could be done without in any way inter- fering with business they w'ould all be glad, but per- sonally he did not see how it could be done. He would, however, venture to make one suggestion, viz., that they should endeavour to be a little more punctual in the coffee trade. . , • Mr. G. W. Rouse said he received the following letter, which explained why the meeting had been ' called “ To the committee of the cofiee trade.— Gentlemen, we, the undersigned firms, have come" to the conclusion that the regulations now observed in public sales no longer meet present requirements, and that they prevent an important and lai-ge section of the tiade from attendir g to their properly. It is a fact tl at the sale of the considerable quantity of small lots absorbs an abnormally long time. .Single bags are continually put in at 20s, 30s, and 4Us under their value, and it often takes longer to sell a single bag than piles of 500 bags. Sales are consequently dragged out, and the disposal of important quantities of coffee and the proper working of those sold are prevented through want of time. Besides such a tedious working is demoralising to those interested in miportant parcels, and not worthy of a grea t market. W e therefore think it would be advisable to dispose of all lots of less than fiiteen bags after the larger quantities have been sold, in fact, to bring them under the category of the so- called ‘odd lots,’ all quantities of less than fifteen bags, irrespective of quality and condition, to be considered odd lots. This arrangement would not inflict hardship on anybody— in fact, it would, we believe, have the opposite effect. It would enable importers to make the desired progress with the important part of ih. ir consignments, which is now continually in'erlered with ; it would enable the larger buyers to attend the public sales personally and to work their purchases as required, thus indirectly benefiting importers ; and it would not make greater claims on those interested in the purchase of small lots, and on the selling and buying brokers. We may add that the tea trade have successfully adopted a similar regulation. We recom- mend these our proposals to your careful and prompt attention, (Signed) Lansbiug & Co., R. Wales (Moffatt & Co. Khun & Co., C. BuckA Co., E. Sohluter & Cc,, F. Huth & Co., Mr. R. Meyer & Co., Krauss ar d Graeff.” Continuing, Mr. Rouse said that, according to the invitation in the letter, the committee which consisted of buying and selling brokers, was called together, and they unanimously came to the conclusion that the question bristled with momentous difficulties to the importers, and espiecially those who shipped fine coffees, and also to the home trade. Accordingly the committee came to the conclusion that they did not see their w ay to recommend any alteration in the present system. They felt certain that their friends who proposed the change did not mean to do any injustice to the importers, and did not contemplate that their suggestion would have that effect. The committee, therefore, acting on the saying that “ in a multitude of counsellors there is wisdom,” had thought it better to call a meeting of the entire trade, so that the whole question might be discussed and definitely sol tleci Mr. Schwartz 'F. Huth & Co.), in proposing a resolu- tion for the adojjtion of the change suggested in the letter, said that he and his friends wished to do the best for the market as a whole. The prin- cipal points of complaint and the remedies proposed had been embodied in the letter, and be hoped the trade would agree to the proposals they put foiw id. During the last few years, par- ticularly since their trade with Columbia had developed, an enoimous quantity of small lots bad been put upon the market, and it hod been felt by important sections of the trade that the sale of those small lots absorbed too much of their time, and made it impossible to conduct their business properly. He did not mean to argue that no attention should be paid to these small lots — on the contrary all due care should be paid them, but the large quantities should have the same chance as the small lots, and that was not the case at present. Nobody could dispute that it took longer to dispose of twenty lots of two or three bags each, than it did to dispose of a hundred large parcels. The alterations proposed would, he believed, get over the evil, and benefit all sections of the trade. It was the duly of every trade to arrarge their methods of business so that no harm should be imposed on anybody, and that he believed would be effected if the suggestion made were carried out. It could net possibly interfere with anybody if small lots were to be sold afterwards, and under such an arrangement he considered the importers should benefit equally with the brokers. Mr. Lansberg said that before any discussion took place he would like to suggest that a small conimiUee be aiipoiuted to deal with the matter, and report to another meeting. It was obvious that there were many differences of opinion on the question, which could not very well be dealt with at a large meeting. Let a committee be appointed to discus- the pros and cons of the matter, and then perhaps they might be able to recommend an arrangement which might suit the trade as a whole. Mr. R. Wales said that, as the meeting had been called to ventilate the question, he thought it would he advisable to get the views of some members of the trade before any resolution was proposed. If that were done they might be able to come to a soliPion of the difficulty w'hich would be satifactorily all round. Mr. W. J. Thompson thought there were very giave difficulties in the way of making the alteration, as it would practically releg>xte the finest coffee into the edd Icts- Mr. Davis said he would move the following re- solution : “ That this meeting is of opinian that the suggested change in the odd lots rule is not desir- able.” Hu said he bad taken the trouble to glance at hist spiring s catalogue, and if the suggested rule had been in iorce at least 80 per ce.-t of the boldest size East lucliaii coffees, and 90per cent of the pea- herrys would have been relegated to the odd lots. C uld anybody conceive a more manifest injustice to the importers than ^tbat — that the very finest piarcels of coffee Uiat cameRo Rhis country should be treated as cddlotsV He did not believe for an instant that THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST Feb. t, 1898.] the room would tolerate such a proposal. The existing rule had worked to the general satisfaction of the trade, and had stood the test of many years’ practical experience, and had proved a satisfactory solution of a difficult problem. It was quite possible it was not a perfect plan, but it had worked pretty well, and he thought the room had better let well alone. (Hear, hear.) He did not believe that the room would permit such a wanton act of injustice to the importers for the purpose of studying the convenience of a small section of the trade. In his opinion the fewer rules they had the better, and if rules were to be respected they must be framed in a generous spirit and found upon the goodwill of the whole trade. Mr. Ivey seconded the resolution. Mr. A. Devitt said, he was sure Mr. Schwartz had brought forward his proposals in the belief that they would curtail the waste of time which occurred in the coffee room sales, and which was to be deplored. If the sales were exhausting to buyer and seller, the exhaustion to the unfortunate auctioneer was even greater. Some of them had done what they could to hasten the sales, but even now some took such a time as was a disgrace and a discredit to the trade. He himself had sat in the box when a very small catalogue had taken three-quarters of an hour or fifty minutes, and a great deal of the waste of time arose from buyers of small and cheap lots not bidding up in a fair and proper way. They had coffee put up which was often started at 60 per cent less than it ultimately reached. But he did not think Mr. Schwartz’s proposition would be acceptable to any of them who had to sell fine coffee, or coffee which came in small lots. Take Jamaica coffee — did the resolution include the eight, ten, and twelve barrel lots of Jamaica ? Also, did it include East India, in cases ? Because, if they came to analyse the sales it would be seen that the rules, if altered, would bring about an extraordinary state of things. No doubt the idea was put forward with the best of intentions, but he did not think it would work, and not one of the im- porters would agree to it. As far as he was concerned, and his merchants, they could not agree. Mr. Graeff proposed the following amendment to Mr. Davis’s resolution : — “ That all East Indian and Ceylon be excluded from the present odd-lots rule, with the exception of triage, blacks, brown, and cherry pickings.” He said he believed that if his proposition were agreed to, the difficulty they all deplored would be overcome. They quite understood that importers did not want small lots of line coffee to be sold as odd lots, and he believed it was the general opinion of the trade that they should not be so treated. (Hear, hear.) Mr. Lansberg seconded the amendment. Mr. Wales said he would like to see the question relegated to a small committee, who might bring up an official report, which would act as a guide to the room at a future meeting, as to whether anything, and if so what, could be done to remedy the present state of thing. Mr. Asser also supported this view, and said he believed a representative committee might be able to devise some means for remedying the evil which would be satisfactory to everybody. Mr. Davis said he would rather that the meeting voted one way or tlie other, for if his resolution was carried no committee would be necessary. The Chairman put the amendment to the meeting, and it was negatived by thirty-eight votes to twenty- one ; and Mr. Davis’s resolution was carried as a substantive resolution by fifty-four votes to thirteen. A vote of thanks to Mr. Woodhouse for presi- ding concluded the proceedings. — U, tC C. Jitail, Dec. 31. The Aeleged Failure of Straits Coffee. — The he.avy fall in the price of Liberian Coffee has aroused widespread alarm in the Native Straits. It is alleged that coffee-growing will not now i>ay there except under exceptional conditions.— /S'fj'otte paper. MATALE EAST DISTKICT 1897. Weather. — The rainfall has been about 1.3 inches over the average of 20 years, well distri- buted throughout, and free from damaging storms with the exception of a few siiowers in November. The south-west W'as milder than usual, August and September perhaps being an exception. The north-east till December was fairly favourable. Crop, excluding estates that are manuring, the yield generally speaking, is behind that of last year off the old area, maiiily caused by more selective plucking, and three poor flushing months in the latter half of the year. Labour. — Almost without exception ample for all requirements though with a tendency to a considerable increase in socal led coast advances. Transport.— More difficulty has been experi- enced under this heading than in any jirevious year of my experience of 26 years almost entirely caused by the deplorable state the roads have got into. Roads.-— Worse than I have ever known them and this time it has taken to get damaged bridges repaired on the Elkaduwa and Madulkella roads is a crying scandal. Rice. — Rice throughout the whole year has been costly entailing heavy loss to estates issu- ing at R-I per bushel. Coolies have also suffered from the high cost of other supplies. Grievances. — Bad roads, and an Indian tin- kered, and artificial exchange. PLANTING NTOES. Lady-Birds. — We learn from the Friend of I^idia that in connection with the introduction of lady-birds, iiito India, to combat coffee scale pests, especially green bug, and for which the Madra.s Government has promised to pay half the cost, the United Planters’ Association of South India have voted R2,000, the Lower Pulneys Assocation have promised R4,000, and the Wynaad Association, probably amongst others, re inviting their membeis to subscribe. Pine Apple.s, — A prominent importer of pine- apples stated a day or two ago— says the latest Journal of Horticidture — that it was probably safe to say that upon an average there are 10,000 pines imported into London every week throughout the year. They are coming now in enormous quantities from (lie Azores, which seem to have given up growing oranges and have taken to this new cultivation, for which their soil and climate seem to be admirably adapted. Pines are still too dear to be a poi)ular luxury. The average wholesale price is said to be 3s and the retail buyer has to give 4s 6d or 5s for a good pine this Christmas. But the growing of these is rapidly extending, and there is every proba- bility that the price Avill go down. The Timber Trade.— The “ Orotava,” which arrived in Colombo from Australia lately brought a shipment of Jarrah the well- known West Australian iionwood, for this port. Among the sample.s, v. hich arrived by the “Orotava,” was one for the Public Works De- partment, and a report on the timber will be sub- mitted by Mr. Davies, Factory Engineer. A special virtue of the limber consists in its im- munity from the ravages of the Teredo, a worm which exists in salt water and which destroys more wood in its time perhaps than any other insect in existence. A represent, ative of one of our morniiig contemporaries found Mr. Bostock a great I.elicver in the potentialities of the J-arrali — as w.as also his predecessor Mr. Kyle. We have in hand an interesting paper about our local hard woods. THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. Sf 6 [Feb. t, 1898. BHIIISH NORTH BORNEO. PLANTING NOTES. (Herald, January 1.) It will be news to most people that Ceara rubber trees are indigenous to Sandalsan. A tree in laige bearing of seeds is to be seen any day on the Ceme- tery Road. As however the yield in Comparison with Hevca is so small it has not yet attracted the attention of intending rubber planters. We have received a communication from a London firm stating that a specimen of pineapple fibre ex- tracted locally is pronounced to be of very good quality and likely to meet with a large demand if shipped in sufficient quantities. Mr. H. N. Ridley left Sandakan for Singapore on the 2 1st December. During his stay here he was able to make some interesting observations botanical and ( therwise. Corrlinned wet weather has much interfered with cutting hemp and rhea which, of course, require to be dried before packing. Decorticators and baling presses are being shipped from home for the Suan Lambah Plantation. KUDAT NOTES. The visits of the Hon. C. H. Strutt, M.P., and Count Geloes d'Elsloo bring us again in connection with Europe. Both these gentlemen are looking very well and appear well satisfied with the present tobacco crop of the New London Borneo Tobacco Company, Limited. Coffee prospects in Marudu Bay are excellent, and a large crop is airticipated. The tobacco crop in 1898 will be large, and of very good quality. The Dusuns, this season, have been earning up to bO cents per diem, at picking and tringiug ripe leaves. IVORY AND RUBBER IN THE CONGO STATE. Writing from St. Paul de Loanda, British Consul W. Clayton Pickersgill says there are only two pro- ducts of the Upper Congo, as far as its resources are known at present, which are valuable enough to pay the cost of transport. These are ivory and india-rubber, both of them, unfortunately, limited in quantity and slow of growth. It is a mistake, however, to regard the exhaustion of either as in- evitable. Of the forty tons, more or less, of ivory now being shipped from the Congou monthly, very little is fresh. Comparatively tew elephants are being killed, and it lies within the power of the commissaries of districts to declare hunting illegal whenever they have reason to believe that the animals are in danger of being exterminated. No law of course, can entirely control the native in the ’wilds, but the State is feared enough to make prohibition serve the purpose desired, and tusks may some day become an article of regulated sup- ply"^ like Kimberley diamonds. In the meantime, there is sufficient indiarnbber in the forest of the Haut Congo to yield rich harvests for many a year, even at a much greater rate of exportation than the preserrt, which has attained an average of 100 tons a month. And nothing could possibly repay cultivation better. Ivory may be imitated, but caoutchouc remains indispensable, the one tropical commodity of which the consumption is ever on the increase, while the sources of supply are diminish- ing The preservation of the climbing plants from which the elastic juice is obtained, and the introduc- tion of trees containing it in greater quantities, is, - therefore, a labour of forethought to which too much attention cannot possibly be given. Already something has been done in this direction by a few officers of superior intelligence, but others have caused wide stretches of forest to be stripped of wealth with little regard for the needs of the future. —Chamber of Commerce Journal. ('F.YT.ON Tea and Exchange in 1897.— We direct .attention to Messrs. Gow, Wilson & Stan- ton’.s Tea Sliare Report reproduced elsewhere. Wiitten on the last day of the year, it takes the form of a review and we learn that the average for Ceylon teas .sold in London in 1897 was 7 '7 Id against 8"21d in 1896 ; while the average of exchange last year was Is .3 15-32d .against Is 2 13-.32d in 1896 — or l]-16d adverse to last year. Both facts tell greatly .against jirofits. Let us hope 1898 may do better in prices if not in exch.ange. The Zanzibar Ceove-crop. — Advices from Zanzibar state that all plantation-owners in Pemba report a very poor crop of cloves this year. Pemba will pro- bably never again equal the big crops of former years. Many of the trees are getting old and woody, and only have a little foliage at the top, although, if they had been properly pruned, they might now have been in their prime. As it is, some of the shambas present the aspect of forests rather than plantations, and the trees are being used for timber. A very fine sample of Penang cloves recently re- ceived from London has been the subject of much interest both in Zanzibar and Pemba. This sample was specially selected to show what good cloves should be like when properly prepared for market. Several experiments have since been made with the object of ascertaining whether it is possible to obt.ain such good results in Zanzibar. Apparently it is not enough to bestow attention upon the drying only. It is necessary that the buds when they ripen should be picked singly, not in bunches, as is usual in Zanzi- bar.— Chemist and Druqgist. Indian and Ceylon Tea Companies.— From a review in the Financial Times of 4tli Jan. we quote as follows The total output of tea for the period is estimated for India at 151 million pounds, as against 149 mil- lions in the previous season, while the Ceylon out- put is caculated at 117 million pounds, as against 108 millions, the advance in both cases being com- paratively small, but (specially in that of India. As regards quality, that of the Indian crop, speak- ing generally, was only fair, in some districts the quality being not quite up to that of the 1896 season, while the Ceylon product was about equal to the average. A most encouraging feature of the year is the large increase in consumption, which has more than kept pace with the growth of the output, so that there can be no immediate fear of over-produc- tion. The efforts made by planters to extend the consumption of tea, for which purpose they subs- cribe some T1 8,000 annually, have met with great success. Continued progress has been made in North America, which bids fair to become soon one of the most important markets. Australia continues to increase its consumption, and the market in Russia and Continental Europe generally is steadily improving. The amalgamation of small concerns into one undertaking made further progress last year. Fifteen new Ceylon companies were formed chiefly for this purpose, and there were several reconstruc- tions with the same object, as well as further issues of captital for extension by one or two of the older companies. It may be noted here that there is a general tendency on the part of private owners to amalgamate gardens into groups, and then to form these groups into limited companies, and there can be no question that the result generally is economy in working. With reference to the probable result to the Indian Companies of last year’s working, it may be doubted whether on the whole it will be quite so satisfactory as in the two previous period.s. Rise or Percentage of Fall Rise or Fall Name of Company. in 1897. per £100 Stock in 1897, Ceylon Tea Plant. Ord. — 1 „ Bref. pis. i — 10 pis. Feb. I, 1898.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 567 WHAT TO DO ABOUT CACAO ’ A HARD NUT TO CRACK. We >jiv8 prominence to the following state- ment of his experience, his fears and expecta- tions by a well-known cacao planter ; and we would wish to have the other side presented to us by one of the fortunate ones whose plantations are still free of any pest, or at any rate of any marked attack. At the same tr.cf’, there can be no doubt of the strictures in the following paper being justly directed in regard to the Govern- ment ; for, it is clear that there is room in Ceylon plantations of all kinds, for careful scientific investigation even beyond that of theFungologistor Cryptogaraist whom our authorities failed lately to provide for Cacao. What is said about the freedom on certain estatesoftheForasterocacaofrom trouble, can only point to qualities of the soil present in one case and absent in the other. To dis- cover these must be the work of the Chemical Analyst. In fact, we shall never be able to deal with the many questions (and troubles) which turn up in respect of the cultivation of our staple produce in the lowcountry as well as on the hills, until an Analytical Chemist and Cryptogamist as well as the Honorary Entomologist, are added to the Staflf of, or made available for, the Director of our Botanic Gardens. {Comrminicated by a Cacao Planter.) Those who have faith in cacao as a product which “ has come to stay,’’ base their belief pretty much on the understanding that the har- dier varieties can resist the disease. I hope this IS so. The havoc which has been wrought on some estates, where principally the red sorts obtained, is sickening enough, and of late, since the dry weather set in, the deaths have been so numerous, as to greatly exceed anything rve have before seen. I don’t know how wide the zone may be that has been stricken in this way, but you hear of it in Matale, Kurunegala, Watte- gama, and the Kandy side. Well-cared-for estates, that have had every attention, suffer as much as Chetties’ gardens, if not more. Cacao under shade— thick or light — is equally ravished, and trees in the open, if perhaps they suffer less, die off here and there, and weakens one’s belief, that these conditions of cultivation have aught to do with the pest. If one could be but as- sured that the hardier varieties were disease- proof, to follow the advice to “ go on supply- ing” with those sorts would be cheery work ; for there would be hope in it ; but the horrid thought will obtrude itself, that as some of the Forastero have gone already, others may follow. It has been suggested to me that perhaps there may be some deficiency in the soil — such as lime — which is favourable to the disease, and that if the missing element were supplied, the trees would have a healthier life, and be better able to resist. Perhaps some one may have tried lime and be able to speak as to its effects ? Soils which were rich in manganese carrieil the vines successfully, while phyloxera was rioting where it was deficient, and it is possible that an added element to the soil might do a great work. Whatever may be said as to the dura- tion of cacao, it is pretty clear that at present they are the older trees which arc dying out. Not that I have not seen young trees three and four years old succumb ; but it is more exceptional. How useful it would have been if at this time there had been an Agricultural Department to refer to, and from which really good scientific 70 advice might have been sought ; and it cannot but strike the intelligent taxpayer as an extraordi- nary anomaly that the Colony — the first Crown Colony too — which depends for its revenue on agricultural sources, should be so far behind the world as to leave things to haphazard. In a case like the cacao disease, the planter who sees his estate dying out before his eyes, is not always in a position to launch out in experiments ; he sees something very like disaster before him, and even if he gets his supplies to come on and do well, he has years of outlay lying ahead of him, and to conserve his capital is his wisest policy. W’e have, of course, the enterprising example at Matale, where a private planter imports at his own ex- pense, and without much trouble in finding him either, a thoroughly trained Scientist to investi- gate, and on the otlier side the island’s Govern- ment with all its resources, reporting that such a m.an could not be had. What incapacity ! However, the question is, what is best to be done to replace the ravished cacao fields ? Although I feel timorous to some extent, and put out my new plants with my heart at my month and a prayer on my li))s, still I too would vote for “ supplies ” as the best thing I know to do. Supplementing with another product, tea, coconuts, or what you like. If the worst comes to the worst, there is this insurance policy behind as it were, — that in the event of a burst-up of cacao, although money may have been lost, some time will have been saved. Under any cir- cumstances, the Ceylon cacao planter who has suffered or is suffering, has a hard nut to crack, and those who report their gardens free of the pest, must have uneasy feelings, and an unde- fined dread of the future. A few years ago to possess a cacao garden was to be a favourite of the gods, and in for a good thing : now that the shadow of eclipse is over us, let us remember those good times and live in hope. FACTORY EXTENSIONS AND WORK. A few weeks ago we gave an accoust of the work Messrs. Brown «& Co., Limited, of Hatton, h.ad on hand. To this there is not much to add, but Mr. J. Grieve, the manager at Hatton, in showing a representative of ours round the extensive Works the other day, named a few points of interest that will be new to our readers. At these Works— branches of which are now- placed at Maskeliya and Norwood — there is a large quantity of local labour employed. Messrs. Brown & Co. have in hand the remodel- ling of the f.actory at Craigie Lea, Mr. Keith is doing C o brickwork himself, but the firm have in hand I .c iron- work and the roof. The building will be ;1S feet long and 40 feet broad, and it will be supported by iron pillars. The machinery of the remodelled factory will include — two rollers, three driers, twelve horse power engine and boiler, water wheel, sifter, packer, fourteen horse power wheel. Then the firm hav-e in hand an aerial tramway at Warwick estate for Messrs. Finlay, Muir & Co. It is to be half-a-mile in length and to be made of half-inch rope. It connects Ambewella-road with the factory. Loads of 1501b. in weight will be c.irried. It is to be worked by an indepen- dent motor and the motor is a Pelton, It is noteworthy that in spite of a good many other makes, Soutar’s Rollbreakers are still in de- mand, and sever.al are in process of construction. With regard to Oil Engines Priestman’s make — the original inventor — is again coming to the S68 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST [Feb. r, 1898. front. A heat igniter is now i)ut on instead of the electric battery and the engines are doing better. One of the latest engines of Priest- man’s make is coming out to Kamlapolla for use in a factory. It will be interesting to see how it compares with the old style. Priestman & Co., of Hull, were the early makers of oil engines, but their engine.s have in rainy places been supcr- sedeil by other makes. TU^y are trying to get the business back. Messrs. Brown are also building a 'Withering house at Batalgalla, Dikoya : the dimensions of this are 100 feet by 40 feet, there being three flats. Tliere are many other features of intei'est in the works at Hatton to notice, including a solid brass turbine of novel character ; the pelton wheels, wbich are being used in some cases, instead of turbines; jets for condensing steam in an engine: winches for wire shoots; &c. , &c. Heaps of old coffee machinery, gradually being melted down for use in other torms, are one of the points that attract the attention of a stranger. PICKINGS. The following is the test of a Proclamation issued by H.E. the Governor of the Cape and pub- lished in the Government Gazette of November 12th, 1897 Whereas it is desirable to prevent the introduction into this Colony of the destructive Coffee-blight known as IlemUtia vastatrix : Now, therefore, under and by virtue of the powers and authorities vested in me by Act No. 9 of 1876, intituled “ Act to regulate the intro- duction into this Colony of articles or things which by reason of disease or otherwise might be injurious to the interets thereof,” I do hereby proclaim, declare, and make known that I have made the Regulations set forth in the Schedule hereto for preventing the intro- duction into this Colony from beyond the boundaries thereof, of the articles and things specified in the said Regulations. Any pei’son or persons contravening any of these said Regulations shall, on conviction, be liable to a fine not exceeding £100 sterling, and in default of payment thereof shall be liable to imprisonment for any term not exceeding six months, unless such fine be sooner paid. Schedule to the Fobegoino Proclamation. — The importation into this Colony, from places beyond the boundary thereof, of any coffee plant, or of any cutting, graft, or portion thereof, is hereby absolutely prohi- bited ; and anyone importing or introducing any such coffee plant, catting, graft. Or portion thereof, shall upon conviction he suliject to the penalty provided in the body of this Proclamation, and the addition thereto the plant, cutting, graft, or portion thereof, shall forth- with be destroyed. WATER POWER. Under the head of “ Water : tlie Modern Rival of Coal,” Mr. J. B. C. Ker.shaw, in Chambers' Journal for .Tanuary, describes the development of the modern methods for tapping the almost limitless water power of the earth by means of iir.st, turbines (either ‘reaction’ or ‘impact’) and secondly, dynamos- He describes the wheel pit at Niagara as planned to hold ten turbines, so that wlien they are all in position 50,000 horse power will he produced at one station. The imi'acb-turbine or Pelton wheel, he says, is principally used in the mining districts of the ■’’nited States, though as our readers knows they are not unknown in Ceylon. The article is a very instructive one and Mr. Kershaw points out that it is a curiou.s fact that in Europe those countries rich in the possession of extensive coalfields — namely England, Germany, and Belgium are extremely poor in their posses.sion of natural water power : whilst Switzerland, France, Norway and Sweden have been highly favoured by nature in the number and the magnitude of their water powers. WILD SPORT IX CEYLON. HUNTING the SAMBUR. From Mr. F. Fitzroy Dickson’s paper on this subject in the January number of Travel we take tlie following extract as illustrative of the in- teresting manner in which the writer has dealt with his subject and also of the character of the sport he describes : — The next day was all that we could wish, and by daybreak we found ourselves at what is known as Round Patna, some five miles from where we were camped. This was always looked upon as a good cover, but the disadvantage was that, being isolated, if the deer took it into his head, he could go clean away from us, unless we were prepared for an all- day chase, as there was no open laud by which to follow him. We were prepared for this contingency, however, and had each one of us put a few biscuits in his pocket, a precaution, as events proved, that was well justified. A little stream trickled into the Round Patna at the upper end, and flowed through a luxuriant meadow. Here we took the pack and uncoupled. We had with us two seizers, Scotch stag-hounds, and these we kept in leash. It was my luck to hold them, and the bother they gave me, getting to one side of a tree when I wanted to go another, at times made we wish them somewhere else. “ Grouach ” and “ Borap ” were their names, and they were faith- full, honest and staunch hounds as ever trod. Once uncoupled, the pack streamed all over the place, working with the keenness that characterizes a pack well handled and in good heart. Presently Marquis, a young dog of the first season, picked up a scent, which we ran down to the water’s-edge and lost. Then Bugler took it up on the other side of the stream, and all at once three or four got on to it at once, and headed by old Melody, the pack were soon out of sight, having taken a bee-line up the face of the hill and into the jungle. As soon as they were over the brow of the hill we could hear nothing, and there was no help for it but to climb up after them as quickly as possible. Accordingly, up we went at a good swing- ing pace, and made for the highest ridge. Before reaching this, we crossed the line of the hunt, and there we saw the track of the stag. “ Men, alive 1 ” cried 'iV. with great glee, “ he’s of hoofs like auld hornie himself,” and certainly the print showed that we had an old animal to deal with what would give us all we wanted and some- thing more perhaps. Well, we kept on that ridge running and panting and struggling for about an hour, and then found ourselves on the shoulder of one of the highest peaks. Every now and again we could hear the distant tongue of the hounds, and we knew that we were in for it, and intended to see the game through if it took ns a week. Presently we got into a nasty bit of jungle, a mixture of nillu and bamboo. Nillu, I might explain, is a jointed, succulent plant, which grows up in dense clumps, many acres in extent. There are several varieties of it, and all equally ob- jectionable from their obstructive properties. It is easily cut with a knife, but it has the faculty of tripping you up and barring your passage. “Nillu” is the Tamil word for “ Stop.” We were pretty high up now, and so worked our way across the face of the hill, but it was an awful task. We had to relieve one another at breaking the way, for such a tangle as bamboo and nillu is must be seen to be appreciated. The bamboo I speak of is, of course, not like the big cane that figures in Fe6. I, 1898.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. Japanese work. It is a trailer, not much thicker than a lead-pencil and as toagh as whip-cord. It will give to any amount, but to break it is im- possible, unless worked backwards and forwards like a piece of wire between the fingers. It is on this that the sambur feeds, and we always ex- pected it. The stag kept moving on steadily, and we had now been on the run for several hours, and began to think it was time he turned to bay. Evidently, from the way he managed things, he was a stayer. Presently we struck an elephant path one ridge that seemed to carry us in the desired direction. As it turned out, nothing could have been better, and a quarter of an hour brought us to where we could hear the hounds away below us in some stream, at bay. The seizers I hold in leash knew what was the matter and tried to get away, but the moment had not arrived for the utilisation of their services. We hurried as quickly as we could, for we knew that if we delayed too long the stag would regain his wind and then, if he started afresh, it would be all up for that day, at any rate. We soon found ourselves in a perfect forest of nillu, which for a moment threatened to utterly bar our way. Draw- ing my knife, I slashed viciously, whilst W., think- ing he saw a clear passage, sheered off to the left. I went on chopping like a backwoodsman, crawling, jumping and advancing. All at once I discovered the stream running before me clear of obstructions. In a moment I was in it, and, running along it, came in view of the bay. In a little recess, backed by smooth, perpendicular rocks, stood a magnificient stag, his mane bristling, his head down, ready to beat back any attack. The pack stood round hi tu, raising a row that made the forest echo. I had at once slipped the seizers, and at the sight of them and at the sound of my voice, “ Yoicks, to him ! ” they made a frantic rush at the stag. At that moment W. appeared on the scene, and we advanced to the attack together. The stag was fighting for his life, and dangerous, and we knew that we could not touch hira unless he was well held. In a moment there was a confused mass of dogs and deer. With gigantic springs Grouach and Borap had covered the distance between them and the stag, and had seized him cleverly by the throat. How they evaded his antlers I cannot tell, for he was as quick as lightning; but they were quicker, and the other dogs piled in on top, and W. and I with them. Another moment, and, with a mighty, convulsive leap that threw off ail the dogs except Grouach, the stag fell forward dead, boih our Knives having gone into his heart ! It was over 1 There he lay, as magnificent a specimen of a sambur as ever I saw. But for the seizers we should have had a hard battle to conquer him, for he was full of fight and go. Had we left him much longer he would probably have broken bay and got off altogether* As it was, how- ever, we shouted like a couple of sctiool-boys, and the hours of toil we had endured seemed but minutes, and the fatigue all disappeared when we looked upon this splendid beast lying there. Presently we were joined by the rest of our party in various stages of exhaustion and dilapidation, but all revived at the sight of our success. We sat down on the mossy bank and pulling out such grub as we had brought with ns, ate it and washed .it down with the cold water of the stream, tempered, I might add, with a few drops of Scotch whiskey from a flask that somebody carried. We all drank, and then we gave the dog-boy a nip, for he would have to come back the next day with coolies and carry the stag home. CEYLON LIMITED COMPANIES IN 1897: A list of all the local “ Rupee ” Capital Com- panies incorporated during last year ; and also of the Sterling Companies registered in London, was published the other day in the Ceylon Observer. he former number a dozen and range from the 569^ “Sinhalese Theatricals Company, Limited” with a capital of R5,000 to the Neboda, Oodoowerre, Gangawatte, Agra and Pitakandej lea Estate Com- panies each of tlie live named having a capital of K500,OUO. The total (nominal) capital represented in the twelve new Ceylon Companies is K3, 164,000. Turning to the Sterling Companies, we find no fewer than twenty registered, repre.senting a total (nominal) capital of no less than £3.392,500 ; butthis includes the Kanan Devan Hills Produce Com- pany, Limited, which is more properly an Indian Company, and has a capital of a million pounds to itself. So again the Indi.an & Ceylon Tea Trust Company (capital £250,000) cannot all be credited to this island, nor perhaps the Eastern and Ceylon Tea Estates and Trading Company w'ith its £*20,000 capital. Still the list for 1897 shows .substantia! additions to the roll of Ceylon Plantation Companies. The following remarks from a contemporary are of interest in connection with this subject : — There has existed during the year a tendency to amalgamate local concerns and to issue them on a sterling basis. One such scheme has been accom- plished and the results are decidedly not encouraging- We refer to the Yaliyantota, Weoya, and others. The two former were amongst the oldest of Ceylon Com- panies and were always pointed to as the most pros- perous on the local share list, shewing 700 and 300 per cent premium respectively. These were placed on a sterling basis at near the rupee equivalent. Allowing for the issue of scrip at 50 per cent premium, the shares are now 20 per cent discount. Placing aside the cost of liquidation and reconstruction, even the most enthusiastic supporter of the schem. can scarcely look upon the venture with satisfaction. It is the popular idea that home investors are satisfied with 6 per cent, for their money — doubtless they are as a minimum, but there are contingencies to provide for. 1, Exchange ; 2, Prices of produce ; 3, War, famine, and disease. These are points that appeal to sound business men, who are the supporters we ought to en- deavour to attract. At present we are supported by out- side investors, ignorant of what they hold, and possibly first interested through advertisements and lured by the prosperity of old companies which have a splendid record, and which find a position in moat prospec- tuses issued at home as indicative of what can be done. This class, when disappointed, air their mis- fortunes with persistent energy. Speaking of “decoys,” perhaps the name and reputation of no Company have been of such service to promoters as those of the Ceylon Tea Plantations Company, whose splendid record has not been wasted when wanted to stimulate interest in the tea enterprise in Ceylon. The Lou- don Stock Exchange has been a weakness of some of our local financiers, but we think their affection was not reciprocated. During the boom a certain amount of interest was extended to Ceylon investments, but dealings were not a success ; sales were made without finding a cover ; and settlings ere far from satisfac- tory. The capital of ( ' inpanies in Ceylon was found far too small to command a ready market except on large margins, and the number of Companies entitled to a quotation was so small that it was not worth the attention required to investigate their merits. A point worth noting at the present time is that a number of local Companies are short of capital, and during the last few months this fact has been in evi- dence by the number of Companies making arrange- ments to borrow. This fact is of importance to in- vestors who base their calculations on the usual statis- tics that appear in the local share lists. As an in- stance in point, we see in the Gazette that the Udabaga Coy. propose to borrow a sum of £11,000 sterling on a capital of E170,000, Considering the depressed state of the local market, and the depreciated condition of stocks representing good properties floated on the local market it prices considered reasonable by practi- cal authorities and supported by local capital, we cannot but watch witinterest the future of a num 570 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST, [Feb. I, 1898. ber of ventures recently introduced on the home market, consisting of properties at full prices and of more or less indifferent reputation. The public, we believe, are not committed to any large extent. The romotera and London Agents, as we have said efore, hold the position at advantage, whilst the under-writers, though probably their “ considerations ” are not small, may be victims throogh the want of appreciation on the part of the public. ^ UPPER DIMBULA DISTRICT IN 1897. Jan. 20th, 1898. Weather Genee.ally. — The weather during 1897 was, on the whole, favourable for tea, the rainfall being slightly over the average and very well distri- buted. The Rainfall here for the season, was 102’53 fall- ing on 231 days against an average for the last 15 years, of 98'52 and 214 rainy days. Crop. — With few exceptions crops were very satis- factory ; estates as a rule having exceeded estimates and previous yields. Labour Supply. — Sufficient on most estates, but there are exceptions, as usual, to prove the rule. Transport.— Foot and mouth disease caused a good deal of trouble for some time, but on the whole there has not been much to complain of. Roads.— The cart roads, especially those converg- ing on Talawakele, were not what MacAdam would have considered peifect, but minor roads show a marked improvement during recent years. Rice and Other Supplies.— Tnese have been ex- ceedingly dear during the greater part of the year. The slip on the railway caused considerable incon- venience to nearly all of us as most estates now deal, directly with Colombo for their food ppplies, and as we do not lay in stocks except during the heavy monsoon months, almost all were on short commons and felt anxious for some time ; but, thanks to the shrewd common sense of that Tipperary Scotchman, who is such an ornament and tower of strength to the Railway Department, we all worried through fairly satisfactorily. Grievances.— These are really too numerous to men- tion ; but low prices, high exchange, dear rice, and perverse London Brokers prevent most fellows from keeping as soundly as they’d like to. A CEYLON TEA COMPANY PROPERLY DEFENDED The Diiiibula Valley (Ceylon) Tea Company has been the object of a good deal of criticism since it qame into existence ; but it has held on its way and paid successive dividends after a most satisfactory fashion. Nevertheless, the 'Tnvestors' Review” — rightly valued in London, for the honest, outspoken criticism of its Editor, Mr. Wilson, a hard-headed Aberdonian— had, in its October issue, an attack on the “ Dimbula Valley” calling it “ A Weak Tea Company.” This was not seen by the Managing Director for some time after its appearance ; but when it came under his notice, he immediately wrote a reply which we think very thoroughly disposes of the attack. The letter is inserted in the issue of Jan. 7th as follows : — (From the Investors' Review, Jan. 7.) We shall be as pleased as Punch if the anti- cipations in the following letter come true : — Dimbula Valley (Ceylon) Tea Company, Limited. 16, Philpot lane, London, E.C., Dec. 1, 1897. Sir, — My attention has been drawn to your article in the Investors’ Review for October headed “ A Weak Tea Company.” With reference to the writer’s com- ments on the Dimbula Valley (Ceylon) Tea Company, Limited, I can only say they are unfair in the com- parison drawn between this company and the other two named. In the first place, the writer of the article adds to the Company’s capital £6,250, the amount of the mortgages which were taken over when the estates were purchased. These mortgages could only be paid off at certain dates, but the company hold the amount ready to pay them at due date. In estimating whether our capital is high or low the amount of mortgages should, therefore, not have been added. Then our profit of £14,.595 Is 8d was practically derived from 1,440 acres of bearing tea, or at the rate of £10 per acre net profit, whilst I assert without any fear of contradiction that the average profit for the whole of Ceylon is not over £5 per acre. This shows that the dictum is all wrong of the writer of the article, to the effect that “ any tea company’s capital which stands over £50 an acre is over capitalised,” because it is manifest that a com- pany’s gardens which turn out a net profit of over £10 an acre must be worth more than those giving only half that, or even less. The only estate belong- ing to the company absolutely in full bearing last year gave over £16 per acre profit, and I am aware that it has done something like this for several years. Therefore, no rule such as the writer lays down is applicable to Ceylon, or any other gardens. I would, in conclusion, point out that in judging the stability or otherwise of a tea company as a safe diviiiend-paying concern, the net profit per pound of tea realised is the most important guide. A company whose net profit per pound is but a penny, is surely in a very different position from one whose profit is 4d as was, and, I hope, always will be, the position of this company. Should tea drop Id a pound, a capital of £50 would be a bit high, would it not ? — Yours faithfully, James Sinclair. There can be no doubt that the estates belong- ing to the Dimbula Valley Company are all ex- ceptionally valuable— producing heavy crops ol high-grown, high-priced tea. PLANTING PROSPECTS IN NORTH BORNEO. We take the following from the letter of a resident of long experience in North Borneo, dated Sandakau, oth Jan. : — “ You may like to note as new's from here that the present prices and future prospects for coffee in North Borneo are filling planters with conster- nation, and that jiarts of the forest already felled for coffee are being given up for that purpose and are being devoted to Cotton and Coconuts instead, while efforts are being made to plant up Rubber both Para and Willoughbia. It is a great pity that coffee has fallen in price, as coffee growfing was rapidly spreading and offered an easy and expeditious' way of making the country prosperous. The size, health and cropping powers of our coffee trees is undeni- able, but what is to be done with the price at $20 and not likely to stop long there either ? ” Well-prepared good “ plantation coffee, ” how- ever, still keeps up wonderfully in price. The German Commercial Expedition to China and Japan — liaving completed its work, (among other trips, penetrating 1,100 miles up the Yangtsekiang in China) is now broken up. Dr, Her- mann Schumacher, jr., the accomplished Secretary, with some of the members is now on the way home and the paity have been visiting our hill-country. In all there were ten experts in the Ex- pedition : two of these are now in India and two in Siam, afterwards to visit Java and Sumatra. Altogether a valuable body of information must have been compiled by the Commission and Dr. Schumacher is certain to prepare a very useful interesting Report. J'EB. I, 1898.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST 57‘ IMPROVED TEA MACHINERY. In oar issue of December 3rJ we referred to Mr. S. C. Davidson’s exhibit of a working model of his new patent “ Sirocco ” Tea Roller at 12 J, Bishops- gate Street, G.O., and since then he his sent us copies of three additional testimonials as to the practical working of those machines which he has received — two from Ceylon and one from India. Although the machines to which these testimonials refer have only been at work during the past season the testimony in their favor which we quoie will be of interest to our readers, as in each instance the machines have been in use a suificient time to tho- roughly test their working capabilities. The testi- monials are as follows : — '• From J. Armitage Ogden, Esq. Eirklees Estate, Udapussellawa, Ceylon, Nov- ember 1897. I have used the Sirocco Roller for the last two months, and am much pleased with it. It takes very little power to drive, keeps the leaf cool, and rolls more evenly than any Roller I have seen, A very strong point, I consider, is the small quan- tity of broken- tea, and even with dry, over-withered leaf the proportion of broken tea is very small, and I have no hesitation in recommending any one to use it, particularly where short of power. The fac- tory coolies like it because it requires no attention whilst working, and is easy to fill, and no trouble to clean after work.” “ From W. R, Waller, Esq., Poyston Estate, Dikoya, Ceylon, November 19th, 1897. I am very well pleased with the work the Sirocco Roller does. It works easily with little or no attention, and certainly does not take more than 2 H.P. to drive it. It makes a good wiry tea, well twisted, tippy, and I find less choppy than other rollers, I think the pressure frois the ploughs inside, combined with weight of tea, quite sufficient. My teas have been valued and sold for more since I used this roller.” “Fron Henry Weir, Esq., Kallme Estate, Cachar India, November 22nd, 1897. Davidsjn’s Sirocco Roller is doing very good work indeed ”, we may also mention that Mr. M. Kelway Bamber who is already well-known to tea planters as an authority upon all matters touching the manufacture of tea, was amongst Mr. Davidson’s visitors when he was showing the model of his roller in London at the above address, and Mr. Bamber has since then ex- pressed it as his opinion that the rolling motion given to the leaf in this machine, and the coolness which is at the same time maintained in the leaf uring the rolling process, could scarcely be surpassed, while the machine itself is a combination of strength and cleanliness, with evidently a great economy of power. Mr. Bamber further stated that, after having carefully perused Mr. Davidson’s new catalogue, he considers that in the machines now illustrated and described for the first time, and also in the older machines, with the improvements which Mr. Davidson has lately made on some of them, the several, chemical and other requirements for the manufacture of good tea rea eminently combined. — H. <£• 0. Mail Dec. 31st. RAMIE FIBRE MACHINERY AND PROSPECTS. London, Jan. 7. Yesterday I was fortunate enough to catch MR. J, M. MACDONALD, of Ramie fame, at his office in Victoria Street, Westminster — one of a suite of comfortable offices tenanted by Messrs. MacDonald, Boyle & Co., engineers, and Boyle Fibre Syndicate. Mr. Mac- Donald was in excellent spirits, and spoke most hopefully of the prospects of liis decorticating experiments, and of ..their probable outcome. He will remain in London until late in April, when he intends to start for Jbhore to super- intend the operations in ramie preparation for which, as . you are aware, arraugements have already been entered into. “ A number of enquiries,” said Mr, MacDonald, “ have been made here since I arrived in England with re- ference to the machinery for decorticating, and several Ceylon planters have called on me. One machine has already been got ready for almost immediate dispatch to Ceylon, to the order of Mr. J. Manley Power, who intends to use it for experimental purposes on. BON ACCORD ESTATE, BO GAWANTALAWA. I believe Mr. Manley Power purposes to try ramie at first over an aiea of about seven acres. The machine is to be sent through our agents, Me.ssrs. Lee, Hedges & Co., and while 1 am on my Johore trip I shall pay a visit to Ceylon in order to superintend affairs oonnected with the decorticating experiment. I am due to arrive in Johore about the middle of Slay, and 1 propose to stay a week in Ceylon.” Conversing on the subject of ramie cultivation generally, Mr. MacDonald spoke of what is being done in Jamaica, and referred me to the last-arrived issue of the Jamaica Daily News Letter, in which has given an interesting account of the steps that are being taken to begin the cultivation and preparation of ramie on a large scala. “ JAMAICA ISN'T IN IT WITH CEYLON, to my mind,” said Mr. MacDonald ; “ Ceylon could, I think, do very much better than the Jamaicans.” It seems that H.E. the Governor of Jamaica has given the Jamaica Fibre Com- pany, which has been recently formed, his blessing, a,t the same time pointing out “the danger of the policy of letting any particular industry absorb or monopolise to too great an extent the effort and energy of the enterprising agriculturist.” According 10 the editor of the Jamaica Newe Letter, who has a leading article on the subject, the result ot enquiries made of a large number of people whose names were obtained fi-om the Botanical Department is that in most of the parishes of the island ramie will thrive. Nine-tenuhs of the replies sliowed that very little care was taken in the cultivation, yet four crops were obtained in the year. Then we come to the Jamaica figures. It is estimated that an acre of ramie will give four cuttings per annum, 40 tons of green stems. “ which green stems would be worth to a Central Factory 10/ a ton. An acre would, therefore, yield £20, less the expenses for cutting, which are estimated to be £9.” In order that the planters may figure out the correctness of this it is stated that “ one man, working 300 days a year, can cut the produce of two acres, and the cost of Iibour has been estimated at Is 3d per day.” It is mentioned that an offer has been received from the Midlands Spinning Company (England) of £42 a ton for all filasse that the Company produce in the next five years. THE RAGALLA TEA ESTATES, LTD. The Third Annual General Meeting of Share, holders was held at the Offices of the Company, 39 Lime Street, London, B, C., on 'Tuesday, 4th Jan., Mr. C. E. Strachan, presiding After the notice convening the Meeting had been read, the Chairman, in moving the adoption of the Report and Accounts, said.— The Report and Accounts have been in your hands for some days, and I pre- sume you will take them as read, but you will, no doubt, expect to hear something from me about the past season’s working and our prospects. You will see that we are un^ie to pay a further dividend on the Ordinary Shares, and I am sure you all feel disappoiuted, but certainly not more so than your Directors, who own a very large number of Shares in the Company, Circumstances have, unfortunately. 573 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST [Feb. I, 1898, been sgainst us; the crop turned out 50,000 lb. short of estimate, owing to an unfavourable season ; prices were nearl3' l|d per ib. less than we had every rea- son to expect ; rice showed a heavy loss owing to the famine in India ; and exchange was somewhat higher than we anticipated All these adverse cir- cumstances have reduced the profits. When we pur- chased the Rtigalla Estate it was principally planted with Coffee, and we depended chiefly on this pro- duct for our income. In the course of time it became evident that Coffee was failing us, bug and leaf dis- ease, year after year, were destroying its vitality and reducing the crops in spite of cultivation, and wc saw that if we wished to nirke the Estates productive, and valuable to the Share. holders, we must p .sh on with the cultivation of Tea as quickly as possible. Tea and Coffee will thrive together for a short time, but as soon as the Tea gets its head above the Coifee the question arises, which has to be eradicated. In ou case there was no r ifficulty in deciding, but we deferred uprooti: g the Coffee as long a.s possible, so that we might have an iuceme from this product t wards meeting our ex- penditure and earning dividends, and also to give us time to get the Tea well forward. A difficult time is bound to arise during the change, and that time arose last season. A groat part of the Coffee was removed, but the Tea — owing to the unfavourable season — did not respond as well as we expected. We have, however, rounded the corner and, as you will see, the tea crop this present season is estimated at 490,0001b. and we have every reason to believe that this estimate will be secured. We could have adopted the policy of doing nothing, simply harvesting the crops and woiking the estates in the cheapest way, and we might in this way have earned enough to pay you a dividend for a few years, and perhaps have put aside a certain sum to reserve, but what would have been the final outcome of such a policy ? In a few years the coffee would have died out, aud we would have been left with a small sum in reserve, but practically miremunerative estates, WTiat then is your position now ? You have no reserve certainly, but you have estates in the highest condition of cultiv.ation, ronded, drp-iued, and planted in the best possible way, with factories and buildings erected. The estates are, we consider, more valuable than the amount they stand at in the books, and will give larger returns each season, thus enabling us, as I hoq^e., to earn good dividends. We feel that in the coarse we have adopted we have done the best for the estates. The adoption of the Report was seconded by Mr Evans. Mr. Bishop enquired as to the date for closing the accounts, as last year’s Balance Sheet was marie np to 31st July. He also asked about the future of ihe Ktlburne property, when it was expected the 309 acres noti-bearing would be fully .productive, and if the estate would earn enough to cover the interest on the purchase-money. In reply the Chairman stated that the Ragalla accounts were for eleven months and the Kelburne accounts for twelve months, the 30 th June being chosen as a convenient date for closing the books for both Estates. As to Kelburne the acreage at pre- sent non-bearing would be in full bearing in two to three year.s, and as all the land had been planted with Tea before the Coffee had been removed the Tea was well forward, and the pi’operty itself was considered most valuable and fully capable of earning sufficient profits to meet the required interest The Chaibhan then put the motion to adopt the Re- port, which was carried unanimuualy. Ou the motion of Mr. Harwood, seconded by Mr. Evans, Mr. Hannen was re-elected a Director of the Company. Mr. W L Stbacuan proposed the re-olaetion of the Amhtors, Messrs. Fuller and Wise, and ihis being seconded by Mr. Richardson, was duly agreed to. TRADE REPORT. (From the Chemist and Druggist.) London, Jany. 6. Coc.AiNE.^ — The manufactarers quote hydrochlorate from lOs 3d to 10s 6d per oz. nominally, and second- hand holders from 9s 9d to 10s per oz. So much stock is held by the latter that the market is lifeless. Coca-leaves. — The available Huanoco is of rather poor quality, and is ofiered at 8d. Irnxillo leaves at 6d to 8d, but the colour of these is not good. PLANTING NOTES. OiNCHOXA Auction.s. — The London cinchona auctions for 1898 have been fixed for the follow- ing dales : January 25, February 15, March 15, April 26, May 24, June 21, July 19, August 16, Sepi ember 13, October 11, November 8, and December 13. — Chemist and Druggist, The Eucalyptus-oil Industry.— The Tasma- nian Eucalyptus Oil Company, Ld. has recently opened a new distillery at Sandy Bay. The first charge of the still was .started with some cere- mony by the manager and the chief distiller, sample bottles of the “ brew” of “ Platypus” oil being distributed among those present. — Chemist and Druggist. Ramie Machinery in Cey'lon.— Our London correspondent reports that a well-known Boga- waiitalawa proprietor is getting out a decor- ticating Filne Machine from Messrs. MacDonald, Boyle & Co., to deal with Ramie, grown over some seven acres on his property. Great interest will be felt in the results of this experiment. Game Protection.— “ E.G.R.” replying chiefly to onr contemporary of the “Examiner” .shows very clearly the wide distinction which should be drawn between the Sinhalese villagers in out- of-the-vvay districts and the peripatetic as well as ubiquitous hunting and trading Moorman, bent on getting all be can out of the forest, of hides, horns, &c., ho matter what may be the rules for Game Protection. The Cultiyation uf Oranges for Export.— Indian Gardening publishes an article on the Eng- lish fruit supply, and suggests the possibility of Indian exportation of oranges to compete with other countries in the Englisli market. It proposes that tlie Government should set the example by establi- shirg an extensive orange orchard in Nagpur, or Delhi, where oranges of the finest varieties grow to perfection, and develop the export business. “ The local fruit-growers would, as soon as they found what a paying business it vvas, take over the orchards and work them among themselves. That it would pay handsomely to grow oranges for export scarcely needs to be insisted upon, be- cause tlie finest oranges of Sylliet, the Punjab and Nagpur sell at a rate at which they would under- sell the produce of every other country in the world in the English market. — Pioneer, January 16tli. nCAUM CQQ essay describing a really UllnriNLOOi genuine Cure for Deafness. Ringing in Ears, &c., no matter how severe or long- standing, will be sent post free. — Artificial Ear- drums and .similar appliances entirely superseded. Address THOMAS KEMPE, Victoria Cham- bers, 19, Southampton Buildings, Holborn, London. Feb. I, 1898.] PHE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. S73 TEA RECRUITIIsG IN INDIA. In connection with the proposed Central Tea Recruiting Agency, a meeting W8s held on Tues- day at the Calcutta Chamber of Commerce to receive the Report of the Provisional Committee, to elect a Board of Management, and to consider, certain Resolutions. Sii- Patrick Playfair pre- sided, and in a short but appropriate spi ech introduced the busines.s of the meeting. The im- portant function of electing the live Calcutta members of the Board of Management was then proceeded with, and the result of the voting was in favour of the following firms: — Messrs Begg, Dunlop & Co., Messrs. 'Williamson, Magor & Co., Messrs. Sliaw, Wallace & Co., Messrs, Finlay, Muir & Co., and Messrs. Octavius Steel & Co. The last-mentioned firm tied with Messrs. McLeod & Co. but the latter retired in its favour. The remaining resolutions were then submitted and carried unanimously. The newly-formed Board of Management will proceed to formulate the details of the scheme, so that all may be in readiness to start the agency by the 1st of Ncvember next. — M. Mail, Jan. 29. INDIAN TEA SALES. (From Watson, Sibthorp rfc Co.’s T(a Report.) Calcutta, Jan. 27. 11,285 packages of tea changed hands in the sales held on the 21st instant. The market was quiet, good liquoring teas, which were in small supply, were wanted and sold fairly well, all other kinds sold irregularly hut without material change. There was a fair amount of businessidone for Australia, but the Bombay buyers were again very quiet. The average price of the 11,285 packages sold is As. 5-2 or about 7d per lb. as compared with 11,249 packages sold on the 21st January, 1897 at As. 5-8 or about 7d per lb. and 1.9,649 packages sold on the 22nd January, 1896 at As. 6-3 or about 7d per lb. The Exports from 1st April to 24th January from here to Great' Britain are 128,444,645 lb', as compared with 126,925,775 lb. at the corresponding period last season and 116,655,415 lb. in 1896. Note, — Last Sale’s average was As. 5-7 or about 7id. Exchange. — Document bills, 6 months’ sight, la 4-5-168. Freight. — Steamer — £2-1- 3 per ton of 50 c ft PLANTING NOTES. Understanding amongst Cinchona Impor- ters.— ^We hear from Anist* dam f at aconference of importers of Java cinchona bark was held there a few days ago ."^f which an understand- ing was arrived at to endeavour to regulale the price of the article to a certain extent, by offering only moderate quantities at the auctions, and by agieeing not to .sell below a fixed mini- mum price. The aucti ns of Januaiy 20, at which only a moderate quantity is likely to be offei’ed will show w'hether this understanding is a fact or not. — Chemist and Dniggist. The Next Batch op Teout Ova. — The next batch of trout ova are expected about the 10th proximo, and the necessary pieparation, are being made for u u'-'" Nuwara Bliya. The trout-house behind the Kachcheri premises has been thoroughly overhauled under the supervision of Mr. Elhait, iji® plant in the building is all being attended to. Of the four hatching boxes now in readiness three are new ones. New piping has been got out, and every precaution is being taken as regards the nltermg of the water and the seeving of the sand • while the two ponds which supply the water have been cleaned out. — Cor. Colombo Coppeeah Mabkbt. — This market is practi- cally lifeless owing to the scarcity of copperah. During last week the arrivals were few, and this week the market opened with blank disappointment. There was a fairly good demana both from shippers and millers, and prices ranged from JR32 to 38'75 per candy. Ac- cording to the present maiket value of oil, which forms the basis ot the price of copperah, and leaves a maigin for the scarcity of crops, prices paid are fair. But with a reduction on them, they wiil compare favourably with ibe price Iti <,i!. Cinchona in Bengal. — Two months ago we re- ferred to the manufactuie of quinine and cinchona febiifuge by the Bengal GovernmeDt during the last official year. It is to be observed in this con- nection that the cinchona plantations are gradually being enriched by the planting of Cinchona Ledgeriana seedlings, no fewer than 24t, 750 of such plants'having been put into the ground, as compared with 20,000 seedlings of the hybrid cinchona. The policy now adopted is to plant the quinine-yielding Ledgeria.na almo.st exclusively, and the result eie long may be that the Government will he able to supply all its own needs, i' not more exclusively from its own plantations. — Chemist and Druggist, Jan. 15. The Tbade in Tea Seed.— The gieat demand for Tea seed in the season 1896-7 led to a strong rise in the price of imported seed, and large profits were made by far-seeing importers. This brought about the usual consequences. Seed has been brought down in large quantities from Calcutta during the last two or three months, the market has been flooded and at the same time the demand has declined! The price of seed has fallen rapidly, and we hear that heavy losses have been incurred by Colombo firms, one firm alone having dropped E10,000. The latest news is that s.nother firm, who imported largely, have had a very large consignment of seed left on their hands, it being found to be rotten on arrival at Colombo. “The Ageicultdeal Gazette” of New South Wales, issued by direction of the Hon. Sydney Smith, M.P., Secretary for Mines and Agriculture Volume VIII. Part 12. Edited by W. H. Claike Contents for December, 1897, are the following Useful Australian Plants ; The Grading of Wheats Judging ihe Milling Qualities of Piize Wheats at Shows &c. ; Chemical Notes; The Kerry Crw • San Jose Scale ; Some Notes on Draining ; Green Manuring; ’X'he Importation of Dairy "Prouuce to Great Britain ; The Iiiflueuce of Bees on Crops; Bee Calendar for January; A Sulphuring Bung ; Orchard Notes for January ; Practical Vegeiahle and Flower Gardening for Jannery • General Notes ; Replies to Correspondents- List of Agricultural Societies’ Shows ; Label for Spe- A Substitute for Coffee.— The United States Coni-ul at Crefekl writes Under the name of Kailierine’.s Malz-Kafi’ee-Fahiiken, fac- tories have been established in Geimany— of which one exists in this consular district, at Merdingen-on-i'ie-Rliine, and others at Munich and Berlin— lor the puipo.'-e of manufacturing a coffee substitute from cereals. The invention relates to an impioveuient in piepering the same, which con.-ists in appl'^fing to the grain, duiing the steeping process, an electric current proportionate to the quantity and quality of tlie grain, wdiere- by the proteiit suhstance.< existing in the grain are altered in such a manner that, in the' sub- sequent roa.sting pioce.^s, only a small quantity of the products ot decomposition (as pyridine and its deri\aii\ c.', which aie ohjectianohle to the taste) cati 1 <. lorined, a suh.'-litute idcasant to the taste Itii.g obtained. Under tins patent, fiictoiies liiive also been established in Ausiiia^ Italy, France, Switzerland, and Sweden. The inventor has also ap))litd lor a patent in the United States. — British Trade Journal, 574 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [Fee. r, 1^98. COLOMBO PRICE CURRENT. B'urnished hy the Chamber of Commerce.) Colombo, Feb. 1st, 1898. Exchange on London: Closing Bates. Banl Selling Sales:— On demand 1/3 7-8 to 129-32; 4 mouths’ sight 1/3 29-32 to 1516; 6 mouths’ sight 1/3 31-32; Banlc Bulling Bates: — Credits 3 mont’ns’ sight 1/4 5-32 to' 3-16; 6 mouths’ sight 1/4 7-32 to 9-32. Doots 3 months sight t/4'3-16 to 7-32; 6 months sight 1/4 9-32 to 5-16 Coffee.— Plantation Estate Parchment on the spot per bushel IU4.00. Plantation Estate Coffee, f.o.b. on the spot per cwt. B77'50. Liberian parchment on the spot per bus. B5’00. Native Coffee f.o.b per cwt. 42*00 Tea.— Average Prices ruling during the wee’s Broken Pekoe, per lb. 14c. Pekoe per lb. 33c. Pekoe Sou- cboug per lb. 27c. Broken mixed o-nd Bust, per lb. 19c. Avei'ages of Week’s sale. Cinchona Bark. — Per unit of Sulphate of Quinine per lb 61c. Cardamoms. — Per lb E2 04 Coconut Oil. — Mill oil per cwt- Bll. 374, nominal Dealers’ oil per cwt. Eli*25 Coconnt oil in ordinary packages f.o.b. per ton E2S2.50 nominal Copra. — Per oandv of 560 lb. R40 00 Coconut Cake: (Poonac) f.o.b. (Mill) perton, RbrSO Cocoa unpicked and undried, per cwt. R49 50. „ _ 1 i Q I Kogalla E17.25 Coir Yarn.— Nos. 1 to 8 j Colombo E16 00 Cinnamon. — Nos. 1 & 2 only f.o.b. 57c. Do Ordinary Assortment, per lb 51o. Ebony. — Per ton No sales Plumbago : — Large Lumps per ton, R365 Ordinary Lumps per ton, R345 .. Chips per ton, R220. Dust per ton, R145 00 Rice. — Soolye per bushel, f R 3.35 to 3 80 ,, per bag, 1 R8.90 to 9*50 Cost Kara per bus. none Coast Calunda per bushel, R3*80 to R3*95 Muttusamba per bushel, R4*50 to Kadappa and Kuruwe per bushel, R3*30 to R3 27 Rangoon Raw 3 bushel bag — E9.60 to 10,00 LOCAL MARKET. (By Mr. Janies Gibson, Baillie St. F ort. ) Colombo Feb 1st, 1898. Estate Parchment; -per bushel to 14'75 Chetty do do B12 00 to 13 00 Native Oofi'ee 1 R41*00 to 42*00 do F O. I! pu* cwt ) Llhei'ic.n cofteo;— per Inish Et’.'iO to 6*00 do clo.'in coffee:— per cwtR31*00 to 85‘ Cardamoms M.alabar:— per lb. Rl*‘25 to 1. do Mysoore do R‘2'00 to 2*5 Cocoa unpicked pier cwt R44*00 to 48*00 do picked *’0 R60 00 to 54.00 Rice Market List Soolai per bsg of 104 lbs liett RS*90 to 9.50 Slate & 1st quality soolai:- per bushel R3*65 to 3.80 Soolai 2 & 3rd. do do do R3.43 to .55 Coast Callunda R3**10 to 4.00 Muttusamba ordinary R4.50 to 4.75 Kuruvee R3.*'.0 to 3.37 Coast Kara K3.00 to 3*80 Kazala RS“2.5 to 3*:10 Raw Rangoon Rice p*cr bag of 3 bushels R9*50 to 10*00 Ciuu.imou, per lb No 1 to 4 at GGtoSSets. do do 1 to 2 65cts do Chips, per candy R80*00 Coconuts. Ordinary per thousind R35.00 to 37.00 do Selected do 1138 00 to 40.00 Coconut Oil per cwt 1*2*75 nomir.al» do F. O. B. per ton 287*50 to *290 t Cotira per candy:— Kalpitiya do RS'i.OO to 35.50 Marawila do 4136.50 to 37.00 Cart t opra. do R83.00 to 33*50 Poonac Gingelly. per ton 90.00 to 94.00 do Chekini do R72.0O to 76.00 Mill (retail) do R70.00 to 75*00 Cotton .Seed do R80*00 to 82 Satinwoocl per cubic feet. R*2.00 to 2.50 do Flowered do Hiilmilla do Palu. ao C.OO to 8.O0 1,30 to 1.70 1,30 to 1.40 Tuuu Pali do R1.30 to 1.40 Ebony per ton R1 0 80sS0 Kitul fibre per cwt R35.00 Palmvra do R9*00 to 22*50 Jaffna Black Cleaned per cw t 18*00 to 20*00 do n ixed do R17.00 to 18 Indian do R9.00 to 17.50 do Cleaned do R12.50 to 22*50 oapanwood per ton R50 Kerosine oil American per case. RC*75 to 7*23 do Bulk Russian per tin R*2.00 to *2*53 do Russian in Case R.5.00 to R5*l*2 da Sumatra in Ca.se R5.(0 to 5*12 Kapok Cleaned F. O. B. per cwt -R*27*00 to 28*00 do unpicked do R7*50 to 8*00 Croton Seed per cwt 3G.eo to 40*00 Nux Vnp;i.:a do R5.50 to 6.00 I Large lumps *200 to 380 Plumb.ago per ton, according J do ,, 240 lO SOO to quality 'j do Chips 1*20 to 230 ( do dust 90 to 140 f In hogsheads transactions t In mi.xed packages : n. mina CEYLON EXPORTS AND DISTRIBUTION 1897-98. c 1 bu 1898 1 cwt. ^ o> CO C5 I'- 0 »0 01 0 0 Ol t-H 1-« 0 1- . . i-< . • • . ■ , *^ *.. • • . ... . 17837 69*23 9.582 7224 0 fl 0 0 0 r 1 IH .1 ift lA 00 0 (O 05 0 00 00 P \,rH -) CO 00 00 ^ 0 l-H CO Cinnamon 1 m Q. . Q to 0 — * c. •' 0 t> C VT -o 0 oj 0 . 1.0 -01 • CO t-iCl CM 01 -M 5>> • 0-5 CO -« WO 0 CO CO 0 CO rH 05 i-H P- rH n » W 0000 00 AO 0 0 0 00 1- 1.0 CO 10 <— 1 0 0 I'' 0 CO *H 0 Qo: 0 P- 0 ^ 10 CO r- 0 ^ 05 S CO 0*5 ^ 05*^©0 0 «005’^ 05 OOOC3. i 0 M u fl 5 n fl 22.8 05 ■ CO ‘ 05 Hjt t, lO 05 ... r- CO t> CO 0 t'. — 0^ CD 00 CD CO 0 CO CO f-4 tr t 3 0 <0 • rH 00 i-r l-H r** ID C' CO *«»1 0 to rH 0 0 05 I> ^ rH r-H 10 1 1 <0 k s i.l CO 0 rH 00 CO -H *-t( CD LO 0*1 0 0 GO CO Tjt rH rH LO i COUNTRIES. To United Kingdom „ Austria „ Belgium „ France „ Germany ,, Holland ,, Italy „ Russia „ Spain „ Sweden „ Turkey „ India „ Australia . . . , j „ America „ Africa „ China „ Singapore ,, Mauritius ,, Malta Total exhorts from 1st Jan. to 1st.' Feb. 1898 1897 1S96I THE SGRICULTURSL mffGszine, COLOMBO. Added as a Swpflement Monthly to the “ TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.” The following pages include the Contents of the Ag ricultural Magazine for February : — Vol. IX.] FEBRUARY, 1898. [No. 8. SEASON EEPOETS FOE DEOEMBEE, 1897. ESTERN Province. — Paddy. Maha crops iu blossom and in some parts in ear. Fields for Tala paddy in preparation in a few districts. Fruits and vegetables scarce. Eain fell generally over the province. Paddy prospects fair. Central Pro y wee.— Paddy. Maha crops blos- soming (in some parts being transplanted) in the Kandy district, prospects good in the Matale district where the fields are in plants, in ear iu the Kotraale district where the prospects are also good; ploughing for Maha in Walapane and Uda Hewaheta. Eainfall iu Matale 16'74 in. Northern Proywee.— Paddy. Crops that sur- vived the drought are in blossom and ear. No cattle disease reported in the Northern Province. Eainfall at Jaffna 17-18 in., in Mannar 19-32 in. Southern Province. — Paddy. In ear in all the pattus in Galle district; cultivation under Walawe channels commenced ; sowing for Maha at Tissa over and crop in blade. Prospects in the Province generally good. No cattle disease re- ported. Eainfall in Galle 4-98 in. Eastern Province. — ^Paddy. Some damage by drought to the Munamri sowing in Batticaloa, but out of 30,000 acres, 23,000 are in excellent condition ; crops thriving in Trincomalee. Rain- fall in Batticaloa, 29-17 in-, in Batticaloa 27-22 in., except in Batticaloa south, the province is free from cattle plague. North- Western Province. — Paddy. Crops in various stages, prospects fair ; some damage done by the paddy fly in the Puttalam district. Two cases of murrain in the Chilaw district. Rainfall 4-83 in Puttalam. North-Central Proy«//ce.— Paddy. In early stage-'^ of growth. Eainfall 18-28 in. in Auuradhapura. Cattle disease on the decrease. Province of Uva. — Paddy. Harvesting of Yala (somewhat damaged by rain), Maha cultivation- going on. Chena crop prospects good ; health of cattle satisfactory. Fruits and vegetables plenti- ful and cheap. Province of Sabaragamuwa.—Vaeii!^^, Crops not damaged by floods in good condition. Province free from cattle disease. Eainfall at Ambanpitiya 16-85 in., in Euanwella 12-02 in. RAINFALL TAKEN AT THE SCHOOL OF AGRICULTURE DURING THE MONTH ”OF DECEMBFR, 1897. 1 Wednesday . . •13 17 Friday Nil 2 Thursday . . '5o 18 Saturday Nil 3 Friday Nil 19 Sunday Nil 4 Saturday Nil 20 Monday •20 5 Sunday Ml 21 Tuesday 1-63 6 Monday Nil 22 Wed.-csday . . Nil 7 Tuesday -20 23 Thursday . , Nil 8 Wednesday. . -71 24 Friday •15 9 Thursday . . Nil 25 Saturday . . Nil 10 Friday •30 26 Sunday Nil 11 Saturday Nil 27 Monday Nil 12 Sunday •93 28 Tuesday Nil 13 Monday •21 29 Wednesday. . Nil 14 Tuesday Nil 30 Thursday . . Nil 1.5 Wednesday . . Nil 31 Friday Nil 16 Thursday . . 3-53 1 Saturday ... Nil Total. .8-41 Greatest amount of rainfall in any 24 hours on the 16th, 3-53 inches. Mean rainfall for the month -27 in. Recorded by A. E. Jeremiah. 576 Supplement to the “ Tropical Agriculturist: [Feb. 1. 1898. DENITEIPICATION-THE OTHER SIDE. In tlie November number of the Ayricultvral Magazine there was ])ublislied a resume of nn article by Dr. Somerville on “ Denitrification." In the Mark Lane Express Almanac appears a contribulion from the iren of Dr. Bernard Dyer, in which that well-known authority ' critically examines the experimenls referred to in Dr. Somerville’s article. Referring to the work of the German investigators the waiter .<=ays : — “ The discovery may throw some light on the failure of artificials in some English Agri- cultural experiments to make any material or satisfactory addition to the produce obtained by dressings of dung, and there is no reasonable doubt that dung, under some circumstances, may be a wasteful instead of an economical addition to the soil ; nevertheless, the vast mass of practical experience of good effects following the use of dung makes it difficult to believe that the circum.stauces under which its action is baneful rather than beneficial to the farmer are the frequent circumstances of every day farming, and it is impos.sihle to avoid a hope that it may eventually be jiroved that the conditions in which these ill-effects arise r;e exceptional rather tlian general in piactiual field work German investigators are, however, thorough in their work, and no doubt the subject will continue to receive attention until its practical side is completely elucidated.’’ In 1891 Dr. Dyer and Mr. Rosling carried on some experiments in the manuring of cabbages. Dung alone gave an increa.se of 5 tons 13 cwt. per acre over the unmanuied crop. The yield was somewhat decreased where superphosphate alone W’as added to dung. Where nitrate of soda and dung were used the increase rose from 5 tons 18 cwt. to 7 tons 6 cwt. When “ super ’’ and nitrate, either with or without salt, were both added to dung, there was a further increase over the dunged crop up to nearly 7 tons per acre. Guano when added to dung raised the increase from 6 tons 13 cwts. to 7 tons 16 cwt.; two cwt. of nitrate added to dung and guano gave 1 5 tons more, while the addition of 2 cwt. more of nitrate gave still another ton of cabbages, the addition of salt to the dung, guano and nitrate making the increase 2 tons greater, bringing it up to 12 tons 8 cwt. or nearly 7 tons more increase than was made by dung alone. Here then, in these experiments, the dung alone gave a substantial increase, which w’as more than doubled bj^ the judicious addition of artificials. It will furtlier be observed that there was no indication of the alleged depressing action of dung, nor of the intensifying of that action by superphosphate. Dr. Dyer gives the details of another series of experiments carried out in 1892, and concludes by saying: Here again we have chemical fertilizers working well by themselves, and dung working well by itself, with a largely increased advantage from the use of both together. Again, Dr. Dyer refers to an extensive series of experiments conducted by himself and Mr. Shrivell in Kent, wdiere the dung used was by DO means well-rotted stable manure, the result of which were that dung wnth phosphates and nitrate of soda j)roduced 1^ tons more of crop than the artificials without dung. These experiments were extended to a large variety of crops, and their general result was to ,«how that though a full dose of artificials produce.s better results than dung alone, yet the heaviest crops are most frequently grown w'here a moderate do.se of dung is used in addition to a liberal supply of artificials. It undoubtedly, how-ever, occasionally happens, says Dr. Dyer, that the plot heavily manured with artificials without dung beats the similarly manured plot to which dung also is applied, 'hut he points out that this is not generally the case. The chief ecconomical value of dung, as pointed out, lies in its mechanical action which, however, says the writer would he too de.arly purchased if dung has the destructive action on nitrate wdiich the German experiments attribute to it. Dr. Dyer honestly confesses that the results of the experiments detailed by him do not go to prove that dung is not destructive to nitrates hut that they indicate that the destruction, under at any rate some practical condition.s, is not large enough to render the addition of artificials to dung otherwise than advantageous and economical, With reference to the action of phosiihates and kainit in intensifying the denitrifying action of dung. Dr. Dyer points out that this is directly contrary to the experience of Holdefleiss of Proskau (given in the R. A. S. E. Journal for December, 1893) who found that a dung heap of 6 tons, left uncovered, lost in six months 23 per cent nitrogen, and that when 6 per cent of kainit was introduced into a similar liea]), no nitrogen wuas lost. When phosphatic gypsum was used there was again nu loss of nitrogen, Holdefleiss al.«o found that the dung treated with potash salts produced double the increase of potatoes jiroduced by pure dung; while the dung treated with phosph.atic gypsum produced four times the increase. In an experiment with wheat, dung with phosphates gave an increase of grain 2| times as large as that given by dung alone, while dung with potash salts gave nearly three times the increase. Dr. Dyer thus concludes his practical article; Next to the great discovery of the special source of nitrogen in leguminous crops, the subject is one of the most interesting, as well as the most economically important, that agricultural chemists have attacked in modern times, and it is so complicated that it will probably’ hold the field for some time to come. Meanwhile vye are all indebted to Dr. Somerville for his timely, if somewhat disconcerting article. OCCASIONAL NOTES. The ]uize offered for the best milch cow at the last Horse and Cattle Show held on the Havelock Race-courae was aw^arded to the Government Dairy e “Alerry Girl. ” The School of Agriculture re-opened after the Christmas holidays on the 15th January. The Feb. 1. 1898.] Supplement to the 7 Topical Agriculturist y 577 number of iipplications for admission received was larger tlian it has been for some years past. A Eeading Eoom, where a large number of Agricultural Journals are laid on tlie table, has been opened at the School, and is available to the students and any visitors who may wish to make use of it. Dr. Somerville, of the Durham College of Science, the coutributor of the important paper on Denitrification which we summaiised in our November number, writing to us on December 28th last, says : — “ I am interested to learn of the manner in which your crops aro fertilized, and I should think that if they receive a dress- ing of farmyard manure to tlie e.xtent of 20 to.jO tons per acre, they will not require a great deal of other substances. I am not sure that any great loss would occur from mixing organic (inorganic ?) substances with propeidy decomposed farmyard manure. It is mainly when that sub- str.nce is in a raw condition that it is likely to be a serious source of loss. Your suggestion to defer the application of nitrogenous manures for two or three months after the dung has been applied will certainly prove effective in prevent- ing loss. ” We are glad to learn thi’ough Dr. Somerville that he believes Prof. Vfallace’s health is now much better. This is good news, as the last information we had of the Professor gave the very wor.st accounts of him. Mr. A. E. Jeremiah of Krian, Parit Bnntar, Straits Settlements, returned to the Straits early in January after going through a cour.>ie of two years’ study at the School of Agriculture, Colombo. Mr. Edward Elliot, late of the Ceylon Civil Ser- vice, who is now engaged in agricultural work, in a letter explaining his inability to attend the late pr.ze-giving held at the School, wrote : — 1 trust you will have a successful meeting and some good speeches, and that someone will impress the necessity for liberal expenditure on both agid- cultural education and experimental cultivation. Nothing can be achieved without this, and unless it is continued for a very long period, if not indefinitely. The idea of agricultural instructors was an excellent one, but they were starved and expected to give illustrations and .«how results without any funds. 1 saw this and tried to remedy the mistake .... and secured data which were valuable, and the correctness of which I have .since veiified, besides tangible results proving the correctness of the methods followed. Efforts in Ceylon are too .spasmodic, and there is too great an anxiety to see “ will it pay” within a very limited period of time. They seem to be ahead of us in this respect in India, and of course the Australian system of agricul- tural education, theoretical and practical, is splendid, and the Governments there do not grudge a large outlay. Look at the breed of cattle. What has Government done to improve this? Sir Hercules Eobinson many years ago introduced some stud-bulls. Unfortunately they were not very suitable — too big for the mates available in this countiy. They were soon sold off, though they w’ere slowly fulfilling their purpose. This subject wants taking up, but there is no use issuing circulars to Government Agents and not giving them funds to carry out any plan .agreed on. A sum of E10,000 a year would be well spent on this subject, and should be guaranteed for ten years to enable work on a regular system. The Government Dairy has now paid back all the advances amounting to El 1,500 made l)y Government from time to time for tlie working of tlie I'lstablishraent. It i.s proposed to hold an Agri-Horlicultural Show in Colorab) about, the middle of the year. Tlie School of Agriculture grounds are spoken of us the probable site of tlie Show. The second batch of Forestry students will complete their course of Study in February, and a new class admitted at the beginning of March next. The following publications have been received and are acknowledged with thanks: — Foreipi. — Queensland Agricultural Journal, The Agricultural Journal of the Cape of Good Hope, The Journal of the Eoyal Agricultural Society, Transactions of the Highland and Agricultural Society of Scotland, Agricultural Ledger of India (No. 17 of 1897). The Scottish Farmer, The In- dian Agriculturist, Barbados Agricultural Gazette and Planters’ Journal, The Australian Tropicul- turist. The Sugar Journal and Tropical Cutivator (Mackay, Queensland), Central African Times. Our thank.s are due to Mr. F. H. M. Corbet for copies of the Imperial In.stitute Journal and Pharmaceutical Journal, to Mr. John Ferguson for the Jounial of the Society of Arts, Agricultural Gazette of New South Wales, Live Stock Journal Almanac, Mark Lane Express Almanac and Agri- cultural Annual, and the Adelaide Observer. Local. — The Magazines of St. Thomas’ College and the Eoyal College, Oui Boys, The Ceylon Eeview, Tropical Agriculturist, Ceylon Churchman, Ceylon Forester, St. Paul’s School Alagaziue, Circular No. 3 of the Eoyal Botanic Garden. The Tick question has for some time been etigagiug the close attention of scientific and practical ng-'cnlturists in the Southern Continent. We b , o now received a request (through Mr. J. Driebei'g, District Engineer, Puttalam) firm Queensland for information regarding our local varieties of the Tick, together W'ith preserved samples of the Queensland Tick and bottled solutions for sending samples of local specimens. V.^e have referred the matter to the Colonial Veterinary Surgeon, Mr. G. W. Sturges.o, for hi.s report. CALATEOPIS FLOSS. Eeferring to the llosa of Calatropis procera, Mr. Cross, Scientific Eeferee on Fibres to the Imperial Institute, reports that it is an ex- tremely interesting type, containing a very high, and, in his experience, unique percentage of [Feb. 1, 1898 o7S Supplement to the “ Trepical Agriculturist: fiufural (an oily product obtained on distilling means raw stable dung, fermenting fast and bran witli bvdrocbloric acid, but also afforded reeking ’ with ammonia, there is this to be by all fibrous substances in a greater or less degree). He adds, however, although it may find use for some applications of floss fibre, its somewliut unfavourable chemical characteristics are not likely to recommend it to the spinner in view of the present low price of cotton (at the end of last year). The practical e.xpert referee on fibres (Mr. C. E. Collyer) to whom the floss was submitted, has furnished the following report This particular floss was in considerable demand in the markets a few years ago for fancy te.xtile purposes, but owing to the difficulties presented by the varia- tions in the quality of parcels supplied, and to the intermittent supply when requirements arose, the material has dropped out of use. The quality of the Indian growth is inferior to the pro- duct of Java, which is probably derived from Calotropk ijujantca (the Ceylon species), small samples of which have occa.sioally been received from India. The specimen now submitted is of fair colour, and ot rather short staple some- what towy in character, containing an excessive quantity of inferior immature fibre and seed fragments. Mr. Collyer is reported to have inspected many varieties of the floss in question, mostly from Calcutta (where it is sometimes called “ Akund cotton”), which were mostly inferior to the sample referred to in the above report. These samples were sold at as low a price as one penny per pound, and there was but little demand for it even at that price. The trade in the floss, it is thought, may possibly be revived if a moderate but continuous supply can be guaranteed. If of good quality, the inice it would realize ought to range from 4 to 5 pence per pround, c.f. and i. terms. In packing for sale, the floss should be handled as little as possible, the pods and seeds being entirely removed, and the floss left in its natural con- dition unopened ; any discoloured portions should be separated and forwarded separately. Tlie bales received in London from Java usually contain 80 to 90 lbs. of floss tightly sewn in canvas, not pressed. In a letter to the Ceylon Observer, dated 24th May, 1895, Messrs. Thirkell & Co. wrote: “In conclusion' we would ask for samples of the silk cotton or floss from the seed pod of the Calotrojns yigantea or Mudar for which a demand npipeais to be springing uji, prresent value about 6d. per lb. landed in London.” Later in the same year samph s of wara floss were sent with other fibres from tl e Colombo School of Agriculture to London for rej in’t, but no definite opinion was received as to its value, the only remark made being that it was of no use in the fibre (rope) trade. The value of the floss ns remarked above is, however, for fancy textile purposes. FRUIT CULTURE. ( Continued.) On no account should the common custom be followed of bottoming every tree-planting hole with aishovelful of manure under the idea that the tree is getting theieby a siiecial mark of attention, ndependent of the fact that “manure” too often considered, that natural manurial agents can only be satisfactorily taken by the fine hair-roots when presented in a very dilute state by the help of water. Moreover, the fermentation and decay of this organic matter gives off a large quantity of carbonic acid gas, filling up the interstices of the soil and driving upwards the atmo.s- pheric air which ought to fill them. AVere it not that gases have a wonderful power of diffusion and dilute themselves away with great rapidity, the custom of bottoming tree-pits with fermenting dung wmuld have been dropped long ago as a sure means of asphixiating the roots. If the soil is of average fertilily and well pre- pared, or if being somewhat poorer, a little old well-rotted manure has been added during the trenching, there is not the least need for the manuring of the hole referred to. As a general statement it may be said that orchard manuring is best done by top dressing, and turning the material into the upper tilth to be carried slowly by solution dowui to the level of the roots. It is a good plan to have a plan of the orchard in which the rows are plotted and the individual trees have their names entered. This will enable one to identify each tree — as labels soon become illegible and no reliance can be placed upon a vague remembrance — distinguish the qualities of one from the other, and enable him to gain a general knowledge of fruit trees. If supports are necessary for transplants, thebest plan is to put in two stakes 14 to 15 in- ches di.^tant from the tree and tie it to a cross- bar fastened horizontally from one to the other : a single stake d.iveii in among the roots is objectionable. When the trees have been firmly established, the condition of openness and aeration with free passages of moisture through it and away must be maintained. The v\diole of the ground between and among the trees has to be kept in an open worked condition, not only because it would ,otherwise harbour weeds which would draw sustenance from the soil which belongs to the trees, but for another and important reason. An open pulverulent tilth at the surface is the best pre- ventive of evaporation from the underlayers in which the roots lie and perform their functions. As soon as a hard continuous surface-cru>t is formed, the uninterryipted capillary attraction exerted by the interstices of the soil-particles draws the moisture of the lower strata up to the heated cru.st, where it evaporates as fast as it is tr aii.-mitted. It is not long therefore before the feeding-bed of the roots under such surface-crust is far too dry for their proper functions, the growth of the root hairs ceases, and the tree begins to show signs of flagging. Matters cannot be set right, as some ignorantly suppose, by flooding the root-bed with water. As the water gets slowly away by percolation, most of it is evaporated from the suiface and the crust reproduced, with the inevitable result of the same capillary rising of the very water just administerd and its dissipation into the air. There is therefore a pernicious alternation of a fast and feast forced upon the roots. The Feb. 1, 1898.] Sufflemmt to the “ Troincat Agriculturist ” 579 true remedy consists in iiiterposiug a loose powdery or fibrous stratum several inches thick between the layer of soil in which the roots live and perform their functions and the ex- ternal air ever greedy of moisture. And there are two ways of doing this. THE MANUEING OF PADDY. Eeport on the proportions in which Bood Mi.xed Thomas’ Phosphate Powder and Sulphate of Potash may be used as manure for paddy. I propose to base my calculations on the re.sults obtained at the Bardwan Experimental Farm for years 1894 and 1895. The following is a tabular view of the experiments : — ■ Quantity of Manure Outturn per Acre. PER Acre. 1893- -1894 1894- -1895 Mds. S, Grain Straw Grain Straw lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs. 1 Cowdung 150 8 3641 4.388 3291 4287 2 Unmanured — — 1.343 1714 1330 1577 3 Castor Cake 6 0 3334 4114 3195 4251 4 Cowdung 150 0 4443 5691 3845 5279 5 Unmanured — — 1646 3291 1467 2743 6 Bone-meal 3 0 4.321 6295 3826 5993 7 Do 3 0 3707 3801 4637 6267 8 Unmanured — • — 1786 2332 1574 2061 9 Bone-meal 3 — 10 Saltpetre — 30 |4690 6308 1 4673 6377 I take the Indian maund to be equal to 9 8 gallons ; i.e., a maund of water would weigh 98 lbs. equal measures of bone-dust,, and of water would weigh about the same ; so in round numbers I shall take the maund of bone-dust as equal to 100 lbs. and the maund of niter as about 111 lbs. Experiments 7 and 9 will be, therefore, when stated in lbs. per acre as follows No. 7. 300 lbs, bone-meal per acre. No. 9. 30011)s. bone-meal per acre. 83 „ nitrate of potash. The first of these tNe. 7) would supply lO’d to 13 lbs. of nitrogen and 70 lbs. of phn | l.cuic acid per acre. The second (No. 9) would -supply 21'3 to 22 8 lbs. nitrogen, 70 lbs. of phosphoric acid and 83 lbs. potash. The following are mixtures containing the same amounts approximately of nitrogen, phosphoric acid and potash. (1.) Corresponding to the 300 lbs. per acre of bone-dust, the following mixture might be used: 86 lbs. Blood-meal. 370 „ Thomas’ Phosphate Powder. (2.) Corresponding to 300 lbs. bone-meal and 83 lbs. nitrate of potash : 163 lbs. Blood-meal. 370 „ Thomas’ Phosphate Powder. 66 „ Sulphate of Potash. As a certain am. unt of nitrogen in the form of nitrate is regarded us of special efficimcy to rice in the earlier stages of it.s growth, it is found desirable to have nitrogen present in two forms (according to some authorities) a more soluble form, say, nitrate of potash and a less soluble form, say, blood-me.il, instead of the last mixture, therefore the following may be used : — (3.) 86 lbs. BlonrUrneal. 83 „ Niaaie of Potash. 370 ,, Thomas’ Phosphate Powder. In experiment 7 in the table, the amount of nitrogen is a little over halt w'hat it is in experiment 9, while the bone-dust alone in ex- periment 7 contains about the quantity re- commended in “ The Farmers’ Guide ” for the manuring of rice. I am, therefore, of opinion that the iucreased yield in No. 9 is not neces- sarily due to the extra nitrogen, but may be attributed to the potash in the experiment. I think, therefore, 1 hat the following mixture would give good lesulls, more e.'^pecially in cases where the soil already contained a fair amount of nitrogenous matter : (4.) 86 lbs. Blood-meal. 370 „ Thomas’ Phosphate Powder. 66 ,, Sulphate of Potash. In all these mixtures (1 to 4) -I have taken 370 lbs, Thomas’ Phosphate powder as the quantity containing p>ho.sphoric acid equal in amount to 300 lbs. bone-meal. I am disposed, however, to regard 870 lbs. a.s a maximum quantity, and it is po.'-sible that even 300 lbs. would be sutficient, when the greater availability of the pho.-phate powder is taken into account. On upland peaty soils, rice could be grown without nitrogenous manure. On such soils 300 lbs. acid pho.-phate and 100 lbs. muriate of potash are said to give remunerative results. 1 am, therefore, of opinion that tlie following mixture W’ould do even better on such land, the Thomas’ l)hn.sphate powder tending to correct by means of its lime the luitural acidity of such soils: (5.) 300 lbs. Thomas’ Phosphate Powder. 100 „ Sulphate of Potash. 100 lbs. sulphate potash doses not contain so much potash as 100 lbs, muriate of potash does, but w'ith the former there is considerably less loss by drainage through the ground than with the muriate, and, therefore, 1 think the sulphate would be practically equal in manurial effect, weight for weight to the muriates. Another authoiity recommends the following manures for use in the cultivation of rice on new fields ojul on exhausted fields respectively: The tiguies are giveir in lbs. per acre. New field: ?• Exhausted fields. Sulphate of ammonia 89 178 Acid jihosphate ... 222-5 356 Muriate of potash . .. 44-5 80 In place of the above the following might be substituted : New field: 5. Exhausted fields. Blood- 1- ( rl ... 150 300 Thon;;..- j ho,‘])hate pov. dvr ... 222 356 Sulphate of potash ... 45 80 (Signed) iM. COCIIEAN, F.C.S., Cifij Analyst. 580 RupfleyAeni to tha “ Tropical Agriculturist. [Fkb. 1, 1898. ADIIATODA. No. 10 of the Handbooks of Commercial Ptoiiiicts (Imperial Institute Series) published by the Clovernment of India, deals wirh Adhatodcc vasica (known in Ceyloii by the various names of Adathoda, Agaladara, Wanepala and I’avettai). It will be remembered that this is the plant concerning the insecticidal properties of which so muchwas written some years ago. These properties have now been fully discu.ssed, and the various ex])erinients made ^vith the leares to test their action on insects are referred to in the publi- cation under notice. It will suffice, however, to {(note the “conclu.-ions” given at the end of the Handbook ; — The leaves of adhatoda are insecticidal in the same way as tobacco, but being a vegetable its effects are not to powerful as the alkalis and arsenites of the inorganic kingdom. Tobacco and its lu-eparatinns decomp (! w hen e.vposed to the air, and their i)oisonou.s effects pn.s.s off after they have served their puipose in killing the blights. This is a great advantage over the use of such substances as London purple which are poisonous as long as they remain in a concentiated form, and, if left upon them, are lifvely^ to injure, sometimes fatally, the trees or shrubs. Tobacco is now' almost abandoned as an insect destroyer by horticulturists, but it is feared adhatoda is not in a po.sition to be a substitute for it. The experiments have shown that the plant is disiinctly jioisonous to certain forms of insect life, but the results so far as they' have gone may be held as very possibly not justifying its extended use in tea gardens. In fact it is questionable how far in.^ecticides of any kind are jiracticable. The chemical analy.ses have revealed the presence of an alkaloid va.=cine as the active principle, and this result has been confirmed by the physiological as well as chemical tests of Dr. Boonnua, of Java. A tartrate of vascine is now an article of commerce on the Continent and future possibilities may be expected of it, in medical .■science. The abundance of nitrogen in the plant shows it to be worthy of the confidence placed in it by the native cultivators ns a manure, and its fertilising properties are not confined to the organic matter, but are also due to the large quantity of mineral salts. The opportunity is taken of thanking the numerous contributoi’s who have assisted with iui’ormation and expeiinicni.^^, and in elucidating certain features of one of the most ancieiU drugs employed in Hindu medicine. Dr. Trimen thus refers to the plant in Ins (’eyion Flvra-.— V.ach cultivated by the natives ns a fence. Laj-gely grown al'out Jaffna as green manure for tobacco gardens. The T;anil name means that goal.s will iiot touch it. The juice of the leave.', also the flowers and bark, are used medicinally in children’s coughs; the leaves are bitter, but have no scent when bnii.^ed. Hermann states that the bark was used to procure abortion, wheiue it.s name Ecbolium. The name “Malal>ar nut” is applied to it hy the English in India — a name i have never heard here. THE AGEICULTUEAL SCHOOL. PRIZE DISTRIBUTION. The prize distribution at the Agricultural School took place last evening, when the Acting Mayor and Chairman of the Municipal Council, Mr. W. E. Davidson, presided. The Hall where the prize distribution took place, and the passage to it from the entrance, were x'ery nicely decorated with flowers, ferns and flags. At the entrance to the premises a pandal had been put up with an inscription welcoming the Mayor. Among those pre.^ent were IMessrs. J. B. Cull, S. C. Obeysekera, Dr. and Mrs. J. B. Drieberg, Mr. and Mrs. J. Drieberg, Mr. .\. Drieberg, Advo- cate and Miss Drieberg, Mr. Jacob De Mel, and Misses De Mel, Mr. and Mrs. James Deris, Mr. Charles Peris, Mrs. Human, Dr. and Mrs Asserappa, and Miss Asserappa, Mr. and Mrs. E. C. Davies, Mr. and Mrs. A. Y. Daniel, Mr. O. JV. Sturgess, &c. THE REPORT. Mr. Drieberg, the Principal of the School, read the follcwing report : — It was only recently that a detailed report of the working of this Institution was made by me for the Director’s Administration Eeport, and as there is little that I can now add to that document, 1 have not much to give you in the way of a report today. 1 am frequently asked the question, “ How many boys have you here?” and the enquirer generally takes it for granted that the spacious accommodation afforded hy this building, which someone has remarked is the only site worthy of the future Univ|ersity of Ceylon, that all this luxury of .vpace was monopolised by a iiandful of agricultural students. 1 would then explain to the visitor that the building known as the School of Agriculture harboured no les.s than four Schools, viz., the Agricultural School, the Forestry School and the Training School — the three working more or less independentlj’ of each other ■ — and the Practising School which is affiliated to the last mentioned ; while a large section of the grounds is in the occupation of the Govein- ment Dairy, i am glad to be. able to say that the building itself which some three years ago was pronounced by the Public IVorks’ Officer in charge to be in a dangerous condition, has been gradually renovated block by block. The students of the Training and Forestry Schools have a more or less definite prospect of emjiloyinent under Government, as teachers and Eoiebt Officeis respectively, hut the boys of the School of Agricultuie liave not that advantage. It may be said that they are expected to 23ursue knowledge for its own sake; but that lias not proved to he a sufficiently strong inducement in technical instruction in Ceylon. It was on this account no doubt that Government generously decided to jirovide students who go in for a course of training in mechanical euginee.'ing and the allied subjects, with certain openings for admission into its scientific departments, and it is to lie hoped some such inducemeuts, will also be held out to those who choose to study agricultural science, seeing that it underlies an art wliich so widely and deeply affects the welfare of the country. This is all the more to be desired, as the superior prospects of the present students Feb. 1, 1898.] Supplement to the “ Tropical Agriculturists 581 of the Technical College have been the indirect means of draining the sources from 'which Agri- cultural Students have been drawn. In this connection I should like to read to you a passage from the Eesolution of the Govern- ment of India on the Eeport of the Bengal Agricultural Dejj.artment for 1896-1897. It runs as follows: — “The Agricultural Coiifeience held in Calcutta in 1896 recommended (1) that the course of study in primary and middle schools should be so revised as to include a graduated series of lessons in agriculture and in other sub- jects of Elementary Science ; (2) that agricul- tural classes should be opened in connection with Sibpore Engineering College ; and (3) that a cer- tain number of appointments in the Public Service should be reserved for those who have received an agricultural education. Sir Alexander Mackenzie accepted these recommendations. The sanction of the Government of India has recently been received to the opening of the agricultural classes at Sib])ore, and the del.ails of' the scheme which will soon be published for giving effect to all these recommendations of the Conference are now being worked out. There should therefore be a hopeful outlook for agricultural education and agricultural reform in India, and if a similar “resolution” of the Governor of Ceylon be passed, we of this institution will have good cause to congratulate ourselves and set to work with better cheer; for the result will be that a number of students of fair in- telligence and respectability will be di’awn to the school each year, and that the teachings of modern agriculture will find in them a good nidus and eventually leaven the whole mass of our rural population. Suggestions have come from diff’erent soui'ces, but agreeing in the main, for giving agricultural instruction in Ceylon a more practical turn, and these will no doubt receive full consideration at the hands of the Commission, which, it has been announced, is dealing -wnth the school, and which we must sincerely hope will succeed in formulating a scheme that will be more fruitful of good results than the present routine of work has been. Of the financial condition of the Dairy Farm and Model Farm I have a good account to give. The gross receipts of the Government Dairy alone for the year should not fall below 1119,600, those of the grass lands attached to the Dairy ought to exceed E3,000, w’hile for the Model Farm 1 put down the gross receipts at over E4,000. The profits, after deducting all working expenses, rent, &c., from these three sources, will be between R5,000 and R6,000. The Dairy was started in 1893 with a vote of R19,522'12 from Government, but later on it was found necessary to procure an advance of El 1,500 in order to meet the losses resulting from an outbreak of cattle plague and also to meet the demand for a sum of E4,400 as compensation for acquiring the lease of the Model Farm. Of this advance the Dairy has been paying back over E7,000| and the balance due about E4,000 will be easily met this year. Against the capital of R19,000 odd must be placed a sum of nearly 119,000 credited to revenue in 1893 and 1894. So that the position of the Dairy, at the end of this year, may be roughly sketched out as follows Capital cost ... ... E10,000 Cash in hand ... ... 2, -500 Value of stock, &c. ... 12,000 This, I think, may be considered satisfactory, and if tlie Government decides to dispose of the whole conceru the capital cost will be cleared by the sum realized. The experiment in vine growing, which attracted considerable notice while it lasted, terminated at the end of one year for which period it had been originally arranged to make the trial. We have now made a small beginning in apiculture, and 1 would draw attention to the new hives on the premises, for the designing and construction of which I am indebted to Mr. Chas. Andree of Kurunegala. The Agricultural Magazine still continues to appear regularly every month, having now had a continuous life — by no means common in the history of Ceylon Magazines — of over 9 years. The Magazine, I can assert, has done good'work in the cause of agricultural education by bringing much useful information before the pubiic, and it now' travels to mo.st parts of the world, both independeutly and in company with the Tropical Agriculturist, while it serves as an exchange for all the important agricultural journals and papers published. I stated at the outset that I had not much to give you in the way of a report this evening, and I will therefore conclude by thanking my assistants both in the Schools and Dairy and Model Farm for their co-operation, thanking you, ladies and gentlemen, for the kind support which you have given me by your presence here today, and last but not least thanking you, Mr. Chair- man, for the honour you have done us in presidino- on this occasion. ^ The prizes were then distributed by the Chair- man, Mr. Drieberg calling out the names of the prize winners, w’ho were the follow'ing: — Senior Class, 1896.— Proficiency in Agricul- ture: C. E. Wickremeratne,;(he was absenrbeing employed as an Agricultural Instructor, and the Chairman testified to the good work done by him at Balangodn). Proficiency in EimJish and Mathematics : C. E. Wickremeratne. Junior Class, 1896.— Proficiency in' Science : W. E. De Silva; Proficiency in English and Mathematics : W. E. De Silva. Senior Clas.«, 1897.— Proficiency in Agricul- ture A. E, Jeremiah ; Proficiency in Eno-lish • G. W. De Saram; Proficiency in Englisir and Mathematics: D. C. De Silva; Proficiency in Science: J, E,!Fernando ; De Soysa’s prize for Agri- culture :E. E, Jermiah ; Prize given by the Manager of the Dairy, for proficiency in Dairy work : E. E Jeremiah. School Certificates, 1896.— First class C E Wickremeratne ; .second class, D. J. Dassenayake' School Certificates for 1897,— First class’ E. E. Jeremiah ; second class, D. W. De Saram! Mr. B. Cull, the Director of Public Instruc- tion, W'as the next speaker. Ue said, that there was an old proverb which many of them knew which ran to the effect that the cobbler should Stick to his last. Ue felt that in addressing a 582 Sxq)plement to the '‘^Tropical Agriculturist” meeting of gentlemen — students more especially — some of them cognisant with agriculture, he knew nothing about it, but responsible as be was to some extent he supposed he must say a few words, but lie could assure them that they would be very lew. He was glad to hear from Mr. Drieberg’s leport that in spite of the paucity of numbers good work had characterised this last session of the year, and that good work had been attested liy the recent examination held, manifestly showed that the work had really been good. For his own part he had always regretted and still did regret that more interest in the Agri- cultural College was not shown by those who ought to be interested in it. It started with very good beginnings and numbers, and was supposed to axipeal to a special class of peoxjle, those who were more particularly intereHed in agriculture, es^jecially land owners and the like, and general promises of support were held out. Tnese promises had r,ot been fulfilled. He thought it was a ]pity. He believed that boys who had been sent from the College during the few years of its existence had sufliciently shown that they had learnt what they ought to learn at the College and canied this knowlekge out in practice. One special instance he learned the Chairman incidentally refer to during the prize distribution was the case of the Agricultural Instructor work- ing at Balangoda. His work he (the speaker) could sxreak from personal experience showed very ample and satisfactory results. If more students were sent to the College more could be done by the College. But if landowners failed to redeem their promise, or failed to perceive the utility of the College, numbers must fall off. Another point to which special attention might be di- rected was that there was too much of a general idea— merely a casual idea gained without any sufficient information at all— of criticising the College as very expen.nve, a College consisting of only a few boys, half a dozen or so, and not worthy of support- It was so easy to write generalities of this kind, so easy to write without sx)ecial knowledge. In the Superin- tendent’s Administration Report he referred to at least five schools carried on in these buildings — the Agricultural School, the Forestry School, the Training School, the Fractising School and the Veterinary Scliool and there was also Dairy Farm- ing. It seemed to him that- most fieople w^ere very hard to satisfy when they did not think that that represented a fair amount of work to be under- taken with a fair amount of success achieved. They must bear in mind that the school did not consist of half-a-dozen students. These were only one item in the mass. The school embraced other classes all of which were doing good work, so he was informed by those responsible for the work. If that was mrjre generally recognised there would he less captious criticism as to the usefulness and maintenance of the school in its present status. Mr. Drieberg mentioned the bright prospects that had been opened up recently by the newly-established Technical School. Un- doubtedly he thought that the Technical School had really a bright prospect before it, and he did not see why similar prospects should not in the hereafter extend to the various branches of this school as they became more widely known. [Fkb. 1, 1898. At any rate even admitting that the School of Agriculture is at pre.sent small in numbers, still it had been supiilemented bj’ the other schools w’hich he had mentioned to them ; notably the Veterinary School and School of Forestry, in which good work was being pursued. With regard to the Veterinary School two boys had been sent from the Colombo scliool to receive full instruction in the Veterinaiy College in Bombay. He was look- ing over the jiapers only a few days ago in regard to one boy rvho had since returned to the island. He found in the report of the Principal of tlie College at Bombay he spoke most hightly of the work of this student. One paragraph that specially struck him was that for his own part, in case the student failed to obtain employment under the (Tovernment of Ceylon he (the Principal) would be only too glad to enlist his services on behalf of the Government of India, (.\pplause,) This was as good a proof of what a boy was wmrth as they could want to have. Coming back to the School of .Vgriculture and the possibilities of usefulness that ought to attach to it, it was only last week that he received a letter from the Government Agent of the North-Central Province in which he expressed his wish to attach to all Government schools in the Province about an acre of land to be x>lanted with economic products, to be taken charge of by the head teacher of the school and also by the boys. Their interest and work were to be enlisted in the enterprise. It seemed to him to be a very good idea of utilising some of the agricultural students where they' could be utilised by appointing them to districts where Revenue Officers or those in charge took an interest in the practical W'ork that was being carried out. For his part he always thought that one of the chief agencies that led to the decrease in the Agricultural School was that there was not sufficiently direct influence or supervi- sion over the school. There wms a dual res- Ijousibility — the responsibility of the Department and the responsibility attached to the Revenue Officer. Neither of them were practical respon- sibilities, and so they to a certain extent became evanescent. In the case of such gardens he wrote to the Government Agent pointing out that many economical foods could be cultivated in districts where they were now neglected, by their treating such simple foods as yams, sweet potatoes and more especially betel. lie had been amazed to find that the bulk of the betel sent upcountry was grown in villages a few miles Irom Colombo. Large su^rplies were sent dayby day, and with the excei)tion of a few idacos he had seen the supply of betel was mostly obtained for the higher districts from these two or three low-country districts. He believed the betel vine was capable of cultivatiou, if not in the higher altitudes at least in the lower ones, and seeing that betel was not a luxury but a necessity, it should be en- couraged. (Axiplause.) He understood the Mayor was going to make an elaborate speech on sanita- tion, and he would not keep them further from the promised treat. SUGGESTION OF A UNIVERSITY. The Chairman said : — It is a pleasure to mo to preside at an annual prize-giving of the Agri- cultural School. It recalls to me the glowing enthusiasm of my friend. Mr. Green, to whom it Supplement to the “ Tropical- Agriculturist'’' 583 Feb. 1, 1898.] owes its birth, It is a pleasure to me to be associated with your Principal, with members of whose family I had lived on the pleasantest terms for many years. I have, too, a double interest in schools, having been both a schoolboy and schoolmaster. A schoolmaster I was — earning a hard living at a younger age than most of the students who are present today. I always look back to that time with pleasure. It was the hardest work I ever had, for 1 was teaching others all day and myself agocd deal of the night. There are those who argue that the Agricultural School, as a training school for agricultural students, seems likely to fail in its object because it cannot attract students without adven- titious aid. Students only came because the fees were low and because they hoped that special prizes would be offered, and that were these inducements withdrawn, students would cease to be attracted. Why, of course, no school will attract students without offering some special attractions. But the reply is — an agricultural training school is founded no doubt to meet a spe- cial demand for that form of education. I used to discuss the question with Mr. Green who had a twm-fold idea : — To spread the teaching of agri- cultural science among the peasantry through the agency of trained teachers from this centre in the Government village schools. The other idea was that gentlemen farmers — a most neglected illi- terate class in this country — should send their sons here to pick up Western ideas. This was bound to fail from two causes, first, where the class of embryo agricultural school teachers came the sons of wealthy people would not come. The parents preferred a literary education because it sounded better and because the boys mixed with their equals. It was impossible to cater for both classes at the same time. But there was, and is still, this still more fatal objection. An agri- cultural training school, such as that at Cirencester is an excellent institution, but only under the condition, r.e., that the students shall be sfficiently advanced in primary education before they enter such a class. It is specialising in knowledge and should be wholly apart from the rudiments of general knowledge. It is only wasting the time of the teaching staff if there is not this foundation to work on. The foundation is a sound elementary, commercial education in English : — A decent Board school curriculum, or better still, the learning to be got at a Scotch parish school. Your funda- mental error here is to try to build on a defective foundation. Were I king, I w'ould ordain that all boys in Colombo should be taught rather to a certain age, 14 or 15, or up to a certain standard in the English language and in reading, writing and arithmetic. Under our present voluntary system, one-half at least of the boys of Colombo get no education at all, and the rest, when they ought to be grounded in elementary subjects, are being taught to acquire a glimmering of special culture when they are mentally still unfit to assimilate the knowledge. A very fair illustra- tion occurs to my own knowledge in connection with this School Magazine. Ceylon is essentially an agricultural country, although I see a dozen reasons why Colombo should also be a manu- facturing centre. Well, it is for the present an agricultural country. 1 contributed not long ago to the '' Agricultural School Magazine ” a paper on an agricultural subject in order to elicit criticism on the facts and figures which it had taken me years to collect. Six newspapers turned the stuff into leading articles and indulged in guarded generalities. But although the subject was one which must be vitally important to very many trained students, and to gentlemen farmers; and although I purposely quoted figures (not my own) which must have struck any reader as abnormal, not a single criticism ever appeared either in the magazines or in the six news- papers. You may call that Oriental apathy. I am inclined to hold that it is a direct result of the Ceylon system of education. An unhealthy Strasburg system of gathering up just a portion of all the chickens. And now I come to my deduction and the conclusion which has a special bearing on the future of this school. All boys of Colombo should be taught the English language and the rudiments of a commercial education. Beading, Writing and Arithmetic. They should be at School from 8 years until they have passed the Vth Standard ot a Board School, or until they have attained 15 years. The rate- payers should elect their representatives by Wards, and each Ward should either arrange with the great Educational Societies to provide this ele- mentary education or should apply to the Municipal Council for the establishment of a secular Board School. It is quite i^ossible that this could all be arranged without an addition to the direct taxation; although Colombo rate- payers should bear in mind that their rates are only half of those in some other eastern cities, and only one-third of what 1 have to pay at home. At the end of this free course of elementary edu- cation, 90 per cent of the boys should straightway go and earn their living. If they care to read then, they can go on educating themselves till they die. We will give them opportunities to do so. If they don’t care to read and go on, they can do without. They may forget what they have learnt and be none the worse for it. But they will have had their chance — which they have not now — and that is a chance which should be allowed to all free men under the principles of English rule. There will remain 10 per cent or so : either the sons of wealthy parents or boys of exceptional promise. Those who are destined to have a superstructure raised on the sound foundation thus laid in their mind will at the age of lo or 16 matriculate at the University of Colombo. The University of Colombo — where all the higher education will be imparted — will raise a stately noble architectural triumph on the site where we are now assembled. Situated in the central of the wealthy suburbs of Colombo, it will be most convenient for the purpose. It will be a teaching, examining and residential University. The cluster of houses — Colleges we may call them — grouped round the University buildings w^ould bear the time-honoured names of the Educational History of Ceylon. St. Thomas’ College w’ould be there, and the Eoyal, St. Joseph’s, St. Benedict’s perhaps : perhaps Trinity for the Kandyans and perhaps Gogerly House to represent the time-honoured name of a revered discijile of Wesley. And I have my eye on a big new house, not far off, for an ideal home for the 584 Supylemerd to the Tropical Agriculturist.” [Feb 1, 1898. Kewnliam of another clime. But, visions apart, what benefits has this new development of this site to recommend it ? I will briefly enumerate them: — (1) The University will provide lectures in Letters — Litt : Hum: inlaw: in Medicine, in the applied Sciences : Engineering, Surveying, Electrical Engineering, Forestry, Agricultural Science. (2) All the teaching strength of Colombo — which is dreadfully wasted as it is, — would be concentrated for the benefit of all — and there would not only be a great addition to the strength of the tutorial staff, but there would be a great economy in the cost. Yon would have a better service cheaper. Think how strong the tutorial staff -would be with the pick of "Wesley, tlie Eoyal, St. Joseph’s and St. Thomas’, this school and St. Benedict’s combined. Jlany others of us would be glad to offer our services : imagine how much more efficient would be the exercises of Mr. Broun, Mr. Human, Mr. Barnard, Mr. Templeton and many others, who now have to work with what material they can pick up. Many others of us would help. I for one would gladly serve under the classical tutor as a lecture in my hobby — English literature. Then, again, there is the social side. The old schools would still be gathered in friendly rivalry, with better know- ledge of each other, more chance of mutual improvement, with far finer pla^’ing- fields, and without the ragtails and bobtails, wlio now spend years at the schools without learning anything. Think of the advantage to the law students and medical students to be kep)t in hand and nursed in the tradition of a University, instead of being .scattered about without cohesion or a local habitation. This too would be a solution of the problem which the Government has to meet in regard to appointments. When the class lists come out every year, the prize to the wdnners in the classical and mathematical sides would be University scholarships of £100 a year for three years at Cambridge, with the option of a local cadetship on taking at least a second class at Cambridge. Another English scholarship of £100 would go to the first in the Science Schools, for a three years’ course at Cooper’s Hill to be followed — after a satisfactory final examinatin at Cooper’s Hill, — by a nomination into the Public Works Department. Other -w^ell placed lads in the Science side would get posted to vacancies in the Survey Department, in the Railw'aj- Work- shops ; in the Municipal Electrical Department. The first in class should have a scholarship of £50 a year to help him on at the Bar Examinations in England. Similarly, those in the Forestry and Agricultural Schools at Dehradun would earn scholarships to be follow’cd and supported on good reports. There would be a regular e.xamination held at stated intervals — once a year — just such a central test as should satisfy the Government : and we w'ould all — I mean all of us who have thrown in our lives with Ceylon, whether we are born here, or who merely come to live and die here, or -wdio totter home to rest a few years in England — w'e would all be proud of our University at a city wdiere alone throughout the East I believe such a University 1 o be possible ; and my friend, the Superintendent of the School of Agriculture, would make a first-rate Bursar, as well as lecturer, and he and I would put our heads together and see liow we could manage to run it at a cost to the Government, and to- the Government Educational Societies, at not more than they sirend now to less purpose- Thus and thus, Indies and gentlemen, would I do were I Eiug cf Utopia. Mr. S. C. Obe-yesekeba was the next speaker. He thought Agriculture was one of the most honorable industries that a man could occupy himself with. He condemned the captious critics who ran down the Agricultural School, which was one of the best things that Government had given to the people. It was one -whicli the Government had given for the greatest good of the greatest number. If the .'speaker had been able to avail himself of the agricultural training that was imparted in this school, he would have been much better able to di.scharge tlie functions of a landlord, than at present, and with more satisfaction to himself and the labourers under him. Ceylon possessed in an eminent degree, land, labour, and the capital for agricul- ture, but the only -want for the improvement of this industry -was scientific knowledge on the subject. This was a subject necessary to be seriously considered for the improvement and advancement of the masses of the population. Criticising the School on a commercial basis was an act of suicide and deserved tlie greatest cen- sure- The Government which -urns a paternal one did not require profits as in a commercial under- taking, The profits and returns of the expenditure incurred, would be the amelioration of the people. The amelioration of the people and the improve- ment of the industry should be carried on through the medium of the school, and it vi'as no matter whether there was an annual loss of £600, or even a thousand or two. This educa- tion shoidd be supported by the Government for the good of the people. It was a recognized policy with the Eastern Kings, to devote funds for the improvement of agriculture without con- sideiing its returms. Why was it? Simply for the amelioration of the condition of the people. He then touched on the works done by King Pauduw'asa in Pihitirata, followed by Kings Dhatusena and Prakramabahu. Visitors to the parts of the Island where irrigation works had been carried on by Sinhalese Kings, would be surprised to see what amounts must have been spent on tnem, for the improvement of agri- culture. Were they reproductive w'orks on a commercial basis ? The same wms the case during the Dutch Government under Governors Flack, Vandergraes and Van Eyck. As an instance he pointed to the Mulleriyaw'a tank, a few miles from Colombo. He was sure that all would agree with him that the Agricultural School needed only encouragement, and he maintained that its exis- tence should be hailed by everyone. Mr. Advocate James Pebis was the next speaker. He said he had been asked to move a vote of thanks to the Chairman. He was sure that every one would agree, that the selection made by Mr-. Drieberg for the Chairman was an excellent one. The Chairman had taken a great interest in the people of Ceylon, since the day he liad landed in the Island. He had taken a great deal of interest in his official and private capacities, in agriculture and education in the Island, and his interest in these subjects was evident from the educational scheme given by him Feb. 1, 1898.] Supplement to the “ Tropical Agriculturist. 585 that day. His scheme deserved the serious con- sideration of all. It was time, the speaker thought, that they had a University at Colombo. The number of colleges and schools now existing could be concentrated to form a University. He was glad to see a passage in the report boldly suggesting to Government to improve the pros- pects of the agricultural students, as was done in the case of the Technical school students. This was a very good suggestion, and shows the interest he took on the subject, very few acquire knowledge for its own sake. Even in England it was the same, except that a very few, who were wealthy, who pursued knowledge for their improvement only. Good opportunities should be put forward for acquiring knowledge on special subjects. He then stated that the native Head- men, especially the Chief Headman, should acquire knowledge in agriculture. He was sorry to say that in the case of some Mudaliyars and Muhau- dirams of Korales, they were deficient even in their mother language. Such men should not be entrusted with the duties appertaining to Chief Headmen. He suggested that these Head- men should be given an agricultural training on scientific principles in this school. If they pos- sessed such a knowledge, the people and the agriculture in the Eorales under them could be greatly improved. He was sure that this was matter deserving serious consideration. He had great pleasure in moving a hearty vote of thanks to their Chairman. Mr. Allan Deiebeeg, Advocate, seconded the vote, and it was carried with applause. On the call of Mr. Drieberg, three cheers were then given fcr the Chairman, and the proceedings closed. The Volunteer Band, which was present, then played a few selections of music, light re- freshments being served to the visitors. GENEEAL ITEMS. Numerous experiments and investigations, in- cluding the cultivation of crops under careful observation by practical men, have resulted in general belief and acceptance of the following facts which may be turned to practical account: (1) That leguminous plants well furnished with root nodules will collect and store per acre the nitrogen supplied by several hundred pounds of guano, nitrate of soda or sulphate ammonia. (2) That when the spores of the bacteria are dis- tributed in the soil and taken up by the root hairs of the plants, these spores induce abnormal growth in the tissues of the roots and increase to many millions of organisms in a short while. (3) A soil may contain some of the bacterial spores and therefore there may be no nodules formed. And as each variety of leguminous plant appears to be the host of a special bacterium, it is quite possible that the one required may not be present to invest and form nodules on the crop ; so that in both cases there would be no nodules or collection of nitrogen. To provide the proper bacteria in the soil, a mode of soil inocculation has been adopted. A small quantity of soil from a field in which a good crop of the special legume to be cultivated has been grown is spread over the new land, The system of planting fruit trees in holes is much condemned. An authority on orange culture says : — I have found few places where fruit trees can be planted with any hope of success in holes. In a clay soil or clay subsoil planting in holes will be as bad as planting in an iron pot, and I have no doubt that the dying back of comparatively young trees and the yellowing of leaves must be attributed to- that old system of digging a hole in the soil ns hard as a sheet, planting the tree and filling the- hole with water. The groundshould be prepared by ploughing and Gubsoiling as deep as possible — say 18 to 24 inches — during the rains, and the clods broken up and the land levelled before planting. A well-tiied cure for the poultry scourge, contagious “roup” as it is called, though the disease is more probably typhoid in character, is to get a tub of warm water, add a disinfectant such ns carbolic acid or other coal tar by- product, and with some soap give the bird a thorougli good washing, dry the feathers and place the bird before a good fire. Citroueila oil which is extensively used in perfumery and for other purposes, is chiefly obtained from Ceylon and Singapore. It has been noticed for some time that the native-distilled oils have an aroma much inferior to those distilled by Messrs. Fisher of Singapore and Messrs. Winter & Son of Galle, aud that these two classes of oils also show marked differences in physical characters. Messrs. Umney and Sninton have lately examined n number of com- mercial samples of both classes, and their results were communicated to the recent British Phar- maceutical Conference. In the case of the native oils, submitted to distillation, a residue amounting to 37 per cent of the total was left behind, while the whole of the oil from English forms distilled over. This difference was thought to be due to the fact that the latter were steam distilled and the latter obtained by fire heat. The residue referred to was distilled, after purification, betwen 246“ and 280°c., and had a high specific gravitj-, possessing all the properties of a sesquiterpene, but differing in physical properties for ; ny previously-described bodies of that class. Being odourless it is con- sidered a valueless constitue.ut, while beino- fairly soluble it affects the sclubility of the oil Again, it was found that while camphene was almost entirely absent from the native oils, the oils of the English firms consisted chiefly of camphene, the active terpene of the native oils being absent, owing probably to its having been re- moved. Tne chemists therefore conclude that the native-distilled oil is in no way .M)phisticated, but is a genuine natural oil. [It would be interesting to know (1) whether the natives use [any other grass other, than, or in addition to, the true citro- ueila grass (the cultivated form of Andropogen nardus), and (2) whether any difference as sug- gested in the above report is the methods of distil- lation by natives and Europeans. Some years ago it was pretty well known that a good deal of adul- teration with kerosene oil was practised by the natives. Has this practice been given up now, or have the manufacturers found another adulterant which chemists are unable to identify P ] - ' ?.^r ^=^*538 'jfe/ S/'. - " : *5 •r ? , •;,-cnT- w-.i //* 1 ■•;'■! A- '«> 2rt:jr.:'i'-t 1 : :K > ■ :.) 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' i- '-I '.-t V 7 n £” vXj^»Alri fu ' ; ,s&3i^>fvxaa-' aafifexr -xafoTf' ■' RUBBER CULTIVATION IN CEYLON- ( Being No. ^ of the R. B. Gardens Circulars. ) HE growth of the cycling trade^ and other industries in which rubber is used, lias caused a great increase in the de- mand for rubber. That the price ha.s not correspondingly increased is chiefly due t the discovery in West Africa of a new rubber-yielding tree, Kickxia africana. The collection of rubber from wild trees is carried on in a reckless manner, and the trees are being gradually exterminated. The rubber collectors have thus to go further and further inland every year for their supplies, and the cost of the rubber is thus increased by the dilliculties of transport. There seems therefore a likelihood that the planting of the best kinds of rubber may prove a profitable industry. The World’s annual consumption of rubber is now over 100,000,003 lb., w’orth more than £10,000,000 sterling. Of thi.s, from one-tliird to one-half comes from Para, which exported in 1895, 45,788,613 lb. There are many trees wdiicli yield rubber in different parts of the W’’orld. Most of them, how'- ever, are unsuited for cultivation for various seasons ; some are climbers requiring large trees as supports, some yield very little rubber or rubber of poor quality, and others do nob yield rubber until they are twenty-five or more years old. The chief kinds likely to he useful in cultivation are Ceara rubber (Manihot Glaziovii), Panama rubber fCastilloa elastica), Para rubber ( Hcvca bras Hie ns is), and perhaps African or Lagos rubber ( Kickxia africana ). The cultivation of Ceara rubber was energeti- cally taken up in Ceylon about twelve or fourteen years ago, bub the returns were found unsatia- » factory, although the plant grew' very well' indeed. There are but few trees now in cultiva-^ tion. Panama rubber is also scarce in Ceylon, ^ and has not given very satisfactory results. The-.- only important rubber at the moment is the - P^ra kind, which alone is dealt with in the.' remainder of this Circular. This tree is w'ell.- suited to the climate of the low’-country in the south-w'est of Ceylon, is readily cultivated, .and; gives a fair yield of rubber. Para rubber is the ’ best quality upon the market, and obtains the* highest and most uniform prices. The town of Para occupies a position near they mouth of one of the vast embouchures of the*- Amazons, in about south latitude 1°, but the', district of the same name extends over a vast forest region to the south and west, throughoutr whicb, and the enormous forests of Central and.’ Northern Brazil, Hevea brasiliensis and allied’ species are abundantly found. The climate ; remarkable for its uniformity of temperature,'? usually nob exceeding 87°F. at midday, or below, 74° at night. The greatest heat recorded is 95°. i ami the mean for the year is 81°, Thcraiifuji occurs principally during the months from January ' to June, the maximum being in April, when it ‘ reaches 15 in. For the remaining six months!|of., the year very little falls, but there are fine d.ay.s in the web season, and occasional showers in:-; the dry. The whole country is covered with • dense, moist forests, and the soil near the numerous and gigantic rivers is deep, heavy, ami \ ery fertile. During the wet season much of the low-lying country near the Amazons’ mouth is flooded. ' In the (/ryws near Para, visited by Mr. Cross, he ^ found a flat district only three or four feet above the highest tides, and completely intersected with water-courses at low- tide, tilled witli a soft, ' rich mud. The forest here, in which caoutchouc i 584 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [March i, 1898. collecting was vigorously carried on, was 80 or loo ft. liigli and very damj) and unhealthy, the noil full of nioistuie and very rich and fertile. The young plants, however, were not often observed to glow actually within the reach of the tides, but it is evident that they must frequently be subject to he partially covered with water. — Trimen, Notes on Itnbbcr-yiclding Flants. Para rubber was introduced into Ceylon in 1876. when the young plants obtained from Brazil at the expense of the Indian Government were planted in Henaratgoda Garden. These are now very line trees, with an average height of about 60ft., and average girth at C ft. above the giound of 4 ft. From their seed otlier plantations liave been made in the Botanic Gardens, and also by the Forest Department. A large revent dilution of the milk .and to I dry the rubber. “ The tappings may follow oneanothei at intervals ^of a week for about four to eight weeks. The "second taii[iing gives a much larger yield than ' tlie first, and the third and fourth ta|.ipings are ' usually very productive. In a series of e.Njieri- ments maaJam). He was a cricketer. Another man said rain came on in the evening, therefore he would vote e gainst it. He was a golfer. Another said his coolies would not turn out again. He was a tennis player, and so a good motion was lost, a motion that would save the proprietors of estates 30 per cent on the labour expenditure and half their bill for doctors and medicine. In the face of the labour difficulty individual estates cannot do it ; but if two thirds of the estates agreed to do it, it could be done, and some of the others might be made to do it. Once a week is quite enough for a man to get away to his club and his golf, and any man who has not the interest of the estate at heart enough to make him walk round it in the even- ings, whether his coolies are working or not, is not the man I used to know in Ceylon. THE CURING OF LIBERIAN COFFEE, The next great difficulty we have to face is the bad state our coffee arrives in the London market. I could not believe that the samples I saw were Straits Liberian coffee; and I am positive that the cause was mixing a lot of coffee from different estates together, and sending it home in sacks instead of in barrels. No matter how good and well-dried a lot of, say, 50 tons may be, if it is mixed with even 10 tons of imperfectly dried coffee, mildew will set in and spoil the lot before it reaches the London market; and this would happen even were it in barrels, so that uniform dryness must be insisted on. Sidng of This is one of the great objec- tions to our coffee, as it cannot be evenly roasted unless it is of equal size. This seems a very easy matter to settle, but it must be done on a large scale and most estates are so small that they have not a chance of being able to do it on their own estates. A CENTRAL CURING ESTABLISHMENT. The remedy for these two predominating evils is a curing establishment in Klang. My own idea is an establishment owned by the planters of Selangor and worked by a directorate appointed by the S. P. A. At first I thought that Kwala Klang was the best place, hut I have changed my mind on that ques- tion, on account of the difficulty of getting women and children at the Kwala, when they are very plentiful in and about the present town of Klang. If this establishment is formed in Klang— whether it be by the Planters or by private enter- prise— it must be on a large scale, if it gets ^ of the support of the acreage of coffee now planted in this State. The mill will make large profits, as they will get high prices for their coffee in London, and buy at the ruling price of the market here. They will be able to dry their coffee to a uniform dryness, size their coffee to different sizes, and send each sort to the most suitable market for it, and pack all in barrels or tea boxes instea.d of in bags. ^ “Is Liberian Coffee any good, and v,'ill it ever bring a fair price in the American and London markets, and what is the reason that it is at such a low price in comparison to other coffees?” The low price in compaiison to other coffees is the most serious question of all for other countries are getting a good paying price, ai.u will go on increasing their production, whereas if we were ail at a low price, it would be only the waiting for the survival of the fittest to get a good price again. As to whether Liberian coffee is any good or not, I must say I trust to ray own palate, and to the palates of thousands who have declared it to be as good as any other coffee ; and I beleive that, if we can only produce it for sale in the London market as it leaves here, it will fetch a price in proportion to what it is worth. I once sent a tin of Johore Li- berian Coffee to Britain, and most of the people in our own country have tasted it and pronounced it excellent. I saw and drank some of that same coflee at home two years afterwards, and it looked as glossy and as sound as the day it left the store, and tasted equally as well as it looked — very different to the dull mouldy-looking, half-decayed coffee I saw with London merchants as samples of Straits Libe- rian. I sent that sample home in a .Java sugar tin soldered down. THE CRISIS. I have hopes that the best estates will pull through this crisis: but I should not like to raise the hopes of men in this Peninsula who have poor bad estates, some of them estates that I reported on years ago before coffee ever reached §35 and recom- mended the abandonment of. Those very estates kept on until coffee reached §47, and even then they did not pay. The owners of those estates ought to know what to do now, for coffee is not likely to reach §47 again. I only wish it would. The fact of it is that any estate that requires manure to produce an average of 3J piculs per acre all over should be abandoned, unless the land is good for other products such as Rubber ; but nine tenth of them are not tit to plant Para Rubber in, and more than half of them are good for nothing. It is not until coffee comes into bearing that the real brains of a manager are tested. You often hear a man say on passing an estate : this is a fine little estate, and it is well managed, never thinking for one moment w'hat it cost. Any imbecile can open up a small estate if he spends enough money on it ; the good man is the one who can open up a place as well as it can be done, and at as small a cost as any other man can do it. I know of estates being opened up in this State at such a cost that,' if coffee were to go to $40 per picul and remain there, they would never pay. As a rule, the unfortunate men w'ho supply the money do not question the acreage opened up and the cost of it. If they did it would be belter for them- selves and a man might have a chance of making a cooly give a day’s work for a day's pay. For men who have good rich young estates it is the time to make all improvements possible, above all things to get a day’s work for a day's pay and to try to send a better sample to the European market. Nil Disperandum. PREPARATION OF TANNIN EXTRACTS. Under the name of tannin or tannic acid are included a number of different but closely allied substances widely distributed throughout the vegetable kingdom, which all agree in this one particular that they are greedily absorbed by the raw hide of animals, forming with it leather. They are contained in abundance in galls ; in certain fruit, such as that of Terminalia Chchtda, T. Citrina, T. Bdlerica. Phyllanthus Emhlica, etc. ; in the leaves of some trees, such as Sumach. and Anoqeissus lati folia; in the wood of most trees possessing a durable heart-wood, such as oaks, chest- nuts, Acacias, sal, etc. ; and last, but not least, in the bark of many trees and bushes, such as oaks, babul, sal, Tenninalia tomemtosa, Soi/mida fehrifuga, spruce, Finns longifolia, Cassia auriculata, etc. Galls, fruit and leaves are easily exportable in a dry condition, but wood and bark are both bulky articles to transport over long distances. Moreover, in Europe the old system of tanning by stratifying hides alternately with layers of coarsely ground March r, 1898.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 593 bark, a system which occupied from one to two years before the leather was ready, has been rapidly giving place to tanning with liquid extracts, which have the great advantage of penetrating the hides quickly and shortening the process down to a few weeks. The question, therefore, is to turn to account the enormous quantities of bark and wood which at present go to pure waste in our Indian forests and to convert them into tannin extracts for export to Europe and even for use in the country. Under the old system of tanning, Europe had in her cold climate an advantage which forbade all Indian competition in the preparation of leather. The native system of sewing each hide into a bag and filling it with tan, besides not giving the hide enough time to absorb the tannin thoroughly is much too slow, cumbrous and space-demanding to have ever had any chance of producing an article fit to compete against the European one. But now that the use of liquid extracts has shortened the process of tan- ning so considerably, it seems absurd that India should export raw hides and not leather. Professor Henry of the Nancy Forest School has shown, as the result of careful and repeated analyses, that in the common European oak the bark contains most tannin, heartwood coming next, with the sap- wood a very bad third — so bad, indeed, that it would be an advantage if the sapwood could be got rid of by some cheap process when preparing the extract. The bark of the root stock is richest in tannin, the butt-end of the trunk being only a little behind it, while at the top of the trunk the bark contains hardly more tannin than the outer layers of heart- wood. As regards the heartwood, the richest portion is that in the butt-end ; moreover, the quantity of tannin diminishes from outside towards the centre of the tree. The heartwood of the larger branches contains more tannin than that of the top of the trunk. The very small branches and twigs, being nearly all bark, contain as much as the heartwood of the base of the trunk. The wood of coppice-grown oak is richer in tannin than that of high-forest grown oak, and generally the broader the annual rings are, the larger is the quantity of tannin. Alco oak grown on limestone soils yields more tannin than oak from a soil deficient in limestone. Another interesting result of Professor Henry’s experiments shows that the tannin in the bark and sapwood deteriorates and disappears much more rapidly than that in the heartwood ; in the first two it exists in the form of amorphous granules, which, in contact with water, first of all break up into minute globules and form an opaque mass, and finally become completely dissolved, whereas in the heartwood the tannin is found as a homogeneous deposit impregnating the membranes not only of the medullary rays, but also of all the fibrous tissues, and in this condition is better preserved. Even fossil oak wood contains some tannin, but fungi destroy the tannin completely, wood suffering from red rot containing no tannin at all. It is very desirable to have similar analysis made of our Indian trees, which contain sufficient tannin for the leather industry, but in the meantime we may presume that what M. Henry has found out for the common European oak is more or less true of all trees. I will now proceed to describe, first, the process of extraction treated in a general manner, and then briefly some of the more usual processes employed. Method of Extraction. I. — Generalities. Whatever the special method employed, the follow- ing is the order of the processes to be gone through ; — (1.) The wood or bark must be chopped up or shaved fine transverse to the grain, so that the fibres and vessels may be cut across. (2.) The chips or shavings, as the case may be, must be macerated or subjected to the action of hot- water or steam, so as to yield an infusion or decoction. As all natural waters contain lime, and lime diminishes the yield of tannin, either distilled Vrater must be used (expensive) or the water should be mixed with a small quantity of sulphuric or oxalic acid, in order that the lime may be precipitated, excess of acid being afterwards got rid of by the addition of an alkali in the form of a carbonate or caustic. (3.) The extract should next be cleared of the colouring pectosio and other matters in suspension. This is done either by treating with blood or any other albuminous substance, such as the coagulum of casein (blood has hitherto given the best results), or by filtering through animal charcoal (very wasteful, as the charcoal absorbs a large proportion of the tannin ), or by the addition of metallic salts, or by centrifugal force (on the same principle as that of the cream separator). Each and every system necessarily involves some loss of tannin. (4.) Mechanical filtration, preceded, if necessary, by decantation. (5.) Concentration to the degree required, if a liquid is wanted, or reduction to an earthy form like cutch. In either case the pneumatic process should be used. II. — Special Processes. It will suffice to describe here five processes, all of which "may be easily employed in India and require no expensive or special plant that cannot be made in the country itself. 1. Gondola’s Process. The chips or shavings are macerated, with or without the application of heat, in water, to which sulphuric acid has been added at the rate of 6 grammes to a litre. The extraction of the tannin being complete, the infusion is treated with sodium carbonate, Z gramme for every G grammes of acid used. A precipitate forms which is got rid of by decantation. The extract thus obtained is not highly coloured • but in case a- lighter coloured and perfectly limpid fluid IS required, clarification must be undertaken with a coagulating substance. This latter must be mixed with the infusion at a temperature not exceed- ing 45° C. The temperature should then be quickly raised, the mixture being constantly and energeti- cally stirred. Caro must, however, be taken not to allow the temperature to exceed that necessary for coagulation, otherwise the albumen will remain in suspension and fail to absorb the colouriug mat- ters. As soon as coagulation is complete, the liquid must be allowed to cool. After a rest of about an hour it is drawn off and filtered and theu concen- trated to 30 to 45° Baum6, according to require- ments. The extract is very rich in tannin, is ex- tremely soluble, and is of the colour of honey. 2. Another Process. When the wood or bark used is of a very deep colour, a slightly different process has to be employed. Macerate in water, adding at any time 20 grms,' blood for every kilog. of bark and wood and keeping the temperature well below 80° C. When the macer- ation is complete, the temperature of the liquid is to be brought down to about 55°C., and 1 grm. of carbonate of soda or of another alkaline salt and 15 grms. of blood added to every litre of the liquid The temperature should now be raised, whilst con- stantly stirring and gradually adding 6 decigrammes of sulphuric acid for every litre of the infusion. The result is that a flocculent mass at once forms in the liquid, consisting of lime salts and colouring matters with the albumen. Cool, decant and concentrate as before. 3. A Third Process. This is a slight modification of the preceding a sulphite or bisulphite being substituted for the sul- phuric acid and added duniuj, not after, the maceration. The salt is decomposed, tannates and free sulphurous acid being produced, the latter of which acts as a decoloriser, becoming thereby changed into sulphuric acid, which precipitates the lime salts in the water and prevents their alkaline action on the tannin The tannates or free sulphite or bisulphite, as the case may be, that still remain unused in the liquor are got rid of by tho addition of sufficient sulphuri^j 594 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST, March i, 1898. cid. Although up to this no blood has been used, he extract is less highly coloured than that ob- ained by the immediately preceding method. To decolorise still further, proceed to coagulate with blood, and decant, filter and concentrate as before. The liquor thus obtained is of the colour of pale honey, and is so limpid that it enters the thickest hide rapidly and converts it into leather in the course of a few days. i. Villon’s Process. For this process a special, but very simple appa- ratus is required. A large square copper or brass vessel about 7 feet high and H feet side, divided by the removable cross-plates into three compartments, a false bottom of very stout wire gauze, which can be pulled up by means of four rods when the vessel is to be emptied. Each of the plates (E.P., GH) has 250 circular performations about two-fifths of an inch in diameter. TT is a tube of about 3 inches bore and about 6 feet long, which passes through the centre of both moveable plates and is held in place by the lower plate at such a height that its lower extremity is only a few inches above the bottom of the vessel, while the upper extremity projects a little beyond the upper plate. PPP is a pipe through which steam is introduced into the lowest compartment of the vessel, while tj is a tap through which fresh water can be let into the same compartment, and t^ another tap through which that compartment can be emptied. The height of the lowest compartment is about 23 nches, that of the highest about G inches. To set the apparatus in operation, the middle com- partment is filled tight with the chips or shavings of which the tannin is to be extracted, and distilled water is introduced into the lowest compartment up to a few inches below the upper level of the pipe PP. Steam is now let in. The water soon boils and, under compression of the steam in the space above it, is forced up through the central tube TT into the highest compartment, whence it enters the middle one below and finds its way back into the lowest compartment carrying away with it in solution extractive matter from the chips or shavings. In this way a conti- nuous circulation of the water is set up, and in about 6 hours the extraction is complete. By working a battery of several such vessels so connected with one another that the extract from the first, when the shavings have been sufficiently e.xhausted, can be turned on, through a tube furnished with a tap, from the tube KK into the uppermost chamber of the second vessel, and so on up to the last vessel, a liquor of great strength is at once obtained which requires very little concentration. The advantages of this system are: (1) that the strongest possible extract is obtained with a given limited quantity of water,* so that the labour and expense of concentration is ver.y appreciably dimi- nished; (2) that the liquor is light-coloured and fairly clear, and hardly requires special bleaching if the wood used does not contain a dark dye; (3) that it exhausts the wood of all its tannin; and (4) that the extract contains less gallic acid and gallate of tannin than that obtained by any other process. More- over, as no chemicals are required and the entire process is within the comprehension of the lowest intelligence, the method is specially adapted for employment in our Indian forests, however remote. It would suit cutch manufacture perfectly. The remark may hero be made that there seems no reason why the vessel as well as the partitions should not be of wood, which would not only be much cheaper than metal, but also retain heat better and have no injurious effect on the tannin. Even the wire gauze sieve could bo replaced by a wooden trellia frame covered over first wiih bamboo matting » When chestnut wood, which contains 5 to G per- cent of its weight of tannin, is used, the liquor obtained bv decoction in a single vessel marks 5°-G® Baume p,pd gontaiug 5 per cent of tannin, and then with stout cotton drill, which would filter as effectively as the finest wire-gauze. 5. Luc’s Process. M. Luc owns several large tanneries, one of which is at Nancy. He employs only oak, not only because oak liquor produces firmer leather and is more easily rendered lighter coloured than chestnut extract, but also because the tree is more widely distributed in France and therefore more easily procured. He uses only root-stocks, butt-ends and branches, i.c., such pieces as are useless for timber; but he rejects everything that measures less than 4 inches in diameter at the small end. His wood costs him about 22^ shillings per 100 stacked cnbic feet delivered at the tannery. At first M. Luc used to have the wood barked on the express advice of the chemist who invented the system employed by him, but he found the cost of barking very heavy and gave it up. Since doing so, the liquor he obtains is richer in tannin and is more easily made light coloured. The wood is reduced to shavings less than one- twelfth of an inch thick. The decoction is effected in wooden vats, each taking nearly 6,200 lb. of chips, with boiling water which is kept in constant cir- culations. The vats are connected together so that the liquor from one passes into another holding fresher chips. When the liquor marks 25° Baume it is run into a large wooden barrel containing a serpentine tube, through which cold water is con- stantly running. As soon as the temperature of the liquor has fallen to 30° to 35°U., blood is added with a little sulphuric acid. The temperature is then raised to 60° — G.5°C. to coagulate the albumen of the blood. By this clarification the density of the liquor is reduced to 2° Baume. Concentration is now effected by the ordinary pneumatic process until the areo- meter marks 20° to 2c°. This extract is not used by itself, but is only added gradually to strengthen the ordinary tan liquor in which the hides are soaking. The gallon weighs 12 lb. and sells at 23.Jd. Even at this rate the profits are very high, and M. Luc is driving a roaring business. The exhausted chips are used as fuel for generating steam for the machinery and other purpose, special grates being used which do away with the necessity of previously drying the chips. III. Concluding Remarks. In India we could employ not only wood, but also barks for the preparation of tanning extracts. One of the functions of the Forest School at Dehra Dun should be to anylyse for tannins the bark and wood of all our likely species. The system of effect- ing analyses with the help of students, which was in force during Dr. Warth’s tenure of the Instruc- torsbip of Natural Sciences, should be resumed, especially as there is now an Instructor to spare during the open season. To assist the Instructor only the more intelligent students, who have shown a bent for chemistry, would be selected. It will be remembered that Captain Wood, late Conservator of Forests of the Oudh Circle, made a solid extract of sal bark which he tried to get^ accepted at Cawnpore and by tanners in England,^ The experiment was not successful owing, no doubt, to the extract containing colouring matters and other impurities, and probably also to being prepared at too high a temperature ; but the venture certainly deserves being repeated, not so much in order to make the preparation of the extract a departmental business, as to attract and invite to it private en- terprise.— Indian Forester, The Codlin-Motii.— These orchardists who have but few Apples this year will have their compensation next year in the greatly lessened numbers of the Codlin-moth. It has been remarked that in orchards which had few Apples in any one year, the fruits were not greatly injured the following year, even when no measures were taken to prevent an attack. This was doubtless owing to the moth finding few or no fruit in which to develop the maggot,— 6rar« deners’ Chronicle, March r, 1898. J THE TROPICAL AGRICULTDRIST. 597 the calyx or husk from the seed ball, Cook the husks as you would any fruit imtil done and stra'n the juice out for jelly as from any other fruit; ii fact treating it as you would any jelly. It jells very easily and makes the nrost beautiful jelly ever seen, we all think. The residue, after straining out the juice may be put through a colander or vegetable sieve and made into marmalade or sauce, or the entire produat may be so used without making jelly, and will be found excellent ; or it may be cooked and canned as well as any other fruit and used in any way. Pies, short- cake and as a spread for the youngsters’ school lunch are examples of its uses. In looks and taste it is almost identical with cranberries, only not requiring so much sugar and cooking, and lacking the bitter taste sometimes found in cranberries. A pleasant drink may be made from the leaves by boiling them in clear water. Pour this off, sweeten it and boil down until quite rich and when cool add a few spoonfuls to a glass of water. It is very refreshing. This juice from the leaves may be also made into jelly if one wishes, and the leaves may be eaten as greens. It is remarkably prolific and can be put to so many uses that it may well be considered one of the most useful plants we can grow in Florida. It is an annual and of course must be planted every year as with cabbage or potatoes, but it is tenacious of life and easily grown. We planted ours six by six feet apart last, spring and now it is crowding together and presents a solid mass of green, red and yellow all over the patch, and fuliy eight feet high from the ground. The 150 plants will yield many bushels of fruit, and helps mightily in our living for a year, for I see evidences of store of jelly and canned goods to be made from it. Another year I slnxll plant further apart, eight by eight, I think, and this you must remember is on a sand hill in the lake region of Polk county ; on richer soil it spreads oirt even more. W. S. Preston. Auburndale, Fla. NORTH NYASSA NEWS. Plumbago (black-lead) has been discovered in the southern portion of this district. It is in the solid form and of excellent quality. Specimens of it were brought in to Deep Bay by the natives who use it for colouring their earthenware ]>ots. Game is more plentiful on the Konde plains this year than it has been since rinderpest visited the district in 1892. Amongst the game, large herds of Roan Antelope are to be met with, apparently having been forced to leave the hills through scarcity of water. An antelope which may prove to be a new one has recently been discovered near here. It is very small with horns only about 1^- inches long. Tlie colour of the buck i.s very similar to that of the otter. — B. C. Africa Gazette, Nov. 29. AN INVENTION BY A CEYLON PLANTER. Mr. A. K. Leitch, of Great Valley, Deltota, has patented an invention which is “ an improve- inent in Lock-Nuts,” and relates to improvements in lock-nuts for the purpose of rigidly bolting together various parts of materials employed in mechanical constructions, and to prevent any nut so employed becoming loose on the bolt. “ The invention consists of making a grove in the bolt, deep enough to take a flexible pin or wire below the level of the threads of the screw, and at the end of the grove a hole is drilled in the bolt so as to allow of the bent end or head of the pin being passed into it, and so secured. A pin is tlien taken, bent at right angles atone eml fipd it is laid in the groove -vvith the bent poi> tion or head in the hole in the bolt, the bolt being p.as.sed through the bolt holes of the pieces to be coniiecte(i together, and is then screwed on the imt (which may have any number of grooves on the face of it, so as to allow of the bending over of the other or tail end of the pin 01- wire withotit di.stnrbing the level" of the face, and so making the hold more secure and the tail end of the pin is bent over in one of the groves cut iu tl>e face of the nut after the said nut has been tlioronghly tightened up. Although only SIX grooves are usually cut in the face of the nub there may be any number where there is room for radiating from the centre for the end of tlie pin to be bent at right angles, over, depressed, or clamped into either of aforesaid grooves. It will 1)6 seen by tliis metiiod that, after the pin lias been fixed, it is impossible for the nut to become loose from the bolt and bolt head, owing to the nut being fixed to the bolt by the action of cliiicliing the pin described. CEYLON Vs. COCHIN COCONUT OIL— AN OLD COLOMBO MERCHANT. NOTES FROM HOME. ( By a very old Colonist ) By the time you receive this it will be nearly two months since your most interesting papers containing what tve may call. THE COCONUT OIL QUESTION came to liand and again tlie Trojiical Agricultur- ist with nmcli more on the same subject. Had it been possible I might have written you a short saniniiiig-up of the array of facts your circulated enquiries liave elicited. In fact the question has been well threshed out and was w'eli pub in a nutshell by your correspondent W.B.L., an autho- rity of experience. Your MEMOIR OF C. SH4ND is an admirable one, and the man iiimself an eminent type of the Pioneers you wish to record. We were known to each other from the earliest, days. He w'as my neighbour (25 miles away) in Sabaragamuwa. As a merchant no one ever came to Ceylon with so thorough a mercantile training in the thick of Liverpool business. I last saw him at his London office on my arrival home at the end of 1870. I find he is two years my junior. N. B. — Mr. Shand did nob marry the daughter of plain Mr. Symons, but of Colonel Symons, R.A., then f lomnuindant of Artillery iu Ceylon. COCONUTS AGAIN. 1 think it must be conceded that the climate of Soiitliern India is hotter and drier than Ceylon (I found it so)— therefore more favorable for nuts and copra. Pruning away old fruit stalks does not bleed the trees, but is practised, as our rose cultivators liere cut off the bud or seed vessel after tlie flower has gone off by which the blooms are increased. If coconut planters will take the lesson, tliey may gain for Ceylon oil a good reputation in Europe. Interior oil there will always be as of ollee and probably now of tea. By adopting new methods, coffee (Ceylon) was raised from the “elephant trod” of the thirties to the splendid samples which ruled the Englisli market in late years. The natives greatly im- pi’oved the merchantable condition of their coffee follow'ing the methods of English planters to some extent ; and they may do so in copra and oil. [March i, 1S98. 598 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. WYNAAD PLANTERS’ ASSOCIATION : PRO- GRESS OP TEA PLANTING. We have receiveil co]iy of proeeetlings of the an- nual general meeting held on January 5th, when the annual report for 1897, v/as read. Among other things it noticed work done by United P.A.S.I. as to finances : — A Reserve Fund uf B8, 825. 12.0 was establis'aed, of which B5,000/ has been placed at deposit with Messrs. Arbuthnot & Co., and the rest kept in hand to meet payments voted, if certain conditions are fulfilled. One of these payments is R2,000/ towards the introduction of Lady Birds to Combat Scale pests, and I think this payment will have to be made, as the Govt, of Madras have agreed to pay half the cost, and the Lower Palneys are also prepared to pay up handsomely. Another payment (was R‘2,000/ per annum towards the expense of an Agricultural Che- mist, if District Associations and the various Govern- ments concerned will also contribute. I think it doubtful if this payment will be made, as i am in- formed the Mysore Govt, will engage a chemist and collect subscriptions for Mysore planters, and that the only other district which will contribute any considerable .sum is the Nilgiris, which promises B2,10O/ per annum. The Shevaroys may also sub- scribe, hut two districts will hardly provide enough money to start such an expensive scheme. The third pxyraent is R1,000/ towards the expenses of Mr. Cameron, if the Mysore Govt, will lend his services for the improvement of the strain of coffee, I do not know if this payment will bo required or not. The other important resolutions passed were m favour of reopening the Mints; of an export taxon Bones. But we are told as to the above tliat theVCynaad Association aitproved of the agitation for ilie re- opening of the Mints, hut itisapproved of the sjheiues for leaf disease remedies and the em- ployment of an agricultural chemist, and has not subscribed to tiie introduction of Lady Birds to combat Scale jje.-ts. From the general remarks we learn that, — Tea continues to be extended, and will shortly require an increased supply of labour, which it should not be difficult to get. Arabica crops are very short this year, as is the case in most parts of Southern India. Prospects for next year are, how- ever, very good, there being every i dication of a plentiful show of spike. Liberian coffee continues much as last year, and is not likely to be extended lirgely until good crops are realised. One of the greatest dangers to the future prosperity of the district lies in the action of Government in forcing up ex- change, while our competitors in both tea and coffee enjoy an unprecedentedly low rate of exchange. With Brazil exchange at the equivalent of 7 per rupee and consequently Brazil coffee in superabund- ance at 25s/ to 30s/ a cwt. 'we may consider our- selves lucky that our prices for Arabica coffee have fallen only from 100s/ to 80s/, although Libe- rian has gone down from 75s/ to 4.5s/. Any further fall in price, coupled with high exchange, would render the cultivation of Arabica unprofitable. It is difficult to regard with equanimity the adherence if Government to a policy, which threatens to ruin our industry, and the whole export trade of India. Another very great danger to our prosperity is the insufficient grant for the upkeep cf roads. Tlie election of ollice-heareis resulted in Mr. K. K. Walker being elected Cbairm.aii for tlie coming year, and Mr. de Fonblaiiipu', iioiiy. Secretary. NAIIAVILLL ESTATE COMPANY, LIMITED. riie annual general meeting of sbarelmldei s of tlie Nabaville Estates Comiiany, Limited, was held tills afternoon at No. 14, tineen Street, Colombo, tlie registereil olliee ot tlie Coiiipany. Mr. A. Orchard presided, and the others jnesent were : jMes.sr.s. J. M. Mason. William Anderson, Gordon I’yper, J. Paterson, J. I.ewis Gordon, and Mi'.T. S. Grig.son by his attorney Mr. M’. Anderson, Mr. A. F. Souter by his attorney Mr. F. W. Waldock, and Mr. W. H. Walker bj' his proxy, held by Mr. J. Paterson. Tl'.e fourth annual report of the Directors was laid on the table : — The Directors beg to submit their Fourth Annual Report together with a Statement of Accounts for the year ended 30th September, 1897. It is with regret that they find themselves unable to recommend the payment of a dividend in connec- tion with the past season’s work. The crops, though much larger in quantity than those of the preceding season, have, owing to the fall in prices realised very little more money, and as the expenditure has been in proportion to the amount of produce harvested, the net income shows a material falling-off. With a diminished income the Directors have had to provide during the year for the upkeep of a large area of land which has not reached the profit-yield- ing stage, and there has been some outlay in con- nection with the Factory now being erected on Nahavilla Estate, and a considerable increase in the Coast Advance Aceount. The latter has been a source of anxiety throughout the year, and since the beginning of the current sea- son there has been trouble with the labour on Gal- ella, which it is feared will end in a portion of the outstandings on that Estate having to be written ofi. The remaining advances are believed to be good and recoverable. A Factory is in course of erection on Nahavilla Etate. Me.ssrs. Mason and Orchard visited the Uva pro- perties in company lately, and were favourably im- pressed with their appearance and prospects. The following is a definition of the Company’s property as on the 30th September last - c3' c3 “ . c3 ^ Tea in full bearing "> c5 Ury. JZ d o le S O c3 o H .273 209 195 313 990 Do. partial bearing . Do. not in bearing . (51 — — 61 and in course of planting.. 319 57 3 379 Coffee ..120 48 168 Forest Cincliona, Grass, Fuel, Trees, Patna, Ac. . . 46 66 5 72 189 .101 121 66 244^ 532J 601 763 323 632i 2.319J Mr. J. M. Mason retires by rotation from the Board of Directors, but is eligible for re-election. — By order, Geokge Steuaet & Co., Colombo, 19th Jan. 1898. Agents and Secretaries. Tlie adoption of the report was projiosed by tlie CiiAiUMAN, and was seconded by Mr. GoitDON Rypicr. The motion was ca'ried. It was iiroposed by Mr J. Ratijeson and seconded by Mr. Mason, that Mr. J. Guthrie be reap- pointed as Auditor for the current year. The motion was carried. It was proposed by Mr. Waldock and secon- tled by Mr. Ratbeson, that Mr. Mason who re- tired from tlie Board of Directors by rotation, be re-elected as Director. The motion was carried. A sum of Rl,500 was voted to remunerate the Directors for their services during the past year, but the members of the board piresent at the meeting intimated that it would be March i, 1898,] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 59S SCIENTIFIC MANURING, One does not expect to find agricultural infor- mation, especially on that branch of agriculture which deals with the latest advances in the scien- tific treatment of the soil, in an ecclesiastical journal ; but the Guardian, one of the best edi ted and most influential organs of the Anglican Church, claims to be a religious paper in other than the ordinarily accepted sense. It is not entirtdy devoted to the discussion of religious questions. Its editorial notes, discussing the principal political topics of the week, are singularly well-written and judicial; and Mr. Gladstone has been quoted as having declared them to be among the best-written and fairest in current literature, though they are of late years decidedly Unionist in their tendency. The column articles are somewhat heavier, but are also well worth reading; and among these, at frequent intervals, is a paper of interest to the farmer, and ])resumably also to the country- clergyman, whose income still to a greac extent depends on the soil and its treatment. 'We have been interested by recent articles, which pre.sent the details of experiments with manure, after the most approved scientilic fashion, by comparing the yiehl of unmaniu'ed plots with manured ; experiments in poultry-keeping with details of cost ; in fattening cattle and pigs for the market all worked out with business-like accuracy, and generally tending to show how a limited income may be helped by small indus- tries which are at once interesting and con- ducive to health. In one of these issues, we have noted a very instructive article, dealing with recent discussions on manur- ing which has a bearing on much that is going on among ourselves, in view of the growing interest in fertilizing substances, and their projected application to the soil on scientilic principles. Proba'dy, the enterpri.se of Messrs. Ereiulenberg & Co. and Messrs. Raur d: Co. is not wholly unconnected with the movement in Germany to which the article refers. For, two topics to which sjiecial attention is drawn, witli a preliminary lament at the paucity of agri- culturists who reail what is intended for their banelit, are Hrst the inquiry by two eminent German Professors into the problem of combin- ing ordinary farmyard manure with certain arti- hcial manures — “notably timse contaitiing nitro- gen in the form of nitrate of soda ;” and second the success attending the use of basic slag to bott wheat and clover in some of the farms of the Midlands. The topics are not wholly new ; but we are not sure that we have ever seen the German conclu.sions so explicitly set forth, as going counter to accepted theories and practice. Not only is it claimed that the mixture of artificial and farmyard manures, as above described, leads to no improvement in the constituents but it is distinctly asserted that the combination detracts from the value of the separate manure.s ! The tlieory is that the “ denitrifying organisms ” in the farmyard manure reduce the nitric acid to its elements of free nitrogen and oxygen, and so render it incapable of serving as plant food. Superphosphate and kainic are said to inciease thi.s delet.-rious action, by giving vitality and ))ower to the denitrifying organisms. Professor Somerville of the Durham College of Science has found support for these conclusions in the ex- periments he had directed in the Nortli of England, where, in certain instances, th.e crop of turnips 'was actually diminishevl in Helds which 73 had a dressing of farm manure and super- phosphates ! We may note in this connection that in papers on scientific manuring recently cir- culated locally, there is a strong recommenda- tion that kainit, which is condemned above for mixing purposes, should be added to cattle or stable manure or daily sprinkled over heaps, as it “ has been proved to have the property, in a certain degree, of preventing loss of nitrogen from cattle manure” ! We know that on one estate at least on which Messr.s. Freudenberg’s manures are having a trial, kainit has been sprinkled over the usual combination of cattle manure and bones dug into the soil at the root of coco- nut trees ; and we hope to receive informa- tion , in due course, of any difterence that may be observed, in the appearance of tlie trees and in crop, between the fields thus treated, and those to which kainit has not been so applied. The German experiments go counter to more than the mixture of artificial and natural manures. Tliey are saiil to establish — the experiments were limited to pots, —that horse and cow dung added to the soil give a smaller crop than the unaided soil, and a mucli smaller crop than the soil assisted only with a dose of nitrate of soda containing the same amount of nitrogen as the dung. The writer in the Guardian, as we think rightly, refuses to accept this result as justifying distrust in the universal experi- ence and belief of farmers in favour of the use of the drojipings of animals to enrich the soil. The material used may have been too fresh, it may have been used in too large a quantity, or in its decomposition it may have had an untoward effect on the mechanical condition of the soil ; but it is important to note that various practical English fanners insist that dung does act injuriously, when it is used upon' grass ploughed up for an oat crop. In this instance, the article under notice suggests that the injury is probably due, not to “denitrification,” but to the ground “ being mechanically kept too open to allow the proper development of the roots, and retention of moisture oats requiring a good supply of moisture at every stage. 'What is of importance is, the knorvledge which these experiments supply, tl'at the best of manures, artilicial and natural, may not only do no good, but be positively hurtful, under certain con- ditions of soil or climate. It is only corelative to the experience in human beings, that what is food to one may be poison to another, and what is nourishing at one time may be fatally iju jurious at another. The conditions must be ascertained by experience, supplemented by science. In regard to the use of basic slag — which i.s, we believe, also known as Thomas’s Phosphate Powder, and which is obtained from iron ores rich in phosphorus, by the extraction of phos- jdtorie acid and the simultaneous addition of lime— its success uith wheat and clover has given it an immense reputation, and it is claimed that 50 bushels of wheat per acre and two tons of clover arc the certain result of the application of b c\i r. of basic slag, costinv^ about 12s. in .all. The Ouardiau writer states that inquiry has shown that these re-sults have been obt.ained where t e wheat itself, or the preceding crop, had received full dressings of common manure ; while the clover was grown on certain speci.al soil.s. Without in any way question- ing the value of basic slag, who.se richness in phos)ihorio acid, combined with free lime auti THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [March i, 1898. 59^ niafijnesia, makes it often an excellent mannre, tlic writer under review refuses to admit that it has been piovecl to be a universal panacea. Experiment is the sole and linal test to which all sufjf'estions, whether emanating from a “scientific” or a “practical” source, must be referred; and in every ca“e of “sovereign re- medies” a trial is ])ossible, by manuring a strip of a field, and leaving an_ adjoining stri;) unmanured. A few months will enable a coiiiparisre measuring one rod (16i feet), is as under : — 1 Line. 2 Lines. 3 Lini lb. lb. lb. 1 square acre 50| lOli 152 1 side of a sejuare acre 12§ 25J 38 1 square half-acre . . 36 72 108 1 square mile 1,280 2,564 3,840 1 side of a square mile . , . . 320 640 960 1 rod in length 1 2 3 100 rods in length . . 100 200 300 100 feet in length . . 6 l-16th 12J 18: -Queensland Agricultural Journal, S&'o.a&xy. THE PRODUCTION OF COCAINE. ^ To B. and C.^ “ Druggist.” Dear Sir, — I have read with interest of the new enterprise encouraged in the Madras Presidency with regard to the cultivation of coca leaves for cocaine manufacture. There is, as a fact, quite sufficient supply for the demand of cocaine as it stands, but what I fear is that the present demand will not develop, but rather recede, because cocaine is produced synthetically at less money than the lowest yet known cost of cocaine. What is also a very important factor in the future of cocaine is that the synthetic cocaine, named euca- ine, has far less toxicity than cocaine. This fact, com- bined with equal efficiency, should make a Govern- ment department very cautious. I say so, because I notice that the sale of eucaine is fast increasing. — Yours very truly, Aug. Zimmeemann. 9 and 10, St. Mary-at-Hill, London, E. C. , January 7th, 1898. [We gladly publish the above letter from Mr. Zimmermann, who is in an advantageous position for speaking on the sale of cocaine and eucaine. At the same time, it is only fair to point out that eucaine is a special product of Scheriugs, for which well- known bouse Mr. Zimmermann’s firm are agents. Independent observers, however, have declared that eucaine has certain advantages over cocaine. Schmidt says that it is less toxic than the lat'.a •. On tha other hand, he says that its local ansosthetic effect is inferior to that of cocaine (See B.&C D. “ Review of the Year ”) One well-known house has recently introduced to medicine a combination of bocaine and eucaine for the purpose of uniting the advantages and overcoming the disadvantages of each body.] DURIAN SEED. Our old friend, Dato Meldruin, writes from Johor Bharu, near Singapore, Jan. 25 : — I have sent per post (registered) to you some Durian seeds. They are of the finest sort, off a tree near the '■ Hall,” which I planted myself perhaps 25 years ago. I wish you could only taste and try : the flavour is exquisite: Monsieur Soyer never concocted a custard to equal it — delicious is not the word— tres superior ? No 1 better than that— ‘indeed, the English language does not furnish an equivalent word to express the extreme delight and pleasurable satis- faction one derives from a full mouthful of this transcendent fruit— it is beautiful ! it is magnifique 1 ! it is “ ver good ”11! The odour— but no, I shall not allude to it — I have been to Cologne ! the “ goose dubs”!! and other salubrious places — yes, the less said regarding the odour, the better for weak or squeamish stomachs. Joking apart, the seeds I send are well worth careful planting and tendency. One branch of the tree broke with the weight of 40 young durians, causing weeping and wailing amongst our Malay servants, who always manage to secure their full share of the fruit. “ Durio Zibethinus.” The Durian should ripen on the tree ; and unless one gets a properly ripened one at first, dislike and perhaps a “ scunner ” is taken to this queen of fruits— ever afterwards. Only the finest seeds should be planted such as I have sent to you. John Crawford, f.r.s., in his “ Dictionary of the Indian Islands,” &c., gives some information regarding the Durian. HOW TO MEASURE AN ACRE. Farmers would often be glad to know the area of oddly-shaped fields without having recourse to a surveyor. The following may prove of some use Five yards wide by 988 yards long contains one acre ; 10 yards wide by 484 yards long contains one acre ; 40 yards wide by 121 yards long contains one acre 70 yards wide by 69J yards long contains one acre ; 80 yards wide by (iOi^ yards long contains one acre; 60 feet wide by 72G feet long contains one acre ; 110 feet wide by 397 feet long contains one acre ; 130 feet wide by 363 feet long contains one acre ; 220 feet wide by 1814 feet long contains one acre ; 440 feet wide by 99 feet long contains one 3,c.re.— Queensland Agricultural Journal, January. CEYLON TEA IN RUSSIA: MR. T. N. CHRISTIE’S REPORT. The long and instructive Report which will be found on anotlier p.age is, by no means so encouraging as was anticipated. The difficulties in the way of spreading a taste for Ceylon tea in Russia are very considerable, wdiile no less are the obstacles to the promotion of trade. Mr. Christie goes fully into particulars bearin« on this department, .and the darker he draws the picture of official interference at every turn, of prohibitory duties, Ac., the more, of course, Mr. Rogivue and his W’ork stand out in relief but we are rather surprised Mi. Christie did not try to find out what other large tea de.alers Lipton for instance— were doing. Eighteen months ago we saw in the London City Road warehouse, a very consi derable cousignnieiit of tea ready for shipment to >St. Petersburg, and we were told that the progress ni.ade by the new Agency in Russia was most encouraging. Then again ‘ we .should have liked to .see a big Rii.ssi.an tea house— like the Popoli .s— sounded as to what they could do for Ceylon 6io THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [March i, 1898. tea by way of advertising, if the Planters' Associa- tion placed a grant, say, of £2,000 at their com- mand ’ To enlist tlie interest of Russian tea firms would be a great matter. Mr. Christie gives us particulars respecting the Consuls who assisted him and Colonel Stewart’s connection witli Ceylon is specially interesting. There was also an officer of the Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders who left Ceylon to settle at Odessa as Vice-Consul. The varying and heavy differ- ential duties show how teiribly our staple is weighted in Russia ; but there is certainly a good case for a Memorial to try and get the import duty by sea and land made uniform at 1/2^ per lb. (so getting rid of the prohibitoiy Is lOid duty). To try and get the import duty reduced "is Mr. Christie’s first recommen iation. His second and third we should be inclined to coujjle together ; for surely it would in a manner be benefiting all retail dealers who handled Ceylon teas, to advertise their merits. Altogether Mr. Christie gives us a very useful and suggestive Report and one that may mark a new era in our Rus- sian Tea Campaign. It Avill be observed that he is emphatic in his commendation of Mr. Rogi- vue’s operations in the )iast on behalf of our teas, and we have no tear that the Rogivue Company will not benefit Ceylon as well as Indian teas. THE HAPUTALE PLANTERS’ ASSOCI- ATION. How is it that Haputale with about the richest soil of any planting district in the Island, is behind, comparatively, in its average yield of tea per acre ? The total estimated crop for the current year is 4 million lb. from 10, 154 acres in bearing — total acreage 14,355 — or an average of ,394 lb. A return of practically 400 lb. an acre with good prices, is of course very satisfactory ; but we dare say it is going to be with tea as ife was with coffee, that the older it gets in certain parts of Uva, and especially Haputale, uj) to 10 or 15 years, the better and richer in crop, it becomes. At the same time we recognise the fact that Haputale and Uva generally, would do with some more rain for tea, although it is wonderful what the heavy dews peculiar to the Principality, give in flushes of Tea. Alas poor Colfee ! — even in its most favoureil home in our hill-country, it is rapidly becoming a thing of the ]>ast. What about Cacao, Cardamoms and Rubber ? Haputale bad an a[)preciable acreage in 1895 of all three products, and surely with its fine soil and sheltered valleys, some of these new products ought to do as well as in the Nortliern Districts ? Let Mr. Bisset and Mr. Bethune, during 1898 give us a “crumb of comfort” in regard to new, even if very minor ]iroducts. We had fain hoped to see Uva deve- loping a goodly acreage of cacao. Roads and Labour Supi)ly are by no means perfect, but the As.sociation has faith in the Labour Feder- ation as a means of amelioration in regard to the latter. A good deal ot further useful business was transacted ; but the special featuie of the meeting was the adoption of the Reso- lution moved by Mr. Bethune, seconded by Mr. Lloyd— both exiierienced, thoughtful and respon- sible TiKiinbers of the planting community, — in favour of a Commission to inquire into the feasibleness of a sep.arate Ceylon Coinage and Currency. This is a very complicated question indeed; and we fear now with tie Straits on the one side voting for a Cold Sl, ’'ird, .and India striving after the same result o.o lie oilier, that it will not be easy for Ceylon to go in a silver direction. However, a Commission of Enquiry may make the matter clear, and cannot possibly do harm. PRESERVING FRUIT. It is perhaps not widely known that frnit may be preserved without boiling, heating, or drying. All that is necessary is to alternate the fruit between layers of sugar. The sugar, however, must exceed the weight of fruit by one-half. — Queensland AynculHhval Journal, January. PLANTING NOTES. Coffee in* Netherlands Ixdi.v.— I returned from Port Darwin on 29th November last : en route I called at Timor Deli — the Portuguese have had pait of the island for more than 200 years — found the place dull ; no progre.ss ; Government on the one hand and the priest on the other keep the people down, poor anil ignorant. One year, a while ago, 30,000 piculs of coffee were e.xported, mostly to Batavia, where it is said the Dutch iiiixed it with something inferior. — Cor. Tea Packing. — The following remarks are from the London Correspondent of the Indian Planters' Gazette Looking over samples in a broker's office the other day, some teas struck me as selling considerably above their value. In reply to my query the broker said, “ but they have such a good aroma, that fine malty-burnt which you so seldom get now,” which remark led to a discussion on the firing question. He said there was no doubt teas generally were tired at too high a temperature, and, consequently, to avoid burning, were not thoroughly done, from w'hich resulted want of keeping power, and much of the dull flat smelling teas met with in the market. I have no doubt there is much truth in this, and teas would arrive in more satisfactory condition if at least the latter part of the firing, as well as the final firing, was done at a much lower temperature than is the usual custom. To do this thoroughly in all cases means a larger consumption of fuel, and in many factories would also require more drying machinery, but it would, I believe, amply repay the expenditure. Prom this we went on to discuss packing, and ha said, “An old planter was saying to me the other day ; — ‘ I was always careful to solder in my teM hot.’ ” |My reply to this was that I was afraid many more were not sufficiently careful not to pack or solder their teas before they were nearly cool, as so long as the tea is hot it continues to give out moisture, and it should be allowed to come within not many degrees of the atmosphere before it is packed. I have not experimented on this myself, but I would advise some of your readers to try the experiment of packing one chest as it comes off the fire at say 240°, ana another when the tea has cooled down to about 100°, and opening them some days afterwards to see which tea seemed in the better condition. Since I had this conversation with my broker friend, a dealer has been asking my opinion on the same subject ; as he often found some damaged tea on the top of the chest, though the rest of it was in good order, and this he attributed “ to the tea sweating when packed hot.” The importance of the subject must be my excuse for drawing attention to it, as though practical planters must know more about it than we.in London can do, yet there is doubtless difference of practice, if not of opinion, amongst them, as how both firing .and packing can best be done. In a previous letter I drew attention to the question of bulking and the necessity of even packing, as well as even mixing if the tea was to pass without rebulking here, so need not refer to this today. Mr. Lipton is said to still continue buying only London balked teas, but I do not think many others are following his example. March i, 1898.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 61 1 Currency, Dear Money, Finance and Trade in India. A LEADING CALCUTTA MERCHANT SPEAKS OUT TO SOME PURPOSE “INDIA’S GREAT CURRENCY PROBLEM CAN BE SOLVED BY OUR FIELDS AND BY HER LOOMS AND BY THEM ALONE.” After referring to the Bank Accounts, (at the annual meeting of the Calcutta Bank Limited Jan. 28th) Mr. David Yule as Chairman said: — As you will remember, money was very stringent during the first half of the year, but as soon as July was reached, a much easier feeling was experienced, and employment for funds at profitable rates became, weekly, more difficult to find. Although a glance at the record of the official Bank rate does not indicate that money was too plentiful, it is nevertheless a fact that accommodation was available on short notice at 3 per cent below the official minimum. While strongly of opinion ourselves that the drop in the open market was not warranted by the real state of the currency, the persistent way in which money was, so to speak, thrown at their heads, induced many people to believe that the burden of tight money had been removed, and that they might enter into fresh transactions without fear of this disturbing influence in future. The mis- take of trusting too much to the temporary depression cannot but be the cause of serious inconvenience now, and until this recent lesson be forgotten, borrowers will be inclined to accept the official Bank rate as a guide to their financial operations in preference to the illusive- ness of Burra Bazaar. It is, however, interesting to know that the reason of the divergence between the t wo rates was, in great measure, due to native capital, previously employed in the financing of piece-goods and produce, seeking re-investment in new channels. This brought native capitalists more openly than has been customary into competition ,vith the Presidency and other Banks. Piece-goods and produce dealers have not done well some months past, and inany of them have lost the margin of security which alone commended them as borrowers. There is, I regret to say, no hopeful feature in their trade, which dealers can point to as an inducement to their bankers to renew adv: i.ces. The piece f goods market has been upset by the vagaries of exchange, and stocks have accumulated owing to the failure of the retail demand, through poor crops and the general impoverished condition of the masses. As regards produce, the influences of anticipated large crops and glutted con- suming markets have justified great caution being exercised in making advances. SPECULATION ENCOURAGED. The result of the unwillingness of bazaar capitalists to provide, as had been their custom, for these branches of trade, was to create a strong speculative movement in the Shares of Joint Stock Companies and in Govern- ment Securities. Prices of some of the former advanced 40 per cent, and stocks, which previously were unsaleable, became freely inquired for, while the market absorbed readily the new Government per cent loan of 300 lakhs at the comparatively high rate of 98J per cent, besides relieving holders of Indian Government Paper in Europe to the extent of about 425 lakhs. So far as can be seen at present, the money put into circulation in these directions is likely to remain looked up for some months, and, although the men who are providing the funds to carry over the heavy indebtedness, from month to month, are well able to look after their own interests, and invariably do so, borrowers are feeling acutely the change that has so suddenly come over the market. What their position is may be inferred from the fact that Banks have been unable to advance against Government Paper, with full margin, at 13 per cent. It is not surprising that there has been a sharp fall in the value of all securities, and the tendency appears to be still dt wnwards. A source of weakness is that 75 so much of the burden is carried by native capitalists, who are not accustomed to the transitory periods of depression which overtake the stock market. RUPEES ARE NOT REMITTED. There seems to be an impression, shared in by the Finance Minister, that the stringency of the money market is due, in great measure, to the withdrawal of European capital which had been employed for banking purposes in India. This transfer of capital indicates the existence of a want of confidence either in the prosperity or security of the country or in the ability of the present currency policy to maintain a favourable rate of exchange, but the transfer does not affect the number of rupees in currency, as it does not take the shape of a shipment of rupees. If A remits £100 to London, he pays over his rupees to B who wishes to transfer a similar amount in sterling to India. Such a transaction can have no power to increase the stringency of the Indian money market, unless the rupees A parted with are withdrawn from useful circu- lation by B. There is no evidence that the market has been deprived of the use of such rupees. On the other- hand, it must be admitted that, had rupee.s not been released from hoards, since the closing of the mints, trade would have suffered even more severely than it has done for want of coin. The causes of the strin- gency must be looked for in the many directions in which it is possible for rupees to disappear from circu- lation. Besides these we have to take into account such factors in this question as the growth of popula- tion, the extension of industries and of railway com- munication, all of which tend, by opening out the country, to disperse rupees more widely from the centres of circulation. As you are aware, the life- blood of the currency policy of 1893 depends wholly on the scarcity of rupees, and so surely as December comes round once a year, will the period of dear money return. If money this year gets cheaper- before the end of June, the fact may safely be taken as a sign of a falling-off in the trade activity of the country. FANCIFUL vs. ACTUAL CALCULATIONS. At the meeting of the Legislative Council on 14th instant the mercantile member produced a statement to show the amount of money that would have been saved by Government if the rupee had been maintained at Is 4d during the financial years of 1894-95, 1895-96, and 1896-97. The inference is that the saving not hav- ing been made. Government had lost, or- become poorer, by the sum of Rl,192 lakhs, or (at exchange Is 4d) £7,945,733. This calculation I regard as an altogether- fanciful one, for there are many items which would have tended to reduce the saving, if not wholly to dissipate it, had Government been powerful enough, I will not say they did not try, to screw exchange up to Is 4d, in spite of the conditions of trade which operated to make the actual rates what they were. While on the subject of this calculation, another one more interest- ing .suggests itself to me, and that is the loss that holders of Government Rupee Paper- have suffered, during the past six monts, through the cun encv policy, or the pecuniary difficulties of Government. It would be well to compare it with the calculation before re- ferred to— Government’s loss in 3 years, 1,192 lakhs, equal to £7,944,733 ; holders of Rupee Paper loss in six months, 646 lakhs, equal to £4,310.833 ! I do not claim that there is any connection between the two calcula- tions. I merely wish to point out that there are some losses about which we hear very little but which are even more important than that of the Government’s loss by exchange. The difference between the two calculations is that one is fanciful, while the other is actual, as any one who held Government 31 per cent Paper on 1st July last, and wishes to dispose of it now, can have practical demonstration of. Poor India has many evils to contend against, and very few of them are enquired into and redressed. It is a very curious thing, however, that the Government’s loss by ex- change is constantly the subject of complaint and commiseration. Polios of the annual budget are devoted to the subject. The Empire appears to b wholly in the pow-er of this distressing item, althoug bia THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [Marc i, 1898. other preventible charges are greater, and have served no more useful purpose. Short rainfall, bad harvests, floods, fires, earthquakes, and other misfortunes affect the welfare of the people, and such calamities will, no doubt, recur from time to time, but so far no public meetings have been called to pray for legislation to stop the loss which they occasion, or to make those who do not suffer pay up for those who do. Such losses are regarded as not pi'eventible and are borne resignedly. Loss by exchange, however, has come to be regarded, by Government officials particularly, as a preventible loss, which roust be avoided at any price. The Govern- ment in endeavouring to get quit '■f the loss by exchange at this stage of the country’s progress, are not a w'hit more reasonable than the directors of a steamship company would be in giving orders to their Commander to leave no room for the coal, but fill the space up with cargo, and then expect the steamer to proceed on its journey. No matter how the Govern- ment may avoid this loss in their accounts, the people of the country have got to pay the bill, and the bill comes to a great deal more than the saving to Govern- ment. I am quite sure that the Secretary of State had no conception of the harm that would be wrought by the closing of the mints. The course of starvation which had to be adopted to bring the rupee into subjee* tion was not explained, or was not contemplated, by the authors of the policy. The measure was ostensibly to prevent the further fall of the rupee, but the Govern- ment have, instead, striven to raise the value to a point at which it cannot remain without breaking the backbone of the country, which is its trade. It is this desperate ambition to have Is 4d exchange, at any sacrifice that has wrought THE FAILUKE OF THE CUEEENCY LEGtSLATION OF 1893. and brought the people to the verge of ruin and discontent. What confidence can there be in a policy that buys rupees for Is 4 l-32d and sells them a few days after at Is 3 l-32d or declares that a limited amount of Telegraphic Transfer will be sold out of the 40 lakhs Councils offered and two weeks after sells the whole amount in that form ! Can any business man have the patience to anticipate such vagaries, or to believe that they are working for the common good of the country ? I think not. It is evident, too, that the Government have lost confidence in their ability to prevent fluctuations in exchange, and to maintain the rate at Is 4d without utterly upsetting their revenues. The condition into which India has fallen may be gathered from a few words which fell from the Finance Minister’s lips on 14th instant. He said : — “ It must be understood that we are not rolling in wealth while we are refusing aid to others, and our inability to advance money is due, not to any wilful obstinacj', but to want of adequate means. The Secretary of State cannot draw on us for more than we are able to pay. The fear is, threfore, that the market may reach a point where money will become actually unavailable, and merchants will find it impossible to sell their bills.” The Govern- ment claim the right to do what every sound trader does, but it strikes me that a sound trader could not expect to get assistance on such a statement of his accounts. There was, therefore, not much prrs- pect of the Indian Taper Currency Act of 1898 whi' h came into force on the 21st instant being of much help to the people. Its intention is to give relief in cases of dire necessity by allowing for the speedy introduction of foreign capital to the country. Council wire and bills might, at any time, be insufficient to meet the demand for money, and a panic would ensue v.tvi; no other means available to get a supply of coin. It nnist be assumed that before the benefit of (his Act. could be taken adcanlage of by the people, the greatest measure of confide nee would be required by the parties whose gold is to give the relief. There was not oire weird of encouragement given. “The (ii.ver) ment flht rrot know, end ]ierhaps they need ),i . ■hi':)K,i' the facility w*uld actually be a liu cl of or not.” That was all. To know that ih. (- Vra- a life-boat on the east coast of Scotland would give as much prospect of rescue to a sailor drowning in the Hooghly. The Exchange Banks, it is admitted, are not benevolent institutions, and are not likely to pay Is. 4 5-32d. in gold in London to get one rupee here, unless their way is clear to make a profit on the transaction. The Banks’ position is such that they do not require accommodation of the sort for their own safety, and they assuredly do not intend to sell their gold for rupees at the topmost limit of the market until they first have the definite promise of mercantile bills at a covering fate. Ex- porters, in the same way, are not endowed with srrrplus charity, and are content to sit idle, rather than by produce, payment of which has to be nego- tiated at the maximum rate of exchange. The result is that prices of produce are driven down in the Indian markets until the level of security for the exporters is reached. This is what is happening today with all Indian produce, now in season, as sellers of indigo, jute, cotton, tea, gunny bags, cotton yarns, and other articles can tell you. IS THE GOVERNMENT BLIND TO THE CONSEQUENCE. Is it possible that the Government of India see no danger to their revenues if such a state of things be allowed to continue? Do they still persist in holding that this country, as a whole, makes no loss in its international trade by an appreciation of its standard, since the lower price received for its exports is balanced by the lower price paid for its imports ? The fallacy of this theory in its application to India needs no better illustration than what is happening’ in our maakets for export produce, the condition of which I have just described. How long can growers go on accepting fewer rupees for their produce while they have to pay the same rent, the same wages, and taxes with an increasing burden of debt at an increasing rate of interest ? How long will the money-lenders suffer repayment of their advances to fall into arrear ? The agricultural population of this country display great, even dogged patience at their toil, but the money-lenders have the doggedness without the patience. The village grogshop harbours the result — a dissolute and heart-broken peasant, once a thriving ryot. His loss to the land is the loss of revenue to Government, for the people canrot con- tinue to cultivate land which gives no retui-n. As a practical illustration of the effect of stringent money and depressed prices, I am informed by some of the largest indigo producers in the North-West that they will not sow next season. The land thus released may not be cultivated, for other products are about as profitless as indigo. MANUFACTURES HAMPERED. It is not in agricultural pursuits alone that the stringency of money is felt. Manufacturing industries are hampered in their operations by the inability or unwillingness of bankers to advance funds either for further extensions or for the purchase of raw material. The manufacturer to get money has, there- fore, to dispose of his goods as he makes them at the best price the market will pay for them. Im- porters, too, have cause for complaint, for buyers take delivery of goods only under compulsion owing to the absence of demand in retail. The fact is, the masses are uur.ble to buy to the same extent as when money was cheap and plentiful. Theyhar# barely snfficient to purchase the food required to keep body and sold together. Comforts, such as new cloths, are out of the question. Some amelioration of the' lot of the people is required, for nothing is so dis- posed to make a man discontented and rebellious as the stoppage of the wherewithal to buy Ihese little comforts, which give some colour to the dull grey monotony of an Indian workman’s existence. Lan- cashire men are quite aware that an artificial rate of exchango has done endless damage to their cotton piece-goods and yarn trade.s. Bimetal- lism for India is now the cry of these competi- tors with the Indian cotton mills, their rapacity is not satisfied with a Is 4d rupee. It was believed that the Government of India would readily tumble into the trap that was laid for them by the enthu- siasts of France and America, hut as the records of currency literature show, the attempt to raise the rupee to Is lid was promptly refused. There March i. 1898,] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST, 613 is now an excellent opportunity to male another calculaton to show what saving Government would have effected if they had accepted the terms pro- posed. There is no rule, however, by which appe- tites are controlled, and it is difficult to under- stand why the meeting of the home expenditure at Is lid exchange, is not indefinitely more advantageous to the Government than a rate which varies between Is 21 and Is 4d. The irrita- bility of the digestion which rejects the solid feed- ing obtainable for 13d in favour of an unhealthy and irregular repast at 16d might have been ex- pected to be relieved when the Parisian treat at 23d was displayed. The Government of India have for- gotten that one of the objects they had in view when the mints were closed, was to force interna- tional bimetalism. NEW STANDARD AIDS. In not accepting the Paris and American banquet the Government shewed good taste, as it certainly would not have looked well to display a leaning towards extravagance, while funds were so low in India. The Goverenment have, however, explained their reluctance to have anything to do with the tempting advances made by America and France, and no true friend of India will, for a moment, believe that this decision was other than a wise one. The explanation given is, of course, not quite logical, but the experience of the past four and-a- half years is enough to show how disastrous the result of meddling with the standard of value, even to a minor extent. The consideration which has been given to this proposal and the arguments which have been adduced to show that it was better for India to hold aloof from its adoption, will, I trust, influence the Government to give back to the country the prosperity it enjoyed prior to 1893, That a great advance has been made in respect of our Indian currency, in the direction it was con- templated by the authors of the policy of 1893, is no doubt true, for rupees in circulation at trade cen- tres have been reduced much below requirements, and India is now ripe either for a future experiment in making wealth exist by legislative enactment or for retracing the steps which have led to so much or inconvenience and loss. The belief is gaining ground that the Government are not prepared to rectify the blunder of 1893, until they attempt to inaugurate a system for making the rupee currency convertible, and some colour is given to the report by the statement of the Finance Minister that public and official opinion in England has been prepared for the possible necessity of a measure which may involve the actual diversion for Indian puposes of a certain amount of gold from the general available stock. The Finance Minister, however, was unable to give a final reply, as to the precise measures to be un- dertaken, as’ the matter was under consideration, and it was impossible at the present time to make any definite announcement. From this, it may be re- ferred that India may yet be involved in another experiment, which even though there be sufficient gold at its back to carry it to a successful issue, must, in the meantime, cause further disturbance to trade. It is but a few months ago that the Bank of Engand rate was raised to four per cent on the mere apprehension that gold might be withdrawn from the Bank of Japan, and there can be no doubt that the tendency is towards a higher rate of interest in England. The annual cost of a conversion fund in gold, sufficient to meet all possible demands on it, must be very heavy, and would in itself be a considerable tax on the Indian rate-payer, apart altogether from the enormous gold indebtedness which has already been incurred, and which, so long as the present currency policy lasts, cannot but in- crease. The late Finance Minister estimated that to establish an effective gold currency £77,000,000 would be required, and I think, he afterwards stated that for a conversion fund £15,000,000 or l-5th of the rupee coinage in active circulation would.be wanted. The estimate of £77,000,000 for the gold currency was based on the belief that there were in 1892, 115 crores of rupees in active circulation; the mints accounts show that in all 355 crores have been coined. There is no doubt whatever that the great danger to the convertibility of the rupee lies in the certainty of the hoarded or dormant rupees coming in for exchange. Another factor, which must not be lost sight of, is the rupees which have been, and may be, coined by the people them- selves unknown to the Government and to the_ impossibility of preventing coinage in the native and neighbouring hill states. The demand for gold for India’s purposes would most assuredly cause a further fall in silver bullion, and the manu- facture of spurious rupees would become thereby all the more profitable, although the profits on this nefarious trade are now enormous. It must be re- membered that so long as the rupees contain the re- quired fineness of silver, the Indian public does not regard the coiner as one who inflicts loss on them. Very few will inform against him, he is an enemy to the state but not to society. So long as that is the case he is safe from interference; and when money is stringent and rupees are denied by the Government, the coiner’s trade is probably looked upon, by his neighbours, as a very necessary one. THE DANGER OF TRYING GOLD. The assertion that the machinery for the con- vertibility of the rupee would be automatic, I do not for one moment believe. The Indians’ love for gold is well-known, and they would, knowing the poor success that has attended the Government’s efforts to maintain the gold value of the rupee in the past, not miss the opportunity of at once exchanging their silver while it was possible to do so at an advantageous rate. The ratio fixed at the outset of the new policy by Government would be regarded by the people as the maximum value of silver rupees as compared with gold. Rightly so ; it would be quixotic to espect any change in favour of rupees. To defer making the exchange for gold would endanger, not benefit, the position of holders of rupees. To leave out of the calculation, when determining the amount of the gold conversion fund required, the hoarded and spurious rupees, would undoubtedly involve tne failure of the system as soon as it came into force. The experience of the past should convince the Government that in a scheme of the sort, it is absolutely essential in the first place, to establish confidence in their power to carry out what they under take to do. This confidence could only be established by having a stock of gold of sufficient mag- nitude to meet at possible demands on it. Not onlymust the ability of Government to carry out their promises under ordinary trade conditions, be undoubted, but they mustbe perpared at all times to meet a sudden run on the food. A thoughtless word spoken in the bazaar might any day lead to a panic, and no consider- ations of the effect upon trade would restrain the rush that would ensue for gold. Rupees would appear from most unexpected quarters, and the de- mand would not be satisfied until the last available rupee was exohaged. What the effect on the money market woulu be can well be imagined. A move- ment f-ir this sort would probably be engineered by men like the gold dealers of Bombay, whose opera- tions have practically controlled the course of sterl- ing exchange during the past year. Were the gold supply to fail, the rupee would fall to a lower point than it has touched before, and the credit of the Government would be, to use a mild expression very seriously injured. ’ ^ I do not deny that a machine to save the loss by exchange and to remedy the evils which have arisen from the 1893 policy is required. £10,000,000 would not be too much to pay for it. The purchase might have been made some years ago had the Govern- ment placed any reliance on its efficacy, for the con- trivance was on view before the mints were closed and its action was explained by two of the members of the Indian Finance Committee. The Government elected, however, to try the most likely tool first. They have done so, and it has failed. The coming one may do the work, it is more likely to break down, but will THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 614 [March i, >898. in the meantime serve to carry on a mistaken policy. I have said that the first cost of the machinery would be cheap at £10 millions. The late Finance Minister thought it might require £15 millions, other experts have not committed themselves by naming auy figure. They went no further than stating that the quantity of gold put down must be sub- tintial. A business man, I ihiuk, would come to the conclusion that not less than the full equivalent of the hoarded rupees, one-half of the exported, some- thing for the spurious and a quarter of the rupees in active circulation, would be sufficient — in round figures about £70 millions. The mint estimate of the gold in circulation in the United Kingdom is £91 millions, BO that our friends in Lombard Street would have some little difficulty in providing the accommodation we seek. I fancy both public and official opinion would be found in a very unprepared condition to receive our order. lamafiaid £10 million is about as much as India could afford to borrow for the pur- pose of rupee convertibility at present The Finance Minister is in immediate want of the sum to meet payments in London, and on the principle that charity begins aa home, he would, no doubt, put the cap- ability of the machinery to test, by being himself the first and only customer for the gold. Those who can- not put their rupees in the slot, might occupy them- eelves by considering to what extentthe diminution in balance of trade has during the past few months interfered, and will continue to interfere with the sale of Council Bills, and what period of time must elapse before the rupees in the treasury reserves are melted down and sold in the f>rm of silver bullion to meet current sterling expenditure. It may be interesting at this point to look back and examine the condition of India and Indian trade in 1892 before the closing of the mints. We find that the revenue was expected to be 249 lakhs more than anticipated in March, 1891. The losses due to the decline in ex- change and the falling-rff in land revenue were nearly made good by the remarkable improvement in rail- way revenue and by the increase under most of the heads of revenue. The increases were ascribed by the Finance Minister to che “ general progress of the country.” CHEAP SILVER MEANS PROSPERITY IN INDIA. Sir Richard Temple, who must be credited with having a wide experience of India, in referring to this Budget in the House of Commons on 17th June, 1892, is reported to have said ” I" have heard many such statements delivered in this House, but have never heard one which has given me greater confidence in the future of Indian Finance, despite all sinister anticipations. Nothing could tend more to inspire confidence in the sta- bility of Indian Finance than the fact that, despite the enormou.B disadvantages which have to be conten- ded with, there is still a surplus. The Revenue has not only been maintained but it has gone on increas- ing. There is ample evidence of the good financial management of the country, and of the most satisfac- tory features of that management is that great pro- gress has been made in works of public improve- ment with very little addition to the public debt. The general prosperity of the country is shown in the extension of trade, agriculture, and other industries. There has been a maiked increase in the pepulation, every year adding two or three millions to the tax-payers of British India. There is a gradual reduction of the National Debt and of the interest upon it. Many have suffered from the fall in the rate of exchange, the cheapness of silver has somethin;! to do with the prospcriti/ that is shown hy theJludyct statement and has helped the people of India to hear up ayainst their misfortunes. So that if they lose, vn one way they qain in another. The lo-is hy exehanqe is recouped hy the ycncral pros- perity of the people to which, the cheapness of silver conduced These facts speak volumes for the im- provement of the country within this generation, and especially within the last fifteen years, and I think, the House is thoroughly to be congratulated on the existing state of things as shown by the prese_nt Budget. It is quite clear that those are best able to judge have come to the concln. ^ou that the credit of India is good, and that the Government of the country is thoroughly to be re lied upon.” I would ask ycu to compare the foregoing with the remarks made by Sir James Westland a few days ago, on the existing condition of Indian Fin ances Not many weeks ago the Government de- privileges of his rank for alleged harsh treatment of his ryots. I wonder whether there IS any prospect of similar punishment being accorded to the authors of the 1893 policy The only sensible remedy to the present uufortn. nate position of India and of her traders is to eradu ally re-open the mints to the coinage of silver As' Loudon thinks in gold, let India think in silver Instead of borrowing or purchasing gold, let rnnees be sold in Calcutta, Bombay and Madras by weeklv ten der, the tenderer of the greatest weight in silver bnl'- lion for each lot, say of one lakh of rupees, becoming the purchaser. The Government could fix a limif from time to time under which rupees wonld nr,i- be sold, thereby establishing an automatic silver cur reucy regulated by the trade demand for money Thi^ with the application of the knife to certain of the home charges, would give to India the fullest measure of pro.sperity. lucasure India's great currency problem can be solved by her fields a,nd by her looms, and by them alone ^ Gentlemen, I must apologise for having taken un so much of your valuable time. My only excuse fo? having done so is that the interests of your Bank are indissolubly connected with the prosperity of Indian trade in all its branches. I cannot help feelinn that the high rates of interest now charged for accommf dation are telling very heavily on all the industrial undertakings of the country, leading gradually to the r decay and discouraging all effort in the d Lc tion of extension. unec PLANTING NOTES. Rubber-growing in Perak. -Planters in Ceylon interested in this industry will eive 4 tention to the useful Notes affording official ex perience in Perak up to the end of la.«t year prepared by Mr. L Wray, curator, and which will be found in our I’ropical Agriculturist. These noli3s are specially useful to compare with those given in the Ceylon Botanic Gardens and Forests’ Kepoias and the latest results of all will be Hven m a second edition of our Manual on “India Rubber and Gutta Percha” now being prenared Tea in AMERiCA.-The following if K the American Grocer of Jan. 5th ^ The estimated supply for the United States and Canada, seasons of 1897 and 1898 is 86,200 000 against 93,551,357 pounds season 1896-97 ’ Total^oV^^ ments, as advised by mail January 1, were 75 298 ona' to be shipped, 10,901,096, of whi6h 6 485 5fil n a ’ are Formosa, showing a very backward movemeffi S the crop. From the estimated supply there taken the quantity of tea rejected ft all nm-tl * timated at New York alone at fully 5,000,000 pounds for the present season. It is also stated that 1 60^00 pounds of Formosa yet to be shinned will up to present standard and is not hkel^to come‘^°f“® ward. The estimated supply of greef G pounds, against 16,316,906 last selson • 42,500,000 pounds, or 176,418 nounds Ie=o’fL 97; 17,500%0 pounds Pormosf 1,494,324 pounds; only 200,000 pounds of 1 152,846 pounds last season f 4,000,000'^^nndf®Fof ohow, an increase of 569,673 pounds • 9 000nnn ^ 2" of Congou, a decrease of 2^536’ paras^^^om® pared with the previous season. The above brokers’ statement fails to take and an count of the movement of Ceylon and Indie f I which 12,000,000 pounds were imported Iasi vo •’ * ^ the United States and Canada. ttticaHv^fhe opens here and in England much better than iSt /ean March i, 1898.] THE TROPICAL CEYLON TEA IN RUSSIA, MR. T. N. CHRISTIES REPORT. We have received the follo'vina' from Mr. A.^ Philip, Secretary to the Ceylon Planters Association : — REPORT ON A VISIT TO RUSSIA IN CONNECTION WITH THE PROSPECTS OF CEYLON TEA THERE. During niy trip to Russia, which occupied four weeks, I visited St. Petersimrg, Moscow, Kief and Odessa, and I gathered much in- formation on the subject of my mission both from wholesale and retail dealers, as well as from other sources. My inquiries were much facilitated, and iny trip rendered pleasant, by the efficient services of Mr. C. H. Mackie (Proconsul in the Consul General’s Office, St. Petersburg) in the position of Secretary and Interpreter to Her Majesty s Consul-General in St. Petersburg (Mr. J. Michell), Consul in Moscow (Mr. A. T. Medhurst), Con- sul-General in Odessa (Colonel-Stewart, C.M.G.) and Vice-Consul (Mr. H. G. Mackie) in Odessa, all interested themselves greatly in my enquiries and rendered me mucli assistance. Colonel Stewart, I may mention, was especially in- terested in Ceylon, being tlie son of a former Civilian and having been born in the island. He is likewise an old friend of H.E. the Governor. The Russian tea market is one on which Ceylon has cast longing e,yes for some years past, but it is well at the outset to understand that with one exception — a very important one it is true — there a^'e no facts which make it at all attractive. The one attraction to us is the fact that Russia consumes in the aggregate a large quantity of tea — that there is still a world for us to conquer — but the consumption per head (for a tea drinking country — is miser- able, the area of territory over which this con- sumption is spread is vast, and the conditions under which the trade is carried on are, one and all adverse to an increase of consump- tion and to a rapid change in the channels of supply. In explaining these adverse features, it may be well to point out tliat they are not dis- couraging opinions of my owm, but facts, the clear knowledge and recognition of which may save individual disappointment and the expendi- ture of public money in directions unsuited to the conditions we have to deal wdth. IMPORTATION AND CONSUMPTION OF TEA IN RUSSIA. The consumption of tea in Russia (excluding Finland) last year (1896 was about 52,000,000 lb of leaf teas and 40,000,000 lb of brick and slab teas, while the population by the census of 28th January, 1897, is shown to be 126,683,000. There was also an importation of green tea, but it is ex- cluded in the official summary of imports, and seems to have been almost entirely re-exported to Asia. Finland, with a population of 2,527,000 im- ported 179,000 lb, and tlieimport duty there is about 20 per cent, less than in Russia. From the table A. included in my annexures, it will be seen that the importation at the Black Sea frontier Inas dur- ing the last 10 years steadily and largely increased, while that at the Russo- Prussian frontier has pro- portionately diminished. I’he meaning of this IS that the business in China tea for Russia, at one time to a great extent done in London, is nov\ done by direct shipments from China to Russia in the Volunteer fleet steamer. That AGRiCULTDRISt. 615 the import across the Russo-Prussian frontier has not been killed altogether, and has indeed slightly gone up of late, is due to the increasing im- portation of Ceylon tea from London via Konigs- berg. Although it was natural that there should have been a tendency towards direct ship- ments betw'een China and the Black Sea, the change in that direction has been much accelerated by the establishment of differential railway rates on goods from Odessa to the In- terior. Tea arriving in Russian ships is taken to Moscow for 92 kopecks per pood, while that arriving in English or other foreign ships is charged 1 rouble 20 kopecks per pood. This differential rate happens to act in favor of Ceylon as against India, owing to the fact that the Volunteer boats call at Colombo, but it is none the less unfair and in contravention of the most favored nation clauses of our treaty wdth Russia — see Articles IV. and V. of that treaty, Annexure E. From the figures given in my .4nnexure C. it will be seen that the importation at Irkutsk of China tea by the overland route has been well maintained during the last 3 years, and that, including brick tea, some 64 per cent of Russia’s total consumption crosses the Chinese frontier, but of the leaf teas, which form our principal interest, less than 38 per cent adheres to that route. I was surprised to find that in addition to there being, naturally enough, lower scales of duty on brick and slab teas, two r.ates of duty on leaf tea are in force. Tea crossing the Chinese frontier is charged a duty of, say. Is 2d per English lb. while tea entering at the European frontier is charged, say. Is lO^d per English lb. As Britain has no access to the Russo-Chinese frontier this is practically a differential duty and a breach of our treaty of Commerce- -see Article II of that treaty, Annexure E. When one hears of the time occupied in bring- ing tea overland, one wonders that any tea for ivestern and southern Russia should continue to come by land. It is generally 8 months on the way, often unheard-of, and its whereabouts un- known for 3 or 4 months, and the wholesale im- porter has to find the money for its purchase nearly a year in advance of its sale by him. The expense of the land route is about .3J kopecks per pound more than that of the sea route but the difference in duty is about 33^ kopecks per lb. in favour of the former, and so the trade con- tinues. Much of the tea, I was told, already reaches the new Siberian railway at or east of Tomsk, and the further extension of that Rail- way will alter many of the conditions of the overland trade. Ceylon tea chiefly enters Russia through the Russo-Prussian frontier, but the sup- ply for St. Petersburg goes direct by the Baltic except in winter, and the shipments to Odessa both from Ceylon and London supply the southern demand and to a small extent Moscow, etc. It is not possible to find out how much Ceylon tea enters Russia, as the English returns cannot dis- criminate whether tea shipped to Germany is- for consumption there or for transit, and the Russian returns caniiot discriminate between Ceylon Indian or China tea coming through European ports. ° I believe the consumption of Ceylon tea was close on four million pounds in 1896,' and I would expect, from all I lieanl, that that quantity was considerably increased in 1897. I found that opinions varied as to the relative advantages of direct as against London shipments, but as yet a large majority of importers prefer the latter, and my opinion is that for the Moscow and Northern THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [March i, 1898. 616 districts, tUey will remain the most popular. There is such a manifest advantage in being able to receive by i>ost .samples of teas about to be exposed at Mincing Lane, in time to wire, or even write, purchasing limits and orders, that the saving in transport does not compensate for the uncertainty of Colombo, bought teas being pre- cisely what is wanted. Direct shipments will, I doubt not, greatly increase, particularly if large uniform lines of tea can be purchased, and Odessa will more and more become the distributing centre for the South and South-East, 1 believe that through rates from China and Colombo to Moscow have been arranged for, and the system in force of keeping the teas in bond during their journey to and storage at Moscow, enables the dealers to clear just the quantities they may from time to time require. There is, I may men- tion, no foundation for the statement, made to me in London, that the Russian Customs’ regula- tions necessitated the clearing of, and consequent payment of duty on, the whole of a consignment at once. The dealer can draw as much or as little as he likes, and he pays duty only on the quantity taken out. Ihere are no Octroi duties in Russia. GOVERNMENT REGULATIONS CONCERNING THE SALE OF TEA. No tea can be sold retail in Russia except in closed packets and no packets can be sold unless they have been tracked in an authorized t'acking- rooiii in presence of a Government Officer, and have the Government baudarol or wrapirer round them. Indeed, although the tea has all previously paid the import duty it is treated in the mer- chants’ warehouses precisely as if it were in bond until the tracking is linished and the baiularol affixed. The Government supplies and pays the supervising Officer, who keeps the keys of tlie warehouses, and it is only in his presence that the teas are moved to the packing-room, bulked, wei"hed and packed. He keeps detaileil records of all the quantities received and sent out, and returns are rendered to the central authority. The Officer has it in his pjwer to be obstruc- tive, but I fancy a private monthly payment secures bis good-will and makes him act as a general superintendent of the packing-) com and the workers employed there. At present the Go- vernment requires that a minimum quantity of 48 000 lb. per annum shall be jmcked befoie they will grant autliority for a packing- room to be estalilishe-d. It was reported that this minimum is aho.ufc to be raised to 200,000 1b. per annum, hut I could get no official confirmation of the report. The Go- vernment makes a charge for the bandarol label varying according to tiie size of the package. On a one pound (Rus.sian) [racket it is ^ ko[>eck, on a half pound l-5th, on a quarter J, on an eighth i, and so on. This systetn of compulsory Government super- vision aiid use of a band.'ir'ol is of recent origin, and was introduced with the ostensible, and, no doubt, to some extent real, object of preventing fraud 'ill weight and adult n ation, but the large firm of Russian dealers to whose inlluence the system is said to he due, undoubtedly hojied that it would c.nish out all their small rivals. It does oiler .a serioiR ol).5taclc to the starling of a small business, and it entirely [U-events the importation of packet teas, hut .small dealers have in Isome instance.s combined and maintain one pac'kin"-room amongst several, and in other cases they send their teas to he packed at one of the establishments, paying an arranged-on charge. I heard this charge in St. Petersburg quoted at 4 kopecks for 1 lb packets. THE CUSTOM.S OF THE RUSSIAN TEA TRADE. One of the prejudices on the [lart of the con- sumer adverse to small dealei's is that of dealing only with shops which sell nothing but tea, or, at most, tea and the kindred products — cotFee, cacao anil sugar. The rent, taxes and administrative charges all fall on the one article, and it requires a large turn-over to meet them. In the country and in the poorest portions of the City, the [u ejudice does not hold good, and shops with a general business sell packet teas, supplied by some of the large packing houses. The custom of the Russian tea trade which is most adverse to small wholesale dealers is that of giving long credit. The scarcity of money in the country, the long time occupie BY OUR FIELDS AND BY HER looms and by them alone.” We have seklom if ever read a more eoiivinc- ing address on the Currency and Financial pro- blems which for live years have dislnrbed India and Ceylon, than that afforded by Mr. David Yale,— a leadingCalcntta merchant,— as I'hairinan of the half-yearly meeting of the Bank of Cal- cutta, Limited, on the 29th ult. It has readied our hands in pamphlet form and we cannot refrain, great as is the demand it makes on our space from giving it in fail, .so special must be its interest to every planter, nay every pro- ducer, inerchanui blanker, and trader in Ceylon. “ Them’s my sentiments ” may well be the res- ponse to nearly every division of Mr. Yule’s address and tlie marvel is witli such convincing evidence of the evil indicted on the opposite Continent— its agricultural millions, its manufac- turiim and industrial sections, bankers and traders, that no definite action by a Public Lea^me has been taken long ago to counteract th*” utterly foolish policy of the Goveniment Itoanciers. 1, ^ 1 We can assure Mr. Yule that all Ceylon is ready to back him, and to form a League tomorrow to secure a return to the sound automatic working of Exchange which pre- vailed previous to 1893, a condition winch very lately Mr. Henry Dunning MacLeod— ac- knowled^ed to be one of the lii^^hest li\ uig authorities on Currrency. Banking and binance —pronounced to be a perfectly sate and sound one for a country situated as India was. We can fancy how readily Mr. Bethune ^whose recent speech will be found on our sixth page), Mr. Joseph Fraser and other leading Ceylon planters as well as tne lion. W. W. Mitchell representing our solitary Spinning and Weaving Mill, will endorse what is said. CEYLON TEA IN RUSSIA. Mr. T. N. Christie has just received a cutting of an advertisement which has been appearing recently in all the Moscow papers, and sends if t, us to^rether with a translation as being of interest to our readers. The translation is as follows .— t;,iiNA-CEYLON TEA. TBere has of late been a great increase, which f:ii enntinues to grow, in ihe use of a tea consisting ^ mixture of China tea with that of Ceylon and without a swjle firm selling such mixture others, ,, mention of that fact on its labels. Thus rr^‘ennsumer is quite ignorant whether he is Sfnking China tea. Ceylon tea, or a mixture of ‘‘'"Thr^Company has hitherto had and will always r to /mwe on sale separately both pure China a d pure Ce, /Ion tea. Yielding, however, to the J of buyers, the Directors have arranged tor th^safe of a tea consisting of a mixture of China h (lev loll tea, but m order not to anywise wlTstray the public as the tea they are using, have lead asti y 1^^^^ j„.oper decided c 13 primed r fh. 1.S B.O.. K. S ». Popwr. M'e are extremely pleased to see this im- portant Russian Tea House taking so much interest in Ceylon teas, and arranging to sell our teas pure as well as in blend. YOUNG CEYLON IN BRITISH EAST AFRICA. The following letter received from Mr. A. P. Wijeykoon. one of the medical men who pro- ceeded to Uganda in December last, will be useful to others who intend to follow in their wake, says our legal contemporary : — “ We reached Klindini on the otii instant and reported ourselves to the Chief Engineer, who referred 11s to the P. M. O. Dr. Carie, whose instnictions were that we were to remain here till we learn the Hindustani language. I am House Physician, Oorlolf House Surgeon, and De Jong is in charge of the oxygen treatment for J leers, &c., wliidi was introduced after our arrival. After we pick up a little Hindustani, two of us M’ill be sent upcountry to attend to the men there. The Department seems to be very shortliaiided and I expect that they will in- dent for some more men. The place does not seem to be so bad as we were led to believe. It abounds in fruits, such as bananas, coconuts, jak, mangoes, cajunuts, papaya, &c. The watei supposed to be drunk is condensed water from the sea, but most of the iieople use well water. In addition to our pay we get our diet which consists of rioe, dliall, curry stuff's, ghee and flour, &a», also two lb. of ice a day for each mail.” Coffee, Coconuts and Cultivation gener- ally IN Borneo. — In an official Report for 1897 on North Borneo, we read : — Some gentlemen in Ceylon formed a Syndieate to cultivate coconuts in Borneo and Mr. A. E. Wright and a Sinhalese expert arrived here during the year and reported well on the soil. And later on, we have the following record ; — • Cultivation. — In general terms the Territory has progressed during the past year despite the fact that one tobacco estate has closed, with as yet no fresh opening, and that one or two products have given less satisfactory results than were hoped. Tobacco. — The prices as yet realized have been quite up to expecta- tion. Bilit Estate was finally closed early in the year, but search .has been made for suitable new land both on this and the West Coasts. A restricted area has been selected at Tawao, but home companies require much greater room, and it lA believed that the early part of 1898 will see new land opened in Province Dent. Coffee. — The fall of home prices has had an effect on local enterprize in this direction, and it is generally felt that other products must be relied upon if money is to be made. The various gardens are however looking well and a fortunate turn in the market may restore it to former favour. Gambier. — This is flourishing and still maintains its price. Coconuts. — These seem to offer one of the best chances of making profit open to residents. The demand for coir, oil, copra, &c., is rather growing than decreasing, and the only drawback is the length of time which has to elapse between planting and gathering the nuts. Hemp. — This is being grown successfully at Suan Lambah, the only drawback being the want of cheap labour, and it is generally admitted that machinery must be used to secure profitable results. The next few months will deter- mine the question Rhea. — This is also being planted extensively and offers a better chance of good results, the price being higher than of hemp. But here again machinery is necessary and the remarks above made apply to this product also. Pepper. — This is grown only on a small scale by Chinese and does not figure largely as an export. THE TROPICAL AGRICULTDRIST. March i, 1898.] THE CACAO DISEASE. A RBCOKD OF ITS RAVAGES. There is ahroad some sore feeliii" in regard to the cacao disease ; those whose places have heen spared inclining to “cut up rough,” and would have no mention niade of it, for fear cacao pro- perty should be depreciated. But it is a thousand pities that the “hue and cry” had rob been started earlier. Much money might have been saved, and by this time we might have b.een well on the road to successfully combating the pest. As it is, the inquiry is just beginning ; and although we hear now and again that one local scientist is on the track of the enemy, has marked him down, and will be his death erelong ; yet it is but the wish being the father of the thought — the thing is only in the air. Mr. Carmthers has not himself spoken and while he is silent, things pretty much remain as they were. We have no wish whatever to exaggerate the extent of the harm done, not the strenuous efforts which must yet be put forth to stamp the pest out ; for it goes without saying that in a land like this — the very paradise of insect and fungoid life — it will nob be exactly a “ walk over” which the cacao planters will have. Nevertheless, if there be hope, the men who grow cacao will undoubtedly be ready to grapple with the enemy, and have a sturdy wrestle for the mastery. Up to this time, so far as we know, facts and figures as to the extent of the harm done, have nob been forthcoming. Those who minimise the evil, speak of a tree here and there dying out, jauntily refer to it as a thing to be expected, common in all kinds of cultivation ; and trace the cause to ‘wet feet,’ improper conditions of the soil, or anything in fact. It ought never to have been referred to at all, they say, and especially in the public prints. Those who have been and still are “under the harrow” have already enough to pub up with, and do not particularly see what the public have to do with their bothers and losses. It is hard enough to bear them without being made an object- les.son for an agricultural community. All this is natural enough, and we are inclined co sym- pathise with both classes. Happily there is a third class, who, with the view to emphasise the need of action, are neither so sensitive nor reticent as the others, and we are today able to give the cacao crop, gathered from 110 acres, for the last six years. The planter who has obliged us with these figures does not desire that the name of the property should be known, nor that his own name should appear, but we know of what we write, and can vouch for the correct- ness of the figures. The crops run as follows : — cwt. or. lb. cwt qr. lb. 1892 .. 318 '2 1 1895 .. 317 1 25 1893 . . 432 0 17 1896 . . 329 1 26 1894 .. 394 3 3 1897 .. 193 2 12 The disease first appeared on the estate at the end of 1894. but nob until last year did it become very bad. The figures given are eloquent enough, and perhaps those planters who are inclined to charge us witli the sinister motive of depre- ciating cacao property, exaggerating the evil, and such like nonsense, will now be convinced, that there is a constituency in Ceylon who feel that the publicity which has been afforded to this serious matter was certainly called for. The existence of the evil was smothered too much at the outset, and now it would seem as if the day of reckoning had fully come. 6ij At present the Planters’ Association is issuing a ciiculai to all cacao growers, asking’ for sup- port toward remuneration of the scientific ser- vices of Mr. Carruthers, whose aim, as we all know, is to find out a cure for the cacao disease, lhat this appeal will be well supported we doubt not, and the sum needed is not a big one. If the ravages of tlie cacao disease are to mean in all gardens where it appears, anything like what it has cost tlie proprietors of the estate whose returns we have been permitted to quote, then we need offer no word to pres.s upon cacao-growers, to support the call now made upon them. (Self-interest alone will be reason enough to open their purse-strings, not to speak of any- Hung more public-spirited. Now that the needed Cryptogamist is in the Colony, and that the field for his investigations is cle.arly defined and wide enough in all conscience, Mr. Carruthers’ valuable services should certainly be retained until our Cacao planters feel that the Scientist has his hand on the throat of their enemy, and that its destruction and e.xpulsion are in a fair way to be compassea. MCE FROM SOUTHERN INDIA. THE RECENT VISIT OF ENQUIRY BY CEYLON PLANTERS. Report of a deputation, which visited the prin- cipal centres of S. Indian rice trade— viz Negapatam, Tanjore, Shiyali, and Cuddalore— all of which are included in the special reduced through-booking scheme of the S. I. R.ailway. Negapatam.— This place was visited on the 23rd of January 1898. It is the centre of the sea-borne rice trade of S. India, although com- paratively little rice is grown in the immediate neighbourhood. The evidence taken at this place was, therefore, exclusively that of .shippings chetties and their brokers and not of cultiva- tors. The distance from Negapatam to Tuti- corin by rail is 265^ miles ; to Colombo about 415^ miles via Tuticorin ; from Negapatam by .sea direct (via Panmben) to Colombo is 260 miles more or less. It is, therefore, eminently satisfactory to have elicited from these people the opinion that in the North-East monsoon (at least) transit by rail to Tuticorin, and thence by sea to Colombo is preferable to direct shipment from Negapatam to Colombo. 1 he Nagapatam dealers expressed their wil- lingness to send periodical samples and quota- tions with .a view to direct dealing on the lines laid down by the deputation, which will be re- ferred to later. TAN.JORE. — Visited Januarv 2' !i, 1898 Dist- ance from Tuticorin 217^ miles by rail. Tanjore IS the principal rice-growing distiict. It has a permanent irrigation system from the river Cau- yery, and quotations from this district should be mss ^ liable^ ^ to fluctuations than less favoured districts. 1 he persons interviewed here were not owners of land or cultivators, but were buyers of paddy, whoemploy labourers to convert the paddy into nee, which they afterwards vend. SiRlMANE AND S'embala. — They producedsani- pies of two grades of rice, which are locally known as Sirimaneand Sembala, which are known to us as Mootoo-Samba and Kalunda. For these they quoted free on rail in double gunnies. Mootoo-yamba R7-06 per bag of 190 lb. o-roas Kaluuda R6-51 “ .. THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [March i, 1898. The samples shown were certainly superior to the rice of similar grades sold in Ceylon, and distinctly diea))er, say, K3T3 jier bushel in Colombo for Kalunda, including all commissions and agency charges. A'ter tills interview ^^•ith the dealers the deputation was approached by four rice culti- vators (land-owners) who wished their adilress registered with a view to direct dealing with our Agent. CuDDALoRE. — Visited January 25th. Distance from Tuticorin 316 miles. Only one cultivator was interviewed, but this place (the most dis- tant of the tour) has produced two firm ofi'ers of rice in large quantities — but of qualities not suitable for Ceylon requirements. Shiyali. — Visited January 25th. Distance 281 1 miles from Tuticorin. This was the most largely- attended meeting of the toui. The persons inter- viewed included both merchants brokeis and roprietors-culti vator, Tlie deputation found that usiness had been carried on direct between Shiyali and Colombo for some time, through Agents in Tuticorin and Colombo, and are of opinion that it will be easy to arrange direct dealings with this place although rates quoted on the spot were somewhat in excess of Tanjore figures. The deputation were particularly struck with the enormous acreage under rice between Cud- dalore and Tanjore, and its healthy appearance though no rain had fallen for some months owins' to the failure of North-East monsoon. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS. 1. That the through booking of tice should be strongly recommended to the notice of the Planting and Mercantile communities as profit- able to both. 2. That not more than two persons (acquainted with the rice busine.ss) go to Southern India about March 1st or thereabouts— if possible in company with a future South Indian Buying Agent. 3. That they purchase rice in various places at the best rates then obtainable — guided l>y the ave- rage Colombo quotations for South Indian rice. 4. Meanwhile arrangements should be made for the appointment of 1st. An agent (European on the Coast.) 2nd. A distributing house in Colombo. Aofe.— Without these, direct business between planter and rice-grower would probably’ prove un- satisfactory, in view of the universal desires of these interviewed for an agent, with whom they could deal directly, and who would be resjionsible for the conditions of iiayment, and for the quality ©f rice purchased by him at the centre of supply. The distributing-house would have to s|)lit up consignments of rice, which would often be too large for individual consumers, (one truck load of 72 bags or say 200 bushels being the smallest quantity accepted at through booking rates.) It would also check quality and weight in theintere.st of the consumer, and make general arrangements for linancing consignments. Note. — It must be borne in mind that the con- cession (nominally a reduction in freight of 12 cents per ton) made by the Ceylon Government Eailway is of no practical use whatever, and that it' is a concession at all is not borne out by actual figures before the deputation. On the contrary the Ceylon Government Railway ai»pears to have (while granting an apparent concession) quoted to the South Indian Baihvay slightly more than rates actually levied by the Ceylon Government Railway. There is therefore no objection to booking through only as far as Colombo, where trustworthy agents could deal w'ith the rice to their own profit and the con- venience of customers. 6. The deputation therefore recommend tliat [ilanters co-operate in supporting a Central Agency in Colombo with an agent on the coast, and con- sider that this agency could profitably do bu.sine.ss at 2i per cent, commission to approved constituents on the ordinary terms of local business. CONDITIONS OF PURCHASE, AGENCY, &C., as suggested by the deputation and generally approved of by dealer?, cultivatois, agents, and others interviewed. 1. The unit of purchase to be by weight, viz : the bag of 190 1b. gross in double gunnies— f.c., about 186 lb. nett rice. Note. — The mean weight of new' rice appears to be 62’656 lb. per bushel, and of old rice 65-728 lb. 2. No advances or forward contracts to be made except by special agreement. 3. All prices to be quoted free on rail, bags and all petty charges included. 4. Payment to be made by drafts at 14 days after sight (negotiable at the nearest bank or agency to the place of purchase) on (U'oduction of tlie South Indian Railway re- ceipts. 5 Rice to be at buyer’s risk against loss in weight or sea* damage from date of delivery on rail. 6. Commission to be at 12^ cents per bag for agent in South India, Memo. — It is evident that the Distributing Agency (to avoid loss on individual consignments) would have to charge a covering rate, and the deputation recommend that such profit be divided 50 per cent to go to the constituents of the agency— ^ro rata to their individual purchases of rice, and 25 per cent each to the Colombo and South Indian Agents. In conclusion the deputation wish to put on record their hearty thanks to Captain Shelly and many other officials of the South Indian Railway for their assistance in facilitating the collection of evidence, to the Colombo Agents of the B.I.S.N. Company, and to the various gentlemen who helped tlie deputation wdth their advice and in- formation. NOTE. The addresses of cultivators, merchants, brokers, South Indian firms, and individuals willing to do business on the lines indicated by the deputa- tion, may be obtained on application to the Secretary, Ceylon Planters’ Association, who has been furnished with a verbatim report of the evidence collected on the spot. (Signed) A. MANSFIELD FoRBES, Philip F. Ryan, Geo. C. Bliss, A. M. Carmichael, James Ryan. [Apjiended to the report is the circular regarding the through booking of rice, with useful hints and full details as to charges.] The Culture of Vanilla in West Africa. The experiments in vanilla culture in the German colonies of West Africa have, so far, been success, fill, and the plants appear to be becoming acclimatised. It is belieieJ that these colonies will furnish as good vanilla as that from Reunion. The most important plantation is that of the Catholic mission of Bagamoyo. — Apotheker Zeitung. * Coat of insurance by Messrs. Adamson, Mc.Taggart, & Co is R2 per 6 ton waggon load or about 1 cent per bushel. Marcs i, 1898,] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 629 CINCHONA BARK: ITS “CONTROL” AND PROSPECTS. Ouv friend, Mr. G. Mundt of Java, has been doing good work for the Cinchona planters, while in Holland and has at last succeeded apparently in securing such a union of cultivators and importers as may defy the alleged Jerman combination of manufacturers of the alkaloid. In Amsterdam there is a Comiuitee or Council of the Association for Promoting the Interests of Cinchona Culture, which lately called two meet- ings of the importers of Cinchona Bark. At one of these, Mr. Mundt, who is a very powerful personality amongst Java bark growers and im- porters, gave those present at the meeting such strong encouragement and assurance of support from Java that hesitation was at once put aside and specific clauses of agreement drawn up. The meeting agreed, — 1. A committee of five, representing consignees and planters, to be entrusted with the direction of the operations. 2. No cinchona to be oHered except at auction. 3. The quantity to be so offered to be limited to the requirements as estimated by the oommitte, if necessary, after consultation with the importers, and to be taken proportionately from the supplies de- clared available for sale by the importers, twenty-five days before the auction day ; no lot to be split. 4. If necessary, a minimum limit to be fixed before each auction by the committee in consultation with the importers. The following were elected members of the executive committee ; — J. A. C. van Leenwen, F. L. S. van Heekeren, W. J. P. van den Bosch, G. Mundt, and Patrice Uramer. very much is gained by the erection of those factories; but most certainly not everything, especially as regards the immediate future. In order permanently to relieve the cinchona market it is necessary that pi oprietors of cinchona undertak- ings, should place the fullest confidence in the judgment • of their importers and that such proprietors should leave their importers perfectly free to deal with the stocks of cinchona bark as the importers think best. When importers have a free hand and will em)dcy the latitude allowed them in a proper manner— and we cannot think that importers will act otherwise than properly— then it stands to reason that the importern and not the ring of German manufacturers will hold the reins in the matter. The result of this will be that the quantities of bark to be put up to auction will be judiciously determined, and that the unit will be fixed in such a way as to allow the proprietor* of the cin« chona undertakings to obtain a return for the sold portion of their produce, not only appreciably larger than during the last few years they obtained for their entire harvest, but amply sufficient to cover all expenses besides, and to leave a good margin of profit in addition Besides which, the difficulty of the first-hand stock of cinchona bark becoming too targe in consequence of the whole supply not being sold will vanish of itself • for assuredly the proprietors of undertakings will not be so foolish as to incur expense in gathering and shipping bark which they know will be warehoused for an indefinite period by their importers. To produce a healthy condition, importers, once they have acquired the free disposition of the cinchona bark— at any rate during a series of auctions— will probaldy, put coalition against coalition, at least have’ to fight, if only to convince the manufacturers that there can no longer be any question of dissension. But such a course will not prove necessary in the long run, provided importers be left a free hand. At any rate, while the injurious results of the position hitherto taken up by the proprietors of the cinchona The committee, in issuing the report of the pro- - undertakings will, on the one hand, gradually vanX edines mentioned above, anneal for the assistance i 1 ’ . V. *“*^*““1 ceedings mentioned above, appeal for the assistance of all interested in the cinchona trade of Java. Mr, Mundt will shortly return to that island, and en- deavour to further the interests of the new cinchona combination there. In framing these resolutions the manufac- turers of quinine have not been lost sight of, but it is somewhat sanguinely expected — says tlie British and Colonial Druggist — “ that the German combi- nation will not oppose the action of the bark sel- lers. In support of this it was said that one of the manufacuiiers of quinine had declared that the latter would far sooner not have taken the steps which had resulted in injury to the proprie- tors of cinchona plantations, and that they would not regret an understanding being arrived at amongst such proprietors. It is probable tliat the manufacturer who uttered these sentences was quite sincere, but speaking at a time when such a combination of importers and planters appeared impossible, he w'ould be in a far different frame of mind from that with which he would regard a strong and united ring amongst the sellers of the crude material with which he worked. Anyhow, we shall soon have the opportunity of seeing how tills gentleman and other quinine manufacturers regard the new departure. Everyone interested in the quinine and bark markets will follow closely the next three auctions in Amsterdam, which are in the nature of an expeiiinent to decide forth- coming plans. M'hen those have passed, we, like the importeis, shall be able to speak more confi- dently as to the future.”. From the report of the Amsterdam meeting we quote some inteiesting passages : — A good many cinchona planters imagine that the erection of quiu me factories in Java has gained their point for them ; the future, however, will in all prob- ability show that these planters are mistaken. Much, and the market be placed upon a sound footing the Javanese quinine factories will, on the other hand, exercise a more and more wholesome influence upon our market, since those factories will be in a position to fight the manufacturers on their own ground if need be. It may be mentioned that Mr. Massnik, one of the two Java quinine-makers, has written a letter to a local paper in which he states that the modus operaridi of the European quinine-ring, consisting of four German makers and the firm of Howards dc Sons, is as follows :— The members of the ring have placed the control of their sales of quinine in the hands of the Gold- und Silher- Schelde Anstalt of PranL fort-on-Maine, or rather of Mr. Andre®, the director of that powerful chemical-factory. Mr. Andre® fixes the quantity of quinine which each factory may self and its selling-price. He signs all the quinine in- voices of the five makers, and he determines in what markets each shall sell. The five makers may buy bark and at any price they like, but they always must buy bade and as much quinine in the bark as they have sold of the manufactured article 'r’hev may buy more if they choose, but not less. It is not certain whether these conditions relating to bark- purchases are still in force. ^We also understand that the Bandoeng (Java) quinine- w'orks have made a contract to supply a fairly large parcel of quinine direct to Australia at the price of Is Oid per oz, “ c.i.f.” terms. It is stated that the world s total output of quinine in the bark amounts_ to 300,000 kilos., of w'hich Java alone pro- duces 250,000 kilos . four-fifths thereof beiim yielded by one province of Western Jav.a alone. The plan- tei s in that province jiropose to form an association for the protection of their industry, and to issue 8/ periodical to the members giving the fullest possible information on the subject. Mr. H. A. van Overzee, of Amsterdam, sends us his annual review of the Amsterdam cinchona-market for 1897. He considers that, while the power of the < nbinel German manufacturers has not been suffi- THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [March 189B. 630 cieut to prevent an advance in the bark-price, owing to ihe increased consumption oi quinine, yet their strength is by no means broken. The existing supply of cinchona is not excessive, but if the Java planters harvest and ship recklessly this year the advantage in price gained in 1897 will be lost soonj The results of the quinine manufacture in Java have been but slight up to the present. He con- siders that the Java planters alone have it in their power to regulate the price of quinine in the future, provided ibey can make a working-arrangement among themselves. PRODUCE AND PLANING. Ramie Cultivation in Australia. — It is suggested that the rhea, or ramie, plant should be grown in Australia, where there is reason to believe that it will flourish, as it grows well in the Botanical Gardens at Melbourne and in nurseries elsewhere. Until recently the labour involved in separating the libre from its gummy covering was so great that the crop could be grown commercially only where labour »as very cheap, in Eastern countries. But the invention of a labour-saving process in 1895 brought the production and manufacture of rhea vAtbiu the reach of other parts of the world suitable to its cultivating and bark-stripping, after a plantation has once been made, at T4 an acre, and the vulue of the bark at TIO; but, of course, both expenses and returns must vary in different parts of the world. Training for Botanical Curators.— The gardeners of Kew have a journal of their own, or, rather, of the guild they formed some years ago. A list of the names and addresses of members shows that no less than filty-three old Kewites hold positions in India and the Colonies, whilst all the curators of Botanic Gardens in the United Kingdom were trained in the Royal Gardens. The limit of service for journeymen, gardeners is two years, but those who aie promoted to sub-foremen stay on until they obtain appointments either in colonies and dependencies, or at home. Courses of lectures are provided after working hours on systematic, economic, and geographical botany, chemislry and physios, and certificates are granted. —E. & 0. Mail, Ian. 28. THE EEEECT OF EXCHANGE RATES ON INDIAN AND CEYLON TEA PRODUC- TION—WHAT INDIA HAS BEEN SAVED FROM. [To the Editor of The Home and Colonial Mad.] Sin, — Sir James Westland is credited with stating that he has saved India from a fall in the rupee to an exchange value of 9d. Where is the saving ? Is there a saving ? Who makes the saving ? Had not the Indian Government taken to tinkering with the currency and maintaining the exchange value of the rupee at a fictitious level, as compared with its intrinsic worth it is probable ttiat the pio- prietors of tea estates in India aud Ceylon during the year 1897 would have reaped iu profit some £2,000,000 more than they are likely to do. The total imports of Indian and Ceylon teas into the United Kingdom during the calendar year of 1897 were 228,tiUO,OwOib, and the average price rea- lised for Siiriie in London public auctions was louglily 8id pc-r pound. It is improbabie that, taken over all, the profit on production exceeded 2d per lb, and, allowing another penny per pound for freight and chaiges not subject to e.\chiiuge, we get 54d per lb as the average local cost of production at the ports of shipment — Calcutta andCohmbo. This cost hes to be remilt' d in some m n e. or oilier to India or Ceylon, and, on a yield of 228,0UO,OOOlb, we get £.1,22.5,000 MB llin ciop outlay for. the year. T,.kmg the average rate of exchange for 1897 as Is 34U, and ueductiiig from same the 9d admitted by Sir James Westland to be the present real value of the rupee, we have (54d per rupee loss, or an aggregate loss during the year, of £2,190,000 to the tea industiy from exchange alone. Roughly speaking, therefore, every penny up or down in exchange quotations means £340,000 less or more in net revenue from British- grown tea. The calculations have not been worked out to a nicety because the complete date of working them do not exist, but the result shown cannot be far from an actual oue. Anyone, it affords grounds for “ pointing a moral” against the maintenance on mere- ly sentimental grounds of a fictitious level of value for the rupee, aud the statement of such serious considerations may awaken the large body of pro- prietor.s and shareholders in Eastern tea estates to a realisation of the grave injustice that is being done to their inter'ests. They have hitherto accepted the position in the belief that the upward movement in exchange was merely a spasm, and that we shordd probably soon see rates lower than ever ; but the position must now be becoming serious for many proprietor.s, owing to the constantly falling prices on the one hand and the rising exchange on the other. The full force of both considerations has not yet been felt, but, as the accounts and reports for 1897 begin to be issued in a mouth or two, the effect is certain to be clearly shown in the rates of dividend, unless in the case of properties worked under exceptional cir- cumstances. There is no question but that the tea-producing industry, greatly benefitted by the more or less continuous fall iu the exchange value of the rupee from its per level, and that consequently much new capital (in the way both of reorganisation of old concerns with a new proprietary at enhanced values, and in direct opening up of new properties) has been put into the business in the last few years. Many of such investments were made on calculations which had for their basis the understanding that a rupee did, as the China dollar does, represent its silver value ; but the financial advisers of the Government of India have given a rude shock to those who have placed their trust in that idea. The amount of capital invested in tea estates in India and Ce'lon is somewhere near £40,000,000, and it will be app.vi'ent that those who hold the invest- ments are being taxed to maintain a high rate of exchange to the extent of something like 5 per cent, per annum on the capital value of their holdings. — I am, sir, yours, &c., John McEwan. —H. & C. Mail, Jan, 28. — ^ NEW MINOR PRODUCT FOR CEYLON : THE CAMPHOR TREE. “ It is reported that three well-known citizens of Orlando, Florida are going to plant about 60 acres with camphor trees.” So runs a paragraph in an English journal ; but wliy should it not be one, two or three ]>lanters in t eyion ? If the camphor tree is e.xpected to flourish in Florid.a, much more should it succeed in Ceylon and we know something of the conditions on both countries. Undoubtedly there has been a stir in the camplior trade lately ; and between the 25th December and 15th .lanuary there was a ri.se in the price of crude camphor in the English market of fiom 4s to 8s 6d per cwt. Rut this may be a temporary movement due tc interference on the part of the Japanese with the Formosan camphor trade. This is likely to be rectified, since we read that, — The Japanese .are now showing, that while they are determined to get a good grip of the Formosan camphor-! rade. they are to gang warily about it, and those who know the .Japanese agree that when they have the Fo:ni.''S8n trade iu their own hands, they will conserve rather than restrict the output of camphor, and by introducing their own method cf distillingi tin y Will get more out of the wood and put a better quality of crude Formosan camphor on the market. It will be remembered that the exports of camphor from Foimosa have increased enormously duiring th* pMt t*n y*»ri, In 18S< tb* output wks March t, 1898.J THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 631 1,335 piculs, and in 1894 no less than 39,547 piculs were exported. Some falling-off resulted in conse- quence of the war and the Formosan rebellion in 1896 but we observe that the Tainan export in 1896 amounted to 8,007 cwt., or 641 cwt. above the average for 1891-94, so that improvement had set in : and we may fairly say that the same holds good for the northern territory, which produces a much larger proportion of camphor. The London importations of camphor in 1897 confirm this view, 1,050 packages (approximately 1,837 cwt.) more being received than in 1896, but there is still a good leeway to make up before we reach the figures obtaining before the war, as the following shows : — 1894 1895 1896 1897 Imports ... 11.081 19 711 6,473 7,523 packages Deliveries.. 11,663 7,923 10,814 8,017 „ These figures represent Japanese and Chinese cam- phor. It is obvious that the imports at the present time are less than the demand, and we have daring the past two years drawn upon the I'eserve stock held in London (fully a year’s supply). In view of these facts refiners’ reduction of price is an indica- tion of their confidence in the future of the article. The Tainan Consul supplies an excellent corollary to this in his statement of the cost of crude camphor in first-hands at Foinu.-sa. It will be seen that the lowest cost was §13 per picul, or about 33s 6d per c.wt., taking the dollar value at 2s 6d. The product doubled in value (§37 per picul) by the time it reached Hongkong, and the simultaneous price in London was 87s 6d cwt. As the market stands now, we have again reached the minimum, and while an increase is to be expected during the year, we do not think, that the extravagant prices of the past few years can rule in the face of an improviug supply and the dis- aster which attended speculation in recent years. There is encouragement in all this, to cultivate and as we .said above, Ceylon planters might well give a trial : — Cultivation. — The plant should succeed in most parts of the island. It may be propagated from cuttings or raised from seed in a bed set apart for the purpose. When ready for planting out, plant in rows 8 feet apart, giving a space of 4 or 5 feet between each plant. Preparation. — In a letter to the Royal Gardens, Kew, Dr. A. Henry gives the f.Jlowiiig description, obtained from the Rev. E. F. Gilman, of the process employed by the Chinese in extracting the camphor from the plant in the Island of Hainan; — The j lant is in flow'er in July and August. During the fall and winter months the Chinese of the island, or the ab- original Lois in Chinese employ, collect the young leaves of the plant, which there grows to a height of 8 or 10 feet. They say they only take the last three joints of the branch. The leaves are allowed to remnin on ihe branch, and are wilted for a coupla of days. They are then placed in the retrot, which is a cask about 2 feet high, open at both ends, and of a diameter snitable to place it over a large Chinese frying-pan (say the diameter is 20 inches). The frying-pan is filled with water, and over the water is placed a coar<^e sieve of woven bamboo to separate the leovet from the water. The cask is cemented with clay to the edge of the pan, and after receiving its charge of 30 lb. or 40 lb. of the leaves, a i.nge brass basm is placed on the upper open end of the cask, and is filled with cold water which is frequently changed. Fire is placed under the frying pan, and the process of distillation is continued for about four hours. At the end of that time the brass pan is lifted ofi, and its lower suifi.ee is found to be coated with a layer of crystallisi d substance about sixteenth of an inth thick. This .a the aifen or crude camphor, and is sent lo Cantoi , and remanufacluied iuto ai-p'ien or refined oamphoi- Another writer gives Uie following as the piocei-s pf pieparation (1) A large pan or cauldron i- filled wilh water, and a un or can witliout a ltd is set upright in it. This ciu has a small aperture beneath, into which is fitted a metal tube. The pLnt is put into the tin, and a second iron pan put over the tin like a cap. This pan has an aperture through w issues the tube leading from the can. The water is made to boil, and the steam, having no other means of egress but the tube, passes through the can and out of the covering iron pan, steaming the plant on its way, and condensing as “ ai dew.” (2) In the second place, the “• aj dew ” is put into a tin or can which has no orifice in it, and, with that variation treated as before. The product is called ai fen (or “at flour” or “ powder ”)■; (3) The “ at powder ” ia treated aocorcluig to the first of the three processes and the essence thus distilled is the fragrant ai yu or “ ai oil.” Notwithstanding the comparatively narrow limits of its natural environment, the camphor tree grows well in cultivation under widely different eonditions. It has become abundantly naturalised in Madagascar! It flourishes at Buenos Ayres. It thrives in Egypt' in the Canary Islands, in South Eastern France and in the San Joaqum valley in California, where the summers are hot and dry. Large trees at least two hirndrecl years old are growing in the temple courts at Tokyo, where they are subject to a winter of seventv to eighty nights of frost, with an occasional mini- mum temperature as low as 12° to 16° F. The con- ditions for really successful cultivation appear to be a minimum winter temperature not below 20° F, 50 inches or more of rain during the warm growing sea* son, and abundance of plant food rich in nitrogen. In the native forests in Formosa, Fukien, and Japan! camphor is distilled almost exciusivoly from the wood of trunks, roots, and larger branches. The work is performed by hand labour, and the methods employed seem rather crude. The camphor trees are felled and the trunk, laiger limbs and sometimes the roots, are cut into chips which are placed in a wooden tub about 40 inches high and 2) inches in diameter at the base, tapering towards the top like an old-fashioned churn. The tub has a tight fitting cover which may be removed to put in the drips. A bamboo tube extends from near the top of the tub into the condenser. This consists of two wooden tubs of different sizes, the larger one right side up, kept about two-thirds full of water from a continuous stream which runs out of a hold in one side. The .smaller one is inserted with its edges below the water, forming an air-tight chamber. This air chamber is kept cool by the water falii;.g on the top and running down over the sides. The upper part of the air chamber is sometimes filled with clean rice straw, on which the camphor crystallises, while oil drips down and collects on the surface of the water. In some cases the camphor and oil allowed to collect together on the surface of the water and are afterwards separated by filteration through rice straw or by pressiire. About twelve hours are re quired for distilling a tubful by this method. Then the chips are removed and dried for use in the fur- nace, and a new charge is put in. At the same time the camphor and oil are removed from the condenser By this method 20 to 40 pounds of chips are required for one pound of crude camphor, ^ Remembering that some years ago, Mr. Nock of Hakgala advocated the planting of camphor we enquired as to what h.ad been done so far as he knew. Here is hi.s very satisfactory answer With leference to your question about camphor I may state tliat during the year 1895 ive sent out trom the garden 975 plants to 37 at pHcants The.se were planted in a great variety of eleva! tions and climates and I believe they are doino well in nearly every place. Some that werl planted near Galle lind grown in two years to a l.eight of 12 feet, otliers at Niiwara Eliya have grown to nearly that height, and some here at Jlakjola are now over 9 feet high. This growth IS very .sati.sfa tory. Tlie plants co|)pice well and as solid camphor can now be e.xtracted from the leaves, camphor is a plant, in my opinion well- worth planting as a minor product. It is also a very ornamental tree. Not having had an oppor- [March i, 1898. THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. tunity of seeing the plants growing in the differ- ent localities, in the lowconntry (I wish I had) I am really not able to state, with any certainty, what locality will be likely to suit them lest, but so far as I can judge at present they seem to be not at all pamcular, provided they base fairly "ood soil. Of course elevation, and a dry or w’et “climate may affect the yield ol camphor oil and solid camphor. This can only be deter- mined by actual experiment.” IMMIGRANT COOLY ROUTES. THE PROPOSED DEPOT : HARE ISLAND US. TATAPARAI. the SUB-COM.MITTEE S REPORT TO THE P. A. COOLY ROUTES; TUTICORIN-COLOMBO. At the present time the coolies tind their way to Tuticorin by vail from the various stations on the South Indian Railway, and remain in that town for generally a day or so betoie em- barking^ for Colombo. '1 lie place of embarkation is the jetty, which juts out from the open space along Uie La-front of the town, and up to which a line of rails is earned connecting iMth the railway, so that trains can be brought straight UD to Lie jetty. The usual hour of embaikation is^ about 4’ o’clock p-m., and passengers are taken out to the ship in a steam launch, a distance of about fivenLes. Coolies staying at luticonn Se ., -Reeled to ,isk of bl»ckn,aill,,g a. ~ 1 » infection of cholera and otlier diseases. H theie- fore becomes necessary to organize some ^ which the coolies need not or cannot go into the town at all Two places have been sugg^ted, vCa delit either at Hare Island or at Tata- ^*^Hare Island lies on the course of the steani launches running between the steamers and the iettv and is about one-lmndred and twelve acies in'^lLtent. The Tuticorin light-house is situated tUo icland which IS Otherwise uninhabited. corinbn the S. I. Railway, and is about nine and h^f niiles from that town. In considering the advantages and disadvantages ot the two schemes, the points calling for attention aie . 2. The co^veufence, aoeessibility and hygiene. 3, The risk of infection. 4 The comfort of tbe coolies. r. Thp attitude of the Government. fi tL poLibility of this route becoming less used. 7; ih^xisteLeof a depot and possible quaran- 'T for remitting funds to coolies in transit g^pj,^,g^,_Tlie cost of the scheme at Tataparai isestimated ataboutR7,000 inc^^uding aU necessary buiblings to accommodate say, 1,U00 coolies 'It must be understood that it is not pio- uLL'to make cither place into a quarantine station, but only a sloiiping idace when the coolies can or anil cook their food after tbe railway louiney. Tlii Ha.= S.,l,ei..e wo„ld have to include a jetty on the island besides quarters fertile Immigration Agent, and could Imidly amount to less than four or live times the cost of the Tataparai Scheme. , 9 The CoNVEXIltNLE, Accessibilit\ Hygiene -if tlie Tataparai Scheme be carried out Lolies can be booke.l fnmi stations on the railway to Tataparai and detained there, and c.in iin be booked tbrongli from lataparai to S.bo, oX C. G, Eaihv.y, Kanganies wisliing to keep their coolies out of Tuticorin can therefore do so by through booking from Tataparai. Coolies will not be subjected to blackmailing by Tuticorin caddy- keepers or others, as the depot being on premises belonging to the railway, no persons will be admitted unless with the permission of the Agent. No caddies can be erected in the neighbourhood as the railwaj’ has a right to, prevent any buildings being erected within a radius of lialf-a-mile from the station, and this right will be exercised. As regards the Hygiene, the Ceylon Assistant Immigration and jMedical Officer, Dr. Bawa, has reported that the soil at Tataparai contains organic matter, and is likely to become sodden and waterlogged diuing the rains but that by drainage, paving, and conservancy, this objection can be obviated. It appears, however, that the total rainfall for 11 months last year was only 21 inches, and that not more than 5 inches fell in any one month. As regards Hare Island, in order to get there, the coolies would have to go first to Tuticorin, and would be liable while there to all the dis- abilities if the present system ; unless they had hooked through to Colombo or couli be induced to go straight off t • Hare Island. This they could not be compell I to do, and it would also he impossible to pi event residents of Tuti- corin from visiting the Island unless the Madras Government took steps to prohibit any visitors. As regal (Is Hygiene, Hare Island would he a healthy place, and the depi'ic could easily be kept in a sanitary condition by the use of sea water which would be carried by the coolies. Fresh water can be supplied to either depot in any quan- tities required by means of tanks on the rail or by boat at a nominal cost. Should cholera break out in anything but a sporadic form at either depot, the result would probably be that the depots would have to be closed temporarily. The coolies would not remain at Hare Island if cholera prevailed there, and it is doubtful if tbe light-keepers even would stay, and as regaids Tataparai, it would not be right to receive more coolies into an infected depot. But with efficient supervision it is impro- bable that any serious outbreak would occur at either place, as eacli case would be immediately segregated. It should not be forgotten in con- sidering the necessity of an expensive scheme that but little trouble lias been experienced hitherto as regards cholera amongst immigrant coolies, and that the immigration of this class by this route has only once been interrupted in recent years. It has been suggested that in case of interruption of traffic between Tuticorin and Colombo, coolies might still be shipped from Tuticorin to Paumben, and quarantined at the station, and the flow of coolies to the Island thus maintained until the Colombo route was reopened. 3. The risk of infection of immigrants would be much less if either scheme were adopted, than it is at present. At Tataparai the only risk would he from coolies who had the infection on them, and at Hare Island the same remark would apply, |)rovided the coolies could be induced to go there without stopping at Tuti- corin on the way. 4. The comfort cf tlie coolies could he equally provided for at both places. As far as buildings are concerned — but in stormy weather the coolies on Hare Island would lie exposed to the full force of the wind and spray or drift sand — besides being exposed to the unavoidable discomfort of a double transhipment. March i, 1898.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 633 5. The attitude of the Madras Government is unfavourable to the Hare Island Scheme. We are informed on the lest authority that that Govern- ment have no objection to the Tataparai dej)Ot scheme on the lines laid down in Mr. Wilkin- ■son’s letter of 1st November, 1897. The coolies being a free immigrant no compulsion of any sort will be permitted, and he must be perfectly free to come and go. It -will, therefore be impossible to prevent him from visiting Tuticorin if he chooses, even after he has been conveyed to Hare Island, and also it may be supposed that the Madras Government will not sanction any prohibition of Tuticorin residents visiting the Island. If o. this ofitself would almost be enough to condemn the Hare Island Scheme. Whereas by the Tatapa ai scheme the avoidance altogether of Tuticorin would be likely to work automati- cally. 6. ' The possibility of this route becoming less used must be taken into consideration in view of the statement by the Governor of Madras when on tour lately inreply to the address from the Municipal Council of Madura. He said he was convinced of the advisability of the project of a line from Madura to Paumben, and the certainty of its remnnerativeness, and the Supreme Govern- ment has now recognised the expediency of the line being constructed. It follows that this line will probably be sanciioned in the near future, and the time for completion is estimated by the Railway anthoritie at about two years after sanc- tion has been received. This line in conjunction with the North Road and the Noithern Railway and the steamer service from Paumben to Colombo would undoubtedly divert a large amount of cooly traffic from Tuticorin. Expert opinion has been given that steamers can be laid alongside the jetty at Paumben, and coolies can walk on board, a great advantage over embarkation by launch or lighter. By the Madura-Paumban railway an alternative route will be available in the event of cholera closing the Tuticorin route, and the coolie will have the option of continuing his jour- ney by sea to Colombo, or by the northern land route according to his destination. 6. By these means also should the port at Colombo be temporarily closed, the influx of coolies whether from Tuticorin or Madura could still go on via Paumben and Mannar. 7. The Existence OF A Depot and Possible Quarantine Stati"N at Ragama.— As this station has been established and is now in use, and will not be discontinued so long as the Colombo route is open for coolies, it seems unnecessary to go to the expense of a quarantine station on the Indian side, and it is doubtful whether quarantine could be established on that side or whether such quarantine would be accepted as sufficient on this side Coolies could not be expected to place themselves voluntarily in a quarantine station at Tuticorin. Neither Tata- parai nor Hare Island intended to be a quaran- tine station, but only depots and resting places. Is it therefore necessary to go to the expense of the Hare Island scheme for a depot merely ? The Arrangements for Remitting Funds TO Coolies in Transit. — The Sub-Committee consider that owing to the jiosition of Tata- arai on the railway and telegraph line, it will e easier for the bankers at Tuticorin to pro- vide banking facilities at that depot than at Hare Island. In fine the Sub-Committee approve of the Tataparai scheme, and prefer it to the Hare Is- and scheme, not only on the score of expense, which (were Tuticorin the only probable and permanently popular route) would rot be an un- superable objection, but because on the whole the former scheme seems to meet the necessi- ties of the cose by being more likely to accom- plish the object in view— which is to promote immigration by preserving the cooly from in- terference and tampering at Tuticorin, and from lisk of infection, whilst at the same time falling in with the views of the Madras Gov- ernment. The Sub-Committee hope to report later on upon the Northern route after visiting Paum- ben— but meanwiiile would point out that in their opinion now that tiie railway has been sanctioned to Anuradhapura, that route should be made as convenient and popular as po.ssible, and at the same time nothing should be done to compel the coolie to use that route or to interfere with his freedom of choice if he prefer the sea route. The Sub-Committee recommended that an European Assistant Immigration Agent be ap- pointed at Tuticorin to inaugurate the depot, and make arrangements for facilitating money transactions between planter and kangany. Further as a result of their personal inspec- tion the Sub-Committee make the following re- commendations : — RECOMMENDATIONS. I. That two K. S.* type steamers with bilge- keels be run. II. That better bulwarks and shelter be pro- vided for both launches and steamers. III. That large placards in Tamil be posted at the jetty, coolies depot and railway stations warning coolies not to pay anything more than the actual cost of tlieir ticket, and to report any cases of attempted blackmailing to the Agent on the spot. To facilitate identification the launch boatmen should be numbered. IV. Inasmuch as the Tataparai scheme is an experiment, the Committee recommend that Go* vernment be requested to obtain the consent of the Madras Government to the continuance of the arrangement indicated in paragraph four of the letter dated 26th July, 1897, from the Go- vernment of Madras to the Government of Cey- lon, (whereby the Collector of Tinnevelly has been directed not to make to private parties any further a.ssignments of land on Hare Island) so as to allow an opportunity (if necessary) of re- considering the Hare Island scheme. (Signed) J. N. Campbell, ,, James Ryan, ,, A. Philip, Secretary. A SEPARATE REPORT BY MR. HARCOURT SKRINE. In dissenting from the views of the three members of Committee who have signed the report, I am aware that my own views of the necessities of the Immigration question go a good deal further than what the Government appears to think necessary, and are perhaps tinged by my recollections of three years spent at Tuticorin during a period when cholera was unusually prevalent, and when I am satisfied that a Tataparai establishment would have had to be abandoned. I also cannot disconnect from my mind the further question, in which the whole island of Ceylon is interested, of the requirement, ulti- mately, of some guarantee for the health-bill of the Colombo Port it the Coolie Route is to be * T4ie K. S. type is similar to the “ Katoria. 634 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST, permanently kept open. It is because a Haro Island Depot will alone serve these ol'jeccs that support it as aj^ainst the Tataparai ju-.'posal, and seeino, that the success of tea depends on the free supply of cheap labour, cheaply linanced, it behoves Planters to consider, - when two schemes are presented to the As.'Ociation,— ■which of the two will best serve their ends. As the Coinmittee's Kepurt favours a dep' t at Tataparai, I propose detailing (1) a working .sdn-nie for a Haie Island depot; (2) the dilticulfes that would have to be overcome to make it piacticable. (3.) The drawbacks, as they ap[)ear to me, to the Tataparai scheme. (4.) To compare the two schemes as regards (o) isolation and ciimps : (6) hygiene; (c) outbreak of cholera ; (d) closing of the route ; (e) Kagama. (1.) SVere it decided to utilise Hare Jshuid as a depot, and sanitaiy station for immigrant coolies (I purposely avoid the word Quarantine as the application of this can only be arrived at by mutual arrangement between the Governments of India and Ceylon), the system, I would recommend, would be this. Kanganies taking gang tickets at stations in India would book direct to Hare Island. They should reach the terminus at the Expoit Jetty on the Tuticorin P.each Koad (which is separated from the native town by a line of merchant ofrices) at about 12 noon. The British India agents, who control the whole of the well-disciplined lighter service, would have the re- quisite numbei ot sailing boats wailing to receive the coolies at the jetty, and alter the usual medi- cal inspection parade, they would at once embark for the Island. The voyage usmilly take' half an h. oar, and is so reliable as regards a favourable breeze in eillier monsoon tb.at rowing boats are unknown iu 'I'uii- corin, and shipping charges to the sleainers lying 6 miles out are actually lower than in Colombo, where manual lalior at the oar is necessary. -The coolies should arrive at a jetty on Hare Island at 1 p.m., and the same boats should pro- ceed to take oil the coolies who bod been resting from the previous day to tlie steamer. - EstablishmkN'L'.-— Tlie lirst requirement would be the erection of a jetty. The Committee who visited the Island were of opinion tliat a jetty luo yaras in length, miglit be neces- sary, and the cost of such a jetty is given by the Soutbeni India liaihvay Company from tlieir own exiierience at Regapatam at K8,000. 1 am of opinion, however, that if the coral rer^uiied for buikliiig the depot were raised from the sea in this locality a jetty of forty yards long enough for boats 'to lie up against would be suilicieiit. The following buildings would be needed for the depot. COOBY Lines.— If as at Tataparai, R7,0d0'00. It is in my opinion probable that the cost of build- ing will be much the same at Hare Island as at Tataparai, as coral can be laised by band with little effort, atul luuvides material for )iermaiient buildings as well as lime, sand also being avail- able in any quantity for c merit. At Tataparai the buildings would be of mud and plaster costing probably as much, and not ])ermanent. Kooting would be same in either ease, cither iron or cadjan, the latter very inexpensive, and generally in' use throughout the native town of Tuticorin. Space could be reserved for agent and banker’s houses and gardens ; (luarters for medical staff and a Foliee Station. [March i, 1898. Labor being cheap, and the material with excep- tion of cement, timber, and roofing free, the whole complete cost of buildings shculd not exceed K19.2G0, diviiled thus : — Cost of Jetty .. .. R3,200 Houses for Agent, Bai'ker and Police station 9,000 Gooly Lines as per Tataparai esdnjate 7,000 Total R19 200 In comparing this estimate witli the K7,000 allowed by i lie Committee for Tataparai, it must be remembered tliat the latter scheme assumes that the .Agent and Medical Maft would reside in Tuiicorin. Ground rents are high lu Tuti- corin, a moderate-sized bouse letting at Rl' 0 and K150 per month. In point ot expense, there- fore, there a|ipeais to me to be little to choose between the two schemes. H 'Re I.«l,\nd ,\s a Depot.— Coolies on land- ing at Hare island would pass on to the lines appointed for them by the medical authorities, where they would B ed and re.st, have their clotlies disinfectecl, and, prohahly. (_)n their own account, bathe in the sea, on the following morning they would proceed to tlie Hank offices to shew their cheques and letters, and assuming estates to have opened, and account with the Bank, these would he debited tvith the necessary disburse- ments. The coolies having had a good mid-day meal, would proceed at 2 p.m. to the steamer one and half miles off. 2. The Difficulties to be overcome to MAKE THE HaRE ISLAND SCHEME PRACTICABLE •MIL THESE. — (rt.) To obtain a lease of the island from the Mailras Government. (6.) To get the Madras Goveriiiiient to police it (c) To secure H.uikers. ((/.) Im)ioi tation of water, food supplies and fuel. (e. ) Exiiosure to weatlier, (a). The Commitiee were assuieil by tlie cor- respiuideiice ol the two Governments placed at their disposal that the Madras (Government was wishful to assist Ceylon should it desire to es- tablish a cooly depot on the island, and the suh-Collector assured them that matters were so arranged as to provide for a lease being given ol the vliole 112 acres with the exception ot 7 acres reserved lor the light-liouse. (//. ) The policing of tlie island would appear to he a uatur.il office of the Madias Government. (c ) .An I-idian Bsnk has already been in cor- respondence with the sub committee on tlds sub- ject. and tlie Tuticorin officials appear to think a sclieme in eveiy way fea-ible. (d.) The cost of water is ascertained to be ^ cent per cooly at J gallon a day, if the best im- ported water is used. Food Supplies.- As until lately rice and curry stuffs were mainly imported into Tuticorin by sea, tliere should he much difference between the cost of these on the Island and at Tuticorin, and with the chea]) boat-hire, the difl'erence, if any, would be immaterial. (e.) Exposure to Weather on the Island.— This is an objection that I cannot concur with the Committee in admitting. The force of theS -W. Monsoon is broken at Ha’e Island just at Tuticorin by the Cape Comorin Mountains, and can at no time he compared to the monsoon hurst on the Ceylon coast. Yet cooly lines might be erected, without objection on this score (within 100 yaids of the surf line) anywhere between Colombo and Mt. Lavinia. Drawbacks TO Tataparai.— («.) An object- tion to Hare Isla cl that coolies would not go there, hut stay at Tuticorin appears to me to apply equally to Tataparai. No doubt, at first March t, 1898.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST 63s a few kanganies might prefer to go to their ac- customed hunts, hut even these would soon recog- nise tlie advantages of the depot. It is an ob]'ection that may in my opinion be ignored iu eacli sase. (b.) As A Residence for Immigration Agent and Medical Staff or Bankers.— The fact that the report of the Committee supposes these officials to travel backwards and forwards from Tuticorin every day indicates that they would agree with me that this wayside station in a sun-baked desert, where the houses would be closely packed amongst a crowd of cooly lines, would not be acceptable for European residence. Assuming a Finance scheme to form part of the work, it is difficult to see how a banker travel- ling up and down with the silver necessary for the business would get through his work at all when 1,000 to 2,000 coolies were travelling during the limited time at his disposal. (c) A special train would be required to take off the coolies for embarkation. This is an addi- tional expense which must be paid for directly or indirectly. In the Hare Island proposal the rrdinary train is sufficient. {d) The coolies from Tuticorin Mould have to take their meals (previous to embarkation) at least two hours earlier than from Hare Island. As coolies do not feed on boardship, this is a point of importance. Co.MPARisoN of Tuticorin and Hare Island. —As regards (a) issolation and crimps ; (6) hy- gene ; (c) outbreak of cholera ; (ff) closing of the route ; (e) Ragama. (a.) It is urged against the Hare Island Scheme that the Madras Government will permit no compuls- ion either in the matter of preventing natives other than immigrant coolies from landing at Hare Island or in preventing the coolies from visiting the mainland. With regard to crimps it must be noted that these are said by Capt. Baker the Port Officer of Tuticorin, to be carefullyexcluded from the embarkation jetty there, so that the same practice miget be adopted at the Hare Island jetty. Crimps would, therefore, have to land on their own account in small boats, and would find difficult to pnrsuade coolies who were well fed and resting from a journey to take a four and half mile voyage back to the shore while any resort to ill-trt atment of the Kangan, or coolies which is the method so successfully in the Tuticorin bazaars, would be dealt with by the police under the immediate eye of the resi- dent agent. The crimp would have no right in the lines, and would have to return at night to Tuticorin. Tataparal— When so much stress is laid on the inability of the Madras Government to ex- ercise any interference in respect to an island separated by 4^ miles of sea from the mainland, it is as well to study the question of isolation at Tataparai. In this head Dr. Bawa states in Clause 7 of his report to the Ceylon Gov- ernme nt. “The chosen site cannot be looked eaupon as an isolated one, situated, as it is, with a large village population within a short distance of it.’* It is also the first station on the rails way ’out of Tuticorin. I see nothing to prevent the crimp from travelling by the same train as the agent. Banker and coolies returning from Ceylon and alighting at Tataparai to do his business, or, he can make Muniachi — the junction station of the Tinnevelly and main lines his head tquarters and travel down with the coolies from Madura. At night he can take them off into tire villages referred to by Dr. Bawa. (6.) Hygiene. — Under this most important head the two schemes can best compared by quoting Dr. Bawa’s report', CldlUse 8, on Tataparai. 75 “As to its sanitary aspects I am of opinion that tlie heavy black Cotton soil containing much organic matter and boggy, and sodden during the rains, would be an undesirable situation for the collec tion of a large number of uncleanly human beings. A situation with a poor sandy soil would be pre- ferable.” The first is a discription of Tataparai, the second of Hare Island. Water Supply at Tataparai- though as a rule sufficient; for drinking purposes, would, I should say, be quite inadequate for the ablution of the coolies, much less for the washing out of the lines. The advantages of Hare Island in this respect are too obvious to be worth going into. (c.) Outbreak of Cholera.— This expression appears to me misleading. It is well-known that cholera in an epidemic form is unknown in Southern India, but that, in times of famine as in 1876*7 epidemic cholera, arising from vitiated water, is so rife as to incur the name of “ general out- break.” At such a time a certain percentage of coolies arriving either at Tataparai or Hare Island may be expected to develop disease con- tracted ^before they left their homes. Tata- parai, described as it is by Dr. Bawa with its organic soil, limited area and surrounding village population, would not appear to be favourably situated for coping with such a contingency. On the other hand the pure air, the facilities for washing out and disinfecting lines coolies and clothing render Hare Island an ideal situa- tion, while its area twenty times that of Tata- parai would admit of any number of coolies remaining under medical supervision till the period of incubation was over. The immediate segration of any chance cases that might so occur should be considered sufficient to practi- cally protect Colombo from all risk of infection even without quarantine rules. Steamer agents would, of course, only issue tickets to coolies going to Colombo who had satisfied the medical authorities at Hare Island. Closing of the Route. — It must be remem- bered that if this route were closed the circum- stances at Paumben, where the water is notoriously bad, would be no better and the general danger to our labour communication is impossible to over-estimate. In this respect Tataparai supplies a new danger to the route inasmuch as any general alarm of cholera there may induce the Tuticorin Municipality to bar arrivals from that place. At present it lies with the Ceylon Government to close the route which it is loth to do owing to the exigencies of the tea industry. I cannot therefore regard the Tataparai scheme as likely to be of ser- vice except during the existence of favourable conditions. Ragama— This depot has never been tested by cholera. In my opinion a depot at Hare Island would make Ragama quite unnecessary. HARCOURT SKRINE. Tea Plantation Companies, Limited, in Rupee Currency. — This compilation as a Sup- plement to that of Messrs. Gow, Wilson & Stanton of sterling Companies, has just left the printer’s hands. It includes altogether some 50 Rupee Companies and about i'20 Estates belonging to such Companies. An index for each is given, so that not only each Company, but each estate can at once be referred to. The volume shoulil be very useful to bro.-ters, bankers, merchants, and all dealers in tea shares. 636 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [March i, 1898. Son‘6sponr1enci2 To ilic. Edifor, CEYLON TEA IN KUSSIA. Moscow, 5/ 1 Till Dec. 1897. A. Philip, E.sq., Secretary to the “Thirty Committee,” Kandy, Ceylon. Dear Sir, — I confirm my letter of the 21st August, 2nd September. Having been since, a great deal absent from Moscow and expecting at any moment the visit of Mr. Christie, I re- frained of writing sooner. I had, last week, the pleasure of seeing 'here Mr. Christie, and while I will leave it to that gentleman to expiess his own opinion about myself, my busine.ss and my work, past and future, as regards the interests of “Ceylon” and “Ceylon Tea” in this country. I will refute the hostile’ “ Editorials” which have lately appeared in the columns of the “ Times of Ceylon,” by stating 1st. That my Company has been floated with the object of continuing to push the sale of “ Ceylon Tea,” as well as trying to introduce Indian tea, in Sussia. 2nd. That the business I have been carrying on in Russia vvill be materially ira). roved by the increased capital that has been put into it, and that I will be enabled thereby to increase the outlet for Ceylon tea in this country in a way that I have nob hitherto succeeded in doing, so largely as I would have wished. 3rd. Hiat none of the Ceylon money has been used by me for advertising Indian tea, and that it has never been my intention of doing so. 4th. That in the beginning of November last, before leaving London, 1 have acquainted Mr. Wm. Martin Leake of the fact that my Company had been succes.sfully floated. It remains now for Mr. Christie to report upon the progress of Ceylon tea has made in Russia and to suggesst the plans of action to be adopted in future for further extension. Enclosing copy of my today’s letter' to the Editor of the “Times of Ceylon.” — I am, dear sir, yours faithfully, (Signed) M. ROGIVUE. * The letter referred to is as follows Moscov.', 5/17th Dec. 1897. Sir,— In your issue No. 4G of ,i8fch November, 1897, I read your two editorials, “ Rogivue, Limited ” and “ Mr. Rogivue and the Thirty Committee ” which 1 find ather offensive, both for myself and the promoters of my Company. While contesting {sic) yourself the right to blame my action, I beg to state; — (1st) That 1 am not and have never been a paid servant of the “ Thirty Committee.” I spent the money they have sent me, and a great deal of my own, in advertising “ Ceylon Tea” in Russia, without any compensation what- ever for my work, my travelling expenses or other charges, but the only benefit my business has gained by the “advertising.” I, therefore, think that I was quite at liberty to transfer my business to a Com- pany without asking the permission of the “ Thirty Committee” or anybody else. (2nd) My Company has not been floated to push m Russia the sale ol Indian Tea 07, In. (3rd) I deny that I have been ‘crimped” by anyone. . I shall thank you to publish this letter in one of vour next issues, and remain, dear sir, yours faith- M. RoaivuE. CEYLON TEA IN CANADA AND UNITED SLATES: GOOD NEWS. Toronto, Dec. 14tli 1897. Dear Sir. — Y'ou will be glad to hear that our Government lia.s placed restrictions on the im- portation into this country, of adulterated and low grade teas which liave been refused admit- tance into the United State.®. Practically, this will not aflecl Ceylon and Indian Tea at all, but it will be a very serious blow indeed to China ami Japan, because ct the large amount ot adulteration and coloring matter used in their teas. We feel confident that it will jn-event at least a million pounds oflow-giade China and Japan Teas, coming into Canada annually, that have hitherto come in, and give us a chance to sup- ply the people with our pure teas. \Ve might say that the action of our Govern- ment was chiefly brought about by the work of your Commissioner. Mr. McKenzie, and the In- dian Commissioner, Mr. Blechyndcn. The series of articles that appeared in *he American papers, on the refusal at American ports of large quan- tities of China and Japan teas, attracted the attention of our Government, or was rather brought to their attention by ourselves ; hence their action. The insertion of these articles in the American papers was wholly due to Mr. McKenzie and Mr. Rleeliynden : they have accom- plished a very great deal indeed, and we feel very grateful. — We are, yours truly, P. C. LARKIN & Co., P. S. — We .shipped a cart-load of twenty thou- sand pounds of tea to Boston, on the 8th. We can report splendid business prospects in the United States. CEYLON TEA IN NORTH AMERICA; Hanip.siead, N.AV., Jan. 6. Dear Sir, — I enclose lists of tea packets being advertised in Canada, also orders sent to tea inspectors, on the subject of tea rejected in U.S. and trying to get into Canada. Orders from “other” countrie.s, chiefly Russia and Anieiica, are keeping np prices of low grades, which these c ountries chiefly take. The large blending houses here, cannot get those teas at their own prices ; but to be averaged, they bid less for medium teas, and foreign orders do not defeat their combination. They divide breaks, instead of competing for them. The shares of the reecntly formed Companies sucli as “ Mazzawattie,” are rising in conse- quence of the immense profits our cheap teas brought them in 1897. It is almost time a “Grower’s Distribution Co.” was formed. — Yours faithfully, Wm. MACKENZIE. [We cannot fully reproduce the enclosures; but they are leferred to elsewhere.— Ed. T.A.'] THE YIELD OF RAMIE PER ACRE. 39, Victoi ia Street, Westminster, S,W. Jan. 14. Sir, — Instead of entering into a wordy dis- cussion with your good self, and the various cor- respondents who doubted my figures as to the yield per acre of Ramie stems in the Straits, I put myself into communication with Mr. Tom Gibsem of Klang, Selangor, the Hon. Secretary of the United Planters’ Association, who for some time past has been exjierimenting with Ramie for his Association, and asked him for his can did opinion as to whether my estimate of 70 ton 637 March t, 1898.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. per acre was an excessive one. I enclose you a copy of his reply ; but at tlie same time, as I have always said, I wish it clearly to be under- stood, that, these figures may not apply to Ceylon . — if the Ceylon Planters wish to know what the yield per acre is, they will have to plant up one and test the results. Correspondent D, in your issue of the 1st No- vember last asks, how I account for the variation between the yield in An-tr.alia, and that in the Straits. My answer is, that in consequence of the dryness of the Au.stralian climate, the weight of the stems would be much less there, than in the humid climate of the Straits, where they con- tain 80 per cent of water- From experiments in Kwala Lumpor, it was found that the actual yield of cleaned filasse, vvas 2^ per cent. I assume that 4 per cent rvould not be excessive for a dry climate — we get 3 per cent in Algeria— the stems all contain the same amount of fibre ; but the yield depends upon the quantity of water they contain. As to his second question, let us see what Ceylon can produce. We will then consider how fai’ we can meet the Planters on the question of machinery. I, however, repeat my advice : go slow; wait the result of our estate at Joimre; and in the meantime test the capabilities of your land and climate.— Yours truly. j. M. Macdonald. Suugei Puloh, Klang, Dec, 14th, 1897. Messrs. MacDonald, Boyle & Co., 39, Victoria Street, Westminster, London. Dear Sin, —In reply to your inquiry, I may state that in my opinion your estimate of 70 tons of stems per acre' is well within the mark given soil such as I have experimented on and from my personal knowledge the soil and climate of Muar where you have got a large concession of land is very similar to the soil here. I would go further and state that I consider more than 70 tons can be got, judging from results I have got since you were here —in fact the growth was so marvellous that I pub- lished the facts in our local paper and send you a copy per same mail. In addition to what I have there stated I may tell you that each of the unrooted cuttings planted on the 5th October last bad six stems four of which are now almost ready for cut- ting, 'and I yesterday exhibited an average stem at a Committee meeting of the United Planters Association, of which I am Secretary, and it was 5 feet 4 inches long. Further, from calculations I have carefully made and based on actual results I find that given one acre of Eamie say four months old, you can plant up 1,000 acres in 12 months. Please note that I am only counting on cuttings from the original acre and make no allowance for cuttings from the first and second seiies of plantings. I consider yon are exceerli^ gly fortunate in getting, such a valuable concession of land at Muar and it may interest you to hear that $5 per acre has been offered for a large area on the opposite side of the river to your concession. As you know from experience planters want a lot of convincing before yon can get them to take np a new prolneh, and possibly you may have been disap- pointed that a. greater interest was not taken in tho tnaiter after the demnnslvation vouiave in Kwala Lumpor, and which, in niy opinion wa.s a success, but I may ti-11 you that I can o.leaviy see tbn.t a de- cided interest A being taken and I am confident that all those who have land .suitable for the product will go in for it more or less. In Selangor wo have thousand.s of acres of nllnvipl land suitable for Ramie cultivation and there is also a large area in Perak. Muar Va'ley has also thou- sands of acres of similar land and it is bound to go up in value. I believe there is a great future for Ramie in the Straits and the Malay States, in fact we seem to have exactly the climate required for the cultivation. Let us produce the stems and you can do the rest and there will be no cause to grumble. — Wishing you every success, I remain, dear su- . yours faith- fullyq ” (Signed) Tom Gibson. {Extract from the "'Malai/ Mail,” Dec. 9th, referred to above) Ramie Cultivation. To the Editor of the ^Milaiay Mail.” Dear Sir,— Your planter re.tders may be in- terested in the follow'ing facts as to the growth of Ramie in alluvial K;aiig laud: — 1. Several clumps of Ramie, having an average of 20 stems each were cut down to within three inches of the ground on the 16th November last and the stools today (21 days from cutting) have an average of 40 stems, three feet to three and a half feet long and nearly half an inch in diameter ; there are besides about 20 young shoots on each stool about one foot high. 2. About 150 unrooted cuttings six inches high were planted on the 5th October last and in 28 days averaged four feet in height and are now all five feet and almost ready for cutting. — Yours faithfully, Tom Gibson. CEYLON HIBISCUH AND OTHER FIBRES. Londcii, E.C. dan. 19. Dear Mr, Editor i 1i;..vc mmsblfrable trouble witli '.Lie ilbie i iiai you .sent ; one of tlie fibre liriii.s here value ilii.s ai £9 per toil, but tliey .say tbat ibey would prefer to have this fibre sent home in ifie form of “ribbons.” In this torm tlie China Grass comes to the market now, and the process is very simple for treating it without breaking the fibre. In sending home any fibrous material at the present time, you must remember what the standard one may be for string or for weaving, the other is for paper : if it is to compete for paper you must remember that the standard is pine-wood, the pulp from which comes away perfectly white and pure, without any dirt, and cannot be valued at much over Id, per lb., if as much as that. Ever since pine- wood pulp has got to such a pitch of perfection it is only first-class fibres that they use for spinning or for strings and rope. — Y^ours truly, THOS. CHRISTY. WOODCOCK IN CEYLON. Ratuatenna, Jan. 20tli. Dear Sir,— If Mr, Massy, of Cainiethan, Ram- boda, had read the local papers he would have come to the conclusion, that the woodcock is not so rare in Ceylon as is supposed. The common woodcock lias been shot in the island, on several occasions, and as I noted last week it is an annual migrant to these parts, and I freiiuently come across it between the months of October and May. E. G, R. SCIENTIFIC M\NURTNG AND COCONUT CULTIVATION. Sib,— The writer of !he article on scientific manur- ing in your impressiru of 26th Jan. is not au cowremf with local agiicuUural literature. He will find a very full and lucid summary of the startling dis- covery of denitrification in the November number of the “ AgiicuUnnv! Slagazine.” It will be interesting to know what English agricultural chemists of the standing of Lawes, Warrington and Gibson liave to say on the subject, they will no doubt ere this have instituted practical experiments to test the results of the German scientists. 638 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [March i, 1898. Ca ttle manure mixed with so-called artificial manures have been known to yield good results in European agriculture. Perhaps, it may be said that the results would have been better but for the combination. In the culliv;rtir,a of coconuts locally, the addition of cattle manure to the usual mixture of castor cakes and bones is known to yield better and more lasting results than when they are applied alone. There appears to be one way of preventing or at least miuimiziiig the denitrifying process and that is by using well-rotted cattle manure. Locally this means a well-decayed mass of vegetable matter with mostly all the potash and nitrogen washed out of it. I believe more than one coconut estate has been experimenting with aftificial manures on the lines laid down by Messrs. Freudenberg dr Co. But the drawback with coconut cultivation is that the ocular and material demonstrations of improvement arc so slow. The experiments in manuring as suggested by Messrs. Eieudenberg & Co. are so elaborate and im- practical iha.t I fear they will never become general. Certain sub-tances are not to be mixed as the com- bination will came the loss of nitrogen. Then again the application of the other substances are not to be made at once, but at intervals. Altogether the same ground has to be gone over from three to five times. This will add to the cost of application. Then again the mixing of the manures, their weighing and serving out will have to be done under the personal supervision of the Superintendent. He cannot delegate the work to a subordinate. Then there is the strange suggestion that the manure should be buried in ileep holes to reach a large root surface, Usually wide holes are used to attain this object. The unwisdom of applying such soluble substances as those recommended, especially sulphate of ammonia, in deep holes impressed itself on me. I found this view supported by Mr. John Hughes in a recent communication to the Observer. I was always struck with the yellow color of the fronds of coconut trees growing on sandy soils. I tried to account for it by attributing it to the presence of water at the roots ; but against that theory was the fact that cocomit trees growing on rather high, sandy soil had yellow fronds. Mr. Leclerc has said that “ the yellowii'g of plants is due to defective transpiration and not to excess of moisture in the soil. When the air is moist, tran.spiratioii is slow, when diy it is fast.” Another authority say.’ Sandy soils are powerful attractors of the moisture of the atmosphere. On the sandy plains of Chili vegetation is almost entirely de- pendent on dew for its moisture.” That may be one explanation. 1 have given the matter much thought and my theory is that coconut trees growing on sandy soils suffer from wh it I will call vegetable anae- mia due to the almost entire absence of iron in the soil. Chlorophyl, or the green colouring matter in leaves, is found only when iron is present in the soil. Without chlorophyl the assimilation of plant food by the leaves is not possible. Anaemia may he due to other causes as well, such as debility 'due to want of cultiva- tion. In red clayey or c: tiooky soils, the yellowing of the leaves from want of cultivation is not so apparent and marked as in sand ■ soils, for they have a large ad- mixture of iron in their composition. In the animal eco- nomy, the red blood corpuscles take the place of chloro- phyl iu the vegetable economy. Their absence is remedied by the administration of iron. Iron has been pnoved to be applied with benefit to vegetation. Wc read in the “ Ceylon Manual of Chemical Analy'ses” that ‘‘ it was formerly considered that most soils contaim d suflicieut iron tor the use of plants, and that it exercised rath-r a hurtful effect on plants. Dr. Griftitlis appea.is to p-iovothe efficacy of applying iron in a soluble foiiji even to land already containing a considerable )jiopoilioa of iron in an insoluble form He says that bis original pioi’osition, that a fairly large piropiortion of solnble iion in a soil is favourable to the growth of plants, developing a large amount of chlorophyl, lias been oonfiimcd by all his suiisequeut investiga.tions. He strongly recommends sulphate of iron both as a mamue and as an antiseptic substance for appilication to other manures,” This brings me to the subject of Basic slag. It is obtained when converting iron into steel in crucibles lined with limestone. Mr. Thomas discovered that the phosphoric acid in the iron combined with the lime in the limestone and formed phosphate of lime. Hence its name, Thomas’s phosphate powder. He experimented with it and found it a valuable fertilizer. Its weight suggests a large proportion of iron. Perhaps Mr. Cochran will be able to tell us whether in a soluble form or not. If in a soluble form, the beneficial effects of its application to sandy soils especially will be beyond question, for by the development of chlorophyl the assimilation of the plant food already in the soil and that applied as a manure will readily take place. I should wish to see this question discussed bay scientist. B. THE PROTECTION OF GAME. Ratnatenne, Madulkele, Jan. 21st. Deaf. Sif,— I have read with interest your article on the Protection of Game, and am only too glad to hear evidence for the other side. There is 1 admit some danger of game being over-protected, which luacticaliy comes to the same thing; as being iirotected tor the .sake of Sport and Spoilsmen. This is a danger which must be carefully guarded against. Such proposals for the protection of game, as the returning of all native firearms at the com- mencement of tlie close season, may be passed over as absurd. We come then to reasonable measures for the protection of game, and I am firmly of the opinion which I believe coincides witli your own that the existing ordinance if really put in force, together with the establishment of sanctuaries for game in vn-inhabited districts meet all requirements. It is not so ninch in populated districts, that game requin.s protection a.s in almost unin- habited wilds. This may seem ah.snrd, but a knowledge of the subject soon proves the correctness ot the state- ment. Almost all the |)o)nilated districts, more es- pecially tlioseof the Gentrai, Western and Southern Provinces, and great areas of tiie North-Western Province ; aie well within the iiilluence of the two monsoons. The.se districts either on account of their mountainous nature or the thick growth of forest and scrub which covers tlie waste lands afford al- most sufficient protection to game, without the inter vention of law. In the great wildernesses of the Nortliern and Ea.stern Provinces, the habitatj par excellence, of t!io Spotted Axis, and Buffalo the case is different. Here on account of the open nature tf the land, and the dry seasons, game of all kiiid.sis at the mercy, not or the villa- ger, for practically, tlie villager does not exist there, but of the hide and horn merchant. It is llierefore not the villager from whose raids game should hepreserved, for the Sinhalese villa- ger at any rate, is as a general rule innocent of any idea of accnmulatiiig wealth in this line ; hut it is the vagabond Moor with whom we have todeal and ids hunting grounds are the aforesaid open plains and dry wastes of the north and east and HO legislation— no measui es can surely he too severe to apply against him and him only. It is perhaps not generally known, that the chief offenders are not those wdiom we meet down in tlie wilds, but that tliey are in our mid.st. By store-keepeis iu Matale, Kandy, Badulla and elsewdiere — a common practice amongst these scoundrels- -is to obtain a licence from the Kach- cheri to collect myiabolams, wild cinnamon hark or sneb jungle produce ; with this licence, a [March r, 1898. THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 639 gang of armed ruffians is despatclied to the haunts of deer ; and the slaying and collection of hides and horns and peafowl feathers goes on gaily. Should any official he in the neighbourhood a certain quantity of jungle jnoduce is kept ready in case of necessity. The licence and the produce will of course be forthcoming on the appearance of tlie G. A. or any of his subordinate'. Needless to say the hitles, horns and meat will not. It is with these marauders tliat the Game Protec- tion Society desire most earnestly to uea! ellec- tu.ally ; and not believe rne, with the usually un- offending villager.— Yours faithfully, E. (t.' 11. CACAO IN UJvlAVELA DIS TllTCT. Kaduwella, Ukuwella, dan. 2-2, I8hS. Dear Sir, — Might I suggest that you )iublish names of correspondents who write so dolefully to you about Cacao Disease (so caileci) and its probable effects. Has it never .struck you that you are allouing your paper to be made a medium for the systematic depreciation of all cacao property. On this estate, I have not seen any of the disease your correspondents write about. Marakona, an estate in the neighbour- hood is also free from any disease, and dare say the same can be said of a great many more estates. Why should the value (in the market) of these estates be run down by allowing anonymous correspondents to write as if the whole of the cacao estates in Ceylon Avere plague stricken ? Is it any new thing for cacao to die off in patches after a very wet season or even for coffee or tea to die out in small patches here and there ! I have known coffee to die out from no ap- parent cause and the same with tea. Do you remember the Indian planter iliscovering a disease in the tea plant in the Kalutara distiict which was going to wipe out tea entirely? This was some G or 7 year-! ago, but I am told tea is stil extensively grown in Kalutara. Eight tree.s have died out on this estate since I took over 2^ years ago : -t of tlie.se were killed by white ants, and hud no tap root, and the other 3 died from, what I suppose is, the mysterious disease, supposed to affect cacao, but which I put down to wet feet. 1 would not have troubled you with this letter did not I consider it a duty I owe to my em- ployers to protest against the wild wuiting of anonymous correspondents re cacao prospects. I do not think it is too much to ask that men who write on tlm .subject should sign their letters so that one may be able to judge ot the value of the opinion offered or the /ac^i stated. — Yours faithfully, JOHN MACDONALD. [Mr. MacDonald’s letter reminds us of letters we were accu.stomed to get from some coffee planters before Mr. Marshall Ward’s arrival in Ceylon. Not liuu we mean the parallel to go further; for we are very pleased to learn of estates and districts, where cacao is nourishing. But we can assure Mr. MacDonald that we have allowed no one to write on the subject without being certain ol his personal exiierieuce .and re- sponsibility and of Ids having a good purpose in writi'ig. Now, for instance, our last contri- butor wrote, as he did, in oidor to show the Government, the urgent need of attention and of its em]i!oyiug an Amrlvtic.al Chendst, as well as a Cryptogami.fct, to ai(l Mr. Willis in the Cacao investigation. Our present correspondent is fortunate in being in a district little affected, w'e believe ; but suppose ne was in charge of a plantation such as was last described, and its proprietor at heme, would he feel justified in wrmng in his own name and prod'aindng the property— or would he feel justified in reniain- ing .silent, while the Government did nothing to investigate the cause of the Cacao dying out in Ins neighbourhood? — Ed. T.J.] ^ niESH-WATEll FISH. Dear Sir,— Now' that water is at a loiv ebb in the helds and water-courses in the suburbs around Colombo, fresh water Jish is brought for sale in large qmantities into the town, where it finds a ready m.arket, almost exclusively among natives but there are a few v.arietie.s of these fish which are acceptable to the European [lalate ; of these may be mentioned the liila, the anda and the a-dlHfovwa : all these v.arieties are more or less known to the older residents upcountry When )iroperly cooked these fish are delicious and wholosonie. That esteemed iqicountry resident, the late G.A.C. was a great believer in the hda and he w'lote in praise of it to the Observer in the early seventies and maintained that the lula compared favourably with English soles. An old District Judge of Negombo insisted on havine welliqmviuas (Ceylon whiting) for breakfast every morning, and growled fearfully at his “boy” if he failed to procure them ! ^ The (Ceylon eel) is also very much re- ii.shed: old J)r. Loake w’as always well satisfied w'lth a meal when the menu included stewed ee s. Very fine ones used to be caught in the lake near Captain s Garden, nearly opposite the doctor s residence. q [The Cold Storage and Befrigerating Managers aie on tlie lookout for local supplies of fish fim^-ED PLANTAIN FJ.OUK. Ds.ut Sir,— I should bcgl,.d if any of veur leaders could tell me where I could obtain plantain flour; I should mentU'.n tnafc it is required for purposes of expenment on the resu t ot which will be determined Its suitability for certain special purposes. About 28 lb. is wanted tor the test. Is there here an opening for a new industry, or is at present the local demand for the frmt in its raw state a.s food so great that it lully equals the supply? From what I know of plantains, the ordinary table ki^a are too sugary for conversion into flour, unless, perhaps when treated in the unripe state. PossiWy the curry plantains would answer better. I am told hv an esteemed correspondent that he once made plantain flour, but found it did not pay P^sXv since then, however, ciicmnstances may have altereff- and I shall be glad if this letter elicL LforSn on the subjeet.— Yours faithfully, c. W. H Dear Sir,— In reply to C. W. H.’s enquiry, there IS no pla ntain flour made in Ceylon at present, but it an article in which an immense trade might be devel- oped. Fir gen. ral purposes the ‘ curry ’ plantains are most Bmtable : the sweeter kinds, if taken before they lupen, would be useful for cakes and dessert biscuits The preparation of the flour is simple and inexpen- sive, and as o the cost of the fruit, the difference neturen wholesale and retail prices is so large that glovers would be very glad to see not onlv a new inmistry spring up in the manufacture of flour, but another, perhaps of almost equal importance, the pre- paration of dried and crystallized plantains, for which we have in Ceylon several varieties specially suitable. -Tours faithfully, ^ PLANTER. 640 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [March i, 1898. Ka,tua,pui'a. SlR^_In reply to “ C. W. H.” and plantain flour experiments : if he will write to me, oi l now give liiTii, some useful hints about pre- paring the table and sugary varieties when ripe, (and a superabundance of fruit are on hand). Cut them in two, thoroughly dry in the sun (desiccate them till they rattle like apple chips). Then get some large immlh bottles or jars — pack away a layer' of chips— and pour over each layer some burnt sugar and brandy, or over two or three layers. It will soak down gradually through the dry fruit. Stacked away it will keeji for years and taste exactly, and nicer than, tigs. It is astonishing how nourishing and supporting the food is, and it can be eaten with bread. It packs away in an incredible small space ; a full bunch of one hundred or one hundred and- a-half could almost pack down in an ordinary table salt bottle. When drying the fruit, it is advisable to do it under mosquito netting to keep oft' flies. The s(|uirrels too make raids upon it, and run off with -loat quantities. I once cau"ht four squirrels in a day in an ordinary box” wire trap. The fruit should be dried on a clean mat, and turned several times a day to o-et all parts evenly dried. It can be packed away when dry without brandy and sugar, but does not then taste so much like preserved ii^.— Yours truly, d Itb UKA Y . RAMIE AND INDUSTRIAL WORK. School of Agriculture, Colombo, Feb. 1. Dear Sir,— I am sending, for your inspection, some specimens of Ramie fibre lace— kindly made for me at the Kandy Convent-which testifies to the suitability of the fibre for delicate textile articles as well as to the PYcellence of the Avork done at the Ivancly Convent. The thread w'as some left with me by Mr. Macdonald, of INIacdonald, Boyle & Co i also enclose specimen of fancy work done on the leaves of the elephant creeper (Amnia vcciomy^l [The specimens, which are extremely interest- ing and well-executed, can be seen at our office.— Ed. T.A.'\ TEA ESTATE EXPENDITURE AND J ECONOMY No. 1. 4 th Feb. 1898. Sir, —Your leader today on eoonoiuising labour I have read. My experience for the last two years is that I have saved 4 cents a lb. on made tea by plucking for cash. That coolies paid at se much a lb. easily pluck double the amount those do whose names are put down as a day’s labour. Women at 25 cents say, as for other works. As regards coolies settling (low n, “ as long as the tundu system holds goo(_l so long will they be discontented.” If an oriental can increase his liabilities without any intention of repaying them by demanding a tnndu and actually getting helped ^ his employer to do so by having one given him, what do you expect V I have L'iven up the tnndu system, have been threatened with Court, given proct or’, s notice and leaving; but all have ended and 1 make when they”found I did not care what they did. They all 'arl^nve had not carried out Morris’s instructions in applying sulphur and lime. The lime had the effect of making the tree.s give an enormous crop, which in their debilitated condition was too much for them and so died off, when if it had not been for the overstimulant they might have gone on giving small crops for years. What I would like to suggest is that jdanters, whose estates are suffer- ing from the di,®ease, should select a piece of soil close to a dead or dying tree and have a sample THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST, 641 March i, 1898,] of it lifted and sent for analysis. To be perfect it would require four samples to be taken as follows a cubic foot of the surface soil, a cnbic foot immediately below that, and so on, till a depth of four feet is reached. Each of these samples, on being lifted, should be carefully weighed, put in a box, and sent to the chemist as soon as possible. I think the Agricultural Chemist is more likely to give practical help than the Cryptogamist. I offer the suggestion for what it is worth. — Yours faithfully, JOHN Macdonald. [We would advise Mr. MacDonald and others not to listen to rumours of what Mr. Carruthers has discovered or suggested, until they see it above that gentleman’s name. We have the fullest confidence in Mr. Carruthers’ prudence as well as scientific skill. At the same experiments such as are suggested by Mr. MacDonald can never come amiss. — Ed. T.A.\ CACAO LOOKING UP IN PRICE. “The Grove,” Ukuwela, 8th Feb., 1898. Dear Sir, — The enclosed from “the Lane” ac- counting for the hardening tendency of the cacao market may interest your readers, This rise in the market, unlike the inflation caused by a Trans-atdantic fashionable demand a few years ago which came and went like all fashions, ap- nears to be founded on a permanent basis, ?!Yours faithfully, JAS. H. BARBER. 21, Mincing Lane, London, E.C., Jan. 21st 1898. J. H. Barber, Esq., Matale, Ceylon. Dear Sir, — We had this pleasure on the 7th inst. and are since without any letter from you. Cocoa P. “ Makasa Maru ” ss. — We have to advise the following sales s. d. Leville A „ B Leville B Grove A 20 bags cocoa 9 „ 14 „ at . 32 „ . 29 „ . 78 6 . 75 0 . 75 0 . 77 0 . 76 6 These prices show fully 6s per cwt. advance on rates obtainable before Christmas and we trust they will be deemed satisfactory. The rapid advance in the price of cacao has been caused chiefly by the opening of the several new manufactories such as Dr. Tibbies, whose advertise- ment of Yi-caoao you have no doubt seen. If as many anticipate the consumption of cacao is largely increased throughout the United Kingdom by means of such advertisements, we anticipate a very firm market throughout the spring and the earlier ship- ments are received here the better the result is likely to be. — Yours faithfully. Harvey Bros.- & Co. BORERS vs. CACAO AND DADAP TREE. Kandy, 9th Feb.j 1898. Dear Sir,— Herewith a block of dadap wood from a tree in the vicinity of cacao attacked by the boring beetle (Fomicus perforans). It may be worth while to find out why the dadap trees are bored by the same beetle “or a closely allied .species ” to that attacking cocoa. I have also noticed gumming—or exudation and crystaliza- tiou of the saj)— preceding decay of the tree. Evi* dently fermentation of the sap, aftraets the beetle. All beetles are fond of fermented liquor. Beetles and poochies of sorts are caught at home with a mixture of rum and sugar, plastered on the tree trunks. Also with porter and stout and water. The cure of the disease may depend, — on what causes the sap to ferment.— Yours faithfully, VEDDA, [The block of wood referred to has not yet come to band : when it doe.s, we must certainly have it examined. — Ed. T.A.} THE CEYLON TEA CAMPAIGN IN AMERICA. Dear Sir, — In a letter to Mr. Campbell, dated London, 19th January, 1898, Mr, Mackenzie writes: — !‘AsI go to America next week, this may be the last letter from me while you are chairman. I must thank you for the interest you have evinced, and your kind dealings with me. I am sending you a report of last year’s work from Mr. Larkin, and a lot of tea advertisements. 1 think the Committee will agree with me that he well deserves all the help he gets. He is by far our best friend. He forces otheis to follow in his steps.” I also send a letter from a well-known firm working in America, but with headquarters here, explaining where our teas lack the roll and make of Indians and Javas. They tell me they have been obliged to substitute Javas for Ceylon in some of their blends. Were there enough of Javas we would be great suf- ferers. IMPORTANT LETTER ON DEFECTIVE MANUFACTURE. another “battle of the standards.” W. Mackenzie, Esq., 39, Netherall Gardens, Hamp- stead, N.W. Dear Mackemzie, — With regard to the conversation we had the other day in Leadenhall Street about Oeylons and Javas, 1 am now writing to confirm what I said about them then. There is no question about it that many of the Ceylon teas now being imported are very inferior, both in liquor and in make, to Java teas. Until quite recently, with the exception of a few Java marks the hulk of the teas from that country were very inferior in flavour, but recently, especially during this year, the imports have been of a very much higher quality, and I make bold to say that better Java teas can be bought at 6§d to 7Ad alb., than Ceylon at 8d. Not only is the supetiorily marked in the dry leaf, but also in the liquor. The teas are exceedingly well made, very closely rolled with a fine amount of tip, and very heavy for bulk, com- pared with Ceylon teas, ivhich are in the majority of oases very open leafed teas, and weigh very light by measure. I have before me now a Java pekoe, costing 6H with a very pure, pungent liquor, and excellent quality. If I were to place sufficient of this tea into a one lb. tin without pressing it in, just to fill ill and shave it off with a paper knife, and were to iveigli the Ceylon tea in the same tin, in the same way — say a Ceylon pekoe at 7id to 8Jd — (that is, the majority of Ceylon teas] if would be found that the Java, bulk for bulk, would weigh 10 or 15 per cent more than the Ceylon tea, conse- quently the consumer iveighiug out sufficient tea, say four or five spoonfuls of Java, would use the same bulk of tea as if he took out Ceylon tea, but as a matter of fact the five spoonfuls of Java would weigh as much as about six spoonfuls of Ceylon, con- sequently the lea would come out strouger and better, the consumer would be better satisfied and the retailer would benefit to the extent of selling one spoonful in five more of tea by using Java than if using Ceylon. Where one is retailing hundreds of chests a week, this is a very im- 642 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. March i, 1898. portant matter, and I urge upon you to do all you can to make this fact known to Ceylon. The number of Ceylon teas that come to this maiket now, either very open in leaf, badly rolled, or rolled to powder, is extraordinarily large, and it seems a pity that it shuts out a great many teas from mar- kets where they might find a remunerative outlet. Where teas are very small and very open, I fancy it must be either from a considerable over-wither, or from under-wither, whereas in the case of the Javas you only have to look at the teas to see that the withering has been perfect in every respect, otherwise the even small pekoe leaves could not be made. Of course, they might pluck finer there than in Ceylon, I cannot say, not having been to that country ; but this is a complaint with all the dealers in Ceylon leas, that they don’t come up to the Java or Indian teas in style of make. Were they to ■ do so, were they to be heavier, bulk for bulk, there is no doubt in my mind that the consumption of Ceylon tea — already satisfactory — would at once show a large increase, in fact, the difference would amount to eight or ten millions in the year if it were possible by some “ fait legendaire ” to ensure that every lb. of tea leaf in Ceylon were rolled as well as it is possible. Of course, this cannot be so. At the same time, there are a great many go-a-head planters who, if only they knew the importance of it, would certainly take means to have their teas more closely rolled, and there is no other way I can think of in which Ceylon planters can make their produce more valuable than by paying more attention to close rolling and good make. As I told you the other day, I would rather remain anonymous in communicating this to you, and so I will simply sign myself.” I am, sir, yours truly, A. PHILIP, Secretary to the “ Thirty Committee.” Indian Tea in India— is the heading of at sub- editorial in the latest (?fo6e(Jan. 21) on a subject which has often attracted attention. Why should on it the millions of India, Burmah, Siam, Straits, Java and Ceylon drink tea as well a« the Chinese and Japanese? There is cCTtainly room for increased consumplion in Asia. If all our com- mon teas were so used, it would be well for tea planters : — The conservatism of the people of India is very marked in their reluctance to use their own tea. India produces annually about 137 million pounds of tea. Of this 1.32 millions is exported, no less than 124 millions going to the United Kingdom. Only five millions of pounds, therefore, remain m India for the consumption of 300 millions of people; while the United Kingdom, with only about 40 millions of people, takes 124 millions. In other words, India uses less than half an ounce per head per annum of its o^Tn tea, while each inhabitant of the United Kingdom consumes on the average about five and a half pounds. The contrast between these figures becomes the more nib.rked when we learn that the bulk of the tea fised in India if con- sumed by the English community there, no fewer than one million pounds— out of the total of five millions — being purchased for the use of the British soldier alone. It is not that the natives of India have any prejudice against the use of tea; for they like it, and rate its medicinal properties against fever very highly. It is merely that tea, as a beverage and a luxury, has not yet found its way into the daily life of the natives, although the con- sumption is increasing year by year among the population of the larger towns, especially among the Mahomedaus. The Indian tea-planting industry has, therefore, a splendid future before it. Not only is it fairly dividing with Ceylon the markets of the world from which the merits of both have practi- cally ’ousted China tea, but in the slowly educated nonulation of 300 millions of native Indians it will a ne'w market of its own in the future. PLANTING NOTES. Vanilla in Ceylon. — A young German who h.us been tea-planting in Ceylon for some years has purchased an estate of nearly a hundred acres, on wliich he intends cultivating vanilla. — Cheininf and Dru;jgist, Feb, 5 “ The Ceylon Fobestee.”— A Quarterly Magazine of Forestry, Natural history and Shikar. Edited by H. P. C. Armitage, Assistant Conservator of Forests, Jaffna. Fourth Quarter, 1897. No. 7. Con- tents : — The Terrestial Mollnsca of Ambagamuwa ; Para Rubber ; Reviews ; The Admininistration Re- port of the Ceylon Forest Department, 1896 ; Fire- wood Forests, Mirigama ; Mexican Rubber; Ex- periments to Test Durability of Wood ; Utilization of Forest Produce; Extracts; The School of Forestry, Ceylon ; Sleepers on the Railway ; Value of Teak. Indian Coffee in Ceylon. — There is a very good business done in this line, chiefly among the Tamils of the Pettah and their neighbours of the Coromandal Coast. Fairly good sized parcels are often imported and there is a ready sale for them in the local bazaars. The grades are chiefly “triage.” Occasionally parcels of “ Native ” are brought down to Colombo, and these mixed with our own of the same name are sold to exporters, and pass off as entirely Ceylon “Native.” It is generally well known that our Island’s produce in this line has a better marketable value than the Indian, which has not the same delicious flavour as, that of good old Uva ! — Cor. — Local Examiner Feb. 17 Fixing Barbed Wibe. — Commence by first passing a complete turn of wire round one end post, and securely fasten it with stout galvanised staples ; then carry the wire to the other end, and having gauged the approximate distance between extreme supports, bind two or three turns of the wire round a piece of quartering, by means of which using it as a lever against the back outer edge of the post, the intervening line of wire may be tightly strained across the face of the post, where it shonid be secured. The lever can then be removed, and a turn of wire passed completely round and stapled to the post in order to keep the line strained. An assistant will probably be wanted during the straining pro- cess, and it will be desirable to fix spurs to the inner sides of the end posts to prevent them being pulled over. A single staple driven in each inter- mediate post will be tufficient to keep the wire in position, and if more than one row is to be fixed, secure the top one first and the bottom line last. — From Worh for February. Circumstances Alter Cases.— It has been assumed that Mr. Chamberlain’s reference to the proposed grant-in-aid of the West Indies was intended to apply to sugar growing. It is now pointed out — says the Home and Colonial Mail, of 4th February — that this aid will be offered not to support the sugar industry alone, hut it is to help in starting new' plant- ing industries. If this be so it will be in accord- ance with the recommendation of Sir Henry Norman’s commission, but it will also be unfair to planters elsewhere. For instance, how would Indian and Ceylon tea planters feel if planters in our West India possessions were assisted by the State to grow tea in competition with India and Ceylon. It is claimed that the soil and climate of some portions of the West Indies are suited to tea planting, so that such a situa- tion might occur. When the Ceylon coffee growing enterprises came to grief, Ave are nob aware that tlie State came to the rescue, nor did Parliament vote a dole to enable planters in the island to develop other jiroducts. The Ceylon planters w’ere left to their oAvn resources, anil had to fatten on their own enterprise. THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. March i, 1898.] 643 THE NEW ESTATES MAP AND DAYS OE OLD: KESIDENTIAL PEOPKIBTORS T". LIMITED COMPANIES— INPLATiON OF TEA SHAKES —TEA PROFITS— THE T.A. Your new Planting Districts Map is excellent, and supplies a very much felt want; but oh what visions it recalls of blasted hopes and de- parted friends, and oh what changes many for the better — and some for the worse ! Even the good old days of open house hospi- tality which plunged so many of us as youngsters into debt and whicli have naturally disappeared before increasing population. But liow pleasant it was to be able to ride up to any bungalow between Matale North and Morowakkorale and call for breakfast and for dinner and a bed and feel that you were a welcome guest even if you had an absent host ! But the most serious change which has come over Ceylon and which will be felt mucb if bad times arrive, is the rapid elimination of the resi- dential proprietary which socially and lina.icially made Ceylon what it is today. What prospec is there for youngsters going to Ceylon now ? If they have money they can play pitch and toss with tea shares which they can do quite as well in London : if they have not money they are destined to be hirelings for life and when the pinch of hard times comes to find — as has been found in some cases, already — that Directors have to do their duty to shareliolders first ; to their employes afterwards. The inflation in tea shares has been fol- lowed in London as in Colombo, by a very rapid and very natural depression. Many of the shares were far too high, not only be- cause they were and are good things in them- selves but because the abundance of cheap money and the difficulty in finding investment for it drove people to be contented with a rate of in- terest on tea shares, which \vas altogether in- adequate to the nature of the investment. Some good securities are as much too low now as they were too high before ; but they will soon adjust themselves and find their level at about seven per cent which is what investors should look to as a fair return for tea share property. Tlie rise in the rupee takes a little of the gilt off tea production, but not so much as it gets credit for and it cannot be held mainly responsible for the present tightness of the money market. The wage of the co(>ly is the chief if not the only thing, by which the tea planter gains by a cheap rupee ; and I believe a settled rupee about Is 4d would in the long run be advantageous. Taking the day’s wage at 33 cents, the sterling equivalent with a one and four penny rupee is 5'28d ; surely a low enough wage, with a one,^ and two penny rupee 4'62d and if the rise in the sterling value of the day’s wage is accompanied by a fall in the silver price of tea lead, machinery and all other estate re- quisites which have to be paid for in gold — and which should certainly result — and by a possible fall in the price of rice, a rerluction in coast advances and a rise in the price of tea all of which theoretically should follow, the apparent loss to the planter will be counterbalanced.* The Tropical Agriculturist for tlie past year has been splendid, and the Photographs and * But J. MaoEwan says Indian and Ceylon Tea- planters lost £2,000,000 last year through the artifi- cial rupee I— Ed. T.A, 79 Biographical Sketches of our friends, — some gone and some still witli us, — lemarkably good, though the latter are in some cases veiled by the modesty of the autobiographer. ' J. L. S. London, Jan. 28. TEA IN SOUTH TRAEANCORE. Mr. Joseph Fraser has returned from his visit to South Travancore and is favourably impressed with the appearance of most of the tea he saw, while the rich jungle-reserves and soil are all that coukl be desired. He does not think that South Travancore t^as will ever attain a high position in prices ; but planters can niiike up a good deal for this by quantity and in low cost of production. In the case of one group an average outturn of close on 700 lb. an acre was realized including plucking from some three to four years old tea, and this was turned out at about 20 cents jjer lb. Tl. is must be considered very good. The great trouble is ibat of “labour.” Coolies are most plentiful at present; but when their own harvest comes in April and May, just as there is a “ rush of leaf,” they want to go borne. With coffee, the case was different, as the ripening of crop was in September and October. For young planters with some ca- pital and a good deal of pluck and perseverance, South Travancore should prove a good field for operations. THE RICH TRADE OF THE UPPER AMA- ZON RUBBER REGION. B)j Joseph Orton Kcrbey. Here is a rich country, almost equal in area to all of the United States east of the Rocky mountains. The natural products of India-rubber, balsams, nuts hides, etc., are of such value that there must always be a market for them. Amazonir, then, can never be a poor country ; the people can pay liberally for all that they need, and they buy a lot. They ca.n produce a great many commodities — sugar, cotton, coffee, cacao — but they prefer to concentrate all their labour on the more profitable occupation of gathering India-rubber The United States buys the greater share of their rubber, paying for it through English banks, the money being used to buy cheap English goods and cheaper German goods for this market. It may be news to some of your readers that a regular service now exists between Peru and Europe by which Iqui- tos obtains the benefit of a steamer direct every forty days, by either the Booth or the Red Cross line. The principal business house of Iquitos is that of Wesche & Co., a Gern.au firm who are conceded to handle more go. dsfor the Ucayali and Javary and the rivers behind than any other house in the Amazon country. They seem to have succeeded the Mourrail- les — the senior of whom has retired after the accumu- lation of a large fortune, though the house of Mour- raille & Hernandez still do an immense trade. The present manager for Wesche & Co., is Mr. Julio Weiss, a young German of energetic temperament, whose thorough-going methods disprove the assertion (hat all foreigners soon become lazy in this climate. The firm own four steamboats, which may be termed floating stores, since they ply the different rivers in Pern, exhibiting their goods on shelves at the various landings, taking orders, and receiving Caucho and other produce of the country in exchange. In answer to my inquiries, Mr. Weiss unhesitatingly told me that their stock of goods at present exceeds in value $1,000,000, gold. The extent of their business may be judged from the fact that they receive no less than 5,000 packages of freight every month. Mr. Weiss is thoroughly German, and he proudly boasts that every one of these packages comes from the “ Father- land.” Yet he astounded me by frankly admitting ^.^4 the tropical agriculturist. [March i, 1898. that the capital of the house was altogether American — being supplied by Messrs. Charles Ahrenfeldt & Co., of New York (Nos. ,52-54 Murray street) and Paris. Every employe of this large Iquitos establish- ment is a fair-hired German ; even the officers of their various steamboats give their orders in German. The largest and longest tributary of the Amazon is the Ucayali, formed by the Junction of the Tambo and the Urubamba rivers, in the foothills of the Andes, and flowing northward for about 1,000 miles. It reaches the Amazon some five or ten hours’ travel above Iquitos. The Caucho supply, once so plentiful on the Ucayali, has become almost exhausted along that stream, and on its afiiuents flowing from the west. By their reckless methods of destroying the trees, the armies of caucheros have ruined their occu- pation within the old limits, and are obliged now to go to the headwaters of the Ucayali, and to the tributaries which now from the east, having their source in Bolivia and Brazil. Whenever the latter are reached, the divide is soon passed which marks the watershed of the Jurua, another large tributary of the Amazon, parallel with the Ucayali, but claimed by Brazil. The effect of the destruction of the Caucho on the Ucayali, in connection with the opening up of communication by these numerous affluents reaching the Jurua, in Brazil, would seem to be bad for Iquitos. Naturally the route from the Caucho fields via the Jurua or even the Purus to Manaos will be very much more direct than via Iquitos. There would be a saving of 1,000 miles, at least, and the ad van age of the market of Manaos, with telegraph communication and regular steamer service, might more than offset the low export duties charged on Caucho in Peru. Brazil exacts 22 per cent of the value of all rubber exported from her territory, while Peru requires only 5 centavos per kilogram on Caucho and 8 centavos per kilogram on India-rubber. Para, Brazil, December 4, 1897. A SIMPLE RECIPE FOR LIVING TO BE A HUNDRED. 1. Eight hours' sleep. 2. Sleep on your right side. 3. Keep your bedroom window open all night. 4. Have a mat to your bedroom door. 6. Do not have your bedstead against the wall. 6. No cold tub in the morning, but a bath at the temperature of the body. 7. Exercise before breakfast. 8. Eat little meat and see that it is well cooked. 9. (For adults) drink no milk. 10 Eat plenty of fat, to feed the cells which destroy disease germs. 11 Avoid intoxicants, which destroy those cells. 12 Daily exercise in the open air. 13. Allow no pet animals in your living rooms. They are apt to carry about disease germs. 14. Live in the country if you can. 15. Watch the three D’s; — drinking-water, damp and drains. 16. Have change of occupation. 17. Have frequent and short holidays. 18. Limit your ambition ; and 19. Keep your temper. Sir James Sawieb, in Church Sells. [Written for residents in a temperate climate. —Ed.] Coffee in B.C. Africa. — If the export of coffee as given in the “Gazette” i.s the total for the year, it shows — says the C. A. I'imes— that we have over-estimated by some fifty tons last year’s crop. 853,080 lb. is only equal to 380 and about three-quarter tons, wliereas the estimate was about 450 tons. A certain amount must be allow^ed for the coffee retained in the country for seed and consumption, but that, we should think, would not exceed 15 tons at the outside. “SORTING TEA : NO. 1.” Machinery has done much to spoil thesortingof tea. In all the other processes machinery has improved tea' but in this, which is perhaps a very important factor to’ good prices, it has helped the managers to get the work done quickly and cheaply, but it has done away with the old “nicetiei” of the work. In the old days, when our tea was about three times the present price, we used to make Broken Orange Pekoe, two Orange Pekoes, two Pekoes, Broken Pekoes Pekoe Souchong, Pekoe Fannings, Red Leaf Fannings’ Pekoe Dust, and Dost ; that is to say, eleven “• sorts ’’ of tea. And all these teas used to get different prices ranging from ten annas as the lowest to two rupees or so for the highest, thus allowing several annas between the No. 1 and No. 2 of the Pe- koes and Orange Pekoes. Nowadays, when per- haps we have only two annas difference between our best and our worst tea, it may seem absurd to “ sort ” carefully, and arguing on these lines, some managers have come down to three sorts— Pekoe, Pekoe Sou- chong and Broken Tea. Each one has come to his own conclusions from experience or expedi- ency, and we have concluded that careless sorting is nearly as harmful as carelessness in any of the other processes of tea making. We argue in this wav • If you take five pounds of Orange Pekoe and throw It into 1001b. of Broken Tea, |ou have lost sevewl annas. Suppose that the Orange Pekoe sells for 12 annas and the Broken Tea sells for six annas then you have lost 5 6 = annas. Then bv way of experiment you throw 8 lb. of Pekni into 100 1b. of Pekoe Souchong, the one being sold for 8 annas and the other for 7 annas, then you have ‘han this and put 20 lb. of Orange Pekoe into the Broken Tea you may raise the price of the Broken Tea bv two pice (=50 annas), but you lose 20 x 6 = 120 annas. It is impossible to be definite ; but the con- clusion is that you lose good te.a by putting it into lower class tea without raising the price of the lower grade; and by leaving lower grade tea in the grade above it, yon reduce the price of the higher grade No one makes tea so coarse as to have no Orange Pekoe in it; and, however small a percentage it may be, it would pay to separate it from the coarser teas It IS possible to carry this idea too far ; for instance' by repeated cutting and sifting through a No 14 sieve one can each time get tea of the size of Orange Pe koe, but all these mixed together would make a very bad Grantee Pekoe : it would cease to be real Oranxyp Pekoe after the first cutting, and after that It would be cut up Pekoe and cut up Pekoe Souchong, and these would also be vmv grey and unsightly The perfection of sorting is as follows : The whole tea is put over a No 14 sieve either untouched or gently disintegrated by hand it must be a Land sieve made of cane and shaken uAtil tea ceases to faff through freely ; this makes Orange Pekoe No. 1. The tea above the No. 14 is thfn passed over a No, 12 sieve, and you get Pekoe No. 1. The, tea is now cut up by any sort of machine or crushed by hand and again put over No 14, which yields No. 2 Grange Pekoe ; therover a No' 12 which gives No 2 Pekoe. The residueTs then sifted through a No 10 sieve, and itis cut up time after toe till all goes thrqpgh This when famied makes Pekoe Souchong and Broken Tea. Broken Pekoe is got out of the Orange Pekoe by fanning, also out of the tea which drops through the sieves when firing and nowadays a good deal of Orange Pekoe and B^ken Pekoe IS obtained by sifting the leaf before firing The cru lest method of sorting is to cut up the tea with a machine breaker, and put it through a cylinder consi.sting of a No. 12. No. 10 and No 8 then cut up the residue, or tailings, and send them through the cylinder again. By this means the work 18 done very speedily, but the result is, that each pade consists of a mixture of each sort more or less cut up. This sty e of machine accounts for the small difference in price to be found in many marks between the Broken Tea, Pekoe Souchongs, Pekoe and Orange Pekoe. The Orange Pekoe hfa Brok^ March I, 1898.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST, 64s Tea in it, and the Broken Tea has Orange Pekoe in it, and so on, but (as stated before) this Orange Pekoe does not improve the Broken Tea, and the Brok n Tea spoils the Orange Pekoe. Then, is it worth the troirble, or the expense ? That is the question to be worked out by each Manager. Look- ing at the matter broadly, there is about 40 per cent of Pekoe Souchong and Broken Tea. Of 200 million pounds of our British tea this 40 per cent represents 8 million pounds. Of this 8 million 3 per cent is good Orange Pekoe=240,000 lb. and 5 per cent is good Pekoe=400,000 lb. and if this amount of Orange Pekoe and Pekoe could be placed on the market in excess of our present offerings, it would have a marked effect on the reputation of our tea, and this could be done by more careful sorting with- out lowering the prices of the Pekoe Souchong and Broken Teas. — Indian Planters’ Gazette, Feb. 5. PLANTERS AND THE EXCHANGE QUESTION. The United Planters’ Association of Southern In- dia has through its Chairman, Mr. George Romiliy) sent the following letter to the Government of India, Financial Department : — As we observe that the Madras Chamber of Com- merce has recently laid its views on the currency problem before the Government of India, and as we note with alarm that it advocates the adoption of what is known as the Lindsay Scheme for establish- ing a gold standard and thereby fixing the rupee at about Is. 4d., I now have the honour to submit for the consideration of Government the views of this Association on the subject, representing as I believe they do, not only the interests of the educated Native and European planters whom I have the honour to represent, but also the interests of the voiceless millions of native cultivators who are as yet unaware of the heavy burden under which they are laid. 2. We agree with the Chamber of Commerce that “ if India is to be saved from ruin, if she is to prosper, cheap capital is absolutely necessary to develop her great resources ” ; but we go further than this, and maintain that not only cheap capital is necessary, but also a rupee at its natural value in order that the export trade, which is the backbone of the prosperity of India, may not be handicapped. 3. Our two chief industries are the growing of tea and coffee. Our teas have to compete with .I ipan and China. Japan has recently adopted a u lid currency, but has fixed her exchange (doubt- less having this and other competitions in view) at the present low rate ruling in silver standard coun- tries and is for all practical purposes one of them. China has a silver standard, and a practical illus- tration of her favoured competition with India was recently afforded by the starting of the Foochow Tea Improvement Co. which in its prospectus lays stress on “ the advantage China now has over India and Ceylon in cheap silver the exchange value of the rupee exceeding that of silver by fully 25 per cent.’’ But taking the present intrinsic value of the rupee at between 9d and lOd and tbe ex- change value at Is 4d the actual advantage in favour of China amounts to 60 pet cent. In like manner our coffees have to compete with those of Brazil and Central American States. Brazil has nominally a gold standard, but owing to bad financing the Milreis, its standard coin, has fallen in value during the past ten years from 27cf. to between 8i. and 9cf., so that for all practical purposes Brazil is a country with a currency on a level with that of all silver standard countries. Costa Rica and the other coffee exporting countries of Central America have a silver standard, and consequently, with Brazil, enjoy the same advantages in their competition with Indian coffee as China and Japan have in the tea trade. 4. The Madras Chamber of Commerce admits that ‘‘Indian producers will be heavily handicapped in competing with silver using countries by a fixed 1», 4d. rupee ; but to attempt to fix a lower standard does not seem to be within the limits of practical politics.” It is this prejudication which we would oppose. In our opinion the true solution of the present difficulty lies in the reopening of the Mints. We believe that if this were done a great stimulus would be given to the export trade of the country and capital would be again attracted. The only obstacle, which unfortunately has been allowed to overshadow the whole question, is the loss that would be entailed on the Government of India by its Home Charges, This, we believe, would be largely compensated by the increased trade and prosperity of the country, but if fresh taxation became necessary to meet the requirements of Government we as producers would prefer to submit to a small dii-ect export tax on our producers than to have to struggle against the present crushing handicap in favour of produce from silver using countries. — ill. Mail, Feb. 15. A NEW IRON TEA FACTORY. The old factory at Dnnedin, Yatiyantota, which was totally burnt down some months ago, has been rebuilt and tea is made there now. The new factory is a neat and handsome building, designed and erected by Messrs. Walker, Sons & Co. ,of Colombo. It is li2ft. 6in. long by 35ft. Oin. wide, with engine and boiler house at one end, and a spacious firing room at the other. The office and sifting room are finely situated and fitted with large glass windows. The main stair- case, which is 8ft. llin. wide, a ))art for ascent and part for descent, gives a fine appearance to the factory. The woodwork is all of well-sea- soned teak, and all the materials are of the best workmanship. Tlie factory was built in 2^ months’ time, and it reflects great credit on this enterprising firm in being able to get work done so rapidly and so well. The executive engineer was Mr E.B. Rose, assisted by Mr. Peter C. Dias. — Cor. THE PROPOSED LABOUR FEDERATION. {From the Proceedings of the Ceylon Planters' Asso- ciation, held 17th February, 1895.) The Secretary took up the Rules for the proposed liubour F'ederation saying that they had been publLshed in minutes of the proceedings of the Committee. The proposed rules were taken as read. THE PLANTING MEMBER. The Hon. Mr. Campbell said it was Ms duty to bring before the meeting the pro- posed - Rules for the Labour Federation of Ceylon. They did not pretend these rules were in any way faultless. They knew it was a difficult task to make rules which would satisfy every one in a matter of Ur's .sort. He would call their special attention to rule No. 3. That rule was framed with the object of stopping roving gangs of coolies. They all knew how difficult it was to keep these gangs of the coolies on their estates and the object of this Federation was to endeavour to get the coolies to stop on the estates on which they were. If once they would get their coolies to stay with them for long- periods a great many of their dfficulties would vanish ; they would turn out the work much better and would be more content , would earn better wages and would be in a better situa- tion. If they agreed among themselves to get every planter to put his name down, and agreed that in no case would they give more advances than the amount put in the tundu tliey would go very far towards settling the labour difficulty. 646 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [March i. 1898. They did not insist, in the event of any planter wishing to part with a gang, upon anytliing. Tliere would he no objection to his putting on the tandu anything lie likeil. He wanted to part with them and there was no reason why they should not go to take the debt ; but wlien their kangani came to them and said he wanted to go they said : Here is your timdu.’' They wanted to prevent him going to anotlier estate and getting a larger amount than they had given to him If they did this it would pre- vent the Coast advances rising. If tliey ac- cepted these rules that day it was but the first •step. They had taken the initiative as the I’. A., but the P.A. could not carry it through themselves. Everyone must help. They had limited the number of those who mu.“t .support it at 75 ]ier cent, and o herwise it could not take effect, but lie hoped every planter wouhl join the Federa- tion and give it all the assistance in his power. He would ajipeal to every jilanter in Ceylon. Even if they could not coiiseut to all the rules, but then at all events give the thing a trial. If they did not they remained as they now were, in the hands of their coolies, ami could only go trom had to tvorse. Mr. Huxley Seconded. Mr. A. M. Foebks then asked that the rules should be read, and they were read by the Secretary. Mr. Forbes said he could not follow’ Mr. Campbell in his remarks as to Kule 3. He said that in the event of their giving a tumlu wish- ing to get rid of a gang of coolies, it was im- imaterial w’hether they put the amount of the advances due to the estate on it or coupled with t aany number of advances representing outside debts. He took exception to that. He thought it should be understood that when they gave a tundu to ft! gang of coolies leaving an estate they should have nothing to do witli outside debts whatever (applause), .and that only the mount due on that estate should be put in the und,a, Mr. Forsythe s.aid he would like to ask what the mover would do if the kangany said “unless you include all the debts on my tundu I am afraid I cannot get the money in. I am afraid the coolies will run aw'ay and we shall lose half the money.” Mr. Skrine said he supported the last speaker. It appeared to him to be class legislation. They wouM be putting the kanganies in a very ti"ht place, especially on estates working on sliort time. 'I'he Chetty kept the coolies going and they incurred debt. In that case it was very hard if he could not get his money. If they did put the kangani in a tight place, it would do great harm to the kaaigani system which had worked so admirably. Indian pi liters, who knew the indenture mischief, knew how fortu- nate the jdanters of Ceylon were in having this kangani system. He thought something might be done to compel chetties to notify their chums to kanganies or the estates, but, as to the reso- lution itself, lor his p.art he should demur before having anything to do with tlie rules. Mr. A. M. Forbes said that in regard to what Mr. Forsyth had said, in the event of a kangani coining to them and saying “If you don’t give me a inndu for so and so, part of the advances on the men, I shall have no end of difbeulty in getting the money 1 owe you,” he toidc ex- ception to that. He said that if they did smdi a thing they ran the risk of laying themselves open to compounding <‘i fraud. A kangani came to them and said he ow’ed the kaddics this and that and the other, and what proof had they got of that. If they gave him a tundu for the advances actually due to the estate plus the imaginary advances he owed the kaddies, he thought they w’ere lending themselves to what might be a fraud (hear, hear). Mr. L. Stuart said he would like to say that the whole scheme at present seemed very incom- plete, but at the same time he thought it was a step in the right direction, and he hoped the move might be made (hear, he.ar). The Chairman said that the few words the last speaker had said was just wh.at the Com- mittee thought. The Committee did not pretend to have a perfect scheme. They h.ad done the best they could to prevent the roving about of kanganies. It was chiefly the head kanganies this would effect. The sub-kanganies would not be down in the estate books, and therefore they were obliged to take their head kanganies’ word and when they were paying off a sub-kangani they mu.st take what they .agreed to between them. It was to prevent whole gangs leaving estates for the sake of compelling one estate to give them more advances. Now the one estate could refuse and the k.angani demanded his tundu and went on to the next. The proposed rules had been largely supported, and if three-fourths of the planting com- munity were prepared to give it a chance of working for one year, they would, he was confident, be able to improve their rules by finding where the fault lay. He thought it was w’orth their while to give them a chance, and he did not think it would inflict a h.ardsldp on the kanganies. He thought that under Federation they would find that after all the planters were their best friends. They were protecting them from being lifted from one estate to another, because the creditor pressed them. And he thought, when it was found they did not go, the creditor would not press them. Let them give it a trial, and before the first twelve months were out, he thought that they would strengthen the rules, that they would see the weak points in them and would have a much more w’orkable scheme for 1898. (Hear, hear). The question was then put to the meeting and the rules were passed with only one member (Mr. Forbes) dissenting. CACAO DISEASE. (Fromthc Proceedings of Ihc Ceylon Planters’ Asso, elation, held 17th February, 1898.) Mr. H. DE Sanctis moved : — “ That this A‘ so- oi.ation do have an analysis made of the whole of the cacao tree, leaves, branches, stem and pods.” He explained that some time ago he saw it ad- vertised by Messrs. Freudenberg & Co., that there w'crc ic]i i ts by Mr. Cochran, but the pamphlet staled that t .ere w’as no definite information available on the subject, and it struck him that that Association whuh had spent two or three thousand rupees on collce might afford to spend two or three hundred rupees on cacao so as to prevent disease. If there w'as something wanted in the soil they^wished to find that out and when they knew what a healthy tree was made of they would know what to supjily. The cost for each analysis would be R50, making K250 in all. Mr. Ryan seconded. Mr. Christie said that as they were discussing a scientific matter in connection with cacao dis- ease he would like to give some little information to the Association in regard to the non-appoint- ment of a Government cryptogamist. He had March i, 1898.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 647 noticed in En'?land and since he came out here various paragraphs, some from newspaper corre- spondents and others of more or less an editorial nature, putting the saddle upon the wrong horse. Tlie Governor as they knew was extremely prompt in the matter and did his very best. When he got home he went to the Colonial Office and found that they had been equally prompt. He found that they had a despatch from the Director at Kew, which hail since been published in Ceylon, in which he practically declined to send out a cryptogamist and suggested in the meantime getting a botanist from India. He was not at all satisfied with that and thought there was something behind it. The Colonial Office were good enough to ar- range an interview between him and the Director. He heard all the Director had to say and he was not satisfied with it, but the Director showed him a letter written by their Peradeniya Director about that time specially asking him not to send out a cryptogamist — that he did not think it was fungoid and that it was inexpedient to send out a cryptogamist. Therefore it was at the request of the Peradeniya Director that a cryptogamist was not sent here. In making this explanation he did not wish it to be thought that he was blaming the Director; doubtless he did it with the best rf intentions ; but the effect of his letter naturally was to prevent the Director at Kew agreeing to the request for a cryptogamist. The Chairman thought the request made by the mover of the resolution a very small one and one the Association could easily and readily comply with. He thought that it would be on the proper lines and that a Sub-Committee would be the best to see that the proper samples were given to an analyst. A Sub. Committee could be appointed at an early meeting to carry out the suggestion made by Mr. De Sanctis and the As- sociation would be prepared to pay the tees. This was agreed to and the Chairman inti- mated that the matter would be brought up at the next Committee meeting. THE CURRENCY QUESTION. To the Secretary, Ceylon Planters’ Association Colombo. Dear Sir, — At the last Annual Meeting of tl e United Planters’ Association of Southern India, I was instructed to address all the large Produce Asso- ciations, Chambers of Commerce and Mill Owners in India and Ceylon with a view of ascertaining whet her they would join us in forming a combination for ti e purpose of representing to the Secretary of Sii.te for India and the Houses of Parliament the tiitical condition of the producing industries of this cciintry; and to forcibly point out that if the present f.nancial policy is long continued the export trade of India must seriously suffer, with the reiv.lt that the iinrl position of the Government of India will be worse than if it had never made the fatal blunder of tam- pering with the currency. 2. In accordance with this resoluticn I beg to re- quest that you will favour me with the views of ycur Association, (a) On the closing of the Mints and the General policy of the G. Minient of India in endeavouring to create an artifical rate of exchange. (h) On the effect that this artificial rate has had on yonr industries. 3. Y'ith regard to ourselves the effect of the pre- sent financial policy of the Government of India has been as follows : — Our chief industries are the grow- ing of coffee and tea. Our coffee has to compete with Brazil, and our tea with China and Japan. Taking the present intrinsic value of the lupee at between 9d and lOd the Government has forced it up to Is 4d or 60 per cent, over its real value. Brazil has nominally a gold standard, but owing to bad financing the value of its standard coin, the milreis, has fallen during the past ten years from 27d to between 8d and 9d, so that for all practical purposes Brazil is a country with a currency on a level with that of all silver standard countries. As a result Brazil has flooded the markets wnh coffee w'hich she can sell profitably, owing to her low rates of exchange, at. 40s per cwt. In India, on the other hand, under existing circumstances coffee cannot be produced at a profit under 80s per cwt. Luckily owing to its superior quality it can still com- mand this price, but it has to compete with the better quality'^ coffees of Costa Rica and other silver standard countries of Central America. Y’v u'ould point out to you that this action of the Go\einment of India in maintaining an artificial rate of exchange act as a bounty in favor of those countries of 60 per cent. 4. In like manner our teas have to compete with China and Japan. The former has a silver stand- ard, and Japan, though she has recently adopted a gold standard, has fixed her ex- hange (doubtless having this and other competition in view) at the present low rate ruling in silver standard countries, and IS for all practical purposes one of them. Here again, ^ing to the action of the Government of India, China, and .Japan enjoy a bounty of 60 per cent. Although Indian and Ceylon teas have been able to wrest the British and Colonial markets from China and Japan, they have only succeeded in doing so owing to their low rate of exchange in thepast, and even then at a cost to themselves of more than 50 per cent, reduction in the price of their teas It must further be borne in mind that Chinese and Japanese teas, although inferior in quality are still for a higher price in silver than ours and that the Japanese exports have increased aunng the last twenty six years, from 18| to 60 uiilliou lb., and the Chinese from 236 to 239 million lb. This increased export has so far found an outlet in the mai kets ol Russia and the United States where our competition has been less keen. The sttuggle that is to come must be to conquer these markets, involving in all prebability a further fall in the gold price of tea. In view of these facts, we main- Um that It will be impossible for Indian and Ceylon Planters to coniinne giving this bounty of 60 per cent to their rivals and yet compete with them suc- cessfully in the world’s maikets. It seems to us that the future prosperity of India and the safeguard for its increasing population, shielded by Government from war and famine, depend mainly on the cultiv - tion of the enormous tiacts of waste land tht t u contains, and as pointed out in the Indian article r f the London Times this has hitherto been effect i a by the cuhivation of articles of export such aster coffee, ju.c, cotton, wheat and seeds. Owing to the constant opening up of new countries and increasing facilities of cheap communication with the world’s markets, the gold price of India’s produce is more hl.elv to fall th-n rise. It seems therefore the height of folly for the Government of India deliberatelv to throw away the advantage which alow exchange gives the export trade of India in their severe competition with bo.h gold and silver standard countries; 6. We shall be told that the loss to the export t: ade IS largely balanced by the gain of the import trade, but the latter is a much smaller trade than the former, is not so necessary, and denends for its volume largely on the power of the exporters to purchase im. ports. If the export tiade suffers the import will ako suffer proportionately, and the better off ex. porters are the more imports they can purchase ' 7. We are well aware that the Government of India IS not in a position to forego the saving now effected in sterling chaiges without increasing its taxation to a considerable extent. But we believe that if Government were to re-open the mil ts and refrain from tampering in any wav with exchange the export trade of India, under a low exchange’ would very rapidly increase, (as has been exempli- fied by the coffee 1 1 d v 1 eat trades of South America) and that with in on a ,d land and other sources of revenue the impositu n of a direct 5 percent export duty would be found sufficient to cover the loss on 648 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [March i, 1898, the home charges. We, as producers, would infinitely prefer to submit to a direct tax than suffer this indirect loss of 60 per cent. 8. Our proposition, therefore would be that the Government of India be requested to re-open the mints that refrain from tampering in any way with the rate of exchange, and that it should refund itself for the losses caused by this policy by the imposition of a 5 per cent, export duty. Requesting that you will favour me with your views at an early d ite, — I am, dear sir, yours faithfully, (Signed) A. Ron ALDSO.M, Acting Secretary, U.P.A., S.I ^ MINOR PRODUCTS REPORT. Cinchona Bark.— The first London auctions of the year took place this week. They began quietly, and the average unit selling price at the beginning of the auction was IJd ; competition grew keener afterwards, and rates rose till at the close the average unit for the whole auction worked out at fully IJd, or an advance of jd on the last London and Amsterdam auctions. The purchases of all the principal buyers ate stated beneath, first in packages and then in kilos of quinine equivalent : — 09 . o CO Si , o g § H ‘u • e>> - ^ o ^ a • 09 'p oS = •3 <1^ c3 oj o> o o c3 22 “ s s sc? be O W a 116 386 777 438 219 565 1,196 2,190 885 1,060 71 360 n . 05 C 5 CO eo C 4 CO ■ CO -rf' lO !M .-O : ; Titli005CO^OOXfOi- I'.05-^x05i--i0c>'00005a5-'«00»0c0c0 cooco—i<— ■»— it>r-40ir505c0'^coi-icjco 0(NCOCOGOi« O5t-'?HCOC<1CO®(MCOCO CO CO 1ft rl O o: I> 00 ^ M fi « c 00 o Ol -M •W t*^ o CO CO L- CO I'- CO c>j O CO 05 M 1 ot Ilf rH T#i 1— t O rH lO o < o I H rH • . • . CO »C 05 CO CO f-a COt>» so 05 CO ^ l.i 53 01 (M CO ■5*5 1311 '•eg cel O o u Q.«e ga 650 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST, [MaUch I, 1858k MARKET RATES FOR OLD AND NEW PRODUCTS. (From Lewis <£ Leaf’s Fortnightly Prices Current, London, February 9th, 189S. J ALOES, Soceoti'ine cwt. Zanzibar & Hepatic ,, BEES’ WAX, „ Zanzibar & ( White ,, Bombay {Yellow,, M art aprasen r ,, CAMPHOE, China Japan ,, CARDAMOMS, Malabar lb Ceylon.— Mysore ,, „ Tellicherry,, „ Long ,, „ Mangalore,, CASTOR OIL, Calcutta,, Madras ,, CHTTXIES. Zanz.ibar cwt. CINCHONA BAEK.— Ceylon Ib. CINN A MO^ , Ceylon per lb, 2ikI.« 3rds 4tlis Cbios CLOVES, Penang E>. Amboyna •• Zanzibar 1 and Pemba ./ Stems COCULUS IHDICUS Cwt. COFFEE , ^ Ceylon Plantation „ Native > Liberian 1, COCOA, Ceylon .> COLOMBO BOOT COIE EOPE, Ceylon ton Cochin ,, FIBEB, Brush . Cochin ,, Stuffing,, COIE YAEN, Ceylon „ Cochin ,, do. ,, CROTON SEEDS, sift. cwt. CTJTCH G I N G ER , Bengal, rough , , t allcut, Cut A ,, B&C „ Cochin Rougli ,, Japan „ gum AMMOHIAOUM „ ANM, Zanzibar „ Madagascar AP.ABIC E. I. & Aden Turkey sorts Ghatti Kurrachee Madras ASSAFCETIDA KINO MYRRH, picked Aden sorts OLIBANUM, drop pickings siftings INDIARUBBER, Assam lb Eangoon Borneo QUALITY. Fair to tine dry Common to good f}. od to fine Fair Dark to good palish Fair average quality Clipped, bold, bright,fine .Middling, stalky & lean Fair to fine plump .Seels Good to fine Brownish Shelly to good Med brown to good bold Ists and 2nds Dull to fine briglit Ledgeriana Chips Crown, Renewed Org. Stem Eed Org. Stem Renewed Ordinary to fine quill... Dull to fine bright bold Dull to tine Good and tine brigbt Common dull to fair Fail- Fair Bold to fine bold roloryjl06s a 116s Jliddling to fine mid . 9.ts a 105s Low mid. and low grown Smalls Good ordinary Small to bold Bold to fine bold Medium and fair Triage to ordinary Fair to good ,)U0TAT10NS. tir 2.'6 a £7 10s £6 5s a £6 7s Gd £6 a £6 7s 6d 9.5s 100s 3s 6d a 4s •2s 9o a :ts ?d 3s a 4s 3d 3s 4d a 3s .fid ■2s 9d a 3s 2s 6d 2s 8d a 4s 3d 3s 6d a 3s 9d 37d a 5d 3jd a 3Jd 32s 6d a 40s 85 da 6d 4|d a 8d l-Jd a Gfd 3d a 4^0 3Jd a 5|d lOd a 2s 4d 9d a Is 7d 8|d a Is 5d 8d a Is 3d ■25 d a 3jd 6d a Is 4jd a 53 d 4|d a 4Jd 4d a 4 5-16d l|d Ss 6d INDIARUBBER, (Contd). Java, Sing. & Penang lb. ( Ordinary to fair Old. to tine long straight Ordinary to good clean Common to tine Common to superior .. very tine ... Roping, fair to good .. Dull to fair Fair to line dry Fail- Good to fine bold Small and medium Common to fine bold .. Small and D’s Unsnlit Sm. blocky to fine clean Picked fine pale in sorts Part yellow and mixed Bean and Pea size ditto Amber and dk. red bold Med. & bold glassy sorts Fair to good palish .. ., ., red Ordinary to good pale Pickings to fine pale ... Good and fine pale Reddish to pale selected Dark to fine pale Clean fr to gd. almonds Ord. stony and blocky Fine bright Fair to tine pale Middling to good Good to fine white ... Middling to fair Low to good pale Slightly foul to fine ... Good to tine Common to foul & mxd. Fair to good clean Common to tine Mozambique Madagascar INDIGO, E.I. MACE Bombay & Penang per lb. MYRABOLANES, I Madras J Bombay Bengal „ NUTMEGS— lb. Bombay & Penang ,, NUTS, ARECA cwt. NUX VOMICA, Bombay per cwt. Madras OIL OF ANISEED lb CASSIA ,, LEMONGRASS NUTMEG CINNAMON CITRON ELLE ORCHELLA WEED-ewt Ceylon Zanzibar. J 90s a 95s 7f s a 90s 40s a 85s 38s a 60s 76s a S2s 6d 70s a 74s 60.S a 68s 38s a .58s nominal £10 a £16 £10 a £21 £15 a £21 £7 a £9 £12 a £26 10s £12 a £34 £10 10s a £15 50s a 60s 9s 3d a 32s 6d 16s 80s a £5 28s a 75s 15s a 30s 10s a 20s 15s a 16s 30s a 50s £10 7s 6d a £13 £8 2/6 a £10 10s 70s a £7 12/6 £5 10s a £7 10s 80s a 100s £4 8s a £8 £4 5s a £9 40s a 62s 6d 65s a 85s 12s 6d a 4fis 52s 6d a 57s 6d 30s a 4Cs 27s 6d a 35s 40s a 80s 30s a 37s 12s 6d a 15s 70s a 82s 6d 33s a 67s 6d 34s a 60s ■20s a 31s 6d Us a l-2s 6d 9s Od a 14s ■2s Ojd a 2s Gjd Is 3d a Is Gd Is 4d a 2s 6d la 6id a la 7jd [WAX, Japan, aquarea cwt PEPPER (Black) lb Alleppee & Tellicherry Singapore Acheen & W. C. Penang PLUMBAGO, lump cwt. chips dust SAFFLOWER SANDAL WOOD— Bombay, Lo^s ton. Chips ,. Madras, Logs Chips „ SAPANWOOD Bombay,, Madras ,, Manila ,, Siam ,, SEEDLAC cwt. SENNA, Tinnevelly lb SHELLS, M. o’PEABL— Bombay cwt. Mussel ,, TAMARINDS, Calcutta... per cwt. M adras TORTOISESHELL- Zanzibar & Bombay lb. TURMERIC, Bengalcwt. Madras „ Do. Cochin „ VANILLOES— lb. Mauritius and I Ists Bourbon ... / 2nd.s Seychelles Srds VERMILION lb. Foul to good clean . Good to fine Ball Ordinary to fair Ball Low .sandy Ball Sausage, fair to good Liver and livery Ball. Fr to fine pinky & white F,air to good black Niggers, low to good.. Bengal-- Shipping mid togd violet Consuming mid. to gd. Ordinary to mid. Mid. to good Kurpah Low to ordinary Mid. to good Madras Pale reddish to fine Ordinary to fair Pickings Dark to fine pale UG Fair Coast Jubblepore Bhimlles Rhajpore, &c. Calcutta 64’s to 57’s llO’s to 65’s 160’s to 130’s Ordinary to fair fresh Ordinary to middling Fair to good bold fresh Small ordinary and fair Fair merchantable According to analysis Good flavour & colour Dingy to white Ordinary to fair sweet Bright & good flavour Mid. to fine not woody . Picked clean flat leaf „ wiry Mozambique Fair to bold heavy Fair Dull to fine Fair to tine bright bold Middling to good small Dull to tine bright Ordinary to fine bright Good to fine pinky Middling to fair Inferior and pickings Fair to fine flavour Fair to good flavour Inferior to fine Lean to good Good average ( Rough & rooty to good i hold smooth Ord. dusty to gd. soluble Good to fine bold green Fair middling medium Common dark and small Bold and A’s D’s and B’s Small Small to bold Mid.to fine bl’k not stony Stony and inferior Small to bold dark mottle part heavy Fair Finger fair to fine bold bright Bulbs Finger Bulbs Gd. crysallized a. 9 in. Foxy & reddish 4J a 8 ,, Lean and inferior Fine, pure, bright QUOTATIONS. Is a 2s 3d ■2s 8-Jd a 2s lOd 2s4B1 a 2s 7d lOd a Is Id Is Sjd a 2s lOd 2s 4id a 2s 5jd Is lid a 2s lUd Is 6d a Is lljd Is5jdals8d 4s 2d a 4s 9d 3s 6d a 3s 5d Is 6d a 2s 5d 2s a 2s 6d Is 4d a Is lOd Is 3d a -2s 4d Is lOd a 2s 9d I s 6d a 1 s 9d 1s3|da Is 4]d 4s 6d a 6s 4s 9d a 5s 4s a 7s 4s 3d a 9s 3s 9d a 7s 3s 6d a 5s 6d 3s a 3s 2d Is 4d a -2s lid d a Is Id I2s a 14s 4s a os 6d 7s a 7s 6d 5s 6d 7s 3d a 7s 6d 4s 9d a 6s 3d 8d 3jd a 4d od a Is 7d Is 2d a Is 2Jd 10s a 12s 6d 'Os a 15s -vs a 11s 315-16da4d 4 l-16d 3fd a 4^ 20s a 2Ss 15s a 19s ICs a 15s 5s 6d a 10s 80s a 85s 60s a 70s oOs a 55s £20 a £35 os a £3 £30 a £C0 £4 a £8 £4 a £5 £4 a £5 nom i £410.sa£6 15s •) £6 a £7 70s a 80s 3|d a 4|d 3d a 3id 1 l^d a 2^d I £5 15s a *6 12/9! £1 5s a £4 3/6 7s a 8s 6d 4s a 6s 15s a 23d 6d 14s 9d 18s a 19s 12s a 13s 13s a 14s 8s 6d 18s a 26s 13s a 20s 6d 7s a 11s 6d ■2s 2d Ctood white hard j36f 6d SGRiGULTURSL macazinG, COLOMBO. Added as a Su2Jplement Monthly to the “ TROPICAL AORIGULTURISTT The following pages include the Contents of the Agricultural Magazine for March : — Vol. IX.] MAECH, 1898. [No. 9. SEASON EEPOETS. ESTERN Province. — Paddy. Maha harvest begun, preparations in some places fcr Yala. Eainfall, light. The supply of fruits and vegetables was poor. Central Province. — Paddy. Crops in various stages, prospects are considered good. Eainfall recorded in Matale, 6‘19 in. No reports of cattle disease. Northern Province. — Paddy. Crops in ear, and being harvested in some parts. In Jaffna district want of rain and the disease known as “ Kuruk- kutti” has damaged the crop, while floods have done damage in the lower lands in Mullaittivu district, Health of cattle good. Eainfall in Jaffna 375 in., and 3'57 in. Mannar. Southern Province. — Paddy. Muha crop being reaped, prospects fair. No. cattle disease. Eainfall 4 '20 in. in Galle. Eastern Province. — Paddy. In Batticaloa some damage to early Munmari crop by drought, late crop in good condition and fit for reaping. In Trincomalee crop in ear, some damage by rain. Cattle murrain has almost disappeared from the Province. Eainfall in Trincomalee, 12-51 in. North- Western Province. — Paddy. Harvest time on or approaching and prospects good. Cattle disease prevails in many places. Eainfall at Puttalam I'93 in. Province of Uva. — Paddy. Fields in preparation for Maha. About Badulla crops are nearing maturity. Fruits and vegetables plentiful and cheap. Health of cattle good. Province of Sabaragamuwa. — Paddy. Maha being harvested, weather favourable and prospects gcod. Province free of cattle disease. Rainfall at Euan- wella 3-48 in. EAINFALL TAKEN AT THE SCHOOL OF AGEICULTUEE DURING THE MONTH OF JANUAEY, 1898. 1 Saturda3’- Nil 2 Sunday Nil 8 Mciidajr Nil 4 Tuesday Nil 5 Wednesdaj'... Nil 6 Thursday . . Nil 7 Friday Nil 8 Saturday Nil 9 Sunday Nil 10 Mondaj- Nil 11 Tuesday Nil 12 Wednesdaj' . . Nil 13 Thursday •87 14 Friday •26 15 Sal.irday •07 16 Sui.il-'j' •25 17 Monday Nil 18 Tuesday Nil 19 Wednesday . . Nil 20 ThuTsday . . Nil 2r Friday Nil 22 Saturday Nil 23 Sunday •06 24 Monday •20 25 Tuesdaj' •14 26 Wednesday. . •16 27 Thursday . . Nil 28 Pridaj- Nil 29 Saturdaj' ... Nil 30 Sunday Nil 31 Monday Nil 1 Tuesday . . Nil Total. .2 01 Greatest amount of rainfall in any 24 hours on the 13th, -87 inches. Mean rainfall for the month '06 in. Eecorded by D. W. Saeam. PEOFESSOE WAEEINGTON ON THE DENITEIFICATION QUESTION : MOEE EEASSUEING NEWS. ( Communicated.) As was to be expected, our leading English Agricultural authorities have been critically ex- amining into the startling results of the German 1052 Su2)plement to the “ Tropical Agriculturist.” [March 1, 1898. experiments with reference to which Dr. Somer- ville first made a communication to the R.A.S.E. Journal of September last. We have already had Dr. Bernard Dyer’s deliverance (summarised in the Observer of the 3rd instant,) and now follows an exhaustive paper, covering 30 pages, written by no less an authority than Prof. Warrington, on the same subject. The Professor, after clearly stating the conclusions arrived at by the German experimenters, begins by tracing the history of the denitrifying question, referring to the labours of Dr. Angus Smitn (1867), Mensel (1875), Deherain and Marquenne ^1882), Dr. Prankland, Gayon and Dupetit (1886), Burri and Stutzer (1895.) It has been proved to satisfaction that the reduction of nitrates is due to certain bacteria present in abundance in the soil, in the atmo- sphere and all forms of organic matters ; in facts these organisms may be said to be universally distributed. Their action, however, is controlled and regulated by conditions and circumstances. There is reason to believe that animal excre- ments contain a greater abundance of the denitri- fying organism. For one thing it may be taken for granted that denitrifying bacteria, like other bacteria present in food, pass uninjured through the intestines of animals, and will therefore be present in larger relative proportion in the solid excrement than in the original food. Again, the proportion of organisms will depend largely on the extent and character of the exposed surface, and on the length of its exposure to the atmosphere. The denitrifying bacteria belong to a class of organisms requiring oxygen, free or combined, to accomplish their work, titrates contain a rela- tively large proportion of oxygen. It has been found that nitrates in the soil steadily diminish as the proportion of oxygen present decreases, and that denitrification is at a maximum when no free oxygen is preseno, as in soils saturated with water. Where then does tlie denitrifying organism get its essential oxygen ? From the nitrates which con- tain it in a combined form, and which, in giving it up, become reduced to lower compounds of nitrogen, and even to nitrogen gas itself. What, perhaps, most controls the process of denitrification is the supply of organic matter. The abundance of the organisms is of little im- portance, since they are always present in some proportion, and will increase and multiply if the conditions are favourable. If the organic matter is small in quantity the denitrifying action will be proportionately limited, however large the supply of bacteria. Here, says Dr. Warrington, i.s where the German experimenters erred, — they sought to explain denitrification as due to the supply of additional organisms in the manures, when the results were really due to the supply of an excess of organic matter. In the absence of oxidisable organic matter it is the nitrifying organisms that command the situation, while with abundance of a combustible carbonaceous substance the denitrifying bacteria spring into activity. It is pointed out that in the German experiments with pot culture, while the quantities of nitrogen (estimated as such) was the same in different experiments, the quantity of organic matter was very different in each case. With intrate of soda, for iustante, no organic matter was supplied 5 with urine and dried blood the supply was very small ; with cattle manure it became very large, and indeed the German ex- periments themselves bear out the fact that the denitrifying action increased with the increase «n the supply of organic matter in the manure. Some may demur to the statement that organic matter induces denitrification, audit would, there- fore, be necessary to explain that the influence of decomposable organic matter affects the process both of nitrification and denitrification. The de- composition of organic matter and its partial oxidation must precede its nitrification. If much of this preliminary work has to be done, the com- mencement of nitrification will be delayed ; the products of the decomposition of carbonaceous matters are, indeed, inimical to nitrification. When the proportion of organic manure ex- ceeas a certain proportion therefore, it will bo understood that a nitrifying medium may be converted for a time into a denitrifying medium, the oxygen demanded by the decomposing organic matter being now obtained by the des- truction of the nitrates in the soil. An organic manure which is effective when applied in moderate doses, may thus become injurious when in excess. Dr. Warrington then goes on to show that this fact, viz., that large doses of ferment- able organic matter retard the nitrification of other easily nitrified organic manures, must ex- plain the evil effects resulting in the German experiments, since in these pot experiments the additions of dung were equivalent to 40, 70, 100, and in some cases 300 tons per acre ! These are quantities which, of course, are never heard of in practice, so that the great delay of the process of nitrification and the production of active deni- trifying conditions, was only what was to be naturally expected under the circumstances of the experiments, and is no proof that the same action will occur to the same extent in ordinary cultivation. But again, all kinds of organic matter have not an equal effect, and quantity alone does not determine results. We must grasp the fact, which Prof. Warrington tries hard to impress on us, that denitrification is determined by the presence of fermentable organic matters. Hence it was that even in the German experiments black humified horse manure, and dung applied two months before the addition of nitrate of soda, did not cause any great loss by denitrification, while the use of fresh manure resulted in considerable loss ; and again sheep manure, which contains less organic matter per unit of nitrogen, and that too in an easily uitrifiable form, gave much djelter results than horse and cattle manure. Prof. Warrington adds that superphosphate and kainit decreased the fer- mentation of manure when added to it, and in this way intensified its denitrifying power. Reference is made to a very significant German experiment made with the object of arresting the denitrifying action, by destroying the deni- trifying germs in dung by treating it previously with bisulphide of carbon, with the result that denitrification was as active as ever ! We could not, says Prof. Warrington, have a more con- clusive proof of the fact that the presence or absence of the organisms in the manure is a matter of indifference so long as the neces- March 1, 1898.] Supplement to the “ Tropical Agriculturist" 653 sary organisms are present in the soil. The conditions of the German experiments, con- tends Prof. Warrington, were clearly not such as to allow organic manures to be employed to advantage, and the results cannot be taken as indicating what may be expected to happen in the ordinary use of farmyard manure, for Prof. Wagner is him.self found to admit that his former experiments showed that under con- ditions which occur in practice n large p.upor- tion of the nitrogen of farmyard manure is recovered in the crop. We now hear of another series of pot experi- ments carried out at Pas-de-Calais by Pagnoul, the results of which showed that with moderate applications of dung (that is the solid excrement of manure, w’hich in the German experiments gave the very worst results) amounting to 20 tons per acre, the return obtained from nitrate of soda and sulphate of ammonia is not decreased ; indeed, in every instance the dung itself contri- buted to the increase ef crop. Lengthy reference is then made to the Rotham- stead experiments bearing on the question. Here, too, we are told that the returns yielded by nitrate of soda and ammonium salts applied with farmyard manure were “remarkably good.” In one particular experiment, however, we And that when rape cake and farmyard manure were used together in certain quantities, the return was not so good (in the case of a root crop) as where rape cake was used alone ; from which Prof. Warrington concludes that with 2,000 lbs. rape and 14 tons manure (the quantities used) we apparently reach an amount of organic matter in excess of what can be economically used in an average season. The danger of denitrification reaching consider- able proportions will, it is pointed out, increase M the amount of fermentable organic matter In the soil increases, and will be much aggravated by a wet condition of the land. Those who employ dung in large quantities are, there- fore, more likely to suffer loss from denitrifi- cation. The mode in which farmyard manure is applied and the extent to which it is incorpor- ated with the soil must, says Prof. Warrington, have some influence upon its action. Where it is ploughed or dug in, and thus not intimately mixed with the whole soil (as in pot culture), it would be left in a succession of layers separated by unmanured soil. The denitrifying zone is, so to speak, limited, and does not include the whole of the soil penetrated by the roots. There is thus, says Prof. Warrington, much scope for careful enquiry as to the most profitable method of employing dung with other manures. The results furnished by the field experiments at Rothamstead, both with farmyard manure and with straw (the most|powerful denitrifying agents according to the German experimenters) do not subs stantiate the conclusions arrived at by them. The results obtained must be considered to be d ue to the special conditions of the experiments, and particu- larly to the large relative quantities of dung or straw which were employed. Prof. Warrington then indicates the lessons to be learnt from these famous experiments. One fact, he says, which we are taught is that ordinary farmyard manure is valueless as food for plqnts until It is nitrified, while the economy of large dressings becomes very questionable. Moderately dry soils are those most likely to yield a profitable return with farm- yard manure ; hence the importance of drainage. Prof. Warrington in conclusion points to the great variation in the manurial value of cattle manure, showing that its effect is clearly connected with the active and soluble nitrogenous matter it contains, while it has been shown that to the fermentable organic matters — of which the solid part of the manure is mainly composed — is to be traced the source of denitrification. The original voidings of animals, he points out, have a far greater manurial value than the final product of the manure heap. Lo.«s of nitrogen goes on in the whole progress from the stall to the field. One practical conclusion arrived at by the writer is the economy of keeping animals on the land when- ever practicable. It will be seen from the resumd which has been attempted, of Prof. Warrington’s exhaustive paper, that it in a great measure disposes of the difficult ties created by the German experimenters, while it also deduces many useful and practical conclusions on the subject of manuring which should prova of great value to local Agriculturists. C. D, OCCASIONAL NOTES. Mr. D. C. Jayawardene, an old boy of the School of Agriculture has, we are glad to learn, established himself as an agent for seeds. Mr. Jayawardene was a successful student at the School where he was particularly good in field work. After com- pleting his course of study he was for some time under Mr. J. H. Barber, and is at present on Abbotsford, Nanuoya. We understand that Mr. Jayawaideue has opened out a pretty extensive garden on his own account, and we hope to hear of him before long as a local Sutton or Carter. We can highly recommend the seeds of vegetables and flowering plants supplied by Mr. Jayawardene, who has also drawn up a Catalogue of the different varieties he keeps in stock. We have been asked to state what is the pro- portion of blood in the carcase of cattle, and the percentage of water in the blood. Steel in his Treatise on the Diseases of the Ox mentions that the blood' of the ox forms ,Vth of the weight of its body (that of the horse being estimated at Roughly blood may be said to yield on evaporation 20 per cent solid residue, ami S J per cent water. The Sugar Industry in the West Indies has come to a critical condition, owing to low prices and the large importation of Indian Cooly labour. Demerara, which is not making its profits out of sugar, has just now half a million of coolies on hand. “ These coolies,” says t)ie Lzdian Ayriculturist for March last, “must by the contract made with the Indian Government receive constantly three shillings a day, or else Demerara must pay their passage and expenses back to India. Say that costs .TIO a head, Demerara cannot get rid of her coolies without paying a fine of five millions. She must therefore go on Sugar growing whether she likes or not. But, wherever sugar can be grown rhea can be grown also ; and cooly labour is quite 654 Supplement to the Tropical Agriculturist. [March 1, 1898. sufficiently skilled not only foi' cutting the crop and stripping the bark by band or machine, but also for preparing the filasse.” An Ideal Department of Agriculture and Indus- tries is the subject of a paper reprinted in the Year- book of the Department of Agriculture, 1896. The report of the Parliamentary Recess Commit- t j 5 on the proposal to establish a department of Agriculture and Industries for Ireland, submitted to the Chief Secretary by the Right Hon. Horace Pluiike't, M.P., Chairman, on Augmst 1st 1896, con- tains among other valuable reports the admirable paper by M. E. Tisserand referred to above. The Report of the Parliamentary Committee says : “ M. Tisserand is universally acknowledged to. be one of the first authorities in Europe on Agricul- ture and the administration of aid to agriculture by the State, and the French Ministry of Agri- culture, of which he may be described as the permanent head, has been to a large degree shaped by his hand.” The paper which was prepared at the request of the Committee contains “ such advice as his unique experience would prompt him to offer on the constitution of a ministry of Agriculture”. Although prepared for adoption under special conditions, it is a paper of such breadth of view and general importance that it ought to be consulted by every State, not omitting our own Government, which, it must be admit- ted, is very backward in the matter of aiding agriculture. Referring to the director or minister of agriculture M. Tisserand, inonepart > £ this admirable report, says that “ It means for the man who is placed at the headthe obligation tostudy the needs of agriculture, to surround himself with the necessary assistants for the purpose, to cause the extent of the problem to be understood, to seek for practical solutions, to point them out to Government, and to see that they are adopted.” And who does not , wish to have such a head to direct agricultural education and improvement inCeylon! Arrangements have been made for a series of lectui’es to be delivered at the School of Agriculture. The first of the series, on Physical Exercise, was de- livered by Dr. W.H. De Silva, M.B.C.M., on Tuesday, the 15th February, to a very appreciative audience. Mr. G. W. Sturgess, Colonial Veterinary Surgeon, left for Bombay and Karachi by the “ Laos” on the 14th February to bring over a supplementary .stock of Sind cattle for the Government Dairy. A number of cows and calves drafted from the Dairy herd will be sold on the 4th of March next. The final examination of the present Forestry class began on Tuesday, the 15th February, and lasted till Wednesday the 28rd idem, Mr. W. Ferguson, Asst. Conservator of Forests presiding. The Entrance Examination for the new class was held on the 14th and 15th February (when .si.x candidates presented themselves) under the super- vision of Mr. Gillam, Superintendent of the Forest Timber Depot, Colombo. The new term begins on March 1 st. Specimens of Ramie fibre lace made at the instance of the School of Agriculture by the Bcholars of the Kandy R. C. Convent, have been sent to London for an opinion. We understand that two enterprising gentle- men are intending to start the extraction of Ramie fibre in Ceylon, one using the McDonald Boyle machine and another the Favier machine. The interest in Ramie fibre is gradually taking prac- tical form. COCHIN COCONUT OIL. We are indebted to the Principal of the Madras College of Agriculture for the following note by Mr. Menon of the same institution. “ The name ‘ Cochin oil ’ in the London market denotes all coconut oil sent from the West Coast i.e„ the ‘ Malabar Coast.’ ‘ Cochin oil ’ does not mean exclusively oil from the Cochin State. As the port of Cochin from a very long time was the active centre of the coconut oil trade, the name ‘ Cochin oil ’ came into vogue in the London market for all coconut oils from the Malayalam side as distinguished from ‘Colombo oil’ for all coconut oil exported from the island of Ceylon. The process of manufac- ture is the same as in Ceylon. It struck me while I was in Colombo some years ago, that the harvests were too early, and that the coconuts were not fully matured. Of course we know from experience that immature coconuts give muddy oil. No doubt more attention is paid on the Malabar Const to the curing of the kernel. In Colombo artificial methods are employed for drying coconuts before milling, whereas on the Malabar Coast they are naturally dried. During the heavy rains of the S.W. monsoon the nuts are preserved in elevated sheds and receive smoking. The good ‘copra’ of commerce is obtained thus, don’t think the superiority of ‘ Cochin oil ’ is due to any superiority in the variety of the coconut tree. The Ceylon coconuts compare very favourably with the Malabar ones. Perhaps owe main reason for the superiority of the ‘ Cochin oil ’ might be found in the fact that throughout Malabar, Cochin and Travancore, coconut oil is an article of diet. Ghee is seldom used even by the wealthy For all culinary purposes, even in the Royal fa- milies of Calicut, Cochin and Travancore, only coconut oil is used. This direct patronage by the aristocracy and the whole public must have greatly contributed towards the excellence of the oil. “ The whole question requires a thorough in- vestigation before any definite conclusion could be arrived at. I give what appears to me to be the probable causes. Mr. Diieberg’s enquiries cover a vast area, and I am sorry 1 am unable to give more information at present.” Mr. Menon then furnishes a list of names of persons who may be consulted on the subject, and kindly adds, “ if necessary, I shall prepare a a few queries which might facilitate matters.” NOTES ON RINDERPEST. I propose in these notes to give some idea of how rinderpest sometimes breaks out in the villages of the North-Central Province. There is a tendency among the villagers to hide the facts connected with the origin of an outbreak ; but by enquiry I have found that most outbreaks can be traced to a certain extent. I shall give a fevy examples to illustrate this. March 1, 1898.] Supplement to the “ Tropical Agriculturist" 655 There was an outbreak at Onegama, a Moorish village situated ten miles east of Polonnania in Tamankaduwa District. At first I was not able to find out how the disease was introduced, as I could not have got any clue as to its origin. But I was able to ascertain the facts in a neigh- bouring village. Some of the drauglit buffaloes in Onegama had been lent for paddy-field work in the Eastern Province. Shortly after they were lent, rinderpest broke out in that part of the Eastern Province where these cattle were work- ing. The owners hearing of the outbreak went and brought back their buffaloes to Onegama in order to protect them from the disease. But soon after they reached the village it was found that they had already caught the contagion, and from them the disease spread throughout the village. Again, at Bulankulam, a village situated a few miles north of Maradaukadawela, and about a mile from the Matale road, a serious outbreak of the disease took place lately. It was brought to my notice about a month after it began, and theTelvidane of the village, whose cattle were the first to be attacked, bitterly complained that he had lost almost all his cattle. Questioned as to the origin of the outbreak, he said he was utterly ignorant of it ; nor could 1 elicit any informa- tion about it from any other resident in that village. But subsequently 1 heard in another village that the Velvidane himself had introduced the disease unawares, and it came about in this wise: One day while out in the jungle he found the carcase of a coast bullock lying there. Its long tapering, polished horns looked very attractive, and the Velvidane removed them and fixed them in the calf shed. A few days afterwards one of the calves got ill and died. In a short time another calf died, and then another took ill. The Velvidane noticing his calves getting ill and dying in rapid sncce.'sion, suspected that some one had “done hoonium" to them by invoking an evil demon against them, and consulted the deity in a temple cfose by. The deity, through its spokesman, con- firmed the man’s suspicion, and suggested some medicine in which the dung of the ass wns one of the ingredients ! The medicine, however, was of little avail, and from the calves the disease spread to the older cattle. It was not until several of the cattle were attacked that the Vidai e suspected the disease was rinderpest. Of course he tried to keep the history of the p i" of horns and the fact of the outbreak as secret as possible ; and it was after the disease had spread through- out the neighbouring village of Am me that it was noticed by the higher headmen. In another instance which took pb.ce near Kalawewa the disease originated from ^ome in- fected hides which happened to be placed in the loft of a cow shed. On a wet day the shed began to leak, and drops of rain fell on the hides and trickled down to the place where the cows were tied. So these were attacked first, and from them the disease spread to the other cattle in the village. The question whether rinderpest is enzootic in Ceylon is very important in connection with the prevention and suppression of the disease, it is difficult to prove that it is enzootic, for one must be able to show that all sources of mediate as well as immediate contagion have been absent before asserting that it is enzootic. It is the experience of the oldest men living in this Province that rinderpest was very uncommon here before the opening of roads, and they believe it is introduced by cattle newly brought from India. Even supposing the disease is enzootic it is clear that it is at times introduced afresh by infected cattle from India drivoa across the Province. A. strict watch should, therefoi’e, be kept on such cattle ; and they should be carefully examined both while landing and at certain stations along the course of their journey. Any found attacked with rinderpest should be des- troyed and the rest quarantined ; and in this connexion it must be noted that the importation of several hundreds in one herd is objectionable, as they cannot be managed in case an epizootic breaks out among them. E. T. HOOLE. Anuradhapura, 24th January, 1898. THE EFFECT OF DIFFERENT AIANURES ON THE QUALITY OF PRODUCE. In the Ceylon Observer of December 20th last is published a press “ interview” with Mr. A Baur who has lately established manure works in Ceylon. In this interview we find the follow- ing statement : — “ Mr. Hughes, in whose judg- ment must be placed the greatest value ex- pressing the opinion that no blood, raw bones or fish should be used, as strong-smelling substan- ces taint the value of tea.” Mr. Hughe.s, who is here referred to, is the well-known Agricul- tural Chemist who has in a great measure identi- fied himself with the tea industry in Ceylon and it will be seen that his remarks with re- ffirenoe to the effect of manures on the quality of the crop have special reference to the ter plant, the flavour of the produce of which i.-< so important a factor in its market value. On reading the opinion quoted above, one is at first naturally inclined to consider it rather a sweeping statement, as altogether prohibiting the use of so well-established and valuable a fertilizer as blood, and a subsequent explana- tion offered by Mr. Baur himself in the Observer of December 23rd, comes as a sort of relief. In this statement Mr. Baur says : “ With reference to your comments on the question of the tainting of the flavour of tea by the appli- cation of strong-smelling manures like blood or fish, it would read as if the chief argu- ment of Mr. Hughes against their use was^in this direction, whilst on the contrary the princi- pal objection against them, and raw bones was on the grounds of the risk of their introducing some fungoid disease.” From this explanation we may infer tliat Mr. Hughes did in some measure object to the use of the manures re- ferred to, on the score of their tainting the flavour of tea (but to what extent we are not told), if we are warranted in inferring even this much. Under the circumstances we are inclined to think it most advisable that he question of the tainting of tea by strong- smelling manures should be submitted to Mr. Hughes for special opinion. 656 Supplement io the “ Tropical Agriculturist. [March 1, 1898, Mr. Baur also states, in the explanation refer- red to, that “ as a practical demonstration one of the lending agronomists of France submitted to me samples of wine from a vineyard which had been manured with a strong-smelling fertilizer, and the flavour of which had been distinctly affected, while the wine from the unmanured plot of the same vineyard was all right.” We do not know whether we should infer that the wine reproduced in its flavour the correspond- ing objectionable smell of the manure, but we may at least conclude that the flavour of the grapes was materially impaired, — and to that e.xteut had its market value depressed — which is serious enough. We have heard it said that vegetables manured with foecal matter at the Straits, emit “ when they are cold’’ a distinct odour of the foul fertilizer employed, and that the flavour or aroma of tobacco is appreciably affected by buffalo manure, which is, there- fore, avoided by growers of the fragrantweed. Tlie manuring of the betel-vine, it is well kno vn, calls for the greatest caution. All these opinions and experiences may have an important bearing on the question of economic manuring, and for that reason it should be ascer- tained whether there is sufficient grounds for believing that the peculiar compounds which impart special odours to manurial agents are, as such, absorbed by plants, retained in the cells of existing tissues, and even transmitted to new- formed organs such as the fruit. Agricultural Chemistry tells us that plants par- take, so to speak, of a regular diet of necessary plant food, the ingredients of which may, of course, be absorbed in greater or less proportion according to the species or variety of the plant; italso allows that they are able, to a certain extent, to take upuselessand deleterioussubstancesfoundin thesoil, and thereby to do even fatal injury to themselves • Prof. Warrington says that “The roots take up ap- parently all diffusible substances which are present in the water which they draw up from the soil.” Are we then warranted in assuming that the roots of plants are capable of absorbing solu- tions of strong-smelling compounds, as such, together with their normal food ingredients, and reproducing a correspondingly objectionable^flavour in their structures, whether leaf or fruit ? Referring to Prof. Warrington again, we learn - that “ a plant is capable of making use of nitrogen in the form of nitric acid or ammonia ; it also, according to various experimenters, is able to assimilate nitrogen in the form of urea, 'uric, and hippuric acids and several other amide bodies. The facility, however, with which ammonia and other nitrogenous substances are converted into nitric acid in the soil is so great, that nitrates become by far the most important source of nitrogen at the plants’ disposal. Could it be, then, that such compounds as urea as well as organic nitrogenousacidsfound in, or produced by the decay of, organic substances, — and yet to be decomposed into their ultimate constituents (ammonia, carbonic acid and water) — are instrumental in pr.)ducing the objectionable flavours due, as is alleged, to the use of animal fertilizers ? That organic manures do produce distinct re- mits, as regards quality of produce, is borne out by a report on “ 'The Fertilization of the Soil ns affecting the Orange in Health and Disease,” made to the Department of Agriculture, United States, by Mr. H, J. Webber ; — “ The nitrogen used in fertilization,” says Mr. AVebber, “ is derived from mineral or organic sources. Of the former sulphate of ammonia and nitrate of soda are the forms most used ; of the latter, muck, dried blood, blood and bone, cotton seed meal, tankage, fish scrap, stable manure, &c. are the forms most commonly employed. Barn manure is largely used by many growers who hold that chemical manures are injurious to plants.” The most important conclusions that are to be drawn from Mr. AVebber’s report are thus summarized ; — (1) By a proper combination of the various ele- ments used ill fertilization one can undoubtedly largely govern the quality and flavour of the fruit. (2) To obtain a fruit with thiu rind, use nitrogen from inorganic sources in moderate quantities, with considerable potash and lime. (3) To sw'eeten the fruit, U;e sulphate of ammo- nia in considerable abundance, decreasing the amount of potash, (4) To render the fruit more acid, increase the amount of potash and use nitrogen from organic sources. (5) If it be desired to increase the size of the fruit, as is sometimes the case, apply a compara- tively heavy dressing of nitrogen in some organic form, and slightly decrease the other elements, la the case of the Tangerine and mandarin, where a larger size is usually desired, a heavy dressing of nitrogen fertilizers would favour this end and is not objectionable unless carried to excess. (6) Fertilization has an important bearing on disease. (7) “ Die-back,” a serious malady, is in all pro- bability the result of over-feeding with nitrogenous manures from organic sources. These manures, if used at all, should be used with great caution. (8) Foot-rot, although not primarily due to improper methods of fertilization, is no doubt con- siderably influenced by this cause. (9) Insect diseases are also apparently influenced by the use of fertilizers, organic manures render- ing the trees more liable to injury from this source than chemical fertilizers. Mr. Walter Scott Campbell, of the Agricultural Department of New South Wales, commenting on Mr. Webber’s reports, gives it as his opinion thaj many of the differences in the results of manuring with different fertilizers are to be attributed to the character of the soil. He points out that the orange soils of Florida, the scene of Mr. Webber’^ experiments, are sandy and sterile. He speaks to having seen both good and bad results of organic manuring. He specially mentions volcanic soils, and believes that in them organic manures will be advantageous, particularly green-manures such as the cow-pea. Mr. Campbell makes special refer- ence to the action of organic manures in improving the te.xture of the soil, and the good effects trace- able to their power of liberating unavailable plant food during their decomposition. Some cultivatonrs give it as their experience that some plants are better able to deal with bulky and organic manuries than others ; the former, for this reason, being refrred to as “ gross feeders.’ We have written enough, wethink, to indicate the need there is for special research into the subject of March 1, 1898.] Supplement to the “ Tropical AgricuUuriet.^'* 65f manures, their action on the quality, and especially the flavour of produce, the relation of different manures to soils of different characters, and to the nature of the climate, particularly temperature and rainfall. All these are questions for the Agricultural Chemist to study on the spot, and it will be to the advantage of the agriculturist as well as the manure merchant to see that they are solved by a competent authority. It will not do for any one to dogmatise in the face of the many apparently paradoxical facts that have to be carefully con- sidered, and as carefully worked out in practice, before he can attempt to offer an opinion on so com- plicated a question. It is enough for us to re- member what has been already hinted at, viz., that the action of a manure depends not only on its own inherent qualities, but on the soil, the condi- tions of temperature and rainfall, as well ns the character of the plant to which it is to be applied. POTASH AND ITS FUNCTIONS IN AGRI- CULTURE. The following is a brief summary of an ex- haustive paper on the above subject by the Chief of the Division of Chemistry in the United Stales Department of Agriculture : — 1. The potash used in fertilizers and found in the soil has been derived from the decay of minerals containing it as an ingredient, and chiefly from feldspars. 2. During the progress of weathering, a por- tion of the potash in original rocks becomes soluble and is lost by lixiviation. As a rule, about 25 per cent of the potash finds its way by this means into the streams and seas. 3. There is usually a less percentage of potash in the finer particles of soil than in the coarser particles, and this is due to the fact that the solvent action of water is more strongly exerted upon the finer particles. 4. The potash is quite evenly distributed both , in the soil and subsoil, there being only a sliglitly greater proportion in the deeper layers, doubt- less to the fact that they have not been so thoroughly leached. 5. The solubility of potash in the soil is very different for different solvents, the least for the weak organic acids and greatest for the strong mineral acids. Hot hydrochloric acid extracts from the soil about 20 per cent of its total potash content, which is about thirty-two times as much as is removed by a 1 per cent citric acid solution. 6. A fertile virgin soil contains about 2 per cent of total potash, or about 70,000 pounds per acre taken to the depth of 1 foot. A crop re- moving 60 pounds of potash a year could be grown consecutively for about one thousand four hundred years on such a soil before exhausting all the potash which it contains. 7. The soil retains a certain quantity of fer- tilizing material with such tenacity as to render it practically impossible for plants to withdraw the whole of it, thus protecting tiie future against the rapacity of the present. 8. The quantity of potash removed by various crops per annum varies greatly. The largest quan- tities are removed by beets, and the smallest quantities by cereals and cotton. Beets may re- move as much as 100 pounds per acre, cereals about 30 pounds, and cotton about 2-3 pounds for the average crops as produced in this country. In Germany, beets grown for forage remove often over 200 pounds of potash per acre from the soil, clover hay about 74 pounds, and tobacco thO same quantity. 9. Tobacco contains a larger proportion of potash than any^ other common crop, viz , about 40 parts per thousand of the dry leaves. Forage beets contain 35, potatoes 20, sugar beets Id, clover hay 19, beans 13, and cereal-s 5 parts per thousand. 10. There is about four times as much potash in the straw of cereals as in the grains, while in peas and beans the proportion is about ns two to one. 11. A soil which yields about O'Ol per cent of potash to a 1 per cent citric acid solution, and con- tains about 0'30 per cent soluble in hydrochloric acid does not usually need a potash fertilizer. 12. The potash salts which supply the com- mercial potash fertilizers of the world have been deposited as the result of the evaporation of saline lakes charged with potassic materials. 13. The commercial potash of the world is derived almost exclusively from the neighbour- hood of Stassfurt, in Germany. The quantity of crude salts annually mined is about three-quarters of a million tons, worth nearly three million dollars. 14. The high-grade commercial salts used for fertilizing purposes are manufactured from the crude salts, and are to be preferred when ship- ments are made to great distances and at high rates of freight. 15. The principal crude potash salt.s used for fertilizing purposes are kainite containing 12 o per centof potash, and caruallitecontaining9-9 percent. 16. Tobacco waste, cotton seed hulls, and wood ashes also furnish important quantities of potash for fertilizing purposes. 17. Recovered marsh or swamp lands and lands containing large quantities of sand need, almost universally, potash fertilizer. The per- centage of potash in soils usually rises with their content of clay. 18. The maximum effect from feitilization with potash is secured only when other plant foods are supplied in such a way as to make a well-balanced ration, and where proper methods of culture are employed. 19. Lime is an important adjunct to potash fertilization,'^and, asa rule, should be added to ajsoil in large quantities wherever potash is applied. * 20. Tlie best kind of potash fertilizer is deter- mined by local conditions, freights, and the nature of the soil and the crop. Fertilizers con- taining considerable quantities of chlorine should never be applied to vineyards and tobacco fields. 21. In intensive pot or garden culture, where highly-concentrated plant foods are desired, and where the cost of the fertilizer is unimportant, potash may be applied in the form of phosphate or nitrate. 22. In some soil potash salts, in common with other saline bodies, produce injurious effects by reason of theii’i hygroscopic nature, attracting moisture, and, on drying, producing a cementation of the soil, which renders it impervious to water *nd impenetrable by the rootlets of plants. 6o8 Supplement to the “ Tropical AgricultunsV’ [March 1, 1 898. 23. Crude potash saltscanbe applied withbenefit in the preservation of stall manure, but their value for this purpose is perhaps over-estimated. 24. Potash fertilizers should, as a rule, be applied in the autumn, or at least from two to four weeks before planting, and should be thoroughly worked into the deeper part of the soil in order to come into contact with the root- lets of the plant, • „ 25. The germination of seeds, especially it they have a low vitality, is retarded by bringing them into direct contact with potash salts. 26. The application of crude potash salts to a soil which is not easily cemented may be useful during a dry season by reason of their power of attracting and holding moisture. 27. Potash salts favor the decomposition ot mineral particles in the soil, and thus tend to add to the stores of plant food therein. 28. The application of crude potash salts to the soil tends to protect the crop from frosts by preventing the too rapid evaporation of moisture and by producing a more luxuriant foliage, 29. The too abundant application of potash to the soil may become injurious by reason of the retardation of the process of nitrification which it produces. 30. Crude potash salts, especially kainite, when added abundantly to a soil, are said to act, to a certain extent, as an insecticide or a preven- tive of disease, and when mi.xed with stable manure act as a preservative by checking the activity of the denitrifying ferments. 31 It is impracticable to give formulas for the preparation of fertilizers containing potash, since both the quantity of potash to be used and the form in which it should be applied are deter- mined by local conditions, which cannot be taken into account in the preparation of directions for the use of fertilizers. TEAT TROUBLES. It is sometimes found that cows have naturally malformed or imperforated teats. In such cases the gland, of course, enlarges, but there is no exit for the milk and inflammation results from its retention. In some instances an incision at the end of the teat may open a partially dewloped duct from which the milk may be drawn off by a tube or syphon, but usually abcesses form and the curdled and decomposed milk is thrown of with the pus Cows with congenital defects such as malformed and imperforated teats, and, as some times found, without any teats at all should not bo bred with. . r , -r Warts on the teats, especially of heifers, are a common source of trouble to the milker, rendering the animal difficult to milk owing to the soreness occasioned by the regular friction twice a day, and nccasionally, when growing on the end of the teat, Sng occlusion of the duct. This leads to retention, and, in its turn, to mammitis in more or less severe form. The cause of these circumscribed growths is a moot point. Some associate them with dirt, others with what has been called a warty diatliesis,’but the tendency is now to regard them as the work of a specific organism. Dirtmaybe favour- able to its development, but we certainly frequently meet with animals growing warts the cleanliness of whose skins leaves very little to be desired. It is sometimes found that after the animal has calved the warts disappear as mysteriously as they appeared, but the worst of waiting and hop- ing is that should they persist they become sore from friction, while the treatment is more difficult than when the animal is dry. Interference after calving necessarily occasions even more soreness than friction by the hand in milking, and it is generally better to take steps for the removal of warts in good time, so that the teats may become perfectly healed and the skin hard before regular milking becomes a necessity. Soreness of the teats from any cause invariably causes great difficulty in getting the animal to stand quietly, and where it does not lay the foundation of kicking or vici- ousness, it may lead to the retention of the milk. The method of removal depends largely on the nature of the growth. An excrescence on the point of the teat, or any case where the attachment is by a narrow neck, is best removed by ligature, i.e., tying it tightly round the base with a waxed tliread or piece of suture silk, so that the supply of blood by which it is nourished is cut off, when, as the result of the strangulation, it dies and drops off. In most cases, however, of warts on the teats they are very numerous, and have their bases so diffuse that a ligature is out of the question. Some heifers have their teats, and in some cases portions of the mammary gland, so completely covered with small excrescences, popularly known as “seed” warts, that nothing can be done for their destruction except the application of caustic agents. A remedy of this class, specially applicable to warts on the teats, and growths too small to ligature, is a formula introduced seme time ago by M. Bondeaud. It consists of — Arsenious acid, powdered gum arabic, and powdered savin, of each 10 parts ; simple cerate 86 parts. This when made semi-fluid by heat forms a very adhesive applica- tion. It should be spread over the surface of the warts, carefully avoiding the skin, by means of a camel-hair pencil. Another formula, to be employ- ed in the same way, is— Corrosive sublimate, 1 part ; castor-oil collodion, 30 parts. Soretiess of the teats from erytliema can be best prevented by carefulness in milking, and drying them so as to avoid chaps and craks. The ben- zoated ointment of oxide of zinc is a useful appli- cation, or, as an alternative, the glycerine of car- bolic acid may be tried. Once they become sore the necessity for regular milking interferes so greatly with healing that it is much better to use every endeavour to prevent the trouble than to cure it. Wounds of the teats are not uncommon, indeed are met with increasing frequency since the intro- duction of barbed wire. Those of a superficial character require treatment similar to soreness of the teats, viz., careful milking, or the use of the teat-syphon for the removal of the secretion, in order to interfere as little as possible with repair, and mild astringent dressings to facilitate drying up of the sore. Wounds that tear or penetrate the substance of the teat and establish an opening into the duct are much more serious. A fistulous opening is then established, from which the milk squirts in a powerful stream when the teats are March 1, 1898.] Sup])lement to the “ Tropical Agriculturist" 659 manipulated, and tlie opening is by this means effectually prevented from healing. Little or nothing can be done while the cow remains in milk, but the repair of such an injury is not beyond the skill of the surgeon after she has been dried off. Occasionally, however, interference witli a fistulous opening will cause inflammation of the lining membrane of the duct, which may lead to its thickening or occlusion, and as it is better to have two holes in a teat than none at all, it should be seriously considered whether the benefit likely to result is worth the risk. Occlusion of the duct and obstructions in the pas- sage are by no means rare. For cases of stricture or thickening, occurring as a complication of mam- mitis or resulting from inflammation of the lining membrane of the duct set up as suggested above, there is nothing that can be done to give relief except the frequent passage of probes or syphons of gradually increasing size. Obstructions to the free flow of milk, other than stricture, consist either of small growths attached to the lining membrane or of lacteal calculi or milk-stones. Small tumours attached by pedicles to the membrane may be felt to block the passage as the teat is manipulated with the hand. They are difficult of removal ; in fact, it can only be accomplished with a specially designed instru- ment. Masses of curdled milk or lacteal calculi, to be felt as nodules along the course of the duct, can sometimes be extracted, but the usual plan is to push them back into the galactophorous sinuses, where they sometimes remain. A quill, or wing-feather of some bird, is generally the rough substitute for a probe employed, but in every place where cows are kept, proper silver- plated teat tubes or milk-syphons should be kept for use as required. As all impedimenta to the free flow of milk tend to cause mammitis, garget or i ndurated udders, from retention of the milk, every care should be taken to overcome obstruc- tions, and that all the milk is obtained in spite of the difficulty or the longer time occupied in strip- ping the udder. Relaxation is a teat trouble of a different order to those we have been considering, since in this case a free flow takes place resulting in more or less loss of milk. The original cause is generally over-distension, giving rise to a weakness of the sphincter or ring-like muscle by which the milk is normally retained, but in some cases there may be a natural weakness. The milk either drips away as the cow stands, or squirts out in a forcible stream as the animal moves, and the distended bag is pressed by the thighs. Narrow-built animals with well-developed udders waste most when the sphincters are weak, but as a rule the loss is less than is supposed, since a little milk, like a little blood, makes a much bigger show on the ground than it does in a pail. There is nothing can be done in these cases but to replace the w’eukened muscle by an artificial sphincter in the shape of a rubber ring, designed to fit with sufficient accuracy to close the passage but not to strangulate the teat. Here lies the difficulty, since if the ting does not compress the teat tight enough to close the duct it is useless, while if if. is tight enough to cause constriction it will cut into the teat substance and cause soreness, or by inter- fering with the blood-supply cause it to atrophy just as we cut off a wart by ligature. The best way out of the difficulty is to set the cow that wastes her milk to rear calves, who will see that the udder does not become over-distended, and when she is too stale for this business, to dry her off, and fatten her out. — M.R.C.V.S. in Mark Lane Express Almanac. GENERAL ITEMS. According to Mr. McJanet’s well-known tables, the live weight of cattle is to the deadweight as 7 is to 4, or the deadweight is f of the live weight. Thus the carcase of an annimal when live weight is 7 cwt. with weight 4 cwt. The Australian Tropiculturist for January pub- lishes the 4th prize essay on the slaughter of cattle. We have already reprinted one of the most instructive of these essays, and do not therefore consider it necessary to reproduce the latest one in extenso, though the subject is of local interest. Tile writer of the pre-ent paper (J. Lindsay) mentions that the old theory of starving cattle for longer or shorter periods before killing, is now quite exploded, and all practical men agree that tile better the animal is treated in the matter of rest, food and water, the more wholesome will be the meat. For oxen, the writer considers the pole-axe the most efficient and humane means of slaughter, far preferable to “Greener’s” system. The most humane method of killing calves is said to be by stunning them with a mallet and then inserting a small knife at the back of the neck and severing the spinal cord, thus destroying, all sense of feeling ; the head, being immediately severed, is preserved in good and saleable condi- stion. The practice of bleeding calves is nearly or quite discarded, as it is now generally held that the colour of the flesh depends entirely on the feeding. In slaughtering sheep the best is t he method in vogue of inserting a sharp-pointed knife just behind the jawbone and quickly sever- ing the spinal cord. Pea-nuts or ground-nuts are now recom- mended as a cure for consumption. The Journal of Hygiene states that Dr. Brewer’s treatment of consumptives consists of inhaling the fumes of vinegar and the eating of pea-nuts. He gives his patients as many pea-nuts as they can eat without injuring their digestive organs. Two young ladies, who had been the rounds of the doctors and taken cod-liver oil and tonics till they were nearly dead, were put on his treatment and recovered. Concerning these cases Dr. Brewer says; — “I now commenced feeding pea-nuts. One would think this a very indigestive diet, but they craved them, and it has always been my policy to find out what my patients desire to eat, and unless it is too unreasonable I humour them. Both young ladies have become quite plump, and after a year’s inhalation have ceased coughing, and I pronounced them well. The pea-nut was long known as an excellent fat producer, and much more agreeable than rancid shark-oil that oftentimes is sold for cod-liver oil. While not all can digest pea-nuts, a great many, even with feebledigestion, eat them without discomfort.” “ PIONEERS OF THE PLANTING ENTERPRISE IN CEYLON,”* (Second Series.) CHARLBS^., & FREDBRICK j:, HADDEN; PIONEER PLANTERS AND PROPRIETOIiS, FROM 1840 ONWARDS. F any of the early estate pro- prietors deserve to be com- memorated among the Pioneers of the Ceylon Planting In- dustry, they are dertainly the two gentlemen whose names stand at the head of our page on this occasion. Coming out as very young men, the Messrs. Hadden (cousins^ brought capital as well as energy and intelligence to the work before them. They did not spare themselves in the roughing which appertained to the life of the pioneer in those very early daysi and nearly 58 years have elapsed since they landed at Colombo, they being among the very first to travel out to Ceylon by the so-called “overland” route. Mr. Frederick Hadden is no longer with us though well represented in the Island by his sons. Mr. Charles S. Hadden — who, we are glad to say still survives with plenty of life and energy to devote to the duties of the country squire in England, — was only 20 years of ag"' when he landed at Colombo, and he is now in his 79th year, having been born on X’mas Day 1819, the same year though seven months after Her Most Gracious Majesty the Queen. *We have to apologise for interruptions in the monthly publication of our aeries of “Pioneers” caused by extra work in “ bookmaking ” in other directions. During the rest of 1898 we hope to continue the series at bi-monthly intervals, and among the Pioneers whose portraits and memoirs, or notices, are being arranged for are the Messrs. Frank and Wm^ Sabonadiere, Mr. John Capper, Mr. C. Tottenham and Mr. Wm. Bowden Smith, all of whom had to do with the development o the Colony in diverse ways, and are fairly entitled to be enrolled among our pioneers, — Ed. "T.A." Let us now turn to the narrative of their trip out to, and early days in Ceylon : — Frederick Hadden and Charles Stanton Hadden (cousinsj left London together for Ceylon in August, 1840, travelling through France to Marseilles, by French Steamer to Alexandria, by Nile boat to Cairo, to Suez on donkeys and to Bombay in the E. I. Coy.’s Gunboat “Zenobia.” From Suez to Aden and Bombiay a terrible voyage it was in this wretched old paddle steamer of .300 tons. The officers on board were allowed to receive £50 from each passenger and provide bed and board (7 passengers only). The steamer was said to have been employed in conveying pigs and cattle from Ireland to Liverpool before she was purchased by the East India Co. for a gunboat. Rats swarmed on board of her. When the “ Zenobia” steam gunboat made Bombay, the food on board was almost exhausted, there were a few fowls left alive in the coops which were under the seats round the quarter-deck, not more than five or six remained, and not one of them had all the toes remaining, for they had been eaten off by the rats, which attacked them in the night ! Mr. Hadden has often feared to relate this (though it is positively true) since many think it to be a bit of romancing. The machinery broke down twice on the voyage to Bombay which occupied three weeks. Four of the European crew were kept in irons on the quarter-deck all the time, and two officers were under arrest in their cabins. Our pioneers remained six weeks in Bombay with Mr. Alexander Hadden, a brother of Mr. C. Hadden and then on to Colombo on board the good old teak- built sailing ship “Recovery.” The young gentlemen landed at Colombo on 1st or 2nd November, 1840; they , had letters of introduction to the Hon. Geo. Tumour, ^then acting Colonial Secretary, He advised the Messrs. Haddsn to buy land in the Amb.igamuwa 662 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [April i, 1898. f I District, because all the Government Civil Servants had secured land there, . and the first of the new roads to be opened would be the one from Gampola to Yatiantotte through Ambegamuwa village. Mr. Wm. Hall, surveyor, had just cut the boundaries of a block of forest, of over 1000 acres, and offered to hand over his claim to them on receiving Is. per acre commission. The Messrs. Hadden accepted this offer, and, as at that time it was considered dishonorable to bid at the auction against any one who had been at the expense of cutting boundaries, they obtained this land at the upset price of 5s. per acre. They at once set to work to cultivate it, and a very rough time they had of it ; the land was situated beyond Carolina Estate towards Adam’s Peak ; there was not even a bridle-road to it beyond Gampola, and all snpplies and rice . for coolies had to be carried over 30 miles of jungle road, at that time one of the worst in Ceylon. After working hard for twelve months (which was well earned experience) the Messrs. Hadden wisely and fortunately concluded that Ambegamuwa was the worst district in Ceylon for coffee, and so they land thoroughly, and thought it such fine old forest with splendid soil, that they resolved tg attend the auction, and bid for the best three lots. These were knocked down to them at T5 per acre a price at that time considered enormous, as good forest was still to be bought at 5s per acre ! But the Messrs. Hadden knew the value of the land, and at once opened three new Coffee Estates of 200 acres each, called “ Huuugalla, ” “ HalgaUa,” and “Horogalla, ” all of which returned a profit to their fortunate owners, year by j'ear, ior forty years. Mr. Frederick Hadden left Ceylon for good in 1850, and Mr. C. S. Hadden in 1852, by which time all stores and buildings were completed, leaving Mr. Peter Moir in charge of all the properties * with his brother Mr. James Moir to assist him. Two more sensible, honest, and hard-working Scotchmen never landed in Ceylon. Under their charge the estates continued to flourish until the Coffee became unable to fight such dire enemies as “Leaf disease” “ and Green Bug.” The land abandoned in Ambagamuwa was never tsvisited by either of the, Messrs. Hadden after the day they gave it up ; but it was divided into five lots decided to abandon the place although they had spent James P. Moir and put up to auction in £1,500 upon it : a serious loss out of the available Colombo on 30th Sept., 1874, at 1 p.m. On that capital, for money was not so plentiful it those old day Mr. C. S. Hadden was out partridge shooting days. Luckily a small estate “ Algooltenne,” (or on his property in Herts, and; remarked to a friend “ Weygalla” as the Messrs. Hadden preferred to call while taking luncheon under a hedge, that he had it) was advertized for sale in the Observer, of the extent of about 230 acres, only 30 acres planted with coffee, adjoining Mr. Tindal’s fine property under Hunasgeriya Peak, at that time managed by Mr. Austin. Having occasionally visited that gentle- man, and being much impressed with the Hunas- geriya fine soil, and the splendid young coffee plants growing there, the Messrs. Hadden resolved to purchase Weygalla, and this Mr. C. S. Hadden always considered, turned out to be the best paying estate in Ceylon, From the day of their entrance into Hunasgeriya district, the success of the Messrs. Hadden was secured. By the spring of 1845 the crops from Weygalla (the first sold for- 124s per owt) had returned to the Messrs. Hadden every penny of capital they had spent since leaving London- We have heard that their neighbours in Amba- gamuwa called the young Pioneers, “ a couple of fools” at the time they abandoned that district ; but the majority of those, they left behind, came to ruin, several were proclaimed bankrup*^, and so the Messrs. Hadden might then have asked “ Who were the fools” ? On the 30th June, 1845, a fine block of forest land was sold by auction in Colombo situated on the Hunasgeriya range, only three miles from Weygalla, belonging to Mr. Fraser of Arbuthnot & Co., Madras. It was divided into four lots of about 250 acres each. The cousins examined this a property selling about that|time in Ceylon, and expected to receive a telegram giving the result. On the morrow on returning hoine from shooting at 4 o’clock, the telegram was already on his table saying that all the lots were sold at a price which returned aU the capital they had expended on the place. Benaohie and surrounding estates in Lower Dikoya were formed out of this group of lots. Had they at once been put in tea, as we among others urged at the time, their owners would have scored ; but most of the land went into coffee and did not pay for years until tea took its place. * The late Mr. Tytler was fond of telling the story of Peter Moir’s selection as their responsible Manager by the Messrs. Hadden. How he (P.M.) and some other young men came out for an em- ployer whose engagement was far from a fair one considering the times, and moreover as signed in London, it was not binding in Ceylon — and so two of the young men broke through it in a few months and speedily got employment at double the salary. Peter Moir no more considered he was fairly dealt with than the others ; but he had signed his agree- ment, pledged his word, and no power on earth would make him break it. He was called a “softie,” a “ spoon,” &c., until on the very day of his agreement expiring, he had the offer from Mr. Ohas. Hadden, of a post and salary that placed him far before his old companions (who never greatly prospered we believe), while he had established for himself the meet valuable thing in the world, a chaeactee which made him esteemed beyond most men right through the Colony, and which he never forfeited till the day of his death in the old country. Succeeding generations of planters came to hear of Peter Moir as the man whose word was as good as his bodn. 663 April i, 1898.! THE TROPICAL Kotiyagalla in Bogawantalawa was purchased for the Messrs. Hadden by Mr. Moir in the year 1872. It was never a great success in coSee, or at any rate never approached the Hunasgeriya Estates ; but it did, and is doing, well in tea; Mr. Fred. Hadden, senr., died on 22nd April, 1882, thus terminating a partnership made with his cousin in 1840, during the whole of which time they remained on the most affectionate terms. Soon after, it was arranged that Messrs. Fred. & Frank J Hadden, sons of Mr. F. Hadden, senr., ' should become sole proprietors of the Hunasgeriya Estates, and that Mr. C. S. Hadden should become sole owner of the fine Kotiyagalla property, of which his nephew and son-in-law Mr. Frederick _ Hadden became chief manager. Kotiyagalla contains 1,080 acres of rich land, about three-fourths of which are under fine tea. the jat, climate and soil being all conducive to a fine high-priced product. Later on Mr. Frank J. Hadden became sole proprietor of Hunugalla and Weygalla and, lately, he sold the latter with 344 acres to Mr. B. G. Beilby, retaining Hunugalla— 770 acres with 400 doing well in tea— in his own hands. We ought to mention, too, the close business connection between the Messrs. Hadden and the well-known Fenchurch Street Firm, Messrs. Janies A. Hadden & Co., of which their relative Mr. Alex. Brooke is the esteemed managing partner. We may here give “ a leaf from the past’ kindly supplied to us without Mr. Hadden’s knowledge by one well-acquainted with his family in the early days;— “I know not if you realise how Mr. Chas> B. Hadden links us with the eighteenth century. His father took an active part against the rioting then so rife and his .commission dating bacii to the time when Kings of England still claimed to be Kings of France, is so signed by George III. That nonsense was not dropped until the Union with Ireland in 1801. There are not many now alive whose father’s commissions were signed by a King of England, of Scotland, and of France ! “The old yeomanry officer had the freedom of Nottingham conferred on him in 1795. See enclosed cutting from a Nottingham journal. The Colonel Seely there is son of ‘ Seely’s pigs’ if you are old enough to remember them; The writer of the letter, Fellows, is author of a History of Nottingham Yeomanry Cavalry.” THE FREEDOM OF THE TOWN. TO THE BDITOE OP THE NOTTINGHAM DAILY GUAKDIAN, Sir, — I notice in your paper of to-day, in the re- port of Mr. McGrath’s speech in the Council respecting the honour that is to be conferred on Col, Seely in reference to the freedom of the town, that he says the honour “ would be increased to those who followed after by the fact that the first name on the list would be that of Mr, Seely himself.” In the AGRICULTURIST, " Nottingham Date-book,” 1st September, 1795, it recorded that the commissioned officers of the 12th Regiment of Light Dragoons — Lieut. Middles- more and Cornet Hadden, of the Yeomanry Cavalry— were presented by the Corporation with the freedom of the town, as an acknowledgment of their meri- torions exertions in quelling riots. It would appear, therefore, that conferring the freedom of the town by the Corporation is not unprecedented. — I am sir, &c., GEORGE FELLOWS. Beeston Fields, .Nottingham, May 7th, 1895. In conclusion we heartily congratulate one of the earliest, most intelligent and persevering of the Planting Pioneers of Ceylon on his long and honorable connection with the Colony. We have giveii but the briefest outline of the actual jungle work of Messrs. Fredk. and C. S. Hadden. It will be observed that they stuck to their posts all through the financial crash of 1845-47 when coffee and Ceylon were supposed to be ruined. The senior Mr. F. Hadden, now deceased, gave ten years’ continuous hard work to the development of the plantations before ever taking a holiday ; while Mr. C. S. Hadden had twelve years for his share. No one of recent years can picture what life and work in the hill-country of Ceylon was like in the “Forties,” and more especially what roughing in the wilds of Ambegamuwa — in one of the very wettest divisions in the island— was like in 1841-2. We remember hearing our late senior describe a visit he paid to Mr. Wm. Hall (the same who sold his interest to Messrs. Hadden) in Ambe- gamuwa in 1841, and how the rain got through their talipot hut, filled up their boots and gave him a cold which it took years to get rid of alto- gether ! Scant supplies, there being no roads, and bridges and streams often unfordable, were recognised as a matter of course, while even the sun was rare visitor between May and December ; — Past five an’ fifty busy years, An’ lo 1 the wondrous change; Those Hills are now the white men’s homes, Which were the wild beasts’ range. And, mixing with the torrent’s roar, The steam-pipe’s puff is heard ; While rattling round the roller goes. As merry as a bird. And few and scant their comforts were— The leaders of that band — ■ Whose cosie cottages now rise, Bright homesteads o’er the land; So while for all that's still to do, Ye strive with high resolve — Let grateful thoughts, too, have their play As ye THE PAST revolve. All honour then to the men who laid the found- ations of the prosperity of Ceylon as a plantation Colony. Very, very few are left to us who go back beyond the half-century in their experience, and among these none takes a more honorable posi- tion than the Messrs. Hadden who brought youth, intelligence, indefatigable energy and capital to their work in Ceylon; whilo more especially would ww 664 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [April i, 189S. offer our congratulations to Mr. Clias. . S. Hadden whom we have known and esteemed since he began revisiting his properties here — so well-managed by his nephews — some twenty years ago. The very type and heau-ideal of country squire, of “a fine old English gentleman, all of the olden time,” it is a credit to Ceylon that she can munber among her early Planting Pioneers, one so hale and hearty as Chables S. Hadden op Kotyagalla, Boga- WANTALAWA, CeYLON ; AND OF INGLESIDE, SuNNING- DALE, Bebks, England. Long may he survive for us to point to as one of the very first band of Proprietary Planters who nvaded the Kandyan jungles in the early “forties,” and who have made Ceylon what she is today ; aind long may the name of “ Hadden ” through younger generations, continue to be honorably enrolled in the Proprietary and Managing lists of our Ceylon plantations. TIMBER TREES OF THE SEYCHELLES ISLANDS. EEMABKS AND USES OF TIMBER. SidcroxyJon Species. “Capucin.” A large growing tree. Timber hard, almost undestructible either in water or in the atmosphere, used for beams, wall plates, frames of wooden houses, verandah posts, piles, planks, shingles, spokes for wheels, ifec. Calophyllum inoplojllujn. “Takaraaka” or “Tacamaha- cai.’ A large growing shady tree always found on the seashore. Trunk 4 feet in diameter. Timber tough, coarse grained, not easily worked, color reddish, used for boards, planks, beams, ship and ' boat building, masts. Cocoa-nut mills are dug out of the root end of the tree and excellent'canoes “Pirogues” are made (hollowed) out of it. The exudation from the stem ii the Tacct/na/iacc resin of Commerce. Its seeds yitld the bitter oil of India which is said to be worth £90 par ton. This oil has a great reputation in Polynesia and the East Indies as a liniment for rheumatisms, pains in the joints, and bruises, and its efficacy in these respects can hardly be exaggerated. The uses o£ the oil and resin are unknown in Seychelles. Dipterocarpeoe Species. “ Bois de fer.” This is a large lofty growing tree, often attaining a height of over 100 feet, with a trunk 40 to 70 feet to the first branch, and a diameter of from 4 to 6 feet. Ha.sgreat repute for making canoes. Timber resembles Teak in color and grain, hard and durable, used in all parts of house-hulding, boats, &c. Tuis is perhaps the most useful timber of the Seychelles Islands, for general purposes. When the tree is yvounded there exudes an almost transparent resin yvhich is exceedingly flammable, and was formerly used as incense. Afzclia bejui/a “ Gayac”or “ Faux Gayao.” Yields a very fine strong and durable timber. In color it is not unlike the last and is used for the same pur- poses. It is now very soaice, and few living trees exceed 8 iuclies in diameter. Termiiialia Badaniia “ Badamier.” A large growing tree from which canoes are frequently made. Timber is generally used for boarding inside of houses, &c, will not bear wet and exposure to the atmosphere. Imhricada petklaria. “ lio\s Ae Natte.” A large and lofty growing tree. Trunk often attaining a height of !50 feet. It is now becoming very scarce. Timber used in all parts of house building, cabinet work, Ac. It is dark colored, close and fine grained, hard and durable. It makes beautiful furniture and when wall polished it almost rivals the finest Mahogany. Goin pbi-andra species. “ Bois Maree.” A middling sized tree, whose wood is used for boards and planks in house-building. The timber is of a dirty white color, and not very durable. Wormia fermgenia. “ Bois Eonge ” Is an ordinary sized tree, Timber red colored, hard and durable, ,bears exposure well and is in great repute for flooring and roofing houses. Ilcvitcritx littovdlis, “ Bois de Table.” A large grow- ing tree, not common. Timber used in house build- ing, furniture, &a. It is close grained and dark color- ed, and its quality is excellent. Ruhiacc(z Species. “Bois Sandal ’’ or “Sandal.” A small tree, Trunk seldom exceeds a foot in diameter and 20 feet in height. Wood close grained, easily worked, polishes well, beautiful pale yellow color, used for ornamental work in the in.side of houses, furni- ture, panelling, and occasionally boards, &o. Campanosnermum Zeylanicum “ Bois Mmtagne.” Oc- casionally attainslargedimensions. Held in great repute for making canoes which are said to be very durable. Timber used in bouse, ship and boat building Ac. Castm ina EquidtifoUa. “Filao ” or “ Cedre ” In Seychelles this tree attains a gigantic size. In 1871 I saw one whose trunk vras 150 feet in length and 6 feet in diameter at about 20 feet from the root, lying on the beach near St. Anne's Bay, Praslin'. In 1874, I saw several trees of it, growing on the beach at Curieuse Bay, Praslin. that were 120 feet in height, and straight as arrows. They appeared to be comparatively young trees. Its timber is used in all parts of house building. It is close grained, and sinks in water when it is green. When kept dry it IS very durable, but decays quickly when exposed to moisture. It is nearly impossible to draw nails out of it. It makes excellent firewood and burns freely even when green. It is indigenous to these Islands and grows readily from seed which may fall on cleared ground.— J. Horne, Suh-Eirector. > CINNAMOMUM TAMALA. The Director of the Department of Land Records and Agriculture in Assam on the 22nd April 1895 forwarded some specimens of Tej-pat leaves for iden- tification. In the letter accompanying the sample it was said that the tree yielding the leave.s was largely grown in the Jaintia district for the sake of the leaves which were used as condiment. The Laves belonged to Cinnamomum Tamala, and on their being referred to Dr. Prain of the Royal Botanic Garden, Sibpur, he pronounced them to be those of the variety intermedium. The use of Cinnamon leaves in India has been known for centuries. At one time, as Folia Malabathri or Folia Indi, the leaves of certain Indian species of Cinnamomam were employed in European medicine but now they have become obsolete. * The information we posses on the subject of Tej-pat as recorded in works on materia medica is very fragmentary, but the discovery of a large trade in this drug in Assam has enabled us to bring together all the recent facts in connection with the industry. On the receipt of the letter from the Director, Land Records and Agriculture, Assam, a set of questions was drawn up by the Rsporter enquiring into the extent of the cultivation and commerce of the leaves The replies to these questions sent in by the Director and other officials in Assam have assisted very materi- ally in the compilation of a fairly complete Agricultural Ledger on the subject. Botanical OLyfra.— Tej-pat is obtained principally from Cinnamomum Tamala, Fr. Nees, and its variety intermedium. The leaves under this name have also been derived from C. albifiorum, Nees (in the Lahore bazars), C. obtnsifolium, Nees, and C. impressinervium Meissn (in Sikkirn;, and the wild species C. zeylauicum. Bregn. The Tej-pat from wild trees found in Mysore' and referred to in the Pharmacographia would probably belong to the last named plant. Roxburgh alludes in his Flora_ Indies, to Tej-pat leaves as those of Laurus Cassia, a name which is now synonymous with C. Tamala. It has been stated by some writers that the leaves of any species of cinnamon are in- discriminately referred to as Tej-pat by the Natives Vernacular.— The drug is called Taniali in the Raia Nirghanta and this is probably the origin of the specific April i, 1898.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 665 aime of the plant. Tej-pat, or, as it is also written, Tid^-vat and Tez-pat, is derived from Tvach or Twacha, tho Sanskrit equivalent for cinnamon bark, and pat, the leaf. Dalchini (Chinese bark) and Taj are Hindu names applied to any kind of cinnamon bark. The Taleef Shereef gives Tudje and Putmdi as other vernacular names. The leaves are the Sazaj-i-Hindi of Indian Mohammedans. In Kashmir the leaves are called Barg-i- Ta/andin South India Tamal patra and Talisha-pattin, Prom Assam we are informed that the cinnamon tree is called pieng Latyrpat and the leaves Latyrpat. Habitat. — Cinnamomum Tamala is wild in tropical and sub-tropical Himalaya, from near the Indus to Shutan, at altitudes of 3,000-5,000 feet, ascending to 7,800 feet in Sikkim, and in Sylhet and the Khasia mountains to 3,000-4,000 feet. Gamble says it grows in the valleys of the Mahauadi and Tista, but it is not found much on the West of the Mahanadi. Thh tree is cultivated in Assam. Cultivation. — In the Khasi and Jaintia Hills about six squarerailes are planted with Cinnamomum Tamala. Owing to the trees being grown amongst jack, betel-nut palms, and other fruit trees, the exact amount cannot be ascertained, but it is calculated that 400 acres are planted up in the Jaintia parganas and a small quantity in the submontane tracts, such as the Cherrapunji Hills in the north of the Sylhet district. The trees delight in a heavy rainfall. Continuous rain is said to be unfavourable for their cultivation, but heavy rainfall followed by bright sun- shine is most congenial. Storms effect considerable damage by breaking off the leafv branches. It is also conjectured that excessive moisture diminishes the odour of the leaves. In the Khasi and Jaintia Hills the trees are grown in regular plantations 7 feet apart ; the seedlings are raised in beds, and planted out permanently when the plants are five years of age. The tree takes five or six years to grow, or comes into bearing at ten years, and continues to bear for one hundred years. The cul- tivation is in the hands of the hillmen. In Sylhet the trees are self-sown ; the ripe seeds fall from the trees into the soil and germinate. When the plants are about a foot high they are transplanted. Great care is bestowed upon the plants when they are young and tender. As constant expo- sure to the sun would kill the shoots they are planted behind bushes or trees for protection. The undergrowth is kept down twice a year in the plantations for the first eight or nine years of the plant’s life after that the jungle is cleared once a year in April. In some plantations the soil is dressed, but iu most districts the soil is never manured or irrigated. No reserve areas are kept for the growth of these trees. The Tej-pat and cinnamon trees are different. The former are only used for their leaves and no bark, or only a small quantity is collected in the Khasi Hills. A small quantity is sent to Sylhet from Sib - sagar and Lakhiiupur by the Nagas. Collection and Crop. — Tej-pat is plucked in dry and mild weather from October to December, and in some (laces the collecting is continued to the month of March. The leaves are taken once a year from young trees, and every other year from old and weak ones. Oh an average 15 seers may be obtained from one tree, but the quantity depends upon circumstances ; a tree yields from 10 to 25 seers of leaves in a year. The average yield of leaf per acre in the Jaintia pa ganas is about 30 seers without, and 2 mounds with, twigs. The whole of crop from four hundred acres was' tro^h last year as much as El,100. The quantity of 1-aves from the Sylhet district last year calculated on the turn-over of the traders was estimated at 14,470 maunds, and from the Jaintia district 20,000 maunds. In harvesting the Tej-pat the small branches are cut down with the leaves and dried in the sun for three or four days. The leafy branches are then tied up into convenient bundles ready for the market. In the other case, the leaves are separated from the > branches and packed in bamboo nets of a cylindrical shape called Bora or Jungra which are four feet long by two feet in diameter. The packages are carried down the ghaut roads of the hills by coolies to Sylheti by^nsects~but attacked ny insects, but the old ones are sometimes destrovpil ^“bject to a diseasj When attacked with tH m^alaay the leaves are spotted with black erimtion! a out one-eighth of an inch in diameter. Spots like these are often seen on mango leaves. Leaves ininrel in this manner are not plucked for sale ^ ® Description of Tej-pat.— This is how Tei-nat is cnbed in the Taleef Shereef. A verv common in length from 3 to 5 inches and the lireadth 2 inches of a green colour ana pleasant smell; it is stronX’ Mthor^ of '^‘■°'?Sht from the hills. : Tha ■ author of Makhzan describes them as yellowish coriaceous, ovate-lanceolate leaves with five Xvvpp X®® sa-ys they are of sS The^moT the mountains ® careful description of Tei-nnt IB tha. of the Pharmacographia Indica. The ll^aves renfth“and"ir‘*^® ® or more fn length and IJ inch broad, oblong, obtuse-noinfed entire, with three principal nerves and two Sw’ ‘he venation between these nerves, which run from base to apex of the leaf IS finely reticulated, and the leaves ^are of an olive-green colour; the upper surface is polifhed and ^cimpn!’ partakes of the aroma, puneencv ond probably carminative properties of cinnamon barif and IS largely used as a spice in varous culinarv operation^ According to D^. Aitchison the leaves a« rPiner^Kfup^'r ^ |u^titute for betel leaf or pa® (iriper Uetle, Ijinn.) and Dr. Disboa SDf*fl,lrq being employed in the preparation of curries in the Presidency. Pan and various curr/ eaves have to be used in a fresh condition on Account hni T ■ aromatic priSe. but Tej-pat possesses a distinct advantage over other leaves in retaiomg its volatile oil for f conslderebl* time after being plucked and dried. As a Xtter of fact, cinnamon leaves in India take the place of the (triLlated^ by%. Ge^lfe XvfafrTsss^^th properties of" Tej-pat /re dSribeSs^^^^ light and cardiac, useful in wind, piles nauspn in the stomach and flatulence. The ’author of ^h“ Makhzan considers the drnur trees and those of Trinidad and other cacao-growing Colonics, where a> alyses liave already been accomplished. We can quite understand how Mr. Willis in all good laith gave hi.s cqiinion at the lime he did to Mr Thistleton-Dyer, sgain.st the sending otit of a Cryptogamist. It must hate been after the decision arrived at by Mr. E. E. Green and himself that the fault of the cacao-planters trouble lay in unsuitable .soil, want of drainage or proper cultivation. However, now that a Cryptog.aniist has arrived and is at work, we feel sure that Mr. Willis lejoices in his presence and work (which will be valuable even if it proved a ‘ negative ’ as regar ds a fungoid enemy), and will be ready, if required, to recommend the supporr; claimed fronr Government by the Planters’ Association. A LUCKY BOX OE TEA. ( Communicated. ) The aged and wealthy juoprietor of one of the firrest residential estates on Donside, Aberdeenshire, sat one autunrn day in his back parlour-. He lived a very retired life, seldom see’ng anyone and had a specially well-rooted objection to receiving his near relatives. A tea planter at home on furlough, was fishing in the Don — -the trouts were not taking— and the idea struck :him— “ I will go and call on the old hufler.” “Ah, yorr need not trouble yourself” .said a friend, “ for he has tor years declined to see tho^e rrrore sib.*” “ Kariirrn ilia,” said the planter as he strode rtp the steps, “ I’ll try knocked at the door and was admitted by air ancient butler, who took up his card and duly brought back the message that the master did not receive visitors but he might have anj' refreshments he wanted “ Then I do not want your refreshments,” said the indignarrt doi-ay as he walked out ujron the lawn in high dudgeon ; but scarcely had he got half down the avenue when the old appn overtook Irim — Gelrasi-like — but orrly to say, “ Please come back, nraster says he would like to see you, he did not notice you had come fronr afar.” So back went the free and easy planter— had a long confab with the rich old Laird, — the burden however of which w.as a chest of teathe latter had purchased and with regard to which he was wishful to know if he had been overcharged. “ By no means” was the ver- dict of the expert ; “ it is good tea, but we do n.ake better arrd I will send you a sample box when I return.” A promise which fortunately he did not ferget ; for no sooner had he returned to the weary toturn than he despatched a 40 lb. box of the best B. P. to Donside, which duly arrived while the old gentleman was swithering over his last will ami testament, when — impulse of the moment — down w'ent the nanre of the mindful giver of the tea, for the w'hole property :— a magnificent estate with £80,000 of accumulated funds ' Barely a, year passed by when one day as the irlanter w s sweating among- 1: his pluckers, up ran a coolie gasping, with a te.egiam in his hand, which ti legram hrb lly intimated the death of the old Laird a;il the f.act that he (the planter) had ber n left sole heir! “None of your practical jokes nn me,” said incredulous “ Pekoe ” as he pocketed i be missive and thought little more about it. But next day came another and another cablegram from Aberdeen Agents asking for instructions, when it occurred to the planter that the Aberdeen lawyers were hardly likely to wa.ste money on worthless jokes. So he wrote to his Colombo Agents to wire a reply ami ask for particulars. When, sure tnough the intimation was lepea ed : “All right, sole heir, the only condition being that he rciurns home, lives a decent life and invests the oveiplus capital in buying more land.” Need I say that that tea toturn had soon to seek * Anglice=neat-of-kin. April t, 1898. THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 673 another periya doray and that our fortunate friend found his way to Donside without any undue delay. Never did a retired Indian more enjoy his ottum cum cliff and never did a district more ap- preciate good tea. Now the moral of this ab- solutely true story is, — never forget the smallest promise, and let each plaining proprietor be as much as possible his own dispenser. W ere it pos- sible to approach and convince the august “ Thirty Committee of Ceylon,” one year of the funds wasted on comic advertising, would enable every planter in the island to send boxes of tea to friends in every part of the world ! [What a lame conclusion to a romantic tale all the better for being true. Whoever heard of money being toasted on Advertising — comic or otherwise ? Planters no doubt send plenty of boxes of tea as it is ; but there are no more lairds swithering over wills to receive them like the one on Donside !— Ed. T.A.] AN OLD CRY: WANTED A SCIENTIFIC AGRICULTURAL DEPARTMENT. It is no new cry tor us to take up, that of the need of a Scientific Agricultural Department ; and that we are again referring to it, is for the object of bringing prominently before the Gov- ernment what has been done elsewhere in the same line, and the happy results which have accrued therefrom. The failure of the sugar industry in the West Indies has been so widespread and so serious that after the report of a specially appointed Commission to inquire into the causes, the Im- perial Government has decided to grant some relief, but in what form has not yet been specified. The bounties on beet sugar have all along been credited with the West Indian disaster, and it has been regarded as another instance of the few suffering for the benefit of the many. The masses have been able to get their sugar cheap, at the expense of the bounty-paying Govern- ments. It is said, of course, that British planters have had to go to the wall ; but the balance of advantage to the nation at large far outweighs the loss to the West Indian growers. We find that a journal so literary and metropolitan as the London Spectator has been discussing “ Mr. Chamberlain and the West Indies,” in an article which we reproduce on our seventh page. On the causes of the West Indian collapse, our contempor- ary lets in considerable light, and it is rather start- ling to find him saying “ We very much doubt, however, if the West Indian planters really know their business.’’ Tropical Agriculturists will, pevliaps, open their eyes to find that the Spectator ■ the organ of the leisured and cul- tured classes at liome — is coining out as an authoriiy on sugar growing, but so it is ! The M'est Indian planters are old-fashioned, and stick to their ancient methods of extracting the cane juice ; and while nature has blessed them with the finest soil for sugar growth, they are now on their beam ends simply tiom want of scientific knowledge. While it takes 16 tons of cane to make 1 ton of sugar in St. Kitts, Egypt can do as well from 10 "tons, Queensland from 9 tons and Hawaii from 8 tons, and the Egyptian and Queensland sugars are worth £3 a ton more in the world’s markets ! Java, too, has been able to hold its own. The writer of the article under review, quotes from The Suffar Cane as follows The Java planters, though heavily weighed by the low prices lately current, and by the occurrence of a new disease which has done extensive damage, continue to hold their own, being greatly assisted by the capital chemical control of their factories, and the valuable information supplied by their ex- perimental stations. Every possible advantage is secured to them in this manner, and their envi- able position is mainly due to their intclliffent utilisation oj- all the hints that affncultural and chemical science are continually affordiny them." The lines we put in italics contain the key to the success of the Dutch planters of Java. They have been handicapped in the same manner and to the same extent as the West Indian planter has been; but they have stood the strain, whereas the others have broken down. It is presumable that what Java could do, should be accomplished in Barbadoes which is “perhaps natu- rally the finest island under the sun for the growth of sugar”; but simply for want of agri- cultural and chemical science locally applied, is all but bankrupt. It is to be presumed that in time British colonists and tropical planters will wak(> up to the need of having the b’est scientific advice available for all kinds of tropi- cal agriculture and in ail tropical colonies, but necessary reforms of this kind are slowly evolved. Our home authorities have the courage to run a railway through a sparsely-populated and a lean, unhealthy land ; although when approached fora specialist for such a thing as the cacao disease, they fail at first to find one. A thoroughly equipped Scientific Department, ready for every kind of agricultural investigation, would pay the country and the whole body of agriculturists (native as well as European) a great deal better than broad-gauge lines to the North, and the thing must come, if Ceylon is to keep in the forefront, and not to get into the same lament- able position as the Wek Indian islands named. W have just been recording an American opin- ion in regard to the better quality in appear- ance and liquor of Java pekoes; and although, of course, we maintain that our island can match anything going in the way of teas, still a rival in the race may creep upon ns, and our place may become second by-and-bye. Certainly the Dutch planters with their Experimental Gardens and Scientific Experts have a decided advantage over the Ceylon tea-giower, tvho has to find out pretty much for himself and often cannot find out, simply fn in want of scientific training. In every branch of tropical agriculture, there is al- ways cropping up some surprises. To have at hard a reliable Department wdlling and able to investigate any agiicuUnral question, would be the natural state ot things in a colony whose whole property is bound up with the land ; but we have got so used to do without it, and to w’ait until untow’ard events have become serious, instead of stamping them out to begin with’ that this haphazard way is not only ‘ tolerated but regarded as the pathway of true wisdom. How far it is, how ever, from holding any such advanced position, let the present lesson from Java and the West Indies illustrate, and let it so come home to our rulers, that it may be as a word to the wise — to be acted on before it is too lato COCONUT PLANTING IN KURUMJCVLA DISTRICT. Kukunegala, Feb. 23.— The w eather is season- able for this time of the year : hot and dry, and reaping and thrashing of 'paddy are in full swing. The outturn of crops w'ill be fair. Rain would be 674 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [April i, 1898. welcomed for plants planted out late last year, and I am inclined to think, we shall have it before long. A large acreage is going down this season for coconuts. The liealth of the people is good, but cattle are suftering from a dise.ase, I don’t quite understand ; it is neither murrain, nor hoof and mouth disease. I have lost two animals, and I hear that many animals .are down with it in this neighbourhood. ^ PULPINCi FRUIT. Several correspondents have asked for information concerning the pulping of fruit. The Fruit Ex- pert, Mr. W. J. Allen, reports : — The following is the method of pulping fruit in Mildura, where apri- cots and peaches are the principal fruits used, viz. : — The fruit is first pitted and put into a copper or cauldron, and a little water added (proportion — 1 gallon of water to 3 cwt of fruit). It is then boiled for twenty minutes (t.e., tw-enty minutes from the time it starts boiling). Unripe fruit will require a little longer, and should the fruit be watery it can bo cooked without adding water. When first put it is stirred constantly to keep it from bin ning. After cooking it is put into tins and the tins soldered whilst hot. Occasionally the fruit is cooked in the tins, and when this is done the tins, after being filled and closed, are punctured and immersed in water to within, say, 2 inches of the top, or just 80 that the water will not boil over the top of the tin and get into the punctured hole. The fruit is cooked for twenty minutes, as explained, and the hot air is blown off through the hole. As soon as cooked the tins are sealed. Ten pound tins are the beat when the fruit is cooked in this way, as the reaction draws in and disfigures larger ones. The fruit done in tins is not pulped or mashed to the same extent as that which is boiled and stirred in the cauldron —Agricultural Gazette ♦ COFFEE PLANTING IN CEYLON. Mr. Frank A'dam, largely interested in coffee planting in Java, who has been on a visit to our island since December last, leaves next week for India, and we trust that he may have a pleasant and profitable trip. Since our last in- Wview he has visited the Nuwara Eliya, Kandapola and Dolosbage districts, and whilst he has been favourably impressed with the state of these he prefers not to express any opinion in regard to the tea industry as it may be judged ironi what he has seen in the course of his travels, as he considers that he has not been long enough in the country. With regard to coffee, Mr. Adam considers that bold coloury plantation sorts such as tliose of Ceylon and Java, which can only, be cultivated on certain favoured grounds will always hold their own despite any drop that may occur in the price of coarse coffees such as Liberian, Brazil, &c. That had been demonstrated by the fact that in the London market recently some Ceylon Plantation Coffee was quoted at 151s whilst Liberian was quoted at 35s. His latest advices from Java were that notwithstanding the drop on the other side and the fact that the new crop would nob begin to come in until March offers were being rmade for delivery in Java at 60 guilders p r picul, crops of pi ivate estates W.I.P. coffee, that is about 97s 6d p.er cwt. in London. Private estate coffee from Java is assorted in four grades, viz., large, miditle-size, small, and peaberry, as compared witl> five assortments from Ceylon, the additional one from Ceylon being extra large size. One thing that had struck him on going through Ceylon in 1894 compared with now was the great increase in shade planting as seen on different estates. He thought that in Ceylon shade trees were in some respects even more important than in Java inasmuch as he observed a large area in 1894 deforested and carrying nothing but tea. In the event of an insect pest making its appearance it would on sucli deforested aieas have nothing but tea to attack whereas shade trees would form an alternative object of attack ; besides this shade trees served to attract birds, who are the foes of insect pests. Several planters had asked him his opinion as to the best kind of shade tree. His opinion distinctly was that the Dadap was the best shade tree. The Dadap houeverin some districts in Java had suffered from disease which had baffled the scientist so far and dried up the sap in the rees leaving a wilderness of skeletons. In such cases Java planters found it better to replant with Albizzia, the Moluccana variety being pre- ferred. On some young coffee plantations in order to doubly safeguard the matter of shade it h id been found advantageous to plant alongside of each other the Dadap cut- ting and Albizza seedling. In the event of the Dadap failing the Albizza is allowed to grow up in its place whereas should the Dadap strike well the Albizza can be stumped. The grevillea is not very much useu in Java. Whereas grevillea is a good alternative to Albizza on a new planta- tion it has a tendency to grow up of a poplar and spindly character if planted on an old plantation to replace Dadap, the reason being that owing to the shade of the coffee trees which in Java are at a height of 5 ft. and higher, the young grevillea growing beneath the shade does not get the same amount of air and sun as it would on a new clearing alongside the coffee seedlings which it is later on intended it should shade. RUBBER CULTIVATION. The cultivation of Rubber is attracting a good deal of attention in the Malayan Peninsula, in Borneo and other far Eastern Lands. Mr. Ridley, of the Singaiiore Gardens, has compiled a valu- able bulletin on the subject, and Mr. L. Wray. Curator in Perak, has come out with a second paper, supplemented bj' a “ report on the tap- ping of the Para Rubber trees at Kuala Kaug- sar.” All that is of essential v.alue in these several papers wo hope to include in detail in our future issues. But meantime, we may notice, that Mr. Wray is in favour of the “her- ring-bone” method of tapping, with lateral and vertical cuts, but not to meet each other. He quotes Dr. Trimen, Dr. G. Watt, and Mr. J. C. Willis. — From the Kuala Kang.sar Report of Mr. Derry, Superintendent of the Government Gar- dens, we quote at once some very practical and interesting remarks : — I would particularly point out that the experiments have not been conducted to test how much each tree would yield, for the reason that these trees are of much greater value to the Government at the present time as seed bearers than rubber producers ; as an in- stance of this I would mention that applications for 70,Ui'n seeds have been received for the current year (of which 25,000 have been supplied) and an application filed for 100,1 00 seeds next year. The Para rubber trees [Tlevea braziliensis) at Kuala Kangsar were first tapped during the month of August, and the work has been proceeding up to the present time. The frequent wet days have delayed the work considerably. At the end of October, 60 trees had been tapped and 88 pounds of dry marketable rubber prepared. Most of the trees tapped were six years old, and from these trees an average of 10 ounces of dry rubber has been obtained. THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. April t, 1898.1 A few trees, twelve years old, prodnced 3 pounds each, but in no instance were the tappings exhaustive. samples have been sent to Mincing Lane for opinion and valuation. Tapping. — The trees were tapped with almost V-shaped cuts, a few inches apart, with a channel down the centre from the lower branches to the base. An ordinary pruning knife was used to make the first cuts, and about a quarter of an inch of the outer bark removed, care being taken not to cut too deeply. So soon as this commenced to callus, which varies from two to several days, the edges of the cuts were lightly shaved with a very sharp chisel every day, with an oc- casional interval, until the decided quantity had been exuded. The rubber was collected in locally made tin boxes, 6 inches by 4 inches by 2 inches, nailed at the base of the tree, with the lid partially opened so as to prevent wet or dirt from falling in. When full this was allowed to dry, and the water pressed out (a pinch of salt appears to expedite the coagulation), and then kept in smoke for about a week to prevent mildew. Time or Tapping. — Para rubber has a short resting season, when most of the leaves fall off. The flowers usually appear first, and when the tree is in full foli- age tapping can be commencec, and carried on with different trees until again deciduous The first cuts can be made at any time of the day, and may be left for weeks in the event of exceptionally wet weather, but the subsequent tappings should always be done in the evening as the rubber soon ceases to exui ; originally received from Kew with numerous oii^. plants seut out to tho late Dr. Imray and to Dr. Nicholls, iu exchange for Dominica plants, contributed at the private expense of the two gentlemen above meutioned. Kefereuce is made to tho St. Aroment Garden in the Ken> Bulletin for 1887, June, pp. 9T0; and a list of the economic plants already established there was given in the Bulletin for July of the same year, pp. 10-12. It is gratifying to find that all the seeds saved from the Durian fruits so far produced have been placed by Dr. Nicholls at the disposal of the Botanic Station at Dominica, in order that plants may be raised for distribution to other parts of the Western tropics. One fruit was lately received at Kew, but, unfortunately, it did not arrive in good condition. Those inter- ested iu the subject may see a fine plant of Durian, about fifteen feet high, iu the Palm House, where it has been established for about fifteen years, but so far has not flowered. — Kew Bulletin for November 1897. 68o THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [April I, 1898. Dutch (Java) Publications.— We are indebted to Messrs. G. Kolff & Co., the well-known pub- lishers at Batavia for two hanily little publica- ticns in Du ch — (1) “ As.-^aiii Thee. Haar Culture ten Bereiding op Java Dooi- Ch Van du- Moore” — an evidence (in its 109 pages/ if such were required, of liow' the general interest in tea cul- tivation is spreading in J./ va. The next is rather different: — “Lit Oud-Balavia : De Portugeesche Buitenkerk door Dr. F. de Haan, Uitgegeven Ten Bate van een fonds tot bet Restaureeren dier kerk” — an extremely neatly got up brochure with an engraving of an old picture of a place of worsliip and people entering. “ The Aoriculturai. Gazette ” of New South Wales, Volume IX. Part 1, has the following con- tents for January 1898 : — Wine-making— Fermenta- tion ; Useful Australian Plants ; No. 49. — The Pigmy Panic Grass (Panicum pygnmum, B. Br.) ; No. 50; — The Stringybarks of New South Wales; Botanical Notes — Fruit-tree and Vine Pests; Comboyne Brusoh Bees, and How to manage them. Part I. ; Fowls for Profit ; Export of Oranges ; The Improvement of N. S. Wales Stock; Ensilage up to Date; Bee Calendar for February ; Orchard Notes ; Practical Vegetable and Flower Growing ; General Notes; Replies to Correspondents ; List of Agricultural So- cieties’ Shows for 1898; Label for Specimens. Maueitius is not to be behind Barbadoes or any of the West Indian islands ; for, in Governor Sir Charles Biuce's “Council of Government,” on 21st December last — the full report has only just reached us in Port Louis papers of Jan. 29th— the Hon. H. Leclezio after a long speech moved and carried the following resolution ‘‘ The Council of Government join with the Cham- ber of Agriculture in the resolutions voted at its meet- ing of the 13th December intant, and beg that His Excellency the Governor be pleased to give them his support and to forward them to the Eight Honorable the Secretary of State for the Colonies for his favour- able consideration. “ The immediate measure of relief prayed for will largely contribute to keep up the Sugar Industry of the Colony which is now threatened with extinction. “ The Council think that the sum of £400,000 will be sufficient to meet the objects of the Chamber of Agriculture. “ The Council are also of opinion that, with the view of protecting the agriculture of the Colony against the effects of the frequently recurring droughts which visit it, and with the view of improving the sanitary condition of the Island the re- afforestation thereof be completed, and they recommend for that purpose that His Excellency the Governor be pleased to move the Secretary of State for his sanction to add the sum of £100,000 to the above loan to be applied to the re- afforestation scheme of the Colony.” The Sugar Industry of Mauritius would be all right if an “honest rupee” was observed — so Mr. Chamberlain has good reason both in the interests of Ceylon and Mauritius to withstand the policy of the India Office and to support the appeal from producers in the East led by the United Planters’ Association of India. Mr. Leclezio concludes his speech as follows : — No man understands better the wants of the Colonies than Mr. Chamberlain. It is well known that he himself selected the Post of Secretary for the Colonies in order to devote his great abilities and energy to their progress and expansion and to strengthen the bonds of Union between them and the Mother onntry. What he has already done has proved his desire to promote the welfare of those Colonies. We may therefore trust that an appeal to him will not be made in vain ; that the British Government will consent to guarantee that Loan and, that their generous assistance will enable this Colony to maintain its past honour, to be saved from ruin and to remain a not unworthy Jewel to the British Crown. The Conservators of Forests.— Mr. J. A Broun, wriies to tlie Madras Times denying the truth of the re))ort that his brother Mr. A. F. Broun, Consevvator of Forests, Ceylon, was wounded by him and iiad to apply for an exten- sion of leave. These facts are entirely incorrect, he adds : — “ Mr. A. F. Broun tvas not wounded by me, nor did he apply for an extension of leave. He was granted the leave which he applied for before leaving Ceylon. Had tlie“ Ceylon Standard taken the trouble of writing either to my brother or to myself before publishing this untrue report they would have saved themselves the nece.ssity of cancelling it.” The Pearl Fishery of Conway— says Sir Walter Besant— seems to interest many readers, if one may judge from the letters received. The following into' niation, the last 1 can promise on the subject, will enable everybody to go off fishing for themselves. There are two kinds of mussels found in the Conway river. The first, which is rare, is oi indies long by inches broad. The pearl found in this kind is said to be very fine, and in size and quality not inferior to the Oriental pearl. The other kind is much smaller ; it is found in great quantities on the bar of the river, where it used to be gathered by the sackful at low tide. The sacks were then carried to a place where great iron pots filled Avith water were hung up over fires. Here tlie mus.sels were boiled. The fish were then taken out and put into a tub, where they Avere stamped Avitb' hare feet till they Avere reduced to pulp ; water was then poured in ; the animal matter ffoated, the sand and pearls sank to the bottom ; Avhen the pearls had been collected they were sold to buyers in the trade at a price varying from eighteen pence to three .shillings an ounce. No- body, it is added, ever kneAv Avhat became of these pearls. Tea Bulking.— Mr. J. Buckingham, c.i.e., Chairman of the Assam Branch, Indian Tea Association, has addressed an important com- munication to the Calcutta Association on this subject, embodying the vicAvs of the Assam planters and what they tliink of bulking. The Indian ITanfers' Gazette tells us : — Mr. Buckingham sums up the advantages of bulk- ing in India as follows ; — (1) Saving of time in London in bringing tea to market ; (2) Saving of warehouse charges to the extent of about Is per chest says £73,000 ; (3) Prevention of risk of damage to leaf through bulking in England ; (4) Less liability to loss in weight, test packages only being weighed ; (5) The superior condition in which the packages reach the buyer, estimating at 1 farthing per pound only, would be equivalent to over £150,000 ; and (6J The absolute certainly of a sample from one chest being a genuine sample of the whole break, and thus obviating the possibility of the trade having parcels of tea thrown on their hands on account of irregularity. While the disadvantage are these : the slight delay occasioned in keeping teas until the requisite amount of tea to make a break was secured, and accompany- ing fire risk ; chance of tea deteriorating in bulk ; the cost of erecting air-tight bins for keeping tea in. The possibility of teas being damaged by water or by . any other cause during transit, which in the case of non-bulking in England would not be discovered until the tea was sold, and the utter impossibility in many cases of getting even tares to the boxes, Mr. Buck- ingham, however, disposes of these, and he says, there is no reason why gardens should not take united action in this matter, and have a registered mark for teas guaranteed “ ibulked,” the names of all such gardens being registered in London and Calcutta. From the planters’ point of view, there- fore, it appears to be in every sense desirable that factory bulking should be adopted. AtRlL I, 1898.] THE TROPICAL LONDON TEA REPORTS. We issue for our planting and mercantile sub- scribers the usual “blue” circular with reports on tea and sales of Ceylon tea. The market report on “Ceylon’s” runs as follows : — Ceylon. — A second week of heavy auctions proved too much for the market and prices gave way all round to the extent of fully ^d. per lb., medium biokens being frequently difficult to dispose of except at a still further reduction. Average for week 7‘40d., against 8d. same period last year. Ceylon tea sold on Garden Account 1st Jan. to date 1898, 141,060 pkgs., av. 8d. 1897, 126,290 pkgs., av. 8d. In addition there will be found in another column a letter from Messrs. Gow, Wilson and Stanton, regarding the progress that has been made i.a the development of the sale of British- grown teas in North America. In 1897 the quantity was 5,698,596 lb. as against 1,489,479 lb. iri 1892 : in five years the quantity of Ceylon tea imported has quadrupled. It is noteworthy that the sale of Indian tea progresses at about the same rate in North America as that of Ceylon does. Mes.srs. Wilson Smithett & Co., in their memo- randa for 1897, which we shall give with an early issue, say : — The cry of over-production has been warningly reiterated for years past, but so long as planters show due regard to the quality of the leaf plucked we see the reason to indulge in pessimistic apprehensions. When we consider that the increase in the Imports of Ceylon tea during 1897, over those of 1896, amounted only to some 2,000,000 lb., whilst the total deliveries showed an expansion of over 7,000,( 00 lb. we need add nothing to allay ^ny fears on the score of over- production. It has long been felt that if Foreign and Colonial markets could bebroughtlo recognize the economic and dietetic values of Ceylon leaf, a safety- valve against any prospective over-supply would at once be assured ; consequently the efforts of all interested in the industry have for some years past been directed towards popularising the article in all Colonial and Continental tea-consuming countries. It is one of the hopeful signs for the future of the Ceylon tea industry, that the effects of producers and distributors alike in exploiting new markets have hitherto been eminently successful. One of the leading features of the market during the past year, perhaps the feature for which we have to be most thankful for, is the important expansion in the re- exports to the Continent. When we point out that more than a quarter of the substantial increase in last year’s consumption of Ceylon leaf is due to foreign appreciation and support, and that fully 10 per cent, of the Imports into the U.K. last year were re-exported, and almost entirely to the full benefit of the producer without any intervening profits, owing to the orders received for auction on samples sent out previously, we feel entitled to indulge in hopeful anticipations for the future, and to congratulate planters on a success which has certainly never been vouchsafed in anything like a similar degree to their Indian brethren. As we anticipated years ago the merits of the Ceylon leaf have been most fully recog- nized and appreciated by the Russian distributors. For many years the work of gaining over this important market proceeded silently, patience and diligence in submittimg samples being duly rewarded by the important Russian orders which now almost weekly constitute an important factor in the com- petition at the London auctions. THE LETHENTY TEA ESTATES ASSOCI- ATION, LIMITED. The first ordinary general meeting of this Asso- ciation, incorporated on October 9th, 1897, was held on February 3rd at Winchester House, Old Broad Street, E.C. Mr. W. J. Skene, the chairman of the board, who presided, informed the shareholders that the meet- ing was but a formal one summoned in complianoe AGRICULTURIST. 68 1 with the provisions of the Companies’ Act, 1862, at which no real business was proposed to be transacted, but as it provided him with an oppor- tunity of speaking to the shareholders as a body he must avail himself of that opportunity by giving them a little general information on the subject of their undertaking. In the first place, he stated that the whole of the debenture capital and the whole of the share capital, with the exception of £4,500, which the board thought it desiiable to hold in reserve, had been allotted, the whole of the estates had been conveyed to the com- pany, and thereupon mortgaged to the trustees for the debenture holders, and all other formal matters in connection with the amalgamation of the pro- perties and businesses satisfactorily completed. Further, he stated that since the date of the first general allotment applications for shares to the extent of upwards cf £3,000 had been made by persons having interests in Ceylon and knowledge of the company’s properties, but that the board had not thought it desirable to allot any portion of the reserved shares, as the available working capital of the company appeared to be sufficient. With regard to the business of the Association the Chairman stated that the reports from Ceylon were highly satisfactory, both as to the product of the estates and the prices realised on sales at Colombo, and that a substantial increase in the demand on the part of their home customers had occurred, which they had had considerable difficulty in satisfying, owing to the fact that, pending the completion of the transfer of the properties, they had thought it expedient to realise a larger proportion of their output in the Colombo market at good prices then offering, and their shipments to England had, as a consequence, to some extent fallen off. The Chairman further stated with regard to the retail or private trade, which up to the date of the formation of the Association had been strictly con- fined to sales of one fixed quality, all other quali- ties being disposed of in the Colombo market, that the directors having satisfied themselves that the demand for other qualities was such that they were justified in putting additional qualities on the home market had given directions for the regular shipment from the estates of two other grades of tea for sale at lower prices, wholly distinct from the particular grade ot tea hitherto known in England as “ Lethenty tea,” the grade of which would be strictly maintained as heretofore. Generally the Chairman stated that the board re- tained all their original confidence in the prospects of the Association, and that everything that had occurred since the formation of the Company tended to confirm their belief that after the initial difficulty and expense incidental to the conversion of several separate businesses into one joint concern had been allowed for, the Association would be found to have started on a happy and prosperous career. Mr. Skrine, one of the directors of the Association, then addressed a few words to the meeting in con- firmation of what had been stated by the chairman, pointing out the desirability of every shareholder doing his utmost to supplement the efforts of the board by spreading the knowledge of the company's business amongst their friends and all other possible cus- tomers with whom they might be brought in contact. The meeting then closed with a vote of thanks to the chairmain, proposed by Mr. R. A. Cameron and seconded by Dr. Bolton. — U. d; C. Mail, Feb. 11. TEA IN AMERICA. experts’ report on impure tea. (From the American Grocer, Jan. 26.) Washington, Jan. 23 — The full text of the recom- mendations of Board of Tea Experts is as follows : — New York, Jan, 21, 1898. Hon. Lyman J. Gage, Secretary of the Treasury, Washington ; — Sir, — In accordance with yom: instructions to select standards of teas under the Act of Congress approved March 2, 1897, entitled “ A bill to prevent the im. 682 THfi TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. portation of impure and unwholesome tea,” we have the honor to report that we have selected and pur- chased standards for the season beginning May 1, 1898, and respectfully recommend that all arrivals of tea after that date be governed by these new stan ards. We have the pleasure to inform you that the law has been successfully executed up to date, and that in con- sequence the crop which has arrived since May 1, 1897, is unprecedented in its quality and purity beyond any previous season in the knowledge of the tea trade. With a view to preserve the protection afforded, our people by this salutary measure, and realizing the su- preme importance of uniformity in the examinations at different ports, we respectfully recommed that the number of examiners be reduced to not more than four in all, the Act having, with careful forethought, specified three as the proper number, and that one examiner only shall take charge of both the ports of Tacoma and Portland. We can bear witness that the whole tea trade from the Pacific to the Atlantic coasts, excepting the locality interested^ are unani- mous regarding this point as the principal menace to the successful administration of the law, and in considering the reasons assigned for extra examiners at these ports as entirely unfounded or misconceived. In order to promote uniformity in the methods of examination we have considered it necessary to suggest the following regulations as a substitute for those previously issued in Department Circular No. 69, page 8. COMPARISON WITH STANDARDS. In comparing with standards’ examiners are to test all teas on these points, namely, for cup quality, for any foreign matter on the surface of the infusion, sometimes called scum, and for quality of leaf after infusion. Cup quality shall be ascertained by drawing, according to the custom of the tea trade, with the weight of a half dime to the cup. In country green teas, im- perials, hysons, coarse leaf gunpowders and extra young hysons are to be compared with hyson stand- ards, and all other young hysons and small leaf gun- powders with the young hyson standard. The quality must be equal to standard, but the flavour may be that of a different district, as long as it is equal in sweetness. As an illustration, a Teenkai may be equal to a Moyune, but a distinctly smoky or rank Foochow or Wenchow of sour character must not be considered as equal to the two first mentioned. In order to test for floating coloring matter or scum and also for the quality of infused leaf, a second drawing should be made of double the foregoing weight. Before disturbing the infusion examination should be made for any floating substance, and after pouring off the water the infused leaf should be taken out so as to ex- hibit the lower side which rested against the cup. Should the mass show a larger quantity of exhausted, decayed or inferior leaf, or foreign substance than the standard, it shall be considered inferior in quality, and the tea must be rejected. In greens and Japans, par- ticularly, the brightness of the leaf should be consi- dered as an evidence of quality. Should a tea prove, on examination, to be inferior to the standard in any one of the requisites, viz : cup quality, scum, or quality of infused leaf, it shall be rejected, notwithstanding that it be superior to the standard in some of the qualifications. All consi- deration of the appearance or so-called style of the dry leaf shall be omitted. It is recommended that Macao or Canton Congous be compared with the standard for South China Congou, and that brick tea be compared with the standard for the district whence it comes. The mustiness or damaged flavour exhibited in certain Canton teas imported for Chinese consumption shall be considered as sufficient cause for rejection. TESTING FOR DUST. The dust and fannings in all Formosa, Foochow and Amoy Oolongs, Canton teas. Congous, Indias and Ceylons must be restricted to 10 per cent, when sifted through a sieve of No. 16 mesh, made of brass wire. In order that the needle leaf and Fekoe tips may not be confounded with dust, they [April r, 1898. must be returned with the dust to the sieve for a second and third sifting until separated. In the case of Ceylon and India teas the needle leaf and Pekoe tips shall be separated by passing them together with the dust through a No. 26 sieve of brass wire, after the tea has been first sifted through a No. 16 sieve. Dust and fannings in Japan teas must not exceed 4 per cent when tested by a No. 30 sieve of brass wire. Before condemning any tea for dust, examiners shall sieve at least two packages. Examiners should preserve in tin for one year samples of all teas examined, for future reference, in case of complaints, and the Board of General Appraisers should also retain a portion of all sam- ples sent them on appeal for the same object. To this end, examiners should always send the Board samples of at least half a pound, and never other- wise than in tin cans securely labeled. Valuable statistics, showing the quantities of various kinds of teas, admitted and rejected, can readily be furnished by examiners should you see fit to in- struct that records be preserved which heretofore have been omitted. The following are the standards adopted : No. 1. Formosa Oolong. No, 2. Foochow Oolong. No. 3. Amoy Oolong (to be adopted later). No. 4. North China Congou. No. 5. South China Congou. No. 6. Indian Tea. No. 7. Ceylon Tea. No. 8. Pingsuey Green Tea. No. 9. (a) Country Green Tea. Y. Hyson. No. 10. (b) Country Green Tea. Hyson. No. 11. Japan Tea, pan-fired. No. 12. Japan Tea, sun-dried. No. 13. Japan Tea. basket-fired. No. 14. Japan Tea, dust or fannings. No. 15. Scented Orange Pekoe. No. 16. Capers. No. 17. Canton Oolong. No. 18. Scented Canton. Respectfully yours, (Signed) E. A. Shoyer, of Chicago ; A. P. Upham, of Chicago; A. P. Irwin, of Philadelphia ; H. G. Woodworth, of Boston ; Mansfield Lovell, of San Francisco ; Wm. P. Roome, of New York ; Thos. A. Phelan, of N. Y., Chairman. ^ SELANGOR PLANTERS’ ASSOCIATION. The Annual Report for 1897 contains these paragraphs In presenting this, their Fifth Annual Report, your Committee have to an- nounce that during the past year eight new members have been enrolled upon the books of the Association, whilst the attached .statistics show an increase under cultivation of 1,854 acres and of 1,664 labourers of all nationalities em- ployed on estates. The actual increase of land under coffee should be 2,454 acres as 600 acres of land under tapioca, included in the 1896 statistics, have gone out of cultivation this year. These returns cannot he regarded as other than satisfactory in view of the fact that whereas in December 1896, the market quotation for No. 1 Liberiari coffee was $31, the price hasnow fallen. The importance of the ramie industry was brought to the notice of Government, and assist- ance was asked to provide for an expert to visit Selangor and report on the suitability of the various districts for the cultivation of this pro- duct. The reply of the local Government was un- favourable ; but in view of the fact that both the Indian and Dutch Governments have offered con- siderable pecuniary assistance in connection with the ramie industry, and the cultivation being one which may greatly add to the prosperity of the Federated Malay States, your Com- mittee addressed the United Planters’ Asso- April i, 1898.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST,* 683 elation on tlie subject asking that body to bring the matter to the notice of the Resi- dent-General. We regret to say that the to $19. That this latter figure shows quite an abnormal condition of things, your Committee feel convinced, and that, with in!})roved curing, a reaction will set in appears merely a matter of time, for the Straits Settlements can always more than hold its own with regard to cost of produc- tion, as compared with Kio and Santos, whose huge crops have contributed so largely to the present depressed condition of the coffee market. At the same time, it is evident that coffee planters must turn their attention to the cultivation of other products as well, and your Committee are glad to be able to report that a large number of the valuable Para rubber trees have been planted, and that coco-nuts and ramie, the latter at present on a small scale by way of experiment, have both received their share of attention. CREEPERS AND DEPRESSION We are urged once more by a prominent Co" lombo merchant to raise our voice or rather our pen, in deprecation of the continued flow of young men to Ceylon, in order to learn “ tea plant- ing” with the hope of getting a start in life and future employment as planters. Let it be known that the planting country is “cliock- full” even now of young men who have little or no prospect of remunerative employment. For one vacancy— a niinor Superintendentship — recently advertised, there were sixty applicants we are told ; and yet we know that proprietors, agents and inspectors find difficulty in securing the right man, whose whole heart will be in his work, in this time of depression from poor prices and high exchange. A new feature full of warning to young planters and especially new comers, is that absent proprietors must, in many cases, return to work, throwing out their managers, if the depression continues. Again, the process will be-^the abandonment in some of the older planting district’s of non-paying fields and at the same time, an increase of the acreage in the charge of each reliable man. Every possible means of economising is bound to be adopted ; and not the least will be getting rid of young men, “creepers” &c., who have not proved tin nr selves “worth their salt.” The time has there- fore come, in all seriousness, for discouraging any additions to the list of “ the unemployed in the planting districts of Ceylon. SORTING TEA. We believe that the tendenr-y towards careless sorting i* becoming universal, and that it should be checked, and perhaps the strongest reason in favour of more careful sorting is that the buyers and bro- kers complain of too many sorts. Take, for example, a merchant who dealt in coins: he should not object to finding several rupees in the bags of pice sold to him as copper only. It is strange that sorting machinery, instead of becoming more ela- borate and delicate, has become more “ simple,” and the latest developements put temptations in the way of the Manager. A screw is provided at the lower end of the cylinder by which it can be de- pressed, J.C., a ready road is opened to hurry over the work when there is a press, and the tea can be rushed through. It is well worth thinking of. How much fine tea can you afford to present gratis to the buyers of your coarse tea, in order to save time and trouble? Is it just possible that you give away the 'price of an extra sorting machine by hurrying through one month’s tea ? Suppose that you niake 72,000 lb. of tea in one mouth ( — ono maunds=30 maunds daily) and that by hurried sort ing you lose .3 per cent of orange pekoe, and this' oranp pekoe loses 6 annas per pound by getting into the low grade teas. The sum works out 72 000 Ih X 3 per cent.=2,160 « 6 annas=12,960 annas = sin rupees, which is the price of an extra sorting machine We have purposely overstated the case, but do thinV that many estates tlirov away the price of a sort mg machine during the c-.'re of one whole season, and that some few actually sacrifice nor maund of tea by careless sorting ('Thp above show a loss of R800 on 900 maunds of^^teaT The buyers like careless sorting because it saves them trouble and gives them better value for thair money ; the brokers like it because it saves trouble ^ the Managers like it because it saves trouble • ^e inventors of machinery supply what is wanted We can remember the birth of sorting machinerv and some of the earliest machines had oscill«Hn„ frames, into which a hand sieve could be nlaoerf onf rernoved when sufficient tea had fallen thronJh Later on we took to cylinders five feet in diameter with battens insiie, and the tea received the treatment which turns cream into batter. aiment Now we find the cylinder to be about 3 feet in meter, the different “meshes” are 3 feeflonc^ that the tea has hardly time to get full v sorted; the°n on a heavy day you can depress the cylinder and set the work done quicker. The machine referred to^« inirably adapted for its purpose (which k not sorting but to suit the ideas of the ManLers *hrot^ ers and buyers). With sufficient inCfment ± maker of the machine could turn out would give two Orange Pekoes, two Pekoes Souchong, Proken Tea and Dust. But Sie prFce of the machine would be greater. Or two nf h? u machines would sort well if not maTe to «7o -’"a large quantity. Of course, the great inducement to hurried sorting IS have big “breaks,” but a Sence to the tea sales will show that small breakro^^^LI teas sell well. Referring to the last ten coi find a Dooars garden sold 4 chests BroLn Orkuan Pekoe at 10 annas and 23 chests Pekoe Paiinin^a^f 5 annas 8 pie. The Broken Orange Pekoe war^OO lb the diffe^nce in price 4 annas 4 pie and if Broken Orange Pekoe had been put in’ or left hHhe ^nmngs, the loss would have been over RlOO b,., eg 400 lb. of good tea would not have raised iha ® of the 2,3001b. of Pekoe Fannings. There Vrda r in ovei sorting, because the tea can be grey if kept too long on the sieves, but the idea is nXt to get more Orange Pekoe by longer sifBffif? • if iffb J the fine teas should be extrLteTL/ore kept separate from the fine teL f j ftrr cutting up the bulk. We Le SS from experience, and so can recommend othir, ^ try m->re careful sorting. On some estsfia first operation is cutting® up the t^a in Tl bre ker, which forces a!l tL tea though a No I -sieve. This mixes up all the grades ' t Pekoe Souchong leaf will get into ^the^ Orange Peko? On these estates it would be well to trv Orange Pokoe and Pekoe can be got withnT,! "^** breaking, and these two teas should be W ^ rate. Having got out the “ fine ” fe, iiT could be broken in the Reid’^ breaker an into Pekoe Pekoe Souchong and Broken ^ea This would necessitate more mlchin^Jv but the di^rence in prices obtained would nav S that and leave a profit ^ ^ood sorting, that we think it would pav°to™bn^t*“ in the market and resort it-^x°TctFn7 tL grades from the lower and sellintr th ® higher they would haveL25 of Orange Pekoe 50n^of P°u^’ •„a ™ o, P.k„. f 684 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [April i, 1898. PLANTING NOTES. The Mango: the “Prince of Indian Fruit,” and a “ Disease-causing Fruit.” — That most cultured of Anglo-Indian statesmen, Sir M. E. Grant-Duff, has been giving a lecture before the Society of Arts on the “Recreations of an Indian Official ” and very interesting he made it ; but we only refer to it today to quote the ex- Governor's high praise of the mango in the following sentence : — There were the AnacanUacece, to which belongs the omnipresent mango as to which we may say, with more truth, what Bishop Berkeley is reported to have said about the strawberry, that he had no doubt that the Almighty could have made a better fruit, but that he had certainly not done so. This we put in contrast with information given by Sir George Birdwood in a commnnication to the same journal as supplementary to the Lecture in which he gives the native meaning ot the names of fruit, trees, &c., and among the rest Amba. — (Magnifera indica) “■ disease causing ” ; the Mango, so called by Anglo-Indians because nrst known to them by its Tamil name, manka, mea.iing “ man- fruit.” The fruit is apt to act injuriously on the kidneys, and cows fed with its leaves for the production of the exquisite mango yellow dye of India obtained from their urine, die in a few months. This is quite new to us — and, we fancy, to most of our reader.s— that the mango is apt to act injuriously on the kidneys (we suppose only when eaten in excess as is the case with the Bengal natives who live on mangoes at one season of the year) or that the leaves were so fatally injurious to cattle? The Cluster Pine is being introduced into West Australia by the Conservator of Forests, Mr. J. Edine Brown, who has obtained a large consignment of the seed for planting on the interior sand wastes as well as along the sea coast. Some interesting particulars are given as to the success which has attended the intro- ductijn of this timber to the Cape, where the Cluster pine at Genadendal has a clean, straight, robust growth that is unsurpassed by the best trees in the Cape Peninsula. Trees as straight as a mast and 70 feet to the first branch are not uncommon. Cluster pine timber is used for all the purposes where imported pine is employed in Cape-town, except for fine carpentry. Clus- ter pine answers well for floors, joists and beams ; but for line carpentry, such as win- dows, its hard, resinous nature makes it diffi- ult to work. At Genadendal the Cluster pine timber is brought to the side of the road and there sold to tlie farmers, who come with their waggons and fetch it away. . Prices are low. A sound straight log 9 inches diameter and 22 feet long would be .sold for 3s. Scaffold poles 4 inches mean diameter and 36 feet long sell for 9d. The extended planting of Cluster pine in the southern and south-western districts has long been advocated by the Cape Forest department. Air along the better watered .soutli-western coast districts it exists as a hardy forest tree, requir- ing for its propagation only that the ground be ploughed or otherwise broken up and sown at the proper season, i. e., wi ll the first winter rains. No plantations in south Africa, and few in other parts of tlie world, can be laid down so cheaply and so easily. It is as simple as sowing a held of wheat or oats. A good bushel of seed, or about 40 lb. to tbe acre, is required. The seed costs from 3d. to 4d. a lb., i. e., it can be obtained at this price from the Cape Government.— Melbourne Leader, Feb. 5. A Tea P.vcker is being sent out to the Poogbon Tea Estate. (As bulking at the factory is coming into vogue again, says a Darjeeling paper, these machines must come into more general use as it is almost impossible to get two chests ot tea packed exactly alike by the old methods of pressing in by the hand or feet, one chest is bound to contain more broken tea and dust than another. At the same time it is doubtful whether more tea is got into a chest by the machine than by foot (as some assert); so we ai'e informed by .some experts who have dealt with and .seen many. Lady-birds for Madras Planters. — The Government of Madras has promised to contribute R2,000 towards the expen.ses of sending Mr. H. O. Newport to Australia to collect and bring back ladybirds to exterminate the green bug and other scale ))esls which are doing so much damage to the cott'ee plantations in Southern India, on the Lower Pulneys especially. The Government’s con- tribution is a moiety of the calculated expense of sending Mr. Newport to Australia, placed at amaxi- mura limit of R4.000. The planters themselves have snb.scriLed K.5,100 for this particular purpose. “ Kaolin and Fireclays of high quality are reported to have been found in considerable quantities in several parts of Nt'v Mexico. The most important is situated near So''nrro, and is now being worked. A new discover.\ of a large deposit of fireclay and kaolin near Santa Fe is also notified.” A correspondent in sending the above asks “What about Ceylon Kaolin?” — In reply we can only say that we have some of the finest of kaolin, prized in ancient times by the Chinese for their fine ware. But although Sir Wm. Gregory tested it satisfactorily in getting imitation Sevres ware made from it ; yet it was not considei ed that it would warrant the cost of digging, packing and freight to export it. Hope for the West- Indies.”— In one of the Magazines Sir George Baden-Powell, a relia- ble colonial observer, finds the abolition of bounties insufficient for the preservation of tire sugar and other industries, and pleads for an Imperial department for information respecting West Indian products, in connection w’ith Kew : — “ The culmmating advantage would consist in ap- pointing a travelling Inspector of Tropical Products, who should, with a small staff proceed on regular tour, at the right seasons, to our tropical colonies to gather and to disseminate information of a thoroughly reliable and independent .character.” In fact — as a correspondent observes — what is wanted is a peripatetic “ f.A.” (“Tropical Agriculturist” !). — Our Monthly T. A. is secured and filed in most of the West Indian islands. Fish Manure and Weevils.— Recently a market gardener in Kent applied a heavy dress- ing of fish manure — the putrid carcases of sprats and starfish — on to a piece of poor land with the idea of enriching it. Soon after the ground ap- peared to be alive with small brown weevils, very similar to tlie Vine and Ra.spberry weevils, w’hich played dreadful havoc with the vegetables which formed the crop. Now the gardener is at a loss to know how to destroy the hard-backed marauders, and question.s the advisability of using putrid fish as a manure if it is the means of introducing pests of this kind. In many Raspberry and Strawberry growing districts fish manure is largely used, and the Raspberry weevil is the common enemy, and a hard one to fight. Is this pest introduced in the manure ? because if such is the ca.se it would pay Raspberry growers to let it severely alone. Per- haps other readers can throw some light on this matter.— Kentish Man. April r, 1898.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 68s JAVA TEA IN 1897. The annual report on the trade in colonial products f‘>r 1897, issued as a supplement to the Indische Mercuur ol Jan 29, contains the fol- lowing infoimation regarding Java tea, supplied by the firm of Wed. J. vander Chits and Zoon of Delft:— During the past year th' m were offered at eight sales in Amsterdam 4,871,504 half kg. of tea at an average price of 32^ cents per J kg. (about 1 1-10 lb. avoirdupois) (according to the official statistics of the tea warehouse superin- tendents). In order the better to demonstrate the growth of Amsterdam as a colonial tea market, we ajipend the totals of the imports, home consumption and exports since 1891. These amounted to: Import. Home consump. Export. i kg. k kg. i kg. 1891 . . 1,433,000 1,270,000 413,000 1892 . . 3,043,000 1,519,000 1,222,000 1893 . . 3,083 000 1,685 000 1,355,000 1894 . , 4,441,000 2,133,000 2,120,000 1895 . . 3,752,000 2,110,000 1,880,000 1896 ., 4 456,000 2,275,000 2,275,000 1897 .. 4,871,000 2,488,000 2,235,000 from which it appears, that the imports during 1897 were more than three times greater than only six years previously ; the Netherlands con- sumption almost doubled in that short period, whilst the export was more than five times as great ! The use of tea in this country is steadily on the increase, and shows an advance of about 9 per cent in the past year. As regards the priee.s as these eight sales : The first sale began well, and prices even exceeded the brokers’ rather hieh valuations ; the second sale went off at somewhat similar figures, ordin- a-y being even some cents higher. The circa 9.000 chests sold on April 22 went off dully, partly owing to the rather large quantity of or- dinary, and also on account of the little variety. Prices however were not in that ease lower than might reasonably have been expected. The auc- tion of June 2 again brought us a large quan- tity of ordinaiy, for which there was little demand. Tin’.; therefore again went off lower, whilst fine and finest teas showed a rising tendency. The demand for fine and best sorts was even more manifestly displayed at the sale of July 21, when a firm rise also took place. Notwithstand- ing the relatively large quantity (over 10,000 kgs ) all went off well, and ordinary was even some cents harder. On Sept. 9 again, over 12.000 che.sts were sold by auction, for which 400 difi'erent samples had to be tested. This quantity was however no hindrance to firm and generally higher prices. The choice also was a very good one, as buyers of the most ordinary could find what they wanted just as much as those who gave two guilders for the handsomest golden tips ever prepared by Assam or Ceylon planter. In our report on the sale of Oct. 20 we find that the prices were again on an average 3 or 4 cents higher, whilst we mention the plantations that, notwithstanding the distinctly evident advantages of our market, still continue to send their teas for sale to London. With pleasure we learn now, that the often crooked dealings and machinations on the English side, in order to retain in London that little portion of Java tea that still remains to them, have failed. With great satisfaction we see that two plantations that were formerly sold in London have now turned to the Netherlands trade. On Feb. 2 will appear 84 invoices of the Wana-Sari and Hardja-Sari plan- tations, as well as that of an entirely new mark, the Tjidjerock estate. These teas will un- doubtedly, when once they have been better introduced into our market and our consump- tion, be more considerately treated than in London, where they, in common with all Java tea, are with true English arrogance characterized as surrogates of the British Colonial hobby- horse and the product of Ceylon — which island these friends were moreover so good as to filch from us once on a time. The last of the series of sales of the year was held on December 8. We give once more what the Telegraaf reported regarding this : “ The firm result of the last of the eight sales held on the 8th iust. was a worthy conclasioa and a new proof of the strength of our Java tea market,” with which we fully agree. We advise planters — we have already re« peatedly brought this forward, and only Pan* gerango has complied, thus setting a good ex* ample— to keep before their eyes the fact that Java tea is a product grown by Netherlanders, consigned by Netlierland boats to a Netherland market, whilst in addition this product is to a great extent used by Netherlanders, or exported. We therefore gladly set forth with emphasis the following on the programme of 1898 : “New preparation” (or planting) for the super- session of “• Assam tea” or “Assam grown.” The word “Java” to be marked in large letters on the chests. “ Qe broken Pecco, Thee and oranje Pecco” in place of the foreign denominations now used, just as Wit- punt or zilverpant Pecco for socalled Flowery Pecco (with white tip) and for distinction from Ooudpant Pecco for the socalled Flowery Peooo (with gold « RUSSIAN TEA AGENCIES IN CEYLON, Mr. J. Findlay, special agent of Messrs. Mochanoff, Pechatnoff & Co., Merchants and Com- mission Agents, Hankow, Kiskiang, Foochow and Tientsin, who arrived here sometime ago and left for Hankow by the ss. “ Chusan ” has estaolished an agency of his firm here which is being temporarily taken charge of by Mr. Frank Blakwill who will be suc- ceeded in about two weeks’ time by a Rus.sian gentleman. We trust that the ’ firm will have a prosperous time. We understand that in the course, of the year, two or three Russian houses will open branches here and this, we think, looks well for il.e Colombo market, although we fear the Russians will nob have so large a selection as they would wish. That however is a matter which rests with the planters and London share- holders. At the present moment, the Colombo prices are said to be distinctly better than those ruling in London. We understand the Russians, however, prefer to buy their teas direct from Ceylon. About 70,000 chests of Ceylon tea were used in Russia last year, and we hope that, with the advent of Russian houses here, this quantity will be very largely augmented. It is very satisfactory to learn that Ceylon tea is found very suitable to blend with China, for Russian purposes — far more so than Indian tea —and everything points to our getting an in- creasing hold of the Russian tea market. Thero is scope for a manifold increased consumption of tea among the Russian people it only the heavy Customs duty was reduced. THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [April t, 1898. 686 A CEYLON PLANTER ON THE HUNT FOR TEA SEED. Mr. R. C. Wright, formerly of Deaculla es- tate, Hu'put le, who left Ceylon la.st Sepiemher, has ’beer, on a most extraordinary jonrney, which tried even liis well known powers if endniance— says a coi\temporary — through ihe Slian States in search of the wonclmful wild tea of Thehwa. His ohiect was to get the seed, and this took him seven hundred miles on foot through a wild uncivilised country. For three weeks he was tramping over native tracks and through jungle, sometimes up to his waist in an icy cold stream and sometimes grinding up lull under a b azing hot sun He was quite alone during the whole iourney as far as European company is concerned, but through good luck in getting a passjiort from the Hupaw Sawbwa, he was generally treated with courtesy by the natives. He started along a road with a bullock waggon of provisions, &c., and attendants ; then he went along accom- nanied only by an interpreter and a man who Ilid the cooking ; and when these ran away,— as thev 'IhF probably because they found the life too rough,— Mr. Wright was left to simply depend upon himself and his gun, shooting and cooking his own food and sleeping in the vil- lages as best he could. He admts that the wLle object of the journey was a failure, as thouf^h I'G saw a lot of splendid tea of the famous Manipuri jat, he could ^et no seed. It was however, a great success from a sporting and exploring point of view. Me understand he had some pretty large comnussioi s n. regard to the tea <=eed, and the sole reason why he could not »et it was because he was there at the wrong time^of the year, when the plants— some of them “>0 feet high — were flowering. " After leaving Ceylon Mr. Wright went to the Straits and Java to have a look round. He nroceeded to Batavia, and from there by steamer to Samarang and on to Soerabaya. 1 hence he went through the cottee district to see the ci^ee. He savs he thought it very line coffee. It snffeis, hp ‘»avs* from all tlie diseases we have in Ceylon, hut it is such a splendid soil that they do not Lem to have the same effect, and the planters are able to struggle against them pieii Mr. Wright worked his way bade overland by rail and whatever conveyances be could get, to Bataiia, or, 1 from there he returned to Singapore, and went fL a tour through the Malay States to epp the country. . rr , -A Then Mr. ^Vright went up to Burmah, with the object of going up into the Shan States and Lcmingthe wild tea .seed he was after, lyhicli 4ow8 principally on the banks of the I pp r Chindw n river and in he more Northtin of the States He sa\\ the tea at Pangmn. It was good Manipuri .jat, dark :caf, the trees about 12 feet high. They kept them down to about that height by chopi-ing the tops There were some trees about 20 feet high. He was told, however, that he could get no seed because it was the wrong time of the year. He Ind been niisinfoi nied and liad arrived in the So werfng season. It was round Nansam that the Wa was grown. It was .5,000 feet above Le'sea and vew large quantities of tea were ,r,-nwn there. Whole hill sides were cultivated. Some of the hushes were good, hut as a rule thev were cut. and h.acked about and spoiled for tea^bearing pnrpn-es. It was all one jat, Mani- Liri. whicli is the wild tea of Burmali. From what he could see. if it were properly cultivated, it would be very good tea, and of very fine quality. TRADE IN COFFEE Although by the publication of the stocks last Saturday the world’s visible supply of coffee was shown to have decreased during December by 4,870 tons, owing mainly to a falling off in the Brazilian receipts, there does not appear to have been any corresponding decrease in the quantity put on the London market, heavy receipts and a corresponding decline in value being the chief features of the trade since the turn of the year. Moreover the assortment of qualities is of the most varied description, and probably the difference between extremes is at the present moment wider than ever. Unfortunately the demand is in no way commensurate with the supply, and this is a condition of things which shows no improvement as time progresses. It is many years, however, since such keen depression has been ex- perienced as during the past twelve mouths. Ordinary qualities receded from 6:^s. to 40s., owing to the enormous receipts at Brazil ports, which presage a crop of over 9,5(10,000 bags. In the early part of last year low middling to middling realised 82s. to 95s., but these declined to 61s. and 76s., and East India showed a proportionate reduction. Brazilian sorts have been naturally most affected, and suffered a depreciation of nearly 50 per cent., good average Santos at the end of Xovember falling i»s low as 26s., while good to tine coloury descriptions, wbikh have been comparatively scarce, were least affected, and the margin between the values of fine and common is now exceedingly wide, ranging from 30s. to 105s. Since the practical extinction of the coffee crop and its extensive cultivation in Ceylon about a quarter of a century ago, the world’s supplies to London have never regained their normal chni-acter in consisting largely of good, useful home-trade qualities of planta- tion growths at moderate prices ; and pending the ope ing up of fresh sources of supply in Central America and other tropical parts — which by the utmost limit of production have at no time been able to make up for the virtual loss of the Ceylon dee- cripiion — the wholesale dealers in coffee have been put to all manner of .shifts and inconveniences to prepare for consumers in the United Kingdom a sofficieiit quantity of this excellent beverage, without, however, succeed!' g in gaining for it increasing popularity. In vain have other coffee-growing coun- tries tried to fill the place of Ceylon, for while Costa Rica, Guatemala, and other tracts of the Argentine territory have produced beautiful specimens of coloury sorts— familiarly known as “ fancy ” kinds among both dealers and exporters — the total weight of their respective crops at the outside has been only light ; and although Brazil produces far more than the rest of the universe put together, the style, quality, and taste of her coffee is certainly not that suited to the requirements of the users in this country. The extension of cultivation in British East Africa, however, promises to provide a better supply of coloury coffee, shipments showing considerable ex- pansion, whilo a moderate parcel has been placed on the London market from Fiji showing ordinary mixed q I bty. Buyers have in consequence acted very cautiously. The Costa Rica and Guatemala crops have been both fine in quality and abundant, but, the forthcoming crops will be probably 20 per cent, to 25 per cent, less on account of drought. Columbian has been in better supply, and shows a grtat improvement in quality. One effect of the lower prices is to Btimulate consumption, the European and American deliveries last year exceeding those of 1896 by some 75,000 tons, or fully 10 per cent. In spite of this, however, -European stocks have increased over 90 per cent., and the world’s visible supply on December 1 amounted to 374,870 tons, against 233,020 tons a year previous. — Grocers' Journal, Jan. 22. VANILLA IN ZANZIBAR. FItUITINU VINES IN THE .VIWEIiA V.4LEEY. Although there are many small patches of Vanilla growing on the island we never know till quite recently that Vanilla had ever flowered and fruited here. Vanilla is very popular hare as : ♦ ( April i, 1898.J THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 687 curiosity and an ornamental plant. I-olated vines can be seen in many shambas, both in Zanzibar and Pemba, trailing up coconut and mango trees. To Jack Savey of Dumbwi, Northwera Valley, belongs the credit of first having demonstrated that Vanilla not only grows in Zanzibar but flowers and bears fruit in due season. Jack Savey or Abdullah Brahim, as he is more correctly known among the natives, is an old ship’s Krooman. He was attached to H.S. “ Thetis,” and was paid off when the ’‘Loudon” was first commissioned. He therefore carries us back to what to moat of us is prehistoric times. In early life he spent fifteen years in Seychelles and learnt, among other things, to fertilize the flowers of Vanilla and to prepare the fruit. So when in his old age he settled down to enjoy the repose of country life in Zanzibar he planted some vines in his shamba. Today the vines tower above him in huge tangled clusters, threating to overwhelm his house. Jack neither trained nor tended his charges but quietly bided his time till the flowers should come, when he deftly put in the fertilizing point. How many crops of fruit he has had is not clear, though it is more than one. Some of the pods we saw at the beginning of December were 7 inches long and had four or five months’ growth before them. There is every promise therefore of good quality beans as far as size goes. ., , , We have before pointed out that not until a plant has produced fruit can it be said that it has found a congenial home. There is always the after question whether the quality and quantity of fruit is sufficient for market purposes. The fruiting Vanilla in the wera Valley has, as if by an accident, cleared up one hitherto doubtful point about this product. Plantations may be put down with the reasonable certainty that they will in due course come to flower and fruit. If the industry were seriously taken up here we see no reason why Zanzibar should not in time become a large exporting country, and run in harness with Eeunion and Seychelles. — The Shaiiiba. PLANTING NOTES PROM BADULLA : TEA AND FOOD STUFFS. March 5. One cannot help but think that the low price of our staple “Tea” must be pressing some planters a good deal ; economy in field and factory must be the order of the day, to make ends meet. What a tale our different tea com- panies are telling this year compared with pre- vious years in the way of dividends ! ! and I am very much mistaken if we liave seen the worst yet. With exchange .so high, and stilt going higher. And dear rice still continues al- though it is difficult to see why this last should be ; the many Clietty rice dealers in Ceylon must have been making their pile ever since the slip on the raihvay at Allasralla. Prices went up then, not only for rice, but everything else in the way of food stuffs which our coolies and even ourselves require for our daily sustenance, and when they are likely to fall again is a problem difficult of solution.' There is no reason what- ever why a great proportion of the food stutfs which are daily consumed should not be grown by the labourers themselves, as a rule. In fact it is the exception to find coolies on an estate without sufficient space to grow vegetables, etc., but they seem to go a bout it in a half-hearted way, and evidently prefer paying the grasping kaddy- keeper his excessive prices. — Cor. CHANGED TIMES IN TEA: HOW TO MEET THE NEW CONDITIONS. In the happy days when the rupee was allowed to follow its bullion value; when there were no currency tinkers to interfere with the present or endanger the future ; when tlie Indian mints were open, and Eastern trade w%'5 douri'^h-ng and pros- perous,— the planters were every now and agMn reminded, as the London nveraue for their teas grew less, that they were ‘ , vin- on Exchange.” “ Whar, would we do, if it rvere to go agains us ? ” was tire question the long-sighted ones put to themselves and others ; but as there was no pres.sing call for an immediate, answer, and as “short views of life” — Sydney Smith’s philosophy of happiness — brings most content, the question remained unanswered, and it wa« a good time the planters iiad. Now the in- evitable is upon us, and currency tinkering has given to the world the astonishing spectacle, of an Empire, with a dishonest coinage and statesmen who uphold it — this today, and in the face of all that history has taught ! — and instead of “living on exchange,” as had been so com- fortably done in the past, the planters are now called on to face and answer the question “ What is to be done now that Excliange rules against us?” The steadily-increasing stream of rupees, which a falling Exchange provided in such an easy way for the producer, is dried up, and instead of now living on Exchange there is the prospect ahead, of either going back to tlie primal condition of earning bread by the sweat of the face, or like tlie Polar bear, in its winter, to living on one’s own fat ! The former of the two alternatives is the better one, and it is evident that, among the planteis, there is a buckling to, and a deter- mination to make the most of things, in the hints which have appeared in the public prints as to the crying necessity of careful and cheap working, and a general alertness in regard to all estate matters. As tlie margin of ])rotit grows less and less, the room for “playing the fool” without being found out, is circumscribed ; and to show well after a year’s working, now that things are cut fine, will demand the prominence of qualities which were only secondary when the majority were able to live well on Exchange. Prominence has been given to the cost of plucking and calculations have been made to show how Tea Companies and private proprietors would benefit, if, instead of day wage.s, there were payment by results. To reduce the cost of plucking from 8 cents to cents, is, it is said, quite within the reach of pla .ters if there be combination among themselves, and contract plucking be insisted on. Those who advocate the new order, have tempting figuies to offer as an inducement to follow it. Those who are against it, have a dread of coarse leaf, a lower- ing of the qualities of teas, :nid a further run doivn of prices. Qualil)'. quality, quality, is what they emphasise, and to p.iick fine is but another name tor high cost. Cash pluckings on estates, whether it be on Saturday or Sunday, are we are told, always a bother ; for although the quantity harvested may be excessive and the average per cooly something handsome, it has often to be gone over again to gather out the hard and coarse, and the trees fre- miently suffer from indiscriminate stripping. Cost of plucking must always be subject to the kind of tea aimed at ; for, a fane tea is more expensive to gather than a meaiuin quality. Still, whatever kind may be desired, to be able to produce it at the lowest cost is what should be the aim of all ; for now that we are not living on exchange, and we have before us the prospect in the near future, of a considerable 688 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST, {April t, 1898. Increase of our total out-turn, to work cheaply will be an essential to profitable w’orking, and in aonie cases to existence. If contract jilucking is to be the salvation of some estates, and the gilt edging of others, there can, of course, be no reason why it should not be carried out. But, as things are at present, where, below a certain average, a full name is not given we have contract- plucking now in force, and the question is simply this, has the average demanded not been placed too low' ? What coolies can do when working for cash, — or as is often done, a name for a certain quantity, and money for the lurplus,— should open the eyes of most men, and the piece work, with its resulting higher wage is an appeal which Ramasami will not be able to withstand. It may take a little time before our estate labour force will pluck exactly as de- sired, and to the planter there would be at first a great deal of worry, and a call for alert at- tention : but that this could be overcome and that ere very long and without much friction either, we certainly believe. It would be folly of course to look for all the advantages of con- tract plucking to be secured just at once, but even a cent a lb. saved is something, and then to go on to further conquests. To judge yb a cash scramble of the quality of leaf which regular contract plucking would result in, is about as fair as to compare the scurry of a belated weeding contractor in diead of a fine, and the work thus produced, with the carefulness manifested when the contract is well in hand. But on the whole, our conclu- sion alter full consideration and reading and listening to the opinions of many planters, is . that “ contract plucking ” is for the low country where quantity, rather than quality, is the desideratum. The call for economical working is only mut- tering as yet ; hut it seems likelj' to increase in volume and imperativeness. At every point of an estate’s outlay there will require to be care- ful thought and keen economy. It is the cents which will have to be taken care of, and all over the manifold daily workings of tea proper- ties, there must brood the watchful eye, and a nervous determination to see that each individual labourer does his day’s work, and that carefully and well. With dwindling dividends, there is sure to come the cry of change ot management (and perhaps of Directorate 1) ; for, without divi- ends. Companies have no call to be. As an rmy is said to march on its stomach, so the sweet reasonableness of public Companies only lasts as long as dividend warrants are re- gularly received. When the Manager and Direc- tors fail, repeatedly, to produce these, there must be a rough time in store. Ceylon plan- ters have for some time hack had easy times. When an estate was good, and there was exchange to live on, slack management and nominal over- sight were not noticed much ; but now that a dishonest lupee has to be wrestled with, as well as low prices and an increasing output, the con- ditions are wholly changed ; and only to those who recognise this fact, and set themselves man- fully meet it, will there be a due reward. PERADEBIYA GARDENS AND CAMBRIDGE. On 25th January Mr. Pearson, B.A., of Christ’s College, Cambridge, who was recently in Ceylon for the purpose of r.otanical Research, read a paper before the Botanical Club on the Peradeniya Gardens w'hich was illustrated by fine photo * graphs. Professor Marshall Ward was present and took a part in the discussion that followed ; the question rvas gravely ]>ropounded *• why do more coconuts fall in the night than in the day,” and it was suggested that the explanation was to be found in the fact that the stem and stalk w'ere fuller of sap, because the leaves retained their moisture during the night, while they give it off freely during the day. Mr. Pearson would like to know whether it is an acknowleilged fact in Ceylon and elsewhere, that nuts do fall more in the night than during the day. Per- haps coconut planters will be able to speak with authority. Mr. Pearson has not yet re- ceived the botanical specimens in methylated spirits that he had collected, which shippers have fought shy of ; but hears they are now on their way home, so nothing can be heard at present of his researches in reference to the patana gras.ses of Ceylon. THE EFFECTS OF FIRE ON GRAZING AND THE PRODUCTION OF GRASS. Forest officers in their endeavour to extend fire con- servancy, consantlj find the objection put forward that fire protection will interfere with grazing. There is among agricultural people a fii'mly rooted conviction, which is not confined to natives ef this country, that burning off the dead grass that re- mains at the close of the autumn or in early spring, is a neces ary condition for a good cri.p of grass. It is said that burning not only causes the grass to spring earlier and yield a more luxuriant crop, but, also destroys a vast number of ticks and otiier it sects, which if unchecked, would render grazing an impossibility. On the other hand, it is asserted by Forest officers that the annual fires, though they may stimulate the grass to earlier growth, have the effect of kill- ing out the better kinds and leaving only the coarser varieties which cannot be eaten by cattle except when they are quite young. That this is the case and that constant burning must necessarily cause deterioration of the soil, seems almost self evident, but in the absence of recorded facts it is often diffi- cult to convince people who hold opposite views. It is hoped therefore that those who are in a position to do so will take the matter up and give the readers of the “Indian Forester” an account of the precise effect on the grazing or grass supply, of any protective measures with which they have been concerned. I have heard it stated that in many oases where fire protection has been for many years the rule, the grass supply has been so obviously improved that neighbouring landhoders have come to recegnize the value of such measures and have taken to fire-protecting their own forest lands, but I cannot find any reports in which such facts are officially recorded. Another point in which information is desirable, is whether fire protection alone is sufficient to im- prove the crop in areas set apart for the production of grass, and if so how many years it takes to obtain the desired results. So far, my own expe- rience has been that where rank grasses have once thoroughly establisi ed themselves, protection alone, unaccompanied by heavy cutting or grazing, only causes such grasses to grow more luxuriantly and that the finer kinds do not re- assert themselves. This, of course, applies only to bona-fide grass lands ; in areas under forest, the young trees which naturally come up as a rule kill out the tall glasses, but I beard it stated ti at this is not the case in chir forests, in which fire protection is said to stimulate the production of coarser and ranker grasses. — “X" in Indian Forester for February 1898. April t, 1898.] THE TROPICAL THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE COCONUT INDUSTRY. When reading the paragraph on Coconuts, in the Notes on Economic Proilucts in Mr. Willis’s Administration Report for last year, it struck us that the language used might be misunder- stood, if indeed it wa.s not itself due sto a mis- apprehension of the figures quoted. Our legal contemporary has been the first to trip in con- sidering the export statistics on which the Di- rector of the Botanic Gardens commented. Our fear was that the official comments, — as indeed those in the case of Cacao as well, — might lead to the impression that the e.vports show an uninter- rupted advance. Of Cacao, for instance, Mr. Willis writes “ The Exports continue to increase steadily, being .34,503 as against 31,366 cwt. in 1896.” The increase last year as compared with the previous year is beyond quesdon ; but a steady increase can scarcely be predicated of the pro- duct which in 1893 showed much larger exports than in the two following years, and which has shown the fluctuating tendency which character- ised Coffee after it had passed its meridian, when a heavy outturn was generally fol- lowed by a short crop. The remarks on Coco- nuts again may possibly sugge.«t to the unwary the progressive increase of exports — the comparis n of 1897 with 1896 being held to reflect the general increase from year to year. Caretul examination of the figures for any de- ceninial period will ^ow fluctuations in every product of the Coconut palm, save the Desic- cated Kernel in which there has been a steady annual increase since the industry was started, if we exclude the single year 1894, when there was a slight decrease as compared with 1893. That was due, as we explained at the time, to the Mills having worked short time for a few months, either owing to orders from home hav- ing slackened temporarily, or with a view to dis- courage would-be producers who were contemplat- ing erecting small Desiccating Mills throughout the country. There may be — there probably has been for years — a steady increase in the Coconut crops of the Island, the produce of the area com- ing into bearing being n’ore than sufficient to make good any shortage through bad seasons in particular districts ; but all the same, our Export tables— and it is on these Mr. Willis bases his remarks — do not show that progressive in- crease which we all desire, and which our contemporary of the local “ Examiner ” has assumed. In referring to the decrease in the export of Nuts in 1897 as compared with 1896, he rightly says it is insignificant, and is more than compensated for by the increase in the quantity of Oil and Desiccated Kernel ; but we cannot accept this increase as a reason lor the decrease. That would imply that we sent aw'ay all that we could spare. We should think the island would have been able to ship double the nuTnberof Nuts it did, if only there was a demand. The quantity of Nuts shipped is regulated by orders from Europe (chiefly) and by the cheap freight which may be available, rather than by the outturn of our Coconut-groves. As we pointed out in our article on the Export Statis- tics of last year, in our issue of 11th January, the Coconut Oil exported in 1897 represented only a fair average quantity, for while it ex- ceeded the exports of the two previous years, it fell short of the quantity for 1891, and w'as far short of that for 1892, wlien 550,977 cwt. agriculturist, 689 were exported. That quantity represented a total of 275,488,500 nuts ; and adiling to that, the numbers represented by Desic- cated and busked Nuts, w'e have close on 300,000.000 Nuts for 1892 ; where.as our Exports last year represent about 4U to 50 million Nuts less. There has not been any falling-olf in pro- duction ; nor ,vere the exports restricted by in- creased local consumption. The demand for Oil has been slack, and that doubtle.ss stimulated local consumption. Without a better demand for Oil, in the future, the supply of Nuts is likely to outstrip the demand. Then, the local “ Examiner ” is mistaken as re- gards Coir. The Exports last year were far in exce.ss of those for 1896, and Mr. Willis has had no monopoly in the statistics for 1897. They have been available to the public from the first week in January, and have been freely discussed and commented on ever since. PLANTING NOTES FROM KALUTARA. Neboda, March 8. We seetii to be fairly over the “ droughty ” season which has let us dow’ii lightly in com- parison with previous years ; for I have known in byegqne hot seasons quite a month’s dry weather at ibis time of year ; whereas this season we have scarcely had 12 days dry. But then our N.-E. monsoon (October-November) was a total failure and fortunately few believe in this monsoon for planting. The I'ewest (though not so new in this part of the world) of new products is Hevea Braziliensis (Para rubber) wdiich promises well from all accounts and fortunate are the lucky ones who have seed to sell. There are not nearly the qxiantity of seeds growing which are reported ; owing to damage done by porcupine-*, hares, cattle (especially) and weeders and 1 doubt if a quarter of the seed sold from various gardens ever grows owing to these causes. It seems regiettable to me that the Government should liave taken up the rdle of “ seed.smanand florist” in connection with the sale of Para rubber seed.s. I could quite understand it if tbs revenue of the Premier Crown colony was in danger of extermination from the collapse of our staple product. How'ever, I hope, that Mr. Willis’s Department will get the full benefit of the sales and that in future Reports (if this is to be the Government policy) we shall Iiear no more of cattle running wild in the Botanic Cardens and damaging valuable plants and all for the want of a few yards of wire fencing ! ^ THE HOT SEASON IN CEYLON AND SUMMER IN AUSTRALIA RABBIT AND INSECT PLAGUES. {Communicated.) The beginning of the hot and trying season (from middle of February till towards the end of May) has again came round, and no doubt many of us who from Vrusine.ss pressure or official duties .are unable to leave the low- country (from altitude 2,500 ft. to sea level) for “the hills,” — 4,000 feet and upward.s — will be forced to give a thought to the un- fair ness orinequality of our climate and to the ad- vantages of living in countries not styled the tro- 690 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [April i, 1898. pics, where we are apt to think a cool and invigor- ating atmosphere can always be shared equally by all. Tliough Ceylon is as tropical geograpliie- aily as it pretty well can be, yet we doubt very much whether it given the choice we should not prefer its climate generally to that which the Australian colonies have been experiencing during the last two or three months according to recent news received from there. Here iii Ceylon, at our hottest stations the maximum shade temperature seldom if ever exceeds 95 ® Fah. ; there it seems to reach as high as 125° or more, 110® being evidently looked upon as only an ordinary day temperatuie in summer.* Our annual rainfall (not counting the Northern Provinces) is anything be- tween 50 and 200 inches : whilst at Adelaide the total rainfall recorded for 1897 was only 15 inches and some odds. This scarcity of rain together with the recent heat wave have inevitably rendered everything of the nature of scrub and grass ex- tremely inflammable. Consequently bush fires fol- lowed, as generally occurs at this season, but this time it seems with more appalling effect than usual. Whole countrysides, it is said, are to be seen in flames for days, felling forests, devastating farms and settlements, schools, churches, etc., in- volving the lo.ss of human lives as well as great numbers of stock of all kinds. An escape from the omnipresent fires seems and sometimes is, im- possible, and tragic and melancholy are indeed many of the incidents related regarding the cir- cumstances. Though New Zealand, Tasmania, and New South Wales have all suffered severely from the devastation caused by these apparently spon- taneous fires, Victoria seems to have the largest areas affected, the severest form of the calamity being felt in the districts known as the Gippsland, “ the Garden of Victoria.” It is, however, the position of the individuals affected that com- mand the greatest sympathy. Flourishing settle- ments, the scenes of many years of arduous toil, have according to the Melbourne Leader been wiped out of existence, leaving hundreds of families home- less; audpver large areas “there is now neither food for the cattle nor, in many instances, catte to eat the food if there were any remaining.” Over Southern Australia generally the season which is now coming to a close seems to be re- ckoned as more than usually unfavourable to farmers and fruit-growers. The rabbit pest is still a question of serious dilliculty, notwithstand- ing the handsome rewards offered for the discovery of a successful and satisfactory method of dimi- nishing it. Poisoned water and phosphorised food are, at tlie reipiest of the Government, being tried as the latest remedial measures g but to these farmers especially have serious objections. The San Jose scale recently introditced, it is alleged, with nursery slock fiom California is also causing no .small an.xiety and trouble in agricultural districts. A greater nui.sance than this however seems to be the grasshopper plague, which consists, it is said, of several species, “ all numerous and all hungry.” They are so thick that “they can be taken up in shovel-fulls,” andin places so numerous that “it is with great difficulty the trains are able to get u]» the inclines on the Railway line.” At one place they have “ killed an avenue of 2-year old pines and are now attacking pine trees that have been planted for 20 years.” * The dry climate and cloudless skies seem to make a difference ; for as Pat said when reminded he was work- ing in the field with the thermometer at 110 in the shade, — “ Och, share the thermometer has no effect on the heat in this laud !” (South Australia.)— Ed. T,A. THE CACAO “TROUBLE” IN CEYLON. A gentleman acquainted with cacao cultivation in tlie West Indies and interested in the welfare of Ceylon, writes : — “ I hop^ the disease in the cacao trees will be found not of a serious character. Cultural efforts promise the best results. There is apparently nothing more in Ceylon than appears now and then in the extensive cncao districts of the New World. Good draining and thorough sweetening of the soil by the use of lime and replanting with strong plants should bring things round.” This is very much the counsel given by Messrs. Willis and Green ; but planters object that the trouble is present and persi.stent in what has been, for years, well-cultivated well-drained land, and where lime does not .seem to be required. We have confidence that if anything of aspecial nature, can be done to combat the fungus, Mr. Carruthers will be able by-and-bye to advise judiciously. “PLANTING IN SANTO DOMINGO.” Our monthly periodical brings us into contact with all parts of the tropical and sub-tropicai world. It is a link binding Ceylon not only to every British dependency cultivating tropical products, but also to a variety of countries outside the circl e altogether of Queen’s Victoria’s rule. Our latest communication is from a subsciiber who, as Engineer and Planter, is hard at work in the Republic of Santo Domingo, the Eastern half of the island of Haiti, with an area of 18,045 square miles — three-fourths of Ceylon — and a population rising to 700,000. From the “ States- man’s Year Book ” we quote as follows : — Of the total area, about 15,500 square miles ia cultivable. Tobacco culture is decliniug, while the production of coffee, co 'oa, and bananas, as well as of cane-sugar ia on the increase ; some attention has recently been given to cattle-raising and dairy pro- duce; the principal industries are connected with agriculture and forestry. Large sugar plantations and factories are in full work in the south and west of the Republic. Iron, gold, copper, coal, salt, and other minerals are found, but there is no mining industry. The chief articles of export and the quantiti-s in 1894 were : — Coffee, 860,000 lb. ; cocoa, 426,000 lb ; sugar, 20,000,000 lb. ; logwood, 512,000 lb. ; lignu'm vit», 2,8(50,000 lb. The imports consist of cotton goods, hardware, earthenware, breadstuffs, &c. Now for ourcorrespondent M. Bogaert, who writes from Santiago, under date 15th January, as fol- lows : — I am very satisfied with your magazine that was re- commended to me by a gentleman of Trinidad, and as I am a coffee and cacao planter I don’t think it would be possible to find one more useful and interesting for me. Allow me to answer several questions of your referen- dum : how to economise the available labour supply ; — 3. Only Company’s estates can afford the expenses of steam and electrical tramway transport. I think that a well macadamised road of 10 to 12 feet width and with gradients under 7 to 8 per cent will do better for single planters. They cost me only 30a the 100 meters. 5. I have tried all systems and finally came to this one which gave me excellent results. I made an allowance of 2os per acre and per year ; the profits on this sum are divided with my native foreman who is allowed to treat the weeding of parcels of 3 to 10 acres with his native people. Every sixth month we settle. This system brought me the weeding- cost down to 22s — the foreman’s part inclusive — and my books show me a constant decrease of the cost. It must be understood that the price of labour is here Ish, a day. Although selected weeding may be good to straggle against certain rapid seeding weeds, I think that an advised planter, if by any accident he sees his estate THE TROPICAL AGRICUT.TURIST. 691 April t, 1898.] invaded by the weeds, will take the bull by his horns and make six three-weekly weedings, and after that he can rest and go over to monthly cheap weeding. 10-11. I think It is necessary to stimulate the needs of our working people putting them in the “ boutiques,” “ tuudus ” or shops useful goods before the eyes, so they acquire slowly the notion of civilised life ; but I cannot condemn hardly enough the sell of “ aquardiente,” arrack, “ pulque,” etc., etc, — which is the source of all crimes of the natives and too, a source of difficulties between the planter and drunken labourers. I saw 'n your magazine Mr. Green’s suggestion to graft Caraccas cacao on Forestero. Has this been realized, and if so, please be so kind to indicate to me the manner it has been done. — Ed. Bogaert, c. e., and Planter. Mr. Bogaerts appears to be well off for labour which costs no more than Is a clay. We have not heard of any successful grafting being carried out as yet of Caraccas on Forestero cacao in Ceylon ; but if such has been the ease will h >pe to learn, with results, in answer to the present enquiry. We should be glad to hear from Mr. Bogaerts as to the pro.spec.s of Planting in San Domingo and how the staples pay as compared with the re.st of the West Indies. BUYING CATTLE IN INDIA. MR. STURGES.S AT BOMBAY AND KURRACHEE. Mr. G. W. Sturgess, the Veterinary Surgeon of the Ceylon Government, returned from Kurra- chee on 12th Mar h after an absence in India of nearly a month. . He went from Colombo by the M. M. ss. “Laos” to Bombay, starting on the 14th and landing on the 17th. Feb. Everything in that ei'y, he said, seemed to be in confusion : he stayed at the Esplanade- hotel and there and every where he Went there were evidences of precautions ag.ainst plague, disinfectants of various kinds been freely used. At the Esplanade-hotel he found M. Euinat, of the M. M. Company, residing : he was in good health and spirits. Mr. Sturgess saw funerals in Bombay, “ one after the other ” ami the whole town .SEEMED UNDER A CLOUD. He left on the 18th for Kurrachee in the B. 1. ss. “Dunera” and on board that vessel were 600 natives, who had been to Bombay to witness thedeparture for Europe of Agliakiian, a Persian prince. The natives (Mahommedans) were re- turning to Kurrachee and on ar ival there the boat was boarded by si.\ doctor-^ (four male and two female), who examined every one on board, WHETHER NA'I'fVE OR EUROPEAN. The result was that ten passenger.s were sent back (five men and five women), their tempera- ture being too high. They were suspected c.ases only and there was no actual plague on board. All the natives were quarantined at Kurrachee, but the same rule did not apply to Europeans, who were allowed to laud. Arrived at Knriachee Mr. Sturgess set about selecting cattle and for that purpose visited the principal villages and settlements within ten miles of the town. For this purpose he .secured by hire a Kurrachee police camel. The cattle in the district weie not in ,as good a state as they were last year, one of the results of the famine, but prices were about the same. In the dis- trict around Kurrachee there were no traces of plague and the effects of the famine were not very^ apparent. Mr. Sturge.ss secured his cows (32 in number) at 60 rupees each and also brought a bull, all being of the Scinde breetl He shipped them on board the ss. “ Independent,” which came direct to Colombo so saving the costand risk of transhipment : anci had a pleasant voyage home, until Cape Cormorin was seen, when the roll of the north-east monsoon produced a motion in the vessel not very pleasant. However the cattle were none the worse when they reached Colombo, none being lost on the way, and they W'ere driven y<'=terday aflernoon to the Government Dairy m good health. By the same vessel there arrived FIVE HUNDRED SHEEP which have been brought to Ceylon as an ex- periment in trading by an Indian merchant. The sheep are of the IScinde breed, black-faced and long-woolled. They cost in Kurrachee about B5 per head but it is understood that they will realise KIO here. They were landed in good condition. Whilst at Bombay Mr. Sturgess visited the Vet- erinary College, where there are seventy stu- dejits studGng for veterinary degrees. Amongst them is one from Ceylon, Mr. Chinniah, who is reported to be doing very well. There are near the College splendid wards for sick cuttle. Many of them were given by wealthy Parsees, and there i.s also on the premises a laboratory which is at the present time being used for plague inoculation. A correspondent adds:— “The herd consisted of .32 corvs (14 with calves) and a bull. Most of the cows are young animals, and it is to be hoped they will be found to be good milkers as the milk supply of the dairy is just now short of the demand from the hospitals.” RAMIE FIBRE. la the course of an interview with Mr. Kershaw, who is visiting the Australian colonies with a view to opening up a trade in certain cotton thread fabrics, of which he is an extensive manufacturer in Manchester, the subject of fibre plants other than cotton was introduced. With regard to cotton, Mr. Kershaw said that it certainly would iw I'. y togrow cotton in Australia for shipment to the liome mar- kets. The American grower got from 4 to -JJ cents (2d to 2Jd) per lb for his cotton. But it was not so much the fibre that paid the farmer as the by- products, such as cotton seed oil, oil cake, &c. These were worth more than the cotton itself. Speak- ing of other flbre.s, he said he did not profess to be an expert in Sisal hemp, but the demand for it was very great — in fact, almost unlimited. The quotation in the home markets of £40 per ton, he said, should yield a very handsome profit even if the working expenses and charges amounted to fifty per cent. If one ton of clean hemp is obtained per acre then, at even £12 per ton, it should pay well. On, tlie subject of jute and ramie, Mr. Kershaw was more emphatic. There is absolutely no limit, he said, to the market for ramie fibre. It was in every way superior to jute, and whilst the finer silk-like fabrics of jute, can be distinguished from pure silk, ii. is almost impossible to do so in the case of ramie fabrics. As to the price quoted - £30 per ton for clean fibre that was absurd. £.30 per ton meant about 3Jd per Ih. ; whilst the fibre commanded at least fid per lb. in the open market, or £56 per ton. The improved machinery wou d even have the effect of increasing the price, llamie was a fibre which lent itself to the most delicate fabrics, as well as to the coarser ones. From his knowledge of the trade, and from what he bad learnt whilst in the colonies on the subject of the adapts hility of tire soil and cli- mate of Kew South Wales and Queensland to the cultivation of the plant, he came to the conclusion that it was eminently worthy of attention — Queens- land Agricultural Journal, Feb. 692 THE TROPICA.L AGRICULTURIST. [April i, 1898. Royal Gardess, “ Kew Bulletin ” of Mis- cellaneous Information for Noveml)er 1897, has just reached us. Its contents We.st India Royal Commisson ; Micellaneous Notes ; Mr. J. H. Holland ; Mr W. Scott ; M Ipighi Celebration ; Botanical Magazine; Hop Hornbeam; Tropical Fern House ; Nepenthes House ; Durian in the West Indies ; Lily Culture in Natal.” The first article contains a great deal of very intere.st- ing information referring to the West India Islands visited and reported on. That of DOMI- NICA, administered by Mr. Philip Tenipler, is perhaps the most interesting to us. About it we read as follows : - It is with the development of the other industries that the Colony will be mainly concerned in future. In this direction there is no; only very good ground for hope, but considerable progress has already been made. The value of the exports of cocoa have risen from £6,^'!S in 1882, to £13,453 in 1896 ; of lime.s and lime juice from £5.102 to £14,851 ; of essential oils from £295 to £5,012; of fimit and vegetables from £607 to £1,348 ; and of c Ifeo from £321 to £967 in tiu same period. But this is not enough. If Dominica is to be self-supporting, if an efficient Government is to be provided for out of its revenue, and the people are to he prosperous, or even comfortable, these industries must extend still further ; and there is happily, no reason why this should not be the case. The great extent of the cultivable area of Crown lands has already been noticed. These lands are un- developed ; they are mostly covered with timber, much of which is said to be valuable. Care no doubt, ouglit to be taken not to create increased risks of land- slips or floods by allowing too much of tbe highest lands to be deforested, for the rainfall in Dominica is heavy ; but even allowing for the utmo-t caution in this respect, there is a great extent of land, especially in Layou and Sara flats, which may be cleared and cultivated. The soils of much of this is believed to be very rich and fertile, and the appearance of such patches as have been cultivated confirms the probability of its being so. Some of this land ought to be disposed of under proper regulations to peasant cultivators, and some of it may prove attractive to investors of capital or persons who are in a position to occupy and cultivate estates of their own. The Government of the Colony will have to be guided by circumstances in the disposal of it; it is not possible, under present conditions to say what opportunities will arise which may lead to its being occupied and cultivated. At the time of our visit all sale of Crown lands had been temporarily suspended owing to negotiations which were then pending for a large concession to a Company. We believe these negotiations have fallen through, but in any case the sale of Crown lands to cultivators in the suitable localities ought' to be resumed. 3^ * « * There is enough labour in Dominica for its pre- sent industries, but it is to be hoped that these industries, will increase, and, if so, their needs will soon outgrow the capacity of the present labour supply. By the time, however, that this takes place there will, we fear, be only too many persons in other islands in want of employment, and it should be easy to import many labourers from them. 3i( >K » * The present condition of Dominica is certainly one of depression, and it will need assistance from the Imperial Governm nt. Thi.s may be given as part of a general scheme for subsidised steam com- munication between the islands, and of a special scheme for opening direct commuiiicatiou between St. Vincent, Dorninoa, and New Yoik. Dominica will also share in any assistance which may be given to the system of botanic institutions in the West Indies. In addition to this the island should have some assistance from Imperial funds for making roads, which are essential to its progress. Such help need not be very costly, and need not be grudged, since Dominica may, if such assistance is given, be expected to attain a state of comfort, or even prosperity, and its capabilities and prospects are decidedly better than those of any other of the Leeward islands. Here again is a most iini'iortant chapter, full of warning to Ceylon as well as to any part of the West Indies : — DANGER or DEPENDING ON A SINGLE INDUSTRY. The recommendations involving expenditure by the mother country, which we have considered it our duty to make, are based primarily on the present and prospective depression of the sugar industry in the West Indies, but they are of such a nature that they should, in our opinion, be carried out even if the sugar industry were restored, temporarily, to a con- dition of prosperity. It is never satisfactory for any country to be entirely dependent upon one industry. Such a position is, from the very iiiture of the case, more or less pre- caiious, and must in the case of the West Indies result in a prepondering influence in one direction tending to restrict development in other ways. The representativ,^s of the sugar industry in the West Indies have had special means of influencing the Governments of the different i>loniea, and of putting pr, ssure on the home Governmc it to secure attention to their views and wishes. Their interests have been to a very great extent limited to the sugar iudustry, and they have seldom turned their attention to any other cultivation except when the sngar industry ceased to be profitable. The settlement of the labonr- ing population on the land, and the encouragement of the products and f'lrms of cultivation suitable for a class of peasant proprietors formed no part of their policy ; such measures were generally believed to be opposed to their interests, which they regarded, no doubt, as identical with the beat interests of the community, and in, at least, some of the Colonies met with opposition at their hands. If a different policy had found favour, the condition of the West Indies might have been much leas serious than it is at present in view of the probable failure of the sugar industry. The general statement regarding t le danger of depending on a single industry applies with very special force to the dependence of the West Indian Colonies upon the sugar industry, for the cultivatiou of sugar collects together a larger number of people upon the land than can be employed or supported iu the same area by any other form of cultivation. In addition to this it also unfits the people, or at any rate gives them no training, for the management or cultivation of tbe soil for any other purpose than that of growing sugar cane. The failure, therefore, of a sugar estate not only leaves destituie a larger number of labourers than can be supported upon the land in other ways, but leaves them also without either the knowledge, skill, or habits requisite for making a good use of the laud. In those Colonies where the sugar industry cannot be carried on without imported coolie labour the position of dependence upon this one industry is still more dangerous. In these cases not only is there a yearly charge upon the poblic revenue to meet the cost of immigration, but a liability for back passages is incurred, which a failure of the industry would leave the Colony without funds to meet. Whilst, therefore, the vital importance of the sugar industry to the present prosperity of nearly all the Colonies is beyond dispute, we wish to observe that so long as they remain dependent upon sugar their position can never be sound or secure. It has become a commonplace of criticism to remark npon the perpetual recurrence of crisis in the West Indian Colonies, and we submit that the repeated occurrence of such crisis, as well as the fact that the present crisis is more ominous tnan ny f the previous ones, illustrates ihe danger to which we have referred, and adds much force to onr recommendations for the adoption of special measures to facilitate the intro- duction of other industries. April r, 1898 THE TROPICALAGRICULTURIST. 693 LABOUR FEDERATION AND COAST ADVANCES IN CEYLON. Report of the Joint Committee of the Ceylon Chamber of Commerce and the Planter.3’ Association of Ceylon appointed to consider the question of Coast Advances to Estates Kanganies and Coolies with a view to their reduction. The Joint Committee of the Chamber of Commerce and the Planters’ of Ceylon have received the follow- ing replies to their recommedations, viz.; — 11 replies from Colombo Agency Firms, 16 from District As- sociations, and 4 from Managers of Companies. Of these 25 were in favour tf recommendation (a), and 3 against it; 27 in favour of (b), and 3 against; 28 in favour of (c), and 1 against ; 13 in favour of (d), and 13 against , 25 in favour of fe), and 4 against. The Joint Committee finally recommend the adop- tion of the following resolutions: — (a) To make Coast Advances a matter of yearly settlement, this not implying that outstanding ad- vances can in all cases be fully recovered, but that on all Estates there be a yearly reckoning and adjust- ment of advances as between Estates and Kanganies and Coolies. (ii) To adopt a system of Monthly Payment of Coolie wages within say 35 to 40 days, and in any events to make payments every two months. (e) To send advances direct to the Coast as far as possible, and to consult the convenience of the previous employer before taking on any local labour. The Committee would further suggest the desi- rability of recovering a certain proportion of advances each pay day when practicable. The Committee have advisedly omitted recommen- dations (d) and (e), the former because it has been disapproved of ; the latter because, on full considera- tion, it appears to the Committee inadvisable to continue a suggestion which seems to approve of the interference of the executive with the Police Magistrate. The Committee, in conclusion, would, in the interest of all concerned, recommend these resolutions to all Resident Proprietors and Superintendents ; and would urge upon Agency Firms and Managers of Companies to assist, s* far as lies in their power, in carrying them out, as the Committee are of opinion that, in many instances, it lies to a great extent with them to give practical effect to the Com- mittee's suggestions. Resolved ; — “ That the rules of the proposed Fed- eration, and the accompanying memorandum of the Joint Committee re coast advances be printed, and copies sent to the Hon. Secretary of every District Association for distribution to all planters in the respective districts with a request that each planter be invited to enroll himself as a member of the Federation.” 1.^ ■ - MEXICO AND ITS DEVELOPMENT BY CEYLON PLANTERS. One rosnlb of the establishment of an arti- ficial, disnonest rupee in India and Ceylon has, undoubtedly, been to send capitalists hitherto interested in the East, to seek investments in “silver” countries (i the Far West. Messrs. H. K. Rutherford, G. A. Talbot, and other gentle- men well-known in Ceylon have given attention to Brazil and invested freely in extensive collee property there ; Mr. Huntly Tilling, Mr. J. L. Shand, Mr. R. P. Macfarlane and others have made an investment in flosta Rica ; and now an influential Syndicate of Ceylon men have — accord- ing to our London Correspondent— completed the purchase of coffee property in Mexico. It is well that these facts, and many more simihar to them, should be brought under the notice of Mr Chamber- lain and Lord George Hamilton to give them ome idea of what India and Ceylon have lost, SS" and are losing, through the transfer of capital and ])lanting enterprise to America, which would surely have been given to the East had the Cur- rency not been tampered with. Of all American lands, it is likely that Mexico will prove the most attractive from this time onwards to our planters and capitalists. It has made wonder- ful strides in progress during the past twenty years under President Diaz— a born ruler of men, a firm and wise administrator. A generation ago, scarcely a road in Mexico was safe from banditti, who robbed and murdered with impunity. Now order and justice everywhere prevail, and as a London contempor.ary puts it “ today, great rail- ways, connected with the American trunk lines, traverse the country, thousands of tourists from the United States make the spring excursions to Mexico to enjoy a bracing climate and a life more picturesque in incident and colour than more northern climes afford, and travel in every partis — by the admission of Americans— more secure than in some of the South-Western States and Ter- ritories of the Union.” Then horv few of us realize what a great country Mexico is with its 767,000 square miles (equal to thirty Ceylon’s), magni- ficent climate on the extensive plateaux, enor- mous mineral we.alth and rich agricultural regions. Two-thirds of the vdiole silver stock of the world — says the ' Spectator— \\».?, come from Mexican Mines ; and at present general prosperity prevails with cheap living in view of a plentiful silver currrency. Of course we, in Ceylon, are most interested in the planting development of certain Mexi- can districts. Our Corre.spondent, Mr. W. J. Forsyth (formerly of Maturatta and Uva) has kept the readers of the Observer and Tropical Aqricidtwist for a long series of years back, fairly well acquainted with the coffee planting enterprise of Guatemal.a and Western Mexico ; and later Mr. Laing Malcomson (who was also for a short time in Ceylon) has ap- peared in London as a promoter of investments in Mexico. Very wisely, the gentlemen who turned their attention to coffee in Mexico sent out trustworthy agents of their own in Messrs. Naftel, Clark, Fort, &c. and as a consequence “Tapia” estate in Cordoba district has been purchased. Of this investment we are sure to have some information later on. Meantime, we are a good deal to blame for reglecting to notice before now a very interesting practical book on “ Mexico, its Progress and Commercial Possibili- ties” by Mr. E. J. Howell, F.S..S., kindly handed to us by Mr. W. IS. Saunders on his return some tinre ago from England. We are told how Mexico em- braces every climate from the temperate to the tro- pical, and how, with the exception of a narrow border of sea-coast, it is a lofty table-land between two oceans, rising to 4,000 and even 8,000 feet above sea-level, having therefore hot, temperate and cold zones and divisions. We must not on the present occasion do more than refer to the chap- ters referrino- to the sub-tropical products — coffee, cacao and rubber — in which we are most in- terested ; and we cannot do better than quote as follows from our author : — Coffee.— If there is one product for which Mexico offers the best conditions for its perfect growth, in the matter of soil, climate, and altitude, it is coffee. Experience has proved that the best flavoured and heaviest coffee is produced by these conditions, to- gether with a proper cultivation and preparation (or curing) for the market. All the coast States of Southern Mexico, of both the Gulf and the Pacific Coast, have excellent soil and climate for the growing THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 694 [April i, 1898. of cofiee. Coffee is raised principally in the States of Chiapas, Vera Cruz, Morelos, Oaxaca, Michoacan, and Colima, and can be grown in several others, while portions of Colima, Michoacan, and Chiapas, have perhaps the best conditions for successful cul- ture. The coffee of Uruapam (Michoacan) is celebrated, and is considered by connoisseurs to be finer than Brazilian coffee. The exports to the United States of this bean, during the fiscal year of 1887-88 am- ounted to $2,117,299. The total exports for the year 1888-89 were valued at $3,886,034. The rapid growth of the industry may be seen by noting the exports of the last few years: — 1887 8 $2,431,025 1888- 9 . . . . • • 3,886,034 1889- 90 .. .. •• 4,811000 1890- 1 6.149,808 Of this last amount the United States took $3,642,851, whilst a very small amount was sent to England. The enormous increase in production during the last ten years indicates a corresponding growth of prosperity, as, whilst the expenses of cultivation are small, the profits are large. The price of land suitable for coffee plantations is low, and may be purchased over a large area. The prices for suitable first-class land are: — The State of Vera Cruz „ „ Colima „ ,, Michoacan „ ,, Chiapas „ „ Oaxaca $1T3 per acre. 0-90 0-90 „ 0.62 0-44 Two companies, one English and one American, have lately been established to cultivate coffee in the State of Oaxaca. In Chiapas the landed proprietors are increas- ing their coffee plantations, and have organised an asso- ciation for protecting this industry. In the district of Soconusco in this State, there are now 26 Coffee plan- tations, which employ 1,520 men. The owner of one of these plantations states that there are sufficient coffee lands in that district still unoccupied to pro- duce at least 200,000 quintals of 100 lb, each of the berry. The cost of growing would not exceed $5 per quintal, or 5 cents per lb. packed in sacks and ready for transportation and as it finds a quick sale at the plantation at 20 cents, there is a profit of 15 cents per lb. at present in this industry. The coffee tree begins to yield the third year, but is net generally in full bearing until the fifth. The cost of the early cultivation is often coveied by planting bananas between the rows, which forms a shelter for the young trees during their growth, and more than covers all the expenses of tbe plantation, as this fruit commences to yield the first year after planting. Concerning coffee culture in Mexico, the following data is taken from a book entitled “ Coffee Culture on the Southern Coast of the State of Chiapas,” pub- lished by Senor Don Matias Romero, in the City of Mexico, August 1875 : “ The cost of each coffee tree, four years after planting, including value of public land and wages, at the rate paid then in Soconusco is about 11 cents per tree. The yield of each tree in its fouth year is two pounds of coffee, which, at the minimum price of 10 cents per pound, is 20 cents; expenses of gathering the coffee beans and other ex- penses until the coffee is delivered to the market, 5 cents per tree. Net profit 15 cents per tree.” Coffee husbandry will therefore form one of the most remu- nerative of Mexico’s agricultural products, as there is a vast area specially adapted to its culture lying adjacent to ports, from which shipments can be con- veniently made to Europe. Rubbek. — Rubber planting is very profitable, and is largely increasing, especi, illy ui the States of Chiapas, Oaxaca, Vera, Cruz, Tabasco, and Guerrero. In the first-mentioned State, on the Pacific coast, there exist extensive forests of rubber trees, which are only neces- sary to tap in order to obtain the substance. It is estimated that Mexico could easily produce rO.OOO tons per annum, which would command the same price as the best quality of Peru rubber, for the trees are identically the same as those in Brazil. It only re- quires the same treatment after the gum is extracted to produce an equal quality rubber. The present method of collection is by the Indians, who sp oil both the rubber and the trees by their unscientific and wasteful methods. The rubber is cured in a priini tive fashion, both the good and poor qualities being mixed together. Labour is abandoned and can be readily instructed to collect and cure the rubber to produce better quality, which being done, would largely in- crease the demand for Mexican Rubber. The Mexican Minister in Washington owns large tracts of land in Chiapas, where he has planted largely, and obtains a considerable and steady revenue from his estates. It is a tree which gives little or no trouble in cul- tivatien, requiring no preparation of the land, as it seems to prefer poor and arid soil. In fact, it yields a finer quality rubber if it is planted under such conditions. The cost is about £9 to £10 to plant an acre with 300 trees, which is about the largest number to plant without overcrowding. The average yield of sap from a tree in four or five years is six lb. giving a total of 1,800 lb. to the acre; this would boil down to about 800 lb. of solid rubber, and when sold would realise about £24, giving, say, £20 net profit to the acre. This profit would gradually in- crease until. the yield would more than double in the eighth and succeeding years. Cocoa. — Ooooa-planting is one of the oldest indus- tries of Mexico, for the cocoa palm, known botani- cally as cacao theobroma, is indigenous, and was largely cultivated by the Aztecs. It is a source of considerable revenue to Mexico, for like most other agricultural industries in the country, where labour and land are so cheap, tbe cost of growing is pro- portionately low. Over 400 trees can be planted to the acre. There is a small return in the third and fourth years, but the yield is large enough in the fith and sixth to pay all expenses with a little over. In the seventh year the trees ai'e in full bearing, continuing so for 30 years and over. The trees like lemons, bear buds, flowei's, and fruit at the same time, so that ripe pods may be collected at any time. but there are periodical harvests depending on the dryness of the weather. Each tree yields about 60 pods which contain from 20 to 30 beans, which should give about 13 to 14 lbs. of cocoa beans, or an aggre- gate of nearly 7 cwt. per acre, and consequemly pays handsomely. The cocoa bean is chiefly cultivated ia the States of Tabasco and Chiapas. The best is grown round the Port of Soconusco, near the Guate- malan frontier, and is considered by connoisseurs to be of the finest quality grown. Its flavour and natural richness commends it to manufacturers in England. Chocolate sells at Soconusco for 20 cents per lb., and an excellent opening is offered for the cultivation of the cocoa tree on a large and systematic scale. Mexico had a population at the Census ot 1895 of close on 13 million — 19 per cent being pure white race ; 43 per cent mixed ; and 58 per cent of Im’iaii race. Mexico, tlie capital, is a town of 350,000 people, of whom perhaps 8,000 are foreigners. The following passage from the latest Statesman’s Year-book is of interest in this con- nection : — Government has assisted in introducing plants of vines, olives, and other fruit trees, while seeds of vegetables and of silkworms have bee ■ distributed gratuitously. The chief agricultural products are rice, maize, barley, wheat, beans. The cultivation of cocoa, coffee, and tobacco is extending. In 1893-94, 18.563 tons of coffee were exported from the Republic; in 1894-95, 16,247 tons; and in 1893-94, 356 tons of manu- factured and 1,596 tons of raw tobacco were exported; in 1894-95, 360 and 929 tons respectively. Henequen is grown chiefly in Yucatan. The fibre exported in 1894-95 amounted to 147,984,457 lb. Other products are cotton, sugar-cane, vanilla, cacao, indigo, rubber, bananas. Large numbers of cattle are reared in Mexico for the United States. In 1883, in Northern Mexico alone, on an area of 300,000 square miles, there were 1,500,000 cattle 2,500,000 goats, 1,000,000 horses, and 1,000,000 sheep. In the whole of Mexico in 1883 there were 20,574 cattle ranches, valued at 103,000,0001. April i, 1898. J THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 69s Mexicau is rich in miaerals, gold, silv ?r, lead, iron, copper, quicksilver, tin, cobalt, antimony, aulpher coal, petroleum, being either worked or known to exist. There in the country (April) 1, 1834) .8,167 mining enterprises, of which two-thirds belong to Mexico companies or individuals, and the rest to foreigners. In 1893 there were in Mexico 2,899 factories for sugar and brandy; 123 for woollen and cotton yarns and textiles ; 41 for tobacco ; the total number of factories being 3,844. In 1893 there were nearly 7,000 miles of rail- way open, and 127 miles of tramway, besides a large mercantile marine. Telegraph lines covered 41,000 miles and there were 1,560 Post offices. All this will show how far advanced Mexico already is, and yet the scope for further deve- lopment agriculturally — and especially in tropical planting— is very great ; while the proximity to American and European markets gives an im- mense advantage to producers. RUSSIAN TEA BUYERS IN CEYLON. Mr. Isgaresoff and Mr. Daniloff, representatives of the well-known firm of Messrs. Popoff, arrived in Colombo by the ss. “ Polynesien” and were met by Mr. A H. Thompson, the tea- maker, with w'hom they have been engaged the greater part of the day testing tea for Wednes- day’s sale. Mr. Isgaresoff proceeds to China and Mr. Daniloff remains in Ceylon to do business in the Colombo market. AMSTERDAM BARK MARKET. Our Amsterdam representative wires us this after- noon that the result of the bark auctions in Amster- dam today was a drop in the unit of 1.4 Dutch cents, per half kilo., the average unit today working out at 5h cents. (Id. per lb.), against 6.9 cents, at the last auction, a decline of over 20 per cent. It must be remembered, though, that only 2,953 packages were sold out of 6,547 offered, so that a large pro- portion of the bark appears to have been firmly held. The lowest price obtained for Manufacturers' bark was 10 cents, and the highest 46 cents, and the lowest iox Di-u(j gists bark 8 cents, and the highest 90 cents. The tone of the auctions was quiet. Below in tabular form we give the total quantity of quinine (in bark form) offered and sold, and the names of the chief pur- chasers with the amount of bark they purchased stated in quinine equivalent English and American Quinine factories (principally) 1,891 kilos. Auerbach factory, 1 282 kilos. Brunswick factory, 3,248 kilos. Mann- heim and Amsterdam factories, 4,269 kilos. Frankfort and Stuttgart factories, 70 kilos. Miscellaneous buyers, 1 533 kilos. Total sold, 10,690 kilos. Bought in or withdrawn, 18,257 kilos. Total offered, 28,947 kilos.— British and Colonial Druggist, Feb. 25. PRODUCE AND PLANTING. The Tea Tbade op Formosa. — Mr, Davidson, the United States Consular agent at Tamsui, Formosa, in a report to his Government, gives some interesting particulars about the tea trade of the island. It is stated in the report that, out of a total yield of some 450,000 half chests (18,900,000 pounds) for the season, more than half have been settled on the Tamsui market for foreign firms the remainder having been consigned to the native ,brokers tag Amoy (a Chinese port lying directly across the Channel from North Formosa) for disposal on that market, where teas are sold in blocks of several hundred each, and the buyer is obliged to take the whole string, good and ad. Such of the purchase as is below the standard then usually returned to Formosa, where it is mixed with a good quality of green leaf and takes its place later with the others as a grade np to the standard* Of the total export, it is estimated that over 90 per cent goes to America and the balance is distributed between Great Britain and the Straits Settlements. The Chinese control the Straits Settlements trade, so that for all practical purposes it may be said that the foreign tea houses are exclusively engaged in supplying the American market. The handling of the trade is divided among five foreign firms, who, with one exception, have their head offices in Amoy and branch offices in Formosa. For several years none but English firms have been engaged, but two years ago an American firm succeeded an English firm in Tamsui and they have already been able to obtain their share of the trade. There has been no serious attempt made on the part of the Japanese to enter the tea business either as planters, packers, or exporters, with the single exception of one company, which packed some 12,000 half chests to be disposed of to the foreign firms and made two small shipments totalling some 800 half chests (33,600 lb) of autumn teas to America via Kelung and Yokohama, It would seem difficult at the present high rates for freight first to Kelung and from there to Japan for Japanese to com- pete with the other exporters, if the Japanese con- tinue to send their tea via Kelung and Japan, instead of Amoy, as is done by the foreign exporters. Amoy and the Formosa Tea Trade. — Amoy, China, is dependent to a great extent upon the Formosan tea trade for its prosperity, and there has been some apprehension in that port as to the likelihood of Formosa absorbing a large share of their business by making direct tea shipments to America It would appear, however, that there is no probability that such will occur for some years to come. In order that this may be understood, it is necessary, said Mr. Davidson, to explain the peculiar condition existing in North Formosa. The present centre and most convenient station of the tea dis- trict is Twatutia (a suburb of Taipehfu, the capital). After the tea has been packed and rolled sufficiently to permit of its transport, it is carried to the hongs at Twatutia where it is fully prepared for foreign markets. Down the river to Hobe, where the ship- ping is done, is an easy sail of some ten miles for the cargo boats, a'^d there the steamers, lying in quiet waters, are loaded with perfect ease and convenience. The cargo-boat charge to Hobe is about |d per half chest, and the freight to Amoy2Jd. At Amoy the large American-bound steamers find it not much out of their way to call in for the tea which has there been packed ready for the foreign markets. "With the facilities for loading in that harbour, they are only detained a few hours. Formosa can offer no such advantages. Tamsui harbour (Hobe) ad* mits only vessels which draw less than 13 ft., while Kelung, in the present condition of its harbour, is unsuited. The harbour is being improved, but it will require many years before the work is finished, and even then there are other difficulties nearly as great. At to the suggestion that the final packing of tea be done in Japan it would seem necessary that railway running to Kelung be prepared with big trains, useful only during the tea season, to carry the tea to Kelung at the same rate as the cargo boats charge to Hobe — Jd per half chest — and that steamers carry it to Japan for the same rate as it is now carried to Amoy, 2|d per half- chest— for the reason that the rate from Japan to America and Amoy to America are about the same. Steamers cannot, however, carry tea from Kelung to Japan proper for 2^d and pay expenses. Again, it has been said that the American steamers would call at Kelung and pick up the teas as they do at present at Amoy. But it seems unlikely that Kelung can be made as safe and quiet a harbour as Amoy, and even were ic accomplished, it seems improbable that the American steamer would care to take the journey around the storm-ridden shores of North Formosa, if the tea could be ob* taiucdflit Amoy. 696 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [April i, '.898. Upon the establishment of the Japanese adminis- tration in Formosa, the people were relieved from all taxes for one year. At present, however, taxes are again imposed, including a tax on tea. The impost is 2.40 yen (.5s) per picul (1331b), which, with the addi- tion of the customs-export tax of 1 10 yen (2s 3Jd), gives a total, impost of 3.50 yen (7s 3Jd) per picul (1331b.) Although this is larger than the Japanese mainland tax, it is small compared with either the old tax in the island, 6.20 yen (12s lid), and the present Amoy tax, 6'85 yen (13s 5d). ♦ THE INDIAN TEA ASSOCIATION (LONDON.) EXTRACTS FROM MR. BLKCHYNDEN’.S REPORT FOR THE YEAR 1897. Mr. Blecliynden, in hi.s annual report for th« year 1897, addressed to the Secretary of the Indian Tea Association (London,) says : — JOINT ACTION WITH CEYLON. it affords me great satisfaction to he able to state tliat the com]ilete alliance with the Ceylon Association, which was entered upon in 1896, con- tinues in full force and has remained upon the most harmonious footing. This solidarity has been a great source of strength to both Associa- tions in their relations with the trade here. This aspect is as important as the financial side of the question. From the latter point of view alone the working power of the two Associations combined has been more than doubled. SUB.?! DIES. As progress in the taste for our teas in this country shows itself more and more as time passes, we have been able to modify the system of giving subsides or grants in aid to firms handling and pushing them. When we made our lirst steps in this direction our aim was to encourage linns not hitherto interested in India and Ceylon teas to identify themselves with their introduction here and thus secure the machinery at their command to that end. We had also to offer some encouragement to some firms already in that line, of busine.ss to continue efforts wliicii had in many cases not proved very remunerative. The plan has worked very well, but has the objection that it is liable to abuse and we have more recently preferred to follow it in a modified form. As pointed out in my last report, the system of grants insures the expenditure of each sum under proper supervision, and work can be done and territory covered which would cost the association a great deal in salaries and expenses to supervise were it done directly. TRAVELLING. During the year I have visited most of the large centres where work is going on at different times, and they have been visited by Mr._ Ma''kenzie in- dependently. This work of inspection is very use- ful and should be done more frequently than I have been able to spare time for. It is only by actual inspection of Ihe work as it goes on th.at we can be satisfied that the spirit as well as the letter of our arrangements are being carried out. During the summer, when there was but little to do here, I visited London and had the advantage of person- ally meeting the committee. While in London I called u])on some firms and had the satisfaction of interesting at least one of them in the American work, which 1 had not heretofore contributed to- lYards it, LETTERING STORE.?. The work in this direction has fallen off considerably. This is due to several causes. The firms who used to apply to us on behalf of the grocers are now nearly all engaged in pushing packets of their own, and are not desirous to give prominence to “ India and Ceylon Teas ” in a general and not in a particular way. Many firms have letters similar to those we use for their packet goods. Finally the teas are low pretty generally sold by grocens, and is not an uncommon thing to which special attention has to be drawn. There are many storekeepers — who hang up rough paiier signs in their windows, call- ing attention to different things at different times — who now include our teas in such notices. .SHOAV.? AND DEMONSTRATIONS. As the system now adopteil throws all such work as would come under these heads into the hands of packet and otlier tea houses, the small expenditure incurred undei these heads was very early in the year under review. ADVERTISEMENTS. The expenditure under this head is by far the heaviest item in the accounts for tlie year, being more than double that of any other item, and equal to about two-thirds of the entire expenditure under all other heads put together. As has been stated in another part of this report printing has been charged to this head ; the balance consists mainly of two items — newspaper and magazine advertising. Under this head, too, have been cliarged several special advertisements which have appeared in souvenir programmes, such as that for the in- augural ceremonies at 'Washington, during the installation of Mr. McKinley as President, and others of less importance. During the summer months we had a Vitascope advertisement running in a prominent situation on Broadway in the heart of the theatre district. Of course such thing.s are displayed at night only. This advertisement at- tracted a great deal of attention, asitis compara- tively new to have such displays, and we succeeded in making ours very striking and dramatic. As an advertisement of 200 dols was offered for a poem of twenty lines, descriptive of Indian and Ceylon tea. Over 5,000 essays were sent in, and a committee awarded the prize to the succe.ssful competitor. A.s regards newspaper and magazine advertising I have little to add to my report on this subject on the plan we adopted in 1896. We have changed many of the magazines we then used and taken up others, but the ag- gregate eirculation is probably about the same. In addition to the daily newspapers ‘we have space in t!ie leading commercial journal of this country, published in New York, which we use as we require it. The statistics of the tea imports into this country we published in this paper for the first time, and that advertisement caused a good i deal of comment, the facts not being at | that time thoroughly realised even by peo- i pie in the trade. We were able to show i that the consumption of our teas in North i America had increased by about 54 per !i cent, in two years, against a decrease of 13, 40, j! 23, 13, and 53 per cent, in the consumption of ( other teas, the only kind besides ours showing an if increase in the same period, Formosa Oolongs, j, having gained 13 per cent. The final or actual | figures were not at the time and are not yet | available, but closer estimates can now be made § and even in the last case we will be able to show il that there has been a falling off and not an increase 1 April i, 1898.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. in the consumption of Formosa teas, some five million pounds, it is now estimated, having been shut out from this country by the action of the New Tea Law and the regulations in force. GENERAL REMARKS. In the last paragraph I referred to the New Tea Laws, Soon after they came into force it was found that the regulations intended to give them effect were so framed that they would exclude practically all but our coarse teas. These regula- tions read that our teas were to be tested with a number 16 sieve, and when more than 10 per cent, of leaf passed through the meshes it was to be classed as dust, and the tea either rejected or the excess “dust” removed before importa- tion. I had to deal at such length with the matter at the time in my letters to the com- mittee that it is needless for me to enter upon it again here, or to point out the hard- ship and injustice of this rule. It was not so much the actual harm that was done at the time (though one firm alone had some 45,000 lb of packet tea excluded at one time), but the effect of the rule on firms importing tea was to leave them in doubt as to what would be passed as tea and what classed as dust. Ihe order hit the packet firms ■■ particularly, as in their case when tea was found to contain more than the 10 per cent, of fine leaf each packet would have to be broken open, the tea bulked and passed through the sieve, and then re-packed. After a good deal of trouble and much agitation and pressing the rules were revised in our favour, for which ’t was neces- sary to convene a meeting of the merchants, who acted as an advisory committee to the Treasury Department in drawing up the rules. Owing to the circumstances surrounding the case the tea importers most deeply interested found that they could not act as vigorously as they might wish to do, and the active work therefore rested with the associations, which be- ing independent bodies, had nothing to gain or fear fiom being in a position of seeming opposi- tion to the wishes of important members of the trade. The position I w’as forced therefore to occupy for a time has brought me a recognition far beyond anything I merited from some of the leading importers, who the day before Christmas presented me with a very handsome letter and a cheque for 500dols. to mark their appreciation of what the associations had done. — H. and C. Mail, Feb. 25. OUR TEA industry AND A YEAR’S LOSSES. We preached “caution” the other day in view of the outlook in the local money market. “A Man of Rusiness” emphasizes the lesson after a startling fashion in dealing elsewhere with our staple planting industry. He shows that the tea planters of Ceylon have received, approximately, ten million rupees less in 1897 than in the previous year for their produce ; and he rightly infers that if exchange is to con- tinue as adverse as at present and if prices do not improve, the outlook for our planters is a serious one. Already, we hear the question of abandon- ing tea fields yiehling less than 300 to 350 lb. per acre is being considered, and certainly there should be a w'arning to our authorities, both here and at home, in the figuresso far adduced, and in the out- look so far as it can at present be estimated. “ Caution ” in dealing with the general revenue ought to be a primary consideration. 697 MEXICAN PRODUCE AND ESTATE SYNDICATE, LTD. This Company, of which our readers have already heard through the letter of our London correspondent, is going in for a very large in- crease of capital. This Syndicate was (says a contemporary) formed in October, 1897, to take over certain options to purchase properties in Mexico, and to send out an experienced Ceylon Planter, to report upon same, with the view of subsequently forming a larger Company to purchase such pro- perties as were reported upon favourably, and which could be obtained on resonable terms. The Syndicate secured the services of Mr. Cecil O. Naftel, who is well-known in Ceylon, having held for many years the responsible post of Inspector and Valuer of Estates in that Colony. Mr. Naftel proceeded to Mexico in November last, accompanied by several other Ceylon Planters interested in the Syndicate, and the results of his inspections so far are favourable to several of the properties reported upon, but inasmuch as the owners are disinclineil, at present, to extend, the options for such a period as -would enable the Syndicate, if the shareholders thought fit, to form a larger Company for the purpose of acquir- ing them, it is submitted to the shareholders, that the best course to pursue is for the Syndi- cate to make a start by themselves by ’ pur- chasing one property outright, and the “Tapia” estate has been selected, as the most desirable under the circumstances. Mr. NafteTs very favorable opinion, it is stated, is shared by Messrs. John Clark and J. G. Fort, both ex- perienced Ceylon planters, who have lately re- turned trom Mexico, having visited that country in order to satisfy themselves, by ocular proof that coflfee cultivation there answered to the favourable descriptions given of it. As compared with Brazil, the advantages of coffee cultivation in this district of Mexico are declared to be immense— labour, transport, and freights are as cheap, or cheaper, whilst the quality of the coffee is so much superior to that of even the finer grades of Brazil coffee, that at the present time, when Brazil coffees are fetching prices of from 30s to 40s, according to quality, the product of the “ Tapia” estate finds buyers at from 65s to 85s per cwt., sales having re- cently been made in Mincing Lane at these prices. The Syndicate has the offer of the estate for $.300,000, inclusive of the present crop which is almost ready for shipment, but the Directors hope to obtain some reduction in this price. Accord- ing to Mr. NafteTs Cvstimates, which the Direc* tors are satisfied have been made with great pru« dence, the nett income from coffee alone during the coming season (1898-1899 cro[)) will be fully $40,000, on the basis of the above value of 55s per cwt., besides which the Directors are informed there was last year a profit of $6,000 from sundry sources, cattle etc., which amount this year should be larger. After allowing for interest on the Mortgage Debentures, and the London expenses of the Company, this will leave a return of not less than 10 to 12 per cent on the share capital and were the ))resent market value for this coffee realised, the returns would be considerably larger. The proceeds of the in-gathered crop of 1897*^98 which IS, as already stated, included in the price to be paid for the estate, Avill be utilised as work, ing capital, and for opening out new coffee plan- tations. The amount thus realised should be ample for all requirements. As the Syndicate ie 698 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [April i, 1898. purchasing the estate direct from the owner, there are no intermediate profits, and the whole of the purcliase money will be paid to him, plus a small commission to Messrs. Wm. Young & Com- pany, who effected the introduction. In due time, as opportunities offer, it is the intention of the Directors to acquire other first-class properties, which will involve the formation of a larger Com- any, by which the shareholders of the present yndicateare to greatly benefit. — Local “ Times.” NILGIRI TEA. Mr. George Christison, the well-known Dar- eeling planter, who recently made a short stay in Coonoor, gives the following opinion on Nil- giri tea : “ I like your District in many ways. Your soil generally is very good, and your tea looks healthy and well. Of course without be- ing with you all the year round, 1 cannot form any very reliable opinion. ... As you must know, your tea has not been in good favour in the London market. This may, I think, be remedied in some measure.” — M. Mail, March 15. CEYLON NORTHERN PLANTING DISTRICTS. ( Communicated. ) CHANGED TIMES— THE OUTLOOK FOR TEA— LA- BOURERS NO LONGER RULE— NATIVE TEA GARDENS LIKELY TO CLOSE— BRIGHT-EYED HOPE ! Just at present the climate of the districts of which the Knuckles may be taken to be represen- tative is matchless, bright, cool, and still. The out- line of the hills is very sharp against the sky, and the shadows are wonderfully distinct. It is not always like that in this quarter ; more than usually favoured with rain for the last two years, a dry, season like the present is all the more enjoyeS, and the flush which is vigorous and plentiful indicates how willing the trees are to respond. Tea however is somewhat under an eclipse, and when it is mentioned it is not with that fond respect that was wont to be. The uestion is “ Where are we bound for ” ? and any- hing from a hard, worrying struggle to out-and- out bankruptcy and abandonment, is the ansAver given according to the disposition and temperment of the answerer. When every planter’s eye has ))een opened, and got concentrated on the tea problem, it is not much in the way of a fit fact that is overlooked, and when you have had a series of doses of doleful ditties, all on the one subject, it becomes a little monotonous, not to speak of depressing and if you can’t see any clearer way out of it, just take refuge in the comforting thought that “it is the unexpected that always happens.” All the same the outlook is serious enough, and you hear of the stirring of Company Directors issuing orders for impossible quantities at or over market average -that delightful combination of quantity and quality combined, which would .suit Managing Directors and find the dividends, the shareholders demand. “You must do it or die” is the stern mandate “ and I give you a year to accomplish it. ” Accomplish the impossible ! 'What a task ! Clearly the times are out of joint, abd w« will all have to hustle, to keep step them. Even the Coolie who has had his innings is now finding out that he has reached the end of his tether, and the changed tea horizon is reducing Ramasami from the glorified individual he was when labour was much needed, hack into his normal state. The gangs that are heavily indebted are handed “tundus” and invited to seek pastures new, a clear manifestation that there is a fear abroad that “ to hold the baby ” now, is rather precarious. These silver- gilt Malabars, don’t find that theie is anything like the former willingness to pay up anything that may be asked, and after much wandering and eye-openiim they come back — unsuccessful. Here the trouble does not end, for with a debt which they can never work off, and the caddie keepers hungering for blood, and threatening law- proceedings, the place gets rather hot for the silver-gilt, and they incline to fold their tents like the Arabs, and silently steal away. There is likely to be a good deal of bolting of small gangs, and a loss of coin therefrom. Those Companies who some time ago w-eie pre- pared to give any advances, and had no hesitation to lavish out, now that dividends are difficult to earn and the Directors’ fees are sacrilegeously handled and questioned, ivill, „ perhaps, postjione w-riting off lost advances, but it will have to be faced. It will be a happy day w’hen the kangaui, who would come up to the bungalow— or meet you on the road with a cough to attract attention, and ask for a thousand rupees, and when y*u demurred, insinuated a “tundu” — when a high-flier of this kind,— finds that that style is wholly gone out, it will be a good thing. The “ sweet uses of adversity ” will appear in time when the planters’ attention, which is at present wholly concentrated on pro- bable losses, has relaxed ,a little and -the horizon widened ; for, it is a blessed law that there is compen.sation for most things. Tlie new clearings — native mostly — are still on the increase ; but if prices are to keep down, it is evident that many of the native gardens will shut up, and that ere very long. The Sinhalese or Tamil proprietor likes well enough to follow the European where coin can he made ; hut when the game is partly a losing one, and the expected return is postponed, the native soon wearies when his banquet is only the pleasures of hope. And yet, has it not often been the most enjoyable of times, and what a lot of it there is even in these present dark days in Ceylon? Without bright-eyed hope it would be a poor world ! “ BAD TEA.” Tea importers over in Vietoiia are complain- ing that the local Customs Department is too particular about the quality ol tea shipped into the colony, and that the officers of the department have exceeded reasonable limits in their rejection of shipments of the leaf. According to a Mel- bourne paper, the importers allege that the Victo- rian Customs Department has often condemned as “ bad ” shipments of tea which have obtained subsequently a ready passage through the Custom- house of Great Britain, and which have been there at more satisfactory rates than could have been obtained at Melbourne. To demonstrate that they Avere right they sent recently a condemned shipment of tea to London, and had not the slightest difficulty in placing it upon the market there. The importers contend that the Custom- April i, 1898.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST/ 699 house officers have been in the habit of condemn- ing as “ bad ” tea that was not in any way “bad,” but was merely a low-grade quality, and the im- porters say that this was a wrong condemnation, inasmuch as it meant the shutting out of very cheap, but, at the same time, not unwholesome tea. In the circumstances, the opinions of the secretary of the Customs and of the solicitor to the Board of Trade have been obtained, and these have decreed that the V ictorian Customs autho- rities have been somewhat too rigidly interpreting an act which follows precisely the wording of the English act. The correct practice, they say, ap- pears to be to reject all tea in which exhausted leaf or foreign substances are mixed, or in which leaf of bad quality is present in s^ch pio|)ortion as would render undesirable its consumption. — Madras Times, March 15. THE FERNS OF BRITISH WEST INDIES AND GUIANA. I am delighted to see that my goodbld friend Mr. Jenman, is describing the Ferns of British West Indies and Guiana. There is no one living who knows them better, and whatever Mr. Jenman does, he always does well. The Bulletin you sent me only contains two genuses — or what are popularly known as “ Filmy Ferns.” No less than 29 species of Hymenophyllums and 42 species of Trichomanes are here described, which shows what a wealth of these exqusitively beautiful Ferns there are in the Western British Colonies (so far as I can make out we have only 9 species of Hymenophyllums and 16 or 17 of Tri- chomanes in Ceylon). The introductory paragraphs to the tribes, and the key to the genuses are, to my mind, as plain as they can possibly be, and the des- criptions of the species are so well arranged that any one who only knows a little of botany, can easily understand them. The explanatory note following each species as to localities &c. are to the point, and altogether this work promises to be of very great value both to professional cryptogamists and ama- teurs.— Cor. QUININE, TRACTS, AND GINSENG. The culture of Ginseng, the celebrated “febri- fuge ” and aphrodisiac of the Chinese, has been of old one of the principal industries of Corea. Ginseng is not used in Western pharmacy, and its culture has been so often described that we do not propose to revert to it here. But it is of some interest to hear, as we are told by H.M. Consul at Soul, in Corea, that quinine has lately been introduced into that country in considerable quantities, and is gradually superseding Ginseng among the Coreans. The introducers of quinine into Corea are the missionaries, who, with a fine sense of practical Christanity, have hit upon the device of selling it at cost price in lieu of wages to their native distributors oi tracts. The tract- disseminator re sells the quinine to the natives at a profit, which he pockets, and the missionaries get their literature distributed free. The arrange- ment seems to suit all parties. — Chemist and Drug- gist, Jan. 22. “LADY BIRDS” FOR THE PLANTERS OF SOUTHERN INDIA. Sir Arthur Havelock’s Government has done tlie right thing by tl>e colf'ee-planters of Coorg, (Stc., in reference to their request for help about importing lady-bird beetles. We have re- ceived, today, copies of two official General Orders on the subject. In the first, dated 11th December, the decision reads : — “ The Government is unable to render the planters any substantial help in ob- taining the services of a competent Entomologist or an Agricultural Chemist, but that arrange- ments will be made with the Government of Queensland for the shipment of a consignment of lady-birds.” But in a later order, Jan. 17th, we find ; — In modification of the decision expressed in para- graph 2 of the first of the orders read above. His Excellency the Governor in Council resolves to approve of the proposal made by the United Planters’ Association to send Mr. Newport to Australia to collect and bring over to this country a consignment of lady birds and is prepared to meet a moiety of the cost calculated on the basis of a maximum expenditure of R4, 000 under the following items: — (1) Passage to Australia and back ; (2) return Sydney to Brisbane; (3) expenses in Australia, say for two mouths ; (4) travelling expenses in Australia ; (5) expenses for collecting the lady birds, packing, &c., and freight ; and (6) sundries. In other words, the Government is willing to make a maximum contribution of R2,000 in respect of the expense under those items. Mr. Newport will be furnished with a letter of introduction to the Colonial Secretary to the Government of Queensland. The Accountant-General is requested to place an advance of Rl.OOO at Mr. Newport’s disposal. Sir Arthur Havelock deserves credit for so hand- somely modifying the original decision. PLANTING NOTES. ‘‘ Colonial The Colonial College Magazine.— Winter Session, December, 1897. Centents as follows : — Old Students’ Column Communications from Af- rica. United States, South America, Italy, and Canada ; Soils from Argentina ; The British South African Police ; Colonial Progress ; Agriculture as a Career ; The SuSolk Horse ; Estate, Farm and Building Notes Weather Report — October to De- cember, 1897 ; Weather Report for 1897 ; The Athle- tic Club Report ; The Entertainment Society ; Res- ponsibilities of Young Englishmen; Our Frontis- piece; Opening in the Colonies, &c.; College Notes ; Notice to Correspondents ; Old Students’ Directory (revised). Trifacial Orange. —M. Delchevalerie, in his account of the Parc Public de V Ezbekieh, Cairo (Ghent) p. 11, already noticed in these columns, gives the following particulars regarding the trifacial Orange : “ Citrus Bigaradia, has long, pointed, often wooly leaves ; the petiole is in some cases winged, in others not so. The flowers are white, but tinged with violet outside. When this tree was raised at Florence it was proposed to graft it, but the stock having grown out beneath the graft, it was noticed that the tree bore two sorts of leaves. It was therefore left to fruit. It was at first supposed that two branches, one of the Citron, the other from the Orange, had been grafted simultaneously, and had become united, but, as has been said, the tree produced shoots beneath the graft. Whatever the reason, the foliage shows this peculiarity, that the branches were intermixed. At Paris, at Hu ward’s, there was formerly a specimen sixty years old bearing fruits partly Citron, and partly Orange. At Cairo, in the garden of V. R. de Choubeah, formerly the residence of Mehemet Ali, was one of these eccentric Orange trees from which we have gathered furits of a three-fold form and nature, one third of each being Orange, one third Cirron, and one third rough-skinned Citron.” —tfarrfeners’ Chronicle, 700 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST [April i. !89S. The Value of Estate Property in Hunas- GiRiFA District,— may be judged from the fact tliat 190 acres of tea and 154 of waste and reserve on Weygalla realized £6,500 — a good bargain, we should say, for the purchaser Mr. Beilby. The half of Hunagalla is equal to 215 acres tea and 114 reserve or waste and realized £7,250. — We have not heard the price paid for Oruiondale in Alla- galla ; but it is sure to be handsome for such young tea. on virgin soil. Du.st Tea Wanted for South America.— We have to thank Mr. Thos. Christy, F. L. S.d of Lime Street, for the very welcome news ito Ceylon planters, of a special demand setting an for Eastern teas (even if for China as well as Ceylon) on behalf of the consumers of the Para- guayn Mate tea in South America. It would seem from what Mr. Christy says that Mate may be altogether superseded and he thinks that Ceylon and Indian “dust ’ tea is just the article required in substitution. Altogether there are forty to fifty million of people in South Amei ica, and perhaps one- half may be taken to be patronizers of mate; while nearly all may be tempted to become patrons of our teas if they put attractivetly before them. The Copperah Market : A rise in Prices. — The market for copperah has gone up rapidly during the last four days, and dealers are bring- ing into Colombo anything and everything they can get to take advantage of the rise. “ Cart” copperah as a rule fetches much less than “ boat” copperah, and, owing to this, the former is being thrown into boats, and the arrivals of carts are almost nil. Well dried estate and Calpentyu, which fetched K39'50 per candy a few weeks ago, is now selling at K42, and iMarawilla, Ma- dampe and other interior grades, mixed with black and tender refuse, are fetching It40 and 1141 per candy. It is to be regretted that prices are being run up, considering the low state of the oil market, and in view of the forthcoming crops which are said to be heavy. — Cor. of local “Times.” CEYLON V. Indian and Java Teas.— A very careful and experienced Ceylon tea planter and maker, discussing the letter of the Lane expert to Mr. Wm. Mackenzie, says that in appearance, Ceylon upcouutry teas as a rule can never equal Indian or Java teas on account of the more flexible leaf of the latter as compared with the generally stift’er or leathery high grown Ceylon leaf. It is also only natural, that teas from the rich heavy soils of Assam and Java should have a fuller “body” than much of the Ceylon tea ; but in the actual work of “ rolling,” which the expert thought was deficient in the case of Ceylon teas, as a matter of fact our teas are often rolletl for a much longer time than those of Assam. It is not therefore, a case of the Ceylon planter refusing to profit by outside experience ; but tl.e requirements mentioned are just what cannot be provided as a rule in the case of Ceylon teas, although in other respects they score over the teas of both India and Java. Tea in Kussia. -Here is how the London Tea Letter of The Planter deals with this ques- tion very sensibly ; — The total consumption in Russia is, I am told, about 120,000,000 lb-, of which in the year just ended perhaps four per cent came from Ceylon. Of Indian teas, to use the language of analytical chemists, there was little more than “ a trace.” So tliat here as in the United States there is, even among present con- sumers, a big fi id open for missionary enterprise. Outside that heltl tli possibilities of the future are practically unlimit. . Hni in one respect the pro- blem in Russia differs essentially from that in America. In the United States the non tea drinkers are at present coffee drinkers almost to a man, the consumption of coffee running as high as 10 lb. per head of population, and the battle of tea has, in fact to be waged against tne fragrant berry already holding the field. The very low price at present ruling for coffee is, of course, an adverse element in the struggle. In Russia, on the contrary, tea is already the favourite beverage, and the consumption is limited, not by the existing taste for any com- peting rival, but solely by the absurd conservative, obstructive, ways of the Russians themselves. Gov- ernment and traders both seem to co.nbine to crush any tendency towards expansion of demand by high duties and big profits, the object being to confine the trade as far as possible to the few firms who at present hold it in their hands. A duty of ITO^d per lb. on entering the country, obstruct tive regulaticus as the packing of teas for sale retail, result in prices for even teas of the poorest class that except to the well-to-do, are prohibitive. The enemy then to be fought in Russia is the system. The taste for tea is already established, let the diuies be reduced, and distiibution be made free of tram- mels, and the result would be seen not only in an en- ormously increased consumption, but also in a revenue advancing by leaps and bounds sucii as in da) s past used here to delight iMr. Gladstone. Who will enlighten the Kus.sian Fiiiiince Minister ? “ The Tea Planters’ Memorial.”— Such is the nominal heading we liiid in the Mauritius Planters’ Gazette of 1st March. The striking- fact is that there should be more than one or two tea planters already in the SugaiTsland. They are peti- tioning for a rise in the im])ort duty on tea and no wonder, tor we read. — At the present time the duty on imported teas is ROTO per kilo. So far as we have been able to ascer- tain this is the lowest duty paid in any country, be it a British or Foreign possession. It is scarcely ne- cessary to give a tabulated statement of the duties exacted in various countries : sufficient to say that that range from OTO per kilo for 4J cls per lb. — ! -Ed. C.0.1 — in Mauritius to about Rl-i2 per lb in India! [This is absurd : the Indian duty is & per cent on a value of 50 cts per lb for black tea and 75 cts for green tea — therefore only 2^ cts per lb for ordinary tea 1 —Ed. (7.O.] In Ceylon duty on imported teas is RO'25 per lb. Those who drink tea in Mauritius have to pay from 80 to 90 cents per lb. for what they buy. The average price for teas disposed of at the weekly sales in the Colombo mirket, is about RO'36 per lb. Even assuming that the tea imported into Mauritius costs this figure — but we do not think it does after adding freight, landing charges, duty etc., it stands the imported in, at the very outside, R0'50 per lb. There is therefore a profit of between 30 and 40 cets per lb or nearly 80 % on the cost price, to be divided between the importer and the retailer. It does not require very great intelligence to see that, at the present time, the cost of production and preparation to the Mauritius Tea Planter must be infinitely more than to his brother in Ceylon. The bushes are not, in the majority of cases, yet in full bearing, and the equipment of tea houses is, in most instances, crude and imperfect. The cost, therefore of marketable teas being greater, every assistance should be given the Mauritius planter to enable him to enter the local market on terms of equality with his more advanced competitor. Our impression is that a good drinkable tea can be offered to the public both by local Growers and Importers for RO'80 tbe pound, and if the Government would impose the same duty on imported tea as is done in Ceylon, viz; 25 cts per lb Mauritius and Foreign teas would compete in the local market on even terms. This i.s one result of leaving the absurd import duty of 25 cents per lb in tea in Ceylon ; Mauri- tius planters say rightly why should we not have the same duty — and so shut out Ceylon tea.s from Port Louis market. April i, 1898. 1 THE TRUPICAL AGRICULTURiST. THE FALL IN PRICE OF COCONUTS. Ill cousi'lciing’ tiie (iisastious efTects on our iiKluitries of tlia rise in Exc.-hauge, and of the falling-otf in iuconic wiii‘.li is involved in tlie dislurbaiice in trade wincli lias followed, one is apt to think only of Te;i. And, perhaps, that is only natural, considering that it stands first among our staple exports, both in value and in the importance as well as suddenness of its development ; but in dis- cussing “ the situ ition ” we musi not lose sight of the effect of the “dishonest” rupee on our other exjiorts. The extent and gravity of this effect have been brought home to us by a recon- sideration of the Report of the Horrekelly Estate Company Diiectors, which was adopteil at a meet- in" of shareholders held on Monday last at Ciffombo. The proceedings at the meeting have beau already published and we briefly re- ferred to them at the time, congratulating the shareholders (in these “hard times’) oa their five per cent dividend. But a friend who has sent us a copy of the Directors’ Report for the previous year— when ten per cent was earned iias enlightened us and shown that there is room for critici.s'u, or at any rate for seeing how the inll ited rupee and high exchange may affect other produce than tea. We are not wrong, we believe, in taking tlie case of Horre- kclly as a typical one. Of c mrse, there are Coconut estates in Ceylon lietter than that on which the resolute and enterindsing veteran, David Wilson, spent so much of his capital and energjg just as there are many worse. Maravila, liowever, is counted among the host of our Coconut districts, and Horrekelly is well .situ- ated with respect to tlie sea in that division, while there are those who believe that this most ii^eful palm flourishes best on and near the Coast, wliere it receives a libeial allowance of salt from the soil as well as from tlie salt-laden winds ; it has exceptional facilities of transport in the canal which runs through it, and in tlie old and new road.s which almost form its boundaries ; and it lias been liberally culti- vated, perhaps f-om the beguiniiig, but certainly since it pas.sed into the hands of the Com- pany say about twenty years ago, if not more. Yet what do we lind ? Tiio dividend declared for last year (which we thought satisfactory before we were reminded of tlie rate for tlie pres ions year) is only just one- half of that for 18% ! It would be a mistake to refer the whole of this difference to the course of exchange ; for there are otlur circuni- scances, co which we shall iiresently adverb ; but there can be no doubt that the liciitious value of the rupee has told on the operations of those who Ueal in coconut products— whether oil, de- siccated kernel, copra, or eoir--and resulted in lower prices for nuts. Among the other causes, which told on the income of the Company last year, was undoubtedly a shorter crop. Thus, we lind, in the compara- tive stiiteuieiit embodied in the Report that wliereas the estate yielded 1,548, 81 iiius in 1896, last year the yield was only 1,400,835. Here is a shortage of neatly 148,000 nuts- due, we suppose, to a less favourable season and not to any falling-off in cultivation ; for the crop for 1895 is returned as 1,332,965 and tor 1894 (in the Report for tliat year which we have just looked up) as 1,1 02,237. The heavy rainfall, of the latter half of 1895 and of 1896 as a whole, had evidently benefited the property, and hence what looks like 701 the exceptionally large crop of over a million and a half of nuts. W'cll, a difference of nearly 159A00 nuts ill the crop sbtiteuient, mu.sb tell on the income ; hut it is not there that the chief trouble, wa.s found, so far as we cm see. Working out-tlie, average from the total income from nuts and copra and the number of nuts picked, wo make out that 1898 showed R40 per 1,000 nuts, whereas last year gave only R34 per 1,000. Here we liave a difference of R6 per thousand, or nearly 15 per cent— a fall that may be compared with that in tea shares for the period — and that works out into a big sum on a million and a half of nuts. We had too that the experi- ence of most coconut proprietors is similar ; for inquiries have made us acquainted with differences of from R4 to 6, and even more, in the average prices of the six crops generally calculated for the year. We look u[>on the aver- age whicli Horrekelly obtained for 1896 as un- commonly good, and fancy it must have made an advantageous contract before prices began to recede. But not only had tiie Company to contend with a shorter crop and much lower prices ; but its expenditure was larger I The ex- planation given at the meeting to an inquiring shareholder was that the croj) of 1898 was sold on tlie spot in nuts purchased for Colombo Desicca- ting Mills ; whereas the crop of 1897, in the absence of an advantageous offer for nuts, had to be converted into copra ; and the cost of mnntt- iaemre, of course, swelled the expenditure. Still, economy seems to have been practised ; for we liiul tlie exi)eiidilure was lower in 1897 than ill 1895 -in which year the crop of nuts was smaller and the outturn of coir fibre was less. The Company, so far as we can judge, seems to us to be in a sound position and to be carefully administered ; but it has suffered from exchange like most of our Ishand in- dustries; and, we fear, unless the demand for coco- nut oil should advance, there is small chance of the price of nuts wliioli ruled two and three years ago being ever again realised, with so much land coming into bearing. Horrekelly has, however, this advantage — tliat it will soon have two Desic- cating Mills at its doors— which .should help to raise the price of nuts locally. . PLANTERS AND PLANTING IN THE MALAY PENINSULA. A recent mail brought us some interesting papere from the Straits in the Annual Report and I’ro- cendings at a (general Mooting of the United Planter.s’ A.ssociation of the J’cderated Malay States and sojiarately of the Selangor Planters’ Association. But the fanny thing is that we lind so many of the same idantcrs taking part ill both Associations— IMessrs. I'. H, Hill and E. Y. Carey being most prominent in both — while Mr. Tom Gibson is Secretary for the two bodies. We fancied ‘Selangor’ might bo as a Dis- trict, subsidiary to the “ United”; hut if so it is far better off linaucially, closing the year with a credit of 799 dollars; while the United Asso- ciation lies a debit balance of 344 dollars. More- over we think Mr, Carey’s remarks at the Se- langor meeting are about the most interest- ing There was no denying the. fact that the last year bod been a disastrous one for them all. Tho local market price of coffee was at the comtnencenieut of the year and at lha close of the year it had fallen to'#19. The position was both sorious and critical, but 702- THE TROPICAL AGRICLLTURIST, [Aris difliciilt to understand bow sncli a 'I'real v should liave been jiassed apparently withnttt any prote.st on onr side. I liave little doubt tliat bad isy entjitiries been in connection with our trade generally, 1 would have come across otlier instances of iiti- , fair treatment in breach of engagements .supposed to be binding. The ituportance of all this becomes manifest in connection w'itli the completion of tlie Siberian Kailway, and in my conversations with the Mos- cow tea merchants (who are very inliuetitial), it was evident that sotne of them have already con- ■'dered that question and b oks for a change trade conditions when tlie line is opened. If the Russian Governm ;nt maintains that differential import ilnty and iitroduces railway rates on the O iessa-Moscow priuci[ile, the trade in Ceylon and Indian teas, now ab.mt fne million lb, per annum, will be Rilled, and there will, in various directions, be most serious further diversions of goods from British Cluinnels if the existing treaty clauses are ignored. I understand that llussian inereliants aie ro- preseutiug to their Government how British trade itas benelilod at the expense of Russian by the Kara sea free ports, and the question of dis- continuance of such free ports and the policy to be pursued in connection with the Siberian r.ailway must now or very shortly^ be under eon- .sideration, and it would seem to me oi)porLune and of great importance that wlien such taritt' ariangements are being discussed, Her Majesty’s Representative in ,St. Petersburg sliould have his attention directed to the circumstances which hav^ given lise to this letter. A reductimi of the European tea duty to the .same level as the Siberian should be aimed at, but failing that the increase of the latter to the same rate as tlie former would gieativ benefit British interests. I annex extiacts from (be Treaty of l.S")9 and a translation of that portion of the Russian Customs t.ariff relat ing 1 o te.'i. - I am , &c., (Signed) THOMAS NORTH CHRISTIE. The Riglit Hon. the Secretary of State for the Colonies. * See nest column— Ed, 2'. A. TREATY OF COMMERCE AND NAVIGATION^ BliTWEEX HER M.\JESTY .VXD THE EMPEROR OE Al.r, THE RU32IAS, OF 1859. Article II. — No other or higher duties shall be i iiposed on the iinportaliou into the dominions and possessions of Her Britanuio Majesty, of any articles, the growth, produee. or manufacture of the dominions and possessions of His Majesty the Emperor of all the Russias, from whatever place arriving, and no other or higher duties shall be InqDosed on the importation into the dominions and possessions of His Majesty the Emperor ot all the Russias, of any article of the g owth. produce, or manufacture of He.." Britannic Majesty's dominions and posses.sions, from whatever place arriving, than are or shall be payable on the like article, the growth, produce, or manufacture of auy other foreign countiy ; nor shall any prohibition he imposed on the importation of any article the growth, produce, or maunfactnre of the dominions and possessions of cither of the two contracting parties into the domiidons and possessions of the other, which shall not equally extend to the importation of the like articles being the growth, produce, or manufacture cf any other country. Article IV. — The same reciproc'd equality of treat- ment shall take effect in regard to warehousing, and to the transit trade, and also in regard to bounties, facilities and drawback's, which are or may be here- after gv.iiuer. liy the legislation of either country. Article V. — .\ll merchandise and articles of com- merce, the produce or mannfaetnve either of the dominions and ptsssessions of His Majesty the Emperor of all the Russias, or of any other country, which are or may lie legally importable into the ports of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, its dominions and possessions in British vessels, may likewise be imported into those ports in Russian vessels, without being liable to any other or higher dutie.s, of whatever denomination, than if such merchandise and articles were imported in British vessels : and reciprocally, all merchandise and articles of commerce, the produce of manufacture either of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Iceland, its dominions and p:ssesRions, or of any othe' cjuiury, vvhich are or mav b legally impoti,- able iu'o the ports of I'he dominions and pnsaeasiou- of H:s M,;j.rsly the Emperor i f il tn - Russias, in Russian vessels, iiiny hke-visc be imported me tu se poitiin British ve.ssel-, . ithout beb.g li.blc to anv other or higher duties, of wu ' Li ver 'Ituomiu.ation, than if such merchandise and articles were imported in Russiin vessels. S'ach equality of treatment shall take effect without distinction, whether such niercliaiidise and articles come directly from the place of origin, or from any other place. In the m tuner, there shall be perfect equality of treatment in regard to exportation, so that the same export duties shall bo paid, and llie same bounties and drawbacks allowed, in the dominions and possessions of either of the high contracting parties on the ex- portation of any article which is or may be legally exportable therefrom, witliout distinction, whether such export-ation shall t ike place in Russian or in British vesseK, and whatever may bo the place of destination, whether a Port of the other Contracting Party, or of any third Power. axxexurb. Tra.nslation of section 20 of tlie Russian Cuitoms Tariff official oditi'in of the Depirtment of Customs of the Imperial Ministry of Finances, printel in 1S94. Tea of all kinds imported at the Euiopean Customs H'Duses pay duty Roubles 21. -gol f per Poud (of .96 lb. English). OiiSF.RvATiox. — Tea of all kin-ls imported through the Irkutsk Custom House and at th e. S.nUh ol it ov.r the Siberian and Steppe Region fromiors pay a dutytf; — (a) On Baikhoff Black, flower, gie-.m and L feral tran. lation from the Chinese — “ little white hairs.” ii, wuia t,;n. i ame originally ,^iven to flowery teas wi h perttcLly wi.itc tips — Ijatcr on aik teas pass- ing tlirrudh Kiachla got the name of Buihovoi. Apru. 1, iSo^l the tropical yellow tea=. 13 Roubles gold per Poud ■. (b) On brick teas Roubles 2'50c gold per Poud ; (c) On teas m blabs accomptnied by Consuls certificates -as to then’ being prepared in Russia and with the names ot iujSaian fabricau'.s on each slab 10 Roubles, gold per Poud. HATES OF DUTY ON TEAS, European frontiers Roubles ’21 gold, per Poud or illO lOi'Sd per c\vt.=ls lOJd per lb. Euglisb. Siberian Roubles 13 gold, per Pond or Xli 3s 4d pier cwt.— Is 2d per lb. English. KOLA IN THE ERENCH SOUDAxN, Great quantities of kola-nuts are imported in'o the French Soudan. In French territory it is only found at Kissi, and as it is the most common article of exchange in the country, it is brought thither from other parts. The value of this import m ISfO \vasl,350,000f., or about 21,500,000 nuts, the price vary- ing from’ 2’5'Jf. to 15f. the hundred nuts, according to the origin, and also according to their size and colour, the pink nuts bdng more highly esteemed than the yellowish-white ones. The kola nut is much appreciated for its medicinal property as a tonic, but it is also in great request m certain native ceremonies, such as betrothals, marriages, Ac, Chemist and Drugcjisf, Feb. 26. — VAN ILL A. At the meeting of the New York College of P.iar. macy held on January 18 five papers were lead^ on vanilla. Professor Rushy treated of the cultivation, &c. of vanilla. He said that there are thirty three species of vanilla now recognised. The pjrocess of ciiring vanill-pods and preparing them for pack- ini^ was described as he liad seen it ^ done in So’uth America. Yanilla-p.rckers, he mentioned, are aubiected to poisoning, resulting from handling the beans the symptoms being much like those resulting from ’p''isonivy, due, he thought, to penetration of the skin of the hand by oxalate-of-c aoium crystals. Dr. S. E. Jeliiffe treated of the miciosoopy of the B .'bicc't, and said unscrnpnlons lealers often used benzoic acid to make a false appearance of vanilliu on the beans. The miorcscope revealed the fraud reidily, benzoic-acid crystals being flattened and rhomboidal, vanillin acicular and standing out at right angles from the surface of the fruit. Professor Y. Coblentz treated of the chemistry of venilliii, ai.d said it was frequently adulterated with aoetanilid. Mr A Henningls paper was on Ihe oommsrei. 1 varieties of vanilla. He said that that from the Seychelles Islands, an inferior kind, was the s.it chiefly used in England. The Maxican vandha grown at Papantla had the mo = t exquisite odour, and was the kind used in the United States. The pharmacy of vanilla was considered by Mr. O. Kalisli, who re- commended an extract made from 'a formula contain- ing 8 oz. of vanilla in a vallon of finished product. He said that vanillin conld never displace vanilla as a fl wouring-extract, as it lacks tliB delicate ll ivour cf the natural hea.i\— Chemist and ])riifffiist, Feb. 26. TEA IN AMERICA. Nf.w York, Feb. 16. Quotations on invoices unchanged. The tone of the market con'inues firm on greens. Low-grade Japan and other sorts steady. Recently a tiip through New Yoik StatG demons- trated that thj tonspicuojs sign in the grocers' windows is of some sort of Ceylon or Indii tea. They are growing in favor, and it looks a-i if the prophecy of an old veteran in the trade would soon come true, viz, : Ceylon and Indian tea are to he the tea of the luture.” Helow will he found additional and amendatory regulations in regard to the importation and iuspeo- AGRICULTURIST, 1^5 tiou of tea under the act approved March 2, 1897. This circular has been sent out by Lyman J. Gage, Secretarv of the Treasury, under date of February 7, to crlFeotors and other'oifioers of the customs. It is as follows : “The follovving standards for imported teas are substituted for tliose prescribed by Cironlara No 09, of xVpiil 21, 1897 (Synopsis 17,995i, and No. ISG, of November 6, 1897 (Synopsis 13,55-1): “First. — No. 1, Formosa Oblong; No. 2. Foochow' Oolong; No. 3, Amoy Oolong; No. 4, Nortii China congou; No. 5, South China congou; No. 6, India tea; No. 7, Ceylon tea ; No. 8, Pingsuey green tea; No. 9, ((/), country green tea (Young Hyeon) No. 10 (//), country green tea, (Hyson) ; No. 11, Japan tea, paii-fired ; No. 12, Japan tea, sun-dried; No. 13, Jipan tea, basket-fired; No. 14, Japan tea, dust or fanniiigs ; No. 15, scented orange pekoe; No. 16, capers; No. 17, Canton Oolong; No. 18, scented Canton. “ Second —In order to promote uniformity in the methods- of eximination of teas, they include the fol- lowing rules, recommended by the Board of Tea Expel ts. are prescribed. “Testing for dust.- The dust and fannings in all P'ormosa, Fooshow, and Amoy Oolongs, Canton teas, congons, Indias, and Ceylon s must he restricted to 10 per cent when sifted through a sieve of No. 16 mesh made of brass wire. In order that the needle leaf and pekee tips may not be confounded with dust, they must be returned with the du^st to the sieve for a second and third sifting until separated. “In the case of Ceylon and Indian te.-is, the needle leaf and pekoe tins shall ha separated by passing them together with tho dust through a No. 26 sieve of brass wire, after the tea has been first sifted lliroiigh a No. 16 sieve. — American Orocer" COFFEE AT LANDSBOROUGfl, QUEENSLAND. 'Fit is interesting to Ceylon planters to see how ‘‘pioneering’’ with coffee is canied out in Queens- laud. — Ed. 7'..1 ] ' The sncccess which has attended the oiiltivation of coffee the Bnderini Mountain has at different times reduced selectors on the Blackall Range to start the industry iu .a small wa.y, and these experiments liave sh.own that the soil and climate in certain localises in the district are eminently suitable to the coffee plant. Two or three years ago a company was formed in Brisbane for the purpose of growing coffee oil a large scale about twelve ra.les from Laiids- horongh, on the North Coast line, and some 40,000 coffeo plants were raised, and a few acres were planted out. 'The method adopted by the manager, Mr. Waldegrave Thonipson, who had gained his experience in Ceylon, was to brush the sciiib, burn- ing off all undergrowth up to six inches in diameter, and leaving the large trees standing to serve as shade. Tlifc experiment for various reasons proved a failure and when the plantation was purchased twelve months, ago by W. Mr. Bartlett the whole of the plants had died off owing to the neglect. I\Ir. Barlett set to work energetically to reform tho plantation and the nurseries. He found the mirsery established on a that beneath a ridge, subject to tho washing-d'.'Wn of soil during heavy rains. He aban- doned .his spit, and located tho seed beds and nurseries sixty feet higher up the hank, and close-p-aled it all round, surmounting the posts with a barbed- wire. fence. He obtained some 500 plants of good varie- t e.3 of coffee from the Department of Agriculture, and set them out in a nursery 80 feet long aii'i 50 feet wide. He next planted out some 2O0 of the laJgjst of these trees 9 feet apart, and they are now glowing vigoreiisly. Two thousand five hundred plants raised from seed li.avc been pl.uUed in the mirsery at a distance of 6 incites by 3 inches, and these will be ready to be transferred to the perma- uent plantation next season. In addition to these 7:6 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [April t, 1S9S. there are 20,000 plants of Arabian and Liberan coflee, all looking healthy and vigorous. Some seeds of fine Mocha w’ere obtained from the Agricultural Department about three months ago, and they have outstripped all the other seedlings so far. Mr. Bart- lett finds that the local seed is so far before that received from Cairns. The latter seems to do better in the hotter Northern climate than in the comparatively cool climate of the South, whilst the former exhibits a far more vigorous growth. The best seed of all is that obtained through the Department from Mr. Grieve at Broadwater. In cleaving the land, all the timber except the native plum trees is burned off, the plum trees being left about 30 feet apart to afford the necessary shade. The standing scrub on the boundaries of the estate breaks the force of the winds. Belts of scrubs will be preserved at intervals of chains, and as a further protection rows of olive trees will be planted. Of these thirty are already planted out, and 100 truncheons are, with the exception of three or four, giving promise of healthy trees. Mr. Bartlett says the Blanckall Range is uii ioubtedly the home of the olive tree. Hhvo rows of coffee plants will bo p'anted between the olives this season. Coffee will also be planted between fruit trees on a ii-acra orchard which has been cleared some eight years ago. Fi'ost is not to be feared here, the thermo meter in winter ranging 15° F. higher than on the site of the original nursery. The land faces the south-east, with a gentle slope towards Dbi Ubi Creek, which is always running. In addition to the main crop of coflee and olives, there are plo's of arrovvroo', sugar, maize and lucerne, whilst in the orch n-d may be" seen bananas, apples, oranges, 'oquats, pears and a large bed of splendid rhubarb. The Giant Tomato has also been planted. The cultivation is fenced iu with 14 gauge 36 inch wire-netting with a barbep wire 9 inches above the netting to keep out the marsupials. The whole of this work has beeu accomplished iu twelve months, and it is anticipited tiiat three years will see the estate self-supprrtiug. — Qu.enshnd Aru o.specting for plumbago and seems as sanguine as evei’. EucalyptU-S Trels have grown so well in the Nilgiris that they threaten to pu.sh houses, near wliich they grow, out of e.\istence, and .steps are to be taken to have them felled. — C/c.oaiii an.l Druggist. A i)KY Region 1—Tiic rainfall of Suitiago, Chil.i, last year measured 335 20 milli uetres [nearly 13^ inches.] The mean average for the last 31 years was 328 millimetres [nearly 13 ins.] The rainy months are May, June and July, the rainfall in May last year measuring 2uii 48 milli- metres [nearly 8 10 inches.] Rise in Rubb Ji. — In consequence of the advance in the price of crude rubher.s, the prin- cipal linns (seventeen in number, and several of the first importance) notify— says the Britinh Trade. Journal, March 1st— -the traue that their prices for mechanical rubbers are advanced 10 per c-ent. from the 10th nit. Java Quinine. — We {IJiilk-h and Colonial Drug- gist) heard a few weeks ago that a quantity ( f quinine sulphate made by Bandoeng ([uiniite f.ictory in Java, to which \ve have refer- ie(i several time.s of late, was on its way to Europe, and our .Vmsterdam repiesentativc now .says that 21 cases of ipiinine, each containing 12 tins, holding one kilo, have arrii ed in Amsterdam per ss. “ Talaman ” from Java, and will probably come very shortly on the Amsterdam market. Kola N cits. -According to Knebel, who discovered kolanine in kola uiit.s, this ghicoside is broken up under the indaence of a special fei nient, into caffeine, glucose, and a red colouring matter. He considered that the action was not completed till the nuts were dry, and that, therefore, the dry nuts contained a relatively greater amount of caffeine than the fresh nuts. Fraiivois has, however, e.xamined the fresh and the dry nuts very carefully, and finds that dessication does not at all alter the proportion of caffeine contained in the nuts (alL^wing for the mois- ture driven off, of course) ; nor are the tints containing the greatest proportion of red colouring matter richest in alkaloid, which should be the case, according to Knebel. — Jlepcrtoire de PharmarAe. Amsterdam Bark Market.— Our Amsterdam rejtre- sentative sends us further information concerning the Amsterdam bark auctions of last week. The bark offered was distributed among the following species and varieties : Siiocintbra, 36,626 kilos. ; Ledgeriaua, .608,162 kilos. ; Calisaya, 368 kilos. ; Offi- cinalis, 1,092 kilos. ; Hybridis, &c., 36,424 kilos. Root Bark formed 43,942 kilos among this. Our readeis would notice ttiat in the haste of going late to press with last week’s telegram, the separate purchases were added up incorrectly, the total sold amounting really to 12,223 kilos of quinine, which left 16,724 kilos unsold. A printer’s error made the purchases of the Frankfort and Stuttgart factories appear as 70 kilos instead of 0 kilos. — British and Colonial Druggist, March 4. . , Wood Oil. — The Oousular Deiiartinent at Washington liavc been collecting information relative to the source of wood oil, so e.xtensively u-sed by tlie Chinese a.s a varnish. IVoodwork in China is almost universally varnisheil witli this 011 ami on native crafts on tlie inland tvaters of 'china the oil takes the place of paint. Owing to its poisonous nature, it is .-suggested as a useful component of ships’-hoitom compo.sitions for iire- venling marine growths. The e.xploitation of the wood-oil tree ]iromises to reveal the secret of Chinese india-ink, as it is stated that tlie sort produced by burning the wood oil is the basis of the most expensive kind.— and Druggist, i''eb, 2U. Mineral Production in Indi.a.— The follow- ing table .slmw.s ihe )iroducts for 1896 as to which reliable sta isiic- of out) utare avai'ablc accoidiiig 10 br. Cco. Watf, C.I E. : — siult • . . . 1 .026,7 11 tons, final .. .. 3,818,013 „ Ivon ores . . . . 13,776 ., retiobum .. 15 057,01)4 gallons. The CoPi’EiiAii Market. — The maiket is in a very unsteady state. Top prices were given during the week for all kinds amt grades. “ Carts” are seldom bought and the arrivals of boats during the week were up to thi avera.ge As much as R12 ‘25 per candy was paid, but the aA-erage for the week for well-diied Oalpentyn was Rll'oO. Maravilia, Ne- gombo and Madampe fetched 1138 to R40 per candy. It is believed that a large stock will he brought down to the maiket before long, as it is usual to receive a large quantity before Easter and the Sinhalese Kew Year. This time the stock will be greater than the corresponding season of last year, as the crops are expected to be heavy after the last small season. Owing to the prevailing prices in the maiket, the price of coconuts has in a measure g^ue up. They are also scarce, as dealers prefer to convert them into copperah and secure top prices, rather than sell them tor desiccating and shipping purposes.— Co/-, of the “ Examiner.” \\ .ATTEGA.M.4 ; Tea Price.s. — Tliei'e .seeiiis great differences in jirices of tea oii estates clo.se to each other in our district. Is it in the strength of the soil or in the maimfaeuire G n W M 2,665 at -11 500 at -39 1,623 at ‘34 1,010 at -32 595 at -31 1,321 at '28 1,265 broken pekoe ’lO 1,050 pekoe.. '35 810 pekoe souchong -21 160 dust . . '18 50 Souchong ’20 average '381 570 at '29 225 at -15 680 at -23 62 at 15 -10 at -22 •28J 1,120 at -21 32 at TO 20 at -13 •281 Wood AsiiEy for Flower G.ardens.— There is no particular ililierence between e/iual weights of ashes from hard or soft ivood. The reason for the erroneous common opinion on this point is dne to the lightness of soft wood ashes, wincli makes it necessary to use a very large bulk of them to get the equivalent of a small bulk of hard wood ashes. As to using ashes as a substitute for stable manure! where the latter cannot be obtain- ed it must he said that ashes are only a special fertiliser containing potash and a little jihosphoiic acid. Stable manure contains these and add.s a consideral)!e content of nitrogen, which is usu- aily the greatest need in flower growing. For this reason ashes do not make a good snb.stitute for a stable manure, l/nt in ashes and nitrate of soda Ihe various needs of the plants are minis- tered to. If leaf mould is to he had, its use in couiiectioii with as slie should produce good results. -A /nr';-//rG?. Agriculturist. ” USE.S OF Coconut oil.— An Indian journal says that in that country a large amount ol native soap is made from coconut oil by merely boiling it with dhobies’ eaith (impure carbonate of soda), .salt, quicklime, and water. The ley apparently is not [.repared separately as a rule, nor with any attention to causticity. Coconut oil is still used to some extent in India as an illnininant by the wealthier classe.-, and almost universally for culinary j/urposes, also for anointing the body, and as a hair oil. European, American, and native doctors also apply it in many ways as a medicine. In caiulle making, coconut oil i.s not nearly so much employed as it was in former days, palm oil and other materials having to a great extent superseded it, as have palm kernel oil and earth-nut oil in the case of soap makingi •^British and Culonlal D’rug'glst, Feb. 25. ApRir, r, iSpS,] THE TROPICALAGRICULTURIST. P9 ^oiir^spcndenc^. To the Edilor. TEA PLANTING IN FIJI; THE Wainunu Tea Estate, Wainunu, Fiji, 22ncl Jan., 1898. Sir, — I note in the i.ssue of November 1st, 1897, of your valuable paper, your comments on “ Tea Plantin" in Fiji.” There seems to me to exist a sliglit misconception with reganl to the Labor question in this Colony. It is to a certain ex- tent correct, tliat “scarcity ami dearness” of labor are one of the drawbacks ; altliough I presume you refer to the local supply only, viz., Fijians and Polynesians, and not to Indian coolies, who have never yet been obtained for this industry, and for its systematic working. A greater drawback is scarcity of capital, to en- able the industry to be profitably carried on, by the introduction of the requisite labor sup- ply, viz., the Indian cooly on similar terms, to the working of the Sugar Companies in this Colony — which were last year £13 7s 7d per caput for five years’ term of indenture, and whose rate of wage is Is (one shilling) per task per man and 9d (nine-pence) per task per woman. Hy arrangement on application a good percent- age of women and children could be included in the number applied for, for tea garden purposes. It can hardly be said, that there is any scarcity in the supply of the cooly. As regards all other native laborers, except for certain works, they are out of the question, being unsuitable, unreliable, and too expensive in every way, and for the regular and systematic work of the tea garden, nowise adapted. But on the question of the Indian labor supply, there is much to be said in favour of this colony for tea growing, and even too favour- ably compare with other tea-producing countries; when it is taken into consideration the increas- ing cost and difficulties, of obtaining and keep- ing a trained body of labor in districts, where many ban is are required at one and the same time. And for the production of good tea, at its lowest cost, — trained pruners and pickers, are indis- pensable, the 5 years’ term of service to the planta- tion, and further five years residence in the Colony, give this requisite supply of skilled labor. It is true that the rate of wage is far too high, which is only too evident in many ways ; but it is only reasonable to hope, that by a combined effort on the part of the Planters, and with the favour- able consideration of the Government, that some reduction could be effected, and to meet the necessities of the various industries will be made, as in that direction appears to be the necessary alterations of labor conditions, to which you very lightly refer. Tliere is ho doubt that when coolies were first introduced to induce them to come to a new and untried country, and the purchase of their food supplies being an unknown quantity, the higher rate of Is and 91 per task respectively, was fixed upon ; but when it is taken into consideration that this Colony has been found to be s > well adapted to the Indian cooly, by reason of its extremely healthy and excellent climate, for working in, also the abundance of everything in shape of food and further the large sums of money and property these Indians are amassing, it is beyond all doubt, that 9d per task per man and M (sixpence) per woman would be an 82 ample wage, more especiilly for the light and agreeable nature of the work on tea gardens, and it is imperative that something must be done in this direction. All the other essential conditions to the success- ful production of tea in this Colony, are most favourable. The tea itself is of a most useful character ; in cup, it is clear an;! soft having sufficient body and strength without too much astringency or pungency, fieing in meilical opinion an excellent tea to use. There is abundance of good land —land exactly suitable for cultivation of tea. Every facility exists for means of .access and transport, as the tea can be loaded on b >ard vessels at the factory door. There is an ample water supply for power purposes, in the numerous streams that abound. Good fuel is plentiful and ready to hand. The climate is all that can be desired for tea, and for health also, which can- not be said of most tea-producing countries; the tea flushes freely nine months out of the twelve. On the que.stion of cultivation, it is found hero, on tlii.s estate, that the Planet “Junior” Horse Hoe, works very successfully, giving ex- cellenc results, both as regards cheapening cost of upkeep, and in improvement in the biislies, (all being 6^6 and 6 3 planting). They leave but little weeding to be done by hand in be- tween the plants; by keeping them going round the blocks, no weeds can grow, while tiia soil is kept beautifully loose and friable. There is no wash, and no harm to bushes in any way. One Indian with a horse does from 3 to 4 acres every day. Of course for this style of cultivation, a suitable lay of land is necessary, but of such there is abundance, viz., very slightly undulating table-lands at suitable eleva- tion. The system allows the tea to be worked with a smaller force than would otherwise be- necessary; tlia tea also flushing steadily for 9 months, permits of the flashes being taken off, with a smaller force of labor tlian is possible, where they come on with a rush and shut up in the cold weather. There is rimcli more that could be said, but I will not trespass on your valuable space any- more.— I would here like to mention, how much your Tropical Agricaltarist is appreciated and what a usefnil work it is, more especially to those who are engaged in new and distant countries. I trust the foregoing, will give you and your readers, a more correct and hopeful opinion of tea-g;owing here, and of the value of tea-property in this Colony ; also tliat it may serve to show that we have good reaso.ns for hoping to obtain something like a decent return, for all tlie years of liard work and anxiety we liive put in, in bringing this tea to its present position.— I am, yours faithfully, G. LE BAPJIATT. “ARTOCARPUS NOBILIS”— A QUERY? Bentota. Drar biR, — Can any of your readers kindly let me know whether there are two varieties of the' “Gan Del” (Artocarpus no’oilis). If .so, wliat difference is therebetween the trees. I have seen a tree with leaves somewhat like those of the bread- fruit, which the natives say is a young plant of the “ Gan Del ;” but when asked why tlie leaves are divided they say they change when grown np. Is it possible that such a transformation could take place during the growth of the tree J the tropical agriculturist. 510 r April t, I may also mention, that I have seen a “(:«an !Del” tree possessing e- single branch with leaves like those of the brejid-ivnit ; also a young ‘jak tree possessing a few divided leaves and young “Gan Del” plants with the ordinary leaves.— Yours faithfully, “ INQUIRER.” [In Eerguson’s *' Timber Trees of Ceylon there are four varieties given of Artocarpus : “Nobilis” or “Delgaha” of the Sinhalese; “ Integrifolia ” or “ Kosgaha,” Jak ; “Incisa” or “Ratadel,” Breadfruit and “Lakoocha’ or “ Kanna-gona-gaha ’ ol the Sinhalese. Can there be confusion between the first and last in the Bentoia distiici ? -Ed. T.A.] Dear Sni, — In reference to “Inquirer’s” letter it is not by any means a rare occnrr.'nce for the leaves of young nlants to be totally difforentin outline from these ofolio!.' plants of exactly the same kind or even of older branches ot the .same tree. A good example of fbis transition of form is seen in Ah urites tnJoha, the Tel- kekuna of the Sinlialese, or “ Candle-nut of Euro- peans. This in the young state has the leaves distinctly three-lobed, heme the specific name ; but as the plant attains to some feet in height, the leaves gradually lose their lohed character and become perfectly egg-shaped, thus puzzling persons who look only to grown-up trees for the origin of the specific name. Regarding the query put by “Inquirer ’ however, Ai'tocarpus nobilis, the Giu-del, Wal-del, or Vi’ild •Breadfruit, is a distinct species, not a variety, and, as far as I have observed, does not have the leaves lobed or divided in the young state. In this respect probably Artocarpus incisa, the Rata-del or real Bread- fruit, has been mistaken for the former, the specific name denoting the particular described by “Inquirer. ’ This has large and deeply “cut” leaves, the seg- ments being again “cut” in the edges, and is alto- gether, in most opinions, a more noble tree than A. •nobilis, despite the name. The fruit of A. incisa (Breadfruit) is usually quite round, contains no seed and is, perhaps on this account, much more in favour with curry eaters than the long oval-sha,ped wild Breadfruit, . Artocarpus Lalcoocha, or Eauna-gonn.a, is also equally distinct both in general appearance and in the fiuit, which is much smaller than that of the other two above mentioned, and can scarcely be con- sidered edible in comparison with them. There are of course s^^veral recognized varieties of Artocarpus iRleijrijoUa (jak', some being much better appreciated than others by the natives, — Yours faithfully, DEL JATHI. Bentota, March 5. Dear Sir,— There is no confusion between “ Arto- carpus Nobilis” and “ Arto-carpiis Lakoocha” in the Bentota district. “Inquirer” has not often seen “ Gan-Del ” trees when young. . In fertile places the young tree has leaves similar to those of the bread-fruit or “ Arto-carpus Incisa.” The leaves change \vl ei the tree grows old. But, according to the quality of the timber, there are four distinct species of “ Gan-Del.” They are “ Habiu'u-Del, Patta-Del, Alu-Del, and Meeau-Del. ’ The first word in each case will explain the quality of the timber. Of these, the last two are valuable and the first two very inferior timber. The timber of “ Haburu-Del_ easily breaks in pieces, and that of “ Ratta-Del is somewhat tough. “ Alu-Del ” has an ash colour and “ Meean-Del ” timber is like the horns of a buffali, hard and stiong. But in ail cases the tree looks alike. “ M.VNGIl'EHA INDICA— THE MANGO TREE. Sxu Dr. Dev’s notes* give valuable and reliable inforn’iatiou and I make the following quotations from it ;— “ Esteemed by both Europeans and nativ s as the most delicious of Indian fruits. The ripe fruit is very wholesome, nourishing, and highly antiscorbutic ; the unripe fruit is made into re- freshing sherbets and custards, into pickles and pre- serves, as a sour ingredient in certain curries, and as the principal ingredient of the chutnies so popular in Indian cookery and exported to Europe. The kernel inside the large flattened ‘ stone ’ or seed contains about 10 per cent of taunic acid, of which an enormous quantity must be wasted each mango season, the seeds not being utilized. “The pulp of the ripe fruit contains a trace of gallic acid, with citric acid and gum : the unripe fruit contains about 20 per cent of free acids, tartaric, citric and malic. The bark of the tree contains tannic acid and from it exudes a pink-coloured gum partly soluble iu water. The fruit exudes just before ripening a resinous substance with an odour of turpentine. The blossom is regarded as astringent. “ Medicinal uses. — The powdered kernel of the seed, called ainar hisi, is used as an astringent in diarrhoea, and as a remedy, also as an anthelmintic. A fluid extract of the bark has been recommended in hemorrhages. The popular idea among Europeans in India that the mango fruit is productive of boils and skin eruptions is a fallacy, and has probably arisen through the coincidence of the occurrence of those symptoms with the mango season, the end of the hot season and the beginning of the rains. On the contrary as has been indicated, it is a valuable antiscorbutic, unless when used immoderately I have italicised the words ripe, and immoderately 80 as to lead to the accepted view that only ripe fruit should be indulged in and that the delicious flavour should not be allowed to cause excess of indulgence. The unripe fruit should be always cooked in some manner of preparation before it is used as a food or a condiment. The acids in the unripe fruit make it an ex- tremely valuable addition to saltfish curry, and a thin sauce containing mango is pleasant enough with salt-beef, timed salmon, kippered herrings, bloaters etc. After all, moderation in the use of a good thing is the golden rule. The fate of the cows fed to excess on mango fruit with the express intention of piodiiciug pathological results, and the experience of many that a few mangoes has a marked diuretic effect teaches the value of moderation. The best mangoes do not cloy, but whet the appetite, hence heavy meals of the ripe fruit until satiety is attained with some difficulty. The most simple rules are as follows : — Eat only ripe mangoes, and those only after a meal, and do not eat any after evening; it is a positive disadvantage to have a juicy bulk of fermentable stuff in a stomach when one goes to bed. It is worth noting that in certain varieties (and the cheaper kinds especially) a cluster of glands round the insertion of the fruit-stalk secrete a tere- binthine resin which can permeate the pulp and ruin much of the flavour of the fruit if the stalk end be the uppermost when the mango is lying in store or cupboard for a few days ; hence, another rule, always lay by mango fruits with the stalk end undermost. — Yours truly, MEDICO. EFFECTS OF FEEDING CATTLE ON MANGO LEAVES. Sir, — You mentioned, in your reference to Sir Grand Duff’s lecture before the Society of Arts, the deleterious effects of mango leaves on cattle ; but what perliaps is stranger is that animals are fed on this peculiar diet witli a specilie object, being made use ot as so many machines. Tlie fo’lowing facts gathered from the Kew Bulletin No. 39 should prove of interest to some of your reailei's. Indian fellow or purree is described in ordinary books of reference as a colouring matter liighly esteemed by artists, but its origin was little known till comparatively lately. * Indigenous Drugs of India. April t, 1898.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTCRIST. 711 In 1883 the Kew authorities made enquires as to its preparation at the request of Sir Joseph Hooker, witli the result tliat a report on tlie subject was forwarded by the Indian Government. Piuri (as it is also speiled) is sometimes got from mineral sources, but it is inferior stuff. The real article is prepared chielly in Mongliyr from the urine of cows kept on a diet of mango leaves and water, which increases the bile pigments and imparts to the urine a brilliant yellow colour. Cows thus fed are believed to die within two years, though the cattle-keepers will not admit this is so, and will show cows from which they say that the dye has been got for four years. The cows, it is admitted, have a very unhealthy appearance, and to prevent the animals break- ing down altogether an allowance of ordinary fodder has at times to be resorted to, though it reduces the amount of piuri obtainable. Owing to the injurious effects on the cows, the manufacture is confined to a small number of people who are looked down on by their fellows. The cows are made to pass urine three or four times a day by a process of massage of the urinary organs, and indeed the animals after a time can- not urinate unless this is done. The urine is collected in earthen pots which in the evening are placed over the lire. The heat causes the yellow dye to precipitate. It is then strained, the sediment made into a ball and dried. The mer- chants who export the stuff give the manufac- turer on the spot K1 per lb. (mineral piuri only fetches 4d per lb.). The cost of maugo leaves also no doubt restricts the manufacture, the produce of a moderate-sized tree, say 30 feet high, fetching K2. An average cow produces about 3 qts. of urine per diem which yields about 2 oz. of piuri. D. MR. HARCOURT SKRINE ON “ EXCHANGE.” Osborne, Hatton, 5th March 1898. Sir, — I send you copy of a letter I addressed by last mail to a London Newspaper on the subject of Exchange. It represents the views of an individual Ceylon Proprietor, who, having been through the Coffee ruin, prefers to anticipate the sowing of a like calamity for Tea. I have purposely omitted any reference to a old coinage because, if this is to be accorded ndia, it can only be by an act of grace on the part of the Home Government and we should not ask ourselves for what we may not be pre- pared to pay. What we have a right to insist on as capitalists working in this country is an honest and suffi- cient currency whether in gold or silver. Those who sympathise with these views should remem- ber that the situation is only intensified by delay and that the Spring in London is the time for action. — Yours truly, HARCOURT SKRINE. (To the Editor of the Economist.') Sir, — In December, 1893, I with several others pointed out to the Press in Ceylon and to my then agents in Ijondon the Premium that was being put on China Tea by the closing of the Indian mints. Tiie reply, in Ceylon, was that our influence as Producers would not be weighted in the balance ^vith tlie necessities of the Indian Government, and in London— I was told that “China was a dead dog, that he were doing very well as it was and that it would be time enough to make a fuss when the shoe really began to pinch.” For four years the experiment of drying up ihe currency has been going on and we have been content to abide our souls in patience, waiting the proofs of our convictions — convictions which have been ever disputed as the Exchange ebbed and flowed. The experiment is now coniiilete and the one and four-penny rupee is left high and dry for all to inspect. Let us take stock of it as “selfish” producers first of all, and then as capitalists to whom the adjective selfish is inapplicable. We_ will begin by admitting that the theory of China Tea being a dead dog as so far held good. No medicine can cure a man afflicted with a mortal disease. But does this affect the power of the Bounty in raising other and new competition? The Chinese on the strength of it are starting a new machine-manufactured Tea Industry ; the Japanese are pressing on with their cultivation ; and there lies in the Far East, only just developing, Ceylon’s future great rival “Formosa.” VVehave seen how the Wes, Indies have been ruined by the Sugar bounties. This was the doii-g of foreign Goverments and perhaps could mt be met by free-trade England, but here tve have our own Govern- ment putting a premium of 40 per cent, on the opening up of Japan and Formosa. Is Ceylon to go the way of Barbadoes ? is a question that may well be asked long before the next general election. Now as regards the capitalist, who not being a producer, seeks to invest in India or Ceylon. How does the currency appear to him ? He sees the Indian Government so hard up for its own rupees that it has passed a bill authorising the issue of notes by the currency department sgainst_ deposit! of gold in London. He sees the banks in the East chaiging fronr 12 to 15 per cent on overdrafts ; the Rupee Tea (fompany shares fallen 40 per cent in a few month-s, though the price of Tea has only fallen 5 per cent ; all pecuniary enterpri.se par'aly.sed ; and the lately prosperous Ceylon reduced to the condition of a fraudulent South American Republic. The capitalist classes are thus thrown back, out of civilrsation, into the middle age.s to corn- pete— without a Currency machine their own — with the ntodern barbarian provided with a Currency and a Bounty put upon his products by an English Government. The experiment has proved that the first duty of a Government is to provide an honest Currency, and to supply its revenue in ways apart from this. The Government of India could always have done this ; for the fall in silver was no injrrry to the courrtr'y and v hat the Governmerrt lost itr Revenire the Tax-])ayer gained. It should therefore have re-adjusted its taxation and not tempered with its Currency. The only course to avert the financial ruin of India and Ceylon is for the Government to re-trace its .steps, appoint statis- ticians to a,ssertain the supplies of silver needed to re-habilita‘c the Currency and jjurchase these by advertised instalments. Who would this injure? The Manchester shipper has had his unfair innings ahoady and can well afford to discount the pr spective falls in Exchange or send his goods to African markets. — Yours', HARCOURT 712 THE TROPICAL AGRlCULTURlSr. [April i, i8g^. THE CURRENCY PROBLEM FOR “LITTLE CEYLON.” Colombo, 5tli Marcli, 1898. Dear Sir, — I have read with interest the articles and correspondence in your columns dealing with the Currency Problem. But it seems to me that we are all at present groping in the dark, owing to the want of a sufficiently wide and complete basis to argue upon. So far we have had ex- pressions of opinion based upon the real^ or fancied interests of the particular writer. "W hat we want is a well-reasoned argument, dealing with the varied interests of Ceylon, shewing how far they are antagonistic to or coincident with each other, and ex|)laining what is our true policy in currency matters when these different interests have been adequately ascertained and balanced against each other. I suggest that such an argument must take into consideration six different classes : — 1. Those who produce goods in Ceylon, the cost of production of which is mainly a silver cost, with the intention of selling them for gold. 2. Those who purchase or manufacture goods on a gold cost of production, with the intention of selling them for silver. 3. Ttie Government considered as a corpora- tion (in other words the nation in its capacity as laxpayer, for it is of course the Taxpayers who have to pay for the Government ) 4. Those whose wages or salaries are a fixed number of rupees. 5. Those who produce or trade in goods locally produced and also locally sold, so that silver is their cost of production and also the price for which they are sold. 6. The whole body of consumers. Everybody in Ceylon is comprised in one or other of these classes. The argument would consider the effect on each of these classes. («) separately (b) as they act, and react on each other, of the courses logi- cally open to us, which are 1. — To have rupee standard based on the bul- lion value of silver. This would imply, of course the reopening of the Indian Mints or else a separate Ceylon coinage 2. — To keep the present artificial rupee 3. — To establish a gold standard either (a) with or (b) without an actual gold currency. 4. — By agreement with other nations to try to maintain a double standard of gold and silver. This is of course Bimetallism. The argument would conclude by explaining a practical scheme for carrying into eftect which ever of these four courses appeared to be most desirable. It is obvious that such an argument must be based on facts and statistics, extremely complicated and, as far as I know, very imper- fectly ascertained at present. But to adopt any policy or currency scheme, without such exhaus- tive investigation, is simply to take_ a leap in the dark. My practical conclusion is that the press should combine to urge most strongly that a Commission of Inquiry should be appointed to ascer- tain the data, on which alone a sound policy can be adopted. Unfortunately it is doubtful whetherthere are trained inquirers in Ceylon competent to con- duct such an investigation. For it is necessary to analyse the facts as well as merely record them. For instance it is not sufficient to state that the profits of a particular tea estate have fallen recently. It is nece.ssary to go further and as- certain to what cause or causes this fall in pro- fits is due— there are several possible causes, such as deterioration of quality of the tea'etc.— and disentangle the effects due to currency from the efi'ects due to all other causes. I am afraid no one in Ceylon has either the leisure or the necessary qualifications for such a task. But England has many such men, and it is certainly worth while Ceylon’s while to procure one of them for this necessary investigation. — Yours faithfully, CURRENCY REFORM. COST OF PURE GOOD MILK. Dear Sir, — In his report on Colombo dairies, the Mayor says that “ pure and good milk cannot be supplied at a profit for a less sum than 25 cents per bottle.” This is just about correct, for though it may be said that the Government Dairy makes a profit over milk sold at 18 or 20 cents, it must be remembered that no rent is reckoned and no salary of Superintendent or Veterinary Surgeon taken into account. With small " Coast,” cattle giving on an average 4 or 5 bottles of milk, or Sinhalese cows with a milk yield seldom exceeding two bottles, 25 cents will not leave a very large margin of profit if only pure milk is to be supplied. The Lunatic Asylum is now paying 22 cents per bottle for milk from cows kept on the premises, — so as to ensure the purity of the milk, — but here again the milkman gets the ])remises free. ONE WHO KNOWS. TEA CULTIVATION AND ECONOMY. Arnbegamuwa, March 11. Dear Sir, — Any planter in Ceylon will tell you that no new conditions and not all the pres- sure of Companies which may.be brought to bear can ever effect any saving on the working of tea estates. Expenditure has been worked out for years back to its lowest possible limits and in some instances so fine that the Superintendent had to carry forward a debit to the following year and try to keep to the alloM'ed expenditure in that way. No sir ! that is not the way to get out of our difficutly. It is simply a mon- strous impossibilty. All that can be done is to sack Superintendents wholesale and letyour estates upin weeds, sort of semi-cultivation ; these are the only two items on which they may try any im- proved method of curtailing expenditure and stop all extensions j but otherwise there is nothing that can be done which has not already been done. Our only salvation lies in our having a rupee of our own and allowing India to wallow in her own mire. Why should we sink when there is no necessity for it. If only our legisla- tors and financial men put their heads together they can soon work out a currency for ourselves and fix it in such a way relative to our trade with India, as will not harass it and thus save the colony from this impending ruin. C. T. MR. MASEFIELD’S FINE CATCH AT NUWARA ELIYA. I Nuwara Eliya, Mar. 13. I Sir,— It will doubtless interest many of your , readers to hear that I caught with a fly on the 10th two trout — one weighing 3 lb. 3 ozs. and the i other 9 lb. 10 ozs. They both were taken in the stream flowing into the Nuwara Eliya lake. The ' largest trout hitherto taken in Ceylon, I believe^ I ApRiL I, 1898.] THE TROPICAL was one caught by Mr. J. M. Punlon in 1896 weighing 8 lb. 4 ozs. Tlie lengtii of my trout was 2 ft. IJ in. and girth 1ft. 5^ in., tlie length being short for its weight. It was a female fish and un- fortunately full of ova, and had I known this in time I would have tried to preserve the fish for breeding purposes. As it is I had it photographed and sent it to Mr. Jacob, of Kandy, to be set up. I hope he will make a good job ot it. An extraordinary occurrence was, that whilst playing the fish, a fine otter appeared on the scene and behaved in the most excited manner jumping in and out of the stream and swimming round and round with its head out of the water within a few feet of me and making a peculiar hissing snorting noise which otters do when excited. Whether the otter wished to help an old friend in difficulties, or to seize the opportunity of helping itself, or thought that I had hold of another otter (anci I was not quite sure myself, for sometime that I had not) it is difficult to say. It will te interest- ing to note to what size trout will grow to in Ceylon.-I am, &c., H. V. MASEFIELD. [This letter will be of peculiar interest to The Field, Land and IFaler and Fishing Gazette to whose editors, copies of this Observer will be sent. — Ed. T,A.] SCIENTIFIC MANURING ON CEYLoN PLANTATIONS. Colombo, 16th March, 1898. Dear Sir, — I have pleasure in handing you my circular and would direct your special attention to the testimonial of Mr. A. 0. Bonner, of Kirkoswald estate as to the value of these fertilizers. The old custom of simply applying castor- cake and raw bones may have answered very well in the past, when the margins of profit Were large ; but with many adverse circum- stances besetting the tea industry in the present day, it becomes a necessity for producers to avail themselves of the advantages, which the progress of Agricultural Chemistry has placed within their reach, in order to bring about cheaper production and quicker returns for the money ex- pended on manure. This end I submit, can only be accomplished by the application of a properly constituted fertilizer, based upon the average composition of the soil, the special conditions of climate and the requirements of the crop. The special fertilizers may safely be said to comply with all these conditions, and as Mr. Bonner’s testimo- nial shews, they maybe relied upon to give satis- factory results. Another point in their favour is that they are of a very concentrated nature, which means a great saving in the cost of trans- port and application, and adds-to the profits of the crop,— Yours faithfully, A. BA UR, Ceylon Manure Works. “THE CRISIS IN THE TEA INDUSTRY:” TEN MILLIONS OF RUPEES LOSS FROM EXCHANGE AND LOWER PRICES IN 1897. Sir, — Figures published by your evening con- temporary shew depreciation in the value of localTea Share Scrip of close ui)on six million rupees in 14 months, and of this sum I may notice in passing that nearly one-third is depreciation on shares in Companies managed (and ably managed too) by the firm of which the Chairman of the Chamber of Commerce is a partner. He it was who, a week or two ago, thought it the duty of tlie Chamber to approve “ iu no undecided way ” AGtllCtlLTDRiST. 7ij the broad-gauge railway to Jaffna and to re- commend the appropriation of Rl, 500,000 from the general revenue duiing the next three years. The proposal was unanimously adopted ! In the earlier part of his speech the Chairman commented on the bad effect exchange and low prices had had upon Ceylon trade for 1897 ; but his re- ference to this was most offhand and casual, and it is perfectly certain that he and the other members of the Chamber were unaware ot the actual loss inflicted on hapless tea shareholders and proprietors, as a body, during the previous twelve months. As is shown by the prices referred to, the actual depreciation on shares was nearly six million rupees. It is rightly raid that the fall is partially attributable to the undue infla- tion of 1893-6 ; but there is no gainsaying the fact that the primary cause was the fall in the average price of tea, and the higher exchange ruling for the greater part of the year. The average price of Tea for 1897 was 6-8ths of a penny less than in 1896, and as our shipments aggregated 116,054,567 lb., the loss to the tea industry thiough the fall in price was £301,183 or upAvards of 4i million rupees, independent of exchange 1 If we go a step further and work out this, what do we find ? A loss of somewhat over 5J million rupees 1 Total on Tea and Exchange say Ten Million Rupees. It is no use trying to blink the fact that with Exchange as it now is, coupled with a low average for tea, there are less prosperous times ahead of us, and it therefore behoves the Government not to fritter away any surplus revenue— that may be required to afford relief, by lower railway rates for produce, —on a fancy scheme that cannot possibly give any return, or benefit many people for years and years to come ; but to at once push on the Kelani Valley Rail- way, the success of which is assured from the day of opening, and which will biing untold re- lief to a district that suffers much for want of proper means of transport, while also bene- fitting many thousands of natives. Reports of meetings of Tea Companies held since the Chamber of Commerce discussed the Railway question, show that the days for economy and caution have arrived. Firms are called upon to reduce their Agency charges ; directors their fees ; superintendents their salaries; and it is not at all unlikely that London and Colombo Brokers will be asked to consider the advisability of reducing their commission sales from 1 per cent to half per cent, which would mean a saving to the planter in one year of about R250,000. Things are bad enough as they are ; but if the island is to be saddled with the expense of Railways that Avon’t pay for generations to come and the general revenue surplus be taken aAvay lor that purpose— the time is sure to arrive (and possibly in Governor RidgeAA'ay’s day) Avhen we shall have to follow the example of the West Indian Colonists by appealing to the Im- perial Parliament for relief. — I am sir, yours truly, A MAN OF BUSINESS. THE SILVER CURRENCY QUESTION. Kandy, March 11th, 1898. Sir,— The Secretary, Planters’ Association of Ceylon enclose copies of correspondence Avith the United Planters* Association of Southern India, on the Silver Currency Question- A. PHILIPr 1H THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. To A. Ronaldson, Esqr, Secretary, U nited Planters’ Association of Southern India, Madras, Kandy, Feb. 23rd, 1898. Dear Sir, — Your letter of the lith instant, with enclosure on the subject of the recent flnancial policy of the Indian Government in endeavouring to create an artificial rate of exchange, and inviting co-opera- tion and support in representing the Producer’s in- terests to the authorities, I know write to say that your communications were considered at the Annual General Meeting of the Planters’ Association held on the 17th instant, and I confirm my telegraphic advice to you thereafter as follows : — “ Letter re- garding Currency Question duly received, resolution passed at Annual General Meeting resolving to co- operate in representing Producer’s interests to autho- rities.” For your further guidance, I now annex copy of the resolution above referred to, and would add that a further communication will be addressed to you later. — Yours faithfully, (Signed), A. Philip, Secretary to the Planters’ Asso- ciation of Ceylon. RESOLUTION REFERRED TO. “ That the Association recognising the extreme gravity of the existing conditions of exchange re- solves: — 1. T® join the United Planters’ Association of Southern India in representing to the authorities how disastrous to the interests of the Producer, Eu- ropean and Native, the artificial high rate of exchange has been. 2. To impress upon the Ceylon Association in London how essential it is that they should at once take steps to see that the Producer’s interests are not thoughtlessly sacrificed in such a vital matter.” ( Copy. ) United Planters’ Association of Southern India. Madras, 25th February, 1898. The Secretary, Ceylon Planters’ Association, Ceylon. . Dear Sir, — I duly received your telegram of 22nd instant reading ‘‘Lettter regarding tcurrency question duly received resolution passed a annual general meeting resolving to co-operate in representing pro- ducer’s interests to authorities,” for which 1 aw much obliged. — I am, dear sir, yours faithfully, (Signed) A. Eonaldson, Acting Secretary. The Secretary, Planters’ Association of Ceylon, Kandy, Dear Sir, — I thank you for your letter of the 23rd instant, and I am pleased to leara the terms of the resolution passed by your Association at its annual general meeting, in support of the action which we propose should be taken to bring about a change in the Indian Government’s present currency policy. I enclose, copy of a letter addressed by my hair- man to the Government of India^ giving expression to our views, and probably the views of all producers and exporters on the subject of the present artificial value of the rupee. This letter was necessitated by a communication addressed to that Government by the Madras Chamber of Commerce in favour of the Lindsay Scheme and it was felt that if we did not now raisfe a protest we might not have an opportunity to do so later.— I am, dear sir, yours faithfully, (Signed) A. Ronaldson, Acting Secretary. ( Copy of Enclosure.) From George Homily, Chairman, U. P. A. S. I., To the Secretary to Government of India. Financial Department, Calcutta. Sir,-^As we observe that the Madras Chamber of commerce has recently laid its views on the currency problem before the Government of India, and as we note with alarm that it advocates the adoption of what is known as the Lindsay Scheme for establish- ing a gold standard and thereby fixing the rupee at ab9ut Is 4d, I now have the honor to submit for the ooasideratiou of Government the views of this Asso* [April i, 1898. ciation on the subject, representing, as I b’liev* they do, not only the interests of the educated Euro- pean and native panters whom I have the honor to represent, but also the interests of the voiceless millions of native cultivators who are as yet unawaro ^ burden under which they are laid if Chamber of Commerce ” that if India IS to be saved from ruin, if she is to capital is absolutely necessary to develop her great resources but we go further than this, aud maintain that not only cheap capital is necessary bat also a rupee at its natural value in order that the export trade, which is the backbone of the prMperity of India, may not be handicapped 3. Our two chief industries are the growing of tea, and coffee. Our teas have to compete with J^an and China. Japan has recently adopted a gold (doubtless haWng that and other competition in view), at the nreaenr ow rate ru ing in silver standard countries^ and“a for all practical purposes one of them. China has a silver standard, and a practical illustration of Lr favoured competition with India was recently afforded by the starting of the Foochow Tea Improvement Company, which in its prospectus lays stress on the advantage China now has over India and Cevlon in cheap silver, the exchange value of the rupee exceeding that of silver fully 25 per cent.” Iu? taking the present intrinsic value of the rupee at between 9d and lOJ and the exchange value at la 4d 60%Tceut China amounts to In like manner our coffees have to compete with those of Brazil and Central American States. Bra- zil has nominally a gold standard, but owing to bad financing the Milreis, its standard coin, has fallen in value during the past ten years from 27d to between Sd and9d so that for all practicaTpu™ ' Brazil 13 a country with a currency on a level with that of all silver standard countries. Costa Rica and the other coffee exporting countries of Central America have a silver standard, and consequently with Brazil, enjoy the same advantages in their competi- Chambp of Commerce admits _ that Indian Producers will be heavily handicapped countries by a fixed la 4d rupee , but to attempt to fix a lower standard does not seem to be within the limits of practical politics.” It IS this prejudication which we would oppose. In ® solution of the present diffl. reopening of the mints. We believe that if this were done a great stimulus would be given to the export trade of the country and capital would be again attracted, The only ob- stacle, which unfortunately has been allowed to overshadow the whole question, is the loss that would be entailed on the Government of India by its home charts This, we believe, would be largely compensated by the increased trade and prosperity o the country but if fresh taxation became nS sary to meet the requirements of Government, we. as producers, would prefer to submit to a small direct export tax on our produce than to have to struggl} against the recent crushing handicap in favour^of produce from silver using countries.— I have the honor to be, sir, your obedient servant, p.ph oI ,our leu,r „[ if,. 3l>l JamA® S ■’".'T whatever comb n.tipri may be deJmed advisable fo? the tuc-poae 9f relreseatiug tg the Imperial ^ Aprjl I. 1898.] THE TROPICAL •inment, the critical condition o£ the producer's in- terests in Ceylon and in India, as well as the ur- gent necessity for action without delay. As lar. T. N. Christie well remarked in 1893 : — '■ The interests of every class in the colony are wrapped up in its producing interests.’’ Before dealing with the second paragraph of your letter of the 3lst January 1898, it may be convenient and useful if I briefly state what has been done by the Planters’ Association of Ceylon, on the subject hitherto. In August 1893, the following resolution passed at a general meeting of the Planters’ Asso- ciation was forwarded to Government : — Resolution referred to. — “ That the Government be urgently requested to take immediate steps to appoint a Commission to consider and report upon (1' the probable effect in Ceylon of the recent action of the Indian Government in putting an artificial value on the rupee; (2) the measures which it may be expe- dient to take to protect the interests of the colony under the altered nature of the currency, as, in the opinion of the Association, the prosperity of the colony has been seriously endangered.” Ih reply Government stated that a Commission would be appointed to enquire and report as to the robable euect in Ceylon of the recent action of the ndian Government in restricting the coinage of ru- pees and the measures which it may be expedient to take to protect the interests of the Colony, in consequence of the altered nature of the currency while Government guarded itself from being under- stood to express any assent to the opinions expressed in the last paragraph of the resolution quoted above. In this connection attention is also invited to the Marquess of Ripon’s despatch, on the subject dated, Downing Street, July 7th 1893, and to the action of the Ceylon Association in London — Sir Arthur Gordon (njw Lord Stanmore) addressing a general mee'ing of the Association said, “The moat important subject that has engaged our attention, as it must have en- gaged the attention of all engaged in Eastern affairs is the great silver qnestion. We now know that Lord Herschell’s Committee has made its report, and that the report has been sent out to India for consider- ation of the authorities of chat Country.” It is sa- tisfactory to record that several gentlemen i-epresn- tative of Ceylon’s producing interests, gave evidence before Lord Herschell’s Committee. The Ceylon Silver currency Commission reported to Government in February 1894, and since then many of the conclusions arrived at by the Commis- sion have been verified and few, if any have been disproved. The Association therefore considers that the Silver Currency Commission’s Report 1891 shouH form an important document on which a case can be prepared to prove the detriment to the produ- cing interests of Ceylon and India caused by the actoin of the Indian Government in putting an artificial valae on the rupee. The Planters’ Association proposes to approach the Secretary of State for the Colonies by Memorial, also to secure that a deputation from 1 he Ceylon Association in London shall wait upon him thereon, and will further urge the Governor of Ceylon to write a despatch to the Secretary of State on the subject. As Ceylon has, of course, no locus standi with the Secretary of State for India except through the Colonial Office, the Planters’ Association may not accordingly be able actually to combine with you, nor perhaps to advocate the precise measures which you suggest, but its action will be contemporaneous, and will have practically the same object in view. Adverting to the second paragraph of your letter under reply the Planters’ Association is in full agree- ment with the conclusions expressed in paragraphs 14-20 and 24-28 of the Ceylon Silver Currency Com- mission Report hereto appended for reference, and need only point to the diminished dividends declared by local Tea Companies in 1897-1898 notwithstanding increased crops. That this diminished profit in the tea industry caused, in a large degree, by high ex- change has very seriously checked further extensions of tea cultivation admits of no doubt. AGRICULTURIST. 715 It is surely almost unnecessary at this date even to indicate that competition with silver-using coun- tries where the currency is a bullion value, currency Will soon be impossible by virtue of the enormous difference between the bullion value and the artificial value of the rupee amounting at the moment to about 60 per cent, and it is incredible that the Indian Government is not well aware of that. It is an unfortunate fact in the case, that the millions of India, who are the ehief sufferers, are quite incapable of understanding the cause of their reduced profits and trade, and even if thev did have ho means of immediately making their voices heard; while the few who are gainers by the high rate of exchange are not only intelligent and educated but are intimately connected with the Government itself, or are suffi- ciently strong to influence the Government. It is a significant fact that those who without question gain most by a high exchange are European Govern- ment Officers, and that those are the strongest advo- cates of the present policy of the Indian Govern- ment in the face of such representations as the producing interests can bring and have brought forward. It is probably an erroneous assumption that the rupee would ever have fallen to its present builion value (say lOd), and that if it had, the Indian Government would have been unable to meet its liabilities and it is probably correct that if the mints were reopened there would be an immedate rise in the price of silver, and therefore of the bullisn value of the rupee. Again had the Indian Govern- ment by its action not so severely crippled all the producing industries of its country, the popnlation would have been in a condition to bear some addi. tional taxation, indirectly, perhaps by means of an export tax. All are agreed that cheap capital is absolutely necessary to develop the resources of CeylOh as of India and that staple exchange will tend to attract capital. Capital however seeks profits not stability of exchange alone and where here are no profits capital will not flow. Moreover the high rate of exchange mduces the witdrawal of capital to London and hinders its return to India for the simple rsasons that vnth diminished or no profits there may also be loss oj capital in getting it back again. Capital will inevitably flow where there is most profit and prosperity, but apart from this, stability of exchange is just one of those objects of the policy of the In- dian Government which it has certain not attained.' One of the worst features of the case is that the Indian Government by its action has rendered remedial steps exceedingly difficult. Having paralysed the producing industries, an export tax must tempo- rarily be severely felt. Having closed the mints and raised the price of the rupee as well as depressed the Value of silver, it is difficult, if not impossible, to re- open the mints without inflicting enormous loss on holders of merahandise for the time being. In conclusion the Association would draw your attention to the report of Mr. David Yule’s speech at the meeting of the Calcutta Bank, January 26th, which commends itself as an able exposition of the case from the producer’s point of view. Mr. Yule among other matters, emphasis the want of confidence that prevails, and how essential it is to establish confidence. When confidence is established the Planters’ Association agrees in believing that capital would again flow freely to Ceylon and India that probably the only sensible remedy to the present unfortunate position of India and Ceylon is to gradu- ally to re-open the mints to the coinage of silver under certain conditions. In view of the different conditions prevailing in Ceylon, and that this Colony should not be involved in the same financial disaster as the Indian Government were the rupee to fall to its intrinsic value the Association would not be ore- pared to join in a request for the imposition of an export duty on produce. — I am, dear sir, yours faith- ‘““y- A. Philip, Secretary to the Planters’ Association of Ceylon. 7I6 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST [April r. 1898. TEA FACTORIES AND SITES. Sir, — Will any of your experienced correspon- dents favour me with replies to the following questions : — 1. What amounts have been spent on excavat- ing sites for tea factories ? 2. Would the bottom of a valley prove an un- favourable site for a tea factory as respects the withering of the leaf ? 3. Would it be wiser to incur extra expendi- ture on securing a site upon an open hill side rather than choose a site down in a valley ? — Yours faithfully, ’ AN INDIAN PLANTER. [The first consideration, in regard to a factory site, is what power can be utilized — if “ water- power ” from a river and this can best be done by occupying a position near its banks, every- thing else gives way to this all-imiiortant con- suleration. We know of a first-class factory, turning out good teas, which has its factory at tlie bottom of a valley for the sake of the turbine driven from the river and which gets good ‘withers’ and makes good tea. But then the .circumstances of Indian tea districts, in respect of climate and sunshine, [may ditl'er much from •Ceylon. — Ed. T,A-'\ CEYLON TEA INDUSTRY, (By an ex-Ceylon Colonist.) London, March 4. What is coming ever our TEA INDUSTRY? Only 18 months ago tea was being boomed in the city ; and today men are shaking their heads, prophesying all manner of evil things and “re- fusing to be comforted.” Shares are practically unsaleable and the average price of tea goes steadily down. The reports of our different Com- panies are not pleasant reading. They all ac- count for reduced profits by referring to the rice famine and the high exchange. No doubt, these are important factors.; but I think they only partially explain the unfortunate position. The average price of tea is going down and those who are in the trade complain bitterly of the poor ■tuff that is now being shipped to Mincing Lane. The fact is that Ceylan is losing its good name and I think there can be no .question that quality has been sacrificed for quantity. The tempta- tion to show big yields and so assist the flota- tion of Companies at fancy prices has been too great, and now that these Companies are floated they must keep up the oig yield to support the prospectus. What chance has quality in the competition ? But to my mind the most serious factor in the whole situation is the statement now being made vary freely in the city that tea has been “cornered,” and that the produce is now in the hands cf a few men who can practi- cally control in the market. I believe I am right in saying that Lipton, Mazzawaite Co., Brooke, Bond & Co., and the Wholesale Co- operative Co. are practically today able to re- gulate the price of tea. The unfortunate thing about this combination, from Ceylon’s point of of view, is that it exists not to keep up but to de- press the price of the article dealt in. When these Companies are buyers something like fair price may be realised, but if they agree at any sale to withdraw, the market collapses. The tea sale this week is the worst on record and men, usually sanguine, confess that the outlook is depressing. I do not wish to exaggerate the im- portance of Lipton, but my opinion is that he is primarily the cause of the present disturbed state of the tea market. The “ largest dealer in the Kingdom ” had to break all known prices ; others in the trade entered into competition to save themselves and the demand was for cheap tea. One of the Companies mentioned above is now selling packet tea at lOd per lb. to complete with Lipten’s at Is per lb. Sorry I cannot write more but the mail is just closing. [The aoove may explain the t'alcutta telegram contradicting any “corner.” Should such arise, planters will have to form Syndicates to get directly at consumers. — Ed. T.A.] PLANTING NOTES. Tea Planting in Bogawantalawa-Balan- GOD.v Division. — A recent visitor passing from Dikoya to Balangoda remarks on the evidence of progress at the junction of the two dis- tricts “ I have found a groat change in this part of the country since last here. Before, Detenagalla was the first tea you saw after the gap ; now the whole head of the valley, which used to be ‘ chena,’ is planted up, and as the soil and the ‘jhat’ are both good, it seems likely to be a good investment,” Indian Tea. — The total shipments to all places, from 1st April 1897 to 31st January 1898, amounted to 141,678,418 lb., of which Great Britain alone took 130,419,051 lb., leaving less than 8 million pounds for consumption in India, which is a curious commentary on the exigencies of trade. The country producing the tea, with a population of 300 million souls, is unable to consume more than 8 million pounds of its own product. Not that the Aryan does not appreciate the value of tea, indeed he is fully alive to its merits, but it will require great efforts to pene- trate his conservatism. The question of pi ice is an important factor with him, and until he can get his chah by the pice, it is doubtful whether he will become an extensive censumer. — I.P. Cazette. In Central Africa.— A former coffee planter in Mysore writes to a friend in Ceylon describing his experience. A contemporary gives the letter, and from it we take the following extract ; — “Since leaving six months ago I have not met half dozen Europeans and the Government Collectors. I have been in places and whole districts where no white man has ever been, and only on one or two occasions I have been badly r. ceived. Generally the Chief has turned out and given me his house. Where I have been badly received I have left an everl-asting impression on the villagers. I have been buying ivory in exchange for calico, bub have not made much out of that, but now I have taken up 2,50 ) acres of some of the best land in the world for coffee planting and have stated work in earnest. As a byplay I have over 700 men gathering Indiarubber, who bring me in over jalf a ton a week, and I hope to double that amount of men in a couple of months. I started with the idea of settling at least not witliin luO miles of another planter and so I have, for my nearest neighbours are 600 miles away and yet my transport is just as easy as theiis. 1 am about ten miles from the lake shore and can send down goods by the lake into the Shire river and thence down the Zambezi to the sea English coinage is of no value here.” th£ tropical agriculturist. April I, 1898.] 717 AGRICULTURAL SHOWS IN CEYLON. The followinjr leaf from the past vill be read with interest just at tlii.s juncture when Agricul- tural Shows are in the air : — List of Prizes awarded by the Agricultural Society (of Ceylon) on March 31st, 1815 : — No. Description of Articles. Amount. Names. £ 1 Best 4 year old coast bull. . 10 Mr. Tytler 2 2nd best do . . 4 do 3 Best cow . . a Mr. J. W. Little 4 Best yearling bull .. 2 Jayatilleke Mud. 5 Best 3 year old bull (mixed breed) . . 10 Mr. Tytler 6 2nd do 3| year old . . 4 Mr. Vy'. Austin 7 Best heifer (mixed breed). . 3 Mr. Gerard 8 Best native breed cow . . 2 do 9 Best fatted bullock (any kind) . . 3 Mr. Tytler 10 2nd best do . . 2 do 11 A coast bull . . 2 Capt. Jolly 12 Best imported English cow 5 Mr. Lindsay 13 Best mule . . 5 Mr. Young 14 Best 3 year old jungle pony 3 Tikiri Banda 15 Best sow . . 1 Mr. Hamilton 16 Best bouquet of flowers . . 1 Mrs. Delegal 17 Fine sample of Peruvian cotton , . 5 Mr. Robbe 18 do silk from Dnmbara.. 10 Dr. Hewlett 19 Sample of 500 bush Indian corn .. 2 Mr. D. A. Watt 20 Two pumpkins . . i* Tikiri Banda 21 A very large bunch of plantains . . J Mr. H. Steuart 22 Best cabbage and pease . . i Mr. C. Buller 23 A pair of fine rabbits . . J Mr. E. R. Power 24 A pair of black fowls . . | Mr. Tytler 25 For Mr. Guthrie’s improve- ment on the pulper . . 20 —■ 26 Specimens of tiles and bricks . . 1 — sion on profits ? Here are the Spectator's remarks at fuller length . — We all know how under existing conditions the work of a Director, which is really of the most onerous and responsible kind, has come to be regarded as a kind of honorary or titular distinction whereby a man, often through doubtful intrigues, makes an income without doing any work. At the. meetings of the Directors he signs the book and lakes his fee, and that is about; ail he does. To “ direct ’’ — to act for the Company as the individual business man of an earlier stage acted for himself — to check accounts, to examine pr.ices, to determine on orders and sales, to prevent leakage, all this is beyond his intention, perhaps beyond his capacity. We fully admit that nO legislation, however stringent, can ultimately protect shareholders from dishonesty or incapacity on the part of Director's. But at least this can be done,-" Directors’ reward can be made to depend upon what he is able to earn for the shareholders. The fee should be abolished, and a commission dependent on and proportionate to profits actually earned, be sub- stituted in its place. The great object, it cannot be too often repeated, is to compel the Director to direct, to make of him a real business-agent instead of a mere figure-head, an ornament, or, as in the case of the Grosvenor Hotel Coiripany, a mere tool of a profit* seeking man. The Grosvenor Directors knew that their attendance fees were secure, and they cared for nothing else ; the interests of the big-hotel and of those who owned it were indifferent matters to these men of straw. The Directors must be interested in the enterprise, and their reward must be dependent on their exertions in behalf of their clients, the share* holders; that at least is certain if we are to relieve the Company system from the odium and the suspicion which, after this extraordinary case, must be held to attach to it. For the responsible managers of ft commercial undertaking to pocket their rewards and shut their eyes to overcharges is intolerable. It is the idle and irresponsible Director who is at present the weakest spot in the modern business system. «5s. Total £101 i A NEW WAY WITH DIRECTORS. In these days we are told that it is rather difficult to catch hold of a Director of a local Tea Company. So many of the Companies have done badly, that, perhaps, it is not to be wondered at, that, rather than face the heated inquiries of disappointed shareholders. Directors should be content to “ hide their diminished heads ” and be as difficult to find as a profit to divide, or ft prophet who can foresee, to any real purpose 1 Still it is in these times that really good men are expected to hold, on to the helm, and the good man has always his worth. Directors’ fees which, in prosperous days, float in so agreeably and at so slight a cost, are now approximating to Dead Sea apples ; and the more sensitive a man is, the less does he like taking fees from a hungry and starved body of shareholders, who can “ bill and coo ” in the golden harvest days, but get nasty in “ the winter of their discontent.” The Londoii Spectator commenting on the “ Grosvenor Hotel Case ” suggests that “ the Directors' reward can be made to depend upon what they are able to earn for the shareholders. The fee should be abolished, and a commission dependent on and pro- portionate to profits actually earned be substituted in its place.” A capital idea if it could be carried out ; but we fear that if today a Director of a local Tea Company is difficult to catch, he could not be found at all if the terms suggested by the Spectator were to obtain amongst ns 1 Yet a fee proportionate to profits would give less offence than a fixed sum for all time, and, besides it should stimulate to good direct- orial work ; and moreover would it not lead to a gie» tly diminished risk of unprofitable, non paying C-nn- panies being started if the Directors — namely me promoters — had no prospects save through a commis- as THE GOVERNORS TRIP IN THE EASTERN PROVINCE; PROGRESS OF AGRICULTURE: FRESH COCONUT LAND. ( Commiinicated. ) The Governor's visit to the Eastern Province passed off very satisfactorily, and he took great ptiins to make himself thoroughly acquainted with its capabilities and wants. He was much im. pressed with the magnitude that the paddy and coconut cultivation had attained and the industrial character of the agricultural classes. Three or four important me.asures that were laid before His Excellency for the further development of the Province will receive his immediate attention. As regards Coconut cultivation there will soon be advertised for sale some e.vcellen*' land near the .sea-coast towards the south. Capitalists will do well to invest as they will have the oppor- tunity of buying large blocks all together if they wish it. Coconut cultivation is the thing of thq future. “RxiMIE;irS CULTIVATION, DECOR- TICATION, TREATMENT AND USES,” Is the title of a pamphlet just issued by Messrs, MacDonald Boyle & Co., of which a copy has been sent to us from home, and from which we quote some practical paragraphs as follows : — lu au Es ale of, say 1,20j acres, we advocate the laying ouc of 3-acic blocks — two acres of which under cultivation, aud the remaining ^cre, is devoted to paths the tropical agriculturist. 718 [April i, 1898. — one coolie can attend to each block, as when once started he has only to cut a daily supply of stems ; no cultivation bjing necessary, beyond returning to the land, the refuse consisting of the leaves (which are stripped off on the spot as each stem is cut) and the ashes from the burnt refuse from the Decortica- tors; the daily cuttings, assuming a crop of 70 tons of stems, per annum, per acre, would be about nine hundred- weights for each two acres. Assuming the stems to mature in three months the block would be planted in twelve sections occupying twelve weeks, and by the time the last section is planted, the first should be ready for cutting. Each section, will require weed- ing, until the stems have arrived at about 2 feet high, after that, no weeding will be necessary, as no weeds can grow in the neighbourhood of Ramie, after the plant has arrived at that height. If regularly cut, the plants will continue to grow for an indefinite period, but in consequence of the spread of the roots they will require periodical thin- ning out — removing every other one for instance— care being taken to have other land ready to transplant the roots so as to prevent waste. Irrespective of other considerations, the system of daily cuttings is impor- tant, inasmuch as only ripe stems are cut, and a uniform quality of fibre assured, whereas by the crop system, ripe, over-ripe, and immature stalks are cut indiscriminately, thus preventing any possibility of uniformity in the fibre. In order to select suitable land for the cultivation of Ramie it is necessary to understand the chemical careful analysis of the incinerated green plants as follows : — Potash 11 8 Soda 2 35 Lime 30-87 Magnesia . . 7-89 Ferric Oxide and Alumina 211 Oxide of Magnesia . . 0-17 Phosphoric Acid 7-29 Silica 33-01 Chlorine 2-13 100-5 Less excess of Oxygen due to Chlorine O'o 100.0 E'rom the above analysis it would appear that the Ramie plant exhausts the soil, but inasmuch as the whole of the refuse from the decoiticators (consisting of bark and wood, and the W'hole of the leaves) is returned to the soil, there remains simply the fibre which is only 2^ per cent, of the weight of the stems without loaves — under these conditions the exhaustion is more apparent than real. From experiments undertaken by the United States Agricultural Bureau, the Mineral ingredients extracted from the soil were found to be distributed over the whole plant as follows; — Of Potash about three-fifths in the stalk, more than one-fourth in the leaves, while the bark and fibre contain a little above one-tenth. Of the Lime 87 per cent, vvas in the leaves, 10 per cent, in the stalk, and 3 per cent, in the bark. .55 per cent, of the Nitrogen was found in the leaves, 29 per cent, in the stalks, and 15 per cent, only in the bark. So tliat all that is actually taken from the soil is an infinitesimal amount of the Pota.sh which is contained in the fibre. In the choice of the land therefore it is necessary to ascertain the quantity of the above ingredients it contains. A soil not too heavy should be selected, and be well but not too deeply drained, as the plant is a surface feeder; it grows bettor in the shade; in clearing jungle, therefore, many of the large trees may be left standing. Method of Cultivation — When sufficiently cleared the land should be laid out in blocks of three acres, to which one coolie can attend, as all he has to do after the plants are two feet high i tr cut the stems as they ripen and deliver them to the tram line. For the convenience of transport the tram should run through the eefitre of each block, so that the farthest point to which he will have to carry the stems should not be more than 250 yards, that is, he will have one and a-balf acres on each side of the line, the length of each block being roughly 2.50 yards ; the three acres should be laid out in beds, 0 feet wide, with a pathway between of 3 feet. This will give two acres actu.allv under cultivation. The beds should be turned over about 9 inches deep, and the earth from the paths (which should be about 18 inches below the level of the beds, to carry off the heavy rains into the drains), thrown on to them, and smoothed over. They are then ready for planting. Planting.— If sufficient plants already exist in the neighbourhood, an estate may be started with cuttings, rooted layerings, or by means of the divided roots. If no plants exist recourse w ill have to be had to seed. Cultivation from Seed : Sowing. — A piece of any light soil, is well dug once or twice, then divided into small beds, say six feet by four feet, tbe surface is pressed down with the back of a spade and made moderately firm, and then racked smooth. The even- ing before the seed is to be sown the beds are watered, the following morning they are likely raked and levelled. The seed, which is very small, is mixed intimately with dry earth, say one pint of seed with twelve pints of earth, which is sufficient for six beds of the size named. This mixture is sown evenlv over the beds {not covered with earth) and then lightly pressed down with the back of a spade. Light thin mats are stretched on sticks about two feet above each bed, to keep them sufficiently moist, and to protect the germinating seeds from the sun. No water is given till the young plants are up, but if necessary, the shading mats are sprinkled by means of a broom dipped in water. The mats are removed at night, so that the young plants may catch the dew, and they are laid aside altogether when the plants are two inches high. If the beds are dry they are now watered, and this is repeated whenever necessary. The beds should be kept clear of weeds. As soon as the plants are big enough to handle, and before they become crowded, they are transplanted to the field— a wet day being chosen for tbe purpose ; they are taken up with a spade, keeping a small ball of earth round the roots of each, and planted about nine inches apart. The beds should be kept weeded, until the plants are 2 feet high, when no further attention is necessary. Planting Roots. — When the plantation is started by roots, they should be planted 18 inches apart. Layerings. — The plants can be propagated by means of layering either from the seedling or the root ; when the plants are grown for the special purpose of propa- gation, they should be arranged three or four feet apart, set slantingly, two or three inches of earth covering the tops. The ground must be kept clean and loose. When the first stalks have attained tbe height of about three feet, they are ready for layering. The ground then should be thoroughly moistened, and the stalks bent gently down, fastened with small crotchets, and covered with three or four inches of earth, leaving the top, of the layered stalk uncovered. Care should be taken to avoid detaching the stalks from the parent root. In the course of three or font- weeks the layers will have made stalks, which can again be layered for the same purpose, and quite a number of the stalks can be dug out for transplanting in order to increase the plantation. Cuttings. — These are prepared by dividing tbe stalks into lengths of five or six inches. They are set out obliquely, about twelve inches apart, and nearly covered with earth, and if the work is done before the hot weather begins, they will require neither watering nor shading, but mu.st be kept clean of weeds. In two weeks they will have rooted. Transplanting. — In time the entire space between the rows will have become filled with roots unless precaution is taken to remove every alternate plant as soon as the rows become overcrowded, but care should be taken to have other land ready for receiving the transplanted roots. Even Growth. — The matter of securing an even growth of stalk is a very important consideration ; by even growth is meant not only even length and size of stalk, but uniformity of growth. A efent t>( THE TEOPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 7*9 April t, ,i8g8.] Kamie grows rapidly when there is sufficient moisture, but is of stunted and slow growth when opposite conditions prevail. When one of these conditiocs follows the other in the same growing crop the fibie is adversely affected, for in the after-process, to fit it for spiniug, the chemical treatment, necessary to reduce the hard and stunted growth, to the condition of spinable fibre, may wholly disiutegate the structure of the fibre, in the softer or free grown portion of the stalk, and great waste and loss ensue. Therefore, where lengthened droughts are likely to occur, means of irrigation must be provided. Crop. — One acre of land should produce at least 70 tons of stems (stiipped from leaves) per acre. This means that each coolie will have to cut and bundle, on his two acres under cultivation, about 1) cwt. of stems (weighing say G ounces each) per day, and reckoning 313 working days to the year, Decortication. — After cutting, the next operation is to decorticate the stems and separate the fibre. One battery of decorticators will treat the produce of 200 acre=. This battery is placed in the centre of e ch 200 acre block, so as to minimise the transport of the stems. Degumming. — The fibre produced by the decortica- tors, is embedded in a mass of gum, and resinous matter, insoluble iu water, which must be removed before the white filasse suitable for textile purposes, can be obtained. It has therefore to be sent to the degumming shed, where by means of a chemical process, the cleaning is effected, and a beautiful white fibre obtained ; it is then dried and packed for export. An estimate of Plant and Machinery to treat the produce of 400 acres under cultivation, amounts to £3,050. This plant will produce about two tons of Filasse per day. The estimate does not include the cost of erection, which will naturally vary, according to the situation of the estate, and the labour available. Estimate of Cost of necessary Machinery for treating the product of 1,000 acres — is PLANT AND MACHINERY. Decorticators, 5 Installations of £. s. d. 40 Drums, with 5 12-h.p. En- gins . . , , 3,000 0 0 One Degumming Plant . , 1,000 0 0 Steam Boilers and Engine 1,600 0 0 Soaking Tanks . , 250 0 0 Chemical Tanks 250 0 0 Water Tanks 100 0 0 Steam Pump and Appliances 100 0 0 Loading Crane, Weighing Machinery, &c. • • 500 0 0 Fittings for Treating Sheds Steam Barrel, Steam Valves and 250 0 0 Fittings 150 0 0 Belting say 100 0 0 Baling Machinery 500 0 0 Freight and Sundries say 350 0 0 7,550 0 0 The above machinery will produce 74 tons per day of cleaned filasse. This estimate does not include fitting and fixing, for the reasons stated above. TABLE OP COST, INCLUDING FREIGHT, (tc. Assuming the product to be oue-and-a-half tons per acre per annum on 1,000 acres, the following table will show at a glance, approximately, the price of e '.ch ton Filasse according to the cost of labour, the I :htv figures remaining constant. £ 4 i s. tl. S. s. (1. £. s. cl. 031 13 9148 0 6 3 2 6 1 19 3 106 19 9384 1 6 8 17 1 4 17 5 £. s. cl. £. s. d. 2 9 0 2 10 0 2 12 10 2 10 0 3 0 7 2 10 0 3 8 6 2 10 0 ? p. 1 Ill £. s. cl. £. s. cl. 0 16 10 8 14 3 0 16 10 11 1 4 0 16 10 1,6 15 6 0 16 10 20 9 10 The Brokerage and Landing Charges have been laken at the sale price of £42 per ton, which sum the Filasse will readily obtain in the English Market. If a higher price is secured, of course this item will be lucreased. Terms.— The above Machinery is supplied on condi- tion that 25 per cent of the net profits is paid to Messrs. Macdonald, Boyle cSr Go. by way of royalty, and in all cases, before the inadiiaery is supplied’ the purchasers will have to enter into a contract to that effect. One third cash is payable with the order, and the balance when the machinery is packed ready for export. , v Tha lociil .Agents Mes.sr.s. Lee Hedges & Co., advei li.88 that they are ready' to supply copies, of the paiii[)iilet. indiaU patents. APPLIC.mONS FOR THE UNDER SPECIFIED INVEN- TIONS HAVE BEEN MADE. 12th February, 1898, No. 45. — G, F. lir. Horbury, M, Inst. C.E., Bombay, for an improved latrine for natives. No. 47.— J. S. E. Lumsden, office of Accountant General, Military Department, for an automatic machine for pulling punkhas. No. 48.— Khetter Mohun Kurmokar, of Alipore, and Annada Prasad Mukerji, of Kidderpore, for an im- proved motor for actuating punkahs and other similar purposes, to be called a “ powerball," No. 49. — J, L Spoor, Madras, for the manufacture of cement. ,, No. 50. -Charles James Dear, of London,, for an unproved machine for the breaking, scutching, de- corticating and like treatment of ramie and other fibrous plants. No. 55.— Dosabhai Khurshedji Eadan, Bombay, for an improved machine for extracting fibres. No. 5G. — .John James Muraland, Bombay, for an im- proved latrine seat for the use of natives of India, to be called “ the Aryan latrine seat.” 19th February, 1898. No. 64. — John Kiel Tulis, of Glasgow, for improve- ments in treating hides and skins. No. 66. — John MoDonueil, Ceylon, for improvements in apparatus for keeping tea-leaf cool during the pro- cess of rolling by machinery. 26th February, 1898. No. 71. — William Martin, Agra, N.-W.-P., for a com- bined plough suitable for ryots in India. 4th March, 1893. No. 79. — Heinrich Ludwig Verwohlt, of Java, for im- provements in ynd relating to machines for the treat- ment of Liberia coffee beans. — Indian and Eastern Engineer. “ The Agricultural Gazette ” of New South Wales. Volume IX. Part 2. For February, 1898, has the following contents ;— The Making and Im- provement of Wheats for Australian Conditions ; T.’he Economic Feeding of Working Horses ; B.ac- teriology in Helatiou to D.i. ryiiig, ^v,ith a contrast between European anil Aa-tra!ian methoiibi ; Notes on Pest,.s^aud Crops; Some Tools useful in F.xperiiusiit Work ; l-ruits at 5Vollongbar I' xnerimcnt Facin ; Tiia .Vu-;trala.siau Fruit Ca-ie ; lireediug and D.^i'u iug Ducks ; Tue '. or '.loatiug and :g iu Prui .-s ; l-!aiis ...111! Ions ol a Small I 'u .-uia. •. ■ ; Be,..-, aiui Il.jw L ■■ itJiiuc.ge lium — li ; Bee '.■ai..-u- dar for March ; Oicharci Notes for Maich ; Practical Vegetable and Flowers Notes for March ; General Notes; Replies to Correspondent!; List of Shows for 1898 ; Label for Specimens. ^*0 ^HE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [April i, 1858. MACHINE-MADE TEA XN CHINA A TRADE REVOLUTION. Shanghai, March 3rd.— It is certain that very great interest will be taken in the modest prospectus of the Liang Hu Tea Improvement Company, which appears in our front page this morning. The Russians only remain faithful to China Congou, and the British public, the greatest tea-drinkers in the w . rid, w U not have China Congou any more, preferring the m ichine-made tea of India and Ceylon ; and thus wh it was a magnificent trade has dwindled away to a shadow. But the leaf grown in China i- still the best in the world, all the plants that produce docent tea in India and Ceylon having been introduced there from China ; the trouble is in the mode of prepara- tion. Three or four men have been working for some years to get the Chinese to adopt the modern system of manufacturing tea. The manufacture has been adopted successfully on a small scale at Fopchow, and experiments made at Wenchow last year with very inferior leaf opened the eyes of the Chinese as to how by ilu- use of machinery they may regain the market they have lost, IS'ow the tea-men of Hankow and the high offi-dals of the great black tea producing provinces, Hupeh and Hunan, have been interested in the matter, seeing that a recovery of the English market means w'ealth to themselves, as well as to the growers and the foreign merchants who handle the packed product. 'A Company, modest enough in its inception, has been formed at Hankow with a capital of Tls. 60,000 and Shanghai is also appealed to for its co- operation. The Chief Director is Mr. R. B. Moorhead, Commissioner of Customs at Hankow, and we under- stand that this appointment is particularly favoured by the Viceroy at Wuchang, under whose protection we may say the company is formed. The provisional directorate is a very strong one. Mr. Chi Ching- foo is the compradore of the Hongkong and Shan- ghai Bank here. Mr. Tang Kew-chiug is fami- liar to all who have anything to do with tea as Awal, and his name is a synonym for enterprise, intelli- gence, and uprightness. .Mr. Tang Soey-chie is the bead of the leading tea hong at Hankow and compra- dore to Messrs. Molchancff, Pechatnoff, & Co ; while Mr. Chun Fai-ting, the able and courteous Mana- ger'of the China Merchants’ Steam Navigation Com- pany in Shanghai, needs no introduction or commenda- tion. A significant paragraph in the prospectus is that which says that “although this is a purely mer- cantile company, Mr. Moorhead has received the guarantee of the Viceroy of the Laing Hu provinces that the machinery and employes shall be fully protected", and still more significant is the statement that “no officials will be directors or in the employ of the company.” The confidence that is j ustly reposed in the Hankow Commissioner, Mr. Moorhead, by Chinese and foreigners alike, is shown in the pro- vision in the prospectus that the “Chief Director is to have full power in the direction of the company and in the engagement of all employes of the com- any ; he is also to have power to delegate his authority temporarily to any respectable and trustworthy forei- gner, whom he believes capable of performing his duties during his temporary absence, hut he is to be accountable for the acts of hia delegate.'" It cannot be doubted that in this small beginning we have the germ of a revolution in the prepara- tion of tea in China, and a resurrection of the trade between Hankow and London, which is dead if not actually buried. The first tea-leaf roiling machine for the company is on board the “Oaufa” and will be landed in a few days. A commencement of operations will be made this year in ihinglaotung district. It is not our province to recommend pubic companies to our readers ; but tlie estabiish)ueut of the Liang Hu Toa Improvinent Oompany means a great deal more tim.n tin pv, in. i ,.f .-eniiiner- a’.ivo iuvc.-.tmwit ; it mean:, tiie recovery of a great trade that has burn lo.-t, rend, it was thnughl irreiri&v- ably lost. There is n j (iuestiou that China, bv adoj t ing ludiau methods of prepaiaticn, can cempete, with India, and on still better terms if India ado- pts, as ;t is Said she is going to do, the gold stan- dard,—V. C. Herald, CAKE OF HORSES. It is speed that kills, overloading that breaks down and ruins. A rough, soft or sandy road, nearly or quite doubles the labour of a horse, and a he id-wiiid adds greatly to it. A rise in the gr:de of one foot in ten doubles the draft. Dry axles double the labour and weariness of the team. Overloading is costly and crnel, and has ruined thousands of horses. No load should be too heavy to haul easily over the hardest place on the strip. Steady hard pulling causes great pain, so a team should have frequent rests, especially during the early part of a trip. Much horse power and distress is saved by starting slowly and driving molerately the first hour. Never start fast. Balking is caused by overloading whipping, cold or ill-fitting collars or harness, and ugly drivers. It is cruel and useless to whip a b.alky horse. Turn his atten- tion ; tie a string rather lightlj’ around his leg or his ear, lift his foot and pound on the shoe, give him sugar or an apple, but do not hurt him. Rarey says, “ horses never balk until forced into it by bad manage- ment.” Hard worked horses should have hay on the floor at night so that they may eat while lying down. Plaster scattered on the stable floor keeps down b.ad odour and purifies the air. To protect horses and cows from flies rub them with a cloth dam, noi toet, with kerosene. It helps greatly. A decoction of walnut leaves is said to be very effective. T.he feet should be examined every night and stones removed, as standing on them causes suffering and lameness. It is cruel and impolitic to tie a horse so that he cannot lie down. Horses should have deep, soft bed- ding, night and day, especially hard worked ones. Horses need water as often as men — or oftener. It is better to give them water five or six times daily than let them drink rarely and heavily. Regularity of meals and variety of food are as important to horses as to men. Water horses before feeding them, or keep water within their reach. The horse having a very small stomach does better oil three meals a day than on two, and should not have an unlimited supply of hay. He is much like a man and needs very similar treatment. Horses over twelve years old often suffer from tooth- ache, which prevents mastication and causes poor condition. Every horse should be examined annually by a veterinary dentist. It pans. Horses need a variety of food. It pays to give them vegetables, a few apples, Ac., also fresh grass, all mode- rately. Every horse should have a box of salt within his reach, also a pail of water, especially at night. — Home paper. MINOR PRODUCTS. London, March 5. CojA-LEAvES. — At the drug-auctions today fair green Truxillo leaves were limited at 6d per lb., and broken at 5jd. A p ircel of 11 b ales fair Ceylon was brought in at 41. The export from Java for the six months en- ding— Year Bales 1894 369 1895 619 1S96 560 1‘07 598 CnoTON SEED. — Twj pavceli c,'!isi-i.ing of 29 bags lira come- to hand from sjulombo, but were not in time to beoffared at today’s auctious. Oil Ohaulhugr.a.— Hood pale sold at Is 51 per lb. April i, 1898,1 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. ?2l Oil, Cinnamon.— Two parcels o£ “ cinaamou-leaf ” oil were bought in at 4d per oz. The exports from Ceylon from January I to February 8 were 17,375 oz. Oil, Citronella, sold, with good competition, at Is Ogd to Is Ofd per lb. It was bright yellow to green oil, put up without reserve, 159,291 lb. were shipped fmm Ceylon from January 1 to February 8, of which 75,919 lb. went direct to America aud 77,331 lb. to the United Kingdom. Vanilla. — In small supply. A few lots sold, fair chocolate 5 to 6J inches, 17s to 18s medium brownish at 15s. A few lots split Mauritius 5 to 6,- inches sold at 15s mouldy Tahiti brought 3s 5d per lb. Cinchona. — At the sales in Amsterdam last week less than half of the bark offered was disposed of. The sales made at the respective units were as follows (in quinine-sulphate equivalents) 5c 5ic 5Jc 5|c 522 1,426 2,354 2,445 The following is a statement of the descriptions of bark offered : — Ledger. Sucoi- Hybrid, rubra Kilos, Kilos. Kilos. Gov, Plant, . , 26,471 3,714 — Private Plant.. 481,860 32,743 36.461 —Ohemist and Drugqist, March 5. 6c 1,094 kilos, quantities and Offici- Calisaya nalis Kilos. Kilos. 1,992 368 A COCONUT PALM CATERPILLAR. [The following paper by Mr. E. Ernest Green, Honorary Government Entomologist, on the disease of Coconut Palms, is ijublislied by Government for general information. — Ed. T.A.I “ THE BLACK-HEADED COCONUT CATER- PILLAR.” Description of Injury. — The first indication of the pest is the withering of the palm leaves, only the vci’y young leaves at the top of the tree remaining green. The disease rapidly spreads over a large area. The withered leaves droop and eventually fall off. Old trees aud young plants suffer equally. Nuts and young plants in nurseries do not escape. Upon the undei- jurface of the injured leaves will be found an accumulation of what looks like saw-dust mingled with web. This has been formed by the caterpillars for the purpose of concealment, aud they live and feed beneath this covering. All the green parts of the leaf are eaten away from below, leaving only the hard skin of the upper surface and the tough fibres. The husks of the young nuts are also sometimes attacked and tlie outer green skin eaten off. Gummy matter oozes out from the wounded parts of the nut and dries into hard reddish lumps. Such extensive injury to the leaves weakens the trees, resulting sometimes in a loss of more than 50 per cent, of the crop, and reducing the bearing capacity of the trees for two or three years. History op the Pest. — It appears, from reference to old estate diaries, that the pest has been known in parts of the Batticaloa District for the last thirty years, sometimes breaking out with great virulence, aud at other times disappearing altogether. The late Mr. H. Nevill, C.O.S., reported that the cater- pillars were destroying the leaves and seriously in- juring the trees over acres of coconut estates at Batticaloa in September, 1896. Mr. Nevill remarked, at the same time, that the pest was not known on the Jaffna estates. The pest appears to be at its height ill the months of September and October, and to disappear with tho advent of the lieavy rains of the north east imusoon. Description of the Insect.— The caterpillar is small, scarcely more than half an inch long wiiea fullgrown. Tho skin is smooth, with only a few very fine inconspicuous hairs. The head mid next two div'sionsof the body are black and shining, the r.st of the body is creani-c 'loured with minute brownish specks and lines. The parts immediately behind the head are considerably broader than the rest of the body. The chrysalis (pupa) is shining reddish brown, and enclosed in an irregular cocoou amongst the old webs formed by the caterpillars. The moth (which probably emerges in about fif- teen days’ time) is of a pale slaty-gray or yellowish gray colour, the front wings specked with black. The expanded wings measure | inch from lip to tip. The eggs have not at present been observed. They are probably deposited in clusters upon the young leaves of the palm. Remedial Measures. — It is reported that the usual remedy now employed is to burn the fallen leaves and other rubbish with a sprinkling of sul- phur over all. The smoke is supposed to kill the insects. Mr. Mnnro, one of the pioneers of coconut planting in the district, inform? the Grvernment Agent, Batticaloa, that his estate suffered severely at one time, but by dint of constant fumigating the pest has disappeared altogether, and has shown no symptoms of returning. His mode of procedure was to collect large heaps of rubbish and burn them in dry weather during the prevalence of high wind, which drove the smoke through the whole estate, The middle of the day was also selected as tha best time, when the moths and caterpillars were not protected by a covering of dew or moisture of any kind. This was kept up for some days till the pest disappeared. It is improbable that the smoke— or even the fumes of sulphur burned in the open air — would actually kill the insects. But the constant smoke may very possibly make the neighbourhood so un- pleasant that the moths are driven away to other parts before laying their eggs. And consequently no fresh broods would appear oa the protected estates. The burning of the fallen leaves is to be recom- mended also for the reason that many of the pupae of the insects may be destroyed by this means. Before the fall of tho old leaves, however, tha active caterpillars will have crawled on to fresh leaves. It would therefore be strongly advisable to cut off the injured leaves viltile the insects are still feeding upon them and to hum these with the rubbish. If care- fully carried out at the comraencemeut of an attack, this treatment would probably of itself be sufficient to keep the past in check and to prevent it from spreading further. "Any attempt to kill the insects upon the growing leaves by means of insecticides is quite impracticable, except upon very young trees and upon plants in nurseries. Even in such cases, when the pest is once established, it would be difficult to reach the cater- pillars by spraying, owing to their habit of secreting themselves and feeding beneath a dense web. But young trees aud nursery plants at present unaffected by the pest, and even the nuts upon the older trees, might be protected by the use of a wash contain- ing arsenic mixed with some soapy medium. This would make tire leaves distasteful and poisonous to the caterpillars. The burning of rubbish and weeds, with or with- out the addition of sulphur, in unaffected planta- tions might also prove of protective value. The smoke, if dense, would tend to keep away the moths that are migrating from neighbouring affected fields. A careful watch should be kept for the first appearance of the pe.st, and every effort should be made to check it before it has become widespread. E. Ernest Green, Honorary Government Entomologist February 24th, 1898. DEAFNESS. An essay describing a really genuine Cnve for Deafness. Ringing in Kars, >!vc., nmiiatler liow .severe or long- standing, will be sent [lost free. — Artilleial Ear- drnins anil siniil.ar a]ipliances entirely superseded. Address THOMAS KEMRE, Victori.v CTiaai- BERs, 10, Southampton Bujlding.s, Holborn, London. THE TROPICAL AGRlCTULTURlST. [April i, 1898, PLANTING NOTES. Planting in the Nilgieis. —A recent visitor reports : — “ Tlie Coffee in the Nilgiris looked grand and a line lilossoni was just coming out, hut the Tea is mostly China. 'The shops were advertising Darjiling Teas at I>2 per lb.” Ammonia Suxm’HATe.— The report of the Deuts- che Ammonia Verkaufs Vereinigung for 1897 shows that during that year they sold in England 2150.000 tons ot ammonia .sulphate, in Germany 100.000 tons, in France 30,000 tons, in llelgium and the Netherlands 30,000 tons — altogether 375.000 tons, or 40,000 more than in 1896. — Chemist and Druggist. A Coconut Palm Caterpillar. — The Gov- ernment has just sent to the jiress a very use- ful memorandum on a coconut pest from the Honorary Entomologist, Mr. Green, which i\e reproduce on page 721 with the inten- tion of at once including it in our current ma- nual “All About the Coconut Palm.” A\ e have not heard much of the caterpillar on the Western side of the island ; out to he forewarned is to be fore- armed ; and Mr. Green states very clearly what ought to be done where its presence is de- tected. Cea’L^n Gems. — At a recent meeting of the Iloyal Society of New South Wales, Prof. Tdversidge exhibited some mineral specimens. Amongst them was, says a home paper, a sap- phire from Ceylon, which is of a fairly deep red or amethyst tint 1 y candle or gas light, but of a blue colour by day-light, by the electric light and by magnesium light. The change in colour was exhibited to the members. 'These gems are being sold at Colombo as blue alex- andrites (chrysoberyl). Many sapphires show this dichroism ; but good specimens are not common. Ramie— says an expert— grows luxuriously, and with very little cultivation in both temperate and tropi- cal climates providing that the atmosphere is fairly moist aud the ground not swampy. Given a fairly warm and damp air, the rods grow quickly to a height of ten to twelve feet and are of a uniform ch^acter and easy to decorticate. But if the cli- mate is irregirlar, and dry periods occur, then the vigorous growth of the stem is checked, and the bark is hardened and ripened to such an extent as makes separation of its' fibres difficult. The main difficulty, however, has up to the present been expe- rienced in the absence of a suitable machine to properly separate the fibre from the other con- stituent of the stem. Ostrich Farm in San Antonio.— Before April opens an exten.sive and completely equipped ostrich farm will be well established within San An- tonio city limits. Mr. Thomas A. Cockburn of California, formerly of Ceylon, the promote: of the enterprise, arrived in San Anto-iio about a week ago, (says a. San A??fonio paper of Feb. 17) aud lost no time in m.aking the preliminary arrangements for establishing the farm. He is one of the mo.st experienced and best known ostrich raisers in the country. In partnership with Edwin Cawston be owns two of the great- est ostrich f.arins in California— one at Los AiK^etes and one at F.isadena — whicli contain soine 300 birds. Fur tl.isse.ason the San Antonio farm will be. stocked with between thirty and forty birds. Mr Cockburn’s paitner, Mr. Caw- ston, writes that he has picked out some of the finest birds on the Los Angeles farm to send to San Antonio, and that he has already fitted up a car for their transportation. EUCALYRTU.S IN Ea.st AFRICA.— Tlie German Colonial Office reports that following upon the sueceisGil plantation of Encalgptiis globulus in German East Africa a small plantation of Eucalyp- tus rostrata (the led-gnm tree) has been laid down at the Kovai Station, and it is doing well. — Chemist and Druggist, March 12. Amsterdam Cocoa Butter Market, — Our Amster- dam representative sends us the following information concerning the results of the cocoa butter auctions held in Amsterdam on the 1st inst. Of the 70 tons of I'ati Uouten'i) make ofiered, all was sold at 47 to 48L Dutch cents per half kilo, or an average price of 47'35 cents (about 8 3-othd per lb.) ; of 20 tons of the “ Hamer" brand l.S] tons were sold at 46i to 4(5| cents (about 8 3-7thd to SJd per lb.) ; of 5 tons from Hollandcshe Cacaofabriek, all was bought in ; of 10 tons oi Foreign make about 3 toos (Mackay A Co.) were sold at 4.5 cents (about 8jd per lb.) — British and Colonial Druggist, March 4. Adulteration of Food -says the C/u'o- nicle of March 4; — What is chocolate ? W'hat is Demerara sugar ? W^hat is butter ? What is whisky ? What is bees- wax ? Judging by the information which appears in cur news columns today, lbs authorities are disagreed, and the grocers, not being troubled by philosophic doubts serve out pretty much what they please when a customer mentions any of these familiar articles. According to an adulteration case that was tried yesterday, chocolate may legitimately contain a very large percentage of coco nut oil and still be choco- late, whilst we have it on the authority of the public analyst for Islington that unless customers ask for pure sugar, pure butter, pure whisky, pure bees, wax, pure coffee, pure anything, they may legally be served with any mixture the tradesman oilers, pro- vided it is not poisonous. Which all goes to prove that our adulteration laws are an amiable imposture. The San Jose Scale— We are unwilling to create needless alarm, at the same time it is our duty to warn our fruit growers of a possible dan- ger, against wliicli the Canadians and some of the States, of the L^nion have already taken action. Considering tlie enormous quantities of fruit import- ed from Canada, some of the Eastern United States, and even California, it is but too probable that the scale will make its way to this country. In California damage to the extent of millions of dollars has been effected. Within twelve yea’^s it has infested every fruit section of San Josh, and reached the orchards of Oregon and AVashing- ton. Evidently, says the Canadian Horticulturist, this pest will infest every orchard in Canada witliin the next ten years unless the greatest promptitude is taken to destroy it.” We have already given illustrations of the insect. — Gardeners’ Chronicle, March 12. 'The Women’s Branch of the Swanley , Horticultural College has an enviable posi- tion at present. During 1897 it had the largest number of students it has ever had ; at one | time there were thirty-five students in residence. j Moreover, the authorities are able to obtain re- I munerative employment for all their duly qualified I students ; the demand for lady gardeners is ' greater tlian the supply. It is pieasent to note ( that tlie Director of Kew Gardens now employs ( three of the Sw.anley ladies ; two have posts at j the Edinburgli Botanic gardens ; other as _ are i as a coiiA ale-ceut home, .an inclnstrial faiui i colony, at ladie-’ se'iools and col!.'-ges ; one finds employme.’it i'l laying out gardens in London, I uniler the Metropolitan Public Gardens Associa- tion. Is is not generally known that four county councils- i’.e., London, Berkshire, Essex and Kent — grant scholarships both to men and women to be held at the Swanley Horticultural College, April i, 1898.] THE TROPICAL AGEICULTDRlst. 723 COLOMBO PRICE CURRENT. Furnished hy the Chamber of Commerce.) Colombo, March. 29th, 1898. B.kchaxge on London:— Closing Rates BanL Sellinq Rates: — On demand 1/3 3116; i months’ sight 1/3 27-32 6 months’ sight 1/3 7-8 Banlc Buying Rates: — Credits 3 months’ signt 1/1 1-16 ; 6 months’ sight 1/4 5 32. Docts 3 months sight 1/4 3-32 ; 6 months sight 1/4 3-16. Coffee: — Parchment on the spot per bushel R14 00. Plantation Estate CoSee, f.o.b. on the spot per cwt. R77'00. Liberian parchment on the spot per bus. RS'OO. Native Coffee f.o.b per cwt. Rlo'OO nominal Tea: — Average Prices ruling during the wee'K Broken Pekoe per lb. 44c. Pekoe per lb. 353. Pekoe Sou- chong per lb. 26c. Broken mixed and Dust, per lb. 18o. Averages of Week’s sale. Cinchona Bare; — Per unit of Sulphate of Quinine per lb ojo. 1 to 5 % Cardamoms: — Per lb R2.05 Coconut Oil; — Mill oil per cwt. no quotation. Dealers’ oil per cwt. R13.25 Coconut oil in ordinary packages f.o.b. per ton R295.00 to 297.50 Copra: — Per candy of 560 lb. R42.00 Coconut Cake; — (Poonac) f.o.b. (Mill) per ton, R75 00 Coooa unpicked and undried, per cwt. R51.23 Coir Yarn.-Nos. 1 to 8 ] Cinnamon: — Nos. 1 & 2 only f.o.b. 57c. Do Ordinary Assortment, per lb .52Jc. Ebony. — Per ton Govt, sales on 4th April Plumbago : — Large Lumps per ton, R400 Ordinary Lumps per ton, R380 Chips per ton, R250. Dust per ton, R170 Bice. — Soolye per bushel, f R 3.00 to 3.35 ,, per bag, t R7.75 to 8..50 Coast Calunda per bushel, R3.50 to R3.75 Muttnsamba per bushel, E.3.40 to R4.00 Kadappa and Kuruwe per bushel, B2’87 to 312 Rangoon Raw 3 bushel bag:— R9.25 to 9'4q Tiiuu Pali do E1.30 to 1.40 Ebony per ton R80 to 180 Kitiil fibre per cwt E35’00 P,almyra do do R9’50to20 Jaffna Black Cleaned per cwt 20*00 do nixed do RIT'OO to 18’j0 Indian do R9.50 to ‘2U’00 do Cleaned do R12.50 to 2U'U3 Sa pan wood per cwt R45'00 Kerosine oil American per case. RC'37 to 6'50 do Bulk Russian per tin R2'40 to 2'4.5 do Rus.sian in Case Rl.70 to R4'75 do Sumatra in Case R4.60 to 4'65 Nux Vomica do R5 to 6 Croton Seed per cwt 28 to 30 Kapok no stock the seas n is in June ■ Large lumps 2.50 to 450 Plumbago per ton, according do „ 220 to 370 00 to quality ) do Chips HO to 230'00 ( do dust 75 to ICfOO CEYLON EXPORTS AND DISTRIBUTION, 1897-98. o bo d Xi icococoio iHi^oico Q 1 05C0C0*r}i CM X»0^i— 1 lx C5 CO to iHrHNjfiO 1 COCOCOCO X*3 • CO»» 05>. [X*rH r-l '•1 XWXO 2 § 1 1 1 1 . s S' a o 8 i-« ® X 05 X OJ Tf o O’ CO UO CO r-f O rH (MX • • • • . • • • • ■*7’ X O *0110 • • VC3» --d?** fH CM ^ Tjl X X i“« o X^ 05 ^ X IS ^ ?» CO 05 -n »0 LO •■aiO t— OXOSIr-^ cool 0! OCMcorjicri (O' c3»' X O (M CM 1-- m CO X a o S C3 s 3 e OT & . 80543 33600 25200 20216 13S394 68768 11200 .5040 11200 ♦H CO X tH CO X CO X ^ s 05 05 >0 i-t Vfs X (M 04 rH y] Hi O 05 O 05 05 01 C5 X ^ CO Hi Hi 1^5 X Hi LOCAL MARKET. f R33G to 33 (By Mr. James Gibson, Baillie St. Fort.) Colombo Mar 29tli, 1898. Estate Parchment :— per bushel R12 to 12‘7.> Chetty do do EII'jO to 117.5 Native Coffee do F. O. B per cwt !' ’ Liberian coffee:— per bush R2'50 to 3'50 do dean coffee:— per cwt R24 to 27 Cocoa unpicked per cwt R48 to 51 do picked do R50 to 52 Cardamoms M.alabar:— per lb. RIMO to 1.7.5 do Mysoore do Rl'85 to 2’25 Rice Market List Social per bag of 1G4 lbs nett R775 to S..50 Slate & 1st quality soolai:- per bushel R3'20 to 3.35 Social 2 & 3rd. do do do R3.05 to 3.15 Coast Calunda R3'50 to 3.75 Muttusamba R3.40 to 4.oO Kuruvee (not good) R3.00 to 3.10 KaZala R3'9U to 2’95 Raw Rangoon Rice per bag of 3 bus. R9 25 to 9‘40 Cinnamon, per lb No 1 to 4 55 c to 57 cts. do do 1 to 2 58 c to 60 ets. do Chips, per candy i RSO to 82 none to be hand t end of Season Coconuts. Ordinary per tbous.and E36. to 38 do Selected do R39 to 40 Coconut Oil per cwt R13 to 13'25 do F. O. B. per ton 295 to 300 Copra per caudy o o o (M ?>1 O f— 1-- S31 ■-1 w o: m 00 I - (>1 r- r- ic CO CS PI Tj1 TJ1 O O 1— ' o Gi I- 05 Nji lO r-l 52 I- iQ 00 O OC (M T-( o 1-1 05 :0 C-l — iCC0 05i0C0 00**^'O rjf H o IQ irs o t-" 00 * 05 C5 I-N o (N -sj* : ri (M M rH o CO -fi :o ■9^ W 3 S'® Marawila do li38-50 to 40 ‘00 to u Kalpitiya do R41-00 to 42-25 Cart Copra do R33‘00 to 37-00 M Poonac Gingelly. per ton 93 to 95 do Chekku do RS7 to 92 K Mill (retail) do RSO to 85 P Cotton Seed do RSO CO 82 o Satinwooci per cubic foot. R-2.00 to 2.30 Q do Flowered do 5.50 to 6.0j Halmilla do 1.30 to 2.00 Palu. no 1.80 to 1.40 - CO O I— lO ^ t— < O » fM «D CO 43 X tM' C^ -i« CQ CO lo O O C5 CO AO -p CO sO o 05 05 X lA O: 05 O lO X O O C-1 CO Tti CO o . X I- CO VO R S'S i i o'!* 3 sSs.5 •3 05 2 ^ 724 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [April i, 1898. MARKET RATES FOR OLD AND NEW PRODUCTS. (From Leicis (& Feat's Fortnightly Frias Current, London, March 0th, 1S9S.) /l.OES-', Scciolriiie cwt Ziu ?il ar A: Uc'j iu5c „ I tl S’ WAX, Zanzibar & ( Wliite ,, Bombay (Yallow,, M ariapascar ,, CAMBEOB, China ,, Japan ,, CAP.rAJK'A'b-', i alabarlb Ceylon.— ICysove „ ,, Tellicheny,, ,, Long „ ,, Mangalore,, ( ASH 01! OIL, Calcutta,, Madras ,, CEIT 1 II P. Zar.z'1 01 cwt. CINCHONA BAEK.— C eylon lb. INNaMoi .Ceylon Ists CCAJ IIY. QUGTAIK I ,S. per lb 2iidf Bids 4tl s Ctiii s lb. !L0VES, Penally Ainboyna Zanzibar \ and Pemba / Stems lOCT’I PS JM'lCl'S CWt. :OFFEK Ceylon Plantation ,, Native . Liberian ,, COCOA, Ceylon „ COIOMIOECOT COlP. ROPE, Ceylon ton Cochin „ FIBRE, Biiish . ,, Cochin „ Stuffing ,, COIR YARN, Ceylon „ Cochin ,, do. ,, CrOTON £1 ELS, 31)1. cvvt. CHICH 01 KOI 1 .Bengal, rough „ 1. alicut. Cut A ,, B & C „ C cchin Kougi. ,, Japan ,, GIM ammumacpm,, A KM, Zanzibar ,, Madagascar „ AEaBIC F. I. & Aden ,, Turkey sorts ,, Ghatti ,, Kurrachce ,, Madias ,, ASSAECETII'A KIX) .. Ml liBH, picked ,, Aden sort.s ,, OLIBANUM, d.iop „ pickings ,, siftings ,, INLlAllPEBl 1!, Assam lb Rangoon ,, X orneo i, Fair to ).i e di) tcn.n-tii to gc cd CJ od to fine Fair Bark to geed pali.sh . Fail aveiage (quality .. Clipped, bold, bright, fine Middling, stalky & lean Fair to tine plump Seeds tie e d 1 o f ne ,. Brownish Shelly to poed Med bronii to good bold lets and 2ncls EuW to fine bright Lcdgeliana C hips Crown, Renewed ,. Org. Stein,. Reel Oig. Stem... Renewed ... Ordinary to fine quill... QBALITY Bull to tine bright bold Dull to tine Good and fine brighc .. C'l n.ruen di 11 to fair ... Fair Fair Bold to fine bold coloiyj Middling to fine miel .. Low miet. and low grown Smalls Good ordinary mall to bold Bold to tine bold Medium and fair Triage to oielinary Fair to good Ordinary to fair Old. to fine long straight C)relinary to good clean C'ommcn to tine Common to superior ... .. ,. veiy fine .. Roping, fair to gecd .. Dull to fair Fair to fine dry F'air Good to fine bold ,*mall and ineelium C'umnoii to fine bolel .. Small and D’.s Uii.snlit Sin. blocky to fine clean Picked tine pale in sorts I art yellcAv and mixed Bean and Pea size ditto Amber and dk. red bold Med. & bold glas,sy sorts Fair to good palish .. .. ,, red Oidiiiaiy to good pale Pickings to fine pale .. Clood and fine pale Reddish to pale .selected Dark to tine pale Clean fr to gd. almonds Old. stony and blocky Fine bright Fair to fine pale Middling to good Good to tine white .. Middling to fair Low to good pale Slightly foul to bine .. Good to tine Common to foul & tnxd. Fair to good clean Common to line . . 1.7 2 6 a £7 10s £0 ;.s a £B 7s Od £0 a £0 7s td t.'s 97s Cd 3s Od a 4s ts [d a ; .s : d 3s a 4 s f d ?s K d ■IS Cd a £s Id ts Cd ■2s Sd a fs It'd Ss Cd a 3s ed Sjd a 4.'d 3^d 3'2s ed a 42s Cd 3| da f d i^d a ed ltd a C'Jd ..da 4;a : Jd a 6^(1 sl.d a Is Hd Ijd a Is td 7d a Is ( d Cd a Is cd V‘;d a 3 td Od a 1 s ii d a 5; d 4;|d a 4Ui 3j‘d a 4i'd 2d £s Cd 110s a 121s 102s a 106s tOs a Ill's 71 s a I is 4Cs a £5s 35s a 4Cs 7fs a 7ts 70s a 74s 60s a (Ss 42s Cd a 4.''s m minal TIO a £16 £10 a £21 £15 a £21 .£7 a £9 £12 a £26 ICs £12 a £34 .£10 10s a £15 IPs a CCs 9s td a 32s Cd 8s fOs a ICuS ■3Ss .a SCs 22s a 32s Cd 17s a 24s 7s Cd alSsCd .3(s a fCs £]0 7/Ca£J3l2,6 £82/0 a £10 10s 70s a £7 12,6 £5 lUs a £7 10s SOs a It Os £4 Ss a £8 £4 5s a £9 4Cs a 62s Cd < 5s a 8Ss 2s Cd a 40s 52s Cd a 57s Cd SCs a 4( s ■27s ed a DOS 40s a SOs SOs a 37.S 12s 6d a 15s 70s a S2s Cd ■j3s a 57s td ■j4s a COs ■20s a 31s Cd Us a 12s Cd Bs Cd a 14s 2s 4d a 2s 1 M d Is Cd a 2.S ■2s Sd a 2s lid Is 5Jd a 2s j]NDIARLBBFR,rCi nlcl).\ Java, ISing. A Peimiig lb. IFcuI to good clean ( jGi ( d to fire Ball Mezi n.bique Madagascar INDIGO. K.I. MACE, Bombay A Penang per lb. :myeaboi ANFS, T i Madias / I Btmbay cwt Bengal „ NHTMEGS— lb. Bombay & Penang „ NUTS, ARECA cwt. NHX YOIV'K A, Bcmbay per cwt. Muilias OIL OF ANISEED lb CASSIA LEM ON GRASS NUTMEG CINNAMON CllRONELLE ORCHKLLA W EED- cwt , Ceylon ., Zanzibar. ,, PEPPER- (Black) lb. Alleppee & Tellicherry Singapore Atheen & W. C. Penang PLUMBAGO, lump cwt. chips dust SAFFLOWER (lidinaiy to fair Ball.. Low landy Ball Sausage, fair togoed.. l iver and livery Ball.. Fr to fine pinky & w hite Fair to ge id black Niggers,' lew to goed.. Ecngal-- Sbipping mid togd violet Consuming mid. to gd ( rdinaiy to mid. Mid. to good Kuipah.. Low to Oldinary Mid. to geed Madras.. Pale 1 eddish to fine .. Ordinal y to fair 1 ickirgs .. Daik to fine pale UG... Fair Least Jubbhpore Bliimlies Bhajpore &c. Calcutta 64’s to (7’s 110‘s to 65‘.s leo’s to ISO's ... Co a Is Id Oruinaiy to fair fre.‘=h...|12s a 22s Cd C'ldinaiy to middling.. .'ts a fs Cd Imir to good hold fresh...! 'S a 7s Cd QUOTAIIONS. Is rd a 2s 9d ■2s 9^d a Ss ■2s ed a 2s 8Jd Is Id a Is 4d ■is td a 2s lid 2s I d a 2s ltd . s t d a Ps Is ltd a is 4d Is (da Is lOd 4s 2d a 4s Sd 2s Cd a Ss fd Is ed a 2s 5d 2s a 2s ( d Is 4d a Is lOd Is Sda 2s 4d 2s a : s s f d a Is lid isld a Ist'd 4s Cd a fs 4s Sd a 5s ... 4s a (s ... 4s Sd a Os ... £s 9d a 7s ... Ss Cd a 5s 6d ...ISs a Ss 2d ... Is Sd a 2s Od Small ordinal}’ and fair ts M Fair merchantable ... isSd; According to analysis.. Good flavour & colour... liingy to white Ordinary to fair sweet... Bright iV good flavour... Mid. to fine not woody... Picked clean flat leaf ... „ wiry Mozambique ed 4s Od a Cs 3d od Sid a 4d 5d a Is 7d Is (Jd a IB OJd ICs a 12s 6d Its a 15s Its a 11s SANDAL WOOD— Bombay, Logs ton. Chips Madras, Logs ( hips SAPANWOOD Bombay M a dras Manila Siam SEEDLAC cwt. SENNA, Tinnevclly lb SHELLS, M. o’BEARL— Bombay cwt. Mussel TAMARINDS, Calcutta... per cw t. Madras TORTOISESHELL— Zanzibar & Bombay lb. TURMERIC, Bengalcwt, Madras „ Do. Cochin ,, VANILLOES— lb. 1) aiiritins and | Ists Bourbon ... / 2nds Seychelles 3rds VERMILION lb. Fair to bold heavy ...]itda43d Fair Dull to fine .. .,.i2i<3a48d Fair to fine bright bold -C® O' 28s Middling to good small R® ^ 10s L nil to tine bright Ordinary to fine bright Geed to fine pinky Middling to fair Inferior and pickings Fair to fine flavour Fair to good flavour Inferior to fine Lean to good Good average ) Rough & rooty to good i bold smooth... Ord. dusty to gd. soluble Good to fine hold green Fair middling mtdinni Common dark and small Bold and A’s D’s and B’s Small Small to hold M id. to fine bl’k not stc ny Stony and inferior Small to told dark mottle part heavy Fair Finger fair to fine bold bright Bulbs Finger Bulbs ,. Gd. crysallized 3J a 9in. Foxy & reddish 4^ a 8 „ Lean and inferior *. Fine, pure, bright ICs a Its 5s Cd a 10s 80s a 86s GCs a 70s 60s a 55s £20 a £E5 5s a £3 £3(1 a £:0 C4 a £8 £4 a £6 £4 a £5 nom. £4i0sa£515s £6 a £7 Os a 803 3^d a 4|d 3d a 3sd Ii(d a 2Jd £5 15s a X612/6 £1 6s a £4 2/6 7s a 8s Cd 4s a Cs ISs a 2Sd Od 14s Sd 18s a 198 12s a 13b 13s a 14b 8s 6d 18s a 26s 13s a 20s Cd 7salls6d •2s 2d WAX, Japan, .squares cwt Good white haid q, iP7j( THE AGRICULTORSL IBAGffZinG, COLOMBO. Added as a Supplement Monthly to the TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST:’ The following pages include the Contents ot the Agricultural Magazine for April : — Vol. IX.1 APRII-ii 1898, [No. 10. SEASON EEPOETS FOE FEBEUARY. ESTEEN Province.— Malia crop reaped, and being tbre&hed in some places, preparations for Yala going on. Eainfall light. Crop prospects good and excep- tionaly flue in Eayigam Korale. Central Prownce.— Paddy. Maha cultivation in various stages, pro.spects good. No cattle disease reported. Eainfall registered in Matale 41 in. Northern Province.— PnMy. Eeaping and thresn- ing going on. Yield moderate in Mannar district, disappointing in Jaffna district. Eainfall regis- tered in Jaffna 112 in. Health of cattle goad a disease called raunanginoi prevails among the goats in Mannar district. Southern Province. — Paddy. Malia harvest on, preparations for Y^ala in progress. No. cattle disease reported. Eastern Procence.— Paddy. Miiumari crops reap- ed in Trincomalee district. Health ot cattle good, Eainfall in Batticaloa '04 in. North-Western Province. — Paddy. The harves is on, prospects generally good. Murrain still prevails, but is decreasing in many place?. No rain in mo-t parts, and where it occurred the fall was very scanty. North-Central Province. — Paddy in various stages. Eainfall at Anuradhapura, 1-3S in. Health of cattle satisfactory, though murrain was reported from Eppawala Korale. Sabaragamuiva Provmce. — Paddy. Malm harvest inprogi’ess in most places and outturn satisfactory No cattle disease. Eainfall atEuanwella, 5'14 in, Uva Province. — Paddy. Maha fields, some be- ing shown and some ploughed. Chena crops good on the whole. Fruits and vegetables plentiful and cheap. 'Weather dry. A few cases of murrain wore reported from Wellassa, othe.’\vi£e health of cattle good. EAINFALL TAKEN AT THE SCHOOL OP AGEICULTUEE DURING THE MONTH OF FEBEUAEY, 1898. 1 Tuesday Nil 16 Wednesday .. Nil 2 Wednesday... Nil 17 Thursday ,, Nil 3 Thursday ., Nil 18 Friday , . Nil 4 Friday Nil 19 Saturday Nil 5 Saturday Nil 20 Sunday Nil 6 Sunday Nil 21 Monday , , Nil 7 Monday Nil 22 Tuesday •19 8 Tuesday Nil 23 Wednesday. . Nil 9 Wednesday , Nil 24 Thursday Nil 10 Thursday . 0.1 2i5 Friday Nil 11 Friday . Nil 26 Saturday ... •17 12 Saturday . -02 27 Sunday •18 13 Sunday . Nil 28 Monday .. 08 14 L5 Monday Tuesday . Nil 1 Tuesday , , •01 Total . . *68 G reatest amount of rainfall in any 24 hours on the 22ud, '19 inches. Mean rainfall for the month "02 in. Recorded by A. H. Ahuat. APRII. 1, 11^98. 726 Snpplmmt to the Tropical AgricuUuHsV' THE VALUE OP BONE-DUST AS A FEKTILIZER. ( Communic-’ted. ) We have onl^ ju^t seen an article in the New South "Wales Agricultural Gazette on the above subject, ret'ening to certain ex- periments, the results of whicli sliould prove of interest to planters in this Colony who largely use bone-dust as a fertilizer. In 1889 Professor Wagner of Darmstadt car- ried out a series of experiments wl)ich led to the surprising conclusion that the phosphoric acid in the oidinaty raw bone-meal was so low in fertilizing value when compared witli the phosphoricacid in superphosphate or Thomas slag as to be almost worthless. The estimated low value of bone-meal was based, it is said, not only upon its immediate effects but also on its after-effects. We need not refer at length to the details of Wagner’s experiments, sutRce it to say that equal quantities of bone-meal super- phosphate and basic slag were used, and all other conditions were the same, but the results as regards both the immediate and after-effects of the bone-meal were so inadequate os to lead Wagner to put it down as practically worthless for its phosphoric acid. As a result of these ev- periments the Association of Bone-meal Maiu^ facturers of Saxony appealed to Professor Marcher, of Ilalle, to investigate the question thoroughly. Miircker’s experiments extended over 4 years (us against 3 of Wagner’s) and embraced different kinds of crops and soils, and different brands of bone- dust, (raw, steamed and degelatinized,) repre- senting the best qualities of bone-meal on the market. Prof. Wagner would appear to consider that the phosphoric in raw bone-meal, in steamed and glue-free bone-meal is about equal in value- Where equal quantities of bone-meal and super- phosphate were used, the results of the trial for early effect were as was to be expected, very unfavourable to bone-meal. As a result of a variation of the same experiment it was found that there is no advantage in mixing bone-dust witli superphosphate, ns the increase of yield is practically due only to the superphosphate. The soils in these experiments were sandy ones which are .regarded a.- lieing particularly benefited by the appliciiiion of bone-dust. The next series of ex- periments were conducted to lest the fact wheth.er bone-meal is really valuable for its after-effects, and, if, as it is reported to do, it permanently enriches the land. With small (piantitii'S of supeiphosphate there were no striking results in the .second year, as the greater ']).irt of the available phosphoric acid hud already I'cen used uj) in tlie first year. AVhere a larger quantity of superphosphate (but equal to the amount of bone-meal) was used, the after-effects were con.siderable, and though not as good as in the first year, were, never- theless, very much better than the after- effects of bone-meal. During the third year, the after-effects of bone-meal as com])ared with su]ter- pho.'-phate, were found to be still less favourable. Another .series of experiments went to show that the after-effects of bone-meal are not increased when used in conjunction with superphosphate. The result.s of the experinnnts above quoted would appear to warrant one conclusion, viz., that, at all events, for sandy soils, wdiich are exactly the .'oil- .'Upposed to he benefited by bone-dust, the action of the phosphoric acid in bone dust does not approach the action of the soluble phosphoricacid in superphosphate, whether the bone-dust is used alone or with suprerphosphate, whether in resptect to the immediate results or after-effects. The next series of experiments were undertaken on different classes of soils, relatively rich in prhosphoric acid, having been used in previous years for bone-meal experiments. The soils included sandy soil.«, loam, humous loam, clay loam, sandy loam, humous sand, &c. The results were again unfavourable to bone-meal manure. The.se experiments, as Prof. Miircker observes, would have an unwelcome result if it were not possible to treat bone-meal in a cheap) way so as to make it more effective, and this can be done by means of a small quantity of sulphuric acid not enough to produce superphosphate but bi- calcium phosphate, a form which, tliough insolu- ble in water, is ready available to the p)lant and little inferior in fertilizing value tosuperphosphate. This can be done by adding to every 100 lbs. of raw bone-meal, 20 lbs. of acid of 60 ® strength (Baume) or 40 lbs. to every 100 of glue-free bone- dust. It is advisable that the bones should not be in too fine a powder, but in a coarse state about the size of peas. The proportions given are said to be the most effective. To quote Prof. Miircker’s own words : “ One may twist and turn the matter as one will, whether used with cereals or crucifers, in sand, clay, or loams, rich or poor in pho.sphoric acid, in cold or hot years, whether in respect to its effects upon the first or upjon succeeding crops, the result is always the same, namely, the action of the phos- phoric acid in bone-meal, whether raw or steamed, or glue-free, is invariably unsatisfactory, and the author comes to the conclusion that it is high time that raw, steamed and glue-free bone-dusts ceased to be regarded as phosphoric fertilizers ; they require previous treatment justas the mineral phosphates do, in order to make effective fertili- zers of tliem, and the author believes that the future of the bone-meal industry lies in the preparation of these products which the experi- ments here recorded liave shown to be effecti\e.” 'The inference to be drawn from these experi- ments is that the besieficial action of bone-meil— for that it is beneficial cannot be gainsaid — is due not to the phosphoric acid but to the nitrogen it contains. ITof. Miircker is reported to be — at the date of the article here summarized — engaged in a series of experiments, with the object of ascertain- ing more exactly the nature of this action. As far as he has gone trials have shown that the effect of the nitrogen in bone-meal is 70 to 80 per cent of that produced by nitrate of soda in sandy soil, and from -5o to 70 per cent in humus loam. It is said that an independent series of experiments carried out by Dr. Liechti and Dr. V’oght of the University of Beinin 1896, goes to substantiate the results of Wagner and Marcker. In the-'e trials it came out that the effects of Thomas phosphate were far superior to those of raw as well as degelatinized bone-meal. A question that suggests itself to our mind is, to what extent is hone-dust affected, i.e., rendered ApRUi 1, 1898.] Supplement to the Tropical AgricuUurisV' 72f available to plants by tlie different climatic con* ditions (temperature, rainfall, humidity of the air &c. ) in the tropics? Again, is the gradual con* version of insoluble into soluble phosphate sufS- cient for the needs of perennial vegetation such as tea and coconuts? Theseandmany morequestions occur to us as they will to our readers. We should like to know whether any one of our coconut planters have pitted bone-dust against super-phos- phate and noted re.sults ? The views of Mr. Cochran and Mr. Hughes on the subject w'ould be interesting. OCCASIONAL NOTES. The students of the School of Agriculture were taken over Messrs, de Soysa’s coconut mills on Friday the 11th March, and witnessed the various processes in the manufacture of dessicated coco- nuts, while the preparation of copperah, coconut oil and coir was also explained to them. Our thanks are due to the proprietors of permitting the agricultural students to vi.sit their works, and to the manager of the mills for kindly showing them over the premises and carrying out Special operations for the benefit of the visitors, Asale of .stock drafted for the Government Dairy herd was held at the School of Agriculture on the 4th March, Mr, A. Y. Daniel acting as auctioneer. In spite of the w'Ct weather the attendance w’as fair, and among those present were a few well- known Estate proprieters, such as Mr. F. Beven, Dr. Rockwood and Mr. W. Jardine. The following statement gives particulars of the sale : — Cotvs. — Nancy, R33, Mr, Abdul Raiman; Maggie, R26, Mr. F. Beven; Tulip, R41, Mr. W. Jardine; Sunny, R55, Mr. W. P. D. Vanderstraaten ; Bee, R31, Mr. Beven ; Molly, R60, Mr, A. Raiman ; Ellen, R44, Dr. Rockwood; Jes.sie, R25, Mr. Vati- derstraaten ; Pearl, R52, Dr. Rockwood ; Polly, R91, Mr. A. Raiman ; Ila, R30, Mr. Raiman ; Phyllis, R72, Mr. Jardine; Cowslip, R55, Mr. Chas. Pieris ; Hilda, R85, Mr. Vanderstraaten ; Mary, R42, Mr. J. de Vos ; Edith and calf, R62, Mr. Kretser ; Effie and calf, R65, Mr. de Vos ; Minnie and calf, R36, Mr. Vanderstraaten ; Frixy and calf, Rs 31, Mr. Beven; and Ranee and calf, R38, Dr. Rockwood. Calves. — 1. Dr. Rockwood, R47 ; 2. Mr. R. Pereria, R41 ; 3. Mr. Dias Bandaranayake, R45 ; 4. Mr. Chas. Pieris, R20; 5. Mr. Pieris, R19; 6. Mr. F. Beven, R17 ; 7. Dr. Rockwood, RSO ; 8- Mr. Pieris, R28 ; 9. Mr. Vanderstraaten, R31 ; 10. Mr. Jardine, R70; 11. Dr. Rockwood, R45; and 12. Mr. Jardine, RIOO. Mr. G. W. Sturgess, Colonial Veterinary Surgeon, who left Colombo for Karachi by the S.S. “ Laos” about the middle of February, returned to Colombo on Saturday the 12th March by the S.S. “ Independent” with some fresh stock for the Government dairy. The herd consisted of 32 cows (14 with calves) and a bull. The animals arrived in good condition and were safely landed the same evening — under the supervision of the Superinten- dent and Manager of the Dairy— and after being driven to the School of Agriculture, were placed in quarantine in the Government Dairy quarantine shed. The cattle are a nice lot, and are all of the Sind breed. In an article on the Coconut, contributed to the January number of the Queensland Agricultural Journal, by Mr. E. Cowley, the writer says : “The one great factor that must be considered in this, a.s in other tropical pursuits, is that of labour. Machinery of modern type has, of coutse, been introduced to deal with the coconut, and it is highly probable that as yet the fibrous cover- ing has not been dealt with, so that tlie most economical results have been obtained. The ex- traction of the kernel known in commerce as copra, has also to receive attention from the mechanical inventor. The difficulty here is the hard shell and the e.xtraction of the kernel. The old-fashioned method of break- ing the shell and scraping out the contents with the curved sharp knife will have to be improved. Once the kernel is removed, the after-manipulation is simplicity itself.” We would only add that the old and slow process of breaking the nut and liberating the kernel has now been entirely superceded by the use of the circular saw worked by steam power, with the result that the work is done with wonderful rapidity, the kernels being got out entire, while it is doubt- ful whether the excellent mechanical devices for treating the fibre could be much improved upon to give more economical results. To those who have been used only to the slow, tedious methods of dealing with the coconut once in vogue, the work of our modern coconut mills will come as a revelation. Ngai or Ai Camphor is the subject of an in- structive contribution to the January number of the Queensland Agricultural Journal for January last. As far back as November, 1895, an account of this substance was given in the Kew Bulletin where the plant yielding Ai Camphor was identified as Blumea hahamifera. In the Agricultural Ledger No. 5 of 1896, “Camphor,” reference is again made to it under the head of Ngai Camphor of Burma and China. VYe there read that the Camphor is manufactured very largely at Canton, and that it is probably got from several species, that most frequently employed being B. balsatnifcra. Ngai Camphor is said to be che- mically more allied to Barns Camphor (Urgobala- nops camphora) than to China Camphor {Cinna- momum camphora), and is in point of price in- termediate between the two latter forms. Good Bai'us is said to fetch as much as RSO per lb., wdiereas common Camphor is little more than half that sum per cwt. Triiuen in his Flora has the following note referring to tlie plant under notice: — Balsatnifcra I). C. fCongza haU samifera L. ) is recorded for Ceylon by Moon whose locality is Kandy, and by Thwaites whose so named .specimens collected in Trincomalee by Glenie in 1862, which are C. P. 3665. (See Laggera aurita), Tlie truejS. balsamifera is native to As.sam, Burma, and Malaya; it was, however, called Conyza abor Zeglonensis, &c. by Plukeuet, and on that aocount got included in Burm, Thes. 74, 728 Supijlenient to the Tropical Agriculturist. [April 1, 1898. “Eamie, its CLiUivation, Decortication, Treat- ment, and Uses,” is the little of a pamphlet isued by Messrs. Macdonald, Boyle & Co., the patentees of the decorlicatiii” and degiunming proce-s known as the Boyle process. The Ceylon agents for the firm are Messrs. Lee, Hedges & Co. of Colombo, the head office being at No. 39, Victoria Street, Westminster, London, S.W. The pamphlet contains an analysis of the plant, direc- tions for planting and harvesting, e.stimates of Crop, plant and machinery and other information that will be useful to intending growers, Tho most suitable areas for planting are within the tropics, and especially within 10 degrees North or South of the Equator, where there is a moist climate, and very little variation in the tempera- ture, or in the ranifall throughout the year. For other facts and figures we must refer our readers to the pamphlet itself, for a copy of which We are indebted to Messrs. Lee, Hedges & Co. We have received the third Circular issued by Mr. A, Baur, proprietor of the Ceylon Manure Works, refer.ing to fertilizers for ten, coffee, cocao, coconuts, paddy, &c. The price per ton for the fertilizers varies from B125 to R135, the terms being net cash delivered at the Colombo Railway Station. According to the Circular the materials employed are of the best only, blood, fish, raw-bones and refuse, saltpetre being ex- cluded. f to f of the phosphoric acid are said to be in a readily available form, the balance being more readily decomposable than steamed bones. The percentages (except in the case of tea for ■which the percentages have been fixedby Mr. John Hughes) have been revised by an Agiicultural Chemist with considerable experience and personal knowledge of Ceylon. Mr. Baur also advertises almost every description of manure, in addition to his mixed fertilizers. CEYLON F. COCHIN COCONUT OIL. The following information derived from Cochin and Calicut gives further interesting information With reference to the manufacture" of Cochin oil. “ The superiority of ‘Cochin’ over ‘Ceylon’ oil lies in the finer quality of the former, occasioned by only white siin-dned Copper.rh being used in its manufacture. The European mer- chants who get their supply of oil from the native dealers, 1 understand, strain it properly before exporting it. It appeal’s that there is al.^o an inferior class of oil made here (Calicut) out of inferior Copperah. The inferior Copperah consists of unseasoned coconuts. This is not exported to European or American markets, but only to Asiatic ports. The term ‘Cochin oil ’ is not a trade name but means the produce of Cochin. iSoine of the European merchants who were consulted are unable to give any further piarticulars in the absence of information a,s to tho methods adopted in Ceylon for the manufacture of Coconut oil.” A communication from Cochin says, that if the coconuts are gathered every second month, 'Le., six gatherings a year, wlien they should be ■well seutoned and dried in bright sunshine for full seven days, the Copperah will make very good white oil, fit to be shipped to any European port. If any of the nuts are gathered earlier these unsea.soned nuts will, when converted into Copperah and mixed with the rest, go to spoil the colour and purity of the oil ; the Copperah from unseasoned nuts also yield less oil than that from well-seasoned ones. That Colombo oil is not so much appreciated as Cochin oil is .c.'dd to be attributable to the fruits there being dried by smoke. Indeed, no pure oil can be expected from nuts dried in smoke. Where it is good it is due to the vigilant care of the supervisors. The above information coming, as it does, from the centre of the ‘ Cochin oil’ industry is particu- larly valuable, and from it, we may infer, that it is the careful method of preparation that makes the Cochin oil superior to Colombo oil. A dry sunny clime is what seems to be essential for good Copperah, and we have been told by more than one contributor to the Observer that oil equal to that of Cochin is produced in the dry parts of the Island. There is no doubt something in the after-treatmeut of the oil, such as the “careful straining ” (why not also bleaching;-’) referred to in the first com- munication. Our best thanks are due to the Indian official for procuring the opinions which we have given above. SOME IMPORTANT AGRICULTURAL- CHEMICAL FACTS. Prof. Maeicker, of Halle, in an address deli- vered befo.-e the German Chemical Society, spoke of the advances of Agricultural Chemistry during the last quarter of a century, and referred to many important facts that have been established mainly as the result of German research. The chief sources of our knowledge of plant-food has been the method of water culture introduced by Sachs, Knoop and Nobbe, and the method of Sand Culture of Hellriegel, by which experiments were carried on in pure media, which not only make it possible to find out what substances are essential to plant life, but also the part played by each. By this means it has been ascertained that phosphoric acid is essential for the formation of nitrogenous substances, since the albumens whicli are of fundamental importance in the transforma- tion of substances in the plant, result from an inter- mediate pho.sphoric acid compound as is indicated by the occurrence of lechithin in protoplasm. Again, iron is an essential constituent of chloro- phyll and sulphur of albumen. The true function of calcium was for long doubtful; its action is now known to be of a “ medicinal character,” since it serves to neutralize the poisonous oxalic acid which is always an intermediate product of the oxidation of the carbohydrates. It was formerly thought that calcium fulfilled some important function in the leaves, as it was chiefly found in the foliage of plants. Since, however, the leaves are also the chief seat of the oxalic acid, this dis- tribution of calcium is easily explained. The part played by potassium has only within the last three years been explained by Hellriegel, who by exact experiments with beetroot showed that the amount of sugar in the beet stands in close APraL 1, 1898.] SupiRement to the “ Troincal Agriculturist}'' 729 relation to the amount of potassium provided. P. Wagner has made the interesting observation that the potassium may be partly replaced^ by sodium. The exact value of magnesium is not yet well understood, but it appears to be of importance in the formation of the nitrogenous substances of seeds, ns in these considerable quantities of magnesium phosphate occur. Nitrogen is, of course, an indispensable plant- food, for it is an essential consfituent of albumen. In addition to the quantities of mineral substances required by plants to enable them to grow healthily, further quantities are found to be essential to satisfy what has been termed (though not very aptly) the mineral hunger of the plant. This is explanied by an example. E. Wolff found that for the production of parts of the oat plant (dried), ‘5 parts of phosphoric acid were necessary when the remaining mineral substances were supplied in excess. The fol- lowing quantities of mineral matter were found to be essential for 100 parts of cats; Piiosphoric acid, '5; Potash, ’8 ; lime -2-5 ; magnesia, "2; and sulphuric acid, ’2; making a total of 1'95. There is, however, no oat plant which contains so little ns 1 ’96 per cent of mineral substances, the mini- mum being '3 percent. The difference (1 ’05) is the measure of what has been called the “ mineral hunger,” and represents the mineral matter which does not perform any special function. The ex- cess may be supplied in the form of some in- different substance, as silica. This observation is said to be of considerable interest to the farmer, for it shows that it is not economical to manure crops with pure substances. It has been found, unfortunattely, that the chemical analysis of a soil is of little use as a guide unless accompanied by a “mechanical ana- lysis,” or a determination of finely-divided con- stituents present in the soil, which form the only part that presents a sufficiently large surface for the exercise of the solvent action of water and its dissolved carbonic acid. There is one case in which chemical analysis is said to be of the great- est importance, viz., when there are traces only of some necessary elements in the soil. Here there is a question of a need for a manure containing this substance. If on the other hand large quan- tiles are present, it does not follow that there is a sufficiency in the soil even when the latter is in a satisfactory state of division, for the substance may be present in an insoluble refractorjy form. This is commonly the case with nitrogen, which exists in the soil chiefly in the form of a mixture of indefinite nitrogenous substances known ns humus, or mould. These substances sometimes easily give up their nitrogen to plants, but in other cases are very refractory. The uncertainty as to their action is indeed so great that certain peaty soils are known w'hich consist almost entirely of humus, but contain nevertheless an insufficiency of available nitrogen. Phosphoric acid affords another illustration. The soluble phosphoric acid of the manure is ab- sorbed by the soil as dicalcic phosphate, which is comparatively easily soluble in the soil water. With time, however, it may change in the soil to the insoluble tricalcium phosphate or even to iron or aluminium phosphates, which are still less soluble. In the case of calcium, chemical analysis has been found to be of considerable service in determining what manuring is required, since calcium is chiefly valuable in the form of carbonate or humate, and the-e are easily estimated in the soil. Since theii the direct method of soil-analysis is an insufficient guide to manuring, it is fortu- nate that chemists have been able to develops successfully an indirect method. This is the cultivation method, by which plants are allowed to grow in the soil under examination, after taking care to provide a sufficiency of all plant-food stuffs excej)t the one, e.g., phosphoric acid, whose presence in available form is being tested. The plants are then analysed, and the results compared with the analyses of the same plants grown on soils provided with all the necessary plant- food stuffs. As an important result of the method it has been found that different plants take up very different quantities of the same mineral substances. On this is largely based the system of rotation of crops, where the second crop is so chosen that it chiefly removes the ingredients of the soil which have been left by the preceding crop. With the aid of the cultivation method it has also been possible to draw up the following table, which represents the relative values of the differ- ent nitrogen compounds for plant-food: — Nitrogen of Saltpetre ... 100 „ „ Ammonia ... 86-90 „ „ Albumen ... 60 This table may be made use of in determining the nitrogen value of a manure. The cultivation method may be used for testing the value of manures of all kinds. Thus it was by a few cultivation experiments that Wagner in Darmstadt first showed the very great value for agricultural purposes of the “Thomas” Slag, produced as a bye-product in the manufacture of iron by the basic process of Thomas-Gilchrist. The million tons of phosphate meal annually pro- duced in Germany is now wholly utilised by the agriculturist, and its preparation for the farmer has become an important off-shoot of the iron indu.stry. Prof, Maercker’s address then goes onto deal with other points which we may refer to in a future issue. Those we have noticed are undoubtedly of interest and value, and deserve to be carefully noted by our readers. NOTES FOR CATTLE OWNERS IN CEYLON.=:‘ This is the title of a little pamphlet of 16 pages by Mr. C. AV, Sturgess, Colonial A''eteri» nary Surgeon. The headings of the different chap- ters us given in the Tal)le of Contents are : Food, AVater, Shelter, Signs of Health and Disease, Breed- ing and Real ing. Prevention of Disease, Contagious Diseases, Nursing, and a List of simple A’'eterinarj'' Medicines. AVhat will be most interesting to cattle owners is, of course, the treatment recom- mended for the various forms of cattle disease that occur in the Island. The author, Iiow- ever, refers only to the two common forms of * Printed at the Goveiument Printing Press, 730 Supplement to the “ Tropical Agriculturist. [April 1, 1898, I oz. 1| ozl contagious disease, viz., Cattle Plague (Rinder- pest) or Murrain, and Foot-and-Moutli disease or Hoof-and-Month disease, and we quote the passages under the head cf “treatment’’ for the benefit of our readers. Treatment for Cattle Plague. — The diseased or suspected animals must at once be isolated, and all communication between healthy and diseased animals absolutely cut off. A supply of good water may be placed with the animals, in which is dissolved i or 1 oz. of saltpetre. At the fiist, when there is constipation, | lb. of Epsom salts or one pint of linseed or castor oil may be given as a laxative. Either of the following prescriptions may be given as medicine : — Prescription I. Hyposulphite of Soda ... 2 oz; Quinine (or Quinoidin) ... 2 drs. To be given every day in one quart of congee to full-grown cattle; If diarrhcea sets in with blood iti the fceces, powdered opium 1 to 2 drs., or bhang ^ to 1 oz., should be combined with the above. Prescriptmi II. Hyposulphite of Soda Powdered Cinchona bark To be given daily in a quart of congee. Prescription III. Quinine (or Quinoidin much cheaper) .2 drs. To be given daily in a quart of congee. Prescription IF. The following is said to have been used with good effect in India : Camphor Datura Chiretta Arrack To be given in two quarts of gruel morning, and evening. The animals must be well-nursed and giveu congee and decoction of bael fruit, and good water and any soft food. No solid hard food must be given for some time. Milk and sloppy bran mash may be given, and a small allowance of tender young grass ; during recovery such medicines as chiretta, arrack, Cinchona bark. Treatment for Foot and Mouth Disease. — All the affected animals must be segregated, and the rules mentioned under “Prevention of Disease” put into force as far ns possible. • For mouth and feet dressings the following are ample, good and cheap : — Mouth Dressing. Powdered alum ... oz. Water ... ... 1 pC A little to be poured into the mouth night and morning. „ , . leet Dressing. Powdered sulphate of copper ... 1 oz. Alum ••• 1 oz, Water •.* ••• 1 pt' Apply to the sores on the feet twice a day. The feet must be kept quite clean by washing wil l! water containing a little Jeye's fluid daily. When the sores on the feet do not heal pro- perly the following dressitig should be applied in addition to the above twice a day Margosa oil or Coconut oil ... 8 parts. Turpentine •** 2 „ 2 drs. 2 drs. 1 oz. 4 oz. Internally give 4 or f lb, Epsom salt daily for three or four days in a quart of congee, which will relieve the constipation and fever. We hope the author will also treat of ordinary cattle ailments, including those incidental to milking stock and calves in another pamphlet, as the want of a knowledge of the treatment of many of these (such for instance as Hoven) often results in the loss of valuable animals. FRUIT CULTURE. {Continued.) One way of preventing the dissipation of moisture consists in covering the soil round the tree or plant with a layer of short broken straw or waste stable fodder. Gardeners knew this jilan of old and call it “mulching.” Under it, however diy the air, this .soil is alw’ays more or less moist, never c.akes into a crust and never robs the moisture in the region of the roots. In fact, loss of moisture through capillarity is stopped by the capillary tubes being blocked up and pre rented from com- municating with the atmosphere. About a fourth only of the total effect in preventing loss of moisture is due to the mulch insolation or shading the soil from the rays of the sun, the rest is due to its stopping the capillary withdrawal of the soil moisture at a point short of the evaporating surface. If it were possible to completely mulch the soil of an orchard in this manner, thei'e would rarely if ever be sufficient dry of the ground to cau'e wilting or dropping of the foliage due to want of moisture. But the method is generally possible only on a small scale. One objection, even if it were generally possible, is the danger from possible fire in dry weather. Mulching has also been used with success on hill slopes in preventing washing- away of the soil. Another way of preventing loss of soil moisture is by means of a soil mulch. If the top tilth were constantly kept broken up and never allowed to settle down into a close crust, it will almost as effectually check loss of deep-seated moisture by capillarity as would a mulch of straw. For this reason the soil between the rows of trees in an orchard must be kept constantly stirred to the depth of 3 or 4 inches This IS now commonly done on large areas by means of the implement known as the cultivator. One result of this constant stirring is that the land is kept perfectly clean. Nothing is more strenuously insisted on in fruit-culture by the best authorities — men who are speaking of their own practice upon farms of immense area — than this practice of keeping the surface soi in a loose powdery tilth. BUFFALOES AS DAIRY STOCK. We are indebted to Capt. Channer for a cut- ting from the Pioneer of Feb. 18th which he sends us from Agra, wdtli the remark that milch buffaloes if kept on the soiling system are more remunerative than cows, that they should find the climate of Ceylou suitable, and that they fehould April 1, 1898.] SuppUmBnt to the Tropical AoricuUurist," 731 give more milk than an ordinary Australian cow. But how are we to get over the prejudice in Ceylon against the use of buffalo milk? We re- member Mr. Mollison, the Supdt, of Farms, Bombay Presidency, being both astonished and amused t o hear of it? People here no doubt base thetr objections to buffalo milk on the habits of the am- phibious Ceylon buffalo fed on coarse and unwhole- some food. Our first experience of the Indian milch buffalo was at Poona where we were much struck by the maguificent specimens of the Surat and Jaffer- badi breeds kept in the dairy. Here is what ^ e wrote at the time of our visit, early lu 1893 <• Buffaloes are in great favour on the Bombay side as milk and especially butter producers, ai.d much surprise was expressed by those engaged in dairying at my statement that there is an insur- mountable prejudice in Ceylon against buffalo butter. In the Bombay Presidency nearly all the butter is made from buffalo milk, the produce being slightly dyed with anatto. . . Colouring with a standard solution of anatto is of course quite common in English dairies. The Surat buffalo is, according to Mr. Mollison, unsur- passed as a butter producer, and even in the hot weather, while I was there, 11b. of butter was being got from lO lb-=. of milk, and the best milker was producing 86 lbs. of milk. With the price of butter at 12 annas (or 75 cts.) per lb., a good Surat buffalo thus gave by sale of its produce nearly E3 per day. In Poona, buffalo milk was selling at a higher price than cow milk. We have more than once recommended that the miserable breed of Ceylon buffiloes should be im- proved by the introduction of some good blood from India, and we hope that this will be re- m«“mbered in connection with the breeding estab- lishment at Walapana which is spoken of. Here is a reference to the Allahabad Dairy from the cutting sent us by Copt. Channel’ : One of the most successful departments of the Allahabad farm is the dairy, from which the troops draw their supply of rich wholesome milk and butter made according to British methods bv the aid of British dairy machinery of the most approved pattern. Three hundred female buffa- loes and two hundred milch-cows are housed and kept on the “soiling .system,” being let out merely for exercise for four or five hours in the forenoon before the greatest heat of the day occurs The buffalo is the great milch-cow of India, yielding double the amount given by an ordinary Indian cow, and, ivhen toellfed and cared for producing milk of e.x.traordiiiary richness in butter-fat and milk solids generally. One pound of butter can be produced from one gallon of such milk — an amount more than two and-a-half times that yielded by average cows’ milk in Great Britain, It is generally believed that buffalo milk is rank in flavour and inferior in quality, but that is true only of animals which feed on village garbage. Although it possesses, partly ow’ing to the large amount of solids present, characteristic features which enable the palate to distinguish it from cows’ milk, consumers who have had experience of it immediately complain if co.vs milk is substituted for it. The best female buffaloes come from the dis- tricts of Hissar and Eohtak, and cost from ^ RlOO to B300. Their daily average yield while in milk is four and-a-half gallons, while some have been known to give eight gallons a day. This is an indication that the practice adopted at Allahabad of keeping bulls specially selected from heavy-milking families will ere long greatly raise the yield of the herd. In addition to grass, silage, or hay, according to tlie season, an allowance of 7 lbs, of cmceii- traled food, consisting of linseed, cottonseed, and pulse-husks, is given in three feed.s daily to ani- mals, in full milk, the amount being lowered as the yield decreases towards the end of the season. The total annual cost per head, including a due proportion of the remuneration of an attendant, wh.o receives eight rupees a month or ^6 a year, is about .£11. Good butter sells freely in India at lid. per lb. ; but the white lard-like appearance of buffalo butter neces-^itates the colouring of the cream before churning, to please the eye of the consumer, though the quality i.s not thereby improved. The margin of profit at the above cost of produc- tion is quite large enough to make it possible to develop a remunerative trade in the export of butter to Europe. The milkers employed are Punjabi men with very powerful wrists, as may be gathered from the fact that each milks ten cows and ten buffa- loe.s morning and evening. Village cattle are prevented from passing the faim boundaries, with the object of warding off the various forms of contagious disease which are so common among Indian cattle and of averting the evil consequences which would result if the inferior bulls, herded with them, were to approach the selected females of which the dairy is made up. Young buffaloes begin to be milk-producing at about three and-a-half years of age, and young cows at three years. It is much to be deplored that in the surrounding district good cows are decreasing in numbers, and consequently rising in price. Prices have gone up wdthin recent years from R50 each to RlOO and R120 (£3 2s. 4d, to £6 6s. and £7 12s.), chiefly owing to large numbers of the best milkers being taken to Calcutta and Bombay and slaughtered, after milking for but one season. This custom is mnin- ly due to the present impo.«sibility of getting food to tide them over the few months when they are not in milk and, in some measure, to the change of surroundings and probably to foodprodiicing temporary barrenness. It behoves Government to attempt some means to stop or minimise this dis- astrous drain upon the best milking stock of the country. And surely something could be devised to bring about the desired result without interfer- ing with the freedom of action of those engaged in the business. Another almost equally impor- tant result to be achieved, so far as these great centres of population are concerned, is the deve- lopment of a cheap and abundant milk supply, which would not be subjected to the dangers of adulteration now p>'evailing. In consideration of the value of the produce of milch-cattle, it was found that to keep all progeny of the cows at Allahabad was too expen- sive- All annual fair has been established, at which most of the superior young liulls bred on the Government farm are disposed of to the natives at twelve to fourteen months old, when Supplement to the “ Tropical AgricuUimst. [April 1, J808, 73^ the most dangerous period for stunting their growth by an insujfficieiit supply of food is past. The natives can complete the rearing of them at little cost by using up spare or unmarketable foduer, the attendance being supplied without outlay by the members of the familj'. The price the native pays is from 10s. to £2 10s., and when the animals and their male progeny are three and-a half to four years old, and lit for work and transport purposes, the Commissariat Pepartment buys them in at from £4 10s, to £5, only exceptionally good specimens bringing higher prices. RINDERPEST EXPERIMENTS IN SOUTH AFRICA. In the December number of the Magazine an account was given of the serum inoculation for Rinderpest. Experimenls in this method were started by Veterinary Surgeons Pitchford and Theiler in the Transvaal, and were developed and brought to a successful issue by the French e.\- perts DiS. Danysz and Bordet, assisted by Mr. Theiler. The Cape AgyicultumlJourno.l oi the 6th January contains a fuller report of the work of these French scientists, who claim not only a pre- ventive but a curative virtue for their system of inoculation with the serum, or rather the diflbri- nated blood of “salted” animals. A further ad- vantage claimed for this method is that its pro- tective effect is speedily produced. The most suitable period for drawing blood used for inoculation is from 1^ to six months after the animal is salted tor rinderpest, cattle that have suffered most from the disease being selected for the purpose. The maximum stiength of the blood is reached about two months after the cure; but instead of making use of the blood of animals sim- ply salted, it is recommended to increase its im- munising property still further by subjecting them to two or more injections of virulent blood before bleeding them. Where a great number of animals are to be inoculated, defibrinated blood is preferred to serum as the former is more economical and can be more quickly and cleanly prepared. The injection is to be made as soon as possible after the blood is prepared, and unless strict precautions are taken it cannot be kept longer than one day. This deflbrined blood can be used either for (.1) animals in whom tlie disease has already deve- loped, (2) those that already possess its germs and in whom the disease is in its incubative stage, or (3) animals that have not yet been affect- ed by the contagion but are in danger of catch- ing It. When those of the last-mentioima des- cription are injected, that is when the inocula- tion is intended as a preventive, the animals aie brought into close contact with the sick ones on the same day or the next, so that they may con- tract a mild fonn of the disease and recover, and thus get permanently salted. When animals al- ready .=ick are to be treated larger do-ei of the blood should be injected so us -to mitigate the effect# of the virus in their system and cure them. Out of 336 head of cattle which were inoculated by the French e.xperts, no less than 309 were successfully salted; the death-rate thus being only about 8 per cent. The instruments and appliances necessary for this method of inoculation are an enamelled pan that will hold about ten bottles, a trocar, a scal- pel, a brush made of iron wire, and hypodermic syringes. Strict cleaidiness must be observed in the process of drawing blood from the salted animal, as well as during defibrination and inoculation; andnoneof these operations must take place in the sun. The particulars as to inoculation and sub- sequent treatment are us follows : — The healthg animal* each receive a first injec- tion of 100 c. c. of blood. They are then brouglit in contact with the sick, or, if possible, infected by spreading on the nose the contents of the bowels of an animal that has ju.st died of rindeipest. The contact must be kept up for several days so as to ensure .speedy infection. They receive a second injection (of 100 c. c.) five or six days after they are infected. “ To bo thoroughly salted the animals must be- come sick and recover. But it may happen that out of a herd brought under protective treat- ment, a certain number of animals become sick only from twenty to thirty daj’s after the injec- tion, that is to say, at the moment that tlie ani- mal loses from its body the blood which should protect it from tlie deadly disease. In such cases a fresh quantity of 100 to 200 c. c, of blood must be injected in order to cure them and thoroughly salt them” The infected cattle must be carefully fed and nursed as in ordinai-y rinderpest cases. Animals already sick must be injected for the first time with 200 to 300 cubic centimeters of blood from salted animals, and two or three days later there roust be a second injection of from 100 to 200 c. c. of blood if the cases do net get better. In conclusion, it is necessary for us to know the relative merits of the above method as compared with Dr. Koch’s. Each of these has its pro- per place and application, and in this connection the Report of Veterinary Captain Haslam is very important as summing up the opinion of a recent Congress of Veterinary Surgeons and Bacteriologists assembled at Johannesberg. Tlie bile inoculation invented by Dr. Koch is con- sidered the best for uninfected herds while rinder- pest prevails in the neighbourhood; and the im- munity produced by bile i.s said to be increased to an unknown extent by injecting, 12 days after- ward.c, the blood of an animal suffering from rinderjiest. The serum or blood system of in- oculation is considered the only suitable remedy for infected herds. Mr. Haslam, however, says; “There can be no doubt that all modes as yet known of dealing with rinderpest in South Africa are imperfect and much work still requires to be done. ” It will thus be found that while seeking to profit by the labiiurs and researches of eminent bacteriolo- gists, we cannot at least for the present aflerd to despise such simpile and homely methods of pre- vention and suppression as quarantine, isolation, segregation, disinfection, &c. April 1, 1898.] Supplement to the “ Tropical Agriculturist. 733 GENERAL ITEMS. Prof. Wallace, of the Edinburgh University, has contributed an interesting paper on the Dairy question in India and the growing of fodder tor cattle. He favours the system of co-operative dairy- ing for which he believes thereis agreat future in India. The case of the Allahabad Dairy Farm, to which we made reference in our article on Buffaloes as Milking Stock, is quoted as an instance of remun- erative dairying which might be emulated. The following, says the Q'neasland Agricul- tural Journal, may prove of use to those who would be glad to know the area of oddly-shaped field without recourse to a Surveyor; 5 « 988 yds., 10 X 484 yds., 40 « 121 yds., 70 69^ yds , 80 x 60|- yds., 60 726 ft., 110^^397 ft.,, 130x363 ft., 220 X 181-j ft., or 440 x 99 ft., contain one acre. Mr. H. C Russel, Government Astronomer of New South Wales, mentions the following fact in disproof of a generally accepted belief: — The destruction of forests in New Snith Wales from the time that ringb irking was introduced, and for some 15 or 20 years after, would seem to have been more rapid ;h in the destruction of any other forest in the world, and during that period the rainfall graduilly increased. There is a clear proof that the rainf.ill in this part of the world did not get less as the tred^ dis- appeared; and in other countries where the quis- tion has been fully iuvestig ited, it has been found that the rain comes whether there are trees or not. Albert Gile, an authority on Bee-culture, writing on the influence of bees on crops, mikes .“one interesting observations regirding pollen. He refers to the variegate 1 laurel ( Aucuba Japonica) a dioecious tree which was intro I need into England by the Dutch from Japan. F ir a long time no seeds of this tree could hive been got owing to the fact that the plants first introduced were “ femile” ones, till a Mr. Fortune brought over some “ male ” plants, when the original tree? produced an abundance of fertile seed. Now, he adds, the pollen of the varie- gated laurel is an article of commerce in the London Covent Garden market ! Referring to the enormous number of pollen grains discharged from flowers, he mentions the fact that the flowers on a Chinese laburunum ( Wisteria Sinensis) where calculated to contain no less than seventy-seven billions of pollen grains. The Holstein or Frisian breed of cattle is well-known for the milking qualities of the cows. In an account of the breed by the Principal of Hawkesbury Agricultural College, refere ice is m ide to a imp irted cow by this breed named “ Dairymaid.’’ who^e milk records in Victoria are said to have been never sur. pas.se 1. In 1887 she yielded, at a trial, 128 lbs of milk in two days, this quantity producing 4 lbs. Ilf oz. of butter. The yield of milk given above is equivalent to 78 “ bottles ” (26 oz.) or an average of 39 bottles a day. Telogony is a strange word to many and therefore needs some e.xphination. It is derived from two Greek _ words meaning “ at a distance ” and ofif.-pring, and may be freely translated as the science of remote influence in the pro- duction of species. Briefly, the question which this science sets out to answer i<, Does the first impregnation of the ovaries influence several or all the subsequent progeny of the female ? In the experience of many breeders the facts appear to favour an affirmative answer, but the ab. ^ r. •!- W' ' •...■i l-.: Y 1 Yi' VU -j. -r ■ . 9y : ;;• • ■V,’: j. 'y: '- . - [ ■ ;I i • i;,...-r; r. ' -■ . ;t'1 ,;.l i ' , !,.■ . . • . s ■' = , v:\i9 -> YS(. i ■ ■ T . •■.y . • ■ ir tt' y'V, 9;?.: p ' ■' " ,::;y; !.y v; ,Yr>^-y. ' , "-i •' '->5 \ i •_- : - • ‘ ^‘x t ! . ' 'J ■ ■ * ■'* ’*■ ' ., ■ ■ '• •••'. : '(.■ . • '•>•. ('•. '• ' •" ■ ' I ; '-I'y ■' >' ,■ ' oV i ■ 7^ : r , ■ Ys ^ :ti' 'cii'-iK ' ■ ; yy ;■ . ■ ..•••■■ i ti* ■> . ; '.*■ • fl'. . 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P'j'ji- i '; ■ i ■■■• .■■ - j I. ..i.-' , .?■';<) :. iYo -Jt" y- ■'•■ ■■■ ?. ’'■ ,1 -.. .y, A'- t - 'i>Ln4 Py.iY . .. -k „ ■ ■'.(, Vh'.- Ip U'i • • • i • ' . - - ■ ^ . . . ,* •; ,.H.. ri 'i:.:!' . ; ■ . ..; if.i: ;•■.>• ' f'' ' >P ■yr V- ■■■.-•■ • ? ■ • . • i y Yp ip t?ry • ii'.'.i'j ■) . y.; : ' • .'.j. ; ; ■ ■ -it lip po ,r I . .1 7^ ■ ' .'• ■'*■ .--V- 1 I'i 'll iy ’’i' t.T ■ ! •*; ■; ' I T'.-: ::t. r 1 .-i ji|p. i. ;Hp I ^ y -'‘'.i -t p' pi' I , /■ ; ■ ;il' ■' i i -'» ill!'' i; -it-'is-pp- ' . ,,•; ■ jl'V/ ‘■■'•'li.' ■ 't jii i‘ iy ; ' ' i'liji p cVp i i dl'li.', -1' ■ p ' - : .-gJi:-'': Ji' - YMV . 'H "pt 4- Y'p • oi HioiHvH : ipj-iH' ■ ;■ V''';y f.i'u- Vft: may be u’om ex'i-. i I ■ 1 i'.oi Of . traiisM'i'.o sariaon uS giiiacr Fii'si liieie i.s an outer siii.-ited .--kiii, under \' iii.-li are numerous layers of thin walled cork cells. The oil contained in these cells in fresh speci- mens is very pungent, exceedingly aromatic, and almost colourless. As this corky layer contains the greatest amount of oil and res'n cells, the dee)ier the peeling is made so much more of these substances are carried aw.ay with tlie THE tROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [May j, 189S: epidermis. When peeled, the roots are thrown into water and washed ; the purer the water the whiter is tlie product. .Sometimes limejuice is Used in the w.ash-water, which gives a whiter root, but as the lime-juice contains saccharine matter and peetose, it prevents drying, and mildew follows. After washing, the rhizomes are dried in the sun, and in from six to eight days they become thoroughly dry. At sunrise the ginger is put out upon a barbecue (i)latform of stone or concrete), turned over at mid- day, and taken in at sun- set. The average loss of weiglit by drying is ne.arly 70 per cent. Experiments have been made with calcium clilonde as a drying-agent, but the result was not equal to the native metliod, and the same may also be said of American fruit-evaporators, in uhich wood is used as the source of heat. Tt has been asserted that it is a common practice to bleach ginger with the fumes of chlorine or sulphurous .acid, hut Mr, Kilmer states that no instance of it is known in Jamaica, as the planters .are unintelligent, and are opposed through prejudice to innovations. Mr. Kilmei tried chlorine gas as a bleaching- agent, but the product was of a dirty yellow colour. When the crop is fully dried it is carried, mostly by women, to the place of sale, which may be from live to fourty miles distant. Here it is sold by the “heap," not by measure or weight. A“heep" of ginger varies considerably, according to the law of supply and demand. If the “hands” are finely shaped and large, there are fewer in the heap ; if small, dark, and snarly, the pile is made larger. Should the price of ginger in London or New York advance it is because the heaps in Jamica have been diminished, and should the price go down the heaps have be- come larger. The exporters of ginger assort the produce into four or five grades, the highest being tiie large-sized hands of light and uniform colour, the lowest being the ratoon finger sorts, which are small, soft, and lacking flavour. Some of the hands weigh as much as 8 oz. The amount of ginger exported from the isl.and during the last ten years was as follows lbs. lbs. 1887 . . . . 1,121,827 1892 . . .. 1,822,531 1888 .. .. 1,141,877 1893 .. 1889 .. .. 1,002,653 1894 . . .. 1,672,384 1890 J year .554,193 1895 .. .. 1,736,460 1891 .. .. 1,219,197 1896 . . . . 1,960,009 Half of this goes to the United States. An average crop may be estimated at from 1,000 to 1,500 lbs. dried ginger per acre, and in some cases 2,000 lbs. As already mentioned, the Jamaica Agricultui-al Society is improving the methods o£ cultivation by fer tilisation, and frour information recently to hand it is predicted that the crop now about to be gathered will probably be .a record one, partly due to an abundant rainfall. This will nrean lower prices for the ginger-planter. — The Chemist and Dni^rjist. BEANS; A FEW PRACTICAL SUGGES- TIONS FOR THEIR CULTIVATION AND UTILISATION. The very mention of the word “Beans makes the mouths of sea-fairing men (yankees in particular) water as they think of the delicious pork nestling in Its steaming bed of ‘ bak'-d beans,’ a delicacy seldom dreamed of by shore-folk on the east of the huge Atlantic, To the medical mind the word is associated with the recollection of several drugs, such as Calabar bean, St Ignatius bean, Malacca and Carthagena beans, and a number of other vegetables whose only resemblance to the true bean or faha was either the shape of the seed or the fact of the seed having been enclosed in a seed-pod and to which the af&x faha (meaning to feed) had been erroneously fitted. An attempt has also been made by some authori- ties to include Soja Hispida, Cajanus, Dholls, the fiat varieties of peas and many of the lentil family under the generic name of beans ; simply because they, like beaus, have been called and dietetically spoken >.f as ‘pulses’ and pulses embrace an en- ormous group of farinaceous seeds such as peas, lentils, maize, dholls, beans etc., all of which con- tain a large proportion of nitrogenous matter for avail by the animal creation. But suoh a classification is erroneous in the ex- treme ; as these several plants iiiaterialli/ differ not only in their constitution, life-history, and botannical standing, but also in the chemical composition of their seeds, as may be seen by the subjoined table which shows the percentage of the various consti- tuents of the flour obtained by pulverising the ma- ture dry seeds. tr o » , Kind ot Pulse. § s 5; « St.arch matter Fat. 2 S 2 15 ri S r, Kidney bean 26. 9 49. 9 2. 0 4.946 16. 0 French bean 27. 3 48.84 2. 0 5 212 13. 5 Broad bean 27.00 52. 6 1. 6 5. 08 12. 8 Soja Hispida 38.83 26.65 1.51 4. 14 10.25 Dolichos 23 27 59.38 2.20 3. 19 12.03 Musoor Dholl 25.15 59.85 1.26 1. 92 il.84 Lentils 25. 2 58. 4 2. 6 2. 3 11. 5 Pisum Satiuum 27.96 56.36 1.47 2. 48 11.79 Cajanus Indica 22.18 62.13 1.95 3. 11 iO.63 One of the most prolific of the vegetable world and almost the most useful as a food stuff, but yet the most neglected in India, is the Bean of which there are more than four hundred varieties, all of which however belong to the natural order Leguminoset of the class Diadelghia and the order Dccan- dria. USES The leaves, legumes and seeds are freely used as deli- cacies in company with meat or rice, in the shape of boiled vegetables, greens and curries; but the < ried seeds are not largely indulged in as human food nor do the Indians live on them exclusively for the simple season that the crops sown are not very exten- sive and the supply of the nearly matured or young beaus is in no way equal to the market demand for them. As a cattle food, the Dolichos Ghotwal is the only one of the bean tribes that is popul-ir ; but even then this popularity does not extend beyond the Madras Presidency and the Mysore, Coorg and Carn- atic Districts ; because of the caste prejudices of the people who adhere to whatever their forefathers did in the way of stock-raising and foddering cattle. The flowers contain considerable amounts of sac- charine and starchy matter which mitht be turned to advantage for the production of a'cohol or ensil- age ; but they are allowed to go waste in most places. The Todas, however, a semi wild tribe occupying some of the forest-lands in the Nilgherris collect the flowers of the wild varieties, mix them with various herbs and berries, add sugar and water, and from this mixture, prepare a kind of mild arrack by fermentation The leaves and stems which are rich in soluble salts make excellent fodder for cattle and might be stored up as such; but with the usual wastefulness May a, 189II THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST of the ryot they are thrown away or perchance left to rot on the fields for manuring purposes ; a bad proceeding as the manure value they return to the soil could easily be added at very little expense — certainly not a fiftieth of the commercial loss sus- tained by the uon-utiii--ation of these stems and leaves. The clioJompluill from the green leaves and unripe legumes is pretty largely used to impart a fine green colour to sweetmeats and other toothsome delicacies, but it is not extracted te any commercial extent ,• and during this extraction of the coloring matter by the sweetmeat manufactures, a great deal of valuable matter in the shape of strach amd sugar is lost. Bean flour has frequently been used for the adul- teration of v/heaten fiour, but the cheat can readily be dected by throwing a little of the suspected meal into boiling water when the peculiar smell of the bean flour is almost instantly appearant, if it has been used. Any doubt, however, can be easily removed by the aid of the microscope ; for while the meshes of bean cellulose are very much larger than those of the fourth coat of wheat, the starch, which belongs to (class II. to which also belomg the pea, dari and mazie) is quite distinct and is composed of oblong oval (rarely reniform) granules, averaging 0.00135 inch, long diameter, and in which concentric rings or layers are all but invisible and the hilum is stellate. Alcohol is not recovered from beans in India, but on the continent of Europe a very brisk trade is done in this commodity which afterwards finds its way to India in the form of cheap spirits and very often as the menstruum of the so-called No. I Brandy and Whisky. Laboratory experiments prove that starch of an excellent quality may be recovered from beans iu precisely the same mode as from wheat and other grains, but lack of energy and the extreme difficulty to secure capital for plant and necessary machinery combine to prevent this useful substance assuming commercial proportions, Biid in this way no en- couragement is held out towards tiic cultivation of beans. CULTJVATIOSr. Season for planting : — Indian or country beans should be sown at the beginning of the second week of May and so also many of the varities of Dolichos and ervum ; but creeping or runner beans such as the broad bean and scarlet runner etc. should not be put down before July, while English and French beans, kidneys and the delicate sorts of Phaseolus and Vicia may be sown at any time duriyg October to December, yet far more healthy plants and lux- uriant crops are obtained when the planting is done immediately after the cessation of the rains. The reason why sowing should not be done with- in the rainy season is that as soon as a seed begins to sprout it depends for existence on the starch and gluten stored up in the cotyledons which under the influence of sufficient moisture are respectively converted into sugar and diastase and the latter helps the sap of the tender plant to dissolve, and utilise the starch ; but under the influence of exces- sive moisture the farnia expanding too rapidly, germination is pushed forward long before its proper time and weak, unhealthy plants are the result or the continued action of the water on the seed may so theioughly rot it as to utterly prevent germina- tion. Sowing, as it is done by the ryots, is a mistake' because they cast the seeds on to the fields where the birds pick up a good quantity and a coi,- s.derable number, get destroyed by the action cf the sun and air, while of the GO or 70 per cent, that do find their way into the ground, about another 5 to 10 per cent are choked up by the time the pluimiles shoot out by having been cast too closely together; besides this too, little attention is paid to the condition of the soil or to the proper rotation of crops. Soils not only sustain the plant in an erect posi‘ tion and afford it food but also are the medium of the various chemical actions necessary to the preparation of the proximate principles of which plants are built up. No matter what part they are destined to play in the economy of nature or how diverse their appearance, structure and life-historv, the whole of the vegetable world is composed of the same organic elements in varying proportions and from 2 to 9 per cent of inorganic matter of which the greater- part consists of varying proporation of alumina, the alkalies, iron and silica iu combination with carbon dioxide, chlorine, vitriol, and phosphoric acid. Now as the organic matter is derived partly f-ora the air and partly from the ground, while the whole of the inoganic substances are obtained solelg from the earth, it stands to reason that the .«oil should bear a distinct relation to the substances composing the plant it is required to sustain, and any excess or deficiency of any necessary consti- tuent must be compensated or regulated, if we wish to have successful crops and healthy fruitful plants. Due allowance must .also be made for the im- povershing action that plants exert on the soil by abstracting from it various important constituents that they require for their own nutrition and de- velopment. By studying the subjoined analysis of the com- mon bean [Phaseolus vulgaris) and remembering that the constitution of various plants depends greatly on the materials on which they are constructed the reader will understand the loss the ground must suffer. Phaseolus Vulgaris. Roots. Leaves and T3 s Organic matter 80.74 Stems. 74.46 W 78.80 Water 14.21 19.28 16.09 P jiceiitagrt of a h [i.e. minerals) 2.86 2.01 2. ,5 4 loo p.Lii.. of suoh as will cont,.in : — Carbonic acid 1.79 1.20 1.63 Chlorine 2.15 1.56 1.96 Iron sesquioxide 0.72 0.52 0.65 Lime 13.26 9.65 12 06 Magnesia 6.60 4.80 6.00 Phosphoric acid 37.11 26.99 33 74 Potash 40.39 29.38 36.72 Silica 1.67 1.22 1.62 Soda 1..53 1.25 1.44 Sulphuric acid 3.65 3.32 4.28 Or in other words every maund (i.e-, 80 lbs.) weight of bean-plants raised, denuded the ground of the quantity of material shewn in column A of the following table in which the figures under B represent the amount restored by the Indian system of burn- ing such part of the stems &c., as they do not other- wise untilise and scattering the ashes over the ground. Column 0 gives the loss still sustained. Carbonic acid A. 0.045 B. 0 008 C. 0.037 Chlorine 0.056 0.022 0.034 Iron sesqitioxide 0.018 0.007 0.011 Lime 0.349 0 139 0.277 Magnesia 0.174 0.068 0.106 Organic Matter- 60.840 24.920 35.920 Phosphoric acid 0.928 0.371 0.557 Potash 1 064 0.425 0.639 Silica 0.044 0.017 0.027 Sulphuric acid 0.112 0.044 0.078 Soda 0.042 0.016 0.026 Total in lb. 63.612 26.037 37.63o Suppose this was allowed to go on year after year and nothing were done to remedy the loss hi some scientific mode, the most fertile ground would be rendered perfectly barren as may be seen by the subjoined statement of the some of the Indian soils. THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST [May 2, 1898, average composition of >a a 3 Source of soil Reference numbers. Fine earthy and organic Calcutta. O ^ Town. Suburbs. matter 92.82 85.42 62.16 84.26 and and silicates 4.95 13.62 37.61 15.43 oluble saline matter 2.23 0.96 0 20 0.3i )0 parts of this fine earthy and organic matter cou- tained Alumina 5.97 5 32 8.87 5.01 Ammonia 0.14 0.09 0.06 trace. Carbonic acid 4.62 3.92 0.12 2.21 Chlorine 2.01 1.99 0.11 0.23 Iron oxide 5.94 4.84 6.26 3.08 Lime 6.12 5.24 10.62 4.21 Magnesia 0.92 0.87 0.14 0.52 Manganese oxide 0.16 0.28 Nil. Nil. Organic matter 10.46 9.04 4,00 6.14 Phosphoric acid 0,68 0,45 Nil. 0.17 Potash 0..S2 0.31 0.04 0.12 Silica 53.53 60.81 69.56 76.02 Soda 0,81 0.42 0.09 0.24 Sulphuric acid 0 24 0.21 trace 0.07 Water and loss 8.08 5.47 0 09 1.98 No. 1 is an exceedingly rich soil that would easily give three successive bean-crops without requiring to be manured. No. 2 is also a fertile soil needing however a little toning. No. 3 has too much lime and is deficient in soluble salts and organic matter while No. 4 which would be a capital soil for flori- culture requires to be brought up to standard in its lime and the soluble alkalies before it can be suc- cessfully used for vegetables. Here then comes the necessity for the reciprocity of labour between the cultivator and the chemist ; for without the assistance of the latter is merely impossible for the former to judge with any degree of certainty as to what is really in excess or deficit, and in nine oases out of ten a heap of good money is thrown away in purchasing a manure that does not happen to be what was really needed. Damp land being generally unproductive, efficient draining is necessary and is greatly helped by plough- ing, but after the land has been drained there is nothing to equal deep-ploughing to bring new mineral manure to the surfase and in very many cases this alone works marvels with supposed fallow-land. If, however, manuring is necessary, the farmer must consider the sort of crop he intends to sow and regulate the manure accordingly from : — (1) Animal manures such as blood, muscle, bones, horn, hair, wool, stable droppings and farm ordure, pigeons, dung guano, urine, sewage and night soil ; but though the last is the most valuable it is not approved of bv the Indian cultivator. (2) Mineral manares as marl, lime, shell-sand, gyp- sum, salt, kelp, sulphate of magnesia, glauber’s, salts, chloride of potassium, nitres, gas liquors, mixtures of saline manures with each other or with animal manures, and a number of patents. (3) Vegetable manures which may be applied green or dry. Among tbes are sea weeds, mill-siftings and sweepings, saw-dust, straw, husks, charcoal powder, tanner’s waste, barks, Ao. Animal niaiiurcs are the most energetic on account of the nitrogeon and amrnoniacal salts they contain, and green vegetable matter yields a speedy supply of food to the growing plants, by under going rapid decay; but drg vegetable manures act more perma- nently on the ground and mineral manures, if applied with special reference to the constitution of the soil they are required to improve or renovate, tend to early harvests with a plentiful yield and perfect fruit and seeds. But though the farmer has a large variety of materials to choose from, he is perfectly helpless and runs the risk not only of spoiling his land and uRTiiRgiDg his crops but also losing a large amount of money by studying the false economy of ‘dod- ging the Chemist’ out of his Rs. 6 to 10 as. analy- tical fee, aud spending R40 to RlOO in buying the wrong sort of manure, to thus depreciate his crop by perhaps three or four thousand rupees. There is a bugue volume of truth in the adage “ Each to his own trade or profession : but no poa- ching on others’ provinces” and if the cultivators would only combine to pay Rs. 6 per annum per capita, they could maintain a first class agricultural chemical laboratory that would save them from the loss of thousands of rupees on the purchate of u e- less materials and on futile experiments. The following table gives the cost, composition aud relative value for hundred-weight of the most reliable ‘quick’ manures, and they are available in very large quantities in India Constitution of : — I w ® 1.94 2.29 7.42 1.21 0.07 1.98 6.27 0.59 0.16 28.33 22.49 2.14 1.49 8.53 2.66 0.96 1.26 42.28 P3 1.33 2.67 4.95 0.22 0.48 1.19 25.17 1.04 0.45 22.07 0.84 41.08 0.15 2.21 0.76 0.64 0.35 8.50 5: 73 0.98 7.37 6.08 6.84 nil 2.44 0.95 0.59 0.09 56.85 1.32 1;93 2.96 2.25 4.06 6.62 0.79 9.98 2.58 6.24 5.48 0.54 0.79 10.07 20.68 1.51 0.64 22.81 1.09 20.74 1.77 10.90 1.16 2.92 Nil 1.14 28.79 22.91 25.22 27.09 12.46 4 8 73.80 3^ 74.99 3| U 12 Ilf 12 80.85 6 6 are suggested (a) direct Alumina Ammonia Carbonic acid Chlorine Fluorine Iron Salts Lime Magnesia Manganese Organic matter Other salts Phosphoric acid Potash Siliceous matter Soda Sulphuric acid Undetermined Solids Water or moisture Easily soluble and ready for immediate avail Slowly dissolved and for permanent effect Cost per cent. Rs. Relative quantity wanted in cwt. Therefore actual costs on equal conditions Rs. Sowing: — Two methods sowing by casting the prepared seed into furrows 2 to 3 inches deep and (b) transplanting after the plumule has grown to nearly two inches high aud the cotyledon leaves have dropped off or are about to fall off ; but while in the fii st case it is wisest to ‘ cast ’ through a cocoanut-shell or wooden ladle drilled with an inferior hole just large enough to let the seeds run through in a very thin stream in the latter form the plants should not be placed closer than six inches apart. Preparing the seed : — If a rough examination show the presence of weevils, a thin sheet of vapour of bisulphide of carbon passed through the seed-boxes will soon get rid of these pests ; but the seed will have to be air- ed for at least three hours in a moderately warm place to drive off the solphicle vapours before sub- inis.'^ion to the next process which consists in throw- ing them into cisterns carrying water containing cor- rosive sublimate in the proportion of one grain to the gallon of water. Here thov remain for 24 hours so as to give the good seeds germinating impetus and float off the unsound ones, as well as to protect them from mould and ground laivse. The seeds for direct planting are shovelled into the aprons of the ‘sowers’ for ‘casting’ while those intended for transplanting are transferred to nursery beds and lightly covered oyer with sand containing a small per- centage of the soil in which they are to be afterwards placed. Here they are watered twice a day till the 741 May 2j 1898.] THE TROPICAL cotyledons rise half-way out of the ground, when the watering should not exceed once daily (gradually de- creased, after planting out, to once in two days). This watering should be done with a rose- tipped can, and where available a spray is preferable. A mild day should be chosen for the transplanting during which at least one inch of the stem should be buried with the roots and the earth lightly pressed in. Begin in the afternoon and work on till sun down, so as to give the young plants all night to recover from the shock, and if they sicken, (as they will do for the first three or four days), sprinkle them with water containing nearly O'OOl per cent, of nitre which is a wonderful pick-me-up. When the plants begin to flower, lessen the water- supply and altogether stop when the bean-pods mature. When the plants of the running or climbing varieties are nearly five inches high, supply them with climbing fences made of any kind of slender twigs that may be cheapest obtainable in a dry con- dition ; but on no account resort to bamboo fencing which is apt to become a breeding pea for innum- erable destructive insects and is particularly liable to a funguous disease which is fatal to bean plants. Regularly overhaul the bean beds for slugs and caterpillars, and if the roots aro at all denuded, earth them, taking care not to wound the roots. If the immature (i.e. young) beans are required for table, go over the beds carefully and snip off (do not pull) those only whose legumes are at least three-fourths ready for seeding, and do not water the plants on that day. Harvest is betokened by the leaves beginning to fall off and the legumes, losing their chlorophyll, becoming pale and dry rapidly ; and if ungarnered they will burst and discha-ge their contents on the ground. This must be guarded against by sending men into the fields with large huckster baskets into which are thrown the plants as fast as they are rooted up. Those plants whose pods are not fully matured are left standing for two, three or more days till they do mature, and a practised hand will lose very few beans during the process of ‘jerking’ (i. e. up- rooting) the plant out of the ground. Those beans that are required for a future sowing are allowed to “tree ripe,” i. e. get thoroughly dry on the living plant before they are gathered. Now remove the huckster panniers to a place where the floor is properly taped (plastered with cow-dung mixed with clay) and swept clean. On this empty the contents of the panniers till a heap of nearly two feet high is obtained. Then this heap is to be turned over four or five times for two days or more under a hot sun, so as to dry it and help to burst the pods. The thresh the bean seeds out with flails or by making cattle or men run to and fro over the heap and then winnow off the shreds of husk. Storiny. — The beans thus harvested may be packed in two mautrd {i.e. 160 lb.) sacks, which, until they are wanted for market, should be kept on some elevated and dry place to guard against the ravages of rats and protect them from getting damped and spoiled. Or they may be immediately bulked in iron tanks whose mouths should be sealed down to keep out weevils and other insects. The seed-beans should be thoroughly dried and then placed in bottles or earthen jars, which after being closely stoppered and sealed ought to be stowed away (till sowing time) in a moderately warm but dark place. The bean straw may be used as cattle fodder and the roots and harder portions of the stems should be thrown into a pit, covered over with about a foot of earth and daily moistened with water and stable fluids, so that, by the time next ploughing season comes roun-J, they will have decomposed into an extremels valuable and highly fertilising top-dressing for the next crop, which should preferably be of oats or barley. Pay particular attention to the nature of the soil and the proper rotation of crops, always remembering that the same kind of crop should not be raised on the same ground for two or more successive seasons, — no matter how rich the original soil — without fresh manuring. Roger S- Chew, m.d., c.m., m.s.c. AGRICULTURIST. LIBERIAN COFFEE AND INSECT PESTS. H.E. THE Governor, Wisdward Islands, to the Secretary of State for the Colonies. Grenada, 4th December, 1897. Sir.— I have the honour to transmit an extract from a letter I received on the 25th ultimo from Mr. G. Whitfield Smith, of this Colony, on the subject of the injury done here to Liberian coffee by a scale insect, some of which, on diseased leaves, I enclose for examination and report. I am collecting specimens of this insect in all its stages for identification. 2. Heretofore Liberian coffee has been looked upon as proof against any blight or insect attack. In view of its wide culture in every part of the world, it would be indeed a sad awakening to find the contrary. 3. In 1875 some trees are Liberian coffee, in its home, Liberia were affected by the Remilei vastatrix. The effect was similar to what is described by Mr. Whitfield Smith. As regards the trees here, no extensive injury was experienced, nor have I heard since of any loss from the like cause. 4. May 1 invite a reference on this important matter to the Director, Royal Gardens Kew. — I have, etc., Alfred Moloney. Governer, Extract from a Letter prom Mr. G. Whitfield Smith to the Governor, dated 24th November, 1897 — “1 also forwarded some diseased Liberian coffee leaves. As Your Excellency will observe, these are attacked by a scale insect. When I first noticed it, some months ago, it was very scattered and seem to do little harm, but of late it has spread rapidly, and now seriously affects the health of the trees. It occcurs on plants growing in the open as well as on those under shade and the trees attacked gradually lose their branches. Hitherto Liberian coffee has been considered proof against insect pests, and I thought Your Excellency would like to know of this, especially as there is a chance of the dis- ease becoming a serious evil if it finds a suitable object of attack in the Liberian coffee.’’ Director, Royal Gardens, Kew, to C. P. Lucas, Esq., Colonial Office, London. Royal Gardens, Kew, 12th January, 1898. Sir, — I have the honour to acknowledge the receipt of your letter of December 30th (2739/97) enclosing copy of a despatch from the Governor of the Wind- ward Islands with specimens of diseased leaves of Liberian coffee. 2. On examination here it was found that these leaves exhibited no trace of ‘‘ coffee- leaf disease” (Hemileia vastatrix) or of any other fungus. 3. I observe that in the 3rd paragraph of his despatch Sir Alfred Moloney makes the follow- ing statement; — “In 1875 some trees of Liberian coffee, in its home, Liberia, were affected by the Hemileia vastatrix. The effect was similar to what is described by Mr. Whitfield Smith,” i.e., ap- parently to that exhibited by the diseased leaves accompanying the despatch. 4. As the matter is of great importance I may say at once that the effect is not in the least similar. The Coffee-leaf disease is a fungus which speedily destroys the tissues of the leaf and causes it to fall prematurely. The Grenada Liberian coffee, on the other hand, as Mr. Whitfiled Smith correctly states, is “ attacked by a scale insect.” As a matter of fact, two distinct kinds have been detected : — (1) The circular scale, Aspidiotus articidatus, which is also found on the West Coast of Africa (Ligos) ; (2) the long narrow scale, chiefly on the ribs of the leaves, Ischnaspia iViformis, which is very common in the West Indies and is also found in England. 5. These scale in- sects, though no doubt injurious, are not to be compared for a moment as a source of danger to coffee cultivation to the coffee-leaf disease. You are aware that the progress and distribution throughout the world of this scourge to coffee cultivation has been watched by Kew with assiduous cave. Origina- ting about 1869 in Ceylon it spread to the Malayan Archipelago in 1876, to Fiji in 1379, to Mauritioua in 1881, to Naljal iff 1831 ^“Kew Bulletin,” 1893 742 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [May 2, 1898. p. 362), and to German East Africa in 1894. But, as I stated in my letter of 16th December, 1896, it is not known to exist in the West Africa Colonies. Added to this, Liberian coffee is found to be only moderately affected by it. I cannot but think, there- fore, that all probability is opposed to the correct- ness of Sir Alfred Moloney’s statement that the disease existed in Liberia in 1875, as Eastern Africa was not affected till nearly ten years later. I should be glad to know on what precise evidence Sir Alfred Moloney bases it. If true, it seals the fate of coffee cultivation on the West Coast and seriously impe- rils that in the new world. 6. I enclose a memo- randum of the most approved method of treatment for dealing with scale insects. 7. A honorarium of one guinea (£1 Is.) is due to Mr. W. F. Bland- ford (whose address is 48, Wimpole Street, W.) for his assistance in the matter. — I am, etc., W. T. Thiselton Dyke. BIixtuhe foe Desteoyino Scale Insects. Heat milk nearly to boiling point and mix wi h double the quantity of kerosene ; stir briskly until a thick creamy liquid is obtained. Dilute with ten times the quantity of water. Spray or apply with a brush, keeping the mix.ure constantly stirred. Sour milk is as efficient as fresh. If milk cannot be obtained, or if the mixture is required in large quantity, a strong soap emulson may be used in its place. Copy op Minute by the Dieectoe of Gardens, SlKOAPOEE. Hor, Colonial Secretary. The scale insect is by no means rare here on Liberian coffee. It is usually a sign of weakness of the plant from want of nourishment. Liberian coffee is liable to a great many kinds of insect and fungus pests. — H. N. K, • — Selangor Government Gaxette. ^ ANOTHER COFFEE PEST. I am afraid from what I see and hear, that a good deal of harm has been done to our coffee in more districts than one in a new way, The underside of the leaf becomes of a reddish tinge, it spreads rapidly, and soon affects the whole vitality of the coffee bush. I have pointed out to many fellow-planters, that where you have this, you have invariably a very small greenish white, louse-like insect. It has been maintained by some, that the injury must be caused b' a fungus, (it is certainly not the Hemileia vastatrix,) but I contend that the original damage is done by this insect. I have several times observed a rather larger, dark grey insect in the same leaves, and I w as almost sure from the first, that these were tlirips. They are a little different from any of which I have the description. But I am now satisfied that the little white lice are the larvae of thrips, and that this particular thrips has acquired such a liking for our crffee, that planters will have to light him seriously, lie can be killed by soap solutions, say one pound to 7 or 8 gallons ; but a better cure where tobacco is so cheap would be ; 1 or 2 lbs. Tob-vcco. 1 lb. soft soap, or common soap. 20 gals, water. The soap should be cut into shavings and boiled, or dissolved in boiling water. The tobacco boiled separately and strained. Unfortunately the thrips prefer the underside of the leaves so that a syringe that would throw upwards in a fine spray is necessary. Better still, a spraying pump, such a.s is used in the American Orchards. This can be used to throw from the ground a fine mist-like spray that reaches practically every leaf. A brush might also be used to sprinkle these liquids. I Bend you a slide with these thrips mounted for the microscope. A couple of big, roundish insects are only aphides, which do no mischief to coffee, as far as I know. A mature thrips is on one side — the hairy wings mark it off from the others, and a number of the iarv® are also shown. There seem very few matuie thrips on the coffee at present. I trust that this notice may induce coreapondenoe the subject,— John W- Moir.— Oeufrai African, Timet- NITRATES IN THE SOIL. A? soil fertility is of so much importance to horti- culturists, and as the productiveness of a soil is directly proportionate to the amount of nitrates which it contains, and the facilities or favourable conditions presented for the conversion of organic nitrogen into ammonia and nitrates, the subject of nitrification becomes one of intense interest to all cultivators of the soil. Nitre or saltpetre is a compound of nitrogen, which represents the form of combination in which nitrogen must be in order that plants may use it as food. The organic nitrogen of the soil, called its inhereut fertility, as w'ell as that contained in such fertilising matters as stable or yard-manure, dried blood, fish scraps, rape-cake, vegetable and animal-refuse, Ac., is not in a condition to serve as plant-food. To become available it must be converted first into ammonia and then into nitric acid. All nitrates are formed in the soil through the agency of small microbes or living organisms called bacteria, which require certain conditions for their proper growth and development. These requirements may thus be briefly stated : air or oxygen, a due amount of moisture, a proper temperature, that raiigii'g from 95° to 100° Fahr. being considered the best ; phosphates and other ash ingredients of plants, a mild alkali, such as carbonate of lime (chalk); and organic matter (humus) containing nitrogen. Shade is favourable to soil nitrification. The germs theniselves are in greater or less numbers in all cultivated soils, and in order for a soil to furnish the conditions necessary, as enumerated above, it must be loose and porous, so as to admit atmo- sp'neric air freely ; it must be well drained, and have good capillary action, so that at all seasons it will, as nearly as possible, contain that amount of moisture about it which is present when ground digs well, as this is found to be the degree of moisture most desirable. The soil should have p'enty of organic matter (humus) within it to furnish nitrogen, and favourably influence the supply of water. For this reason horticulturists find leaf-mould, pasture-turf soils, and peat soils so beneficial for plant-growing. Soils deficient in the nitric ferment germs or bacteria are barren, while those which furnish conditions favourable for nitrification, such as those enumerated above, are al- ways fertile. The total quantity of nitrates formed in a fertile soil is consMerable. Experiments have shown that they may range from 75 lb. per acre in an unmanured soil, to about 1251b. per acre in a soil to which farmyard manure has recently been applied. But it may be well to note that the whole of this nitrogen is not available to our ordinary cultivated crops, for the reason that many of them only assimilate the spring or early summer nitrates, the principal growth and power of assimilation haivng ceased by the month of J uly. Vegetable crops, such as Cabbage, Beet, Onions, Turnips, Carrots, Parsnips, Celery, &c., may still get hold of summer nitrates, but the nitrates produced in late autumn and winter are of little use, in so far as this applies to outdoor plants. The spring nitrification of a soil alone is, as a rule, quite insufficient for the requirement of early-spring plants, hence the advisability of using some stimulating manure, if very early production of vegetables is de- sired.—J.J. Willis, Harpenden.— GardcTters’ Chronicle- WATEEPEOoPiNfl Canvas.— The following are to be recommended :— (1) Good boiled oil coloured with a little lampblack or yellow ochre applied to the canvas when damp, and allowed to dry in a cool draught. (2) 1 gal. of boiled linseed oil, i lb. of common yellow soap, 6 lb. of yellow ochre, and 3 oz. of terebine. Dissolve the soap, cut in shreds, in about 1 qu. of boiling water, add the other ingredients, and boil together. Stir well to get thoroughly mixed while hot, and allow to cool before applying. Give two or three coats. (3) Litharge in the proportion of 1 oz. to 1 gal. of linseed oil boiled together with some colouring pigment for twenty hours. (4j For purposes where cleanliness is no object, taipaulin canvas dressed with Stockholm tar is waterproof and pliable, but always luot'e ox less sticky,— Work, for April, May 2, 1898.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 743 PROGRESS IN PLANTING. As some of Ihe first fruits of the compilation for our Directory we present our readers belo\v, with a summary of the area of laud held and culti- vated on behalf of the various Companies represented in tiie island by Messrs. Finlay, Muir & Co. The total includes the present season’s clearing.®, and it will be observed that there are 15,792 acres of tea and 1,088 acres of cacao ; besides 4,000 acres under the coconut palm (on five different planta- tions) and 400 acres under Para Rubber. The Companies cannot be said therefore to be keeping all their eggs in one b.asket or to be neglecting new a.s well as old products. The detailed figures are as follows East India and Ceylon TeaCo., Ld, Amalgamated Tea Es- tates Co., Ld. Associated Tea Estates of Ceylon, Ld. Kanan Devan Hills Pro- duce Co., Ld. n opewell Tea Co. , Ld , . , Mahawala Tea Estate Co., Ld. Consolidated Tea and Lauds, Co„ Ld. Total . . Total. acerage Cultivat acreage 0 , the tests were favourable to the broad lire. Six inches, the authorities liave decided, is the best width of tire for a com- bined farm and road waggon. — Honic paper, March 17. Coffee in South America.— According to the Bulletin of the Bureau of the American Repub- lics for January, cotl'ee is still in the experimen- tal stage of cultivation in Paraguay, but numer- ous plantations are now being made in difiereut parts of the country, and especially in the govern- ment settlements. The largest plantation is to be found in the department of Emboscada. T'heie are in this plantation already some 2u0,000 trees bearing fruit which is declared by some to be su- perior to the Brazilian berry. The results so far are considered satisfactory and encouraging, biic whether the venture will ultimately prove a pro- fitable one it is not at present possible to say. The government assists the coffee planters by granting them facilities for acquiring seed and by offering a reward of 30 cents for every jilant transplanted and in good condition at the time of application. A loan of 30 cents for each plant may also be ob- tained, and, if granted, is jiayable in two yearly installments of 15 cents per plant. — Bio News, Eeb. 22. Imperial Tea Duty.— We had personally com- piled a more elaborate return than the following, for oar Handbook, a few weeks ago. Still the figures liere given are strikingly put by the Loudon Times : — Piom 1836 to 1852 ihe tea duty was 2s Id per lb.; in 1856 it was Is 9J ; in i860 Is 5i ; in 1863 Is ; from 1865 to 1839 6d; aud since 1890 4d. The yield of the duty is new about what it was 60 years ago, when the burden was more than 6 times what it is now. The yield of eacli penny of duty, which was £181,000 ill 1833, was £263,000 iu 1856, £426,000 in 1866, £320,000 in 1876, £ 145,000 in 1833 and in 1896 it had risen to £949,000. At the same time the whole sale price of tea apart from tho duty had been steadily falling. Thirty years ago it was on tl e average is 7d per lb.; it is now only 94d. Nor is ic unimportant to note that while, just after the close of the Oi'imoaii War, we drew almost the whole of the tea cousuniDd, in Great Britain from China, about 80 per cent of the supply comes in the present day from India and Ceylon, The price of tea averages 9 d, says The Times, We wish it did in Mincing Lane, . May 2, 189s.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. SCIENCE MANURING. Certainly, one of the most valuable con- tributions to the discusssion of this .subject that we have read for a long time us that printed elsewhere above Mr. A. Baur’s name. It is a letter that ought to be carefully considered by every Proprietary Planter and responsible Estate Manager in the island. Not simply is it well to understand the action of fertilisers aright ; but immensely more important is it to make sure that in spending money on certain costly ingredients, we are not doing the wrong thing — wasting our money in fact, or so using it that the return tor our investment cannot be reaped for many years to come. Mr. Baur shows how all this may happen, and so plainly that he who runs may read to understand. Bub we may be allowed to supplement what he write.s with the words of one of the most illustrious Agricultural Chemists of the day, who writes “In 2o or 30 years, Europe has exhausted the supply of Peruvian guano. It is now doing its best to use up the available supply of nituate of soda which is being brought over from the coast of Chili. By the replacement of gas by electricity another powerful agent of fertility — sulphate of ammonia- will soon disappear. What then shall become of us with the ever-increasing desire of increasing the fertility of our soils '! The prospect might be alarming, if it were not for the micro- organisms, whose existence we have so long i'ated in Ceylon in suitable districts and that it shall not be re- sold. Some desultory informal discu.ssion fol- lowed as to the interpretation of the phrase “suitable locality,'’ Mr. Symons explaining the matter by quoting from a letter. The fir.st lot of 10,000 seeds was put up for sale at the up- set price of R15, and the first bid was a rupee higher. The price briskly rose to R29, at which figure the hammer fell to the bid of Mr. M. Bremer on behalf of Messrs. Geo. Steuart & Co. The second and succeeding lots of 10,000 each w'ere put up at the upset price of R25. R27 closed the comjietition for the second lot for Messrs. Lee, Hedges & Co. Mr. R. J. Booth eapLiued the third lot (for Messrs. Cumberbatch & Co.) .at R26. The same figure won the fourth lot for Mr. R. F. S. Hardie on the bidding of Mr. Tullocdi. The fiftb lot fell at the upset price R25, to Me.ssrs. Finlay, Muir & Co. The same firm secured sixth lot for lightful Eastern aspect. The price, we need scarcely say, is equal to more than £120 per acre. Holbrook was originally opered as a .select “ home ” estate— a place to retire to whatever happened —by Mr. H. S. Saunders. When the bad days in coffee arrived, we believe Mr. Saunders more than once cheered his friends by remai king ; Well, if the worse comes to the worst, there is Holbrook to retire to !’ Alas wdien the big crash did occur, Mr. Saunders like so many more had to say good-bye to Ceylon; and Holbrook was taken over by Sir Alfred Dent’s Firm. E.xactly four years ago, Mr. Thomas Mackie purcha.sed this inodel little place and at a price that caused some people to think that Mr. Mackie was rather rash ; but with the result that — apart from .an income which has averaged £2,20.) per annum from the pro- perty,— Mr. Mackie has now doubled his capital plus £500 ! Tills, of course, is one of the ex- ceptional experiences — almost romances — connected with estate property in Ceylon of which we learn at rare intervals. Let in be clearly under- stood that Holbrook comprises one of the choicest bits of soil in the country, witli a perfect climate for tea ami to crown this, that most liberal and judicious cultivation h.as been followed by Mr. Mackie’s direction, admirably cariied out by his Superintendent Mr. Bartlett. Mr. Mackie has him- self been a noted cultivator since the old Pitikande (Matale) days— his successor thei-e Mr. Joseph Fraser, well maiKtaining the tradition. Purchasing Holbrook for over £10,000, Mr. Mackie of course at once formeit a large Cattle Establishment, having special advantages in grass and patena. Moreover the estate had a long row of way-side “ kad- die.s” for which rent was paid, and through which a further supply of manure was obtainable. Not only for mannre too, were the cattle valu- able : Holbrook Dairy supplied the: distiiet and liosi)ital, with tine milk and butter, and this made no alight adjunct to profits. Briefly, Dairy and Kaddies yielded an average of £550 clear profit per annum, reducing the crop return average to £1,700 ; but let it be miderstood that this latter c.ime almost entirely from 98 acres of tea which averaged 867 lb, per acre in crops, one field giving con-iderably over 1,000 1b. per acre while the price realised has always been nmch above the island's avemge. Of cour.se, liberal cultivation told ; but uhe soil and climate were so good that the little idace only required pruning once in three yeans. It will be seen therefore that the Messrs. Wyse buy on a ten per cent b.asis as regards the experi- ence of the past four years; but it may be asked THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. where is the security against adverse exchange and a fall in prices from over-production ? Well, there is this great advantage, that the new pro- prietors have 62 acres of young tea, very fine ]iit, coming into crofi, and that the interference of “ coffee” in certain fields will be quite a thing of the past— so that even at £20,000 or £120 per acre — the very highest price, we believe, ever paid f' r tea land in Ceylon ? — thei e is no reason to doubt that the purchasers may do well. The Agrapatna tea is a choice product and will always —if properly prepared— command a good price ; while the line jab and rich soil guarantee the maintenance of flavour, body, &c. It is interesting to learn how the Messrs. Napoleon Bonajrarte Wyse— relatives of the great Napoleon and the late hrench Emperor— came to invest in Ceylon and buy Holbrook. The proprietor of Choisy estate, Kamboda, is a merchant, Mr. J. J. Marcel, who was in Ceylon before our day, bub who continues to read his Overland Observer and T.A., and from whom we hear occasionally. For Mr. Marcel, as Agent and Inspector of Choisy, Mr. Mackie acts. The Messrs. Wyse know Mr. Marcel ; they also brought out letters to the highest in the land, and have had ample opportunity of learning all about our liigher tea districts. Indeed one of the sons, Mr. N. Bonaparte Wyse, has been assistant on Holbrook under Mr. Bartlett for nearly a year, so that these slirewd as well as aecomplishecl and wealthy French visitors have, by no means, bought “ a pig in a poke.” We have already mentioned that Mr. Wyse, senior, and Mr. N. L. Wyse have left tor Mauritius, where doubtless they have also an interest in estate property.— But now to turn to Mr. Mackie’s side, we know, from fie- quent talks with this gentleman during the past two or thiee years, how dear tlie place had become to him and that he has sold, with great reluctance even at £20,000, due to the fact tlsat he had decided to return home on recently joining the firm of Messrs. Taylor & Noble of Leadenhall-street. Holbrook is simply a perfect residential property with delightful surroundings in mountain, forest, patana and river scenery as well asin its “perfect” climate. We tnay therefore well congratulate the purchaser of the jjroperty and home, of which he took possession yesterday, and feel assured that if justice continues to be done, Holbrook will return fair, if nob good, in- terest on his money.— We may add that Messrs. Julius & Creasy were law advisers for Messrs. Wyse and Messrs. J. F. & R. F. de Saram for Mr. Mackie.— And it may be well to say in con- clusion that Mr. Mackie (whom we are glad to learn is in better health than he was some time ago) is by no means withdrawing from liis large inierests in tea in Ceylon. He is one of the largest shareholders in the Great Western Com- pany and also holds a big interest in the Stand- ard Company; and maintains full faith in the future of Ceylon high-grown tea — provided, we suppose, that the Currency Committee do nob raise the ru[)ee still liigher ! Thi5 Ri.sks of Aguiculture.-AVc suppose the insect referred to in the following cutting from an Indian paper is the same that sucks out the juice here from tender paddy :— “Paddy cultiva- tons in the Hauthawaddy Dist rieb complain that a large proportion than usual of their paddy has been destroyed by insects. One cultivator in the Twantay subdivision, who e.vpeeted to get ],.500 baskets, iinds he has little over 900. In Masvun the same complaints are heard,” [M.vY 2. 1898, TEA SHIPMENTS FROM CEYLON. THE QUARTER'S RETURNS. The following are shipments for the first three mouths of the year as compared with the three previous seasons • — TO UNITED KINGDOM. 1896. 1897. 1898. lb. lb. lb. January 7,239,519 8, .542, 897 8.1.52,769 Eebruary 7,550,431 6 318,232 6,726,001 March 7,130,579 9,172,886 9,500,000 Total . . 21,920,559 21.064,015 24,378,770 TO AUSTRALIAN COLONIES. .lanuary 77.5, 127 956,977 1,290.955 February 934,018 787,916 1.031,972 March 1,441 466 1,279,468 1,160,000 Total. . 3,153,611 3,024,361 3,482,927 The improved shipments to Australasia are satisfactory. PATENTS. The fees prescribed in Schedule IV of the Ordi- nance No 16 of 1892 have been paid for the con- tinuance of exclusive privilege in resnnet of the under-mentioned inventions for the periods shown against each No. 419 of 1893. — David Kinloch Michie, Eagineer, St. Sebastian Mills, Colombo. Invention for partially disintegrating, equal feeding, breaking, or sizing materia), more especially as applied to tea leaf, either while such leaf is in process of manufacture or after it has become dry tea (from July 25, 1897, to July 25, 1S99). No. 424 of 1893. — David Kinloch Michie, Engineer, St. Sebastian ilills, Colombo. Invention for lubri- cating wireshoot runners (from October 24, 1897, to October 24, 1899). No. 432 of 1894. — W'illiam Jackson, of Thorngrovo, Manoifield, Aberdeen, Scotland, Engineer. Improve- ments in tubular heating stoves, more especially in- tended for heating air for use in drying tea or other produce (from January, 9, 1898, to January 9, 1899). No. 433 of 1894. — William Jackson, of Thorugrove, Manorfield, Aberdeen, Scotland Engineer. Improve- ments in apparatus for subjecting materials to the action of hot air or for analogous operations, more especially intended for use in drying tea leaves, coSee, or other produce, for one year (from January 9, 1898, to January 9, 1899). No. 434 of 1894. — John Roger, of 20, Guildford street, London. Improvement in the manufacture of tea (from January 10, 1893, to January 10 1899).— “ALL ABOUT COCONUT PLANTING. The Brisbane Department of Agiiculture have ordered two copies of this book to be added to their reference library. Agricultural Stuuuls.— What is the Com- mission, wliich is said to have been appointed to inquire into t!ie working of tlie School of Agriculture, .about'? In India the importance of an agricultural training, and of encouraging a knowledge of agriculture seems fully recognised. We read that “ A resolution .appears in the Calcutta Gazette, .s.anctioning the opening of agri- cultural classes at the Seebpore (College, Mr. N. G. Mookerj.ce, now Assistant Director of the Beng.al Agricultural Depaiameiit, h.asbeen appointed Agri- cultural Lecturer. Tlie scheme of education com- jVii.ses two classe.s, and the Resolution states that His Honour the Lieutenant-Governor is prepared to assign certain appointments in the Provincial and Subordinate Executive Services to suitable holders of agricultural diplomas.” May 2, 1898.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 757 CARDAMOMS ; COFFEE. South Mysore Planters’ Association. The annual general meeting was held in Relur on 3rd March, and from the Report, we quote : — The scheme for the employment of an Agricultural Chemist has practically fallen through for want of sup- port. This is themore to be regretted, as from enquiries made it appears that the project would not have involved 30 lu’ge an expenditure as was anticipated, and had only three or four Associations come forward with offers of help, it might have been carried through. The Currency Question. — The persistent efforts of the Government of India to bolster up the value of the rupee to nearly double its intrinsic worth is a source of great anxiety to producers. The new gold Note Bill, and the remarks of the Finance Minister, show plainly their determination to keep up the rate of exchange, and indicate the possible introduction later on of a gold standard. With regard to the U.P A. proposed circular letter, this Association, while it agreed that it was advisable to hold consul- tation with the Chambers of Commerce, Banks and other Mercantile institutions, deprecated the adoption of a definite policy and recourse to any action until the views of such bodies were ascertained Cardamoms. — The crop this season has been better than last, but prices are now lower, I have expressed our thanks to Government for settling the re-assess- ment question. Liboirr has again been plentiful, and is, I think, likely to be so during the coming year ; the scale of ad- vances has already been reduced, and I think a combined effort should be made to lower the rate of wages. Leaf Disease. — Mr. J. L. Stewart spoke as follows ; “ Gentlemen, I have an explanation to ask for and a few words to say about a very injudicious and pessimistic speech made by one of our delegates, Mr. Harris, at the U.P. A. Meeting last year. This speech has caused an unnecessary small panic among agents, and consequently been the cause of much trouble and. annoyance to men who depend on agents for money to work their estates. I use the word unnecessary advisedly, as after nearly twenty years’ experience of coffee. I can honestly say that I consider that leaf-disease is no more virulent now than it was when I first came out to this country. Mr. Harris replied : “ Gentlemen, I find it hard to believe in the sincerity of Mr. Stewart’s remarks. If he considered that my speech would have such dele- terious effects as he has’described, why did he not at once denounce it ? instead of waiting six months when the mischief, if any, would be done. I believe myself that by judicious manuring and care- ful cultivation we shall successfully contend with the ravages of leaf-disease. We have two things in our favour as compared with Ceylon, a climate subject to long droughts, and a certain isolation as regards the positron of our estates. The present season bears out this opinion : leaf-disease has been present in a very mild form, and prospects may be said to be decidedly favourable.” Messrs. J. G. Hamilton and J. A. Harris were re- elected President and Honorary Secretary ; Messrs. L. Crawford, G. Horne, J. G. Hamilton, J. A. Harris and W. H. Scott were elected to form the Committee, and Messrs. Graham Anderson, E. M. Playfair and W. PI. Scott as extra delegates to the U.P.A. — To Make Bosf.lla Jam. — Pick the red calyx from the seed-pods ; boil the latter in sufficient water to quite cover them until the jelly is extracted, and they look dry. Strain them, and weigh the liquour and the red fruit. Thou boil the fruit in the liquor until it is tender. Add as much weight of sugar as thece was of liquor and red fruit before the second boiling, and bo'l again until it becomes jelly. This is a indder jam than when the seed-pods are not used, but not so good a colour. Boil the red fruit in sufficienl water to cover it. When tender weigh It. Add equal wr’ght of fine white sugar, and boil till it sets, — enoland A a-g « 2 2 o o pqcQ ^1 Og < TRA.VANCURE TEA SALES. Average 7'50d, April 1st. •eoira: •jfjirmmf) o ^ c3 a 'P Ph £ . . ^ g •03[JJ ■0OUd[ •Ajtju'im^ •0OIJJ •0OUJ -in \nx!i I I « I I _ CO CO CO CO O CO 1 rO -Xi O I 1 ^ I I I I I \:^\ I' s hWhIci I O rt-flHHl I CP CO CO CD CO o a o I O o coo^ 1 CO O rH Qj u O HN -*1C1 <3Q50«0’^40COGO(M I 1 SXt Pj iHa>iHCOt-©fli>a:CO coo CO 1-f r-( T-* >S3 o H 2 g- a W ELJ kT c8 s.® M ia g s ^ ^ J3 M ® ■'5 ** May 2) 1898,] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 767 TEA REVIEW: ANNUAL REPORT OF MESSRS. GEORGE WHITE & CO., TEA BROKERS, LONDON. We reproduce and issus as a Supplement the valuable Report received by a late mail from the above well-known firm of tea-bro- kers, and to which we direct the attention of all interested in our “ tea industry. ” It opens with a review of the Indian, Ceylon and Java Tea Trade with the United Kingdom in 1897 ; and to take the Last-mentioned first, we are glad to see that the said trade in .lava tea is not in- creasing according to the landings in the United Kingdom. AYe have always insisted that with so good a market before them as Hol'and and Belgium (not to speak of the adjacent provinces of (-lermany.) the .Java tea planters ought not to trouble the London market at all with their produce. Jn the year’s review, we are slu.wn how the Ceylon average has fallen from S|d in 189.5, to 8R1 in 1896 and to TJd in 1897 ; but in t-he interesting comparative talde appended to the Report, the a\erages are given lor eight months only in each case, namely 1st July to end of February and for 1897-8, the returns may be quoted as follows : — All Ceylon . . 8d All India . , 85 All Java .. 6| Now to take the Indian districts ; — Darjeeling . . lOgd Assam .. lOi Dooars 7§ Kangra .. 7i Cachar 7 Travancore .. 6| The above is for 8 months ; but we may com- pare this with the Ceylon district li.st for 12 months : — Udapuasellawa, Nuwara Eliya, New Galway ar.d Dlmbula .. 9|d Maskeliya and Dikoya . . 8| Uva . . 8g Eastern Districts from Maturatta to Rangala .. 7^ Central (Pussellawa, Ramboda, Pundaluoya Kadugannawa) . . And so on — see thirteen divisions of distiiet.s — some of them rallier .arbitrary — as detailed by Messrs. Geo, White & Co. in their table. It may be mentioned that of the Indian districts Kangra Valley is the only one that shows an improved average — 7RI in 1897 against 7d in 1896. The slow progress made in the re-export tea trade from the United Kingdom is not satisfactory. In three years we miglit expect a greater increase than from 30^ million lb. in 1895, to 365 in 1897 or 6 million Ih. of an in- crease. As regards prospects, Messrs. White hope for improved trade and laiger home con- sumption, last year Peing affected by industrial troubles ; hut if war breaks out, we fear, there may be disappointment. Ail the nioie reason there- fore, that, by liner ]ilu(ddng and more careful treatment, a better average quality of tea should be sent home during the present year. To this end, the Report before us makes one practical recommemlation, which deserves attention here and in Inditi. VVhy, it is asked, .slioubl coar.se and dust teas be -sent to Loudon to increase the supply ot poor and low-class grades really not wanted at home ? Can an effort nob be made both in India and Ceylon, to encourage a local native consumption that would work off a large quantity, if not the whole, ol these lowest 94 descriptions ; and ,so relieve the pressure in packages and weight of descriptions of tea that it can scarcely jta.y, in any case, to .ship to London, while jtrices are so Jow ? JAVA QUININE. AVe have received this week from an indepen- dent manufacturer in Java a sample of quinine- sulphate made by himsel.k He says it contains “ less than 1 per cent, of ciuchoiiidinc.” So far as the absence of alkaloids other than quinine is concerned we find th.at the sauijtle is good, and passes the ammonia-test; but the .salt has in bulk a sli_;htly yellowish tinge, although less so than another .Java quinine, which was received here in January. We have submitted a jroition of the sample to a well-known e.xiiert, who reports; —■“It is evidently a very imperfectly refined ])ro- duet from a Ledg..n-iaua bark. It might pass as ‘ unbleached cpiinine,’ but it is certainly not of ‘ good commercial quality.’ ” Apparently, Java manufacturers liave yet to learn the trick of bow to make the sulphate absolutely white, and light as to (lensity. — Vhemiat and Driujqu-t, BANDARAPOLA CEYLON CO., LD. (Special Report Jor the '^Tropical AgricuUurint,” ) The fifth annual meeting of tliis Company was held at 16, Philpot Lane, London, on March 31. Mr. George W Pain (chairman), presided, and among those 1 resent were Messrs. Hugh Fraser (manadng director), Leopold F Davies, Mennel, Campbell, G G Anderson, A Leslie, AV AV Lord, W C Scott, J F Anderson, W Mackenzie and G AV Dodds. The Chairman said that the net profits for the year had amounted to £1,956 Is 8(1, ami the directors proposed to pay a final divideml of seven per cent and to write off for depreciation on buildings and machinery the sum of £295 Is 2d, carrying for ward a balance of £66. They had had an average of 632 lb. per acre in tea,’ hut the shareholder.s would notice that there had been a slight falling-off’ in the realized price. The director.s had decided to incur no further expense for clearing for fresh tea while e.xehange was in its present unsatisfactory position, hut they inteiidetl to continue to manure the estates freely (hear, hear). Excejrt in that respect, and in re- gard to the ordinary expenses of the acreage now in full working order, they did not mean to incur any expense that could be possibly avoided till there was some settlement of the exchange question. They wei-e able to pay the same dividettd for 1897 as they had pal'd for 1896, althougii otr an increased capital ; atrd they had itrereased lire re.serve fund by £1,000 an’d wiitteu off nearly £300 for depreciation. The directors thought that, under all the cireum- stairces, the I'eporb was a very fair orre. and they felt thit tlie_y were justiliecl in thankiirg their nranager, Mr. James Anderson, for tire very satis- factory manner in which he had helped to achieve a vei-y good le.sult (hear-, heai). He moved, “ That the report and statemeirt of accounts he received and adopted,” Mr. Hugh Fhaskr seconded, remarking that he considered they were in a very favourable and a very strong position, He did not think there would he any dilliciiliy whatever in getting the shareholders to api>rove the report. ?es the tropical Mr. G. ^V. Dotes Is nottliecest of manur- ing a very high cliarge? I see it come.s out at about £H lO.s Oil. The Chairman It is artificial manure, and it is, of course, a very heavy charge. But the directors think it will repay the Company from the outlays (hear, hear). Mr. NiKNNEO said lie had sometimes had to offer criticisms (laughter) but on tliis occasion he saw tliat on the whole they had a very satisfactory report. Looking at the things that were hanging over their heads — the low markets and the higli exchange —he thought the sliareholders would have been quite satisfied if the directors had paid a slightly lower dividend and kept a little more in hand for the reserve fund. But they were always thankful for all they could get (laughter.) Looking at the political situation and at the state of things in l^arliament he did not think tiiey w’ould he justified in looking forward to any alteration in exchange affairs— at any rate, not to an alteration that would better their position. Things were far more likely to get worse than better ; judging by the feeling that was shown in officialdom and the state of political affairs generally ho did not think there would be any move to better the position of the exchange, A Shareholder asked for an explanation of the large item of expenditure put down for new lines and bungalows. Mr. Leopold F. Davies said he thought they ought to congratulate the directors on their deci- sion not to clear any more land at pre.sent. He noticed that last year the amount ot tea from the Comiiany for home eonsum])tion was less than the quantity sent on the previous year. He hoped that the Chairman and all the Ceylon Tea Companies would address words of warning to their peo))le against sending over too much tea, and against setiding tea of inferior quality. In London what w'as wanter was tea of the best quality, not large quantities. The private garden owners were perhaps the worst sinners, and often sent over as much tea as they possibly could — and were not very particular what they sent. (Hear hear.) The Chairman said with regard to what had been said about the rate of exchange, that the directors were somewhat of the opinion that there would not be a lower exchange ; they would be glad if only they could know that it would remain at an average of Is 4d. (Hear hear). At any rate they had made 1 heir calculations on that for the future. They were doing' their best in the matter to which Mr. Davies had referred ; they were quite alive to the importance of it. iMi'. Porter had made some suggestions to their manager, and tliose suggestions would no doubt be carried into effect, the suggestions included one for a better system of withering than they had hitherto adopted. Mr. Porter was confident that if the new instructions were followed they would be able to improve their tea to the extent of -^d. per lb. (Hear, hear.) A shareholder had asked about the expense on bun- galows, etc. In the last report they had written od’ £5()i) on account of the old bungalows and they luul had to set about erecting new ones. On this they had spent P2I.270. Then on new lines thay bad spent 112 09), on the factory 110 249 and on maidiinery 116,894. The machi- nery consisted of a large engine that had been juit up, and a now wheel for increasing the water supply. The factory was a large one, and was in a good imsition. An entirely new bungalow AGRICULTURIST. [MaV 2, 1858. liad been built— a capacious one was necessary for so large an area of ground, and of course they wanted to make the managers as comfort- able as possible (liear, hear.) All these expenses were considered necessary, and he could assure them that eacli item had been carefully looked into. The report and accounts were adopted unani- mously. The Chairman moved : “ That a final dividenu be declared of 7 per cent, free of income-tax, pay- able forthwith, making a total dividend of 10 per- cent for the year.” This was also carried nnanimonsly. Sir George Pilkcngton was re-elected a direc- tor of the Company, the Chairman remarking, amid laughter, that Sir George was probably doing his duty more effectively in Ceylon than hi.s fellow-directors were doing theirs at home. On the motion of Mr. L. F. Davies, Mr. John Dalgleish, C A., was re-elected auditor. The Chairman moved a vote of thanks to the Ceylon and London staffs. The results, he said, w-ere produced by the staff in Ceylon. In the Lon- don office, everything was done by tlie staff in the most capable manner, ami be bad always been able to get any information he required at a moment’s notice (applause.) The best proof of belief in the fitness of the Ceylon manager, Mr. Janies Anderson, was tliat he (the Chairman) was sending out his son to work under him. He was starting foi Ceylon on the next day (liear, hear.) Mr. W. C. Scott seconded the jiroposition, remarking that he hoped Mr. l .aine, junior, would add to their strength in Ceylon (hear, hear.) The pro])ositioii was carried, and the meeting closed with the usual compliment to the Chairman. PEOGRESS OF TEA CONSUMPTION IN EASTERN EUROPE AND ASIA MINOR. We are plea.sed to have a note from Mr. Marinitscli, dated Brindisi, April 3rd — he was on his way then to Vienna — and had experienced very cold weather just after leaving Port Said all along the Syrian Coast up to Smyrna. But the important part of his letter runs as fol- lows:—“I am glad to tell you that the con- sumption of tea is visibly increasing all over Turkey, and that Ceylon sorts take a good share to meet the demand. It is am.azing to see tlie progress, tea lia.s made in the habits of the people inasmucli as at present, in some instances, tea is taken to alternate witli coffee, it having dawned upon the people that tea when well made and fres/i c intains a good deal of stimulating power. .Altogether yon will be pleased to hear that |)eople’s tastes are now in that transitory stage wliieh will ensure at an early date a larger coiisumption of tea and no doubt Ceylon’s good qualities will give it the preponderance.” Entomological SooiETy.— Atameeting of this Society held in London on the 16th ultimo— Mr. R. McLaclilan, V. P, and I'reasurer, in the chair — a paper by Mr. E. £. Green, of Pundaluoya, Ceylon, entitled “ Further Notes on Dyscritina, Westwood,” and illustrated by specimens and drawings, was read. Tlie author had discovered two distinct species of Dyscritina, which he was able to keep in captivity and rear from tlie early larval stage to that of the imigo. A dis- cussion followed. — Local “ Times,” May 2, 1898.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. THE CUllRENCY QUESTION. A Ceylon estate proprietor, now at home, writ- ing from Lomlon, by a recent mail, remarks : — “ We are all deeply interested, of course, in the silver question, but from what took place in the House of Commons the other night, it would not seem as if there is to be any immediate relief. You will hardly credit it, but I have learned that some people who must be deeply interested in the matter of exchange, and who from their prominent position might be of sotne assistance in obtaining redress, or at least lead an agitation towards the opening of the Indian mints, decline 10 take part in any such agitation, “ I have seen our old friend Mr. Sharpe, who is very anxious indeed to do something that would relieve us, and I dare say hopes, by means of the Com- mittee appointed to enquire into these matters to aid us aomeliow. I must confess however that the flourishing condition of the Indian finances, as shown in their recently issued Budget Report, and the per- sonal interest of those engaged in the affairs of that country, apart from the merchants and producers, prevent the former adopting or acting upon any view likely to relieve the land owners, and those whose welfare depends upon exchange being governed by the market value of silver as before. It would not matter so much if, as many at one time be- lieved, a rise in exchange meant also a rise in the value of produce on this side ; but at present at any rate, that optimistic feeling has been belied. Never p suppose has tea been so cheap as at present.” The Currency question was discussed by the Chairman Mr. C. J. Lindsay Nicholson at the general meeting of the members of the Agra Bank, Limited in London on 24tli ultimo, when after dealing with the satisfectory business of the Bank in 1897, he continued : — This bank has up till now done very well this year, and your directors are quite satisfied with the results. We have nothing to complain of so far; but it is im- possible not to realise that India generally is suffer- ing severely by the closing of her mints and the artificial forcing of exchange to 16d. It would ill become us to attempt to criticise the action of the Indian Finance Minister, Sir James Westland, as you mav remember he was for some time a member of this board, and his colleagues were sensible of his un- doubted grasp of all the difficulties of Indian affairs and finance. Still it must be felt that at the present moment the position of the Indian export trade is most seriou.s and for the vast amount of capital in- vested in India and Ceylon in tea, indigo, and other products, the look out this year is serious. It has well been said that India’s great currency problem can be solved by her fields and by her looms, and by them alone. I will read too extracts of trite remarks on the present position which must strike one forcibly. One is from Sir James Westland’s speech early this year. He said ; — “ It must be understood that we are not rolling in wealth while we are refusing aid to others, and our inability to advance money is due, not to any wilful obstinacy, but to want of adequate means. The Secretary of State cannot draw on us for more than we are able to pay. The fear is, there- fore, that the market may reach a paint where money will become actually unavailable, and merchants will find it impossible to sell their bills.” And very recently the Presideot of the Calcutta Chamber of Commerce, speaking and its annual meeting, and I think most reasonably, said: “It is not for use to say by what plan a gold standard should be made effective but we can point out to Government tliat the present position is intolerable, and that it is clearly their duty, in the interests of their own finances and of our trade, to fix on a sound currency system.” He asks that the Government plan what- ever it may be, shall be published ou the same day in England and India, and that time shall be given for its criticism by the experts and practical finan- ciers of both countries before the scheme is adopted. He protests against delay in dealing with the ques. tiou “ not only because loanable capital is being driven from India, fresh capital repelled and trade hampered by tbs uncertainty of the future, but also because recurring periods of monetary stringency which we have recently experienced are gainii g in intensity and it is impossi’ole to foretell what the effect on Indian commerce may be when we are face to face with the next period of stringency which under the present policy, is as certain to come as the sun to rise tomorruw.” I cannot go into the currency ques- tion, which has been said by Lord Beaconsfield “ to have caused more madness than even love did.’ Let us hope that amongst the multitude of coun- cillors there will be wisdom. EXCHANGE AND TEA. Our hearty endorsation of the action of the PJanter.s’ Association, the Chamber of Commerce, and the general imbltc at the meeting in the Council Chamber, does not blind us to a possible danger that may result to the i-, land’s Tea Industry as one result of such action. We say “possible,” because injury to the credit of the island, or misapprehension of all the causes affecting the returns for our teas in the market, is impro= bable with those who have accurate knowledge of the industry and its exact ])osition. It is only those who aie ignorant of all tlie facts, who aio liable to misread the iufoniiation within their reach in a way prejudicial to the island and its in- dustries. But we adhere to the view we expressed in a recent article, that the publicity that has been given to the drawbacks under which our tea industry is now labouring, is much to be pre- ferred to the reticence whicli prevailed twenty years ago when our then leading staple, coffee, was threatened. The facts to be remembered in connection with the fall in the price of tea shares— and the fall has been by no means uni- versal—are that it is due to more than one cause ; that some of the causes are temporary and may possibly erelong disappear ; and that the intrinsic value of tea plantations generally in a large proportion of districts in the island, remains much what it was before the scarcity of money and “hard times” set in some months ago. When any Company yields smaller returns than it has done for some years, its shares, if the necessity arises for offering them for sale, naturally fetch less in the market. The would-be purchaser looks at the last dividend, and sees no reason why he should pay for .shares the price w’hicdi the seller had paid in expecta- tion of double that dividend. Then, if money is scarce, and if he has to borrow any part of what he wishes to invest in shares, he has to take that into account in making his offer ; and the man who is forced to realize has, of course, to accept what is offered. Meanwhile, there are share- holders who are quite content with their invest- ment, who have no need to realize and no desire for a change; and wlio still, possibly, valuetheir shares at what they paid for them. Their tea, perhaps, fetched nearly the same price as the year before • and if the luolits were less, dear rice afforded one explanation, high exchange did some mischief, and a bad season may have reduced the crop ; but the bushes it may he aie now responding to manure, and there is no reason why, with greater care ill manufacture, the old dividend should not be declared again. In such a case as the illustration we offer, the Share List may prove a very fallacious guide to the real value of the property or the group of pro- perties which is worked on limited lialiilitj prin- ciples, and so convey an erroneous idea to the outsider. With the stringency in the money market, and the exodus of shareholders to the 770 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. old country for a time, it is inevita’ole that sliares should frequemly fetch less than they are really worth, while the inice originally imid during the rush may have hseu too high.. We think it well, therefore, to caution outside reader.s against being led away by the notion th.at a fall ill the value of s'lares, must nece.ssarily, indicate a corre.'pondiiig fall in the value of tea property. It is signifi -ant that we have had to chronicle the sale of an estate within the past few week.s, at £120 an acre, — albeit an e.\ceptionally good estate in a very favourite district, — a price which if it has ever been exceeded, has been excelled only once and by a trifling sum. The other point, which it is important to keep in view, is that high exchange is but one of the causes which have affected the dimini- tion of profits from tea properties. We ha\'e already adverted to another— the high jirice of rice, diie to tlie Indian Famine, aggra- gravated temporarily by the Allagalla slip. Rut, on the other hand, as Mr. Renton rightly insisted at the meeting of the Chamber, greater economy and greater care in cultivation and manufacture are not only possible, but they must he enforced. Tlie way we have fallen behind India i.s not at all comforting to proprietors ; and although the increasing area in the low-country responsible for coarse teas, may, to some c.xtent, explain the lower average, it can furnish no answer to the specific comp’aint that, in roll and apper.rauoe, our teas compare unfavourably with Indian makes of the same sort. We are aware that some of our planters consider the leaf crop from Ceylon soils can never be so good. But there is room for improvement in local arrangements and it is also a ([uestion how far judicions manuring may give a better leaf. Many thoughtful jilanters, among those who answered our circulars last year and tiiose who did not, were strongly of opinion that more direct supervision was necessary, both in the held and the factory ; and now that we are drifting into liard times, we are hopeful that every effort will he mode to ensure improved teas with the utmost economy po.s.sible. IMen who so exert themselves will have no cause for self-reproach should they, for any reason, be unable to show a prolitable result, hecahse this will be due to causes beyond their control. “Tea Pests and Beights.’’— For sometime, we have lieard very little of pests troubling the tea-planters in Ceylon and indeed with the pros- pect of over-production and tlie existence of low price.s, there is not so much dread of the loss of a certain proportion of leaf. Still, no doubt there are field, s and ifiantations still widely troubled by pests; and there has just appeared what must be regarded as tlie permanent stand- ard volume on the subject. A copy has reached us from Calcutta today and it i.s entitled : — “ The Pests and Bliglits of the I’ea Plant being a Report of Investigations conducted in .■Assam and to some extent also in Kangra” by Cco. Watt, M.B., C.M., E.L.S., C.I K., &c., issued by the Covernnieiit of India. This is a bulky volume of -Iff? pages with a full index and table of contents. Theeiglit chap- ters on tea ]iesls are inefixed by an equal number on Indications of deterioration, ‘ Weed gardens and inqirovenient of seed,’ Hoing and Weeding, Drainage, Pruning, Planting, Tea FertL Users, i’he volume is therefore a Manual for Plan- ters. and it is one wc shall doubtless have fre« quent occasion to refer to and quote alter wo have givett Dr. Watt’s pages a careful perusal . [May 2, 189S. PLANTING NOTES. Demand fok Raw Cotton.— The Kobe Chronicle trau'h’.tes tlr.^ following Tokyo jiress despatch, dated 2i):h .March, from a vernacular paper Owing to the ■■scarcity of the stock of raw Cotton, the cotton s[)inning companies at Osaka and other places have ap])lied to the Nippon A'nsen Kai^lia that an extra boat be despatched to Bombay. Negoti'itiors are going on as regards freight. The Nippon A'n.sen Kaisha will charter a foreign steamer for the extra trip. — Honghong WccJdij. Loan.s to Pe.v.sants. — Cannot something be done for onr )ieasants, to inotect them from the usurer. We read in an Indian paper that taking ailvantage of the Agricultural Loans Act, the Chief Commissioner of Assam publishes in his provincial Gazette a code of rules under which any proprietor, landholder, or other occupier of arable land may borrow from the Government for agricultural pur])0ses a loan not exceeding R300 at 6J; per cent per annum. The period of repayment varies with Uie purpose to which the loan is applied hut is always easj'. Loans made for Uic luirchase of seed are to be repaid from the profits obtained from the crops so produced ; loans for the purchase of plough cattle are rejiayahle in three years ; the maximum in any case is ten years. The Sugar Crisis in Mauritius — is de- scribed as follows in the Cummzrcial Gazette to hand today and has some points parallel to the case o£ Ceylon : — There are some persons in Mauritius — among -whom must be included our correspondent whose remarks on the subject appeared in our issue of the 4th instant — who take a pessimistic view of the planters’ chance of obtaining the loan of £400, 000 which has been applied for. For our part we see no reason for supposing that Mr. Chamberlain will be less content to treat the posi- tion of the sugar industry in Mauritius with liberality h-an he is the West Incli.vu pi'anter. The conditions are analogous in many respects — the analogy is one instance being a depleted exchequer. As most people know, this state of affairs, iii Mauritius, has been brought about, principally, by a short crop and the high price of the food which the country imports from India. Were the planters to obtain the loan of £400,000 it would not cover the deficit of 1897 crop. The real fact of the matter is, that the loan must be granted or great discomfort will prevail, Planters must have money to carry on their estates until the new crop comes in, and the money to enable them to do this is not in the country. This does not apply only to the estate proprietors who have liabilities to meet in the shape of interest and sinking fund, but also to those whose estates are unencumbered. It is only the interested, directly or indirectly, in Sugar Estates, who have any idea of the amount of money that is re- quired “ in advance ” against a crop. Superinten- dence, cooly food and l:ibour machinery, artificial manure, etc., have all to be taken into account. The loan of £400,000 has been applied for principally to improve the Sugar factories, but if its application be entirely restricted to this, other means will have to be found to provide monies for the upkeep af Estates uutil the crops come in. The yield for 1898 promises to be a very large one, and there is no reason why prices should go lower ; so that making the necessary ad- vances would uot be hazardous. The question is ; — where to find the spring to tap for the money to Sow ? So long as there are men like the Honourable Leclezio and Sir Virgile Naz at the helm of the planter’s bark there will be confidence and hope — it is to them that all eyes are turned to find means to relieve the existing difficulties. Before long we shall know Mr. Chamberlain’s decision as to the loan and we repeat, there is no reason to suppose it will be ae adverse one — on the contrary he has said British Colonies, when in distress, must be assisted, and he is uot likely to leave Mauritins ovit in the cold, xMay 2, 1898.1 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 77 1 “THE WOMDEHS OF THE YANG-TSE VALLEY; ” “KICE FOR THE WORLD;” AND THE “HISTORIC TEA COUNTRY.” Mr. Alfred Kinnear has supplied to the Loudon Daily Chronicle a very striking account of tiie region bordering on the navigable portion of China’ .s central and grande.st river— a region, moreover, whicli will now be rapidly exploited by British merchants and capitalists ; as it is bound year by year to come, more and more, under British ’ in'tluence. The prospect _ is one that concerns the tea planter.s of India and Ceylon very nearly ; but it is also one that opens up the bare possibility of a connection between China and this Colony, leaving'_ India out of view, which, without being sanguine as to its fulfilment, is at least worthy of consider- ation. The two great difficulties in the way of Ceylon adopting a silver currency of its own have always been,— how are we to pay for our Indian rice and our Indian coolies? Nothing, it is always said, but the currency of India would suffice for these two indispensable elements of the Ceylon Planter’s existence, as matteis stand at present. But how if we got our rice from the valley of the Yang-tsc— which is capa- ble of supplying the needs of the whole world with this staple— and paid for the same in the Ceylon doliar to be coined of the same value as the dollar current in China— in other words an honest .silver dollar ? It is of course a question which only time and practical experiments could answer, as to whetlier rice could be laid dosvn as cheaply at Co- lombo by steamers ft-om the “ Yangste ” as from the Hoogly, although surely “ exchange” for India, would give the former a certain advan- tage ? As to labour, the difficulty is greater. We gather that new regions are now likely to be tapped with millions of hardworking Chinamen, many of whom would come to Ceylon or elsewhere for much less wages than the Coast Cliina- men have hitherto demanded. But we doubt whether, under the most favourable circum- stances and with more and better work, the Chinaman would ever be so cheap as the Tamil cooly ; while there would always bo the difficulty of diverse races and how the pre.sence of Chinese would ali'ect our Sinhale.se as well as Tamils. True, in the Straits Settlements, the “ Klings” (Tamils) and Chinese seem to get on fairly well together, and we are anticipating that frqm the Yangste Valley, a quieter and more agricultural class of yellow labour- ers is likely to be available as emigrants. Be that as it' may and remembering how, year by year, more and more of our Tamil immi- niigrants seem to settle in Ceylon— 15 to 20 per- cent perhajis — would it be impossible to have the dollar and face the “exchange” question with “Ramasamy” so long as he had lus rice duly sup- plied as at present ? In other words when the time came for coolies to return to their country all that would have to be done would be to ex- change their dollar-balance of wages for Indian rupees. Even now it is pressed urgently on planters to get their departing coolies to allow their money be remitted by postal order in place of risking tlie carrying of silver in their cloths. The Post Office then would have no more diffi- culty in granting orders in “ Indian rupees ” for the ecpiivalent of “Ceylon dollars,” than for- issuing sterling orders in exchange for our cur- veut rupees. But leaving aside these questions of Currency, Rice and Labour Supply, there is another matter of unquestionable importance to our planters, aris- ing out of the opening of the valley and border- lands of the Yang-tse ; for, these include the his- toric tea region of China, and with the progress already made on the Co.ist in establishing fac- tories and securing machine-made teas, it is only reasonable to anticipate changes and improve- ments of special signilicance in the tea districts leading out from Hankow, as these come under the influence of British merchants, agents and possibly, of Briti.sh tea planters working with an honest silver dollar at an advantage of 60 or more i)cr cent over their brethren in India and (if it so be) in Ceylon. In proof of the importance of the advance and change that are fast approach- ing, we proceed to quote from Mr. Alfred Kinnear’s paper, the portions which boar expre.ssly_ on the fortunes of our planters in respect of their staple pioduct, their rice, and labour supply. Mr. Finn ear writes ; — In the scramble for China Britain’s place in the in- terests of herself and oi the world is in the Yang-tse Valley. Even as it is, we dominate the most magni- ficent, most virile territory in the world. There, ia nothing to be c mipared with it, not even upon the banks of the great rivers of America. It is a territory of illimitable possibilities, for it constitutes all that is best worth having in China. It is the richest in the empire, and with its undeveloped opportunities the richest in the world. It is the tea-garden of the his- toric tea country. It is the birthplace of the discovery of silk. It cuts China in half, and it is a belt magni- ficent to the eye and jewelled with the brightest gems of commerce. For 3,000 miles down to Shanghai, flowing between opulent valleys, the Yang-tse Kiang is nature’s ready carrier for the produce of 700,000 square miles of the most wonderful soil in the world. There are points at which it expands into an inland sea, so that the traveller standing upon the deck of one of the many fine English liner.s that connect Shanghai and Han- kow may look in vain for the banks that hedge this colossal artery. Then there are turns which suddenly switch the voyager into a defile of steep and rugged rocks, quaintly jagged, as with stony arms they would shake hands one frowning crag with another over the dark waters below. The towns are numerous, and some of them are from a trading as well as a European point of view places of importance. Bnt between them there are long tracts of open and wooded country glorious in its wealth of uncultivated vegetation, which only awaits reclamation by the pioneer. It might be made to grow RICE FOR THE WORLD. It grows wattles only. Wealth is a crime in China, and to conceal its possession is a virtue. The owner of the soil cultivates wattles because to cultivate rice would bring him under the suspicion of the Taotoi, and subject himself to the “squeeze” of the tax gatherer. So he remains poor that he may remain untaxed. That is political economy as “ she is taught’’ in China. While at Tientsin I was carried by an eminent Euro- pean resident into a native street, and was presented to a dismal individual in a squalid home, reeking ia filth. My friend informed ms later that I had been witn a subject of the Emperor who might put down sovereign for sovereign with Lord Rothschild. Ha simulated poverty to escape the Taotoi, who as it was taxed him and squeezed him on suspicion up to the income of an English Cha;\cellor of tne Exchequer. It is the fear of taxation that depresses native enter- price in Ghi-ua and keeps the valley of the Yang-tse for the -greater part a glorious wilderness. Vast quantities of game, wild geese, wild duck, snipe, and pheasant and deer abound about Chinkiang. The scenery almost throughout tho entire length of the Yang-tse Valley, which for -practical purposes begins at Shanghai and extends to Tehang is curiously English in tone. It is infinitely more English thaa 7)2 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST [May J898. America. The landscape is suggestive of Beikshire, and recalls the fertility of the upper reaches of the Thames. The wilder intervals of the Taiig tse are picturesque rather than grand. But these passed, the scene relapses into the normal characteristics of a valley, and the eye may roam for miles over a varied tanoeaha of fertility, wood and glade in alternate profusion, until the vanish- ing perspective is lost in a blue streak low down on the horizon betokening a far away range of hills. It will be observed by a visitor, however brief his visit may be, that at each of the river ports up to Tchang, British interests — I will not say British influence — are already in the ascendant. We hold three-fourths of every material acquisition held by the European communitv. HANKOW IN THE TEA SEASON — in the period when the growers send down the new crops of the year for export — is a scene of incredible energy and bustle and business. The fine roadstead which the river at that time of the year affords is crowded with a great fleet of steamers, but ninety- five per cent are under the British flag. The beat of the tea exported to Russia goes overland, but on one Occasion a magnificent vessel steamed up and anohore 1 under the Russian flag, and she turned out to be one of the Volunteer Fleet from the Black Sea. She was heavily enough armed to have run amok of the river, and though her captain took on board a fair consign- ment of tea, it was suspected that her mission was rather in the nature of a reconnaissance tha.u in the nature of peaceful trading. Hankow itself cor- responds in every respect to the gospel of British monopoly of trade. The Yang-tse Kiang’s total course is estimated at .3,600 miles. At low seasons the tide runs up for 520 miles, and beyond this point the river is navigable for 1000 miles. - »t* ijq j); a nutshell, the British ascendency in China has grown out of the capitalised British investment of not less than £300,0(0,0000 sterling. The centre of our interests lies undoubtedly in the central provinces of China, Shanghai, on the sea- boaid, and Hankow, 700 miles inland (with all the treaty ports lying within that strip) are PR.ACTICALLY ENGLISH TOWNS. ' The entire German population might be deported in a single steamer without inconvenience to them- selves or their fellow-passengers. By the occupation of the Wu-Suug ports the mainstay of our trade in China, from Chefoo to Hong Kong, and from the sea to the confluence of the Yalong Kiang and the Kin- Kiang, would be safe. We might then regard com- placently Germany’s “ twelve-mile radius ” at Kiae Chao and leave Russia tranquilly to rejoice in oth sterile comfort of Port Arthur, for we should then dominate the most magnificent territory under the Eastern sun.— Alfred Kinnear. « -t “THE QUININE QUESTION.” Tins is the heading of an article in the and Druggist from which we learn that “two years ago a German profe.ssor estimated the world’s annual consumption of quinine salts to be 7,000,000 oz., and tliose who vvere able to check him did not think the professor wide of the mark. This must now be taken as an under- estimate, for in the year ending December 31st, 1897, the United States alone imported 4, SOI, 823 oz. of quinine sulphate, and as a third as much is 'made in U.S.A. as is imported, it follows that the consumption there is well over 5,000,000 oz. a year. The rest of the world consumes some- what more, as Java alone supplies 100,000,000 oz. of quinine sulphate in the bark yearly, and the suiiplies from other sources bring the total up to over 12,000,000 oz.”— Our ^con temporary may see from our review in the “Ceylon Handbook and Directory” that so far back as Augu.st 1895, wq gave statistics to show that the quinine consumption of the United States was not less than five million ounces— or nearly half that of the woild which we estimated (giving details for different countrie.s) at close on 11 million ounces. No doubt in the two-and-a-half y^ears which have elapsed, the consumption has increased to 12 million or more ounces. Mr. Joseph W. England, of Philadelphia, has been writing on the snlqect, and he reports that, — Mr. England tells us that ‘‘siace 1879 the United States has been the dumping-gronnd of Europe’s excess of quinine ” How long that will obtain is a problem— says our London contemporary — not that American manufacturers will increase their produc- tion, but because .Java, as a quinine-producer has to be reckoned with. Nearly three years have elapsed since the foundation of the factory at Bandoeng, or, rather, Samarang, was laid, and the first consign- ments of quinine sulphate mamifHctured there are to be put forward to auction, one in London this week, another in Amsterdam next week. The Java people seem sanguine of success, as may be judged by the following glowing epistle which we have received from Amsterdam : — ‘On April 6th twenty-one cases, each containing 12 kilo, tins of .Java quinine, will be ofiered in public auction. This is the first import of the quinine manufactured in Java. According to the chemical analysis of Dr. W. F. Koppeschaar, the quinine is of excelllent quality, and can compete with the first qualities of the European market. There is every probability that the -Java factories will in the future nontinue to send considerable quantities of their make to our market, and they will be able to sell at a lower rate than their European competitors, because they avoid the great expenses of freight, commis- sions, &c., on the.bark, and have their plantations at their door. Should the English market show sufficient interest in this quinine, we feel sure that we shall be able to get the manufacturer to put it up in a style suitable for that market.’ Here are performance and a promise. The only comment that need be made in respect of the per- formance— i,e., the production of quinine in Java — =is that they have hastened slowly, and they might, while they were at it, have made the quinine salt exactly as we like it— viz., in perfectly white, feathery crystals. It is almost impossible not to make chemi- cally pure quiume from Java bark. The parcel of 10,000 oz. which comes up for sale in London today (’Thursday) is accompanied by the following analysis from Dr. B. H. Paul : — ‘ The sample of sulphate quinine (I tin) received from Smith’s warehouse gives on analysis the follow- ing result : Water .. .. 15'4 Quinine sulphate . . . . 84’6 1000 _ The quinine is of high-class quality.’ This analysis has tended to prejudice the article In Mincing Lane, through no fault of the analyst, but because many who are interested in the article have looked upon the 15’4 per cent of water as a contami- nation. We may, therefore, explain that B.P. sul- phate of quinine contains 15 molecirles of water of crystallisation — ix., slightly rrnder 16 per cent of water, so that the Java article is excellent in this respect. But while the quinine is chemically pure as far as pharamacopoeial tests go, it is in too minute crystals, and ha.s a distinctly yellowish tinge, viewed by reflected light. The characteristics make it objectionable for general sale, and it is probabel that it cannot be used for anything but manufactur- ing purposes. The result of the London auction will be noted in our trade report, and whatever that may be it is interesting to observe that, in Amsterdam, the price wanted (20 florins per kilo. = about ll|d per oz.) is too high to bring it into competition with German quinine. To get a footing Java quinine must compete in price as well as in quality. We see n<) reason why both should not be done, espeoi- AGRICULTURIST. 773 MaV 2, i89S.;1 the tropical ally as the director of the Bandoeng- factory said, wiien the unit was very low, that he could produce quinine sulphate at a cost of 3Jd per oz. At present it is worth 6d in the bark, so that there is sufficient margin to make it merchantable and to cut the price — if the European makers do not get before Java on the latter point, which is not improbable, seieng that cinchona is cheaper again. ^ PLANTING NOTES. “China Clay.”— A New York trade journal reports a “strong market'' for China clay for pottery purposes. With vessels ruaning direct from Colombo to New York, it may pry to ship some of the deposits of “Kaolin” or tine China blay M'hichare found at different points, e.specially in tlie Nuwara Eliya district. Castor Oil Plant for Silk Worms.— I hav three varieties of tlie plant here, seed as used in India for oil purposes They grow promiscuously and come up spontaneously in newly cleared laud, if I am not too low and too dry (35 inches rain in a year). I have at all events ample food free. — Cor.,lowcountry. [An experiment is wel worth making. — Ed. IT..!.] 1 Nkw Areas of Cultivation in the N.-W- Province are thus given by Mr. King in his Annual Report : — The cult! vation of the coconut is advancing every- where in those districts of the Seven Korales in which the rainfall is sufficient. It is difficult to arrive at the correct figures, but several thousand acres must have been added during the past year. It is also difficult to measure the advance of the asweddumisation of laud for paddy, but this should be put at not leas than l,0u0 acres. The area of tobacco land is also extending, particularly in Hiri- yala. The extent under cultivation in the Seven Korales is given by last return as follows : — Hiriyaia . 694 acres Dewamedi . . . 590 „ ■Wouda 167 „ Katiigampola .59 „ Total 1,500 In the Chilaw district there are over 700 acres under this cultivation, and about half that area in Puttalam. [These figures are far below the fact. — Ed. 2’.A.I The Proceedini s of the Indian Tea Asso- ciation which we print elsewhere, are— says the Indian Planters' Gazette— more than usually in- teresting. One of the important subject disemssed was the connection between the mints and the planting •ommuniiy. We referred some time ago to the protest entered by the United Planter.s’ A.ssociation of Soutliern India regarding exchange, and demanding the re-opening of the mints. Tlie London Secretary of the Association having asked for the views of the Indian As.sociation, has been infonned that the General Committee of tlie latter entirely agreed with the Southern India Association and would be prepared to take u]i the matter. This announcement will be received with general satisf.action by the entire tea planting community of India. We liave all along lield the view that in the absence of a stable exchange, the salvation of the Indian planting community de- pended upon the re-opening of the mints. The rising excliange value of the rupee has had disas- trous effects on the tea industry of Ceylon as we showed last week. Capital which ought, in the usual course, to have remained in the Colony, is being transferred to America. DisnonxiNG Dairv Cows,— The dishorning of cattle is a subject which may be said to be settled in the affirmative so far as the gr> at dairy districts of Illinois and Minnesota are concerned. On ap- proaching a f-armer for his reasons why he dis- horned his stock he stated that he made the cows more gentle and docile, and that he noticed some- what of an increase in the milk yield since it had been done. The cows lost their fidgety, nervous appearance, and did not seem to be so much afraid of the leader of the herd. Removing the horns, when it is properly done by the Keystone dis- horning knives made by A. U. Brosius, Gochran- ville. Pa, is not a prinfff operation, as is evidenced by the fact that it will scarcely interfere with the flow of a cow’s milk as much as the chase around the pasture in the front of the farmer’s dog will do. These host acquiinted with dishorning and its results are its strongest advocates. — Oreyon Ayri- cidturist. The Paris Exhibition.— We see it stated in the Indian Press that a “ comparatively small area of the Exhibition grounds is to be set aside for the construction of national pavilions by such countries or colonies as care to build them. This is an opportunity of which India certainly ought to avail herself. One of the mo.st interesting features of the Exhibition of 1819 was tlie In- dian Palace, in which Indian tea was served to all and sundry by Indian servants. Tliis enter- prise was avowedly undertaken with the idea of encouraging a taste for Indian tea in France.” Accordingly the Indian Agriculturist suggests that India and Ceylon should join forces to establish a permanent organisation in France to promote the consumption of Britisli-grown teas. There are 36 millions of people, our contempor- ary savs, to be won over to “ tea,” and already a good beginning has been made. As to the Exhibition itself our contemporary speaks well of the new arrangement i— Indian Tea in Fbance, It is to be hoped that the Government of India is already considering what steps shall be taken for the suitable representation of the great industries of this country at the Paris Exhibition of 1900. The matter will certainly require more careful handling than it did on previous occasions, because of the new system upon which this Exhibition is to be arranged. The French authorities have decided that, instead of grouping the . various exhibits in sections, according to the countries from which they come, all exhibits of a similar character are to be placed together, whatever be their country of origin. This plan has the great advantage of enabling tbe visitor easily to compare the competing proUiicts of dif- ferent countries ; but it excludes the possibility of any one country making a general display of the whole of its industries. From this point of view, in fact, it may fairly be said that the Exhibition of 1,900 will hr; the first really International Exhi- bition ; for national differences will be ignored, and competing producers from all parts of the world will have to set their products side by side with the similar products of their competitors, apparently also the organisers of the B-xlnbitiou hope, by the adoption of this principle, to secure a more uniform system of arrangement and decoration , for in each section, whether it be steam-engines or perfumery, the French authorities are to be paramount. From the point of view of picturesqueness this will pro- bably he a distinct gain, not because uniformity is a necessary, or even iii general a desirable, element of beauty, but because of the undoubted artistic feeling of the French people. Visitors to previous Paris E.xhilhiious who can remember the contrast between the biighiness of the French and the stod- giness of the British sections, will be greatefiil for the fact that no British Ro3’al Commission is ajain to be allowed to try its baud on artistic work. THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [May 2, 1898. 774 SiNHAtBsE Tea-Makers for China.— Messrs. Mol- chanoff & Co., are advertising in another column tor a thoroughly competent native tea-maker to proceed to China on a six months’ engagement. A\e under- stand that they intend to employ the man, whm they have selected him, at a factory belonging^ o themselves at Hankow, where they are about to erect proper English machinery for making tea. Bolivian Rubbeh Synd. , Ld. (56,508).— Kegd. March with capital £5,000, in £1 shaves, to seek for and secure opemng.s for the emihoy- ment of capital in Central and South America or elsewhere, and to acquire, own, and ryork any rubber bearing or other lands on the banks ot the river Amazon or its territories. Regd without ails of assn. Regd. office, 22, Charter-house bq., h.C. —Investors' Guardian, March 26. Plumbago and some Min’or iNDupPdES are thus detailed by Mr King in his Annual Report on the N.-W. Province Of industries not elsewhere referred to, mention should be made of plumbago. The quantity ot plumbago co iveyed by rail out of the Province was about 4,000 tons. A large factory f'?'-, cation of the coconut has been established bj iwi. John Clovis do Silva close to the town of gala, which gives employment to about one hundred persons. A Simple Fire Extinguisher,— Hand grenades, the simplest form of fire extinguisher, can be made at S cheaply and easily. And it is well to have at hand a simple oontrivauoe for extinguishing at small fire at its start. Take twenty pounds of com- mon salt and ten pounds of sal ammoniac (nitiate of soda, to he had of any druggist,) and dissolve in seven gallons of water. Procure quart bottles of thin glass, such as are ordinarily used by drug- eists. and fill with this, corking tightly and sealing, to prevent evaporation. In case of fire, throw so as to break in or near the flame. If the hre is in suoh a place as to prevent the bottle from breaking, as in wool or cotton, knock off the neck and scatter the contents. The breaking of the bottle liberates a certain amount of gas, and the heat of the face generates more, thus working its own destruction. —Diocesan Gazette. Cheap Coffee.— The very low prices now ruling for coffee forces the question. Has the decline reached its limit? During the era of high-cost coffee, which ended in 1897, the planting of coffee trees in Mexico, tlie Central Araeiican States, ancL the United States of Colombia was greatly stimulated, as it was in Brazil, that Colossus among coffee-producing countries, wliicli produced a crop last year and this equal to nearly two-thirds the total production of the world. Brazil’s vast pro- duction makes that country the dominating factor in the situation, so tliat any failure of the Brazil crop would mean a rebound in price.s. Such prolific bearing as during 1897 and 1898 rarely continues for three years in succe.ss'on. If history repeats itself, and the crop of 1898 99 should drop back 25 to 33-J- per cent, beloiv the two previous crops, then coliee ^ must advance. Below we present figures showing the Rio and Santos crops for ten years, and which deinqn- strate the fiuctuations in yield and the probability of a sudden cliarige from low to high cost within two years : Bags. Bags. 1887-88 3,0,33,000 1802 93 6 202,000 1888 89 6,837,000 1S',)3 94 4,309.000 1889-90 4,260,000 1894-95 6,695,000 1890-91 5,3.58,000 189.)-94 5,476,000 1891-92 7,397,000 1896-97 8,680,000 American Grocer, Tea IN America. —The following instructions were issued at M’ashington on March o.li by the Tieasury Department All teas arriving after May 1st, 1898, shall he governed by the new standards adopted for the season beginning May 1st, 1898, und ending April 30th 1899, excepting such teas as shall have been shipped prior to ivfaroh 1st, 1898, which shall be governed by the old standards. The Quinine Indu.stry in Germany.— Some iiitere.stlng figures are given in an article on this suhject in the Saddeiifschc Apotheker Zcitunrj last week. Daring the 10 years 18S7-1S96 Germany imported cinchona bark to the value of 3.5,500,000 marks, whilst lier exports in this article were only 2,000,000 marks. Her exports, however, in quinine and quinine salts reached the enormous total of 5S,OuO,OO0 tirirks, of which the greater part was to the United Stale.s, Russia, Italy, and Holland absorb large quantitie.s also. Tlie imported quinine totalled, during the decade in question, 2,l00,o0D marks. — B. and C. Lrug- gist. Planting Representative —Why do not the leaders of the indigo and tea industries (asks the Indian Planters' Gazette) in.sist on having a re- presentative on the Bengal Legislative Council. The matter has been brought forward on several occasions, but been quietly shelved. Surely in a matter like the recent amendment to the Tenancy Act such lepresentation would have been most useful. The industries are, we believe, important enough to be rejiresented separately, but if that be not feasible, planters should not rest until they have some one who is qualified to speak on their behalf. Alu.minium Uten-sils.— The attemptbeing made at the Madras School of Arcs to introduce aluminium as a substitute for brass and copper in the manufacture of domestic utensils, .seems, says the Bladras Mail, to have got beyond the experimental stage. About fifty w’orkinen have been brought up from the great metal-work- ing centres of the Presidency, to work off the large number of orders which have been received from all parts of India, and it is expected that the number will soon reach one hundred. Arrangements have been made to secure a regular supply of metal, and any one desirous of testing the claims put forward for the new metal can place orders at the School of Arts wiili the assurance that he will not be kept waiting. Fruit Trees are in some respects — says the Planters' Monthly {Haivaii)—\\]io human beings. They live, eat, drink, get diseased and die. If trees could talk, they would probably say : “ Save ns or we perisli ; give us .some- thing to eat, we have too much to drink ; remove the weeds that are growing all around us ; and poison the gophers that are devour- ing ns.” Every year tlir.c you take a crop from your trees give them something for it. Don't ask them to give off their substance .vith- out an adequate return. Fertilize every year by u-ing a good article of commercial or otlier fer- tilizer. If we want our orchards to live to a good old .age, we must take cate of them. If tree.s need fumigating, have it done ; don’t say you cannot alford it. As a matter of fact you cannot afford to neglect it. A well-cared for orchard of fruit or coffee trees will produce good crops for several generations. May 2, 1898.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 77$ INDIAN TEA ASSOCIATION. Abstract of proceedings of a meeting of ibe general Coinmiltee lield on 14tli Marcli, 1898 Tliere were | resent : — Messrs. O. G. Amlerson, Cliairman ; A. F. Bruce, M. R. Quin, T. Traill and W. Warington. Ill his letter of 18th February, the London Secretary drew attention to a press telegram which stated that the “ Planters’ Association of Southern India have aihlriissed a strong protest to the Government concerning exchange, and deman l- ing the re-opening of the mints, urging that in- creased trade would outweigh the Government loss,” and lie asked for the views of the Asso- ciation on the subject. After discussion, the Secretary was instructed to inform Mr. Tye that the general Committee entirely agreed with the arguments put forth by the Southern Indian Plan- ters’ Association, and they would be prepared to take the matter up. Letters of 28tli January, and 4th, 11th and 18th February, from the Secretary, London Com- mittee, in connection with the Amerrican Market Fund, with their various enclosures, came up for I'eference and record. The Committee read Mr. Blechynden’s report with much satisfaction, and the .Secretary was instructed to reprint and circulate copies to all members. In his letter of 14th February, the London Secretary stated that, after due consideration of Mr. Blechynden’s ad- vices, the London Committee, were of opinion that the Association should continue its work in America for another year. The general Committee expressed their concur- rence with this view, and instructed the Secre- tary to ask tor contributions from mem- bers for 1898, on the previous basis. — Indian Planters' Gazette, April 9. COCONUT PLANTING IN MARITIME N -W. PROVINCE. Marawila, April 21, The date of the burst of the monsoon is a vexed subject of annual recurrence. Each station has a different date for the occurrence. We have every indication of the S.W. monsoon, in breezes from the sea, its roar, which is heard for a good distance inland and heavy rain-clouds rising from the sea in the mornings. Occa- sionally, too, we hear the low rumblings of thunder from the South-West. The period of drought we passed through was an exceirtionally mild one. We had no rain for exactly one month, but coconut trees did not show the slightest signs of distress The fact is, our dist'ict is flat and low-lying and the level of the water did not recede beyond the reach of the roots of the coconut tree. An exuberance of pasturage is not acharacteristic of districts abounding in sandy soil. Cattle feed mainly on the roots of grasses and their food supply was by no means lessened by the drought and their condition was all that could be desired. Sheep, and well-nourished cattle everywhere was the rule and not the exception. Those who practise the mulching of the soil round coconut trees after digging in manure and promoting a loose, porous tilth round them, must find great encouragement from the article, which appears in the last number of the “ Agri- cultural Magazine,” on Fruit Culture. The usual way of applying manure is in shallow trenches round the tree and covering them up. I usually dig the manure in round the tree as this tends to mix the manure with the soil and 95 also prevents the caking of the soil. To further keep free and jiorous the soil, urned up, I mulch round the tree with coconut branches cut up .and weeds when available. This helps trees to nass unscathed during a period of drought. The turning uj> of the soil rounil trees in .annu.ally widening circles is especially useful on hard, heavy soils. From an icsthetic jioint of view, an estate finite clean and trim and without a branch to be seen on the ground is very nice and gives its suirerintendent quite a repu- tation as fi good planter. I [uefer to .subordinate testhelics to utility. Study the habits of the coconut tree with some care. You will find that in shedding its fronds, t!ie butt-ends are genfe- rally farthest away from thetiunk. A neglected tree will in time have iiuite a litter or mufeh of fronds. Natu'.e thus provides for the require- ments of the tree. Man must follow the teachings of nature. MACHINE MADE TEA IN CHINA. The North China Dail;/ News says th.rt very great interest will be taken in the molest prospectus of the Liaiu Hu Tea Impiovement Company. The leaf grown in Cliina is still che best in the world, all the plants that produce decent tea in India and Ceylon having been introduced there from China ; the trouble is in the mode of preparation. 'J'hree or four men have been wo king for some years to get the Chi' ete to adopt the modern system of mauti- fiicturing tea. The manufacture has been adopted successfully on a small scale at Foochow, and ex- periment made at Weiicho.v last 3'ear with very in- ferior leaf opened the eyes of the Chinese as to how by the use of machinery they may regain the market tliey have lost. Now the teamen' of Hmkow and high officials of tiie great b’ack tea producing pro- vinces, Hupeh and Hunan, have been inteiested in the matter, seeing that a recovery of the English maiket means wealth to themselves, as well as to the growers and the foreign merchants who hdndle the picked product. A company, modest enough in its inception, has been formed at Hankow with a caphcl of Tls. bOjObO and Shanghai is appealed to for its co-operation. It cannot be doubted that in this small beginning we liave the germ of a revolu- tion in the preparation of tea in China, and a re- siirreetion of the trade between Hankow and London, which is dead if not actually buried. Coconut Puanting in Tiii!: Straits ; News OF Mr. Donald Mackay.— Tim following in- Lere.sting exlrtict from Ilie letter of Mr. Mackay to a friend has been placed at our .service My departure has to be again postponed, and I don’t think it is any use my thinking of leaving Ferak before the 7th prox. for Ceylon. I have good hope I shall be able to leave Penaijg on 'hat date. The Observer, I see, has written nrticle on the fall in coconuts, his text being Horre- kelle results for 1897. You cannot from one estate reason out for all, and I much doubt if the reasoning is applicable in Ceylon; I know it is not in the Straits, for the price of coconuts was never so high nor the demand so great for both the inland and e.xport trade: — Penang export price for 1 uts $28i per 1,000 ; Local sales, homo consumption $30 per 1,000; Seed nuts, selected $40 per 1,000; and difficult to get at that. There ir a great luah into coconut planting no one is putting; in any more Liberian. We shall have about 30,000 coconuts in the ground by the end of this j'ear. We have begun ploughing — Me.=srs. Uavies & Co.’s plough not strong enough. Have written to Mr. Lewis Brown for one of tha Horrekelly Swedish ploughs." With such pric.-'s as Mr. Mack.ay names, it may pay some day to ship coconuts-from Colombo to Penang ? 776 tHE TROPICAL AGRICULTCRIS r. 'lMaV 2, 1898. MANURING AND ECONOMIC PRODUCTION. We would draw attention to another interest- ing contribution trom Mr. Baiir on the above subject. It ba.s been liitlierto assumed that weeds were cbietiy harmful liecause they take nourish- ment out of the soil ; but the reason given by our correspondent is, at least, worthy of attention, if indeed, it be not admitted to be the correct one. The weeds being chiefly surface feeders, they dry up the su'-faee soil, which is also the scene of activity of the micro-organisms. Mr. Raur’s advice as to the necessity of loosen- ing the soil is not a novel one, but now that the reason has been scientilically e.\|dained, and the advantages to be gained made clear, the matter should receive increased attention from planters. They all know the case of the Superintendent who cut manure hole.s, ami after waiting in vain for the manure, co\ered them in acain with the best possible results to his coll'ee, — for a time. The e.xplanation is found in the in- creased activity of the micro-organisms and of the consequent increased formation of nitrates in a soil that had been worked. Further in- teresting information is that which refers to the transpiration of plants and how by a ))roper system of manuring the same can be diminished, so as to retain the water in the soil for use during the dry months. Those who sutler from drought and small Hushes have here a remedy indicated. Altogether the letter before us is ex- ceptionally suggestive and should be caiefully perused and as much as possible acted upon, by planters. NUTMEG CULTIVATION. The nutmeg cultivation is one of the profitable cultivations as a staple product. The cultivation is simple in all its branches, and does not take long for a novice to learn the planting, caring, and pre- paring the produce for market. There are many part of tlie island in which the nutmeg may be grown to advantage. It will not pay if planted in shallow soil or on stone ranges, and from lack of moisture, the plains on the south side of the island would be unsuitable. But on the north- east from St. Mary to Morant Bay, in any well sheltered spot, well drained, with deep soil the nutmeg should thrive well. The climate should also be mild and seasonable with frequent showers. The trees should be planted twenty to twenty-five feet apart each way, according to the nature of the soil. They are generally planted three in one hole triangularly, two to two feet six inches either way. They are planted so as to ensure a female tree to each hole (but sometimes two or three declared females or bearing trees) and in that case you can transplant to a vacant spot, arrd destroy the males or non-bearing trees. But in all oases it is requisite to leave the males to each acre of cultivation. In destroying and transplan- ting never leave more than one tree to each hole. The young trees should be transplanted when about one year old. Nutmeg trees commence to declare from three years upwards, according to the nature of the soil and situation, (but they have been known to take twelve years to declare). In one case ti e trees were exposed, and in another case the s^il being too fer- tile the fruit J went into leaves and sap. A tree takinn a long time to deolre can always with safety be counted to be a bearing tree. After they have com- menced bearing, and the limbs droop with the weight of the pods and exclude all light, they should be then carefully propped up so as to admit light. If kept too dark you will lose a lot of your nuts from premature opening of the pods. In establishing a nutmeg plantation it is always best to have cocoa planted between, besides t le intermediate crops of vegetable?, such as coco, cassava, bananas; but coco is considered the best, cassava comes next, but they must not remain in the earth longer than one year. As soon as the nutmegs commence to get covered in and require room for the expanding of their branches, you commence to destroy the cocoa trees, just takirg off a limb or two as required to make room. It is generally better to pick the nuts during wet weather, in young cultivations, as the rain spoils the mace. In dry weather jou need only to gather the nuts as they drop from the trees. After the nuts aregaihered, the mace is then taken off, pressed into shape placed in the sun to be tried, though neither nutmegs nor mace should be sub- mitted to very much sun in curing. In wet weather when you cannot depend on the sun, you must place the mace on wire netting, and put it in a place where there is a free current of air, to pr. vent the mace from mildewing. A good bearing tree is averaged to yield £5 pier annum. The ex- pences on same or less than on any other culti- vation of staple pnoducts when properly managed. I have supervised a nutmeg plantation in the island of St. Vincent where there are only ten acres in bearing nutmegs, five acres of which have just de- clared within the last year. But it is to be remem- bered that a nutmeg tree is never consideied in full bearing until it is twenty years of age, and it con- liuues bearing for very many years. This planta- tion yields £100 sterling per annum. The expenses, inc'uding boxes for shipping, etc., amounts to .-t'50 per annum. The pirices of nutmegs vary a good deal, for the best and largest nuts from 2s to 3s Gd per lb. The intermediate sized and long sized nuts are sold in proportion to the large orres, varying from lOd to 2s per lb, worrrr eaten arrd rotten nuts are also shipped, these vary from 4gd to Sdperlb. Mace also varies a good deal, from Is Cd to 2s 6d per lb. I think that any one having land in a seasonable locality, would do well in establishing a nutmeg plantation here. D. W. Minoks. —Journal of the Jamaica Agricultural Society, ♦ MARKET FOR MINOR PRODUCTS. London, Apriil 2. Coc.v LE.WES. — Bold green and sound Ceylotr leaves sold at 7d per lb. and dull and darrraged at 4d. Good green Truxillo leaves were bought in at 8d a bid of 7d being declined. CuoTON-SEED. — Dearer. Good seed, rather irregular in colour, sold at 01s. prer cwt. Oil, CINNAM0N. — Five parcels were put up, but did not sell. For genuine bark oil Is 3d per oz. was bid and refused ; 3Jd is asked for leafy. The exports from Ceylon fioin January 1 to March 1 were 16,312 oz. to the United Kingdom and l,n63 to Africa. Oil Lemongeass.— Ko business done publicly today but sales have been made done at 5d pier oz for genuine. — Chemist and Druggist. CEYLON TEA IN AUSTRALIA : A SYDNEY MERCHANT’S VIEWS. Amongst the visitors to Ceylon lecently vvas Mr. Pitt Blown who has been in business in Sydney a.s a tea merchant for a period of about eighteen years and was on his way to England, this being his lirst visit to the old country .since he left for the Southern Colonies, He arrived here (where he has a nephew in Mr. Stephen Brown of Messrs. Geo. Steuart & Co.) in ihe end of March by the “Victoria” and resumed his voyage last week by the “ Australia.” During his stay here he has visited upcountry pilanting districts, making Hatton and Nuwara Eliya his centres, and he hopes on his retuin from Eng- land to bo able to see something of planting in the low-country. At Hatton he met such well- known planters as Messrs. H. Blacklaw, of Strathdon, Mr. Hamlin, of Danawella, and Mr. Keith Rollo, of Wanarajah, and at the Sanitarium MAy 2, 1898.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 777 lie went over Scrubs. He next visited Kandy where he made a stay of a few days and no doubt met a number of planters. His trip was one of pleasure, but in Ceylon lie had been happily able to unite business with enjoyment ; and be was present at one of the tea sale.s, which was considered to be one of the biggest on record, and purchased some of the Scrubs’ broken pekoe. The tea of this estate, he said, could be easily recognised by a boj'^, who has been only a few months in the tea room, on account of its pecu- liar earthy flavour, but the strange thing ivas that he could not discover this llavour on the estate, the explanation iirobably being that the tea he there saw was fresh off the fire. His im- pression of the tea market here was that at present the prices were ridiculously high, the Russians having forced up the better grades of whole leaf teas. The market here he considered was just like the wool market in Australia, where they were now selling much wool that used to go to London. The local markets w'ere becoming much larger because, when they found it worth their while, the continental and American buyers went there as they were now doing pretty largely. Ceylon tea, in his opinion, bade fair to be the only tea sought for in Australia. Indian tea had x ever taken the hold that it did in London and really what we had to do was to oust China tea from the Colonies What struck one here was what was going to become of all the tea that he saw, for miles and miles around him, for although ex- tensions had been stopped there ivas new tea coming into bearing. Our tea trade with Aus- tralia would, he was sure, develop. The only hope remaining for China was to su|)ply the common ration low-priced tea, for Ceylon tea could never be brewed as it was in a galvanized iron bucket over a tire. What the Australians liked was a well fermented tea. When he went to the colonies in 1880 it was nothing but Foochow tea that was in demand ; but now that had “ taken a back seat ” and Ceylons were coming to the front even as com- pared with Indians. The Ceylon tea was much more suitable for drinking alone and there was a growing taste for it. The amount of choice tea wanted in Australia w'as really very sTuall, the people there having been so long used to the low-priced China tea. On bulked tea imported into Queensland there was a duty of 6 I and on package teas of 8d. All teas imported into (Queensland were packed there because of course it was cheaper. When the duty was taken off at Sydney he was one of a deputation of two who waited upon the Treasurer and pointed out to him that it was not the wish of the trade that the duty should he taken off. The Treasurer’s idea was that when he took the duty oil the people would be able to pay better- prices for tea and get a better article. Mr. Brown replied in the negative and he instanced what had taken place in the Channel Islands which was the jumping ground for all the rubbish which could not be sold anywhere else. He was of opinion however that the duty would have to go on again. At the Melbourne Exhibition he met the late Mr. A. M. Ferguson and he has pleasant recollections of his meetings with him. COFFEE ENTERPRISE IN MEXICO. How'ever, I was fortunate enough to find Mr-. Thos. Christy at leisure this afternoon and willing o give me his views about several matters. In egard to the Coffee Enterprise in Me.xico, his report is decidedly unfavourable. One of his sons has just returned from Tapachula, so that the facts he reports are brought up to the most recent date. Mr. Christy, junior, with his brother, who is in Mexico at present, have been located on the neighbourhood of Tacha, the volcanic mountain, and suffered much from fever. Most European residents are leaving the country, Mr. Christy tells me, because it does not answer in any way for them to remain. Though very fine coffee can most undoubtedly be grown, and is grown in Mexico, and prices are good, still the growers find the expenses of production are not covered. The absence of money is great also. So .nuch is this the case that the Japanese Society formed near Tapachula, have been obliged to send their first batch of labourers back to Japan, and are at this moment uncertain whether to continue their present estates, not to speak of opening any new ones. Those estate agents from Mexico, who have been in Europe, visiting different capitals, en- deavouring to finance their schemes on the strength of the buildings, fittings, area under c'.xltivation and labour engaged have received no encourage- ment from German banks, who will have nothing to do with Mexican estates. In Austiia, where the true state of matters was not at first known these agents met with more consideration ; but after enqiurics made at Berlin and else- where, the Austrian banks also showed the cold shoulder. In London the only approach to business is that advances are offered on the whole yield, but there is no inclination to buy estates outright. This, it will be seen is a very different ac- count from that in the prospectus of the Tapia Estate, and I.NTE.NDING COLONISTS FROM CEYLON would do well to pause and consider ere they proceed further as far as Mexico is concerned. There have been recently some meetings held in London, among those interested to see if nothing can be done to foist from the market the many made up concoctions of so called coffee (French coffee in tins, preparation of Cuban coffee, etc.) and to substitute in their place the pure article freshly roasted daily, but unground. It is felt that once the public had the opportunity of getting the whole coffee pure, these compounds which very oUen are not coffee at all would soon lose their hold of the consumer. The price at which coffee is now sold is 28s a cwt. which comes out about 3d a pound with IJd allowed for duty per pound, and Id '‘o.’ roasting — making the article fi.ld a pound at first cost. That this coffee could be retailed at 7d or 8d a pound is already a well acknowledged fact inasmuch as 4,000 lb. weight of it is daily sold in Boston in America at that price, whereas the French and other prepara' tions cost the consumer about Is a pound. The merchants who have the matter at heart therefore recently submitted to the Society of Fublic Analysts who in association with the Chemists and Druggists Company have a de]iart- ment in the Chamber of Commeice, several very pertinent questions on the point. Suppose, said they, a poor farmer who either from bis i)overty or other causes feeds his cows so ill that the animals give a weak standard of milk, would he not be fined for sending this inferior article of food to market ? This the Society at once admitted. And suppose, continued the querists, thk bad-milk was found to be used iu 778 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [May 2, 1898. Restaurants and Hotels would not the penalty be bindini{ equally in such a case? Then what is the position in regard to cofl'ee ? When people ask for coffee, what sort of a mixture do they {generally get in answer to their demand ? And ought not the vendor to he liable in this case quite as much as the farmer who sells had milk ? The analogy was obvious, but the Society hedged in an ingenious manner. Government they replied, hail given them no instructions on the point, and they had no rule to guide them. Individually they admitted the justice of the question and the difficulty experienced in get- ting pmte coffee, but as a body they were unable to take any steps. The brokers and merchants however went further. In order to prove that the thing couhl be done, and that a retilly splendid beverage could be sold at the price mentioned, they offered to aapply several of the large establishments in Lon- don with COFFEE FREE OF CHARGE if sold as genuine, but their proposal met witii hut a cool reception. It was loo much trouble foi' the Conservative retailer to be bothered with, A written application was also made to the Army and Navy Stores Company, this establishment being supposed to be one which only looked for a reasonable pro- fit on the goods in supplied, to see if they would be willing to put 28s to 30s pure Brazilian first quality coffee before their customers at 7d to 8d a pound freshly roasted whole beans, the fact to be notified to the London press, so that tlie public might be made aware of the fact. However, the secretary after consulting with his •talf wrote that the Company could not sell coffee at these low prices, and there as T understand the matter stands at present. There is no question that the brokers have got the right eml of the stick, but whether they will be able to make progress with it remains to be seen. To get people educated up to buying a pure article at 7d INSTEAD OF A MADE-UP CONCOCTION at Is seems at first sight the .simplest thing in the world, but lie was so thinks, little knows the Great British jmblic. Once the man in the street has got a notion he will stick to it through thick and thin, and it will be a clever person who can get it out for him ."gain. PLANTING NOTES. Coconut Oil. — Me.ssrs. Lever Brothers (Limi- ted), of Pnt Sunlight, have a large oil-mill neal Sydney, N S.W. , where they press coconut oil from copra imported from the South Sea Islands. The oil-cake residue is entirely consumed in the colony. — Chemist and Druggist, April 2. Liquid Fuei. is being introduced largely in England for locomotive engines on the Great Eastern Railway. Thirty-seven engines on that railway are burning oil fuel. The form of the engines is not different but the tenders carry two long cylinders of oil on the to]i of each side of tha tender. — Indian IVitncss. The Rurber Estates of Para, Limited, has a ca))ital of £.350,000, half in 7 per c;nt. cumu- lative and hr.lf iii ordinary shares of £1 e.ach. The company is formed to ])urcliase and work Para Rubber Estates in the municipal district of Anajas, State of Para, Brazil. The purchase price is JS300,000, leaving only £50,000 as working capital, The Sowrashtra or Silk-weaving Com- munity OF Madura intended holding , a Confer- ence at that city during the first week of April. Among the subjects for discus.sion was a scheme for a textile school in which weav- ing and dying can be learnt, for, which the leaders of the movement have sought the help of Mr. John Wallace, C.E. The Nuwara Eliya Tea E.statks Co.m- pany’s Report reaches us at too late an hour to do more than call attention to the splendid array of figures afforded for yield per ,ac.e, average price and |)iotit jier acre of the different estates. The average yied is 5181b. per acre; the average nett price 9-28d., and the average profit i>er bearing acre £8 10s lid. The Com- jiany have now 2,632 acres in lea out of a total of 3,C47. Cocoa.— The allotments and mo.st of [the re- grets in Tibbies Vi Cocoa were posted on April 3rd, This expedition has been attained by a large staff ■working in shifts, and by the adoption of an elaborate system on the part of Me.ssrs. Wil- liamson, Murray, .and Co., who made the allot- ment. To all ledger customers, who cpjrliedfor more than 10 shares, an allotment has been given on a liberal scale, and the bulk of the shaies were absorbed by them and traders. Only a small balance remains for the general public. — Globe, April 4. Plantain Culture in Ceylon.— A nativ corres|iondent writes urging that the larger culti- vation of plantains by villagers might well he encouraged by Government, for the reason that there is a big demand for this fruit, and many a man could make a profitable living, who, for the ])resent, resorts very frequently to crime to eke out a living. He makes a ratlier good sug- gestion, which is that a Government botanist from Peradeniya gardens might be a.sked to make a scientihc investigation into the system largely followed in the N.-W. Province, of planting up”th’e land between young coconuts with plantain trees. It it can be carried on wdthout impovei ishing the soil, he thinks the method should be extended. — Local “Times.” Fiji : A New Customs Tariff— The “ Fij Colonist and Levuka Gazette,” of March 19th announces the introduction of a new Tariff by Governor O’Brien, the main features of wiiic'h are : — The increased Revenue to bs derived will be ex- acted mostly from the natives, the Indian Coolies, the Polynesians, the Rotuir.ans, and all the other coloured races who have elected to make Fiji their home, while the European settler is affected only in one or two particulars, tinned meats and biscuits for instance, but it is the Fijian and Coolie who will practically have to pay the piper. The second scheme which suggests itself is, that these import duties constitute as nearly as possible a thorough- paced Protective Tariff. Sugar M 13s 4d p«v ton, tea 6d per lb, meats Id per lb, rice £2 per ton and flour of all sorts £1, while in many minor details the local producer of marketable commodites will find his wares more valuable. We add a few more items : — Coffee, chicory, cocoa and chocolate per lb. or re* puted package of that weight, and so in proportion for any such reputed weight 3d. Spirits, of all kinds imported into the Colony, the strength of which can be ascertained by Sykes’ hydro- meter, and is under proof, per liquid gallon 14s, Tobacco, manufactured, per lb. 3s. Tobacco, unmanufactured, Mav 2, 1898.J THE TROPICAL AGllICULTURISt. 779 THE YATiYANTOTA CEYLON TEA COM- PANY, LIMITED. Directors: — A. Thomson, Esq., Chairman ; Charles Young, Esq. ; W. J. Smith, Esq. Managing Agents: — Messrs. Whit'all & Co., Colombo. Secretary and Offices : — T. A. Williams, 27, Mincing Lane, London, E.C. r.EPOlIT OF THE DlRECTOfiS to be submitted at the First Annual Ordinary General Meeting of Shareholders, to be held at the London Commercial Sale Rooms, .SO to 34, Mincing Lane, London, E.<\, on Thursday, the 14th April, 1898, at 11 o’clock a.m. The diretors beg to submit the balance sheet and profit and loss account for the year ending 31st December 1897. The net amount at credit of profit and loss account is.. T3,999 5 10 of which the following sums have been observed in pay- ing absorbed at 6 per cent, annum on the preference Shares — On 1st July 1897 .. £900 0 0 On 1st January 1898 . 1,087 14 10 1,087 14 10 Leaving now to be dealt with a balance of £2,011 11 0 This the directors propose to appropriate as follows :— 1. In payment of a divi- dend of 2 per cent (free of Income Tax) on the £90,000 Ordinary Capital .. £1,800 0 0 2. In writing off the small balance of Prelimin- ary Expenses . . . . 71 7 3 3. In carrying forward to 1898 the balance of . . 140 3 9 £2,011 11 0 The crops secured amounted to 1,014,291 lb., being the yield for the full year from Polatagama, New Polatagama, We-Oya, and Walpola ; and for nine months only, from the Rondura Group. The plucking area on all the estates was 2,032 acres, but the yield from 478 acres was very small, as the fields to this extent were quite young, and only just coming into bearing. The quantity of tea sold in,the Colombo market was 666,571 lb., and the balance of 347,720 lb. was sold in London, The cost f.o.b. (or delivered to buyers in Colombo) was 3'91 pence per lb., and the average not realised price of the whole was 4'98 pence per lb. The result for the year is disappointing, and much below the expectations formed at the time the arrangements were made for placing the Com- pany on a sterling footing. To the lower range of prices which has of late ruled in the Tea market, and to the higher level of exchange between London and Ceylon, this result is m inly due, while last year the cost of production was enhanced in some measure, by the exceptional item of Loss on the Kice supplied to the Coolies, and by abnormal weather which lessened the yield. The average price obtained for the Crop the Directors do not consider satisfactory, but with the ample facilities for manufacture now at the disposal of the respective Managers of the Estates, they look for an improve- ment in quality which, apart from market consider- ations, should result in a highrr average being secured in future. A sum of £700 obtained as premium on the second issue of preference shares ,has been placed against the preliminary expenses of the Company, the balance of which (£71 7s 3d), as will be seen above, it is proposed to charge against the profits Cf last year, thus closing this account. Up to 31st December last a sum of £10,317 12s 7d was expended on the development of the propertier which amount is made up as follows: — On planting and upkeep of area not in healing .. .. £6,693 4 2 On purchase of 34 acres land added to the estates . . 152 12 11 On additions to Buildings and Machinery . . . . 3,-171 15 6 £10,317 12 7 In accordance with the terms upon which the pro- perties were, respectively, taken over, the above figures include all expenditure, less crop receipts, from 1st January to 31st March, 1897, in connection with the working of the Rondura group ; as also the outlay subsequent to 14th August 1896 (.-as per Prospectus), on deveh'pment of the other Estates. The following are details of the acreage of the Estates as at 31st December, 1897 : — Acreage under Tea. Estate. c3 O w Partial Bearii Not Bearii Being Cleat Tota’ Cultiva Forest serves, Total Acrea< Polatagama 665 — 72 50 787 255 1,042 We-Oya New Polata 381 16 90 — 487 136 623 gam a 235 — 5 — 210 209 449 Walpola 401 192 228 50 871 133 1,004 Rondura 350 — 169 80 599 631 1,238 Totals 2,032 208 561 180 2,984 1,361 4,-348 As mentioned in their circular of I'jth February 1898, the Directors anticipate that the further issue of 800 Preference Shares, therein referred to, will provide all ihe funds necessary to bring the above cultivated area into full bearing. The Directors are pleased to be able to report that the latest advices from the Managing Agents are of a satisfactory oharactor, and justify the expecta- tion of steadily increasing crops at lower cost of pro- duction as compared with that of last year. The yield for the current year is likely to show an in- crease of 20 to 25 per cent on that of last year, while tln’ee to four years hence, when all the young fields will be of a full }ielding age, a very satis- factory return on the o-ipital cf the Company may reasonably be looked for, even under the present existing conditions of market and exchange. Messrs. Cape & Dalgleisb, C.A., offered themselves for re-election as Auditors of the Coiiipauy. — iJy order of the Board, T. A. Williams, Secretary. 27, Mincing Lane, Loudon, E.C., Gth April, 1898. NUWAKA ELIYA TEA ESTATES COMPANY, LIMITED. SECOND ANNUAL REPORT. (Annual meeting fixed for April 20 in London ) The directors beg to_ submit to the shareholders the balance sheet and profit and loss account for the year ending 31st December, 1897. The surplus shown is £13,584 18a lOd from which falls to be deducted D.e.beuture Interest, aniountiuff to £1,800, leaving a balance of £11.784 18s lOd. An Interim Dividend free of Income tax, was paid in October, 1897, of £1,761, being at the rate of 6 per cent per^ annum, and it is now proposed to pay a final Dividend, free of Income tax, at the same rate, making 6 per cent for the year, which will absorb a 780 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [May 2, 1898. further sum of £6,000, and be apportioned as follows : — Shares Nos. 1 — 15,870, from 1st Jan. to 31st Dec. 1897, at G per cent per annum £9, .522 0 0 Less In’m Div’d 4,761 0 0 £4,761 0 0 ,, 15.871 — 20,000, from 1st July to 31st December, 1897, at 6 percent per annum . . . . . . 1,239 0 0 £6,000 0 0 Of the balance £1,023 18s lOd, it i.s proposed to add £300 to the Sinking Fund against the premium of £2,162 15s 2d paid for Leases, bringing the total up to £6<^0 ; to write off £481 la 3d, the balance of the formation expenses of the Company, thus closing this account ; and to carry forward £242 17s 7d. The crop of Tea from the Company’s Estates amounted to 964,963 lbs. of which all but 23,254 lb. were made at the Company’s own factories. Of other products, 505 bushels of Coffee and 27,338 lb. of Cinchona Bark, were gathered and sold in Colombo. The cost of production of the Tea crop and placing on Steamer at Colombo was 5’58d. per lb. The rate of Exchange for the year averaged 1/3 15-32, and the nett price realized for the Tea crop was 9'215d. as against 9’30d. in 1896, a decline which is almost nominal in face of the serious drop in the average price of Ceylon Teas during the year The following table shows the result of the year’s working of each Estate, excluding Hethersett and Denmark Hill, two gardens in the immediate neigh- bourhood of the other properties of the Company, and which were only acquired as from 1st July, 1897 : — Acreage in bearing in 1897. i o j .. E tate. c3 ® .5: T3 5 O-.N o Ph Park 161 Kenmare 113 Portswood 260 Nivseby 126 Pedro 213 Lovers’ Leap 132 Concordia 80 Hillside 137 1,523 (S - CD CD 0 cu lb. lb. d. £ s. d. 7 91,285 543 1006 10 10 7 7 58,781 490 9-70 8 7 0 148,561 571 7-58 4 19 0 27 86,544 565 9-95 10 1 0 131,809 619 8-89 10 18 3 44 71,411 406 8-89 5 15 5 102 83,000 456 10-06 10 4 4 79,762 582 9-90 11 15 7 24 148,070 454 9-25 7 8 7 211 899,223 518 9 28 8 10 11 Ihe Oirecrors are vnu.,, u.iv/o.. this year have not given a due proportion of profit per acre will in the future shew better r-esults. ^ The weather during the season was exceptionally favourable for growth of leaf, and the tea crop considerably exceeded the estimate. On the other hand the rate of Exchange continued adverse throughout the season, to' the extent of about jd per lb. of tea as compared with the average of 1896, while the loss on rice owing to the famine in India, amounted to a further |d per lb. of tea. These causes have materially affected the result of the season’s working. It is not, how- ever, expected that this year there will be any deficit in the rice account. A new issue of shares, amounting to £41,300, was made as from 1st July last, £17,300 of which was subscribed for at £2 per share premium, the balance being issued the vendor in payment of the purchase price of Hethersett estate. ^ The present acreage of the Company’s estates is constituted as follows : Acres Tea in full bearing ... . . 1,819 p)o do leased lands . . Tea, in partial bearing Tea, not yet in bearing Total land under cultivation with Tea Jungle, Patna and Scrub, and Fuel Trees, &c. Total acreage .. 90 393 330 415 3,047 Acres 2,632 During the year Mr. Alexander Thomson accepted a seat on the Board as an additional Director, and Mr. Wharram Megginson has also been elected in place of Mr. C. B. Robson, who resigned his seat in September last. The Directors retiring are Mr. C. A. W. Cameron and Mr. H. St. J. Oscar Thompson, who being eligible offer themselves for re-election. London, 31at March, 1898. THE STANDARD TEA COMPANY OF CEYLON LIMITED. Directors : — Alex. Brooke, 25, Fenchurch Street, London (Chairman); Robt. Kay-Shnttleworth, Slough Place, Cuckfield, Sussex; Norman W. Grieve, Harburyq Forest Row, Sussex ; William Rollo, 5, Stanley Gardens, Kensington Park, W. Secretary: — A. Trafford Brooke. Agents in Ceylon George Steiiart & Co., Colombo. Offices : — 25, Fenchurch Street, London, E C. Seventh Report of the Dibectohs to the Share- holders. To be submitted at the general meeting, to be held on Thursday, 21st April, 1898, at noon, at the offices of the Company. The Directors submit Statement of Accounts to 31st December, 1897. The Profit and Lo s Account shows a profit on the working of the Estates in Ceylon of £12,.332 18s Od., which with amount brought forward from last year, less interest and home charges, shows a sum of £11,720 12s 3d available for division. In Julj’, 1897, the Directors, under the porvers entrusted to them, distributed an interim Dividend for the six mouths ending 30th June, 1897, of five per cent, (10 per cent, per annum), absorbing £2,975. They now recommend a Dividend at the rate of ten per cent, (making fifteen pet cent for the year) absorb- ing £5.950; the placing £1,000 against depreciation ; £1,000 to reserve ; and the carrying forward to the next year £795 ]2s33. Coffee has contributed to the results to tlie extent of about 440 owt. of £1,900, less expenses of cultiva- tion and marketing. The average Exchange for the Company as drawers in Colombo was 1/3 L'i-32 against 1/2 19-32 in 1896, and 1/14 in 1895. The difference in 1897 compared with 1896, unfavourably affected the accounts to the extent of about £1,200. The Loss on Rice, that is the difference between the price at which it is sup- plied to the Estate Coolies and the price paid for it, is equivalent to something not far off 1 cent per lb. on the season’s output of Tea. The Tea from the Company's Uda Pussellawa properties sold during 1897 in Mincing Lane averaged a higher price than any Ceylon Estate or group of Estates producing above 100,000 lb. Still, Tea prices have been lower this last season than previously, those for the Uda Pussellawa Estates Ijd per lb. nett lower, and for the Maskeliya |d per lb. lower, and it is only the young land coming into bearing that gives oppor- tunity to the Company to keep up the dividend. Ooneygar, the purchase of which was announced in the last report, is receiving careful attention, and the Directors are satisfied that this will eventually prove a good investment. The Company’s Properties at the close of 1897, were 3,465 acres, with 1,680 acres of Tea considered in full bearing, viz. : — in Uda-Pussellawa — Con^ygar*^^^ } a'C’-'es- 399 acres tea bearing Liddesdale 814 do 140 do Eskdale 240 do 208 do Gordon 386 do 154 do Tulloes 419 do 165 do in Up. Maskeliya — Gouravilla and I , Up.Cruden There are also 507 acres tea in partial bearing, and some 295 acres in addition planted with tea. On St. Leonards, Liddesdale and Gordon Estates there is May 2, 1898.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST, 781 still some coffee inters])ei’sed through the tea. Mr. Norman W. Grieve, the Director, who retires by rota- tion, being eligible, offers himself for re-election. PEPPER : GOVERNMENT ESTATES IN KUALA KANGSAR, STRAITS SETTLEMENTS. On the Chigar Galah pepper estate permanent new coolie lines and a go-down have been built and a tank for making white jiepper. About half the estate was manure I witli g\iano, with excellent result. The bulk of the lallang is now got rid off', and the whole estate is fairly clean. Tne crop was sent direct to London, where it fetched top market iniee : viz , Cgd. ])er pound for white and 3Jd. per pound for black pepper. The revenue derived by sale of pepi)er, fruit and young trees was §2,848-82, and the expenditure |2,833'45. This includes §600 stolen, and §225 criven toSycd Musa (not a fair charge on the estate) while the expenditure on buildings will not recur. Cicily has been on our hands, and visited regularly until handed over toSirGi-a?me Elphin- stone at the end of the year for $25 per annum. He has since sub let it for §250 per annum, and he still keeps the Government i>epper gardens. The Kuala Kangsar gardens have been enlarged by a held of six acres planted with nutmegs, and six more acres under coconuts and other fruits. All the old trees have been thoroughly manured, and the grounds|kept up. Fruit and seed- lings were sold to the value of $ ,665'50, and cattle to the valueof $281-63. Total revenue $1,957-15. The herd of cattle have been improved by tlie introduction of i.ew blood. A nur.sery of Trang pepper has been )danted ii|) with cuttings direct from Trang, and looks very well. Many thousand Para gutta seeds and seedlings have been sold. All the Para gutta trees have been trapped, with good results, and samples sent to London are valued at 6s. 9d. to 3s. per pound. We did not sell any gutta in 1897, s ) have a lot still in store. The expenditure amjunted to $3,449-72. -Report for 1897 hij Mr. H. Berkeley. THE TICK PLAGUE AMONGST HORSES. The most stringent regulations are in force in Madras regarding the quarantine of all ship- ments of horses from Australia, and particularly from Queensland, owing to the fear of bovine tick fever being introduced. The following is the text of a letter from the Government of India to the Madras Government upon the subject : The fac& that, during the last shipping season, a shipment of horses was landed at Madras, and a part of them railed to Bom- bay, which had been brought direct from a tract in Queensland, where the tick plague is so prevalent that the Colonial authorities do not allow stock from within it to cross its bor- ders, has directed the attention of the Govern- ment of India to the possibility of the new and virulent disease being introduced at any moment into India from abroad. Early measures will be taken to obtain the necessary legislative autho- rity to prohibit or control the importation of- live-stock from infected areas. But, in the mean while, it is very desirable that all shipment of Australian horses landed at ports in the Madras Presiuency should be carefully watched w'ith a view to minimising the danger of the pest being introduced into this country. Having regard to the terribly fatal l ature of the disease, and the doubts as to its existence in India and fis the immunity of Indian cattle, the Govern- ment of Madras are a.ssurcd of the cordial co- operation of the Governor in Council, in adopt- ing such precautionary measures as may he possible, pending the giant of ful'er powers by the Legislature.— .«. THE ALLIANCE TEA COMPANY. Yesterday morning I w'as at the annual meeting of the Alliance Tea Company of Ceylon. The ac- commodation of 9, Fenchurch Avenue, is not so ex- tensive as for instance at Winchester House, or Cannon Street Hotel, and the reduction of the divi- dend had the effect of bringing together sufficient shareholders to fully occupy the sitting accommoda- tion provided. I noticed Mr. Bowden, Smith, Mr. W. Mackenzie, Mr. E. M. Rossiter and others. Mr. John Bell-Irving occupied the chair, supported on either side by Mr. E. J. Young and Mr. R. S. Corbett. Mr. Bell-Irving was quickly on his feet and said : — The Directors regret the poor result of the season’s operations, but this arises from circumstances beyond their control, and is not in any way caused by a falling-off either in the crops or the quality of the tea produced on the various estates. In most instances there has been air increase in the production, but, whilst the estates producing high-grown teas such as Thornfield, Gleneagles, UdaRadella, and Calsay, have shewn very profitable results, Aberdeen and Luccombe have practically only paid iheir way, owing to the high exchange and the poor prices ruling last season for the class of teas produced by these properties. The estimates for the pr esent year to which reference is made in the r port, le-ad us to hope for good profits from all the estates, particularly as every effort is being made to keep down expenses, to increase the outturn, and to improve the quality of the tea. Even if exchange remains at its present high level, and only the average prices of last season are realised, there should be a distinct improvement in the year’s profit. You are aware of the issue of Debentures we have re- cently made. A reference to the balance sheet will show you that whilst we have a total capital in shares, premium and debentures of £105,838, the Capital Expenditure amounts to £112,000, and Ad- vances to Coolies £3,280, and it was essential, therefore, that additional funds should be raised to cover this excess. The funds thus provided, however, are sufficient for our requii-ements, and we shall not I hope, have occasion to raise further- money for so. lie time to come. I should mention, however, that the estimates for the present year provide for a further Capital Expenditure of about £1,500, and that we have had to arrange for a new factory for Uda R. della. These Capital outlays are serious items, but they are necessary for the proper upkeep of the Company’s properties, and for the increasing crops of ten, and the expenditure will, I think, prove to be justified by results. I might add that on last year’s working there was a loss on rice supplied to coolies of £612, which repre- sents almost as 1 per cent, dividend on the share capital of the Company. We have again been at a disadvantage this last y- ar in consequence of the high rate of exchange that has ruled throughout the year. As shewn in the Balance Sheet the average rate has been nearly Id per rupee above 1896. and Id in exchange makes a difference to us of 2 per cent on the share capital of the Company. In our report we give you particulars of the total aceage of tea in bearing, but these figures are slightly misleading, and we should have shewn separate columns of the tea in full bearing, in partial bearing, not in bearing, and tea clearings. These figures are as follows : — Acres. Total tea in full bearing . . 2,563 „ ,, in partial bearing .. 105 I, ,, not in bearing .. 61 ,, ,, clearings .. .. 75 Without these details before you, s nie explanation would be required of the item under capital expen- diture of tea clearings, £612 10s 2d, this expense 782 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [May 2, 1898. being in respect to the field outlay on the acreage not in bearing. He concluded his speech as usual with the remark that he would be glad to hear any remarks any shareholder miglit wish to make. Mr. W. Mackenzie rose and disclaiming any wish to cavil at the accounts or the j'e.ir’s results, asked, in connection with lire purchase of Dunkeld estate, what the borrow. ng powers of the directors vvere. He was informed they were up to half the purchase price of the pr iperties. He then remarked that he thought that the acquisition of estates in Ceylon should be submitted to the shareholders and receive their approval. That he thought TOO per acre for a property yielding 400 lb. p r acre was high, and he would be glad to know if the board contemplated any further purchase. The Chairman informed him that the board had no further purchase in view, and that the intended acauisi'.ion of Dunkeld was men- tioned in last year’s report. Mr. Mackenzie’s remarks met with some approval amongst those in the room, and he sat down expressing himself perfectly satis- fied with the replies he had received. Mr. E. M. RossiTEit, whom I was glad to see look- ing so tit and well, then made some remarks upon Coast Advances. The amount, £iJ,2S0 17.s Id., show- ing under this head in the balance-sheet, was a heavy one As an old Ceylon coffee planter he had been accustomed in his day to 10s per head. He did not know wh'.t labour force the Company employed, but he thought that this amount at 5 per cent, would yield something towards a dividend. [Mr. Rossiter had evidently not studied the Cej Ion papers in these latter days, or he would know that things have changed a great deal since his day.] TheCHAiKMAN suitably replied, and then Mr. Cokbett rose to second the adoption of the report and accounts. But Mr. Ri' HAUD Waue Jenki.ns, a shareholder, said he was anxious to make a few remarks upon an addi- tion to the board. On enquiry he was informed that the articles provided there should be not less than three nor more than five members of the board. He said he thought it would be to the advantage of the Company if a thoroughly practical man were added to the board, and he wished to propose that Mr. P. H. YVi gin be elected. He thought this a most advisable measure, for, as an instance, however much know- ledo-e Mr. Corbett might possess of Ceylon, he was not well acquainted with estate management. He suggested moreover that this addition to the board be''made without increasing Directors’ fees which he considered liberal. This class of reduction of e.x- penses immediately results are not so sc tisfactory is well-known, and more Uian one shareholder expressed his disapproval of the suggestion. The articles, how- ever provide that the Chairman takes £150 per an- num’ and the other Diioctors each £100 per aniuim, surely moderate enough remunenuim for a Coni- pany of the size and standing of the “Alliance. It was suj5^6sted to Ml*. Jenkins tlKht it was usual in a matter of this sort that notice should be given to enable all the sharehlodors to have a voice. But Mr. Jenkins persisted, and asked for the articles to be referred to. It was eventually decided that Mr. Jenkins should give the necessary notice. Mr. Ros- siter seconded Mr. Jenkins’ motion during the dis- cussion. , , U The Chairman closed the proceedings by saying it was no pleasant to come down from 10 to 6 per cent, but he hoped for better things next year.— Cor. of the local “ Times ’’ April 2G. . TRAVANCOKE TEA ESTATS COMPANY, LIMITED, The first ordinary general meeting of the share- holders of this company was held at the offices of the company, 20, Eastcheap, E.C., on Monday. The chair was occupied by Mv. W. Mackenzie, chainnnn of the board o'f directois. , , ,, The CHAIKMAN : — I presuL' ' will tnke the report and accounts as re-id. Th c ny of arcouiits sent to all of yon has told yon m : tlie directors have called this meeting in order to submit the general balance-sheet and profit and loss account to . end of September, 1897. Various reasons, the chief being difficulties in obtaining transfers of properties pur- chased since the company was formed, account for the delay in calling you together. Yon are aware that this company was formed essentially as a develop- ment company — to open up extensive areas of land in Trava.icore, and plant them with tea. The table, embodied in the report show.s you, that of a total of G,490 acres which we own, only 975 acres are in bearing, while 1,022 acres were planted in 189G and 1897, and we are endeavouring to plaut 1 90 ) acres this year. If we succeeded in getting this work done we shall have 3,297 acres of tea with almost as much more land for future extensions. Being a development company the ordinary shareholders are in the position of men who have j lined together to buy and open land as tea planters, and of course, must expect to wait some time for their profits. The directors, however, could liave paid a very fair dividend on the ordinary shares had thsy not been advised that the profits earned before registration, £1,150, were not available for dividend purposes. On £20,500 the amount p lid up during the six months to eudof September, £1,150 would pay 10 per cent. Yon will observe also that .£421 has been carried forwar 1, so that we begin the New Year with £1575 on hand, of which £1,150 has been placed to reserve. Another point you will observe is that, although only at end of our first year, there is nothing due for preliminary expenses, every penny being charged up and paid. In this you will see the conservative policy of the great company under whose auspices we were launched. We are further indebted to the directors of that company, who are also directois of this com- pany, in that they have waived all claims to direc- tors’ fees for this first year. I may mention that although subsequent purchases have given us 975 acres in bearing our plucking area, last year, for which you have the report, was only 644 acres. About our future prospects I shall be in a better position to speak when I return from a visit I am to make imme- diately to our properties, but it is our hope and aim to bring into bearing and fully equip the 3,300 acres which we expec*' to have planted this year at a cost of somewhat less than £30 an acre, and have the remaining 3,000 acres for nothing. The estates Taii- gakul, Granby, Tekkadi, Inji Cadu, and Blocks 13 and 14, aggregating 2,293 acres, have been purchased since the prospectus was issued. I now move the adoption of the report and accounts. The resolution was seconded by Mr. David Reid and carried unanimously. On the motion of Mr. Haslam, seconded by Mr. R. B. Reid, Messrs. Harper Brothers, chartered accountants, were appointed auditors. The proceedings closed with a vote of thanks to the chairman, proposed by Mr. Pettit and seconded by Mr. Haslam. — 11. and 0. Mail, April 8. A Sharp Criticism,— “ The Rubber Estates of Para,” Ijiniited, is one of those companie.s which wise investors should (says the Daily Mail) leave alone. The capital is big, and tliere is no independent evidence as to tlie value of tlie property to be acquired. It is all a question of estimate. Tlie profit is estimated, tlie production Ls estimated, the revenue is estimated, and the extent of the estate itself is estimated. As the purchase price is to be £300,000, and as the estates are out in Brazil, sonielhing more than mere estimate is wanted to permit of an investor risk- ing his capital. The course taken at the end of tlie [irospectus in quoting an opinion from the Daily Mail on the rubber trade as being in favour of this particular company is not, we hope, likely to mislead many people ; but, in case it should, we hasten to announce that we regard the “ Rubber Estates of Para,” as a highly speculative and most unpromising undertaking. 783 May 2, i8c;8.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. $oiiri^spondc:noi?. To (he EdM(^. PLANTING IN MYSORE AND THE NORTH MYSORE PLANTERS’ ASSOCIATION. Koppa, Mysore, March 19, DBAS Sir, — I enclose copy of proceedings of the annual general meeting of the North Mysore Planters’ Association, of which I have had tlie honor of being elected President, Some of my old friends during my stay in Ceylon, from 1873 to 188.9, in Ambagamuwa, Nitre Cave, and for the last five years at ^Yattekelle, Madulkelle, may be glad to hear of me, though a good many liave gone. I see many still mentioned in the weekly Observer, which I have taken and read regularly since I left Ceylon. We are not having a very ro.sy time of it with coffee ju.st now, owing to very late rains, chiefly in May ; during the past two years crops have been very poor, and. with the aid of that arch-fiend leaLdisease, coffee is having a hard fight of it. We are now looking anxiously for rain, and if Ave get .sn early and good do.se of it, cro])S should bo good all round as places are in capital heart and having had practically nothing taken out of them for two years .should make us the amende honorable tliis year. Exchange is, of course, hitting us very liard and Avith the price of coffee fallen fioiu L5 to 20 per cent. Prospects for the coming year are a trifle depressing, but we must hope for the best. — I am, dear sir, yours very truly, E. C. BOLTON. THE RECENT IMPORTATION OF TROUT OVA. Ceylon Fishing Club, NuAvara Eliya, March 22. Sir,— It may interest those of your readers avIio are members of the Fishing Club to knoAv that the last lot of trout ova, imported by the ss, “Gera,” have proved a great success. We have already hatched about 11,500 out of 20,000 eggs, and Ave shall probably get about 1,500 more. The alevins are strong and healthy, and Ave ought to get Irom 9,000 to 10,000 fry from them, Avhich Avill be a most seasonable addition to our streams. This shipment proves that if only the eggs are properly and carefully treated on board ship, the hatchery here (under the very capable management of Mr. Elhart) can deal Avith them very efficiently. Messi's. Wickwar and F'arr, Avho are both going home, have kindly promised to do their best to make such arrangements as to packing and shipping as Avill secure a few more successes like the present.— I am, sir, your obedi- ent servant, S. M. BURROWS, Hon. Secretary. TEA FACTORIES AND SITES. 26th March. Sir, — In reply to “ An Indian Tea Planter ” Avhose letter appears in your issue of the 23rd inst., I Avonld advise him, either to become a “Ceylon creeper” for a short time, or to pay for professional advice. As a practical iilanter of over 30 yeai’s experience, I shall be glaain removed with a sliarj) knife. Anotlicr way of destroying the horn is by making cross incisions into the corny tissue where tile horns afterwards appear and inserting a small piece of caustic potash which has the effect of destroying the root of the horn. 'Where cattle are kept in enclosed yards, or large numbers are herded together, the operation of dehorning has the result of quieting the animals and so indirectly causing them to improve as fat stock or milch cows. There was some time ago a dead set ag.ainst dehorning as .a cruel practice ; but the operation is now looked upon as more humane than otherwise where goring and worrying may be expected to take place among crowded confined herds. — Yours truly, X. STOCK AND USEFUL HINTS. Rosewood, Nuwara Eliya, April l(i. Dear Mb. Editor, — I enclose a slip taken from a a newspaper, it might be useful to some people. I shall thank you to publish the same in your local paper. — Youri faithfully, E. J. T. DEHORNED CATTLE. Nowadays most of us accept the belief that cattle ought not to have horns. It is best to breed them oS. There are as good animals of the beef breeds that are polled, as those that have horns. It is quite time that horns should be bred off all the milk breeds. If this has not been done, the next best thing is to prevent the horn starting to grow on the calf. The operation does not take five minutes. Use common concentrated lye, such as women use for softening Water and making soap. While the calf is less than ten days old is the proper time. Simply wet the bump where you expect the horn, and rub on as much powdered lye as will equal three grains of maize Do not wet elsewhere. Let the calf alone hereafter- The scabs will come off, and the hair grow out as nicely as on a natural poll. SHELTER BENEFICI.AL TO STOCK. Calves will not thrive if they are gradually being transformed into roast veal under the burning rays of the sun. There is no species of farm live stock that pays better for being made comfortable, and the absence of protection from the summer heat is felt equally as much by the animals as by man. Every paddock should have its place of refuge, either a thick clump of trees or a shed open on all sides, placed on the highest point in the paddock, to allow the breeze to sweep through it. Protection in sum- mer is almost as necessary as in winter, and is a duty that might be urged upon the sense of right of ihe stock-owner. Those amenable to appeals of this kind will need no urging to provide this needed protection. THE CUCKOO (SINHALESE “ COVAH.”) Sir, — The advent of the cuckoo (Sinhalese “ Covah ” in the Western Province of Ceylon, is an annual occurrence. It generally takes place by the middle of April or the beginning of May; but this year they have come iu unusually soon. Early in the morning of the 14th inst., the hills around Maligakande re- echoed with the welcome “ Goohoo " “ Coohoo," which told us unmistakably that the cuckoo had arrived, much to the discomfort of our wily friend, the crow ! It is said that the cuckoo has no architec- tural proclivities, it does not care to build, but is content with what the crow does in that direction —it stealthily gets into the crow’s nest, lays its eggs and departs ; leaving the hatching of her eggs, the care and feeding of her offspring to pater and plater crow. Very often the deception is detected and the inter- lopers are ejected, to this is attributed the sparse numbers in the cnckoo tribe. We have two varieties of the cnckoo in Ceylon. The black and ihe spotted (the kalu and pulley covahs of the Sinhalese). Fine specimens of both are to be seen in Mr. Sanmugsm's beautiful aviary at Devon Ilouse. C. ARTIFICIAL MANURES (RONES) IN AGRICULTURE : USEFUL INFORMATION. Colombo, April 2nd. Di'AR Sir, — 'With reference to your article on tlie value of bones in agriciiltnre, the fol- lowing table, showing the results of some ex- periments carried on at home, may prove of interest : Out of 100 parts of phosphoric acid there was removed by the first year’s crop : Supei phosphate 63. Bone-meal 7. Out of 100 parts of phosphoric acid left by the first crop, there was removed by the three succeeding crops : Superphosphate .30. Bone meal 13. The phosphoric acid in raw hones is now generally recognized to have the same manurial value as that ot insoluble mineral phosphates. If bones exercise a better influenci, as they undoubtedly do, it is due to the nitrogen they contain, and to nothing else. Out liere bones ought to have a slightly superior value as our climate has a decided influence on the decom- position of organic matter, of which bones are largely composed, but this more favourable action is to a great extent counteracted by the coarser state in which bones are used.— 1 am, dear sir, yours faithfully, A. RAUR, The Ceylon Manure Works. MANURING OF TEA vs. CHEAP PRO- DUCTION. Dear Sir, — The difficulties besetting the Planting Industry have received such prominence of late, that it may not be out of place to examine whether there are not means to extricate the same from the pre- sent unsatisfactory position. Such a resource — lying within practical reach of every planter — I hold a proper system ot Manuring to be. Before referring to the practical side of the question, it may be well to note how this subject of manuring is thought about at home and out here. There, man- uring has been generally adopted, because it has been recognised to be the only means of making cultivation pay, whilst in Ceylon manuring is looked upon rather as a luxury, which is resorted to only reluctantly and by few. What then, it may be asked, is the difference between manuring at home and manuring out here ? The conclusion is simple. In Europe manuring is and can be carried on economically owing to the progress of and aid given by agricul- tural chemistry, whilst in Ceylon manuring has always proved expensive, owing to want of guidance and of knowledge as to its proper principles. If manuring in Ceylon has not proved the success it ought to be, considering its exceptionally favour- able climatic conditions, and if, in consequence, it has not been more generally resorted to, it is simply because the system of manuring is bad. It is not the planter, who is res- ponsible for this. He cannot look after his business and be an agricultural chemist besides. But, as in other countries whose welfare is largely dependent upon agriculture, it should have been the duty of Government to keep a staff of agricultural chemists entrusted with the solution of matters of practical interest to the planter. Instead of that, agriculturists have been left to their own resources, and it is not surprising therefore that Ceylon should not have benefitted by the progress made in agricultural Mav s, 1898.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 7^5 chemistry during the past 20 years, The planter has recognized the necessity of returning to the soil certain plantfood ingredients removed by csop ; but with regard to the most imrtant and most costly of them, he has not been made aware that it is largely supplied by natural sources. The consequence is that thousands and thousands of tons of nitrogenous manures are still yearly being put into the soil, for which there is but little necessity. And what con- sideration has been given to the other necessary manurial constituents ? Very little and that little (except by a few) has been given without proper discrimination. It is well-known that, for its suc- cessful growth, the plant is just as much dependent upon one as upon the other plantfood constituent. It cannot live on the ready nitrogen first and on phos- phoric acid (the yet undissolved bones) later on. Yet the most soluble nitrogenous manures are being ap- plied along with the most slowly acting phos- phatio manures. No wonder therefore that plants never do get the full benefit of those large appli- cations of nitrogen, and that manuring shoul I prove a costly operation. To recognize the necessity of apply- ing phosphoric acid and yet to apply it only in a slowly available form, as in raw bones, means nothing else than to make the plants’ growth dependent on the latter. It is therefore indispeusible that phosphoric acid and potash should be applied liberally and only in a form readily available for the plants in order to enable the latter to make full use of the natural sour- ces of nitrogen or of any nitrogen applied artificially. In my second circular explaining the prin- ciple of the fertilizers recommended by Mr, John Hughes, for Ceylon Tea, I touched upon the natural sources of nitrogen and considering the im- portauoe of the matter I may be permitted to refer to the subject again. By last mail I received a Beport published under the auspices of the French Minister of Agriculture, in which the fixation of atmospheric nitrogen has been most amply de- monstrated. I have already pointed out that certain conditions are necessary to induce nitrification (the formation of nitrates by micro-organisms), of which warmth, moisture, and the presence of oxygen may be stated as the moat important. In Europe nitrifi- cation is intercepted during the cold season, a good deal of the nitrates that are formed during sum- mer and more particularly during autumn, get lost during winter through drainage and percolation, and in spring the soil is not only particularly deficient in nitrates ; but owing to the lethargic state of the micro-organisms the formation of nitrates is going on at its slowest just when the growing vegetation stands moat in need of it. That is why it has been found necessary to assist the growing vegetation by an artificial supply of nitrates, in the form of nitrate of soda. It had, however, been discovered that if some soil is taken from the field in autumn and during winter maintained in a warm room, where, it is kept moist by the addition of water and occa- sionally stirred up, the formation of nitrates went on uninterruptedly. Some French agricultural chemists decided to give this lesson a practical appli- cation. For this purpose a certain number of ex- perimental plots were set aside and planted. One series was manured with cattle dung and in addition with 2 cwt. of nitrate of soda (containing 15 per cent of nitrogen) per acre. The other series received an equal quantity of cattle dung and in addition 2 cwt. of nitrifying earth per acre. This nitrifying earth, as explained above, was nothing else than natural soil taken from a field in autumn, and maintained during winter in a state favorable for nitri- fication by being kept in a warm room, where it was occasionally stirred tip and kept moist by the addition of water These experiments were first undertaken in 1896, repeated iu 1897, conducted independently at different places and with different crops During their growth the plants which were thus differently manured, shewed no difference in appearance, and when the produce was taken from the fields it was found that in most instances a better crop was obtained from the plots which had received this nitrifying earth than from those which had received the nitrate of soda. To still further demonstrate the influence which this nitiifying earth had on vegeta- tion, two plots were set aside and planted. One received an application of 2 cwt. of nitrate of soda and the other of 2 cwt of nitrifying earth without any other manure being added, nor had the two plots been manured the previous year. The results again justified expectations, for t he crop from the field which had received the two cwt. of nitrifying earth exceeded by about 10 per cent the crop from the field which had received ti e two cwt. of nitrate of soda (which latter w.as equal to an application of five cwt. of best white castor cakes per acre). This favorable action of the nitrifying earth is not to be attributed to the insignificant quantity of nitrates introduced into the soil, but to the inter- vention of the micro organisms, which, being main- tained in full activity during winter, continued their work of fixing the nitrogen from the atmosphere and of rendering it available for the plants. If, however, they can succeed at home in doing away with the necessity of applying special nitrogenous manures why should not the same be possible out here where there is no winter to intercept nitrj- fication ? With such a damp climate, even temperature, and well-distributed rainfall, it may be taken that the most favourable conditions for nitrification are fulfilled by nature ; and those who in spite of this continue to apply large quantities of nitro- genous manures do so uselessly and entirely against their interests in a monetary sense. Therefore let those who want good crops and who desire to make their cultivation pay go in for manuring liberally with phosphoric acid and potash, which ingredients are almost always deficient in soils and they will reap the benefit of the natural sources of nitrogen. Instead of saying I cannot afford to manure, they will, by adopting the right principle, find that, as at home, it will pay them handsomely to do so. It is not the cost, but an injudicious selection of manures, which makes manuring an expensive item. In his climate the Ceylon Planter has a most powerfull ally, and if he will only take advantage of it, he will be able to hold his own : and it will not be for him, but for his competitors in the North of India, in China, and Japan, to fear the effect of low prices — I am, dear sir, yours faithfully, A. BAUR, The Ceylon Manure Works, Colombo, April 4th, 1898. No. II. Sir, — In my last letter I drew attention to the natural sources of nitrogen, which under our climatic conditions render the applica- tion of large quantitie.s of nitrogenous manures unnecessary. 1 have pointed out that we owe these natural sources of nitrogen to micr«-organ- isnis living in the soil which fix the nitrogen of the atmosphere and convert into nitrates the organic nitrogen already present in the soil. The conditions favourable for nitrification are equally favorable for the fixation of the atmospheric nitrogen and con- sist in warmth, moisture, &c. When these condi- tions are fulfilled the micro-organisms acquire an extraordinary activity and it has been found that even without the aid of nitrogenous manures, the nitrates thus formed are usually in excess of the requirements of the most exacting crop. Unfortunately these nitrates are not capable of being fixed in the soil and cannot be stored up for future use as is the case with 1 hos)ihoric acid or potash. Any excess or any nitr.ates that are not taken uji by the plants immediately are carried oft' and get lost through drainage and percolation. Thus when the conditions for the existence of these micro- organisms cease to be favourable, the formation of nitrates diminishes iu proportion, a scarcity of nitrogenous food tHE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 786 is bvoVTght about and very soon we find that the growth of the plant is arrested. This is exactly what happens here in dry weather. We are apt to attribute the want of growth to want of water for the plants. But we forget that if it was actual want of vaterfor the plants, the leaves of the latter would fade and drop off. The true explanation is this. We know that plants act like pumping machines. By their transpiration they throw back into the at- mosphere the water that has fallen to the ground ; they cause the soil to dry up, and with the drying up the conditions favorable to the performance of the functions of these micro-organisans disappear. At this stage even the largest provision of nitrogen fails to do any appreciative good, since the micro- organisms are unable to perform their function of converting the nitrogen into nitrates, the form in which nitrogen is taken up hj' plants. There- fore, before these large and expensive applications of nitrogenous manure.s are resorted to, which we have seen may be superffuous at one time and useless at another, would it not be well lir.st to attend to the conditions required by these micro-organisms ? This can be ilone by increas- ing the absorbing and retentive p'owers of tlie soU for water. The planter bas already recog- nised this necessity by keeping the soil free from weeds, those powerful evaporators of water. He ought now to go a step further (which some have gjlready done,) and loosen the soil, either by turn- ing, forking or cutting holes and lilling them in again, in order to increase the capacity of the soil for holding water and - to facilitate the circulation of air containing the oxygen, which is another condition necessary to sustain the functions of these micro-organisms. A soil thus worked has been found to generate a.s much as three times the to amount of nitrates produced by a soil left itself. But there are yet other means at the dis- posal of planters to preserve moisture in the soil. I have said already that plants may be looked upon as powerful pumping machines. It has been found that plant leaves often transpire in the space of one hour as much as their own weight in water and that generally they transpire from 233 to 912 lb. of water for every pound of i»lant tissue formed. Wliat this means everybody can lind out by multiplying this amount by the weight ol leaves removed by crop. This transpiration has been found to be regulated by the amount of plant-food in the soil. Thus whereas a plant with a sufficient amount of nourishment in the soil transpires 2.50 lb. of water for -every lib. of plant tissue formed, the same plant trans- jdres SOU lb. of water when left to grow in pom- soil. It is clear therefore what an advantage it is to keep the plants liberally supplied with properly constituted fertilizers in order to prevent exces.sive transpiration and thus to keep the moisture in the soil where it is needed during the dry months. The sooner tlie planter realizes the fact that nitrogen is not the food for plants but nitrate.s, the formation of which is dependent upon the function and activity of mioro-orgaiiisms and that lie will liave to look to the conditions^ of life for tlie latter in order to get tbe^ benelit of the former, — the sooner will he arrive at a, due ap- preciation of what constitutes soil fertility and the better will lie be able to mnke bis culti- vation pay. — 1 am, dear sir, yours faith- fully, A. BAUK, The Ceylon Manuring Works. [May 2, 1898. CAMPHOR CULTIVATION IN CEYLON Government Botanic Gardens, Hakgala, Nuwara Eliya, 6ih April, 1-98. Dear Sir,— Relerring to your question as to wliat is being done with camphor cultivation in Ceylon,! may add the following to what 1 wrote you on' the lltli of February last. Wishing to sati.sfy my.self that solid camphor exi.sted in the leaves and twigs, of even very young plants, L sent a small bundle of prunings, from plant.s ])k.nted out at the end of 189-5, to Mr. f>. A. Owen of Messrs. W. Jordan & Co. of Lindula, who had very kindly undertaken to make the experiment for me. I am pleased to state that lie has been very successful in extracting solid cam- phor from them ; and as this of general in- tere.st to planter.^, 1 shall he mnclt obliged if you will be good enough to publish Mr. Owen's letter in an early issue of your paper. The i>runings from an average plant 28 months ohl as grown here, weigh from 10 to 12 lb. I have a good manj^ plants that want prun- ing, and if ap))lied to before the eml of this month, April, I shall be very glad to .sup|dy iU or 20, or 35 lb. prunings to any person wish- ing to make the experiment for himself. — I am, dear sir, yours faithfully, W. NOCK, Superintendent, Government Botanic Gardens, Hakgala. The following is Mr. Owen’s letter, Talawakele, March 30th, 1898. Dear Mr. Nock, — Thanks for the parcel of camphor prunings duly received. I have made several experi- ments. The following is the account of meth-rds em- ployed and results. (1) Took about 7 lb. of mixture of leaves, twigs and small branches and gently simmered with about 2 gallons of water for 3 hours. Result : a strong smell of Campor pervaded the bungalow and a small quantity of Camphor Oil collected on the surface of the water but no solid Camphor appeared. (2) Selected the thickest of the branches (averag- ing about an inch in diameter) and cut these into small pieces about 4 lb. in all. These chips were put into an empty kerosine tin, and this tin was placed in- verted over another kerosine tin partly filled with water and the joints between the two were luted around to make it steam-proof. The upper tin had a circular hole cut into the top part, omd this hole was fitted with a cork and the cork was provided with a glass tube about 2 feet long commuuicating with a condenser. Heat was applied to the lower tin and soon after water beg.ui to boil, solid Camphor commenced to form in the tube and a little while after the latter became blocked. The f-team now forced a passage through the various joints and so the remaining Camphor was carried into the air thus spoiling this tri-al. (3) A gallon iron kettle was packed with leaves and small twigs together with about 2 pints of v/ater. The cover of the kettle was luted on and the spout fitted with a cork, while a long glass tube proceeded from the cork to a condenser, A short time after the step.m commenced to flow, solid Camphor began to form in the tubu until the hitter -w-as at length blocked to a considerable distance ; there was in consequence a loss of Camphor as in previous experiments, but not so much as the tube was cleared by the application of a spirit flame which caused the Camphor to melt and run down. As tlie result was so promising I determined to caix-y out the same e.-jpen'men!, with a definite quantity of material, as belov/. ( jj Packed the kettle with 1^ lb. of leave.s and twigs as before with same amount of water and modified the arrangement so that no blocking could occur. Applied heat gradually and kept it up for five hours. At the end of this time the sides of the April 23. 1898. MaV 2, I898.J THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 7S; condenser were coated with camphor, and small lumps were floating in the water which distilled over. All the camphor was collected carefully and dried between bibulous paper (to absoib most of the adhering oil). It then weighed 55 grains, which is eguivalent to 12 ounces to the ewt. or 15 lb. to the ton. I think the results very encouraging, as the leaves and yonng parts of the camphor tree con- tain but a very small proportion of camphor com- pared with the trunk-wood. Indeed I believe that in Formosa and other camphor - producing countries it is customary to altogether discard the branches and leaves and use the mainwood only. I should think that planters who have young camphor trees coming on here in Ueyloji, would hud it well worth their while to utilise their primings-— especially if firewood is available and cheap, as this latter item would be practically the only expense, beyond the small amount of labour required and the initial expense of a still; which latter could be easily extemporised out of almost any kind of large iron vessel to which heat could be applied. As the camphor tree is a long while coming to maturity, considerations of this kind ought to be borne in mind. I have pleasure in enclosing a small sample of the camphor obtained. As you will see it has a rather dirty appearance due to unavoidable impurity and the sample smells of camphor oil, but these are easily got rid of in the process of refinement. I also enclose a small sample of the same camphor partly puri- fied by sublimation. You are, of course, very welcome to make what use you like of this account of these small expeii- ments, whether by publication or otherwise. No doubt it would be encouraging to those who have gone to the expense of planting up camphor trees to know that there is camphor in our' locally g'rown trees. I have heard of one or two misgivings as to whether the soil and climate here would favour •he formation of camphor in the tree. The trees are cut out recklessly in Formosa and other countries, while the consumption of the article increases yearly. Enormous quantities being used in the manufacture of “ celluloid ” and other goods of this kind.— I am, yours faithfully, (signed) S. A. OWEN. THE POSITION OF TEA : THE NEED FOR NEW PRODUCTS. Sir, — Now that many of us have conquered our ohaiacteristic false modesty and have openly ex- pressed the opinion that tea cultivation is and I’d’ some time has been on many estates an unprofitable occupation, it seems not unnatural to enquire what we propo.se to .substitute for it in tlie event, by no means improbable, of no relief being afforded to producers in the matter of exchange. Already we hear the more enlightened of our coolies, anxiously enquiring wliat their future prospects are wlien tea is no longer cultivated, and though they look at tlie great silver ques- tion from a different standpoint, who can say that the problem i.s not already of suflicient importance to demand immediate and earnest enquiry? Although we may consider tlie Ex- eh tnge Question as the rock which most seriously endanger the future of the Tea Industry, as well as nil others, it is not the only danger to he faced. Leaving out of con.sidcration the great risks of o\er-i>roduction witli so inucli young tea soon coming into heraing and the failure to secure new markets, with the competition of scientific manufacture in China, Java and Japan, we have to reckon on the gradually lessened yield from our older tea fields which the spread of insect-pests is certain to bring about. Eflbrts have been made in despatclies and in public speeches to promulgate the idea that the industry is absolutely safe from any danger of this kind, hut it is time that the bubble was pricked and the true state of affairs generally admitted. AVhat about the ravages of Helopeltis in the lower district, tlie frequent appearance of red spider in many otliers and the prevalence .'9Q Tuun Pali do Rl.OO to 1*12 Pain. ao 1.20 to 1.30 Ebony per ton R75 to 1.75 Kitul fibre per cwt R30*00 Palmyra do do R9*50to21*50 Jaffna Black Cleaned per cwt R18 to 20 do mixed do R16 *50 to 17*00 Indian do R9.50 to 14*50 do Cle.aned do R12.50 to 21*30 Sapaiiw’ood per ton H45*00 Kerosine oil American per case. R5*76 to 5*81 do Bulk Russian per tin R2*30 to *2*35 do Russian per Case scarce do Sumatra in Case R4.70 to 4*75 Nnx Vomica per cwt R5 to 6 Croton Seed per cwt R35 to 40 Kapnck cleaned f o b do 27 to 37 do unpicked do 5 ( Large lumps 280 to 45 ) Plumbago per ton, according 1 do ,, 250 to 440 to quality | do Chips 120 to 280 1 do dust 76 to 180 CEYLON EXPORTS AND DISTRIBUTION* 1897-98. 0 1 Os CO ^ Gi ^ 00 P O ■TO CO UO r-t t-H 00 T}< 1 00*0 0*;;‘ • ,-1.. Tji ■ 1-1 lii •>:i< <55 t-- OJ rl ch 00 rH i0tQu0C5OtQi0C0O<35OC0(Mi-'O'rJ. CD 05 m CO CO -4 CC CO CO CO j Cinchona. - c fO s <35 cH SS'a 00 ^ 00 ^ ^ O CO Q to CO CO CM »“< 05 o o t- CO 1- oi CO lO CO CM ^ CO I— CO 00 r>- ■?»• !>. <^' ► •J3 o in © ifMM « lO 05 CM CM T-i ^5 CM O CO pHCOO O n ^ : * : : • * 00 O 00 K 05 O on CO NJI o CO t". m CM COUNTRIES. To United Kingdtim „ Austria „ Belgium „ France „ Germany „ Holland „ Italy „ Russia „ Spain ., Sweden ,, Turkey „ India „ Australia „ America „ Africa ,, China „ Singapore Mauritius ,, Malta Total exports from 1st Jan. to 3rd May. 189S 1897 1896 1895 790 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST, [May. 2, 1898. MARKET RATES FOR OLD AND NEW PRODUCTS. (From Tjewis (& Peat's Fortnightbi Prices Current, London, April 6th, liOS. ) ATjOES, Socooti’jne cwt. Zai)/ibar & Hepatic „ BEES’ WAX, Zanzibar & ( Wliite „ Bombay (Yellow , , M.ariaprascnT ,, CAMPHOR, China Japan ,. CAEPAMOMS, Malabar lb Ceylon. — Iv ysore , , ,, Tellicherry,, „ Long ,, ,. Mangalore,, CASTOR OIL, Calcutta,, Madras ,, CHIT T.TEP.. Zanzibar cwt. CINCHONA BARK.— Ceylon lb. CINN AMOR. Ceylon per lb, Ists 2nds 'drds 4tlis Chips • lb. CLOVES, Penang Amboyna Zanzibar \ and Pemba / COCTJLTTS INDicUS cwt. COFFEE CeJTon Plantation „ Native Liberian COCOA, Ceylon COLOMBO ROOT „ COIR ROPE, Ceylon ton Cochin ,, FIBRE, Brush „ Cochin „ Stuffing I, COIR YARN, Ceylon „ Cochin ,, do. ,, CPOTON SEED.S,siIt. cwt. CUTCH „ >, GINGER, Bengal, rough „ Calicut, Cut A ,, B & C „ Cochin Rough ,, QTALITT. QUOTATIONS Fair to line dry Common to good Cod to fine Fair Hark to good palish . Fair average quality .. Clipped, bold, bright, fine Middling. stalky"& lean Fair to fine plump .Seeds Good to fine Brownish Shelly to good Med brown to good bold Ists and 2nds Dull to fine bright Ledgeriana Chips Crown, Renewed ., Org. Stem Red Org. Stem.. Renewed .. Ordinary to fine quill.. GUM Japan AMMONIAOUM , ANM, Zanzibar , Madagascar ,, ARABIC E. I. & Aden „ Turkey sorts ,, Gbatti ,, Kurrachee ,, Madras „ ASSAFCETIBA ., KINO „ MIRRH,P»'b'’d „ Aden .sorts ,, CLIBANUM, drop pickings „ siftings ,. INDIARUBBER, Assam lb Rangoon iorneo Dull to fine bright bold Dull to tine Good and fine bright .. Common di ll to fair .. Fair Fail- Bold to fine l)old colory Middling to fine mid .. Low mid. anti low grown Smalls Good ordinary Small to hold Bold to fine bold Medium and fair Triage to ordinary Fair to good Ordinary to fair Ord. to fine long straight Ordinary to good clean Common to fine Common to superior . .. .. very fine ... Roping, fair to good .. Dull to fair Fair to fine dry Fail- Good to fine bold Small and mediuni Common to fine bold .. Small and D’s Unsnlit Sm. hlocky to fine clean Picked fine pale in sorts Part yellow and mixed Bean and Pea size ditto Amber and dk. red bold Med. & bold glassy sorts Fair to good palish ... ,, ,, red Ordinary to good pale Pickings to fine pale , Good :ind fine pale Reddish to ji.ale .selected Park to fine pale Clean fr. to gd. almonds Ord. stony and biocky Fine bright Fair to tine pale Middling to good Good to lino white .. Middling to fair Low to good pale Slightly foul to fine .. Good to fine Clommon to foul & mxd, Fair to good clean ... Common to tine £7 2 'G a £7 10s £6 Fjs a £6 7s Cd £fia £C 15s 9.5s 97.5 CJ .3s 2d a 3s 6d 2.5 9d a Ss 3s a 4s 4d 2s Gd a 3s 2d •is 9d a 3s Id ■is Gd ■is 8d a 3s led 3s 9d a 4s 4d 3!d a 4jd 31 d •27s a 42s 6d 3|d a 6d 4Jd a Sd lid a G|d 3d a 45 d 3Jd a 5|d 81d a is lid 71d a Is 8d 7d a Is Gd Gd a Is 3d ■iid a 31 d Gd a Is 41 d a 5Jd 4d a 4|d 3gd a 3^d ■2d S-S Gd nOs a 124s 103s a 108s 6d 90s a 1 00s 7t s a 8.5s 35s a SO.s 30s a 45s 4s a 80s G9s a 73s GOs a GSs 22s a 40s nominal £10a£lG .£10 a £21 .£15 a £21 £7 a £9 £12 a £26 10s £12 a £34 .£10 10s a £15 60s a 61s 9s 3d a 32s Gd 1 9s 78s Gd a 105s 35s a 76s 17s Gd a 28s 17s a 21s '6s Gd a 17s Gd SOs a 50s £10 7/6a£1312/6 £8 2/6 a £10 10s ~0s a £7 12/6 £5 10s a £7 10s SOs ,a ICOs £4 Ss a £8 £4 5s a £9 40s a 62s Gd 65.5 a 86s 12s Gd a 40s 52s Gd a 57.S Gd 30.5 a 4Cs 27s Gd a 35s 40sa SOs SOs a 37s , 12s Gd a 15s 70.5 a 82s Gd INDIARUBBER, (Contd). Java, Sing. & Penang 11: Mozambique Madagascar INDIGO, E.I. -I MACE, Bombay & Penang per lb. MYRABOLANES, 1 Madras J Bombay cwt Bengal „ NUTMEGS— lb. Bombay & Penang ,, NUTS, ARECA cwt NUX VOMICA, Bombay per cwt. Madras OIL OF ANISEED CASSIA LEMONGRASS NUTMEG CINNAJION CITRONELLE ORCHELLA WEED- Ceylon Zanzibar. lb cwt PEPPER (Black) lb, Alleppee & Tellicherry Singapore Acheen & W. C. Pen.n.ng PLUMBAGO, lump cwt, chips ,, dust „ SAFFLOWER SANDAL WOOD— Bombay, Logs ton Chips ,, Madras, Logs ., Chips ,, SAPANWOOD Bombay,, Madras ,, Manila ,, Siam ,, SEEDLAC cwt, SENNA, Tinnevelly lb QUOTATIONS. Is -21da ?.s is 91 d a Ss 2s Gd a 2s 8| d Is Id a Is 4d is Cd a 2s 11 d ■is Gd a 2s lOd :1s a ,3s Id 2s a ?s 4d lsCda2s4fd Foul to good clean .. Good to fine Ball Ordinary to fair Ball Low .sandy Ball Sausage, fair to good Liver and livery Ball.. Fr to fine pinky & white Fair to good black Niggers, low to good.. Bengal-- I Shipping mid togd liolet 4s 2d a 4s 9d Consuming mid. to gd. 2s Gd a 3s 6d Ordinary to mid. Is6da2s5d ■Mid. to good Kurpah.. i2s a 2s fid Low to ordinary .. Js 4d a Is lOd Mid. to good Madras.. |ls 3da 2s 4d Pale reddish to fine .. !2s a ?s Ordinary to fair .. its 7d a Is nd Pickings .. Ilsfjda ls5^d Dark to tine pale UG...'4s6d a f>s Fair Coast .. Jubblepore Bhimlies Rhajpore, &c. Calcutta C4’s to 67’s lie's to go's 160's to 130’s Ordinary to fair fre.sh.. Ordinary to middling.. Fair to good bold fresh.. , .Small ordinary and fair 6*1 Fair merchantable .. 7.s Sd a 7s fid •■iccording to analy.sis.. 4s 9d a 6s 3d Good flavour & colour... Dingy to 'white Ordinary to fair sweet... Bright ii good flavour.. Mid. to fine not woody.. Picked clean flat leaf .. , wiry Mozambique 4s 9d a 5s '4s a 7s 4s 3d a 9s Ss 9d a 7s i3s fid .I 5s fid !3s a. ,3s 2d Is 3il a 2s Od Gd a Is Id jl2s a 2-2s Cd |4s a 5s 6d s a 7.S Cd 5d 3jd a 4d 5d a Is Gd Is O^d a Is 2d .SHELL, S, M. o’PEARL- Bombay cwt. M ussel , , TAMARINDS, Calcutta... per cwt, Madras TORTOISESHBLL- Zanzibar & Bombay lb. TURMERIC, Bengalcwt. Madras ,, Do. 33s a 57s Gd Cochin 34s a GOs 20s a 31s Gd VANILLOE.S— lb. llH a 12s Gd Mauritius and I 1 .sts 9s Cd a 14s Bourbon .../ 2nds 2s 4d a 2s ll^d .Seychelles 3rds Is Gd a 2s VERMILION 2s 3d a 2s lid 1.S 6d a 23 2d Gd. cry.sallized 3i a 9 in, Foxy & reddi.sh 4J a 8 ,, Lean and inferior Fine, pure, bright WAX) Japan, squares cwt Good white hard Fair to bold heavy Fair Dull to fine Fair to fine bright bold Middling to good small Dull to fine bright Ordinary to fine bright; Good to tine pinky Middling to fair Inferior and pickings Fair to fine flavour Fair to good flavour Inferior to flue Lean to good Good average ( Rough & rooty to good 1 bold smooth.. Ord. dusty to gd. .soluble Good hold gTeen Fair middling meclium Common dark and small Bold and A's D’s and B’s Small Small to bold Mid. to fine bl’k not stoii’v Stony and inferior Small to bold dark mottle part heavy Fail- Finger fair to fine bold bright Bulbs Finger Bulbs 10s a 12s Gd ICs a 15s ICs a 11s 3Jda4d 4 1-1 Gd 3|d a 4|d 20s a 28s 15s a 19.S ICs a 15s 5s Gd a 10s SOs a 85s GOs a 70s SOs a 55s £20 a £35 5s a £3 £30 a £50 C4 a £8 £4 a £5 £4 a £5 nom. £4 10s a £5 15s £6 a £7 60s a 70s 3}d a 44d 3d a 3jd l|d a 2^d £4 10s a 46 12/8 £1 5s a £3 10s 12s Gd a 14s Gd 4s a Gs 16s 6d a 23s Gd. 1:3s 9d 18s a 19s 12s a 13s 13s a 14s s Gd 18s a 26s 13s a 20s Gd s a 11s Gd s 2d S7li THE AGRICULTORSL ffiAGaZinG, COLOMBO. Added as a Supplement Monthly to the “ TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST:' The following pages include the Contents of the Agricultural Magazine for May : — Vol. IX.] MAY, 1898. [No. 11. SEASOxV EEPORTS FOR MARCH. ESTERN Province. — Paddy. Pre- parations for A’'ala iu progress. Fruits scarce, also vegetables except in the Colombo district, Rainfall very deficient, and interfered with preparations for paddy cultiva- tion. No. cattle disease. Central Province. — Paddy. Maha harvest over in most places ; outturn and prospects good. Rainfall deficient, 1'89 in, in Matale. No disease among cattle. Northern Province. — Paddy. Kalapokara har- vest in progress. Cattle plague in Putukudiyiruppu and a disease known as “Munanginoi prevails among goats in the Mannar district. Little rain, •8.3 in. in Jaffna, "22 in. in Mannar. Southern Province, — Paddy. Preparations for A'ala crop in progress, but somewhat retarded by the drought. Health of cattle good. Rainfall at Galle '73 in. Eastern Province. — Paddy. Preparations for Pinmari crop under tanks in progress, the Munmari crop is reported fair. Rainfall '75 in. in Batticaloa. No cattle disease reported. North-Western Province. — Paddy. Maha har- vest on ; prospects generally good. Preparation for Yala commenced in some parts. Murrain pre- vails iu the Kurunegala district (but is on the decrease), also iu some villages of the Chilaw district. Rainfall in Puttalara on six days, and measured 3'4o in. North-Central Province. — Paddy. Maha crop reaped and yield good. Rainfall at Auuradhapuia, 1'17 in, Murrain prevails amougcattle, but it is not widespread. Province of Uva. — Paddy. Maha cultivation going on. Some early so wn fields in Welassa are withering tor want of rain. Fruits plentiful and cheap. Health of cattle good, except for a few C ises of murrain in Dambagalla Korale. Province of Saharagamuwa. — Vo.CLt^'^. Maha crop being harvested in most parts, prospects good, out- turn very good in the Kegalle district. Some foot and mouth disease in Beligal Korale. ♦ RAINFALL TAKEN AT THE SCHOOL OP AGRICULTURE DURING THE MONTH OF MARCH, 1898. 1 Tuesday •01 16 Wednesday , . Nil 2 Wednesday . . Nil 17 Thursday . , Nil 3 Thursday ■35 18 Friday Nil 4 Friday •18 19 Saturday . , Nil 5 Saturday •76 20 Sunday Nil 6 Sunday •38 21 Monday Nil 7 Monday Nil 22 Tuesday Nil 8 Tuesday Nil 23 Wednesday, , Nil 9 Wednesday . . Nil 24 Thursday , . Nil 10 Thursday . . Nil 25 F'riday Nil 11 Friday Nil 26 Saturday , . Nil 12 Saturday Nil 27 Sunday Nil 13 Sunday Nil 28 Monday Nil 14 Monday Nil 29 Tuesday Nil lo Tuesday Nil 30 ■Wednesday. . Nil 31 Thursday , . •01 1 Friday Nil Total. . 1'69 Greatest amount of rainfall in any 24 hours on the 6th, '70 inches. Mean rainfall for the month 'Ou in. Recorded by A. IT. 792 Sup'plement to the “ Tropical Agriculturist." [May 2, 1893. AGKICULTURAL SHOWS. Agricultural Shows are everywhere recognised as a powerful factor in the agricultural education of the people, We have lately been peru.^ing a communication made by a farmer to an English Exchange, in which the writer states the many -ways in which he derived material benefit by attending a Show of the Royal Agricultural Society in the provinces' And if the English farmer with the ready means of communication available to him and the facilities he has for deriving information through the press and other ways, is prepared to confess that there is so much good in Agricultural Shows, it will be confessed that to the village cultivator of Ceylon, living in remote parts of the interior of the Island, with little opportunity of hearing or reading anything calculated to improve his agricultural knowledge, the benefits derivable from Shows must be incalculable. The educa- tional influence of Shows is in many ways greater than that of the written words of a book or news- paper or the .‘poken words of a teacher or lecturer, since they i>rovide object lessons which always leave a lasting impression on the mind. Again, these Shows are important mediums for the dissemination of knowledge, for visitors do not simply look at what is to be seen without getting all the information that is to be gained with regard to the means of producing the ex- hibits so strikingly set before them. But for bringing about the best results there must be some system in holding Agricultural Shows. What we mean is that a programme of these Shows should be once and for all decided upon, and everybody should be well acquaiuted with the details, while, what is of most importance, the Shows should be held at regular intervals, and if possible at different centres. There will thus be healthy competition which is often made impossible by the fact that a Show is fre- quently sprung upon the agricultural community after many years. Various interesting facts are made known by Shows, such as the best season, elevation, &c„ for producing the best results with different crops, the comparative merits of pro- duce raised under different conditions, the period of growth of plants, the effect of manures — facts whichare often lost sight of inordinary cultivation. It is a matter for congratulation that H.E. the Govei’nor is in favour of Agricultural Shows being held in the colony, as is to be inferred from the fact that there is so much activity being displayed in this direction of late. We should expect that a marked influence and improvement for the better will before long be discernable in the quality and scope of agricultural practice among native cultivators, — a result greatly to be desired. HOW TO TELL THE AGE OF NEAT CATTLE. The age of an animal may be ascertained by the teeth until it rcacho.s the age of six years, after which time the horns are the only guide. Cattle cast no teeth until they reach the age of two years, when they get two new teeth ; at three years they get two more, and every succeeding year t^YO, until five years old, when they are termed “full-mouthed,” although, strictly speak- ing, they are not “ full-mouthed ” until they reach the age of six years, because the two corner teeth are not matured until that period is reached. Tile age may also be detei'mined by the horns; but in some cases the most enlightened judge is deceived, as the horns may be scraped or filed In such a manner as to deceive any person. At the age of two years the horns are without wrinkles ; but at the age of three a wrinkle appears at the base, and eve.rj^ succeeding year another appears; so by adding two to the number rf rings on the horns the age may be ascertained. “Poverty rings” are sometimes to be seen on the horns, which are brought about by starvation when rearing the animal, but are smaller than those brought about by age. Mr. James Irving, M.R.C.V.S.L., gives the following as the test of age in dairy stock: — Table of Early Average Improved Breeds. Table of Late Average Improved Breeds. Table of Late Average Unimprov- ed Breeds. Years. Months Number of teeth. Yeara- Months Number of teeth. Years. Months Number of teeth. 1 9 a 3 2 9 3 3 4 1 permanent 6 1 incissors. 8) 2 3 2 9 3 3 3 9 4 [permanent 8 f incissors sj 2 3 t 0 4 0 5 0 -'i 4 (permanent 6 I incissors sj — Queensland Agricultwal Journal. OCCASIONAL NOTES. l)r. Somerville writing to us with reference to a subject that \yns lately discussed locally says; “ Lshouldnot think it impossible that strong smell- ing manures might give a flavour to garden and farm produce, but only if used irrationally." As the result of actual trial it was found, on using the lactometer for testing the products of the cream separator worked at the School of Agri- culture, that while the specific gravity of the skim milk was 1'035, that of the cream was below the 1-000. This gives an indication of the utter unreliability of the instrument. ^ Messrs. R. de Silva, Lucas Mendis, and M. A. Fernando, who lately completed their course at the Forestry School, have been asked to be in readiness to take up appointments in the Forest Department. The new batch of Forestry students whose term commenced on May 1st, are all drafted from the Forest Department. AVe understand that a number of Ceylonese young men will probably leave for New Guinea in June to work for a Syndicate formed with the object of developing the agricultural resources of that Colony, and that one of the old boys of the Colombo School of Agriculture will most likely go out with the party to open out land for coconut cultivation. - . -- We have to thank the Hull Oil Manufacturing Company, Limited, for a sample of their Homco Castor Meal, and their offer to send a consignment of the fertilizer for experimental purposes, May 2, 1898.] Biipplement to the “ Tropical Agricalturist''* 79.9 The Aiidropogou family of grasses which is fairly well represented in Ceylon includes a number of species containing essential oils with characteristic odours. Of these, the best known are A. luirdus, a cultivated variety, of which is the citronella grass grown in the Southern Province : A. citratus, the familiar lemon grass, also cultivated, though not so largely ns citronella, in the South : A. schoenanthus var. versicolor, known variously ns anise-scented, palmarosa, oil of ginger, and geranium grass. This grass is found in the north of the Island and is common on the Island of Delft. A good deni of oil (rusa oil) is extracted from it in India : A muricatus is the cuscus grass, the scented roots of which are used for making fans and punkah.®, and from which oil is to some e.vtent e.vtracted. Another well-known scented Andropogon of India is a A. luniyer, the Herba Schoemanthi and Juncus odoratus of the old pharmacists, commonly met wdth in AhW. India, where the oil is e.xtracted. The British and Colonial Druyyist of March 4, gtatesthat the botanical origin of lemon grass oil i.s a matterof some doubt, and that it is probable that various species of andropogon are used in its pre- paration. It may be that commercial lemon grass oilis adulterated withessential oil yielded by other nndropogons, but the botanical origin of true lemon-grass oil is by no means a matter of doubt, and the grass, which is so common a flavouring agent in Eastern cookery, is too well known to be confu.sed with any other species of the same family. We note that the demand for lemon- grass oil has been rising owing to the fact that ionone or artificial essence of violets is obtainable from citral, the odoriferous constituent of the grass. Ionone is also obtainable from essential oils containing geranium, while the rhizome of Iris ftorentia also produces a substance resembling the odour of violets. Apropos of the odour of violets it may not be generally known that cattle overdosed with turpentine, secrete through the kidneys a volatile product which gives off a strong scent of violets. Finlay Dunin his Veterinary Medicines thus refers to this fact under the head of “General Actions and Toxic Effects ” of turpentine: “Swallowed, it is rapidly absorbed and diffused, and may speedily bedetected in the chyle, breath and sweat, which have a strong terebiuthinate flavour, and in the urine, to which it imparts the odour of violets.” We have ourselves had opportunity of noting this symptom of overdosing with turpen- tine in a herd of calves, and been much struck by the peculiar phenomenon. We reproduce elsewhere a resume (taken from the Australian Tropiculturist) of the Countess of Warwick’s scheme for an opening for women in the domain of agriculture. The scheme is a bold one, but ns our contemporary observe.®, by no means beyond the range of possibility, and we are inclined to thiiik that the details could be so modified as to suit the conditions of dif- ferent countries and communities. With us, it must always be a reproach that poultry keeping is a neglected industry, at least as a true com- mercial undertaking and not merely as a pastime. There is, of course, a good deal of technical know- ledge that is necessary before a poultry farm can be started on proper lines, but that is no excuse why poultry keeping should be a neglected indus- try. Again, if there are difficulties in the way of butter making in the low country, cream and other milk products will command a ready sale ; while pig rearing is always referred to as a remunerative undertaking, though “clean” pork can be got only with the greatest (lifliculty. CITT.OXELLA OIL, We have to thank Mr, F. H, M. Corbert, Execu- tive officer and Home agent for Ceylon at the Im- perial Institute, London, for copies of the lm~ yerial Institute Gazette and the Pharmaceutical Journal containing reports on the examination of Citronella oil. It had been noticed by the trade that native distilled oils have a much inferior aroma to those distilled by two English firms, viz., Messrs. Fisher of Singapore, and Messrs, Winter & Sons of Baddeganvi in the Southern Province, Ceylon, and that these two classes of oils also show very marked difference in physical character. The impression in England is that there is no difference in the variety of grass from which the oil is obtained. The idea of sophistication is put aside, as the nature of the adulterant, if any, employed has never been determined. Messrs. J. C. Umney and Swinton, after making an examination of oils reported their views to the British Pharmaceutical As- sociation, stating that the high optical activity of the native-distilled oils is undoubtedly due to the presence of a terpene which does not exist, or has been removed from, the oils distilled by Engli.sh firms. The latter class of oils was found to consist principally of cam- phene. The experimenters conclude that the native-distilled oil is in no way sophisticated but is a genuine natural oil. The high specific gravity and rotatory power are due to the presence of constitutents which also affect the solubility in alcohol, and, by acting as dilutents, impair the odour value. We submitted the articles in the Imperial Instflute Gazette and the Pharmaceutical Journal containing the reports referred to above, to an expert in the Citronella trade, who has been good enough to give us his opinion on the discussion, which we reproduce below. It will be seen that the differences in the qualities of the oil are really due to differences in the variety of the grass used, of which the Eiiglish experi- menters do not appear to have any knowledge. For this reason the opinion of our correspondent is of special value as settling a point whicli has apparently been givitig rise to much mis- understanding - “ There are two methods of distillation ; 1. Using Steam, — Here the grass is placed in a cylindrical ve-sel which is closed, aiul steam, generated in a separate boiler, is let from the bottom of tile vessel containing the grass; The steam passes upwards through the grass and in its passage extracts the oil. 2. Using Fire-heat. — In this process water and grass are put into one vessel and distillation ^uppUment to the Tropicctl AgvicuUuris:t. LMay 7£)4 is carried on by heat applied directly to the bottom of this vessel. It is not correct to say that the difference in the quality of oil is due to different modes of distillation, as I know of iio still in which fire- heat is directly applied ns described in the second process, and am certain that only a very small proportion of the oil sold commercially is distilled in that manner, steam distilling being easier and cheaper. Adulteration used to be common, but the spirit test introduced about five years ago jiut a stop to this, though I believe that even witli this test yon cannot detect adulteration under five per cent. The real difference is the quality of the oil traceable to the different varieties of the grosses employed. The original Citronella grass (which I stilluse for my oil) is a surface feeder, soon grows out of the ground and gets exhausted ; but about twelve year.? ago a variety wns found in the Matara district, which is much hardier, has deeper roots, and produces n larger quantity of oil, Of this latter variety nearly all native oil is made.” THE NUTMEG FAMILY AS A SOURCE OF KINO, The order Myristcaceae is represented in Ceylon by Myristica laurifolia (M daboda), M, zeylanica, M. horfieldia (Ruk), and M. Irya (Irya). . The malaboda is commonly called the wild nutmeg and closely resembles the true nutmeg. Its wood is sometime? used for making tea-bo.xes, but it is too light and soft for otlier purposes. The male flowers of the Ruk are known to be very fragrant (re?embling sandalwood oil), and Trimen mentions that scent is made from them, while the wood is used in boat building in the south of the Island. Irya produce.S wood like that of Ruk, moder- ately heavy, even-grained and yellowish in colour. M. frayrans, the true nutmeg tree, is now com- monly met with in many places. Other species of Myristica found in India are M: lonyifolia and M. malabarica. The last-men- tioned in the subject of a note in the Kew Bulletin for Feb.-March, and is there referred to as a source of Kino. The product of the tree was e.xamined by Prof. Edward Schaer of Strasburg, who has written a paper on the subject to the Bhannaceutical Journal. The following is a summary of the results of the Professor’s investigations : — I. The dried juices of the bark of several A^iatic speciesof Myristica, for instance, of M. malabarica v.n(\ M. frayrans, Iloutt., as regards their apirearance and pli.tsical qualities, show but little difference frr)in the officinal Mslabar Kino, II. These substances, which may be termed Myristica Kinos, agree in tlie chemical reactions due to their constituents, in all important points, with the Kino of Fterncarpus Marsupium, It can therefore be stated that drugs of a very .'-iini- 1 ir character, and partly of close re-'emblance to official kino, are to be found in the families of Leguminosee ( Butea, Pterocarpus, Millettia), Saxifrngaceae {Ceratopelalum), Myrtaceec (.L’acrriy^- tus, Anyophora), and Myrislicacete. Ill, The Myrietica'Kinos differ, as far as can be observed from the Pterocarpus Kino, and probably also from Butea and Eucalyptus Kino by contain- ing, in the crude state of the inspissated fre.-h juice, smaller or larger amounts of a distinctly crystalline calcium salt, viz., calcium tartrate, suspended in, and depositing from, the liquid juice. By this characteristic adrai.xture it can be easily distinguished from the official Kino, and probably also from otlier Kinos of commerce, 'Whether this new substance might ever be obtained in combination with the production of nutmegs and mace, so as to play the part of a commercial drug, will depend upon a still better knowledge of its qualities, i*s formation in the living plant, its quantitive relations, and similar questions. It w’ould be interesting to know whether it would not be possible to get Kino from the succulent pericarp of the nutmeg and allied fruits (which is at present a waste product) by a process of boiling. DAIRY NOTES Too miicli c.are cannot be bestowed on cows dur- ing their first milking season. If they are allowed to go dry too early, they are inclined to ease off the following season in like manner. It is the experi- ence of the most observant dairy farmers, that if a cow is forced to go dry, some part of the udder suffers, and in some case-s the permanent impair- me.'it of one or more of the teats. Evidently, the best jdan is to let a cow milk the whole time if she will, right up to calving, ns drying off requires more care than the ordinary milker is inclined bo give, Cow.s are sen.-^itive aniinals, and he's a \vi.',e man who treats them as such. Mr, D. Ilyara, Terrain, is one of tlie champion Illawarra dairy stock breeder,-. His three-quarter bred Jersey, 6 years old. Blossom, at 3 years and four months, won the butter test at Wollongong, testing 9’3, pro- ducing 2 lbs, commercial bubter from 19 lbs. milk ; in 1897, on the same show ground, she tested 8'2, gave 24 lbs, milk wliicli produced 2 lbs. 3 oz. but ter. .Same year at Albion Hark she took the butter prize for cow yielding largest butter-fat. At Berry, same year, she gave 29 lbs. milk in 12 bom s producing 2 lbs. butter, equal to 27 lb, butter per week— wliich is one of the world’s record,?. At last Dapto Show she gave 30 lbs. of milk, testing 6'7, making 2 lbs, 5 oz. butter. Hi,? half-bred Jersey with Ayrshire, 6 year old “ Jenny ” won first for best dairy cow at Nowra in 1896; in 1897, 1st and champion at Dapto, 2nd at Albion Park, Kiama, and 'Wollongong; 1st at Nowra, and l.sc and champion at Berry. This year 1st at Dapto and 1st and champion at 'Wollongong. Mr. Hyam has good past (ires and band feeds, when cliey are on tests, twice a day, giving them a three-gallon backet of chaff and coconut oil cake, Daii-y farmers cauuot pay too much heed in the selection of (he bull for their herds. Every far- mer can’t afford an out-tuid-out first-clas.s bull for his cows, so he has to put up with one in the dis- trict, whether ’tis good or bad ; and he often lets a stray animal, that he knows very little about 7f)5 MaV 2, 1S98.] Supphmmi to the. Tropical AgricuUurkt ''' mate with a good cow. There is money in a really good bull in dairy districts for the breeder, if lie watched his opportunities as owners of stallions do. Handle calves and get them familiar with you from birth ; that is, those that are meant for the herd. Then, when they drop their first calf, and are ready for the milk pail, they come up to you without fear, and “ let it go” like winking. If this isn’t done, there is a lot of good time and good milk wasted. A good dairy stock breeder will go less by breeds or types than actual individual milk results, as shown by careful separate tests. Hairy farmers have predilections for certain strains, and for large or small cows, but this bias shouldn’t run away with their judgment. Says the Farm and Dairy (Sydney) Some condensed milk doesn’t contain enough butter-fat in a dozen tins to oil the wing of a mosquito ! We all know that by the modern system of milk separation fully 97 per cent of the butter-fat is e.xtracted from the milk. Well now, some condensed milk makers eliminate the butter- fat, turn it into butter, and whisk up the solid refuse with sugar into “ condensed milk.” This stuff comes on to the market as a whole- milk product, whereas, it is a separated article, and, as a food, a mere worthless, indigestible com- pound. Only so recently as si.v weeks ago, three London grocers were proceeded against for selling tins of condensed milk not of the quality, nature and substance demanded. That is to say, the labels on the tins were de!u.'ive. Tlie fact wasn’t dimlosed that the tins didn't contain wliole milk, and the purchasing })ublic were defrauded’ in consequence. Condensed milk is made at C jo- langatta and near Singleton, and, doubtless, they will be able to stand the test ; also, possibly, some imported brands. On the other hand, some brands are not milk in the food sense at all, and shouldn’t be allowed to be sold. Anyhow, before any prosecutions are instituted against our own dairymen for having milk a few points below par, let the authorities see that no imported “milk’ goes forth for general consumption that is below the standard for butter-fat. WOMEN AGRICULTUEISTS, From time immemorial women have been con- nected with agriculture, but only as helper.s to man. A new era has dawned for woman in this respect in all parts of the world ; she takes an interest more or less direct in nearly all branches of husbandry. But now that interest is to be carried a step further. Instead of bjing, as at first, the .<;ervant of man, or, as afterwards, as man’s assistant or helpmeet, she will now a.ssume the role of man’s competitor. In an article from the pen of the Countess of Warwick, contributed to the Chri.itmas number of the Land Magazine, a perfect scheme is laid down for women (unmarry- ing women, as the Countess puts it) desirous of escaping from city rack rents, and enjoyi country pursuits. The immediate object of t scheme is threefold — 1. To open a new field of work for women. 2. To stay the depopulation of our rural di^trictsl 3. To keep some of the money in this country which is annually spent in foreign dairy, poultry, and horticultural produce. Tlie Countess argues down any objections that might be brought up against the objects, and es- pecially the first and third clauses. With the second we are not quite so sure. It is contended that the young men of our day have a tendency to leave the country and flock to the towns. To remedy this it is now attempted in this scheme to make amend.s for this by inducing the young women to flock to the country. Wo cannot per- ceive how the depopulation of the rural districts is to be prevented if such a state of things con- tinues. Would it not be better to include in the scheme the idea that the presence of the emanci- pated, or shall we merely say sensible, women in the country would so attract the giddy young men that they would stay at home, and take a new lease of life as it were ? An organisation is proposed to be formed under two distinct he.ads:— • 1. To open an agricultural training college for women. 2. To establish women’s agricultural settle- ments in different parts of the country’. It is intended to start the college at an early date, and it will be under the control of a lady’ principal, a lady by birth and education, and fully qualified to give instructions on two or three of the branches of the work to be carried o-ut. The otherinstructions willbecarried out by a thoroughly efiicient staff of lecturers and practic il instructor.s. The practical work will include: — Dairy work in all its branches, jrig keeping, poultry rearing, market gardening, fruit growing, bee keeping, jam making, bottling fruit, home made wines, &c; The other details of management are all plainly set forth. These include the age (minimum 16), pliysical exerci-e and games, library, debating club, e.xaminations and certificates, laying out of the ground, &c-, &c- Under the second heading, “Women’s Agricul- tural Settlements,” the plans are very’ complete in details: Each settlement shall consist of from 6 to 10 or 20 holdings or cottages, occupying from 1 to 4 acres, each holding to be occupied by two women settlers: A lady’ warden will have the con- trol of each settlement as far as business (only) is concerned. Each settlement will have a factory, a creamery’, central office and club room, but the entire management of the whole sy’stem will be directed from a ceiUral office in London. Co- operation will be the guiditig spirit of the sclierae. The scheme is elaborate in detail, and quite within the possibility of actual fact, although the idea comes as something like a surprise to most of us. With Australians the idea will not “ take on,” but in a densely populated country’ like Great Biitain we See no reason to doubt its taking a practical shape. Audit' young women take the lead in inaugurating such a sy.stem, who shall say that our men will not follow.^ We firmly believe that a tendency to go on the land, as a means of livelihood, will become stronger in the immediate future. Supplement to the Tropical Agriculturist:' the uses of wood. By Filibert Koth, Expert in Timber Physics, Division of Forestry, U.S, Dejiartment of Ayriculture. GENERAL REMARKS- Wood liFe soil, air and water, lias until lecen*' times been one of those materials which man could obtain without effort beyond the mere taking Hence, although it has become one oi the most important, most generally used and to our civilization most indispensable products of •u.tur- o 'r attitude toward its production has heen one oi mdilfeieuce. Wood has been used so geuerullv .liaL a large amount of empirical knowled^^e regarding its properties has accumu lated This knowledge has sufficed for immediate purposes, and the need of a more intimate know- ledge gained by investigation and experiment in retrard to the properties mid characteristics of° wood has never become very ajiparerit. Abundance and cheapness, together with ignor- ance of its true merits, have led to a most extravagant and often erroneous use of this Deduct? We have witnessed with indifference, a Iso, the useless destruction of enormous quanti- ties of timber in the vague belief, characteristic of the times, that when the -supply is gone some «iU be foubd. Tb.t U.ie belief ,3 poorly founded is quite apparent, for winle sTh Lbstitution as, for instance, that of iron iii shiu bridiie, and track construction has taken p a?’e, and^l^.doubtedly will continue and even mcreasein a any directions it has not prevented, fiven in countries like England, wnere wood is near an increased consumption per capita of population, while Germany, with all its well-man- LSd forests, imports great quantities of large- fzed timber. Moreover, as we learn to know S, ™p"de;oiU.i»m«t..«l, wefl„d that .1 ,3 Spable of many U303 for »f..cb .t w.^ supposed f he metals alone were fit ; wood is today displac- ing the best qualities of steel even in such deli- cately balanced structures as the bicycle. That this return to wood in many of our manufactures will continue, in spite of the cheapness of iron mid steel, there is not the slightest reason for doubt, and the importance of ivood as a mateiial of construction, to say nothing of its use as pulp, cellulose, and its derivatives, and its growing ?alue as a fuel, will steadily increase and not decrease, as is so commonly assumed and taugln. ° Before entering into the discussion of the uses of different kinds of wood, and the reasons foi their selection, it may be well to review the principal useful qualities of this material, and to S extent compare it with its most natural substitutes. WOOD AS COMPARED W'lTH IRON. 1 Wood is a natural product ; iron the product of a costly, complicated manufacture. Wood may be grown wnerever, man wishes to use it , X manufaetu.e of iron is pract.ca ly confined to particular localiiies. The mines of both iron and coal are e.xhaustible ; the forest, under proper managmejd ,^prod^^^^^^ dear. Even in the form of lumber, and with the cost of long-distance traS^Bportation added, wood costs the consumer in [May 2, 189S. this country rarely more than 2.5 cents per cubic foot, while iron in bars and sheets is worth at W'holesale from §o to §10 per cubic foot. 3, VV'ood is soft ; simple tools and small effort suffice to shai'C it. iron is hard, any change of form, whether by casting, rolling, sawing, cutting, planing, turning, filing, boring or grinding, requires much labor, or else complicated aud costly processes and equipments. In the ease and rapi- dity with which wood can be shaped, reshaped, and combined in structures it excels all other materials. 4. Wood cleaves or splits; metals do not. While this property has its disadviintages, it is one that in some directions determines the useful- ness of wood. It permits ready preparation for fencing and firewood, which latter use exceeds in bulk ten times the amount of iron and steel used in this country. o. Wood is^stronger than is usually supposed. In tensile strength (pull lengthwise or with the grain of the woodj a bar of hickory exceeds a similar bar of wrought iron of the same length and weight, and it even surpasses steel under the same conditions. Similarly, a select block of hickory or of long- leaf pine sustains a greater weight in compres- sion endwise (parallel to the grain of the wood) than a block of wrought iron of the same height and weight, and nearly approaches cast iron in this respect. 6. Wood is very eh;stic and resists bending to a marked degree; and though the modulus of elasticity of iron as ordinarily stated appears 10 to 15 times as great as that of good ash or long- leaf pine, yet a square 10- foot bar of the latter wood requires 6 to 8 times as great a load to bend it by one inch as a similar bar of iron of the same length and weight. Moreover, wood endures a far greater distortion than the metals without receiving a “ set " or permanent injury. It does not rust nor crystallize, but retains its quality, and being light, and therefore used in solid pieces, may be selected with perfect assurance of avoid- ing “flaws” which are so dangerous in all metals when used in smsll pieces combined to make a larger structure. 7. Wood is light ; iron and steel are heavy. The average weight of all w'ood used in this country does lU/t exceed 31 pounds per cubic foct ; that of iron and steel is from 430 to 450 pounds pel cubic foot. This quality effects ease of handling and transportation ; it permits the floating of most woods when green and of all when dry, and with its superior strength and stiffness results in a saving of more than 75 per cent in the weight of structures, frames, floors furniture, etc, [To he continued.) PERFUME MAKING. In answer to a correspondent enquiring as to the method of extrnciiug scent from flowers, we give tiie following description of the two processes generally adopted (1.) THE COLD PROCESS. Procure trays with glass bottoms, spread clari- fied fat a quarter of an inch thick upon each side of the glass ; gather the flowers early in the Supplement to the “ Tropical AgriculturistT 797 May 2, 1898.1 morning, and spread thin upon the fat. Close the glass-sided box. Every second day replace the old flowers by fresh ones, and renew them twelve or fifteen times. Then scrape the fat from the trays, break it up into very small pieces and digest it in spirits of wine 60 over-proof, say two lbs. of fat to 2h lbs. of spirits. Siir every day for a month, keeping it covered. Then bottle and label it “Extract No. 1. ” Now add fresh alcohol to the fat (1 lb. is sufficient), and stir daily for a month' Pour it off then, and label tlie bottle “Extract No, 2.'’ Do the same thing a third time, and so obtain “ Extract No. 3. ” Now you had three bottles, all containing different strengths of extract, and all of value according to their strength. The fat is now melted in a Bain Marie, is poured off, and kept for next year. (2.) THE HOT PROCESS. Take, say 2 lbs. offlowers,being careful that there are no stems ; put them in a round tin. Melt4 lbs. of clarified fat with only Just sufficient heat to melt it, Pour it over the flowers, and leave them covered till next day. Now get a larger dish with hot water to melt the fat, on the same principle as the glue-pot. This is called by the French a Bain Marie. Now take another round tin contain- ing 2 lbs. weight of the same kind of flowers, Place two strips of wood on top of this to hold a sieve. Then pour in the melted fat from the first pan, thus straining the leaves and allowing the fat to fall on the fresh lot of leaves in the second tin underneath. Cover up and again leave till next day. Clean the first tin for the morrow, so as to repeat the operation each day fcr fourteen days, when the fat will be fully charged and is ready to be digested in spirts of wine as described above. Only sufficient heat is required to cause the fat to melt and flow, as the extracts are very volatile at a high temperature, and a great loss may be occasioned by over-heating the fat. If more rose leaves are gathered than can be used on the same day, sprinkle them with salt, when they will hold their scent fcr a few days. This is called salting the leaves. For oils of the same plants coarse cotton cloths are imbued with the finest olive oil and laid upon a frame contain- ing wiregauzeinlieu of glass, On thesethe flowers are laid and suffered to remain until fresh flowers are procured, This opreratioii is repeated several times, after which the cloths are subjected to great pressure to remove the now perfumed oil. Hoivtomakethe Clarified Fat. — Take 7 lbs. each of beef, mutton, and pork fat ; chop fine on a board, and wash in clean cold water, then put in a boiler with five gallons of fresh water ; put on the fire ; add two oz. of alum and a handfull of coarse salt and forty cloves ; boil until all the fat is melted ; then get another basin with five gallons of fresh water, and skim the fat through a wire strainer into the water ; now boil the second time (adding the same quantity of salt and alum) for one hour, and then let cool. On each occasion of its cooling'a dark-coloured sediment is found at the bottom. This must be carefully scraped away. When the fat is perfected white aud pure through- out, it is remelted and put away for use. IIoiv to make a Cheap Construct a metallic tank of about 100 gallons capacity, the interior fitted with a holed false bottom, apout 9 iycUes from Urn base. Set in brickwork (although this is not absolutely necessary) with a fire retort under it. A funnel about a foot in diameter at its greate.st extent, wdth a rim to enter and a flange to support it, is fitted like a saucepan lid over a con'e.sponding hole in the head of the tank. A pipe 2 inches in diameter — a continuation of the funnel— continues like a spiral worm around the interior woodwork of a barrel filled with cold water, the end projecting near the base like a fau- cet. This completes the apparatus. A five gallon still can be constructed for about §25 (about £5). How to Operate the Still. — The si)ace below the false bottom of the still is occupied by water, in which a few pounds of salt or alum are dissolved to increase the boiling point, Tlie tank is now filled with the desired flowers and the funnel- shaped lid i.s held in place by being screwed down and the joint packed with moist clay. A quick fire is lighted under the still, causing vapour, which percolating through the flowers lying over the false bottom releases the attar, and steam and oil go jointly up the funnel, aud wind their way through the condensing corkscrew pipe. A stream of cold water running into the tub condenses the steam and oil, which flows into a glass jug placed at the lower end of the tube. The oil is seen float- ing on the top, and is skimmed off with a spatula or flat ivory paper knife, or can be sucked off with a pipette (glass pipe), a crystal tube having a bulb about tbree inches from one extremity. The distiller places one end in his mouth, and, lightly touching the filaments of es.«ential oil with the other, draws them into the bulb. If the same distilled water is employed several times over, it increases the output of oil. The temperature of the steam must not be too great, or the essential oil is likely to be injured. Time — about three hours. The false bottom containing the stewed leaves is hoisted out, aud the mashed mass is useful as a fertiliser. This process applies only to the rose. Pots of different scented flowers sliould not be grown too close as each will become tainted with the other and the virgin aroma of eacli will become confused. Plots of roses, or j ismine, or tube-roses should be separated by others growing vegetables or other scentles plants. The beds should run north andsouth so as to get the greatest benefit from the sunshine which is an im- portant factor in the production of superior oil. As an adjunct to some regular form of cultivation, scent-making should alw’ays provide a nice sum of pocket-money, A few sheets of glass and some fat are practically the only necessaries. The work is light and pleasant. Saturated lard is worth from £1 5s. to £1 10s. per lb. in London or Paris, and the spirit or “ extract ” is w'ortii 3s. 6d per oz. or £3 10s. per pint. For the above information we are indebted to the Queensland Agricultural Journal. GENEEAL ITEMS. Mr. Kershaw, who has been visiting the Australian Colonies, with a view to opening up a trade in certain cotton thread fabrics, of which he is an extensive manufacturer in Manchester, has been giving his views regarding fibre plants other than cotton. Speaking of ramie Mr. Kershaw was emphatic as to the superiority of May 2, 1898. Supplement to the ^'•Tropical Agriculturist." 798 tliis fibre over jute. Wliile tlie fine silk-like fabrics of jute can be distinguished from pure silk, it is impossible to do so in the case of ramie. As to the price quoted for ramie — £30 per ton for clean fibre — that was absurd. £30 per ton meant about 3jd. per lb., whilst the fibre commanded at least 6d. per lb. in the open market, or £o6 per ton. The improved machinery would even have the effect of increasing the price, Eamie was a fibre that lent itself to the most delicate fabrics, os well ns to the coai ser ones. For his knowledge of the trade, and from what he had learnt whilst in the Colonies on the subject of the adaptability of the soiland climate of Wales and Queensland to the cultivation of the plant, he came to the con- clusion that it was eminently worthy of attention. The following cure for mange is from the Queens- latid Affrioultural Journal : — Boiled linseed oil, sulphur, and kerosene equal jiarts. First mix the oil and sulphur, then add the kerosene, and mix well. Applied with a hard stubby brush. A tea .cpoonfull of carbolic acid to a pint of lard, stirred in and well mixed is also a good remedy. Papaws are largely grown for fruit in Ceylon where it is also now being considerably used as I a vegetable. The demand for the fruit, especially for the shipping, is great. There are three distinct varieties in cultivation, two of which produce huge fruits weighing^ up to 9 lbs. each. Lately, another variety referred to as the Singapore papaw, which is not large hut has a characteristic flavour of its ow'ii, and turns golden when ripe, has been introduced ; it was first grown by Mr. J, W. Ebert, who is well known as a cultivator of flowers and fruits in Colombo. It does not appear necessary to keep “ male trees” in gardens, and these are generally destroyed, but sometimes these unsatisfactory specimens are topped — the operation requiring as a rule to be repeated often — till they become transformed into good fruiting trees. Papaw trees may be dioecious, monoecious, and even hermaphrodite. Papaw juice is now worth 5s. per lb. The Chemist and Druggist says that it is best prepared by pressing it out of the unripe fruit, clarifying by filtration through a twill bag and ferment- ing the precipitate by alcohol. It is then dried and some purified by treatment with water. The simplest w’ay, says the Queensland Agricul- tural Journal, to tell the ago of a fowl, and one which is adopted by the London poultry dealer, is to feel the breastbone, of the live bird. If the bone feels tender and supple like gristle, the bird is young.- If, on the other hand, the bone feels hard and ridgy, the bird is fully matured, and very much so. Paris Green or London Purple solution is an effective remedy against white ants. When they occur in walls, on the floor of buildings, on tennis courts or . such places the stronger the solution the better, but care must be exercised in using the poi«on in the neighbourhood of plants. The question has just cropped up in Scotland of the riglifs of women to study, obtain diplomas, and practice as veterinary surgeons in Great Britain. It arose peculiarly. The Principal of the new Veterinary College, Edinburgh, raised an action in that city for damages against the Eoyal College of Veteri.iary Surgeons, London, in respect that the latter refu.«ed to admit to the college ex- aminations a lady student who had attended the requisite classes and obtained the necessary certificates. The action was dismissed, on tlie ground that it should not have been raised in the Scottish court.s, so that it remains undecided whether or not a lady is eligible to become a veterinary surgeon. Surely there “ is something rotten in the State of Denmark,” when old-time prejudice blocks the paths of intellectual and social freedom in that way ! If a woman is eligible by mental qualifications and physical fitness to follow the profession of veterinary surgeon, surely she should “ be let.” The mere question of sex in the matter of admission to the college should have no more to do with the Council of the Eoyal College of Veterinary Surgeons than whether the applicant wears tweeds or moleskins. It is not a question of pants or bloomers, but whether the applicant is, by virtue of his or her special attain- ments, sufficiently qualified to practice as a veterinary surgeon. Upon that issue, and that alone, the decition should be given. The apple has been recommended far and near as the food of life. Now it will probably be the turn of the baked banana, which is being exiolled in America as tlie ideal food for rlie nervous, the anaemic, and the brain vrork"". Bananas, it will be remerabe ed, occupied a high place i;i the diet of the late Sir Isaac Holdeii, and wii.hoiit going so far as to say they are a panacea for all ills, it is asserted that their great power te sustain men- tal effort is recognised in India, and that pale, thin, poor-blooded people rapidly improve on adopting this diet- Whatever the value of the banana as an artical of diet, it is worth noticing that in the West Indian islands the cooked plan- tain, which is first cousin to the banana, forms one of the staple articles of the food of all classes of the community — baked, roasted, fried, or, if green boiled. — Australian Tropiculturist. From the Meat Trades Journal we learn that a ca.se came on before the Warwdck (England) County Bench against a farmer for “ ill-treating twenty-one bullocks by dishorning them.” The solicitor who prosecuted described dishorning as “ a suvival of a barbarous age,” and the veterinary surgeon declared the operation to be a most pain- ful one. It is news to be informed that dishorn- ing was even pr.actised before the present century, and we have sufficient acquaintance with the latest methods to know that the operation can be performed without pain, and eveu were there a slight pain, the work is done so quickly and faultlessly ns to class it as painless. No doubt it would appear more humane to dishorn when the- animals were young, but we must not ignore the fact that painless dishorning can be performed at any age;— /inf; Vol. XVII.] COLOMBO, JUNE ist, 1898. [No. 12. A PIONEER PLANTATION IN CEYLON AND A SOLDIER PLANTER. OOFFEE-TEA— CACAO IN THE DUMBARA VALLEY. [We are much indebted to the London friend who writes “ You have published Memoirs of many of the Pioneer Planters. Would jour readers care for one of the Pioneer Plantations ? If so, the enclosed may interest you. I think all the figures and statements can be depended on as far as they go, if you pui them into shape.”— We are exceeedingly pleased to have the following most in- teresting contribution, and to see that it tells us a good deal about a distinguished soldier-planter as well as about his plantation ; and also gives us the story of the very beginning of Coffee ; and afterwards of experiments in Tea ; and later still describes Cacao cultivation in the Dumbara Valley. — Ed. “ T.A" \ N some respects the history of The Ra,j.iwella Estates may be considered interesting if only as illustrating the more general story of Ceylon as a “ Plan- tation Colony.” It commences on the 18th June, 1836, when a tract of land called Diabululawella and Rajawella, situated at Kcngalle in the Oodoogampattu Korale of Dumbara, consisting of 1,583 acres, was granted by His Excellency the Rt. Hon. R. Wilmot Horton, Baronet, Knight of the Rl. Guelphic Order, Governor, Ac., of Ceylon, (in consideration of the payment of ^395 16.9. “id.) to the Hon. George Tumour, Esq. and Colonel Martin Lindsay, C.B.; and was opened by them as a Coffee Plantation. There have been some additions and subtractions from the acreages of this gran ; but much is still owned by the Colonel’s grandsons, Messrs. Martin Hadden and Charles & Martin Pirie. Colonel Lindsay, a well-bred Scotchman and toiigh old soldier, had entered the Army in 1794 (above 104 years ago) at the early age of 12, and had seen much active service with the 78th Highlanders in India, Java, and Holland, in the great struggle with Napoleon Bonaparte. In the actions at the taking of Java he commanded the regiment as Major, the Colonel of it being shot, it was said, by his own men. In Holland at the attack on Merxem, January 1814, Lieut. -Col. Lindsay (promoted Lt.-Col. 1813 won his C.B., heading the gallant 78th in a bayonet charge which decided the day. He had his grey charger shot under him. He distinguished himself also at the bombardment of Antwerp, and indeed wherever he fought. In 1826, Colonel Lindsay brought his Highlanders to Ceyljn. He filled various civil and military posts here, until 1835, when he retired from the Army. In 1828 he was appointed First Commissioner for the Kandyan Province, and in early days turned his attention to Coffee planting as we have seen, in conjunction with his old friend and associate in office, the Hon. George Tumour. It used to be said that these old friends and associates in office were helped not a little in their Coffee ventures by commissariat carts in transport, and in various other ways* This may be only the ill-natured or envious remarks of some with less suitable land ; for, as always happens, very many of the pioneers were unfortunate in their choice of land. They were all helped at first by “Protection,” differential duties in their favour against Brazil rivals, and others ; and for awhile by good prices. * Even within our day, the Eostmaster-General of Ceylon, old Major Barton, who fought at Waterloo, used to “ frank ” his daily supply of “ oats ” for a race-horse in training, through the post from Colombo to Nuwara Eliya. — Ed, 2\A. [June i, 1898. 800 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. It may interest some to read an estimate made in October, 1839, for opening 100 acres Coffee, when prices stood at 70s. to 80s. net. It is based, it will be seen, on a yield of 5 cwts. per acre and a ‘‘safe” net price of tiOs. It was sent to Mr. Alexander Hadden, then a member of the lirm of William Nicol & Co,, Merchants, Bomb'ay, probably by the Hon. George '1 iirnour, possibly by Mr. Hew Steuart. It apparently induct d him to make a venture as a Coffee planfer, and more or less opened up a Ceylon connection with his firm which lasted long after he had retired from it, bringing to Ceylon Andrew Nicol and many others : — Copy of lieport sent via Bombay under date, October, 1839. “ In the district of Colombo agricultural labour is generally paid at the rate of 4^d. and in Kandy at 6d. per day. In general the Kandyans are un- willing to engage as labourers ; but the increasing demand is supplied by coolies from the Ma,labar Coast, who are continually coming over and locating. “ In the following Estimate of the Expense and Eeceipts of a Coffee Plantation, the land is supposed to stand in at £5 an acre when cleared. Forest land may be bought at 5s. an acre and cleared by contract at £2 10s. ; but when to this the expense of making roads, fences, and superintendence is added, the cost cannot be calculated at less than £5. “In Brazil it is usual to estimate the produce of a Coffee bush at the average of one pound per bush, but in the estimate below, half pound per bush only is taken. A Coffee Plantation cannot be considered as in full bearing until the fifth year, but the produce of the third and fourth years are calculated to equal a full year’s crop. The value of the Coffee is esti- mated at 60.S-. per cwt. (present value is from 70s. to 80s in Ceylon). “ Expenses for 100 Acres. 100 acres cleared at £5 per acre . . . . £500 0 0 25 coolies at £7 10s. per annum or 6d. per day for 4 years 780 0 0 Superintendence and incidental expenses 780 0 0 100,000 Coffee plants at 6d. per 100 the regular price, 1,000 Coffee plants to an acre ^ 9 Bungalow (house) and tools . . . . 150 0 0 To which add expense of plucking, drying and cleaning from the husk, the esti- mated crop 491 cwt 122 15 0 £2,357 15 0 Receipts. loo acres each containing 1,000 plants. each producing i lb. =; 491 cwt. at £3 per cwt 1,473 0 0 Leas Cooly Lines and Superintendence for the fifth and following years 390 0 0 £1,083 0 0” Mr. Alexander Hadden, influenced by Colonel Lindsay’s prosperity with Rajawella and this Esti- mate, opened in 1810 Dodangtalaw'a, an estate of 120 to 160 acres betw'een Matale and Kurunegala, his partners Wright and Smith (in later years Smith, Eleniing & Co. of London,) joining in the venture ; but Coffee was not a success there. In 1840 it produced some 050 to 700 cwts. coffee of inferior quality, beans very small, and eventually the yilace had to be abandoned. His brother, Mr. Charles S Hadden, the prei ent owner of Kotiyagalla, Boga- wantalawa, and his cousin the late Mr. Fred. J. Hadden, were more fortunate than their Bombay relative at this time, though they also went some- what wrong in the choice of land at first, settling down in Ambagamuwa. However, they were shrewd men, had no other business to occupy their chief thoughts, weie practical planters very soon, dis- covered their mistake in good time, and having command of capital, promptly moved into Hunas- geriya, where they did well with that glorious old estate Weygalla. The Rajawella estates paid Mr. Tumour and the Colonel very well for some years. In 1844, £70,000 was offered for these estates by a Mr. Antrobus of Paris, but the offer was not accepted; for in the previous year they had yielded some £14.000 to the proprietors; there was nothing in their re>pective positions to make either of them anxious to bell; and who without soma degree of urgency could part on a ‘‘ 5 years' purchase” with property so rapidly increasing in value ? As things tnrued out unless Mr. Tumour and Colonel Lindsay were level-headed far heyond the average of men, it was probably as fortunate for them that they did not sell even for £70,000 what had cost them but £8,000, for those were days of inflation, and likely enough much of the pro- ceeds would have been lost in the panic times that so closely followed — lost through one of the many Bank failures if uninvested, or through the general shrinkage of values if invested. Late in 1844 the Hon. George Tumour died at Naples, and his Executor, Capt. H. A. Atchison, had to close the partnership ; so the Rajawellas were put up for sale in five lots in February, 1846. They realised £25,170. Colonel Martin Lindsay bought lots which were numbered 1. 3 and 5 at £14,260, and Robert Boyd Tytler with Thos. Charles Morton lots 2 and 4 for £10,910. In January, 1847, the Colonel also died, and left his portion as a provision for his widow and family. He had married a Miss Hadden in 1817 at Aberdeen, then and for many years afterwards a bright little Northern Capital, with all that implies, in con- nection with gaiety and good society. He died on a visit to Ceylon at Kandy, 28th January ; and, though he had become a civilian, was buried in the Churchyard there with military honours rendered by Colonel Drought and the X'V th regiment, as may be read by those who are fortunate enough to pos- sess the Ceylon Observer of 29th January. 1847, where an account of the military funeral is fully set forth and much said of this “tine old gentleman.” He had not been dead many months when very dark days came. The year 1847 was memorable of financial troubles all over the world, and at the close of it and beginning of 1848 raged a Commercial Panic such as has not been known since. Consols fell from 94 to 78|. Not in the political compli- cations that followed did Consols fall below 83, even when Revolution in France drove Louis Philipe from his throne. Hungary nearly separated from Austria, and the whole Continent seethed in discontent, troubles, and war, and ( hartist riots kept people in a ferment at home. Ceylon Plantation Coffee, good quality on 4th January, 1848, was down at 40s. to 42s. in Mincing Lane. Native Coffee at one time was sold there at 19s. a cwt. 3,000 bags were sold at that figure by a much respected Broker who now no longer connected with Produce is still alive and very much to the fore in other lines. The Commercial failures at the end of 1847 and in January, 1848, were appalling. They were announced daily, and in all trades— among Continental Houses, in American, in African and in West Indian Trades, and not least in the Bast Indian Trade. Calcutta Houses went down before the storm as fields of oats in an autumn gale. Cockerill & Co.; Colville, Gil- more & Co.; Lyall, Matheson i& Co.; Hughesdon Bro- thers & Co.; Shearman, Mullins & Co.; and many others too numerous to enumerate. Glyn & Co.; London, refused in one day the drafts of the Union Bank of Calcutta and of the North-Western Bank of India Those who had remittances to make were sorely put to. Private firms seemed to be all going down together, and Banks seemed to promise very little more stability than the private firms. In the general distrust recourse was had to specie to an extent this generation can scarcely realise ; and bul- lion was travelling Eastwards and Westwards at the same time, as almost the only trustworthy means of making a remittance. The climax seemed to be reached when the great firms of Gower Brothers & Co.; and Reid, Irving & Co., of London failed. Abel L. Gowe - June r, 1S98.] THE TROPICAL W9.3 & Director of the Bank of England. Sir John Eae Eei(f, Bart., was one also. He had been Governor in 1839. John Uockerill had been on the same board. The senior of W. E. Eobertson & Co., who failed in the corn trade, was ttovernor of the Bank when he failed ; one nominated to fill a vacancy failed before the formalities of electing him conU be carried throimh. No position in the City seemed then to testify to any solvency. A spirit of the very wildest specnlation bad become general iu the world tills was the reaction. The speculative impulse which was first manifested at home chiefly in dealings in Hallway stocks, had spread among all ranks and classes and into all trades. The result was collapse and panic. The purely mercantile troubles were aggravated intensely by crushing commitments for railway calls which had to be met and paid up whatever the state of the mmey market. These calls amounted to 22 millions in one half year and 3 or -1 millions during one single month in these bad times. The flank Act had to be suspended. The minimum Hank Bate W'as 3 per cent, with very little to be had at that rate even on good security, and a rate equal to 13 per- cent. per annum was paid for the discount of TTO,onO City’ Bankers' acceptances within seven days oi nraturity. The steady and prudent, as now, were in the majority fioth among individuals and fliins; but for the while they seemed lost siglit of, first iu the wild davs of s(eoulation, and then in the turmorl of liquidation and failirres that followed. When the Btorrrrhad passed over and the amrosphere had cleared, these stood out who had weathered it and preserved the good name of the British Merchant for meeting the liabilities he undertakes lo meet, and these were still the many. The present times are by no means free from the spirit of speculation, aud it is not amiss occasionally to cast a glance on the consequences to an earlier generation. Ceylon, not having escaped the rnlection of speculation, did not escape the wide-spreaa troubles that followed, as any may read in Ferguson’s “Ceylon Handbook and Directory,’’ aud as shown rn the failures of the Bank of i eylon, Hudson, Chandler & Co. and others. In the “ Handbook,” confined to Ceylon affairs, there is naturally inuch said about the results of the specnlatious in Coffee in this Island with quotations from Sir Emerson Teunent, perhaps rather as if it were a thing of itself and not part of a world-wide troirble ; but as we have seen the spirit of speculation of those days was not in any way or degree confined to Ceylon, nor was the epidemic more virulent here than elsewhere. The rush into Coffee here was only a sign of the times and of what was going on elsewhere. There was nothing in com- mon between the failure of the Bank o£^ Ceylon, and the great house of Prime, Ward & Co., Baring’s cor- respondents in New York, except that both were results of the mad speculation that had raged , or between Hudson, Chandler & Co., Colombo, and the corn-trade house of the Governor Eobertson of the Bank of England. The wild rush into Ceylon Coffee by military, civilians, cleigy and East Indian officers, as described by Tenneni. was another fea- ture of the same classes in Europe more wildly rushing into railway shaies and saddling themselves with liabilities for 'calls. The fever ot speculation was an epidemic which had seized the many at home as hero in the Ea.st and raged in America and else- where as vio.c i.tly. Now se\ere as the reaction was in Ceylon, iheie vas not the extreme distress of some places, probably because there had net been the same inflation— not the disti ess for instance that there was in Mauritius, when Eeid, Irving s lailure was announced in December, 18-17. To that Colony might have been app.ied the description of Liver- pool at this time on the failure of the Royal Bank of Liverpool— “it reeh d and staggered like a drunken man.” Still in Colombo things were bad enough and money tenibly scarce. , , „ The Lindsay Eajawellas then had passed under the very free or extravagant management of Mr. David Baird Lindsay, an able determined energetic young son and ex- AGRICULTURIST. 8m editor of the Colonel, christened after his father’s com- panion in arms. Sir David Baird, the hero of Seringa- patam, at one time the rival of Sir Arthur Wellesley.* The estates needed funds that were not to be found in Colombo, and Mr. Lindsay went home iu order to obtain the needful, first making that arrange- ment with the Oiiental Bank that was afterwards so profitable to the lawyers in the Island and in Westminster. We have no need to enter on the particulars of that long dispute, except to say time pressed, the arrangemeut was made in a hurry, at a period of excitement, and therefore probably ih- considered. Each paity doubtless acted hona ,p'de, but the result was that when Mr. Lindsay returned he found the estates i'l the hands of the Bank, that the Courts of Law iu the Islaudi said they were rightly iu the Bank’s hands, and the Privy Council 23r'd Inne, 18li0, said they were wrongly in ' tho^e hands, aud ordered them to be restored to the Lindsays aud Haddens with back profits and interest i'28,525. After this the history of the Rvjawellas is more or less that of most other estates. For family reasons and for ooiivenieuce in working they were made iuto a Company in 1863, aud valued by Mr. Simon Keir, of Keir, Dundas A Co., at .f4o,00U. They yielded tail- Coffee crops for awhile. They had yielded 6,40'J cvvts. in 18.57-58, and 6,82‘2 in 1859 6U ; and an average of 5,100 cwta. in the 7 years 1853 to 1860. In 1862 63 they gave 5,635 cwts,, and in “the seventies” aver- aged under 1,900 cwts. Succumbing to leaf disease they never saw 1,900 cwts. afterwards, and Eajawellas coffee days are now almost represented only by a fice tree stem in the rooms of the Ceylon Associa- tion in London, taken hoiiie by the late Peter Moir as a memento. J Prices of the Coffee crops varied from a nett of 47s. 6d. in 1867-68 to a nett of luOs. 3d. inl873-74. Tea was planted by order of Mr. D. B. Lindsay (who already had a sort of speaking acquaintance with it in India), iu the “sixties,” with seed he obtained about 1864 from C.ilcutta ; and a chest as sample was despatched home at the end of 1871- to be reported on. It was condemned unsparingly but deservedly by a firm of highest rank as Tea Brokers. We give the Report as below: — dleport on two boxes Tea ex. “ Oxfordshire ” 19th April, lST-2. “ Though one is called black and the other green, both have the characteristics of the first, and that of the most ordinary description, and as a marketable commodity they are worthless. The tea called green shows signs of some attempt at manufacture as there is a considerable portion of fair twisted black leaves iiiit. The tea called black is chiefly open lialt curled leaf, and how any one could coiisiiler that such would pass as “tea” surprises us. However, look- ing at the future of the garden, the inspection of the leaf after infusion indicates that considerable imorovement could be made in both the ‘withering’ and ‘fermenting’ processes connected with the manu- facture. But we should hesitate to give an cniiiion as to whether the tea can ever he brought up to a high standard as the color of the water is so pale aud the flavour so remarkably thin aud pooi. * When Sir David Buird’s mother in S"o!l:and heard that her son W'S prisouei, ch lined to anotlu i iiv n by Tippoo S.ihib 111 Seriiigapatam, her l•h.u■aci . i n-i maik was; “ God help the man liiat is chained to ocr Davie,” — a rough-tempered customer evidently, hut a splendid soldier aud gener.d as he afterward sliowtd, —Ed. T.A. t The Kandy District Court gave against the Bank ; the Supreme Court for it. The Privy Council’s julguient was a triumph for Mr. Tom Power, D..J. —Ed. T a. j As we drove through Dumbara and Teldeuiya in 1865, Mr. Edward Mortimer, still alive, shouted ; “ Are you not coining to see 15 cwt. Coffee an acre on Rajiwella ■?’— Ed. 7’..1. ,j Sos . THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [June i, 1898. Still, a proper process of mannfacture would make a very great alteration in this as well as in the appearance of the leaf.” The Tea was plucked from trees over 6 ft. high. They had never been pruned. It naturally had been ino.^t crudely cmed; the ciuer h-ui no rx; •" irr"e, no bookh. no nuu-liinerv to lielp liiiii. IL- iHiigiia now over his 8,tleinpfcs at witlieiing the ieat by put- ting it into the firing pan, taking it out and roll- ing it, and so on, until he ccnsideri d the tea was made. Ho was not very surprised to hear that it was loo rasjiiug for the English, but might possibly suit Holland or Russia ; He could not easily have even a talk with any who had experience. He did his best from a description of the necessary operations written by Mr. Linasay ; but the great fault in the Tea s.ample was its emanating from a jdace unrecognised as a Tea-pro- ducing country ; for no set of men are more cmservative than those in Mincing Lane; anything new stiffens their hacks and seta their countenances, as was shown when Cinchona bark was first sent to them from Ceylon. The drug brokers with one or two exceptions, scorned the suggestion of it being something worthy of their attention. Cinchona had never come from Ceylon, but from South Africa — was not that enough ? The consequence of this atti- tude was that the sale of much of the Ceylon pro- duct, probably the bulk of it, went into the hands of the Coffee Brokers who at the beginning knew no more about it as a marketable article than the planters who grew it. Be this as it may, the chilling reception given in Mincing Lane to the first attempts at Tea on the Eajawellas, the difficulties in making the Tea with no one on the estate or easily procurable who knew the process, and the absence of a principal, caused the attempt to be abandoned. It was not for many years that it was renewed. There are now laO acres of promising Tea, and the area will no doubt be extended even with present low prices. We learn from the present Superintendent, Mr. C. W. Sinclair, that the 34 years old tea on Raja- wella is represented by a few scattered miserable looking shrubs : it has always been in dense shade, never cultivated, and stands in poor washed out gravel thinly overlying limestone.” Cacao was first seriously planted on the Rajawellas in 1877-78, the proprietors putting out that season (30,000 plants, calculated as l.'SO acres, in alarm at the havoc in the Coffee by leaf disease, and encouraged at the growth of some 20,000 Cacao plants with which they had then already experimented. They calcu- lated on the plants bearing at about 4 years old, and on their being in full bearing at 8 or 9 years, and producing then 9 to 10 cwt. per acre. After 1877 the area under Cacao cultivation xvas steadily extended. In March, 1881, the estates weie considered by a competent valuer as then worth i2S,(iU0, and he estimated they would be worth £31,000 by March, 1882, and above R5UO,(j0O by 1887 for Cacao alone, on an 8 years’ purchase ; but basing his calculations on 600 acres yielding by that time cwts. per acre worth R35 per cwt. In connection with our glance at days gone by, we may perhaps relate an incident that happened to Mr. Alexander Hadden, whom we have already men- tioned, when he came down from Bombay to look after his Ccffee venture in 1846, and see his many connections and iriends in ihe Islanu ; for it was an experience that would not be likely to befall an everyday visitor now, coming to the Island to view his property. He was in the good ship (he ‘'Recovery” which carried a number of convicts. (Those who mark coincidences may note it was his liiud vojage to and fiom Ceylon.) When eff Goa at 3 p.m. the 3rd Eeb. “Gang No. 3” maue a lusli up the hatchway, disanneu ifie scnti-ies, got on deck, ai d, in number 20 or 30, made for the Captain, who was unarmed, hut hearing the conirnotiou and not realising what it was, naturally went forward to see what it was all about. Mr. Hadden, who was with him, more instantly taking in the situation, ran off to the Captain's cabin, picked up two double-barrelled pistols with necessary ammunition, and firing at the felons as he returned, was quickly back at the Cap- taiir's side, slipping one of tne pistols inm his hand .UmI i. ln . iifg Ills own (for tliene w. re d.rvs hefoi'e Crlcnrl < . lid >evcl.’i-r.-). TliefiiSi riioi i; • ic°d the 's' advance, they fiesic.ilt-. i.nel as ■ , 'S Tie Captiiiii had fired the revolt w.is piactica.iv o.er He. oire J' hirstou, a well-know’u ('apt in u ; is day, managed rather well ; for as soon as he saw the convicts orr the deck he.sitate, retreat and show there was no fight in them, he confined himself to shots at any fresh heads that came irp the hatch- way as reinforcements, making them promptly dis- appear. Meanwhile, three or four muskets were got together and fired also, and the scourings of Bom- bay and upcountry jails driven below. The whole affair lasted only three or four minutes. When it was over a Sepoy of the guard was found rather badly wounded in the head by a carpenter’s large hammer which the ruffians had somehow managed to lay hold of and apply with effect. One of the convicts was killed by a musket ball ; and five were wounded — four by pistol shots. After this brush the Captain had twenty well flogged, three dozen each, well laid on, and the stream cable put through the whole of their irons with the two ends brought on deck, except when the prisoners, two or three shackled together, w’ere brought up for a wash. So they had no other chance of taking the ‘‘Recovery’s before she arrived in Colombo on the evening of I6th February, when Mr. Hadden left her, and was immediately informed that the Rajawellas were to be offered for public sale on 21st with the low limit on them of ,£25,000. It seemed to him a very low limit, when only two years before the places had been all but sold for £70,000; but low as it was, it was about all that was then attainable. These figures certainly show great fluctuations : — What cost 1839 ‘ and to open £8 000 was valued 1844 70,000 and ,, And the part that cost 1846 25,170 1846 £14,260 with additions say £ 1,740 = £16,000 was valued 1863 £45,000 and ,, 1881 at £25,000 or £31,000 and t' en expect- ed to be worth 1888 £50,000 There were, however, very special circumstances connected with all these fluctuations. If the £70,000 of 1844 was an ‘‘ inflated value” it was at all events based on what the property had yielded, and within 20 years it was far exceeded if Mr. Simon Keir can he at all trusted. If the fall in 1846 to £25,000 was a reaction from the previous inflation, it was still well above 300 per cent advance ou what the estate had cost the partnei.ship, and what a magni- ficent income had been drawn meanwhile ! More- over, the fall might well have betii expected to bo far more severe, for it was aggratated by many very adverse circumstances, including the severest mone- tary pressure and the threat of “ Free Trade,” i.e., the abolition of those preferential duties that had contributed to the large profits. All letters from planters of this date are full of alarm at the cer- tain ruin that awaited plantations under free trade. It was a very real terror to planters and intending investors. Free trade, however, became an accom- plished fact, and the estates under it recovered in value nearly .300 per cent as Coffee property, and even when coffee, was in extremis, the estates were valued at 100 per cent above the price the Colonel gave for them on the death of his partner. Vt hat strikes the observer in all this, is the speedy re- covery even from extreme depression in Cejlon, if these Rajawellas are to he accepted at all as a type. If so the fair lesson seems to be that if you have Ceylon property you ihould stick to it. However dark the day, you may reasonably hope for brighter June t, 1898.] THE TROPICAL AGRICDLTURIST, 803 times soon, and the recovery in a shorter period than would be probable in most countries. It may be just as well for a proprietor not lo content him- self with doing nought except silting down and lament- ing tb bad times and waiting till the clouds roll by, but to exert, and in addition to energy, apply com- mon sense to the problem how to quicken the advent of the better days. Then judging by the past the revival will not be far off. Compare things at home. Railways have even yet scarcely seen their stock back at the values of 1844. When we see good Ceylon estates being sold by the “unco” prudent because having passed through times in which they could not sell, an opportunity is presented of getting out of such a land of ruin, or because they see of fancy further ills threatening them, we are reminded of a story of Duncan Forbes of Culloden or an Innes of Edingicht in Banff when in company with some fellow-lairds, high Conservatives, out of humour with the progress of free trade and other changes, who declared that there was nothing but ruin before landowners in Scotland, and that it was “ no longer a place for a gentleman to live in.” “ Weel,’ says Edingicht, “I hae jist ae faut to this Ian’ and that is that I hae ‘na a bittie mair o’t.’ There are some in Ceylon who would be the better for discussing the land question with this old Banff worthy. On the other hand there is many a young planter in the island as good as any of those of the early days who finds but one fault with the land now so much in the hands of Companies, and that is that he has not a bit more of it. WOOD-ASHES. We learn from a report by R. Harcourt, B.S.A., Assistant Chemist, O.A.C. Guelph, that there is a growing interest in the subject of wood-ashes, and their use as a fertiliser. This is largely owing to the fact that long cultivated lands are beginning to show a lack of fertilising constituents that are supplied by ashes, and to a desire on the part of the cultivator of the soil to increase and improve his crops. The growing plant gathers all its mineral consti- tuent? from the soil in which it live.s, and these, not beit g combustible, are left as ash when the plant is burned : consequently, the ash must contain all the mineral constituents that are essential to growth. These are potash, phosphoric acid, lime, magnesia, iron, and sulphur. These substances form a very small part of a plant, yet without them no plant could grow and produce seed ; in fact, they are indispensable to life. Of the six essential plant-food substances named, potash and phosphoric acid are the most important, not only because they are taken up by the plant in large quantities, but also from the fact that our average soils do not contain them any too abundantly. Wood ashes, therefore, are usually valued according to the amount of those two consti'uents which they contain. Although potash and phosphoric acid are the most valuable plant-food substances in ashes, yet ashes also contain fare quantities of lime, which is of considerable value to the growing plant. Lime is usually present in most garden soils in sufficient quantities to supply the wants of plant-growth, yet its application may produce marked effects. By acting chemically ou certain constituents in the soil, plant-food, especially potash, is brought into an available form. It neutra- lises the free acid of the soil, and thus helps along the pi'ocess by which vegetable matter is changed into a form in which the plant may make use of its nitrogen. It also tends to improve the mechanical condition of both clayey and sandy soils. The amount of these fertilising constituents con- tained in an ash will vary according to the source from which it is derived. The ash from young branches will be richer in protash than that from the older parts of the tree- Different soils will suprply varying quantities of potash, phosphoric acid, and lime. The following table gives the composition of a few of the more common ashes analysed by Air. Harcourt. The figures given express the percentages of the various constituents in the dry ash : — Constituents in l\'ood-ashes per Cent. a c3 o o ■ Ashes from : cC Lime. <0 a Iron. s ^ O PM o <1 s W) cc •3^ 00 Maple 9 31 2 03 45-24 1-14 Peech ■7-58 1 39 41-21 6- 16 d-30 traces Cedar 3-30 0-98 49-06 2-49 0-70 0-77 Swamp Elm 35-37 0-45 23-64 6-48 0-19 traces Black ash. . 25-30 1-20 49-04 7-42 0-22 0-71 Hard coal. . traces 0-1(5 traces 5-32 0-41 The figures show clearly why ash buyers are so anxious to get black ash or swamp Elm ashes, but at the same time, it must not be forgotten that these ashes are very light and bulky; consequently, there may be more potash in one measured bushel of hard Maple-ash than in the same bulk of swamp Elm- ash. The hard woods contain a larger quantity of phosphoric acid and the soft woods. Cedar, as would he expected, is poor in both potash and phos- phoric acid. The best way to ascertain the Irue value of ashes is to note the increased yield when they are applied to crops requiring potash, such as Potatoes, Carrots, Grape-Vines, and fruit-trees generally. The caring for and application of ashes must receive special attention. If not properly stored while accumulating, much of the soluble plant-food will be lost by leaching. If not applied to those plants which are in special need of potash, no noticeable results may be obtained. Further, if mixed with farmyard or stable manure they may do more harm than good, because they tend to liberate, as ammonia, the nitrogen of the manure. If we may judge by the amount used by fruit-growers in the best fruit districts of the Unite<^ States and Canada, they are fully aware of the value of wood-ashes in the orchard J. J. Willis, Haipenden. — Gardeners’ Chronicle. ORANGE-GROWING IN -JAFFA. Bv ReINUOLD PALMEP, .jERU.SALEAf. That much-prized fruit, the .Jaffa, Orange, is now so well known and appreciated in England that it may interest readers of this journal to learn some details of the method of its cultivation. The name by which this variety of orange is knowm in England is derived from the place where it is cultivated, the growing and prosperous little town of Jaffa on the coast of Syria, so well known to those who have visited Jerusalem, for which it is the port. In the vernacular the name for orange is ‘ Portugal!,’ doubtless a corruption of the word Portugal, and is an indication that the orange was probably in the first instance introduced into Pales- tine from Portugal ; but as it is not recorded when or by whom this tree was thus introduced, the orig n of the name can only be a matter of sur- mise. Although not a native of Syria, it thrives on the sandy coast of that country better probably than anywhere else in the world, the climatic con- ditions— the rainless summer, accompanied by heavy night-dews, and the winter without frost — being well suited to the growth and development of the fruit. But the culture must of course be supported through- out the long summer by artificial irrigation. Were 8o4 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. it not that water to any amount can be procured in every garden and at a moderate depth, it would be impossible to grow oranges in Jaffa. The whole neighbourhood seems to cover a river of vast breadth, percolating through the sand en route to the sea, Hundreds of Persian wheels working night and day produce no sensible diminution in the supply of life-giving water. Several varieties of the orange, such as the round Peladi, the Blood Orange, the Mandarin, &c., thrive along the coast of Syria, but the oval and almost pipless kind known as the Jaffa Orange is only produced in Jaffa itself and its vicinity; and this peculiarity, according to the native gardeners, must be attributed to the quality of the brackish water used in its irrigation. Until about thirty years ago this oval form was quite unknown, when a native gardener, quite by chance, through careful attention to his trees, succeeded, much to his own astonish- ment no doubt, in improving his Beladi or Spanish variety of orange into the Sharauti, by which name the Jaffa kind is known in the vernacular. By sel iug grafts from his improve 1 variety to other garden propi letors, he was instrumental in substituting the Sha auti f u’ the Beladi orange throughaiU Jaffa. It is a remarkable fact that all uttempts hitherto nvade at growing the oval orange elsewhere than at Jaffa have not been successful ; even at Sidon and Tripoli oil the Syrian coast, where the climate and soil seem precisely of the same nature as at Jaffa, all experiments in this direction have failed. Tne method of laying out a garden in .Jaffi is as follows. The laud- having been carefully selected and purchased— preference being always given to a red sandy ssil — the owner will get in his workmen an i start them on levelling and working up the ground. This is very throughly done; ihe levelling of the earth being important with a view to ihe future irrigating of the orange trees. The ground is in the first in-tince well ploughed, and then with the oi>- ject of effectually removing every particle of weed, the workmen use their hoes to turn up the soil to a depth of fully three feet. This expeoaive process is very necessary, as the presence of even the smallest root of a weed will prove injurious to the trees and be difficult to remove later on. While this work is going on the proprietor will have fixed upon- the spot where the well is to be sunk, and have commenced operations. The depth at which water is found varies materially in different gardens, and ranges from about twelve to sixty feet beb'w the surface; consequently the cost of . sinking his well is always more or less a matter of speculation to the proprie or. The deeper wejls are, however^, the ex- ception and not the rule. The system jOf irrigating is by Persian wheels, simple in construction, cheap, quickly made and repaired ; and exjoerience haS shown that they are much better adapted for the pur))ose intend d than the steam pump. The whole of this simple machinery is quickly specified and des- luib. d. A wiio. cog-wheel is kept going horizontally , -1 mull, with a sweep; this lurus a larger one pei- peuuicularly, which is directly above the month of the well. Over this revolve two thick ropes, and upon these are fastened small wooden buckets ; one side descends while the other rises carrying the buckets with them, these descending empty, tho.-^e ascending full ; and as they pass over the top they discharge the water into a trough which conveys it into an adjoining tank. The quantity of water discharged within the twenty-four hours depends on the speed at whicli the mule is kept going, and also, of course, on the depth of tiio well. An average sized garden requiies the constant labour of three to four mules to provide the necessary amount of water, the animals belli" relieved about every three hours. The ground prepared and manured, the P.n-sian wheel fixed, and accomodation — of the simplest kind of course — being provided for the gardener and the mules, the propi ietor now proceeds to buy young lemon trees about a year old. Tlie.se aie meant to be used as sto ;ks upon which tlie or.uige slips are later 0i grafted; and of them there is always a fair supply available in the nurseries of the older [June r. 1898. gardens. These lemon trees are now planted, under the sunervision of the head-gardener, at a distance of four yards apart, and the most suitable time for this opeiation is during the months of March and April, before the great heat has set in. A hedge of cactus or prickly pear is planted at the same time round the garden, which in a few years' time grows inlo ail impenetrable mass, preventing the intrusion of man or beast. The young lemon trees will now thrive without much further attention, except that they must be carefully irrigated ; this is done by a system of small masonry troughs nmuiiig iu all directions through the garden, and fed from the tank adjoining the w'ell. The garden is generally divided into four equal parts, each part being irrigated within the course of two days, so that every tree receives its share of water every eighth day in rotation ; and tin; is con:;idered ample. A small trench is dug round each tree sufficiently large to hold its requirement of w.iter, and as the tree grows and needs a larger siipplv, the trenail is enlarged; the amount of water that will evoiitually be required must therefore be calculated on the bi-sis of the irrigation necessary when the trees are six years old, and may be said to have reached maturity. If the garden is a full-sized one and contains about six thousand trees, it will be necessary to sink either two wells or one well suffi- ciently wide to admit a double set of buckets, thus raising double the quantity of a single set iu the Same space of time. Daring the winter months the g.trden is left to itself, the garden employing his time iu taking the mules to graze, thus saving the cost of feed. The winter (or rather rains) over, the garden is weeded, manure is worked into the soil, and the trenches round the trees are remade and enlarged. Irrigating commences about the end of June, and lasts till the end of October or middle of November. In order to recoup himself or his outlay while the trees are growing, the proprietor will sometimes arrange with his gardener to grow vegetables in the empty spaces between the young trees, givini^ him the seed and one-third to one-half the produce of the vegetables in lieu of wages. This system is however, not considered economical in thelonorun' as the trees, which are purposely grown in close proximity to each other, really require the whole of the soil; and their development and productiveness is retarded by the growing of vegetables. The young lemon trees ate allowed to grow fer two summers before the orange slip is grafted upon them ; this operation is performed iu the autumn by the head-gardener, who is an adept at this work. After the fourth summer, calculating from the time" the lemon stock was planted, a few oranges may appear on the trees;-. and during the following two years the whole of the expenses of a garden will as a genefti-l rule, be covered by the sale of the orange crops. It is generally assumed that after the fourth vear ,a gu'den becomes self-supportiug ; but it will require tvvu years longer before a return in capital outlay can be expected. After the sixth year, however a garden that has been well attended to will not ouiy pay all expenses, but give a handsome return as well. The fortunate proprietor will now also have the further satisfaction of kuowin.g that the market- able value of his prope'rty represents prbbahly mo-e than double the whole of his outlay. This will give an idea how profitable orange-growing in Jaff i, really is, to those who can afford to wait a few years for a return, on capital. To the native of Jaffa only onai'form,,t)f investment has a charm — the height tf his ambition' is to own a ‘Biarah,’ the technical term fer an orange-ga len; unfortunately for him, however, be as frequenuV as not .launches , upon tbe enterpri e without htv i)g tufioient capital to see it through successfully, with uie result that he is compelled to borrow monsy at a ruinous rate of interest in order to rneet his current expenses, and finally has to pa t with bis property before he has seen any of i a fruit. This explains wny most of the garden property is iu the hands of the money-lending class, who have had very little trouble in growing the trees. juJTE I, 1898.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 805 Once the garden is in full bearing, the proprietor, apart from an occasional visit of supervision, has little to do beyond selling his crop of oranges, paying the expenses, and pocketing the balance. The gardner in charge receives a fixed w.ige of from two to two pounds ten shillings per measure only as long as the trees do not bear ; once they are in full bearing he is no longer paid by a fixed wage, but receives a share of the produce, generally one- twelfth to one-tenth of the crop. It is also unders- tood that the garden r’s wife and family, who live cn the premises, assist in the garden-work without extra remuneration, hence the size of his gardener’s family is a matter of some consideration with the owner. This system of making the gardener a partner in the produce of the garden works very well, as he thereby acquires an interest in the general up-keep of the property. It is difficult to calculate the exact cost of laying down a garden. The price of the land varies of course according to position and quality; then the depth of the hater below the surface and consequent cost of sinking the well cannot be estimated to a nicety. As a general rule, however, a garden containing six thousand young trees will cost from eleven hundred to twelve hundred pounds to lay down complete, with livestock. To this sum will have to be added five years’ expenditure (during which period the garden is assumed to be un- productive) at the rate of one hundred and twenty pounds per annum, making six hundred pounds. We have therfore a total of eighteen hundred pounds, representing the capital outlay on the garden up to the time that the trees are in full bearing. From now on- wards the crop of oranges will have an annual value of from four hundred to five hundred pounds; and this will leave the proprietor, after deducting all expenses for wages, feed of live-stock, taxes, repairs, &c.; a clear revenue of ten to fifteen per cent, on his total capital outlay of eighteen hundred pounds. The risks which the Jaffa orange-grower runs, as compared with those which the grower in Florida has to face, are infinitesimal. The storms that visit the Syrian cost, although of frequent occurrence during the winter months, are not of such force as to damage the trees ; in fact it is remarkable how very small is the pro- portion of ripe fruit even which falls to the ground after a storm. This is no doubt due to the fact that the Jaffa orange tree is not allowed to grow larger than a good-sized shrub ; and as the trees are placed only four yards apart they afford each other very considerable protection from the force of the wind. The cactus shrubs also, forming the hedge of the garden, grow very thick and high, and give addi- tional protection from the storms. Blizzards and frosts, which have proved so ruinous in Florida, are quite unknown in Jaffa. Owing to the good keeping qualities of Jaffa oranges, which enables them to be shipped to dis- tant parts, there is always a brisk demand for them, and the grower has hitherto had very little difficulty in disposing of his crops at good prices. If not ex- orbitant in his demands, he can almost invariably sell his fruit for a lump sum while the fruit is still green, and before the winter, with its risks of hail, &c., has set in. The shipper who purchases the fruit in this way takes over the whole of the risk of any damage that may happen to it, and he cuts the oranges from the trees whenever it suits him to do so ; the contract only stipulating that the garden is to be cleared by the middle of March, as the proprietor likes to see his trees free of fruit before the new blossoms appear. The whole of the crop of Jaffa oranges does not at the present time exceed three hundred thousand boxes of about one hundred and sixty oranges each, which is a mere trifle complied with Spanish or American crops, and about four-fifths of this quantity is at present shipped to England. The orange-growing industry is almost entirely in the hands of natives ; a few of the newer gardens are, however, owned by Germans and Frenchmen.— Chambers’s Journal, THE FUTURE OF COCONUTS, {Contributed.) In view of the interest that has lately been shewn by European planters and capitalists in the coco- nut industry of Ceylon, it may be of interest to state that a new impetus has been given to extend the industry by finding a more extensive outlet for the produce to Russia. This has been suggested by the presence of the new Russian firms in Colombo, and, there having been much talk on the subject, there now seems every possibility of an extensive trade with that country being worked up before long. Curiously enough, so far as we know, the demand in this direction is only for copperah, and no steamer of the Russian Volunteer Fleet has left our Port for Odessa without a large cargo of that commodity. The demand is increasing, and it will increase with the advancement and progress of the country of the Czar. Besides our shipments direct to Odessa, the London, Hamburg, and Antwerp markets also provide an outlet in this line. The greatest demand for our produce, however, re- mains, with Russia, but it seems it does not piy her merchants to import coconut oil, owing to the heavy duty imposed. They receive, therefore, the copperah and extract the oil themselves, and also turn the poonac into good use. The demand for copperah is increasing, and it is of interest to in- quire whether in this respect, Ceylon can be com- peted with in the market by any other country. We apprehend no fear on this score. The nearest coconut-producing country to us is the Malabar Coast, with Cochin as its centre, and then we have, on the other side, the Straits. The output from those countries, comparatively speaking, amounts to very little, and we can lead the market yet, without any fear of competition from them, owing to our shipping facilities at Colombo. There are, in the tar distant Pacific, the South Sea Islands, which produce an immense quantity of coconuts, and it has been said that the nuts produced in those Islands are far supeiior to ours in size. Sydney and some few other Colonial Ports, however, are the principal consumers of the produce from those Islands, and with that demand it does not pay to find farther markets, so we have no fear of the South Sea Islanders coming into the market to com- pete, unless they wait for the Siberian Railway, and even then it is hardly possible that anything much may come out of such competition. We, therefore, see that we can hold our own in the coconut in- dustry until African produce is matured, and then it is doubtful whether new fields will come to any- thing in this line. Ceylon will always take the lead in the market for the industry, and investments in coconut lauds is therefore no mere speculation, but one of sure and steady profit- able returns. Glancing over the Administration Report of that most important Province of our Island — the North-Western — we say most important — because it has the finest coconut estates in the Island — we are pleased to note that new areas have been opened up during last year and planted with coconuts, and there yet remain thousands of acres of land in that Province to go under this cultivation. The Government Agent of that Pro- vince writes in his Administration Report for 1897: “ The increase in the receipts from land sales is satisfactory. There is a very large area of laud still available if there were surveyors to survey it. Meanwhile, the demand for land is very great in this Province.” Our Government however, it must be pointed out, is very short-sighted in its policy in considering the question of the future prospects of the coco- nut industry and the “sales of land by villagers.” The policy has decidedly a tendency to mar the progress of the country. There are hundreds and thousands of acres of land belonging to the villagers, which can be profitably converted into paying coconut estates. They are just trow a burden to the villagers, for he cannot iiroi>crIi/ cultivate them, because he has not the means, auii they are an eye* 8o6 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [June i, 1898. sore to the country, owing to their neglected con- dition. The villager is threatened by the Govern- ment label “sales of land by villagers’’ and other consequences, and he is thus handicapped and so is the capitalist. We must repeat, in the interests of the country, that the policy adopted by Govern- ment is not only suicidal, but it is also a serious blow to the march of progress and civilization in the country. A tour round the North-Western Province and among the coconut estates there will amply repay the intending investor. He will note what land there is available for opening up, both from the Crown and natives, and what planted land there is to be had. A year ago, the value of laud all round was not the same as the price asked for now. This is not to be wondered at, for the Province is making wonderful progress, though slowly, since the rail- way line was opened. Since labour and capital have been brought in to once a feverish and dreaded Province, and with the increase of the chief industry, the trade is daily increasing, and price of land is looking up. When Givernment finally decides to throw up its inane policy of restricting the sales of land by villages to capitalists, and thus assist both the villager and capitalist, its Customs returns from shipments of copperah to Europe will alone be a principal revenue to the island — not to speak of nuts, oil, or “ dessicated.’’ — Local “ Times.’’ THE USE OF ARTIFICIAL MANURES. Is IT A Contradiction, OE What? — In the Journal of the Roijal IJorticidtural Society, vol. xxi.. Part I., August, 1897, p. 37, in a paper on “Artificial Manures,’’ by Mr. J. J. Willis, I find the following : - “How much more useful these manures (stable and farmyard manures) could be rendered by an admixture with suitable artificial fertilisers.” And on p. 42 ; “ Artificial manure.s, therefore, are not recommended to take the place of farmyard or stable manure, but to be used in conjuction with them.” On the other hand, in the Journal of the Royal Afjricultural Society of England, third series, vol. viii.. Part III., No 31, Sept. 30, 1897, now before me, I find the following in a paper on “ Recent Experiments on Denitrification.” On p. 477; “Notwithstanding the high position that artificial manures now take in the estimation of farmers in all parts of the world, it cannot be said that they have done anything to displace the use of farmyard manure, which must still be regarded as - our most general and important fertiliser. All the ^armyard manure produced in this country is still applied to the land, and arti- ficials find their legitimate place as sources of plant- food on areas that the available supply of home- made manure is insufficient to dress.” But observe what follows on p. 480 : “By a series of experiments and calculations, Maercker showed that from 12 to 47 per cent, of the nitrogen in nitrate of soda was dissipated through contract with the various forms of dung in the soil, and the loss was greatest when the largest quantity of dung w’as used.” And on p. 482 : “ It now becomes of interest to ascertain what becomes of the nitrogen that loses its nitric form in the presence of dung.” . . . • “ In every case it has been found that the nitrogen has been liberated in the elementary form.” P. 484 ; “ 'There is thus no escaping from the conclusion that nitrates, whether naturally present in manure, or the soil, or when added in so-called artificial manures, are rapidly destroyed by organisms (becteria) which are yery abundant in dung, and are also present, though to a much less extent in soil.” Further on p. 484 : “ It was found that the crop was least, and the loss of nitrogen greatest, in the mixture that contained most straw.” In other words, if you use nitrates in “conjunction” with dung, you may as well saye the money spent in artificial nitrates, and leave it in the saving’s-bank, for, if all that has been written be true, you will obtain no advantage from the use of the additional arti- ficial manure 1 What is called “long manure,” with plenty of straw in it, seems to be the most wasteful, for the additional straw is prolific in denitrifying bacteria, which dissipate the nitrogen in its elementary form, and so render the nitrate valueless. However, on p. 485, this is stated: “Evidently, therefore the denitrifying power of the dung is lost to a large extent by contact with the soil for two or three months. ’ “ Wagner carried out a series of experiment?, which also go to show that the denitrifying becteria are much less energetic in old than in new dung.” In England it has been found that no appreciable increase of crop resulted when artificial manures, such as nitrates, were used with dung. And now German experiments appear to have solved this riddle. They seem to show that nitrogen is dis- sipated in its elementary form; that is, it is lost or wasted by contact with dung ; and fresh dung, when used in “conjunction” with nitrates, is far more wasteful than well-rotted dung, ‘ for the reason that the denitrifying organisms so abundant in the dung instantly attack to the nitrate of soda (or other nit- rate, aud also sulphate of ammonia, &c.) and dissipate the nitrogen in the elementary form.” I suppose we may infer that it would require the noduless of leguminosae to capture this elementary nitrogen again, and mikj it available for the growth of plants. The curious thing is, that purely phos- phatic and potassic manures also fail to produce satisfactory results when used with dung ; “ but Wagner’s experiments show that the negative results obtained, when mineral-manures are added to dung, are intimately associated with denitrification.” The conclusion to be drawn from all these experi- ments, if they are reliable, is first, that dung-heaps should be frequently turned, “so as to induce rapid fermentation, oxidation, and a high temperature ” before using them; and second not to use dung in “ conjunction ” with artificial manures, and especially with nitrates. There can be no doubt whatever that farmyard and stable manures are very valuable and important fertilisers. The whole agricultural history of man, all the world over, from the most primitive times, furnishes evidence of this. The safest plan would, however, seem to be to use home-made and well- rotted manures one year without artificial manures, and only artificial manures the next year. Artificial manures are trumpeted everywhere as the saviours of agriculturists and horticulturists, and no doubt if the soil wants these ingredients, and if the crops to be grown require them, they must be of advantage; the question, however, remains as to how and when these artificial manures should be used. Farm and stable manures have for ages given satis- factory results, under certain circumstances, that it would be a hopeless attempt to try and persuade practical growers not to use them ; the problem is, how and when to use them, when the soil needs some ingredients wnich these home made manures do not contiin. This subject is so important, from not only an individual but also a national point of view, that the more it is ventilated, the more is the likelihood that we shall get at the bottom of the conditions needed for scientific agriculture and horticulture. E. Bonavia, m.d, — Gardeners' Ghronicle. Palms oi'' Mattogrosso. — The Director of the Botanic Gardens at Rio Janeiro, Senr. J. Barbosa Rodrigues, has lately published a monograph of the Palms of this district, accompanied by twenty-seven lithographic illustrations. The sjiecies and varieties number nearly sixty. Among other things, we note a synopsis of the species of Cocos native to Brazil, and therein, under the section Glaziova, is included the Cocos Weddelliana, Wendland, which has been the subject of enquiry lately. This Palm is stated to be known at Rio by the vernacular name of Ika. —Gardeners' Chronicle, June i, 1898.] TH3 TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 807 SCIENTIFIC AGRICULTURE AND THE PLANTING INDUSTRY. Tlie three long letters dealing clriefly with tills topic which we publish elsewhere may be re- garded as “dry and uninteresting ” by the majority of our readers. But to all the intelligent men concerned about the future welfare of our tea culture and the prosperity of the Colony — the two largely stand or fall together — we commend their careful perusal and thoughtfol consideration under present circumstances. To the young or rising planter who wishes to master his pro- fession, and to do the very best he can for his employers and the plantation entrusted to his care, such reading is of vast importance. Every day more and more clearly shows that there is a vast deal yet to to be gained by accLuiring knowledge from scientific and practical men, by personal observation, and above all by actual ex- periments, in regard to the tea plant in different soils, and not less as to the best mode of pluck- ing and the details of manufacture. The third is not touched on today; the second is, to some extent treateu by “ T. K.” who is an upountry planter ; while the first occupies the attention of alj three writers, and it is something to bring to_ gether, such diverse experience.s and opinions in the way we flo today. Recurring to field-work, we have had many opinions ex;)rcssed, similar to those of “T. K.’", as to the great value of tlie services of young “ sinna dnrais” (of the right stamp willi full interest in their work) in the close super- vision of fiolri-work, but especially of “pluck- ing.” Conductors or kanganie.s who can be trusted to do as well, are very few and far between ; and the higher salary is easily saved by the better results from the work of approved field assistants of the type described. Now, to turn to the topic more immediately under discussion, our correspondent “B” opens with an assertion which was long ago in West- ern countries accepted as a truism when put into a briefer, pithier shape; — “the civilization of a country may bo gauged by its consumption of sulphuric acid.” There can be no doubt that we are face to face with an era of “.scientific agriculture,” that the planter who is to succeed and prosper, must study the subject theoretically and practically and seek the aid of the Agricultural Chemist as well as of the reliable importer and manufacturer of Manures. We cordially endorse the opinions of our corre.s- jrondents that greater facilities are required, and we go further in saying that it is a disgrace in a purely Agricultural Colony like Ceylon, that the Government had not long ago— quite thirty years back — appointed an Agricultural Analyst. The value of the accumu- lation of analyses coupled with corresponding ex- periments in official Gardens or on Agricultural School plots that would now be available, may be judged from rvhat Mr. Cochran has p\iblished even as a private individual in his “ Ceylon Manual of Analyses,” and from his useful writings for the benefit of planters and others, not the least being his contribution elsewhere today. What is required is that such work should be rendered continuous and systematized, but this is impo.ssible for any private individual; while the Ceylon authorities— unlike those of Java, where even the Service Cadets have to pass an examination in Agricultural knowledge— neglect to do justice cither to their native or European agriculturists, by establishing an Agricultural Department and School with a staff of scientists (many of them already available) after the pattern set in the Buitenzorg institution, which has done sued) immense service for the Planting and Agricul- ture of Netherlands India. To consider more particularly, the teaching of our letters, very striking surely is the statement repeated by Mr. Cochran that 50 lb, of nitrogen given in a,n available form is of more moment to a growing crop than are 17,030 lb. of organic nitrogen lying inert in each acre of land. Surely the planter who reads this needs no further evi- dence of the importance of “ scientific aori- culture”; and yet one of the means of rendering that which is inert, active and beneficial, requires no aid from the scientist or any .scientific pi-epa- ration. \Ve refer to the digging and loosening the aerating — -of the soil about the tea plarits. Not nearly enough in this direction is attempted in Ceylon, and although the benefit is only tern* porary, if supplemented by what the Agricultural Chemist, after _ analy.sis, infoi-ms him is most wanted to utilize the latent resources of his soil, the planter may_ feel a.s.sured he is doing justice to his fields and should reap success. Based on the_ work of analyst and the rules of scientific agriculture are the manures prepared and supplied, cither as principals and at^ents oy Messis, Whittall tSc Co., F^reudenberg & Co., Baker & Hall, Eastern Produce and Estates Co., Colombo Commercial Co., and Mr. Baur, among other Colombo Firms, going bj» the advertisements before us. The planters have therefore, no want of choice in obtaining what they lequiie ; and of course not a few having already demonstrated to their own satis* -faction, perhaps long ago, the value o^ certain manures obtained from their A"ents> prefer to go on with the same. But even” such conservatives should reflect that a small experi- ment on an acre or two, costs very little, and that the result may be, both econom’y ip first outlay and improved crops. In any case, let the “ practical man ” who per- haps, scorns to be indebted to new-fangled notions at his time of life, just read ”the closing illustration with which Mr, Cochran winds up^ hi.s lettei, and then ask himself, for the pro- prieto)’ of the estate in question, whether thb f.acts related were not worth learning at the hands of the Analytical Chemist. ** ■■ ' PRICES IN COLOMBO AND LONDON COMPARED. Some people may have thought that wc rather exaggerated things when we stated the other day that Colombo prices for tea were Md hirrher than London prices. " In order to guage the difference in value bet- ween the Colombo and London Markets, we haye taken out from the London catalogues of March 15th the sale prices of a few m,.rks, and the fo lowing IS our comparison of these with teas sold xn Colombo on the 20th ultimo. In offerin-’ tins comparison wo must not omit to point oul 8o8 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [June i, 1889, that there may have been a difference in quality. This, of course, we are unable to express an opinion upon : — LONDON CATALOGUES. COLOMBO CATALOGUES. March loth. .April 20th. Ganapalla sold. about. a. cts. d. 18 c B.O.P. 61 18 c B O.P. 33 = 6J 21 c O.P. ^ ] 18 c O.P. 41 25 c O.P. 65 j 6| 37 c P. 5i 50 c P. 32 ,, 2Uc B.P. 42 c B.P. 6il 7if 19^c B.P. 44 n C| 18 c O.P. 7 30 c O.P. 46 9 14 c P.S. 5 36 c P.S. 33 >7 6i .32 c O.P. CJ 26 c O.P. 41 8J 22 c B.P.S. 6 35 c B.P. 31 6§ 27 c P. 7 33 c P. 38 n 14ic P. 10 19^c O.P. 70 )> 1-1 20 c O.P. 7| 19 c O.P. 48 J> 9i 28 c P. 51 16 c P. 36 n n ! 73icB.P. 7 26 c B.P.S. 38 74 'll it cannot be said that Lonach Kirklees Carfax Hatdowa Kew Naseby Harrington Gingranoya Anningkand Now thougii lo - - table supplies a complete justihcation for our le- niarks it is as near as we can get. It must be remembered that the London market was decidedly higher on March 15lli than it was last week, so there is no injustice in comparing prices M tjie same marks obtained in London mi March loth with those realized by them in Colombo at the last sale. It will be seen that there is a ilitter- ence in favour of Colombo of from J<1 to 2d per lb.— Local'* Times.” ♦— government gardens at the STRAITS. Extracts fromBeport on Government Gardens for the year 1897, by the Superintendent of Government Gai- ^Taeut Hill SiATioN.-Revenue -The revenue, collected for hill produce amounted to ^il,353-20. Cattle Heed.— No cattle were sold during the year 'but I propose selling some of the calves at an early date The cows, with their calves, are kept at Max- well’s Hill, stronger calves— pending a sale— and pack- bulls at the Tea Gardens. At the latter place an outbreak of foot and mouth disease of a imld type occurred in August, through the bulls visiting laipiug. The rhef was at once disinfected, and a dressirg -applied by the Veterinary Surgeon cured the infected an?mals in three weeks. The herd at Maxwell s Hill has kept healthy, but a change of blood is '■"■geut'y neededfasthe calves, through being, too closely bred, are verV weedy ; and I am making enquiries as to the nrobable cost of importing a young Australian bull to Lplace th^ present Indian one. All the best cows "’^Taiping Gaeden.- This work was taken over by me, BBWell as collecting revenue for hill produce formerly colRcted by the Public Works Department, some Shs after my arrival. A nursery under formation was completed early in the year, and is now stocked with ornamental shrubs, shade trees and palms, mostly nbtnined from the Botanic Gardens at Penang and Sincanore Shade trees have been planted round the faki rCa; and since the arrival of Mr. Venning as Secretary to Government convict labour has been secured Tor clearing and remodelling the islands, niidcsr his dir6Ction. Kuala Kangsab Gaeden.— i?e»cnue The revenue earned amounted to $1,066-40, as follows ;— bruit, ft836*50 ; Milk and Sale of Cattle, |449*79 ; Coconuts, Fruits and Plants, $135-01 ; Fruit Trees and Seeds *244-10 Total, $1,665-40. The garden has been well maintained, and an extension of nine acres cleared and planted with nutmegs, lemons and coconuts. ^yqellent crops of lemons and pomoloes were ob- tained. The latter crop was secured against the ravages of the pomoloe moth by covering the fruits with thin drill bags, which proved fairly successful. Much time has been occupied in nursery work to meet the demand for coconut and fruit trees. Para Rubbee (Aiei'fa hrasilie'sis). Many tiees have been tapped, and a report on the work submitted. The rubber obtained is not yet sufficiently smoked for sending home, but samples have been valued in Min- cing Lane at 2s 8d and 3s per pound, and considered equal to Brazilian produced rubber, ai d also worth Is per pound more than that usually sent home from the Straits. There has been a large demand for seeds, and about 35,000 have been supplied. How far this industry is deserving attention may be inferred from the following moderate estimate: — (Planted 14 feet + 14 fee- = 225 trees to the acre.) m u of 0 e> ® 0^0 <£ OD ield Tree X 2 0 ^ ^ 9 g =e S 2 E ft pH 03 0 ft-I3 Ounces. Pounds. £ s. f) 10 140i 14 10 7 18 2.50 25 00 8 26 365 36 15 9 34 478 47 13 10 42 590 4 59 01 The importance of close planting is not generally realised. Planted at 14 feet by 14 feet, against 25 feet by 25 feet would possibly result in a differ- ence of one year in six in favour of close planting. I am of opinion that planted 14 feet by 14 feet trees could be tapped in the fifth year, if not earlier. Para rubber is a remarkably adaptable tree, growing in swampy land or dry high ground without, so far as I have tested, any difference in the yield of rubber. Rambong [Ficus dasticn.) — There are three mode- rate sized trees of this species in the garden which I propose to tap early next year, and also propagate as largely as possible. The rubber is not priced so high as para, and the tree is somewhat capricious under cultiva-ion. Central America Rubber (Castilloa elastica.) — Only one example of this tree is growing in the garden, and this is in very poor con- dition. It is not so much . a question of soil, site or climate as is usually supposed, but the attacks of various borers, followed by ants, which proves so detrimental to many imported trees, e.p/., mahogany. Nutmegs. — In Malay gardens along the Perak river nutmegs thrive exceedingly well, but are always too shaded, and in consequence only scanty crops are obtained. The price is nearly always good, and nutmegs might form an important cottage industry if Malays could be induced to plant more extensively. Chigoe Galah Pepper Garden. — This gar- den was taken over by Government about eighteen months ago, and I visited it daring my monthly visit to Kuala Kangsar. Owing to its favourable situation, to keep the garden clean from weeds is not a light task, but good progress has been made, and much lallang got rid of. Most of the vines are long past full grown, and urgently need manure, which is being apiplied as fast as possible. The crop amounted to 63 bags (dry pepper) 14 black and 49 white, which I prepared myself, and which sold in London for 6 3-8th d per pound, almost a record price for this class of pepper. Although situated high from the river most of the garden was covered by the flood to a depth of five feet, but the damage done was trifling. Experimental Work and Gardens. — I have men- tioned what experimental work has been done, and I would call attention to the importance of developing and utilizing the Kuala Kangsar garden to a much larger extent in the interests of State agriculture. This could be made areally interesting one for June i, 1898. j TFIE TROPICAL AGRICULTDRIST. 809 the planter, without in any way affecting its pictures- que appearance, and much experimental work could be carried on. — R. Debby, Supt. Govt. Garden. INTEREST ON ADVANCES TO KAN- OANIES AND KELANI VALLEY COOLY FEDERATION. At the request of the Ohairman, Mr. Maclure brought up the following resolution at the meeting of the JIaskeliya Planters’ Association the other day : — ■ “That ill the opinion of this Association the tin.io has come when interest should be charged on all advances to kanganies other than advances for the purpose of procuring labour from India, and that the matter be recommended to the consideration of the labour federation.” Mr. Tait seconded. Mr. Maceube said that he thought every! aiiter would admit that the advance system which used 10 work well enough in the coffee days had of late years been much abused, and it was now a source of anxiety and worry to them all, and possible loss too in the future. The question was, did they do everything they could to discourage its abuse ? It seemed to hi.n that at present they rather encouraged it by giving out large advances to kanganies free of interest which the latter lent out at a heavy rate of interest. Now he would ask them to put themselves in the kan- gauy’s place ; if money were placed at their disposal and they could lend out that money at a good rate of interest would they not get as much as they possibly could? Mr. MacLure said he would say the kangany would be a fool if he did not schema and woi’ry to get as much as he could on thase terms, and that was just what he was doing as they (the planters) all knew to their cost. The system of advancing large sums of money to kan- ganies free of interest was opposed to all business, principles, and it lent itself to abuse. For > in- stance he would ask what there was to hinder a kangany when he succeeded by false pretences in extracting Rl.OOO out of his Dorai from going to the neighbouring estate or even to the caddies and lending that 111,000 at, say 10 per cent, interest to another estate kangani or to a bazaar man, and thereby carving a nice little annual income ^ of BlOO at the expense of the estate. Mr. MacLure said he believed if the truth were known the uses to which their advances had been put it would astonish them (the planters.) Continuing he said the profit on rice and interest on 3 to 4 months’ pay due to the coolies used to be set off against interest on ad- vances. He submitted there had not been much profit on rice lately and now-a-days most estates paid monthly, and even if the price of rice should go down he thought they ought, after recovering former losses, rather to let the eooly have it almost at cost price. By making a profit and considering it a set off against interest on advances they took from the cooly and gave to the kangany; now if anything he thought they ought rather to take from the kangany. For some years back the kangany had been slowly and steadily adding to his pay. In many oases the head money had been increased, names were given for looking after work which was never done before, and he demanded and got R30, R40 and R50 a head for his coolies when, before, he was content with R5 or RIO a head. The result was it had been made such a paying thing that the crowning ambition of every cooly was to be a kangany, and there was a con- sequent competition among the kanganies for coolies and to that competition among the kanganies was due the increased advances (far more than to com- petition among Dorais.) The kangany was con- tinually scheming and intriguing to increase his connection whether the estate wanted coolies or not. Mr. MacLure went on to say that some planters were of the opinion that what they wanted was a greater supply of labour, and that things would en right themselves — that with a more plentiful pply they should be in a position to dictate, The speaker asked how it could be said they were short of labour, and how could they expect more coolies to flock in from the Coast when for 8 or 9 months of the year one heard of 5 to 4 and even 3 days’ work in the week. It was only for a few months during the rush that they could do all with some more coolies. Those of them who could recall the coffee days would remember that they had the same diffi- culties then in crop time. Crop often drop off the trees for want of labour to pick it, and yet *they never heard of such enormous advances in those days. The worst of it was that it wais teaching the cooly reckless and extravagant habits, and Mr. MacLora said he thought, therefore, it was their duty by ever v means m their power to combine to keep down a ’ V ances, and now was the time to do it — later on it '..ight be difficult. Perhaps the fact of the kangani having to pay, say, 1 ) per cent, interest for advances, would make him think and hesitate before demanding a large sum ; perhaps it would not ; in any case the money would be earning interest for the estate. Mr. MacLiire went on to say there were two ways by which kinganies could be charged interest on advance — one was by charging them interest on the total amount of advances, and at the end of the yeir crediting each interest in a sum representing, s ly, R20 per head for any hona fide coast coolies brought to the estate : the other way would be to charge interest on all advances exceeding RIO per head. Perhaps the latter would be the better and simpler plan. Mr. MacLure, in conclusion, said that for some years b ick they had meekly submitted to the exorbitant demands of the kangani, and it was now time they put their foot down. The speaker trusted that those who agreed with him in thinking that the- kangani had had too much of his own way lately would have the courage of their convictions and vote in favor of the resolution. (Applause.) On the vote being taken, it was found that only five had voted in favour of the motion the majo- rity raising their hands against it. The resolution was thus declared lost. THE KELANI VALLEY COOLY FEDERATION. The rule of the Kelaui Valley Federation, with a covering letter, were next laid on the table, the letter showing that 83 out of 87 planters had agreed to abide by the rules. TEA PLANTING IN SUMATRA : MR, WM. BAKER OF BADULLA OPENING THE FIRST TEA ESTATE IN SUMATRA, Mr. H. R. Porter of Mes.srs. Walker Sons & Co., Ltd., has retiirneil from atrip m Sumatra. He left by the Austro-Lloyds s.s. “ Trieste” on the 29th March ami returned hy the P. & O. ss. “ Ciiiisan” on tlie 29th April. His visit was of a purely business nature, but a good deal of pleasure followed in its train, and Mr. Porter s[)eaks in the highest terms of the manner in which he was received and the cordial hospi- tality which was extended to him by the Dutch planters who, he says, are very like the British Colonists ill their jovial and courteous manner to- wards strangers. The Dutchmen in Sumatra as yet, know little ornothing about tea plan ting, their/orfe being the cultivationof the sootliingweed although they may become gradually educated in taste and liking to the growth of tlie leaf which, when properly brewed, yields the cup which cheers but does not inebriate. His purpose was to visit the first tea estate opened up in Sumatra, belonging to the British Deii-Langkat To- bacco Company which owns over 35,000 acres planted with the fragrant weed, tobacco. The managers and superintendents of these to- bacco plantations are, of course Dutch ; but the labourers are either Javanese or Malay coolies who understand the work well and in 8io THE TFOPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [June i, 1898. contrailistincbion to the system in force here, are individually irnder agreement to the jdantevs. Labour, so far as he is aware, is plentiful, and the supervision is such as to prevent, to a large extent, desertion or crimping, it being necessary that everyone who goes oft' theestate, even on leave, should produce a pass to tire Jagar or private po- liceman—and there ai'e several of these employed by each estate— who accosts him, before he is allowed to go on his way. The management of the labour force is quite dift'erent from that which obtains in Ceylon, there being no such persons as kanganies, and the system .seeiris to work very well. The estate which Mr. Porter- visited is the first that has been opened in tea in Sumatra and is under the superintendeirtship of Mr W. Baker, who is a fortrrer Ceylon plairter and was stationed in the Badulla districc before he went hoirre and was apjiointed to his present billet in Sunratra. It is only two years since tea was planted on the estate which was for- merly covered with Liberian cofl'ee which has not been doing very well of recent years, and tea has been doirrg so well that orders have been issued to discontinue the cultivation of coffee and devote all attention to tea. The estate' was opened in tea only about a couple of years ago and some of the bushes measure froin 4 feel 6 inches to 5 feet height and ^ to 2 inches in stenr. The whole of the country thereabout, Mr. Porter says, seems to be of volcanic oi-igin, there being a kind of vegetable deposit on° the top of the lava. The elevation is not much above sea level, the estate in question being about 300 feet above the level of the seo, Sind the clinrate approaches very much to that of the Kelaui Valley. Mi-. Porter went from Colombo to Penang, thence to Sumatra in a Ijcal boat landing at Belawan from which he went to Medan, about 20 to 25 miles by rail and then rode to Diski, and from Diskr travelled over 12 miles of tramway which brought him to within half.a mile of the estate. What tea has been made, has been disposed of very well locally. The only machinery at jn-esent used is a roller and Mr. Porter’s visit was to design a new factory with water-power and to arrange for a complete outfit to suit the estate which is about 350 acres in extent. This has not yet been all planted in tea but will be as soon as possible. Medan seems to be a very go ahead place and has a fine big hotel which was opened about two months ago. The railway is worked by Dutch priva,te enterprise and so far as could be judged, does very well. The prin- cipal otticials are Dutch and the subordinates Javanese or Malays. The style of carriage is susceptible of improvement, the first class being only about equal to the second class carriage here. The carriages are open at the ends and the tickets are examined eii route. ♦- — JACKSON’S IMPROVED 72 INCH VENETIAN DRYER. This machine has rccentl-y been increased in size as compared with the old Venetian and Burra Venetian machines respective!',', lire drying ai-ea has been considerably incic.,s -(.l, and the heating- surface of the stove has also been proportionately increased, which will materially add to the eco- nomy in fuel consumption. The fan bearings have been improved and made dust-proof, and increased power has been given to the tray-tip- ping disc handles. An improved form of venti- lator and cold air inlet Iras been provided, as. well as a new arrangement for the discharge gear, which is now fitted with index plate lever and bevel gearing, so as to bring full control of the machine within reach of the attendant on the feed platform. The small size Veiretian is also being redesigned, and will be brought thoroughly up to date in every detail, the same as the 72in machine. — Home and Colonial Mail, April 15. CEYLON TEA PLANTATIONS COM- PANY, LIMITED. DiRECTons : — Messrs. H. K. Rutherford, Chairman and Managing Director; Henry Todd, David Reid, G. A. Talbot. Secretary : — Sir Wnr. Johnston, Bart. Manager in Ceylon : — Mr. H. V. Masefield. Office : — 20, Eastcheap, London, E.C. Report of the Directors to be submitted at the Eleventh Annual Ordinary General Meeting of Shareholders, to be held at the Office of the Company, on Wednesday, 27th April. The Directors have the pleasure to submit the General Balance Sheet and Profit and Loss Account for the year ending 31si Deceti.ber, 1897, duly audited. T s. d. f s. d. 43,715 7 1 11,716 12 0 13,390 8 0 5,486 16 4 6,000 0 0 5,000 '0 0 3,121 10 9 £13,715 7 1 Notwithstanding the past year has been an unfavour- able one generally for the Tea industry of Ceylon, as compared with the previous years, your Directors are pleased to he in a position to recommend the payment of the usual dividend of 15 per cent, on the ordinary shares, this being the eleventh consecutive year of a like dividend. It is proposed to write ofi for depreciation, the sum of £5,000, and to add £5.000 to the Reserve Fund, which will then amount to £90,000, and to carry for- ward £3,121 10s, 9d. Lower prices for Tea, a higher rate of Rupee ex- change, and loss in supplying rice to the coolies, conse- quent on the Indi m famine, are the causes of the fall in the profits for the year. The yield of Tea was 495 lb. per acre over a plucking area of 8,067 acres, as against 470 Ib. per acre the previous year. The crop for 1897 was as under Tea Manu- Estate Tea. Bought leaf faotured for Total. Ihs. Tea lbs. others, lbs. lbs. 4,000,516 _ 503,8-10 1,019,789 5,524,145 The gross price realised for the Company’s teas, sold in London was 7'85d as against 8-14d per lb. in 1896. The net amount at credit of profit and loss account, including balance brought forward at 31st December, 1896, and after providing for General expenses, Directors’ fees, income tax, &a. is An interim Dividend of 7 per cent, on the ordinary shares was paid 28th Octo- ber, 1897, amounting to It is proposed to pa}' a final dividend of 8 per cent, on the ordinary shares (making 15 per cent, in all, free of income tax) which will absorb Dividends on the 7 per cent, preference shares were paid for 1897 (less income tax) amounting to It is proposed to add to Reserve Fund It is proposed to write off for Depreciation And to carry forward to next year a balance of JONE I, 1898.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 8,1 The average rate of exchange was Is. 3 13/32d com- pared with Is. 2 37/64d the previous year. The produce from the coconut properties is steadily increasing, 1,209,980 nuts were harvested, as against 975,570 the previous year, and the out-turn from our Esca'e mills was 3,800 cwts. copra, and 4,540 cwts. Fibre. In June last the Hunnpitiya Mills; Negombo, were purchased for £3,000 for the manufacture of desiccated coconut and oil. Appended to this report will be found a statement showing the annual position of the Company for the last eleven years. The Directors again desire to express their appre- ciation of the zeal and ability displayed by the Officers of the Company in Ceylon and London. Under the Articles of Association, Mr, Henry Todd vacates his seat on the Board, but being eligible offers for himself for re-election. The Auditors, Messrs. Harper Brothers, Chartered Accountants also retired from office and offer themselves for re-election. PRODUCE AND PLANTINO. Planters and State Aid. — When discussing the unfortunate position of West India sugar planters we have referred to the argument used against them in comparing their position with that of Ceylon planters some twenty years ago. When coffee failed in Ceylon the planters turned their attention to other products, and very successfully too. After the reading of a paper on the West Indies at the Colonial Institute last month, one of the speakers referred to this argument and endeavoured to show that there was no analogy between the respective positions. Colonel Alexander Mann, c.m.g., said on the occasion refer- red to ; — “ People at home say that if the West Indian planters cannot make sugar pay, they should follow the example of Ceylon and try something else; and that is a sentiment which, especially in the north of Scotland, appeals to many, because people from that quarter own and work a great deal of the land in Ceylon. It is well known, I presume, to nearly everyone here that when the staple product of that eastern island failed, its proprietors turned to tea. But the case is an entirely different case to the sugar question in the West Indies. In the case of Ceylon it was not the market that failed, but the article grown ; nature simply refused to yield her fruits in due season. In the case of the West Indies it was the market that failed, and this through artificial causes.” We doubt very much if those to whom this argument is intended to apply will re- gard it as a forcible one. There may be some subtle distinction between the failure of a crop and the failure of a market for that crop, but the result is practically the same. On the one hand the blame is attributed to nature ; on the other, the consumer is the culprit. But the unfortunate planter in both instances is the sufferer, and we cannot see that the West Indian sugar grower is in a stronger position to claim State aid than the Ceylon coffee planter would have been twenty years ago. It may be said in reply, “ But the coffee planter did not ask aid.” No, but it is easy to imagine what would have happened had he done so. With every sympa hy for the unfortunate sugar planter, we are enable to see why, if he receives State aid, similar assistance should be denied to other Colonial agricul- turists at some future time. Supposing China were to swamp the tea market under labour or ot'er conditions not imaginable at the moment, would not the position of British, British Colonial, or Indian tea planters be much the same as that of the sugar planters now? Possibly we may have a system of bounties on tea in Japan and China one day, and while we do not object to the aid proposed in the case of the West Indies, we think the Government, by granting it, will have established a precedent which subsequent Govern- ments may one day be called upon to defend. The difference where ‘‘ nature refuses to yield her fruits in due season,” to use the 1 inguage of Colonel Mann, and where nature’s fruits cannot be cultivated upon profitable lines, will have to be clearly defined. A Case in Point. — Take the currency question. Planters of all kinds of produce in India and Ceylon are at the present moment handicapped by the artificial rise in the rupee, the result of Government action. They can grow produce under ordinary con- ditions, and find a profitable market for it, but just now their profits are cut down and their prosperity Ithreatened by the action of the Gov- ernment which affects them, or will, if it bo persisted in, much as the bounty on beet sng r ad- versely affects the West Indian sugarcane grower. In the one instance foreign Governments are to blame and the British Government proposes to come to the rescue. In the other case the Indian Govern- ment, with the approval of the home Government,is at the bottom of the business. No wonder planters in In- dia and Ce> Ion are loud in their denunciation of the present financial policy in India, and they cannot bo blamed if they fait to see the logic of a situation which proposes to support a threatened colonial industry in one case and handicaps it severely in the other Japanese Tea and the Russian Market. — The St. Petersburg Viedomosti reports that a regu'ar com- munication by steamers will be established next year between the ports of the Black Sea and Yokohama. The chief aim of the promoters of this service will be the export of Russian petroleum to Japan, and in exchange for the commodity raw iron and camphor are to be brought back. The Japanese Ministry of Trade has la'ely sent one of its officials to Russia with a view to finding openings for Japanese goods in that country. The producers of tea in Japan intend to introduce their tea into Russia, and to that end the first depots for the sale of Japanese tea in Russia «ill shortly be opened in Moscow; Warsaw, and Odessa. An important company has been formed in Japan to carry out the project. — H. and 0. Mail April 15. ’ The Tea Industry in the Kalutara Dis- trict.—This is how Mr. Brodhurst reports for 1897:— I am indebted to the Chairman of the Kalutara Planters’ Association for some interesting statistics showing the progress of the tea industry. The num- ber of estates in the Association is now thirty-one. This does not however include all the estates which are scheduled under the Medical Aid Ordinance, and most of which employ immigrant Tamil labour, the total number being forty-four. The acreage nnder tea for the 31 estates mentioned is given as 12 000 acres. The returns prepared for the Blue Book show a total of 17,913 acres in tea for the whole district, viz. : — Acres. The totamunes . . . . 550 Rayigam korale . . . . 4,336 Pasdun korale west . . 9,703 Pdsdun korale east . . 3,324 Total .. 17,913 This gives an excess of 5,913 acres over the Asso- ciation figures. It is probable that a good deal of this acreage is not yet in bearing, but in forming an estimate of crop some additions would have to be made to the official figures. The number of immi- grant labourers employed is given as 8,500, showing a large increase since the census was taken in 1891, when the number was put down at 4,190. The ap- proximate amount paid to Sinhalese labourers is estimated at R400,000. It is the distribution of this large sum among the natives, more especially in the Pasdun korales, which chiefly accounts for the marked improvement in the physical condition of the people of those divisions. There can be little donbt that a considerable proportion of the grain imported at Beruwala goes to the Pasdun korales, and chiefly to the Iddagoda pattu, in which the estates are mostly situated. St2 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [June r, 1898. EASTERN PRODUCE AND ESTATES COMPANY, LIMITED. Directors. — Messrs. Balph A. Csmeron, Managing Director ; Norman W. Grieve, C. J. Lindsay Nicholson, David Reid, Christopher B. Smith, Edward Wahab. Donglas R. Smith, Secretary. Report. — To be presented at the Eleventh Ordinary General Meeting, to be held at Winchester House, Old Broad S leet, on the 29th April. The Directors submit Report and Balance Sheet for the year ending 31st December, 1897. The profit for the year is £37,941 18s. lid., which, added, to £11,739 Is. 4d., balance from last account, amounts to . . • • £49,681 0 3 From this has to be deducted : — Interest on Debentures. . ; Debenturers for £7,509 drawn and paid off, with bonus of 5 per cent, on 31st Dec. 1897 Interim Dividend of 2Jper cent on Preferred and Or- dinary Share Capital, paid 4th November, 1897 4,950 0 0 7,875 0 0 7,497 4 0 20,322 4 0 leaving a balance of . . 29,358 16 3 which it is proposed to appropriate as follows : — Final Dividend on the i Preferred Shares of 2g per cent., making 5 per cent, for the year, and on the Or- dinary Shares of 44 per cent., making 7 per cent for the year . . 13,479 18 0 To Reserve Fund . . 5,000 0 0 Balance to be carried for- ward as provision for retire- ment of Debentures in the current year . . 10,878 18 3 £29,358 16 3 A higher rate of exchange coupled with a 1 wer price of tea, and enhanced cost of rice — the result of the Indian Famine — have adversely affected profits in the past year. As shown in the schedule below, the Company on 31st December last had 10,650 acres under Tea cultiva- tion, of which 9,565 were over four years old. The Koladenia Estate, a small outlying property, was sold as from 1st January, 1897, for £2,644 8s. 8d., and the amount has been invested in the names of the Trustees for the Debenture holders. The yield of Tea in 1897 was 3,635,0001b., being somewhat short of the estimate, and’ the average gross sale price was 7-06d. Tne estimated yield for 1898 is 3,850,000 lb. In aocor.iance with the Articles of Association, two of the Directors, Mr. Norman W. Grieve and Mr. David Reid, retire from office, and being eligible, offer tliemselves for re-election. The retiring Auditors, Messrs. Welton, Jones & Co., offer themselves for re-election. SCHEDULE OP THE COMPANY’S ESTATES AT 31SX DECEMBER, 1897. Arapolakaude, Asgeria and Bulatwatte, Colonna, Condegalla, Doombagastalawa, Dromoland, Hope, In- gnrugalla and Berrewella, Eirrimittia, Eumaradola, Kumbukkan, Ltbookellie, Meddecoombra, Norwood Rothschild, Sogamma, Vellai Oya and Dandukelawa and Wevekellie. Under Tea .. .. 10,650 Acres. „ Cocoa . .. 642 ,, „ Cofffee, Cardamons and Sundries .. 343 „ ,, Forest Grab's and uncul- tivated Lnn4 .. 4,825 „ Total .. 16,460 „ MINOR PRODUCTS. London, April 9. Oil, Lemon. — Flat. It is possible to buy good brands at 3s 6d per lb. on the spot, though one holder asks 4s f.o.b., which would indicate a higher market in Messina. Oil, Lemongrass. — From 4Jd to 5d. peroz is asked, according to holder, for good oil. Quinine. — The Amsterdam bark-auctions were no sooner over than speculation as to the fate of quinine commenced. By Friday it became known that the manufacturers had tacitly agreed upon a decline, and on Monday it was known on 'Change that this de- cline, was Ijd per oz. We 'oelieve that the decision was arrived at reluctantly, at least on the part of English manufacturers, who are not at all frightened by the advent of Java quinine. The market closes without firmness, and the sale of Java quinine at 8d per oz in Amsterdam may weaken it still further. Ferri et quininas citras is now quoted at 5d per oz in 25 oz tins, and fid per oz in 1-cz phials for quan- tities of not less than 100 oz. — Chemist and Uracigist, April 9. BUYING CATTLE AND EXPORTING THEM FROM CEYLON. It is not often one hears of cattle being pur- chased and shipped out of Ceylon. Some time ago the Private Secretary of the Governor of Mauritius was over at the Agricultural School enquiring about native bulls for draught pur- poses. Cattle have to be imported from Mada- gascar to Mauritius and the expense of this is very great. The Mauritius Govern- ment wanted a hetd of native bullocks for use in Government carts, but though the Agricultural School authorities were asked to make arrange- iTients for the collection of a fairly large numlier of animals, nothing further has been heard from the Mauritius Government Last week a Wynaad planter was a visitor at the Government Dairy and offered to take over a number of Sind cattle ; but, of conise, they were not available. The gentleman has left a com- mission for the purchase of some animals at the next sale of dairy stock. The manager of the dairy succeeded in procurins?' for him locally a couple of good animals which were taken on Saturday to Calicut. At the request of the French Consul a pair of young Sinhalese cattle have been procured for shipment to Hongkong ; they are said to be going to Dr. Yersin, of pl.ague fame, for breeding experiments. We now hear of Sinhalese cattle being wanted for Trinidad, but for what purpose we cannot say. Trinidad has its Government Dairy and Breeding Farm which is working very successfully. It was in fact this establishment which suggested the idea of starting the Ceylon Government Dairy to Sir Arthur Havelock, who was formerly Governor of Trini- dad. The Trinidad dairy farm has a satisfactory lot of cross-bred (English — Indian) animals and what it wants with our degenerated native cows (which seldom give more than 2 or 3 pints of milk a day^ it is difficult to imagine. Can the Trinidad people be thinking that the Govern- ment dairy is working with Sinhalese animals, or be confusing Sind and Sinhalese ? Tra Prospect, s in Northern India.— Messrs. W. Moran & Go. of Calcutta report on 21st April : — “ Some good showers of rain have again been reported from Cachar and Sylhet, but have dried up again and a great deal more is required to bring on the plant which is very backward. All other districts appear to have had a few inches, doing an immense amount of good. From pans of Assam the weather is said to be too cold.” June i, 1898.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 813 EXCHANGE AND THE TEA TRADE. A MERCHANT kindly sends us The Economist of April 9th with the following letter (“rather strong” in its terms he naturally thinks): — EXCHANGE AND THE TEA TRADE. To the Editor of the Economist. Sir, — I am often puzzled by the statements made by traders concerning the effect of exchange on their business, but I have seldom been so puzzled as by a comparison of the letter from your Ceylon correspon- dent, Harold Skrine, with your own note about the tea trade. He says with respect to the Is 4d rupee ; — “ Here we have our own Government putting a premium of 40 per cent, on the opening up of Japan and Formosa. Is Ceylon to go the way of Barbadoes ? All pecuniary enterprise is paralysed, and the lately prosperous Ceylon reduced to the condition of a fraudulent South American Republic.” In your note, p. 510, you say with respect to last year’s tea trade : — “ From Ceylon the teas were seldom of fine quality The total exports from Ceylon increased from 108 million lb to 116 million lb and the consumption of Ceylon tea kept pace with the re- ceipts. The quality of the Japan tea crop was fully maintained, and the supplies to this country increased from 25,000 to 26,000 packages.” Which of the two is right — Mr. Skrine, who says that Ceylon tea is ruined by the high exchange value of the rupee, or you, who tell us of the increased export of tea from Ceylon, in spite of superior quality in Japan tea ? I should not call attention to this point if it were not for the nonsense so constantly talked by merchants about the effect of exchange on trade, and for the absurd attacks they make on the Indian Government for not allowing the rupee to fall to its silver value. - Your obedient servant Faeeek. Abinger Hall, Dorking, April 3rd, 1898, Lord Farrer and The Economist are both in the dark as to the nature of, the Tea Industry of Ceylon. They evidently think that tea planters are like Bri- tish farmers, able to change their crop at pleasure, or to abandon fields at short notice, so soon as they find that the returns leave no profit. Lord Farrer must be told that the tea plant Is not an annual, but a perennial ; that plan- tations are formed, planted and kept clean at great expense and to stop cultivation or allow weeds get in, would be a very serious matter, entailing double expense later on to recover ground, should the adverse circum- stances be temporary. I hen again there was little or no indication in 1896 that Exchange was to be adverse during 1897 ; and indeed the expectation all through last year was that the rupee could not be kept at so high a value. !8o that the tea planters necessarily went on taking their crops, hoping against hope for better returns. But Lord Farrer may be concerned to learn that the process of abandoning fields of tea has already commenced to some extent in Ceylon and it is bound to go on in certain of our older districts, unless exchange becomes more favorable or prices improve. But has Lord Farrer thought of the case of the millions of Indian ryots grow- ing produce — wheat, jute, cotton— for export and hgw hardly the artificial rupee and high ex- change press upon them? Just as his Lordship is so firm in allowinsr no interference with the “ gold standard ” at home, so should we expect him to be equally strong in maintaining that an honest silver currency was best for India. What- is the Government and its revenue, compared to the prosperity of the country with its hundreds of millions of people as a whole ? For the sterling indebtedness and home charges of the Government, a levy on exports would be far pre- ferable to interference with the currency. MR. MACDONALD OF RAMIE FAME. Mr. Macdonald, of the firm of Messrs. Mac- donald, Boyd & Co., who was interviewed by the Observer, when in Ceylon last year and has since been in England forwarding the interests of the Company that has been floated, viz. the Muir Central Factory Company, of which he is one of the two managing directors. The capital of the Company is £25,000 and the whole of that capital has been readily subscribed. Mr. Macdonald is now on his way to Johore, to make preparations for the arrival of the machinery, over 200 tons of which will very shortly be on the way to the new works. This machinery includes four bat- teries of forty decorticators with the necessary engines, appliances and the subsidiary machinery, Mr. Macdonald is as sanguine as ever as regards ramie fibre and both its productiveness and its pro- fitable character. He hopes to return home before Christmas with a hundred tons of manufactured ramie. This depends upon the state of forwardness he finds when he reaches Johore. There may be delays but he hopes not. The machinery he is about to put down will turn out from 100 to 120 tons per month. He has received Orders already for 400 tons from firms in Scotland and Saxony, and they are willing to take that quantity per month when it can be supplied. He calculates that it will be three years before he will be able to do that, but each month after he makcsastait will shew a progressive increase and so far as he can, he will push matters on with all his accustomed vigour. Mr. Macdonald went upcountry to see Mr. Manly Power, who has a decor ticator at work, with the view of seeing what can be done in Ceylon with ramie fibre. « TEA BLIGHT AND PESTS. Among other things Dr. Watt in his new book tells us that, paradoxical as it may seem, success in tea cultivation “ consist in the pro- duction and development of a diseased state. The fattened ox is in reality an animal in a condition of disease.” In other words, animals and plants are, strictly speaking, diseased when- ever their natural functions are disarranged, “ The tea is forced to produce an abnormal or disproportionate amount of leaf, having been refused the rest given after fruiting.” These and similar observations are very much to the point. Dr. Watt further tells us that the chief cause of the late flushing of the purer Assam jats of tea is an undescribed mite which he found all but universal throughout Assam. It would seem to be found only on this tea, as he ab- solutely failed to detect it in the jungles around the tea gardens. This circumstance, he says, “ will no doubt come as a revelation to many planters, since the opinion that the pale colour of Assam indigenous was an indication of the high quality of the jat, is all but universally held.” Another point which Dr. Watt has brought is that out of the hybrid teas are those upon which the mosquito blight first makes its appearance, while the China and hybrid varieties jat first attract the red spider, the Assam beiug[ The tropical agriculturist. [June I, 1898. 814 comparatively free. In concluding his observa- tions on this subject, Dr. Watt says: “During the past half century of cultivation, many very remarkable changes have taken place in the properties and disease-resisting powers of the Assam plant ; I need hai’dly add that the problem, to my mind, that presents itself for consideration is more one of methods of preven- tion rather than of cure.” We hope to return to the subject in a future issue. — Indian Planter^ Gazette., April 23. MR. C. TOTTENHAM AND HIS PLUMBAGO ENTERPRISE. After an enjoyable stay of some months, seeing after his interests in Ceylon, Mr. Tottenham left per ss. “ Shropshire but he is very certain to re- turn, indeed to make an annual visit, in order to avoid winter and spring in England. It is pleasant to learn that an old Colonist like Mr. Tottenham, after a long absence, has found the climate of the district bordering between Kurunegala and Matale suit him so well, that he is able to say that he has enjoyed better health than for some time lat- terly in England. Mr. Tottenham has been busy about many things ; but the most important matter, so far as the public is concerned, is his determination to develop the plumbago deposits on his property and that to this end he has just entered into a five years’ agreement with Capt. Tregay who has been so long associated with him in Spain and elsewliere in mining enterprises. It is quite certain that plumbago is on the Morankande property and of fine quality ; but ^ to the extent of the deposits, it is impossible to say until the digging and mining operations, chiefly on a hillside, have developed a good deal. But a full trial is now certain, and Capt. Tregay’s work will be peculiarly interesting as that of the first plumbago mine in Ceylon developed from the beginning under European professional direction. Mr. Tottenham has this further encouragement that close to his property are more ihan one native plumbago mine, although in one case the absence of pumping arrangements stopped work, while ia another, strange to say, the hard gneiss rock has to be blasted in order to get at the deposit of plumbago — a most unusual circum- stance, yet the natives find it a profitable operation and they blast a« ay very contentedly. It will be extremely interesting to' see what tlie next year or two may bring to light through Capt. Tregay’s operations, and it is important to know that the services of this very experi- enced Mining Engineer can be made available to Government or private individuals for special examination arid report on land or quartz sup- posed to contain minerals. We would ask in this connection, what delays the long-promised Geological Survey ? The Indian authorities are surely not behaving well to Sir West Ridgeway in this matter, unless it be that they are, geologically, shorthanded tiiemselves. No one is more Hkely to prize the presence of an experienced Mining Engineer to follow up likely spots in the Survey, than the Geologist himself ; and we trust to see important results follow both from the work of the member of the Indian Geelogical Survey when he comes and from that of Captain Tregay, m.e. Meantime, we say farewell with alt good wishes to Mr._ Tottenham in the hope of seeing back again in our midst, active and hearty, before Christmas. By that time he should see the evidence of the narrow gauge line between Colombo and Kelani Valley being started — with, we trust, the probability of seeing the same gauge carried on North from Colombo. Mr. Totten- ham thinks it both financial and engineering folly to carry a mile of broad gauge beyond Kurunegala and he well knows the country thence due North. PLANTING NOTES. New Areas of Cultivation in the Hamban- TOTA District. — Mr. Hopkins reports for 1897 : — About 140 acres of land have been brought under cultivation in the Magam pattu during the year, and Mr. Elliott has added 225 acres to the cultivated area of the Walawe estate. Lands lately sold under the Walawe channels have been cleared but not yet cultivated. They are therefore not included in this year’s return. New Areas under Cultivation in the Southern Province — are thus referred to Mr. Wace in his report for 1897 : — In the Four Gravets and Akmimana districts the extent open up for tea and coconut is 250 aci’es; in the Gangaboda pattu about 160 acres ; in the Talpe pattu about 100 acres. In Wellaboda paftu large areas have been opened for cinnamon, tea and coco- nuts, but the Mudaliyar states he cannot give extents with any accuracy. In the Bentota-Walallawiti korale the Mudaliyar quotes 507 acres as opened with cinnamon, tea, and coconut. The acreage offered during the year at the Gall Kachcheri was 1,318 acres Pepper and Rubber : Government Gardens at the Straits. — We call attention to an interest- ing Report reproduced in our Tro}^icnl Agrimltnrist dealing with a number of items of practical interest to Ceylon agriculturists — more especially in respect of rubber ex])eriments, showing how trees of Paia have yielded returns at 10 years old up to £59— at 9 years £47 and so on — gross per acre, and how Para is found to grow well on swampy ground. For other interesting facts, we refer to the report, and to other extracts about Pepper, another new (or rather old) Product which ought to be grown extensively here. Liberian Coffee. — Mr. W. Turing Mackenzie, writes to the Singapore, Free Press that while Selangor this year is to export 12,6.39 pikuls of Liberian coffee, for 1902 the figures are esti- mated at 64,533 pikuls. He adds that the East Coast of Sumatra is bound to do someting considerable ; but if so, how does Mr. Mackenzie explain Mr. Baker and his Dutch superiors abandoning Liberian coffee for tea? Our old friend is strong on the need of pushing Liberian coffee at home after the pattern set in the case of Ceylon tea some years ago ; and as usual he winds up with a good story : — Let every one interested in Liberian coffee send home a few lb. of the fragrant bean to his sisters, his cousins and his aunts, while Straits planters should urge Ceylon tea sellers to add Straits coffee to their list ; there are many old Sumatra planters in business in Europe and elsewhere who would, I should imagine, gladiy take up and push the sale of Serdang coffee. New York is a market to be captured, but, listen. An American gentleman once came to me and asked how many pikuls of Liberian coffee I could give him. I mentioned the figure — a few hundreds. “Cayn’t you multiply that by 10?” he asked. On my intimating that my arithmetical powers did not go so far, he replied, “ Waal, sir, ef you cayn’t give it us, loe must mahe it.” Subse- quently I made enquiries as to the manufacture of Liberian coffee in the United States. The ingredi- ents mentioned to me did not sound as if they would yield a savoury beverage. THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. June i, 1898.] CONCERNING SOME STERLING TEA PLANTATION COMPANIES. A planting correspondent asks how it is that we have refrained from noticing the wonderful differences shown in the “ profits per acre ” from different estates in the interesting table supplied in tlieir Report by the Directors of the Nuwar'^ Eliya Tea Estates Company. He adds that inasmuch as the properties of this Company are situated in the same district and within a limited distance of each other, the comparison should be all the more instructive. With this fact in view, it is certainly difficult to understand Iiow one estate can give prolits as high as £11 los 7d per acre and four otliers shew profits ex- ce.ding £10 eacli; while the return from yet another adjacent estate is as low as £4 19s, one other giving not more than £5 15s od and two between £7 to £•< 10s. Our correspondent ventures on no explanation himself, and we can only point out that the great differences are probably liue to temporary causes since the Direetors ‘‘are sanguine that those estates which this year have not given a due proportion of prolit per acre will, in the future, show better results.” Of more general interest is it to con.sider the position of some of our sterling companies as a whole. The Niiwara Eliya Company has un- doubtedly a very fine list of tea properties at the highest elevation in the island and yet its dividend of 6 per cent, looks very modest beside the 15 of the premier Ceylon Tea Plantations, and also of the Standard, Company. Rut then it must be remembered umler wdiat different cir- cumstances these several Companies were formed. The estates in the “Nuwara Eliya” list were purchased three years ago when tea was very prosperous and prices high, so that the 2,632 acres of tea of all ages belonging to this Com- pany must average in capital and debentures not" much less than £90 per acre. On the other hand the “Standard” having been formed at a much earlier stage when prices were low has a series of fine estates with some 2,482 acres under tea of all ages which cannot be said to average in capital even £30 per acre ! The comparison is a rough one because the latter Company has the greater area of young and newly planted tea. If we now turn to the Ceylon Tea i’lantations Com- pany, which is among the very earliest of Ceylon tea concerns, we find it holds 8,626 acres of tea of all ages against a capital of £248,600 or less than an average of £30 per acre. A net profit of £4 J.0s or £5 per acre in the case of both these fortunate Companies, should be sufficient to give a 15 per c'' d dividend, while each has besides a handsome reserve fund, w’hich in the case of the C.T.P. Company, is invested in coconut plantations. In this connection we direct atten- tion to the extremely interesting statement issued by the C.T.P. Company showing the re- sults of its working for 11 years past. It will be found on page 816, anil well deserves to be examined. Tiie growth of the Company from 1,251 acres yielding 504,380 lb. of tea in i887 to the 8,067 acres and 4 million lb. crop of last year, is very striking. But no less so, is the fall in average price from 13d to 7'85d; wdiile exchange was 1/5 14-32nds eleven years ago, touched its lowest at 1/1 15-32nds in 1895 and was last year 1/3 13-32nds. It is remarkable that the average yield per acre 100 8is lias increased from 403 to 495 lb. having been as low in 1889 in 338 lb. Liberal cultivation must' largely account for the improvement. It may not be amiss to see how two more tea, con- cerns the Imperial and Alliance— both sterling Companies and both owning bill-country planta- tions—compare with the foregoing. TheTmperial has 1,692 acres under tea (and 100 under coffee) against a capital with debentures of, we believe, £100,000, so that the average is uurer £57 an acre and it might be expected to do better than 4 per cent. But it is weighied by one estkte (Nonpareil with 300 acres young tea) which is in a transition state. The Alliance Company has about the same amount in capital anil de- bentures or say £101,000 against 2,804 acres in tea giving an average of not more than £36 an acre, and yet it only paid 6 per cent fiir last year. But, after all, not much importance can he attached to such rough-and-reatly compari- sons without considering more closely the value of the individual estates included. One plantation may be too dear at £30 an acre and another cheap even at £90. We need scarcely say that both the Alliance and Imperial, are much yovinger than the C.T.P. Co. anil Standard Companies. It only remains to notice the oldest and in some respects the most important Plantation Company connected with Ceylon, first known in coffee days as “IheCeylon Company, Limited,” and of late years as “Tlie Eastern Produce and Es- tates Co , Ld.” The former Company had seen very low days, for it had to pass through the transition time from coffee via cinchona to the beginnings of tea and had then to be wound up. Even isij successor, the E. P. & E. Company, had a hard struggle at first and its shares were so low (while its liabilities for deben- tures were so heavy) that if any one had prophe* sied six or seven years ago that the day was near when these shares would be above par, as they are today, he would have been deemed as little better than a mad man. Yet the E. P. Ss E. Co. has arrived at the proud position now that its shares are considered to be valuable property. The Comp.any is one of the most judiciously and economically managed, and consequently one of the most prosperous in the Ceylon list- It must not be judged by its dividends, although these have now got up to 7 per cent on the ordinary shares, but by its annual paying-off of debentures and transfers to Reserve Fund. .As regards cultivated area under tea, the E. P. & E. Co. beats the Ceylon Tea Plantation Co., having no fewer than 10,650 acres not counting some hundreds under coffee and cacao. Against this there is a large capital of £300,000 besides well- nigh £102.500 of debentures— so making the aver- age not much less, roughly, than £37 an acre- This should not be too high ; for the Company owns sonie very fine properties and, as we have said, it is very economically managed. Its net profits last year after payment of interest on deben- tures w’ere equal to weli-nigh 11 per cent on the capital. But close upon £8,000 was devoted to fe- ducing debentures ; £5,000 went to Reserve Fund (now £25,000) — and about £11,000 was carried for- ward as a balance in order to make sure about reducing debentures again this year. We should think the shareholders will continue to be quite content with their 6 or 7 per cent, so long as they see the amount of debentures growing smaller and the Reserve Fund rising higher year by year. M’'e need only add in conclusion that the Company’s rendering of accounts * 8i6 the tropical model of simplicity. Here are two items from the debit side of the “Profit and Loss” account for last year ; — Up-keep of Estates, including cost of Purchased Leaf and deprecia- ation on Machinery and Build- ings, etc. . . .. £ 77,610 3 10 Salaries and Office Expenses in London and Ceylon, including Directors’ remuneration. Income Tax, etc. .. .. £ 9,306 12 5 Against income: — Proceeds of Produce sold and brought to account at 31st De- cember, 3897, and profits from Agency Business, Interests, etc. £121,180 5 7 Estimated value of Produce on hand at 31st December, 1897.. £ 25,173 11 2 The nett balance after paying interest on deben- tures but including balance from 1896, is £44,731 disposed of as per the Directors’ Report which we published the other day. THE EASTERN PRODUCE AND ESTATES CO., LD. We could only, very briefly, above allude to the circumstances out of whicli this Comnany was started as the successor to “The Ceylon Com- pany, Limited.” Tlie latter was, unfortunately, formed to take over sugar estates in Mauritius as well as to buy flourishing coffee properties in Ceylon but the name was cleverly i confined to the more prosperous Colony. When a time of difficulties arrived — due more to Mauritius than Ceylon — and there had to be a reconstruc- tion, the old shareholders of the Ceylon Com- pany, Limited, had to be content with a £5 share in the new Eastern Produce Company in exchange for £20 paid in the Ceylon Company, Limited. The Ceylon Company, Limited, at one time owned about a sixth of the sugar estates in Mauritius and this became a cause of great embarrassment. The Company, however, paid all Ceylon creditors in full and arranged matters with old debentui’e-holders who had to make a small s .crifice. As regards its successor we have already referred to its prosperous career in Ceylon : but we should have made mention of its general business (outside of the plantations owned) as a correspondent reminds us. It is, of course, very creditable to the staff of the E. P. & E. Company that besides carrying on the work appertaining to its own plantations, it should do so much of general agency and engineering business; Still it must be remembered that many other Companies cure and buy outside tea leaf, and so add to their profits. Dr. Geo. Watt, c.i.e., — in his new and volumi- nous work for the Government of India on “Tea Pests” and Tea- planting generally, supplies the following testimony to local authorities : — I have only incidentally referred to Ceylon newa- Eapera for information ; but the Tropical Agriculturist as been found of great value in confirming or correct- ing information regarding India. The very great asaistance, most generously afforded, by Mr. B. B. Green, the distinguished Entomologist of Ceylon, whohas for many years identified himself with the study of the tea pests anti !;a-j iu consequence discovered and investigated the lile histories of a large number of very obscure species. Mr. Green has not only examined and reported on a complete series of the insect pests collected by me, but has in return presented a most valuable set of the peats collected by him in Ceylon. As types of the species he has named these have proved invaluable. AGRICULTURn S. [June i, 1898. . ® •fH ns > fl 1 330919 jeic ‘psnssi 9uo(f 3> t> i> q ® •^aBuipjQ ^ ^ ^ ^ • cQ : ^ CT. • CC O O O O Pd Pd pq 0,* ‘O'. TBjox t^OOOOOO • • •C<^’^U':000 - * rHTir ‘o'tCcrfcQTjl’iO 2: o Id c> a > eg a. m Pd OIOS’S — ooooo = (^-lOQOOOOOO * * 0 0^ ^ 00 *?^Oio'oo*'irrcrirru^ Ed fw’COO JOOeSr- (C>-'^0000 :^;aO-i^CCffOr-f(N,-«OOCO o □ THE 11 c^-'. -CCvJCOOOCCOOO ^ OCN rHO 00 0 rH COOCO--^t>^COCO-^CDCT m S CAPITAL ISSUED. 93n9iej9ij OOOOOOOO .. . . OOtpCOOOGOOOOO ; ; 0^0*^ 00 000 ' 0*'o'' CO 1-H rH'rH'i-Ti-T CO tv, 00 00 CO OD 00 Q ■P (S ■AS cd P4 3RKING FOR • /flTSalpjQ ooooooooooo 005”Ttv,Cr. rftOOoOQOOOOO CO ^ aO CD CO 0 tC tC t'T lv-I>.C*^ 07^ CM 00 iC 00 t>» F^o D4 t^cdoot>To6'o'^^*o ■^^Otv.COi-tOO»HCC»--(r-li-l 1-1 Oi Gi (X) Oi iH CO 0 0 1— 1 L'» iD X IS- CD CO wk irCl O O •Bex aws3 OtDLv-C^f— ^ X 0 0 0 iO CO CO 1-H . CC (M tH Dl ^v.'^ tjT K.J' CO CD*' rH cT 0 CO 0 ^OlCcoOatOOOt-CCJDO iQkOoviOO'^O'^'D. L>- 0 SHEWING r-i CCMtxOO _QOOC0XT-U>,iHt>.CC^t>O ?w'^coccco>-/'cOTrcO'';t'Tf*^ w H *,oui4'B0q ni J9J JO aSeoJoy •rHrOCOrv.XTtHtv-w. COXCv. miCOt^’^OXCDt'-tvOCO CM rH CO 0 5 r-T »— 1 (nT ecT ifT ecT c*» X t— X <3 <] m •JBeX. l'- X 05 O' 1-H CM CO »0 CD t>- XXX0505C5050505C50 xxxxxxcoxxxx rH rH ^ rH rH rH rH rH rH “The Indian Foeester.” — Edited by J. S. Gamble, M.A., F L.S., Conservator of Forests, and Director of the Forest School, Dehra Dun. Contents. No. 4. — April, 1898 Original Articles and Translations : Teak Plantations, by C. M. Hodgson; The Cluster- pine in South Africa, by D. E. Hutchins ; Insects attacking 'Teak iu South India, by T. F. Bour- dillon ; Correspondence. Official Papers and In- telligence ; Forest Fires and their Effects on the Reproduction of Teak; Report of the Imperia Forest School, Dehra Dun, for 1896-97. Reviews Shikar and Travel : After the Wily Boar. Extracts. Notes and Queries ; Timber and Produce Trade ; Extracts from Official Gazettes. June i, 1898.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. Si'p RAZIL AND ITS MIRACULOUS PALM. In the Forum for March the Hon. T. L. Thompson, late United States Minister to Brazil, writes on “ Brazil : its Commerce and Resources.” The most interesting passage in his article is that in which he. describes the marvellous tree, which grows like a weed in Brazil, but the like of which is unknown in any other part of the world. It is the carnahuba (Copernicia ccriferi), which grows- uncultivated in the States of Para- hiba, Ceara, Rio Orande do Norte, Piauhi, and some of the neighbouring States. The descrip- tione given of it to me seem incredible. Perhaps in no other region is a tree to be found that can be employed for such varied and useful purposes. It resists intense and protected droughts, and is always green and vigorous. Its roots produce the same medicinal effects as sarsaparilla. Its stem alfords strong, light fibres, which acquire a beautiful lustre, and serves also for joists, rafters, and other building materials, as well as for stakes for fences. From parts of the tree w'ine and vinegar are made. It yields also a saccharine substance, as well as starch resembling sago. In periods of famine, caused by protracted droughts, the nutritiou.s substances obtained from it are of immense benefit to the poorer classes. Its fruit is used for feeding cattle. The pulp has an agreeable taste ; and the nut, which is oleaginous and emulsive, is sometimes used as a substitute for coffee. Of the wood of the stem musical instruments, water-tubs and pumps are made. The pith is an excellent substitute for cork. From the stem a white liquid, similar to the milk of the coconut, and a flour resembling maizena may be extracted. Of the straw, hats, baskets, brooms, and mats are made.. A con- siderable quantity of this straw is shipped to Europe ; and a part ot it returns to Brazil manu- factured into hats. The straw is also used for thatching house-s. Moreover, salt is extracted from it, and likewise an alkali used in the manufac- ture, of common soap. But from an industrial and commercial point of view, the most valuable product of the carnahuba tree is the wax obtained from its leaves. Was there ever such a tree described before ? There are many British colonies whose climate is not unlike that of the Brazilian States in which the carnahuba palm flourishes. It might be well worth Mr. Chamberlain’s attention to conduct exj eriments to ascertain whether or not this marvellous tree could not be naturalised iu our hotter colonies, which are, at present, in need ot some help from without. Prince Henry of Germany. — A Peking te- legram to the local Mandarins reports that the Emperor has appointed H. H. the Prince of Li, and Their Excellencies Li Hung-chang and Chang Yinhuan to go to Tientsin to meet Prince Henry ot Prussia should the latcer decide to visit Peking. — N.-C. Daily Neivs. SOMETHING ABOUT GUATEMALA. “ The resources of Guatemala are varied and abundant,” says W. E. Curtis in the April Forum. “ Coffee is the chief staple, and the berry is as food as the best the world provides. Corn and eans are the chief food of the people. Sugar, tobacco and other tropical plants can be raised, to an unlimited extent, on the hot lands along the coast ; while wheat and other cereals yield rich harvests in the higher and more temperate di atricts of the interior, Guatemala might easiljf sustain ten times its present population. The soil is rich and easily cultivated, and, unlike the other Central American republics, there is plenty of labor. Some parts of the country are quite thickly populated, but the others are covered with dense forests and a variety of timber which might be easily made marketable if means of transportation were provided. But, although Guatemala is much further advanced than’ the rest of Central America, her railway system does not exceed 250 miles ; there is no internal navigation, and the wagon roads are in a de- plorable condition. The mineral wealth of the country is supposed to be large, but it is only slightly developed. The miles are inaccessible, and, in the absence of modern machinery, which at present cannot be conveyed to them, cannot be worked with profit. The Government offers generous inducements to immigrants. The land laws are liberal, and efforts have been made from time to time to secure the establishment of colonies and the preemption, of public lands by private settlers. But all the accessible area is at present occupied, and no foreigner can ex- pect to prosper in Guatemala unless he has abundant capital which enables him to purchase at high prices plantations already developed. If peace could be assured, if railways and wagon* roads could be extended into the interior — so that the timber regions, the mineral deposits and the wild agricultural lands could be reached as con* veniently as the new portions of our own country — Guatemala would offer great advantages to the immigrant and would enjoy a rapid developmenti Coffee Planting is likely to become an im- portant industry in the Transvaal. The Capt Times says : It appears that the entire Eastern part of the Transvaal, from Spelonken in^ the North to Vryheid in the South, contains tracts of ground particularly suitable for the cultivation of coffee. The coffee plant must be sheltered and the chain of mountains from North to South through the Eastern half of the Transvaal affords that shelter. The equatorial current from the Indian Ocean and the other ocean currents blow- ing in a Southerly direction through the Mozain* bique Channel have a beneficial influence upon the cultivation. Right up, in the North in Ser* vaas’ country, many farmers grow their own coffee. One farms in the Lydenburg district, in 'Water- vallei, on the slopes of Spitzkop and the Seer, coenie’s Mountains, coffee has been cultivaieu with success. Some time ago Mr. Spearman, re- presenting a Natal syndicate, inspected several localities with a view of establishing plantations. He was convinced of the suitability of the soil and climate. To the North and North-east (f Middelbur?, in that part of the district known as the “Banken,” and in the immediate vicinity of the Cobalt Mines, the coffee plant as well as the date palm grew luxuriantly. '1 lie climate of the ’Vrytheid district is eminently suitable for the cultivation of the plant, and on the farms of Messrs. Gune, Borstelman, Potgeiter, and others, coffee plantations of three years’ growth yield 12 lb. per tree annually. I'hese men find that it pays better than sheeptarming. Coffee from the district ex- hibited in the ’Yryheid Show in 1896 was judged to be of excellent quality. The plant appears to grow best iu a loose, sandy soil of a reddish colour. It must be sheltered against wind ard frost. Twenty-five years ago a farmer, nanird Gysbert van Rooyen, grew not only his own cpffee, but bis sugar. 8i8 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST, [June i, 1898. OUR RICE SUPPLY AND LOCAL CULTIVATION : OUR DEPENDENCE ON INDIA TO WHICH WE PAY 20 MILLION RUPEES YEARLY FOR RICE; MB. ELLIOTT’S WALAWE EXPERIMENT FIVE YEARS’ EXPERIENCE OF PADDY RENTS’ ABOLITION : A SPECIAL REPORT SHOULD BE CALLED FOR. OUR RICE IMPORTS FROM INDIA IN- CREASING—ARE LOCAL CROPS INCREASING? THE COLONIAL OFFICE REGRET THE CHECK TO “TANK RESTORATION’’ OF LATE YEARS ; BUT MR. CHAMBERLAIN’S POLICY OF TAKING REVENUE FOR northern railway a fatal BLOW: “PUTTING THE CART BEFORE THE HORSE.’’ There never wa.s .'ll! occa.sion in the modern hisitory of Ceylon when greater interest sliould bei felt in the question of local Pice Cultivation than at the pre.sent moment. The threatened advent and spread of plague in Bengal is enough warrant of it.sell for tlii.s statement. But it lias for the past iifty years been a sore subject with thoughtful members of the Ceylon Government .and general community that so large a sum of "money should every year have to be paid arvay to India for the needful supply of our staple .article of food, more especially in view of the 'attractive tradition that the island at one time grew enough rice for a larger popu atiou than it holds at present. If true, that must have been as we have shown elsewhere by indisputable facts— very far back in its lii.story, long befoie any European touched its shores. We have, how- ever, to deal with our own day and to point out the immense importance of any local attempts to free ourselves from so much dependence on India, and the unprecedented encouragement now' ottering to native as well as European capitalists to make experiments in rice culture. The encour ageinent is found in the unusually high range of prices of late for imported rice, in the ten per cent “Protection’ duty, in the countenance and aid of the authorities in any reasonable proposals and in the existence of suitable, irrigable land in more than one district available for cultivation. .If in the face of these several advantages it can be shown that rice-growing in Ceylon is not profitable, then indeed may we despair of ever seeing our dependence on India,- Burma or other rice-growing countries greatly lessened, or of North-Central or North Ceylon ever doing much to redress the balance. However, we have rather more than theory to offer and it is w-ell that due atten- tion 'should be given to Mr. Elliott’s statement (appended) of his full belief in the profitable nature of the enterprise he has himself taken in hand in the Walawe district of the Southern Province. There is land there and at Tissa, we believe, available for a good deal of extension should capitalists, at this time especially, think 'of trying an industry for whose produce there is always a local demand. But in considering this matter, surprise must be felt that during the past live years far more has not been done by native landholders and cultivators— to the manner born— for the extension of the industrj- of which they know more than an.y other in the land. We need not recall what Governors Ward, Kobinson, Gregory and Gorilon did to revive and extend rice cultivation. It was always said in their time, howe\er, by adverse critics that the interference of Government as rent collector, with the tricks and extortions of headmen oper- ated as a strong discouragement to any extension of the chief industry of the Sinlialese and Tamils. ‘ If only the Paddy Kents (or let us for once say Paddy ‘Tax’) and all its abominations were abo- lished, what a cliange would be witnessed!” Well at .a stroke of the pen Lord Knntsford abolished the Rents ; five years have elapsed ; five miliions of rupees of re venire (not to speak of extortions never accounted for) have been left in the pockets of those who used to pay the same to Government ; a Protection duty hit.s been in operation all these five years and this and “dear rice” (for most of tire time) have ojrerated as strong en- couragements to extend ; — and yet where are we to look for the great change, where do we find any evidence of an extension of rice cultivation among the natives under such exceptional cir- cumstances, or where even, may we ask in our ignorance, is there any special evidence of a marked improvement in tlie condition of the people ‘t The Reports of the Provincial Agents and their District Assistants have little or nothing to tell ns of extension, or iuquovement, year by year-, during the past five years; ami we are driven to the conclusion that in the inter- ests of the people and permanent prosperity of the country, a fatal mistake w.as made in the total abolition of tiie Rents, instead of modify- ing and abating the same in the poorer districts, and devoting the whole of the rest of the col- lection to lire inomolion of Irrigation and the improvement of the means by which the industry existed. The subject is ore that ought to be taken up in the Legislative Council, and the General Euro- pean Member, as standing between the Planting and Mercantile and Native Hepie.sentatives, might well be expected to make it his own. A special Report should be required from all the Agents and tlieir Assistants on the results noted in tlieir several Districts from the abolition of the Paddy Rents in 1893. A few pointed questions sliould be embodied in the official circular (D as to extension (or conti action) of cultivation ; (2) whether as much attention is given to the fields as before 1893 ; (3) who have chiefly benefitted (a select number of landholders, money- lenders and headmen — or the actual cultivators) by the remission of the rents ; (4) wlietlier the general condition of the people has improved. More practical and useful .suggestions than tliese can doubtless be made. The local Government as well as the Colonial Office should welcome such a Report. Five years is a .considerable period in a tropical land and there is the risk if further delay be made, of losing some more of the Public Servants with most experience of native rice cultivation in the era of paddy rents. Such a Report might be of great use to the Irrigation Department, and it would help to elucidate several puzzling, problems such as the scarcity, almost famine, not long ago reported from one of the s]recial rice-growing divisions of Batli- caloa ; and further how it is that cultivation does not extend pn the unoccupied land loithin the Jafl'na peninsula, although the crowded population in certain districts, are supposed to be ready to go out into the Wanni if a railway be made. The full expectation, — when the “ rents’ were abolished and “ protection ” established, — was that the effect would be felt in the Customs figures showing the import and bom June r, i8y8.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. consumption of rice. Such import should have been checked and by this time lessened. Here is the comparison between two quinquenial periods before and after abolition : — BUSHELS OF RICE IMPORTED AND ENTERED FOR HOME CONSUMPTION. 1888 . . 6,630,094 1889 . . 6,591,157 1890 . . 6,350,036 1891 . . 7,051,432' 1892 . 7,282,411 1893 . . 7,447,376 1894 . . 7,556,505 1895 . . 8,722,737 1896 . . 7,594,413 1897 . . 7,354,690 Total 33,905,130 Total 38,675,721 The falling-off in imports during 1896 and 1897 is generally attributed to tlie Indian Famine and continuous dearness of rice; but it will be interesting to know from the District Reports wliether the Keveime Officers can discover that extended local cultivation and increased crops influenced the local market to any extent ? The Rlue Book grain-crop returns were never deemed very trustworthy even in the days when the collection of “ rents ” should have given the officials some check on their headmen’s tiguies. Now that the check is gone, we suppose there is less reason to rely on them? But it is fair to mention that they show an increase for 1894-6 (the returns for 1897 are not yet pub- lished) as to “pftchl.Vj” though not as to “line grain,” If, however, headmen are interested in giving big returns, now that there is no rent to pay, the figures for each division will have to be carefully scrutinised. It will be specially interesting to learn, after the Provincial and District Officers give their special attention to the subject, if in their opinion, cultivation has been extended, or improved, or whether the improved figures in the Blue Book, if morethan mere gue.ss-work,aie due to betterseasors and crop.s. Most of the Civil Servants concerned, would, we feel sure, endeavour to make a full and fair Report on so important a subject and few State Papers for a long time back ought to be of more value and interest both to the Government and the general public. No doubt the permanent officials of the Colonial Office who probably had little to do with the “Rent abolition ” (if we except the late Mi. Fairfield) have fully realised by this time, the great blow it delivered at the Irrigation Policy of Governors Gregory and Gordon, both of whom as well as Sir Hercules Robinson, Sir James Longden and Sir Arthur Birch cordially supported the Protests we published in London in 1892 against the threatened Paddy Rents policy of Lord Knutsford and Sir Arthur Havelock. But it does not seem that the Colonial Office has profited by that lesson if Mr. Chamberlain is now acting on Office advice in the fatal course- of appro- priating large slices of our general revenue to payment of Railway Extension Northwards. Mr. Chamberlain in one breath bemoans the fact that little or nothing has been done in Restoration of Tanks of recent years. In the next, he takes away lire very sinews of war Avhich would enable so admirable an Irrigation adviser as Mr. Henry Parker, to show a good record. If the Rl, 500,000 (or is it to be R3,000,000 ?) to be taken from General Revenue for a non-productive Railway were de- voted to irrigation works judiciously selected by Mr. Parker, there would be hope of sources of traffic arising within a reasonable date where few or none now exist. It is the ex- pectation of .some people that the Railway of itself is to renovate the wilderness of unoccupied country. Was ever a madder idea? We have of Railways in America and Australia following pioneers (after a good many years often); but n vcr of preceding them. In Ceylon hitherto, the opening of no single forest or waste dis- trict has been due to the Railway ; roads have done much (and the North is beautifully roaded) and the Railway has come to qarry away heavy traffic. Mr.- Chamherlaiu is putting the cart before th.e horse. He ought to have appropriated the available revenue for tank restoration to come first and borrowed for the Railway to foMow, and then he would have some reason :o anticipate trafiic. It is said of cour.se that a locomotive line w'ill aid the work of Irrigation engineers and tank-makers ; but surely the very cheapest form, a 2^-feet tramway would suffice for this and for all the traffic of the North-t'eutral, Northern and East- ern regions for fifty if not a hundred years to come, seeing that a 2-feet locomotive line in Tasmania is equal to 100,000 tons jier annum. When will 100,009 tons be carried on an Anu- radhapura-Ja.tt'na line, even if wc add Trinco- malee and Batticaloa traffic ? The re.sult of the broadgauge policy, if carried out, tvill be to cripple the revenue of the Colony for Irrigation Works for many year.s to come, and yet the only hope of traffic in our North-Central regions h nges on the possibilities of Irrigation. RICE CULTIVATION IN THE HAMBANTOTA DISTRICT: BIB. ELLIOTT’S EXPERIENCE HOW THE UVA PLANTERS CAN BE BENEFITTED. The Observer has called attention very briefly to Mr. E. Elliott’s advertisement and the signifi- cance of his otter to the planters of Haputale. He rejiorts to us that he has secured an excellent crop of paddy (rice in the husk) over several hundred acres, and that his matured experience now confirms him in his views that rice cultiva- tion can bo profitably carried out by Europeans. Excellent crojis have been raised both in the Walauwa and at Tissa, -where paddy lately sold at R7 for the ammunam of 6 bushels; but it has gone up already to R9, and at Tangalle to RIO, and is expected to reach R2 per bushel; This paddy is |iurchased bj' traders who retail it in East Matara and adjacent districts, chiefly to women who make a living by pounding the same and selling the rice. Further, a good deal of rice is sent to Koslande (Haputale) by steamer to Hambantota and thence by cart, and so successfully competing with the railway. Buying at Hambantota, planters save freight and ship- I)ing and landing charges which equal quite 25 cents a bushel. There is no reason why planters ‘should not buy the locally-grown paddy and get it turned into rice by their own cooly women, or adjacent villagers; (or why not a few of them club together and get a, hulling machine.) Buy- ing paddy in this way should save 50 cents a bushel on the rice. Every Tamil woman is ac- customed to pound out paddy — a daily house- hold duty in Southern India as in Ceylon — and a woman can pound joiit a bushel of rice in 4 day. Quarry Stone. — It is claimed that the largest single stone ever quarried is the Wisconsin monolith, which is 115 feet long, ten feet square at the base and four feet square at the top.— Indian Witness, April 15, 820 THte TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [June I, 1898. PLANTING NOTES. The able address of Mr. MacLure. of Moclia estate, on the equity and wisdom of charging interest on a certain proportion of the advances made to Kanganies, constitutes the chief feature In the Maskeliya P.A. proceedings given page 809. And altliough nothing came of his speech or motion at the meeting, they will be by no means thrown away, .as ventilating, for the first time, a question that is likely to come more and more to the front as months roll on. The old patriarchal mode of dealinir with Kamasamy is falling gradually into abeyance, very much at the instance of Kamasamy himself, and there is no doubt that both coolies and kanganies have got too much into the way of regarding their masters as bankers to be drawn on to the fullest possible extent for imney without a cent of interest. The readiness they show in changing masters, will no doubt by-and-bye, lead to a united determination to show kanganies that money is not to be got save on business lines. But one thing at a time, and certainly the great matter is to give Labour Federation a fair and adequate trial for the present. — We cannot believe for a moment that there is any official inten- tion to sell a single acre of Crown forestland above the 5,000 feet limit. In fact, the Ceylon Government dare not do so : an information could be laid against him for something like High Treason if the Colonial Secretary attempted such a sale until the Order of the Secretary of State is rescinded ! So the gentlemen in Maskeliya who are anxious about the matter may make themselves quite happy — and take our word for it that the 5,000 feet limit is inviolable ! The Ceylon Forest Depart.ment and Forests. — The Saw Mill operations, either at Uda- gama, or at Batticaloa, have not — says our evening contemporary — been very successful, and though it would be premature to declare them both finan- cial failures, it is the general experience of people in Ceylon that Savv Mills do not pay. In the case of the Forest Department Saw Mill, we have no doubt the experience has been the same, but it is in no way peculiar. The season is simply because Ceyion Forests are not packed with vast masses of trees of the same kind or quality. We do not posses the official returns and verifications of the wood that ig said to have “rotted on the sea shore "in “ hundred of logs,” but it is not novel in our experience to read of “hundreds” that turned out to less than “tens.” In this particular we are reminded of an in- stance in which, “ one who knew,” reported to Government an instance in which he undertook to point out “upwards of ten thousand trees” that had been felled in a Crown Forest, and when a strict verification was made, the nett result was one tree, and twenty-six “ warrachies ” ! So much for round numbers. We notice that firewood is said to yield 600 yards per acre in medium forests. We learn from those who have had some years experience of firewood supply, that 120 yards per acre is a high yield, and frequently only 70 is obtained. We might also remind our readers that a considerable area of land was lately been sold in planting districts lor K50 to K80 per acre, upset price, only be- cause of the value of the firewood, and that there was a demand for it. It is also within our knowledge that land has been reserved from sale by Government till the firewood has been ytoikw out. DEVELOPING THE TEA INDUSTRY. AMERICAN MARKET FUND. The following Report has been issued from the Indian Tea Association, Royal Exchange Build- ing, Calcutta, 15th April, 1S98. To all Proprietors and Agents of Tea Gardens. Dear Sirs, — In accordance with their aTinn.al cus- tom, the general Committee have recently had the pleasure of circulating to all members of the Association, and its branches in A.s.«am, Cachar, and Sylhet, as well as to the various Planters’ Associations with whom they corres- pond, copies of tlie last Interim Report of the American and Foreign Tea Conimittee of the London branch of the Association, under the control of which Mr. Blechynden carries on his operations in America for the extension of the trade there in Indian tea. This Report, which is dated the 15lh of February, 1898, and which was accompanied by an extract trom Mr. Bleehyn- den’s report for the year 1897, summarises the results of the joint work of Mr. Blechyn- den and Mr. Mackenzie, the Ceylon repre- sentative, during the past year, and also gives details of the manner in which the funds sub- sciibed in India have been expended. It will no doubt have been noticed that Mr. Blechyn- den’s plan of campaign has been somewhat altered, and that it has been thought advisable to spend in advertising a larger amount of the funds available than has been the case in former years. Mr. Blechynden appears to have exercised great care and judgment in distribu- ting his advertisements with the view of reach- ing the largest possible number of the tea drink- ing population. He has not, however, confined his efforts entirely to advertising, as consider- able subsidies have been paid to firms under- taking to push British grown tea on definite lines, and it is intended to work moie exten- sively on this latter system during the present year. He has also personally visited most of the large centres where the tea is being sold, satisfying himself that the spirit, as well as the letter of the arrangements made by him, were being carried out. Mr. Blechynden has continued to co-operate, under the direction and supervision of the London Committee, with Mr. Mackenzie, in the work of making known the existence and merits of British grown tea in the main centres of population in the United States. The arrangements under which the representatives of the two countries agreed to work conjointly, instead of in competition have, there is no doubt, been the means of arriving at distinctly better results than would otherwise have been the case The General Committee have much pleasure in placing before members the following figures which show in a concise form, the progress made in the use of Indian and Ceylon tea in North America. It will be seen that not only has the annual quanity taken nearly quadrupled since the year 1892, but that every year has shown a steady increase ; — INDIAN AND CEYLON TEA TAKEN BY NORTH AMERICA DURING EACH OF THE LAST SIX YEARS. Indian.— 1897, 5,663,000; 1896, 5,259,000 ; 1895, 4,072,000; 1894, 2,428,000; 1893, 2,111,000 ; 1892, 1.586.000 lb. Ceylon. -1897, 5,699,000 ; 1896,4,365,000; 1895, 3.745.000 ; 1894, 2,295,000 ; 1893, 1,871,000 ; 1892, 1,490,0001b. Total lb.— 1897, 11,362,000; 1896, 9,624,000; 1895, 7,817,000; 1894, 4,723,000: 1893,3,982,000; 1892, 3,076,000 lb. THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 821 June i, 1898.] In view of the certain increase in production both in India and Ceylon, durinj* the next few years, and of the strong recommendations of there- liresentatives of both countries, and also in the hope of counteracting the efforts which have been recently set on foot by the Japan tea industry, the London Committee have unanimously resolved that it is most de.sirable to maintain the work in America, and they have consequently recoin mended another levy on the same lines as that of last year. The subscriptions for 1897 amounted toKl,C2,039 collected in Calcutta, and a sum of £200 from a Company in London, which had hitherto held aloof. This compares tavourably with the result of the levy for 1896, which amounted to Kl, 03,674. Jjiberal contributions have again been received from the two Planters’ Associations in the Travan- core District, for which the General Committee beg to tender their sincere acknowledgments. The General Committee now insti nct me again to ask for support from the gardens owned by you, or under your agency, on the same basis as last year, viz., at the rate of 4 annas per acre under cultivation, and half an anna per maund on the production. In making this request the Committee would again point out that a very large number of tea concerns still hold aloof from contributing to this Fund, while at the same time deriving equal benefit with the subscribers from the resulting extension of the trade. The Com- mittee would repeat that it is only reasonable that an enterprise undertaken for the general benefit should be generally supported on the ground of a common interest and a common ad- vantage, and they trust that the amount forth- coming this year may show a substantial in- crease on the sum contributed in 1897. The General Committee would feel obliged if the support now solicited could be intimated to me not later than the 15th of June on the an- nexed form.— Yours faithfully, W. Paksons, Planter, April 23. Secretary. THE STANDARD TEA COMPANY. We direct attention to the full report of the proceedings at the annual meeting of this Company given on another page. The worthy Chairman Mr. Alex. Brooke of the well-known Fenchurch Street firm, had a pleasurable duty to perform in announcing the continuance of the very hand.sorae dividend of 15 per cent, notwith- standing the hard times. Nor was this voted by the Directors without making some provision (£1,000) for depreciation, adding £1,000 to reserve, and carrying £795 odd forward. This shows the good management of the fine propel ties owned by the Company and reflects credit on Directors, local Agents, Inspectors and Estate Managers all round. But the serious nature of the crisis over- taking our tea industry, through low prices, high exchange (dear rice and dear freight, though we hope these are only very temporary) was fully recognised ; and the shareholders niay feel con- fident of the continued careful manufacture of fine teas and W’atchful oversight of coolies on the estates, as well as of rice and shipping con- ditions in Colombo. Indian Patents.— Applications for the under specified - inventions have been made: — No. 112. —Samuel Cleland Davidson, of Belfast, for improve- ments in the construction of trays or sieves of for- aminous material for use in machines for drying tea or other substances. — Indian and Eastern Engineer. PLANTING NOTES. Amsterdam Bark and Quinine Markets.- All the 8,750 ozs of Java quinine offered at today’s auctions in Amsterdam were .sold, part of it at an equivalent of a fraction over 9d per oz and the rest at the equivalent of 8 1-lOd to 8 3 20d per oz.— British and Colonial Dniaaist April 8. ’ Sale oe Another Coconut Estate to Europeans — We hear that the Plopaliai estate in Jaffna con' sisting of 1,590 acres, of which 1,000 are in coconuts in full bearing and 500 acres in jnnirle have been sold by Mr. Senathirajah to Mr LiJIev of Batticaloa but the price paid has not transpired Mr. Lilley intends to reside on the estate with Mr' Candy— who has just come out from home— and will divide in his time between his work in Batticalnn and Jaffna. Pushing Ceylon Tea in Germany.— Many of onr readers vill remember Mr. Chas. Bohririger who came first to Colombo for the purpose of buvinp cinchona bark, and who has since established an im- poitirg house here. He is now in Stuttgart, where" we learn, he has opened several tea-shops for the sale of tea, both in the cup and dry. The tea dealt m IS purely Ceylon, we understand, and Mr. Bohringer is confident that a considerable demand is likelv”in course of time, to spring up in South Germany for (S“hrTe. thi. without A Nfav Liquid Coffee.— Messrs. Coonen Cooper & Co., Ltd., 16, Philpot Lane, Lond^on E.C., whose name is identified with the introduc’ tiori of high-class teas, liave recently placed upon the market .a new liquid coffee, known as Siloya. Phis marks a distinct advance over the numerous essences and extracts heretofore in use. It lias all the flavour and aroma of coffee made from the freshly roasted and ground berrU while It can, of course, be made without any of the trouble and apparatus which the older svst-en, necessitates.— RriffsA Trade Journal. Amsterdam Cocoa Butter Market— Onr Amsterdam representative sends us today th result of the cocoa butter auctions held in Hm land on the 5th inst., from which it appears thoe all the 70 tons of Van Hovten’s maU ^nt were sold at 50.66 cents per half-kilo (abmiiQi!? per lb.) ; that all the 5 tons from the Holland^h' Cocafabriech were bought in ; that of the of the “Helm” brand put up, 2 tons at 50 cents per half-kilo (about 9d per fh i*^ whilst of the 7i tons of “Miqnon” \r 12cwts. were sold at 50 cents per half- kiln /oi ’ 9d per 1 b. ). —British Colonial Bruggist, A^ri^^'^^ Adulteration of Food and Drug.s— ao a comparatively long sitting last evening thi Municipal Commissioners managed to nasi, .l report of the Committee recently appointed s® consider the question of the adulteration of and drugs in Madras. The proposal ofThe Po®'^ mittee, as we have already pointed out is • tioduceinto the Madras Municipal Act a’ which already exists in tbeCaleiHtaMnnicfpal a!,®*® Iheopposition was wrong, and fertile nfostnar; was confined to certain Commissioners renresaff* mg “Bazaar” interests. Wliat they wf argument they sought to make up in taet^t ’ j proposals for further adjournments were numf’ 6nt were ,11 rejected,’ .nd the CoSSl commendation was accordingly passed vnth L sensible amendment proposed by Mr v VI ® Chary.— iifndars Maff, May 3, ^ 822 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [June i, 1898. New Trade in Papain.— The most approved method (if piepaiiiig Papain is as lollows 1. The juice of the uniijie fruit sliould be collected. 2. This juice should be mixed with twice its volume (d lectjfied spirit, 3. The mixture should be allowed to stand for a few hours. 4. The insoluble matter should then be liltered off. 5. The residue should be dried at the ordinary atmospheric u m] crature. 6. Alter being powdered, I’a] ain should be kept in well- stoji]reied brtiiji.s, ready for' use. — lud'icui l^lcuit^Ts (gazette, April 30. CoPPEitAH MAErrET.— Sirree our last report on Wednes- day, arrivals have been more plentilul than during the previous week, and prices are unsteady. Ou Saturday there was a downward tendency, and rates did not exceed E42 per candy, tn Monday, the market opened with an advance of one rupee oti the previous sales, and yesterd> y (May 3rd) was a jump of Rl‘25 and three boats were closed at E44'2o per candy. Today three boats arrived. Of these a parcel of a Negombo estate copperah fetched R44-50 per candy. The output is not sufficient to meet the demand at presmt. But dealers are holding pretty fair stocks rn hand, which will scon be placed to the market. Cinchona Bark.— The hidiache Mcrcimr, iir a recent issue, contains a reply to what had been previously said in the Ar c/t. voor de Kinacnltunr. The latter paper had said that the depre.^^^sed state of affairs in the bark market was caused by tire owtrers of cirtchona undertakings. These should not be so stupid as to lay out nrorrey in harvesting ard sending large quantities of hark over before realising wbicb tire importers would have to wail an rridefinite time. In reply to this it was pointed out that the cinchona planter can- not make the harve.st smaller than nature has arranged, without sjiorling plants, although he can inrpto've it by ceriaitr timely operations. As a matter of fact, increase in exports over a itorraal harvest yield is often in direct consequence of low rices, because cinclicna trees are then cut down ecause they do not pay. Coffee Scare and Lady Birds.— Welearn froni proceedings of the Lower Pulntys Association in Planting Opirti 071 that Mr. Newport left on 28th Jan. last on his Mission to Australia. It was resolved that the Honorary Secretary w'lite to Mr New port (n) That no consignments of Lady- birds he for warded toindia prior to Mr. Newport leaving Air.stralia, hut that be bring as large a consigirnrent as possible wdtb him. , {h) Tire ques- tion of future consignmenis will be determined upon after Mr New ) ort’.s rejiort in India upon the success of tbefirst coiisignmer.t.s He will, Iroyvever, beiequested to make all netc.^s.ny anangtnients, short of conrmitting the Association to any expense or liability witlr regard to future consignmenis, so that if such be decided upon, they can be obtained upon such terms as arranged by Mr. Newnort in Australia from gents or persons willing to under- take the collection and torwarcling of them to India, (c) Tire matter of Headquarters in India will lie decided upon after Mr. Newinorfs relnrn to this conntiy. This being the nrost^ affected district, it is very desirable that Mr. New) oi l’s Headquarters be'iu this district. Mr-. Bainsay has put the Pillavally bungalow at Mr. Newport’s disposal for this iiuipo.‘e. (e/) That the sum col- lected for this liusiru-ss, inclmiing the contiibutoiu by Government, amounts to Pw.rrSO. This s 93 must under no circumstances be exceeded, and < n ail that is avaii.sblc to cover every cxiiciise in re- ard to this business, ( f whatever iiaiaie. K3 in ave already been ,‘i^rit, leaving a balance is K3.647 available. Cotton-seed Oil when imported by manufac- turers of butter-colouring to be used in their factories, is admitted to Canada free of duly. — Chemist and Druggist, April 9 Cac.\o Analyses. — We are pleased to under- stand that Mr. Cochran is likely to have an analysis made of the various parts of the cacao tree in accordance with the proposal of Mr. de Sanctis, sanctioned at last meeting of the Planters’ Association. CoCA-LKAVES. — The London market is flat, fair Tiuxillos being oflered at 6d per lb. noariiially. The following ligures show the truniLei of bales exported from Java during the last live years lioin January 1 to December 31 : — 1897 ' 1896 1895 1894 1893 1,165 1,646 1,371 731 — — Che7nist and Druggist April 16. The Tea Indlstry and Retrenchment.— “An Unfortunate Sbarebolder,” writing ftiau London, sends us a call for retienchment all round in respect of Tea Companies’ outlay, not omitting the cbaiges and fees of Agenis and Directors. Certainly when dividends aie below 5 or 6 per cent, and if there is no cbance of iiu- provement this year, consideration should be given to some, at least, of the suggestions made in this letter. New Areas of Cultivation— In the Mlatara District in 1897 are thus leported ly Mr. Sboit : — The extent added to the cultivated area of the district during 1897 may be put down as follows : Acres. Tea . . . . . . 600 Citronella . . . . . . 500 Coconuts . . . . . . 300 Paddy . . . . . i — Other products . . . . — Total . . 1,400 The actual extent of Crown land sold was 1,041 acres at an average price of E27 per acre. The West Australian Pearl Fisheries are said to represent an export value of £7 , 00 a year. We read that there aie about ten schooner, and ninety luggers engaged in the pearl industry, and employment is given to about 6t0 men afloat and 206 men on shore. During the past season about 400 tons of live mother-of-pearl shell have been raised, valued, say, at about £60,600, and pearls, the value of which it is nearly impossible to accurately obtain, have been found, valued, say, at £10,000. The West Australian Govern- ment receive a certain amount of revenue from licenses. Of course the fishery only lasts for a limited period each year. Paintino Brickwoek Eed.— First biueh down the brickwork with a stiff bass dandy, and execute any necessary repairs or stopping with Reman (not Portland) cement : then apply a preliminary coat of smudge — odds and ends ot colours and varnishes. Two coats of paint having a white-lead basis, say two tints of lead colour, or one white and one tinted red should follow, and then the final coat, which should be compounded with boiied oil, may be applied. To mix the. red paint, take sufficient of the seiected pig- ment ground to a paste m oil, and thoroughly in- coipoiale boiled oil with it; then strain and use, adoing a little turps to bring the colour to a working consistency. The boiled oii imparts body to the paint, which, being ccmpouiideu of an iron pigment, lacks the body of a paint with a lead base ; and to imps will tend to destroy the body it should be used sparingly. A little terebine should also be added as assist drying. Eed pigment ground in oil can be obtained of various tints. June i, 1898.1 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 823 THE IMPERIAL DUTY ON TEA. Our evening contemporary, a few days ago, made tlie reduction or ratlier abolition of the imperial duty on tea, the subject of a deliverance. Now although there is a home party in favour of “ a free breakfast table,’" among practical financiers, total abolition of the tea duty is considered a very impolitic step, to be resisted to the last, and for this reason. When any trouble arises leading to finan- cial pressure, such as a war threatened or it may be realized — and no one can feel safe against a great European War in these days— there is no levy more easily collected, or more certain in its results, and no war tax more universally applicable, than the Customs levy on tea. To destroy the machinery for such a collection there- fore, say finance authorities, would be very unwise and should be resisted by any Government in power. If such be the common otlicial senti- ments of a few years ago, we may be sure they will not be mitigated at this time in the face of all the warlike disturbances facing the British Cabinet. Of course, there is no chance now of the subject being dealt with in the present Budget, although we should hope a good deal of support might be given to a motion in the House of Commons for the reduction (not abolition) of the tea-duty, in place of touching the levy on tobacco. It is a great pity, certainly, that a movement was not com- m meed in India and Ceylon six or more months a»o for a substantial reduction in the imperial tea duty. That duty realized for 1897 on 231,395,778 1b. of tea at 4d per lb., the sum of £3,856,662. For 1898 we may count on the four millions sterling or a million for every penny of duty. Now a reduction of the duty to three pence would be a substantial gain, and ot course to two-pence still greater ; but below 2d per lb. we do not believe the levy will be allowed to go. The resulting collection of two million pounds sterling is substantial in itself ; but still more important is it as the nucleus of what may be, with the consent of the Com- mons, increased on any emergency into a uni- versal and most easily collected war-tax. Now on the present occasion, for the coming year, Sir Michael Hicks-Beach had an estimated surplus of £1,786,0J0 to dispose of, but, along with an amelioration of the income-tax, he has given it mainly to the reduction of the duty on tobacco. Had British tea-growers made themselves heard in good time, in conjunction with a sympathetic party athome, itis quite possible that a2d reduction in the tea duty might have got the first place. But the lesson certainly is, not to fail in agita- tion for this boon, or even the half of it, against the Budget of next year. WANTED FOR INDIA DEPARTMENTS OF AGRICULTURE, MANUFAC- TURES, AND COMMERCE. The venerable Dr. Murdoch is indefatigable in trying to serve the people of India, He has just issued two letters— one to Lord Geo. Hamilton, Secretary of State for India, and the other to Mr. Samuel Smith, M.P,,— in the form of pamphlets. The object is explained in the appended sum- mary embodied in a letter addressed to News- paper Editors : — Sir, — I beg to invite your attention to a Letter r.d- dressed to Mr. Samuel Smith, M.P., a Sequel Ijp 91 lOl Letter to Lord George Hamilton, Secretary of State for India. The Letter to Mr. Samuel Smith originated as fol- lows ; — It was the general expectation, entertained by both political parties, that the British Government, follow- ing the precedent in the last Afgan wai', would make a grant towards the recent heavy military expenditure on the frontier. This was abandoned on account of the strong opposi- tion of Sir James Westland, the Indian Fina' ce Minister, who considered such a grant both unneces- sary and impolitic. During the Budget Debate the Hon. E. A. Nicholson, showed that Agriculture had been “ starved,” by the Indian Government ; while proposals for its improve- ment and for the institution of Agricultural Banks were consigned by the Finance Minister to the limbo of “extremely desirable” but unattainable proposals, "Viewed on the light thrown, during the Budget Debate, upon the present very unsatisfactory state of things, it is suggested that the question of a Home Grant should be reconsidered. The Letter to Mr. Samuel Smith advocates ajgrant on the grounds of Policy, Justice, and Humanity. It points out that two millions sterling might be most usefully spent on the following objects : — 1. Organizing a separate Department of Agri- culture. 2. Organizing a separate Department of Manu- factures and Commerce. 3. Organizing a system of advances to free ryots from the oppression of Money-lenders, 4. Organizing an Agency for the relief of Con- gested Districts. The grant, it is true would provide only for the initiation of the proposed measures : it is shown how they might afterwards be supported by a redistri- bution of expenditure. In the event of the Government of India declining to reconsider its decision, the Parliamentary Indian Committee are urged to bring ihe question before the British Public and move in the House of Commons for a grant. It is hoped, however, that this will be un- necessary. The unanimous opinion of the Press would do much to secure the object in view. Your kind support is earnestly solicited. Yours faithfully, John Murdoch. Dr. Murdoch is nothing if not practical : here is how he linally works out his scheme provided a home grant of two millions sterling for India is made ; — The Agricultural Department might be main- tained by a third of the Famine Fund. It is bet- ter to prevent pauperism than merely to feed paupers. The Department op Manufactures might receive a share of the allotment now devoted to “ gridiren- ing ” the country with railways. The Advance Department should be self-supporting, but might be aided at first from the FamineFund. Mass Education on a large scale can be secured only by a reduction in the military expenditure. There are so many vested interests concerned, that this will be the hardest task before the Committee. But it should never be forgotten. The frienL of India should never rest till its people are educated. It is true that this can only be gradually accomplished, but the rate of progress will depend upon its being con- stantly kept in view. It i.s touciiing to note the final paragrajili in the letter addressed to Mr. Smith : — Closing Words. — With me the sands of life have almost run; with in a few months, if life be granted, I shall enter upon my eightieth year. It is my en- couragement that India never had more or warmer friends than at present. Amid the din of party politic®, her iirerests are not forgotten by you and others like- minded. Your efforts in the cause of Temperance are also highly appreciated. May you be wisely guided, and may an increasing blessing attend your effort^ to benefit pne-fifth of the human raoe ! 824 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [June I, 1898. TEA ESTATES AND PROSPECTS. An e.x'perienced planter writes I liave been readiiiff VVilson Sinitliefct’s rei)urt for 1897. It is a luty they do not p;ive the yields for 1898 as well as 1897, so that one could jndoje if re- sults of iiigher and lower prices were from finer plucking cr the reverse : — In 1897, cl. Diyagama in Agras. high goes down .. 1.1 Galaha Medium do 3 • • 4 Yataderiya Low Higher by 1 • * 4 Abbotsleigh High do 3 • • 4 Badulla Medium Lower by .. IJ Campion High do .. U Elbedde do do .. li Mt. Vernon do Higher ty S. Leonards do Lower by !! i| Talawakelley do Higher by 3 • • 4 Densford do Lower by .. li Great Western do do .. 13 TJry Medium Higher by .. 21 Sheen 1-IiMh do . . * VVootton do Lower by .. 1 Diyanellakellj ao ’ Higher by .. 2 Mahagastotte do do .. 1 The general average is J(1 less, hat certainly there is a jnore general tumble down on high estates than on medium or ioiv except on one or two places. I do not see where the ‘ V. A. and Merchant’ finds the large number of estates that are to shut uj) if prices go down a half-penny more in 1898. Many a shuck old horse lasts longer than agay prancingslecd.”— It is reported now that the “ abaiulonment of a group ” in Matale means the abandonment of certain fields of the group. PRODDCE AND PLANTING, Thr Budget. — It was, of coarse, well known that the Chancellor of the Exchequer had a realised surplus upon the last financial year of over three and a half millions ; but the public generally had come to the conclusion that the deuiands upon the public purse- would be such as to leave no margin for the remis- sion of taxation. Members of the House of Commons were therefore pleased to find that there is an estimated gross surplus for the year of a million and three, quarters, which will, however, be disminished by the demands of Ireland and Scotland to about a million and a half. Large as the amount is it is not sufficient, such is our growing wealth, to cover the reduction of the Income-tax by one peuuy. Sir Michael Hicks Beach therefore directed his attention to the allevia- tion of indirect taxation. There are but four articles upon which revenue is raised on any considerable scale — beer, spirits, tea, and tobacco.' The Chancellor of the Exchequer, therefore, had to choose between the claims of tea and tobacco. Scorning the “ free bie.ikfast table,” Sir Michael’s decision was in favour of tobacco, partly, he said, because the working up of the raw material gave employment to British and Irish industries, and partly because the duty had not been reduced for neatly sixty years. Sixpence a pound, therefore, will in future be saved to smokers, a id the consumers of other produce a -e left where theywere. The Outlook for Tea. — It has been urged as a mitigating circumstances of the present position of the Indian and Ceylou tea industry, suffering as it is from too much Government interference with the currency, that there is no inducement to extend the cultivation of tea. This, no doubt, is so, but apart from tiie res- training influence of the rising rupee we should have thought there were reasons why some check should be given to the desire for extending the area of tea culti- vation. As lately pointed out in the statisii s given by Messrs. Gow, 'SVilson, and Stanton, and emiihaaised by a correspondent in our issue of last week, the imports of Indian tea in relation to the deliveries are not such as to warrant an increasing area of tea cultivation, in the case of Ceylon tea I/he sUtisIjical posi- tion is altogether different, due possibly to the forethought and enterprise of those interested, who have lost no opportunity of seeking new outlets for their produce and have not spared expense in the work of doing it. Oiir correspoudent who pointed out the large increase in the sto^k of Indian tea to secure a portion ot the Loudon trade, the whole, or ac least the larger share, of which it once held. We are quite aware th.at the difficulties in the way of the c hinese growers will be considerable. The market is in possession of the British grower, the public are accustomed to the flavour of Indian and Ceylon teas, and other points as well may be urged in their favour. Notwithstanding all this it is as well for Indian planters to bear in mind that this time their rivals mean business. The Chinese have hither- to neglected to equip themselves with machinery and up-to-date ideas. They appear to bs about to put their tea-houses in order, and they also have acquired a considerable amount of experience. They are more formidable than they have ever been, and to crown all, thanks to the Indian Government, they are in a better position than ever they were to compete with India and Ceyloti; owing to the artificially enhanced value of silver in the latter countries. It may be easier to assume that Chiua tea is hopelessly beaten and that things will right themselves, new markets will be found, and the rest of it. But it will be wiser to look the position squarely in the face. In view of the coming struggle some relief must be found for the glut of tea which comes into Loudon. New over diliveries as compared with the position two years ago dwelt on the importance — nay the absolute necessity— of flnding new markets for Indian tea. This warning has been preached for some years, but no special heed has been paid to it. Pessimis- tic forebodings are always unpleasant, and the voice crying in the wilderness is usually allowed to grow hoarse with lamentation. All the same it will he as well if tea planters in British dependencies bear in mind that they cannot expect to find the demand for their produce in the home markets expand indefinitely. To say nothing of minor matters, such as the boom in cocoa, there is the question of keen competition vvith the Far East, which is bound to come beforelong. China and Japan will soon be making supreme efforts to plant a firm foot in the tea markets of the world, and the former country will make strenuous efforts markets must be found and there must be no slacking of the spirit of enterprise. Moreover it will be very necessary to demonstrate to the Indian Government that the tea industry of India stands in danger of being throttled by the expedients now in force for inflating the currency, and that planters who are pursuing an active course of protest against the ex- isting state ot things are in no moed for tamely acquiescing in a policy which not only handicaps them, bat benefits their commercial rivals in every way. Very Pushing. — We do not know whether there are further possibilities in connection with the in- ducements offered by retail tea dealers to customers, but a pension scheme for widows is a fairly enterpris- ing proposal. A Lincolnshire tea firm is offering “ to every woman who shall have become a widow since Christmas. 1897, and who, since that date, shall have purchased not less than one half-pound of their tea per week for the last five consecutive weeks previously to her b scorning a widow. lOs per week so long as she remains a widow ; and to every woman who became a widow previously to Christmas 1897, or previously to her commencing to purchase their tea, 10s per week as long as she remains a widow, provided that she shall have purchased half a pound of tea per week for ten years.” Tea in the Army.— Sir Herbert Kitchener, like Lord Wolseley, is a total abstainer, and he does his best to keep intoxicants out of the British camp. It is pointed out in a journal devoted to the advo- cacy of temperance that tea is in great favour with the troops in Egypt, that Tommy wins his Soudan battles on tea and coffee, and that tea is becoming increasing popular in the Army,—//, and C. 31ail, April 22, jtj'jE I, i?98.3 the troeical agriculturist, 82^ RAMIE OR RHEA FIBRE GROWING IN CEYLON; A NEW AND PROMISING INDUSTRY. Mr. MacDonald lias returned fairly well satisfied from liis inspection of the field of Ramie grown under the direction of Mr. Manley Power on the Pittiakande property of the Kurunegala Estates Company, In all some ten acres nave been devoted to the fibre plant, and the growtli and appearance so far have satisfied both Mr. Power and Mr. MacDonald. The latter brought to u.s specimen stems of a month’s growth which m another fortnight would be quite lit lor cutting. These are about 5 feet in length and half-inch dia- jji3ter— very niueli smaller than the splendid stem we have had on show for a long time from the Colombo Garden of Mr. T. S. Clark. That big stem— 8.^ feet long and one inch in diameter,— Mr. MacDt nald pronounces too old to be useful for fibre pirposis Pittiakande estate is situated between ^urunemila and Galagedera and— with an annual rainfall”of 90 inches well-distributed, according to Mr. Manley Power,— is admirably adapted to grow Ramie, the soil Leipg exceptionally good. But, for a proper experiment, this gentleman would recommend land which he can secure North of Kurunegala, only 14 mile off the new line of railway and which he insists has good soil and an equally ample well-distiibuted rainfall, duly tested. Here 1,000 8Lcr6s Ctin be couuTiaiuled, and 200 planted with Ramie, the minimum extent bargained for by Mr MacDonald with reterence to the applica- tion of his patent process of preparation. Mr. Manley-Power staggered us _ with his faith m land North of Kurunegala in view of all the adverse reports we have received from practical planters, surveyors, and public works’ officers- ; but it turns out tliat the land be recommends is within the ten miles radius of Kurunegala which covers the good land with adequate i ain- fall- and he quite agrees that beyond that limit tbe ’railway will run through a miserably poor and comparatively rainless country for many But to return to the Fibre plant, there can be no doubt that Ceylon stands mucii more in need of a new paying product now, th.an it did when Mr MacDonald was here last ; and that in view of the trial already given, it would be exceed- ingly interesting as well as beneficial, to have 200 acres planted and the industry fully tested with the patent process. To this end, it is indis- pensable that a Limited Company be formed, and indeed, all the preliminary steps were taken last year, the papers are all really, only requiring that the shares should be taken up. But “ tliei-e’s the mb.” Where is caifital to be "ot for a new venture at this time cf depressfon and dearness of money in Ceylon? The amount required may not be large and if d'stributed tlirougiiout our planting and mei- c'uitile community, it ought to be a tritimg afi;ur to compass, if only each prominent man interested in new prmlucts took a very few shares each, Tbe case is one too, where we think special countenance and aid might be looked for tiom Government. For, here is an entirely new industry which, if successfully started, cou d not fail to benefit large districts in Ceylon. The South-western part ot tlie island was long ago described as a very paraaied, apart from the patent process. To- day, Mr. Macdonald brought us samples (l)of the fibre as produced from the stem, (2) after treat- ment, (3) after being combed, and (4) as prepared for weaving, also of canvas and table cloth made from such fibre and all are extremely fine and strong. Of course a central factory could be established to serve a whole district of cultivators (on a small as well as big scale) wlio would bring their stems in to be treated. But that must follow after it is shown nn- raistakably that the 2oO acres planted as described above, yield profitable results. We wish Mr. Manley Power and his supporter.s every success in organizing and floating the lirst Ramie Cul- tivation Limited Company in Ceylon, in the full hope that it may be a proiir.able investment for all concerned and tlie beginning of an important industry well adapted to extensive districts in certain jirovinces of the island. Coffee in Southern India. — Tlie Ouchterlony Valley, we are told by Mr. E. de J'onblaiique in an' interview with a contemiioraiy, still yields as good crops as ever it did, wliilst the trees are in splendid heart, and though haf disease is pre- sent, the soil is so good, and the healtli of the trees so vigorous, (hat it does not seem to do any permanent lianii. We are very much interested to hear that a hybrid bet ween arabica and Liberian coffee lias been discovered on Mr. de F’oiiblanqne’s estate, and that from it many plants have been raised, and a small clearing of it is about to le ])huited. A few seeds were, we believe, sene to the i’eradeniya gar;lens, and wc s! ould like to hear how they arc getting on. The hybrid is described as a rohusl variety of arahka pioducing a large bean, hut with none cf tlie coarsene.^s of tlie Liberian. It has been sai;! that the time will come when Ceylon iilanUrs will once more t ike to cofl’ee planting. If so (an'd.s oiir conteini or.iry) they could not well set to work with a better- variety than a liybrid of tlii.s sort. Sa5 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. []m i, 1898 CEYLON TEA ENTERPRIZE AND LIPTON —Help for ceylon planters FROM MOTHER COUNTRY- COCONUTS, &c. (By ^^Cosmopolite”) LIPTON. Many yeavs ago, in fact as soon as ^ Lipton piii'chasod Downwal's estates, I began, in these notes, to warn planters against what he wonlJ likely cause the future to bring forth, but gra- dually he forged ahead with his schemes and overcame the scruples of the poor but honest planters, until, at last, they took him to their bosoms as the man who was to be the saviour of Ceylon and boomer of her teas. Now, in the Ovcvlo.nd Observe)’ of date 31st March, 1898, I read as follows “ A Ceylon man in London pys : ‘ Thus the man who has done more, in my opinion, than any other agency to spoil the tea industry from the planters’ point of view, rules off with a huge fortune. In 1890 1 wrote to you that I thouo-ht it a bad day for Ceylon the day Lipton arrived there, and there are many thinking the same thing today.’ Now read what I said in the same paper several years ago “ In these ‘ Odds and Ends’ I have entre.ated my brother planters to keep the great pork, butter and tea vendor at a distance ; that their worst enemy was the man who decried their wares by selling at Is 7d a pound — and no higher puce.” Up to that time I had vainly striven to persuade my brother planters to ‘ ca canny,’ but, after that, 1 gave up in despair, and left them a prey to Lipton. [But how could the brother-planters help them- selves? And what about Lipton’s pushing of tea in America and Russia ? Let every man have his due !— Ed. T.A.I COCONUTS. In the Overland Observer of same date, I read that the impression is aradually gaining ground that the main stand-by of Ceylon in the future must be Coconuts,— for Tea at present prices is not encouraging, and one more twist of the screw of exchange and profits will become losses. I left Ceylon when Tea began to reign, and poor King Coffee was quickly sinking into his grave ; yet even when Tea WJis going ahead by leaps and bounds, I never fancied it, but always said that if I went back to Ceylon it would be .as a Coconut Planter. I am sure .if coconut estates had been as well attended to as 'coffee and tea est.ates have been, they would have paid as well, and been more lasting. HELP I'P.OM THE MOTHER COUNTRY. In your leaders you dc.rkly bint at a time, in the near future, wlien tb ■ planters of Ceylon may require help, as the planters of the West Indies have received. But does it not strike you as un- fair that the agriculturists of Britain should be taxed to provide these planters with the .aieans of tripping home, or up to the Nuwara Eliya (lymkhama, or to the festivities at Darrawella, Kandy, &c. &c. The f.armers at home, who have been called upon to pay towards the upkeep of the West Indian planters, are iirobably suffering more from deiiression than any other cla.ss of British subjects. They never are able to take sundry trips to London, or winter up the Nile, or have a six months’ voyage to the East. It takes them all their tune to make ends meet, and they have to stay at home to do that. But the pauper West Imlian plan ers, who are not ashained to take the money from those overtaxed farmers, are able to rmi borne every few years, live for some months like fighting cocks, and then go back to their estates to prepare for the next run home. I hope Ceylon planters won’t turn paupers also, the home folic have enough to do to keep the West Indian candidates for tire poor-house, with- out having a batch also in the East craving bucksheesh. [Our hint was for Mr. Chamber lain as to aid — not from the imperial exchequer — but through reduced local taxation ; reduced railway rat s or abolition of the unfair tax on imported rice. — Ed. T.A.'\ THE GENIAL GEORGE. Poor George Maitland’s death appeared in last week’s paper, and how many of the old planters must have cast their thoughts back when they read the notice. I first met him, early in I860, in Kindy, and many a time did we mount to the top of Mutton-button together before bi'eak- fast, to get a puff of fresh air. When I was in- troduced to him and learned that he came also from the Silver City by the Sea,’ I paid him an unintJntional compliment, by supposing that he was a co-temporary of my own, but he laughingly undeceived me by telling me that he was 13 years older than I. How young and fresh he looked, and, the last time I saw him, he was stepping along as jauntily as ever, ami looked good for another 20 years at any rate. Of course the obituary notice about him in the Aberdeen Free Press was all wrong, for, in it, he is gra- phically described as having been 40 years a tea- planter in Ceylon. The paper makes no mention of the 13 ye.ars he spent in the Ca]>e, in the Civil Service, nor the 20 years be labo-ed as coffee- planter and visiting-agent. The paltry six or seven years which be spent as tea-planter is all that the paper takes notice of, and that period is lengthened out to 40 years, just to save time and trouble, and altogether regardless of accuracy ! Aberdeenshire, 21st April, 1898. TEA AND TOBACCO. Here is a vital passage from Sir M. Hicks- Beacli’s Budget speech ; — The list of articles on our tariff is i;ow very small. I do not think it wise to reduce it, and therefore I do not think it wise to abolish any indirect taxation. (Hear, hear.) What are the four articles to which my proposition applies ? First, beer ; second, spirits ; third, tea; and fourth, tobacco. I have waited vainly for some indication from the Committee as to which of those articles they would prefer to see relieved. (Laughter) With a tea for the brewers, I must put aside beer. (Hear, hear,” and laughter.) I hope hon. members below the gangway opposite will pardon me if I also put aside spirits. (‘‘Hear, hear,” and laugh- ter.) The choice, today, I think is between tea and tobacco. (Cries of “ Tea” and counter-cries of “ Tobacco,” and general laughter.) Both are articles which are consumed by the people and especially by the poorer classes. (Hear, hear.) Both are very valu- able stimulants when taken in moderation (laughter), especially by those who are insufficiently fed. Both are injurious when consumed to excess as, I am afraid, they are by a great many people. I can conceive my- self listening to an alternate strain of poets, perhaps of different sexes — though I am not quite so sure of that et the present day — singing the respective merits of tea and tobacco. (Laughter.) There could be no more impartial umpire, for I am a total abstainer from both. (Loud laughter.) I claim th.at, like all total ab=tainors, as iny solitary virtue, but unlike some total abstainers, I am only anxious that the articles from which I abstain should he more and more con- sumed by everybody else. (Liugh'er.) On the whole, I give my vote in favour of tob.rcco. (Ministerial cheer.s and Opposition cries of “ Ob” and laughter.) I do so for these two great reasons. Tobacco is not only an article of large consumption, but, imported Juke i, 1898.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 85? a3 it is to the extent, I think, of more than 70 mil- lion pounds, 95 per cent. of this import- ation gives most valnable employment to British and Irish industries. (Hear, hear.) In the second pl.ioe, although no douht the duty on tea is considerable in proportion to the value of the article, yet it nas been frequently reduced to its present point. The tobacco duty has remained the same as now — 3s 21 in the pound on unmanufactured tobacco — for a period of 56 years except during the short iuterv.al in which it was attempted to raise it by' 41. in the pound, an attempt nhich, I think, practically failed. (Hear, hear.) The tobacco duty is so high in proportion to the value of the article that I believe it aotnally in- creases the prime cost of the unmanufactured article by as much as 500 per cent. For these reasons I prefer tobacco. (Cheers.) I have a reason also with regard to the revenue. There is no doubt that the consumption of tobacco in the country is very great, and it is largely increasing, and, in spite of the high duty, I believe that the adulteration of tobacco has largely diminished. CRITIChSMS. There were the usual criticisms of tlie Budget in tlie debate. The following are amu.sing : — The selection of tobacco as a commodity to be relieved in preference to tea. Sir James Lowther approved, assuming that it vvas right to make any reduction, because if they were to reduce the tea duty materially a large mass of the population would have no inducement at all to counsel economy on the part of Parliament. This opinion, he explained, was forme! quite imp irtially, for he was neithor a smoker nor a tea drinker. (Laughter.) Mr. Billson (Halifax) said he had no special com- plaint to make in regard to the reduction of the tobacco duty, but if he had to choose between tobacco and tea he should prefer to see the duty taken off tea rather than off tobacco. Mr. Gibson Bowles congratulated the Chancellor of the Exchequer on the reception which his pro- posals met from the experts. As to tea and tobacco, he thought that an excellent choice had been made. Of the two vices, he considered the smoking of to- bacco was much less injurious than the swilling of tea. (‘‘Hear, hear,” and laughter.) • PLANTING NOTES. Tea CuLTivAvioN in North Travancore.— “The Kanan Devan Hills Piodiice Company, Ld.” have now 8,750 acres of tea under cultivation. There are tliree “■ Chief Managers ” on the spot, — Messrs. L. Davidson, W. Milne, and J. A. Hunter. [Mr. Hunter has not yet joined, being in charge of Sunnycioft, Kelaiii Valley, until Mr. Forsythe return in Augu.st.] Besides these tlieie are ‘20 “ Estate Manageis ” and 14 “Assistants” as also tliree Surveyors and Engineers and two Transport Agents. Full particulars will appear in our forthcoming Directory. Improved Rice-husking Machinery. — A cor- respondent informs the Rangoon Gazette that “ a gentleman from Ceylon is on a visit to Rangoon with the object of introducing new iiatent machinery into rice mills. The new machinery, according to his description, is wonderfully simple, only one floor being required for the one proee-ss by which the paddy is converted into white rice. He states that verj' mncli less rice is broken in the new machine, which occupies very little space, and the distrilmtor attached to the machine separates and ejects the husk in one direction, the broken rice in another, and the coarse from the line in the must perfect style. Be.sides, tlie same liorse-iiower engine which a mill in Rangoon may now be using, will drive a number of these new mills, turn- ing out lifty per cent more white rice than had hitherto been done. Also, fewer hands are re- quired to these machines.”— Pfo/ieer, May ICh Planting Progress in the STRArs. -We extract from the report on the Kinta District for the year 1897, by Mr. R. D. Hewett, the Dis- trict Magistrate, a.s follow.s : — Agriculture is progressing sitisf.iotorily, and large areas are under coffee and other crops, the best estates being those owned by Mr. Osborne, Messrs. Dykes and Leong Fee, Messrs, Ephraum.s ani Crawford, Mr. W. Smith and Mr. Fu Chu Chooa. Mr. Ogilvie has about 310 acres under coconuts and coffee on the Ipoh-Gcpeng ro id, ani many Malays. Chinese and others are planting coffee on small holdings all over the district, the be.st being those owned by Ngah Ali at Tambun and Sini Ismail, near Gopeug. The Datoh Muda Wah.ib for the third time closed his dam at Pinji, which notwith- standing abnormally heavy rains which fell during the latter portion of the yetr shows no sign of giving way. Eight hundred and ninety-seven lots of agri- cultural land, measiu-Log 5,942 acres 3 roods 23 poles, ware alienated, so that up to the 31st Decomber’ 1877, four thousand nine hundred and six lots’ measuring 18,463 acre.s 1 rood 34 poles, have been alienated. Floral Bh:autu-s of D.uueeling A Dar- jeeling correspondent^ writes as follows to the Rnglt.shnian : The w'ind scorched ami mercilessly shrivelled up the few lemaining rhododen- drons and magnolias, but, perchance, in a mea- sure, spared the stately Iris, which has this year, above all years, untolded her cool purple petals in dense hanks of ravishing beauty. Surely a gladsome sight to the weary eyes of the dwellers in the plains calling up wistful memo- ries of the distant Sister Isles. Ei'eri in these hills the Iris will not flower below an altitude of 5,000 feet. We would draw the attention of visitors to the Lloyd Botanical GanLns, which are well worth a visit. They are kept in most delightful order. The present is the .season of the pansies, wiiicli, however, do not come up either in size or in colouring, to those of last year, when they quite excelled themselves. The hot-houses are tilled with a gorgeous ariay of cineririas and calceolarias, of winch one 'may become the happy po.s.sessor for a mere trirtla, A wonderful blue wisteria, which droops Tn coiintle.ss cerulean clusters from the roof, i.s alone worth a visit. How TO Push Liberian Coffee.- -This is Mr Turing Mackenzie’s scheme First fix upon a field of action, and then concert a P an of campaign. I am inclined to believe that South Europe is worth a trial, and from what I have heard I would suggest commencing ouerarinno in Italy. [Poor Italy !-En. O.O.] The base of o^a tions ought to be one of the many towms at which mail steamers frequently call. (a) Let every 100 acres in bearing belonging to members of the Association contribute one pikul coffee /ree. puiui (b) Cost of transport to Eur.ipe to be borne by Planters Association. ^ (c) This presentation coffee to be delivered to the agent. price takes an equal quantity at a fixed ii. That he guarantees to spond in advertisin<^— cXe"" pre-eutatlon tw' the second year his /i.ryGg order doubles thit of the first year, he is still entitled to receive the same amount ot presoiuatiou coffee as he re- csived in the first year. “ lu the third ye.u- of course he is sniiposed to be able to stanc. on his own legs, and the Association can move on to anolher towu, that market having been capiured. imwug 828 THE TROPICAL COCONUT PRODUCTS AND TIIETR DISTRIBUTION: LARGE INCREASE IN TRADE WITH RUSSIA. The ninvai'd tendency of copra, or the dried kernel of tlie eoconnt palm, the price of which is generally regulated by the price of coconut oil in London, has attracted attention for some weeks back, during Avhich the ruling prices have been far in excess of those which the piice of oil would indicate. The explanation is that tliere i.s a strong demand for conra for Russia, which has specially developed tins year with the e.stablishment of new Russian linns in Colombo. Germany had been a gcod customer of ours for the article for some time, and la.st year .she took 42.87S cwt , out of a total of only 100,601 cwt. exported — Belgium coming next witli 2.'v2to cwt. Duriiig the present year, however, the i i'st four month.s .show an cxpnitation of no less than 9::', 753 cwt., — increased to 100,253 cwt. hy 10th May — and this promises almost a tiebled demand tor 1898. Of this quantity, 40,376 cwt. were taken by Russia, while Belgium comes next with 20,283 ewt. j and Germany has had to be content with the third place, with 14,001 cwt. ! Tlie United Kingdom took only 10,208 cwt., indicating, we suppose, that London i.s ceasing to be a distri- buting centre for copra (as well as for other of our products,) for continental needs. This comes among tlie revolutions which the Suez Canal has wrought, and is the fruit of the great deve- lopment in colonial commercial enterprise on the continent, wliich the past few years liave witnessed. We have nothing to complain of in regard to this re- sult; for keener competition and a steady demand secure to the iiroducer adequate returns for his labour, and must stimulate agricultural industry. In reviewing the Export returns for 1897, early this year, we drew attention to the sliifting of the Coconut Oil trade. The mother conntiy, which was not only our largest customer for a long period, but piactically our only customer for some time, took only last year about one-sixth of a by no means large outturn, and about 20,OCO cwt. less than she had taken in 1896 ; and even America, which has been proving a good cus- tomer, took only 12,000 cwt. more than in tlie previous year, or about 16,000 cwt. more than tlie United Kingdom. India, on the other iiand, imported almost twice as mncli as slie did in 1896— that is about double the quantity shipped to America! iSingaiiore, too, about doubled her dcmai d, from 34,133 cwt. to 64,(58, and was short of the United Kingdom hy only 8,000 ewt. These figures indicate a great revolution in the oil trade ; and if only our old customers, whose orders had slackened .somewhat owing to tlie cheapries.s of tallow, resumed their former demands, w e pointed out tliat there was the pros- pect of a ri-e in the piice of oil, and with it of better iirices for co|ira and nnts. Since we wrote in tliis .sense, Rus.sia has been coming toi'ward in a reniaikahle w.ay as a bidder for coconut prod'ict.s. There are evidently ob.slacles in the way of lier taking oil from us; for last year, out of exports .aggregating 409,600 cwt. Ilnssia claimed only 299; ami in 1896 slie had hut 81 cwt.; whi'e this year, so far, there i.s a blank ofiposite her lu nic. Rut, ns we have seen, in cojuasbe has taken the lead this year, with four times the quantity alre.ady that she took for the whole of last year; while in desiccated coconut in which slie made a good show last year with AGRICULTURIST. [June i. jSqS. 18,2.30 lb., she has taken nothing so far. It is to be hoped the trial shipments will lead to business. On the ( tlier hand, Russia has up to date taken 60,000 coconuts — of which we have been sliipiiing immense qnantilie.s this year, nearly 34 niillion nuts — as against 30,000 last year. Al- together, the outlook for the coconut in hmfiy, in connection witli siiipments to Russia, is deci- dedly ho]ieful, and should cheer the hearts of ]danters wiio were l.ameiiting the f.ill in price.'; a.s compared witli tliree orfonryeais ago. Those )irices, lunning close during tlie short crops to H50 ]»er thou.'and of nuts, may never come hack, hut growers will luive little reason to complain if I'lices do not fall below those of hist year. In making special reference to the new hu.si- iiosR wliicli Russia is doing— throngli enterpris- ing firms, to whom we wi.'li all success — with the Colony, we do not lose sight of the grow.Lli in tea pnrcdiases localljq apart from the business whicli is done through Loinlon. 'I'lie ilircct siiip- mciil.s to Ilnssia this year are nearly five times as great as they were for the corresiioiiding part of last year, and even more than was taken during tiie whole of 1897 ! We regard these figures with satisfaction, not only for commer- cial reasons, hut owing to their political signi- ficance; since nothing can he more helpful to a good uiulei standing between the two great Euro- Asian Towers, than intimate commercial relations which should provide an added bulwark against war, with its dislocation of trade and possible ruin to lovers of peace, quite as much as to those who iiave to bear the brunt of battle. ^ THE GROWTH OF RAMIE. A gentleman down South, who has experi- mented, writes : — “ As regards the growth of the plants from which my fibre is procured, it may he of interest to say they were originally given to me by Mr. Drieberg, of the Agricultural School, and plan ed out by me (3 3) in .June last jear. They were fenced in and protected from catde and wild animals, but no further care or atten'i- u paid to them. As I was assured ‘(here was nothing in Ramie,’ I did i.o'hing until a few da,ys ago, when I cut one plant and found it yield 50 stems, weighing (deprived of leaves) 7i lb. Only 12 of the twigs weighed over4oz.’* and these I decorticated and they yielded just < ver g ounce of fibre. This is equal to 35,0001b. ner acre for one cutting or over 25 tons per cutting. Mr. MacDonald estimates ‘ one acre of land should produce at least 70 tons of stems stripped from leaves.’ N.B. — The bush I cut was a corner one, with nothing growing near it in two sides, so perhaps it was of extra size.” Great credit is due to the pioneers with this industry and to Mr. Manley Power in particular who has had the courage to plant an appre- ciable acreage, although he by no means ac- cepts Mr. MacDonald’s sanguine e.stimate as to continuqn.s yield (ler acre per annum. Still he is convinced there i.s a thoroughly profitable margin and even if a Conijiany be not started, Mr. Manley Power will probably go in for 100 acres. But nothing can be done now in clearing in his district till Jaiuiary next ; and meantime the field of Bamie already foimed is to be carefully attended to, cropped legularly and an exact reco d of results kept. This should form a valuable guide to future operations. Those cropped should average 6oz. (Mr. MacDonald sava. — Cor.) June i, 1898.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 829 THE HEAVIEST RAINFALL IN 24 HOURS: NEDUNKENI AND ITS 31 '72 INCHES. We direct attention to a very elaljorate and in- teresting Report given below made by Mr. H. Parker, Irrigation Assistant, P.W.D. and F'ellow of tiie Me- teorological Society, on the subject of the e.xtraordi- naryfall of rain during 24 hours in Decern I ler last at Nedunkeni in the Northern Province. The Re- port is addressed to Government and the subject having been a good deal discussed in our columns, the document has been placed at our disposal. Mr. Parker affords evidence to show that the record was very carefully taken and is an accurate, reliable one, Nedunkeni being most likely on December 15th-16th last, the centre of a cyclonic storm. Mr. Parker’s Report will prove of world- wide interest, especially to Meteorologi.sts and their Societies in all civilized countries ; for, as we have mentioned already, the number of cases on record, where more than 30 inches of rain has ever been recorded in any 24 hours, is ex- tremely limited; and Nedunkeni audits last De- cember’s experience is likely to go down very pro- minently to prostcrity, while the occurence will no doubt be freely discussed in scientilic papers for some time to come. ^ ABNORMAL RAINFALL IN CEYLON; KAINFAEE OF 31-72 INCHES IN 24 HOURS, AT NEDUNKENI, N.P. FROM THE IRRIGATION ASSISTANT, C. I. BOARD. TO THE DIRECTOR OF FUBLIC tVORKS. Nabirittawewa, 16th April 1898. Sir, — My recent visit to the Northern Province has given rue an opportunity of making some en- quiries regarding the abnormal rainfall of last Decem- ber at Nedunkeni, and I have the honor to submit the following report on it ; — Nedunkeni, eleven miles down the southern road to Mullaittivu, and 122 feet above sea-level, is a small village at which there is a dispensary, with quarters for the Medical Officer stationed there, and two small bungalows for the use of Revenue and Public Works officiils when travelling. It is a little to the east of the dividing ridge of North-Central Ceyloa, and though itself in the catchment area of the eastern Per Aru, which flows through Tanuir Murippu Tank, it i.s only a little to the south-west of the point where three sepai’ate drainages meet. Forest, containing a thick grov.t i of high trees, extends over the neiglibourhood, and more especially for many miles from the south to the east, 3. The staff at the dispensary consists of a Medical Officer, a dispenser, aud an hospital orderly. For about three years, a rain-gauge has been established in the grounds of the dispensary, and its records are re- gularly transmitted to the Public Works Office, and are published among the rainfall returns. 4. I annex a sketch showing the position of the rain gauge, the dispensary buildings, and the ne.arest trees. 5. Although the mean annual rainfall at Nedunkeni is probably little more than 60 inches, the fall for last December was 67’07 inches, and of this amount 31-72 inches were measured at 9-30 a. ni. on December 16th, as the rainfall of the preceding 24 hours. Un- precedented floods were caused by it throughout this part cf the district, and 162 tanks were breached by the water which poured over their embankments, while water passed from 18 inches to 2 feet 6 inches deep over the bridges on the northern road to Mullaittivu. 6. The only rainfalls above 1.5 inches previously recorded in Ceylon according to the last published Annual Returns (for 1896) have been 18-75 inches, on December 14-15, 1896, at St. Martin’s estate, Rangalla, Feet Max : above Rainf.ill Pate. sea-level. in inches. 136 19 50 Sept. 8-9, 1884 1,636 ■ 18 80 Sept. 8-9, 1872 65 18-.50 Jau. 15-16, 1876 ). 105 17-90 Oct. 15-16, 1893 '.P. 9 17-60 Oct. 19 20, 1891 .b. 729 16-65 Aug. 6 7, 1886 Central Province, 3,600 feet above the sea level, with an annual mean fill of 173-56 inchr-s, as entered in the Roturii of the Surveyor -General ; and the following amounts entered in the Public Works Departmens Return : — Devilane, B P. Padupola, C.P. Ambo.re, E.P. Avissawslla, S-ib The accuracy of t’neso last records of rainfalls has not been iiivestiga.ted, and it is quite uncertain to what extent they can be accepted. So far as Amb ire is concerned the method of measuring the rainfall that was in practice when I visited that tank last year was so rough as to render val-ueless any high measure- ments obtained there. 7. The gauge at Nedunkeni is fixed on a plot of short thick grass inside the dispsiisarj enclosure. Its top, 5 inches in diameter, is 2 feet above the ground, and the mouth of the funnel has a vertical rim 2 in. high. The bottle will hold a rainfall of 41- inches, and is completely enclosed in a water tight receptacle, in which any surplus rain collects when the bottle overflows. The rainfall is measured in an ordinary graduated half inch measuring glass. 8. The rainfall of December 15th began at Nedun- keni at about 6 o’clock in the morning, and con- tinued without intermission until some time on the following day. That which fell before 9-30 a.m. on the 15th was entered as usual to the previous day’s account. At noon, at 3 p.m., and at 6-30 p.m. the bottle in which the rain was collected was emptied into an ordinary wash-hind basin by the Medical Officer or the Dispenser, having overflowed into the receptacle at 3 p.m. (this water also being emptied), and being full at the other times. The orderly states that during the night, acting on instructions given in the evening by the Medical Officer, he emptied it twice. On the first occasio-n it had overflowed, and all the water was poured into the basin, which was then nearly full. On the second occasion, the bottle was full, and he poured the water into the ewer belonging to the wash-haud set, after first examin- ing the latter to see that it was empty. At about 7 or 7-30 a.m. on the 16th, the Dispenser emptied the bottle into the ewer, and again at 9-30 a.m., when it was about seven-eighths full. The whole of the water was then measured by the Dispenser, in the presence of the Medical Officer and the orderly. The Medical Officer is now stationed atMankulam; the account that he gave me there pgreed with that of the dispenser and orderly. [Here Mr. Parker gives a sketcli of the station, to show the situation of the rain-gauge. — Ed. P.A.] 9. By a fortunate accident, this rainfall lias oc- curred at a station where there is the check of a quite unusual number of observers. Practically the only doubt that can be felt with regard to the all- important check of the number of times the bottle was emptied is with reference to the statement of the hospital orderly that he went out twice in the night to examine and bring it to the house. With respect to this it may be noted that the intensity of the rain from 9 30 a.m. to 6-30 p.m. on the 15th, was almost exactly 14 inch per hour. The Medical Officer informed me that heavy rain continued up to above 8 p.m., after whic’a it became lighter. According to the hospital orderly’s evidence, we have for the next 13 hours after 6-30 p.m.. an intensity of a' trifle more than 1 inch per hour, aud this is only about two-thirds of the intensity of the succeed- ing 2 hours up to 9-30 a.m. on the 16th. There is therefore no evidence that the statement of the orderly is untrustworthy ; on the contrary, it closely agrees with the aotu.al measurement made on the 16th by the dispenser and the Medical Officer. If We accept his statement, a total of 6J bottles has been accounted for; tMs would bo about 31 inches, or 830 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [June i, 1898. 0 27 inches less than the measurement, this balance being the.water that bad overflowed from the bottle. 10. Thus, so far a^s tire recorded measurements go they may be accepted as correct. Whether they represent the actual rainfall is another matter. There are other possible causes of error to be considered : — (a). Splashii.g, caused by raiir drops falling on ground covered by a film of water. It is possible ilrat during the greatest inte}'isily of the fall there may have been some slight spiasliiug into the funnel of Uie gauge; but the protection afforded by the grass, and the height of the mouth of the gauge above the ground level could not but prevent this from being of importance. {h). The presence of tall trees on the windward side of the gauge is a much rrrore serious cause of error. While part of ihe heaviest rain was falling, a wind, des- cribed as “ irroderate ’'here in this forest, but “ strong ” at Kanukem tank, 11 miles away to the north- east was blowing from the west, and veering round to the south-west, in which directions 2 leafy trees, 93 feet high, are so near as certainly to intercept a coirsiderable quantity of rain if it fell at an in- olinaticu even much steeper than 45 degrees. It is impossible to even guess ihe loss from this cause; but it may safely ba asserted that there must have been t-orae, and that possibly it was considerable. (c). The loss of rainfall while the bottle and re- ceptacle were removed in order to bo emptied. This cannot Te estimated; its total amount must have been very small. , . . „ , , i rv, 11. My general conclusion is thai most probab'y the actual rainfall was in excess of the recorded amount.^ 12. The only unusual circumstance connected with this rainfall is its steady continuance for so long a period ; and with regard to this iact the independent testimony of Mr. S iniiiugam, the District Engineer, and of villagers at liodalikkalla, 7 miles to the north east is conlinnatory. According to Mr. Sanmugam, the ram began at Kanukeni tank at about noon on the 15th and lasted until afternoon on the 16th December I have myself at tlie Dedutn Oya works measured an intensity of 1| inches per hour for 5 consecutive hours. ^ 13 At Kai ukem there is the evidence of the District Engineer, Mr. Sanmugam, at Kodalikkalla, that of the villagers, atNedunkeni, lliat of the Medical Officer and dispenser, that the heavy rain set in from the west. Towards evening the wind was blowing from the south, and on the following moinmg from the north-east, from which direction the wind was also recorded on the 15th morning at 9-30 a. m. Thus the storm was clearly cyclonic, as was to be expected, and the centre of the depression must have worked round from ihe north to the west of Nedunkem. Eegarding its earlier and later movements nothing 19 known — I am sir, your obedient servant, 13 Known. X (Signed) H. PAKKER, Irrigation Assistant, F. R. Met., Soc., &g. OUR I’KINUIPAL TEA COMPANIES. In the Ceylon Observer and Tropical Agricul- turist, will l>e found full reports from our own rcpicscnlaLivc of Ihe proceedings at_ the annual meetings of the Ceylon Tea Plantations, and Eastern IT'oduce and Estates Companies. The Chairman of the former, Mr. H, K, Ruther- ford, never fails to have useful information to iiniiart in his annual deliverance, and the present occasion is no exception to the rule. He shows us how each penny up or down in exchange means £150,000 into, or out of, the pockets of the Cey- lon tea planters; and that from this cause alone last year gave £250,070 less iirolit than 1895— ■\vlien 6xchiin^e wa-s specially favourabiG. Then the Indian faiiliue and dear rice made a difference last year of £100,0('0 ; w Idle the lower price of tea, 7(1 tier 11) lower last year than in 1695, lessened the prolits by £300,000 -thus giving an aggregate loss to our tea industry of no less than £710,000 or equal to £2-5s iior acre of tea in bearing. Is it fitly wonder after such a result, that there should be more than talk about ahandon- meiit, more specially considering the area tliat, tirobably even in 1895 did not earn £2-5s per acre ? For the future, Mi’. Rutlierford is hopeful : he thinks we have seen the worst ; but that manifestly depends on the decision of the Currency Committee, while such elements a.s Plague and War must also be taken into account a.s possibly interfering with the prolits of the industry. No Company, however, occupies a stronger position than that of the “ Ceylon Tea Plantations ’’ and both Mes.srs. Rutherford and Talbot were enabled to s]reak with confidence fis to its future. The latter ha.s come to believe ill artificial manuring to a certain extent, while the evidence afforded of the coconut invest- ments proving satisfactory, is very le-assuring. Mr. Lindsay-Nicholsoii represented even more extensive interests as Chairman of the meeting of shareholders in the Eastern Produce and Estates Company ; but with a heavy burden of debentures, the ordinary shareholders here, are glad to have less than half the dividend of their more fortunate neighbours. We think the Chairman was too sanguine in antici- pating the total abolition of the tea duty next year. Apart from the possibility of war (which would mean ,an increased duty), the most that can he anticipated, we think, is a reduction to tw’opence a lb. which w'ould still leave a collection of revenue exceeding two millions .sterling. Mr. Liiulsay-Nicholson did justice to the Ceylon staff, and their duties will he better understood in view of the figures given by the Managing Director showing that 14,500,000 lb. of tea— or one-eiglith of our entire crop — represented the Company'.s Agency business la.st year ! Mr. Cameron very properly dwelt on the great im- portance of developing the trade in our teas outside the United Kingdom and more es- pecially ill Russia and • America, to ■which he favours direct shipments from Ceylon. The other tw’o Companies whose proceedings are reported — the Highland and Poonagalla— are, of comparatively minor importance ; but Sir George Pilkington well shewed how much the spirit of “economic working” had entered into the minds of Directors in devising wire shoots and one conve- nient, common factory for the Poonagallagroup, in order to save labour. Sir George spoke out on the Currency question and no less so on the bad policy of planters .shipping home large quantities of inferior tea. Everywhere at present, one blessing is recognised as arising out of the trouble of “ hard times” and that i.s the check which has been, and mu.st he, given to the planting of further areas with tea. The Copperah Market. — Since our last report prices have been very unsteady, while the arrivals ■were few and there was keen conipetiton. Monday opened with rates closing at R48’60 for fairly dried, on Tuesday the market moved to R49, aud on Wednes* day it stood easy at that price. On Thursday there was a jump of one Rupee and an estate parcel of 61 candies was closed at R60. On Friday there was piuch uneasiness aud closing rates stood at R53’25 per candy, with an advance of R3’25 on the previ- vious day’s prices. This was an unprecedented jump, due more to the fact that a shipment for Odessa had to be closed, than to an actual upward move in the Euro* pean market. Today there was a still further rise of fifty cents, and next week it is believed, will open with a slump in the market. According to day’s private ad- vices, there is a downward tendency in prices in the London market, with which local sympathy will before long btt evinced.— Local "Examiner,” May 14, June i, 1898.] THE TROPICAL COCONUT ESTATE PliOTERTY IN THE NORTH AND EAST OF CEYLON. If it be true as stated by tlie “Hiudu Organ” that Mr. R. M. R. A. Supraiiianian Chetty lias for two lakhs of rupees acquired tour estates — Kotta, Karainbogan, Kanagarayan and Seram- pattoo — belonging to the estate of the late David Todd, it shevis that coconut proiierty is not very higlily valued in the Nortli. M'e make out that there must be about 1,000 acres covered vvitli coconut-palms on these properties, and the price mentioned would therefore only average about R200 an acre : can there have been a mortgage besides ? The Plopallai estate (of 1,500 acre.s — 1,000 planted with coco-palin.s) has been leased from Mr. E. S. W. Senathirajah and others by Mr. J. Ru.ssell Lilley who has sent his nerdiew, Mr. II. E. Candy to manage the same. In the Eastern Province besides hi.s interest in ■ several commercial ventures, Mr. Russell Lilley owns 107 acre.s of coconuts at Tirrukovil, while he also superintends 350 acres belonging to Messrs, bcott and Tatbam at Kalkudah. Another Kalkudah property is that belonging to the Agra Tea Estate Co. of 300 acres under the care of Mr. A. £. Byrde. And once again of now estates we have the Tirrukovil property of Messrs. Scott and Tatham, 1,000 acres, of which 650 are planted, under the care of Mr. C. E. Northcote. Altogether about 1,500 acres have recently been added to the coconut palm area in the Eastern Province. We hope the plantations may all turn out well ; and that success may also attend the operations of the Carnac Will Co., and the local Steam Navigation Company — both new ventures at Batticaloa. BRITISH-GROWN TEA. We quote the following article and letter from the Financial Times : — Owing to the fall in the prices of Indian and Oeylon tea, and the maintenance of the artificial rates of ex- change on India, the dividends on la.st year’s workings of tea-planting companies are likely to be on a much smaller scale than those of previous years, except in those cases where there are reserve funds for equalising dividends. From information we have received, we believe the remedy for the present depressed state of the tea market is entirely in the hands of the companies themselves. As combinations are now the order of the day, we do not see why they could not advantageously combine to diminish the output of the lower grades of common tea, which, it seems, do not pay to produce at present low prices. We are told that when the prices of common tea were much higher than they are now owners of estates in the low-lying districts, both in India and Ceylon, adopted the system of plucking one leaf more than was gathered in the higher districts for the purpose of compensating themselves by quantity for comparative inferiority of quality. It appears that this method of working low estates answ'ered very well as long as prices of the grades obtained from the manufacture of the extra leaf were remunerative : but now the production of these grades has become un- profitable, and it is suggested that all tea companies who own estates on which the coarser plucking is practised should agree to discontinue it for a defined period. We learn that this can be done without the slightest interference with the ordinary working of the estates, and though it may increase the cost of the better grades of the tea produced on these estates, the advance in prices of all qualities which would follow from the decreased supply would more than compen- sate for the small increase in the cost of production. The fact is, as statistics prove, the production and 10g| AGRICULTURIST. 831 consumption of the British-grown tea are so nearly equalised that an increase in consumption, which may naturally be looked for from present low prices, or a decrease in the supply would cau.se an appreciable re- action in market values. As the first is a slow process the quickest and ni 'st certain way of obtaining the d .sired improvement would be to discontinue the sup- ply of those grade.s which are now selling at from 4d to 5d per pound in bond and which consumers do not, w’ant. There can be little doubt that if proprietors of estates would agree to leave the fourth leaf on their bushes such a reduction in the supply of tea would take place as would enhance prices of all qualities to a point that would satisfy them, and at the same time not be high enough to discourage consumption, though it would probably curtail the profits of the big retailers, who can well afford it. However practicable and ad- vantageous the plan of adopting tempoi arily the sys- tem of finer plucking may be, it would not do to carry it too far. If that is done, it will probably let in again large quantities of Chinese common Congou, the importation of which for the last eighteen months the English Government has been striving to increase by giving it a protection of at least 40 per cent, over British grown tea. The reason why this protection of China and Japan tea did not lead to increased imports last year is because consumers fully recognise the comparative cheapness and better qualities of British maohine-niada tea, and no longer appreciate the peculiar and distinctive flivour China tea acquires from being manufactured by the clammy hands of Chinese coolies. Still, it is very difficult to compete with a highly protected article, and we therefore warn British tea planters to watch Chinese exports next season and the vagaries of our own Government. Sib, — My attention h,as been called to a leading article, under the above heading, in your issue of this date, on the contents of which, however, I crave your indulgence to make a few remarks. T. Profits for Season 1897. — While you are correct in the view tliat these, owing to high exchange and overhead low prices of tea, are likely to be curtailed, it is hardly correct to opine that “ dividends will," all round, “be on a muce smaller scale,” to use your own words. Undoubiedly, the dividends of those companies which in past favourable seasons have made no provision for “a rainy day” will have to be reduced, but in the larger number of instances, where reasonable provision of this sort has been made, there is not likely to be much diminu- tion in actual dividends, though the profit earned may be less. The three principal Ceylon com- panies which have so far issued their reports — namely, the Ceylon Tea Plantations Company, the Standard Company, and the Eastern Produce Com- pany— certainly show small signs of decadence (despite an unfavourable season), and they cannot fail to be most satisfactory to their shareholders ; while, among the leading Indian companies— with a few exceptions (where conditions have been unusually un- favourable)—there is not likely to be much cutting down. 2. Quantity v. Quality of Produce. — While there is no doubt some truth in what you say as regards managers having it in their power to control the quality by regulation pluckin^’, this is not always practicable, being chiefly questions of labour and of climatic conditions ruling at different period.^ of the producing (Hushing) season, which extends over nine months of the year. The constant endeavour now'- a days, both of m inagers'on the spot and of the home administrations of most of the leading companies, is to produce the best possible quality of tea. During the year just closed, however, conditions have been, in India especially, most a,bnormal, w’eather being frequently unfavourable and the health of the labour force bad, with heavy death-rolls, and this is the chief reason of the coarse quality produced. This will probably be entirely reversed next season. Indeed, there are not wanting those who believe that there is some fear of an excessive supply, during 1808, of fiuQ 832 THE TROPICAL AGBICULTURI IS. [June i, 1898. grade tea, ■which may cause a fall in the price of fine Assams. It should he noted, moreover, that there have been, even in 1897, many notable excep- tions of gardens — where conditions were more favourable —sending very fine tea, notably the Assam Company, Doom Dooma, and Jhanzie in Assam, and the Lebong and other Darjeeling gardens. 3. Low-lying Districts. — You appear to have fallen a little into error in regard to this point. It is true that in Ceylon — where the best tea is grown at an elevation of from 1,000 up to 4,000 or 5,000 ft. — the produce of the districts lying at sea level is mostly poor, and the same remark applies to the produce of the so-called bheels or marshes in Cachar and Sylhet. But as regards Assam — that is, the whole valley of the Brahmapootra — which produces the strongest teas, and also parts of Sylhet, and even the Dooars, virtually the whole tea-planted area is only a few feet above river level, with no deleterious effect on quality, but the reverse. 4. Return of Chinese Competition. — You are quite correct, no doubt, in the view that any attempt to unduly raise the price of Indian and Ceylon tea, or to seriously diminish the supply of the less highly- priced grades, might possibly give a renewed ira- Eetus to the cheap China-Congou import. This, owever, I believe is less to be feared, so far as home consumption is concerned, than by reason of its standing in the way of, or handicapping, the export trade to Colonial and foreign countries, in which direction, much more than to increase consumption in Great Britain itself, the expansion in consumption, and counteractive of over-production, of Indian and Ceylon tea is mainlv to be sought.— I am, &c., GEO. SETON. Indian Tea Share Exchange, 120, Bishopsgate Street Within, E.C., April 16, 1898. — E. and C. Mail, April 22. TARA RUBBER GROWING: THE COMING INDUSTRY FOR CEYLON. “Is it to be Bara Rubber or Ramie Fibre,” may well be a question asked by the puzzled planter anxious to have two strings to his bo'w ; and we suspect the information published now will send a good many more customers after Rubber seed. We were aware of the w'onderful progress made on Culloden estate when we took excep- tion to a statement about good seed being un- available save from our Government Gardens. The following report published in the Ceylon Govern- ment Gazette will shew what the Director of the Gardens has now to say on the subject : — Royal Botanic Gardens, Peradeniya, April 14, 1898 The Hon’ble the Colonial Secretary, Sib, — 1 have the honour to report that during the week ended April 2nd last, I visited the plantations of Para indiarubber at Edangoda and Yattipowa made in 1890-93 by the Forest Department, and also some of the estates near Neboda, on which a considerable amount of rubber has been planted. 2. The plantations belonging to the Forest De- partment are in very good order, and in a year or two many of the trees will be in condition to allow of experiments in tapping being made on them, as is much to be desired. 3. On Culloden estate near Neboda, which I have examined iu moat detail, thanks to the courtesy of the visiting agent, Mr. Grigson, there are about 30,000 or more trees in very fine order. The older trees were grown from seed or cuttings obtained from llenaratgoda garden. Of recent years the estate has had much seed of its own, and this year their crop is expected to greatly exceed that at the dis- posal of Government. 4. A finer lot of trees than those on this estate and the neighbouring estates it would be difficult to find. The oldest trees are only fourteen years old, but rival the trees twenty-one years old at Heparatgodai This is partly due to the fact that the Culloden trees are more widely separated than those at Henarat- goda, being planted among tea at distances of about 30 feet, partly to the more favourable soil and con- ditions of the Kalutara district; 6. A few expeiimental tappings have been made on the older trees on this estate and have shown very good results, better than those obtained at Henaratgoda, on which the data of profit and loss given in the circular recently issued by this De- partment were based. As at present the demand for seed makes it more profitable to keep the trees for seed, these experiments are not being continued just now. 6. From what I saw of the condition of the trees and the results of these tappings, I am strongly confirmed in my previous opinion that the cultiva- tion of rubber bids fair to prove a profitable in- dustry in Ceylon and a useful adjunct to the larger industry of tea and coconut cultivation. — I am, &o., John C. Willis, Director. Simultaneously we receive from the Resident- General ot the Federated Malay States, a copy of the very interesting and practical Report fur- nished by Mr. Derry, the main portion of which we published some time ago, but which we re- produce as follows, so that planters may at once be able to refer to it in full : — Government Plantations Office. Taiping, 24th Nov., 1897. To the Secretary to Government, Perak, Sir, — In reply to S.G. 61 64-97, 1 have the honour to forward the following report on the work doue in connection with Para rubber trees at Kuala Kangsar. 2. Some months ago the Director of Kew wrote to me. He had heard from Sir Hugh Low that the Kuala Kangsar trees did not exude when tapped, and asked, with a view to information, for the reason. 3. It will be seen from this report that the work for the year is not yet completed, and I would par- ticularly point out that the experiments have not been conducted to test how much each tree will yield, for the reason that these trees are of much greater value to the Government at the present time as seed- bearers than rubber-producers : as an instance of this, I would mention that applications for 70,000 seeds have been received for the current year (of which 25,000 have been supplied) and an application filed for 100,0009 seeds next year. 4. The Para rubber trees {Hevea Braziliensis) at Kuala Kangsar were first tapped during the month of August, and the work has been proceeding up to the present time. The frequent wet days have de- layed the work considerably. At the end of October, 60 trees had been tapped and 88, of dry marketable rubber prepared. Most of the trees tapped were six years old, and from these trees an average of 10 ozs, of dry rubber has been obtained. A few trees, 12 years old, produced 3 lb. each, but in no instance were the tappings exhaustive. Two samples have been sent to Mincing Lane for opinion and valuation. 5. Tapping. — The trees were tapped with almost V shaped cuts, a few inches apart, with a channel down the centre from the lower branchas to the base/ An ordinary pruning knife was used to make thfe first outs, and about a quarter of the outer bark removed, care being taken not to cut too deeply. So' soon as this commenced to callous — which varies- from two to several days— the edges of the cuts were lightly shaved with a very sharp chisel every day with an occasional Interval until tne decided quantity has been exuded. The rubber was collected in locally-made tin boxes, 6" x 4" x 2", nailed at the base of the tree, with the lid partially opened so as to prevent wet or dirt from falling in. When full, this was allowed to dry and the water pressed out (a pinch of salt appears to expedite the coagulation) and then kept in smoke for about a week to prevent WiWew. June i, rSgJiJ THE TROPICAL AGRICULTDRIST. S33 6. Time of Tapping. — Para rubber has a short resting season when most of the leaves fall off. The flowers usually appear first, and when the tree is in full foliage tapping can be commenced and carried on with different trees — until again deciduous. The first cuts can be made at any time of the day and may be left for weeks in the event of exceptionally wet weather, but the subsequent tappings should always be done in the evenings as the rubber soon ceased to exude with the inflaauoe of the sun. 7. Planting. — Most of the trees at Kuala Kangsar are planted on wet land, subject to be fleodad every year. Some, however, are on high dry laud, but my experiments are not sufficiently complete to say if there is any difference in the yield of rubber on dry, against wet, land. 8. The tree appears to be the most adaptable of any rubber tree, growing from swampy lands to an elevation of several hundred feet, and seems to thrive on any ordinary soil. The material point in its cnlti- vatiou is close planting. I recommend not more than 15 feet apart. 9. Remarks. — I am of opinion that a tree 5 6 yegtrs old is capable of producing IJ'lb. and a tree 13 years old 6 lb. of rubber without injury. The cost of tap- ping, drying, and preparing, I should estimate, work- ing on a la''ge scale, about 30 cents per lb. The present London value for dry rubber Is from 3s 6d to 8s 8d (sterling) per lb, I would add that I shall be able to offer so)iie further remarks when my experi- ments are completed, and when I receive an opinion on the samples sent home,— I have, etc , R. Debry, Superintendent of Government Gardens, 38, Mincing Lane, E.C., 19th Nov. 1897, To R. Derry, Dear Sir, — I have received your samples of Para rubber and beg to report on same aS follows : — No. 1. Matta Grossa in character, fairly clear, im- perfectly smoked, but apparently good, strong rubber, * No. 2. Do. do. do. slightly preferable, Value 2s 9d to 3s per lb. The market is very good an! you should ship all you can, try and smoke it a little more and keep the bulk up to the standard you sent me. As a rule the rubber from the Straits is much inferior to that coming from South America, but your samples are quite equal to Para. You seem to have more care- fully prepared it, ordinary Straits rubber, imper- fectly collected and prepared, is worth about Is per lb. less than the samples you have sent. I hope to do fairly well for you in the pepper, the market keeps good. — Yours, etc., W. Figg, for W. J. & H. Thompson, A crop of 100,000 lb. of rubber from the Cullotlen trees to sell at even 2s 6d per lb. (£12,50J) is not to be despised ! — It is out intention very shortly to issue a new edition of our manual “ All about Rubber- growing, &c. ,” and to bring the information up to date, so far as we can collect it from official reports and from private planting experience made available to us. CACAO ANALYSES. Mr. De Sanctis and other gentlemen intere.sted in this subject will be glad to learn that we have this day found papers th.at have been sought for dining several weeks, giving very elaborate analyses of cacao soils, pods, various part of fruit (of different varieties — specially PYrastero) of kernels dried and fermented, of the pulp, etc., etc. And also reports of a series of experiments with manure in cacao plots. Can our readers guess where these very extensive analyses have taken place ? In the “ Government Laboratory British Guiana”! So,^ a second-rate Colony like Sir James Long- den’s Demerara,” can afford a Government Laboratory for many years back ; while the first of Grown Colonies has nothing of the kind ! _ ^\e are sending on the analyses and other information to Mr. Cochran to aid him in his present researches. We hope afterwards to em- body all the material parts in an up-to-date Cacao Planters’ Manual. — ' EXPORT OF TEA FROM CHINA TO GREAT BRITAIN. 1597-98. 1896-97. lb. lb. Canton and Macao . . 5,948,7.52 6,287,826 Shanghai and Hankow .. 15,201,201 19.119,120 Foochoiv .. ..12,160,708 12,749,506 Amoy .. .. 68.0,651 616,350 33,996,312 38,774,808 EXPORT OF TEA FROM JAPAN TO UNITED .STATES AND CANADA. 1897-98. 1896-97. lb. lb. Yokohama .. ,. 26,826,182 27,567.053 Kobe ,. .. 15,776,817 14,961,212 42,611,909 42,528,272 CEYLON TEA COMPANY MEETINGS. CEYLON TEA PLANTATIONS COMPANY, LTD. (From our ovm Reporter.) The annual general meeting of shareholders in the Ceylon Tea Plantations Company, Limited, was held at the offices, 20 Eastcheap, London, on Wednesday, April 27. Mr. H. K. Rutherford presided over a large gathering, being supported by Messrs. David Reid, H. Todd and G. Talbot, directors. The Secretary, Sir Wm. Johnston, read the notice convening the meeting. The Chairman : — As the report and accounts have been in your hands for some time, I presume it is your pleasure that they, as usual, be taken as read. Many shareholders doubtless have been somewhat anxious to see the kind of accounts and report this Company would present for 1897, as on all sides you must have heard that Ceylon and Indian Tea Comp.nnies generally have had a disappointing year. Well, I dare say it was a relief to you to see that, notwithstanding the many ad- verse conditions under which the enterprise suffered, your Company has done well. We have made a profit of .£42,199 3s Od, atid are in a posi- tion to comfortably pay the usual 15 ))cr cent dividend for the eleventh year in succession, to add to reserve ,£5,000, to write off for deprecia- tion £5,000, and to carry forrvard £3,121 10s 9d to next year (applause.) Although we have no reason to complain of these re.snlts, still, speaking generally, the tea industry of Ceylon lias had its first shock in the year that li.as gone, and as you have been told in the report that the les.sened profits have •arisen from the ri.se in e.xcliange, the loss in sup- plying rice to the coolies and fall in the price of tea, it will, I am sure, be interesting to yort to understand the bearing these factors have on the industry as a whole and also to what extent they affect your Company in particular. In the year Prepared with a pinch of salt. THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [June I, 189?. S34 1895, the conditions with regard to exchange, rice, and price of tea were considered fairly satisfac- tory by growers, and a comparison between that year and 1897 will show you how adversely our interests have been affected by these causes alone. First, then, with regard to exhange, the Ceylon crops for 1897 was 116,000,000 lb. of tea, which roughly cost 1130,000,000 to prorluee, so that had the favourable rate of 1895 continued the planters of Ceylon would have had £250,000 more prolit from this item. It is presumed we now know the worst about the rupee. There is still, however, some hope of the Indian Government taking the producer’s views into consideration and fixing the rupee at a lower value than Is dil. As every Id in exchange means a difierence of £150,000 to the Ceyon tea growers on the current year’s crop it is to be hoped that some relief will be afforded the enterprise in whatever s'.eps the Government may take with regard to the silver currency question. Had the Indian famine not taken place and tlie price' of rice (the stajjlefood of our coolies) remained the same as it was in 1895, the tea planters of the colony would last year have been better off' by £100,000. It isa matter for satisfaction that Indian famines do not come more frequently as dear food means a higher cost of production for our tea. The sale price of Ceylon tea for 1897 was fd per lb. below that of 1895, so that from this cause there was a loss of £360,000. These three i'ems represent a total loss to the tea growers of (leylon of £710,000 arising from the difference of conditions existing last year as compared with those of 1895. This is equi- valent to a drop of l^d per lb. on the tea produced, or a loss of [uolit of about £2 5.s Od per acre on the lands under tea. To this Com- pany the loss arising from the diff'erence in conditions obtaining in 1897 as against 1895 has been £17, COO, and this notwithstanding our teas only fell :]:d per lb. in ])rice as against a drop of |d per lb. for Ceylon tea generally. The steady drop year by year in the price of tea, may appear to many the most serious matter we have to contend against. To a certain ex- tent this is so, but although not very ple.asant at the time, it has the reileeming feature of checking Large extensions of tea clearings and of pressing home on us the absolute nece.ssity of economic production, of maintaining the quality of our teas and perseverirvg in pushing their consumption in new markets (hear, hear). When these two desirable things — a lessened animal in- ei ease of ]n'oduction and increased consumption— are brought about, W’c may hope to see the product in a better position in the market than it is today. To retuin to our own special interests in the Ceylon Tea Plantations Company, I may say your directors have no fear whatever for its future, unless, indeed, the tea consmning world give.= n]> drinking the licverage, wdiieh is scarcely likely in our time. When this Company is able to earn 22 jrer cent on its ordinary share capital after ]iaying its preference interest, in the worst year the Ceylon tea industry has experienerd it appears reasonable to enteriain the belief that we are likely to continne for many years to conn; to pay good diviilends (apiilausc.) I consider it is advisahh; to point tins out, as there is an unreasonable appichension at the ])rescnt moment with regard to all tea Com- |).anies and the shares of good concerns arc in times like the.se prejudicially affected in sym- pathy with le.ss favourable situated ventures, From the repoit you will observe the yield was equal to 4951b. per acre from 8,067 acres, so that wlien our j’oung tea is a little obler we may reasonably look for an annual crop of not less than 500 lb [ler acre, which over sudi a large acreage is a good yield. The trees on our co- conut estate.s are reirorted as doing well and every year noiv, will see a steady increase in crop. The only ]daec we have in hearing is Se- ringapathe, and this gave a prolit of 7 per cent on its capital cost. When the whole of this estate is in full bearing we expect a return of at least 8 per cent, which, if obtained you will I think consider sati^-factory on this port’on of our reserve fund. ]Ma" atta fibre factory i.< now completed anil we hojie to have sati.sfaetoiy re- sults from it and also the Hunupitiya desiccating and coconut oil milks during the current year. Our other reserve investments ot £28,829 in se- curities are taken as usual at their cost values and the balance of onr re.serve is prolitably em- ploj^ed in the ag(;ncy business we have in con- nection with other tea Companies and ])roprietors. I do not know that 1 need say anytliing further but as usual shall be very pleased to answer any questions the slureliolders may desire to ask and to give you any information that may he in our power to afford. I would now ))roiiose “That the report and .statement of accounts, as submitted, he received and adopted, and that a final dividend of 8 jier cent on the ordinary shares, making 15 per cent for I lie year, free of income tax, he decl.ared payable on and after 30tli inst.” (Applause). Mr. G. A, Talhot : — 1 have much pleasure in seconding the adoption of tire re]iort .and the ac- counts. 1 have a.s most of you know, lately re- turned from visiting the e.states in Ceyloy, and I can fairly say they are as carefully worked as tliey have been heretofore, and are all in good order. Our Chairman has rightly pointed out what he has correctly termed the'anxiety about the tea of the future, and I, a.s one of those re- sponsible for the working of the estates, have na- turally looked to this part of the question and con- sidered the position as to our strength, and reserve, for withstanding what we may call a siege of bad prices and low exchange, .and how we shall be •able to wiblisLand them if these difficulties in- crease. Yon have heard me speak before .about plucking and manuring. Onr plucking is being caiefnlly done, and the bushes ,'iave not been exhausted more than has been absolutely neces- sary. We have, where the conditions have been favourable, jilanted gr.ass and instituted cattle sheds, and renewed -with sustaining manure the iields that required it most. So we have, if r q Hired, a reserve strengtli in our Lushes to f di back upon. But I have been further into tbi subject of manuring. Hereto^’ore we have not resorted to artiheial manures .as they are called, partly because there was no need to do so, and partly because no one was quite cer- tain of the eti'ect they had, and we wished to do iDthins' that would injure the strength of onr hushes by the use of any forcing manures. Lately, Imwever, a great deal has been done in finding out the effects ana different manures in Ce.ylon by .analysis of soils and by experiments ; and must say hero that I think" the good feel- ing tliat there is in Ceylon wliich prompts the planlers to lielp each other by information, speaks very much in their favour and assists them all round. As far as I am concerned, when in Ceylon I had every assistance, from tliose who THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 833 June t, iByS.] knew, in finclinp; out the eftects of (lifferent manures, and in coming to conclusions which will be useful hereafter, and I am glatl to ack- nowledge all this considerate cooperation. 'J'he effect ot these manures has now been found to increase the yield of the tea— and consequently the paying property of the tea — without increasing the cost, because wiien you increase the yield the cost per lb. on certain works goes down. Though these concentrated manures as we may call them, have been used in one or two cases for eight or nine years they shorv no effect in the way of doing any harm to the bu.shes. So if the time should never come when the Ceylon Tea Plantations Comi)any thinks its profits are not what tliey should Ire, we hare also thi.s reserve force to fall back upon : we can use tbe.se stimula'ing manures and in- crease onr yield and output rvithout injuring our bushes (hear, hear.) I may say that we ourselves have made arrangements to manure some of our fields rvith tlie stronger manures, partly because we wish to see what the result is, and so as to be quite certain in which direc- tion to extend our manuring operations should the time arise wlien rve lind it necessary. I had the pleasure of addressing you last year, and I then spoke on what was then the burning ques- tion of the coast advances and the labour force in Ceylon. The burning jiart of that question has disappeared. Owing to the scarcity of rice in India the coolies have come over in great number.s to Ceylon, and I am quite within tlie mark in saying our estates are better supplied with labour than ever they liave been before. Con- sequently this point about advances lias been got over; the coolies have been so plentiful that there is .ro necessity for maldng these larger advances. In fact, the advances are being re- duced (liear, hear.) And in tliat respect I would remind yon that we liave full conlidence, in onr staif. Tliey aie capable, and are using tact and energy in reducing these advaiice.s, and we may, in leaving the matter in their linnds, be sure that this point, which appeared last year to be a rather dangerous one, will now be got over without auy dillieulty. Mr. WelldoN Comparing this year’s report with last j'ear’s I see that our liist-class securities are some £8,000 less than last year and our coconut figures are about £8,000 more. The coco- nut profits are about the same. Is it within the power of theboanl to invest our money in anything outside first-class securities and the coconut plan- tations. What I ineaii is, would you con.sider it within your province to take shares in other Companies. That would be an important stej), and one to which I should have a great obj'ec- tion to our taking (hear, hear.) Mr. (t. tlETON : — It is a great satisfaction to us to hear what Mr. 'J'albo;, who has technical experience, has told u.s about the maiiuring, because it is a question wliicli has been very mucli suhjiulice. He has given, I consider, a very deoisive'^opiiiion, wlricli we can all aiipreciale. What he lias said about tliis rather nasty ques- tion of coast advances, and .so forth, is also very satisfactory. 1 would just like to point out that for the past year our advances seem actually to have increased. But 1 take it from wliat Mr. Talbot has said that it is merely a temporary advance and we shall in obakly see them diminish greatly. Could tlie Chairman say what the loss on rice has cost the Company and also whether at the present moment there is a loss on rice ? I understand there is no loss now that the famine is over. All the shareholders who are here aiv- no doubt familiar with tea production ; but coconuts are a sort of novel thing in connection rvith tea Companies. Can you give us in a few words, somctliim,'' to ex|iiain tons what the dilf- erenu iiroduct.s obtainable from the coconut are? I take it in the first place the fibre is of a certain value, than the nut itself — co[)ra is shipped for some purpose cr _otiier — and thirdly the product luiowii as des- iccated coconut. You have already stated that you think these coconut plantations ongiit to give about 8 ivell-eariicd seven per cent dividend. The chief causes of depression were the b.igh rate of ex- cliange and the low prices realised for tea in the London market, both e.auses beyond the con- trol of the man igL'meiit. The high rate of ex- change and con-sequent lictitious value of the rupee was caused by the closing of tlie Indian Mints, and it seemed I0 him that the interests of the tea imluslry, representing in India and Ceylon £40,' 08,001) of iuve..sted capital, were being sacriliced between the influence of Lancashire exporters and the exigencies of the Indian Go- vernment. So serious had the question become that strong agitation w.as being made in the island to bring the subject under the notice of the home .authoritio.s, and they would have to le.st ill the hope that before long something would be done to place the currency on an honest basis. With regard to the second cause, viz., low pri-es, lie was iifr.aid planters themselves were much to blame for advi.siug too ra)>id exten- •sion of tea cultivation, and sending to the home market an immense quantity of inferior tea. These two causes accounted tor a very consider- able falling off in the receipts as coinjiared with last year. They would observe that the directors had invited Mr. 11. Porter to take a .seat on the board. This was owing to the fact that one of their col- leagues had gone to the island for an indefinite period, and t' e board felt .it essential to have amongst them a practical planter to whom they could from time to time refer on matters re- quiring the opinion of an expert. In Mr. Porter- the board felt it had secured an ideal director ; not only was he one of the most ex perienced and successful planters on his own behalf, but his large experience as a visiting agent had given him exceptional facilities for acquiring know- ledge of the tea industry. Mr. K. Porter seconded the motion “ That the report and accounts as [iresented to the share- bo'ders be received and adopted.” Carried un- animously. The following resolutions were also put to the meeting ami carried unanimously. Proposed by the Chairman, seconded by Mr. Geo. G, Anderson “ That a final dividend of per cent (free of income-tax), making in. all 7 per cent for the year, bo declared, payable forthwith.” Proposed by Sir Geo. A. Pilkington, seconded by Mr. K. Porter That Mr. Geo. G. Andesron be re-elected a director of the Company.” Proposed by Sir Geo. A. Pilkington, seconded by Mr. Geo. G. Anderson “ That the ordinary meeting of the Company be held at such time in the month of April or May and at such place as the directors may from time to time determiue.” Proposed by Mr. J. W. Stocks, seconded by Mr. C. J. Scott : — “ That Messrs. Cape ana Dalglolsli, C.A., be re-elected auditors for the en- suing year.” Proposed by Sir George A. Pilkington, seconded by Mr. J. W. Stocks: — “That a vote of thanks be given to the Ceylon and London staffs for their efficient working of tlie Company's property and business.” Pi'opo.sed by Mr. D. Andrew, seconded by Mr. H. Fraser : — “ That a vote of thanks be and is liereby given to the Cliairinan and directors of the Company,” The proceedings then terminated. —11. and C. Mail. THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 839 June i-, 1898.] NUV/APvA ELIYA COTTAGERS' HORTICULTURAL AND POULTRY SHOW. Complete List of Aioavds : Nuwara Euya, May 13. The Show opened today in biilliant weather. There was a large attendance. Tlie following are the awards : Class 1 for the best cropped and cultivated vegetable garden in Nuwara Eliya Board limits, 1st Mrs. Burrows ; 2nd, not aw’arded. For best flower garden, first Mrs. Colls ; second Mrs. Masefield ; extra prize Mrs. W. O. Garth for best market garden. Class 2, Geraniums, first, Mrs. Aitken ; second not awarded. Begonias, first E. J. Thwaites ; second Miss L. Cave. Fuchsias, second Mrs. Aitken. Extras : Orchids first J. Hill ; second, E. J. Kellow. Class 3 no exhibit. Class 4 ferns best collection single adiantum T. H. Moorhousc; best single specimen of any other foliage plant, F. G. Saunder. VUGETACLES. Class 5, best general collection of foreign Vegetables, first Mrs. W. O. Garth ; second Mrs. T. R. Walker. Potatoes best collection, first iMrs. W. 0. Garth. Best dish potatoes first, A. J. Kellow ; second Mrs. Garth. Pears, first prize, not awarded, second K. A. Saibo & Co. Beans, French, first, S. IM. Burrows. Broad do, first, Mrs. Garth. Cabbages, first, Mrs, T. R. Walker. Cauliflowers, Mrs. Garth. Lettuce Cos Mrs. T. R. Y/alker. Lettuce cabbages, Mrs. T. R. Walker. Class 6, Beetroot, best disli, three roots, F. C. Loos. Celery, K. A. Saibo and Co. Vegetable marrow, Mrs. W. O. Garth. Tomatoes, D. C. .Jayawarrlene. Cucumber, R. Jackson. Carrots, Mrs. Garth. Turnips, Mrs. Garth. Aitichokes, Mrs. Gi^th. Leeks, Mrs. Garth. Parsnips, K. A. Saibo ; Brussels Sprouts, no award. Kohl kohl, K. A. Saibo ; Potherbs, first, no award; second Mrs. Garth. Salad, vegetables first, no award: second Mrs. Garth, extra prize Mrs. Garth. FRUIT. Best general collection, first, Mrs. T. R. Walker; second, Mrs. Kellow; third no award. Peaches, first no aw’ard, second A. J. Kellow. Pears, first, Mrs. T. R. Walker ; second, no award. Straw'borry first, John Cotton ; second, no award. Tree tomatoes, first, Mrs. T. R. Walker; second E. J. Thwaites. Pine apple, Korale of Uda Palate, second Yati- palata. Oranges, Mrs. Kellow. Rhubarb, C. M. Cornalis De Silva ; second D. E. Jayawardena. 103 Passion fruit, F. G. Saunder. Mountain pawpaw, Mrs. T. R. Walker, Any other papaw, Mrs. T. R. Walker. Citron, E. J. Thwaites. Best di?h of any other fruit, not named above, Mrs. T, R. Walker. CUT FLOAVERS. Yellow roses, first, A. J. Kellow. Pink roses, first, A. J. Kellow. Carnations, first, Mrs McLeod; second, Mastet Garth. Phlox Drummondi, first, Mrs. Loos ; second Mrs. Bois. Verbenas, first, E. J. Thwaites; second, Mrs. Saunder, Daisies, best bunch, Mr.s. Saunder. Sweet ])eas, Mrs. Bois. Best arranged table bouquet, first, MissEdley; second Mrs. Saunder. Best arranged hand bouquet, first Mrs. Loos ; second, Miss E. Kellow'. Best three button lioles, first no award ; second, Mrs. Loos. Best group wild flowers, first Miss E. Kellow. Best three blooms of any flowers, first, E. J. Thwaites. NATIVE VEGETABLES, FRUITS, &C. Best collection of native vegetables, first, Deya- talawa Korala ; second, fiiathu, teacher. Best collection of capsicums and chillies, first, Udagampaha Korale. Best collection of i)lantains, first, Ganibra Korala ; second Yatipalata Korale. Best dish chocho, first, Uilagampaha Korala. Best three coconuts, Banda, Kotmale. Best three pumkins, Appuhami Arachclii. Best dish brinjal.s, Udagampaha Korala. Best collection, oranges, Kotmale, R.M. Best bottle cow' ghee, Deyatalawa Korala. Best hunch areeanuts, Pallegam])aha Korala. Special for coconuts, Jayawardene Mudaliyar. PRESERVED FRUITS, VEGETA13LE3, BREAD, &C. Best collection of Ceylon jams, etc., first, Mrs. Moorhouse. Best collection of Ceylon pickles and chut- neys, fir.st, Mrs. T. R. Walker ; second, Mrs. Moorhouse. Best 2ib. loaf of hom.e-made bread, David Appu. Best loaf baker’s bread Paul Soris and Com- pany, Best loaf brown bread, Mohideea Saibo. DAIRY PRODUCE. Best fresh butter, David Appu ; second Mrs. Scott. Best sample milk, Abram Saibo- Best piece country cured bacon, Mr. C. Liesching. Best basket fowls, eggs, Mrs. Moorhouse. Best basket turkeys’ egg.s, Mrs. Moorhouse. Best honey comb, Aluwattegoda. Special for guineafowl eggs, Mrs. Moorhouse. Special for cream, Mrs. Scott. POULTRY. Best Plymouth rocks, Mr. A A Bowie. Silver medal best pen in show, Mr. A A Bowie. Silver medal, pair turkeys, Mrs. IMcLeod. Silver medal, best pair ducks, J II W Mayow. Bronze med.al, extra prize for ducks, Mrs. W Hardy. Bronze medal peacocks, Banda Kotmale. Silver medal, porcupine, Mr. North. Silver medal table decorations, fust Miss Cave; second Miss V Saunders ; third Miss Jowitt. 840 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [JVSE I, 1898. DOOS. Collies, Ml. Ross, cold and silver medal, Mrs. Bowie, (Silver medal 1. Mr. W. Hardy,, (Silver medal). i Airedale, Mr. A E Wright. , . • Bronze med.al, Irish setters, Mr A A Bo'vie. Two silver medals. Spaniel Mr. H V Maseheld. Bronze medal retriever Mrs. Edley. exchange and the tea TRADE. INTERESTING CORRE.SPONDENCE. The following is the reply of Mr. VV. Martin Leake to the letter by Lord Farrer 111 the Economist which we have already published ; o;.. _Aa no one has come forward to answer the Question propounded by Lord Farrer in his letter on ^Exchange Ld the Tea Trade," published in your issue of the 9th instant. I venture to ask a little of your space for the purpose. ^ The question it will be remembered, was this “Which of the two is right — Mr. Skrine, who says that Ceylon tea is ruined by the high exchange value of the rupee, or you, who tell iis of the increased export of tea from Ceylon, in spirit of superior quality for the word “ruined” (a word used only by Lord Farrer and not appearing in his quotation h’om Mr SUrine) the words “ has received a serious check, and is threatened with ruin,” be substituted, I answer unhesitatingly that both are right, and thayhe question reveals, on the part of Loid h‘Wrer, a curious ignorance of the conditions under which tea Tea bushes are permanent plants that do not yield cron till they are three or four years old. The in- creLe of exports of tea from Ceylon in 1897, on which Lord Farrer relies as a proof of Hie fiounsh- ine position of the industry today, was due, speak- ing broadly, to the increase of area in hearing m that year. , , ^ . n This increased area was planted ,m the years 18‘'i2, 1893, or at least 1891, most of it before the Indian Mints were closed — all of it before the closing of the Mints had become effective. Is it possible that his lordship can have expected that the tea bushes thus planted would be so affected by that closing as to stop bearing ? , , . . tv, „ It has been said that an ounce of fact is_ worth a ton of theory. For the first time m the history of our industry tea seeds have within the last tew months been reported as unsalable. Three or tour years hence the result of the check given to planting by the Is 4d rupee will show itself in the exports, but not before. ' . , , The question that I have attempted to answei was avowedly framed to exemplify the “ nonsense so constantly talked by merchants about the effect ot exchange on trade.” It has,_ I fear, misseu its aim, but it may yet be useful in connection with the rupee controversy as a warning how far even the most eminent theorists may be led from the paths of good sense by a lack of practical knowledge. Your faithfully, Wm. Mamin Leake, Secretary. Ceylon Association in London, 61 and 62, Gracechurch Street, E.C., April 18th, 1898. TROPICAL ACCLIMATIZATION. At tlie Royal Geographical Society, 011 Wednes- day, a paji'er was read by Dr. Sambon on “ Accliinatizatioii of the white man in tropical lands.” Sanitation had wrought wonderful cliange-s he said, in the healthiness of all tropical coun- tries They had been considered unlit for the perniancrit ■settlement of white men on account of their climate, or, to be more correct, on account of their heat, because the word climate had been used as synonymous with heat. Heat was sup- posed to induce deterioration and di.seases such a.s ameinia, liver abscess, and sunstroke. But ameiiiia was not due to heat, being in the tropics a symptom common to several parasitic diseases. Liver abscess was likewise of parasitic origin and sunstroke was a microbic disease, however paia- doxicai the .statement might appear, on account ot the mistaken etiology perpetuated by an erroneous nomenclature. As for deterioration, it was far more alarming in the overcrowded cities of the old world than in tropical colonies. The geographical distribution of tropical diseases was of the greatest importance in the study of accli- matization. Diseases being due to living organisms that bad their peculiar dissemination like all otlier forms of life, this distribution was likewise determined by a variety of circumstances, among which meteorological conditions were certainly important, but association and competition more so. Under proper management European cliildren did very well in tropical colonies, in I lie most unhealthy of which infant mortality was lower than in some districts of Europe. The belief, again, that white men could not labour in the tropics was disproved by facts. That man was capable of adaptation to a new climate was shown by the fact that he had constantly moved from one region to another. If attempts at coloniza- tion in the past had often been unsuccessful and always cost immense sacrifices in lives and money, it was because they had been made incomplete ignorance of the conditions essential to success. Acclimatization was a mere question of hygiene, and what was needed above all was a complete knowledge of tropical diseases. A discussion followed. — Times Weekly Edition, April 29. TRADE OF INDIA FOR 1897-8. We have just received from the Government of India a copy of the “Accounts relating to the Trade and Navigation of British India for the ]2 montlis 1st April 1897 to 31st March 1898 compared with the corresponding period of the yeais 1895-6 and 1896-7.” These accounts in full detail are issued for the whole Indian Empire in less than si.x weeks after the year closes ; while in the case of little Ceylon we are still without the Report and Accounts of the Prin- cipal Collector of Customs for the calendar year 1897, although 4^ montlis have elapsed ! Surely, tliere is much room for improvement here. India shows a falling-off in both Imports and Exports last year, a fact which ought to be considered in connection with the restricted currency. Of tea, the total export is given : — 1897-8 = 151,451,817 1b. X896-7 = 148,908,461 „ 1895- 6 = 137,710,205 „ Of tea seed, the shipments were : — 5,371 cwt. ; 4,212 and 3,238 for the three years respectively. Coffee exports do not compare badly : — 1897-8 . . 225,000 cwt. 1896- 7 210,797 „ 1895- 6 .. 290,902 „ Of rice Ceylon got : — 1897- 8 = 4,583,022 cwt. 1896- 7 = 3,897,888 „ 1895-6 == 4.656,100 „ which indicates no falling-off, but a considerable increase last year over its predecessor. Junk r, 1898. j THE TROPICAL AGRICULTDRIST. 84* Of cardamoms and cinchona the exports com- pare : — Cardamoms lb. Cinchona lb. ..I'' 1897-8 .. 108, 9(U 3,056,769 1896- 7 . . 65,969 321,478 1893 6 .. 140,772 939,938 So tliat thei’e has been quite a revival of cin- chona bark harvesting. Cardamoms are, of course, too mncli in demand in the Presidency towns to be shipped freely. Chillies, ginger and pepper are the spices chielly exported thus Chillies, Ginger. Pepper. 1897 8 .. 8,154,144 8,272,489 9,688,990 1b. 1896- 7 .. 8,126,173 10,708,223 13,601,520 „ 189.3-6 .. 8,290, .346 10,802,988 9,852,112 „ Of coconut and castor oils the exi>ort is con. siderable : — Coconut Oil. Castor Oil. 1897- 8 . . 1,046,225 1,953,.309 gallons. 1896-7 .. 1,137,5.38 1,997,475 1895-6 .. 2,205,727 2,016,461 The export of cotton had greatly fallen ; that of jnte had increased ; manures were steady j so was the export of mica (talc) at 11,008 cwt. — For caoutchouc and coir (unmanufactured) we quote !— Caoutchouc. Coir. 1897- 8 .. 5.563 60,994 cwt, •896-7 .. 6,213 39,200 „ 1895-6 .. 7,154 43,289 „ Besides this, coir manufactured or partly, made up 277,194 cwt. last year, and cordage and rope (excluding jute) 37,504 cwt. Be it noted that the export of caoutchouc is steadily decreasing. FISH CULTURE AND HOTICULTURE ; AN INTERESTING VISITOR. Amongst the passengers from Brisbane to Europe by the ss. “ Duke of Devon.shire,” is Mr. D. O’Connor, who has been interested very largely in fish acclimatisation in Queensland. He has with him four Ceratodus Fosterii. This fish is one of three dipnoi, the two other species being Lepidoslrenparodoxii of South America, now nearly extinct, &w\ pwto^derous anneateus. The Ceratodus is confined to two rivers in Queensland, the Mary and Burnett, not being known to exist anywhere eke in the world. Willi a view to prevent its extinction Mr. O’Connor recently trans- ferred specimens to six different localities in Queensland, widely apart on the recommenda- tion of the Royal Society. Encouraged by the success attending his efforts in this direction he resolved to attempt the transportation of a few specimens to England. A month ago, on the 15th April, lie took on hoard the “Duke of Devonshire,” four specimens which are now alive. Tliey extend from 2 to 3 ft. in length and are in as good condition as wiien they left Queensland. They are kept in two tanks, the water of which is frequently clianged, and fed twice a day. lie considers that the secret of the fish being kept properly is to have some one, wlio understands about tlieir care, being iti coiist.uit personal su|ierintendence. At Otago in the South and Wellington in the North they liave, according to Mr. Q’Connor, a revenue of over £500 a year from licenses nearly the whole of which is derived Irom trout licenses. The trout in Queensland liave grown to a weight of about 30 Ih. There are about six different kinds, hut the trout he recommends for a climate like Ceylon is the rainbow trout of California as ic stands the heat better than any other. He thought the (joummie, which was a very excellent fisli, might be acclimatized here luthont any ditliculty. The gouramie is a fish always kept iu captivity and tlie fish is taken to market alive and when it is not sold, it is taken h.ack to the pond. The species is ahuiulaiit in Batavia. With regard to horticulture in wliieli M/. O’Con- nor is also very mucli interested, he alluded to the cultivation of the mango and the manner in which the fruit might he served, and said a very delicious preserve, not jam, might he made of the fruit by taking it before it is ripe, peeling it, cutting it into slices, dishing it, piling sugar on it according to taste, and then baking it. Another very easy and ))leasant mode ot eating mangoes was also used in (Queensland, namely peeling them, cutting all the flesh off the stone, placing the fruit in a dish and mixing with cream and sugar, Tlio passion fruit was eaten in the same way, “SOURCES OF COMMERCIAL INDIA- RUBBER”: CANTOR LECTURES SOCIETY OF ARTS ; By Dr. Morris, c.m.g. ; Lecture I. Deeivered April 18th : {^Summary specially contrihuted hy the lecturer.) Since the days when Le Condamine first dis- crihed the rubber tree of Brazil and Don Jose, King of Portugal, in 1755 sent several pairs of his royal boots to Para in order that they might he covered with the water-proof “gum-elastic” the use of India-rubber has enormously increased. Besides the demand in .almost every department of arts and manufactures, tlie rapid development of cycling and of the use of rubber tyres for car- riage wheels has added to the increased consump- tion ot this interesting article. The quantity of raw Caoutchouc imported into the United Kin- dom in 1830 was only 23 tons Even in the year of the accession of our Queen it was only about 200 tons. Last year it had increased to 20,000 tons — exactly a hundred fold. The present value of the imports are about five millions sterling. The total trade is probably not less than ten millions sterling. More than one third of the imports is now receiveil from British possessions. In 1888 only about one-fifth was so received. It is estimated that the world’s consumption of rubber is 60,000 tons, of tlie value of 14 millions sterling. This stuneiidons quantity of raw material is laboriously extracted from the milky juice of trees and shrubs belonging to three natural ordeis, viz., the Spurges {Euphorbiacew), the Nettles {Urtkaceo}) and the Dogbanes {Apocyaacece). These plants are distributed over nearly every part of the tropical zone — none are found in the temperate zones — the most important being found in the vast basin of the Amazon, an ari'a almo.st as large as that of the Continsiit of Europe ; otlier.s are found on the E.ast and West Coasts of Africa, in .-issam and the M ilay Archipelago. Hitherto the prepar.ation of India-rubber has depended upon the crude liereditary art of a seii;i- savage people, tlie rubber-hunters, who explore the depths of tropical foiests and obtain the rub- ber mi k at the sacrifice of miliioiis ot trees, wliicIi owing to the recklessness with whicli they have been treated are yearly decreasing. 84® THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST, The result is that many localities where rubber was once abundantly obtained liave almost ceased to produce it. New sources or .supply have, it is true, been found in 4Vest Africa, especially in ba;^os, the Congo State and Portuguese South- West Africa. But here also the work of des- truction is rapidly gc>ing on. The collectors h.ave to go f.irther and farther into the in- terior and the cost of transit is thereby greatly increased. An account was given by llie 1 cturer of an im[)oi'tant discovery whereby the rubber could be extracted from the milk in a jierfeclly pure state. This is a mechanical contrivance on the ])rinciide of a cream sepai'ator. This was likely to [jrove of great value in the jirepar.ation of (Jentral American and some West African rubbers where the milk Hows in an ap|ireeiable f[uantity and is capable of being brought in by the collectors. It would be in(!i.spensable on re- gular plantations of rubber- tree.s. By snch me.ans the process of preparing the rubber could be kej>t under scientilic control and all injurious sub- stances such as proteids and all dirt and chip- excluded. The value of the rubber .so prepared has been shown to be increaseil fully 25 per cent. The rubber-trees of Brr zil were then exhaus- tively described together with the distribution of the various species yielding the Para nrbber of coinmei'ce. The exports from Para in 1897 including rubber received from Bolivia, Peru and Venezula amounted to 22,650 tons. Of this amount 51 per cent was shipped to the United States and 38 per cent to the United Kingdom, leaving only about 11 per cent or 2,500 tons for all other couutiies. The price of Para rubber which regulated the p.'ices of all other sorts has been steadily increas- ing since 1894, when it was 2s lid per ])ound ; in 1895 it rose to 3s 2d ; in 1896 to 3s 4d ; in 1897 to 3s Clvd : while the average price for the first three months of 1898 was 3s 9id. At the last sales on the 15tii inst., it was 3s lid per pound. It was, liowever, pointed out that these prices were below what they were in 1882 and 1883, when line Para fetched 4s 4d ])er pounil. There is a consensus of opinion that in nearly all localities in Central America, the trees of Castilloa elastica are being gradually exterminated. H ence the supply of rubber from Mexico, Guate- mala, Nicaragua and the U.S. of Colombia is s eadily diminishing. The interesting tree yield- i ig Ceara rubber (Mamhot Glaziovii) readily propag'ites itself and its area has not apparently sensibly dimi 'i.shed of late year.s. The people, are, howevs r, being more and more attracted into the rubber districts of the Amazon valley and the amount of Ceara rubber exported is comparatively small. Mangeibeira nibher on the other hand seems to he increasing. The tree (Ilancofiiia speewsa) is found in the States ot Pernambuco, Bahia, Rio dc -Janeiro, ;uid extends westward to lilatto- Cro.sso. The rubber is cured l>y means of alum. It is of a pinkish colour and the piice is generally only one half of tiiat of line Para. Passing ori to the rubber-producing areas of the ( 1(1 ^VoJ Id it was .stated that the rapid dcvelope- iiienb of .\fii(aui lubber was one of the most I'cmarkable iiiciihnit.s of recent year.s. As regards the world’.s commerce, Africa now occupies a second |ilace a.s a source of India-rubber, The value ot the imports of African rubber into the United Kingdom during 1896 amounted to over a million .sterling. Of this Poreign Posse.ssions supplied rubber to the value ot £206,972 and British Pos.se.ssions £844,840. Up to within a recent period all the rubber produced in Africa was obtained from climbing plants helonging to the genus LandoIpJiia, with sweet-scented ilowers and edjhle pulpy fruits. In 1S94 a new rubber tree (li ickj'ia) was found at J.agos from whicb in 1895 ruljuer to the value of nearly £300, OOj was exported. More recently still another new rubber-plant (Carpodimoi) has been discovered in Africa. This is of a semi-!ierI)aceous character with under- ground stems which are la.sped in water and yiehl rubber of excellent (piality. Tlie riibOer.s of j\s.sam, Burnui, Pen.aiig, and .Siiig.apore v.'ere tlien dealt with. Borneo rubber although known since 1/98 has only come into commerce within tlie last lifty ye.ars. It is yielded by climbing plants, clo.soly related to the Laiu’lolphias of Ti'oiiical Airica and is generally of excellent quality. New Guinea rubber is in part yielded by a species of d irns. The natives ar“ said to allow the sap to run over their aims and body, and when hardened they remove it and roll it up into balls, the size of cricket hall.s. The prosyiect of obtaining some of tlie future supplies of rubber from culiivated trees was favourably regarded. In selecting .sites, preference should be given to localities in which tlie trees were alreadf found. Para rubber-trees introduced to the East at the expense of the Government of India Imd done renia,rkalily well in Ceylon, Tenasserim, and the Straits Settlement.s. In Ceylon such trees were estimated to yield 100 to 1201b of rubber per acre after the tenth year. This would give a pro- liahle return of 20 per cent, on the capital invested. In the Straits SettlenipiUs the trees were apparently found to yield, ;v’ m e rlier age ami the estimated returns per acre, were [daced as high as 30 )ier cent. It, was aildcd that where rnhlier trees were culiivated under suit- able eondition.s, they would probably yield a larger lyaantity of milk than wild tree.s ; also that tlie rubber from the greater care and attention it would receive would be more uniform in quality and tlierefore obtain a liighet price. SUGAR IN MAURITIUS: GOVF.RKOR SIR CH \S. BRUCE INTRODUCING OFFICIAL “CROP ADI'ANCES ” FOR THE SUGAR PLANTERS OF MAURITIUS. A novel departure from all past official rules and precedents is about to take place in Mauritius, and it will be extieiiiely interesting to watch how tlie scheme (almost certain to he adopted) will work out. We take the fol- lowing from the Planiers and Commercial Gazette, Port-Louis, April 29 : — An excellent Ordinance. — With our Saturday’s paper wo issued a aupplemeut in which we gave in full the Draft of an Ordinance: — “ To provide for the making of temporary advances from Public Funds to the owners of sugar estates for the purpose of enabling them to carry on the cultivation of their Estates and lor the securing and recovery of the advances so made” — which said Draft was laid on the Council table on Friday last. As most people know, the proposed ordinance is to allow the Govern- ment to place three millions of rupees at the dis- posal of planters to enable them to secure the magnificent sugar crop that is now in perspective. IHB TROPICAL AORICULTURIST. 843 JUME I, 1898.1 We have heard many persons egress the belief that the clause which gives the Guvernment prio- rity of claim, in cases where it lends mcney to enable crops to be secured, will cause embarrass- ment both to proprietors and mortgage creditois. According to them the Government is too exacting in its guarantees. They allege that mortgage credi- tors Will refuse to accord a first piivilega on the estate itself, as they will wish to have their own interests pi;operly secured. At first sight, there appears to be a show of reason for these objections, but on reflection it disappears. In the first place, if the Government does not effectually protect itself against any chance of loss, the Secretary of State will not consent to have the 3 millions of Rupees place 1 at the disposal of planter-;. Secondly, v.'edo not see how the privilege of which we speak, could in any way act prejucticially towards proprietors or mortgage creditors. One article of the ordinance says; — “An advance shall not be made of a greater amount' tho.n t'A'O thirds of tire total value of the crop on the security of which the advance is made as estimated by the Board ” ; and in another part of the ordinance it is stated : — “ An advarree shall not be made unless the Board is satisfied that sufficient money for carrying on the cultivation of tire estate is not otherwise procurable on resisonable terms.” It is therefore an exceptional law, made luider ex- ceptional circumstances, and only transitory. Tho State exalts tha.t the whole of the growing crop and a first privilege on the estate shall be given as a guarantee. This privilege over the rights of the mortgagee in cases where he consents to abandon his priority, would be only nominal — until such time as the Government had repaid itself by the sale of crops. If there remained a balance due to the State after each crop was sold, it v/ould be so small as to be not worth speaking of ; such being the case the mortgages could not have the slightest objection to the Government ranking before him for a sum so insignificantly small. But vre repeat, it is nearly certain that at the end of the 1898-99 crop no im- portant balance will be due to the State. This clause in the law was necessary, otherwise the Ordinance would never have seen light — -for tho Stats would not be disposed to allow i self to rank as an ordinary creditor. For these reasons this Ordinance, which has been prepared with the help of fiaaucier.s and men of experience, is excellent, and the sooner it is ut into force the better it will be for us all. We ope that the members of the Legislative Council will accept the ordinance in its entirety — except, perhaps, one or two modifications of little importance. It is only a provisional one, and has been conceived with the idea of saving the planters, and giving them the means of securing a crop which promises to be an unprecedentedly large one. Sir Charles Bruce has taken the initiative in combating a crisis which was becoming daily more and more acute. By doing so he has proved himself to be an able administra- tor and a true friend to Mauritians. The whole community is deeply impressed by and grateful for His Excellency's action. Later on we read in the Council proceedings of an amendment to an imi)ortant clause “ No loan under this Ordinance shall be effected unless such objection is withdrawn by the creditor who has made it or unless such objection bo de- clared bj the Court on motion made by the owner, to be null because the pers.-n making it is not or does not represent inscribed privileged or mortgage creditor or creditors holding a title due und demand- able against the Oinicr.” The amendment was put to the vote and cairied by 91 to 5 Ihos-e voting against lieiiig Sir V. Naz, Mr. Sanzier, Dr. Rohan, Messrs. E. -Antelme and de Coriolis. The other ai tides of ihe Ordinance were adopted and the Ordinance was read a third time and passed. But not only mortguge creditor.?, hut ordinary creditors for store debts, rice, &e., strongly object unless llieir accomits against the estates are at once to be paid. Then again wlio are to get the R3, 000, COO— is it to be “ first come first served,” or is a proportionate division to be made over all the estates ? There is to be a Loan Board to decide on all such questions and on the advances to he made, these being limited to -§rd.s the estvuuited value of the crops in each case, the interest charged to he 8 per cent. One enrhiisiastic advocate of the loan measure estim.ates that the Govenmient (by turning bankers) will make a clear profit of K200,(J00 ; but suppose a “ hurricane devastates tiie sugar plantations a,fter tiie advances are made and before tire canes are Irarvested ? What a ri.sky business ! SNIPE IN CEYLON: THE DIFFERENCE BETY/ESN THE “PIN- TAILED AND “PAINTED ” SNIPE. Tiik following letter appears in the columns of our evening contemporary: — Sir,— With i-eferoncQ to the letter from “Ornitho- logy” m your issue of tire 12th inst., headed “Do bnipe breed in Ceylon,” “he followdng may be in- teresting la 1871, when stationed at Kurune- gala, Mr. Johnny Jobsz, a proctor, sent me a couple of young snipe as a curiosity. They were found above the Kurnnegalpj tank, I fed the birds _ on worms, but they lived only two days. This is the only case of young snipe that I have known in Ceylon. Painted snipe breed in Ceylon, I have often been told, but I never found young birds. , Evan il. Bybde. iha Residency, Aniiradhapura, May 16. This lias followed one or two statements of in- dividual casual experiences ; but it is strange that neither editor nor corres])nndent has thought of referring to the great authority on the Orni- thology of Ceylon ; Legge, p. 818, says of Gallinago feteiiui (the PipitfiiJed iSni|)e) our coniindn species “some few birds oceafsionally remain in the island throughout _ tlie _ year ; _ but these are evidently unfit for migration, owing to wounds, or, in some cases, they niay he fiisit year birds, which, as in tne case of other Wadeis, remain stationar'v the fir.st yeai'. Tlipie can be no other cause to make snij.e reniain in .sueli a tropical latitude as Ceylon.” The penultimate sentence is a little puzzling as it vvouM lead one to suppose tliat the young birds were bred in Ceylon, when the drift of tlie writer’s argument is against such an hypothesis. But what are we to think of the editorial note appended to Mr. Byrde’s letter by our ‘‘ Sport imj contemporary?” [Note by Ed. — The above is most interesting. Wa were shown a young painted snipe caught near Pol- gahawella m 1835.] We cannot but recommend a course of “Leo-o-e” to oiir con tempo!', ary. For, at present he is evidently unaware that the “painted snine ” is a “permanent resident” in the Ceylon low- lands. VJe quote for his benefit and that of reaoeis who may he interested in the subject • Legge : On Biiyi;dio;a Copensis (the Pain<-ed feniiie) say.s :— “ fii-trihntion,— the painted snii e is a pammient resident in the low-lands of Ceylon; hut on Ihe West and South Coasts there Is .an ii.ereme of its nmohcis at the com- iiienocment of i l'.e cool .season page 8t4 “Nidi- licatio!!. The I'.ainied snipe eitlier lias two broods in llu^ vi'ar , or ei>e it ui’ceds iucliscriminatelv at all seas ms. It may lie said, lioArever, as a rule that mure nests are fomul, youno- captured ami eggs taken from dead birds between Novenihe. and May than at tlie ojipo.site season of th^ THE TFOPICAI. AGRICULTURIST. [June i, 1898. year. I have seen an egg taken from a speci- men at Gallein March, young captured at Wack- wella in Iseptember, and known tliat nestlings have been seen in May at Udagamina. In tiie Colombo district eggs have been procured in April, and young found by Mr. MacVicar in February. Mr. Holdsworth mentions the fact of a wounded bird laying an egg in a basket in whicli it was contined on the .31st December ; but at tliis time of the year 1 have killed birds in the North of Ceylon which showed no signs of breeding. Layard states that tiie .season of nidillcation i.s from May till July ; but this ob- servation is perhaps based upon a single occur- rence. I myself shot a female that had evidently risen from the nest, in July, in the Hambantota district.” * * “The number of eggs laid in Ceylon seems usually to be four.” MAURITIUS; Port Louis, April 28, 1898. Vanilla. — The market is iu the same situation. We have to record the sale of a few small lot good quality at 1137 to 38 per kilo. We maintain our last valuation as regards the outturn of ^e crop v;hich will not ex- oeod 5,500 kilos. AVe quote nominally : — 1st quality.. R37 to R38 per kilo. 2nd do. .. R34 to E35 do. Good to middling E32 to R33 do. Vauillons.. R27 to E28 do. Aloe Fibres. — The market is Firm. We have to quote the sale of 175 bales 1st quality at El 95 to E200 per ton and 65 bales 2ud quality at E185 to E190 per ton of 1,000 kilos. CoFFEK. — Both qualities are well supplied aud worth B50 to E55 for gojd quality and R18 to R25 for mixed Triage per 50 kilos. — Planters and Commercial Gazette, April 29. IPECACUANHA. The .source of supply is the rather limited area of the plateau of Matto Grosso, west of the Para- guay river, near the western border of Brazil, and in the e.xtreine N.W’^.W. of Rio de Janeiro. Al- though the ipecacuanha plant is said to grow over “a very wide e.ttent of territory ” in Brazil, the collection is confined to the small patch. 'I'he de- mand for iudiarubher is drawing off tiie labour from ipecacuanha-gathering. The cost of the drug to the merciiant in Cuiaha is by no means trivial, for lie must spend at least 3i jier lb. before lie gets the supply into his yard and ready for des- patch to the coast. A return to' cheap prices — say, 6s per lb. in Mincing Lane— seems very re- mote.— Chemist and Dniqgist, April 30. THE OLDEST FIELD OF TEA CEYLON: 30 YEARS OLD AND AS VIGOROUS AS EVER. On each occasion that we have comi>iled a new edition of our “Handbook and Directory” witliin the tea era, we have applied to the Manager of Looleccmdera estate for a few words of re- ])ort on the state of the first field of tea planted by Mr. James 'J'aylor in 1867, and Mr. G. F. Deane has on several occasions now veiy courteously responded as lie docs on the pre.seiit occasion : — “ Reii'ying to your letler of 17tli the oldest Held of tea" on Loolecmid ra is still looking remark- ably well and contiiiues to give yields varying from 4o(i to 50) lb. made tea per acre per annum. Last moiitb (.April) I got 65 lb. made Lea per acre from it, Imt that is one of my best months ; the wind when the S -W. monsoon is on, usually checks it severely. It last year received a heavier pruning and cutting down than it ever had before and looks all the better for it. Tiie ground is a network of roots and the stems of ilie bushes are very lliick. This tea is noiv some 30 years old and is very wind-swept in .S.-AV. monsoon and has I believe never been manured. The Ciiina tea planted along roadsides in 1866, shews no sign of decay; and 84 acres of tea jdanted in 1874 5 is looking well and gave 413 lb. made tea per acre last season.” All iliis is very interesting and also encouraging as to the lasting eliaracter of onr tea-lields in Ceylon. CHINA TEAS AND ADULTERATION. Report of the Sub-Corn niitte:- of the Shanghai Chamber of Commerce on measures that are necessary to prevent the adutteraiion of Tea. Sliangliai. 6th Ainil, 1898. Sir,— In reply to your letter of 12tli ult., enclos- ing a despatcli from the Tliatai and a decree from H. E. Liu K’uii-yi, Superintendent of Trade for the Naiiyang ports, re measure.s to be adopted to prevent the adulteration of Tea, we have now the pleasure to report upon the same iu aocoid- ance with your request. As there appears to be a good deal of uiicer- tainity in the minds of the writers of the decree as to the requirements of the new law passed by the United States Government for the exclusion of spurious tea, we think, Derliajis, the best way to put tilings in a clear light before them would he to give the results of this past season’s work- ing at the various ports of the United States as far as we can gather from our own experience, and from what has come to our knowledge. Tkenicai and Moyunk Teas. -AVe have not heard of a single package of tea from these dis- tricts having been rejected by the Customs Ins- pectors in the United States, and from this it may be inferred tliiit the pre.seiit mode of pre- paration satislies the requirements of the Act. Complaints are occasionally made of colouring, etc., but the manufacturers in these districts have always shown a very cminnendable honesty in keeijuig their teas pure and free from any admixture of willow or other leaf. Care, how- ever, will have to be take in the coining season to prepare teas with less colouring matter, as, judged hy the standard selected for this season’s guidance, a good many of last year’s low grades, or lines, would not pass the Inspector. Buyers who remeiuher the teas of twentyfive to thirty years ago see a great falling oil in the beauty of make, etc., but the carelessness in this res- pect is chiefly the eonsequenoe of the reduced prices obtainable in Sliangliai. A few ■ chops re- tain a high reputation for quality and are eagerly sought after. If all Green Teas were as pure and as good as those produced in the Teenkai and Moyune districts no law for rejection would be necessary, but we might add, by way of a word of advice, that 'J'eeiikai teas would keep better if more biglily fired. Fvcnow.S. — These teas are inferior toMoj-unes ami Teenkai teas, a,nd Lhi.s is owing in a great measure to want of care in preparation, and to the use of wood instead of charcoal for liring, whicli imparts a smoky, undesirable flavour to the tea. Tlie early picked teas are of fair quality and were all admitted into tlie United States, bat the second and third packs are generally coarse, dark liquoring, poor teas, and some of these have been rejected by the Inspector at New York and Chicago. The quality of second and JbNE r, 1898.3 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 845 third packs will have to improve very much to he of any use for the United State.s’ markets next season. We have not detected any adul- teration in the leaf used, and the ))oor quality appears to be entirely due to tlie w.nnt of caie in preparation. A proclamation prohibiting the use of anything except charcoal in liring these teas would eo a long way towards improving them and making the best of them equal to Teenkai teas. At present some of the first picked leaf is mixed with Teenkai, leaf, and the smoky flavour reduces tlie value of the chops so mixed. Wenchows. — The first picking.s of these teas are generally pure, but they are thin and would never be equal to Moyune or Teenkai teas even if the greatest care was bestowed on their pre- paration. Second and third packs are poor and often contain a large proportion of damaged leaf wliich has changed colour, hence the sour flavour so much complained of in the United States. Only the best of the-se are suitable for America. Local Packed Teas. — These are manufactured in Shanghai, and are generally made from leaf brought up from Wenchow in a half fired state. In favourable seasons, when the leaf is in good condition, these teas are similar to those packed at Wenchow, but, as a rule, they are poor in quality, though made from genuine tea leaf. PiNGSUEYS. — It is to the short-sighted policy of men engaged in this trade that all the trouble in respect to these teas in the United States is attributable, and if it had not been for their disgraceful practices no e.xclusiori law would have been required. Wdien the demand increased fol- low priced tea, the Chinese in the Pingsuey districts, with a few honourable exceptions, met this demand by adulterating their teas. At’ first it was confined to additional colour- ing matter, but gradually willow leaf, honey- suckle and other leaves, also dust (not tea sweepings) mixed with congee and rolled into small pellets were added a,nd coloured to represent the true tea leaf, until Pingsuey became Tea only in name. It is unprofitable to try and fix the blame of this deplorable state of allairs on any one class of people, but if the Pingsuey men had only been as pious in their attitude as their neighbours in Moyune and Teenkai and had kept their teas pure and unadulterated, China Green Tea would not have been legislated against in America. We now wish to direct your attention to the remedial measures adopted during the past year. The Bill in the United States to e.xclude the spurious tea was passed, and the standard of lowest quality to be admitted was sent to Shanghai in the Spring of 1898 before Teamen had begun to make the new crop, and so fair warning was given to all that no tea below tile standard should be brought to market. Those who make good tea found a ready sale for their produce at very remunerative prices, but several who disregarded the warning made tea so near to the quality but inferior to the general requirements of the standard, that buyers had doubts about buy- ing them and a large quantity is still left in native tea owners’ hands, most of which is not ■ good enough to be passed by the Inspector ; although we oelieve it contains no admixture of willow leaf or other spurious matter. Much of the tea, however, is “ faced” with a colouring matter which produces a scum or grease found floating on the surface when the tea is infused in the American way. There are also other black substances which find their way into the tea. These are what the Inspection Act strikes at to a great extent. This year the standard has again been raised, and none except really pure tea will be admitted into the United States, Teamen have had notice of this for some little time, A sample of the new standard was sent to Mr. P. G. von Mollendorf, Commissioner of Cus- toms at Ningpo, and we enclose a proclamation issued by him to the Teamen. It is estimated that about 10,000 piculs of Pingsuey tea have been rejected by the Customs Inspectors in the United Stales this past twelve months, most of which was shipped by foreigners in the full belief that it was equal in quality to the standard, but nearly all was moreor less mixed with perished leaf. We have not heard of any one becoming .sick from drinking China tea, and we think this is an exaggeration. The foreign buyers like some colouring matter to be used in the preparation ot tea to make more attractive to the eye is proved by the custom prevailing in Japan, where the leaf is brought to the market and brought in its natural state, and the colour is added by foreigners afterwards. China Green Tea has not been increasing in favour in the United States of late years, and we attribute this in a great measure to the com- petition of Japan where the only tax is an Export Duty of $l per picul. The poor quality of Pingsuey tea may have had something to do with its nob being so much in favour as it was, bub we doubt if in its present form Green Tea will ever increase much in consumption. The Central Asian markets have increased to an appreciable extent, but buyers for these outlets confine their attention to the description known as Hyson, and they require the teas to be quite pure and free from smoky or otherobjectionable flavour. — We beg to remain, sir, yours faithfully, — J. W. Harding, .Joseph Welch and E. Davis. E. F. Alford, Esq., Chairman, Shanghai General Chamber of Commerce. Mils Oil PRODUCTS. Imndon, April 30. Oil, Cinnamon. — Privately leaf-oil is scarce, and best brands are held for 2Jd per oz. There is plenty of com- mon oil to be had, as our market table shows. Oil, Lemongrass,— A quiet market, at 4.Jd to 6s per oz on the spot. CINCHONA. At the monthly cinchona auctions in London on Tues- day the offerings were again fairly extensive, the twelve catalogues comprising 2,230 bales, divided as follows : Packages. Packages. Bast Indian cinchona. . 1,570 of which 1,211 were sold. Ceylon cinchona .. 303 ,, 263 „ Java cinchona .. 151 ,, 151 ,, South American cinchona 146 „ 83 ,, African cinchona . . 56 „ 55 ,, 2,230 1,763 There was an improved tone, owing, no doubt, to the large purchases on American account. The following figures represent the approximate quantities of bark purchased by the principal buyers:— Lbs. Agents for the American and Italian factories 143,143 Agents for the Mannheim and Amsterdam factories . . . . . . 82 896 Agents for the Brunswick factories . . 7o!s65 Messrs. Howards & Sous . . . . 39 791 Agents for the Imperial Quinine factory .. 19,864 Agents for the Frankfort and Stuttgart factories 195 Druggists, &c . . . . ... 30,143 Total quantity sold . . 386,897 Bought in or withdrawn . . 102,970 Total quantity of bark offered 489,86? 846 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [June i, 1898. The following prices were paid Ceylon Saccirubra, natural stem-onips and shavings, ordinary to fair, IJd to 2Jd ; renewed ditto, 2id ; renewed ftuil!,2fci, ofiioina- lis, renewed chips, 3d ; Ledgeriana root, 3g i ; and good stem-chips, 5Jd per lb. Annatto seed.— One broker sold fine bright at 4]d per lb. Coca-leaves.— Some Ceyinu lerivns, which contain no cocaine, were offered without reserve, end sold at l^d per lb. Croton Seeds. — Dearer. Medium to bold sound seed sold at prices ranging from 72i to 823 per cwd. Kola.— Poor and dark West India sold at IJd per lb. . — Ohemisi and Druggist. PLANTING NOTES. The Centr.\l Tr.waiccorf, A.ssociation lias had a full inesting with several Ceylon names among those present, Some useful business as to roads, coast shipnieut.s, legistraiion of carriers and telegraph arrangements, was trans- acted. Pushing Indian Teas in Nkw Markets,— It is satisfactory to see the Indian Tea Association doing its best once mo:e to rouse tea est 15 p.m. All the divisions of the Kurunegala districts report attack on stored paddy by species of weevil insect conqiared to what is known com- monly among natives as gullas. It begins the attack from the bottom of the granary. The grain is completely eaten uj), leaving the husk only, which contain.s minute perforations. The Ratemahatmayas of Hatpattus have sent in reports with samples of jiaddy with insects to the Government Agent. Considering the ravages caused by cattle murrain, and paddy cultivation for yala .season being unsatisfactory througbout the district, the present outlook is very gloomy, e.specialij as there will be a dearth of seed paddy for culti- vation. The unattacked paddy, when separated by winnowing from the damaged grain, has been pronounced as unfit for human consumption and is said to t.aste bitter. Prompt enquiry into this matter becomes urgently necessary. Some splendid showers have fallen today and the sky is still threatening. ♦ THE CACAO DISEASE INVESTIGATION; MR. J. B. CARRUTHERS’ PRELIMINARY REPORT. We direct attention to the Report supplied by Mr. J. B. -Carruthers to the Cacao Sub-Com- mittee of the Planters’ Association, and by it, wisely sent to the press for publication. We have only been able to give the Report one Inasty penisal — and that often interrupted — so that we are not in a position to discuss its conclusions and suggestions with the care- ful thought which they and all the contents demand. For, our perusal has amply sufficed to show that Mr. Carruthers does not deal with superficial observations or hasty in- fei'en^es ; but that his work right along is not only ])laeed on a truly scientific basis, but is most thorough in all its details. We aie indeed surprised that Mr. Carruthers has been able to tell us so much as he does, after the compaiatively short term he has been at work. Recalling the experience of Mr. Marshall Waril and the period required for his investigation of the coflee-leaf fungus and for working out the life history of the same, we were prepared for a long interval of observation and inquiry without much of tangible results— that is, results that could be laid in popular language before tlie planting community. Bnt here Mr. Carruthers gives all concerned a very large amount of information and arrives at conclusions both of a neg.ative and ))Ositive character of great im- portance. This is tiie more satisfactory because we really think Mr. Carruthers has a more difficult task than that before Mr. Marshall Ward. There was no doubt before the ari’ival of the latter in the island, of the fungus that was w'orking all the mischief in coffee ; it was described by Dr. Thwaites ; named and scientiflcally placed by Berkeley and its ravages were appai'ent all over the country. Still, of course, its life history and course of oiieration had to be worked out, and this was done after a masterly fashion by Mr. Marshall Ward who was then enabled to June i, t598.] TH^ TR0I‘ICAL AGRICULTURIST. 851 show how futile were fill the attenfipte ••45 gallons. 4. To scrape the cankered parts without entirely cutting them out and apply the mixture. 5. To cut out strips about one inch apart and about one inch in breadth in the cankered parts and treat as before. In all the oases of using copper sulphate as a fun- gicide, its liability to being washed off is a difficulty, and experiments with regard to modifying this are importaut. They may, however, be left to the ingen- uity of the individual experimenter if it is always re- membered that the basis of the application must be the blue stone. In France molasses have been used, and this mixture resists the action of the rain remarkably well, using only one tenth of the weight of molasses to that of copper sulphate. Dextrine linseed oil and other substances have been used, but what is of course best is to use a cheap locally produced substance which can be readily obtained. If these or any of these suggested experiments are carried out I shall be obliged if those superintend- ing them will communicate with me, so that I may take advantage of the information gained and also, if possible, inspect the trees myself. J. B. C. PLANTING NOTES. Rubber Tree? as Shade— are discus.sed and it is stated that on Arapolakande in tlie Kalu- tara district, trees ten years old along the road- sides, &c, seem to do no harm to tea. The Para Rubber iree may be different ; but the e.xperieiice gained of mixing Rubber (Ceara) trees and other products in the Dumbara Valley was not satisfactory : Mr. Vollar had to cut them out as injurious to his coffee and cacao. Tea is no doubt a hardier plant; but it would be well not to presume, althougli boundary lines of Rubber trees might be allowed.— Since writing this, we liave had the benelit of the opinion ot an autho- rity who knows as much about Rubber on plan- tations as any man in Ceylon, and gives it as his belief that Para Rubber trees put out in tea, if .50 feet apart, do no harm on lowcountry plantations. It is well to know this. Dr. Morris, c.m.g., &c., of Kew has just delivered (April IStli and 25th) two of the Cantor Lectures before the Society of Arts taking for his subject “ Sources of India-rubber.” Dr. Morris is gootl enough to send us (specially for the Tro- pical Agriculturist) concise summaries of both lectures; but meantime the following Syllabus of the Course will shew their interest and com- prehensiveness : — Lecture I. April 18. — Distinction between caout- chouc and gutta-percha — Occurrence of latex in plants — Constituents of latex — Natural orders yielding caoutchouc — Methods of extraction — Coagulation of latex — History of india-rubber — Progress of industry — Imports into United Kingdom — Relative production in foreign countries and British possessions — Uses — Value of total trade — Forms of commercial india- rubber — Present yield — Future supply — Para rubber- trees — Geographical distribution — Conditions of growth — Yield— Quality of rubber — Methods for collecting and preparing rubber— Commerce in Para rubber. Lecture II. April 25. — Peruvian and Bolivian rubbers — Castilloa elastica — Conditions of growth and exploitation in Mexico, British Honduras, Guatemala, Nicaragua and United States of Colombia — Venezuela and Guiana — Mangebeira — Manicoba or ceara — Matto- grosso — African rubber plants — Distribution of Lan- dolphias — West African — East African — Mozambique — Madagascar rubbers — Lagos silk rubber (A'ciArta)— Methods of preparation — Present condition of industry — Commerce — New sources of supply — Assam — Penang — Sumatra — Java — Borneo — New Guinea — Fiji— Cul- tivation of India-rubber plants — Prospects in Mexico, Brazil, West Africa, Ceylon, Malaya, UXE 1, 1898.] TilE TROPICAI. AGRICULTURIST. ^otjresponiScnciA - » — ^0 ^ ^'7/ ^ BOUGHT TEA LEAF— AND INDIGENOUS J AT— VEHSUS LOW AVERAGE ERICES. Anibagamuwa, April 19. Dear Sir, — Talking on the .subject of tea prices, I met a gentleman the other day, who was realizing a 7d to 8d avera,ge whilst his neighbour on the adjoining estate was only able to get 6d. I naturally remarked “ you are plucking fine?” “ No ’’—said my friend— “ I go round every 9lh day ; you cannot call that fine plucking ! ” “No” — said I — “ I do the same, but yet I cannot get up to your aveiage.” My friend promptly put in,— “But you buy leaf outside don’t you? that accounts lor it,” Q'here is mucli in that, no doubt. Same evening I met his neighbour and in course of conversation reverted to (he talk I had with the other neighbour and told him all. “Well,” said he, “he may be plucking medium but don’t you know be lias a very large acreage of low jat Hybrid or China tea and this generally helps to give him tiie prices !” If this theory is correct, 1 fear our indigenous teas have had much to answer for, for the present depressed state of the market. I always firmly believed in a good Hybrid. It will do its 50U lb. per acre with cultivation and give a fair average, while the indigenous, with its fabulous yields, helps to put in a coarse tea in every grade and thus brings down our average. Indigenous, I say, above 4,900 feet, nowhere else. C. T. [This is surely rank heresy ? “ Indigenous ” grows best at a low elevation and the finest field of “ China” in the island is at Nuwara Eliya.-Eo. T.A.] BONE-MEAL, NITRIFICATION, AVAIL- ABLE PHOSPHATES. Colombo, April 25. Sib, — Referring to the subject of the Value of Bone- dust as a Fertilizer, dealt with in an article which appeared a short time ago in the T.A. I beg to offer a few remarks. It has been pretty well de- monstrated by Professot Wagner and others that, in temperate climates, and for most crop.s, phos- phoric acid is more economically supplied in the more readily soluble forms, such as superphosphate and Thomas’ phosphate powder, than in bone meal. This is more especially the case with crops which require much phosphoric acid, and which have to be ma- tured in a few months. Thus, for cereal crops, which remove per acre 20 lb. or so of phosphoric acid from the soil in a few months, soluble phos- phates have a great advantage over undissolved bone manures. The advantage is not so great in the case of daily pastures, which remove about 12 lb. phosphoric acid, and remove it in more regular pro- portion throughout the year. Hence, for the manur- ing of permanentpastures, undissolved bone manures are still much in request. For tropical products, which assimilate much phos- phoric acid, as, for example, the sugar-cane, the great superiority and economy of soluble phosphates over bone-meal has likewise been demonstrated. The canes alone of the sugar-cane plant remove per crop 401b. phosphoric acid, and 41 lb. of nitrogen per acre. The soils in ibe sugar-growing Island of Hawaii are particularly rich in organic nitrogen, and in phosphoric acid ; but both of these ind ispensahle elements of plant food are present, for the most part, in a comparatively inert state. Thus the Director of the Hawaiian Experimental Station says, 105 »5S that " SO lb. of nitrogen, given in an available form, is of more moment to the growingterop than the 17,000 lb. of organic nitrogen lying inert in each acre of land.” In like manner, it might be stated with regard to the phosphoiic acid in these sugar- growing soils, that an application of pho.sphoric acid in the soluble form is of scarcely less moment to the growing crop than the large quantities at pre- sent existing in these soi'S ; but rendered compara- tively inert by being in combination, to a great extent, with iron and ahimimim. On these soils, bonemeel produces but little effect except in the w'ettest districts, whereas the response to an ap- plication of soluble phosphates is most marked and the effect almost immediate. If an organism, capable of nitrifying the large stores of inert nitro- gen could be introduced into these soils, little nitro- genous manure would be required. Meanwhile the planters find the most profitable manures are sul- phate of ammonia and soluble phosphate, while the formula for manures most generally recom- mended by the Agricultural Bureau gives' six per cent nitregen, eight per cent phosphoric acid solu- ble in water, and potash to suit individual soil. An abundant crop of tea, say 800 lb per acre removes 39 lb of nitregen from the soil, ind is therefore, comparable w’ith the sugar-cane in this respect ; but even an abundant crop of tea removes from the soil only a little over six lb of phos- phoric acid, so that here comparison does not hold. It has to be borne in mind however that the tea pru- nings from good average bushes have been shewn to take up somewhat moie phosphoric acid and consi- derably more nitrogen than are removed by crop. The tea crop, thus, requires much nitrogen, and only a mo- derate amount of phosphoric acid, and this explains the present system of manuring, according to which phosphoric acid has, for the most part, been sup- plied from the slowly available form of bone-meal, while the applications of nitrogenous manures have been on a liberal scale. The soils in which bone- meal gives the best results, are soils with plenty of organic matter, and very little carbonate of lime. The presence of much carbonate of lime hinders the decomposition of bone-dust, no doubt owing to the fact that the solvents of the soil act more readily on the carbonate than on the phos- phate of lime as it exists in bone-manure. Ceylon soils contain very little carbonate of lime. Hence the solvents of the soil, carbonic acid, the more complex organic acids, and nitric acid, are more free to act on the bone phosphate. It is the custom to add nitrogenous organic manures, such as oil-cakes, along with bone manure; the decomposition of these produces acids W'hich assist in bringing the bone phosphate into an available state. More than a fourth part of the bone dust itself consists of organic matter, and contains about 4 per cent, of nitrogen. The complete nitrification of four parts of nitrogen produces 18 parts of nitric acid ; which, if saturated with lime from the bone phosphate, would remove therefrom eight parts of lime chang- ing part of the phosphoric acid into more soluble forms. In like manner, the nitrogen of the oil-cakes by nitrification reacts on the bone meal. We thus find that the subject of nitrification, besides having a direct interest as nature’s method of rendering organic nitrogen fit for plant food, has also a collateral in- terest, as assisting in the p>roeess of rendering the more stable phosphates, such as bone-phosphate, available for plant food. It is interesting, theretore, to note the results of some experiments, on a small scale, published by Ph. Boname on the rate of nitrification of the organic matter in a typical soil of Mauritius, and of certain nitrogenous manures, all of which are used in our Ceylon tea-soil The Mauritius soil is rich in nitrogen, and poor in lime, and the climate favourable to nitrification. In the unmauured soil, nitrification was greatly promoted by an addition of carbonate of lime, and still more so by caustic lime The nitrogenous manures experimented with were Sulphate of Ammonia, dried blood, oil-cake and fish guano ; and the result of a series of experiments, without addition of carbonate of lime or \inae, showed that fish guano nitrified THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [June i, 1898. 856 the most readily, then cake, then dried blood, and, last of all, Sulphate of Ammonia, which uitiified very slowly. The rapid nitrification of fish guano explains why tea responds so readily to this manure. Boname remarks that “probably nitrification is assisted by the presence of Calcium phosphate and carbonate in the orgauic mariures.” Certainly, when chalk was added, along with the nitrogenous manure hitrification was hastened in every case, the order of nitrification being then sulphate of Ammonia, dried blood, oil-cake ; no experiment with fish guano being recorded. I note, however, that in this experi- ment the chalk was added in very large proportion viz. 5 per cent, of the soil. The slow nitrification of Sulphate of A.mmonia in the absence of carbonate of lime, and the beneficial results obtained by its application to crops, are regarded by Boname as supporting the view, that, under some conditions, plants can directly utilise saUs of Ammonia. Seeing then that lime, or carbonate of lime, hastens nitri- fication, and liberates potash, an explanation seems to be required why the general experience of tea plan- ters is unfavourable to the liming of tea soi's. The only chemical reason which suggests itself to me is, that, by liming, the available phosphoric acid is not increased pari passu with the potash and nitrogen. Little, therefore, of the extra potash will be utilised, and much of the nitrogen wasted as, when nitrogen has been turned into nitrate of calcium, it perco- lates through the soil gradually, and is lost with the drainage water. Mr. Baur, whose articles on manuring have been read with much interest, is quite correct in his view that by the use of phosphate and of potash in readily available forms, the proportion of nitrogen in manures may be reduced. This may be regarded as a general prin- ciple in manuring; and, now that soluble phos- phates and salts of potash have been brought within reach of the planter, it ought to be made matter of experiment how far the general principle enunciated is applicable to a perennial leaf-crop like tea. Several of the experiments with Thomas’ phosphate powder suggested in the pamphlet published by Messrs. Freudenburg & Co. have this for their object to see how far the nitrogen in tea manures may be reduced by the use of Thomas’ phosphate powder and sulphate of potash ; thus, four of the experimenta.1 mixtures contain each only about two-thirds of the amount of nitrogen commonly used ; one contains only one third of the amount, and one contains no nitrogen at all. Mr. Baur’s fertilizers for tea, supply phosphoric acid in a different, but very available foim, to- gether with salts of potash ; and, although the nitrogen is in much smaller proportion than in the tea manures commonly used, it is, neverthe- less, greater in amount than in the manures recom- mended and used with success for cereals, which take up fully as much nitrogen from the soil as average crops of tea. The great advantage of phosphates soluble in water is their initial diffusi- bility through the soil. They gradually relapse into the less soluble forms, but, in a very fine state of division, readily acted upon by the acids of the root fibres or hairs. I might cite one instance which appears to me to tell in favour of using more available phosphatio manure than bone-meal, together with a re- duction in the proportion of nitrogen in manures. A short time ago, I had a soil to analyse from a very fertile tea estate, yielding in years of good rainfall over 1,000 lbs. dry tea per acre. I naturally expected to find this soil very rich in nitrogen ; but, on the contrary, the nitrogen was scarcely of average amount ; but the soil was rich in phosphoric acid and potash. The soil was a fine red soil, containing a good deal of oxide of iron and alumina; and, although the soil was in a fine state of division, it allowed water to percolate through it with sufficient freedom to ensure very good aeration. It was a soil evidently well fitted to utilise the natural supplies of nitrogen. M. COCHRAN. TEA MANURING. Central Province, April 28. Dear Sir, — You invite attention to the recent coitc* spondence and circulars of the Manager of the Cey Ion Manure Works ; and it is somewhat remarkable, considering the vital importance of the subject, that you have not had ample pabulum to deal with in your columns. Too much time has been given to useless discussion of Exchange and Currency questions, and now Wars and Plague are likely to distract busy plan- ters. And that word ‘busy’ reminds one that probably the men whose opinions are most worth having, from their extensive experience, are the very men who cannot spare time for newspaper correspondence, valu- able though it is at times to our community. However, I venture to try and lead the way, in the absence of others better qualified, and hope some useful results may be attained. And firstly it may be taken for granted that if Go- vernment will not assist us with an Agricultural Chemist, the P. A. should take up the question thoroughly. Having agreed to pay for the analyses of the cacao tree to assist cacao planters in deter- mining the best manures to use, it should extend that principle to tea. Certain well-known tea gardens al- ways secure stand-out prices, owing to the flavour, point and strength of their teas. Let these be ana- lysed and compared with analyses of medium and low-grown in Ceylon, and let the analysis be a thoroughly exhaustive one. It is amply proved that elevation alone will not account for the superiority of high-grown teas. Climate certainly accounts for much, and if the micro-organism theory of nitrifica- tion is proved true for the tropics, then one can understand gardens in sheltered valleys with mode- rate rainfall and a fair share of sunny skies suffer- ing less in periods of drought than estates in ex- posed, cold, wet and cloudy situations, the absence of extremes being favorable to growth of these orga- nisms and consequent ample supply of nitrogen. To a certain extent a judicious selection and distribution of shade trees and wild belts will moderate the effects of both cold damp and extreme drought, and legu- minous trees would undoubtedly add to the sources of nitrogen. The absence of red-rust too is often most marked under certain shade trees, e.g., some albizzias and jak. Trenching in shade loppings (where lay of land permit) mana grass and young-lantana would also improve mechanical conditions besides enriching soil. Personally I believe the less we use artificial manures the better ; but in many cases they are absolutely necessary for many palpable reasons. How far the quality of the soil influences flavor has yet to be discovered, also how far jat is accountable. I know of two g-ardens which were planted almost entirely from Indian Indigenous, or the old Horagalla seed, and for some time stand-out prices marked these places, but in the latter case it is no longer the happy experience now ; and in the former the prices are rapidly approximating the general average of the dis- trict notwithstanding every advantage of soil, climate and well-equipped factory. There seems good reason to believe that young tea in new soil will always give better flavor especially in the higher districts. But in the lowcountry I fear the cause of inferiority is incurable, owing to the too rapid growth of flush not allowing time for the mature elaborating of all the elements needed to give a strong well-flavored tea. Experiments with Baur’s and Freudenberg’s manures should be undertaken at different elevations. The Kirkoswald experience is valuable for that dis- trict ; but it is a question whether it would be equally satisfactory in Kelani or Kalutara. Can any of your. readers give us the results of using “Basic slag?” (Thomas’ phosphate powder). Iron is a capital tonic, and it should prove a powerful vege- table stimulant in a phosphatic form. On the principle “ train up a plant in the way it should grow ” the importance cf the subject of manur- ing can hardly be exaggerated. ’Tis all very well to advocate finer plucking but personally I should com- mend more careful plucking, which need not necessarily }lNE I, 1898.J THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 85 7 bs finer ; on the contrary it may be needful to make it coarser, as it is palpable that higher yields are neces- sary in the majority of cases at any rate as a coun- ter-poise to lower prices. If we all plucked fine tomorrow, fine teas would no longer be scarce and down would go the prices for fine teas. The wretched packet dealers are the cause of half the mischief, as I said long ago (though you would not admit the argument sound), cut-throat competition, and then absence of rival bidding by large buyers, account for the almost bottom prices now reached. (They are wise enough to see that having c,9/fil//jV;^’(narge sales of low-priced teas, it is against their interests to bid against one another as they cannot n.tisp, ret.ul BATES ; and their advertising costs a pretty penny). No sir ! we must go in for quantity more than ever keeping up quality as far as possible by care- ful plucking ; strict attention to plucking “ bhanjy ’’ when young and tender, and leariwj no leaf, to be plucked “hard” next round; and instead of paying off S. D.s wholesale, give them a bonus on the increase of yield resulting from careful plucking. The kanganiea, and often conductors help their fav- ourite pluokers, instead walking in the rear across the line of pluokers continually and checking bad work. An S. D. on his mettle is worth the whole crowd of native overseers, because he can throw enthusiasm into his work and make it contagious. And give the best pluckers a monthly bonus and the rivalry esta- blished will bring down cost of plucking more effec- tually and honestly than half-naming. What has all this to do with manuring? Well, I take it manuring is intended to increase yield, and many of us have to use manure in the abstract, and substitute shoe-le.ather in the concrete. In the absence of profits, revenue or capital, we must capitalise our sense, energy, ingenuity, resourceful- ness and see what brains and bootleather combined with courage and willingness will do towards tiding over adverse circumstances, which threaten to be- come worse ere they improve. We want loyalty all round, between employer and employe equally. Mutual self-sacrifl.ces, a little less play perhaps, and more hard intellig nt work (no crimping labour !), and to fight TOGETHEE for an enterprise upon which we can fearlessly ask God’s blessing. The supply of pure wholesome Tea, is more or less a missionary enter- prize against intemperance and drunkenness, against unwholesome water, and as such we can feel that after all, if we have enabled the poor workers at home to get t a cup of decent tea at .a price more proportiona e to their means. We have lost a little coin, perhaps, but gained the good-will of the consumer, and done some good in our lives. The consciousness of this should help every one cf us to go on and do better, and as I said before pray for God's blessing on, and guidance in our work. — I am, yours faithfully, T. K. SCIENTIFIC AGRICULTURE IN CEYLON; AND THE SCHOOL OF AGRICULTURE. Sir. — Before very long, the state of civilization of a community will be gauged by the state of its Agri- culture and the quantity of artificial manures it consumes. That CeOon is on the hi,gh-v/ay of civiliza- tion, accepting the above as a correct test, is attested to by the fact that in our midst has arisen a gentle- man with sufficient courage and belief iu the future of Agriculture, to devote his time and talents exclusively to the sale of manures. Hitherto the trade iu manure, not a very large one, was in the hands of Agency houses with many estates in their books. The sale of manures was carried on as a subsidiary operation. EvSn at the Hulftsdorf mills the sate of manures was simply an adjunct to larger and more important undertakings. Mr. A. Baur with commendable courage, foresight and belief in the futrre, has started Manure Works to which he devotes himself exclusively. The difference between his works and those of other manure sellers, is that his operations are carried on on scientific principles and he has called to his aid Mr. Hughes, who is by far the most competent Agricultural Chemist to advise on manures suitable for Ceylon soils. Mr. Baur has addressed a letter to the “Observer” on the manuring of tea which has called forth high commendation in its editorial columns. The letter is not allogether free from the taint of self-interest and 0' the advertisement of one’s wares, but the communica- tbn does not on that account lose one jot of its value I do not use the word “ taint ” in any offensive sense, for I am of those who do not regard it as a reproach for an individual or for a community to advance, his or their interests by all hone.st and fair means' Mr. Baur has supplied what he lias felt to be an acknowledged want. His action has not been impelled by philanthropy, called by cynics the guiding principle of fools. While benefltting himself, he wishes also to benefit Agriculture, the back-bone of the Island’s prr.sponty. He finds Agriculture rather shy and back- ward in the use of manures. It is a duty he owes him- self and his constituents to place before them all the literature on the subject of manures and manuring which he has made it a duty to study. Mr. Baur says, and truly, that in European Agri. culture, manuring is a necessity ; out here it is regarded as a luxury. I endorse this, but not the reasons he adduces for it. Competition is very great for the products of European Agriculture, the margin of profit, owing to prices lor produce and high rent, is very small, so that unless farms are forced to yield high returns, farmers go to the wall. The condition of things is, or rather was, different here and Planters have the means of extending their borders as soon as some fields become unremunerative, With exchange and prices against the planter, he may recognize that the time for liberal cultivation, not using the expression in its accepted sense, has arrived and he may see the wisdom of going in for scientific manuring. Mr. Baur mentions why this cannot be generally resorted to viz., the absence of Agricultural Chemists to guide the planter. He .sugge.sts that the Government keep a staff of Agricultural Chemists to aid the planter. That is rather a “tall order.” My suggestion is a more modest one, that an Agricultural Chemist be attached to the School of Agriculture in the same way that a Veterinary Surgeon is and that his services be made available to the public on p-iyment of a moderate fee ; this to be regarded as private practice. The Government re-organized the Technical School and transformed it into a College without much loss of time. A Commission has been brooding over the School of Agriculture for an unconscionably long time. Its report has not yet seen the light of day. No doubt technical education is very useful and Government can, from the College, draw supplies for many of its departments. But it must not be forgotten that Agriculture is the mainstay of the Island, and the maintenance of the Sohcol of Agriculture as a College is of paramount importance. The important part that agriculture plays in the island’s welfare can be fully realized at the present time when the tea industry is threatened. If at the pre- sent time we had an Agiioultiual College wi'h a properly equipped staff, the service of its agricultural chemist would be available to tea planters to advise them how to economically manure their properties, i.e., to advise them what manures to use to yield the largest possible results. The present unscientific, and hap-hazavd system is wasteful in that we apply in abundance ingredients tea plants take up in small quantities and which may be present in the soil, and in niggardly doses what is wanted in abundance. Besides, there is the further economy of an increased yield in many directions, and notably iu the cost of plucking and supervision. As in the case of coffee planting so in that of tea w.de aud unbroken areas a e pi anted with one single product. Great care must therefore be taken to avoid fungoid pests aud for tiiis reason specially prepared nvaiiures in the use of \ihich there will be no danger of infecting the soil, is of great importance. The subject cf fixing free atmosnheric nitrogen in the soil in supersession of nitrogenous manures oan- THE tropical ■ agriculturist. [June t, 1B98, 5SSB not profitably be diaouaseci at the present time. The matter has not advanced beyond the stage of experi- ment even in European Agriculture. The possibili- ties of it are proved in experimental plots and over small areas. On no large scale has the use of soil infected with nitrogen-fixing organisms b-ren used in lieu of nitrogenous manures. Experiments have proved that tliese organisms exi -t in the nodules to be found on the roots of a certain class of plants or in the soil in the immediate vicinity of their roots. It yet requires demonstration that if a field be planted with these organism-yielding plants and be thoroughly infected, subsequent crops could be raised without the application of nitrogenous manures. If this can be, satisfactorily demonstrated, then local planters can grow these crops and draw their supplies of nitrogen from the exhaustlsss atmosphere instead of from the manure merchant. Mr. Baur, following the teaching of all Agricultural Chemists, preaches the use of readily soluble manures. I hold quite heterodoxioal opinions on this subject. I do not believe in blindly following the teachings of Hoicnoc. Wo must adopt thorn with discrimina- tion and suit them to varying circumstances. The circumstances of Europeaar and local Agriculture are not identical. The books on Agricultural Chemistry treat almost entirely of the cultivation of cereals and annuals. The life of these is of a very short duration, and it stands to reason that if manures applied to them are to have effect, they sliould be in so highly soluble a condition as to be immediately available, otherwise they will lie dormant in the soil or be washed out of it. Not so in the culti- vation of perennials, the roots of which are in con- stant occupation of the soil. No application goes to waste, as the processes of absorption and assimilation are continuous. When annual applications of manure are not posible, I think it an advantage rather than otherwise, to use slow-acting manures. Otherwise trees are stimulated into yielding heavy crops and unless they are kept up with annual doses of manure fall off considerably. This was whv guano w.as discredited in 'he cmtivatioi) of coffee. If i . h' I hee.i; apD'iad well mixed ■ itli a slow acU.m m ' m>« like osatle nia- lire or in compost lifc.'p.i, v. -. -.s u ■ .i; i ''-ave b .eu avoided. I have observed a. similar result follow the use of too readily available manures in Coconut Culti- vation, B. HEAVIEST DAILY RAINFALL. Dear Sir, — As you observe, the rainfall of 3T72 inches which fell, (or is said to have fallen) in 24 hours at Nedu'.keni in the Northern Province on December 15th and Itith, 1897, is worthy of a special report. The heaviest rainfall at any place on the globe is, as is well-known, on the Khasia Hills, where it is (j'lo inches a year, of which 500 inches fall in seven months. In this neighbourhood it is recorded, no doubt as a noteworthy occurrence, that Dr. Hooker measured 90 inches in three days. We are un- fortunately not givi-u the heaviest daily rainfall, but at all events Nedunkoni would seem r,o be a formid- able rival to Khasia.* Mr. E. Heslis in his paper on the climate of Dimbula mentions that “in 1872 the rains began on.Iune 2!id and never ceased for a quarter of an hour together during the day time nor, I believe, during the night till the 17th .Inly.’ The highest rainfall last year was at Padupola with 213’07, and the lowest at Ka,yts with 33'39 inches. Garret gives the following averages for other places on the globe, and it would be interesting to com- pare these with our iwn records : London, 23'5 ; Bordeuix, 25 8; Madeira, 27'7 ; Havannah, 91'2;and St. Domingo, 107'0 ; these figures being given to prove that rainfall decieiso.s from t he equator to the p )les. Karaohehi in Sind does not, I believe, get more than five inches per annum Cca'i anyone verify this fact?;; while Poona gets only about seven inches I think. Has anyone heard oi read of a daily r.unfaU heavier than 31'72 iiicbos ? — Yours truly, D. * Only "as regards daily maximum; its annual average (for 3 years) is only CINO iiuhes ; but 189;t gave 121 85 inches, — En, [Port S.aid only gets 2 inches a year; Alex- andria 8 inche.s. — AVe are assured the return for Nedunkeni is correct ; but surely tliere must have been sometliing of tlie nature of a waterspout, seeing the annual fall is so moderate ?— Ed. T.A.I RiJSSIAN TEA BUYERS IN COLOMBO. Silt, — I see by the Tropical ^ipriculturi.st of April 1st, pig 695, that two representatives of the fi.m of Popoff “ were met by Mr. A. H. Thompson, the tea miker with whom they have beeu engaged the greater part of the day testing tea for Wednesday’s sale." This would have been a glorious opp:u unity to test my plan of paying subscriptions to the foreign market funds in tea and not in money. I would have taken Messrs. Isgaresoff and Dauiloff to the tea rooms, having in my possession a list of subscribers, thus. No. 1 Subscribers EIOO'OO ., 2 ., R500'00 „ 3 „ R450 00 Others R3,950'00 R5, 000-00 and I would say to them, “ Gentlemen you Ccin have the tea of any of these subscribers at l-16th less than the sale price. Here is a lot of No, 3 subs- criber, a pekoe valued at (so many) cents, there are 45 chests, you can have 20 of them at l-16th less than the price the rest sells for, I pay you the difier- ence to induce you to sell it in Russia. We will let you have 20,0001b. from this sale, another 20,000 3 months hence, and again another 20,000 the next quarter. Next year again we will let you have the same quantities from the same gardens at the same quarter of the year, in the same terms, that is to say, at l-16th less than the price the tea actually sells for to other and less favoured buyers.” I certainly would expect the above represen’atives ti jump at the offer, and tiien the suh.scribei's would have paid their ■sub.icript'oas in the best possible form, f.c., in tea and no* ’s .adi. M- ' - -. I ' m, O- ,■ p,,e - ■ . .f 300 chests or so, lour limes a ye-i, he w. u.d b > certain that he could get the same sort of chop next year, and he would get into the habit of buying big lots, even when the discount is stopped and when he has to buy at the ordinary market rate. Let us see how much tei can be introduced on these terms. R1,000 is equal to 16,000 annas of Indian money. (I don’t understand your Ceylon currency) consequently R50,000 is equal to 800,000 annas and at 1 anna per pound you could send out 800,090 lb. of tea. There is little doubt ihat this aiioiuit of tea hitroducod into Russia woull do more good than 50,0 0 riri'eas spent in cash, on advertising Ac. &c. Ac. But of your 100 million piounds of tea you could easily afford to sell half million at l-16th less than its market price, and sell it to meichants who will do all the advertising and drumming. The way I look on the problem is, that unless you favour some merchants by giving them large lots of tea, at a sustantial discount, the present buyers will take this discount out of you by paying lower prises. It there is more tea than the regular b.iyers want, they will pay you smiller pcice.s, but if you withdraw the surplus and give it t) outsiders at a discount, the regular buyers will not redu ce their offers. Snpp osing that you have established a market for the sale of 100 millions at an average of 6 pence. Next year you offer 101 millions, the price will go down to say 5 1.5-16 psiice and every one suffers. But should -son withdraw the one million extra and give it to Msisrs. Pop. iff at 1-1 6lh disoiunt, the p will not fall, and the extra m ilion will be sejurely placid in a good mukst. It is very pro- b.ib'e th.it the tci so plioel will have been very profitable to the fivoured raerchaut.s. The next year tliey will taki the same amount at a discount, but it is very probable that they will take t'wice the amount at the ordinary market rates, 1874, THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST June I, i8(,8.] DUTV ON TEA IN RUSSIA, &C. Sir, — It has struck me that your powerful Plan- ters’ Associatiou might do something towards les- sening the tea duty in foreign countries by having a direct understanding with the Government of said countries. There is no doubt that the object of imposing duty is to secure revenue, and not to favour China or home products so that the expected amount of revenue being secured, the Government would not very strongly object to the import of more tea. Would it be impossible to guarantee (say to the Russian Government) the estimated amount of revenue on condition that l-3rd more tea should be allowed free of duty. In other words, ask fora rebate in the duty, and deposit the deficiency as security that l-3rd more tea would be imported into the country. One-third is perhaps a large figure to begin with, but whatever proportion is deemed advisable would probably be accepted. Now that Ceylon tea is just finding its way into foreign countries the idea is within reach of possibility. The scheme is in the nature of a wager. We bet yon so many thousand pounds that if you reduce the duty by l-iJrd your country will take l-3rd more tea and it is highly probable that your country will take one-half more tea and you will gain by increased revenue. There is not the faintest doubt that this principle continued year by year would reduce the duty in Russia to 4d and increase their revenue six-fold within ten years. The deposit would only be duty paid in advance, but perhaps the oiling of the wheels would cost a great deal. It is hard to understand, why high duties should be laced on tea, but our own country has shown the enefit of reducing the rate. Our people are not nearly as fond of tea as the Russians, but consump- tion has increased with each remission in duty, and the revenue has increased. Tea is not a commodity of which several years supply could be laid up, so there would be no fear that the merchants would import more than was required for the year_, in order to benefit by the low rate of duty. Any increase in imports W’ould be permanent. The remission of a part of the duty, under the conditions proposed could be used to gain popularity if tue transaction could be kept secret. 1874. ALL ABOUT BIG TEA SALES. London, E.C., May 6. Dear Sir,— By this mail we are sending you a copy of last Wcdnesday’.s Daily Mail which gives an account of the competition going on amongst large rival Blending Houses for each one to prove itself the largest distributor in the trade. The fact of paying a duty clieque amounting to £6.3,147 means the clearing of nearly four million pounds weight of tea, and in order to do this a considerable quantitj' had to be purchased in recent sales, an order for the purchase of over 20,000 packages being placed in our hands for execution by the Mazawattee Tea Co. Tliis led to a good deal of compeiition and without doubt did good to the market for both Indian and Ceylon teas, having the effect of lifting it out of the low groove into which it had got and giving a decidedly more healthy tone to the sales. The Daily Mail mentions us as liaving purchased one '‘break” of over 10,00 1 packages; this is an error, and we expect they really referred to the fact that we purchased in one public sale for the Mazawattee Tea Co. some 10,523 ]>ackages. This we thitik is the largest contract for tea ever sent jn from one firm to another. 8S9 We send you a copy of the Mazawattee advertisement and of their cheque, as w-e think it will probably be of interest to you ; copies of the latter are being widely circulated throughout the whole country. The previous record duty cheque was "bne paid by Mes.srs. Liptons sosne short time back for about £51,000. We think that .such powerful advertiseftients as those made by the two firms named, cannot do otherwise than lielp to increase tea consumption, not only in this country but abroad where the information may be spread.— Vife are, dear sir, yours faithfully, COW, WILSON & STANTON. “CEYLON PLANTERS’ TEA UNION.” May U, DiiAR Sir, — I notice in a home paper, an advertisement of the “Direct Supply Stores” proprietors ; The English Farmer, s’ Association Ltd., Hoi born circus. Substitute “The Ceylon Planters’ Tea Union” as pro[)rietors ; find the 'man ; and you have one remedy for vanishing profits. It would be to the interest of every agent, planter, proprietor and superintendent and S. D. in Ceylon to become a shareholder. Let the grower get the middleman’s profits and we shall hear no more of that bug- bear exchange for some time to come. Very few understand the question and still fewer have' time to spare to study the subject But we can all back up a Direct Supply Association. — Yours faithfully, x. K, CEYLON FISHING CLiTTB. Nuwara M .y 20, Dear Sir, 'As tlie affairs of the Ceylon Fishing Club may possibly be of intere.st to a good many of your readers, I venture to send you for pub- lication a list showing the distribution of the trout fry which have been hatched out during this season. Tlie total result shows that 11,788 fry w-ere successfully hatched : of these 600 died owing to various accidents on the way to their destination ; leaving a net total of 11,188 which have actually been put into the various streams. Thi.s may be looked upon as a satisfactory re- sult, reflecting great credit upon Mr. Elhart who really bears the brunt of the delicate and anxious W'ork at the hatcherie.s. The best thanks of the Club are also due to the gentlemen who kindly and skilfully superintended the distribu- tion.—Yours faithfully, S. M. BURROWS, Hon. Secretary. Distribution List. 1,250 to Kurundu Oya, Bulahal Ela, and Hal- gran Oya. 50 to Stew Pond, St. Leonard’s. 800 to Sita Eliya Streams. 500 to Elk Plain Streams, 800 to Ambawella Steams, 600 to Streams in Dimbula. 600 to Streaims on the Bop its. 300 to Streams in Maskaiiya. 400 to Kurundu Oya (High Forest). 3,015 to Nuwara Eiiya Screams. 3,273 to Horton Plains Streams. 200 to Stew Pond, Nuwara Eliya, 11,788 86o [June t, 1898. THE TROPICAL A LEAF FROM THE PAST. Colombo, 20th May, 1898. Dear Sir, — I found the enclo.sed photograph of sketclies made by C. R. Hall, in looking over some old relics of the past:— (1) “The last days of coffee killed by leaf disease, grub and bug”; (2) “In 1883, dawn of prosperity in the midst of ruin.” Excliange was much higlier then and freights three times as high as they » O X O ©Ob-© (M i-H r-t r-t b* © ) 56 © ^ II © © © TO f- X © O X X f-« O 0«H © O J-- NJJ rH TO X ^ (M >— © © X ■^ © ^ © O t-«. X n r, p o p I B ar ix ^ © © © 05 ^ X X X X 1-8 fH 1-c i-H P.AP X « 862 tilE TROMCAL AGRtCtJLtURtSt. [June i, 1898. MARKET RATES FOR OLD AND NEW PRODUCTS. (Prom L'iwis (& Peat's Fortnijhlhi Prlas Giirreat, Loalyit, May 18th, 1898.) QUALITY. QUOTATIONS. OES, Soccotrine cwt. Fair to t'ne dry 44s a 100s anzibar & Hepatic „ t-'ommon to sjood 11s a 76s ES’ WAX, „ Zanzibar & ( White ,, G od to fine £7 2/6 a £7 10s Bombay (Y^ellow,, Fair £6 cs a £6 7s Gd Ma^iagascar ,, Dark to good palish . ^6 a .-£6 1 os MPHOR, China Fair average quality .. Clipped, bold, briglit.fine Middling, stalky & lean 92s 6d Japan „ KDAMOMS, Malabar lb 97s Gd 3s i d a 3s 6d 2s 9d a 3s Ceylon.— Mysore ,, Fair to fine nlump 3s a 4s 3d See is ?3 6(1 a 3s 2d „ Tellicherry,, Good to fint* 2s lid a Ss Brownish 2s 6d „ Bong „ ,, Mangalore,, Shelly to good 2s Sd a Ss lod Med brown to good bold 3s 9d a 4s od BTOK OIL, Calcutta,, Ists and 2nds 3}d a 4id Madras ,, SgCl IT T.IF.S. Znnzibar cwt. Dull to fine bright 27s a 42s 6d NCHONA BARK.— Ceylon lb. Ledgeriana f hips 31 (1 a 5d Crow n. Renewed . . 4jd a 8d Org. .Stem l-id a Cjcl Red Org. Stem.. Id a 4fd Renewed .. •lid a 5|d NN A MOF. Ceylon Ists Ordinary to fine quill... 84(1 a Is lid per lb 2nds 7gd a Is 8d 3rds 7(1 a Is 6d 4tliS 6d a Is 3d Chios Dull to fine bright bold 2Jd a 3jd OVES, Penang lb. 7jd a Is Amboyna Dull to fine 4^(1 a 5) d Zanzibar \ Good and fine bright .. 4(1 a 4jC( and Pemba / Coremou diill to fair Sid a 3^d Stems Fair l|d CULUS INDICUS cwt. Fair Ss 6(1 FFEB Ceylon Plantation ,, Bold to fine bold colory 110s a 124s Middling to fine mid . 103s a 108s 6(1 Low mi(t. and low grown 90s a 1 00s Smalls 7( s a 8.5s Native ,, Good ordinary 35s a 80s Liberian ,, Small to bold 30s a 45s COA, Ceylon „ Bold to fine bold rOs a 78s .Medium and fair 65s a 69s Triage to ordinary 52s a CC'.s LOMBO BOOT IR ROPE, Ceylon ton Ordinary to good 25s a SOs nominal Cochin ,, Ordinary to fair £10 a £16 BRE, Brush ,> Old. to fine long straight €10 a £21 Cochin ,, Ordinary to good clean £15 a £21 Stuffing ,, Common to fine £7 a £9 )IR YARN, ( eylon „ Common to superior £12 a £26 10s Cochin ,, .. ,, very fine a do. ,, Roping, fair to good ... .eiOlOs a £15 OTON SEEDS,Sift. cwt. Dull to fair S7s 0(1 a 90s ITCH N GEE, Bengal, rough „ Fair to tine dry 9s 3d a 32s 6(1 Fair I9s Calicut, Cut A ,, Good to fine bold 75s a 83s B & C ,, .Small and medium •i2s 6d a 72s 6d Cochin Eougli ,, Common to fine bold .. 17s fd a 25s Small and D’s 14s 6d a 21s .Tapan ,, JM AM MON I A CUM „ Unsnlit 17s a 18s Sm. blocky to fine clean 3Cs a 50s ANM, Zanzibar , Picked fine pale in sorts £107/6a£1312/6 Part yellow and mixed £82/6 a £10 10s Bean and Pea size ditto 70s a £7 12/6 Amber and dk. red boW £5 10s a £7 10s Med. A bold j»lassy sorts 80s a ICOs Madagascar ,, Fair to good palish .. £4 8s a £8 .. ., red £4 5s a £9 lABlCE. I. & Adfn ,, Ordinary to good pale 40s a 62s 6(1 Turkey sorts ,, 65s a 85.S Ghatti ,, Pickings to fine p.ale ... I2s Od a 40s Kurrachee ,, Goo'l and fine pale o2.s 0(1 a 57s Od Reddish to pale selected 60s a 4t s Madras ,, Park to tine pale 27s 6d a 35s SAFCETIDA Clean fr to gd. almonds 40s a SOs Old. stony and bloekv 30s a 37 s NO „ Fine bright 12s 6d a 15s IKRH, picked „ Fair to fine pale 70s ;i 82s 6d Aden sorts ,, Middling to good 33s a 57s 6d .IBANU.M, drop Good to fine white 34s a 60s Middling to fair 20.S a 31s 6(1 pickings „ Low to good pale Us a 12s 6d siftingB ,, Slightly foul to fine ... 9s 6(1 a 14s DIARUBB ICE , Assam lb (iood lo tine 2s 7d a 8s Qd Common to foul & mxd. 2s a 2s 4d Rangoon „ Fair to good clean 2s 3d a 3s 7 loi'Ueo „ Cowimm to fine 1.2 44(1 a 23 2jd INDIARUBBER, (Contd). Java, Sing. & Penang lb. f I lIoEainbique ,, I Madagascar „ | INDIGO, E.I. MACE Bombay S Penang per lb. MYRABOLANKS, 1 „ Madras / Bombay Bengal ,, NUTMEGS— lb. Bombay & Penang ,, NUTS, ARECA ,cvvt. NUX VOMICA, Bombay per cwt. Madras OIL OF ANISEED CASSIA LEMONGRASS NUTMEG CINNAMON CITRON ELBE ORCHELLA WEED- Ceylon Zanzibar. lb cwt PEPPER - (Black) lb. Alleppee & Tellicherry Singapore Acheen & \V. C. Penang PLUMBAGO, lump cwt. chips dust SAFFLOWER SANDAL WOOD— Bombay, Logs ton. Chips , Madras, Logs . C hips , SAPANWOOD Bombay, Madras , Manila , Siam SEEDLAC cwt. SENNA, Tinnevelly lb SHELLS, M. O’PEARL— • Bombay cwt. Mussel „ TAMARIND.S, Calcutta... per cwt. Madras TORTOISES.IIELL— Zanzibar & Bo)ubay lb. TURMERIC, Bengalcwt. Madras ,, Do. Cochin Foul to good clean Good to fine Ball Ordinary to fair Ball Low .sandy Ball .Sausage, fair to good Liver and livery Ball Fr to tine pinky & white Fair to good black Niggers, low to good Bengal- - Shipping mid to gd violet Consuming mid. to gd. Ordinary to raid. -Mid. to good Kurpah... Low to ordinary Mid. to good Madras.. Pale reddish to tine .. Ordinary to fair Pickings Dark to fine paleUG Fair Coast Jubblepore Bhimlies Rh.ajpore, Ac. Calcutta (14’s to .57’s llO's to OiV.s teO’.s to 130’s Ordinary to fair fresh ..! Ordinary to middling... Fair to good bold fresh _. Small ordinary and fair Fair merchantable According to analysis.. Good flavour & colour.. Dingy to white Ordinary to fair sweet... Bright A good flavour.. Mid. to fine not w oody . Picked clean flat leaf ,. „ wiry Mozambique QUOTATIONS. Is 2[da 3s 2s IQd a 3s 2d 2s 6(1 a 2s 8Jd Is Id a Is 4d 2s 6(1 a 2s lid 2s fd a 2s lOd 3s a 3s Id 2s a 6 4d Is Ida 2s 4Jd 4s a 4s 6d s 3d a 3s 4d Is 4(1 a 2s Id Is 9d a 2s 5d Is 4d a Is 8d Is 5d a 2s £d 2s a ?s Is 7d als nd ,Is4jda IsSid :4s 6d a 6s |4s 9d a 5s Ids a Ts ,4s 3d a 9.S 3s 9d a 7s 3s 6d. a 5s 6d ]oS a 3s 2d ,1s .3(1 a. 2s 9d 6(1 a Is Id ll2s a 22s 6d 4s a 5s 6d 7s a 7s 6d as 6d 6s 3(1 a 6s Ijd 4s 9d a 6s 3d Ijd a 5d 3id a 4d 5d a Is 6(1 Is Ojd a Is 2d 10s a 12s 6d 10s a 15s ICs alls 4d a4jd 41-16(la4id 3gd a 4|d 20s a 28s Fair to bold heavy Fair Dull to fine Fair to fine bright bold.,. Middling to good smalP^®® Oidl to fine brigtit I- Ordinary to fine bright Good to fine pinky Middling to fair Inferior and pickings Fair to fine flavour Fair to good flavour Inferior to fine Lean to good Good average I Rough & rooty to good t bold smooth Old. dusty to gd. soluble Good bold green Fair middling medium Common dark and small Mauritius Bourbon Seychelles lb. and I lst.s .../ 2nds 3rds lb. Bold and A’s ( D’s and B’s J Small ... ( Small to bold .Mill. to fine bl’k notstom- Stony and inferior Small to bold dark ( mottle part heavy Fair I'inger fair to fine bold bright Bulbs Finger Bulbs 80s a 85s 60s a 70s 50s a o5s £20 a £35 5s a £3 £30 a £50 £4 a £8 £4 a £5 £4 a £5 nom- £4 10s a £5 15s £6 a £7 60s a 70s 3|d a 8id 3d a 3Jd Ifd a 2id £4 10s a JJ6 12s £1 5s a £3 10s 12s 6d a 148 6d 4s a 6s Gd. crysallized 3J a 9 in. Fo.xy A reddish 4J a 8 ' Lean and inferior Fine, pure, bright Good white hard 16s 6(1 a 23s 6d 15s 18.S a 19s 12s a 13s 1.3s a 14s 7s Od a 7s 9d 18s a 26s 13s a 20s 6d s a 11s 6d 2b a 2s Id 87s SGRICULTURSL mSGSZinG, COLOMBO. Added as a Supplement Monthly to the “ TROPICAL AORIGULTURlSTi" The following pages include the Contents of the Agricultural Magazine for June : — Vol. IX.] JUNE, 1898. TNo. 12. SEASON EEPORTS FOR THE MONTH OF APRIL, 1898. ESTERN Province. — Paddy. Yala .sowing going on ; somewhat de- layed by want of rain. Fruits and vegetables scarce in Kalutara dis- trict, but the supply was good ill the Colombo district. Health of cattle good, but at Welipeiina some animals died “ of an unknown disease.” Central Province. — Paddy. Maha harvest nearly over, prospects good generally. Rainfall at Matale 6'08 in. ; no disease among cattle. Northern Province. — Paddy. Crops reaped and stacked. Tobacco crops good and harvesting and curing is going on. Rainfall at Jaffna 1’04 in. ; at Mannar ‘69 in. Health of cattle good. Southern Province. — Paddy. A beginning of Y'ala cultivation has been made and in some places the plants are in blade. Rainfall o-o in. at Galle, dry in Hambantota. A few cases of foot and mouth dissase among cattle, Eastern Province. — Paddy. Munmari harvest nearly over and Pinmari cultivation commenced. Rainfall 1‘63 at Batticaloa against 4 6 last year. In Trincomalee the rainfall measured 5‘45 in. Health of cattle good. North-Western Province. — Paddy. Yala cul- tivation going on in most places ; crops fair. Cattle murrain prevails in some districts. Rainfall at Puttalam 2‘66 in: North-Central Province. — Paddy. Maha crops being reaped. Murrain reported in Eppawala Korale and Kelegam tulana. Rainfall at Anu- radhapura 4'2 in. Province of Uva. — Paddy. Maha crops ripening but suffering for want of rain in some partSi Fruits and vegetables plentiful and cheap. Health of cattle good. Province of Sabaragamuwa. — Paddy. Yala crops progressing where sown already, sowing still going on. No rain during the month at Kegalle. RAINFALL TAKEN AT THE SCHOOL OP AGRICULTURE DURING THE MONTH OF APRIL, 1898. 1 Friday ISil 17 Sunday •13 2 Saturday Nil 18 Monday Nil 3 Sunday , , Nil 19 Tuesday 5'65 4 Monday Nil 20 lYednesday. . •08 5 Tuesday Nil 21 Tluirsday . , •41 6 Wednesday . . Nil 22 Friday 1-07 7 Thursday . . Nil 23 Saturday . •75 8 Friday .05 24 Sunday 2-25 9 Saturday ■3 25 ilondav 2-41 10 Sunday 3-9 26 Tuesday •35 11 Monday 0-6 27 Wedne.sday, ■08 12 Tuesday •14 28 Thursday . 102 13 Wednesday . . ..53 29 Friday •08 14 Thursday , . •16 30 Saturday , 203 15 Friday ■11 1 Sunday 1-05 16 Saturday Nil Total . .25-26 Greatest amount of rainfall in any 24 hours on the 19th, 5'65 inches. Mean rainfall for the month -84 in. Recorded by A. II. Ahmat. 864 Supplement to the “ Tropical Agriculturist. EXTENSION OF AGRICULTUEAL EDUCATION IN INDIA. The following is taken from the Resolution of the Government of Bengal regarding the opening of new agricnltunl classes at Sibpore : — The scheme of agricultural education to be provided at Seebpore includes tw’o classes. The course of study to be followed by .students in the upper class, qualifying for the higher diploma, i.s intended to train students for employment in the higher bratiches of the Revenue and cognate services, or for employment as managers and sub- manager.s of estates, or as tahsildars and land stewards. The course of study for the lower cla.'S ■will be suitable for candidates for the office of kanungo and other subordinate posts in the Revenue service. Tne theoretical course for both i-classes will be limited to 14 months, including vacations, from June of one year to August of the next. During the eight months from November of the second year to the following June, it is contemplated that the students of both classes ■will receive practical instruction on the Seebpore farm, as probationers on Government and Court of Wards’ estates, and that they will make e.xcur- sions to the Burdwan and Dumraon experimental farms. Dr. Leather, who was recently Agricul- tural Chemist to the Government of India, has also suggested that the students should visit the Allahabad and Cawnpore Farms, and Mr. Keventer’s Dairy farm at Aligurh. The higher course of study ■null be open to students of the Eiigineeuiiig College who have passed the F.E. examination at the end of their third year, who will already have studied chemis- try, physics, mathematics, surveying, levelling and drawing. It may be also arranged, so far as the available accommodation will i)ermit, to admit to this class B.A.’s nominated by Government who have passed by the B. course, or other students of sufficient educational attainment.s so nominated. The subjects to be taught in the upper class during the 14 months’ course of agricultural study are agriculture, organic and agricultural chemistry, and laboratory work, botan.y, physio- graphy, geology, meteorology of hydraulics, book- keeping, and zemindari accounts. Arrangements may be made for students to attend lectures in veterinary science at the Veterinary College, and special lectures will be given on the culture of lac, indigo, sugar, etc., as shown in Appendix A. to this Resolution. The syllabus of lectures prepared by Mukherji and revised by Dr. Leather, late Agricultural Chemist to the Government of India, which is printed as Appendix A. to this Resolution, is pro- visionally approved, but will be subject to such modification as may be found necessaryn The lower course of study v\ill be open to students of the College who have completed their second y'ear in the apprentice department, and to teachers sent from training schools with the sanction of the Director of Public Instruction. The course will include agriculture, surveying, workshop practice, botany, and zemindari accounts. At the close of their terms of theoretical study, the students of both classes will be examined in the subjects jprescribed in their course, and successful staden^s [June 1, 1898. will receive from the Principal of the College, in the higher clas,^, a diploma; in the lower, certi- ficate of proficiency. On the conclusion of the further term of practical training, and after fur- ther examination, the diplomas and certificates of those students who satisfy the examiners will be countersigned by t lie Dh-ector of the Department of Land Records and Agriculture, and will then qualify the holders for employment in the hioher or lower grades of tlie Revenue and cognate services. Ilis Honor the Lieutenant-Goi'ernor is jireparcd to assign one appointment annually in the Provin- cial Executive Service, and one in'tlie Subordinate Executive Service, to such of the hcldeis of ata-i- cultural diplomas as he may think ino.st de.^erving of or suitable for these a]!pointments, and will also consider favourably ajiplications for nomi- nations to be given to such .-tudeut«, autliorisiiuT them to compete at, the e.xamination for candidates for admission to the Provincial, Executive, and Ojjium Services, provided the applicant.-^ are, in other respects, considered by h.im to be suitable for admission to these service^. Students who hold certificates of proficiency in ngiiculture will be eligible for employment in the Subordinate Services .as kanungos in tlie Ciinnl Department and under the Court of Wards, and a.s normal school teachers. But it is not possible, at present, to state how many such a])pcintment.s can be given each year to the holders of agricultural certificjites. For the present, sLmlents in the agricultural cla.sses will not be required to pay ttition fees, but board, lodging, and lighting imi.st be paid for at the ordinary scale ; accommodation for students will be provided in the hostel attached to the College. Senior scholarships held by studetits when pass- ing the _ F.E. examination will continue to be tenable in the agricultural cla.^ses during the fourth year ; the number of such scholarships at present oiien to all the eenior students of the Seebpore College is 10, viz., 1 of .R20 a month, 3 of E15 a mouth, 6 of RIO a month. In addition to these scholarships one graduate scholarship of E30 a month, tenable in the fifth year, will be awarded on the result of the fourth-year exami- nation, do student, s or the appre.alice department who join the agricultural classes, ten leduced feeships of R2 a month will be allotted, tenable during the 14 months of their theoretical training. During the final year of training, four stipends of RIO a month will be awarded on the results of the final agiicultural examination. OCCASIONAL NOTES. The folio-wing are the names of the students at present forming the Forestry class:— Messrs. Senevi- ratue, Rowlands, Tiathoiiis, Ferdinands, Perera and Rajapakse. We are glad to hear from Mr. E, Elliott of the results of experiments with two varieties of Paddy which were sent to us from North India as bein^ among the best cultivated in that locality. Writing to us, Mr. Elliott says : “ I will send for ex- hibition (^to the 1 ruit and Fh/W'ef Show^ somo June 1 1plemerit to the “ Tropical Agricidturist: [June 1, 1898. THE USES OP WOOD. (^Continued.) 8. Wood is a poor conductor of heat and electricity, Heated to 150° P. or cooled below the freezing point of water, iron, steel, rmd other metals are painful to the touch, and even far within these limits metal objects are objection- able on account of their ready conductivity of heat. Wood, on the other hand, is entirely in- offensive as long as its temperature remains with- in the above limits. The objections to metal dwellings on this account are experienced also in heavy-armoured ships, which, in spite of the excel- lence of an oceanic climate, are notoriously uncom- fortable and even injurious to health. When exposed to heat, wood is ignited and destroyed by fire. The inflammability and com- bustibility of vvoed at high temperatures, though among its most valuable properties, are, at time.s, a drawback which metals do not share; neverthe- less, during conflagrations the behaviour of wooden structures; for, while abeam of wood burns, it retains its shape to the last, and the structure may stand and be saved, w'hile under the same circumstances metal beams twist out of shape and thereby occasion the fall of the entire structure. This behaviour of wood in conflagration has induced the best authorities, fire underwriters and others to recommend the use of iwood iti all large struc- tures where tlie combustible contents of the rooms' annul the value of fireproof metal con- struction. If w'ood were a good conductor of electricity, its usefulness as a material of construction in our large cities would be much impaired, for it ii])pears to be a very serious and constantly grow- ing difficulty to protect life and property against this dangerous and yet so useful force. ' 9. Woods are normally inoffensive in smell and taste ; liquor.s and wines of the most delicate flavours are kept in oaken casks for immy years without suffering in quality. Cliemical changes, often directly producing poison, prevent the use of cheap metals for these purposes. 10. Owing to their structure, all woods present varieties of characteristic aspects and posse.ss no small degree of beauty. A plain surface of metal, of whatever kind, is monotonous, while one of wood, unless marred by paint, presents .such a variety of unobtrusive figure.s tiiat the eye never tires of seeing them. That this beauty is quite fully appreciated is best illustrated by the fact that pianos, sideboards, and other elegant furni- ture are not covered wiih slieet. metal (as they might very cheajily and iffeclively be), aud that the handsome floors of costly structures are neither painted nor car[)eted. 11. Wcod is easily and effectively united by the sim])le process of gluing, so that valuable combinations, whether for beliaviour, strength, or beauty, are posi-ible. A three-ply veneer board may not only' he us jiretiy as, but also more serviceable than, a simple board of any one of the two or three kinds of wood of which it is composed, and a white-])ine dcor with cherry or walnut veneer is not only fully as handsome as a walnut door, but it is far superior in its behaviour. Since all shrinking and wasping i,s thereby prac- tically prevented, iron and steel may be welded, most metals can be soldered, but none of these processes can be compared to gluing in effectiveness and ease of ojjeration. So far wood has been regarded only as a material of construction ; but while this is perhaps the most important consideration, the u.'^e of wmod is a substance which may be altered physi- cnlly' aud chemically- is far more important than is generally admitted. 12. The great mass of mankind is w-armed and has its food cooked by wood fires. Even in this country' today', in .cpite of the great competition of coal, three-fourths of all the houses and thousands of manufacturing establishments are supplied with heat from wood. 13. Wood is ground into pulp and made into paper and pulp boards with endless variety- of application. Wood pulp made by- chemical pro- cesses, results ill cellulose and its countless deri- vatives, which are capable of supplying almost anything, from a shirt collar to a car wheel. CONDENSED MILK. Fifteen thousand cows are required to produce the condensed milk of Switzerland. During recent years the condensed milk industry collectively, the new competitors do not approach the output of the pioneer country. There are a great many conden.«ed milk factories in Sw'itzerland, most of which have sprung into life during the last five or six years, until Swiss milk brands in a shop window now present almost as bewildering a variety as the Swedish matches, The industry mainly depends, howevei’, upon three large factories. The Henri Nestle Company, with its three works at Veney', Bercher and Payerene ; the Anglo-Swiss Company-, with factories at Cham and Guin ; and the works of Lapp, at Epaquy, Henri Nestle, who, like so many modem captains of industry, started life as a pharmacist, was the pioneer of the condensed mi^t busine.'S. His invention proved a gold mine, and at his death, a year or two ago, he was reckoned one of the wealthiest citizens of the Republic. . The Pbocess is Simple, The proces.s of the condensed milk manufacture is exceedingly simple. Almost every village ia the district tapped by' one of the factorie.s, pos- sesses a milk-ccllecting office, to which the pea- sants briiig the milk fresh from the cow. The milk offices are owned by separate companies, with whom the factories contract for their supplies. At the collecting office the milk undergoes a refri- gerating proces.s. Upon its arrival at the factory it is first warmed gently over a vapour bath and then exposed to a greater heat (not, however, exceeding 176° Fuhr.) in copper vessels, The next manipulation consists in the addition to the milk of 13 per cent by weight of the best reined sugar. The mixture is then pumped into a vacuum pau for condensation. There is nothing special about these vacuum pans. They are the kind u.sed at almost every manufacturing chemist's, in sugar factories and in many other works, What Good Condensed Milk should Contaik. The pans have a false bottom, and are fitted with spiral hotwater tabes. The aqueous vapours JUNE 1, 1898.] Supplement to the “ Tropical Agriculturist." 867 given off by tlie milk, which is kept boiling under low pressure, is withdrawn through the suction- pump at the top of the pan. When sufficiently condensed, the milk is withdrawn from the pans, cooled in vessels placed in fresh running water, packed in 1 lb. tins, and hermetically sealed. Swiss condensed milk of good quality should contain from 10 to 10 '30 per cent of fatty bodies, 8‘75 to 10‘25 per cent. Casein, 53'25 to oo’OO per cent of sugar, about 2 per cent of salts, and from 23 '50 to 25 '25 per cent of water, Condensed milk is exported to all countries of the world. South America and India take large quantities, and among the Chinese the milk is becoming popular as a jam, and eaten with bread. Since the com- mencement of 1890 an enormous impetus has been given to the Swiss condensed milk industry by the allowance of drawback of the duty on the sugar u.sed in its manufacture. The immediate effect of this concession was an increase in the exports of over 20 per cent. B A DISEASE OF BUFFALOES. The disease described in the following article from the Veterinarian is not unknown in Ceylon, and it has often been mistakenly identified with rinderpest under the comprehensive title of “ murrain. ” Among the villagers it was re- cognized as quite di.stinct from “murrain” or Warangata. 1 believe the late Mr. Lye, when Colonial Veterinary Surgeon, investgated this disease and published a very interesting report in 1893, and was the first to de.-cribe it with any scientific accuracy. He termed the disease Fharangis Laryngitis Contagiosa. GHOTWA OR GHOXU IN BUFFALOES. Note by Veterinary Captain H. T. Fease, F.Z.S,, Frincipul, Veterinary College, Lahore. Introductory Remarks, — The existence of a specific febrile disease of the buffalo and cattle, characterised by sudden attack, high fever, rapid swelling of the throat, difficulty in respiration, and death in a few hours, has long been known. Its true nature has never apparently been re- cognised, and it has gone to swell the returns under the head of “Anthrax” — a disease which it appears has to cover a multitude of doubtful cases. In my annual report for 1896 I referred to this subject as follows: — “1 have found on inquiry that in the majo:ity of instances any disease in which there has been fever and swelling of the limbs or body, and specially of the throat, as well ns cases in which death could not be otherwise accounted for, have almost invariably been returned as anthrax. I have found that the commonest disease returned as anthrax is a disease named Ghotwa, Gharrwa, or Galghotu in the Southern Fanjab. In all the districts visited this was reported to be a most severe and dreaded disease, and ranked next in importance to rinderpest, attacking animals apparently per- fectly healthy, running its course with alarming rapidity, the animals perishing in a few hours, Rains favorable to the Disease. — It is most prevalent in the rains, but may appear at other times of the year, and specially following the Christmas rains. It seems to bo more prevalent in low-lying land subject to pe;iodical in- undation, but is by no means confined to such spots. Authorities quoted, — The disease has been studied in other countries, chiefly in Salerno, Kome, and Terra del Lavaro, by Oreste and Armanni : in Sardinia by Sanfelice, Loi, and Malato. It has also been seen by Havas, Reischic Makoldy, and Gal. * The Disease as it occurs in Hungary. Von Ratz states that in Hungary it exists under the name “ Buffelseuche,” prevailing in the summer time, and often causes great losses in buffaloes, which seldom recover from it. The disease appears very suddenly as a more or less circumscribed swelling of the throat, gullet, and head, and sometimes of the tongue, is accom-. panied by high fever and great difficulty in breathing. It re.^embles very nearly that form of anthrax described as “ Gloss-Authrax.” Usually attacks young healthy Buffaloes. It attacks most commonly young buffaloes which are in good condition, but older animals also get it. Cattle and swine also take the disease spontaneously. Natural infection may occur in many ways. The entrance of the contagion may take place from the intestine or through the skin. It may attack old animals, but it is not common to see it in those of over six years of age These have less susceptibility to disease than young animals. It is possible that this facultative immunity is in some cases due to recovery from a previous attack, but seeing the fatal nature of the malady this is not probable. Probable causes of Infection discussed. — According to experiments the infection is caused by the material entering through the skin, At the same time infection experiments by the digestive canal remained unsuccessful, although with this object the same virulent material was employed which subcutaneously injected caused the fatal disease in a short time. In the winter-time, when animals are stalled, the fact that the disease may notwithstanding occur, proves that the infection may be introduced through the di- gestive apparatus by means of the food and water, This mode of natural infection is easily explained, when the beast has been wounded on the lips or mucous membranes by the thorns and stalks of rough dry food, as the virus may easily gain entrance by such wounds. Symptoms of the 'Disease.— The disease is characterised by high fever, great depression, and circumscribed swelling of the throat. The affected buffalo remains behind the herd, appears dull and miserable, sluggish with drooping head and staring eyes. Soon it stands in one place immoveable, very dull and depressed, and is perfectly indifferent to its surroundings. There is a discharge of ropy saliva from the mouth. The skin is dry and hot. The rectal temperature rises to 107° F. or more ; the pulse is frequent at the commencement, 62—80 per minute, later scarcely perceptible. There is acceleration of and great difficulty in respiration, with dilatation of the nostrils. It is rattling and noisy, often accompanied by a roaring sound which can be heard at a coa- 86R Sup2>lement io the “ Tropical Agriculturist. [June 1, 1898, siderable distance ; the mucous membrane of the noise is cyanotic and covered witli a dis- charge which also issues from the nostrils. The temperature of the buccal mucous membrane is increased, and the colour of a diffuse red. The rapidity of the appearance of a hot painful swelling, at first oedematous to the touch and circumscribed, later always hard, spreading around the throat, part of the face and about the ear. downwards towards the neck and the shoulder, is astonishing. This swelling varies con.siderably in- size in different cases, and may in some he very small and circumscribed ; in other-s, however, it is extensive, spreading over the lower part of - the neck to the chest. It does not crepitate on pressure. In addition to the existence of the large swelling of the throat a yellow slimy discharge from the nose is observed. The tongue and the surrounding parts swell, the animal keeps the mouth open, and the tongue hangs out, is cyanotic and hard to the touch. With the extent of the swelling of the throat the difficulty in breathing and the noise keep pace. The inspiration is long, tlie expiration is shorter, To these symptoms may be added cessation of appetite, disturbance of rumination, and tym- panites; sometimes the animal at the end of the attack stands with difficulty. There is trembling of the muscles of the croup. The dung is often serous and fluid, red-coloured and mixed with slime. In the last stage the animal lies down, the limbs stretched out, the respiration is frequent, difficult, noisy, very rattling, dyspnoeic. This difficulty in breathing increase^, the blood becomes more and more impure, spasms of the muscles occur, and soon the animal falls suffocated to the ground. Ghotwa runs a very rapid course, often causing death in from six to seven hours from the first appearance of the dise-ase. In most cases, however, it lasts for twelve to twenty-four hours, and it seldom runs for two or three days. If its lasts longer it may disappear and the animal recover. Mortality. — Tlie mortality varies, but is always high, 90 to 96 per cent, of deaths usually occurring. The epidemic is very sharp in the summer, and the mortality greater than in the cold weather. The individual outbreaks have a very short course, seldom lasting more than from eight to ten days, generally not so long. Section of the dead buffalo shows the swelling of the throat, face, and neck to be due to intense serous infiltration of the subcu- taneous connective tis.sue. The skin over the swelling is stretched tense. The swelling itself is of tolerably hard consistence, never crepitating on pressure. On incision we find a greyish-yellow gelatinous material, with black bloody patches in- terspersed here and there in it. The same appearance is presented by the intra-muscular and intermediastinal connective tissue. Tlie muscles are blood-red. In the abdominal cavity there i.s a yellow or red coloured serosity. The peritonsum is injected, as is also the serous membrane of the bowels. Mesentery injected, lymph glands swollen and of firm consistence, greyish or brownish red on section. The spleen medium in size, flabby, the capsule not stretched, the pulp reddish brown. The liver full of blood. The contents of the omasum dry, the mucous membrane pale. The abomasum contains only a small quantitj’ of pale slimy contents. Its mucous membrane is wrinkled, and at the summits of the folds are hremorrhagic patches about the size of a bean. The subraucosa is infiltrated, the vessels much injected. In the small and large intestines pultaceous .and in part bloody contents are found ; the vessels of the mucous membrane are injected and covered with puncdform and linear ecchymoses and blood mark- ings. The kidneys may be congested or in course of parenchymatous degeneration. The bladder contents are turbid; tl;e mucous membrane injected. The chest cavity contains a small quantity of a reddish serosity; the parietal pleura is studded with disseminated haemorrhages. The lungs normal in size, and studrled with hremorrhages of various sizes; the elasticity is impaired, and on section they have a brownish-red colour, partly dark red, and contain a red frothy fluid. In the bronchi and trachea is a reddish frothj’ fluid, the mucous membrane of the res- piratory passages is uniformly red, that of the larynx dark red, tumetied and inliltratcdl The epiglottis and vocal cords and the base of the tongue are tumefied, the submucous being the seat of oedea matous infiltration. Tracheal lymphatic glands enlarged, firm in consistence, the section appearing juicy, yellowish brown, and studded with haemor- rhages. The retro-pharyngeal connective tissue is also the seat of oedematous infiltration, the peri- bronchical lymph glands are enlarged. The peri- cardium contains a reddish-coloured serosity, and is, especially over the right side of the heart, marked with petechite. The heart is flabby, the cavities contain small quantities of badly coagu- lated or fluid blood ; there is subendocardial hffimorrhage. The cerebral meninges are light red, the ventricles reddi-h, and contain serous fluid. In the blood-serum from the above-mentioned many bacteria, which in form, size, and morphology are identical with those described by Oreste and Armanni (“ Studii e recherche intorno al barbone dei buffali,” ‘ Atti del R. Instituto d’ incoraggia- mento allcienze naturali,’ x, 1887). They resemble in their morphology those of fowl cholera ( Bacillus cholerce-gallinarum ). In gentian violet or methylen blue-stained cover- glass preparations may be observed a bacterium 0-9— 1T8 u long, and 0'4 — 0 6 u thick, which is for the most part in the shape of proportionate rod, rounded at both ends. In the centre these rods remain uncoloured, but they are intensely coloured at each pole. The unstained portion does not appear to be always equal. In the small bac- teria it is small, whilst the borders are diminished, so that it appears not unlike a biconvex lens. In the longer bacilli the unstained middle piece appears longer, and the boundaries are lii -some of the bacilli the uncoloured piece is about two-thirds of them, and only the tvvo small rounded poles are coloured. Scattered amongst them we find also fonger bacilli, which appear like two joined together containing two or three uncoloured spaces. Besides these forms are small oval and spherical bodies like cocci, and uni- formly coloured with the exception of a small spot in the middle. Besides in the blood, spleen, and infiltiation the bacteria are found in the lymph glands, urine, and loedematous fluid. June 1, 1898.] Supplement to the '' Tropical Agriculturist." 869 Cultivation of Bacteria- — The best; medium for artificial growth is agar and glycerine agar, in ■which they will grow luxuriantly. In the incu- bator at a medium temperature of 37“ C. in twelve to fifteen hours in line cultures, shining dew-like little drops appear, which are partly scattered and partly run together as they grow. In the first case round colonies are develo{)ed ; in the second a thin, transparent, greyish, and slightly opale.5ceut film with unequal or jagged edges. Line cultures in gelatine show in twenty-four hours at a temperature of 17° to 18° C. a fine white line, like embroidery, which with the aid of the micro.scope appears to be made up of small pearly line granules gathered together into rounded colonies. In three to four days they form a yellowish irregular stripe, which is made up of numbers of small spherical granules. Gelatine plate cultures at 17° to 18° 0. show iu twenty-four to forty-eight hours under the microscope small colonies which gradually enlarge, and become in three to four days visible to the naked eye as punc- tiform, sharply bordered, yellowish, slightly shin- ing small discs which do not liquefy the gelatine. Under a high power it is seen that these yellowish discs are composed of nearly smooth round granules. Inoculation. — By inoculation with an artificial culture of this virus or of the bio cl of the buffalo suffering from the disease, we are in a position to infect not only the buffalo, but likewi.-e cattle, horses, pigs, guinea-pigs, rabbits, white and grey mice, and pigeons. Dogs and sheep have great resistance to the disease. Fowls and ducks are immune. Experiments have shown that the most susceptible of the experimental animals is the rabbit, and that a mortal attack was induced by cutaneous, subcutaneous, peritoneil or pleural in- jection of the virus. By the digestive canals also it can be produced. Healthy rabbits kept in a room with sick buffaloes likewise took the disease. By subcutaneous infection when the material was mixed with sterilised water (blood or flesh infusion culture) and injected, the temperature rose CO 40— 4D30° C , attaining its highest point generally in eight to eleven hours, never longer. In proportion to the virulence of the material the di.sease ran its course iu from nine to fifteen hcurs. Following infection through the digestive apparatus the disease runs a longer course, aud the rabbit lives for twenty-four to thirty-two hours. If inoculated into the pectoral cavity death occurs in two to three days. As we have before mentioned, rabbits brought into the same stable in which sick buffaloes are kept take the disease, and in such cases they die within twenty-four to forty-eight hours. On postmortem examination a somewhat bloody transudation into the pleural and peritoneal cavities is found, and further the blood-vessels of the mesentery and the serous membranes are much injected. The parenchymatous organs are con- gested, the lungs gorged with blood, the perilaryn- geal and peritracheal connective tissues cedematous. In the trachea and bronchi large quantities of frothy fluid serosity are found, and the mucous membrane appears red and studded with petechiae. The spleen and lymphatic glands enlarged. The mucous membranes of the bowel and stomach are injected, especially when the infection has taken place through the digestive system, In cases of infection by the direct injection of the virus into the lung or pleural cavity we find sero-fibrinous exudation and nercrotic inflammation of the lung. Cutaneous or subcutaneous infection does not remain localised. In the blood and spleen of infected rabbits the bacteria of idie disease were demonstrated iu great numbers. Guinea-pigs are more immune, and support the subcutaneous injection for two to three days. In the larger animals tlie horse is destroyed in an average of twenty hours, horned cattle twenty to forty-eight hours, and pigs in twenty to twenty- four hours, ^ by subcutaneous injection. Coii- siderable infiltration always occurs at the seat of inoculation, and the course of the di-ease resembles that of septicaemia. Effect of T irus on Eog and Sheep. — The dof^ and sheep support the virus given in the food or by experimental inoculation. Only in one case was a dog or a sheep destroyed by the injection of more than 1 c.c. of a virulent bouillon culture in a short time, from which it appears possible that the toxic products of tile virus may be fatal to do^s and sheep when given in large quantity. I o al-,0 used buffalo cal ves ; these experiments prove that virulent agar culture rubbed into the unwounded skin will not cause the disease, and tliat It 13 not usually communicated when the skin IS whole. When we wound the skin Gkotiva may be produced by the cultivated virus or the virulent Wood by smearing the wound with it, and we can in this manner cause death in the buffalo in twenty-four to thirty-six hours. With reference to infection per os I have made experiments to control my experiences ; virulent culture mixed with milk in large quantity and food witii urulent blood was given to buffaloe--. There was .some read ion, but the animals recoverd. In order to ascertain whether the animal remained susceptible a subcutaneous inoculation with virulent material was made ; there was no re- action; It appeared that the first reaction had rendered the animal immune. Plow TO TREAT BODIES. The following information regarding farm methods of treating bones, where no crushing-mill 13 available, has been furnished, in reply to a quei7 from one of our correspondents, by Mr. A, N. Pearson, Government Agricultural Chemist. Victoria ' Bones in country districts, where crushing-mills are not yailable, may be reduced by means of caustic lye, quicklime, or freshly-calcined wood ashes. A simple plan is to pack the bones layer bv layer, with freshly calcined wood ashes, in a barrel, and keep the mixture moistened for some months. Casks may be kept iu constant use for this purpose on a farm, receiving every few days a fresh layer of bones aud of ashe-;, ^ A quicker metliod is to boil the boues in an iron or copper boiler together witli strong caustic lye. The proportions of bones and lye to be used are not exact or invariable. Roughly speaking, five parts by weight of caustic soda, or seven parts by weight of, caustic potash, dissolved io 870 Sttpplement to the “ Tropical Agriculturist. [June 1, 1898* 15 parts by weight of water, should disintegrate about 15 parts by weight of bones by two or three hours’ boiling. If the bones be allowed to remain in the caustic liquor, even without boiling, they will, in the course of a week or so, become disintegrated. Another method of softening bones is by mixing in heaps with quicklime and loam. A layer of loam 4-in. deep is made, and on this is placed a layer, about 6-in. deep of bones, and above this a layer 3-in. deep of quicklime. The layers of loam, bones, and lime are repeated in succession until the heap reaches a convenient height, when it is finally covered with a thick laj'er of earth. Holes are then bored in the heap from the top, and water poured down them to slake the lime. The mass will become hot, and remain so for two or three months, after which the bones will be friable, and the whole heap may be mixed up, and is ready for the ground. BUTTEK DIEECT FROM VEGETABLES. Butter without the aid of a cow is what Willard G. Day, an inventor, of Baltimore, Md., promises. Electricity is the chief agent Mr. Day proi>oses to employ in the production of butter directly from the vegetables which form the food of cattle whose milk is used in the churn. Mr. Day first discovered that the peculiar character- istic traits of different varieties of butter, cheese, etc., were owing to general causes. One was the kind of food bn which the cow was fed ; the other was the kind of microbe nourished at and by the roots of the plant which furnished the food to the cow. Armed with these two secrets (says the Neio York Herald) Mr; Day began his work, which consisted in extracting and then assem- bling artificially the same products which are usually brought about by nature. He succeeded in producing from the vegetable kingdom oils which differed very slightly from those of the animal kingdom. Having got thus far, the next step was to change the vegetable oil bj^ giving it the same chemical constitution as that possessed by the animal article desired — in other words, to make the animal butter oil out of corn, grass, and similar vegetable substances. The secret in this part of the process Mr. Day found to consist in the fact that animal and vegetable carbohydrates strongly resemble each other. The differences which are found in oils are nearly all owing to the nitrogenous sheaths in which the globules of oil are contained. Thus to this sheath is due the tallowy smell of tallow, the mutton or smell of mutton, as well as all the rank odours of many vegetable oils. When oils are e.xtracted by heat or the mechanical violence of pressure, tlie dele- terious nitrogenous characteristics of the glouble sheaths are imparted to the oil gloubles them- selves, and no art can separate afterward. Here comes in the great discovery in the use of the electric light. Mr. Day found that when these oils and fats were subjected to the radient energy of powerful electric light, the nitrogenous sheatlis were shrivelled and their contents put in a condition to be milked out or extracted by a gentle pressure witliout being contaminated by the characteristics of the animal or plant itself. Another effect was also produced. Whatever microbe was associated with any particular oil or fat was killed by the actinic power of (he light, thus leaving the article free from any of its native microbes and ready to be used as a culture medium for any desired microbe. Among the microbes destroyed by the light are those which cause putrefaction and decay, and so the articles acted on by the light are readily {ireserved as long as they are protected from new invasions of nature’s hosts of destroyers. As a result, the various kinds of butter, cheese, etc., made under the Day processes show most remarkable keeping powers, far surpassing those produced bj^ the old-fashioned methods. For the same reason the new articles are not affected by any diseases such as tuberculosis and typhoid fever, which may be carried and transmitted in the milk of cows, as well as by contamination from barnyard asso- ciation. Supplemmt. THE ROYAL BOTANIC GARDENS, CEYLON. EXTRACTS FROM THE REPORT OP THE DIRECTOR FOR 1897. 3. — The Wobk oe the Gardens. (1) Introduction of new and important Economic Plants ; Experiments in Gultrvation, &c.- A fair amount of ground has been laid out during the year in experimental plots of economic plants, chiefly at Peradeniya (see below). The labour required for this work has been provided partly by discontinuing the sale of common pot plants for verandahs, partly by neglecting the ordinary work of the gardens, such as weeding, &c. An increased vote for labour has, I am glad to report, been sanctioned for 1898, the increase amounting to Rs. 1,150. The whole of this labour will be devoted to experimental work. Money has also been voted to provide the salary of an efflcient native officer to supervise this work, under the immediate direction of the European officers. (2) Other Work. — The completion of the late Director’s “ Flora of Ceylon ” has been undertaken by Sir Joseph Hooker. A large amount of time and labour has been expended in the study of the cacao disease (see below), and various diseases of tea, cocoanuts, betel, nutmegs, and other plants have also been studied by the Director and the Honorary Entomologist. Much work has been done in the laboratory and in the open by students and others from abroad (see below). A good deal of travelling has been done during the year by the staff of the Department. The Director was absent from Peradeniya 115 days, including 50 days spent in visiting the branch gardens (chiefly in attending to the rubber experiments at Henaratgoda), 26 days spent in collecting and the study of local agriculture, and 20 days spent in investigating the cacao disease. An attempt has been made to bring the Department more into touch with the public by issuing periodical circulars dealing with horticultural, agricultural, and botanical subjects. These will be continued during 1898. Each circular deals with one subject only. Three were published during the latter half of 1897, one being introductory, the others dealing with the cacao disease. Copies are sent free to all Government officers, to Planters’ Associations and similar bodies, and to Botanic Gardens and similar institutions abroad. Residents in Ceylon can obtain these circulars free at the various gardens, or by post on prepayment of postage ; to persons residing abroad a small sum is charged. (3) Sale of Plants to the Public. — Permission was granted in May to discontinue the sale of common pot plants for verandahs, and this branch of work has been gradually given up as the stock of plants in hand was cleared off. This change has caused some dissatisfaction, and complaints are often made that such plants cannot be obtained from local nursery men. The matter is receiving attention. The prices at which such plants have hitherto been sold at the gardens are very low and do not nearly repay the cost of the labour expended. Many persons have been in the habit of buying plants in the gardens and immediately re-selling them to the public at a considerably higher price. If it be found necessary to resume the sale of these pl.mts, the price should be considerably increased. It should not, however, be necessary, in the present condition of the Colony, for the gardens at Peradeniya, Hakgala, and Henaratgoda to do such work as this. (The gardens at Badulla and Anuradhapura continue for the present to sell common pot plants.) The sale of valuable economic plants and of such ornamental plants as cannot easily be obtained from local sources is of course one of the chief duties of the Department. With a view to making this more generally known advertisements are periodically inserted in the local papers, and during 1898 price lists will be published of the various kinds of plants and seeds that may be purchased in the gardens. 4. — Peradeniya Garden. From the report of the Curator I make the following extracts : — CuUivalim. — The borders of shrubs and other flowering plants flanking the central drive have been much improved by judicious attention to pruning, forking, and manuring, .Advantage was taken of the wet weather in November and December to lift and re-plant the bulbs growing at the edges of the borders, which had become much crowded and had exhausted the soil. The semi-circular bed at the middle of the drive (No. 9 on the map), formerly occupied by a large euphorbia surrounded by overgrown crotons, was cleared, partly turfed, and neatly laid out with beds of the best cannas. A number of succulent and other plants have been planted out on the rocky bank of the road below the Gardner memorial. A collection of Codiaeums (crotons) has been planted along both sides of the walk leading to the octagon conservatory. The herbaceous ground has bad special attention bestowed upon it. The beds were all forked and manured ; many of the commonest and tallest shrubs were cleared out and replaced by more suitable species. The following species flowered here for the first time in 1897, viz,, Caraipa giuctnensiSy Cassipourea sp., Dracaena Godsefiana, Gardenia sp., Geonoma acauliSy Grevillea BaTiiuya7iUy Lonclwcarpus sp. (the Trinidad species used here as shade for young cacao), Loureh-a cochinchinensiSy Pachira sp,, Pinanga 'Kuhlii, Strophanihxts hispiduSy Dicca laeohy Zanthoxylon capensis. The cannon-ball tree ( Cowoupiia gulanensie) ripened a full-sized fruit here in 18117 for the first time. . Experimental Plots. — The plot of vanilla at the end of the nursery has been renovated and a number of fresh vines have been planted. , , laud on the west side of the avenue of Oreodoxa palms (section H on the map) has been partly cleared an lam out in experimental plots, as well as part of the land between the palm avenue and the river. Small plots ave been planted out with cardamoms, Para rubber, rhea in its two forms {Boelmeria niuea and B. tenacissima)y <»ca, ious les mois (Cannu edulis, a useful vegetable), various species of bow-string hemp (Sansemera)y Calaihea umia (edible tubers), and Carludovica palmata (see report for 1 890, p. 1 2). "With the increased labour, skilled and uns 111^, that will be available next year a considerable extension of these experimental plots will be made. Viswirs.— i he book kept at the lodge was signed by 2,390 persons not resident in Ceylon, as against 2,520 in 1898. the number ot local visitors was about 13,600. The King of Siam, with his suite, visited the gardens on April 22. ( 2 ) 5. — Hakgala Garden. The following extracts from the report of the Superintendent show the work which has been done during the year : — Fernery. — rThe destruction of the plants by sambur deer was greater than ever in the early pan of the year. I am glad to report, however, that a special vote was granted for a barbed wire fence round this part of the garden. The fence was put up as quickly as possible, and the usual damage, which has hitherto occurred at the latter end of every year, has thus been avoided. Little has been done in the fernery beyond the usual upkeep of the plants. The roots of the jungle trees are beginning to tell seriously on the ferns, &c., and all the plants require to be lifted and the beds re-made. Five beds at the lower end of the fernery have thus beou treated ; the encroaching roots have been removed, new soil added, anil the beds re-planted. A new border, 100 ft. long and 3 ft. wide, has been made on the north side of the path at the lower entrance, and planted with ferns, begonias, &c. Begonias, Primula ohconica, and balsams have flowered well this year. Nurseries and Plant Sheds. — The propagation and upkeep of stock has been carried on as usual. The oak plants mentioned in last year’s report have done well, and we have now about 3,000 good plants ready for distribution. 12 lb. of oak seeds were received from Kew in December and at once sown. 7 lb. of camphor seed were received in April from Yokohama, but the consignment proved a failure. Violets will not do well in this climate without shelter from heavy rain and strong sun, so a thatched shed, 63 ft. long and 4 ft. wide, with open sides, has been erected in the nursery for their protection. Under this the white and blue Neapolitan violets have done remarkably well, producing an abundance of large, well-formed, sweet- scented flowers, some of them 1^ in. across. The wattle fences round the lower nursery were blown down in July, and part of the wall of the upper nursery collapsed during the heavy rain in August. Both were at once repaired. The upkeep of wattle fences, which require constant repair, is a great waste of labour, and a permanent and effective fence of wire and wire netting should be provided. A temporary plant shed, 60 ft. long, was erected in November and thatched with talipots to protect the seedling annuals. The six thatched plant sheds have been repaired, but are now very dilapidated and requii'e entire renewal. 5,037 wooden labels were made during the year, also 3 plant tubs and 90 plant boxes. 85 plums and 27 apples were grafted at the end of the year, and most of them have taken well. 675 packets of seeds were sown in pots and boxes, 73,388 seedlings were pricked out or transplanted during the year, 46,472 cuttings were planted in the nursery and propagating houses, and 6,530 plants were potted. The raising of such lai'ge quantities of stock is rendered necessary by the great loss from black grub and bad weather. Borders and Shrubberies: Improvements, &c. — 90,115 plants and seedlings of ornamental trees, shrubs, garden plants, and annuals have been planted during the year in the supply and upkeep of the gardens. All the borders were maintained in good order, and a new border was made to the east of No. 1 summer arbour. The pruning, thinning out, and digging out of the shrubberies was attended to, and manure applied. A hedge of Frenela rhomboidea has been planted along the public road below No. 3 summer arbour. Vacant places in the shrubberies have been filled in with suitable plants. The greatest improvement during the year has been the erection of a barbed wire fence protecting the fernery and the part of the garden lying between it and the entrance gate. The wire was purchased locally and fastened to wooden posts. The total cost was only Rs. 281. It is much to be desired that the whole garden should be fenced in like manner, a portion being done every year. The length of fence erected this year is 400 yards ; the fence is 5 ft. 6 in. high, with five rows of wire. 200 yards of 2-in. mesh galvanized wire netting, 3 ft. wide, has been fixed against it, l)eginning from the entrance gate, to keep out small animals. The undergrowth on the land between the fence and the cultivated garden, averaging 35 yards wide, has been cut out and all the rubbish burnt off. A path has been traced from the north corner of the fernery, winding through this new clearing, and joining the main drive near the gate, and two branch paths have also been traced from it to the main drive. The length of these paths is 380 yards, of which 130 yards have been partly made. A flight of ten steps has been laid at the end of the first branch path leading into the drive at the end of the pond. At the top end of the gully to the north of this retaining walls, 8 ft. long and 5 ft. high, have been built on each side of the stream, and a small ornamental wooden bridge has been made over it. Retaining walls have been built on each side of the gully to a length of 130 ft. A culvert was laid in the gully to the south, at the point where the path passes over it. Classified Herbaceous Garden. — This has been a very trying year for herbaceous plants, owing to the excessive wet weather in the latter part of the south-west monsoon. Much damage was done by hares and other animals. The ground on the south-eastern side was cleared and dug, and six new beds, similar to those already existing, were made in it and partly planted with different kinds of grasses. Rose Garden. — A new lot of roses, received from Messrs. Smith & Co., were planted in January and pruned down closely at the beginning of February. They then grew fast and flowered freely in April and May, but suffered severely from the abnormal weather later in the year. A protecting fence of wire netting is much needed for this garden and the adjacent herbaceous garden. The Oxalis Pest. — This has been much reduced in some parts of the garden, but continues to appear in new places. 85J bushels of tubers and leaves were weeded out durinir the year, and on one day in October the whole stuff of coolies was set to work and weeded out no less than 108 lb. of tubers. 6. — Henaratgoda Garden. The vote for upkeep of this garden was increased this year to Rs. 3,000, and a special vote for wire fencing was granted. The general condition of the garden has consequently been much improved. Roads. — -The roads and paths have been kept in good order. About 130 yards of road from the nursery have been raised, widened, and gravelled. Four culverts have been built. The bridge at the entrance to the garden is in urgent need of repair. Wire Fence. — About 2,000 yards of wire fencing were put up along those boundaries of the garden which are not protected by the river. The fence was supplied by Messrs. Palmer & Co. of Westminster. Iron posts are fixed at every 18 yards, supporting four strands of stout barbed wire, strengthened by steel droppers between the posts. The erection of this fence is a very great improvement to the garden, and plots of important and valuable plants cun now be laid out without fear of their being damaged or destroyed by cattle straying into the garden as was frequently the case before. Birildings. — The conductor’s bungalow was repaired, whitewashed, and painted. The roof of the conservatory, which had become rotten, was rebuilt with new timber. 'The visitors’ shed was patched up temporarily towards the end of the year, and materials were obtained for the purpose of rebuilding it during 1898 in a more substantial way. ( 3 ) Upkeep of Garden.— lawns, borders, &o., have been kept in order, and a considerable quantity of manure has been used in improving the condition of the various cultivated plants in the garden. A cart and a pair of bulls have been purchased and have proved of much use. Expcrnnental Cultivations. — A good deal of time and labour has been expended on the cultivation of economic plants. The experiments on rubber, begun last year, have been continued. Over iOO tappings have been made on 34 trees of the younger plantation of Para rubber. The plantation of vanilla has done well, and a considerable number of cuttings have been sold. The land formerly occupied by tea and part of that occupied by Liberian coffee has been cleared. New experimental plantations of rhea fibre, pineapples, coca, cardamoms, Payena Leerii (guttapercha) t^a nseuieva (bow-string hemp), gambler, and Polyyala biityvacea (a new fodder plant), have been laid out, and are doing fairly well. Fisftors.— The number of visitors during the year was much the largest on record, being 323 as against 10(i in 1896. 7.— Anubadhapura Garden. The vote for upkeep of this garden was this year increased from Rs. 1,200 to Rs. 2,000, and the general condition of the garden has been very much improved in consequence. A special vote was sanctioned for the erection of a wire fence. Buildings. — The 000I5' lines, which had become utterly ruinous, were put into a fair state of repair, but really require to be entirely rebuilt. The much-needed repairs to the conductor’s bungalow were commenced towards the end of the year. Wire Fence. — About 1,2.50 yards of wire fencing were put up along the sides of the garden which are not protected by the elas. The fence is exactly similar to that at Henaratgoda. General Upkeep. — The number of coolies employed in the garden has been increased, and a sum of money set apart for the purchase of manure. The general condition of the plants in the garden is now fairly satisfactory. A number of the palm trees have been much injured or destroyed by beetles, which bore into the buds. Trial has been made, but without much success, of kerosine emulsion as a preventative. Among the palms thus injured is unfortunately included the doum palm, which was just beginning to branch. The w'eeding, clearing, and manuring of the garden has been attended to. A number of wira trees have been cut down, affording more room for the more valuable trees planted amongst them. The end of the garden near the Tissawewa has been drained and planted with various fruit and rubber trees. The Government Agent has kindly provided a few seats for the garden, which are much appreciated. The trees or plants of camphoi', cacao, mahogany, Swietenia macrophylla, teak, baobab, divi- divi, guaiacum, Cedrela odorata, Eucalyptus alha, coca, cinnamon, Nagpur oranges, and others are doing very well. 8. — Badulla Garden. The vote for upkeep of this garden was increased for 1897 from Rs. 1,500 to Rs. 2,000. This has provided for an increased labour force, and the general condition of the garden has been much improved. Water Supply. — Much difficulty has been experienced in obtaining a proper water supply for the garden fi-om the ela which supplies the paddy fields above. Arrangements were made with the authorities in charge of the ela to obtain a supply during a fixed period each day. General Upkeep. — During the first eight months of the year the time of the coolies was largely taken up in carrying water from the river for the use of the garden, and thus the general garden work suffered considerably. The garden has been kept tidy, the shrubs carefully pruned, and a number of duplicate trees cut out. The plant shed was thoroughly repaired, and both it and the nursery kept supplied with a good stock of plants. Weather. — The first nine months of the year were very dry, but there was plenty of rain in the latter part of the year. 11.— Notes on Economic and other Plants. Tea. — The total export is again the largest on record, exceeding 116 million pounds, an increase of 8 millions over 1896. Exchange has continued high and prices rather low H-lld. against 8'21d in 1896). The immense area now covered with tea still remains singularly free from disease, but great care and attention must be exercised if this condition of things is to last. When an outbreak of any disease apparently due to insects or fungi is noticed, the affected plants should be at once destroyed by fire to prevent, if possible, any furthqi’ spread of the disease. One or two cases have occurred during the year of outbreaks of disease among nurseries of young plants grown from Indian seed. Planters should pay special attention to their nurseries in this respect, as considerable risk is run of importing dangerous or troublesome diseases with foreign seed. Coffee. — The exports of coffee barely exceeded 19,000 owt., over 3,000 less than last year. The planting of Liberian coffee has received a severe check by the very great fall in price which has occurred during the year. Cacao. — The exports continue to increase steadily, being 34,503 cwt., as against 31,366 in 1896. Much attention has been given during the year to the canker mentioned in last year’s report. During the early part of the year an extended investigation of the diseased areas was made by the staff of this Department, and the disease was found to be common in nearly all parts of the Central and Dva Provinces. The disease was found to be due to the attack of a fungus, whose exact nature is at present unknown, but which almost certainly belongs to the class of fungi which cause the various cankers of stems and roots. The information collected was published in two of the circulars issued by this Department, in which also suggestions were made as to the treatment of diseased areas or plants and the prevention of further spread. It was suggested early in the year that a specialist in fungus diseases should be engaged by Government for the study of this disease. This proposal, being adversely reported upon, ultimately fell through. There is much misconception as ( 4 ) to the capabilities of a specialist. His speciality is simply to discover the exact nature and life history of the fungus causing the disease. Many persons seem to think that once this is done he will be able to propose some simple wash or other treatment which will at once stamp out the disease where it already exists and prevent its re-appearance or its appearance in new places. This is far from being the case. The treatment of a fungous disease must generally be by improved cultivation, destruction of diseased plants, disinfection of the soil and surroundings, and preventive measures generally, but to cure plants already diseased is usually almost impossible. Whatever may be discovered about the life history of the fungus, the treatment of the disease will be much the same. Had the disease been dealt with when it first appeared many years ago it would not now be so wide- spread. There seems now but little chance of freeing the old red varieties from it in most districts of the Central and Uva Provinces. The Forastero varieties seem much more capable of resisting the disease; the planting of these varieties is extending, and it seems likely that they will gradually replace the old red cacao to a very barge extent. (7owr/«.Mlso looked for from revlon. caused the trade Io exere.ss much cau- tier, at the outset in making purchases. Subse- quently however it was found that these expeot- Stions^ss to the yield from both .he ouarters would not be realized, and Ibis Io s .no Slent imparted coofideeoe, .hough buyers remained Tervoas end business was more or less qiuet throughonl, owing to several causes, inelud.ng the Jubilee feslivities and the cnginec.e strike, &c. India. The Indian Tea Asaocialion of Oalcutta in May 1897, originally computed .ho total out-turn for that ^ear at 156,669,000 . thought 1384 million lbs. would be available for Great Britain. Ibis was alltrwards r.due.d to 148 million lbs. and 130 m.lhon lbs resprcl.v 1; and it would now seem that about 134 irnlhon lbs. will bo sent to this country f.om l'^l.‘■ On the other ham , imports fiom _S nth India (say, 3,000 000 Ibf.) are not included iii t e above and will about oounterbalar cs "ovoisido sbipmeii s from here to America, Canada, &■•. Taking this into consideration, there will therefore be abe t 3 million lbs. more than Inst teason lo be di.alt '''o'liality from Ihe dilfertut disiricis generally w.s not of an atlraotive chaianer. A-taius piMVod the beet. Dsrjeelings were on the whole, oisiippoint- inp Doeare were at times g od, but the bulk was below that of 1896. Caobaisand b.lbets were of ordinary etyle, while the prodiio , ol the -Non. i West Districts and that of ihe Madras BreEldeocy was not op to that of former years. Tbs feature of the eeeson therefore, has been the euper-abnodance of plain ard charac.er.e-s Teas, which caused a very low range lo be rs- tablished for Ihe-e diaoript ons, but as a set- oft to this really fine full-flavound parc.ls benehUed by thoir comparative scarci'y, sntl commanded good pilots. It is disappointing neverthe ess to no M" that the redooed ecale of values has not, as is usnal, atimnlated coDsnmptioD. Io some quar.ers this is attributed to the impetus given In the sa.e of cocoa and similar artichs by ep cial alvfrtiee- monts which have poaeibly drown p.iblio otlention to them, while there is no donbt that the labour troubles which have effected some of onr manu- facturing industries, have much curtailed the spen- ding power ol the olssBee interested. Deliveries from the London Bonded Warehouses for the eight mon'he from let July, 1897, were 85,837,000 lbs. vems 86,537,000 lbs. in the previous alas n, and therefore did not show the expansion upro'.ed; while Stock at the end of February wa< 64,080,000 lbs. against 55,425,000 lbs. on the same date in 1897 j.*’rom 1st Jaly, 1897, to the oloae of last moalb the aveiaRe for 927,000 packages sold oo g-rdea account was 8Jcl. per lb„ in oontra-distinetiDu to 9§d. per lb. for 890,000 pacUagea. and 9i. per lb- lor 800 000 packages in the corresponding inter- vals of 1896-7 and 1895-6. Planters have moreover had to contend with the results of earlhquaKs?, higher rates of exchange and freight, as well as dearer rice owing to famine in several of the pro- vinces. CEYLON. Althougli scarcely equal to that of the preoed* ing year, the 1897 crop was on the whole fairly good, but there was a noticeable lack of really fine invoices in the public sales during the summer months, and consequently prices were dep-esssd, the average for July falling lo 7|d. p?r lb. After August however, quality commenced to im- prove and the results were more satisfactory, until less desirable Teas sgaio came forward. During the twelve months the amount which passed through the London Auction Boom was ; — 1897, 1896, 1895, . 1,138,000 pkg?. 1,049,000 pkgs, 950,0U0 pkes. (Av.74d. per lo.) (Av.Sid.per lb.) (Av. 8|d.per )b.) No doubt the decline io tbo average !s chieliy due to the inferior. ty of a portion of the crop consequent on abnormally iocUment wiaiher during the major part of the season. Th's foupied with adverse rates of exchange, fteight, &c., hts bien detrimental to the interests of those engaged in the industry. The jie'd fr.im the I la-d show- cl an important increase, es total extorts for 1997 were 116,000,000 lbs. against 108,000,000 lbi=., and 98 OOOjOOO lbs. in 1896 and 1895, while Bhiptofiiia to Great Britain rose to 98,998 OOO lbs. conuasted with 93,936,000 lbs., and 85,753,000 lbs. in the two i nrovious oalondar yeais. Consumption however more than kept pace with receipts, which were 9T 446,000 Iba. from 1st January lo Slab December, cieBTances for that troop being 9.5.172, 000 lbs., oppoeed to 85 450,000 lbs. in 1896, of wh eh 10^ railiiofi lbs. was exported «n 1897, or say 2 million lbs. more \han in the (oregoing 12 months. Java. Simnlies to this country were moderate, the n«.ntrtv offered at Public tSale from the 1st July, lb»7 W the 28th olt., being 26,000 paoksges versus 25,000 packages and 37,000 packages in the same period of 1896-1897 and 1895-1896, Qualiiy was fully maiatained end the style of manufacture for tho most part was of a very useful ''esoription, particularly in the. case of loaf plucked from plants rei ed from Assam and Ceylon seed, which has rendered ihe Teas serviceable to the Homo Tr.ide who now take them freely for blending purposes. Expouts PBOii the United Kingdom. The total amount of all Tea exported from the United Kir gdom during the pas’- eight months, as noiupaved with the two previous years, is as fo'lows :~ July Lt 1897 to end of Feb. 1898:— July 1st 1896 to end of February 1897 July 1st 1895 to end of February 1896: — India. Ceylon. Total British China. Java. Grown. lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. 1S07-08 3,872,000 0,555,000 10,427,000 13,2^4,000 004, UOO 1S90-07 .3,952,o00 0,131,"OU 10,033,000 13,954,000 605,000 1.S95-06 2,730,00a 4,850,' 00 7,69-',000 13,385,000 720,-00 and the distribution for three complete yea»s a» taken from statiftics furnished by the courtesy of H. M. Customs was as under, and from which it is evident that this branch of the industry is clfvelopiog, Continent United rcvnri.. Other of Europe. States. Countries. Total. lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. India, 1897 2,935,0n0 025,000 1,033,(00 91c,' 00 5,508,' 00 Ceylon ., 6,273,000 1,625,00 1,296,' 00 1,3 -,00') 10,504,000 .lava, Ac. „ 73l,00'» 56,000 11,600 17^,000 068,000 Ciiirni „ 12,130,010 2,020,1100 1,368,000 4,048,000 19,566,000 Tota s 22,r09,f'000 4,320,000 3,708.000 6,443,000 36,546,000 Inrtla. 1896 1,809,000 903,000 847,000 841,0f'0 4,400,000 Ceylon „ 4,085,000 1,408,000 1,266,000 1,137,000 8,196,000 Java &c „ 707,000 88,000 31,000 172,000 1,058,000 China „ n, 089, 000 1,979,000 1,918,000 4,341,000 10, 3i:7,000 Totals IS, 36", 000 4,378,000 4,062,000 6,491,000 33,281,000 India, 1805 1,59^,000 009,000 780,000 603,000 3,974,000 Ceylon „ 3, -20, 000 1,423,00a 1,034,000 870,000 7,147,000 Java, Ac. ,, 658, OoO 111,000 61,000 i6<,U00 99 00 China „ 9,751,- 00 1,075,000 2,206, OOj 6,407,1-00 18,439,000 Tot'.ils 1.5,821,000 3,518,000 4,031,000 7,133,000 30,553,000 Th’ followioc is a Comparative Table, shewing IMPOKT.S nd America. If llu locJ cousump- lion in tbo Eaet Indies amonget the teeming native populat'oos could also be encouraged, a large quantity of course leaf and dust might be worked off which at prerent often does cot realise sufficient to cover cost and freight lo this coun- try aod tends lo increase the supply of poor nnd low c’sss glades which aje really not warned. Tbe interests of growers woul:ens predominate. These remarks apply to parts of Assam, Darjeeling and Ceylon, where choice flavoured Tt-as can be made ami where by tbe enobanced prices obtainable the course sug- gested syugld probably often pay even if quantity was reduced, * Size of Breaks. No alteration bas been made in the limits for large breaks since laEt year which stand as un- der, viz. ; — Indian — 20 Chests 30 Half-Chesfs, 50 Boxes. Ceylon — 18 CheAs, 24 Half-Chests, 40 Boxes. Breaks of Irsser si;te are sold separately at tbe close of tho auctions, Assortment As the whole crop from Ind-a has practically to be dealt with in about six monthe, owing to tbe greater facilities now afforded by railways and accelerated steamer traneit, while during this busy period large quantities are also coming forward from Ceylon, buyera complain of the succession of small »^hipments which are often despatched at slort intervals from tbo same est' ^ > I aTchS’ S'o'o' o o’© 111 |S| f&l 1?®.. H b- 00 gii s *7 s ^ SSg Z >< 4c<19f nM o'© o' Cl m o g- o < co.Sl O < H O h c 121 lu Til ©■©■o' ©'Ss 927211 8901)40 799705 745100 677400 627100 oo S’S’S’ ©■©■o' S-o-©- ill ip © ao t- » o'©©’ o © S Sfeo? o©o ©o© 3 « w 5hSS So© ©oo OCOCFi in®u3 o’o'o’ SSo S' eg© ill So© o’©'©’ 135704 126238 142028 75000 60400 72000 ^2^ ©S’© o © sss iii — ff’aoS’ S’ o'© sss i§§ 5’S?00 sss eS © S©K ©S2 sii s©© u H 1 SS ss OO-O" S§g §8| LiJl MOOTKLY AVERAGES OBTAINED IN LONDON FOR TEAS FROM DIFFERENT DISTRICTS IN CEYLON during 1897. I — Oda Pussellawa, Nawara Eliya, New Galway, Dimbala and Lindtila 3— Jlaskeliya, Dickoya and Bogawantalawa 5— Lower Dickoya, Ambegamnwa, Kotmalie, Yakdessa and Dolosbagio i— Pusselawa, Bambodde, Pnndaloya, Eadngannaws 6 — Hantane, Nilambe, Hewabeta{U. &L.) Matu. rata, Dnmbara, Rangala, Nitre Cave, and Medamahanewera • • 6 — Eellebokka, Ennckles, Honasgeria, Fanwila 7 — Matale East and West 8— Knmnegala.Polgahawela, Kegalle, Henaratgoda 9 — Eelani Valley, Avisawella, Yattiantota Eittool* galla and Lower Dolosbagie 10 — Knmwita, Batnapnra, Bakwana, Balangoda and Knknlne Eorale 11 — Ealntara and Bintota 12— Udagama, Morawak Eorale 13— HapntiUe, BadoUa, and Madnlsima 9J 93 91 9 85 81 83 91 101 11 103 10 235,385 93 8i 83 8 81 73 75 75 81 9 93 93 91 172,890 83 7i 71 73 63 63 65 65 7 71 8 8 75 106,020 71 .7J 73 73 7| 71 6J 7 73 71 8 73 73 84,942 75 7J 8 75 75 7 63 63 71 75 85 81 81 88,769 75 7 71 7 61 63 61 61 65 63 71 75 73 43,951 6i 6i 63 6i 61 63 H 53 65 65 6| 7 7 36,309 65 7 71 53 - 63 61 61 65 53 61 6 — 1,488 68 61 6| 63 61 61 6 63 61 63 , 7 71 63 83,397 65 73 7 7 65 61 65 53 6| 63 9 73 7 16,465 7 6} 65 7 63 65 63 6 61 65 71 7 63 29,601 65 n 8 75 7 6| 7 61 71 71 75 8 71 8,076 71 83 8i 83 73 71 71 7| 73 85 93 93 eg 81,862 81 COMPARATIVE table SHEWING THE CALCUTTA, COLOMBO AND LONDON, MONTHLY PUBLIC SALES FOR 1897-98 AND 1896-97. Caxcutta and Colombo Public Sales. May ... July ... Aug. ... Sept. .. Oct. ... Nov. ... Dec. . . Jan. ... Feb. ... March,.. April . Cal- 1897-98. Col. 1896-97. Cal- Col- cutta. ombo. cutta. ombo. Pkgs. PkgB. PkgB. Pkgs. 8440 61478 8089 46765 81939 90806 63459 80041 60779 48558 22813 2000 0 556630 Pkgs. 32267 43077 36160 3B361 41923 65978 27436 86500 Esti- mated 500553 609704 Pkg3. Pkgs. 88527 96612 99163 69137 50508 60398 11764 3546 32S47 38743 36225 32200 29899 52209 33484 45089 471872 Pkgs. India. London Public Sales. (On Importers’ account.) 1897-98. 9®7- In Ion- Pkgs. 64428 >. Old sea- son’s 1 253 f New sea son’s J 15560'! °'sir 65424 [ New sea I son’s J 55424 chiefly new 100343 195810 187330 212052 126313 230655 134516 1831465 Pkgs. Pkgs. 116193 115001 120922 130622 89570 75062 82896 55572 90412 100068 976318 Pkgs. Pkgs. 5121 \ New sea son’s J 3534'! Old sea- son's I 40636 I New sea- 131430^ 179371 187821 234309 121060 199289 151308 1290241 143001 35078 1468320 Pkge. C*y. Ion. Pkge. 73347 82648 89897 80342 67245 86662 93538 84528 882502 111034 63548 ^057084 Pkga. COMPARATIVE TABLE OF MOVEMENTS OF India. TEA FOR THE PAST THREE SEASONS. China (including JAPAN). DELIVERIES. STOCK AT END OF EACH MONTH. DELIVERIES STOCK AT END OF EACH MONTH. July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. 1898. 1897. 1896. 1895. 1898. 1897. 1896. 1895. 1898. 1897. 1896. 1896. July Aug. Sept. Oc«. Nov. Dec. 1898. 1897. 1896. 1895. 1893. 1897. 1896. 1895. 1898. 1897. 1896. 1895. lb. lb. 5,815,000 12.480.000 21.135.000 19.880.000 19.174.000 21.061.000 lb. 6,311,000 12.649.000 19.437.000 23.707.000 15.694.000 18.526.000 lb. 5,245,000 17.060.000 14.612.000 19.028.000 15.843.000 17.306.000 lb. lb. 9.491.000 8.312.000 10,161,000 11.533.000 12.325.000 11.369.000 lb. 8.237.000 8.156.000 9.918.000 11.986.000 12.539.000 11.585.000 lb. 8.129.000 8.683.000 9.112.000 11.374.000 12.146.000 9.938.000 lb. lb. 21.634.000 25.802.000 36.776.000 45.123.000 51.972.000 61.673.000 lb. 18.314.000 22.808.000 32.327.000 44.049.000 47.203.000 54.145.000 lb. 20.042.000 28.418.000 33.919.000 41.674.000 46.271.000 52.638.000 ib. lb. 6.851.000 5.559.000 2.195.000 3.663.000 4.169.000 2.762.000 lb. 6,600,000 8.336.000 3.900.000 3.855.000 4.147.000 2.792.000 lb. 8,626,000 7.903.000 5.022.000 3.937.000 4.032.000 4.103.000 lb. lb. 2.671.000 3.046.000 2.683.000 2.809.000 2.845.000 2.697.000 lb. 3.091.000 3.407.000 3.273.000 4.153.000 3.809.000 3.184.000 lb. 3.482.000 3.936.000 3.350.000 4.213.000 3.747.000 3.109.000 Ib. lb. 14.887.000 17.400.000 16.912.000 17.706.000 19.030.000 19.196.000 lb. 20.345.000 25.274.000 25 900,000 25 602,000 25 939 000 25 548, OOC lb. 21,821,000 25.768.000 27.440.000 27,166 000 27.449.000 28.443.000 Six 1 99,545,000 96,324,000 89,094,000 63,181,000 62.4-:o,ooo 59,382,000 - - Six ) Months. 1 25,199.000 29,630,000 33,623,000 16,711,000 20,917.000 21,837,000 - - - Jan. Feb. Mar. April May June 1899. 1898. 1897. 1896. 1899. 1898. 1897. 1896. 1899. 1898. 1897. 1896. 1899. 1890. 1897. 1896. 1899. 1898. 1897. 1896. 1899. 1898. 1897. 1896. 15.391.000 9.672.000 14.095.000 10.302.000 7.059.000 1.298.000 494,000 2.093.000 12,414,000 7.687.000 5.620.000 1.053.000 236,000 2.078.000 11.593.000 11.063.000 12.136.000 10.981.000 11.195.000 9.613.000 11.232-000 9.018.000 12.142.000 10.854.000 10.380.000 10.436.000 9.831.000 8.588.000 65.471.000 64.080.000 56.103.000 55.425.000 61.289.000 42.973.000 32.235.000 25.310.000 63.657.000 50.490.000 45.730.000 36.346.000 26.751.000 20.240.000 Jan. FeK War. April May June 3.634.000 1.327.000 1.252.000 1.166.000 490.000 93,000 416.000 286.000 3.925.000 1.722.000 939.000 441.000 114.000 95,000 3.080.000 2.907.000 3.626.000 3.351.000 3.035.000 2.458.000 3.492.000 2.682.000 3.266.000 3,237,00( 3.288.000 3.217.000 2.936.000 2.898.000 19.751.000 18.171.000 23.174.000 20.989.000 18.344.000 16.079.000 13.003.000 10.707.000 29.101.000 27.587.000 25.237.000 22.462.000 19.639.000 16.836.000 Six > Months. ) 35,341,000 20,088,000 64,175,000 62,231,000 - - - Six ) Month s. ) 3,703,000 7,236,000 18,644,000 18,842,000 - - - - Twelve | 31,665,000 118,182.000 126.595,000 121,613,000 - - - Twelve ) -Vlontbs. } 33,333,000 40,859,000 39,561,000 40,679,000 - - - Ceylon. Java. July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. IMPORTS. DELIVERIES. STOCK AT END OF EACH MONTH. July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. IMPORTS. DELIVERIES. STOCK AT END OF EACH MONTH. 1898. 1 1897. 1896. 1 1895. 1898. j 1897. j 1896. 1895. 1898. 1897. 1896. 1895. 1898. 1897. 1896. 1895. 1898. 1897. 1896. 1895. 1898. 1897. 1896. 1895. lb. lb. 10,381,000 8.854.000 6.867.000 5.520.000 5.601.000 6,937,000 lb. 10,345,000 6.900.000 6.315.000 5.370.000 7.019.000 7.387.000 lb. 7.948.000 375,000 5.242.000 5.685.000 4.499.000 4.800.000 Ib. lb. 8.963.000 8.360.000 8.937.000 8.518.000 8.270.000 7.287.000 lb. 6,212,000 8,016,000 7.884.000 8.118.000 7.144.000 6.990.000 lb. 8.369.000 7.646.000 7.342.000 7.123.000 6.361.000 5.606.000 lb. lb. 24.212.000 24.716.000 22.646.000 19.649.000 16.979.000 16.629.000 lb. 23.510.000 22.400.000 20.831.000 18.083.000 17.958.000 18.355.000 lb. 19.189.000 19.919.000 17.819.000 16.382.000 14.519.001 13,813,000 lb. lb. 293.000 277.000 325.000 122.000 339.000 235.000 lb. 416.000 257.000 329.000 164.000 132.000 131.000 lb. 318.000 453.000 342.000 279.000 340.000 83,000 Ib. lb. 382.000 361.000 372.000 288.000 228,000 234,000 lb. 461.000 482.000 436.000 370.000 244.000 168.000 lb, 369.000 320.000 373.000 393.000 269.000 229.000 lb. lb. 783.000 699.000 652.000 486.000 697.000 598.000 lb. 1,136,000 910.000 803.000 598.000 485, 00( 448.000 lb. 846.000 979.000 949.000 836.000 905.000 760.000 Six ) months f 44,160,000 1 43,336,000| 36,549,000 50,325,000 46,864,000 42,347,000 - - - Six J Months. 1 1,691,000 1,428,000 1,815,000 1,865,000 2,162,000 1,953,000 - - - - Jan. Feb. lUr. April May June 1899. 1898. 1897. 1896. 1899. 1898. 1897. 1896. 1899. 1898. 1897. 1896. Jan. Feo. Mar. April May June 1899. 1898. 1897. 1896. 1899. 1898. 1897. 1896. 1899. 1898. j 189?. 1896. 8,180,000 7,850,000 7.037.000 8.038.000 6,501,090 8.860.000 8,142.000 10,709, 000 8.096.000 6.897.000 7.365.000 6.674.000 7.467.000 10,168,000 7.501.000 6.872.000 7.376.000 6.976.000 7.032.000 6.676.000 8.920.000 7.869.000 6.442.000 6.844.000 6.310.000 6.408.000 6.760.000 7,383,000 17.318.000 10.296.000 18.017.000 19.079.000 18.547.000 20.731.000 19.953.000 22.794.000 16.407.000 16.520.000 17.576.000 17.841.000 18.568.000 21.383.000 246.000 181.000 263.000 254.000 320.000 421.000 199.000 449.000 844.000 513.000 246.000 835.000 260.000 592,000 249.000 246.000 137.000 169.000 218.000 256.000 384.000 330.000 257.000 266.000 311.000 292.000 355.000 398.000 591.000 530.000 676.000 669.000 772.000 936.000 762.000 871.000 846.000 1.104.000 1.039.000 1.082.000 988.000 1,183,000 Six ) mootbe J 49,287,000 46,657,000 44,848,000 39,087,000 - - - Six 1 Months. ) 1,908,000 2,290,000 1,483,000 1,869,000 - - - - Twelve | months ( 1 92,623,000 83,206,000 91,212,000 81,434,000 - - - - Twelve i Month". 1 3,334,000 4,105,000 3,646,000 3,822,000 - - - - 124.651.000 116.097.000 (including Exports 6,497.009 lb.) ( » 4,306,000 lb.) ,, „ 1896 ( ,, „ 3,925,000 lb.) „ „ 1895 „ 116,097,000 ,, „ „ o,oyi,UUU „ „ Total deliferiee of Ceylon from let January to 31et December, 1897, were 95,173,000 lb., or at the rate of 7,981,000 lb. per month (locluding Exports 10,602,(H)I) lb.) „ „ „ „ „ 8,243,000 lb.) „ „ 1896 ” ” ( „ „ 7,093,000 lb.) „ „ 1895 85.461.000 „ 78.638.000 „ 10,387,000 9,591,000 7.121.000 6.668.000 HOME CONSUMPTION. From let Jaonary to31et December, 1897. lb., or at the rate of 10,166,000 lb. per month. Ccmennyplttm ( 81,671,000 „ „ „ 7,066,000 „ . Colummptioa ( Total deUreriM of ( From 1st January to 31it December, 1896. 120,346,000 lb., or at the rate of 10,029,000 1b. per month. 77,208,000 6,434,000 Tea for IIome| CoDfUflsptioe 17 211,000 107,568,000 16,463,000 K.B. The above figorea do not apply to the whole of the United Kingdom, but to the London bonded warehousee only. Total delivericB of China and Japan from 1st January to 31«t December, 1897, were 35,355,000 lb., or at the rate of 2,946,000 lb. per month. „ (iocluding Exports 19,692,000 lb.) „ „ (includiug Exports 19,604,000 lb.) ,, „ 1896 ,, 39,769,000 „ „ 8,313,000 „ „ >1 n ( n » 18,267,0001b.) „ „ 1895 „ 45,660,000 „ „ 3,797,000 „ „ Total deliveries China and Japan Tea for Homo CoDsamption Home consumption. From lat January to 31st Dooejibot, 1897. 703,0091b., or at the rate of 1,813,0001b. per month From 1st January to Slot December, 1896. 20,065,000 lb., or at tho rate of 1,672,0001b. per month. OEO. WHITE & CO., ThA Buonbrb, 81, Fencuurob Street, E.O. KXJPORTS OJF CE5rLO>’ PRODUCE FROM COLOMBO AND GAX.LE DURING THE PAST TEN YEARS. (Amnudcd by the Chamber of Commerce.) COJIPILED AS rifOil 1st JA^’UAKY TO 31st DECEMBER l.\ EACU YEAR. COFPBE, CWT. cii!.»*A. . i Cl.vSAMON. i Desio- Coconut Poonac. Com CwT. ll 1“ Cilron- ella Oil. C g i j 1 Total, Ui'iuu'li & Tnmk. Tea. 6 (_> a Bales Chips Coco- iiutOi Copra Coconut. s bago. Hope. Yarn. Fibre. M Ktrui! 7i&Damoa Oil. ‘A 11. lb. Cwt lb. lb. lb. Cwt. Cwt. lb. Cwt. Cwt. cwi. Cwt. Cwt Lvvi. Cwt. lb. Tutnl Eiror<.< f.'Oi’l Ut JaiJ. to.llfit Dec. 18W Ifl.Oii :m 19,.-183 053,346 110,054,567 34,60 332,830 2,674,6 7 1067,051 '09,600 1C6.601 12,054,452 19’, 170 13,610.508 357,267 11,732 91,1 0 71,170 3,3SO 6,74 16,70-1 1,98 1,18 ,807 181,536 Uu. do. do. IbUK 21,882 8C5 32,717 1 SOO.SIK 108,141,412 31,306 4.52,395 2,223,886 803.302 343,797 50,049 10,603,698 138, 3f8 13, 858, ‘81 340,491 >0,343 68.426 S0.516 6,661 9,56' >8,7 7 2,0.1 H.32.UI 132,0)7 Do. do. do. ]8or> GO, 02! 3.901 63.020 921,085 97,039,871 27,420 374,G35|2,1 611.527 920,1.36 384, 140 30,765 6,591,073 171, 178 10,809,712 3J4.921 12,C82 93,112 7,126 7,2-lf 8,327 26,56.5 3.VXI 1,182,255 78,687 rp. do. do. 18»1 M.55 652 32,205 2^^97,616 84,691,714 21,110 soG.wVoep.oos 657,726 487,571 30,642 6,722,202 165,156 8,292,699 33'1,621 14,416 91,74 47,738 8,393 4->7 5,191 2 ’,287 8.27. 038,171 78,160 Do. do. do. 169-1 02,53(1 2,651 66,100 3,571.325 84,406,064 30,038 42S,210|1,9B5,267 067,118 380,712 44,923 6,414,9:6 186,338 11,079,028 337,60-i 7,819 Sl.-tSl 56,404 6, an 349 6.678 35,00 1 2,417 068,530 140.314 Do. do. do. iwoi •10,G(M 2,530 i.1,M3 6,793,320 71,153,657 17,327 372,610 ,947,538 615, '55 550,977 134,590 3,849,721 204,166 9,7-7, 6 426,761 7.B9.S 0 ,37.'^ 13,445 5,934 720 10,704 t 2,491 SI4 502 106,303 Do. do. do. m\ e<,825 5,40T 86,692 5,079, .339 03,271,420 20,532 422,109j3.309,774 586,264 409, r, 21 45,660 416,330 192,210 6,699,403 400,20® 10,576 90.65-9 37,897 3,539 1,736 2,677 1,899 703,974 122,636 Do. do. do. 18SK' 69.005 4,001 86,009 8,728,836 48,901,554 15,981 387,9101,894,514 441,447 362,690 129, SOi 145,088 11,907,669 385,764 0,379 7.5,030,35,967 9,873 2.261 1,259 2,397 009,942 108.787 Do. do. do. 1689 83,300 4,782 88,082 9,283,729 31,(48,085 19,034 361,224' ,010,096 562,543 356,576 38,384 136,237 5,004.541 475,516 9,778 81,1 3 31,356 3,572 1.968 1,080 2,771 641,466 100.234 •)o. do. do. 1888 .3M9I 8,172 139,663 12,697,146 24.38', 296 13,169 287,724jl,686,i84 473,84oj-366,97i 138,578 103,182 5,197,704 225,731 8,701 83,040 23.299 12,177 2,434 2,75t 1,793 669,007 141,120 * No records previous to 1891. t No records previous to 1891. DISTRIBUTION FOR 1896 AND 189T. CiHINTBISS. CofTce ! Cwt. Cinchona- Tea. Cocoa c E ib. Cinna Bales. mon. Coconut Oil. Copra. Desiccate! Coconut Poonac Coco- nuts. Plumbago. Coirs Cwt. 1 Sapan- wood. £2 aa KituI 1 Fibre. 1 oO So Plant- ation Na- tive. Total 1807 Branch & Trunk lb 1690 Branch & Trunk lb. 1897 lb. 1890 lb. Cwt. Chips. lb. 1897 Cwt. 1S60 Cwt. Cwt. lb. Cwt. No. 18P7 Cwt. 1800 Cwt. Rope Yarn. 1 Fibre. 1 Cwt. Cwt. Cwt. r.wt. lb. Oz, To U.K. .. 12659 121 12780 352963 1014780 98930059 93936361 32652 2S7958 1169 19O 272673 72004' 91710 14441^ 9699952 4846 1 1687389 159675 11535S 224 04096;' 5)729 719 895 1266. 602435 119935 » Austria. . 259 2 261 1988S ■ 31550 13 lOlOU: 57400; 87 ll 24313 2227: 12105' 8025 330 ... 640 „ Belgium 1 1 IIOIC 31695 503 4639 93900i 88586 1 13g 3314 25245 300C 91595 40295 19551 1C41 7535 1172 5T7 617 ,, France .. 65; 653 62d 6478 91066 72185 282 76200 18960 12c 1987, ... 26960 411 2005 277? 973 1028 20 2720 .* Germany 216 216 4132 256584 130402 342 30290 686588 356302 '5754 17141 4287J 542065 9^28 1138535 63518 43009 4828 6848 158 4141 3205 51653 24654 „ Bollaod 5E 58 19775 6120 16200 400 2506 6050C 25200 1885 701 576 358 t, Italy '3132 5059 6121 10770 ... 162400 1730S4 310 1317 10 145 424 2205 „ Bussia ... 439349 246^ 299 81 9381 18-250 30000 .. 21 1, Spaio ... 2807C 54685 270760 23240 208 1, Sweden... *250 250 62875 16395 *303 402 414 195 „ Turkey ... .. ... 12796 17304 2000 „ India ... 57 67 1379 986766 924272 5 208839 1561 166238 86796 7934 4414 160799 684 890 14 ski 680 66 65 7749 2814 „ Australia 4408 212 4680, X3258456 11062332 60 25 7510 3^56 2185 2441 672897 200 1051 1568 32-26 5157 5008 ,, America 202 202 263142 277378 830873 718000 47 109828 43600 88060 76540 900917 88810 166261 794C 825 4.‘iC954 32000 „ Africa .. 26 26 265480 142073 859 52 4 10576 531600 £02 8 186 80 IQilO „ Obioa ... 164 164 29353 4480 690162 3704SO 70000 487 4277 19931 369 •0 „ Bin’pore > 35 35 47191 93445 599 200 64058 34133 11486 714 287 „ Mauritius' 1179U 124264 , Malta ...j 96202 151750 Total Exports Trom 1st Jan to Slit Dec. 1S97. 19012 37l|l9383 653346 1 309660 116054567 108141412 31503 532830 2674537 1067051 409600 343197 106601 12054452 192479 13610508 357257.340491 11732 9146’) 74470 3380 5742 16793 1984 1182807 181536 Chiaiber ot Commerce, C. E, H. SyMONS, Secretary ColorabOf ^th January, 189S. ; y T LITERARY REGISTER SUPPLEMENT- [Under this heading, in future, we mean to give a four page “ Supplement ” with our Tropical Agriculturist, each month, when there is matter of sufficient value, so to be preserved.] X8S8. The Archaeological Survey of Ceylon and its Work. BY PKOF. W. W. GEIGEK. Amongst the many objects that occupied the Eleventh International Congress of Orientalists held at Paris, it had the opportunity of noticing also the admirable work done by the Arcbieological Sur- vey of Ceylon. According to a proposal which I made in the afternoon meeting of the Indian Section on September 10th the Congress accepted a resolution to express its warmest thanks to the British Govern- ment in Colombo for the varied and efficient assist- ance afforded t.o the historical inquiry about the island by publishing the Archaeological Reports, as well as by editing the Mahavamsa and similar documents. The Congress hoped also that the work which has been undertaken so auspiciously, will be continued by the Government, and carried out in the same manner. Now I beg to add a few remarks to that resolution, which may explain its origin and its purpose. These remarks are only caused by the anxious desire to make the work of the Archaeolo- gical Survey of Ceylon as useful as possible to the scientific world, and they are based upon, the experiences which I myself had in making use of its publications for my own historical and linguistic studies. First of all, I am sorry to observe that the Re- Eorts of the Archaeological Survey of Ceylon are y no means so well known in Europe, and so much studied by European scholars, as we should expect and as they deserve. I beg to mention but one instance. In the year 1892 the Government published Mr. H. C. P. Bell’s most interesting and compre- hensive “ Report on the Kegalla District of the Sabaragamuwa Province.” But I am sorry I could not even find this work quoted in the German Oriental Bibliography, though the editors of this journal took the utmost trouble to make their list of books as complete as possible, and though they mention a good many papers of much less scientific importance. I know very well that in the winter 1885 9, when I was myself in Ceylorr, the excavations of Sigiriya, undertaken by- the indefatigable Archaeological Com- missioner, Mr. Bell, had led to very important results, and I suppose that in the nreantime some detailed re- port has beer; printed on these operations. But 1 have not seen it up to the present day, thoirgh I am very anxious to hear more about the subject.* All scholars, I think, will therefore agree with rrre that it is extremely desirable to give much more publicity to the printed reports of the Ceylon Gover^. * I know only Mr. Bell’s “ Interim Report on the Operations of the Archaeological Survey at Sigiriya in 1895,” printed in the J.R.A.S., Ceylon Branch, No. <6 S. 44-56. ment than they seem to have at present. This can be done by various meairs. But first of all it will be necessary that the Ceylon Government should give orders for the regular dispatch of the Archaeologi- cal reports to this Society and to the British Museum, and it might also officially entrust a certain number of booksellers in the different countries of Europe with the sale of its publications. I suppose, of course, that an arrangement of that kind has already been made for England ; but as regards Germany, Mr. Otto Harrassowitz, at Leipzic, no doubt would come first into consideration, because he already has in his hands nearly the whole book trade between our country and the Oriental publishers. Besides, if I am allowed to judge from the most amiable recep- tion and liberal assistance which I ever found in Ceylon, I may, perhaps, add the suggestion that as is done by the Indian Government with their publica- tions, the publications might also be sent direct to such scholars as are especially engaged in Sinhalese studies. 1 pass now to the form and the contents of the publications themselves, and I wish at first to draw particular attention to the epigraphical work done in Ceylon. Inscriptions which have been newly dis- covered, or which now can be explained in a more satisfactory manner than formerly, are at present generally published in the Reports of the Archaeo- logical Survey, together with the other materials. The third part, for instance, of the Report on the Kegalla District, which I mentioned above, is merely an epigraphical one, and it contains, amongst other documents, the important inscription of Dewanagala, which alludes to some historical events in the reign of Parakrama Bahu I, quite in accordance with the stitement of the Mahavamsa. Other new inscrip- tions used to be edited and translated in the J.R.A.S. Ceylon Branch ; not to speak of Rhys Davids’ papers on old Sinhalese Inscriptions, formerly pub- lished in J.R.AS. in England, and of Rhys Davids’, G, Goldschmidt’s, and Edw. Ri filler’s articles printed in the Indian Antiquary. This arrangement, I think, is not a happy one. 'The materials are spread far and wide, and the continuity of inquiry is in danger of being lost. According to my opinion, it would be best to separate the epigraphical qjart toialhj from the purely archceoloyical irorh, and to puhlisli the in- scriptions and lohatever helcngs to their study in parti- cular reports- Thus a kind of ‘‘Epigraphia Ceylonica” would bo established, and I am sure that it would find the irnanimous approval cf all European stu- dents of Sinhalese and of Indian epigraphy. It is hardly necessary to add that irot only ihe newly dis- covered inscriptions or those which will be dis- covered in future, should be published in these periodic al reports for w’hich I beg to sugeest the title “Epigrapia Ceylonica.” There are a good many inscriptions already printed and transhrted as for instance m Edw. Miiller’s ‘‘Ancient Inscriptions of Ceylon,” which require a new study, and which can be edited now with many improvements both in the text and in the translation. I do not doubt that even ( 2 ) ?hose scholars who made the first steps in that rather dark field will fully agree with me on this point. The “ Epigraphia Ceylonica ” must, there- fore, be accessible to everybody who might be able to contribute to the elucidation of Sinhalese in- scriptions in the West as well as in the East. For by common labour only, and particularly by the common labour of European and of Oriental scholars, can satisfactory results be attained. But there is still one important point which cannot be passed over in silence. It is quite indispensa- ble that each inscription to be published or newly explained in the Epigraphia ” should be reproduced in a c/ood facsimile. Mere transliterations are cf com- paratively small value, and would be sufficient only in quite exceptional cases. We cannot accept state- ments without having the opportunity of controlling them, for even the most trustworthy and most careful scholar may make a mistake in reading Sinhalese inscriptions, and a misreading may lead him to conclusions which are totally wrong. The edition of the “ Epigraphia Ceylonica ” must, of course, be entrusted to a man who combines practical knowledge with scientific method; and I am sure that the Ceylon Government has at its disposal more than one scholar who possesses those qualities. But I hope that nobody will find in this remark anything like a reproach against the present editor of the Archaeological Beports. We are all so much obliged to him for the invaluable service he has rendered to the science, even risking his health and his life, that any reproach would be equal to ingratitude. My suggestions touch only the form of the publications of the Archasological Survey ; and 1 should be glad if they would be approved by Mr. Bell himself. For the edition and translation of inscriptions discovered by him, Mr. Bell always made use of the assistance of some native scholars, and he has repeatedly mentioned this useful service with the warmest acknowlegement, although it unfortunately does not appear in each case who is responsible for the particular piece of work. The epigraphical inquiry, however, must be supple- mented, 1 think, by a systematic study of the lite- rary sources of the Sinhalese history. The chief part has already been done in this respect by the edition and translation of the Mahavamsa, which we really may call a standard work. But I believe that it is now time to publish also the secondary sources in their original text, together with an English translation, as for instance the Pujavaliya, Attanagala- vamsaya, Rajaratnakaraya, Kajayaliya, etc. I am fully aware that some of these books have already been edited in Ceylon itself. But it is sometimes not very easy to get these editions ; the Rajavaliya is not yet printed at all. Besides, I think that a translation of these works is hardly superfluous, because many scholars will make use of them as historical sources, who are not able, to read Sinha- lese books in the original language. As to the form of these publications, I would propose to print them, just like the inscipticus, periodically in separate parts, but with one general title, as “Monumenta Historiee Ceylonicae” these “Monumenta” would include even interesting passages about Ceylon and its people, taken from Greek and Latin, Arabic and Chinese, and even from older Portuguese and Dutch authors, together with a historical and geographical com- mentary. Papers of that kind used to appear some- times in the J.R. A. S., Ceylon Branch; but I think it better to reserve the Journal for what we call scientific inquiries. Even such a treatise as Appendix I (Constitution of the Kandyan Kingdom) in Bell’s Re- port, already quoted, would be in the right place in the “Monumenta,” and would be studied by many more scholars, no doubt, than can now be the case. In fact, I hope it will be possible, in the course of time, to collect in the “Monumenta,” all the materials on which our knowledge of Sinhalese history is based. I took the liberty to express a few wishes, felt, I suppose, by all the European scholars who are engaged in Sinhalese studies, regarding the publications the Archasological Survey of Ceylon. My purpose was only to make its excellent works more fruitful and more accessible to the scientific world. Nobody will say, I hope, that my suggestions are merely utopian ideas which never can be realized, because the ex- penses required by them would be extraordinary. They chiefly touch, as I have already said, the outer form of the publications. I wish to separate on one side those materiais which are somewhat different, and on the other, I wish to concentrate the diver- gent labours of such scholars as are really working in the same field. The “ Monumenta ” would of course, appear as sufficient material was collected and Government funds were available for the pub- lication, and the same would be the case with the “Epigraphia.” I admit that some more money would be required by the proposal to add good plates to each of the inscriptions published therein. But it would be sufficient to publish the work quite slowly, provided it is published in a perfect and entirely satisfactory manner. I believe also that it will be necessary to print a greater number of copies of each report than has been done till now. But I am sure that at least a part of the money spent thereon will be recoupied by the greater publicity, and by tbe better sale of the publications in Europe, according to the arrangement which I propose above. To summarise, finally, all I have said, I beg to suggest quite respectfully that the Government of Ceylon might resolve to separate the Reports of the Archseological Survey into three different publications ; (1) Archaelogical Reports, containing the archw- ological and sculptural results of the excavations ; (2) Epigraphia Ceylonica, containing the newly discovered inscriptions, or new interpretations of such inscriptions as are already known ; (3) Monumenta Sistoriae Ceylonicae, a kind of “ Quellenkunde,” containing Sinhalese historical books and other literary sources belonging to tbe history of Ceylon in the original text, with translation and commentary. — Royal Asiatic Society’s Journal. “ Sigiriya Frescoes.” TO THE EDITOR [“ CEYLON STANDARD.”] Sra, — Some one has been good enough to send me copy of your issue of the 20th instant, containing a letter by Mr. C. M. Fernando, and a short editorial paragraph, relating to the “ Sigiriya Frescoes.” I note that Mr. Fernando has returned to the charge, in defence of his theory of Sinhalese authorship for the paintings at Sigiriya. I do not propose to enter here fully into the disputed question of their execution by native, or foreign. artists; this I hope to do later in my Archseological Report on Sigiriya.” I desire now merely to correct one or two inaccuracies into which Mr. Fernando has slipped. It may be assumed once for all that the frescoes at Ajanta in India, and those on the Sigiriya Rock, were executed, if not by the same hands, at least by artists trained in the same school. Mr. Fernando’s arguments against the importation of “exotic talent” for the painting the Sigiriya frescoes may best be quoted, and briefly touched on seriatim: — (I.) “ Ccefcns parfSiis, the credit of painting fres- coes found in Ceylon must, prima facie, rest with the Sinhalese.” Admitted ; but “ other things are” not “equal”; little Ceylon is not giant India ; the field of selection for competent artists is as 1 to 60 (25,000 square miles to one-and-half millions.) II. “ Two of the frescoes at Ajanta, as pointed out by Fergusson and Manning, depict scenes from the Mahawansa, the ancient chronicle of Lanka.” The scenes referred to are — ( a), the supposed land- ing of Vijaya in Ceylon; and (6) the, supposed introduc- tion of Buddhism into the Island — given by Mrs. Speir in her “Life in Ancient India.” ( 3 ) As regards (a), Mrs. Speir rightly remarks that the picture — from the horse worship introduced into it — illustrates “ s. northern adaptation of the story in the Mahawanso, related in a Nepalese work of Avaloki- teswara ” who saved “ Sinhala ” (Vijaya) in the form of a horse. The Sinhalese have a Iwaye belonged to the TIinayana Lesser Vehicle ”) school of Buddhism which knows not Avalokiteswara, the Bodhisatva of the northern or ‘‘ Greater Vehicle.” Much the same comment applies to (6), it may equally as well have been based on Northern Buddhist works as taken from the ‘‘Mahawausa” of the Southern school — if the painting has anything whatever to do with the meeting between Mahin do and king Devanampiyatisa. III. “ Mr. Beli made a point of the fact that the Sigiriya frescoes were the only ones of the kind in Ceylon. I replied by saying that those of Ajanta were just as unique as regards India.” The Ajanta paintings are not “ unique ” in the sense of the frescoes at Sigiriya. It is true that the former- fas Pergusson records) ‘‘ represent Buddhist legends on a scale and with a distinctness found nowhere else in India.” But there are other frescoes which iir beauty of execution run them very close — if, indeed, they do not surpass them ; — and which prove, further, that the art retained its full vigour for many centuries longer on the Indian continent. I refer to the wonderful paintings to be seen at Fathpur-Sikri, near Agra, the “ royal abode ” of Akbar in the 16th century. Here, in Ceylon, we have nowhere else mural painting attaining the standard of art exhibited in the Sigiriya frescoes. Again, had Kasyspa employed Sinhalese sitiyaru to adorn the walls of his marvellous citadel, it may reason- ably be inferred that the services of the ancestors of the Nilagama guild of painters would have been en- listed; and yet at this day no tradition even lingers among these hereditary craftsmasters, whose work at the ancient Dambulla cave temple goes back to an earlier date than the occupation of Sigiriya as a capital. Shown the Sigiriya frescoes in the “pockets” themselves last year, these Nilagama men declared their inabiiity to explain the process by which the colours have been permanently “ fixed,” or to at- tempt to “ restore ” them in any degree. (IV.) “ Thus, from Mr. Bell’s own standpoint, there, is nothing to prevent the supposition that these are the only existing frescoes of many that were painted, not only at Sigiriya but in other places as well, in the 5th century of the Christian era.” Nothing at all, as far as Sigiriya is concerned — but a great deal as regards “ other places ” throughout Ceylon. If I have examined one ancient cave, vihaie, &c., in the Central, North-V/esteni and North-Central Provinces, I have examined well nigh a thousand, — and any painting rivalling the art displayed in the Sigiriya frescoes I have still to find. The surface painting faintly traceable on the “ altars” of some of the larger Dagabas offAnuradhapura, on the walls of the so-called Denialamaha seya ” at Polon- naruwa, or in the oaves of Handagala and Dimbulagala, is not devoid of merit, but belongs to a lower grade of art than the frescoes of Ajanta and Sigiriya, (V). Mr. Fernando harps on the allusion in the “ Mahaw'ausa ” to the use of “v ermillion paint mixed with tala oil ” for the ornamentation of Buwanveli Dagaba when built by King Dntuge- munu (first century B. C.) ; and quotes Sir Emerson Tennent in support of the “ claim the discovery of oil painting on behalf of the Sinhalese,” upon this single shred of not too reliable evidence. Very good: let us admit for the moment that the honour of the discovery actually rests with the Sinhalese — though it really needs considerably more proof — ; let us go further, and assume that Dutugemunu did not go to the continent of India for his artists— as, for all the “ Mabawansa” tells us, he well may — what then ? fie must be a bold man that would assert that the descendants of the Sinhalese (if Sinhalese they were) who painted the Auuradhapura Dagaba “altars” were capable of designing, and carrj ing out, the life-like frescoes of Sigiriya. Moreover, as is well known. Oriental art is strongly conservative — follows slavishly stereo- typed forms and methods Is it probable — is it even possible — that the art of fresco painting should, among the Sinhalese, have risen to the high level of Sigiriya in the fifth century, and gradually degene- rate into the travesty which offends the eye and excites ridicule, at the modern Buddhist temples of Ceylon ? (VI.) “ Kasyapa was a prisoner king. Betaking himself to the rock-fortress of Sigiriya, he lay for eighteen long years in concealment, fearful of the vengeance of his brother Moggalana, from which he only escaped by the crime of suicide. It is difficult to understand the opportunities which this prisoner- king would have had to communicate with India, and to import therefrom exotic artists.” “Prisoner-king” — presumably a sort of “ ticket-of- leave ” Prince; allowed by the cousiderateness of a younger brother to have for only “ eighteen long years,” the run of the Island, provided he kept in decent “concealment.” To Kasyapa’s credit, be it said, be behaved exceedingly well during his period of “ probation ” — he committed no more murders— he did not worry Moggalana (who by the way appears to have found it “ convenient” to cross over to India, so as not to embarrass his elder brother in the least) — he merely amused himself by erecting, at vast labour and expense, a magnificent royal citadel, — just to show what “ honest concealment' meant,” of course, under such conditions, intercourse with India would be quite impossible. (VII.) “ The presumption of exotic artists would imply that painting was the only art in which the ancient Sinhalese were lacking, great as they admit- tedly were in sculpture, architecture, engineering, &c.” This opens up a far wider question ; and one that must not be “ begged.” Is Mr. Fernando prepared to prove that the Sinhalese were “ great” in “ sculp- ture, architecture, &c.” ? Will he favour the Asiatic Society with a paper on : — “ The chanicteristics of the Sinhalese style of ancient architecture, as distinct from the Buddhistic and Dravidian styles found in India” ? I do not say the task is impossible ; but it is not to be undertaken hastily. At present there is much ground for the supposition that the Sinha- lese kings imported shilled artisans from the continent to execute very many of the ancient monumeEts of Anuradhapura, Polonnaruwa, &c., commonly attributed to the Sinhalese. Few are the forms of building and sculpture which cannot be easily traced to an Indian source. — Tours faithfully, H. C. P. BELL. Anuradhapura, Jan. 22. A Portuguese Cliurcli in Batavia- Interesting Notes of days of old— 200 YEARS AGO : Portuguese vs. Dutch in the East. Mit oud-Batavia De Portugeesche Buiten keek ; (G. Kolff & Co., Batavia.) The above is the title of a little book, written by Dr. F. de Haan, published, as tiie title page indicates for the benefit of the fund for the restoration of the Church. As the name {Buiten kerh), indicates, the church stands outside the ouden wal (the old rampart) and, according to the writer, is fully worth a visit. ‘‘ You enter through a gate, the church yard, surrounded, as ‘ at home,’ with a wall. A paved way leads one, past tombs covered with tombstones, to the chief entrance. You enter, to leave behind you, India and all that is, and will remain strange to you. Ton are on your native land.” “ . . . . Those seats along the wall, they are the same v/here you have often sat as a child. The seats in the nave of the church, many a Sunday have you seen ■ ell known face», singing there, out of the psalm book. Tour eyes fall on ti,e many coloured hatchments on the wall, and one which records the date of the building, 1695. The hvtiten kerk WM not built for those high in station and office, but for the labounng cla,saes and the services in Dutch, or even m Malay, were the exception. Portuguese was the language used. When the Dutch conquered their mortal ffuese had long been settled m the Dast. -t“®y knew more than any other nation how to adapt them- selves to the conditions of Eastern hfe. ihey brought none of their women to the East, hpce thrraceof what our fathers called “ mixt.sen ” m the Portuguese Colonies. The teaching of the Jesuit fathers sw^elled the ranks of “ and out of the Babel of tongues heard in Batavia, there arose a bastard Portuguese, a hnyua franca. At first services took place in the ■fort a little church was built which was burnt down during the siege (1623). Services were then held in the gemeene loandadplaatse (ordinary prome- nX) of the In 1634 Dr Mohnens began to preach in Portuguese. A class of swarte borgeren" or Mardy’keu also arose speaking Portu- gue^se, and the language had taken ^ hold on the people, that in the year (1611) when Malacca was taken, the Government expressed the fear “ that Portuguese would eventually sweep out the Dutch language” and resolved to take me^ures to prevent such a result. It passed a rule that officers nf the Mardy’ken Companies should be able to speak Dutch. But with little success, as in 1674 zincker, the Governor- General, wrote that the Portu- guese language had the Upperhand” to his great regret Not only did slaves and freed people speak [t,®but it was the home languap of the Europeans The Portuguese congregation knew so little Dutch in 1713, that only 3 out of 100 understood iL Measures were then taken to spread the Reformed Religion. A Bandanese, Cornelia Seenen (commonly known as Meester Cornelia), was thirty year ‘ vooiiezer. He was “a local celebrity,’ still renmmbered when many Governors-General are forgotten. Unfortunately, through lack of intelligence, he could not attain the rank of predikant, which the Govwnment \vonld have gladly granted to him. Meester Cornells tugn (Mas- ter Cornelis' garden) still commemorates his memory. In 1651 the Government resolved to build a masonry church for the native Chinese. The place selected was where, in the time of Governor Coen, the English had their quarters. The foundation stone was not laid till thl 1st Jan. 1673. This church was used by the Malay and Portuguese congregations, but latterly, exclusively, by the Portuguese and was known as the Portuguese Binnenkerk (the church within the walls). This church was burnt down on the 14th Jan. 1808. M!any Asiatics and freedmen from Ceylon came to Batavia and increased the Portuguese congregations. These neople ' are described as “ conforming to the manner of the Nederlanders ” and it was said of them ri705) ‘‘that they went about "with tne ridiculous hauo-hty air of the Portuguese, clad like Europeans, but “mostly without shirt, socks or shoes, with an antique and tattered coat with tneir coal black laces and feet, looking like a mountebank s ape rigged out ill his finery,” The Batavian iiiardykers, who had served the hon. Company well in their wars, settled outside the city walls close to the bastion gelhna. There was already (1669) a cemetery lor them here, and there was built of bamboo a church where the Portimuese were catechized. In ooiisequeuoe of the inorea'iiiig numbers of those who came to be catechized Governor-General Camphmjs (1639) resolved to buy the “garden of Gerbrandt Nieholt,” to enlarge the cemetery and obtain a site for a larger chuph. On Oiel9tn October, 1693 the stone was laid “ in the presence ot the Director-General Joan VanHoorn, by his nephew the Visitor-General Pieter VanHoorn.” It was the intention of the Government that the Portuguese should pro- vide the funds for the building, but this was found impracticable. The church funds of Formosa were sent to Batavia, after Port Zelandia was taken by Coxinga, the native chief. Part ot this fund was used to provide for the French refugees to the Cape of Good Hope, and the balance 3.000 rix dollars were used for buying the building materials of the Buiten Kerk. On the 23rd October, 1695 the church was form- ally thrown open for public worship. The Rev. Theo- dorus Zas, an aged man with “a ferocious moustache " dating 30 years back to the time when he preached in the fieet to those who took part in the blockade of Goa, preached the first sermon taking as his text 1 Kings VIII 29 and 30, in the presence of the Governor-General and others. In the afternoon Eeo Jacobus Opden Acker preached in Portuguese. This is the history of |the building of the Buiten Kirk, Here follows a deicription of the church (two views of the iuside being given) : — “ Of the six frames within each window-frame, at that time four were of rattan lath-work and only two of the upper ones had panes Tnis was found to be more airy. Here and there, there were coloured panes. The gallery was supported by three turned pillars which now support the sounding board (organ). Iherail of the gallery was in the same style. Chandeliers were used for lighting. The roof was supported by six wooden column s. The present stone pillars appear to date from 1725. It is a question whether the present quaint pulpit is the same as that supplied by Hendrik Bruyn for 260 rix dollars in the year 1696, or whether the two uewly-made heerebanken, with carved work, have uot been since replaced.” The native burgher, Sergeant Anthoni Colie, a brave Mardyker, presented 300 rix dollars to the church. A silver plate to his memory dates from 1695, As regards ths organ, in 1782, the daughter of the wealthy minister, Johan Mauritz Mohr, of the Por- tuguese congregation, presented to the church a new one, in memory of her father. The old fashioned chair iu the nave of the church is apparently the same that was presented by the Governor-General Vander Parra. The old Portuguese Testament and Malay-Psalm book with silver locks, the four salvers and jugs of silver presented by Camphuys are not to be seen now. Also the two silver fonts gifted by the native Captain Anthony Adriaansz, or the two cups of Sinjeur Joan Rodrigo (perhaps some of this is in the Willems Kerk). On the walls are various hatchments with Coats of Arms of long-forgotten ladies and gentlemen, herces of the age of periwigs, of no interest to the present gene- ration save that of Hendrik Swaardekioou (at one time Commander of Jafina); many hatchments of Governor- General remo ved to the Binner Kerk were destroyed by a fire in 1808. In getting out of the church, to the left of the entrance there is the tomb of Zwaardekroon and those of other ‘‘notabilities.” He wished to be buried with the “ commonalty,” among whom we find the tombs of Fredeiik Riebalt (Mardyker)* Titus Antho- nyssen and his “good” wife Ragel Titise. Since then those buried here were Company’s servants who died in the hospital : — “ Perhaps iu this neglected spot is laid Some heart, once pregnant with celestial fire — Hands that the rod of empire might have sy/ayed.” Here follows a description from Reydt (Schouwplaats). About the year 1800 burials ceased here, “ and now a quiet kitchen garden has been started witiiin the walls in this wretched quarter.” The Portuguese services were afterwards less and less attended, collections fell off “ and tire time cams when one was glad to find a clergyman who could speak Portuguese, although it was ‘high’ Portuguese, not understood by the con- gregation.” Abraham Antony Eugeibrecht baptized in Galle on the 6th May, 1759, and who died in Batavia 23rd September, 1808 was the last Predikant to the Portuguese. Sic transit. Some historical notes are appended and an extract from the Dagregister of the Fort of Batavia 16th August, 1728, describing the funeral of Zwaardekroon- whose coat of arms is described as : — “ Azur a sword points upwards hilted gold, the end broken. Issuing from the-helmet a raised hand hold- ing a green wreath.” The above is a summary of the contents of this very interesting little book. — F. H. de V. TEA, COFFEE, CINCHONA, COCOA, AND CARDAMOM SALES, NO. 21. Colombo, June 7, 1897. j :-12J cents each 3 copies ^ SO cents; 6 copies J rupee. COLOMBO SALES OF TEA. LARGE LOTS. [Messes. A H. Thompson & Co.— 114,569 lb,] Lot. Box. Pko-s. Name, lt>. C. 5 Vogan 5 3.5 ch bro pek 3325 50 6 6 35 do pekoe 2975 38 7 7 24 do pek sou 2040 30 8 8 20 do dusr 1400 21 9 Walla Valley 9 26 ch bro pek 2860 46 bid 10 10 32 do d 3520 46 bid 11 11 27 do or pek 2565 40 bid i2 12 47 do pekoe 4700 33 bid 13 13 64 do pekoe 5400 33 bid 15 Ba natenue 15 11 ch pekoe 990 25 bid 16 16 19 hf-eh bro or pek 1045 27 19 Oolloowatte 19 31 ch bro pek 3100 38 bid 20 20 25 do pekoe 2250 28 bid 21 St. Leonards cn Sea 21 32 ch bro pek 3200 37 22 H.jrnsey 22 ■jO ch pek sou lOOJ 27 24 Battalgalla 24 12 ch pek .sou 1200 26 27 Battalgalla 27 10 ch pek sou 1000 27 29 H a 29 8 ch 1 hf-cli bro mix 816 9 bid 31 H oloo Group SI 18 hf-ch dust 1440 20 32 Lavanr, 32 11 ch bro mix 935 15 44 . Sapitiyaigodde 44 23 hf-ch fans 1595 23 bid 45 45 24 do dnst 1680 21 46 Myiaganga 47 48 49 50 51 46 47 20 ch 55 clb 48 19 do 49 41 do 60 3a do 51 20 hf-ch or pek bro pek bro or pek pekoe pek sou fans 1900 5500 2090 3690 2805 1400 41 bid 36 bid 44 bid 32 bid 31 22 bid 52 52 27 do dust 2270 20 63 Kalkande 53 30 hf-cli bro pek 150 1 37 54 54 19 do or pek 950 27 55 55 22 do pekoe 1100 24 bid 56 K O 56 11 ch bro pek 1202 28 bid 63 Mandara Newera 63 16 eh pekoe sou 1440 25 64 Mahaousa 64 20 do bio pek 2100 45 65 65 19 do or pek 1900 41 66 66 18 do pekoe 1705 34 [Messes. Someeville & Co.— 137,991 lb.] Lot Box, , Pkgs. N ame. lb. c. 3 RT 33 8 ch red leaf 800 10 8 L 38 17 hf-ch dust 1445 21 9 Arslena 39 44 do bro pek 2200 45 10 40 53 do pekoe 2650 35 11 41 44 do pek sou 2200 26 12 Kelani 42 117 do bro pek 58£0 45 13 43 46 ch pekoe 4140 30 15 45 22 hf-ch bro pek fans 1320 30 18 Eilandhu 48 16 do bro pek 1600 38 19 49 16 do pekoe 1520 24 36 Paradise 66 20 hf-ch bro pek 1080 38 37 67 14 ch pekoe 1344 26 38 68 10 do pek sou 920 22 39 Ukuwella 69 18 do bro pek 1800 36 40 70 15 do pekoe 1500 26 11 71 14 do pek sou 1400 21 42 Pendleton 72 30 hf-ch bro pek 1680 34 43 73 19 do pekoe 950 23 46 Mina 76 26 do 01 pek 1340 66 48 T8 72 do bro or pek 4952 42 49 79 28 ch pek 2100 32 bid 50 80 37 do pek sou 3145 25 bid 53 Rothes 83 25 hf-ch bro pek 1375 59 9i 84 15 do pekoe 750 36 57 Comar 87 3 do bro or pek 1650 35 58 88 8 do pekoe 800 26 62 Lonach 92 45 do bro pek 2475 44 63 94 28 ch pekoe 2660 32 bid 64 95 n do pek sou 935 26 65 White Cross 95 19 do brok pek 1900 35 bid 66 90 15 do pekoe 1425 26 67 97 10 do pek sou 900 22 68 Forest Hill 98 27* do bro pek 2700 39 69 99 54 do pekoe 1860 29 70 100 20 do pekoe 1760 29 71 EasfcMatale Co., Ltd. 101 9 do pek sou 837 25 Lot. Box. Pkgs. blame lb. c 78 Ovoca A1 108 39 ch bro or pek 2340 61 79 109 24 do or pek 1200 64 80 110 21 ch pek 2100 49 84 Dartry 114 12 ch bro tea 1080 21 85 lUukettia 115 6 do fannings 810 20 86 116 6 do bro pek 710 32 bid 1 hf-ch 87 Harangalla 117 10 ch pekoe 1050 23 88 118 53 do bro pek 5035 36 89 R K 119 23 do pek sou 2070 23 91 121 10 do bro peK 1165 35 1 hf-ch 92 122 1 ch pekoe 800 21 14 hf-ch 94 Labugama 124 21 do bro pek 1050 49 95 125 20 ch pekoe 1800 29 bid 96 126 17 do pek sou 1445 25 93 Sirisanda 128 21 do bro pek 2100 47 99 129 18 do pekoe 1710 29 bid 100 White Cross 130 12 do pek sou 1020 27 102 132 19 do bro pek 1900 35 bid 103 133 15 do bro pek 1600 35 bid 108 Hatdowa 138 28 do bro pek 2800 38 109 139 28 do pekoe 2800 29 110 Salawe 140 19 do pek sou 1520 25 113 143 13 do bro pek 1365 36 114 144 9 do pek 855 26 115 145 18 do pek sou 1620 24 [Messrs. B OEBES & W ALKER. — 376,809 lb. ] Lot. Box. rkgs. Name. lb. c. 6 Carendon 738 8 ch bro pek 820 38 7 73 7 do pekoe 700 31 17 M. P. 750 8 do sou 800 18 18 752 5 ch (lust No. 1 750 20 20 S in dia 756 27 hf-ch dust 2295 2.1 26 Stafford 768 10 ch bro pek 1100 48 bid 27 770 11 do pek 1045 40 32 Patiagama 780 21 do bro or pek 2310 39 33 782 13 do or pek 1300 44 34 784 19 do pekoe 1900 36 37 Amblakande 790 16 do bro pek 1600 35 38 792 14 do pekoe 1260 28 41 St. Helliers 798 23 hf ch bro or pek 1173 42 42 800 16 ch pekoe 1440 32 44 St. Helen 804 40 hf-ch bro pek 2400 40 45 806 53 do or pek 2385 41 46 808 117 do pekoe 5265 31 47 810 53 do pek sou 2 385 23 49 Munkattia Cey- Ion 814 26 do bro pek 1300 53 50 810 32 do or pek 1760 47 51 818 28 ch pekoe 2520 41 52 820 15 do pek sou 1350 33 53 822 9 hf-ch (iust 720 21 54 Pedro 824 44 ch bro or pek 4840 70 55 826 20 do or pek 1700 63 56 828 25 do pek sou 2000 46 57 830 14 do fans 2100 30 58 Great Valley 832 20 do bro pek 2060 45 59 834 70 do pekoe 7000 31 bid 60 836 10 do pek sou 900 24 67 Kennington 850 12 do SOU 1140 22 68 852 10 hf-ch dust 800 20 73 SKL 862 8 ch pek dust 1161 20 74 Hayes 864 39 hf-ch or pek 1950 36 75 866 39 do bro pek 1500 38 76 868 49 do pekoe 2205 31 77 876 35 do pek sou 1575 24 82 High Forest 880 137 hf-ch bro or pek 7672 42 bid 83 882 41 do or pek 2050 35 bid 84 884 54 do pekoe 2430 38 85 886 42 do pek sou 1680 31 86 888 30 do pek dust 2400 22 90 Glengariffe 896 17 do bro or pek 1071 39 bid 92 900 51 do bro pek 2703 39 93 902 29 do pekoe 2030 31 bid 94 904 75 do pek sou 3825 25 98 Talgaswela 912 40 ch bro pek 3600 37 102 Tonacombe 920 23 do or pek 2300 48 103 922 17 do bro pek 2040 55 104 924 41 do pekoe 4100 36 105 926 9 do pek sou 810 28 106 BDW P 928 19 hf-ch bro pek 1140 34 107 930 17 do fans 1020 34 109 C M in estate mark 934 37 do bro pek 2220 47 110 936 36 do pekoe 1800 38 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. Box. rkf-s. Name. lb. C. C M in estate mark 938 21 ch bro pek 2100 44 bid 940 19 do pekoe 1710 39 Naseby 942 42 hf-ch bro pek 2310 72 bid 944 23 do pekoe 1104 55 bid 94B 9 ch bro mix 711 36 Weoya 948 28 do bro pek 2660 38 950 35 do pekoe 2800 26 952 32 do pek sou 2560 23 954 29 do fans 2900 30 Dea Ella 958 42 bf-ch bro pek 2310 36 960 35 do pekoe 1750 29 962 18 do pek sou 900 23 Morankande 966 48 ch bro pek 4800 36 bid 968 48 do pekoe 4800 27 S/, 26 do pek sou 2600 22 M W 1.1 tscate mark 982 10 do bro pek 1000 out 984 15 do pekoe 1477 23 St. Hellers 996 29 hf-ch bro or pek 1479 42 998 IS ch pekoe 1620 34 Sunnycroft R24 12 ch pek sou 1200 30 Castlereigh 1030 17 ch bro pek 1700 42 1032 3S do bro pek 3800 42 1034 35 do pekoe 3150 33 1036 12 do pek sou 960 23 bid 1038 12 hf-ch bro pek fan 780 29 Clydi 1044 50 ch bro pek 5000 49 1016 60 do pekoe 5400 30 1048 IS do pek sou 1620 23 Mel ose 1052 19 ch bro or pek 1805 36 bid 1054 13 do tlo 1300 35 bid Malvern 1660 24 do pekoe 1800 29 bid 1064 10 hf-ch du t 8000 21 Dea Culla 1066 61 do bro pek 3060 41 bid 1068 20 ch pekoe 1500 32 10,-0 17 do pek sou 1275 26 1072 10 hf-ch dust 800 22 Lyegrove 1076 17 ch bro pek 1870 36 1078 13 do or pek 12J9 33 bid 1080 10 do pekoe 850 34 1(82 15 do pek sou 1970 29 Ambalan- godde 1086 8 ch bro pek 800 52 loss 12 do pekoe 1080 40 1090 9 do pek sou 720 29 Arapola- kande 1108 36 ch bro pek :-240 51 1110 25 do or pek 2000 31 bid 1112 68 do pekoe 6440 27 bid Weyunga. w> tie 1134 24 hf-ch bro or pek 1440 41 1136 34 ch ( r pek 3230 34 1138 28 do pek 2380 29 1140 9 do pek sou 855 25 Hope 1144 10 ch cr pek 1000 35 1146 12 do pekoe 1080 23 Lochiel 1150 4'l box bro or pek 800 58 11.52 33 ch or pek 3 35 47 1154 21 do pekoe 1680 44 CO EB 1164 7 ch pekoe 700 23 lies 17 hf-ch dust 1360 20 Dounevale 1170 18 ch bro pek 1620 34 1172 31 do pexoe 2635 23 bid FMB 1182 9 ch dust 1260 13 bid L 1192 12 ch pekoe 1080 11 1194 11 do sou 880 9 G P M, in estate mark 1198 10 hf-ch sou 2530 30 Midlands 1208 10 do dust 750 20 RAW 1210 7 ch fans 770 29 G 1214 3 hf-ch pek sou 3240 22 R B 1216 12 hf-ch d ,sc 960 20 X X 1230 12 hf-ch dust 960 20 Glencorse 1232 34 ch bro pek 3400 48 1234 13 do pekoe 1170 37 1236 27 do pek sou 2160 26 S H 1242 16 ch bro pek 1750 21 1244 17 do fans 1440 16 bid Errollwood 1246 11 ch bro pek 1100 53 bid 1248 24 do pekoe 1920 38 bid A RD 1250 15 h .ch dust 1180 20 Ger gama 1252 21 ch bro pek 2100 43 1254 19 do pekoe 1710 27 1256 10 do p ik sou 900 23 Geragama 1258 23 ch l)ro pek 2300 43 1260 19 do pekoe 1710 27 1262 12 do pek sou 1080 23 S.isted 1264 49 hf-ch bro pek 3183 38 1266 22 do pekoe 1320 32 1268 18 do pek sou POO 23 Knavesmire 1272 21 ch bro pek 2205 38 1274 40 do pek 3600 28 bid 1276 28 do pek sou 2240 23 bid Ambalawa 1284 32 hf-ch pek sou 1280 22 [Me. E. John.— 217,325 lb.] Lot Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. c. 2 Kolapatna 127 10 ch pekoe 900 31 11 Goonavy 145 28 ch bro pek 2856 37 12 147 17 do pekoe 1394 32 13 149 16 do pek -SOU 1152 29 14 Alliaddy 151 21 do bro pek 2100 37 15 153 17 do pekoe 1530 30 18 Clarendon 159 23 hf-ch bro pek 1380 39 bid 19 101 16 ch pekoe 1600 30 20 163 18 ch pek sou 1620 26 22 Anchor in es- tate mark 167 22 ch bro or pek 2310 42 b 23 169 14 do or pek 1120 36 24 171 25 do pekoe 2500 32 25 173 18 do pek sou 1440 31 26 17.5 13 do pek fans 1560 27 27 St. Jolm’s 177 23 hf-ch bro or pek 1350 95 28 179 36 do or pek 1656 79 29 181 30 do pekoe 1500 61 30 183 24 do pek fan 1680 37 37 Kanangama 197 57 do bro pek 5700 34 38 199 25 do pekoe 2250 30 39 Stinsford 201 30 hf-ch bro pek 1650 53 iO 203 66 do pekoe 3300 32 41 205 63 do pek sou 3445 28 42 M 207 11 ch pekoe 935 10 51 Dickapittia 225 28 eh bro pek 3080 37 bid 52 227 22 do pekoe 2200 S3 63 229 8 do pek sou 860 25 bid 57 Turin 237 35 do bro pek 3500 43 58 239 52 do pel-oe 5200 32 bid 59 241 48 do pel. sou 4800 28 61 245 12 hf-ch dust 1140 22 62 A era watte 247 20 ch bro pek 2200 46 63 249 28 do pekoe 2520 32 bid 64 251 20 do pek sou 200(^ 29- 65 Kotuwagedera 253 10 ch or pek soo 25 bid 66 255 20 do bro pek 2000 36 bid 67 257 13 do pekoe 1235 20 bid 71 W H G 265 7 do souchong 700 20 72 267 9 hf-ch dust 765 21 74 Elston 271 52 ch pe sou No. 2 4420 26 75 Maddagederra 273 54 do bro pek 5130 39 76 275 33 do pekoe 2970 36 bid 77 277 20 do pek .“ou 1700 28 78 279 14 hf-ch bro pek fans 910 ;s2 79 Henegama 281 10 hf-ch du t 7.50 18 81 Birnam 285 14 ch pek sou 980 34 82 Brownlow 187 26 ch bro or pek 2600 54 83 289 22 do or pek 2090 52' 84 291 32 do pekoe 2880 38 bid 85 293 12 do pek sou 1020 34 88 Glasgow 299 54 ch bro or pek 4050 55 bid 89 301 30 do or pek 1800 52 90 303 25 do pekoe 2375 49 91 305 16 do pek sou 1600 38 92 Claremont 307 39 hf-ch bro or pek 2145 34 93 309 9 ch pekoe 900 27 97 Hiralouvah 317 29 ch pek sou 2030 23 98 Orange Field 319 23 ch pekoe 1950 24 bid 99 M urray tb waite 321 29 ch bro pek 3045 35 100 323 30 ch pekoe 2400 25 104 H. G. 331 9 eh pek fans 1082 out 105 M in estate mark 333 9 ch dust 900 19 107 AG B 337 25 ch bro or pek 2600 40 109 W. F. G. 341 11 hf-ch dust 972 17 bid 110 Agra Ouvah 343 71 ch bro or pek 4615 52 bid 111 345 37 hf-ch or pek 2035 45 bid 112 347 18 ch pekoe 1710 42 114 A 351 26 hf-ch bro or pek 1500 41 115 353 25 ch unassorted 1625 24 bid 119 Glentilt 361 41 ch bro pek 4305 46 120 3(53 28 ch pekoe 2800 40 121 QT 365 11 hf-ch dust 845 17 122 Eadella 366 16 ch pekoe 1440 23 bid 124 Meeriabedde 369 6 ch bro mi.x 720 23 126 Chapelton 373 36 ch pekoe 3420 30 127 375 38 ch pek sou 3040 28 134 Blackburn 388 12 ch pekoe 1200 26 135 Morakalla 389 52 hf-ch bro pek 2860 33 136 391 23 ch pekoe 2300 28 bid 139 A 397 20 hf-ch br or pe No. 1 1340 S5 140 399 40 do or pek 2000 43 bid 141 N in estate mark 401 5 ch pek dust 750 21 bid 147 P in est. mark 413 8 do pek dust 1136 20 bid SMALL LOTS. [Messrs. A . H. Thompson & Co.] Lot. Box. Pkffs. Name. lb. C. 1 B 1 1 ch pekoe 80 22 2 U 2 2 ch dust 200 17 CEYLON PKODUCE SALES LIST, 3 Lot. Box. Pka;s. , Name. bl. 3 E 3 1 ch dust 150 4 G 4 1 hf-ch dust 85 14 R tnitenne 14 6 ch bro pek 540 17 17 11 hfch pekoe 605 18 18 3 do pf k sou 1.50 23 Ho' iisey 23 5 ch fans 450 25 Battalgalla 25 4 ch fans 450 28 Battalgalla 28 3 ch fans 270 30 Q 30 5 ch brc tea 460 33 Lavant 33 1 ch red leaf 80 36 R, in e.state mark 36 1 ch unas 85 37 37 1 hf-ch do 60 38 38 1 do dust 65 67 M. haousa 67 3 ch pek sou 270 [Mr. E. John.] Lot. Box. Pk^>, Name lb. 1 Kolapatna 125 6 ch bro pek 660 3 129 6 ch pek sou 600 9 Peabside 141 2 hf-ch bro mix 120 10 143 2 do dust 160 16 Alliaddy 1'5 7 ch pek sou .560 17 157 2 ch dust 200 34 Kanangama 191 6 ch pek fans 600 35 193 2 ch fannings 180 36 195 G do dust 840 43 M 209 2 ch pek sou 180 44 Dromore 211 2 ch dust 200 45 Tinnigalla 313 7 hf-ch bro pek 357 46 215 6 do pekoe 300 47 217 7 do souchong 350 48 219 3 do dust 165 49 221 1 do red leaf 55 50 F S 223 9 ch bro mix 03 54 Bickapittia 231 1 ch dust 155 55 Kahagalla 233 3 hf-ch dust 255 56 Turin 235 5 ch bro or pek 55 ► 60 243 3 ch bro mix 300 68 Kotuwagedera 259 2 ch dust 280 69 261 3 ch bro pek fans 360 70 263 1 ch unassorted 100 73 W. H. G. 269 6 ch fannings 4.50 80 Henegama 283 2 hf-ch bro mix 120 86 Brownlow 295 8 do bro pek fans 536 87 297 4 do pek fans 268 94 Claremont 311 5 ch pek sou 500 95 313 2 hf-ch pek dust 180 9G A (jT JL. 315 6 ch unassorted 600 101 Murrythwaite 325 7 ch pek sou 560 102 327 2 ch dust 260 103 A 329 3 ch fannings 225 106 W. H. R. in es- tate mark 335 6 ch dust 630 108 A G B 339 5 ch or pek 500 116 S A 355 4 hf-ch dust 300 117 B B 357 7 do dust 618 118 RM 359 7 do dust 574 123 W inest. mark 307 6 ch bro tea 600 125 Tallgalla 371 3 ch bro mix 3o0 129 Kalupahani 379 1 ch congou 98 130 381 1 eh 1 hf-ch red leaf 149 131 Westleigb 883 2 do dust 160 132 385 4 eh red leaf 180 133 387 1 do fannings 65 137 Marahilla 393 4 do pek sou 400 138 395 2 hf-ch dust 150 [Messrs. Somerville & Co.] Lob. Box. Pkgs. Name. Ib. 1 R T 31 1 ch bro mix 100 2 32 4 do dust 480 4 G W 34 8 do sou 640 5 35 1 do red leaf 73 6 36 8 hf-ch fannings 480 7 37 6 do dust 450 14 Kelani 44 6 ch pek sou 540 16 46 5 do dust 400 17 Pelawatte 47 8 do pek fans 440 25 55 5 do bro pek 550 26 66 3 do pekoe 315 26a 56a 2 pkgs. 27 57 1 do son 90 28 58 1 do dust 130 29 S 69 4 hf-ch dust 320 30 60 2 do bro tea 100 31 A 61 2 do d St 160 32 62 1 do bro tea 80 33 B in estate mark 63 4 ch dust 600 Lot. Box, Pkg.s. Name. lb. c. 34 64 4 ch bro tea 400 9 35 T C A in estate mark 65 4 do pek sou 400 26 bid 44 Pendleton 74 11 hf-ch pek sou 550 21 45 75 3 do pek dust 246 20 51 Minna 81 4 oh red leaf 360 10 52 83 4 hf-ch dust 340 20 55 Rothes So 6 do pek sou 300 31 56 R iu estate mark 86 1 do dust 85 18 59 Comar 89 2 ch pek sou 200 21 60 ABC in estate mark 90 2 do bro mix 100 9 61 91 1 hf-ch dust 90 18 72 East Matale Co. Ltd. 102 5 ch congou 450 14 73 103 8 hf-ch fannings 656 22 90 Hamngalla 120 4 ch fans 420 23 101 Sirisabda 131 2 do dust 307 20 101 HT 134 1 hf-ch bro pek 60 31 105 185 1 ch pekoe 75 23 106 136 1 do pek sou 180 20 1 hf-ch 107 137 1 do dust 80 17 111 Hatdowa 141 3 ch unas 240 22 112 142 2 do red leaf 180 9 116 Salawe 146 3 do fans 3j0 18 [Mes.sr,s. Forge, s & Walker.] Lot. Box Fki;s. Name. lb. c. 1 BBB, in estate mark 718 2 ch dust 170 18 2 Karawaketiya 720 1 do bro pek 100 44 3 722 1 do pekoe lUO 32 4 724 1 do pek sou li/O 22 5 726 1 do SOU 80 20 8 Carendon 732 6 do pek sou 600 24 9 734 6 do souchong 600 23 10 736 0 do fannings 300 30 11 738 4 do congou 343 21 12 740 1 do dust 142 20 13 Hopewell 742 2 do 1 hf ch bro pek 259 43 14 744 1 ch pekoe 96 35 15 746 1 do 1 hf-ch pek sou 146 23 16 748 1 ch congou 85 22 19 M. P. 754 2 do dust No. 2 335 18 21 Horagaskelle 768 8 hf-ch bro pek 480 35 22 760 8 do pekoe 426 23 23 762 12 do pek sou 636 21 24 761 2 do bro mix 124 12 25 Stafford 766 4 ch bro or pek 440 50 28 772 4 do pek sou 300 38 29 774 2 do fan 240 26 30 776 1 do dust 90 20 31 778 1 do bro mix 120 24 35 Patiagam 786 5 do pek sou 500 24 36 788 1 do dust 160 -.0 39 Amblakande 794 7 do pek sou 505 23 40 796 4 do fan 440 21 43 St. Hellers 802 4 hf-ch dust 276 21 48 St. Helen 812 3 do dust 240 20 69 Kenniiigton 864 8 do bro tea 400 19 70 856 2 do unas 170 21 71 K W 858 1 ch pek dust 140 20 72 X Y 860 5 do dust 533 22 87 New Galway 890 6 hf-ch bro pek 360 01 88 802 12 do pekoe 680 43 89 894 3 do pek sou 150 37 95 Glengariffe 906 4 do brn pek dust 300 22 96 90S 5 do dust 400 19 99 Talgaswela 914 6 do hr |iek No 2 660 22 100 916 6 do pekoe 540 30 101 918 •t do pek sou 360 24 103 BDW P 932 6 ht-ch dust 522 21 120 Weoya. 9.56 4 ch d I St 600 20 124 Dea Ella. 964 10 hf-ch fans 600 25 135 MP 936 3 ch bro pek 330 20 136 938 4 do pekoe 310 16 137 990 1 do fans 115 14 138 992 2 do dust 270 8 139 R, in estate m rk 994 1 ch unas 88 8 142 St. Heliers 1000 7 ch pek sou 6o0 23 143 C A, in estate mark 1002 2 ch bro pek fans OOt) 22 144 RS 1004 2 ch pek fans 192 23 145 F F 1006 4 ch dust 640 14 146 O O, 'n es ate mark 1008 5 ch unas 497 15 152 K 1020 1 ch soil 100 22 153 1022 1 do dust 170 20 155 Suunycroft 1026 S ch congou 300 22 156 1023 4 do dust 610 IS c. 18 22 35 bid 25 21 21 21 21 8 bid 20 19 18 24 C. 50 23 23 19 23 19 IS IS 21 8 19 36 23 10 13 9 17 20 20 39 13 19 23 20 21 13 40 31 20 20 17 21 17 12 18 49 bid 21 18 17 9 23 14 9 17 9 23 23 20 C. 11 18 21 9 22 23 23 21 20 32 23 21 14 10 bid 18 9 19 9 19 CEYLON PKODUCE SALES LIST. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. C. Castlereagh 1040 5 hf-ch dust 400 21 Clyde 1050 3 ch dust 420 21 Nel a 011a 1056 1 ch dust 150 19 1068 2 do red 'eaf 164 8 Malvern 1062 2 ch bro mix 160 22 Dea Culla 1074 2 ch bro mix 160 23 Lyegrove 1084 3 hf-ch dust 270 20 Amblan- godde Arapolakan- 1092 1 ch dust 70 20 de 1114 7 ch pek sou 665 22 1116 4 do dust 420 15 Wevekell e 1118 4 hf-ch bro or pek 220 32 1120 3 do or pek 135 37 1122 5 do pekoe 250 24 1124 4 do pek sou 200 20 1126 3 do bro tea 150 14 K bragalla 1128 4tf-ch bro pek 240 24 1130 2 do pekoe 100 22 1132 1 do pek sou 40 20 Weyunga- watte 1142 3 hf-ch dust 255 20 Hop< 1148 1 ch bro pek sou 90 15 Lochiel 1156 2 ch pek sou 180 30 1158 2 do dust 260 20 Poonagalla 1160 2 ch red lei f 170 20 P G Y C C 1162 3 hf-ch b'O mix 150 9 Docneva'e 1174 1 ch fans 100 20 1176 2 do fans No. 1 200 22 1178 2 do fans No. 2 200 20 1180 1 do dust 140 21 Labookelle 1184 4 ch bro pek 420 44 1186 3 do or pek 273 37 1188 7 do pek 637 26 1190 3 do pek sou 252 23 Essex 1196 3 ch bro pek dust 45 1 22 Debatgama 1200 2 ch dust 280 20 K B 1202 3 do dust 390 20 1204 3 do fans 360 22 Kelvin 1206 4 hf-ch dust 300 21 RAW M D. in est. 1212 5 do dust 450 21 mark 1218 5 ch pek dust 656 22 Glencorse ■ 1238 2 do pek fans 292 24 1240 1 do dust 180 20 Stisted 1270 3 hf-ch dust 240 21 Knavesmire 1278 4 ch sou 300 21 1280 3 hf- ch pek fans 240 23 1282 2 ch dust 200 20 CYLON COFFEE SALES IN LONDON. f From Our Commercial Correspondent. ) Mincikg Lane, May 7, 1897. larks and prices of CEYLON COFFEE sold in Mincing re up to 7th May lx “ CJan Macintyre Wiharagalla, F, Ic 114s; ditto 1, Lb Ills ; ditto 2, 2 casks 102s. Ex “Cheshire” — Golconda, O, 1 tierce 114s; ditto 1, 1 tierce 107s. Ex “Strathsay”— Deyanilakelle, OO, 1 barrel 116s; ditto 0 1 cask 116s; ditto 1, Ic lb 108s 6d; ditto 2, lb 98s; ditto PB! lb 107s. Ex “ Shropshire”— Size 1, Oelrey, Ic Ills; size 2, 2c 103s 6d; sizes, Ic 100s; PB ditto 112s. Ex “ Clan Macintyre "—Kalupahani, F, lb 110s: 1, Ic llCs; 2, Ic 100s; S, lb 88s; PB, lb 100s. Ex “Clan MacIntyre”— Morar, Fib 120s ; 1, Ic lb 117s; 2, 2 casks 108s; S, lb lois. P B 1 tierce 122s. Ex Shropshire” — Elbedde O, 1 b 1212: do 1 2c 114s: do 2 2c lb 105b; do 3, lb 97s. PB It 121s. Ex “ Clan MacIntyre ” — Caledonia Dimboola F lb 113s; do 1 Ic 112s; do 2 Ic 106s; do 3 lb 97s. do P B lb llOs; DT lb 77s. Ravenswood 1, lb 98s; do 2 It 92s; do S lb 88s; do PB lb 96s. Mahakanda F lb 110s do 1 Ic lb 107s 6d; do 2 2c lb 103s 6d do 3 It 92; do PB 1 tierce 104s. CEYLON COCOA SALES IN LONDON. Ex “Shropshire”— HK 1, 1,1 bags 63s; ditto 2, 1 bag 41s; HK, 1 bag 46s. Ex “Clan Ogilvy”— Sanguhar, 5 bags 68s; 1 bag 46s; 1 bag 41s. Ex “Shropshire” — Yattawatte, 95 bags 75s; 2 ditto, 5 bags 47s; broken ditto.. 1 bag 48s; Ross 1, 60 bags 68s 6d; 2 ditto, .5 bags 47s; R ditto., 2ba.gs 47s. Ex “Barrister ’’—Yattawatte 1,20 bags 75s; 2 ditto, 3 bags 47 s. Ex “Motnbassa”— Dynevor, A, 97 bags 68s; C, ditto, 10 bags 34s 6d. Ex “Conch”— Eriagastenne, 1, ditto 2, 2 bags 45s 6d. Goonambil, No. 2, 2 bags 45s 6d. Ex “Shropshire”— Condulgalla, 8 bags 42s. CEYLON CARDAMOM SALES IN LONDON. Ex “Ilispania,”— Dryburgh Mysore OF 1 2c 2sl0d; do 1 do 2 2 c 2s 9d; 3c 2s 8d; do seeds do 7 Ic 3s Id. D do O F 8 in estate mark 2c 2s lid; do 1 do 9 2c 27s; 2c 2s 6d; do S do 14 Ic Is lid. Do seeds do 14 1 bag 3s. Ex “Shropshire”— Nawangalla B 3c 3s 2d; do c 2c 2s lOd; 2c 2s 9d; do CD Ic 2s 6d; do D Ic 2s 3d. Ex “ Conch”— M in estate mark Kobo Mysore S 4c 2s 4d. Ex “ Shathlay”— Delpolonoya, 3c 3s; 3c 2s 9d; 4c 2s 7d: Ic 2s Id; 3c 2s 3d. Ex “Strath tay” — Wewelmadde, A, 5c 2s 7d; ditto B, 4c 2s 3d; ditto C, Ic 2s Id; ditto E, Ic 3s Id; ditto D, lb Is lOd; ditto F, lb 9d. Galgawatte, A, Ic 2s 2d; ditto C, 1 bag Is lOd. Ex “Clan MacIntyre”— Gavatenne, Mysore, d itto B, 2c 2s Id; ditto S, Ic 2s 4d; ditto Malabar, Ic 2s 4d; ditto Mysore seed Ic 2s lid. OBSERVER PRINTING WORKS. TEA, COFFEE, CINCHONA, COCOA, AND CARDAMOM SALES, NO. 22. Colombo, June 14, 1897. I PmcE ; — 12| cents each 3 copies I 30 cents ; & copies § rupee. COLOI\IBO SALES OF TEA. Lot. Box. PkRs. Name. lb. c. 89 Moragalla 90 239 16 hf-ch bro pek 1689 42 bid 240 2U do pekoe 1700 35 bid LARGE LOTS. 93 Deniyaya 243 2 > do bro pek 22.50 36 bid 94 244 12 do pekoe 1140 29 -71,383 lb,] 98 D M R 246 20 hf-ch 1300 24 [Messrs. A H. Thompson oc co.- lot T T 254 13 ch uiias 1440 10 Lot. Box. I'ko-s. Name. lb. C. If'O T R 253 103 Tellgallekaude 25S 6 11 do do fau.s pekoe SlU 1045 10 22 4: M, in estate 116 V i 1 estate mark 4 12 ch dust 060 16 mark 268 18 do pek sou 1620 24 bid r Maiiitisiama 5 30 lif-ch bro pek 1980 32 bid 118 IP 268 61 do pek sou 5120 19 bid G 6 .51 do pek 2295 bid 120 G B 270 19 hf-ch dust 1710 18 7 7 54 d.j pek sou 2430 20 122 Morawaka 272 11 do pekoe 090 26 bid 10 Mandara Nev ’e* 41 bid 125 275 20 do or pekoe 1000 58 ra 10 6S ch bro pek 6500 127 277 34 Cll pekoe 3128 41 11 11 37 do pekoe 3330 35 bid 1-28 278 2.5 do pek sou 2375 33 30 Von'in 16 47 oh pekoe 4230 37 129 Ibex 279 ol. do bro pelc 3100 33 17 Hornsey 17 11 ch pek sou 1100 30 130 280 17 do pekoe 1G15 22 bi•> 40 do pekoe 3400 23 bid 141 291 15 do pek sou 1 42a 20 bid 23 23 39 do pek sou 3300 20 1 43 Earlstou 203 11 hf-ch dust 380 19 24 O 21 21 ch 9 bid 144 Minna 294 37 ch pek sou 3145 24 bid 1 hf-ch SOU 1935 149 Aiikande 299 16 ch bro pek 1520 31 2o -.5 37 ch fans 3367 out 1.50 300 16 do pekoe 1.230 ■22 bill 2G AVooJend 20 5 ch dust 700 I'i 154 White Cross 304 19 do br > pek 1900 29 Lavant 29 9 do bro mix 765 14 155 305 15 do liro pek 1.500 34 30 Blackwater 30 53 ch bro pek 5300 35 bid 156 300 19 do bro pek 1900 34 31 3l 13 hf-ch dust 1040 19 159 Evalg.dla 309 17 do or pek 1015 30 32 HG 32 8 ch 160 310 9 do bro pek 945 39 1 hf-ch bro mix 816 10 161 311 23 do pekoe 2185 32 35 Panwita 35 13 do bro pek 780 25 162 312 9 do pek sou 810 23 36 36 7 ch pek sou 735 15 bid 163 3i3 18 do or pek 1710 38 42 RAD 42 10 ch fOrUS ]400 17 bid 104 314 15 do bro pek 1500 39 43 YNC 43 10 lif-ch fans 750 out 165 315 23 do pekoe 2-200 30 ICO 316 14 do pek sou 1120 o? TiOt, Box. Pkgs. Name. lb, c. [Mr. E. J OHN. — -200, .m lb.] A P in estate Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. mark 155 9 ch pek fans 1260 19 1 Meerialredde 415 5 ch dust 750 20 7 Hapuftasmulla 157 15 do bro pek 1575 35 2 Gouavy 417 33 do bro pek 3366 41 9 159 19 do pek sou 1805 24 3 419 15 do pekoe 1230 34 bid 14 Koorooloealla 164 22 do bro pek 2200 35 4 421 15 do pek sou 1110 28 15 16.5 15 do pekoe 15G0 25 5 Oouoogaloya 423 28 do bro pek 2800 52 17 Yarrow 167 72 hf-ch bro pek 4032 39 6 425 20 do pekoe 1800 37 18 168 77 do pekoe 3850 34 7 Poilakaude 427 40 do bro uek 2600 45 20 Ckuwella 170 48 ch bro pek 4800 35 8 429 35 do pekoe 31,50 28 bid 21 171 41 do pekoe 4100 24 bid 9 431 25 do pek sou 2000 22 bid 22 172 12 do pek sou 4200 20 10 Otterv it Stam- 25 Atherton 175 14 hf-ch pekoe 700 27 ford liill 435 25 do bro pek 2500 46 bill 29 Morningside 179 23 ch bro pek 23001 11 437 20 do or" pek 2-21U 51 bill 30 180 12 do pekoe 1200 1 witlid n 12 439 55 do pekoe 4950 37 31 181 22 do pek sou 2200 J 39 bid 13 441 47 do pekoe 4230 34 bid 34 Arduthie 184 29 hf-ch bro pek 1450 16 A 447 40 Iif-ch orff pek pekoe 2000 withd’n 35 185 21 do pekoe 1050 34 bid 17 449 50 do 2650 42 86 186 20 do pek sou 1000 24 bid 18 Eila 451 62 ch bro pek 5580 37 37 Neuchatel 187 33 ch bro pek 2970 .38 bid 19 453 45 do pekoe 3325 26 38 188 10 do bro 01 pek 1100 33 bid 20 455 12 do pek sou 1020 23 39 189 25 do pekoe 2000 30 bid 21 Templesto'.ce 457 17 do bro org pek 1785 46 40 190 42 do pek sou 3360 25 bid 22 459 17 do org pek 1530 50 43 Annandale 193 21 hf-ch bro pek 1260 62 23 404 63 do pekoe 4505 35 44 194 16 do pekoe 896 47 24 46.3 20 do pek sou 1600 23 bid 43 California 198 11 ch 1 hf-ch j- pekoe 1150 23 25 Ivies 26 465 407 20 hf-ch 27 do bro pek pekoe 10.00 1030 44 bid 28 52 White Cross 202 14 ch bro pek 1400 34 27 469 29 do pekoe 1305 30 53 203 13 do pekoe 1235 24 bid 23 471 20 do pek .sou 8UO 24 204 8 do pek sou 720 20 30 Tientsin 475 46 do bro pek 2438 44 bid 50 Walahandua 206 32 do bro pek 3200 40 31 477 45 ch pekoe 4050 35 bid 57 207 21 do pekoe 2280 27 32 479 37 do pekoe 3145 34 bid GO E P A 210 7 do fannings 700 23 35 Mocha 485 26 do bro org pek 2730 45 bid <)1 Lyndhurst 211 58 hf-ch bro pek 3190 33 36 487 22 do org pek 1980 52 02 2H 82 do pekoe 3690 23 37 489 34 do pekoe 2890 40 63 05 213 83 do pek sou 3960 20 38 491 31 do pek sou 23-2.5 31 bid 215 9 do dust 810 19 31 J'iila 493 03 do bro pek 5670 37 bid 70 GT 220 12 ch dust 2520 20 40 495 41 do pekoe 3435 20 bid 8 hf-ch 41 407 14 do pek sou 1190 21 bid 71 Rayigam 221 31 ch bro pek 3100 41 42 499 17 do fruuiugs 1700 20 72 222 17 do pekoe 144.) 31 43 Elia 1 6 ch dust 720 20 73 223 15 do pek sou 1200 27 41 (5 F D 3 35 hf-cli f.inuincfs 2100 ■23 bid 74 224 32 do bro pek 3200 38 45 5 18 do dust 1350 19 75 225 17 do pek 1445 31 46 S F D 7 23 llf-cll congou 1035 20 76 Citrus 226 9 do bro pek 900 42 47 St. .Jo u’s 9 24 do )>ro org pek 1-296 94 77 227 15 do pekoe 13JS 27 48 11 32 do iuo pek 1664 74 80 Eepedene 2.20 41 hf-ch liro pek 2420 30 49 13 24 do pekoe 1-200 58 81 231 60 do pek 3000 23 50 15 22 do pek sou 101-2 52 82 232 50 do pek sou 2500 IS bid .51 Glasgow 17 42 ch bro org pek 315 ) 54 bid 84 Penrith 234 47 cii bro pek 4700 39 bid 52 19 17 lif-ch org pek 1020 .50 85 235 36 do pekoe 2580 3S 53 21 15 ch pekoe 14-25 45 86 236 33 do pek sou 24 54 ,\.g'ra Ouvah 23 70 hf-ch bro org pek 4550 58 CEYLON PEODUCE SALES LIST. . Box. I’kcr.s. Name. lb. C. 25 30 lif-cii org pek 1980 45 27 17 cil pekoe 1615 45 Ancboi- in es- tate mark 29 24 do bro oi’g nek 2100 55 31 18 tio org pek 1440 44 Brownlow 33 19 rto bro org pek 1900 55 bid 35 19 do org pek 1805 42 bid 37 30 do pekoe 2700 41 39 9 pek sou 783 38 H S ill es- tate mark 49 12 do souchong 1020 19 53 9 hf-ch dust 705 17 Maddasedera 55 50 ch bro pek 0320 47 57 33 do pekoe 2970 37 59 22 do pek sou 1S70 29 01 12 hf-cli bro pek fans 780 26 bid Elston 63 35 ch pek sou No.2 : 2975 24 bid Digdola 73 16 do org pek 1440 40 75 15 do pekoe 1275 31 L B K in es- tate mark 83 18 do pek sou 1980 IS 85 17 do bro mix 1700 6 bid Y B K 89 22 hf-ch bro pek 1364 34 91 34 do pekoe 1564 27 Claremont 97 40 do bro org pek 2200 35 99 16 do pekoe 1000 22 bid 101 14 do pek sou 1260 20 Keenagaha Ella 103 16 ch pek sou 1360 20 bid Pati Rajah 109 19 do bro pek 1900 44 111 18 do pekoe 1710 32 G 115 9 do fannings 1082 17 bid Gampai 117 10 do pekoe 850 28 bid 119 15 do pek son 1170 21 bid Ivanhoe 125 30 do pekoe 2700 24 bid 131 22 do pro mix 1980 15 Amttenne 133 34 hf-ch pekoe 1730 23 bid 135 22 ch pek sou 2000 21 bid 137 18 do 1 hf-ch bro pek sou I860 21 bid Glassaiigh 117 45 do bro pek 2475 59 bid 149 31 ch pekoe 2790 45 151 17 do pek sou 1445 45 Callander 153 36 lif-di bro org pek 2232 32 bid 155 34 do pekoe 1768 36 157 15 do pek sou 720 21 bid N in es- tate mark 105 30 ell pek sou 2559 20 167 14 do fannings 1684 16 bid 169 18 do pek fans 2595 18 [Messrs. Forbes & Walker.— 422,952 lb.] C. Box. rkfrs. Name. lb. C. A 1288 14 cll fans 1540 10 bid 1290 11 do mixed 948 out Killarney 1316 77 hf-ch bro or pek 4620 44 bid 1318 93 do do 5580 40 bid 1320 18 ch or pek 1440 47 bid 1322 33 hf-ch pekoe 1050 41 1324 9 ch pek sou 900 37 Walton 1328 30 do bro pek 1720 43 1328 19 do pekoe 1C64 30 Knuckles Group 1332 11 ch bro pek 1155 32 B, in estate mark 1338 6 ch dust 900 20 Condia 1342 50 hf-ch bro or pek 3000 68 bid 1344 44 do or pek. 2200 to 1346 60 do pekoe 31'S0 49 1348 IS do fats 1170 35 G B A1 1352 24 cil bro pek 2640 53 1354 27 do pekoe 2430 32 1356 15 do pek sou 1350 23 Toi aconibo 1384 24 ch or pek 2400 60 1380 17 do bro pek 2040 55 1388 52 do pekoe 5200 38 1390 10 do pek sou 900 30 Holton 1392 39 di bro pek 3705 44 1394 13 do pekoe 1235 29 Glencoe 1402 25 hf-ch bro pek 1-375 46 1404 12 ch pekoe 1080 33 1406 14 do pek sou 1260 25 Glencoe 1408 41 hf-ch bro pek 2 '55 46 1410 22 ch pek 1980 37 1112 9 do pek sou 810 26 1414 9 hf-ch dust 720 22 Gampalia 1410 30 ch bro or pek 3000 45 bid 1418 30 do or pek 2700 40 1420 23 do pekoe 2300 37 1422 10 do pek sou 900 35 1424 12 do rek fans 1080 21 Uuanwelia 1420 17 ch bro rek 1709 40 1128 40 do pekoe 3409 28 bid Krraclit 14-36 8 ch bro or pek 720 37 bid 1438 25 do bro pek 2000 51 Lot. , Box. PkffS. N.ame. lb. C. 78 1440 55 ch pekoe 3850 30 79 1442 28 do fans 2520 26 90 Clunes 1464 39 hf-ch bro or pek 2145 34 91 1466 33 do bro pek 1485 51 92 1468 25 ch pekoe 2125 26 bid 93 1470 16 do pek sou 1360 20 bid 94 1472 9 do bro tea 900 8 96 Polatagama 1476 44 do bro pek 4400 48 97 1478 27 do pekoe 2295 34 98 1480 44 do pek sou 37.0 11 99 1482 41 do pek sou No. 2 3485 23 100 1484 17 do fans 1700 30 101 1486 9 do pek fans 810 20 102 Hayes 1488 30 lif-ch bro pek 1500 39 103 1490 44 do or pek 2200 35 104 1492 59 do pekoe 2655 28 105 1494 36 do pek sou 1620 23 106 1496 18 do dust 900 20 107 Mabauva 1493 53 do bro or pek 3445 37 108 1500 75 do or pek 4500 40 bid 109 2 56 ch pekoe 5600 41 110 4 20 do pek sou 1700 35 112 Dunbar 8 461 lif-ch or pek 2070 43 113 10 53 do bro pek 2650 42 114 12 40 ch pekoe 3400 32 115 14 19 do pek sou 1520 29 116 Dunkeld 16 61 hf-ch bro or pek 3060 50 117 18 12 ch or, pek 1140 44 bid 118 20 SO do pekoe 2850 42 119 St. Heliers 22 20 1 hf-ch bro or pek 1020 43 120 24 14 ch pekoe 1200 33 127 X 38 17 hf-ch dust 1275 17 128 Jlonkswood 40 26 ch bro pek 2860 65 bid 129 42 96 hf-ch pekoe 441S 54 bid 130 44 10 ch pek sou 1000 46 131 Dev on ford 46 25 hf-ch bro or pek 1376 58 132 48 18 ch or pek 1620 47 133 50 13 do pekoe 1630 45 134 Galla watte 52 10 do bro pek 1000 35 135 54 13 do or pek 1105 33 130 Earnham EG 11 do pekoe 990 25 bid 138 60 79 hf-ch bro pek 4108 41 bid 139 62 61 do pek sou 2440 26 bid 140 64 13 do fans 910 21 144 B F B 72 11 hf-ch dust 915 18 145 W V R A 74 14 ch bro pek 1400 41 146 76 9 do pekoe 855 25 bid 147 Putupaula 78 16 do bro or pek 1840 32 148 80 66 do bro pek 6270 45 149 82 40 do pekoe 3600 ?0 160 84 19 do pek sou 1015 23 152 Rowley 88 60 hf-ch bro pek 3000 40 bid 153 Gallawatte 90 57 do pekoe 2850 28 bid 154 92 8 ch bro pek 800 35 155 94 12 do or pek 1020 33 156 Ella Oya 96 12 do pekoe 1080 26 bid 160 104 7 do bro pek 784 36 bid 161 106 23 do or pek 2208 35 162 108 26 do pek sou 1440 25 163 110 8 do pek fans 920 20 bid 164 112 5 do dust 800 16 bid 166 Carberry IIG 41 do bro pek 3690 52 167 118 30 do pekoe 2700 31 168 120 14 do pek sou 1260 25 170 Castlereagh 124 40 do bro pek 4000 42 171 126 34 do pekoe 3060 33 172 128 11 do pek sou 880 25 175 B B 134 11 1 hf-ch dust 880 17 176 M W, in estate 177 178 179 184 185 186 187 188 191 195 196 198 199 200 202 204 206 207 210 211 212 219 228 mark 136 10 ch bro pek C B 138 22 do bro pek 140 28 do pekoe O O 142 27 do sou Ingurugalla 152 0 do bro tea Arapolakande 154 38 do bro pek 156 27 do or pek 1.53 63 do pekoe 160 7 do pek sou Norwood 166 9 do pekoe Semba watte 174 28 do sou GK 176 45 do bro tea St'sted 180 61 hf-ch bro pek 182 25 do pekoe Hoptou 184 22 do pek sou 188 10 ch bro pek 192 21 do pek sou 196 17 do sou Bnnd.v-.a 198 9 do dust Eliya 204 20 hf-ch bro pek Hylton 206 14 do pekoe 208 14 ch bro pek Kirintli ami 210 15 do pekoe Woodthorjie 240 18 do bro pek 242 23 do pekoe 244 34 do pek sgu 1000 20 2200 25 bid 2520 18 bid 2160 18 720 23 3420 56 2160 35 5040 30 hid 700 20 774 23 1900 9 4050 23 3965 40 1500 30 1100 23 1100 50 1890 27 1630 21 1080 18 1120 39 bid 784 out 1400 30 bid 1200 23 bid 1890 49 2024 34 2550 25 229 230 CEYLON PEODUCE SALES LIST. S Lot. Box. Bkgs. Name. lb. c. 23C Meemora Oy; t 256 13 hf-ch bro pek 720 32 '^?,7 258 34 do pekoe 1360 25 240 Queensland 264 8 ch bro pek 806 76 241 266 10 do or pek 950 60 242 268 43 do pekoe 3655 46 243 370 13 do pek sou 1040 36 250 Taiga swfc 11a 284 35 ch bro pek 3159 38 2.54 Matale 292 53 ch bro pek 3180 35 255 294 26 do pekoe 2340 29 256 296 H do pek sou 990 27 204 Scrubs 312 17 ch bro or pek 1700 70 265 314 28 do or pek 3080 55 bid 266 316 33 do pekoe 2970 46 bid 267 318 11 do pek sou 990 44 274 Stafford 332 10 ch or pek 1100 47 275 C M, in estate mark 334 21 ch bro pek 2100 43 bid 276 D D M in estate mark 336 15 ch pekoe 1581 20 bid SMALL LOTS. [Messrs. A. H. Thompson & Co.] Lot. Box. Pko's, . Name. lb. c. 1 F H M. in est. mark 1 1 cll bro pek fau 100 19 2 2 2 ilo pek fans 200 20 3 M, in e.state mard 3 4 ch SOU 360 20 8 9 Mapitigama § 8 hf-ch 9 5 do sou dust :-:60 450 12 18 18 Hornsey 18 2 ch fans 180 19 27 Ugieside 27 2 ch dust 160 18 28 28 3 do bro mi.'t 360 18 Q Spnngwood A 33 5 ch bro tea. 460 9 34 37 34 1 cll 37 1 do bro mix bro pek 100 100 15 38 33 B 38 1 ch bro pek 110 37 39 C 39 1 5 40s 6d. '‘li .nca.shive” — Large size, Gonamotava, 5 casks 1 bar- 3s; size 1 ditto, 5 casks UKis; 4c lb lOGs; size 2 ditto, 3; PB ditto, 1 tierce 1 cask 120s Cd. “Clan Macintyre’’ — Pitarat Malle, F, lb 109s; ditto 1, ce in2s: ditto 2, Ic It 9Gs: ditto .S, lb 92s; ditto PB, fs; PEMT in estate mark, lb 75s. “Strathtay”— Goiiamotav 1, large size, Ic 110s; size 1, 105s 6d: size 2, Ic 9.’s; PB ditto, lb 109s (id: P ditto, •ce 109s Gd; X ditto, 2 bags overtaken 102s 6d. “ Strathay” — St. Andrews OO, 1 b arrel lOVs; ditto OV lOs; 1,1 tierce 9G.s, PB 1 b 108s. “ Port Chain ers”—Kew size 1, 1 T 106s; size -2.10 11 6d size .3, lb 90s; P S> lb 03s. O Roeliamuton Needwood lb loss 1 ditto Sell) 101s; 2 ditto i b 92s; PB ditto lb 1 c lid; 1 ditto 2 Ic 104s; ditto 3, Ic 92s; ditto PB )4s. YLON COCOA SALES IN LONDON. c “Clan Macintyre”— JIark Palli, 5 sea dam c 2, 4is Od tto, 95 bags 41s 6d; G sea dam. c 2. 40s Gd; 7 bags 46s k 1, Amba, 2 sea dam. c 2 46s Gd; 2 ditto, 4 bags 41s Cd; i dam. c2, 40s Cd. : “India,” 1. PrJli, 4 sea dam cl, bags 4"s Gd; 1.3 bags lam. e 2 47.s: 4 bag.s sea dam. c 3 45s Gd; 4 bags sea dam. '■ s 6d. c “.Stratlitay"— WoodthorpeandPansabenne, 29 bags ,58s. k 5IV.N IlK, in estate mark, 11 bags 41s; V, 7 bags d. Kadclla High Walton, 40 bagsGls. ( “India” — mark North .Matale, 5 sea dam. c). 3 47s Gd. owihare, A, 1 sea dam. cl. 2, 47s Gd; B, ‘25 bags 46s. teria, B, 7 bag.s 47s. i “.Shropshire” — Moegam.i, B 2 bags 46s. ; “India”— Maria, 2 sea d.am. bulked 44s Gd; 2, 2 bags Gd. K “Stratlitay” ZRB 2, 3 bags 40s; 3, 2 bags 22s Gd. K “India”— Marakona, 8 .sea dam. and rpkd 4's Cd; 2, gs 40s; 3, 2 bags 38s. Ex “Stmthtay”— Mukalane 2, 2 bags 4Gs; T, 2 bags 4Ss- I, 1 sea dam. bulked 4Ss. AmbragaUa T, 4 bag.s 48s; 2, 12 bags45s6d; T, 6 b.rgs 76s Gd; 1, 2 sea (lam. bulked 40s; 2, 2 sea dam. bulked 41s. Mey .Mulgama, 2 bags 46s Od; 6 bag.s 44s 6d. MAXM in estate mark, 3G bags 40s. KMK, 42 bags 52s. Ex “Clan Macintyre”— Beredewelle, COC Ex No. 1, 16 bags 65s; ditto Ex No. -2, 1 bag 45s; ditto 1, ‘26 ba"s 5.5s- ditto -2, 2 bags 4Gs; ditto B, 1 bag 35s; ditto T, 3 bags 3ls 6d. Ex “Stratlitay”— Beredewelle, COC Ex No. 1, 2G bags 6 s- 6 sea dam. 45s; ex No. 2, 1 bag 45s; ditto 1, 43 bags 5.5s- 6 sea dam 45s; ditto 2, 1 liag 44s; ditto B, 2 bags 3:1s; 1 sea dam. 31s; ditto X, 3 bags 36s Gd; 1 sea dam. 2Gs A, Cjenelpin, 24 bags 5Cs; B, 17 b.igs 42s Cd. Kandekelle, 15 bags 4Is. Kibreniettia and Yelloncoury, 7 bags 38s. Hylton, OO, 29 bags tSs Cd; ditto 9 bags 52s Gd; Hvl 8, 4 bags 4Gs. Xtx “Clan Maeinty e”— Suduganga, 34 bags 66s 6d; 9 bags 44s; 19 liags 41s. Warriapolla, 36 bags 70s ; 5 bags 5Gs;'"7 bags 43s; 47 b.ags 4!s Jlarankande e.staOe .A 2 7 bags 6.5s; diito B, 15 bags 62s. ditto B 2 18 bags 60s; 37 bags 65s; 2 sea dam bulked 4:3s. Ex “Stratlitay” — Bitakande Group No. 1 14 bag.s C.ls; ditto 2, 2 bags 46s Gd, .Maoiisava, AA IS bags G4s; dittii B5 bags 20s: dittuC Ibag 4'2s; Rockliill AA ;13 bags C.ls; ditto A 3 baj*s 48s; ditto 15 13 ba^?s 3os; ditto C 1 bag 41s. Ex “ Clan Macintyre”— Mark the BandarapMa Ceylon Company, Limited 1, 4 bags G5s; ditto 2, Ibag 4Ss: ditto 1, 2 bags 40s. Ex “ Stratlitary” — Xlie Baiidarapola Ceylon Company jjjinited, 2 s ‘adam Inilked 42s Gd; dRto B 2 bags 42s; ditf-o Y 2 bags 40s. epitig.illa, 71 ba,gs G-2s; Old Haloya X5 bags 60s; 2 bigs 43s : 4 iiags 4(ls. Lower Haloya 1 bag 42s; 2 b 40s. Ex “ balmorar— Kepiligalla 85 bags G5s. Gangwarily No. 1, 2 sea dam lil 1, 53s; ditto No. -2, 3 b igs 47s; ditto No. 3 1 bag 41s. Ex “ ‘.lava”- O EC ill estate mark, .Maliaberia Ceylon OK ditto 1 F 4 bags 43s; ditto 1 15 bag 5Ss, ditto 2 20 bag.s •27s. OBEC in e«tate m.-irk, Koiidesalle Cejlon OF. ditto 1 F 1 bag 45s; ditto O, 3 bags G3s; ditto D, 4 bags 43s G b Ex “ Mombassa”— T) Dynercor 10 bags 55s Od, DD ditto 2 bags 44s; B ditto 24 bags 47s 6d. Ex “ Lanc.ashire”— Kepiligalla, IS bags G3s Cd. Ex “ Java”— Gaiigaroowa X, 28 bags 67s; Maragalla A, 49 bag.s 54s; B 4 bag.s 45s. Ex “Balmoral” — Maousava Y Rockhil .A.41 7 bags 51s Cd; ditto 10 bags 5Ss 6d; ditto Cl bag 4‘2s, ditto B 13 bags 31s 6d; 30 bags G'ls Gd; ditto C 1 bag 42s; ditto B 6 b.ags 37s 6d. Ex “ India” — NG.A Kandewalla, 21 bags se*i dam and rpkd 45s; 9 sea dam and rpkd 41s Gd. Ex “ Clan Maciieil”— KR.U 2 bags 44s. CEYLON CARDAMOM SALES IN LONDON. Ex .lava”— OBEC in estate m.ark, Naranglienn. 4c 2s :3d; 4c 2s 3d: ‘2c 2s 4d; Ic 2s 3d: ditto AA & C -2s Id; Ic Is lid; ditto C ,5c Is lOd. Ditto B 3c Is Sd, le Is 9d; ditto E 1 seeds 2s 8d Nic-holaoya No. 3, -3c :'s; ditto No. 4, 5c Is Sd. Ex “Balmoral.”— Nella Bolla O, 2c 2s lOd; ‘2c 2s 9d; do 1 ‘2c 2s 7d; do 2 Ic 2s; do B 3 ic Is 8d. Do seed 2s 8d Ex “Clan Mcintyre.” — Gonawella Mysore 2, -2c -2s 2d; Ic 2s 2d; do 3 2c Is 9d; do B 2e 2s Id; do 5 4c Is 9 d. Do seed Ic 28 Sd. Ex “Java.”— Diickwari A 1, 2c 3s 3d: do B 1 2c 3s; 2c 3s Id; do G 1 5c 2s 3d; do D 1 Ic 2s 4d. Ex “Shropshire.”— Nawanagalla A 1 Ic 2s lld: do B 2c 3s. Ex “Starthtay.”— Yicarton A Ic 2s .5d; do B 2c 2s 3d. Kuril Mysore No. 1 3c 3s 3d; No. -2 2c Is lOd. Ex“Gaekwar.” — Delpotonoya 3c 2s 6d. Ex “.Stathtra.y.” -Katooloya 6c 2s 3d; Ic 2s ; do. A.A 6c •2s Gd; 4c 4s Id; do. PB, 2c Is Sd. Katooloya B, 12c Is 7d; 2c Is 8d; ‘2c l.s 9d; Gc Is Sd; do. D, 4c -2s 9d. Cottaganga, 2c 2s Gd; do. A 1, 4c 2s 2d; Ic 2s 2d; do. A 3c Is lOd; do. B 2e Is 8d; do. C, 4c Is Gd; 7c Is 7d; do. D 2c -2s 7d. Galantenne, AA, Ic 2s 11(1; do. A Ic 2s 9d; do. AB, 4c 2s 3d: 7c ‘2s 5d; .5c 2s 4d; 8c -2s. Pitakande Group, No. 1 Cc 2s 2d; 4c 2s 3d: 6c 2s 4d;do. AA :ic 2s 4d; 2c 2s Id; 2c Is lOd; le Is lOd. Kotool- oya A, tc 2s -2d do. B, 8c Is lld, do. C, 6c l.s Gd; Sc Is 7d; do. D, 2c 2s 9d. Hoolo Group, Ic 2s 4d; 2c ‘2s 1(1; do. 2, 2c 2s; Ic seed ‘2s 9d. Ex “Balmoral ’’-Kitoolinool;’,, 2e ‘2s 4d; do. AA 3c 2s 2d; do. A, ,3c Is lld; do. B, 3c Is Gd; do C, Ccl2 8d; do. D 1 seed 2s 4d. Elkadua, Sc 2s 6d; do. 1 '2c 2s ‘2d; Gc 2s 1 ; do 2, -2c Is 9d; do. B and 8 Ic IsGJ; do. seeds 2c 2s Sd; Ic 2s 7d. ( BSEIIYEK PRINXING AVORK.S. TEA, COFFEE, CINCHONA, COCOA, AND CARDAMOM SALES, NO. 23. Colombo, June 21, 1897. {Pkice : — 12| cents each 3 copies 30 cents ; 6 copies J rupee. COLOMBO SALES OF TEA. LARGE LOTS. [Messrs. A H. Thompson & Co.— 44,761 lb,] Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. c. 1 Hoin.sey 1 9 ch pek sou 9f0 25 3 Battalgalla 3 18 ch pf k sou 1800 25 4 Vogan 4 42 ch bro pek 3990 65 5 44 do peKoe 3740 35 bid 6 6 29 do pek sou 2465 29 7 20 do SOU 1500 23 11 Agra ElhecUle 11 42 hf-ch bro pek 2520 47 bid 12 12 £ 6 do pekoe 2800 41 bid 13 13 25 do pek son 1250 31 bid 14 Willesdon 14 25 ch dust 3500 18 bid 18 S 18 7 ch pek sou 735 12 bid 27 Nahaveena 24 31 do bro pek 1550 36 [M^.SSRS. Somerville & Co.— 184,395 lb.] Lot Box. Pkgs. N ame. 11), c. 1 Ederapolla 321 17 hf-ch dust 1445 17 2 Moragalla 322 15 ch bro pek 1.500 3 323 13 do pekoe 1300 28 4 324 7 do pek sou 700 22 7 Ketadola 327 7 do bro pek 784 32 bid 8 328 7 do pekoe 733 24 13 Monrovia 333 21 hf-ch bro pek 1050 34 bid 14 334 31 ch pek 945 26 335 9 do pek sou 900 19 18 Nugawella 338 2.3 hf-ch or pek 1250 43 bid 19 339 27 do bro or pek 1485 36 20 340 66 do pekoe 3300 36 21 341 9 ch pek sou 765 24 bid 23 Lonach 343 60 hf-ch bro pek 3300 48 24 344 32 ch pekoe 3040 35 23 345 14 do pek sou 1190 24 bid 26 Bogahagoda- ■watte 346 7 do bro pek 700 39 27 347 12 do pekoe 1080 24 28 348 9 do pek sou 810 21 30 Chetnole 350 8 do pek sou 800 19 32 Koladeniya 352 15 do bro pek 1470 35 bid 33 353 15 do or pekoe 1365 25 bid 34 354 17 do pekoe 1445 23 bid 35 355 20 do pek sou 1600 20 bid 37 Arslena 357 30 hf-ch bro pek 1500 44 bid 38 358 44 do pekoe 2200 36 39 359 24 do pek sou 12u0 25 43 Comar 363 28 do bro 01 pek 1540 34 bid 44 364 8 ch pekoe 800 26 51 Ingeria 371 .31 hf-ch bro pek 1550 36 52 372 28 do pekoe 1344 28 53 373 17 do pek sou 816 22 375 17 do bro mix 884 20 58 HGL 378 8 ch dust 1120 17 60 Mahatenne 3S0 35 do bro pek 3500 34 61 381 19 do pekoe 1805 23 bid 62 382 12 do pek sou 1200 20 69 Pelawatte 386 8 ch bro pek 8S0 33 bid 73 Banasinghapatna Haputale 393 35 ch or uek 3220 34 bid 74 394 30 do bro pek 3000 36 bid 75 S95 29 do pekoe 2378 31 bid 76 396 29 do pek sou 2262 24 bid 77 397 23 do bro or pek 1495 33 bid 78 398 20 hf-ch fans 13U0 20 81 Peria Kande- kett’.a 1 35 ch bro pek 4375 37 32 2 28 do pekoe 2912 28 33 3 JO do pek sou 1000 24 89 Veralupitiya 9 19 ch or pek 2090 35 bid 90 10 19 do bro pek 1710 34 bid 91 11 21 do pekoe 1765 30 92 12 28 do pek sou 2295 23 bid 96 E F in estate mark Avisawella 1 6 15 hf-ch bro pek 840 34 103 Wilpitiya 23 22 ch pek sou 1980 20 104 24 10 do bro mix 1000 11 115 L in estate mark 35 12 do bro pek 1080 32 bid 119 Deniyayaya 39 13 do bro pek 1890 37 bid 120 Kelani 40 100 hf'Ch bro pek 5000 47 121 41 45 ch pekoe 4150 29 123 43 27 hf-ch bro pe fans 1620 30 125 R in estate mark 45 8 do bro pek 800 37 Lot Box. Pkgs. N ame lb. c. 129 H W G 49 18 hf-ch bro pek 1620 32 bid 130 Arduthie 50 29 do bro pek 1450 39 bid 131 Morankinde 61 15 ch bro pek 1500 37 bid 139 Sirisanda 59 20 do bro pek 2000 46 140 60 20 do pekoe 1900 32 141 01 17 do pek sou 1445 25 150 Harangalla 70 40 do bro pek 4000 34 bid 151 71 56 do pekoe 5040 26 156 Depedene 76 04 do bro pek 5720 30 bid 1.57 77 62 do pekoe 3100 24 158 78 42 do pek sou 2100 19 163 U C 83 14 ch bro pek 1400 33 bid 164 84 20 do pekoe 2000 23 bid [Mr E. John.— 212,999 lb. ] Lot. Bo.x. Pkgs. Name. lb. c. 1 E D 169 8 ch unas.sorted 800 26 9 N P 185 27 hf-ch bro pek fan 1620 IS bid 10 187 17 hf-ch dust 1455 17 11 Alliaddy 189 24 ch bro pek 2400 42 12 191 IS do pekoe 1620 30 13 193 12 do pek sou 960 23 15 Arratenne 197 37 do bro pek 1700 35 bid 16 199 15 do pekoe 1350 30 18 Poilakande 203 27 hf-ch bro pek 1745 38 bid 33 ch 19 205 1 lif-ch pekoe 3000 27 34 ch 20 207 1 hf-ch pek sou 2785 22 21 209 19 do bro pek fans 1590 26 22 A 211 53 do pekoe 2650 41 23 213 16 ch unassorted 19-20 26 •24 Ferndale 215 16 do bro org pek 1760 61 25 217 17 do pekoe 1700 38 28 Maskeliya 2-23 2-2 do bro org pek 2-200 62 29 225 33 do or pek 3.300 50 30 227 21 do pekoe 2100 38 31 229 19 do pek sou 1900 29 33 233 17 hf-ch bro pek fans 850 25 34 Razeen 235 28 hf-ch bro pek 1344 38 bid 3> 237 37 do pekoe 1605 38 36 239 25 do pek sou I'lOO 29 40 Oxton 247 11 do pek dust 990 19 bid 41 249 24 ch dust 2920 13 bid 42 Marlborough 251 27 if-ch bro org pek 1485 54 43 253 16 ch org pek 1440 63 44 255 12 do pekoe 1020 46 46 Tientsin 259 47 )f-ch bro pek 23.50 51 47 261 45 ch pekoe 4050 35 50 Uda 267 22 hf-ch bro pek 1364 16 SI 209 21 ch pekoe 2100 21 52 Cleveland 271 36 if-ch bro pek 1800 49 bid 53 273 73 do pekoe 3650 85 bid 54 257 23 do pek sou 1035 27 bid 57 Ivies 281 29 do bro pek 1450 41 58 283 40 do pekoe 1600 -22 bid 59 285 37 do pek sou 1065 21 bid 63 Kanangama 293 26 ch bro pek 2600 33 bid 64 295 18 do nekoe 1620 22 bid 65 297 20 do nek sou ISO.I •20 bid 66 299 9 do fans 900 23 69 Gonavy 305 34 do bro pek 3604 35 bid 70 307 39 do lii'O pek 3978 35 bid 71 309 18 do pekoe 1476 34 72 311 11 do pek sou 792 27 73 Clarendon 313 23 hf-ch bro pek 1380 39 74 315 16 ch pekoe 1600 30 75 317 17 do pek sou 1530 25 83 Chapelton 333 34 do pekoe 3230 33 bid 84 335 37 do pek sou 2960 25 bid 85 337 14 do bro mix 1-260 17 89 ETK 345 14 do pekoe 103; 16 bid 90 347 21 hf-ch dust 16S0 19 92 Logan 351 33 ch bro pek 3300 37 bid 93 353 25 do pekoe 2250 33 bid 94 355 21 do ))ek sou 1890 24 bid 95 N 357 19 hf-ch dust 1425 19 101 Mocha 3P7 •26 do bro org pek 2730 54 102 36£ 31 do pek sou 2325 37 109 St. John’s 383 32 do org pek 1664 73 110 E 305 9 do dust 810 12 bid 111 G 387 20 ch pekoe 1800 35 bid 114 Blackburn 393 23 do bro org pek 2530 31 115 395 12 do bro pek 1-200 30 116 297 24 do pekoe 2400 28 117 399 28 do pek sou 3080 21 bid 120 Nahavllla 405 20 do bro pek 2100 39 bid 121 407 28 do pekoe 2800 23 bid 122 409 7 do pek sou 700 29 127 Kotuagedera 419 23 do bro pek 2300 38 CEYLON PKODUCE SALES LIST. Lot, Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. 128 421 10 ch org pek 800 129 523 26 do pekoe 2470 130 425 13 do pekoe 1235 131 427 12 do pek sou 1140 133 Elston 431 30 do pek sou No 2 2550 135 435 9 hf-ch dust 810 130 437 23 ch congou 2070 137 Birnam 439 19 do pek fou 1330 138 Dickapittia 139 441 443 34 27 do do bro F*fe pekoe 3400 2700 140 445 9 do pek sou 900 141 Glentilt 447 51 do bro pek 5355 142 449 26 do pekoe 2600 143 4.51 17 do fans 1360 144 Wliydclon 453 36 do bro pek 3960 145 455 26 do pekoe 2600 146 457 35 do pek sou 3500 [Messrs. . t'ORBES & Walker.- -506,317 Lot. Box Pkgs. Name. lb. 5 New Peacock 364 24 hf-ch pek fans 1800 11 Coreen 376 28 ch pek sou 2240 12 378 14 do pek No. 2 1260 15 Hurstpier- bn pek 750 point 384 15 hf-ch 27 Tavalamtenne 408 13 ch or pek 1430 28 410 11 do pekoe 1155 33 Amblakande 420 9 ch bro pek 900 34 422 12 do pekoe 1080 42 Middleton 438 23 hf-ch bro or pek 1265 43 440 35 do bro pek 1925 44 442 48 ch or pek 4'60 45 444 30 do pekoe 2550 40 446 15 do pekoe 1275 48 W V R A 450 32 hf-ch mix tea 2240 49 Gallawatte 452 9 ch bro pek 900 50 454 13 do or pek 1105 61 456 12 do pekoe 1080 52 Melrose 458 19 ch bro or pek 1805 53 Kirklees 460 76 hf-ch bro or pek ; 4940 54 462 27 ch or pek 2700 55 464 37 do pekoe 3700 56 466 27 do pek sou 2565 59 Pallegodde 472 28 ch bro or pek 2940 60 474 33 do bro pek 3135 61 476 28 do pekoe 2520 62 478 33 do pek sou 3135 67 Hethnsett 488 30 ch bro or pek 3150 69 492 21 do or pek 1680 70 494 13 do pekoe 1105 73 Hethevsett 500 26 ch bro or pek 2860 74 502 21 do or pek 1785 75 504 15 do nekoe 1350 78 506 11 do pek sou 880 77 Great Valley 508 15 ch bro or pek 1515 78 510 45 do pekoe 450 79 512 26 do pek sou 2340 81 1 Glencorse 516 35 ch bro or pek 3500 82 518 19 do pekoe 1710 83 520 29 do pek sou 2320 87 Thedden 528 46 ch bro pek 4600 88 530 26 do pekoe 2470 89 512 10 do pek sou 800 92 Harrington 633 31 ch or pek 3265 93 540 11 do pekoe 1100 99 Errollwood 652 9 ch bro pek 990 100 554 26 do pekoe 2210 101 6'!6 12 do pek sou ' 1020 102 Heaculla 568 43 1 lif-ch bro pek 2580 103 5)0 33 do pekoe 2475 104 532 12 do pek sou 900 105 Gallawatte 564 11 ch bro pek lU'O 106 fi36 10 do or pek 850 107 668 9 do pekoe 810 109 Middleton; 572 75 ch pekoe 6375 110 574 14 do pek sou 1190 111 115 670 C M, in estate 25 do du.st 1875 mark 584 16 ch bro pek 1600 116 586 18 do pekoe 1620 118 Condia 590 30 hf-ch pek sou 1500 119 124 Macaldeniya, 592 25 do dust 1875 Invoice No. 1 602 7 ch or pek 700 126 131 ISIaealdeniya, COO 8 do pek sou 800 Invoice No. 2 616 7 ch pek sou 700 139 Anningkande 632 34 ch bro pek 3740 140 634 24 do pekoe 2400 141 638 12 do pek SOD 1200 145 Glengariffe 644 43 hf-ch or pek 2150 146 646 21 ch pekoe 1470 147 648 42 hf-ch pek sou 2100 148 650 18 do sou 864 C. 1 Lot. Box. Pkf-s. Name. lb. C. 31 1 158 Naseby 670 29 hf- ch bro pek 1595 86 31 1 159 672 16 do pekoe 768 71 26 1 160 674 16 do pek sou 800 52 22 bid 1 166 Carfax 686 15 do bro or pek 1650 46 23 1 167 688 18 do or pek 1800 47 18 1 168 690 22 ch pekoe 2090 42 22 1 169 Letchemy 692 26 do dust 2880 19 35 1 171 Ganapalla 696 84 do bro or pek 4200 31 30 bid 1 172 698 54 do < r pek 2430 32 33 1 173 ton 60 ch pekoe 4800 23 23 bid 1 174 702 27 do pek sou 2160 21 48 bid 1 175 704 25 hf -ch bro pek fan 1500 24 41 1 176 706 9 do dust 720 18 19 bid 1 182 High Forest 718 1 68 hf-ch bro or pek 3808 38 bid 36 bid 1 183 720 74 ch do 4144 38 bid 29 bid 1 184 722 41 do or pek 2050 39 23 bid 185 724 43 hf-ch pekoe 1935 38 186 726 88 ( pek sou 3960 29 187 E. in estate 1h 1 1 mark 728 : 14 1 ::h pek sou 1120 18 ID. J 1 189 732 13 ( do du t 1950 18 C. 1 191 Hayes 736 35 hf-ch or pek 1745 31 192 738 36 do bro pek 1795 37 20 193 740 48 do pekoe 2205 27 29 bid 194 742 30 do pek sou 1345 23 36 197 Ragalla 748 6 ch fans 720 24 201 1 Galphele 756 23 hf-ch bro pek 1265 44 34 202 758 34 do pekoe 1700 36 45 1 203 760 21 do p :k sou 945 25 43 205 ; Putupaula 764 12 ch bro or pek 1440 32 33 206 766 58 do bro pek 5510 45 30 207 768 42 do pekoe 3780 27 bid 78 208 770 19 do pek sou 1520 22 55 bid 1 210 Freds Rnne 774 48 ch bro pek 4800 52 49 1 211 776 41 do pekoe 3690 34 39 212 778 19 do pek sou 1710 24 40 214 Torwood 782 18 ch bro pek 1800 42 bid 24 215 784 27 do or pek 2430 34 bid 36 216 786 17 do pekoe 1462 29 36 217 788 12 do pek sou 1032 25 28 218 790 15 do sou 1200 22 36 219 Morland 792 26 hf-ch bro pek 1300 40 40 220 794 23 ch pekoe 2300 37 48 bid 227 Weyunga- 43 watte 808 29 hf-ch bro or pek 1740 37 bid 34 228 810 36 ch or pek 3420 34 41 229 812 33 do pekoe 2805 31 56 230 814 12 do pek sou 1020 23 34 232 V'ellaioya 818 22 ch bro tea 2240 14 26 233 Beausejour 820 25 do bro pek 2260 34 45 bid 234 822 12 do pekoe 1020 24 50 239 Doonevale 832 14 ch b o pek 1260 38 41 240 834 14 do pekoe 1190 24 50 bid 242 Lochiel 838 19 ch or pek 1805 42 bid 56 243 840 11 do pekoe 880 42 48 246 CB 846 22 ch bro pek 2200 25 39 247 848 28 do pekoe 2520 22 78 251 Arapolakande 856 38 ch bro pek 3420 54 46 252 858 27 do or pek 2160 34 32 253 860 66 do pekoe 5280 27 bid 48 1 254 862 19 do pek sou 1900 23 34 256 Carlab ck 866 11 1 hf-ch pek sou 990 44 25 260 Elemane 874 15 ch bro pek 1425 39 bid 33 261 876 15 ch pekoe 1350 40 25 271 R. W. X. 896 36 ch 20 1 hf-ch pekoe 3300 18 bid 45 bid 272 898 37 ch 39 1 hf-ch pek sou 3750 11 bid 60 273 900 21 ch 47 1 hf-ch sou 1935 8 bid 39 274 Theberton 902 10 ch bro pek 1000 36 42 1 275 904 19 ch or pek 1710 42 33 276 906 29 ch pek 2610 33 24 277 908 7 ch bro mix 700 16 36 278 Ellawatte 910 33 ch bro pek 3465 36 36 279 912 43 ch pekoe 4300 20 26 280 914 14 ch pek sou 1400 19 40 bid 289 Rambodde 932 31 hf-ch or pek 1705 50 bid 30 bid 290 934 33 hf-ch pekoe 1650 41 bid 20 1 291 936 18 hf-ch pek sou 810 35 I 293 J. W. 940 21 ch 47 1 hf-ch pek 2060 21 bid 34 1 294 942 34 hf- eh pek sou 1730 19 bid 40 I 295 Denmark Hill 22 F. A. 944 : 15 ch bro or pek 1575 51 1 297 918 12 ch or pek 960 49 43 bid 1 301 Denmark Hill 33 S A. 956 16 ch bro or pek 1760 54 bid 1 302 958 11 ch or pek 1045 56 35 303 960 9 ch pekoe 810 48 41 312 Walpita 978 8 ch pekoe 800 31 32 317 B. B. B. 988 37 hf-ch pek sou 1880 12 bid 24 318 Geragama 990 25 ch bro pek 2500 41 bid 35 bid 319 992 i 20 1 ch pek 1800 28 30 bid 1 320 994 : 16 i ch pek sou 1400 22 - 22 1 325 M. 1004 11 ch pek 935 10 bid 19 J 327 Ingrogalla 1008 31 ch bro pek 3100 41 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. C 328 1010 35 ch pek 3150 37 3?9 1012 34 ch pek sou 3060 23 bid 330 I. N. G. 1014 10 hf ch dust 750 20 331 1016 9 ch bro pek fans 900 24 333 Oxford 1020 14 hf-ch bro or pek 700 40 bid 334 1022 70 ch bro pek 7000 37 bid 335 1024 15 ch pek 1275 31 bid 343 Ookoowatte 1040 11 ch bro pek 1100 32 bid 353 Pambagama 1060 41 hf-ch dust 3895 17 355 Tymawr 1064 63 hf-ch bro pek 3150 50 bid 356 1066 44 hf-ch pek 1980 43 357 1068 67 hf-ch pek sou 3015 35 bid 358 1070 17 hf ch br pek dust 1190 20 359 1072 21 hf ch sou 1050 20 360 1074 25 hf-ch bro pek 1250 50 bid 361 1076 53 hf-ch pekoe 2385 37 bid 302 1078 12 hf-ch dust 900 18 [Messrs Lot. SMALL LOTS. . A. H. Thompson & Co.] Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. c. 2 Hornsey 2 6 ch fans 510 18 8 D 8 5 ch SOU 478 9 bid 15 Radaga 15 2 hf-ch bro pek 100 23 16 16 3 do pekoe 150 18 17 17 2 do pek sou 100 10 26 Dikmukalana 26 4 do red leaf 200 8 bid 28 Nahaveena 28 9 do pekoe 450 36 [Mr. E. John.] Lot. Box. Pkg.. Name lb. c. 2 E D 171 1 ch SOU 96 16 3 Farm 173 4 hf-ch dust 340 19 14 Allidday 195 2 do dust 200 17 17 Arratenne 201 7 do pek sou 560 25 26 Ferndale 219 6 do pek sou 600 23 bid 27 221 4 hf-ch dust 320 20 32 Maskeliya 231 4 ch SOU 400 21 Bazeen 241 2 hf-ch fans 120 23 38 243 1 do dust 88 17 39 245 2 do 6 ch bro tea 90 14 45 KPT 257 1 hf-ch unassorted 660 19 48 Tientsin 263 4 ch pek sou 360 24 49 265 3 hf-ch pek fans 240 31 55 Cleveland 277 4 do dust 280 21 56 279 4 do red leaf 200 8 60 Ivies 287 5 do fans 325 22 61 289 4 do dust 300 18 62 201 8 do congou 320 14 67 Kanangania 3Ui 3 ch fans 240 15 68 303 4 do dust 560 18 76 Clarendon 819 3 hf-ch pek dust 240 18 77 K N A .321 6 ch bro mix 636 17 86 Chapelton 339 7 do dust 595 17 87 Tallagalla 341 1 ch bro mix 110 18 88 343 5 hf-ch dust 350 19 91 E T K 349 9 do fans 585 18 112 Hantane 389 2 hf-ch bro tea 146 12 113 391 2 do dust 170 17 118 BB 401 1 ch bro tea 92 '8 119 403 4 do dust 600 19 123 Nahavilla 411 2 hf-ch dust 180 17 124 G 413 1 do pek sou 54 12 125 415 2 do red leaf 116 8 126 417 2 do dust 140 17 13 1 Galloola 429 0 ch dust 500 17 134 Elsson 433 5 hf-ch bro mix 350 23 [Messrs. Somerville & Co.] Lob. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. C. 5 Moragalla 325 5 ch pelc fans 560 19 6 E Ain estate mark 326 1 do mix 112 10 9 Ketadola 329 7 do pekoe sou 665 20 10 330 1 do sou 93 14 11 331 1 do bro pek dust 142 18 12 332 1 do pek dust 121 12 16 Monrovia 336 5 do fannings 500 13 17 337 2 do pek dust 270 17 22 Nugawella 342 6 hf-ch dust 450 20 29 Bogahagoda- ■B'atte 349 4 ch fannings 440 16 31 Chetnole 351 5 hf-ch dust 375 17 36 Koladeniya 356 4 ch bro tea 504 18 40 Arslena 360 13 hf-ch dust 650 19 41 T C A 361 6 ch unas 660 35 42 Yellatenne 362 8 hf-ch unas 4U0 20 Lot. Box. Pk^s . Name. lb. C. 45 Comar 365 2 ch pekoe No. 2 200 22 46 366 1 hf-ch dust 75 17 47 L 367 8 do dust 680 18 48 368 5 ch bro mix 475 9 49 W 369 1 do dust 130 17 50 Irex 370 2 do dust 200 18 54 Ingeriya 374 10 do pek fans 600 26 bid 55a 375a 1 do b o mix 52 11 56 376 3 do dust 231 17 57 H GL 377 4 ch sou 400 16 59 L Q 379 7 hf-ch dust 490 17 bid 63 Mahatenne 383 1 ch dust 100 17 70 Pelawatte 390 4 do pekoe 420 22 71 391 5 do pek sou 500 19 72 392 1 do sou 70 15 79 R 399 5 do dust 450 1 withd’n 80 400 4 do fans 280/ 84 Peria Kande- kettia 4 5 do sou 550 20 85 5 7 do dust 5-?5 19 86 D G 6 7 do bro tea 595 12 87 7 5 hf-ch dust 450 18 88 8 10 hf-ch fans 650 21 93 Veralupitiya 13 7 ch bro mix 490 20 94 14 4 do dust 360 17 95 HT 15 1 hf-ch pekoe sou 41 19 97 F F in est. mark Avisawella 17 8 do pekoe 432 22 98 18 7 do pek sou 322 20 99 19 7 do bro pek fans 420 20 100 29 3 do dust 270 U 101 Wilpita 21 6 ch bro pek 630 37 102 22 6 do pekoe 540 24 105 25 1 do dust 155 16 106 Kurunduwatte 26 5 do bro pek 500 27 107 27 8 do pekoe 270 20 108 28 5 do pek sou 400 19 109 29 2 do 1 hf-ch sou 205 8 no 30 1 ch fannings 75 13 111 31 1 do dust 75 17 112 XXX 32 1 hf-ch bro pek 50 27 113 33 2 do pek 69 20 114 34 1 do dust 78 17 122 Kelani 42 6 ch pek sou 540 23 124 44 5 do pek fans 275 22 126 B in est. mark 46 4 ch pekoe 360 23 126a 46a 2 do pek a 180 22 127 47 2 hf-ch pek sou 100 20 128 48 4 do bro pek fans 2 to 22 132 Bug 52 1 hf-ch bro pek 50 38 133 53 1 ch pekoe 80 23 134 54 1 do pek sou 80 19 135 A in est. mark 55 2 hf-ch bro pek 100 36 136 56 3 ch pekoe 285 25 137 57 5 do pek sou 400 20 138 58 1 if-ch fans 50 20 142 Sirisanda 62 1 ch fans 77 18 143 63 1 do congou 84 14 144 64 3 do dust 460 18 145 65 1 if-ch bro mix 31 8 152 Raxawa 72 8 do dust 640 19 153 73 2 do sou 100 14 159 Depedene 79 3 do dust 240 18 160 Eriacolla 80 5 ch bro pek 450 30bid 161 81 5 do pekoe 400 20 162 82 2 do pek sou 130 out 165 U C 85 6 do pek sou 570 20 166 86 1 do dust 136 16 167 Rothes 87 10 hf-ch bro pek 600 59 168 88 10 do pekoe 500 50 169 89 10 do pek sou 550 29 bid 170 90 2 do fans 132 25 bid 171 91 7 ch pek sou 630 18 bid 172 92 3 do sou 240 out [Messrs. Forbes & Walker.] Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. C. 2 W, in estate mark 358 4 ch pekoe 400 25 3 360 1 do red leaf 100 8 4 New Peacock 362 2 hf-ch bro mix 100 9 6 Kakiriskande 366 1 hf-ch pekoe 50 25 7 K H L 368 3 ch pek fan 390 26 8 370 3 do d s 510 17 9 372 3 do bro mix 285 12 10 374 1 hf-ch do 58 11 13 Coreen 380 4 ch dust 600 20 14 382 3 do fans 390 25 16 Hurstpier- point 386 10 hf-ch pekoe 495 23 17 388 9 do pek sou 98 15 18 390 1 do dust 62 16 19 392 1 do red leaf 50 8 29 Tavalam- tenne 412 1 ch unas 74 26 I CEYLON PEODUCE SALES LIST. Lot . Box. Pksfs. Name. lb. C. 30 414 1 ch dust 140 19 31 416 1 do congou 100. 20 32 Amblakande 418 7 do bro or pek 695 23 38 : KKGH 480 , '0 hf-ch bro pek 500 36 39 432 8 do pekoe 400 32 40 434 : 11 do pekoe sou 550 21 41 436 3 do sou 150 19 67 : Kirklees 4C8 3 ch pek fans 330 25 58 470 6 do du.st 570 20 68 Hethersett 490 1 ch bro pek 120 30 bid 71 496 7 ch pek sou 525 39 72 498 3 hf-ch pek fans 255 20 80 Great Valley 614 3 hf-ch pek fans 180 43 84 Glencorse 522 1 ch pek fans 146 20 85 624 1 do do 137 20 86 526 1 do dust 170 18 90 Thedden 534 1 ch sou 110 9 91 536 2 do dust 300 18 94 Harrington 642 2 ch pek sou 180 30 95 544 2 do dust 320 18 96 K W D, in estate m rk 546 1 hCch dust 76 14 97 CNN 548 2 ch bro pek 200 39 98 550 3 do pekoo 270 34 108 Galla watte 570 2 ch pek sou 200 21 112 G 578 2 ch sou 170 15 113 580 2 do pek dust 290 18 114 582 1 do bro pek 64 29 117 C M, in estate mark 588 2 ch dust 260 18 123 Macaldeniya, Invoice No. 1 606 3 hf-ch bro pek 180 52 125 604 5 ch pekoe 600 40 127 600 1 hf ch dust 80 23 128 M acaldeniya. Invoice No. 2 610 3 ch 1 hf-ch bro pek 390 49 129 612 5 ch or pek 500 47 130 614 6 do pekoe 600 39 132 618 1 do 1 hf-ch sou 150 20 133 620 2 do dust 160 19 134 622 1 ch bro tea 100 9 135 P.S.in estate mark 624 3 box or pek 100 45 136 626 6 do bro pek 1.50 50 137 628 3 do pekoe 85 36 138 630 2 do pek sou 60 28 142 Anningka nde 638 7 hf-ch dust 525 18 143 640 6 ch congou 600 19 144 Glengariffe 642 7 hf-ch bro or pek 427 34 bid 149 652 11 do red.'e f 550 8 150 654 6 do bro pek dust 450 19 151 658 4 do dust 300 18 152 Gona, in estate mark 658 1 ch pek sou 65 19 170 Letchemy 694 2 hf-ch bro mix 100 7 188 B, in estate mark 730 5 ch bro mix 475 9 190 734 5 do red leaf 450 8 195 Pingarawa 744 5 hf-ch dust 450 18 196 RagaUa 746 2 ch bro mix 240 22 198 750 4 hf ch dust 360 17 199 Rangwela 752 3 ch red leaf 278 8 200 764 2 do congou 180 12 204 Galphele 762 5 hf-ch fans 300 24 209 Putupaula 772 4 ch dust 580 18 213 WA 780 1 ch bro mix 110 9 221 Morland 796 6 ch pek sou 600 24 222 798 1 hf ch fans 60 IS 223 800 2 do dust 160 19 224 802 1 ch red leaf 80 9 225 Peacock Hill 804 3 hf-ch bro mix 135 9 220 806 9 do pek fans 675 18 231 Weyunga- watte 816 3 hf-ch dust 3,55 17 235 Beausejour 824 3 ch fans 200 19 236 826 5 do do No. 1 6(0 21 237 828 6 do do No. 2 420 19 238 830 2 do dust 280 18 241 Lochiel 836 9 hf-ch bro or pek 522 46 bid 244 842 1 ch pek sou 85 24 246 844 1 do dust 140 IS 255 Arapolakande 864 4 ch dust 460 17 257 Carlabeck 868 6 hf-ch bro pek fans 480 30 bid 258 Dromoland 876 2 ch bro or pek 194 36 259 872 1 do pekoe 96 22 262 Elemane 878 3 ch pek sou 270 23 J63 880 1 ch fans 100 19 204 Condia 882 3 ch dust 300 14 bid 281 Ellawatte 916 5 hf-ch dust 450 18 282 L. N. S. in estate mark 918 1 hf ch broken pek 37 29 283 920 1 hf-ch pek sou 96 20 284 922 1 hf-ch dust 63 19 292 Rambodde 938 2 hf-ch dust 180 18 296 Denmark Hill F. A. 946 1 ch bro pek 120 33 Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. C. 298 950 6 ch pek 510 46 299 952 4 ch pek sou 300 39 300 954 1 hf-ch pek fans 85 20 304 Denmark Hill S. A. 962 6 ch pek sou 480 40 311 Walpita 976 4 ch bro pek 400 44 313 980 6 ch pek sou 600 19 314 M. 982 1 ch fannings 110 17 326 1006 3 ch fannings 225 10 bid 332 I. N. G. 1018 c ch red leaf 500 8 336 Oxford 1026 7 ch pek sou 525 25 bid 337 1028 6 hf-ch tine dust 430 18 bid 338 P. 1030 1 hf-ch bro pek 65 35 339 M. 1032 1 hf-ch bro pek 64 34 .340 1034 3 hf-ch pekoe 169 32 341 C. B. D. 1076 4 ch dust 400 19 342 1038 3 ch red leaf 300 9 344 Ookoo watte 1042 6 ch orange pek 510 rs 345 1044 6 ch pekoe 540 26 346 1046 7 ch pek sou 630 23 347 1048 8 hf-ch bro mixed 480 16 3i8 1050 5 hf-ch dust 450 16 349 1052 2 hf-ch red leaf ISO 8 350 C 1054 3 ch 1 hf-ch red leaf 2.30 9 363 Morla 0.31 3 ch ,j: 5 I ) 300 28 CEYLON COFFEE SALES IN LONDON. (From Our Commercial Correapondenl) Mincing Lane, May 28, 1897. Marks and prices of CEYLON COFFEE sold in Mincing Lane up to 28th May : — Ex “Staffordshire”— Keenakelle, A, Ic 102s; ditto B, 3c 94s; ditto C, Ic 84s; ditto PB, It 94s. Ex “Bohemia” — Wiharaguraa, OO, 9 bags 54s, ditto 1, 3b 35s; 2b 44s; ditto PB. Ex “Cl.an Stewart” - Maneapoya, 1 sweepings 33s. Ex “Dictator” — Size 1, Arapitiyakande, Ic 107s; size 2 ditto, 2c I03s; size 3, lb 91; PB ditto, lb 110s. Ex “ Port Chalmers”— Size 3 Thotull % Galla, Ic lb 107s Size 2 ditto, 4c 101s ; Size 3 ditto, lb 91s ; P B ditto, Ic 100s. Chatsworth Ic 102s, ditto 2, Ic lb 94s 6d ; ditto S, Ic 90s; Pillawatte S, oc 88s. Ex “ Shropshire” — Kotmalie OO, 2c 70s 6d; ditto 2, Ic lb 43s. CEYLON COCOA SALES IN LONDON. Ex “Port “Chalmers”— No. 1, KK in estate mark, 22 bags 54s 6d; 15 sea dam. and rpkd. 46s; K inesfate mark, 8 bags 45s; KKVI in estate mark, 20 bags 42s 6d; 13 bags 42s; KMK, 8 bags 9s 6d. Ex “Clan Chisholm” — NN in estate mark 21 bags 42s 6d; 1 sea dam. and rpkd. 38s; MM in estate mark 11 bags 30s. Ex “Rewa”- 1, Yattawatte, 62 bags 66s 6d; 2 ditto, 4 bags 41s 6d. Ex “BaiTister’ — 1, Yattawatte, 29 bags 66s. Ex “Staffordshire” — Asgeria, A, 31 b.igs 66s; 2 sea dam. and rpkd. 45s. Ingurug.alle, 1 sea dam. bl 3 45s; ditto T, 1 bag 36s. Ex “Clan Chisholm’ —HDPS in estate mark, 5 bags 43s; P ditto, 13 bags 34s. Ex “Dictator” — Kepitigalla, 15 bags 6is; 27 bags 46s. Ex “Gaekwar”— Kepitigalla, 15 bags 46s. Ex “Banffshire” — L. Galla, 9 bai;S 50s. Ex “Balmoral”— Udapolla G, 5 bags 40s; ditto pieces 1 bag 37s. Ex “ Gaekwar” — Medagodda 2, 1 bag 45s; Hylton OO, 2 sea dam 44s 6d; Hylton S, 2 bags 44s; ditto B 5 bags 33s 6d. Ex “ City of Cambridge” — O B K in estate mark, Konde- salle Ceylon 1 F, 1 packet 4.5s 6d: ditto O, 1 bag 48s; ditto D, 1 bag 45s 6d; ditto B, 1 bag 35s; ditto G, 1 bag 25s. Ex “ India”— War No. 1 LBC, 8 bags 48s; ditto No. 1 DBG, 1 bag 47s; ditto B, 2 bags 30s; 1 sea dam rpkd 22s. Ex “ Clan Cameron”— MAXM, in estate mark, estate cocoa, 30 bags 64s; 3 sea dam and rpkd 40s 6d; NN in estate mark, 5 sea dam rpkd 40s 6d. Ex “Strathtay”- Boseberns Sanquhar 11 bags. 51s. Ex “ Java”— Eriagastenne B, 2 bags 40s Od. CEYLON CAEDAMOM SALES IN LONDON. Ex “Strathtay”— Nawanagalla, A 1, 2c 3s 6d; ditto B 1, 2c 3s 2d; 4o 3s Id; ditto D 1, Ic 2s 2d. Ex “Java”— Gonawella, Mysore, O, Ic 3s Id; 3c 2s 9d; ditto 2, 2c 2s 4d; ditto 3, Ic Is lid. Nicholaoya No. 2, 6c; 2s 3d. OBSERTGR PRINTING VTORKS. TEA, COFFEE, CINCHONA, COCOA, AND CARDAMOM SALES, NO. 24. Colombo, July 5, 1897. Price : — 12J cents each 3 copies 30 cents ; 6 copies J rupee. COLOMBO SALES OF TEA. Lot. Box Pkgs. N ame lb. c. 63 83 33 ch pekoe 2970 21 bid LOTS. 64 85 36 do pek sou 2880 21 LAKtlli; 65 Agra Ouvah 87 73 hf-ch bro or pek 4745 64 66 89 39 do or pek 2145 50 67 91 14 ch pekoe 1330 45 [Messrs. A H. Thompson & Co.— -72,583 lb,l 68 Bondura 93 39 hf-ch bro pek 2340 34 Lot. Box Pkgs. Name. lb. c. 69 70 95 97 17 11 ch do pekoe pek sou 1360 770 27 21 1 Os.slngton 1 11 ch bro pek 1100 36 73 103 26 hf-ch bro pek 156 ) 49 2 2 13 do peKoe 1300 25 74 105 25 ch pekoe 2500 31 3 3 10 do pek sou 1000 22 75 107 13 do pek sou 1170 23 7 Vegan 7 35 ch bro pek 3325 50 79 Alliady 115 24 do bro pek 2400 37 8 8 35 do pekoe 2975 35 bid 80 117 17 do pekoe 1530 30 9 9 29 do pek sou 2465 28 81 119 12 do pek sou 960 23 10 10 23 do dust 1610 19 82 Mocha 121 32 do bro or pek 3360 50 bid 11 V ogan 11 24 ch bro pek 2280 52 bid 83 123 20 do or pek 18U0 50 12 12 21 do pekoe 2160 34 bid 84 125 34 do pekoe 2890 43 13 13 20 do p< k sou 1700 28 bid 85 127 24 do pek sou 1920 38 16 Battalgalla 16 18 ch pek sou 1800 23 86 129 18 do fans 2430 25 17 17 12 do fans 1020 18 87 Lameliere 131 35 do bro pek 3675 46 18 Ho nsey 18 ch pek sou 3100 24 88 133 36 do pekoe 3150 40 23 Battalgalla 23 14 ch pek sou 1400 26 89 135 31 do pek sou 2635 28 26 Promore 26 20 ch bro pek fOOO 45 bid 91 St. John’s 139 30 hf-ch bro or pek 1800 82 bid 27 27 23 do pekoe 2300 33 bid 92 141 35 do or pek 1820 68 bid 28 28 17 do pek .sou 1700 35 93 143 28 do pekoe 1568 46 bid 31 Warwick 31 10 hf-eh dust 800 19 94 145 17 do pek fans 1360 35 32 B &D 32 17 ch dust 2550 16 bid 95 Eila 147 71 ch bro pek 6390 36 bid 33 Mahaousa 33 11 ch jiekoe 1045 33 96 149 ot do pekoe 4845 24 bid 35 Hooloo Gvo p 35 1 4 hf-ch dust 1120 15 97 151 22 do pek sou 1870 22 bid 38 Ranawela 38 8 ch bro pek 840 42 bid 98 153 8 do fans 800 21 39 39 10 do pekoe 880 30 bid 99 155 7 do dust 840 17 40 40 14 do pek sou 1050 24 bid 100 Temple.stowe 157 12 do bro or pek 1260 out 45 Manickwatte 45 10 ch or pek 1440 29 bid 101 159 23 do or pek 2070 44 bid 46 46 12 do bro nek 1320 35 bid 102 161 49 do pekoe 4165 40 bid 47 47 12 do pekoe 960 23 bid 103 163 15 do pek sou 1200 25 bid 49 49 10 do dust 1200 15 bid 104 Ivies 165 5 do dust 700 17 51 St. Leonards on 106 169 20 hf-ch bro pek 1000 44 bid Sea 51 24 ch bro pek 2400 35 107 Allington 171 14 ch bro pek 1400 out 52 52 VI do pekoe 10^0 23 bid 108 173 14 do pekoe 1260 21 bid 62 N 62 7 ch pek sou 735 out 109 BK 175 11 do pek sou 1100 19 64 KP 64 15 do pek sou 1416 20 bid 116 189 28 hf-ch dust 2604 18 67 Belugas 67 13 ch dust 1560 15 bid 117 Koslande 191 24 do bro or pek 2040 36 bid 68 Eatnatenne 68 13 hf-ch bro or pek 715 25 bid 118 193 11 do or pek 990 40 bid 75 B W 75 8 ch bro pek 800 out 119 195 17 do pekoe 1530 32 76 76 18 do pekoe 1620 out 120 197 17 do pek sou 1530 24 122 123 [Me . E. John.- -280,364 lb.] mark 201 203 34 hf-ch 11 do pek sou pekifans 1730 990 21 bid 18 bid Lot. Box Pkgs Name. lb. c. 124 126 Clontarf 205 2C9 8 20 do do dust pek sou 960 1000 14 bid 27 bid 1 CN 459 10 ch bro tea 1000 8 bid 128 Meeriatenne 213 22 do bro pek 1100 out 3 N B 463 10 do SOU 850 21 bid 129 215 34 do pekoe 1530 24 bid 4 465 17 hf-ch dust 1360 18 131 Oakfield 219 18 ch bro pek 1980 out 5 Chapelton 467 30 ch pekoe 2850 29 bid 133 223 23 do pekoe 2024 30 bid 6 469 38 do pek sou 3040 28 134 225 12 do pek sou 936 22 bid 19 H S, in estate 135 0 9,9,7 14 hf-ch pek fans 910 20 bid mark 475 13 do SOU 1040 18 130 922 8 ch dost 12-24 15 14 Maddagedei'a 485 54 do bro pek 6130 36 bid 138 NO 233 6 do dust 760 12 bid 15 487 25 do pekoe 2250 28 bid 139 235 11 do pek sou 935 11 16 489 IS do pek sou 1530 21 bid 141 D N D, in est. 17 491 15 do bro pek fans 975 21 bid mark 239 26 do SOU 2080 25 22 Vincit 1 9 do bro pek 900 35 142 241 14 lif-ch fans 840 20 24 5 7 do pekoe 700 27 145 ETK 247 21 do dust 1680 18 bid 25 7 7 do pek sou 700 21 146 Glasgow 249 70 ell bro or pek 5250 out 27 Oonoogaloya 11 27 do bro pek 2700 51 147 251 30 do or pek 1800 41 bid 28 13 22 do pekoe 1980 27 bid 148 253 20 do pekoe 1900 37 29 15 26 do pek sou 2340 23 150 XXX 257 11 hf-ch sou 780 9 bid ■30 17 13 do fans 1560 27 152 261 11 ch dust 1665 16 31 Warleigh 19 13 do bro or pek 1300 33 bid 153 Anchor, in 32 21 22 do or pek 1870 34 mark 263 35 hf-ch bro or pek 1925 55 33 23 24 do pekoe 1920 25 bid 164 265 21 do or pek 1050 48 34 Theresia 25 9 do pek sou 855 38 155 267 18 ch pekoe 1800 37 36 Claremont 29 37 hf-ch bro pek 2035 37 156 Digaraa 269 26 do bro or pek 2865 24 bid 37 31 8 ch pekoe 800 27 157 271 18 do bro pek 1980 34 40 Orange Field 37 7 do bro pek 700 33 158 273 41 do pekoe 37-20 23 bid 41 39 35 do pekoe 3030 21 bid 1.59 275 22 do pek sou 2061 21 45 Marguerita 47 28 hf-ch bro pek 1820 out 160 277 11 hf-ch fans 910 21 bid 46 49 38 do pekoe 2128 27 bid 161 279 11 ch dust 1620 16 47 51 31 do pek sou 1736 22 bid 166 D, in est mark 289 9 do bro pek 895 34 48 Ferndale 53 12 ch or pek 1140 39 bid 173 Eadella 303 15 do bro pek 1500 3‘> bid 49 55 20 do pekoe 1800 36 bid 174 305 14 do pekoe 1260 27 bid 50 57 10 do pek sou 850 26 bid 175 307 10 do pek sou 800 21 bid 51 Bondura 69 30 do OTO pek 3150 34 176 QN 309 24 do pek sou 2360 14 62 61 22 do pekoe 1870 27 178 A 313 30 hf-ch pekoe 1500 37 bid 63 63 11 do pek sou 770 22 179 Elston 315 35 ch pek sou No 2 -2975 22 66 Agra Ouvah 69 72 hf-ch bro org pek 4680 56 182 Poilakande 321 16 hf ch bro pek 1040 46 67 71 3t do or pek 2090 43 bid 183 323 14 ch pekoe 1260 31 68 73 16 ch pekoe 1520 38 bid 184 325 10 do pek sou 800 22 69 75 18 do pek sou 1710 30 bid 185 Brownlow 327 30 do bro or pek 3000 50 bid 60 77 22 do pek fans 1804 23 bid 186 329 38 do or pek 3610 40 bid 61 79 7 do dust 707 19 bid 187 331 20 do pekoe ISOO 37 bid ■62 Eadilla SI 28 do bro pek 2800 31 bid 188 333 IS do pek sou 1530 33 bid CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name lb. C. 190 337 12 ch pek fans 816 20 195 Alnoor 347 60 hf-ch bro pek 3000 out L96 349 23 do pekoe 1150 23 bid 197 351 14 ch pek sou 1120 20 bid 198 Murraythwalte 353 35 do bro pek 3500 34 bid 199 355 27 do pekoe 2160 23 bid [Messrs. Forbes & Walker.— 869,969 lb.] 1 Lot. Box. FI cgs. Name. lb. C. i 4 S in estate 1 1 marii 1088 34 hf-cli dust 2890 22 15 Yatiyana 1110 19 hf-ch pekoe 988 20 i 17 Doranakande 1114 10 ch bro pek 1000 37 1 18 1116 9 do pekoe 810 30 1 19 1118 9 do pek sou 765 22 1 22 1124 11 do bro or pek 1100 36 bid 23 A A, in estate 1 mark 1126 7 ch bro or pek i fans 772 21 1 24 1128 9 do or pek dust 1308 18 ! 27 Battawatta 1134 29 ch bro pek 2900 47 1 29 1138 31 ch pekoe 3100 36 30 1140 18 ch pek sou 1800 26 1 33 Dammeria 1146 79 ch bro or pek 8690 38 bid 34 1148 74 do pek 7400 35 ; 36 1152 10 do dust 950 18 ' 38 Battawatte 1156 107 ch bro pek 10700 35 bid 39 1158 13 do or pek 1300 35 bid 40 1160 48 do pekoe 4800 34 41 1162 25 do pek sou 2500 24 i 42 Pallagodde 1164 25 ch bro or pek 2625 out • 43 1186 29 ch bro pek 2755 55 1 41 1168 25 ch pek 2250 32 45 1170 26 ch pek sou 2470 26 1 46 Galkadua 1172 24 ch bro pek 2400 36 i 47 1174 21 do pekoe 2100 23 1 48 1176 13 do pek sou 1300 21 51 T B 1182 9 ch dust 900 17 1 53 1186 13 do congou 975 10 1 64 St. Heliers 1188 22 hf-ch bro or pek 1122 46 65 1901 19 ch pekoe 1710 34 57 Stafford 1194 11 ch or pek 1210 42 59 1198 14 do pekoe 1330 38 64 Patiagama 1208 14 do bro pek 1540 42 1 65 1210 17 do or pek 1615 43 i 66 1212 28 do pekoe 2520 36 67 1214 12 do pek sou 1200 25 1 69 Queensland 1218 8 ch bro pek 800 71 1 70 1220 10 do or pek 950 50 1 71 1222 40 do pekoe 3400 40 1 76 Rock side 1232 24 ch bro pek 2640 34 77 1234 19 ch pekoe 1900 28 1 78 1236 16 ch pek sou 1600 24 79 1238 13 ch bro mixed 13C0 13 i 80 1240 8 ch bro pe fans 1040 21 81 1242 11 ch dust 1650 18 82 Fetteresso 1244 24 hf-ch bro or pek 1320 87 83 1246 25 do bro pek 1500 70 84 1248 24 do or pek 1200 68 86 1250 22 ch pekoe 1980 58 86 Amblakande 1252 9 ch bro pek 900 35 87 1254 12 do pekoe 1080 26 88 1256 9 do pek sou 900 22 91 C. M. in estate mark 1262 54 hf-ch bro pek 3240 51 92 1264 37 do pekoe 1850 40 97 Ragalla 1274 6 ch fans 720 20 99 Knavesmire. Invoice No. 11 1278 25 ch bro pek '2625 36 bid 100 1280 56 do pekoe 5040 27 bid 101 1282 30 do pek sou 2400 21 bid 102 Knavesmire Invoice No. 12 1284 22 ch bro pek 2310 36 bid 103 1286 40 do pekoe 3600 28 bid 104 1288 22 do pek sou 1760 21 bid 108 Galapita- kande 1296 26 ch bro pek 2730 38 109 1298 37 do pekoe 3700 24 110 1300 9 do pek sou 900 20 112 Allagalla 1304 10 ch bro mix 750 26 113 1306 17 hf-ch dust 1445 20 114 Passara Group 1308 34 ch bro pek 3400 44 115 1310 32 do pekoe 2880 36 116 1312 20 do pek sou 1800 32 118 1316 10 do sou 900 21 122 Ireby 1324 56 hf-ch bro pek 3360 48 123 1326 20 do pekoe 1800 44 124 1328 11 do pek sou 990 39 126 Pansalaten- ne 1332 7 ch fans 770 23 129 Barkindale 1338 40 hf-ch bro pek 2400 39 bid 130 13i0 16 ch pekoe 1568 31 bid 133 Sunnycroft 1340 14 ch pek sou 1400 25 Box. Pkf.s. Name, lb. C, Massena 1352 34 hf-ch or pek 1700 42 1354 20 do pekoe 10:0 31 Killarney 1358 1' ch or pek 1280 52 1360 57 hf-ch bro pek 34-20 41 1362 22 do pekoe 1100 40 Bargany 1364 41 hf-ch bro pek 2-255 53 1366 26 ch pekoe 234.) 38 1368 10 do pek sou 900 33 Dammeria 1376 83 ch bro or pek 9130 40 1378 84 do pekoe 8400 36 1382 11 do dnst 990 18 Hayes 1384 31 hf-ch or pek 1399 29 1386 28 do bro pek 1403 37 H 1383 31 do f ek 1396 25 1390 29 do pek sou 1315 21 Hayes 1392 20 hf-cli or pek 900 38 1394 14 do bro pek 700 39 1396 63 do pekoe 2835 29 1398 58 do pek sou 2610 24 1400 16 do dust 800 18 Dea Ella 1406 43 hf-ch bro pek 2365 35 1408 42 do pekoe 2100 27 1410 20 do pek sou 1000 21 Clunes 1414 33 hf-ch bro or pek 1815 34 1416 36 do bro pek 1620 51 1418 27 ch pekoe 2-295 28 1420 14 do pek sou 1190 21 Erracht 1422 8 ch bro or pek 800 33 bid 1424 25 do bro pek 2125 50 1426 32 do pekoe 2400 28 1428 22 do fans 1980 24 Ruanwella 1430 27 ch bro pek 27o0 38 1432 49 do pekoe 4165 28 1434 10 do pek sou 900 21 Weoya 1440 28 ch bro pek 2660 37 1442 32 do pekoe! 2560 24 1444 32 do pek sou 2560 21 1446 26 do fans 2600 22 Polatagama 1450 49 ch bro pek 4900 52 1452 28 do pekoe 2380 31 1454 39 do pek sou 3315 25 1456 60 do do No. 2 5100 20 Dunkeld 1458 49 hf-ch bro or pek 2940 46 1460 10 ch or pek 9--0 40 1462 24 do pekoe 2-280 41 Bloomfield 1464 42 hf-ch bro or pek 2730 38 bid 1466 31 ch bro pek 3100 44 1468 45 do pekoe 4500 40 1470 34 do pek sou 3400 35 1472 11 do pek fans 880 21 Maha Uva 1474 211 tif-ch bro or pek 1365 36 1476 31 do or pek 1860 44 1478 29 ch pekoe 2900 40 Tonacombe 1484 24 do or pek 2100 5U 1486 18 do bro pek 2160 52 1488 65 do pekoe 6500 37 bid 1490 17 do pek sou 1530 25 1492 15 hf-ch dust 1350 19 M P 1496 7 ch pekoe 700 14 A, in estate mark 10 8 ch pekoe 800 27 Talgaswela 12 14 ch dust 1960 17 New Galwaj ^ 16 17 hf-ch pekoe 935 44 Kincora 26 9 ch bro pek 900 withd’n. 28 8 do pekoe 720 out Nahaveena 30 118 1 hf-ch bro pek 5900 37 bid 40 33 do pekoe 1650 46 42 51 do pek sou 2550 27 Waitalawa 44 75 hf-ch bro pek 3750 39 bid 46 44 do or pek 2200 36 48 113 do pekoe 5650 26 bid 50 29 do pek sou 1450 21 Polatagama 54 20 ch bro pek 2000 52 56 11 do pekoe 935 32 58 10 do pek sou 800 25 62 7 do fans 700 22 Weoya 64 25 ch pekoe 2000 26 66 33 do pek sou 2649 21 68 45 do bro pek fan 4500 28 Ganapalla 70 41 ch bro or pek 4100 33 bid 72 27 do or pek 2430 35 74 63 do pekoe 5040 22 bid 76 34 do pek sou 2720 20 78 30 hf-ch bro pek fan 1800 21 80 10 ch dust 800 17 BD WG 92 71 hf-ch bro pek 3550 39 bid Ookwatte 94 11 ch bro pek 1100 33 Tymawr 96 67 hf-ch pek sou 3015 37 M 104 12 ch pekoe 1140 21 bid Rowley • 110 55 hf-ch bro pek 2750 41 bid 112 53 do pekoe 2650 40 Ella Oya 114 30 ch pek sou 2700 21 bid 116 8 do pek fans 920 20 118 5 do dust 800 16 Malvern 124 26 ch bro pek 1560 40 bid 126 13 do pekoe 975 32 128 17 do pek sou 1275 23 Lot. 13G 137 139 140 141 142 143 144 148 149 161 152 153 134 155 156 157 158 159 160 163 164 165 167 168 19 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 180 181 182 183 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 202 203 204 205 206 208 215 216 218 223 224 229 230 231 232 233 234 235 237 238 239 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 266 257 258 26 > 265 266 267 268 269 272 273 274 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. .3 Lot Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. C. 275 Deaculla 130 22 ch bro pek 1320 39 bid 276 13: 1. > do pekoe 1125 31 S77 134 ^ do dust 640 19 279 Monkswoocl 13E 50 hf-ch bro pek 2500 65 bid 280 140 71 do or pek 3634 53 bid 281 142 13 ch pek sou 1300 48 283 Errollwood 146 12 do pekoe 1020 40 284 148 10 do pekoe sou 850 34 286 Lyegiove 152 12 do or pek 1128 32 bid 287 154 16 do bro pek 1760 35 288 1.76 11 do pekoe 935 33 289 158 14 do pek sou 1120 23 291 Ascot 162 40 do bro pek 4000 38 292 164 40 do pekoe 3400 31 293 166 16 do pek sou 1360 23 294 168 10 do pek fans 1150 22 301 Monkswoocl 182 49 hf-ch bro pek 2450 60 bid 302 184 73 do or pek 3358 46 bid 303 186 8 ch pek sou 800 43 bid 304 Mecldetenne 188 37 hf ch bro pek 2035 36 305 190 21 do pekoe 2100 25 bid 306 192 14 ch pek sou 1260 21 bid 310 Ella Oya 200 27 do or pek 2592 33 311 202 16 do pek sou 1440 22 bid 313 Gallawatte 206 7 do bro pek 700 23 bid 314 208 15 do or pek 1275 30 315 210 13 do pekoe 1170 26 317 Farnham 214 77 if-ch bro pek 3696 44 318 216 44 do pekoe 1980 38 319 218 36 do pek sou 1440 28 325 Melrose 230 19 ch or pek 1900 30 bid 326 232 11 do bro pek 990 36 327 234 21 do pekoe 1680 25 328 323 16 do jjek sou 1280 21 bid 329 Errollwood 238 9 do bro pek 990 59 330 240 18 do pekoe 1530 40 332 Slelrose 244 11 do or pek 1100 31 bid 333 246 14 do bro pek 1260 35 334 248 15 do pekoe 1200 26 338 Middleton 256 41 hf-ch bro or pek 2255 60 bid 339 258 29 do or pek 2755 48 bid 340 260 28 do pekoe 2240 40 341 S V, in estate mark 262 18 hf-ch dust 1530 18 343 266 9 ch pek fans 1080 18 344 Waverley 268 13 do pek sou 1300 27 bid 345 270 26 do fans 3250 17 bid 346 Scrubs 273 14 do bro or pek 1400 71 347 274 38 do or pek 1980 53 348 276 21 do pekoe 1890 45 349 Dewalaka nde 278 1" do bro tea 750 13 362 Vellaioya 304 9 do bro tea 990 7 bid 366 Radella 312 21 do dust 2730 17 bid 367 Weyunga- bro or pek watte 314 19 hf-ch 1140 37 368 316 27 ch or pek 2700 35 369 318 24 do pekoe 2040 28 370 320 9 lo pek sou 840 22 371 Arapola- do bro or pek kande 322 43 3870 46 bid 372 324 27 do or pek 2160 32 373 329 79 do pekoe 6320 26 bid 374 328 15 do rek sou 1500 20 bid 376 Torwood 332 18 do br > pek 1800 52 377 334 17 do bro pek 1700 48 378 336 27 do or pek 2160 33 379 338 21 do pekoe 1764 28 bid 380 340 13 do pek sou 1040 21 bid 387 Kennington 354 12 do sou 1140 15 388 356 13 do dust 97.5 17 390 Doonevale 360 16 do bro pek 1440 35 391 362 14 do pekoe 1190 2o 401 Castlereagh 382 39 ch bro pek 3900 42 bid 402 384 29 do pekoe 2610 32 403 386 19 do pek sou 1520 23 404 388 14 hf-ch bro pek fan 910 24 406 Pedro 392 4? ch bro or pek 5170 50 407 394 22 do or pek 1870 49 bid 408 396 19 do pek sou 1520 44 409 398 13 do rans 1950 21 bid 417 Kakiriskan- de 414 9 ch pekoe 810 21 420 Ambalawa 420 15 hf-ch bro pek 750 21 421 422 23 do congou 920 14 422 Harrington 424 28 ch or pek 2940 45 423 426 10 do pekoe 1000 42 438 Nugagalla 456 46 hf-cli bro pek 2300 40 439 4,58 106 do pekoe 5300 27 bid 4 40 460 15 do pek sou 750 21 443 Clyde 466 50 ch bro pek 5000 41 444 468 58 ch pek 6220 26 445 470 16 ch pek sou 1440 22 446 472 5 ch dust 700 18 447 Carberry 474 43 ch bro pek 3870 62 448 476 20 ch pek 1800 30 449 478 18 ch pek sou 1620 22 453 St Heliers 486 32 hf-ch bro or pek 1632 41 bid Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. C. 454 Gallawatte 488 21 ch pekoe 1890 30 460 500 10 ch or pekoe 850 39 461 502 10 ch pek 900 34 464 Agraoya 508 27 ch bro pek 1485 41 465 510 11 ch or pek 990 35 466 Elloya 512 15 ch pekoe 1350 28 468 516 18 ch or pek 1540 37 bill 469 518 10 ch bro pek 1000 39 470 Tymawr 520 13 ch pek sou 1170 23 471 522 34 hf-ch bro pek 1700 50 bid 472 524 28 hf-ch pek 1260 40 bid 473 526 27 hf-ch pek sou 1215 out 474 Devonford 528 25 ch bro pek 1500 out 475 530 2 4 ch bro or pek 1320 45 bid 476 432 12 ch or pek 1880 48 bid 477 534 17 ch iiekoe 1445 45 480 Agraoya 540 48 hf-ch bro pek 2640 41 481 541 12 ch or pek 1080 36 482 544 23 ch pek 2070 30 483 546 10 ch pek son 900 23 483 Nahalma 556 23 ch souchong 23u0 20 489 558 16 ch dust 1600 9 bid; 490 Ruanwella 560 22 ch bro pek 2200 40 491 562 5' ch pekoe 4336 28 502 W O 584 16 ch pek sou 1280 20 501 Glencoise 588 25 cli bro pek 2500 47 505 590 12 cii pekoe 1080 32 506 592 23 ch pek sou 1725 23 509 Dunbar 598 35 hf ch or pek 1575 40 bid 510 600 54 hf-ch bro pek 2700 34 bid 511 602 32 ch pekoe 2400 32 512 604 22 ch pek sou 1650 27 513 Matale 606 60 hf-ch uro pek 3000 34 514 60S 12 hf ch pekoe 1080 29 51S G M P in est. mark 616 22 hf-ch bro or pek 1320 38 bid 519 618 21 do or pek 1050 49 520 620 52 do pekoe 2704 32 bid 521 622 65 do pek No 2 3640 31 bid .522 624 42 do sou 2100 29 523 626 16 do dust 1440 18 525 Blairgowrie 630 45 ch or pek 4119 40 bid 526 632 13 do bro pek 825 29 527 634 33 do pekoe 2623 37 528 636 12 do pek sou 1068 24 530 Torrington 640 17 do or pek 1615 out 531 642 46 do bro pek 4600 38 bid 532 644 17 do bro or pek 1870 out 533 646 35 do pekoe 3150 26”bid 534 648 26 do pek sou 2210 535 650 31 hf-ch pek fans 2170 out 536 T 652 12 do dust 1080 15 537 Galapitakande 654 23 ch bro pek 2415 42 538 656 35 do pek 3500 27 ,539 658 9 do pek sou 900 21 5ll TT 662 13 hf-ch dust 1185 14 512 Nahaveena 664 12 do dust 900 17 ■=43 Walton 666 ;u do bro pek 1800 40 bid 545 670 16 do pek sou 800 22 [Messrs. Somerville & Co.— 250,016 Ib.l Lot Box. Pkg8. Name. lb, C. 1 Yspa 101 15 ch pek dust 2250 18 3 W’tenne 103 10 do bro pek 900 40 4 104 17 do pekoe 1360 27 5 105 23 do pek sou 1938 21 6 Marigold 106 20 hf-ch bro or pek 1300 37 bid 7 107 36 do bro pek 2268 39 8 108 35 do pekoe 2170 32 9 109 23 do pek sou 1288 22 bid 11 111 12 do bro pe fans 864 29 bid 12 Carney 112 22 do bro pek 1100 43 13 113 28 do pekoe 1400 28 14 114 33 do pek sou 1650 31 17 Narangoda 117 15 ch bro pek 1650) 18 118 15 do pekoe 1575 ■ withd’n 19 119 12 do pek sou 1200 J 21 Ukuwela 121 23 do bro pek 2300 35 bid 22 122 22 do pekoe 2200 25 23 123 18 do pek sou 1800 19 25 Koorooloog alia 125 15 do bro pek 1505 30 bid 26 126 10 do pekoe 1000 22 bid 33 Galkolua 133 34 ch bro pek 3740 32 bid 34 134 22 do or pekoe 1980 32 35 135 48 do pek 4320 25 40 H J S 140 16 hf-ch pek sou 960 21 43 Deniyaya 143 25 ch. bro pek 2625 39 bid 44 144 13 do pekoe 1300 30 45 145 8 hf-ch pek sou 720 26 46 Hatton 146 47 do bro pek 2585 68 bid 47 147 58 ch pekoe 5220 35 bid 48 148 31 do pek sou 2790 24 bid 51 White Cross 161 19 do bro pe* 1900 35 52 152 18 do pekoe 1710 24 bid 63 153 12 do pek sou 1080 21 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. >t. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. c. Lot, Box Fkos Name. lb. c. St. Catherine 155 21 hf-ch bro pek 1260 39 20 Doranakande 1120 4 ch dust 483 16 166 25 do or pek 1125 42 21 1122 3 do fans 360 25 157 70 do pekoe 3150 26 bid 25 R 1130 4 ch pek dust 580 17 158 30 do pek .sou 1350 21 26 L J 1132 4 ch dust 515 17 Arslena 160 42 do bro pek 2100 42 28 Battawatte 1136 5 ch orange pek 600 38 161 52 do pekoe 2606 31 bid 31 1142 3 do bro pek fan 300 24 162 46 do pek sou 2300 24 32 1144 4 do dust 400 17 Kossahahena 168 7 ch bro pek 770 37 35 Damuieria 1150 5 ch pek sou 500 25 169 12 do pekoe 1200 24 37 1154 2 do SOU 90 17 175 22 do bro pek 20901 withdn 49 G.alkadua 1178 3 ch dust 310 16 176 38 do pekoe 3496 V 50 1180 3 do bro mix 300 6 178 9 do fannings 720 j 42 bid 52 I B 1184 6 ch fans 540 18 Penrith 179 23 do bro pek 2300 56 .St. Heliers 1192 5 ch pek sou 450 22 180 20 do pekoe 2080 33 58 Stafford 1)96 4 ch pekoe 440 40 181 24 do pek sou 2040 23 bid 60 1200 4 do pek sou 360 30 184 18 do bro pek 1800 40 bid 61 1202 2 do fans 410 19 Lonach 1«9 39 hf-eh bro pek 2035 45 62 1204 2 do dust 180 16 190 20 ch pekoe 1900 33 bid 63 1206 8 do bro mix 120 13 Kew 194 15 hf-ch bro or pek 840 62 bid 68 Patiaga a 1216 2 ch dust 310 16 195 26 do or pek 13C0 57 89 Amblakande 1258 2 ch sou 170 12 196 12 do bro pek 720 36 bid 90 1260 1 do dust 110 16 7 197 33 ch nekoe 3036 40 93 Midlands 1266 2 ch SOU 160 15 5 198 22 do pek sou 2090 32 bid 94 126S 2 do red leaf 160 5 ) 199 14 h£-cli d st 1190 17 95 Pingarawa 1270 6 hf-ch dust 510 16 )0 Minna 200 2b do or pek 1540 55 bid 96 Bagalla 1272 2 ch bro mix 240 20 201 169 do bro or pek 9205 39 bid 98 1.76 4 hf-ch dust 360 16 '•? 202 56 ch pekoe 4200 37 105 Knavesmire, i3 203 SO do pek sou 6800 23 bid Invoice No. 12 1290 5 ch SOU 350 14 Jt) B C T F in 106 1292 4 hf-ch dust 380 17 est. mark 206 26 do bro pek 2600 b6 107 1294 4 do fans 300 07 207 25 do pekoe 2125 23 111 Gal.apitakan 08 208 22 do pekoe sou 1760 20 de 1302 3 hf-eh dust 270 16 12 G W 212 9 do SOU 720 22 117 Parsara 18 Castlemilk 218 10 hf-ch dust 8.50 17 bid Group 13U 5 eh dust 500 18 19 Ovoca Al 219 40 do bro or pek 2400 54 bid 119 Bittacy lolS 4 ch pek sou 380 35 20 220 4u do or pek 2000 46 bid 120 1320 5 do dust 425 17 21 221 18 ch pekoe 1800 39 bid 121 1322 1 do bro mix 100 13 22 222 18 do pek sou 1800 35 125 Ireby 1330 2 hf-ch dust 240 18 31 F A 231 5 do dust 750 16 bid 127 Pansalateime 1334 3 ch con^>ou 300 ]0 33 Maliatenne 233 21 do bro pek 2400 35 128 1336 8 do dust 600 17 34 234 9 do pekoe 855 24 bid 131 Barkindale 1342 1 ch SOU 1(;0 15 35 Kutlaganse 235 9 do bro pek 945 36 132 1344 2 hf-ch bro mix 150 8 36 236 9 do pekoe 855 25 134 Sunnycroft 1348 4 ch coil gou 400 14 37 237 15 do pekoe sou 1350 21 135 1350 4 do dus t 600 16 48 Deniyaya 243 19 do bro pek 1995 40 bid 138 M.assena 13.56 6 hf-ch pek sou 300 22 44 244 11 do pekoe U' 0 31 bid 145 Bargany 1370 2 do dust 240 , 7 46 D V! R 246 20 hf-ch fannings 1300 19 bid 146 Hopton 1372 5 ch sou 450 14 bid 47 Charlie Hill 247 16 do bro pek 800 39 147 1374 2 do dust 240 17 48 248 20 do pekoe 1000 34 150 Dammeria 1380 5 ch pek sou 500 27 49 249 24 do pek sou 1200 22 101 LC 1402 4 ch red leaf 360 S 53 H .nagama 253 29 ch bro pek 3240 34 bid 162 1404 1 hf-ch bro tea 68 5 1 hf-ch 26 bid 166 Dea Ella 1412 6 ch dust 3450 16 54 254 40 ch pekoe 4000 ITS Buanwella 1436 3 ch fans 460 18 55 255 8 do pek sou 720 21 179 1438 5 do dust 400 17 57 257 10 do fannings 1170 22 184 Weoya 1448 3 ch dust 550 16 1 hf-ch 200 Maha Uva 1480 6 ch peic sou 10 25 New Valley 259 24 ch bro pek 2640 60 201 1482 5 do dust 450 17 60 260 26 do or pek 2600 40 bid 207 MP 1494 5 ch bro pek 500 8 bid Cl 261 33 do pekoe 3300 38 209 1493 5 do pek fans 525 9 bid L62 262 17 do pek sou 1530 37 - 210 1500 1 do pek sou 94 6 63 N IT 263 12 do unas 1200 19 211 2 2 do dust 300 8 L64 Harangalla 264 65 do bro pek 6375 26 bid 212 Avoca 4 3 ch pek sou 300 S8 65 265 96 do pekoe 8640 27 bid 214 A, in e.^tate 66 266 29 do pek sou 2610 21 bid mark 8 0 eh bro pek 600 24 167 267 15 do dust 1950 15 bid 217 New Galway 14 10 hf-ch bro pek 600 45 bid 168 Ukuwela 268 33 do bro pek 33C0 35 bid 219 IS 5 do pek sou 250 32 i69 269 28 do pekoe 2800 25 220 Panilkande 20 12 do bro pek 640 24 170 270 24 do pek sou 2400 20 222 22 9 do pekoe 460 14 176 Hatdowa 276 30 do bro pek 3000 34 bid 222 Rockside 24 5 ch unas 500 withd’n 177 277 33 do pekoe 2970 24 bid 225 Kincora 30 6 ch pek No. 2 450 out 178 278 16 do pek sou ,1^80 21 bid 226 Galatota 32 3 hf-ch bro pek 180 26 180 Kelai.i 280 70 hf-ch bro pek 3500 42 bid 227 34 6 do pekoe 330 21 181 2S1 30 ch pekoe 2700 27 bid 228 36 6 do pek sou 330 12 183 283 15 hf-ch bro pek fans 900 24 bid 236 W italawa 53 6 do dust 540 IS 240 Polatagama 60 7 ch do pe sou No. 2 6£0 20 263 M 106 4 peK sou 410 17 SMALL LOTS. 270 271 CRD 126 122 4 3 ch do dust red leaf 403 300 17 9 278 DeacuUa 136 ch bro mix 160 17 [ME.SSRS. Forbes & Walker.] 282 285 Errollwood 144 160 6 4 do do bro pek dust 660 320 54 8 Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. c. 290 Lyegrove 160 3 do dust 270 17 2 B. in estate 295 Ascot 170 7 do congou 630 14 mark 1084 4 ch dust 600 16 307 Meddetenne 194 5 do bro pek fans 575 18 3 1056 1 ch SOU 94 12 308 196 2 do dust 300 17 5 Igala 1090 3 ch pekoe 185 17 309 Ella Oya 198 5 do bro pek 660 30 6 Mount Plea- 37 312 204 4 do pek fans 460 22 8ant 1092 5 hf-ch bro pek 300 316 Gangawatte 212 2 do pek sou 200 18 7 3094 5 do pekoe 250 25 320 Earn ham 220 6i hf-ch pek fans 390 22 s 1196 4 do SOU 200 19 321 222 1 do fans 60 17 9 1098 1 do pek sou 65 18 322 224 1 do dust 88 16 10 iloa 1 do fans 45 14 323 226 5 do bro tea 225 16 11 1102 1 do bro mix 50 14 324 Errollwood 228 3 do pek sou 255 22 12 1104 1 do red leaf 95 9 331 EiTollwood 242 7 ch pek sou 695 27 18 Vatiy na 1108 6 do or pek 300 36 335 Nella Oolla 250 1 do sou 100 10 14 1198 8 do bro pek 400 40 336 262 1 do dust 160 16 i« 1112 6 do pek Bou 240 14 337 254 1 do red leaf 85 5 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. 5 Lot. Box. Pks!s. Name lb. c. 342 S V, in estate mark 264 4 ^^0 hro tea 480 8 350 llaragalla 280 4 hf-ch SOU 240 12 351 282 4 do du,st 320 17 352 284 3 do fans 180 16 353 .S.S S 286 3 ch red leaf 294 8 bid 354 288 3 do bro tea 330 11 355 GL 290 4 do red leaf 400 9 356 Poona galla 292 1 do SOU 80 17 357 294 1 do red leaf 130 ]4 358 A G 296 3 do hro tea 270 12 359 298 1 <^o dust 150 17 360 Condegallii 300 8 do pek sou 672 22 361 C, in estate mark 302 6 do bro tea 690 10 363 Vellaioya 306 4 do hr or pe fans 448 24 364 Dandukelawa 308 1 do hro tea. 110 out 365 Radella 310 1 do pekoe 90 32 375 Aranolakande 330 5 do dust 575 17 381 Wevekellie 342 4 hf-ch hro or pek 2-iO 33 382 344 2 do or pek 90 39 383 316 3 do pekoe 150 30 .384 348 1 do pek sou 50 16 385 350 2 do hro tea 100 8 386 352 i do dust 60 1 18 3S9 Kennington 358 10 iif ch hro tea 500 7 bid 392 Doonevale 364 4 ch fans 400 21 393 366 6 do fans 500 29 394 368 4 do fans 380 IS 395 Norwood 370 3 do bro pek 318 40 39« 372 5 do pekoe 430 27 397 374 2 do son 200 15 398 376 1 do bro tea 90 5 399 378 3 do du.st 450 18 400 Kehel watte 380 1 do bi-o pek 87 26 406 Castlereagh 390 5 hf-ch dust 400 17 416 Kakiriskande 412 4 ch bro pek 400 29 418 416 do pek sou 540 16 419 418 1 do dust 109 17 424 Harrington 428 1 do pek sou 100 27 425 430 2 do dust 300 17 426 Jainbugaha 432 2 hf-ch bro pek 120 30 427 434 3 do pekoe 1.50 21 428 436 8 do pek sou 400 14 429 438 2 do dust 140 5 430 440 8 do SOU 400 12 441 Niigagalla 462 6 do dust 540 17 442 Clyde 461 5 ch or pek 600 2S 450 Carberry 480 5 ch bro pek fans 550 20 4'1 K B 482 3 ch dust 328 17 452 P L in estate mark 484 4 ch pek dust 492 16 459 Galla watte 498 (3 ch bro pek 600 30 462 504 2 ch pel; sou 200 19 463 .506 5 ch pekoe fans 500 IS 467 Agraoya 514 7 ch pek sou 630 21 478 Devonfnrd 536 2 ch pek sou 180 27 479 A 538 1 ch bro pek 110 36 484 Agraoya 548 4 ch hro mix 400 G 485 6.50 7 ch dust 560 16 486 H, in estate mark 552 4 ch pek 385 25 487 HH 554 2 ch or pek 154 27 . 4f)2 Ruanwelle 564 7 ch pek sou 630 22 493 666 4 ch fans 480 19 494 568 4 ch dust 320 17 503 W O 586 2 ch dust 300 17 507 G lengorse 594 1 ch pelc fans 130 18 508 696 1 di dust 160 16 515 Matale 610 6 hf-ch SOU 540 22 .516 612 2 ch du.st 300 17 517 Neboda 614 1 ch bro pek 100 25 .524 Opalgalla 628 5 ch dust 025 16 529 Blairgowrie 638 2 ch dust 168 17 .540 Galapita- kande 660 3 hf-ch dust 270 17 514 Walton 668 11 hf-ch pekoe 660 22 bid 540 672 4 hf-ch dus‘. 280 16 [Mr. E. John.] Lot. Box. Pkg.. Name lb. c. 2 N B 461 2 ch pek sou 200 31 7 M R 471 4 hf-ch du.st 360 15 8 473 6 do fans 450 22 10 11 S, in estate mark 477 2 ch bro mix 200 6 11 479 8 hf-ch dust 680 14 12 M N 481 4 do sou 320 15 13 483 2 hf-ch dust ISO 10 18 Henegama 493 6 do dust 450 16 19 495 2 do bro mix 120 12 20 Portree 497 1 ch bro mix 111 14 21 499 4 hf-ch dust 340 15 23 Vincit 3 4 ch bro pek No. 2 400 30 26 9 1 do dust 100 15 Lot. Box. Pkgs. , Name. lb. C. 35 There^sia 27 6 hf-ch dust 480 18 38 Cl J remont 33 5 ch pek sou 450 17 39 35 3 do bro tea 300 6 42 Orange Field 41 2 do pek sou 130 12 43 43 2 do fans 120 16 44 4.5 2 do bro mix 108 6 54 Rondura 65 2 hf-ch bro tea 120 14 55 67 1 ch dust 80 15 71 99 1 do dust 155 le 72 101 1 do bro mix 80 10 70 109 5 do fans 375 22 77 111 3 do bro mix 210 18 78 113 1 hf-cli congou 60 10 90 Lameliere 137 4 do pek fans 340 17 105 Templestowe 167 4 eh bro mix 400 9 110 Allington 177 2 do dust 240 17 111 179 1 do congou 100 7 115 TS 187 1 do fans 80 14 121 Koslande 199 2 do dust 290 18 125 Loughton 207 10 hf-ch pek dust 500 16 127 Clontarf 211 7 do dust 625 . 17 130 Loughton 217 12 do ]jek dust 608 17 132 Oak field 221 6 do bro pek No. 2 325 16 137 O 231 3 do pek dust 270 16 140 N O 237 3 eh fans 225 out 143 D N D, in est. mark 243 3 lif-ch dust 680 16 144 245 5 ch bro mix 550 5 149 XXX 255 13 hf-ch pekoe 650 10 bid 151 259 9 do pek fans 620 17 bid 164 Yahalakela 285 3 ch fans 330 14 165 Anainallai 287 3 hf-ch dust 25.5 25 107 D, in est. mark 291 5 ch pekoe 450 25 168 293 4 do pek sou 320 14 169 295 1 do sou 85 11 170 297 2 do fans 200 11 171 299 1 do dust 146 15 172 QN 301 2 do bro tea 163 12 177 311 7 hf-ch fans 490 16 bid 180 G 317 2 do dust 140 16 181 Brownlow 319 1 do red leaf 50 5 1S9 335 7 do pek fans 45.5 20 bid 1.91 Yapame 339 1 ch bro mix 67 10 192 311 3 do dust 270 17 193 313 5 hf-ch bro pek dust 400 17 194 345 1 c)i unas 95 17 200 Murraythwaite 357 5 do pek .sou 450 17 201 359 1 do fans 100 16 202 361 2 do aust 860 14 [Me.ssrs. Somerville & Co.] Lot. Box Pkgs. Name. lb. C. 2 Yspa 102 3 ch bro mix 300 1? 10 M.ai igold 110 10 hf-ch sou 550 22 15 Cai’ney 115 8 do pek fans 400 23 bid 1C 116 0 do pek 300 33 bid 39 139 5 do pekoe 300 26 i)id 41 141 4 do fans 280 16 42 142 2 do dust 150 16 49 II 149 3 do dust 240 17 50 White Cross 150 3 do bro tea 150 7 54 154 3 ch fan.s 405 19 59 St. Catlirine 159 2 hf-ch dust 160 16 63 Alutkelle 163 10 do bro pek 560 out 64 104 12 do pekoe 600 out 65 165 6 do ■SOU 270 out 66 166 2 do fans 208 out 67 107 1 do dust 70 15 70 Kosgahahena 170 4 ch pek sou 370 18 bid 71 171 2 do sou ISO 11 lild 72 172 4 hf-ch fans 240 IS 73 N 173 1 do pek dust 05 16 74 174 2 ch red ; leaf 162 G 77 Jlousakande 177 1 ch congou 85 withd'n 82 Benrith 182 2 do pekJans 250 IS bid 83 183 1 do dust 160 IG 85 S 1S.5 4 hf-cll dust 320 IG 86 186 3 do bro tea 1.50 6 87 A 187 3 do du.st 240 IG 88 Lonach ISS 3 do bro tea 150 G 91 191 7 ch pek sou 595 22 bid 92 Handroo 192 2 do bro pek 200 SO bid 93 193 2' do 1 if-ch pekoe 240 21 bid 104 Xiinn.a 204 4 do brn mix 360 6 105 109 RCTF in est. 205 hf-ch dust 630 17 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. lOt I. J Box. F Kgs. iName. 1 lb. C. 10 mark RT in estate 209 2 ch dust 300 14 mark 210 2 f’o bro mix 200 out 11 211 4 do dust 480 15 bid 13 G W 213 1 do red leaf 99 6 14 214 5 hf-ch fans 300 22 15 215 5 do dust 365 18 IG .St, Leys 216 2 do bro mix 160 10 17 Allakolla 217 5 do dust 300 16 23 Batgodde A 223 <> do bro pek 126 43 >4 224 i do pekoe 52 34 25 12 F Ain est. 225 1 do pek sou 50 29 mark 232 1 ch red leaf 105 12 i.8 Kudaganga 238 3 do bro tea 315 11 bid 19 2;-)9 1 do congou 82 9 10 Hanagama 240 1 do pek 105 21 bid ;y Charlie Hill 200 hf-ch pek fans 420 20 ii 251 S ' do son 400 18 >2 252 8 do red leaf ISO 6 ,0 llanagama 25G 1 ch sou 90 10 i8 258 2 do dust 270 16 n IJiuwela 271 1 hf-eh bro pek fans 70 21 '2 Moolgani 272 5 do red le:i.f 265 G '3 :\i 273 4 ch bro pek 400 34 4 274 6 do pekoe 570 . 24 Jt 275 G do pek sfiii 570 21 9 iT.at dow.M 279 2 do P-'k fans 200 23 CEYLON CINNAMON SALES IN LONDON. {From Our Commercial Correspondent) Mincing Lane, May 31. GDC, Ekelle, 13 bales Is Id; 18 bales llsd: 2 bale.s lid; lales lOJd; 18 bales lOd; 2 bales 9Jd: 1 box yd; 1 bag 9Jd; jag 9d; 180 bags 2Jd; 20 bags 2Sd. DD&Co., 105 in estate mark, 25 bales 91d. \L, Ekelle Plantation, 21 bales lOjd; 36 bales 9jd. ri MLM T2 T3 in estate mark, 7 packages Sd; 7 pack- es 7|d. No. 1 MAC No. 2 No. 3 in estate mark, 3 bales Sd; 3 bales ; 1 baleSd; 1 bale75d; 1 bale 7d. MAC.M, 2 parcels 8id; 3 parcels 8d. \SGP Kaderane in estate mark, 5 bales Is 6d: 10 bales larcel Is 5d; 12 bales Is 3d: 7 bales Is 2d; 7 bales Is; tales lOjd; 4 bales lOd; 1 box 9d; 5 bags 8Id. IDSR Kadirane in estate mark, 12 bales Is 3d: 2 parcels 2d; 7 bales Is Id; 1 bale Is; 1 parcel lOd; 1 bag Old; tales Is 3d: 3 bales is 2d; 7 bales Is Id; 3 bales Is; 2 bales d; 1 box 9d. IKKP in estate mark, 2 bales Is; 2 bale ll^d; 3 bales lid; tales lOd: 1 bale 1 parcel 9jd; 1 bag 9d. lOSBin e.' fate mark. 5 bags quillings 9d; 40 bags chips : 55 bags chips 2jd; 20 bags chips 3d; 24 bags chips 2id; bags chips 2-2-d. Kaderane in estate mpi'k, 10 bales Is; 1 bale 11 Jd; ales 9Jd; 4 bales 9d; 1 baleS^d; 1 box 9|d. j’.SK Kajlerane in estate mark, 5 bales is 3d; G bales Is 2d; tales Is I ; 9 bales Is; 2 bales 1 parcel lOd; 2 bales 9Jd; arcel 9d; IboxOd. ^.SWS Kaderane in estate mark, 4 bags brokdn quillsand ;tingsSJd; 2 bag ditto 9d. r.SK Kaderane in estate mark, 1 bag cutting and pieces 1; 3 bags quillings 9d. dIKP in estate mark, 6 bales 1 parcel 11 Jd; 4 bales lid; ales lOd; 1 bale 1 pai-cel Ojd; 1 bag 9d. R.SI. in estate mark, Kadirana Plantation, 9 bales Is 3d: ales Is Id; 1 bale 1 parcel Is; 1 bag 9d. in estate mark, Kaderana, Sbales 1 parcel lid; 4 bales d; 2 bales lOd; 1 bale 9d; 1 bag 9d, in estate mark, 1 piece 9^d. t'SVV'S in estate mark, Kaderane, 1 parcel 7 bales l.s 3d; uales Is 2d. JAM in estate mark, 150 bags 2gd. )Jl&Co, 161 in es’ate mark, 20 bales lid; 18 bales lO^d; Ijales lid; 20 bales lOJd; 0 bales lOd; 6 bales 10|d; 8 bales ; 3 bales 9^d. :Hde.S Salawa, 5 bales lid; 9 bales lOJd. 6 bales lOd; ales 9d. :iIdeS, Kandevalle, 1 bale lO^d; 17 bales lOd; 23 bales 9jd; ales 9d. dldeS, Morotto, 3 bales lid; 7 bales 10|d 9 bales lOd; rile 9d. IldeS, Ratmalane, 7 bales lOln; S bales lOd; .5 bales 9d. lideS, Rustoom, 1 bale lldd; 7 bales lod; 6 bales 9id; lie 9d. HdeS, BKO in estate mark, 5 bale.s 10|d; 4 bales lOd; lie yd. CHdeS, KoottariavaJle, 2 bales lid; 3 bales lOd; bale 9Jd. CHdeS, Salawa, 2 bales lOd; Ibale 9^d; IbaleOd. CHdeS, Innegaltnduwe, 1 bale lOJd; 2 bales lOd; 1 Ijale 9M. CHdeS, Mattesodde, 2 bales 9d. CHdeS, Morotto, 8 bags broken and cuttings 9d. CHdeS, Kuruwitte, 6 bales lid; 12 bales lO^d; 16 bales lOd; 22 bales 9Jd; 3 bales 9d. CHdeS, Kaderane, 4 bales lid; 8 bales lOi-d; 4 bales Old; 2 bale.s 9d. CHdeS, Kuruwitte, 1 bale lid. 4 bales lOd; 7 bale.s 9kl; 2 bales 9d. CHdeS, Salawa, 2 bales lOkl: 1 bale lOd; 1 b.ale 9|d. CHdeS, Innegaltuduwe, 1 bate lOd; 1 bale 94d; 1 bale 9d. CHdeS, PKW, 1 bale lOd; 1 bale 9id: 1 bale 9d. F in estate mark, 40 bogs ,8d. CP.I, 488 in estate m.T k, ISO bags 2|d. NDPS in e.state niuk, Ekelle'Plantation .Sbales Is; 43 bales 10,;d;54 bales 9d. AP&Co. in estate mark, 7 bags 2gd; I bags 2.bl; 16 bigs 3.1 1 bag dust Jd- " ' Mincivg Lane, June 11, 1S97. Ex “Gaekwar" F.SWS in estate mark, Kaderane, 1 bale Is 3d; 7 at Is 3d; 15 at Is 2d: 16 at Is; 1 at llkl: 4 at Old; 4 at Od; 1 at 8^1; 1 at 9^1; 5 at Is 3d: 6 at Is 2d; 4 at Is Id; 9 at Is; Sat lOd; 2at9kl: 2 at :id; 1 at OJ-d. Ex “Clan Chisholm”— .ID.SR in estate mark, Kaderane, 12 bale- l.s 3d; 2 at Is 2d; 7 at Is Id; 1 at Is; 1 at lod; 1 at 9jd. .TRKP in estate mark, 7 bales 11^1; 4 at lid: 2 at lOd; 2at9kl; lb atOd; 9 at ls:id; 6 at Is Id; 2atls;'l at 9il: 1 at ll(b 4 at 10^1; 2 at lOd; 2 at 9d; 1 at 9^1. Ex “India" — GDC, Etuella, 6 bales Is id; 7 at Is- 1$ at ll|d; 2 at nd; 4 at 10^1; 20 at lOd; 2 at 9J-d; 1 box 9d- 2 at 9kl; 1 bag 9^d; ISO :^ld; 13 s d cl 2&d; 17 sea dam c3 2Jd. Ex “Clan Chisholm”— ASGP in estate mark, Kaderane, 5 bales Is 6d; 11 at Is 5d; 12 at Is 3d; 7 at Is 2d: 13 at Is; 6 at lOJd; 4 at lOd: 1 overtakers broken 9d, Ex “Strathtay”— JDSR in estate mark, Kaderane, 3 at Is 3d; 6 at Is 3d; 3 at Is 2d; 7 at Is Id; 5 at Is; 2 at lli-d. 1 at 9Jd; 2 at is: 2 at lljd; 3 at lid; 3 at lOd; 2 at 9|d- 1 at 9d. Ex “Balmoral” -CMM in estate mark, 150 at 2;5d. Ex “Cambridge”— CHdeS, 6 at lid; 13atl0id: 16 at lOd; 22 at 9jd; 3 at 9d. Ex “Clan Ranald”— 4 at lid; 8 at lOd; 4 at 9kl; 2 at 9d- 1 at lid; 4 at lOd; 7 at 9^ 2 at 9d; 2 at lO^-d; 1 at lOd: 1 at 9kl; 1 at lOd; 1 at O^d; 1 at 9d; 1 at lOd; 1 at 9Jd- 1 at 9d, 12. 1 Ex “India”— PB&Co., 161 in estate mark, 20 at lid' 18 ; at lOJ-d; 12 at lid 30 at lOkP 6 at lO^d; 6 at lOd; 8 at lOd; 3 at OJd; 4 at I0|d; 3 at 9^1- Ex “Clan McNeill” CHdeS, Salawa, 5 bales lid; 9 at lOkl; .5 at icd; 5 at 9d; 1 at lOd. Ex “India”— CHdeS, Kanderavalle, 1 at 10§d; 17 at JOd- 24 atgid; 6 at 9d; 3 at lid; 7 -it lO^d; 9 at lOd; 1 at 9d; 7 at 10|d: 8 at lOd; 5 at 9d; 1 at lid; 7 at lOd; 6 at 9^d; 1 at 9d; 2 at lid; 3 at Id; 1 at 9|d; 2 at lOd; 1 at 9Jd: 1 at 9d; 1 at OlOJ 3at 9Jd;8 at 9d. CEYLON COFFEE SALES IN LONDON. Mincing Lane, June 11, 1897. Marks and prices of CEYLON COFFEE sold in Mincing Lane up to 11th June :— Ex “Staffordshire”— Large size, Gonamotava, 4c 115s; size 1, ditto Gc 108s; size 2, ditto lb 90"!; PB ditto. It 121s; P ditto, 1 tierce lb 112s 6d; ditto T, 2 tierces lOSs. Gonamotava, 3b overtakers 100s. CEYLON COCOA SALES IN LONDON. Ex “Rewa” - Beredewelle, COC, Ex No. 1, 17 bags 60.s; ditto ex No. 2, 1 bag 4Ss; ditto B, 1 bag 34s; ditto T, 1 bag 38s. Ex “Java”— A, Elmshurst, 16 bags 5Gs; B ditto, 9 bags 3os 6d. Ex “Balmoral”- Udapolla, B, 14 bags 45s. Ex “Gaekwar”— Medagodda, 1, 7 bags 48s. Hylton, GO, 21 bags 62s. Ex “.Staffordshire”— Pathregalla, A, 57 bags 61s 6d; 6 sea dam. Cl 48s; 1 sea dam. C3 40s 6d; 2 sea dam. rpkd. 44s; ditto B, 11 bags 44s; ditto T, 2 bags 36s. Ex “Rewa”— Morank.ande, Al, 3 bags 62s; ditto A2, 8 bags 60s; ditto A4, 1 bag 40s; ditto C. 3 bags 32s; ditto!’, 9 bags 45s. GBSEKVER PRINTING WORKS. A, COFFEE, CINCHONA, COCOA, AND CARDAMOM! SALES, NO. 25. Colombo, July 12, 1897. iPkioe: — 12^ cenCa each -i copies ( 30 cents ; (5 copies J rupee. COLOMBO SALES OF TEA. LARGE LOTS. [Messrs. A H. Thompson & Co.— 06,933 lb,] Lot. Box . Pkg.s Name. lb. c. 1 Balgownie 1 18 ch bro psk 1620 31 2 2 12 do pekoe 1020 24 3 3 10 do pek sou 850 20 5 Hornsey 5 17 ch pek .sou 1700 25 7 Kalkande 7 20 hf-ch bro pek 1000 45 9 9 16 do pekoe 800 28 16 Vogan 16 35 ch pekoe 2975 34 bid .18 18 21 do pt sou No. 2 1575 23 19 19 13 do nnas 1040 •24 26 Agar’s Land 26 26 hf-cll or pek 1430 55 27 27 29 ch bro pek 1595 35 2S 28 34 hf-ch pcKoe 1700 36 29 29 20 do pek sou 1000 27 30 30 18 do SOU 900 24 31 Wewelwatte 31 28 hf-ch pekoe (bro) 1720 43 -32 Blackwater 32 65 ch bro pek 6500 withd’n. 33 33 18 do du.st 1440 17 35 Unngalla 35 7 ch or pek 770 43 36 33 13 do pekoe 1365 32 Banawella 39 a ch bro pek 840 40 bid 40 40 10 do pekoe 880 30 bid 41 41 14 do pek sou 1050 22 bid 53 B \V 53 8 ch bro pek 800 out 54 54 18 do pekoe 1620 out 59 St. Leonards on Sea £9 12 ch pekoe 1080 •23 bid 64 Sapitiyagodde 64 10 ch pek fans 1230 16 bid 65 65 10 do du.st 1500 10 bid 67 Ratnatenne 67 13 hf-ch bro or pek 715 22 bid 68 K P 68 15 ch pek sou 1410 13 bid 74 K P G 74 11 hf-ch pek fans 770 13 Vi) T 75 11 ch pekoe 924 26 bid [Messp.s. Somerville & Co.— 173,083 lb.] Lot Box PkK.s. Name. lb. c. o Coinar 303 K2 hf-ch bro or pek 1600 35 4 304 9 di pekoe 900 25 6 Wliite Cross 306 17 do bro pek 1700 33 bid 7 307 16 do pekoe 1520 •25 bid 8 303 13 do pek sou 1170 15 bid 10 Neuchatel 310 25 do bro pek 22.50 40 bid n 311 15 do bro or pek 1500 31 bid 12 312 34 do pekoe 2720 28 bid IS 313 27 do pek sou 2160 22 15 Al’slena 315 31 hf-ch bro pek 15,50 47 16 316 37 do pekoe 1850 34 13 318 22 do pek sou 1100 25 19 Loiiach 319 48 do bro pek 2640 47 20 320 27 ch pekoe 2-505 31 bid 21 321 n do pek sou 935 22 26 I’orest Hill 326 14 do bro pelt 1400 37 bid 327 28 do pekoe 2520 28 bid 29 329 10 hf-ch faniiings 800 19 SO Monrovia 330 25 do bro pek 1230 Si 31 331 iG ch pekoe •2470 2G 30 YaiTOiv 330 80 hf-ch bro pek 448) 39 bid 37 95 do pek 47.50 33 45 Koovoolooffalla 345 15 ch bro pek 1505 34 54 Peiiiich 354 39 do bro pek 39j0 41 bid 355 23 ch bro pe t 2300 40 bid 850 IS do bro pek 1800 40 bid 57 357 30 do |>ekoc 2400 33 358 21 do pek sou 1785 24 59 359 21 do pek sou 2040 24 62 llarangalla .362 35 do bro pek 3327 37 63 303 42 do pekoe 3780 28 bid G4 364 11 do pek sou 07 J 21 bid Ritni in estate mark 365 30 lif-ch bro i)ck 1800 48 bid 300 39 do pekoe 1950 35 bid 09 .Siris.anda 369 20 (io or pek 1109 46 bid 70 370 12 cll bro pek l-iOO •48 71 371 13 do pekoe 1-235 Si 71 372 14 do )»ek sou 11-20 22 71 Maligatenns 374 13 do bro ]>ek 1330 33 375 20 do pekoe 1900 2 ) 376 2i do pek sou 176-J 20 85 Mahagodde 383 15 ch pekoe 150) 21 92 Hatton 392 31 do vok .sou 2790 •24 100 Minna 400 bO do pek sou 6800 24 109 Wevetenne 9 lO do bro pek 832 2G bid 110 10 24 do uitas 1172 18 bid 111 Hanagama 11 29 ch bro pek 3240 35 bid Lot. Box. I'kffs . Name. lb. c. 1 hf-ch 116 Irex 16 21 do bro pek 2100 33 bid 117 17 7 do pekoe 065 124 bid 118 18 10 do nek sou 950 £0 121 Labugama 21 -22 hf-ch bro pek 11 (XI 45 122 22 17 clf pekoe 1530 29 123 23 18 do pek .sou 1440 125 Salawe 25 11 do bro pek 1210 36 bid 1-26 20 11 do bro pe No 2 1100 32 1-27 27 10 do pekoe 950 26 128 28 22 do pek sou 1980 23 130 Chetnole 30 H do pek sou 1100 22 132 Bollagalla 32 22 do bro oek 2090 38 133 33 17 do pekoe 1360 33 134 34 13 do pek sou 1235 138 Galkolua 38 34 do bro pek 3740 32 bid 139 39 48 do pekoe 4320 25 bid 140 Lyndhurst 40 24 hf-ch bro or pek 1440 25 141 41 25 do bvo pek 1375 33 142 42 09 do oekoe 3105 25 143 43 64 do pek sou 2SS0 22 140 Ovoca 40 37 do bro or ijek 2-220 70 147 47 24 do or pek 120(1 51 148 48 18 ch pek'.e 1710 43 149 49 24 hf-ch dust 2380 10 [Mr E. John.- -174,519 lb.] Lot. Box. Pk".s. Name. lb. C. 4 Ottery & Stam- ford Hill 369 32 ch bro pek 3-200 56 5 371 33 do or pek •2605 53 0 373 57 do pekoe 5130 36 13 Goiiavy 387 38 do b.o pek 40-28 34 bid 14 389 17 do pekoe 11-28 31 1 5 391 16 do pek sou 1184 31 18 ,St. John's 397 30 hf-ch bro or pek 1800 97 19 399 34 do or pek 1768 74 20 401 29 do pekoe 10-24 58 •21 403 25 do pek sou 1230 51 22 Moch-a 405 30 ch bro org pek 3150 55 23 407 13 do or pek 1170 51 24 409 25 do pekoe 2250 45 25 411 12 do pek sou 960 37 26 Tientsin 413 51 hf-ch bro pek 2550 55 27 415 27 ch pekoe 2430 37 bid 30 Stinsford ill 4,8 hf-ch bro pek 2496 56 31 423 69 do pekoe 29 0 37 32 425 42 do pek sou 1890 20 33 Uda 427 22 do bro pek 1540 15 34 4-29 12 ch pekoe 1-200 15 35 Eila 431 49 do bro pek 4410 36 bid 30 ‘433 38 do pekoe 3230 •24 bid 37 435 13 do )>ek sou 1105 22 38 437 9 do fans 900 20 40 Temp’estowe 441 19 do bro or pek 1995 40 41 443 20 do or pek 1800 50 42 445 46 do ])ekoe 3910 35 43 417 IS do pek sou 1440 "25 bid 45 1 ickapittia 451 28 do bro pek 2SO0 39 46 455 35 do pekoe 3500 31 47 Cliapelton 455 34 do ' pekoe 3060 32 48 457 30 do jiek sou 2880 26 52 E T K 405 12 do ))ekoe 10-20 22 bid 53 407 18 hf-ch dust 1350 16 55 Gla.sgow 471 55 ch bro or pek 41-25 53 50 473 18 do bro pe No.2 1350 42 57 475 25 do or pek 15u0 40 58 477 20 do pekoe 19 0 37 59 Warleieii 179 13 do bro or pek 13UU 37 07 Keensgalia Ella 495 8 do bro mix bOJ 11 69 JSorana 409 10 do bro pek fans 900 26 71 3 24 do red leaf 1800 10 72 Margnerita r. 28 hf-ch bro pek 23)2 30 bid 73 y B K 7 25 ro or pek 42CO 44 114 O I M M 1 89 13 th pelcoe 1170 24 145 Erracht 962 22 do pek sou 1980 30 120 PN 101 17 do fans 1660 out 146 964 13 ch bro pek 1040 45 121 Eadella 103 15 do bro pek 1500 32 bid 147 966 25 do pekoe 1375 25 122 105 14 do pekoe 1260 24 bid 148 C 968 14 do .SOU 1830 18 123 Kl7 10 do pek sou 800 21 149 Ragalla 970 9 ch fans lOSO 24 124 Nahavilla 109 21- do bro pek 2205 56 155 Holton 982 23 do l»ro pek 2185 41 125 111 37 do pekoe 3700 28 bid 156 984 8 do pekoe 760 28 126 113 9 do pek sou 900 25 bid 160 Doranaknnde 992 11 ch bro or pek 1100 38 123 Eadella 117 28 do bro pek 28i 0 33 161 C OEB 994 12 hf-ch dust 960 17 129 119 33 do pekoe 2970 22 bid 162 Radella 996 12 ch pekoe 1-200 33 163 998 21 ch (lose 2730 164 M A 1000 23 ch bro tea ISIO 18 f MESSRS. Forbes & W ALKER.— 299,929 Ib.l 165 Beausejour Arapolakan- 1002 13 hf-ch dust 1105 16 Lot. Box. rkgs. Name. lb. c. 166 168 1004 24 ch bro pek 2160 40 12 Glengariffe 696 40 hf-ch or pek 1800 44 1 9 de 1008 43 ch bro or pek 3870 54 13 698 18 do pekoe 1260 29 Torwood 1010 79 do pekoe 6320 28 It 700 50 do pek sou 2600 24 171 1014 13 ch pek sou 1040 •26 22 Dehlowita 716 9 eh SOU 765 13 174 P I. O 1020 8 ch pek dust 800 IS 24 720 8 do dust 1136 15 175 N F U 102-2 9 ch dust 1-265 12 26 Dehegalla 724 10 ch pek sou 800 28 176 C B 1024 6 ch pek dust 807 17 28 72S 14 ch fans 1100 23 177 St. Heliers 1026 19 hf-ch bro or pek 969 45 29 Munukattia 178 1028 13 ch pek 1170 33 Ceylon, in estate 182 C M in estate mark 730 19 hf-ch or pek 950 54 183 marii 1036 33 hf-ch bro pek 1980 55 30 732 27 do bro pek 1485 49 Thebertoa 1038 33 do nekoe 1650 43 31 734 24 do pekoe 2160 40 185 104-2 9 ch bro pek 900 33 bid 32 720 21 ch pek sou 1890 23 186 1044 12 do or pek 1080 47 34 Great Valley 740 12 ch bro or pek 1200 87 187 1046 22 do pekoe 1980 34 35 742 42 do pekoe 3990 46 190 G P A/, in estate 36 744 21 do pek sou 1890 35 mark 1052 22 hf-ch bro or pek 1321 45 40 Hethersett 752 31 ch bro or pek 3410 51 bid 191 1054 52 do pekoe 2704 37 42 760 24 do or pek 1920 57 192 Panmure 1056 65 do do No. 2 3610 33 43 758 15 do pekoe 1275 47 197 1066 13 ch unas 1363 22 41 760 9 do pek sou 720 40 199 Kineora 1070 9 ch In-o pek 9tU 23 46 Ewhurst 764 10 ch bro pek 1000 37 bid 200 107-2 8 do pekoe 720 14 47 766 20 do pekoe 18C0 29 202 Denmark 50 Biekley 772 20 hf-ch pek sou 1100 27 Hill 1076 16 ch Iiro or pek 17C0 52 51 774 16 do bro pek fans 960 25 204 1080 14 do or pek 1120 59 53 H-L 778 12 ch bro pek 1200 out 208 Essex 1085 24 ch pekoe 25-20 27 53 Carbery 788 31 ch bro pek 2790 55 209 1090 5 do dust 750 16 59 790 27 do pekoe 2430 33 210 C B 1092 36 ch bro pek 3600 29 60 792 13 do pek .sou 1170 26 211 1094 44 do pekoe 3969 25 62 Naseby 796 36 lif-eh bro pek 1930 92 213 1098 12 hf-ch bro pek fan 900 17 63 79S 20 do pekoe 960 71 214 Scrubs 1100 13 ch bro or pek 1300 77 64 800 12 do dust 1020 30 215 110-2 16 do or pek 1760 56 65 Morankande 800 28 ch bro pek 2800 36 216 1101 18 do pekoe 1620 48 66 804 33 do pekoe 3300 29 217 1106 8 do pek sou 720 43 67 806 IS do pek sou 1800 23 2lS 1108 6 do dust 9 0 19 71 Dunkeld 814 12 lif-ch pek fans 840 22 219 Oxford 1110 29 do liro or pek 1450 41 bid 72 810 14 ch pek .sou 1330 27 220 1112 76 do bro pek 7600 35 73 818 8 hf-ch dust 760 17 221 1114 18 do pekoe 1440 27 bid 74 Hayes 820 30 lif-ch or pek 1350 49 222 ino 10 do pek sou 750 22 bid 75 822 16 do bro pek 800 44 225 Oe agama 76 824 41 do pelioe 1845 32 No. 13 1122 21 ch bro pek 2110 43 73 828 40 ilo SOU 23C0 21 226 1124 15 do l)ekoe 1350 26 bid 82 MG 830 13 hf-ch dust 1170 18 227 1126 11 do pek sou 990 23 84 Suniiyeroft 840 12 ch pek sou 1203 23 228 Geragama 89 W V R A 850 16 lif-ch mix te.a 1120 23 No. 14 1128 20 ch bro pek 2000 42 bid 93 B D W P 80S 22 hf-ch bro pek No. 2 229 1130 12 do pekoe lOSO 29 bid 1320 33 230 1132 8 do pek sou 720 22 bid 94 860 70 do bro pek 3500 33 231 1134 24 do fans 19-20 18 95 862 20 do tiro pe fans 1200 28 232 Pedro 1136 13 cll fans 1950 28 96 864 9 do du.st 783 18 233 Talgas6vela 1138 60 ch bro pek 5400 36 07 M'oodlands fcCO 11 ch bro pek 1100 39 234 1140 S do do No. 2 8S0 20 9s 868 12 do pekoe 3140 28 233 1142 10 do pekoe 9l0 33 99 870 12 do pek sou 1080 22 236 1144 10 do pek sou 900 27 103 O 878 27 hf-cli bro tea 1338 9 bid 238 Errollwood 1148 15 ch pekoe 1275 40 105 B PB 882 18 ch pekoe 1 70 24 2o9 1150 18 do pek sou 1530 33 100 Monkswood 884 27 hf-ch ijro pek 1350 77 253 B 1178 8 ch dust 960 9 bid 107 886 85 do or ptk 1575 56 256 B D W G 1184 71 hf ch bi-o pek 3550 35 bid 108 Anningkande 888 53 ch bro pek 3180 38 257 M 1186 12 ch pekoe 1140 22 109 890 39 do pekoe 1950 34 2.68 Galla watte 1188 7 ch bro pek 700 34 112 Middleton 896 50 lif-di bro i-ek 2,600 55 259 N 1190 9 ch 113 89S 23 ch pekoe 1840 42 2 do SOU 780 6 bid 114 Kilo ova 9C0 9 ch bro pek 900 46 261 1194 0 do dust 960 9 bid 115 902 13 do or pek 1170 41 262 ST 1196 8 ch dust 1000 out 116 117 904 19 do pekoe 1520 30 906 11 do pek sou pek fans 990 24 118 908 7 do 805 21 119 Gallawatle 910 7 cli bro pek 700 35 SMALL LOTS. 120 912 10 do or pek pekue oro pek 850 44 121 123 Pobi.t.igaraa ou t)is 11 28 do ch 9.;o 2800 31 37 [MESSR.S. A H Thompson & Co.] ILM 920 18 do or pek 1040 .63 Lot. Box . Pko's. Name. lb. c. 1 ^5 922 19 do pekoe 1520 31 liV> 924 44 do pek son 3.620 24 4 Springwoed 4 6 ch bro mix GOO 12 127 920 17 do fans 1530 20 6 Hornsey 0 4 cll fans 310 16 130 Weoya 932 20 cll bro pek 2000 34 1 a Kalkaiule 8 13 lif-cli or pek 650 36 CEYLON PEODUCE SALES LIST. 3 Lot. Box. Pkgs. I'laine lb. c. 10 10 12 do pek sou 600 19 11 11 4 do bro mix 200 8 l2 Ratnatenne 12 6 hf-ch bro pek 330 31 13 13 6 do pekoe 330 20 14 14 3 do SOU 150 14 35 15 1 do dust 73 15 ! 17 Vogan 17 4 ch bro or pek 200 29 bid 34 Vnugalla 34 5 ch bro or pek 575 34 bid 37 37 4 do pek sou 400 19 bid bS 38 1 do dust 100 16 42 Rannawella 42 1 ch SOU 55 12 bid 43 43 1 do dust 90 15 44 44 1 do red leaf 42 6 hid 45 L, in estate mark 45 3 cli hro mix 255 8 46 D 46 5 ch SOU 478 8 hid 47 Ugieside 4( 2 ch dust 170 16 48 48 2 do bro mix 220 10 49 Eelugas 49 4 ch SOU 340 10 bid 50 50 1 do ) ed leaf 77 6 51 Hoolo Group 51 3 ch pek fans 225 16 52 52 8 do dust 640 14 B W 55 4 ch pek sou 320 out 56 56 1 tl") dust 140 13 57 AV 67 2 ch pek fans 220 12 bid 58 58 2 do dust 280 13 bid 60 St. Leonards on Sea 60 4 ch pek sou 340 14 hid 61 0 61 1 ch dust 160 13 62 62 1 do unas 112 12 63 M 63 3 h£-ch unas 143 10 CG Sapitiyagoclde 6 i 4 ch red leaf 388 6 bid 60 N A 69 2 ch 3 hf-ch bro pek 350 10 bid 70 70 2 do pek sou 100 out 71 71 2 ch un s 200 10 72 2 hf-ch hro mixed 100 7 73 KPG 73 4 ch bro pek 488 15 76 S J 76 3 do dust 380 14 bid [Mr. John.] Lot. Box. Pkgs Name. lb. c. 1 Osborne 363 1 hf-ch- pekoe 63 15 2 365 2 do dust 160 14 367 2 ch bro tea 220 6 Ottery & Stain ford Hill 375 5 eh SOU 380 25 8 377 2 do dust 320 18 16 Gonavy 393 2 do pek fans 168 IS 17 395 1 do dust 100 13 28 Tientsin 417 3 do pek sou 270 27 29 419 3 hf-ch pek fans 240 22 39 Ella 439 4 ch dust 480 18 44 Teraplestoive 449 3 do dust 420 16 49 H S, in estate mark 459 7 do sou 630 19 50 461 2 do hro mix 200 6 51 463 6 do dust 510 13 64 KTK 469 8 hf-ch pek fans 520 16 60 Happy Valley 481 11 do hro or pek 660 41 61 483 3 do pekoe 180 28 62 485 4 do v)ek sou 240 20 63 Hiralouvah 437 9 ch dust 660 15 64 489 5 hf-ch pek fan.s 340 21 65 491 2 do fans 130 8 66 493 6 ch SOU 5l0 8 68 Keenasaha Ella 497 1 do dust 100 13 70 Sorana 1 2 do dust 284 17 Y B K 11 16 hf-ch pek sou 640 25 76 13 3 do dust 270 15 78 Attabagie 17 0 rh pek sou 540 15 79 Anamallai 19 3 hf-cli dust 2.55 1^ £2 AYeymoutb 25 6 ch pek sou 510 14 S3 27 1 do dust 135 14 88 Kanangama 37 4 do dust .560 14 02 Ivies 45 6 hf-cl pek sou No 2 270 10 93 47 5 do fans 325 20 91 49 7 do congou 280 11 05 51 3 do dust V2j 17 19 Gonavy 59 2 do pek fans 108 16 100 61 1 do dust 100 13 102 A R T, in est. mark 65 9 do dust 650 12 103 Turin 67 2 ch hro or pek 220 29 107 7.5 2 do bro mix 200 13 113 O 1 M M T 87 5 do hro pek 500 34 115 91 1 do pek sou 100 12 116 93 1 do sou 00 11 317 95 3 do 1 hf-ch bra mix 324 6 118 97 1 ch 1 lif-ch fans l.-)3 10 no 1)9 1 cli dust uo 15 Iz Nahavi'la 11,') 4 hf-cii dust 360 17 Messrs. Somerville & Co Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. c. 1 TCA in estate mark 301 3 ch unas 330 25 2 302 1 do red leaf 100 6 5 Comar 305 3 do pek No. 2 300 21 bid 9 White Cross 309 3 do bro pek fans 375 17 14 Neuchatel 314 2 do dust 300 16 22 Loiiach 322 7 do pek sou 595 24 23 Maliatenne 323 3 do pe sou No 1 285 19 24 324 2 do dust 180 17 25 325 2 do 200 17 28 Forest Hill 328 1 do congou 94 12 32 Monrovia 332 4 do pek sou 4C0 16 33 333 4 do fans 400 14 34 334 1 do red loaf 95 8 35 335 1 do pek dust 135 14 38 Y in estate mark 338 7 hf-ch d! st 490 17 bid 39 DB in est mark 339 1 do bro pek 67 25 40 340 Sboxes pekoe 75 21 41 341 4 hf-cli pek sou 186 14 42 342 1 do dust 84 15 43 Kooroolcogal a 343 5 ch hro pe No 1 500 38 44 344 7 do bro pek 690 32 46 346 4 do pekoe 400 out 47 347 4 do „ No. 1 380 22 bid 48 348 3 do pek sou 315 11 bid 49 K G 349 1 do sou 100 out 50 350 1 do fans 1^.2 .51 351 2 do pek fans 220 10 bid 52 .352 1 do dust 143 13 53 353 1 do bro tea 103 6 00 Penrith 360 ■ 3 do pek fans 360 18 61 361 2 do dust 330 14 73 Siri-i'i!i la 373 2 ch dust 302 18 / ( Mu.i at(.*nne N7 7 do bro sou 651 10 78 i '8 2 do bro mix 200 12 79 1 do dust No. 1 141 16 80 580 1 do dust 136 15 81 Maha.; dde 384 5 ch bro pek 50J 33 80 W onto Christo 386 6 hf-ch dust 480 16 87 J .S 387 7 do SOU 350 14 bid 101 H T 1 1 hf-ch b o pek 50 30 102 2 1 do pekf e 50 21 103 3 1 ch pek sou 150 12 bid 1 hf-ch 104 4 1 do dust £0 15 105 Alutkelle 5 10 hf-ch bro pek 560 out 106 0 12 do pek 600 18 bid 107 7 6 do pek sou 270 12 bid 108 8 2 do fans 108 out 119 Irex 19 1 ch dust 100 15 120 Kudaganga 20 3 do bro tea 351 12 bid 124 Labugama 24 1 ch fans 110 20 129 Saiawe 29 3 do du.st 480 16 131 Chetnole 31 6 hf-ch dust 4.50 15 135 Bollagalla 35 1 ch bro tea 100 16 130 36 1 hf-ch du.st 90 14 137 37 2 do unas 175 7 144 44 10 do sou ISO 12 145 Lynd hurst 45 4 do dust 360 15 [.Messr.8. Forbes & Walker.] Lot. Bo.x. , Pkgs. Name. lb. c. 1 B B B, in estate mark 074 3 ch dust 240 13 9 G 090 3 ch sou 240 12 10 692 3 do pek dust 420 16 11 Giengariffe 694 8 hf-ch bro or pek 480 37 15 702 3 do hro pek dust 225 )8 16 704 2 do dust 150 16 17 Rroiigliton 706 1 do SOU 60 14 18 708 3 do fan.s 204 IS 19 710 2 do dust 180 17 21 Deliiowita 714 6 ch pek No. 2 480 19 23 718 5 do congou 400 9 25 O K 722 2 ch red le if 170 7 27 Uehegallci 726 4 ch SOU 360 20 o3 Muniikattia Ceylon, in est. mark 738 2 ch s u ISO 22 97 Great Valley 746 2 ch pek fans 140 45 38 748 1 do fan.s no 20 39 750 3 do dust 285 IS 41 Hethersett 754 4 ch hro pek 500 36 762 8 hf-ch P'.k f.ans 6S0 21 48 Ewrhust 7CS 4 ch pek sou 300 21 40 770 4 hf-cli fans 320 17 52 Bicklev 776 10 do dust 000 10 54 H-I. ■ 780 4 ch pekoe 4i0\ 782 6 do >)ek sou 000 ( 5G 784 4 do fans 400 [ 57 786 1 hf-ch congou 49 J 61 Carberry 794 4 ch hro pek fan 440 20 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. ot Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. c. Lot. ]jOx. Pk-'s. Name. lb. c. A! orankaiKlo 808 2 ch red leaf 200 6 810 4 do f«ins 320 18 107 Beausejour ltX)6 6 ch pck'Oe 510 25 812 3 hf-eh dust 225 16 170 Mndamana 1012 2 hf-ch bro pek 110 35 Haves 826 11 hf-ch pek sou 495 23 172 ■S T 1016 2 ch bro pek 217 16 f 830 8 hf-ch fans 400 23 17S 1018 2 do dust 205 10 H 832 o hf-ch !'ed leaf 135 6 179 .St. Heliers 1030 4 ch pek .sou ■ 60 25 . M G 834 4 do hr. or pek 280 26 180 1 B 111 estate ! 838 6 do dust 425 16 mark 1032 2 ch dust 200 17 j Siinnycroft 842 3 ch congou 300 20 181 M P 1034 2 do ('ongou 150 15 3 844 3 do dust 480 17 184 1040 5 ch bro pek 500 14 7 W N 846 6 ch bro tea 600 9 188 Thcberton 1048 5 ch bro mix 500 17 s 818 4 do fans 616 11 189 1050 4 do dust 400 17 ■) W V B A 852 7 lif-ch dust 636 15 198 Panmure 106S 5 hf-ch red lejif 275 0 1 854 3 do fans 210 8 201 Kincora 1074 5 ch pek No. 2 450 10 2 856 6 do bro mix 330 6 bid 203 Denmark 30 Woodland 872 2 ch dust 240 17 Hill 1078 2 ch bro pek 2.50 34 01 874 4 do red leaf 400 7 205 1082 7 do pekoe 595 49 02 Nella Oolly 876 1 ch ekoc bro pek pekoe l)i‘o pek 2150 1850 isno soo 1620 27 bid 00 40 31 31 52 do pekoe fv200 30 bid 429 32 do bro pek 37 bid 32 32 35 do I ek sou ■2800 25 156 431 17 1700 30 bid 33 D 33 27 ilo bro < r pek 2700 35 433 20 do ])ek sou 1800 24 bid 35 35 11 eh sou 1018 12 441 1 1 red leaf 900 7 39 Nahaveena 39 26 hf-ch pek sou 1300 29 162 Birnam 44 i 10 do sou 1120 37 40 Torwood Panapitiya 40 42 U ch 18 ch pekoe bro pek 924 900 29 37 43 43 25 do pekoe 1260 25 & Co.— 1 51 B & D 51 12 ch dust 1800 13 [Messrs. Somerville 78,893.1 54 55 R S K D L 54 55 8 cli 8 do sou dust 736 ni.5 8 bid 8 bid Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. C. 58 Vegan 5? 33 ch bi^o pek 3135 58 1 H 51 n ch pek sou 880 23 59 ,-9 34 do pekoe 2890 3> 9 M N 59 22 lif ch dust 1804 16 ■60 60 25 do sou ■2125 28 10 Dambagalla 60 30 do bro mix 1350 25 13 Wcilahandua 63 ■26 ch bro pek 2000 40 14 04 19 do pek 1805 29 [Mr. E. John.- -190,335 lb.] 16 F P A 21 Hangraii ( )ya 66 71 10 8 do ch fans pek sou 960 21 32 183 1^2 do pek son 1200 35 62 Comilah 112 14 do bro pek 1400 36 34 187 16 hf-ch bro i)ek fans 800 26 61 114 9 do pek sou 900 20 40 Y B K 199 14 do bro pek 868 34 65 Romania 115 15 do bro pek 1.500 33 bid 44 Esperanza 207 26 do bro or pek 1352 35 66 116 24 do pekoe 240u 24 45 209 68 do pekoe 3128 27 67 117 10 do pek sou 1000 20 54 Agra Ouvah 227 68 hf-ch bro or pek 4420 7] 74 Minna 1^24 16 hf-ch or pek 8S0 71 55 229 37 do or pek ■2035 6 75 125 81 do bro or psk 44-55 39 56 231 17 ch pekoe 1615 45 76 1^26 34 ch pekoe 44 57 Glasgow 233 15 do pek fans 1600 17 bid 77 127 36 do pek sou 3060 24 58 235 17 do dust 1700 15 78 White Cross T28 26 ch bro pek 2600 33 bid 59 Agra Ouvah 237 13 do pek sou 1235 34 79 129 25 do l>ekoe 2375 26 •60 239 22 hf-ch pek fans 1804 27 SO 130 10 do pek sou 900 13 bid 61 241 16 ch pek fans 1312 29 85 Wevagoda 13-5 13 ch pek sou 962 withd’ii 63 Alnoor 24l 48 hf-ch bro pek 2400 33 38 Mahatenne 138 13 do bro pek 1:100 35 bill 64 247 19 do pekoe 1425 25 91 Citrus 141 9 ch bro pek 900 37 65 249 11 do pek sou 880 19 bid 92 142 13 cu pekoe 1150 26 66 2.61 33 do pek fans 2170 18 97 EvalgoIIa 147 11 ch bro pek 1100 42 70 WesthaU 259 17 ch bro mix 1445 9 98 148 13 ch or pek l*23-5 42 -71 Elston 261 oO do bro pe No.2 2550 24 99 149 18 do pekoe 1620 32 73 G T 265 13 do congou 1300 20 100 uo 9 do pek sou 720 22 76 Maddagedera 271 54 do bro pek 5130 41 bid 102 Bidbury 1.53 31 hf-ch bro pek 1860 43 77 273 27 do pekoe 2430 33 103 152 21 ch pekoe 1890 39 78 ■275 21 do pek sou 1680 28 104 154 13 do pek sou 1300 25 79 277 11 hf-ch bro pek fans 715 32 105 M. Kande 155 15 on pek sou 1425 21 bid 80 Tempi esto we 279 15 ch pek sou 12fe 24 bid 109 Atherton 159 17 hf ch ]>ekoe 8oU 25 bid 81 Glehtilt 281 57 do bro pek 5985 59 1 1 3 Patulp.ana 163 20 hf-ch bro pek 1 too 28 82 283 34 do pekoe 3400 46 118 GB 168 8 do dust 745 15 83 285 9 pek sou 810 35 1!9 IP lfiJ4 20 do dust IJOO 17 85 Ivies 289 36 hf-ch pekoe 1620 25 bid 1^20 170 40 -h ..-•Ir sou 32U1.) 2*2 86 Ligdola 291 10 ch or pek 900) 1'21 Forest Hill 171 28 Ch pekoe 2520 ■26 bid 87 293 10 do pekoe son - withd’n 1^22 11 in est mark 172 23 hf-cli sou 920 16 89 297 10 do bro pek fans 900 1 P23 173 12 do fans 1020 15 bi Stisted 220 60 do bro pek 3900 42 263 222 24 do pekoe 1440 31 264 224 22 do pek sou 1100 24 266 Meemoraoya 228 19 hf-ch bro pek 760 25 267 230 35 do pekoe 1400 23 270 Erracht 236 38 ch bro pek 3040 40 271 238 14 do bro or pek 1330 36 272 240 40 do pekoe 3000 26 bid 273 242 22 do pek sok 1760 21 • 274 244 44 do fans 3960 21 275 246 5 do dust 750 13 276 Oxford 248 29 hf-ch bro or pek 1450 41 277 250 10 ch pek so . 750 21 bid 278 Knavesrairc, Invoice No. 11 , 252 25 ch bro pek 2625 32 bid 279 254 56 do pekoe 5040 26 bid 280 256 30 do pek sou 2400 22 288 Doranakande 272 37 ch bro pek 3330 37 289 274 13 do pekoe 1105 26 290 270 18 do pek sou 1440 21 293 Melrose 282 11 ch bro pek 990 42 294 824 11 do or pek 1100 31 295 286 14 do pekoe 1120 22 297 BD WG 290 71 hf-ch bro or pek 3550 36 304 Maha Uva 304 31 do bro or pek 2015 36 320 Waverley 336 26 ch fans 3250 15 bid c. 12 21 32 bid 26 bid 19 15 out out 56 31 24 39 bid 28 bid 23 33 bid 28 21 39 bid 26 bid 43 32 23 73 54 45 :j8 13 bid 36 lb.] c. 18 18 31 22 IS 65 49 20 51 34 63 42 32 22 fO 55 48 42 51 37 8 10 11 12 87 CO 50 22 30 34 20 46 46 34 26 33 40 30 51 34 49 31 47 32 24 22 55 37 21 42 30 57 61 50 41 27 35 32 25 21 29 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST, 3 SMALL LOTS. [Messrs. A. H. Thompson & Co.] Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. 1 W W T, in estate mark 1 5 ch bro nek 440 2 2 8 do pekoe 600 H 3 5 do red leaf 450 4 4 5 do pek fans 468 5 5 4 do bro mix 280 6 0 1 do dust 124 9 Oooloowatte 9 5 ch bro mix 450 10 10 4 do dust 320 11 Marigold 11 5 hf-ch pekoe 320 36 Belugas 36 4 ch SOU 340 37 Roseland 37 3 ch dust 210 38 38 2 do bro mixed 120 41 Unugalla 41 4 ch pek sou 400 5 2 B 21 132 Renveula 182 2 ch dust 300 15 13:1 183 2 ch bro mixed 200 8 135 G A Ceylon 3 85 9 ch red leaf 75 7 136 186 1 hf-ch dust 80 13 i:39 Bariiagalla 389 4 hf-ch du.st 340 15 m 201 4 ch 1 hf-ch fans 448 12 bid 155 .Sirisanda 205 1 ch 1 lif-( h faniiings 118 12 Lot. Box. Fk“s. Name. lb. C. 156 206 1 ch congou 84 12 157 •2u7 2 cli dust 280 16 161 Morankiiide •211 1 ch dust 157 14 162 212 h faiiiiiiigs 81 1.5 166 Ingeriya •216 9 hf-ch red le f 414 15 168 Monrovia 218 f) ch bro pek 500 32 bi.l 170 2:0 5 ch pek sou 500 19 171 ■221 ch fans .5CiO 23 172 ‘222 1 ch pek dust 135 15 173 223 3 ch rep leaf 285 8 174 K G ‘224 4 ch pekoe 400 21 175 225 4 do pek No. 1 380 22 179 226 3 do pek sou 310 13 181 '!' K ‘231 1 • hf-ch 1)10 pek f60 out 182 ‘232 12 do pek 600 IS 18:1 233 6 do pek sou 270 14 184 2:34 2 do faiiiiiiigs 108 12 188 Penrith 238 3 ch pek fans 375 22 189 •239 1 vh dust 16.') i:3 199 240 •7 ch bro tea 170 7 191 FA ill estate mark ‘241 1 ch red leaf 105 7 192 ‘242 b ch dust 4.50 1.5 197 N I T 247 5 Cil tuiii ssorted 425 20 199 240 5 hf-ch dust 475 l:i bid 200 250 2 do red leaf 180 6 202 Y in est murk 252 7 do du.st 490 15 bid 20:3 D 4 ch bro pek 440 36 204 •254 2 ch pekoe 212 ‘23 205 255 7 ch pek .sou 030 17 206 •J S 250 7 hf-ch soiicliong 3.)0 14 207 D ON 257 3 do bro tea 315 in .bid CEYLON COFFEE SALES IN LONDON. (From our Commercial Corretspoudeiit.) Mincixg Lane, June 25. Marks ami prices of CEYLON COB'FEE sold in Mincing Lane up to 25th June Ex •‘City of Vienna”— OO, Roeh.vnpton, I barrel 110.s; O ditto, 2cT07s6d; 1 ditto, 3c lb I03.s; 2 ditto, 11)92; PB ditto, 1 tierce 114s. Larje Broughton, Ic 109s; P ditto, lb lOOs; 1 ditto, 2c 99s 6d; 2 ditto, lb 90s; P ditto, lb 98s. Ex “Baross”— Bal, OO, ditto 2, Ic 1 tierce 95s 6d; ditto PB, 2c lb l-23s; AOO 1, 3c lb 91, s. Ex “Para” — Alabam. 20 bags 7ls. I5x “Lancashire”— West Fassifern, O, 2b 104s; ditto 1, 5b 102s; ditto 2, lb 93s. Ex “Dictator” Size 1, Kirko.swald, 1 tierce 109s; size ditto, Ic 101s; KO, ll) 8-)s; T oitt.',, lb 72s. Ex “Staffordshire” — Bitto T, Ic 6(is. Ex “Port Chalmers” — Size O, Ross, lc47s; 1 tierce 47s; 5b I6s. Ex “City of Vienna”— Size O, Thotulagalla, lb 107s; size 1, ‘2c lb 109s 6d; .size 2, .^c 103s; size 3, lb 94s‘ PB ditto, Ic 112s; T ditto 81s; ditto 1 bag overtaken 98s. CEYLON COCOA SALES IN LONDON. Ex “Cian Ranald”- -Grove Lights, 1 b'glOs. Ex “Clan Cameron”— Amba 1, 2 sea dam. c2 45s; ditto 2, 1 sea dam. c2, 45s. Pa’li, B, 4 bags 44s; 1 sea dnm c2 39s. Ex “Staffordshire”— HK 2, 1 b.ag 42s, ditto T, 1 pocket 44s. Ex “Clan Ranald” — Kerry, lIbngs4Ss; 6 bags 47s; 4 bags 40s: ditto C, 2 bags 43s; Muna, 7 at 51s 6d. Ex “Rewa”— Morankande, A 3, 3 bags 40s; ditto B 3, 2bags4Ss; ditto B 4, 3 bags 48s. Ex ‘City of Vi nna”- Yattawatte. 53 bags 63s: 2 ditto, 7 bags 45s 6d; 1 Ross, ‘29 at 06s; 2 ditto, 4 b.igs 40s. Mara- kona 2. 4 b gs 43s 6d; 3, 3 bags 32s. Ex ‘‘India”— Alloowiharie, i bag 30s. OB.SEHVER PRINTING WORKS. TEA, COFFEE, CINCHONA, COCOA, AND CARDAMOM SALEK. NO. 27. Colombo, July 26, 1897 il'KiCii ; — iy.j ceuls eaou 9 copies 30 cents ; 6 copies h rupee. COLOMBO SALES OF TEA. LAliGE LOTS. [Messrs. A H. Thompson & Co.— 39,325 lb,] Lot. J 1 St. Leonards i Sea 2 3 8 Vesan f) 10 11 Agar’s Land 12 1.1 Kalkande 29 Battalgalla 31 Nahaveena 34 Belgodde 42 Relugas .-,3 IIS 54 K D L 55 K P 57 K P « . 61 Uda Pusse- lawa Ion. Pkss. Name. lb. c. n 1 10 ch bro pek 1675 39 2 14 do pekoe 1260 'IQ 1 2 do do lOSO 2a S 24 ch bro pek 2280 54 9 2 i do pekoe 2070 37 10 23 do pt son 19.55 28 11 17 bf-eh pek sou 935 29 12 10 do sou 816 2G 15 19 hf-ch bro pek 950 47 29 22 cli pek .sou 2200 27 31 23 bf-ch liro pek 1150 40 34 21 hf.cli bro pek 11.55 :'5 bid 42 0 ch dust 7-20 3 5 53 8 ch sou 736 8 54 8 ch l 780 40 840 40 792 24 l.S.’O 47 12.50 32 1850 25 1100 44 1520 47 1620 32 9»0 26 16110 23 1705 72 3-240 42 1890 27 880 20 1440 48 ISOO 40 1600 30 bid 810 26 1080 20 1100 11 1079 17 7-20 14 765 U 1-20J 33 1105 26 7-10 17 700 18 bid 960 out 1440 37 2-21 0 28 900 20 bid 2600 38 bid 1680 32 1530 23 1-2C0 Lot Box. Vkii> ?. Name. lb. e. 149 9 10 cll pek sou 835 20 157 Depedeue 17 : 133 Uf-cli bro pek 7315 27 bid 158 18 98 do pekoe 4900 21 bid 159 19 16 do pek sou 3050 17 bid 101 Yarrow 21 55 hf-ch bro pek 3080 44 162 22 64 do pekoe 3200 35 163 Deniyaya 23 20 cb bro pek ■2100 5.3 164 24 10 cb pekoe 1000 40 167 D M H 27 10 cll uiiassoi'te 1 1000 19 bid 169 Wattegauia £0 50 cll pekoe 4500 10 170 30 41 cb pek sou .37-20 22 bid 171 Kehmi 31 HS hf-.-h bro pek 4900 45 17-2 32 47 cll pekoe 4230 27 bid 173 33 11 ch pek sou 990 23 174 34 2-2 hf-ch pro pek fan 13-20 27 liid 177 U iiiestiu'.u'k 37 7 cb bro pek 700 3/ [Mr. E. John.— 1 71,225 111. ] Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. c. 6 Alliaddv 461 15 ch bro lie!; 1504 37 7 463 15 do pekoe 1317 34 11 Gonavv 471 '29 do bi'O pek 3074 40 12 473 13 do pekoe 1066 3S 13 475 12 do pek sou 864 32 14 Oonooga Iliya 437 25 do bro |iek 2,5o0 r>i 15 489 22 do pekoe 1980 36 16 491 1.5 do pek sou 1350 27 17 Caledonia 49.: 12 do bro pek 1-200 30 18 495 12 do pekoe 1140 25 19 497 12 do pek sou 1140 •21 . 23 A 5 45 boxes or pek No. 1 900 60 24 7 30 bf-cli or pek 1440 51 25 9 :-i4 do pekoe 1700 41 20 11 14 cll uiias 1680 21 ).i.l 27 Stimford 13 37 Iif-cb bro pek 18.50 50 28 15 32 do pekoe 15;i0 38 29 17 19 J. pek sou 855 27 31 S F D 21 IS do fans 1008 23 33 25 23 do congou 920 20 38 Anchor, ill e.state mark 43 32 do bro or pek 1760 65 39 45 IS cll pekoe 10-20 43 41 Cleveland 49 2o llf-cli bro or pek 140 66 42 51 It do or pel. 855 63 43 .53 hO do pekoe 2500 47 44 5.5 17 cb pek sou 765 38 52 Glasgow 71 48 do bro or pek 3600 63 53 73 ■25 do or pek 1500 6.5 54 75 24 do pekoe 2280 42 55 Eadella 77 15 ilo bro pelf 1 Olio 35 56 79 14 do pekoe l-iOO •JO 57 Elston 81 ■fi) do pek sou 3910 23 58 83 17 do congou 1.530 20 61 ICataboola 89 6 do pek dust 840 15 03 Bro widow 93 31 .lo bro or pek 3100 67 64 05 34 do or pek 3-MO 53 65 »7' 25 do pekoe ■2250 38 66 99 12 do pek sou 1920 33 68 103 11 llf-cb bro pek fans 715 30 70 107 6 cll dust 750 17 81 Little Valley T29 27 ■*() bro pek 2700 4S 82 131 41 do pekoe 3090 32 83 133 2i do pek sou 2160 27 94 E 1 K 1.55 12 do jiekoe lii2U 27 95 Nabavilla 157 37 do pekoe 3700 25 bi-l 96 159 9 do pek sou 900 25 98 tVavleigb 163 9 do dust 1080 wiUil 11 99 ICa della 165 33 do pekoe •2970 23 100 Marguerita 167 19 hf-ch hr 1 pek 1064 45 101 160 46 do pekoe 2300 4n 109 HT, TOO 185 9 cb faii,s 117(1 17 115 Pati Rajah 197 28 do bro pek 2800 45 1 116 199 22 do pekoe ■2090 31 j 1'25 Vvakellie 217 -27 do pekoe ■276(1 4(i 1 1-26 ■219 £.4 do pek sou •2400 40 1-28 223 5 do 1)10 mix 750 15 131 N 229 13 lif-cli dust 975 IF, 133 C B 233 11 do bro mix 935 8 139 Ormidale ■24.5 68 bo.xe s bro or pek 1360 93iuil 141 249 lOhfeb liekoe 9.50 *5'? hi'l 145 Classaugb ■257 34 do bro pek 1870 68 146 ■259 24 cll pekoe 2160 46 148 C'ontavf •20-3 10 do nil s 900 28 150 Alnoor ■267 £7 llf-cb bro pek 1350 30 154 ‘275 14 do pek fans 770 28 157 Claremont 2.SI 37 do bro or pek 203.5 30 158 •281 11 cll pekoe 1100 JS 160 A 2j7 46 llf-cb bro or pek 2760 47 161 £89 IS do pekoe 864 44 162 Kotua'icdei'a *2.)1 19 ch bro pek 1900 37 hll o CEYLOX PRODUCE SALES LIST, Lot. Box. PI Name lb. C. Lot. Box. Bkr;.8. Name. lu. c. 1^3 203 20;) 10 ■|5 do do pekoe pek sou 1805 1350 27 bid 23 bid 179 694 9; do pekoe 9700 42 169 If tV H 170 K 305 307 IS do 24 bf-eb. bro mix du.'^t 19S0 1920 7 17 181 189 Deaella 698 714 10 ch 22 hf ch dust bro pek 1000 1210 19 3(* 171 Viiic'it 172 IT‘3 S09 311 SI 3 10 di do do bro pek pekoe pek sou 1000 700 700 40 27 19 190 191 192 710 718 720 20 do 20 do 13 do pek pek sou bro pek fan 1000 1000 715 28 24 24 193 dunes 722 84 hf-ch bro or pek 4620 32 194 724 3S do bro pek 1710 48 195 726 51 ch pekoe 4335 26 bit! & lb.] 196 728 13 do pek sou 1105 21 bid [MES-SUS. l2S 792 8 do pek sou 800 19 bid 02 460 13 do pek sou 1170 37 230 Beaumont 796 14 ch dust 2142 21 C5 Tonacoinbe 466 28 ch or pek 2800 52 2i2 Kabragn.lla 800 73 hf ch bro tea 3050 9 bid 6S 4(jH 17 do bro pek 2040 5; 233 Torwood 802 19 ch bro pek 1900 50 C7 470 47 do pekoe 4700 44 234 804 28 do or pek 2240 37 es 472 8 do pek sou 720 35 235 806 20 do pekoe 16S0 29 72 Carbervv 4SU 51 ch bro pek 4500 57 238 SOS 22 do pek s(Ui 1760 25 73 48*2 41 do pekoe 3600 35 237 Dooinba 810 11 ch bro tea 990 6 bid 74 4S4 21 do pek sou 189(. 30 238 812 9 do pek No. 2 810 out 75 4S6 11 do bro pek fan 1210 30 239 Serubs 814 12 ch bro or pek 1200 77 70 G K 48S 30 cll bro tea 2700 23 240 81(1 12 do or pek 1320 50 bid 7 490 27 do dust 3780 14 241 818 15 do pekoe 1350 45 bid 78 Watale 492 55 hf-ch bro pek 3300 36 249 L, in estate 79 494 11 cll pekoe 990 32 mark 834 9 ch bro tea 819 12 85 Pallesoclde 506 29 do bro or pek 3025 37 250 Essex 836 78 hf-ch 1) 0 or pek 46S0 45 86 508 34 do bro pek 3230 58 251 838 23 ch pekoe 2300 37 S7 510 31 do pek 2700 38 253 H 842 11 cll bro pek lion 22 bid 88 .512 32 do pek sou 3040 28 256 B 848 13 ch bro pek 1300 IS 89 D X K 514 0 ch dust 1208 16 2G8 R A IV 872 7 ch fans 735 21 90 iMacaldeniya 516 14 hf-ch bro pek 840 46 271 Gaiphele 878 24 hf-cli bro pek 1440 42 91 518 23 do or pek 1260 CO 272 880 28 do pekoe 1^10) 34 92 520 24 hf-ch pekoe 12C0 48 27.3 832 14 do pekoe sou 700 26 93 522 2.) do pek sou 1250 40 270 Amblakande sss S ch pekoe 720 20 bid 104 Fetteretso 544 26 hf-ch bro or pek 1430 89 ‘>79 Bittacy 894 36 hf-ch bro pek 1980 58 105 546 37 do Jbro pek 2220 64 bid 280 SOG 19 do pekoe 950 48 106 ,548 20 cll pekoe 2340 50 bid 2S4 Lillavvatte 904 43 ch bro mix 3110 15 bid 107 550 18 do pek sou 1020 50 285 906 12 ch pek sou 1140 15 bill 110 Pem-lis 556 29 hf-ch or pek 1450 53 287 Queensland 910 19 ch in 558 28 do bro pek 1680 42 1 hf-ch bro pelt 1950 77 112 500 6L do pekoe 3355 37 2SS 912 8 cll or pek 720 6.) 113 502 31 do pek sou 1550 29 289 914 49 do pekoe 4165 54 117 Galkadna 570 25 ch bro pek 25' 0 30 29U 916 14 do ptk sou 1120 36 118 572 13 do pek .1300 25 291 Nahaveena 918 36 hf-ch bro pek 1800 40 119 574 13 do pek sou 1300 21 hid 9Q-?. 920 31 do pekoe l.">50 38 1-23 Clyde 5S2 43 ch bro pek 4300 43 293 Lyegrove D22 8 ch i;ro or pek 930 35 124 584 63 do pekoe 5670 27 294 924 8 do bro pek 8n0 47 586 26 do pek sou 2840 21 295 916 14 do pekoe 1190 30 126 58S 5 do dust 700 lo 298 Middleton 932 19 hf-ch dust 1425 21 128 Walpitiya 502 12 ch pekoe 1200 20 299 Benmark Hill 934 0 ch bro or pek llOO 59 1--0 594 8 do pek sou SOU 21 304 Ingroogalla 944 15 ch bro pek 1500 47 132 Munnkcttia, 305 940 21 do pekoe 1890 36 Ceylon, in est. 306 948 19 do pek son t710 27 mark GOO 14 hf-ch or pek 700 49 310 Ireby 950 53 hf-c h bro pek 3180 68 1S3 602 20 do bro pek lino 62 311 958 34 do pekoe 1760 58 604 14 ch pekoe 1209 41 j 312 9G0 20 d(» pek sou 1600 43 1 GOO 9 do pek sou aio 30 315 Knavc-smir'e 966 21 ch bro pelt 2205 35 1.58 Ai^bui'tb 052 51 lif-ch bro or pid 25 II 55 316 OGS 50 do pek 4500 9.7 159 654 30 ch or pek 1710 44 31; 970 20 do jiek 150J 27 100 666 0 do do 810 38 1 318 972 10 hf-ch pelt son 1300 22 161 6.58 34 do sou No. 1 30 0 26 1 321 Pn 'n pan la 978 SO ch bro pek 2850 38 bid ooo 23 do sou , 2 2U70 20 980 27 do pelt 2430 29 bid ir;* 602 41 hf ch fa in 2400 22 323 982 7 do bro cv pek 875 28 164 664 20 ch dust 2030 20 1 327 Dunbar 990 18 hf-ch or pek 810 48 bid :<..5 Gokoowattc coo 12 ch bro pek 1200 3S 1 328 P92 20 do bro pek 1300 41 bid 106 008 0 do pekoe 810 <9 329 \)04 16 ch pekoe 1280 39 5LT 070 10 do i>ek sou 901 1 24 330 996 21 do pek son 1575 28 172 Maha I'va 680 28 hf clr bro or pek 1821 < 41 ( 331 D B R 998 10 ch Ians 900 24 i ::i ^ 682 32 do or pek 192" 51 332 1000 10 do bro mix 1000 11 n 684 30 ch pekoe 34-20 40 333 1002 13 hf-ch dust 910 17 175 (180 22 do pek sou 1870 33 3o7 B F B 1010 12 hf-ch dust 960 14 177 D.'umneri i (191 41 ch lu’oor pek 4f)20 4(J i 338 F’rogniore 1012 28 ch or pek 2380 40 17.8 ■ 6!)2 35 do bro pek 341'5 53 ' 339 1014 21 do bro pek 2:00 62 CEYLON PEODUCE SALES LIST. 6 SMALL LOTS. [ME.SSR8 H. T IIOMP.SON (& Co. Loc. l>0-\ . l’kp;.s . Name. 11). 4 St. Leonards on .Sea 4 5 cU pek son 425 5 't 4 do do 340 C G 2 fll dn.st -80 7 (; do fans GOO 13 IVarwick 33 ?] ch pek .son ISO 14 34 ') do (Inst 400 ]G Kalkande JG 11 lif-di or 1 ek 650 17 17 13 do pekoe 650 IS 18 11 do pek .sou 550 10 19 !) do r.niis 450 20 20 9 do dust 630 21 21 8 do congou 400 2-2 F H M, in esta te mark 22 •> ch bro pek fan 200 23 Hornstv 23 1 eh or pek 100 24 23 2 lif-cli bro pek 100 25 24 1 di pekoe mo 20 26 4 do pek son 400 27 27 ”) box bro or pek JOO 2S 28 6 di fans 510 30 Battalsail.a 30 3 d) fans 255 32 Nyh.'iveena 3> 4 hf-di pekoe 200 33 Belgodde 33 5 hf-di bro or pek 2/5 35 35 12 do pekoe 600 36 3i) 8 do jielc sou 135 3" 37 3 do dust 180 K G K 38 1 di son 64 30 3i) 1 hf-di bro mixed GO 40 40 3 do red leaf 13S 41 I, 41 r, di bro mix 425 45 \VD 45 2 di coni'on 130 4 ’5 46 2 do dust 2S0 47 47 6 do red leaf 600 4S 48 1 do bio mix 80 40 R 40 1 bf-di red leaf 41 56 K P G 56 4 di bro pek 488 53 S N 58 3 ch dust 380 60 PA 50 2 di pekoe 180 GO A, in ' state mark GO 3 ch pekoe 285 [iSlESSRS. Somerville *S: Co.] Lot. Box. PkK8. Name. lb. IG Forest Hill 270 7 ch bro iiek G.5S 17 277 5 cll pekoe 410 18 278 4 cll pek son 348 20 II J S 280 3o hf-cli sou 656 25 Nngawella 285 5 do dust 375 33 Lonadi 293 6 di pek son 510 38 Veralupitiya 298 8 ch bro mix 210 39 299 2 hf-ch dust 180 46 Ankande 306 2 di ■son IGil 47 307 2 di dust 160 48 308 1 ch unassorted 10b 62 Arduthie 312 6 hf-di souchong 300 53 313 a do du.st 225 64 St. Leys 314 1 do iu'o mixed 100 55 Moragalla 31.5 6 di bro pek 600 56 316 5 ch pekoe 500 57 317 3 di , et kOU 300 58 318 2 ch pek fans 224 59 319 3 ch bro tea 112 G2 Irex 322 2 cll pek sou 190 62a 322a 1 ch pek son A 95 63 323 1 ch dust 100 67 Marigold 327 10 hf-di pek .son 630 CS 328 11 do souchong 616 69 329 G do bro pek faii.s 432 70 G O 330 5 ch souchong 575 71 331 1 Ilf cll pekoe Sou 45 72 332 1 do dust 60 73 P 333 4 ch bro pek 440 74 334 3 ch pekoe 300 V’ 335 G ch pek sou .510 76 336 1 ch red lea f 100 337 1 ch dust 117 79 N 339 G ch pekoe .552 81 341 5 ch souchong 395 82 342 1 ch dust 132 83 343 1 hf-ch red leaf 52 87 Carney 347 13 do bro pek fans G5i) 8S 348 4 do pek fans 2G0 89 849 3 do dust 150 93 Paradise 353 11 do bro pek 605 95 355 5 ch pek sou 480 07 P in est mark 357 .5 ch red leaf 500 98 0.5S 1 1 lif-ch dust SO 102 H 362 3 do broken tea 150 103 303 2 do dust 160 109 Bogahagoda- vvatte 369 C ch bro pek GOO Lot Box. P] w-gs. Name. lb. C. 112 372 6 ch f-i nnings 500 14 114 s 374 2 hf-ch du.st 160 15 115 375 3 do bro tea 150 11 116 A 376 2 do dust 160 15 117 377 3 do bro tea 150 10 bid 120 W ev weltalawa 3^() {) ch bro tea 330 7 122 Ruxawa 382 3 ch dust 225 1.5 123 333 3 di souchoniT 185 11 124 Scarborough 381 4 ch red leaf 400 15 125 385 1 ch congou 94 15 126 Diyanilakdle 380 1 hf-ch bir tea 60 19 131 M in est mark 39 1 s ch pekoe 680 22 133 39! 3 ch fannings 300 8 137 Harangalla 397 2 ch dust 260 15 in Penrith 1 2 ch fannings 240 18 142 2 1 ch dust 160 15 147 Wilpita 7 5 ch bro tea 475 40 1.0(‘ 10 4 ch bro mix 300 8 151 IL 1 cll dust 155 14 160 Depedene 2ij 4 hf-ch dust 320 15 165 Deiiivaya 25 (; cll pek sou 600 24 bid 166 L» M R 26 2 ch dust 260 14 168 28 4 ch 1 i hf-cli souchong 450 8 bid 175 Kelani 35 10 do pek fans 500 20 176 36 8 do dust 640 15 178 B i . est mark 38 7 ch pekoe 630 *25 179 30 3 hf-ch pek sou 150 17 [Mr. E. John.] Lot Box. Plcgs. Name. lb. c. 1 Ridilands 451 6 hf-ch bro pek 360 51 O 463 3 do pekoe 168 37 a 455 2 do pek sou lOS 25 4 457 4 do dust 320 15 5 459 3 do congou 204 13 bid 8 .■VVi.ui ly 465 9 ch pek sou 682 25 9 467 3 do dust 302 15 10 469 1 do bro mix 90 6 20 Caledonia 499 1 do sou 80 10 21 1 3 do red leaf 270 6 22 3 1 do hf-ch du.st 197 16 30 SFD 19 9 do bro pek fans 630 30 32 23 G do uust 480 15 S4 K inloch 27 2 ch 2 hf-ch sou 330 17 35 29 0 do Gro mix 495 11 36 H L H S 31 3 do pekoe 270 16 3/ 33 2 do S'Ul 120 24 40 F H 47 3 ch red leaf 210 7 45 llevelaiid n7 4 hf-ch dust 280 15 59 Mahagalla 85 2 ch bro mix 170 ' 7 60 Kataboola .S7 G do SOU 600 19 62 Troup 91 2 do congou 172 17 bid 67 Brownlow lOL 6 do SOU 540 out ()9 105 4 hf-ch pek fans 370 22 71 AVatriapolIa 109 6 ch or pek 540 43 l2 111 7 hf-ch bro or pek 385 34 73 113 5 cll pek sou 425 25 74 115 2 do sou 160 16 75 117 1 hf-ch bro mix 53 7 76 119 5 ch 1 hf-ch machine tea 56S c 77 Avr 121 8 ch bi G mix 283 8 78 123 3 hf-ch dust 255 16 79 125 2 do bro lei ISO 16 80 Galloola 127 0 ch dust 500 15 84 Little Valley 135 3 hf-ch dust 240 19 85 Suduganga 137 3 ch or pek 270 44 86 139 9 hf-ch bro or pek 495 34 87 141 8 ch pek sou 680 24 b8 143 4 do desiccator tested tea , 320 12 89 145 3 do sou i40 15 90 147 1 lif-ch bro mix 24 9 91 149 ch 1 lif-eh machine tea 250 7 92 M X m 2 do dust 148 14 93 153 1 do red leaf 62 6 97 Warleigli 16L 3 ch bro mix 300 s 102 ^^ar£illevita 171 9 hf-ch dust 075 17 107 H T, T C O ISl 3 ch pekoe 300 24 108 183 1 do pek sou 97 16 no C 187 1 lif-eti pek sou 58 19 111 189 1 do dust 45 15 112 19L o do red leaf 134 7 113 Marakona 193 1 cll pek dust 118 14 114 195 1 do dust 144 13 117 Pati Rajah 201 4 do fairs 420 16 bid 127 Uvakellie 221 0 do sou 540 28 129 X 225 1 hf-ch bro pek 50 30 130 227 1 do pekoe 40 26 132 G B 231 9 ch sou 675 21 134 235 7 hf-ch du.st 5! *5 14 c. IS 17 14 5^1 34 IS 35 28 21 18 Ifi 11 IG 50 25 40 25 44 IG 15 38 32 bid 13 bid 12 bid 14 bid 9 6 6 9 out 13 C 6 G 17 14 20 bid 20 bid C. 40 28 22 bid 20 15 23 15 14 12 15 15 IH 15 11 35 25 18 14 9 21 12 10 29 25 24 bid 6 14 14 35 20 le 12 32 20 15 0 20 22 15 44 20 8 7 14 48 4 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. Lot Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. c. Lot. Box. Pkg8. Name. lb. c. 33n M R 237 7 do fans 490 22 99 534 1 box dust •20 15 136 239 4 do dust 360 16 100 Hoianaskel’e 530 8 ht-ch hr., pek 4&2 I'O 137 241 6 ch hro mix 57 6 101 538 9 do pekoe 474 27 138 243 1 do 1(2 540 10 do pek sou 572 .>.> 1 llf-cll iinas No. 2 170 20 103 512 1 do bvo mix 78 9 138a 2)4 1 ch iinas No. 1 100 15 108 Fetteresso 552 1 cll liro tea l‘J5 SO UO Oi-micl;i le 2j7 7“ if-ch or pek 350 71 bid 109 554 4 hf-ch bro pek dust 360 27 142 251 11 do pek sou 495 42 bid 114 Penrlios 561 7 do dust 490 17 U3 253 4 do pek foils 280 36 115 566 3 do congou l.rO 21 144 N P 255 7 do bvo mix 490 6 116 568 4 do so 1 2-'0 20 147 Clonlarf 261 8 ch pek sou 680 19 bid 1-20 Galkadua 576 1 ch dust no 12 149 205 4 llf-ch dust 300 15 121 57S 1 hf-ch congou 50 12 151 Alnoor 269 9 do pekoe 675 25 ]'2-2 M -M 580 1 oh pek sou 9 24 152 271 3 do pek son 240 20 1-27 Walpitiya 590 4 do bro pek 4’:j 50 15?. •273 6 do liro pek fans 4-10 8 130 W, ill estate 277 10 di COllftOU 500 11 mark 596 1 do bro mix 100 156 279 8 do red leaf 072 7 131 5PS 1 do SOU lOU 169 Claveiiiont 285 4 do dust 350 16 136 Jlumikattia Kotuasjedera 297 2 ch dust 320 13 Ceylon, in es 109 •-99 3 do bro pek fans 390 16 . fate mark 608 7 hf-ch dust 5S0 167 Albion 301 3 do hro tea 270 8 137 K W )■), in es 168 l.vnforcl 303 2 do bro mix 200 8 tate mark 010 n do fans COO 174 V incP. 315 1 do dust 119 14 138 612 1 do dust 60 317 2 do bro pek fans 2U0 20 139 (U4 1 ch l)r<> tea 127 27 145 -M H A 626 4 do congon 100 14 146 628 1 do dust 150 15 147 Eleman.a 030 7 do pek sou 63D 22 rMiCSSRS. TORRES cY WALKER.J 148 632 1 do fans 400 16 168 Ookoowa' te 672 1 hf-ch bro mix No. 1 60 16 Lot. Box PkiTs. Name. lb. c. 169 674 1 ilo dust No. 1 90 12 170 676 7 do bro mix No. 2 4--0 18 1 B B B 111 estate 17t (178 3 :kell 340 9 ch pek fans 675 21 180 Dainineria 690 4 do pek sou 400 27 4 W F, in estate 1S2 D -M 700 5 do bro or pek 550 38 mark 344 6 ch pek fans 540 20 183 70-2 7 do pekoe 665 •28 9 Carendon 354 3 ch foils 300 21 202 Kirklees 740 2 do pek fans 220 28 10 366 5 do con^cu 450 15 208 Stafford 752 6 do bro or pek 660 OJ 11 Hopewell 358 1 ch 211 758 3 do pek sou 270 32 1 hf-cli bro pek 1.56 71 212 7<;o 1 do fans 130 16 12 .360 1 ch pekoe 93 42 218 Patiaaama 772 3 do pek sou 300 27 13 362 2 do pek sou 177 32 229 Arapolakande 794 4 do dust 460 14 14 364 1 do 231 Beaiunoiit 798 4 do SOU 472 20 1 llf-ch consfou 133 17 242 Scrubs 820 3 do bro tea 270 7 bill 15 Karawkatiya 366 1 ch bro pek 1 4 49 243 Poonagalla S'22 1 do red leaf 80 •20 16 368 1 do pekoe 107 32 244 S24 1 do bro mix iO 14 17 370 1 do pek sou 94 20 •246 Keenakellie 8-2S 1 do bro or pek 100 30 18 372 1 do SOU 67 IS 248 Somerset 832 1 do pekoe 95 •28 19 Kaduruwan- 252 C, in estate doala 374 2 ch bro pek 200 37 mark SIO 6 do bro jiek 546 7 bid ■20 376 2 do pekoe 180 23 254 II 844 3 do pelcoe 270 21 -21 378 1 do 255 816 3 do pek sou ■270 12 1 hf-ch pek sou 135 16 257 B 850 2 do pekoe 180 16 22 380 1 box dust 15 1-2 258 652 2 do pek son ISO 13 *33 Opalga'la 3S2 O ch conifou 255 In 260 K B 856 3 ch fans 330 16 24 384 6 do red le.if 480 7 * •261 858 4 do dust 520 14 25 386 4 do dust 4S0 16 26-2 Kelvin 860 1 ch red leaf 85 withd’n 27 Devoiifortl 390 6 ch or pek 510 59 263 862 4 hf-ch du't 300 15 2** 392 8 do pekoe 680 48 261 Ragalla 864 3 cll bro mix 300 21 •21 394 8 do pek sou 640 49 265 866 5 ch fans 650 17 30 396 7 do dust 400 18 266 868 1 ch dust 130 16 31 D F 39S 1 ch bro pek 95 39 267 R AW S70 6 cll souchong 4 SO 10 32 400 2 do pek sou 140 28 269 874 1 hf-ch f.ms 60 21 36. Tymawr 408 6 hf-ch SOU 300 16 270 876 4 do ilust 320 15 37 410 3 do dust 225 16 277 D T D ill est 3S 4 2 3 do fans 210 18 mark 890 4 ('ll fans 440 16 40 Nortii Csve 4 6 5 oh congou 3-50 J6 278 V in est mark 892 6 hf-ch pek sou 288 16 41 418 2 do sou 1-20 8 •281 Bittaev 898 1 ch pek sou 95 31 45 illeddetenne 4-26 2 ch bro pek fans 230 18 2S3 coo 2 ch bro mix ISO 17 46 1-28 1 do dust 145 IB 28-2 002 4 ch dust 340 15 47 J30 5 do 00112,011 450 14 286 Lillawatte 908 1 ch dust 150 14 48 432 2 do red leaf 210 6 206 Lyegrove 928 7 cll pek sou 595 25 .50 Hethersett 436 1 ch bro pek 1-25 44 oc»7 930 2 llf-ch dust 180 17 -53 442 7 do pek sou 560 38 300 Denmak Hill 936 8 ch or pek 680 58 .94 444 3 hf-ch P‘.k fans 2)'5 20 301 938 6 ch pekoe 540 52 58 G lencorse 452 3 ch pek fans 375 17 302 940 4 cll pek sou 320 38 59 454 1 do dust 70 14 303 942 1 hf-ch jiek fans 85 18 63 Great Valiev 462 2 d) jiek fans 114 46 307 I N G 950 5 ch bio mix 500 16 04 401 2 do dust 1.50 17 80S 952 6 hf-ch dust 4.10 16 69 K 474 2 do bro pek 200 30 309 954 6 ch bro pek fans 600 27 7(J 470 1 do pekoe 100 20 313 Irebv 962 4 hf-ch fans 280 34 71 178 4 do red leaf 328 8 314 964 3 do dust. 240 241 80 Matale 490 7 do lick sou 630 24 319 Kiiavesniire 074 3 do dust 285 1.5 81 498 3 hf-ch fans 210 22 320 976 6 do fans 480 17 82 500 3 do dust 210 15 324 Patupaula 984 7 ch pek sou 595 24 83 lleliiowit t 502 5 ch cniij;»(m .^50 7 325 986 2 ch pek fans 300 16 84 5li4 3 do dust 450 15 326 988 2 ch souchong 150 15 94 Jliicaldenia .924 2 llf-cll Sun LIO 31 3.31 B F B 1004 1 hf-ch bro pek 41 34 95 526 4 do dust 300 19 315 10u6 3 ch pek -SOU 246 16 96 K U 528 3 do bro pek 153 19 330 1008 3 ch souciioiig 300 16 97 .930 r. do pekoe 270 25 340 Frogmore 1016 7 ch pek No. 2 525 35 iii 532 8 do pelt sou 3-20 15 341 1018 3 ch dust 240 20 OlJ.'-KEVKR PUINTING WOKK.S. TEA, COFFEE, CINCHONA. COCOA, AND CARDAMOM SALES NO. 28. Colombo, August 2, 1897. 1'rice: — cents eacu .JconifS , 30 cents ; 6 copies § rupee. COLOMBO SALES OF TEA, LARGE LOTS. [Messrs. A H. Thompson & Co.— 32,835 lb.] Lot. Box. Pkg.s. Name. lb. C. 1 BalgoTvnie 1 13 ch bro pek 1170 32 bid 2 2 9 do pekoe 765 20 bid 3 3 11 do pek sou 935 15 bifl 4 Agra ElUeclde 4 40 Iif-cli bro or pelc 2200 59 5 5 47 do pekoe 2350 48 6 e 27 do pek sou 1350 35 11 Ossingto?! u 7 do pekoe 700 26 22 Mandara Nevvera 22 30 do bro pek 3000 37 bid 24 24 14 do pek sou 1260 22 25 2.5 8 do dust 800 15 2G Hoolo Group 26 13 do dust 1040 1 5 bid 27 ll'ivenscraig 27 26 hf-ch bro pek 1300 40 28 28 50 do pekoe 2.500 28 bid [Messrs. Somerville & Co.— 79,68.3.] Lot. Box. ' Pkcr.S. N.ame. lb. C. 1 Y SPA 41 IT ch pek dust 1656 18 4 Pen-y-].;in 44 10 do red leaf 950 7 24 B T, in est. mark 64 8 do red leaf 800 7 27 Maligatenne 67 8 do pekoe 720 • ‘2 28 68 11 do pek sou 978 12 31 M arigold 71 2 1 hf-ch bro or pek 1323 49 32 72 33 do bro pek 1980 56 33 73 23 do pekoe 1288 41 34 74 15 do pek sou 840 34 37 Arslena 77 in do bro pek £000 47 38 78 51 do pekoe 2550 36 39 79 33 do pek sou 1650 27 42 T 82 22 do pek sou 1760 22 43 83 0 ch sou 765 18 bid 44 Jlousakande 84 10 do pekoe 740 29 40 B, in est mark 88 22 do bro pek 980 20 bid 47 Pendleton 87 39 hf-ch l)ro pek 2184 30 bid 48 88 18 do pekoe 900 22 bid 49 White Cross 89 23 ch bro pek 2800 28 bid 50 90 26 do pekoe 2470 26 51 91 20 do pek sou 1800 22 63 Bollagalla 93 18 ilo bro pek 1710 37 bid 54 94 11 do pekoe 880 29 bid 55 95 8 do pek sou 760 25 bid 58 Kudaganga 93 9 do bro pek 94.5 30 bid 60 100 10 do pek sou 900 15 bio 61 IMG 101 10 do pekoe 1000 21 bid 63 lllukettia 103 10 do pekoe 1000 22 69 BK 109 8 do bro pek 875 35 70 110 9 do pekoe 890 22 74 M 114 12 do sou 960 17 75 Penrith 115 21 do bro pek 2100 45 76 116 20 do pekoe 1600 33 77 117 15 do pek sou 1275 24 80 Pine Hill 120 22 do sou 1760 7 89 Ukuwela 129 36 do bro pek 3600 38 90 130 30 do pekoe 3600 28 91 131 25 clo pek sou 2500 19 93 Hatdowa 133 17 do bro pek 1700 40 94 134 29 do pekoe 2610 33 95 135 22 do pek .sou 1760 24 [Me. E. Lot. Box. John.- Pkgs. -188,914 lb.] Name. lb. C. 12 Digdola 341 31 ch or pek 2780 46 13 343 32 do pekoe 2560 27 bid 14 345 10 do pek sou 850 21 15 347 16 do bro pek fansl430 23 17 Mocha 351 24 do bro pek 2400 70 18 353 23 do pekoe 2070 48 19 355 11 do pek sou 880 34 bid 20 357 14 do soil 1260 25 21 359 11 do fans 14 0 26 bid 23 Koslanda 363 14 hf-ch bro or pek 840 35 bid 24 365 22 do or pek 1100 55 25 367 26 oh pekoe 2340 40 26 369 13 do pek sou 1180 29 30 Ottery & Stam ford Hill 377 25 do bro pek 2500 60 31 319 32 do or pek 2880 50 32 381 40 do pekoe 36C0 38 35 Agra Ouvab 387 73 hf-ch 1)!0 or pek 4745 81 36 389 41 do or pek 2255 58 Lot. Box. Fkgs. Name. lb. C. 37 391 15 ch pekoe 1425 48 38 Bondiira 393 13 ch 13 hf-ch bro pek 2080 35 bid 39 395 33 ch pekoe 3140 32 40 397 33 do pek sou 3135 23 41 399 13 do red leaf 1172 ’ 9 d 42 401 14 clo bro pek 1396 44 43 4C3 ■-3 do pekoe 2208 29 44 405 15 do pek sou 1355 23 45 Eila 407 49 do bro pek 4410 36 bid 46 409 41 do pekoe 3485 •27 bid 47 411 IS do pek sou 1530 22 bid 48 413 11 do fans 1100 23 40 Kanangama 4)5 38 do bro pek 3610 34 bid 50 417 26 clo pekoe 2210 23 bid 52 421 13 do pek fans 1300 13 53 423 9 do bro tea 720 out 54 425 12 do fans 1080 13 50 429 6 clo dust 840 14 57 St. John’s 431 28 hf-ch bro or pek 1680 Bl-OS 433 30 clo or pe.k 1500 85 59 435 23 do pekoe 1288 70 GO 437 19 do pek fans 1520 40 63 Lameliere 443 24 do bro pek 2692 60 64 4r5 25 do pekoe 2250 40 65 447 22 do pelc sou 1870 32 67 Digdola 451 15 do or pek 1350 40 bid 68 453 12 do’ pekoe 1029 28 69 Hora.witta 455 29 lif-ch bro or pek 1870 out 70 457 10 (h bro pek 880 34 bid :i 459 20 do pekoe 1700 SO.bid 72 461 40 do pek sou 3620 26 73 Madtlagedera 463 57 do iiro pek 5415 53 74 465 do pekoe 2430 35 75 467 20 do pek sou 1600 28 84 Acrawatte 485 25 hf-ch or pek 1250 51 85 487 2L do bro pek 1260 41 bid 80 489 20 ch pekoe 1800 39 87 491 15 do pek sou 1500 28 bid 88 Elston 493 44 do pek sou No. 2 3740 25 89 Meeriatenne 495 18 hf-ch bro pek 900 29 bid 90 487 24 do pekoe ( B) 1200 22 bid 92 Koslande 1 13 do bro or pek 780 .'•6 bid 9i 3 22 Jo or pek 1100 56 94 5 27 ch pekoe 2430 37 bid 95 7 14 clo pek sou 1235 29 101 Yahalakela 19 23 clo bro mixed 2070 7 bid 107 Horawitta 31 23 clo bro pek sou 2320 10 bid 108 33 20 hf-ch dust 1415 13 109 Poilakande 35 17 do bro pek 1020 53 1 0 37 17 ch pekoe 1350 33 111 39 15 do pek sou 1200 24 112 Eadella 41 14 do bro pek 1400 37 bid 113 43 14 do pekoe 1260 27 114 45 9 do pek .sou 720 23 115 C N 47 8 do bro tea 800 7 1 6 Gonavy 49 17 do bro pek 1734 53 117 51 10 do pekoe 8-0 411 121 Temp'estowe .59 17 ch bro or pek 1785 4.5 122 61 19 do or pek 1710 56 123 63 48 clo pekoe 4080 36 bid 124 65 17 do pek sou 1.369 26 bid 128 N B 73 9 do sou 900 28 132 Tientsin 81 31 hf-ch bro pek 1550 71 133 83 18 ch pekoe 1620 46 136 Allington 89 10 do bro pek 1000 out 137 91 12 do pekoe 1080 out 141 ETK 99 13 do pekoe 1105 out 142 101 13 hf-ch dust 1125 14 bid 143 103 12 do rans 780 25 144 105 12 ch red leaf 980 7 145 Killabidda 107 24 do pek sou 2230 out [Messrs. Eorbes & Walker.— 343,179 lb.] Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. C. 1 C H in est mark 1058 28 hf-ch sou 1058 24 2 C H 1060 15 ch red leaf 1600 14 13 Waitalawa 1082 38 hf-ch bro pek 1900 45 14 10 C4 32 do or pek 1600 45 15 1086 70 do ptkoe 3500 37 16 1038 17 do pek sou 8.50 26 18 Nugagalla 1092 31 1 tif-ch bro pek 1550 4S 19 1904 66 : hf-ch pekoe 3300 34 22 Deaculla 1100 £0 do bro pek 1800 52 ?3 1102 25 ch pekoe 1875 35 24 1104 8 ch pek sou 750 29 27 Ainbalangodda 1110 7 ch bro pek 770 53 28 1112 12 ch pekoe 1080 37 29 1114 .2 ch pek sou 960 26 Kjjn. i.j 1 Lot. Box. Pli ;as. Name lb. 31 Eowley ins ■ 41 hf-ch bro pek 2050 32 1120 ; 32 do pekoe 1600 S3 1122 11 do pek sou 950 36 Hayes 1128 31 do or pek 1395 37 1130 20 do b.io pek 1000 38 1132 32 do peKoe 1280 39 1134 28 do sou 1260 47 NewPerade- niya 1L50 24 ch bro pek 2400 48 1152 37 ch pekoe 2S49 49 1154 38 ch pek sou 2660 51 St. Helen 1158 65 hf-cb bro pek 3900 52 1160 72 do Cl- pek 3240 5J 1162 83 do pekoe 3735 54 Eockside 1164 9 ch bro pek 99-.) 55 1166 9 ch pekoe 900 5G lies 8 ch bro mi» son 57 u:o 7 ch dust 10-50 59 Ilethevsett 1174 16 ch 1 box bro or pek 1775 61 1178 9 ch or pek 761 65 1 'algaswela 1186 40 ch bro pek 3600 66 1188 8 ch hr pek No. 1 2 880 67 1190 8 ch pekoe 7-20 63 1192 8 ch pelc sou 720 75 Tonacoilibe 1205 3' cb or pek 3100 7(i 12- 8 15 ch bro pek ISOO 77 1210 66 ch pelcoe 660 ) VS 1212 10 ch aek sou 900 79 1214 9 hf-c-b dust SIO so Nahal’.na 12 '6 34 ch soucboiig 3740 8L Suunycroft 1-218 U ch pekoe sen 1400 84 Pa'i.sa ra G roup 1224 27 cli pekoe 2430 85 1-226 17 ch )iek sou 1530 87 1230 17 ch sou 1530 9t Fruvnbam 1-236 53 Uf-eh bro pell- 3180 91, 1-238 rc do pekoe 2520 92 1 40 55 do pek son 2-200 96 Anninakaude 1248 4-2 do bro pek 25-20 97 1-350 31 do pekoe 15.50 100 Asc t 1256 35 ch bro pek 3325 101 1258 36 ch pekoe 3000 102 1250 10 ch pek fans 1150 10 M 1208 11 ch dust 1650 103 Middleton 1272 30 hf-ch bi-o or p k 1500 109 1274 2 '3 ch pekoe 1870 110 1-276 19 cli pek sou 1520 111 Naseby 1278 26 do bro pek 1430 112 1-280 14 do pekoe '00 113 1282 16 do pek sou SOO 115 Chesterford 1286 21 ch bro pek -2310 110 1288 26 ch pel oe 2000 117 l-29il 19 ch pek sou 1900 121 Polatagaina 1288 28 di bro pek 2S00 122 13C0 15 do or pek 1200 123 130-2 19 ilo jiekoe 15-20 124 1304 38 do pek sou 3040 125 1306 7 do fans 700 127 Bloo I field 13 0 27 c-h bro pek 2700 123 1312 31 bf-ch bi-o or pek 2015 129 1314 36 do ]iekoe 3600 130 1310 10 ch pekoe No. 1 1000 132 1320 17 do pek sou 1700 134 1322 9 hf-c-h pek fans 7-20 134 Damme ia 13-24 38 cb bro or pek 4560 135 1326 20 cli bro pek 2200 136 13-28 46 ch -pekoe 4600 140 Euanvrela 1336 49 hf-ch bro pek -2450 142 1340 12 ch pek sou 1080 144 1344 6 ch fans 720 145 P G 1346 7 ch bro pek 700 147 Mor nkande 1350 13 ch bro pek 1300 148 1352 -20 t-h pekoe 2000 149 1354 11 ch pek sou 1100 150 F argany 1356 40 lif-ch bro pek 2-'00 151 1358 15 ch pekoe 1350 152 1360 15 ch pek sou 1275 155 Q L 1366 12 hf-ch dust 960 157 D G 1370 15 cli fans 1.500 158 M V 137-2 8 ch fans SSO 159 Barkindale 1374 22 hf-ch bro pek 1232 160 1376 12 ch pek 1152 105 Lochiel 1386 26 cb bro pekoe 2470 166 1388 14 ch pek 1120 171 Kenning toil i 1398 ; 2 : ch sou 1140 172 1400 6 ch dust 840 133 RamlJodde 1422 29 hf-ch or pek 1595 184 14-24 2-2 do pekoe 1100 195 Knavesniiri i 1446 16 c-h bro pek 1760 196 1448 50 do pekoe 4500 197 1450 28 do pek sou 2240 201 G P M in est. mark 14.58 1 87 hf-ch pek No. 2 4872 202 1460 60 1 do sou 3:'.60 203 146-2 ; S 1 do pek fans 738 204 Hopton 1464 16 1 ch sou 1440 205 Clyde 1466 i 52 1 do bro pek 5200 Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. C. 206 1468 75 ch pekoe G7.-.0 2‘ 7 1470 27 do 1 ek sou 2430 22 208 1472 5 do du«t 700 14 209 Hurstpier bro pek point 1474 11 hi'Ch 700 31 21-2 B D W G 1480 SI do bro pek 4050 4o -213 1482 49 do pekoe 2450 39 214 1484 33 flo pek sou 1320 28 219 Dea Ella 1484 60 hf-cli bv(i pek 3300 3.5 220 1496 50 do ;*ekoe 2500 27 -221 1498 40 do pek sou 2000 22 222 1500 12 : 0 iin* pek fans 72U 26 -223 Weoya 2 10 ch liro pek 1050 33 bid 226 S 22 do pe son 187o 25 227 10 L'A do fans 4771) •20 bid 230 1 enmark Hill 16 b do 1 lif-ch bro or pek 912 64 238 Forwood 28 17 ch bro pek 163' 57 237 30 35 do or ])eiv •2870 38 238 32 24 do pekoe 2016 33 239 34 ‘JC do )iek sou 2132 •26 -240 36 14 do dii-^t 1730 16 bid •241 B, in est. mark 38 0 do dus'i 900 1.5 242 Glengaritf 40 C6 hf-ch hv pek 3132 41 243 4:2 14 do pekoe 1003 33 244 44 23 do pek sou 1219 •27 245 Arapolcikande 4G 33 do •vkoe 2400 27 d 219 Beverley f.4 10 lif-cli pek dust 7.50 15 25i- Krracht .50 22 ch Ijio pek i 760 41 -251 5S 22 do ))t'koe 650 27 252 Oj 13 do bins 1170 21 258 Stisted 72 63 bf-ch bro pek 4095 39 259 74 25 do pL-kue l.'iOD 31 260 76 25 do ])o\i sou 12.0 26 262 Aropolakande SO 2/ ch pekoe 2160 27 bid SMALL LOTS. [Messrs. A. H. T!^o^rr.so^’ & Co.] Lor. Box. [>ko-s. Name. lb. C. 10 O.ssington 10 5 cli bi-o pek 500 35 12 32 5 do ( ek sou 500 15 13 3 3 1 do dust 16-1 13 14 14 4 do bro pek 400 34 15 15 5 do pekoe 500 24 16 16 5 do pek sou 500 14 17 17 2 do bi-o pek 260 35 18 18 5 do pekoe 500 25 19 19 3 do pt sou 300 14 20 20 1 do dust 13S 14 21 •21 1 do nnas 100- 19 23 Mandara Newei-.a -23 7 do pekoe 630 3-2 20 Ra.venscraig 29 9 bf-ch pek sou 450 17 bid .'>0 Roseland 30 3 do dust 210 14 bid 31 31 1 do bro mix 55 7 bid 32 Ugieside 32 5 ch dust 400 14 bid 33 33 6 do bro mix 660 15 bid [Messrs. Somerville & Co.] Lot. Box. Pkgs. Nasiie. lb. C. 2 YSP A 42 2 ch bvo mix 190 7 3 Pen-y-Lan 43 4 do dust 600 11 bid 9 H 49 1 ch sou SO 17 10 50 2 do bro mix 200 7 11 61 1 hf-ch or pek fans 70 IS 12 52 1 do dust 85 17 17 Rothes 57 9 do bro pek 495 76 18 58 12 do pekoe 600 57 19 59 10 do pek sou 450 34 •20 60 5 do sou 225 26 21 61 1 do fans 61 20 22 RT, 111 es ■•. mark 62 3 ch hro mix 300 9 bid ■23 63 4 do dust 480 15 •25 65 1 do nnas no 7 26 Maligatenne 66 5 do bro pek .500 33 29 69 7 di bro tea 630 7 30 70 1 do dust 128 13 35 Marigold 75 9 hf-ch sou 486 27 36 76 6 do bro pek fans 408 29 40 Arslena 80 6 do dust No 1 300 13 41 81 2 do dust No. 2 100 8 45 Mousakande f85 2 ch pek sou 174 23 52 'iVhite Cross 92 2 do pek fans 250 15 bid 56 Bollagalla 96 2 do bro tea 2-20 18 57 97 1 hf-ch dust 90 13 59 Kudaganga 99 3 ch pekoe 285 20 62 Illukettia 102 12 hf-ch b'O pek 672 35 64 104 6 ch pek sou 570 16 bid 65 105 1 do dust 140 13 66 106 1 clo 1 hf-ch fans 161 15 67 CS 1C7 1 ch sou 95 11 c. 5i 41 24 47 47 K7 25 49 o7 29 S2 bid : 8 bid 2G bid 34 bid 29 l)id 15 15 C4 61 44 29 S3 29 li- es 45 S3 bid 16 10 31 40 34 23 45 37 25 45 20 33 29 25 15 bid 93 54 bid 44 Rl-04 57 58 36 28 36 bid 60 40 29 bid 29 bid 59 41 44 25 33 bid 23 33 59 45 46 23 23 out 40 29 2 i 59 47 34 17 19 19 64 39 40 bid 41 bid 11 13 58 45 36 29 22 39 29 bid 21 21 39 v^jcjxxjvjin Julol. 3 Lob Box. Pkg.s. Name. lb. c. Lob. Box. Pke‘s. ISlaine lb. c. 6S lOS 3 do red leaf 300 8 71 R K 111 3 do pek sou 345 19 23 Deaciilla llOrt 8 cll dust 640 16 72 112 4 do 26 1108 3 ch bro mi.x 22.5 18 1 hf-ch fans 4.55 16 bid 30 Amblangodda 1116 1 hf-ch dust 70 14 73 113 1 ch pek dust 140 13 34 Rowley 11 ‘24 S do dust 400 10 78 Penrith 118 1 do pek fan.s 1-20 19 35 1126 2 do red leaf 100 7 79 119 1 do dust 165 13 40 Haves 1136 0 do dust 300 17 81 Chetnole 121 3 do 50 New Parade 1 hf-ch pek sou 400 19 bid mya 1156 6 ch SOU 260 19 82 122 2 ck 'red leaf 200 8 58 Rocks! de 1172 5 ch bro pe fans 650 17 83 123 1 do dust 150 13 60 Hethersett 1176 1 ch bi’o pek 101 47 84 Bug 1-24 4 hf-ch bro pek •200 41 62 1180 7 ch 85 125 6 do pekoe 204 27 1 hf-ch pekoe 6S7 52 86 126 9 do pek sou 396 17 63 1 182 S ch 87 1-27 •2 do fans 110 19 1 box pek sou 648 48 88 1'28 2 do congou 80 10 64 1184 2 hf-ch pek fans 169 92 tlkuwela 123 2 ch bro pek fans 140 21 69 G 1194 3 ch SOU ■2.55 11 96 Hatdowa 136 3 do bro mix 345 8 70 1196 4 ch pek dust 5S0 14 97 137 3 do (lust 4:^5 13 71 K T E in est. 76 138 2 do fans 200 17 mar!; 1198 6 ch fans 480 18 72 1200 3 hf-ch dust 240 16 1202 6 do red leaf 300 [Me. E. John.] ■ 74 82 Kabragalla Suunycroft 1208 1220 2 5 ch ch red leaf congou 210 500 7 24 Lob. Box Pkgs Name. lb. c. i S3 ! 86 1222 Passara Group 1228 4 0 ch ch dust dust 640 200 14 1 G in estate 88 New Galway 1232 5 hf-ch bro pek 303 76 mark 319 1 ch bro pek 100 47 89 12.34 9 do pekoe 495 SO 2 321 1 hf-ch pekoe 50 40 , 93 Farnham 1242 3 do fans 180 21 3 323 1 do nekoe No. 45 34 94 Nellaoolla 1244 1 ch dust L50 13 4 325 1 ch pek sou 81 •28 9.3 1246 3 ch red leaf 2.5.5 7 n Theresia 327 6 do pek sou 570 25 103 M ■ 1262 3 ch hro pek 330 66 6 329 C hf-ch dust 480 16 104 1264 9 ch pekoe 540 46 7 331 3 ch 105 1460 •2 ch pek .sou 180 38 1 hf-ch SOU 299 24 107 1-270 2 cli bro tea 260 •23 8 YB K 333 11 do bro pek 682 34 114 Ardross 1284 7 ch SOU 560 22 9 335 12 do pekoe 552 27 119 Chesterfoi'd 1292 6 ch fans 690 28 10 337 9 do pek sou 300 21 . 119 Krrollwood 1296 1 ch dust 195 IS 11 339 2 do dust 180 14 : 120 1296 1 ch bro tea £0 21 16 Rigdola 349 4 ch dust 650 14 : 1‘26 Polatgama 1308 2 ch dust 300 17 22 Mocha 361 5 do bio tea 600 9 : 131 Bloomfield 1318 6 ch pek No. 2 600 25 •27 Koslanda 371 2 do bro mix 190 withd’n 137 Dammerlva i330 1 ch pek sou 100 28 23 373 3 do dust 435 IS 138 1332 ] ch sou, 90 20 29 375 2 do red leaf ICO 7 i 139 13.34 4 ch dust 360 19 33 Ottery (fc Stam- 141 Ruanwella 1338 6 rh pek 510 28 ford Hill 383 3 do SOU 300 16 ' 143 1342 5 hf ch dust 400 14 34 385 2 do dust 304 17 1 146 P G 1348 5 ch pek 475 26 51 Kanangama 419 8 do pek sou oso 17 i 153 Bargauv 1362 3 hf-ch fans 210 34 55 427 7 do concou 530 10 1 154 Q L 1364 1 ch pek 85 36 66 Laraeliere 449 5 do peir fans 420 23 ; 156 1368 2 ch unast 170 7 76 Maddagedera 469 C do bro pek fan 60 1 27 1 161 Barkindale 1378 2 hf-ch bro mix 148 12 ( 1 Henegama 471 7 hf-ch dust 525 14 ! 162 Haiigranoya 1380 1 ch Iir > pek 1 (.0 33 78 473 2 do bro mix 1-20 11 1 163 1.381 2 ch pekoe 150 22 79 Ayr 475 2 ch unas 148 10 164 Lumigalla 1384 4 ch red leaf 400 12 SO 477 3 hf-ch bro tea 195 10 ; 167 Loohi 11 1390 1 ch pek sou 85 26 81 479 6 do dust 5i0 14 168 1392 2 ch dust •280 15 82 481 1 ch bro mix 89 withd’n 169 M A 1394 7 ch bro tea 560 19 83 Galloola 483 5 (io dust 500 18 170 1390 6 hf-ch diisr> 480 16 91 Meeriatenne 499 7 hf-ch dust 420 14 l74 C 1101 15 ch sou 475 IS 97 Koslande 11 2 do dust 2S0 19 175 Cotta gana 1406 1 ch sou 08 13 98 13 2 do red leaf 160 7 176 1408 1 hf-ch red leaf 52 7 102 Y ahalakela 21 3 do (lust 405 13 177 1410 2 ch fans 24-2 20 103 Ananiallai 23 3 hf-ch dust •255 13 179 1414 1 ch dust 144 14 118 GonavY 53 7 do pek sou 504 30 180 Katooloya 1416 1 cll bro mix 110 8 bid 119 55 2 hf-ch pek fans 160 17 181 1418 6 1 f-ch fans 390 10 120 57 1 do dust 100 12 182 Ragalla 1420 4 ch fans 520 17 1-25 Templestowe 67 2 ch dust •28) 17 185 Raiubodde 1426 10 hfch pek sou 450 38 126 69 1 do bro mix 100 7 186 1428 2 hf ch dust ISO 14 127 N 71 1 do pekoe 88 27 187 Galatota U-^0 6 do bro pek 300] 129 N B 75 6 do unas 630 33 188 1432 5 do pekoe 200 b withdu 130 Kahagalla 77 6 ch red leaf 480 7 189 1434 2 do dust 140 j 131 79 4 hf-ch dust 320 15 192 0 B E C in 134 Ti“.ntsin 85 1 do pek sou 90 37 est mark 1440 7 ch pekoe fans 420 21 135 87 2 hf-ch pek fans ICO 21 19.3 1442 6 ch dust 375 15 138 Allington 93 5 ch pek sou .500 17 194 G M 1444 2 ch pek dust 224 17 139 95 1 do dust 1-20 14 198 Knavesmire 1452 1 ch sou S5 12 1!0 97 1 do congou 100 7 199 1454 3 do dust 285 14 200 1456 5 do fans 350 19 210 Hurstpier- [MES.SRS. JForbes & Walker.] 211 point S P 1476 1478 11 ht-ch 3 ch pekoe bro sou 545 845 23 7 Lob Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. C. 224 IVeyoya 4 4 do c r pek 320 48 225 6 6 do pekoe 4S0 3 Mount Plea- 228 12 3 do congou 210 13 sant 1062 1 box golden tips 5 B3-30 2-9 14 4 do dust 660 15 4 1064 5 hf-ch bro Pek 300 39 231 Beum-u-k Hill 18 1 do 5 1066 4 do pekoe 200 25 1 hf-ch bro pek 143 46 6 1068 1 ch 232 20 5 oh or pek 412 62 1 hf-ch red leaf 150 10 233 22 3 do 7 1070 4 do SOU 200 16 1 Ilf oh pekoe 314 53 8 Yatiyana 1072 1 hf-ch or pek 45 20 1 234 24 4 ch 9 1074 8 do bro pek 432 39 1 1 hf-ch pek sou 36S 4: 10 1076 1 do bro pek No. 2 56 31 i 23-5 26 2 do pek fans V21 27 11 1078 13 do pekoe 676 25 1 246 Beverley 48 2 do bro pek 110 85 12 1083 6 do pek sou 276 10 ! 247 50 7 do pekoe 350 17 Waitalawa 1090 5 do dust 450 17 248 52 10 hf-ch pek .sou 450 1!) 20 Nugagalla 1096 8 do pek sou 400 26 253 M 62 2 ch pek sou ISO 41 21 1098 4 do dust 360 16 ' 261 Stisted 78 3 lif-ch dust •240 15 4 . CEYLON PKODUCE SALES LIST. CEYLON COFFEE SALES IN LONDON. {From our Commercial Correspondent.) Mincing Lank. July 9. Marks and prices of CEYLON COFFEE sold in aiincing Lane up to 9th July Ex “Patroclus Gowerakellie, F, 1 tierce I Us; ditto PB, Ic lb 116s. Ex “Goorkh.a”— Niabedda 9., 8c 102s; ditto PB, 2t llGs. Gowerakellie, F, lb 115s; ditto 1. Ic It llO.s Od; ditto PB, lb 107s. Pitaritni .lie, F, lb ll2s; ditto 1, le lb 11s, ditto 2, 4 c sks 1 barrel lOSs 6d; ditto ,S, lb 88s; ditto PB, lb I09s; PRMT in estate mark, lb 66s. Ex ‘•Historian”— Sarnia, O, 3c 108s 6d; 4c 95s 6d; 2, 1 tierce 90s; PB, lb 95s: T, Ic 71s. Sarnia, lb overtaken 79s. Large size, Eildon Hall, Ic 101s; Ic 9'2s; ditto size 1, ditto size 2, lb 76s; ditto P, lb 95s; ditto T, lb 60s. Ex “.Tapan” Craig, OO, lb 110s; ditto O, .5c 109s; Ic It i09s; ditto 1, 2c It 102s 6d: dittos. It 89s; ditto P, U llOs; dit o T. Ic 1 tierce 77.s 6d. Ex “Goorkha” Kahagalla, 1, 2c 2b 106s 6d' ditto 2, 4c 2 tierce 98s; dittos. It 86s; clittc PB, 1 tierce lOSs. CEYLON COCOA SALES IN LONDON. Ex “Historian”— Rockhill, A.A, 10 bags 5Ss; ditto B, 3 bags 34s 6d. M.'iousava, Y, 8 bigs 54s; ditto AA, 5 bags 56s: ditto B, llbags36s' Lower Haloya, 12 bags 49s; 2b S3s 6d; lb 35s. Ex “Egret”— GW ■'’, 38 bags 54s 6d; ditto 2, 24 bags 52s Cd; ditto 1, 11 bags 42s; ditto, 2b 35s 6d. Ex “Strathtay” — Dartry& Co., 2, 7 bags 4bs. Ex “Clan Ogilvy”— No mark, 1 bag 40s. Ex “City of Edinburgh”- JL in estate mark. Estate Cocoa, 26 bags 47s; 21 bags 42s 6d, i Ex “Ixion”— Warriapolla, 82 bags 80s. Ex “Historian” — Alloowiharie, A, C, 9 b.ags 49s; D, 14 bags 4Ss 6d. Dickeria, B, 6 bags 49s. Ex “Ixion” — Rajawella, 45 bags 80s; 3 bags 46s. Ex “Cheshire”— Alnwick, O, Ic 103s; 2c It 9Ss; 2 lb 70s; PB, lb 95s; T, It 60s; lb ovtkr. 87s. Ex “Logician”— Large size, Pingarawe, Ic 102s; size 1, 2c It 97s 6d; size 2, lb 70s: PB; lb 95s; T, 1 tierce 60s. Pingarawe, 1 bag ovtkr. 79s. Ex “Chancellor”- Size 1, Thotul.agalla, 2c Ills; size 2 ditto, 8 at 102s; size 2 ditto, lb 92s; PB ditto, lb llSs. Ex “Chancellor”— Le.angawella, O, 3c It 109s; ditto 1, 3c It 102s; ditto 2, lb 80s; ditto PB, lb 106s. CEYLON CIRDAMO.M SALES IN LONDON. Ex “Historian”— Pelpotonoya, 2c 3s 5d; 3 at 3s; 4 at -2s 9d, 2 at 2s 5d; 1 at 2s -2d. Ex “Cheshire” — Cattaretenne, 3 at 2s Od; Ic Is Sd; 2b Is 8d. E.x “Dardanus” — Wattakelly, Ceylon, 2 at 2s; 4 at 2s Id; 1 at 2s lOd Ex “Hi.-.torian” — Yedehette, Ex 4 at 3s; o at 2s 3d; 3 at 2s Od; 2 at’2s od; 1 at 2s lid. Ex “.Manora” — OBEC in estate mark, Neloomally, Mysore, ditto Geylon, 3 at 2s 5d. Ex “Strathtay” — Katooloy.r, .A, 2 at 2s Gd; 2. at 2s 7d. E.x “Ixion” — Duckwari, ,A 1, 3 at 3s 7d; ditto B 1. S at 3s 3d; ditro Cl, 10 at 3s; ditto H I, 3 at 2s 6d; 7 at 2^ lid: 8 at 2s 9d; ditto A, 2 at 2s 8d; 2 at 4s; 9 at 2s 5d Katooloya, 2 at 2s Id; 2at2s ’2d; 7 »t'2s; 1 seeds at 23 1^1; 3 at 2s lid; Sat 2s lid; 5 at 2s 9d; ditto A, 2 at 2s 7d; 1 at 2.3 3d; 6af2s2d; 4 at 2s lOd: 4 at 2s; 2 at '2.3 ,5d: lat2s-2d; 1 at 2 lid. OBSERVER PRINTING WORKS. TEA, COFFEE, CINCHONA, COCOA, AND (CARDAMOM SALES. NO. 29. Colombo, August 9, 1897. Price : — 12§ cents each 3 copies 30 cents ; 6 copies ^ rupee. COLOMBO SALES OF TEA. LARGE LOTS. [Messrs. A H. Thompson & Co.— 28,006 lb.] Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. c. 1 2 3 7 9 14 26 27 28 29 ?0 Vogan 1 2 3 Wewelwatte 7 K C 9 Hoolo Group 14 M 26 Mapitigama 27 28 29 30 29 ch 28 do 25 do 21 hf-cli 37 ch 13 do 12 ch 14 hf-ch 26 do 52 do 34 do [Mr. E. John.- Lot. Box. Pkgs. 7 Ottery and Stam- ford Hill 121 21 ch 8 123 20 do 9 125 38 do 18 Oxton 143 5 do 23 Whyddon 153 23 do 24 155 23 do 25 157 20 do 26 Ivies 159 34 hf-ch 27 161 37 do 28 163 17 do 30 Uda 167 23 do 31 169 15 do 32 Ella 171 11 do 34 Anchor, in es- tate mark 175 24 hf-ch 35 177 19 eh 36 B in est. mark 179 6 do 37 Glasgow 181 46 ch 38 183 25 do 39 185 18 do 40 Glassaugh 187 35 hf-ch 41 189 27 ch 42 191 37 do 43 193 11 hf.ch R in est. mark 199 7 ch ON 219 6 do 57 Alliaddy 221 25 do 58 223 10 do 60 Elgdola 227 15 do 61 Sorana 229 23 do 62 231 28 do 63 233 12 do 64 235 11 do 65 237 11 do 69 245 18 do 70 Keenagaha Ella 247 18 do 71 249 11 do 75 Claremont 257 27 hf-ch 76 259 10 ch 78 Alnoor 263 so hf-ch 79 265 33 ch 80 267 16 hf-ch SI Eadella 269 10 ch 82 271 9 do 83 Kent 273 21 do 84 275 19 do 85 Glentilt 277 36 do 86 279 20 do 88 Elston 283 53 do 89 Bickapittia 285 23 do 90 287 35 do 91 289 10 do 93 293 12 do 94 295 13 do 97 Ballagalla Ella SOI 54 hf-ch 98 303 34 do 99 305 10 do 102 RG 311 31 Cll 1 hf-ch 103 313 9 cu 1 hf-ch 104 K ala watte 315 91 ch 106 Densland 317 25 hf-ch 106 319 14 do 107 321 18 ch 108 323 32 do 110 Turin 327 26 ch 111 329 20 do 112 331 16 do bro pek 2755 60 pekoe 2380 36 pek sou 212,5 30 pek sou 1050 27 bro mix 3145 6 dust 1040 14 bid SOU 1020 6 bid bro or pek 840 34 bro pek 1430 30 bid pekoe 2340 27 pt sou 1530 22 ■15.3,448 lb. 1 Name. lb. e. bro pek 2100 58 bid Or pek 17i0 50 pekoe 3420 39 dust 750 9 hr.' pek 2530 45 ■ pekoe 2300 40 pek sou 2000 29 bro pek 1700 44 pekoe 1665 30 bid pek sou 705 24 bid bro pek 1610 12 pekoe 1500 19 dust 1320 14 bid bro or pek 1440 68 or pek 1425 5(5 dust 900 10 bro or pek 3350 72 or pek 1500 57 pekoe 1710 44 bro pek 1925 73 pekoe 2430 52 pek sou 2960 38 bid dust 820 22 bro pek fan 770 29 dust 870 10 bro pek 2500 41 pekoe 900 30 or pek 1350 withd’n bro pek 2070 54 pekoe 2520 30 pek sou 960 24 br pek No. 2 990 36 pek No. 2 990 26 red leaf 1350 15 pek .sou 1620 30 bid bro mix 1100 20 bid bro or pek 1485 55 pekoe 1000 30 bro pek 4000 39 pekoe 2475 26 bro pek fan 960 23 fans 1200 22 dust 1260 13 bid bro pek 2100 37 pek 1520 26 bro pek 3780 62 pekoe 2000 42 pe .sou No. 2 ; 4505 28 bro pek 2300 50 pekoe 3500 41 pek sou 1000 30 fans 840 23 dust 1105 17 bro pek 3240 62 pekoe 1870 48 pek sou 800 42 bro tea 2085 6 fans 1050 9 pek sou 8190 14 bro or pek 1500 out bro pekj 700 32 bid pekoe 1525 32 pek sou 2724 23 bid bro pek 2500 45 pekoe 2000 32 bid pek sou 1600 27 bid Lot . Box Pkg!s. Name. lb. c. 116 Dee Oya 339 22 do pek sou 2060 19 bid 117 Orange Field 341 13 do bro pek 1300 40 118 343 26 do pekoe 2340 27 123 Anstey 353 55 hf-ch sou 2750 9 bid [Messrs. Somerville & Co.— 185,200.] Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. C. 2 H 142 18 ch pek sou 1440 27 10 Yarrow 150 49 hf-ch bro pek 2744 47 11 151 64 do pekoe 3200 36 13 MLC ' 53 9 ch sou 765 9 bid 14 154 12 do pek fans 1320 17 15 155 26 hf-ch dust 2210 15 16 156 10 ch red leaf 900 7 17 TT 157 40 do pek sou 3200 25 18 Coinar 158 16 hf-ch bro or pek 800 49 20 160 7 ch pekoe 700 34 22 Ranatenne 162 19 do pek sou 1520 23 25 Mahatenne 165 24 do bro pek 2400 38 26 166 9 do pekoe 85.1 30 30 N, in est mark ; 170 18 do bro pek 1800 36 bid 31 171 18 do pekoe 1620 32 bid 32 172 43 do pek sou 3110 20 bid 35 Earlston 175 9 hf-ch dust 720 14 36 Neuchatel 176 21 ch bro pek 1890 68 37 1T7 11 do bro or pek 1045 34 38 17S 31 do pekoe 2480 33 39 179 27 do pek sou 2160 26 42 Uda 182 11 do pekoe 1045 22 bid 43 183 12 do pek sou 876 8 bid 41 184 8 do red leaf 800 7 bid 45 Charlie Hill 185 15 hf-ch bro pek 7.50 40 bid 46 186 20 do pekoe 1000 28 bid 47 187 25 do pek sou 1250 29 50 Hapiigas-muile 1 180 11 ch bro pek 1210 39 52 192 14 do pek sou 13S0 26 58 L C L, in estate mark 198 30 do fans 3130 16 bid 59 Kcladeniya 199 9 do bro pek 855 45 64 Thorndale 204 19 1 bf-eh bro pek 1064 65 65 205 17 ch pekoe 1530 39 66 206 17 do pek sou 1530 29 67 207 13 1 hf-ch dust 975 18 68 A K B M, in est. mark 208 37 do or pek fans 2220 28 bid 72 D G 212 8 do dust 720 14 74 Moragalla 214 8 ch bro pek 880 45 75 215 9 do pekoe 792 42 78 Hagalla 218 35 hf-ch bro pek 2100 36 79 219 12 ch pekoe 1200 29 80 220 8 do pek sou 800 25 81 221 7 do bro mix 700 17 84 Ratwatte 224 20 hf-ch bro pek 1240 34 bid 85 225 30 ch pekoe 2550 29 bid 86 226 17 do pek sou 1190 25 90 Hagalla 230 47 hf-ch bro pek 2820 34 bid 91 231 35 do pekoe 1750 .30 92 232 11 ch pek sou 1100 25 95 Pei ia Kanda- kettia 235 20 do bro pek 2510 38 96 236 18 do pekoe la72 29 97 237 7 ch pek sou 700 22 100 Ellatenne 240 19 do pek sou 1900 22 bid 101 Dotala 241 37 hf-ch bro pek 2220 55 102 242 22 do pekoe 1980 45 107 Dambagalla 247 43 do bro pek 2580 48 108 248 22 do pekoe IlOO 54 109 249 23 do pek sou 1035 33 110 M C C, in est. mark 250 51 do br pek fans 3014 29 bid 112 Mahagodde 252 12 ch pekoe 1200 22 113 Ovaca, A I 253 37 hf-ch bro or pek 2220 66 114 254 24 do or pek 1200 58 115 255 20 ch pek sou 2000 37 116 266 20 do pek fans 2500- - 27 bid 119 Kelani 259 30 do bro pek 3000 50 120 260 32 do pekoe 2S80 30 122 262 7 do fans 735 25 bid 123 Oolapane 263 7 do fine dust 945 14 124 Pelawatte £64 8 do bro pek 880 34 135 Wevetenne 275 10 ch uiias 9C0 IS bid 137 Sirisanda 277 28 do bro pek 2800 59 138 278 25 do pekoe. 2375 34 139 279 25 do pek sou 2000 27 145 Forest Hill 285 13 do bro pek 1300 42 146 286 23 do pekoe 2116 31 147 287 9 do pek sou 810 23 149 Deniyagama 289 25 ch bro or pek 2750 39 150 290 14 hf-ch bio pek 700 35 151 291 24 do pekoe 1200 27 bid 152 292 23 ch pek sou 2320 15 bid 2 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST, Lot. Box. Pkgs. I^aine lb. 153 Salawe 293 17 ch bro pek 1700 154 294 18 do pekoe 1620 155 295 22 do pek sou 1870 160 Sangallay Toppe 300 16 do 1 hf-th unas 1815 162 GT 302 14 ch dust 1120 163 Lyndhurst 30>> 30 hf-ch bro or pek 1800 164 304 40 do bro pek 2200 165 305 89 do pekoe 4005 166 306 68 do pek sou 3060 170 Peria Kande- kettia 310 7 ch bro pek 833 171 311 8 do pekoe 808 fMESSRS. Forbes & ; Walker.— 275,86.3 Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. 1 M V 82 7 ch fans 770 2 84 11 do dust 1430 4 Bickley 88 26 hf-ch SOU 1300 6 Andaradeniya 92 17 ch bro pek 1700 7 94 13 do pekoe 1300 9 St. Helen 93 100 hf-ch pekoe 4500 10 100 81 do pek sou 4100 14 Coreen 108 14 ch pek fans 1330 22 Nahaveena 124 .50 hf-ch bro pek ^500 23 126 16 do pekoe 800 24 128 43 do pek sou 2150 26 Ganapalla 132 39 ch bro or pek 3900 27 134 32 do or pek ."072 28 136 60 do pek 4800 29 138 30 do pek son 2880 30 Pedro 140 19 CQ bro or pek 2090 31 142 11 do pekoe 1045 32 144 19 do pek sou 1520 33 146 16 do fan.s 2100 34 Glencorse 148 36 ch bro pek 3600 35 150 21 do pekoe 178-5 36 152 23 do pek sou 1840 39 Kirklees 158 69 hf-ch bro or pek 4140 40 160 21 ch or pek 2100 41 162 31 do pekoe 3100 42 164 14 do pek sou 1330 44 163 9 hf-ch dust •8.55 50 Pa'legodde ISO 31 ch bro or pek 3256 51 182 31 do bro pek 2945 82 184 30 do pek. e 2700 63 186 35 do pek Bon 382-5 54 188 31 hf-ch dust 2636 65 Buanwella 190 19 ch bro pek 1900 56 192 40 do pekoe 8400 57 194 10 do pek sou 900 60 Caxton 200 6 do dust 720 61 Tonacoinbe 202 30 ch or pek 3000 62 204 13 do bro pek 1660 63 2 6 43 do pekoe 4300 64 2 8 li do l>ek sou 1260 68 Bollewelle 216 0 ch dust TOO 80 Doranakande 240 9 ch ))ek 705 82 Q, in estate mark 244 12 ch dust 1440 83 Sunnvcroft 246 13 ch pek sou 1300 86 Geragaina 252 25 ch bro pek 2500 87 254 10 do pekoe 1440 88 256 9 do pek sou 8 0 89 Patiagama 2.58 12 ch bro pek 1380 90 260 IS do pekoe 1620 94 Fife 268 7 ch pek No. 1 700 95 270 9 do pek 765 96 272 n do ]jek sou 935 97 Tymawr 274 17 hf-ch bro pek 850 9,4 278 17 do pek sou 765 102 Middleton 284 44 hf-ch bro pek 2200 103 286 25 ch or pek 2375 106 Weyunga- watte 292 20 hf-ch bro cr pek 1000 107 294 16 ch or pek 1360 108 296 26 do pekoe 2080 109 298 16 (h) pek sou 1280 111 Beausejour 302 12 ch bro pek 10 0 113 306 12 do fans 1140 115 Arapolakan- de 310 44 ch b;o or pek 3960 116 312 31 do or pek 2480 117 314 65 do pekoe 5200 118 316 11 do pek sou 1100 127 G 1 331 8 ch pek sou 720 123 33rt 11 do bro tea 1320 130 Doorevale 340 40 ch bro pek 3600 131 34 2 36 do pekoe 3060 132 844 15 ch fans 1425 133 346 5 do dust 700 134 Wellaioya 348 14 do bro tdea 1440 144 N 368 14 hf-ch pek fans 882 146 370 12 do dust 984 Lot Box. Fkgs. Name. lb. c. 146 El'a Oya 372 11 ch bro pek 1100 56 147 374 23 do or pek 2070 46 148 376 !2 do pek 960 35 149 378 10 do pekoe sou 900 SO 153 Clyde 386 75 ch pekoe 6750 28 15G G P M, in estate mark 392 22 hf-ch pek 1210 47 bid 157 394 45 do pek No. 2 2520 41 bid 158 396 40 d.-) SOU 2-240 32 hi.l 159 398 11 ro pek 900 45 165 410 16 do or pek 1440 43 166 42 19 do pek 1710 36 168 •linbnlawa 410 27 hf-ch pek stni inso 25 169 418 19 do CORCCU 760 17 174 Glanrhos 428 1 1 ch bvo mix 825 12 175 430 7 .io dust ‘80 14 177 Lilia watte 434 13 ch bro mix 1235 15 178 436 12 do red leaf 960 9 180 Njh.aveena 440 33 hf-ch bro pekoe 1650 43 181 442 36 do pekoe 1800 44 182 Lochiel 444 14 ch pekoe 1120 41 183 New Pera- deniya 440 23 ch bro pek 2300 51 184 448 33 ch pekoe 2805 37 185 450 30 ch pek son 2220 29 188 BD W P 4.56 58 hf-ch bro pek 2900 38 189 458 21 do do No. 2 1050 33 190 460 3t do sou 1.500 25 191 402 15 do bro pek fans 900 33 194 CRD 468 9 ch red leaf 900 8 196 ?I M M Kna vesmire 472 11 ch 1)10 pek 1210 32 bid 197 474 43 do pekoe 3655 26 198 476 37 do pek sou 2960 24 199 478 24 do do 1920 24 205 490 11 hf-ch bro pek fans 770 19 ‘206 Polatagama 492 14 ch bro pek 1260 4-2 207 494 20 do or pek 1000 60 208 496 21 do pekoe 1680 42 209 498 42 do pek sou 3300 30 210 500 12 do fans 1200 30 SMALL LOTS. [Messrs. A. H. Thompson & Co.l Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. C. 4 Naliaveena 4 9 hf-ch pek .sou 4.= 0 20 5 5 5 do pekoe 250 37 6 6 2 do dust 150 17 8 Wewelwatte 8 3 hf ch dust 192 14 10 CNC 10 1 box bro pek 48 21 11 11 1 do pekoe 10 15 12 12 1 do sou 14 10 13 C, in estate mark 13 1 ch pek sou 100 19 15 Ravenscrai2[ 15 9 hf-ch pek sou 450 'Zi: 10 A 16 1 do sou 50 11 17 L 1 7 6 cli bro mix 510 13 24 H C 24 6 hf-ch pek fans 390 16 25 M 25 2 ch 1 hf-ch pek sou 230 12 ol M apitigama 31 7 do SOU 315 12 32 32 4 do dust 360 I'i [Me. E. John.] Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. c. 1 Runugalla 109 1 hf-ch red leaf 24 6 2 111 1 ch unas 70 18 3 Ettie 113 .5 do bro pek 500 32 115 4 do pekoe 360 27 5 117 3 do pek sou 270 23 6 K iI9 1 hf-ch peo sou 40 8 10 Ottery & Stam- ford Hill 127 1 ch sou 100 20 11 129 1 do dust 140 19 19 .Shannon 145 0 hf-ch bro pek 531 45 ?0 147 7 ch pekoe 630 29 bid 21 149 3 do pek sou 213 21 22 151 1 do dust 141 u 29 Ivies 165 4 hf ch fans 260 20 33 Eila 173 4 ch SOU 340 18 44 Glassaugh 195 4 do bro mix 360 9 45 R in est. mark 197 4 hf-ch dust 440 17 47 201 1 ch congou 90 22 48 Lougbton 203 8 hf-cli pek dust 400 u 49 W HG 205 6 cll SOU 600 29 50 207 5 hf-cfa fans 350 29 61 209 7 de dust 585 16 62 G 2U 2 Ch pekos 180 28 c. 38 29 24 13 bid 14 31 bid 36 26 bid 24 38 29 lb.] C. 21 15 24 47 33 29 22 32 43 43 33 33 56 31 24 88 61 49 32 bid 44 36 26 45 60 44 35 20 35 bid 57 85 29 18 53 80 26 out 60 61 46 32 9 29 9 28 43 bid 29 26 49 42 25 bid 22 bid 18 69 41 61 55 46 42 34 28 38 15 56 36 29 19 22 17 39 25 bid 16 13 bid 8 bid 20 Id CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. 3 Lot Box. Pkss. Name. lb. c. Lot Box. Pkgs. Name. Ib. c. 53 54 55 59 C6 Alliaddy Sorana 213 215 217 225 239 1 do 1 do 1 hf-ch 8 ch 7 do pek sou red leaf dust pek sou pe sou No. 86 86 80 640 •- 660 20 7 14 27 21 148 1.56 161 Forest Hill Salawe Sangally Toppe 288 4 hf-ch fans 296 4 ch dust 301 2 ch 328 640 16 14 7 67 6S 72 241 243 Keenagaha Ella 251 6 4 1 CIO do do bro pek fans 540 dust 568 pek No. 2 85 24 13 28 107 168 172 Lyndhurst 307 do oOS 7 tlo sou tlust 4.50 630 9 13 73 74 77 Clavemont 253 255 261 1 1 5 do do do unas dust pek sou 100 109 450 15 12 26 173 ]74 kt ttia 312 3 ch pek sou 313 13 hf-ch sou 318 598 150 26 8 14 87 Elston 281 4 do pekoe 360 29 92 95 Dickapittia 291 West Haputale 297 3 6 do do SOU fans 300 420 24 24 [Messrs. Forbes & Walker.] 96 100 299 307 2 do 2 hf-ch dust dust 150 148 13 16 Lot. Box. Pkgs Name. lb. c. 101 309 2 hf-ch unas 100 41 3 Binkley 86 13 hf-ch pek sou 650 33 109 Turin 325 2 ch bro or pek 220 33 5 90 7 do dust 420 14 113 333 1 Iif-ch bro mix 58 15 8 Andarakande 96 3 ch pek sou 300 24 114 335 4 do dust 380 16 11 St. Helen 102 5 hf-ch dust 40.1 13 115 E G 337 3 ch red leaf 2 0 7 12 Coreen lOi 4 ch pek No. 2 360 33 119 Orange Field 345 1 do pek sou 105 22 13 106 5 do pek sou 400 29 120 347 2 do bro mix 196 6 15 110 1 do red leif 66 7 121 349 1 do fans 105 8 16 112 6 do dust 670 20 122 351 1 do pek dust 140 12 20 Udagoda 120 2 ch red leaf 230 7 bid 21 122 1 do bro tea 100 13 [Messrs. Somerville & Co.] 25 37 Nahaveena Glencorse 130 8 hf-ch 154 2 ch dust pek fans 600 250 17 23 Lot. Box, Fkgs. JName. lb. c. 38 156 1 do dust 165 14 1 LBK 141 2 hf-ch unas 110 14 43 Kirklees 166 3 ch P‘.k fans 330 37 3 H 143 3 do dust 255 18 58 Ruanwella 196 3 ch fannings 360 27 i 144 4 do or pek fans 280 18 59 198 3 do dust 240 14 5 145 3 do bro mix 255 9 69 Kakiriskande 218 2 ch bro or pek 166 41 6 GW 146 1 do red leaf 45 8 70 220 5 do or pek 450 33 7 147 4 do sou 320 22 71 222 ? do bro pek 200 28 8 148 7 do fans 420 23 72 224 3 ch 9 149 6 do dust 450 16 1 hf-ch pekoe 320 26 12 Y, in est. mark 152 8 do dust 560 14 73 226 2 ch pek sou 180 18 19 Comar 159 n do or pek 440 42 74 228 1 do 21 161 4 ch pek sou 400 27 1 hf-ch pek sou No. 2 147 20 2S Allakolla 163 7 hf-ch dust 525 15 75 230 1 do pek dust 67 13 24 164 3 bags fluff 242 5 76 232 2 ch bro tea ISO 13 27 Mahatenne 167 3 ch pek sou 285 26 77 Doronakande 234 8 ch bro pek 680 42 28 168 1 do bro pek dust 100 20 78 236 8 do bro or pek 680 51 29 169 1 do red leaf 100 7 79 238 8 hf-ch fans 440 32 33 Earlston 173 3 do congou 286 23 81 242 8 ch pek sou 680 23 ^4 174 4 hf-ch fans 195 25 84 .Sunnycroft 248 4 do congou 400 25 40 Neucbatel 186 4 ch dust 580 15 85 250 3 do dust 450 13 41 181 1 hf-ch fans 80 20 91 Patiagama 262 1 ch pek sou 100 28 48 Charlie Hill 188 8 do pek fans 475 24 92 264 1 do dust 150 IS 49 189 4 do sou 200 16 93 Five 266 5 ch bro pek 500 39 bid 51 Hapugasmulle 191 4 ch pekoe 380 31 98 Tymawr 276 13 hf-cl» pekoe 585 45 -53 193 2 do sou 180 16 104 Y 288 3 ch bro tea 300 16 194 2 do fans 230 18 105 290 6 do red leaf 690 S 55 196 2 do dust 300 16 110 Weyunga- 56 Evalgolla 196 5 do fans 550 20 watte 300 3 hf-ch du.st 255 14 bid 57 197 3 do dust 390 12 112 Beausejour 304 8 ch pekoe 680 27 60 Koladeniya 200 7 do pekoe 695 31 114 308 4 do dust 560 15 61 201 8 do pek sou 640 21 119 Arapolakan- 62 202 2 do red leaf 180 7 de 318 .3 ch dust 345 12 bid 63 203 1 do dust 120 14 120 K W 320 10 hf ch bro or pek 550 35 69 Cholankande 209 2 ch fans 220 18 121 322 4 do or pek 180 40 70 210 4 do dust 520 14 122 3-24 3 do pekoe 150 ,29 71 Dedugalla 211 8 ch bro tea 680 8 bid 123 326 4 do bi'o tea 200 15 73 213 10 hf ch fans 650 17 124 32g 6 do dust 480 14 76 Moragalla 216 5 ch pek sou 450 31 125 G I 330 3 ch bro pek 300 40 77 217 2 do dust 164 14 126 332 5 do pekoe 450 33 82 Hagalla 222 2 hf-ch dust 1.50 12 129 338 5 do red leaf 450 8 bid 83 223 2 do fannings 200 16 135 N D 350 2 ch bro pek 21« 41 87 Ratwatte 227 2 do dust 168 14 136 352 4 do pekoe 340 30 88 228 7 do bro mix 315 13 137 354 2 do sou 204 IS 89 229 6 ch unas 640 IS 138 356 2 do bro tea ISC 7 bid 93 Hagalla 233 6 hf-ch dust 450 13 139 358 3 do dust 450 14 94 234 6 do fans 600 18 140 Pingarawa 360 7 hf-ch dust 630 14 98 Peria Kande- 141 Rangwela 362 2 ch red leaf 200 8 kettia 238 3 do SOU 330 ou 142 364 2 do congou 200 s 99 239 3 do dust 225 15 143 N 366 9 hf-ch bro pek fans 522 27 hid 103 H— T 243 1 hf-ch bro pek 50 33 150 N W 380 3 ch bro pek 324 39 104 244 1 do pekoe 55 23 151 382 5 do pekoe 500 33 105 245 2 ch pek sou 200 17 152 384 2 do pek sou 200 20 106 246 1 hf-ch dust 85 13 154 G P M, in estate in Mahagodde 251 3 ch bro pek 300 31 mark 388 10 hf-ch bro or pek 600 60 bid 117 Neboda 267 5 ch pekoe 450 26 1.55 390 12 do or pek 600 12 118 258 1 do SOU 90 18 163 Stisted 406 2 hf-ch dust 160 13 121 Kelani 261 6 ch pek sou 450 26 167 Theberton 414 3 ch bro mix 300 13 125 Pela watte 265 4 ch pekoe 410 28 179 Lilia watte 438 3 ell dust 520 12 126 266 4 do pek sou 400 22 186 New Pera- 127 DCS 267 4 ch pekoe 440 32 deniya 452 3 ch SOU 210 16 128 268 5 do pek sou 475 20 187 454 2 do dust 180 15 129 269 5 do SOU 463 16 192 B D WP 464 5 hf-ch dust 435 15 130 270 1 do red leaf 70 7 193 CRD 466 4 ch dust 397 16 134 Wtvetenne 274 11 hfKih bro pek 572 34 195 R, in est. mark 470 2 ch unas 220 13 136 276 2 do pek fans 100 13 200 M M M, Kna- 140 Sirisanda 280 3 ch unas 300 31 vesmire 480 2 ch bro mix 214 10 141 281 1 hf-ch bro pek fans 72 19 201 4S2 2 hf-ch dust 190 14 142 282 1 do pek fans 73 16 202 484 6 do fannings 420 16 143 283 1 ch congou 85 13 203 486 1 do bro mix 74 5 144 284 3 do dust 456 14 204 488 4 do dust 380 13 OBSESVEB FEINTING WORKS. TEA, COFFEE, CINCHONA, COCOA, AND CARDAMOM SALES. NO. 30. Colombo, August 16, 1897 Price ; — 12^ cents each 3 copies 30 cents ; 6 copies J rupee. COLOMBO SALES OF TEA. LARGE LOTS. [Messrs. A. H. Thompson & Co.- -32,282 lb.] Lot. Box . Pkss . Name. lb. c. 3 ilapitigama 3 34 hf-ch pekoe 1530 27 4 4 31 do. pek sou 1395 23 8 Dromore 8 20 ch bro pek 2000 46 bid 9 9 25 do pekoe 2500 46 10 10 15 do pek sou 1500 36 11 Vogan 11 27 ch pek pek 2565 .58 12 12 30 do pekoe 2700 37 13 13 22 do p< SOU 1980 31 14 14 20 do do No. 2 1600 26 15 15 34 do dust 2380 16 bid 16 16 10 do uiias 8 0 2-j 17 WM 17 19 ch 18 do bro mix 3145 7 bid 18 B H 18 9 ch pek sou 704 16 bid 25 E T K 25 12 ch red leaf 960 8 23 Agra Elbedde 28 10 hf-ch dust 800 22 [Mr. E. John.- -115,668 lb. ] Lot. Box. Pk-s. Name. lb. C. 9^ Rondura 357 15 ch bro pek 1500 37 3 359 22 do pekoe 2024 29 4 361 13 do pek sou 1196 26 5 363 8 do SOU 736 20 7 Oonoogaloya 367 27 do bro pek 2700 67 8 369 22 do pekoe 1760 38 9 371 12 do pek sou 1080 27 10 373 10 do dust 1400 17 11 375 11 do fans 1320 21 IS KT 379 21 do bro pek 2100 33 bid 14 Doomoo 3bl 28 do bro pek 3080 65 15 383 36 do pekoe 3600 51 16 385 17 do pek sou 1700 41 IS Erelapatna 389 31 do bro pek 3410 53 19 391 42 do pekoe 4200 43 bid 20 393 12 do pek sou 1200 36 23 Eila 399 52 do bro pek 4680 45 24 401 37 do pekoe 3145 30 25 403 16 do pek sou 1360 27 26 405 9 do fans 900 25 27 407 6 do dust 720 17 28 L 409 15 do pek sou 1350 24 29 411 33 do dust 2805 13 31 Hiralouvah 415 11 do pek sou 8-25 28 32 Razeen 417 21 hf-ch bro pek 1260 40 33 419 22 do pekoe 1210 34 34 421 25 do pek sou 1125 27 37 E D 427 10 ch unas 950 28 39 Marguerita 431 22 hf-ch bro or pek 1232 50 41 435 19 do pekoe 950 42 42 437 17 do j/cb oOU 850 37 16 A 445 21 do bro pek 1050 53 47 ETK 447 13 ch pekoe 1105 36 43 Maddagedera 449 51 do bro pek 4845 60 49 451 21 do pekoe 1890 37 50 453 18 do peo sou 1440 30 54 Kotuagedera 461 22 do bro pek 2200 40 bid 65 463 20 do pekoe 1900 30 bid 56 Morahela, Balangoda 465 31 hf-ch or pek 1705 40 57 467 31 do pekoe 1550 30 63 T T T T. in est. 479 42 ch bro pek 4620 30 bid 67 Sumtra Valle 487 14 hf-ch bro pek 840 25 bid 80 Ashton 11 11 ch pek sou 1100 out 83 Ivanhoe 17 11 do bro pek 990 43 81 19 9 do pekoe 810 29 87 Lameliere 25 18 do bro pek 1944 64 88 27 18 do pekoe 1656 43 80 29 16 do pek sou 1360 35 92 Elston 35 16 do pe sou No.2 1440 27 bid 06 43 10 do pek fans 1100 20 13 do dust 2090 11 bid Os A. 47 49 hf-ch bro or pek 2940 48 bid 99 49 21 do or pek 1050 51 Lot. Box PkffS. Name. lb. C. 5 Hangama 325 20 ch bro pek 2200 42 6 326 31 do pekoe 3100 28 bid 8 328 8 do fans 840 18 bid 11 Kew 381 15 hf-ch or pek 750 84 13 333 20 ch pekoe 1840 49 14 334 15 do pek sou 1425 34 bid 15 Lonach 335 44 hf-ch bro pek 2420 53 16 336 27 ch pekoe 2565 40 17 337 10 do pek sou 850 28 18 K V 338 27 do pek rou 2430 22 bid 19 339 25 do fans 2380 13 bid 20 .340 23 do pek sou 2070 8 bid 21 Lubugama 311 1 8 hf ch bro pek 900 50 22 342 15 ch pekoe 1850 38 23 343 20 do pek sou 1700 26 20 Mosakande 340 15 do bro pek 1600 47 27 347 19 do pekoe 1710 31 29 Morningside 349 16 do bro pek 160C 43 30 350 9 do pekoe 9G0 30 31 351 16 do pek sou 1600 25 34 TT 354 34 do pek sou 3740 24 38 Malvern 358 25 do bro pek 2272 40 39 359 21 do pekoe 2100 29 40 360 15 do pek sou 1477 23 43 White Cross 363 31 do bro pek 3100 39 44 364 28 do pekoe 2660 30 45 365 21 do pek sou 1890 24 46 STL 366 10 do bro pek sou 1000 12 bid 47 367 11 do sou 880 21 48 Monrovia 368 14 do 4 hf-ch bro pek 1640 39 49 369 35 ch pekoe 3325 29 bid 52 Walhandmi , 372 14 do bro pek 14fO 54 53 373 12 do pekoe 1140 38 58 FP A 378 13 do unas 1300 28 59 379 8 do fans 800 20 bid 62 Ankande 382 30 do bro pek 3000 38 63 383 27 do pekoe 2160 29 68 California 388 10 do pekoe iOOO 27 71 Nugawella 391 19 hf-ch bro or pek 1140 38 72 392 18 do or pek 990 56 73 393 51 do pekoe 2700 38 74 394 9 ch pek sou 765 28 76 Harangalla 396 24 do bro pek 2160 40 bid 77 397 27 do pekoe 2295 31 bid 78 W’Bedde 398 9 pek sou 900 22 79 399 7 do (lust 880 12 89 Deniyaya 400 22 do bro pek 2360 59 81 1 16 do pekoe 1600 40 82 2 9 do 1 hf-ch pek sou 905 30 89 n 9 9 do (lust 810 10 bid 90 RT 10 40 ch pek sou 3200 23 91 Carney 11 16 hf-ch bro pek 800 43 92 12 16 do pekoe 800 30 9t 13 15 do pek sou 750 26 98 Kosgahahena 18 9 do pekoe 900 26 102 K 22 14 hf-ch pek dust 1260 9 bid 103 Dotala 23 34 ch bro pek 2040 54 104 24 21 ilo pekoe 1890 42 105 Veralupitiya 25 10 do or pek 1100 40 106 26 19 do pekoe 1890 146 702 10 do pek sou 1898 117 B indara E a- ya 794 ; 0 hf-ch or pek 1800 118 Amblakaiide 706 ;2 C!j bro pek 1200 119 7 08 10 do pekoe 1360 150 SOU U do pek sou 1260 151 Hatton 802 ,2 ch pekoe 981 Lot Box. Bko's. Name, lb. c. 152 Monkswood 804 35 hf-ch bro or pek 18-20 fcO bid 1.53 806 39 do or pek 1950 or 154 808 45 ch pekoe 40.50 51 bid 155 8 0 24 do jiek sou 2 UK) 46 160 B D W G S2U 21 ch dust ISsO 20 161 Ookoowatts 8-22 10 ch bro pek 1001 60 162 824 10 ch pekoe 900 32 163 826 10 ch pek sou 90.1 27 179 Kirindi and Woodthorp 85.S 21 ch bro pek ■2-’05 49 ISO 860 37 do pekoe 3145 35 181 802 21 do jiek sou 153J 27 185 Or.ange Gar- den 870 •20 hf-ch bro pek 2;OJ 48 186 872 23 ch pek •2300 ;;4 201 .Mataie 902 21 hf-ch bro pek 1-260 50 202 904 •20 ch pekoe ISO.) 30 203 906 do j)ek sou 1170 29 213 Mahagalla 926 94 hf-ch pek fans 6100 13 bid 214 928 17 ch 1 hf-ch dust 2438 13 215 Bandara Eliya 910 20 hf-ch m-o pk fan 1380 21 bid 217 Knavesmire 934 24 ch bro pek 24U0 36 218 936 50 do pekoe 42.50 29 219 938 ■25 do pek sou 1875 26 SMALL LOTS. [MESSR.S. A. H. Tiiomi’.son & o p Lot. Box Fkas Name. lb. Q 1 Mapitigama 1 11 hf-ch' bio or pek 660 31 2 2 12 do bro pek 660 31 5 5 5 do sou 225 15 6 6 2 do dust 180 13 7 7 3 do bro mix 182 12 19 D 19 5 ch sou 450 12 20 A and F L 20 7 hf ch pek fan.s 630 14 21 21 1 do red leaf .->5 0 22 D 22 1 hf-ch fans 75 12 23 H 23 5 ch bro pek 500 18 bid 24 24 4 do pek fans 460 out 26 Ukuweha 26 1 hf-cli bro pe fans 70 19 27 Agra Elbedde 27 2 hf-ch bi-j pe fans 136 22 29 29 1 do bro mix 55 12 30 Radaga 30 4 !if-ch bro pek 200 29 31 31 4 do pekoe it;o 21 32 32 2 do pek sou 100 15 33 N A 33 7 do 1 ch bro pek ■445 15 bid 34 34 3 hf-ch pek sou 150 7 bid 35 35 6 do bro mix 300 7 bid [Mr. E. . John.] Lot. Box. Pk£V8. Name. Ib. e. 1 Rondura .355 6 ch bro or pek coo 42 6 365 4 do red leaf 3 --8 15 12 Oonoogaloya 877 5 do pek No. 2 450 29 17 Doomoo 387 4 do dust 440 14 21 Eielupatua 39.5 4 do fans 440 21 22 397 4 do dust 400 15 30 L 413 3 do red leaf 195 7 35 Razeen 423 2 hf-ch fans 130 23 36 425 2 do dust 105 13 33 E D 4;'9 1 do dust 84 14 40 Marauerita 433 3 do pekoe 163 47 43 439 7 do dust 665 17 44 Maryland 4H G fh bro pek 631 39 45 443 G do pekoe 6UU 27 51 Maddagedera 455 G do b“o pek fans 600 24 52 Henegama 467 6 do dust 450 14 53 459 1 hf-ch bro mix 60 12' 58 Morahela, Balangoda 409 2 ch pek sou 200 19 59 471 2 hf-ch dust 250 13 64 Sumtra Valle 4Sl 10 hf-ch bro pek ,>-00 •23 65 483 6 do pek sou 240 20 66 435 1 do dust 60 It 68 489 2 do pekoe 80 30 69 491 1 box pek sou 20 18 70 492 7 hf-ch dust 560 14 71 Caledonia 493 5 do bro pek 250 21 72 495 3 do pek sou 1-20 16 73 497 1 do dust 60 13 74 499 7 do bro pek 420 25 7-5 1 1 do pekoe 40 27 76 3 3 do dust 240 13 77 H 5 7 ch sou 630 13 78 7 6 bags red leaf 390 7 79 9 5 hf-ch dust 421 13 81 Ashton 13 8 ch dust 670 13 c. .=>9 34 26 22 63 60 44 33 89 43 33 15 40 31 20 14 27 6S 47 48 14 21 73 fO 45 38 16 32 53 46 39 41 51 45 34 51 55 46 38 39 57 33 34 20 57 41 68 45 39 39 58 43 bid 39 38 bid j3 33 60 58 40 33 25 6 bid 12 3S 48 33 23 31 ]0 81 55 46 bid 51 34 30 51 40 bid 36 34 27 19 33 2/ 21 46 bid 42 36 27 out CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. 3 Lot Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. C. 82 Ivanhoe 15 10 hf-ch or pek 500 56 85 21 4 ch bro mi.x 340 7 86 23 3 hf-ch dust 225 11 90 Lameliere 31 4 do pek fans 336 25 91 G W 33 1 ch pekoe 79 31 93 Elston 37 7 hf-ch dnst 630 13 94 39 4 ch congou 360 14 95 41 8 do bro mix 560 19 [Messrs. Somerville & Co.] Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. C. 4 Ukuwella 324 1 hf-ch hr nek fans 70 19 7 Hangs ma 327 7 ch pek sou 630 21 9 329 2 do dust 200 13 10 Kew 330 9 hf-ch bro or pek 504 RL 12 331 8 do bro pek 4S0 45 24 Lubugama 344 2 do fans 130 23 bid 25 G’ Watte 345 4 ch bro ))ek 440 33 bid 28 Mousakande 348 4 do fans 320 14 bid 32 Moniingside 352 2 Jo fans 200 15 33 353 1 do congou 9.5 6 35 DB in estmark 355 1 hf-ch bro pek 66 28 36 356 3 do pek sen 150 17 37 357 1 do dust 90 13 41 Malvern 361 1 do bro pek fans 70 El 42 362 1 box dust 28 13 50 Monrovia 370 6 ch pek sou 670 19 bid 51 371 3 hf-ch pek dust 225 14 64 Walahandua 374 3 ch pek sou 270 24 55 Wi lahandua. C 37.5 6 ch bro pek 600 34 bid 56 376 6 do pekoe 570 27 bid 57 FP A 377 1 do pek sou 90 IC bid 60 3S0 1 do dust 165 14 61 Lyndhurst 33 L 2 hf-ch uuas 119 9 bid 64 Ankande 334 3 ch sou 240 16 65 385 4 do dust 3J0 14 66 336 7 do unas 595 24 67 California 3S7 5 ch bro pek 490 35 bill 69 3S9 3 do pek sou 300 23 70 3S0 1 do bro pek dust 140 14 75 Xugawella 395 4 hf-ch dust 3(0 14 94 Cam. y 14 0 do sou 260 22 95 15 11 do bro pek fans 660 22 bid 96 16 1 do dust 50 15 97 Kosgahaliena 17 4 ch 1 hf-ch bro pek 600 35 bid 99 19 2 ch 1 hf-oh pek sou 255 18 100 20 1 ch sou 100 12 101 21 1 hf-ch fans 60 13 109 Verulapityia 49 4 ch bro pek fans 440 23 114 Eavenscriiig 34 9 hf-ch pek sou 450 18 120 Penrith 40 3 ch pek fans 375 20 bid la 41 2 do fans ISO 17 122 42 2 do dust 330 13 123 43 1 do bro tea 80 7 127 G B 47 2 do bro tea 160 7 128 48 4 hf-ch dust 340 14 135 C F in 6; t mark 55 2 ch bro mix 22(1 16 bid 138 56 2 hf-ch dust 160 14 110 R C T F in est mark 60 3 ch dust 46.0 14 141 Koladeiiiya 61 1 do or pek 91 26 142 62 1 hf-ch sou 45 17 Lot Box. Pkgs . Name. lb. C. 45 590 2 ch sou 160 0 48 B B, in estate mark 596 4 do pek dust 461 35 49 E, in estate mark 593 3 hf-ch pekoe fans 240 15 50 6C0 4 do do 300 1.5 51 C, in estate mark 602 5 ch pek fan 400 15 58 Hopton 61C 1 ch dust 120 14 66 Maha Uva 032 2 ch drsb 168 1.5 71 Kirklees 642 2 ch pek fans 210 35 72 644 4 do dust 340 21 SO Harrington 660 2 hf-ch bro O ' pek 3 20 86 83 660 3 cli pek .sou 255 35 84 668 2 ch dust 230 19 103 Galla watte 706 4 ch pek .sou 400 24 112 Castlereagh 724 6 hf-ch pek fans 4-20 24 113 726 3 do dust 24(J 34 116 SSS ■ 732 3 ch red leaf 294 7 117 Bewalakande 734 9 ch bro tea 630 8 122 D Oxford, in est. mark 714 1 hf-ch bro or pek .50 44 124 (^48 3 ch pek sou 225 24 125 750 1 hf-ch fine dust 75 14 130 Scrubs 760 6 ch jrek sou 4-iO 35 bid 134 W A 768 4 ch pekoe 420 28 135 770 1 ch bro mix 100 9 136 Debatgam.a 772 3 ch dust 420 14 137 G P i\i, in es mar k ' 774 10 hf-ch bro or pek 6(0 57 Ijid 166 Monkswood 812 7 eh sou 532 36 167 814 7 hf-ch d list 535 21 158 816 11 do or pek fan 660 33 159 818 3 do nek fans 180 27 164 Ookoowatte S28 2 hf ch dust N. 2 160 ■ 17 105 830 1 do bro mix No. 2 CO 18 166 Ookoowatte 832 8 hf-eh dust No. 1 640 14 107 834 9 do bro mixX^o. 1 540 16 16S 836 2 do red leaf ,, 1 ISO 8 182 Kirindi and I'doodthorpe 864 4 ch sou 280 22 1S3 866 2 ch dust ISO 1.3 184 808 1 ch red leaf 64 7 187 Grange Gar- den 874 3 ch sou 270 24 188 S76 3 hf-ch dust 255 14 189 L N S, in est. mark 878 1 hf-ch bro pek 3!) 37 190 SSO 1 ch pek sou 94 ■24 391 882 1 hf-ch dust 50 14 194 N, in estate mark SSS 4 ch bro pek 400 37 195 890 4 do pekoe sou 400 24 198 Weyunga- watte S90 1 hf-ch dust 255 33 bid 199 lloonevale 898 5 ch dust 700 13 200 Arapolakan- de fOO 3 ch dust 345 32 204 Wolley field 9.8 1 ch 1 hf-ch bro pek 100 38 205 910 2 ch pekoe 11)0 24 206 912 3 ch sou 255 15 2>7 914 1 ch pekoe fans 115 33 216 Bandara Eliya 9:2 4 ch hf-ch dust 680 14 220 Kanvesmire 930 hf ch dust 285 14 221 942 do fans 350 14 [Messrs. Forbes & Walker.] Lot. Box. : Pkgs. Name. lb. c. 3 Holtcn 605 5 ch pek sou 475 29 4 £03 2 ch dust 150 17 5 B 510 1 Oil bro mix 75 20 6 512 1 do reel leaf 110 8 13 Drayton 526 4 hf-ch bro 21U 44 10 532 2 do dusij 170 10 20 Great Valley 540 2 hf-ch vek fans 100 42 21 54-2 2 do fans 90 22 22 544 2 do dust IGO 17 23 Dehiewita 646 G ch sou 510 19 25 5:0 3 do dust 450 13 26 552 7 do congou 490 8 27 Broughton 554 3 hf-ch fans 204 24 28 556 1 ch sou CO 24 29 558 1 do du.st 10 14 37 Eirollwcod 574 6 cli pek sou 510 36 39 K K G H 578 11 : hf-ch bro pek 650 3o 40 580 9 do pekoe 450 29 41 582 13 clo i. ek sou 6c0 24 42 684 9 clo Si-U 4'0 23 43 G 5S6 6 rh pekoe 670 23 44 588 2 do pek sou 180 14 CEYLON COFFEE SALES IN LONDON. {From Our Commercial Correspondent) IMincing Lase, July 23, 1S97. Marks and iivices of CEYLOX COP’FEK sold hi Mineins Lane up to :;3rd .July ; — Ex ‘'Lo.aiciau” Large fsize, Kriburne, Ic K'.Js; siiie ' ditto, ?cll'03 6d; size Z ditto, Ic 7Ss; P ditto, lb luOs; T dit:o, lb 78s; Goworekeile A, ic 117s; dit'o 1, oc lb IR’s; ditto z, fc 105s 6d; ditto S, lb 91s; ditto PB, It 113s. GKKT GKE in e.--tate mark, c 77s; It 01s; 2 bags overtakeiii 103s Od- Xiabedde S, It 9Ls; ditto PB, Ic llOs; XBT in estate mark Ic lb 70s Od; NB, Ic C9.s. Ex “Chancellor”— OO, Roeliamptou, lb Ills; C, ditto, 3c Ills 6d; 1, ditto, 3c lb 103s Od; 2, ditto, lb 90s; PB ditto, IcllCs; ditto 1 overtake 103s. K.ahagalla E, 1 barrel 112s; ditto 1, 2 casks lllsOd; ditto 2, 3c lb 105s; ditto S, lb SSs. ditto PB, lb Ills; LCT in estate mark, Ic 71s. Kahagalla, 1 bag overtake 98s. Ex “Clan Sinclair ’—Blackwood O, 4c lOis; ditto EF, Ic It 100s; ditto F. lb SGs; ditto PB, lb 90s; ditto BKIVT, 1 ba'-relCls; BKW EP, S bags 51s Od. 4 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. CEYLON COCOA SALES IN LONDON. Ex “Logician” — 1, Yatfcawatta, 216 bags 62s Gii ; 1 sea (lam. amrrpkd. 48s 6d ; 2 ditto 33 bags 40s Gd. Ex “Cheshire” — 1, Yattawatte, 144 bags 61s 6d; 31 sea dam. cl. 1, 2, 57s Gd; 13 sea dam. rpkd, 48s Gd; 2 ditto, 18 bag.s4Gs Gd; 2 sea dam. and rpkd. 4os. Ex “Logician”— MA in estate mark, 78 bags aOs; MAK, IG bags 46s Gd; 1 bag 2s Gd. Ex “Ameer” — Eadella, Q, 9 bags 49s. Ex “Amstelshoom” — F 31 BZH, 28 bags 49s; 8 bags 4Ss 6(1. Ex “Patroclus”— A, Victoria, 17 bags 63s 6(1; 5 sea dam. bulked 49s; B ditto, 1 bag 48s. Ex “City of Edinburgh” — Araba, 2, 2 bags 42s Gd. Ex “Para”— GV, 1 bag 47s. Ex “Britanny” CSM, 1 bag 47s, Ex “Cart” A, 1 bag 58s. Ex “Glenfruin”— Beredewelle, COC, 1, 9 sea dam. c 1, .53s. Ex “Pindara” — 1, Pa Hi, 10 bags ,56s. E>x “Chancellor”— Maria, A, 8 sea dam. c 3, 50s. Eriagas- tenne. A, 8 sea dam. c 3, 49s Gd. Gangwarily, No. 3, 11 hags 47s. Ex “Bengal”— Ingurugalla, A, 16 bags 60s‘. Ex “Clan Sinclair”— Palli, 1, 40 bags 64s Gd; 93 bags 65s Gd; 6 sea dam. c 2, 49s Gd; ditto 2, 20 bags 48s Gd; ditto 2, 1 bag 49s. Ex “Logician”— A, Delgolla, 29 bags GGs Gd; B ditto, 19 bass 60s Gd; 1 sea dam. and rpkd. 37s Gd; C ditto, 38 bags 50s; 3 sea dam. and rpkd.37sCcl. Ex “Oceana”— Raiawelle, 7 bags 60; 4 bags 50s. Ex “Chesaire”— HK, 2, 1 bag 46s; ditto T, 1 bag .sea (Lara, bulked 22s. Ex “Oceana”— OBEC in estate mark, Kondesalle, Ceylon, O, ditto IF, 15 bags 51s Gd; ditto O, 12bags55s. CEYLON C.CRDAMOM SALES IN LONDON. Ex “Clan Sinclair”— IVattakelly cardemoms, 4 cases 2s 7d; Ic 4s 8d; ditto seed, Ic 3s. Ex “Oceana”— Nawauagalla, A 1, Ic 3s 8d; ditto BI, 4c 3s 5d; ditto C 1. 4c 3s; 6c 3a Id; ditto D 1, ,5c 2s Gd; ditto seed, 3c 3s Id. Katooloya, EX, 2c 3s; 4c 2s; 2c 3s; 6c 2s 10(1; 4c 2s 9(1; 7c 2s Gd; 6c 2s 3d; 6e 2s. Katooloya D, Ic seeds, 2s lOd; 5c 2s 4d; 2c 3s 2d; Ic 3s Id; ditto AA, 3c 2s 11(1; ditto A, 3c 2s 9d: ditto B. 2c 2s 8(1; ditto C, 6c 2s 2d; ditto n. Ic 2s lid; 2c 2s 4d. Elkadua, O, 4c 3s Id; 2c .3s; 4c 2s 9(1; 4e 2s; 6c 2s lOd; ditto 2, 3c 2s -5d; BSLS, seeds, Ic 2s 3d: Ic 2s Id; NM in estate mark, 2c 2s 4d. OBSERYEK PPaNTING WOPJCS. TEA, COFFEE, CINCHONA, COCOA, AND CARDAMOM SALES. NO. 31. Colombo, August 23, 1897. Price ; — 12g cents each 3 copies 30 cents ; 6 copies ^ rupee. COLOMBO SALES OF TEA. Lot Box. Pkfcs. Name. lb. C. 89 Eadella 227 28 ch bro pek 2800 44 T.AKGE LOTS. 90 229 25 do pekoe 22.50 32 91 Suria watte 231 13 do do pek sou 1040 26 92 233 14 pek fans 10.50 20 [ME.SSRS. A. H. Thompson & Co.- -4.3,078 lb.] 93 235 13 do pek sou 1300 10 Name. lb. 94 Oak field 237 n do bro pek 1210 36 bid Lot. Box. rkfis. C. 95 239 15 d pekoe 1350 37 1 Nahaveena 1 24 hf-ch bro pek 1200 49 90 241 13 do pek sou 1040 28 5 (5 Vegan 5 6 3j 32 ci\ bro pek 30001 2880 ■ withd’n. 98 99 Kandy 245 217 19 34 hf-ch do fans pek fans 1425 2200 19 IS bid 7 22 do 1980^ 105 Grove Park 259 20 do bro pek fans 1300 19 1-2 13 Agar's I and 12 13 17 lif-ch 19 do or pek pt sou 969 1026 60 33 107 112 I) in est mark Lc^an 263 273 8 35 ch do pek withd’n 19 23 Belugas 19 23 7 8 ch cli fans bro or pek 770 840 24 45 114 115 Kotuagedera 277 279 25 20 do ch pek sou bro pek 22C0-’ 2000 37 bid 24 24 728 51 116 •281 19 do pekoe 1805 33 25 25 1C 1600 39 117 283 13 do pek sou 1170 27 2S W’Oya 28 14 840 19 120 Sumtra \ aile 2-i9 14 hf-ch bro pek 840 •28 30 St. l.eonard.s Sea on 34 bro pek 1400 47 121 122 iientsin 2 '1 293 24 16 do do bro pek or pek 1210 720 60 61 31 31 9 do pekoe 810 31 123 295 18 ch pekoe 1020 45 32 B & D 32 8 ch pek sou 790 26 33 33 7 do dust 1050 14 bid ol K 34 20 ch bro mix 1700 8 bid [Messrs. Somerville & Co. — 15-t..546.1 30 Riinawella 36 10 do pekoe 850 36 40 C 40 17 ch bro mix 1445 8 bid Lot. Box. PI Name. lb. C 43 Hornsey 43 lu ch pek sou 1000 29 3 H .1 S 73 Battalgalla 45 14 ch pek sou 1400 ?0 12 hf-ch pek sou 720 27 47 Preston 47 22 ch bro or pek 2376 67 bid 4 A N E 74 14 cll pek sou 13.i0 26 4S 48 19 lif-ch or pek 836 70 bid 5 Arslena 75 35 hr cli bro pek 17.50 50 40 49 14 ch pekoe 1204 63 6 76 49 do pekoe 2430 39 62 Katnatenne 52 20 hf-ch bro pek 1100 64 7 Moran!, inde / / df> pek sou 1330 29 8 78 10 ch bro pek 10 0 47 9 79 14 do pekoe pek rou 1.500 33 10 80 9 do 810 29 [Mr . E. John.- -152, .561 lb ] 15 10 Koorooloogalla 85 86 17 13 do do bro pek pekoe 1615 1170 55 41 Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. e. 21 22 Ingeriya 91 92 46 hf-ch 26 do bro pek pekoe •2300 1-248 39 32 1 Arratenne 51 10 ch bro pek 1000 48 23 93 30 do pek sou 1380 27 2 63 19 do pekoe 1710 31 26 Dotel Oya 96 48 ch bro pek 4800 37 bid 5 Gonavy 59 13 do bro or pek 1352 51 27 97- 47 ( o pekoe 4230 31 6 61 15 do bro pek 1530 65 28 98 34 do pek sou 3060 26 7 63 18 do pekoe 1512 48 38 Ketadola 108 9 do bro pek 933 28 bid 8 65 10 do pek sl u 740 37 39 109 7 do pekoe 735 22 bid 9 Otterv an 1 Stam- 46 F F, Avisavvella 116 13 hf-ch bro pek 728 37 ford Hill 67 14 do bro pek 1400 60 51 H.atton 121 28 do bro pek 1540 67 10 09 17 do or pek 1445 52 52 1-22 24 ch pekoe 2040 49 11 71 30 do pekoe 2700 38 .53 ]-?3 19 do pek sou 1520 •28 14 Agra 0 avail 77 8 do pelv sou 760 27 57 Minna 126 26 hf-ch or pek 1352 65 79 18 hf-ch pek fans 1476 31 55 1-27 OS do bro or pek 5390 44 17 A 83 17 ch pekoe 1615 42 58 128 !0 ch pekoe 4-250 42 19 iSIaskeliya |87 15 do bro or pek 1500 61 59 129 39 do pek sou 3315 28 20 89 15 do or pek 1500 47 61 131 ]2 :lf-ch dust 1080 14 21 91 ]0 do pekoe 1000 43 67 Madulteime 137 24 cll bro pek 2400 59 22 93 9 do pek sou 900 34 08 138 23 do pekoe 2300 36 Mahacudugalla 101 15 do bro or pek 1510 64 bid 69 139 14 do pek s-ni 1400 26 27 103 11 do or pek 990 52 bid 70 140 10 do pek fans 1100 29 28 105 12 do pekoe 984 42 bid 73 TIoragoda 142 10 do bro pek 1000 55 29 107 19 do pek sou 1900 43 bid 73 143 19 do pekoe 1615 36 :o Pati Rajah 109 9 do bro pek 7-26 59 £0 Harongalia l.'O 1-s do bro pek 1620 56 21 St. John’s 117 2S hf-ch bro or pek 16S0 RI-11 8L 151 19 do pekoe 1615 38 35 119 27 do or pek 1401 ?7 83 Atherton 153 14 iif oh ino pek 784 34 86 121 18 do pekoe 1003 63 86 Lonach 156 47 a . bro pek 2585 53 37 123 17 do pek sou 850 51 87 157 17 ch pekoe 1445 41 38 Dickapittia 127 •23 ch bro pek 2300 53 89 L 159 13 hf-ch dust - 1105 16 31 127 31 do pekoe 3100 40 91 Rin estate 40 Browrdow 129 26 fio bro or pek 2600 71 mark 161 10 ch l)ro pok 1050 38 bid 41 131 24 do or pek 2160 49 bid 92 102 11 do pekoe 1045 19 bid 42 133 21 do pekoe 1080 45 93 103 12 do pek sou 1140 23 bid 43 135 •20 do pek sou 1500 37 91 101 13 do sou 1235 16 47 R 143 7 do bro pek fans 770 31 95 WG 165 12 do pek sou 876 14 55 Glasgow 1.59 45 do bro or pek 3375 73 96 166 8 do red leaf 800 7 £G 10 1 22 hf-ch or pek 13-20 60 97 Romania 167 17 do bro pek 1700 47 67 163 15 ch pekoe 1710 47 98 168 25 do pekoe 2500 31 fiS Agra Ouvah 105 69 hf-ch bro or pek 4485 72 99 M9 7 do pek sou 700 24 69 167 39 do or pek 1950 01 102 Haputale 172 28 Ilf ch I r.) pek 14S4 45 eo 169 15 ch pekoe 1425 47 103 173 23 ch or pek 21 IG 39 Cl Gampola 171 11 dr bro pek 1045 45 104 174 22 hf-ch la-o or pek 1430 3fc> 62 173 10 do pekoe 850 33 105 175 22 ch pekoe 1914 o/ 63 Doonhinda 175 13 do bro pek 1430 61 K'G 176 22 do pek sou 17GO 28 ()1 177 19 do pekoe 19(10 4i 107 R in est. mark 177 23 hf-c*h dlLSt 2070 10 TO Ivies 103 ‘21 hf-ch bro pek 1030 59 108 178 •23 cll fans 2320 15 73 J95 18 do pekoe 810 34 109 Kudaganga 179 10 do bro pek KUIO 40 74 197 10 do pek sou 720 29 111 181 H do pekoe sou rou ^4 78 Mocha 205 40 ch bro or rek 4000 68 bid 112 182 S d«) sou '/ / 16 79 207 44 do pekoe 3740 50 bid H5 K VL ISo 15 do pek sou lo «;) 24 80 209 20 do pek sou 1500 41 116 ISO 1-2 do bro pek sou 13-20 20 83 Cleveland 215 IS hf-ch or pek 810 55 117 XXX 187 ‘20 lif-ch fans 1300 IS 8i 217 19 do pekoe 950 47 123 bL 193 12 cll pek sou 1080 86 N ‘.>21 iO do dust 750 17 1-28 Depedeiie 198 81 do bi 0 pek 4i^5 25 bid CEYLON PEODUCE SALES LIST. Lot, , Box PkllS. N ame. lb. C. 129 199 60 hf-ch pekoe 3000 24 bid 130 200 53 do pek sou 2650 15 bid 134 H 204 8 ch pekoe sou 760 23 135 Naratifcoda 205 27 do bro pek 2700 56 13G 206 24 do pekoe 2280 35 137 207 17 do pek sou 1530 29 139 Hatdowa 209 37 do bro pek 3700 48 140 210 33 do pekoe 2805 32 141 211 19 do pek sou 1520 27 flVlESSR?. Forbes & Walker.— .318,617 lb.] Lot. Box. rkgs. Name. lb. c. 2 New Peacock 946 15 hf-ch pek fans 112.5 15 3 M G 918 20 hf-ch bro pek 1200 .57 4 950 22 do pekoe lino 47 5 952 18 do pek sou 990 39 6 954 21 do sou 045 26 3 958 11 do dust 990 23 10 Munukattia, Ceylon, in est. mark 962 19 hf-ch bro pek 1045 56 11 964 15 ch pekoe 1350 41 12 066 11 do pek sou 090 34 13 Kelaneiya 968 20 ch bro pek 2200 55 14 970 23 do pekoe 2300 42 19 Mousakelle 980 11 ch bro pek 1210 65 20 0,32 18 do pekoe 1800 44 23 Erraclit 938 27 ch iu'o pek 2i60 60 24 990 14 do bro or pek 1400 42 25 992 22 do pekoe 1650 33 26 994 11 do pe' sou 880 26 27 990 17 do fans 1530 29 28 Batta watte 998 5S ch bro pek 5800 61 29 icon 45 do pekoe 4500 47 30 1(02 lii do pekoe scu 1600 37 31 Meddetenne 1004 23 iif-ch bro pek 1510 66 32 1006 14 ch pekoe 1400 37 33 1('08 8 do 7)ek sou 720 30 36 Middleton 1014 28 hf-ch bro or nek 1400 78 bid 37 1016 20 do bro pek 1000 63 bid 38 1018 13 ch do 1170 52 39 1020 15 do pekoe 1200 65 40 1022 20 do pek sou 1600 47 42 Bittacy 1026 27 ch bro pek ll'-S 55 43 11.28 If) hf-ch pekoe 750 50 46 Nahaltna 1034 20 ch sou 2300 17 bid 47 1036 16 ht ch dust 1200 18 48 Matale 1035 29 do bro pek 1740 60 61 Israalle 1044 4.5 ch pek sou 38>5 23 52 1046 12 do do 1200 21 63 1018 12 do do No. 2 1320 19 54 1050 7 do bro mix (Acme chests) 770 16 56 Staff vd 1054 7 cli or pek 700 75 00 St, Heliers 1062 15 ch bro or pek 1600 57 62 1006 19 do pekoe 1710 38 ■ 64 Macaldeniya 1070 15 hf-ch pekoe 750 55 65 1072 18 do pek sou 900 48 69 Talgaswela 1080 37 ch bro pek 3330 57 71 1084 9 do pekoe 810 37 73 loss 5 do dust 700 17 74 Blairgowrie 1090 10 ch or pek 1710 67 "6 1094 15 do pekoe 1200 49 87 Tavalamtenne 11 '6 9 ch or pek 990 4S 88 ins 7 do pek 735 41 91 Pemlios ir.'4 37 hf-ch or pek 1S50 59 92 •1 1 2o 33 do bro pe'v 1930 55 93 1 ' 28 60 do pekoe 3300 42 94 IISO 23 do pek sou 11.50 35 95 Nnhaveena I ' 32 41 hf-ch pek .sou 2300 36 98 Columbia 11 8 44 hf-ch bro pek 2610 63 99 1140 61 do pekoe 3060 50 ICO Nase’oy ■142 28 do bro pek 1540 90 101 1144 16 do pekoe 800 73 102 1140 9 do dust 765 30 bid 109 Pettere.sso 1100 40 hf-ch bro pek 2400 63 110 1102 18 ch pekoe 1620 51 111 1104 23 do pek son 1840 44 112 Tymawr 1100 25 hf-ch bro pek 1950 69 113 nos 24 do pek lOSO .50 114 1)70 27 do pek sou 1215 45 120 Lyeerove 1182 15 ch pekoe 1230 33 128 T '1 A in estate mark 1198 16 ch fans 2080 17 131 Piilatasama 1201 21 ch or pelc 1785 01 132 12, 0 22 do pekoe 1700 80 133 12'-8 35 do pek sou 2800 30 135 1212 15 do pek fans 135M 29 136 Gampaha 1214 28 ch bro or pek 28C0 56 137 1216 50 do or pek 4500 65 138 1218 20 do pek sou 1800 45 144 Riianwella 1230 22 do bro pelt 2090 59 145 1232 fii do pekoe 4429 35 140 1234 10 do pok .sou 900 27 147 1236 7 ch fans 840 33 r.ot Box. I’kgs. Name. lb. c. 154 Maha L’va 12.50 11 hf-ch bro or pek 715 50 155 1252 19 do or pek 1064 6S 150 1254 26 ch pek 2470 .50 157 1258 13 do l)eU sou 1040 45 161 Ing rugal’a 1264 14 ch bro pek 1400 58 162 1266 19 do pekoe 1710 41 163 126S 13 do pek sou 1170 33 165 I N G 1272 7 ch bro )>ek fans 700 32 167 Geragama 1276 29 ch bro nek 2 00 49 168 1278 17 do nekoe 1530 32 169 Chesterford 1280 24 ch bro pek 2400 61 170 1282 22 do pek 2200 41 171 1284 22 do pek sou 2 ‘>0 36 173 1283 8 do fa«s 880 20 174 1290 11 do du.st 825 14 176 Queensland 1294 23 hf-ch bro pek 1150 81 177 1296 32 cli pekoe 2720 52 179 F. 1300 15 do SOU No. 2 1230 12 180 1302 20 lif-ch f.ins 1120 21 ISl 1304 35 do ilnst 2760 20 182 Galphele 13C6 22 hf-ch bro pek 1320 54 183 1308 22 ilo pekoe 3100 39 194 C O EB 13S0 7 ch pek sou 70.1 34 203 Kennington 134S 10 ch SOU 9,50 1.5 204 13.50 5 do du.st 700 13 207 Beaumont 1356 10 ch dust 1480 17 210 Wevnnga- watte 1362 S4 hf-ch bro or pek 1870 45 211 1361 14 ch or pek 22S0 39 9. >9 1366 19 do pekoe 1615 34 216 Arapolakan- bro pek de 1374 43 ch 3870 60 217 1376 30 do or pek 2400 36 218 1378 48 do pek 3840 30 221 .4mblakan.de 1384 11 ch bro pek 1100 60 1386 13 do pek No. 1 1170 38 9''>‘X 1388 11 do do No. 2 880 35 224 1390 7 do pek sou 700 27 225 Hughendon 1392 22 ch bro pek 1980 60 226 1394 23 do pekoe 1840 so 227 1396 13 do pek son 1040 29 232 Galkadua 1406 14 ch bro pek 1400 46 233 1108 12 do pek 1 200 29 234 1410 1 2 do pek sou 1200 23 235 Dunkeld 14 '2 41 hf-ch b 0 or pek 2100 63 236 1414 10 ch or pek 050 62 237 14)0 20 do pekoe 1900 47 233 W N i*' 141S 11 ch pekoe 1100 26 239 Horana 1420 29 ch bro pek 2705 31 bid 240 1422 25 do pekoe ! 212.5 33 bid 241 1421 25 do pek .sou 2250 18 242 1426 25 hf-ch pek fans 2120 19 bid 243 1428 10 do dust 045 12 244 Carlton 1430 24 iif-ch bro pek 1440 41 245 1432 IS ch rekoe 1666 44 246 1434 26 do 1 hf-ch pek sou 24C0 21 247 1436 20 do nek fans 1380 21 248 1438 19 do dust 810 11 219 Glencorso 1410 30 ch bro pek 30( 0 49 2.50 1442 21 do pekoe 1785 40 251 1444 12 do r ek .sou 960 30 2.58 Sudbury 21,58 12 ch bro j ek 4620 34 259 116.! 20 do pekoe 2500 svithd'n 200 1402 ,55 nf-ch pe]c sou 2750 15 201 1401 23 d ■ pek fans 1840 19 261 G K 1170 5 ch dust 700 14 265 New Cross 1472 20 hf-ch bi'j pe fans 1300 19 266 Grange Gar den 1474 13 ch or pek 1430 53 267 1470 13 do pekoe 13(10 33 269 B A R-I) 14S0 25 hf-ch p Ic fans 1845 19 270 Q N, in estate mark 1482 9 ch pek sou 7S0 6 SMALL LOTS. [Messrs. A H. Thompson & Co.] Lot. Box. Pkgs. N ame. lb. c. 2 Naliaveena 2 11 bf-ch pekoe 550 4-2 3 3 13 do pek sou 650 30 4 4 2 do dust 150 15 15 Agar’s Land 15 4 hf-ch dust 272 16 bid 16 Reliigas 16 3 ch son 240 11 17 17 2 hf-ch red leaf 94 7 IS 18 3 cii dust 330 14 20 S, in estate mark 20 2 hf-cl) bro pek 90 27 21 21 2 do pekoe 118 22 22 22 2 do unas 129 12 CEYLON PEODUCE SALES LIST. 3 Lot Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. c. 26 Unugala 26 4 ch pek sou 360 25 27 27 1 do dust 97 14 29 E’Oya 29 3 ch sou 150 12 35 Ranawella 35 6 ch bro pek 630 46 bid 37 37 6 do pek sou 438 24 bid 38 38 1 do sou 70 19 39 39 1 do du.st 93 14 41 H 41 5 cli bro pek 600 20 bid 42 42 4 do pek fans 460 12 bid 44 Hornsey 44 6 ch fans 510 15 46 Battalgalla 46 6 do fans 510 14 50 Preston 50 1 ch unas 67 41 51 W D 51 2 ch congou 130 8 55 NA 55 7 do 1 ch bro pek 445 15 bid 56 56 3 hf-ch pek sou 150 7 bid Lot. 48 49 50 54 55 60 62 63 64 65 66 71 74 75 76 [Mr. E. John.] Lot. Box. Pkg.s. Name. lb. c. 3 Arratennne 55 7 ch pek .sou 560 28 4 57 1 do dust 100 13 12 Ottery and Stam- ford Hill 73 2 do soucliong 200 27 13' VO 1 do dust 165 18 16 Agra Ouvah 81 4 hf-ch dust 404 23 18 A 85 5 ch bro mix 550 27 23 Maskeliya 95 3 do souchong 300 26 24 97 10 hf-ch bro pek fans 500 £0 25 99 2 do dust ISO 18 31 Pati Rajah 111 8 ch pekoe 600 34 32 113 6 do pek sou 450 27 33 115 3 do pek fans 240 30 44 Brownlow 137 6 hf-ch bro pek fans 402 37 45 139 3 do dust 261 22 46 R 111 3 eh dust 330 17 48 145 2 do congou 180 20 49 Tallagalla 147 1 do bro mix 100 22 .50 149 4 hf-ch dust 280 16 51 L in est. mark 151 6 do unas 285 22 65 Doonhinda 179 6 ch pek sou 600 38 60 181 3 do dust 300 16 75 Ivies 199 5 hf-ch fans o25 28 76 201 3 do dust 225 14 77 203 3 do congou 120 21 81 Mocha 211 3 ch fans 420 30 82 Cleveland 213 12 hf-ch bro or pek 618 69 85 219 12 do pek sou 600 45 87 Theresia 223 4 ch pek sou 380 88 88 225 4 hf-ch dust 320 14 97 Oakfleld 243 7 do dusc 620 13 ICO 249 7 do souchong 490 10 103 D in est mark 261 6 ch bro pek 630 42 108 265 5 do pek sou 425 26 109 207 3 do bro mix 3U0 24 110 Farm 269 3 hf-ch dust 2 >8 16 m Annaraall.ai 271 2 do dust 170 13 118 Kotuagedera 285 1 ch dust 160 12 119 287 3 do bro pek fans 390 23 124 Tientsin 297 2 hf-ch pek fans 160 16 [Messrs. Somerville & Co.] Lot. 1 II J s 2 11 Morankinde 12 13 14 17 ICooiooloof;.illa 87 18 19 20 K G 24 Ingeriya 29 D in estate mark *30 It'O 31 101 32 102 33 N 103 34 101 35 105 36 106 37 107 40 Ketadola 110 41 111 42 112 43 113 44 Irex lit 45 115 47 F 1? Avisaweila 117 Box. Pkgs. ISauie. 71 8 lif-ch bro pek 72 9 CIO pekoe 81 5 ch unas 82 1 do du.st 83 1 (lo fans 84 1 do congou 1 87 6 do pek '^011 88 ’j. do pek fans 89 1 <’0 pek dusc 90 1 pekoe dust No. 94 13 hf-di unas 95 10 do red leaf 99 2 ch bro mix r!o do (lo 5 do do do do dust fans retl leaf 1)10 pek pekoe pek sou sou lb. 480 540 475 150 S6 90 540 220 122 160 6.50 500 ISO 300 100 90 525 300 340 240 45 32 30 It 26 17 ,30 24 10 10 27 15 18 14 16 7 66 35 29 24 H Minna, Bogahagode- watte Madultenne Horagoda 79 82 84 85 88 90 100 101 110 113 114 118 119 120 121 122 131 132 133 138 142 Rivanilakelle TIT AG B Ha.rangalla Atherton Lonach L Romania Kudaganga XXX 8 Depedene F Ain estate mark Narangoda Hatdowa 118 119 120 124 125 130 132 133 134 135 136 141 141 145 146 147 148 149 152 154 155 158 160 170 171 180 183 184 188 189 190 191 192 201 202 203 208 Pkgs, . Name lb. c. 9 do pek sou 414 25 8 do bro pek fans 4S0 20 3 do dust 270 13 1 do dust 80 14 2 do bro tea 100 8 5 ch bro mix 450 8 5 do bro pek .500 49 6 do pekoe 540 30 6 do pek sou .540 26 4 (lo sou 860 24 1 do fans no 16 5 hf-ch dust 450 14 3 ch pek sou 270 23 1 1 do fa,ns 90 29 1 do dust 100 15 o hf-ch dust 180 16 2 do pek dust 172 n 3 ch pek dust 459 11 4 do pek sou 380 25 1 hf-ch bro mix 53 13 2 do dust 130 14 6 cli pek sou 480 30 6 do bro mix 570 8 2 do dust 250 14 2 do congou 164 17 6 do pek 570 23 1 (lo congou 75 10 1 do dust 162 13 8 Iif-cli dust 675 14 3 do dust 240 u 3 (lo bro tea 150 . 19 2 do dust 160 13 1 (lo bi'o tea 60 8 2 do dust 160 13 2 ch dust 300 17 1 do red leaf 100 : 9 8 hf-ch 1 ch dust fans 640 135 Lot. [MES.SRS, Forbes & Walker.] Box. Pkffs. Name. lb. New Peacock M G Munukattia Ceylon, in est. mark 944 95) 2 hf-ch 3 lif-ch 960 12 hf-ch bro mix 100 fans 225 600 Maealdeniya Taig.aswela I 75 Bltiirgowrie 77 82 8) 90 96 97 115 116 117 118 119 1076 1078 10S2 ](i86 V'9i 1096 Alma 1106 Tavalamteiiiie 1120 1122 N haveena 1134 1136 1172 1174 1176 1178 U80 1068 13 hf-ch 1074 6 do 1 1 do do or pek fannings sou dust Tyraawr Lyegrove 6 ch 6 do 7 hf-ch 5 eh 9 hf-ch 1 hf-cli 1 do 9 hf-cli 1 do 4 hf ch 2 do 1 do 0 hf-ch 5 d> 650 348 55 80 bro pek No. 2 OOo 540 441 .375 495 55 60 075 50 200 pek sou bro pe!c pek sou red leaf dust congou dust congou so.i bro pek dust 140 dust hro or pek bro pek 390 500 16 26 S' 31, 15 Kelaiieiya 972 3 ch sou 300 2S 16 974 2 do dust 230 13 17 G 976 3 cli sou 2.55 18 IS 978 2 ch pek dust 300 15 21 Mousakelli 984 3 ch sou 300 30 22 936 1 lif-ch dust 80 14 30a 1 ch bro pek fans 109 18 34 Meddetenne 1010 3 ch bro pek f.a ns 345 25 35 1012 1 ch bio pek dust 150 15 41 Jliddleton 1024 9 hf-eli dust 675 23 44 Bittacy 1030 2 ch pek sou 200 29 45 1032 1 do dust 85 15 49 Matale 1010 2 hf-ch fans 140 27 50 1012 4 4 ch pek sou 40o 24 178 Queensland 1298 1 hf-ch dust 70 20 220 1382 3 do dust 345 13 184 Galphele 1310 9 hf ch pek sou 450 28 228 T B, in estate 185 Pingarawa 1312 5 hf-ch dust 450 13 mark 1398 7 cli fans 600 24 192 Peacock Hill 1326 2 hf-ch bro mix 90 8 229 1400 4 d"» unas 320 26 193 1323 0 ch pek fans 375 15 230 1402 2 do dust 200 15 195 CO E B 1332 3 do bro mi.x 33) 10 231 1404 do congou 75 IS 196 1331 6 hf-ch dust 430 ll 252 Glencorse 1446 5 ch pek sou 375 26 197 Moralioya 1333 5 ch sou 475 IS 253 1448 3 do pek fans 375 23 193 1338 3 hf-ch bro tea 150 17 254 1450 2 do dust 326 14 199 1340 3 ch dust 435 14 262 Sudbury 1466 7 do dust 665 13 200 1342 2 do red leaf 200 8 263 G K 1468 4 ch bro tea 360 24 205 Ken ington 1352 2 ch bro tea ISO 15 208 Gi-ange Gar- 200 1354 4 do red leaf 400 S den 1478 2 ch Sou No. 2 ISO 27 ClWliEVEK rUlNTING WORK.-;, TEA, COFFEE, CINCHONA, COCOA, AND CARDAMOM SALES, NO. 32. Colombo, August 30, 1897. PaiCE : — 12J cents each 3 copies 30 cents ; 6 copies § rupee. LARGE LOTS. [Messrs. A. H. Thompson & Co.— 56,418 lb.] Lot. Box, . Pkffs. Name. lb. C. 1 Ratnatenne 1 20 hf-ch bro pek 1100 36 2 2 17 do pekoe 935 30 4 Warwick 4 21 hf-eh bro pek 1260 70 10 Kalkande 10 15 hf-ch pekoe 750 35 -21 Agar’s land 21 27 do bro pek 1512 49 ^2 22 15 do pekoe 750 47 23 23 15 do pek sou 795 36 24 24 14 do sou 700 30 37 Manicbwatte 37 18 ch pekoe 1440 33 41 Lynsted 41 39 hf-ch bro or pek 2145 70 42 42 44 do or pek 2-200 61 bid 43 43 49 do bro pek 2695 63 44 44 60 do pekoe 2700 46 bid 45 St. Marks 45 31 ch pek sou 3100 30 51 .Springwood 51 9 ch bro mix 900 12 [Mr . E. JOHN.- -128,371 lb ■] Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. C. 1 VMncit 299 16 ch bro pek 1660 49 2 301 10 do pekoe 1000 34 3 303 10 do pek sou 1000 29 6 Poilakande 309 14 do bro pek 815 64 7 311 20 ch 1 hf-ch pekoe 1865 37 8 313 22 ch 1 hf-ch pek sou 1795 30 9 315 11 do bro pek fans 835 30 10 Digdola 317 14 ch bro or pek 1330 49 11 319 12 do pekoe 1020 32 13 323 8 do bro pek fans 720 25 14 Agra Ouvah 325 64 hf-ch bro or pek 4160 76 15 327 38 do or pek 2090 66 16 329 12 ch pekoe 1140 50 17 Rondura 331 12 do bro or pek 1200 42 18 333 8 do bro pek 800 48 19 335 29 do pekoe 2668 36 20 337 14 do pek sou 1288 28 21 339 7 clo dust 700 18 22 .341 7 do fans 77o 25 23 Alliaddy 343 12 do or pek 1200 57 24 345 25 do pekoe 2250 38 25 347 10 do pek sou 800 30 29 Anchor in est. mark 355 24 hf-ch bro or pek 1200 71 30 357 18 ch pekoe 1620 48 31 3.59 18 do pek sou 1620 41 -32 361 7 do pek fans 875 33 -33 363 14 : hf-ch dust 1330 18 35 BK 367 13 do dust 1092 15 36 Stinsford 369 37 do bro pek venesta pkgs. 2072 62 37 371 33 do pekoe 1824 43 -38 373 29 do pek sou 1392 38 44 Allington 3S5 8 ch pekoe 720 29 53 Glassaugh 403 37 hf-ch bro pek 2035 76 54 405 25 do pekoe 2123 51 -65 407 19 ch pek sou 1520 42 57 T TTT in est. do mark 411 37 1 lif-ch bro pek 4120 35 58 413 29 do pekoe 1552 36 59 415 30 do pekoe No.2. 1380 29 61 Glasgow 419 12 ch bro or pek 1140 38 ^2 421 10 do pek sou 1000 35 63 423 10 do dust loco 18 69 Pemberton 435 18 do bro pek 1800 31 70 437 11 do pekoe 990 28 71 439 11 do pek sou 93) 23 74 Keenagah Ella 445 11 do pekoe 9E0 43 75 447 8 do pek sou 720 39 77 Logan 451 35 do bro pek 3850 47 '78 463 22 do pekoe 2200 36 79 455 25 do pek sou 2150 30 80 Koslanda 457 20 hf-ch bro or pek IlOO 53 31 459 24 do or pek 1200 CO 82 461 32 ch pekoe 2880 47 83 463 10 do pek sou 930 43 87 Templestowe 471 11 do bro or pek 1155 56 •88 473 15 do or pek 1350 60 89 475 27 do pekoe 2295 47 :90 477 14 do pek sou 1120 39 96 Glentilt 489 38 do bro pek 3990 61 bid 97 491 23 do pekoe 2300 43 100 Alnoor 497 26 hf-ch pek sou 1800 27 101 499 28 do fans 1680 20 Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. c. 105 S in est mark 7 12 ch fans 1200 26 103 9 9 do bro mix 720 12 107 Birnam 11 16 do pek sou 1120 44 103 Suriakande 13 10 do dust 1000 14 [Messrs. Somerville & Co.- ■132,078.1 Lot. Box. Pkg.8. Name. lb. C 1 Wewatenne 221 8 ch bro pek 720 47 2 Wewatenna 222 14 ch pekoe 1268 34 3 hf-ch 3 223 14 ch pek sou 1240 30 1 hf-ch 5 Hangranoya 225 14 ch fans 1610 29 6 226 5 do dust 700 17 8 Wilpita U RK 15 Ukuwella 16 17 19 White Cross 20 21 22 G M P 23 Galkolua 24 25 28 Maligatenne 29 30 45 B P F , 48 M tara 49 53 M 228 7 do 234 26 hf-ch 235 18 ch 236 16 do 237 12 do 239 38 do 240 34 do 241 16 do 242 16 hf-ch 2i3 33 ch 244 22 do 245 49 do 248 7 do 249 10 do 250 10 do 265 48 hf-ch 268 21 ch 269 25 do 273 9 do pekoe pek sou bro pek pekoe pek sou bro pek pekoe pek sou pekoe bro pek or pek pekoe bro pek pekoe pek sou bro'pek bro pek pekoe dust 700 1300 1800 1600 liOO 3300 3230 1440 2484 3620 1930 4360 700 930 860 2400 2100 2450 1400 31 14 42 32 29 36 bid 31 28 30 34 i.iid 31 bid 31 35 bid 28 20 22 bid 33 bid 31 11 bid 54 M C C 274 34 hf-eh bro pek 2030 33 bid 55 Harangalla 275 18 ch bro pek 1710 55 56 276 18 do pekoe 1670 27 57 277 7 do dust 910 17 59 Uva 279 5t hf-ch pek sou 2700 26 61 H irangalla 281 22 ch pekoe 1980 :-;6 bid 62 B 232 57 hf-ch pek sou 2826 26 67 Depedene 287 52 do bro pek 2860 41 68 288 32 do pekoe 1600 32 69 289 20 do pek sou 1000 28 70 Evalgolla 290 8 ch bro pek 800 46 71 291 10 do or pek 950 52 72 292 12 do pekoe 1080 37 73 293 10 do pek roll 900 32 74 P P A 294 25 hf-ch pekoe 12.50 29 75 Eilandhu 295 14 ch bro pek 1400 40 76 ■296 12 do pekoe 1140 29 77 Oakleigh 397 25 do fans 2625 22 bid 81 Rittacy 301 8 ch pekoe 850 50 1 hf-ch 82 Leiinard 302 51 do bro pe fans 3014 27 bid 87 Kelani 307 53 do bro pek 2185 57 88 SOS 73 ds bro or pek 4015 36 bid 80 309 33 ch pekoe 3420 31 bid 90 310 9 do pek sou 810 30 92 Moate Christo 312 59 hf-ch bro pek 2950 48 bid 91 Ovoca AI 314 35 do bro or pek 2100 68 95 315 20 ch pekoe 1900 44 99 Bodeiliam 319 37 hf-ch or pek fans 2220 21 bid 101 Peria Kande kettia .321 19 ch bro pek 1235 37 bid 102 322 28 do pekoe 2800 38 103 323 16 do pek sou 1(00 29 104 ANA 324 37 do SOU 3145 11 bid 105 L’kuwella 325 28 do bro pek 2800 44 1C6 326 21 do pekoe 2100 33 107 3-27 16 do pek sou 1600 29 110 F-G 330 40 hf-ch pek sou 2000 25 bid [Me.ssrs. Forbes & Walker.— 377,088 lb.] Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. c. 1 A 1484 20 ch bro pek No. 1 3010 17 3 1488 17 do fans No. 1 1370 21 bi.l •21 Earkindale 24 17 hf-ch bro pek 1003 62 22 26 9 ch pek 861 41 25 B, ill estate mark 32 6 ch dust 840 IS 27 New Pera- deniva 36 33 ch bro pek 3.399 .57 23 38 50 do pekoe 42-iO 33 29 40 38 ch pek sou 2660 32 31 44 16 hf-ch fans 823 25 2 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. Lot. Box. Pkgs. Ivlanie. 111. c. Lot. Box. Pkgs. Jsanie. lb. C. 32 EUa Oya 40 10 ch hro pek 1000 57 171 F D 324 9 ch pek sou 900 83 33 48 22 do or pek 1980 42 177 336 7 cli bro pek dust 890 24 34 50 13 do pek sou 1170 30 178 Carlabeek 338 7 ch pek sou 735 46 35 52 10 do pek fans 1150 33 181 Doonevale 344 10 ch bro pek 900 41 37 Clyde 50 36 ch bro pek 3600 54 185 Torwood 362 13 do bro pek 1-248 61 3S 58 C3 do pekoe 4770 32 186 354 26 (lo or pek 208) 43 30 60 23 do pek sou ‘2070 29 187 356 19 do pek 1.596 34 41 .Sandringham 64 30 ch bro pek 3300 69 188 358 13 do pek sou 1065 31 42 00 25 do or pek 2375 55 189 300 in do .sou too 29 43 OS 37 do pek( e 3.330 45 191 M C 364 10 ch congou lOOO 25 41 70 IS ch bro or pek 2070 34 192 CB 366 11 ch bro pek HOO 42 45 72 18 f)o pek sou 1530 41 193 Vellaioya 308j 12 do pekoe 1-200 34 40 74 41 hf-eh dust 3895 20 197 376 47 ch bro tea 43.50 19 47 Hayes 76 29 hf-ch or pek 1305 48 198 Be, usejour 378 16 ch bro pek 15-20 49 4S 78 ^4 do bro pek 1200 58 199 350 9 do pek 765 31 10 80 26 do pekoe 1300 39 200 382 13 do pek sou 1105 29 .50 K2 42 do pekoe sou 1890 30 203 Morland 3S8 10 ch pekoe 8C0 46 .52 Batta watte 86 34 ch bro pek 3400 6 1 211 Iiiguruwatte 404 25 ch 53 88 33 do pekoe 3 >00 45 1 hf c 1 or pek fans 2545 29 64 90 17 do pek sou 1700 36 212 4CC 51 ch bro pek 5S Weoya 98 26 ch bro pek 2600 43 Xo. 2 51-25 28 bid 59 100 12 do or pek 960 55 213 D, in estate 6j 102 22 do pekoe 1761 33 mai k 403 11 ch pek dust 1100 15 til 104 14 do pek sou il2C 31 214 G T, in estate 02 106 17 do fans 1700 28 mark 410 11 ch bro pek 1442 48 63 Dea Ella 108 49 hf-cli bro pek 2695 45 2'5 412 36 do pekoe SGUO 32 04 HO 40 do peKoe 2000 31 216 411 74 do pek sou 6660 30 05 112 22 do pek sou 990 29 217 416 13 do S*‘U 1620 23 60 Clunes 114 34 hf-ch bro or pek 1870 37 219 420 s do dust 8<)0 15 57 116 20 ch pekoe 1600 3i 220 Co sllereagh 422 10 ch or pek 1440 53 6s 118 12 do pek fa 1080 27 221 4-24 2 do pekoe 960 41 7A Kirklees 122 3S hf-ch bro f r pek 2280 58 222 4-25 9 do do No. i 8i0 38 71 124 19 ch or pek 19C0 60 220 Knavesmire 440 •26 ch bro pek 2600 41 72 126 24 do pekoe 240C 48 2i0 442 42 do pekoe 35T(* 32 bid 73 128 19 do pek sou 1805 42 231 441 15 do pek sou 1-21.0 31 76 High forest 134 153 hf-ch bro or p k 8568 55 231 Sunuyoroft 4.50 11 ch pek sou IIOIP 33 77 136 109 do or pek 5450 48 237 1 elaneiya 4.SC 31 ch br.) pek 3410 56 7S 138 49 do pekoe 245C 49 233 Bandara 458 41 do pekoe 41UJ 39 79 140 43 do pek sou 1935 42 211 SO Pallegodde 142 28 ch pek dust 2240 20 Eliya 464 22 ch l>ro or pek 1130 44 81 141 19 eh bro or pek 1900 42 ‘242 466 30 do bro pek 30011 63 82 146 17 do bro pek 1615 60 213 40S •23 do or pek 2116 48 83, 14S 8 do pekoe 720 39 214 470 12 do pekoe i-:oo 38 84 150 18 do pek sou 1710 33 246 Cabrawatte 474 54 hf-eii fans 3780 ■20 bid 85 Drayton 152 31 lif-ch bro or pek I860 6.> 247 Geragama 476 15 ch l>ro pek loCO 50 87 156 iio do or pek 1750 57 2^48 478 11 do pek sou . 990 •28 88 158 34 ch pekoe 2890 44 249 480 22 dfr fans 17fo IS 89 160 14 do pek sou 1120 40 250 A.scot 432 32 ch bro pek 3040 49 92 Passara Group 166 26 ch bro pek 2600 58 2.'H 181 t>l do pekoe 2480 38 9.3 163 24 do pekoe 2160 45 252 486 8 do pek sou 720 31 94 170 12 do pek sou 1080 o9 253 4S8 9 do pek fans 990 26 9/ Severndroog 176 17 ch 254 B D W H 420 17 hf-el bro ie< 13 hf-ch bro pek 2630 50 No. 2 850 42 93 Anningkande 178 22 if-ch bro pek 1320 46 258 W V R A 493 12 ch mix tea 1200 -27 99 180 19 do pekoe 950 38 262 Locbiel £06 16 hf-cl bro or pek 880 53 bid 100 1S2 23 do pek sou 1150 32 263 .'03 26 ch or pek 2470 48 104 DeacuIIa 190 40 hf-ch bro pek 2460 58 •264 510 14 ch pekoe 1 >20 44 105 192 28 ch pekoe 2100 44 ■207 Essex 616 17 do bro or pek 1700 76 100 Deaculla 194 37 hf-ch bro pek 2220 60 268 518 17 do or pek 1700 56 107 196 32 ch pekoe 2400 44 209 520 11 do pekoe noo 48 103 198 16 do pek .sou 1200 39 278 Putupaula 538 65 ch bro pek 6850 53 ibid 120 E 222 12 ch •279 540 12 do bio or pek 1330 36 bid 1 hf-ch fans 1180 15 2£0 £42 00 do pekoe 5109 35ibid 121 224 11 ch 281 544 12 do pek so^J 960 30 bid 1 hf-ch du.st 1370 14 2S2 Tonacombe 546 27 eh or pek 2700 60 12-3 Rowley 228 41 hf-ch bro pek 2050 58 283 548 13 do bro pek 1560 59 124 230 34 do pekoe 1700 45 2S4 550 27 do pekoe 2700 45 1,25 126 Agra oya 232 234 20' hf-ch bro pek pekoe IlOO 1275 68 42 i ) cn ISl 244 11 hf-ch or pek 935 60 LOTS. 133 .Stamford Hill ‘248 1 . hf-ch or pek 765 47 KM ALL 134 250 21 do pekoe 945 41 bid 135 130 Waitalawa 252 254 31 hf-ch 26 do bro pek or pek 1550 1 00 ,59 53 [Messrs. A. H. Thompson & Co.] 137 138 256 258 61 14 do do pekoe pek sou 3050 700 42 33 bid Lor. Box. PI CO'S Name. lb. c. 140 Killarncy 202 20 ch or oek 16C0 06 3 Batnatenne 3 5 ht-ch pek sou 260 30 111 264 50 lif-ch bro or pek 3000 61 5 W arwick 5 0 hf-ch p koe 360 47 142 266 10 do pekoe bro pek 900 48 6 6 3 do pek sou ISO 36 144 Morankande 270 11 ch IIUU 54 7 7 3 do dust 240 23 145 272 10 d) pekoe 16e0 35 8 Kalkaude 8 12 hf-ch bro pek OCO 46 140 274 12 d . pek sou 1200 30 9 9 7 do or pek • 35o 46 148 Errollwood 278 9 Cil b.o pek 945 75 H 11 •O do sou 45( 30 149 280 15 do pekoe 1200 47 12 12 8 do congou 40U 27 151 D 284 7 ch bro pek 708 22 13 R, in estate 154 Torrington P 290 45 ch or pek 4275 5‘2 murk 13 4 hf-ch unas 200 20 155 292 50 do bro pek 5UC0 45 14 34 1 do dust 77 14 1.:.0 ‘294 31 do bro or pek 3410 48 15 3 15 3 hf-ch pek fans 320 18 J57 296 48 do pekoe 4320 45 16 M 18 10 hf-ch SOU 450 15 1 5y 2)8 29 do pek sou 2465 33 17 17 G do dust 522 11 bid 159 r 300 12 ch pek fans 1500 25 20 Agar’s L nd •20 9 hf-ch or pek 504 54 162 liagalla :oo 6 ch funs 840 21 25 25 3 do dust ISO 18 107 Aml)alawa 310 27 hf-ch pek sou 1080 2‘.) •20 26 1 do red leaf 60 8 108 318 16 do dust 832 15 36 Uanick watte 36 5 ch bro pek 490 45 bid loo flalanitakan- 38 33 8 do pek sou 656 29 d.. 320 14 ch bro pek 1400 61 39 39 9 hf-ch bro or pek 567 35 170 322 20 do pekoe 2000 43 40 40 2 do du.st ISO 14 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST, a [Mr. E. John.] Lot. Box. Pk'SS. Name. lb. 4 Vincit 305 1 ch pek fans 100 5 307 1 do dust 100 12 Digdola 321 8 do pek sou 680 26 Alliaddy 349 1 do dust 100 34 B K 365 1 do bro tea 101 39 .S F D in est mark : 375 8 hf-ch bro pek fans 504 40 377 10 do fans 600 41 379 4 do dust 320 42 381 11 do congou 495 43 Allington 383 5 ch bro pek 500 45 387 6 do pek fa ns 600 46 389 1 do du«t 120 56 M N 409 1 hf-ch dust 75 60 T T T T in est. mart 417 4 do dust 380 64 Happy Valley 425 11 do bro or pek 660 72 Keenagaha Ella 441 10 hf-ch bro pek 600 73 443 6 ch or pek 600 76 449 4 do bro mix 400 84 Koslanda 465 2 do pek sou 210 85 467 5 hf ch pek fans 325 86 469 6 do dust 400 9S Alnoor 493 4 do bro pek 400 93 495 7 do pekoe 550 102 H 1 2 do bro tea 150 103 3 1 do dust 95 104 S in est. mark 5 9 do dust 684 109 C 15 10 do bro mix 660 110 17 2 box dust 96 111 19 2 bags unasst 118 [Messrs. Somerville & Co.] Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. 4 Hangranoya 224 5 do son 475 7 Wilpita 227 0 do bro pek 574 9 229 4 do pek sou 380 10 230 3 do ■sou 270 11 231 3 do bro mix 270 12 232 2 do reel leaf 170 13 233 1 do (lust no 18 Ukuwella 238 1 hf ch bro pek fans 70 26 Gdlkolua 246 2 ch pekoe sou 155 27 247 1 do dust 148 -31 Maligatenne 251 7 do bro sou 595 32 252 1 do dust 121 33 TD 25? 3 do bro pek 325 34 254 3 do pekoe 300 35 255 2 do pek sou 200 36 256 1 do sou 85 37 257 3 do unas 245 38 258 1 hf-ch dust 60 39 O-T 259 1 ch bro pek no 40 260 1 do pekoe 73 41 261 1 do pek sou 76 42 262 1 hf-ch dust 127 43 26? 1 hf ch bro mi.x 30 46 Blackburn 266 8 ch bro tea 640 47 267 2 1 lif-ch dust 180 50 Kirindi 270 1 ch bro pek 100 51 M 271 8 hf-ch pek sou 360 52 272 10 do fans 560 58 Harangalla 278 1 ch pek fans no 60 Gl-nalla 280 2 do pek sou 180 63 W G P 283 6 1 [if-ch b> 0 pek 300 64 284 11 do pekoe 550 65 285 5 ch pek sou 500 66 286 1 1 bf-ch mixed 50 83 Morowa Totum 303 5 ch bro pek 500 81 304 7 do pekoe 445 1 hf-ch 85 305 4 ch bro pek fans 400 86 306 3 hf-ch red leaf 150 91 Kelani 311 5 do dust 400 93 Mcnte Christo 313 8 do dust 610 96 Ha gall a 316 2 do bro pek 120 97 317 2 ch pekoe 200 98 318 1 do pek sou 100 100 Peria. Kande- kettia 320 5 hf-ch or pek 300 108 F'kiiwellx 328 2 do bro pek fans 140 109 RNA 329 6 ch pekoe 438 111 H H 331 4 do fans 470 112 W F 332 3 do bro pek fans 540 113 3.3 3 1 [if-ch dust 210 [.MESSR.S. Eorces & Walker.] Lot. Box. . Plcgs. Name. lb. 2 A I486 6 ch bro pek 600 4 1401 4 do fans No. 2 415 I Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. C. 5 Horagaskelle 1492 8 hf-ch bro pek 46o 33 6 1494 7 do pekoe 354 29 7 Avoca 1496 9 do pek sou 600 29 8 1498 2 ch pek sou 210 41 9 1500 41 tif-ch bro pek fans 300 34 10 A, in estate mark 2 3 ch bro pek 300 46 11 4 4 do pekoe 380 39 12 6 3 1 lif-ch pek sou 171 30 13 8 1 do bro pek fans 86 17 14 Maligatenne 10 2 hf-ch bro pek 160 38 15 1-2 3 do pekoe 240 29 18 14 2 CO pek sou 160 27 23 Barkindale 28 1 hf-ch .sou 63 31 24 30 1 do bro mix 88 15 26 B, in estate mark 34 5 ch sou 4.50 22 30 New Pera- deniya 42 5 ch sou 3'0 30 36 Clyle 54 5 ch bro or pek 600 40 40 62 4 do dust .560 17 61 Hayes 84 4 hf-ch sou ISO 29 55 Batta watte 92 3 ch bro pek fans 300 26 56 94 3 do dust 300 17 57 H, in estate mark 96 3 hf-ch bro pek 150 16 69 Clunes 1-20 8 1 tif-ch dust 680 27 74 Kirklees 130 2 ch pek fans •230 37 75 132 4 do dust 360 24 86 Drayton 1,54 9 hf-ch bro pek 540 46 91 102 1 ch sou 90 30 91 164 41 [if ch du.st 340 16 9i Pass.ara Group 1 172 6 ch sou 540 21 96 174 1 do dust 100 16 bd Anniiigkande 184 6 hf-ch dust 450 19 102 186 8 do congou 400 29 103 188 2 do reel leaf 100 10 109 Deacull.a 2 0 5 1 lif-ch dust 400 19 no 202 1 ch bro mix 80 27 127 Agra Oya 236 6 cli pek sou 510 29 128 238 1 do bro mix 90 10 129 •240 3 hf-ch dust 240 16 130 2.2 5 do fans 350 36 132 Stamford Hill 246 U hf-ch flowery or pk 650 80 139 Waitalawa 260 41 hf-ch dust 380 16 143 Killarney •268 1 1 lif-eii unas 49 45 117 Moiaiiakande ! 276 3 do dust 225 16 150 Errollwood 28-2 0 ch pek sou 510 40 152 D 288 4 ch bro mix 400 12 1.53 238 7 do bro pek sou 6 5 13 16 1 T 302 2 ch red leaf 160 9 161 Ragalla 304 1 ch bro mix 120 34 163 Kelvin 308 2 hf ch dust 180 16 164 310 1 do do 100 15 165 Midlands 312 3 ch sou 210 22 166 3.4 S hf-ch pek dust 600 17 172 Galapita kan- de 320 3 hf-ch dust 270 17 273 XXX 328 2 h-f-ch bro pek fans 84 15 174 33u 5 do pek sou 2.0 14 175 C, ill estat mark 332 3 cli fan No. 1 360 20 176 354 0 do fan „ 2 666 •24 179 Carl.ibeck 340 0 hf-ch bro pek fans 400 34 180 A A 342 2 ch dust 230 14 182 Doonevale 346 8 ch pekoe 6i0 31 18? 343 4 do fans 380 15 184 3.50 1 do dust 140 15 190 M C 302 g ch red leaf 240 10 194 C H 37 1 5 ch pek sou 475 25 195 372 2 hf-ch oro pek fans 172 IS 196 G L 374 4 ch red leaf 400 13 201 Beausejour 334 1 ch dust 140 15 202 Morland 386 11 hf-ch bro pek 550 65 204 390 4 ch pek sou 320 34 205 392 1 hf-ch dust 80 13 206 394 1 do fans 55 21 2i'7 396 1 ch red leaf 68 U 208 A G 398 3 ch bro tea 270 IS 209 400 3 do fans 333 24 •210 402 2 do dost 24-2 15 •218 G T, in estate mark 418 5 ch f .113 515 •28 223 Castlereagh 428 7 ch pek sou 560 SO 221 430 2 hf-ch pek fans 140 •26 225 432 2 do dust 160 16 232 Kanvesmire 416 3 hf-ch dust 285 15 2?3 448 4 do fans •280 20 225 Snnnycroft 452 4 ch congou 300 23 236 454 4 do dust 560 16 2 9 Kelaneij.a 460 2 ch sou •200 27 210 462 1 do dust 115 14 245 Bandara Kliva 47-2 S ch dust 601 IS 255 B D W P 492 10 hf-cli bro pek fans 000 39 256 494 4 do dust 348 16 c. 28 16 26 15 9 36 33 10 30 . 42 19 14 14 15 43 36 57 21 31 35 23 39 30 15 14 16 16 14 23 C. 16 bid 39 26 22 15 9 14 21 26 14 13 20 35 lid 29 29 27 30 15 29 22 17 14 10 22 14 38 24 15 23 26 44 36 30 26 27 27 20 9 15 18 40 35 28 n 21 29 19 bid 26 18 C. 23 17 i CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. Lot. Box. Fkgs. Name. It). C. .257 BO WG 496 4 hf-ch dust 430 21 259 W V R A 500 5 ch dust 500 15 260 602 1 do fans 100 10 261 504 1 do bro mix 90 10 265 Lochiel 512 3 ch pek sou 255 30 266 514 1 do dust 140 1 7 272 Ellen 526 10 hf-ch fans 670 21 273 528 8 do or fans 530 21 274 Beverley 530 3 hf-ch bro pek 165 51 275 532 1 do pekoe 50 44 276 534 12 do pek sou 640 31 277 536 4 do pek dust 300 22 285 Tonacombe 552 3 ch pek sou 270 36 286 654 4 hf-ch dust 360 23 CEYLON COFFEE SALES IN LONDON. (From Our Commercial Correspondent) Mincing Lane, July .30, 1897. Marks and prices ol CEYLON COFFEE sold in Mincing Lane up to 30th July Ex “Clan Buchanan”— JB Ouvah, O, 1 tierce ICOs; ditto 1 2 casks 100s ed; ditto 2, 4c 96s; dittos, Ic 74s. Ex “City of Khios” — OBEC in estate mark, Delraar, OO, lb Ills 6d; ditto O, Ic 10Ss6d; ditto 1, 2c lb 106s 6d; ditto 2 lt98s; ditto PB, lb 121s. OREC in estate mark, Konde- salLi OO, lb 85s 6d; ditto O, lb 85s 6d; ditto PB, lb 90s. Ex “Kintuck” — Size 1, Thotulagalla, It 110s; size 2 ditto, 4c lb 104s; size 3 ditto, lc94s; PB ditto. It 119s. Ceylon Coffee closing sales on Friday, 6th August : — Ex “Kintuck”— Roeh.ampton, OO, fetched lb TlOs; 3c lb 110s 6d; 1, 11c 103s; 2, Ic lb 91s; PB, Ic 120s. JB Ouvah, fetched lb 103s; 2C, No. 1, 106s 6d; 5c 1 bl. 99s 6d; No. 3, It 84s; 1 PB, 105s. — Brokers Rucker & Bencraft. Ex “Kintuck” — Selling Brokers Messrs. Lewis & Peat : L'rge size, mark Gonamotava, 68/84, 4c 1 bl. output lOSs 6d bid; size 1, 5c out put 10 Is hit. Gonamotava, 85 98, large size, 5c It fetched 103s 6d, PB out at 115s, 112s bid. CEYLON COCOA SALES IN LONDON. Ex “Clan .MacNeil” Udapolla, A, 57 bags eos6d; ditto B, 14b 56s; 1 seadam. c2, 49s; ditto 0. 3b 47s Od; ditto C, 4b 48s 6d; ditto pieces, lb 49s. Ex “Clan .Sinclair” — Beredewelle, COC, Ex No. 1, ditto Ex No. 2, 2b 50s; ditto B, 2b 42s 6d; ditto T, 4b 4Ss 6d. Ex “Shro- shire” — Woodthorpe, 6b 54s. Ex “Ocean” — A, Elmshurst, 15b 63s; B ditto, 4b 46s 6d. Ex “Clan Graham”— Medagodda, 10b 51s. Ex “Cheshire”— Meegama, 4 bags 55s. Ex “Oceana” — Warriapola, 19b 58s; 16b 51s 6d; 19b 49s 6d. Suduganga, 6b 54s; 3b 51s 6d; 4 bags 44s. Ex “Ixion” — Warriapola, 1 sea dam. c2 54s; 11 bags 57s; 16b 51s Od; 15b 49s: 4 sea. dam. c3 46s. Suduganga, 5b53s6d; 4b 51s Cd; 4b 46s 6d. Ex “Clan Gordon”— KM in estate mark. 39b 46s 6d; 3 se.a dam. bulked 45s; KKM in estate mark, 8b 52s 6d. Ex “Strathtay” — HGA in estate mark, Moragolla, 14 bags 53s Od. Ex “Staflbrdshire” — Pathregalla, B, 11 bags 53s 6d Ex “Yorkshire”— Pathregalla, T, 4 bags 53s 6d. OBSERVER PRINTING WORKS. TEA, COFFEE, CINCHONA, COCOA, AND CARDAMOM SALES, NO. 33. Colombo, September 6, 1897. Price : — 12J cents each 3 copies 30 cents ; 6 copies 5 rupee. COLOMBO SALES OF TEA. LARGE LOTS. [Messrs. A. H. Thompson & Co.— 43,184 lb.] Lot. Box Pk,s;s. Name. lb. C. 3 Sapitiyagodcle 3 33 ch or pek 3036 52 i 4 19 do bro pek 1933 57 5 5 29 do pekoe 2165 46 6 6 23 do pek sou 1886 43 7 7 31 hf-ch bro or pek 2015 42 bid 11 11 8 ch red leaf 800 7 12 Augusta 12 45 ch bro pek 4500 32 bid 13 13 22 do pekoe 2090 28 bid 17 Katnatenne 17 13 ch bro or pek 715 32 18 18 9 do bro pek 827 36 19 19 15 do pekoe 1377 SO 20 Hornsey 20 19 ch pek sou 1000 33 22 Battagalla 22 13 ch pek sou 1300 35 24 Balgowuie 24 12 ch bro pek 1080 33 25 25 12 do pekoe 1020 28 26 26 13 do pek sou 1040 25 27 Vogan 27 29 ch bro pek 2755 53 bid 28 23 27 do pekoe 2295 37 29 29 23 do pek sou 1955 33 31 JI 31 12 ch dust 900 18 34 Mapitigama 34 16 do pekoe 1140 29 35 35 17 hf-eh pek sou 765 26 [Messrs. Somerville & Co.— 141,205.] Lot. Box. PI Name. lb. C 1 Marigold 311 69 h£-ch bro pek 4485 52 2 342 30 do pekoe 1740 44 3 343 41 do pek sou 2296 40 4 Meddegodde 314 28 ch brok pek 2300 60 5 345 15 do pek No. 1 1.500 39 6 346 17 do pekoe 1700 30 8 3Iinna 348 16 hf-ch or pek 832 64 9 319 43 do bro or pek 2365 44 10 350 28 ch pekot 2380 43 11 351 16 do pek sou 1360 30 12 Penrith 352 18 do bro or pek 1800 40 13 353 18 do bro pek 1020 59 14 354 29 do pekoe 2320 38 15 355 27 do pek sou 2295 31 18 North Matale 358 38 do bro pek 3300 48 19 •369 38 do pekoe 3230 37 20 360 37 do pek sou 2295 34 23 Rickerton 303 27 hf-ch bro or pek 1680 53 bid 24 364 46 do or pek 2760 47 bid 25 385 12 ch pek 1320 40 26 306 26 do pek sou 2600 35 33 PTN in estate mark 373 25 hf-ch pek sou 12.50 28 35 Dolala 375 25 do bro pek 1509 63 bid 36 376 17 ch pekoe 1530 41 bid 37 377 14 ch pekoe sou 133 1 35 bid 39 Yarrow 379 55 hf-ch bro pek 3025 50 40 380 56 do pekoe 2800 39 41 Bidbury 381 12 ch bro pek 1200 51 42 382 13 do pekoe 1010 35 bid 43 333 7 do fannings 810 25 44 Mahatenne 384 25 do bro pek 2509 49 48 Ukuwela 333 12 do bro pek 1200 45 49 389 12 do pekoe 1200 30 50 390 12 do pekoe sou 1200 27 .52 Forest Hill 392 15 do bro pek 1395 46 53 393 24 do pekoe 2160 32 55 H J D 395 30 do pek sou 2B.50 26 56 Neuchatel 396 29 do or pekoe 2405 53 Lid 57 397 12 do bio or pek 1140 39 58 398 30 do pekoe 2400 34 59 399 33 do pekoe sou 2640 30 62 TF, in estate mark 2 32 ch pekoe sou 3040 26 68 R. in estate mark 8 10 cli pek sou 900 25 71 W B 11 57 hf-ch pek sou 2826 25 72 Lonach 12 40 do bro pek 2200 50 bid 73 13 24 ch pekoe 1920 37 bid 75 N, in estate mark 15 16 hf-ch fan No. 1 914 27 76 16 do pek sou 12.50 26 bid 77 Coraillah 17 9 ch bro pek 900 48 79 19 7 do pek sou 700 27 80 IP 20 41 do pek sou 3280 27 81 21 15 hf-ch dust 1215 18 88 P, in estate 23 43 do bro pek fan 2400 21 bid Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. C. 91 Yspa 31 10 oil pekoe dust 1500 20 92 GT 32 40 hf-ch pek sou 2000 25 96 Charlie Hill 30 15 do pek sou 750 29 99 Y, 39 20 lif-ch bro or pek 1200 22 bid 104 Kayigam 44 20 ch bro pek 2000 47 105 45 30 do jiekoe 2650 37 100 46 14 do pekoe sou 1120 32 107 IGA 47 15 hf-ch fannings 900 23 bid 113 Sirisanda 53 17 ch 1 lif-ch bro pek 1760 50 bid 114 54 18 ch pekoe 1710 38 1L5 55 14 ch pekoe sou 1120 31 121 Lyndhurst 61 48 lif-ch pro pek 2100 41 122 62 38 ch pekoe 3420 30 123 63 20 hf-cli pek sou 900 27 [Mr . E. John.- -150,131 lb. .] Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. C. 1 N D D in est. mark 21 11 ch sou 880 27 8 Cloutarf 35 22 do un.as 1980 27 9 Ooiroogaloya 37 29 do bro pek 2900 c2 10 39 13 do pekoe 1040 35 11 Kanangama 41 20 do bro pek 1900 34 bid 12 43 18 do pekoe 1530 28 bid 13 45 10 d ^ pek sou 850 20 bill 14 47 9 do liek fans 810 IS bid 17 Eila 53 39 do bro pek 3510 40 bid 18 55 23 do pek No. 1 1955 35 bid 19 57 15 do pek No. 2 1350 31 bid 20 59 15 do pek sou 1275 ■-S bid 22 3IiUTaythwaite (53 12 do bro pek 1140 48 23 65 11 do pekoe 935 30 bi d 24 67 8 do bro pek fan ,s 960 21 26 Agra Ouvali 71 62 hf-ch bro or pek 4030 76 27 73 31 do or pek 1705 59 28 75 11 ch pekoe 1045 54 29 Ronclura 77 10 do bro or pek 1000 33 bid 31 81 24 do pekoe 2208 35 32 83 11 do pek sou 1012 28 33 Marlborough 85 30 hf-ch bro 01 pek 1650 01 bid 34 87 17 ch or pek 1415 56 35 89 14 do pek sou 1120 47 36 91 10 do pek sou 800 45 39 Elston 97 23 do pe .sou No. 5 11840 32 41 W 101 11 do bro pe dust 1210 31 bid 45 St. John’s 109 28 hf-ch bro or pek 16S0 Rl-12 46 111 27 do or pek 1404 88 47 113 24 do pekoe 1314 70 48 115 11 do pek fails 825 46 54 Langlands 127 40 hf-ch bro pek 2000 40 bid 55 129 40 do pekoe 2000 30 bid 56 131 35 ch pek sou 3325 25 bid 57 V 133 25 hf-ch pek sou 1250 25 bil 68 135 20 do bro or pek 1200 30 59 137 10 ch fans 1050 23 bid 60 Tientsin 139 26 hf-ch bro pek 1300 67 62 143 12 ch pekoe 1080 45 64 T A in est mark 147 17 hf-ch or pek fans 1020 28 bid 65 Yakkabendi- kelli 149 41 do bro pek 2542 33 bill 66 151 46 do pekoe 2116 29 bid 67 153 23 do pek sou 920 27 77 Sorana 173 41 ch bro pek 3690 36 bid 78 175 48 do pekoe 4320 31 79 177 24 do pek sou 1920 27 80 179 9 do bro pek fans 810 25 83 Claremont 185 27 hf-ch bro or pek 1485 44 bid 84 1S7 8 cli pekoe 800 37 88 LO 195 15 do fans 1575 22 bid 89 LHY 197 27 do pek sou 2565 26 93 Little Valley 205 35 de bro pek 2375 48 bid 94 207 39 do pekoe 3120 38 95 209 15 do pek sou 1050 31 97 Slorahela 213 17 hf-ch bro pek 935 42 bid 98 215 16 do pekoe 800 38 100 Ferndale 219 11 ch bro or pek 1100 60 101 221 10 do or pek 900 50 102 223 IS do pek 1620 40 111 Avega 241 21 do pek sou 1890 23 bid 112 Eadella 243 17 do bro pek 1700 41 bid 113 245 14 do pekoe 1200 35 115 Castlemere 249 20 do liro pek 2100 31 bid 116 251 18 do pekoe 1038 31 bid 117 253 24 hf ch pek sou 1200 25 bid 118 255 14 do unast 840 10 bill 119 257 10 do bro pek fans 1 880 out 120 259 10 ch pekoe dust 1105 15 125 Wellakadde 269 20 hf-ch bro pek 1100 out CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST, o Lot. Bo.x. PkffS. Rame. lb. 126 Ottevy & Stain- ford Hill 271 23 ch or pek 1955 127 273 18 do bro pek ISOO 128 275 22 do pekoe 1980 131 Ravenscliff 281 14 hf-ch bro pjk 810 132 Madcbeedera 283 59 ch bro pek 56^'5 133 285 26 do pekoe 2340 131 237 20 do pek sou 1600 135 289 9 do bro pek fans 900 138 Razeen 295 23 hf-ch pek sou 1035 [Messrs. Forces & Walker.— 317,471 Lor Box. r1 cgs. Name. lb. s, in estate mark 558 25 1 1 if-ch dust 2250 9 : Doran, aka nde 672 15 c ■ bro pek 1350 17 Columbia 588 21 hf-ch bro pek 1260 IS 690 30 do pekoe 1620 19 Drayton 592 31 li if-ch bro or pek I860 20 594 28 do or pek 1400 22 593 2S ch pekoe 2380 23 600 12 do pek sou 960 26 Walton 606 35 hf-ch bro pek 2100 30 Patiagania 614 16 ch pekoe 1140 34 < Carberry 622 32 ch bro pek 2880 35 624 34 do pekoe 3060 30 626 10 do pek sou 900 44 : Melrose 642 23 ch pekoe 2240 45 644 30 do pek sou 2880 48 Deaculla 650 SO hf-ch bro pek 2160 49 652 28 ch pekoe 2100 .50 Erlsmere 656 15 hf-ch dust 1170 57 D, in estate mark 666 22 hf-ch sou 1100 60 Berragalla 674 0 ch 1 hf-ch dust 1040 70 Knavesmire (Invoice No. 19) 094 26 ch bro pek 2600 71 696 39 do pekoe 3315 72 698 11 do pekoe scu 935 77 Knavesmire (Invoice No. 2 10) 708 20 ch bro pek 2000 78 710 23 do pekoe 1955 S3 Woodslee 720 1 7 hf-ch unas 890 85 New Pera- deniya 724 43 ch bro pek 4300 86 720 50 do pekoe 4760 87 728 28 do pe ■ sou 1960 91 Wevagoda 736 10 ch bro pek 740 96 Kelaneiya 746 15 ch bro pek 1650 97 748 15 do pek 1500 100 Nugagalla 754 29 hf-ch bro pek 1450 101 756 69 do pekoe 3450 104 B D W 762 21 ch bro pek 2100 105 764 24 hf-ch pek fans 1200 107 Middleton 768 37] Qf ch bro or pek 1850 108 770 3S ch bro pek 3610 109 772 22 do pekoe 1760 no 774 22 do pek .sou 1650 111 Massena 770 31 hf-ch bro pek 1550 112 778 20 do pekoe 1000 114 Bargany 782 24 hf-ch bro pek 1320 115 784 10 ch pekoe 900 116 786 10 do pek sou 850 120 Dea Ella 794 12 hf-ch bro pek 2100 121 796 SO do pekoe 1496 122 Iluanw 11a 798 20 do pek" sou 900 123 800 17 ch bro ])ek 1615 124 802 42 do pekoe 3570 125 ,S04 9 do pek sou 810 128 Ireby 810 45 hf-ch bro pek 2700 129 812 28 do pekoe 1400 130 814 9 ch pek sou 810 133 Dunbar 820 24 Iif-ch bro or pek 1200 134 822 25 do or pek 1075 135 824 18 ch pekoe 1350 137 Glengariffe 828 22 hf-ch bro pek 1210 138 830 13 do dust 975 141 Devonford 836 25 hf-ch bro or pek 1375 142 S3S 9 ch or pek 855 143 840 13 do pek 1040 114 842 9 do pek sou 720 157 Allagalla 608 11 hf-ch dust 935 15!) ' Oxford 872 21 ch bro or pek 2100 160 874 27 do or pek 2295 161 876 31 do pek 2325 162 878 30 do pek sou 1950 165 SS S 884 18 ch bro pek 1674 166 8S0 15 do pekoe 1185 167 Yoxford 88S 7 do bro tea 700 100 892 8 do fans 960 170 894 10 do dust 1400 17‘ 1 Scrubs 002 13 ch b o or pek fans 1300 Lot, Box. JPl ;v^S. Name, lb. C. 175 904 18 ch or nek 1980 56 176 9U6 22 do pekoe 1870 46 177 908 16 do pek sou 1120 41 180 Doonevale 914 14 cll bro pek 1-2C0 37 bid 181 9IG 10 do pekoe 850 28 184 La bnokellie 922 8 ch pek sou 728 43 1S> Dehigalla 924 13 ch bro or pek 1360 24 186 926 11 do bro pek 1210 36 bid 137 928 43 do or pek 43C0 44 bid 183 930 41 do pekoe ■3690 37 bid 189 932 21 do pek sou 1680 31 195 G-N I 944 42 ch pek sou 3990 23 bid 196 F F S, in est. mark 946 25 ch pek .sou 2375 23 bid 203 K M 960 C ch 1 hf-ch fan.s 859 20 204 T T, in estate mark 962 ch rek S'ju 3800 23 bid 205 R NM 934 21 cll pek sou 1890 22 bid 209 New Pera- 210 deniya 972 35 3'» ch do bro pek do 3300 1 3000 I 42 bid 211 974 58 do pekoe 4640 i l\wl 2 1*2 57 do do 4560 I Oij IT.U 213 976 73 hf-ch pek sou 4745 39 211 978 11 do sou 715 26 2 6 C, in estate mark 9S2 7 ch 1 1 Ilf ch pek 745 35 217 Wellekelle 984 25 lif-ch bro pek 1500 53 213 986 •24 do rekoe 1248 43 222 Wellekelle 994 24 do pek sou 1344 39 227 Stisted 1004 39 hf-ch bro pek 2340 50 228 1006 26 do pekoe 1560 37 229 ICOS 24 do pek sou 1200 36 231 Chesterford 1012 19 ch bro pek 1900 58 232 1014 19 do pekoe 19CU 38 233 1016 20 do pek sou 2' 00 3-1 234 1018 7 do fans 735 2& 236 Hayes 1022 30 hf-ch or pek 13.30 47 237 1024 20 do bro pek 1000 53 238 1020 30 do pekoe 1350 42 240 1030 37 do sou 1605 39 246 D, in estate mark 1042 14 ch pek sou 1400 28 255 Talgaswela 1060 33 ch bro pek 2970 46 257 1064 10 do pek 900 36 2'8 1100 9 do pek sou 810 34 259 Hatherleigh 1068 22 ch bro pek 2200 43 260 1070 45 do pekoe 3600 35 20 1 Li lawatte 1072 13 ch pek sou 1235 25 262 1074 10 do bro mix 750 19 265 Polatagama 1080 15 ch bro pek 1-275 36 266 10S2 33 do or pek 2805 56 237 1084 13 do pekoe 1040 41 268 1086 40 do pek sou •3200 34 269 1083 21 do fans 2100 32 270 1090 10 do pek fans 90J 23 275 Enacht noo 2 : ch bro pek 1848 37 278 1102 34 do or pek 2720 49 277 1104 38 do pek 2850 34 ■ 78 1106 9 do pek sou 720 27 279 11(8 20 do fans 1700 25 280 Carfax 1110 19 ch sou 1900 26 283 T 11 6 12 ch bro mix 1065 s 284 L B K ins 10 ch sou 950 9 bid 2S6 Wrootham 1122 22 ch bro pek 2310 outi 287 1124 15 do pekoe 1365 29 bid 288 1126 30 hf-ch pek sou 1500 out 289 1128 8 ch sou 775 out 291 Ederapolia 1132 30 ch or pek 2550 50 292 1134 31 do pekoe 2480 38 293 1136 20 do pek sou 1500 31 SMALL LOTS. [Messrs. A. H. Thompson & Co.] Lot. Box. Bkgs. Name. lb. C. 8 Sapitiyagodde 8 4 lif cll dust 360 17 9 9 5 do bro pk fan 350 32 10 10 5 do pek fans 350 20 14 Augusta 14 2 ch pek sou 180 24 15 15 4 do dust 560 16 16 L, in estate ma rk 16 6 ch unas 510 7 21 Hornsey 21 6 ch fans 510 18 23 Battalgalla 23 8 ch fans 680 17 30 M 30 3 ch sou 195 18 33 Mapitigama 33 12 hf-ch bro pok 600 35 36 36 2 cll dust 150 17 37 M 37 1 ch 2 hf-ch bro tea 230 c. 49 bill 5S bid 40 out 50 bid 3S 33 2S 2S lb.] C. 20 47 04 49 60 bid 54 bid 44 38 50 39 58 35 34 31 29 50 bid 42 19 bid 24 IS 41 32 30 40 32 37 47 bid ?4 bid 32 35 54 39 46 bid 35 43 bid 20 bid 76 55 bid 50 42 43 34 60 45 42 43 31 28 49 35 28 64 46 42 48 51 40 48 bid 20 75 60 49 46 19 34 bid 48 bid 32 bid 28 out 30 bid 28 bid 21 20 77 7 bid CEYLON PEODUCE SALES LIST. 3 [Messrs. Somerville & Co.] Lot. Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. C. 7 Meddegodde 347 6 ch pek sou 600 26 bid 16 Penrith 356 3 do pek fan 435 18 j 17 357 1 do fans 85 21 North Matale 361 1 ch .sou 110 19 i 22 362 2 hf ch dust 150 14 27 Rickarton 367 3 do bro tea 195 27 28 29 B, in estate 368 3 do dust 255 15 mark 369 2 ch dust 300 14 30 370 2 do bro mi.x 200 10 31 32 PTN, in estate 371 2 do bro pek fan 240 21 mark 34 38 Dotala 45 Mahatenne 46 47 372 374 378 385 386 337 12 hf-ch 3 do 3 eh 7 do 3 do 1 do bropek pek dust pek fans pekoe pek sou dust 672 255 360 665 285 100 Lot. D N D [Mr. E. John.] Box. Plcgs. Name. M R 09 79 93 95 103 105 2 3 4 5 6 Clontarf 7 15 Kanangama 16 21 Eila 25 Murraythwaite 30 Ron dura 37 Marlborough 38 40 W 42 R 43 44 61 Tientsin 63 68 Yakkabendikelli 155 69 Bewa 70 71 72 73 Marguerita 74 75 76 81 Sorana 82 85 Clai-emont 86 87 ABL 90 E T K 23 4 ch 25 5 hf-ch 27 7 do 29 3 do 31 13 do do do 62 4 do 61 5 ch ch do do do 99 2 hf-ch 2 do 5 ch 107 1 do 111 15 hf-ch 143 2 do 7 hf-ch 157 7 do 159 4 do 101 4 do 163 5 do 165 5 do 167 6 do 169 10 do 171 10 do 181 3 eh 183 4 do 189 1 do 191 3 hf ch 193 9 do 199 6 ch fans dust fans du'-t pek sou dust fans dust fans dust bro pek pek fans dust dust dust bro pek fans 550 lb. 440 400 490 270 650 240 560 560 600 260 500 315 140 ISO 220 congou or pek pek fans dust bro pek pekoe congou dust bro or pek or pek pekoe pek No. 2 red leaf dust fans pek dust unasst pekoe 90 67.5 160 630 420 200 200 375 280 300 510 500 225 300 100 240 450 510 S3 bid 16 19 bid 29 27 18 51 Ukuwela 391 1 hf ch bro pek fans i 70 28 54 Fo'est Hill 394 4 do fans 320 16 60 Neuchatel 400 4 ch tans 360 25 61 1 2 do (lust 300 15 63 Rothes 8 11 hf-ch bro pek 616 71 bid 64 49 9 do pekoe 4.50 45 bid 65 5 5 do bro or pek 335 35 bid 66 6 13 hf-ch pek .sou 58 •> 39 67 7 1 ch congou 83 24 69 R, in estate mark 9 4 do -souchong- 284 20 70 10 2 do red le if 170 7 74 Lonach 14 7 do pek sou 560 26 bid 78 Comillah 18 4 do pekoe 400 31 82 Allakolla 22 3 do red leaf 280 12 S3 23 1 do souchong 100 18 84 Goonambil 24 12 hf-ch bro mix 540 22 85 25 6 do dust 504 15 86 Raxawa 20 4 do dust 320 15 87 27 3 do souchong 100 15 93 Charlie Hill 33 4 hf-ch bro or pek 200 28 bid 94 34 11 do bro pek 550 44 95 35 11 do pekoe 550 30 bid 97 37 4 do souchong 200 21 98 38 2 do pek fan 120 IS 100 HT, 40 1 do b.i-o pek 55 39 101 41 1 do pekoe 60 29 102 42 2 do pek sou 200 20 103 43 1 do dust 90 15 110 QQ 50 1 box bro pek 20 39 111 51 2 boxes pekoe 74 27 112 52 1 box dust 41 14 116 Sirisanda 56 5 ch unassorted 500 33 bid 117 57 1 do bro mix 56 19 118 58 1 do fannings 85 18 119 59 2 do bro pek fans 150 26 120 60 3 do dust 431 14 124 64 15 do bro mix 675 19 20 16 33 20 27 16 15 15 27 15 38 29 17 15 15 31 20 58 18 10 38 bid 33 23 lb 51 bid 58 49 44 12 bid 16 15 18 16 28 91 92 90 99 103 104 10.) 110 114 121 1?2 123 124 129 130 136 137 139 Litt'e V.illey Morahela Ferndale Avega Eadella Box. Pko-S. Name. lb. C. 201 7 hf-eh dust 525 16 203 7 do nek fans 455 28 2 1 4 do dust 3-20 20 217 2 eh pek sou 200 27 225 4 hf-ch pek sou 200 29 227 2 do (lust 160 17 2.37 5 hf-ch bro or pek 245 37 239 2 ch pekoe 192 30 247 0 cli pek s-u 480 26 i-k 261 8 do sou 680 16 263 265 267 Ottery & Stam- ford Hill Henegama Razeen 277 279 291 293 297 6 hf-ch 4 bags 4 bags 1 ch 1 do 7 hf-ch 2 do 2 do dust red leaf fluff sou dust dust bro mix bro tea 498 3121 360 ; 152 525 120 100 [Messrs, Forbes & Walker.] Lot. 1 B B li, in est. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. 80 81 82 83 88 89 90 92 93 94 95 93 99 102 103 Knavesmire (In- voice No. 20) 712 Woodslee New Pera- deniya New Galway Wevagoda Kelaneiya Nugagalla ch 714 2 hf-ch 716 2 do 718 7 hf-ch 722 1 do 730 7 ch 732 4 hf-ch 734 8 do 738 6 cli 6 2 1 do do do 740 742 744 750 752 758 8 hf-ch 760 4 do 1 cli 1 do pek sou dust fans sou red leaf SOI bro pek pekoe or pek pek sou pek fans sou sou dust pekoe sou dust 640 ISO 150 280 50 490 240 410 540 540 144 95 100 115 400 360 14 withd’n 27 18 16 13 10 mar < 556 2 ch dust 160 15 3 Hopewell 560 1 hf-ch bro pek 58 71 4 562 1 do pekoe 51 46 5 564 1 do pek sou 50 35 6 566 1 do congou 50 25 7 L D, in estate mark 568 4 ch pek dust 625 17 8 1 H , in estate mark 570 3 hf-ch bro pek 150 46 j 10 Doranakande 574 8 ch pekoe 640 32 576 8 do pek sou 680 26 ! 12 578 2 do dust 140 16 i 13 580 2 do fans 120 20 1 14 582 4 hf-ch bro pek fans 240 26 : 15 584 4 do bro pek No. 2 200 33 1 13 Columbia 586 7 hf-ch bro or pek 490 40 1 21 Drayton 596 8 hf-ch bro pek 480 35 bid 24 602 1 ch sou 90 26 1 25 004 2 hf-ch dust 170 20 27 Walton COS 10 hf-ch pekoe COO 37 28 610 7 do pek sou 350 28 bid 29 612 7 do dust 490 21 31 Patiagama 616 2 ch pekoe sou 2l0 29 32 G 618 2 ch sou 180 23 33 0-20 2 do pek dust 290 16 37 Carberry 0-28 4 ch br J pe fans 440 29 42 Melrose 640 3 ch or pek 300 36 43 642 6 do bro pek 540 36 48 646 6 do b o pek fans 660 21 47 Aigburth 648 7 ch bro mix 630 8 50 Erlsmere 654 6 ch nnas 600 34 bid 52 058 4 d . congou 348 17 53 Nella Olla 6t0 1 ch sou 70 17 54 662 1 do dust 152 15 55 664 2 do red leaf 160 13 57 D, in estate mark 66S 10 lif-eh fans 600 25 58 679 10 do dust 600 16 59 Berragalla 6?2 3 ch fans 390 26 61 676 I do congou 28.5 26 62 Meembra Oya 078 3 iif-eh bro pek 120 35 63 680 11 do p koe 440 31 64 682 1 do pek sou 40 21 65 684 1 do dust 65 19 (6 Meemora Oya 086 5 hf-di bro pek 200 41 67 688 15 do pekoe 600 35 68 690 1 do pek sou 40 21 69 692 1 do dust 65 17 73 Kmavesmire (In- vo ce No. 19) 700 2 ch sou ISO 15 74 7i'2 2 do dust 200 16 75 704 4 hf-ch fans 300 19 M M M 706 1 ch bro mix 125 S 17 20 23 9 26 69 46 29 23 18 15 27 14 29 17 4 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. Lob Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. C. 106 B D W 766 4 ch pek sou 400 19 113 Massena 780 7 hf-ch sou 350 28 117 Barsfany 788 2 hf-cll bro pek fans 140 28 118 S V 790 8 hf-ch dust GOO 16 119 792 6 do bro mix 300 9 126 Ruaiiwella 806 5 ch fans 550 29 127 SOS 4 do dust 320 16 131 Ireby 816 2 hf-ch fans 140 24 132 818 2 do dust 160 20 136 Dunbar 826 6 ch pek sou 450 29 139 Wolleyfieltl 832 1 ch 1 hf ch bro pek 150 34 140 834 3 do pekoe 135 27 145 D F D 844 2 hf-ch bro pek 120 39 146 846 3 ch pek sou 210 28 147 M A H 848 3 ch congou 300 20 14S ILK 850 6 ch pek sou 570 24 149 K B 852 1 ch fans 120 17 150 S54 2 do dust 260 15 151 RAW 856 2 ell fannings 210 25 152 S58 1 do congou 80 17 153 860 3 hf-ch dust 270 15 154 RM 802 3 ch fans 360 20 155 864 3 do dust 384 15 156 Allagalla 866 4 ch bro mix 360 26 158 870 C hf-ch fans 360 27 163 Oxford 880 5 hf-ch fine dust 350 36 164 s ss 882 3 ch or pek 267 71 168 Yoxford 890 7 ch pek sou 560 32 171 Poona galla 896 1 ch red leaf 100 23 172 Maragalla 898 1 hf-ch pek 49 30 173 Kirimettia 900 4 ch unas 36 1 29 178 Vellaioya 910 3 ch bro or re fan 336 29 179 912 3 do dust 360 19 182 Labookelle 918 4 ch bro pek 400 66 183 920 4 do pekoe 361 47 197 B 948 9 hf-ch bro pek 585 19 Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. C. 950 7 do or pek 385 31 952 15 do pekoe 690 34 954 1 do p k sou 40 20 956 1 do mixed tea 60 18 G 958 8 hf-ch or pek 480 51 0, in estate mark ■980 2 ch 1 hf-ch or pek 260 41 We'lekelle 988 2 do fans 138 19 990 3 do dust 285 17 Wellekelle 992 1 hf-ch bro pek dust 100 19 996 1 do bro mix 75 17 998 1 do bro pek fans 70 23 leco 2 do fan' 120 50 1002 1 do dust 90 16 Stisted 1010 2 hf ch dust 160 15 Chesterford 1020 2 ch congou 170 20 Walpita 1032 4 ch bro pek 400 50 1034 4 do pek 400 37 1036 3 do pek sou 30f: i 26 1038 1 do do 93 i lOlO 1 do bro pek fans 109 23 D, in estate mark Mount Plea- 1044 3 ch unas 279 21 sant 1046 5 hf-ch bro pek 300 49 1048 4 do pek 200 33 1050 5 do sou 250 27 1052 1 do fans 65 21 1054 1 do red leaf 70 15 Taigas wela 1062 4 ch bro pek No. 2 440 30 Lilia watte 1070 1 ch dust 150 14 1078 1 do red le.af 80 7 T 1112 G ch bro pek 600 15 bid n 14 4 do pek 400 28 bid JI 1120 7 ch sou 630 8 bid Wrootham 1130 9 hf ch pek fans 684 18 Ederapolla 1138 5 ch fans 550 21 Lot. 19S 199 200 201 202 2l5 219 220 221 223 224 225 226 230 235 241 242 243 244 245 247 248 249 250 251 252 256 2o3 264 231 2S2 285 290 294 GU.SERVER I’UINTING WORKS. TEA, COFFEE, CINCHONA, COCOA, AND CARDAMOM SALES, NO. 34. Colombo, September 13, 1897. Price; — 12^ cents each 3 copies 30 cents ; 6 copies § rupee. COLOMBO SALES OF TEA. Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. c. 101 Ar.slena 171 37 hf-ch bro pek pekoe pek sou 1850 51 36 30 LARGE LOTS. 102 103 172 173 53 do 26 do 2650 1300 — 105 N N 17S 37 ch souchong 3145 9 TMessrs. a. H. Thompson & Co.- -56.373 lb.1 107 California 177 9 do pekoe 9C0 25 bid 111 Salawe 181 20 do bro pek 2000 28 bid Ciot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. c. 112 113 182 183 16 do 15 do pekoe pek sou 1440 1275 24 bid 24 3 Mapitigama 9 18 hf-ch bro pek 1008 36 115 Penritli 185 14 do bro or pek 1400 39 4 4 24 do pekoe 1080 27 116 186 16 do bro pek 1440 56 7 Vogan 7 23 ch pe sou No. 2 1840 28 117 187 25 do pekoe 2000 35 8 8 15 do unus 1200 28 bid 118 188 20 do pek sou 1700 30 g 9 26 hf-ch dust 1820 20 121 M G 191 7 do bro pe No. 1 700 out 10 Sapitiyagodde 10 20 do bro or pek 1200 25 bid 136 M ontrose 206 10 do bro or pek 1056 23 bid 15 Augusta 15 45 ch bro pek 2090 ! "’ithd’n 137 Monrovia 207 16 do bro pek 1600 37 16 16 22 do pekoe 138 208 36 do pekoe 3C00 28 17 Ravenscraig 17 50 hf-ch bro pek 2501 37 147 Reedham 217 17 do bro or pek 1530 25 bid 18 18 72 do pekoe 3600 26 bid 148 Harangalla 218 19 do I)ro pek mo 55 22 Woodend 22 7 ch bro or pek 700 34 bid 149 219 19 do pekoe 1520 38 23 23 12 do bro pek 1200 35 bid 152 L N D 222 44 hf-ch or pek 2200 50 bid 24 24 27 do pekoe 2700 26 bid 153 Bollagalla 223 16 ch bro pek 1520 37 bid 27 Mandara Newe- 154 224 11 do pekoe 880 27 bid ra 27 32 ch bro pek 3200 42 bid 155 K R D 225 17 hf-cli bro or pek 1020 out 28 28 33 do pekoe 3060 29 bid 156 Labugama 226 23 do bro pek 11.50 46 29 29 14 do pek sou 1260 27 157 227 14 ch pekoe 1260 34 30 30 9 do dust 900 20 158 228 19 do pek sou 1011 26 31 M C 31 21 ch bro u ix 1962 9 bid 161 Hapugaha- 34 Battalgalla 34 10 ch pek sou 1000 30 lande 231 39 do bro pek 3000 48 36 Vathalana 36 12 ch bro pek 1200 50 bid 162 232 32 do pekoe 2880 36 37 37 11 hf-ch pekoe 935 30 bid 163 233 2.5 do pek sou 2250 29 38 Sapitiyagodde 38 25 ch or pek 2.300 46 164 Narangoda 234 26 do bro pek 2600 37 bid 39 39 29 do bro pek 1595 43 165 235 27 do pekoe 2565 30 bid 40 40 25 do pekoe 2075 39 166 236 21 do pek sou 1890 24 bid 41 41 23 do pek sou 1840 31 172 Kelaui 242 32 bf-ch bro pek 1440 48 42 42 26 do bro or pek 1690 42 173 243 43 do bro or pek 2150 34 bid 46 Deniyag ina 46 46 ch bro pek 4600 33 bid 174 244 31 ch pekoe 2790 27 bid 47 47 21 do pekoe 2100 28 bid 175 245 10 do pek .Sou 900 23 bid [Messrs. Somerville & Co. — 189,422-1 [Mr . E. John.— 122,866 lb.] Lot. Box. Pkg.8. Name. lb. c Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. c. 1 Eilandhu 71 16 ch bro pek 1600 34 bid 1 M 299 15 ch or pek fan 975 18 hid 2 72 16 do pekoe 1520 24 3 Wattegodde 303 12 hf-ch dust 840 19 3 Irex 73 14 do bro pek 1400 35 bid 4 Kandaloya 305 74 do pek sou 2960 2 1 bid 8 White Cross 78 33 do bro pek 3300 30 bid 6 Digdola 30£ 14 ch bro pek 1260 40 bid 9 59 32 do pekoe 3040 26 bid 7 311 11 do or pek 880 31 bid 10 80 18 do pek sou 1620 23 8 313 10 On pekoe 850 29 13 St. Catherine 11 Gampola 319 17 do bro pek 1530 37 bid Ceylon 83 17 hf-ch bro pek 1020 35 bid 12 321 12 olo pekoe 960 28 bid 14 84 21 do or pekoe 945 44 15 Glasgow 327 45 do bro or pek 3375 69 15 85 50 do pekoe 2250 28 16 329 18 hf-ch or pek 1080 54 16 86 25 do pek sou 1125 25 17 331 14 do orpekNo. 840 out 18 Comar 88 18 do bro or pek 900 37 bid 18 333 15 do pekoe 1425 46 20 90 11 ch pekoe 1100 23 19 335 9 do pek No. 2 855 37 23 Walahandua 93 17 do bro pek 17f0 40 bid 21 J M R 339 8 ch bro pek 809 34 24 94 16 do pekoe 1520 35 22 341 14 do pekoe 1330 27 26 F P A 96 19 do unasst 1901 25 bid 25 Granville 347 14 hf-ch bro pek 840 23 bid 40 Kew lie 15 hf-ch bro or pek 840 88 26 Kanangama 349 22 ch bro pek 2090 35 bid 41 111 19 do or pek 950 70 27 351 10 do pekoe 1440 •28 bid 43 113 30 ch pekot 2760 44 29 355 9 do pek f,an 855 16 bid 44 114 18 do pek sou 1710 34 32 Ivies 361 25 bf-ch bro pek 1300 46 bid 46 Invery 116 53 hf-ch bro pek 3074 70 bid 33 363 25 do pekoe 11-25 28 bid 47 117 41 ch pekoe 3936 45 bid 34 365 21 do pek sou 945 27 bid 48 118 18 do SOU 1620 37 bid 37 Uda 371 8 ch pekoe 760 20 50 Citrus 120 16 do bro pek 1582 40 38 373 8 hf-ch dust 736 21 51 121 17 do pekoe 1530 29 39 Whyddon 375 18 ch bro pek 1980 57 52 122 7 do pekoe sou 700 25 40 377 18 do pekoe 1800 41 bid 57 127 20 hf ch bro pek 1160 33 bid 41 379 18 do peb sou 1800 37 58 128 14 do pekoe 840 20 42 Kanangama 381 20 ch bro pek 1900 35 60 Carney 130 23 do pro pek 1150 45 43 383 10 do pek sou 850 24 61 131 25 do pekoe 1125 33 44 385 9 do pek fan 810 16 l»id 62 132 24 do pek sou 1200 28 45 Temperly 387 18 do or pek 1800 23 bid 66 Rinest. mark 136 21 ch bro pek 2310 31 bid 48 Cullodeii 393 16 do pek sou 1360 26 67 137 9 do pekoe 900 29 bid 50 397 8 do unassorted 760 24 68 138 9 do pek sou 810 23 bid 54 Glassaugh 405 30 do bro pek 1650 68 69 139 9 do bro pek sou 900 13 bid 55 407 25 do pekoe 2125 43 bid 70 Veralupitiya 140 9 do or pek 945 54 58 409 18 do pek sou 1440 36 71 141 19 do bro pek 1710 45 58 413 11 do fan 715 27 bid 73 143 12 do pek sou 960 28 59 Anchor in estate 74 Ellatenne 144 21 do bro pek 2100 30 bid mark 415 28 hf-ch bro or pek 1400 62 bid 75 Hanagama 14o 19 do bro pek 2090 35 bid 60 417 20 ch or pek 1600 48 bid 76 146 26 do pek 2600 26 bid 61 Ferndale 419 9 do bro or pek 900 52 bid 77 147 8 do pek sou 720 23 62 421 11 do or pek 990 48 78 148 11 do fannings 1100 20 bid 63 Yakkabendikella 423 41 hf-eh tro or pek 2542 34 bid 80 H in est. mark 150 11 do or pek 990 48 bid 64 425 46 do or pek 2116 28 bid 81 151 9 do pekoe 810 30 bid 65 Murraythwaite 427 10 ch bro pek 950 48 62 152 8 do pekoe sou 720 23 bid 66 42£ 21 do pek sou 1680 28 83 AlutkeUe 153 16 do bro pek 800 out 69 P 435 16 do bro pek 1600 26 94 Earlston 164 14 hf ch fannings 980 24 bid 70 437 11 d > pekoe 990 23 100 A M C 170 34 do bro pek 2030 out 73 443 9 ch bro pek fan 900 15 2 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST, [Messrs. Forbes & Walker.— 304,782 lb.] Lot. Box. rkgs. Name. lb. C. 4 Vellaioya 1146 47 ch bro tea 43.50 18 6 CO'St'l6r0cii2li 1150 16 ch or pek 1440 48 bid 7 BandaraEliya 1152 22 ch bro or pek 1430 44 8 11.54 23 do or pek 2110 43 9 Lochiel 1156 26 ch or pek 2470 44 bid 11 Essex 1160 17 ch or pek 1700 49 bid 13 Elfindale 1164 20 ch pek fans 2000 19 14 1166 19 do fans 1710 17 15 lies 9 do dust 900 21 20 Thedden 1178 28 ch bro pek 2800 34 21 1180 18 do pekoe 1620 31 22 1182 9 do pek sou 810 26 25 Great Valley Ceyl n, in est. mark 1188 16 hf-ch bro or pek 800 84 26 1190 50 ch pekoe 4500 40 27 1192 26 do pek sou 2340 32 31 P 1200 10 ch mixed tea 1100 9 bid 34 Tonacombe 1206 26 ch or pek 2600 55 35 1208 12 do bro pek 1440 62 36 12’0 39 do pekoe 3900 44 37 1212 10 do pekoe sou 900 37 38 Chines 1214 20 hf-ch bro pek 900 53 39 1216 43 do bro or pek 2365 34 40 1218 12 ch pek fans 1080 24 43 Kalupahana 1224 14 hf-ch pek 700 20 47 Farnhani 1232 ■ >•23 hf-ch bro pek 1380 43 bid 48 1234 21 do or pek 1050 51 49 1236 25 do pekoe 1350 39 50 1238 20 do pe sou No 1 900 29 51 1240 21 do pek sou 945 23 55 Tymawr 1248 18 hf-ch bro pek 900 69 57 1252 17 do pek sou 765 38 59 M elrose 1256 8 ch bro or pek 800 34 60 1258 13 do bro pek 1170 37 61 1260 16 do pekoe 12SL 31 62 1262 17 do pek sou 1360 28 63 Galawatte 1264 12 ch bro pek 1200 42 64 1266 19 do or pek 1615 42 65 1268 17 do pek< e 1530 30 67 Ismalle 1272 30 ch pek sou 3000 23 68 1274 15 do sou 1650 22 69 Sunnycroft 1270 8 ch pek sou £00 29 75 Munukattia, Ceylon, in est. mark 1288 10 hf-ch bro pek 880 46 76 1290 13 ch peKoe 1170 36 77 1292 11 do pek sou 990 28 80 B \V P T 1298 19 hf-ch or pek fan 1225 19 81 A T.in estate mark, Matu rata 1300 12 ch bro pek 1080 33 bid 82 Mdha Uva 13 2 21 hf-ch bro or pek 1365 46 83 1304 25 do or pek 1460 58 84 1306 23 ch pekoe 2186 52 85 1308 13 do pek sou 1040 45 80 Damineria 1310 31 ch bro or pek 3720 47 87 1312 22 do bro pek 2420 57 88 1314 70 do pekoe 7000 44 91 Gair.paha 1320 20 do bro or pek 2000 61 92 1322 25 do or nek 2250 52 93 1324 20 do pekoe 2000 49 94 1326 15 do pek sou 1350 40 95 Pallegodde 1328 21 do bro or pek 2100 38 96 1330 29 ch bro pek 2610 58 97 1332 24 do pekoe 2160 34 Lot. Box. Pke;s. Name. lb. C. Lot Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. C. 75 Alnoor 447 84 hf-ch bro pek 4200 32 bid 93 1334 20 ch pek sou 1900 31 76 449 20 do pekoe 1500 28 99 T L, in estate 77 451 16 do pek sou 1280 23 mark 1336 13 hf-ch bro pek 715 29 bid 81 Logan 459 32 ch bro pek 3200 49 106 H 1350 19 hf-ch or pek 952 28 82 461 22 do pekoe 1980 32 bid 108 1354 26 hf ch red leaf 1300 \ 83 463 24 do pek sou 2160 28 bid 109 1356 2 do red leaf 110/ 11 87 N B 471 7 do sou 700 42 114 Matale 1366 43 hf-ch bro pek 2580 52 88 473 21 hf ch dust 1680 21 115 1368 24 ch pekoe 2160 40 90 Ratwalla 477 36 hf-ch pek sou 1830 8 bid 116 137J 12 do pek sou 1C80 34 91 Alliaddy 479 22 ch bro pek 2090 50 132 Bandara 92 481 20 do pekoe 1700 35 Eliyi 1402 28 ch or pek 2800 58 bid 93 483 13 do pek sou 1040 30 133 Clyde 1404 66 ch bro pek 6600 40 95 Kotuagedera 487 23 do pekoe 2415 38 bid 134 14C-6 69 do pekoe 6210 so 96 489 28 do pek sou 2660 30 bid 135 1403 45 do pek sou 4050 26 97 491 8 do pek sou 720 28 136 1410 7 do dust 980 20 99 Sorana 495 20 do bro pek 1800 46 138 Hopton 1414 34 ch bro pek 3570 52 bid. 100 497 23 do pekoe 2070 30 139 1416 36 do pekoe 3240 39 101 499 12 do pek sou 960 25 bid 140 1418 17 do pek sou 1.530 35 103 3 18 do red leaf 1350 18 141 1420 9 do sou 810 27 104 Ella 5 7 do dust 840 19 146 GP M, in est. 106 9 34 do bro pek 3060 48 mark 1430 21 hf-ch pekoe 1155 56 107 11 22 do pekoe 1870 31 bid 147 1432 32 do pek No. 2 1792 48 108 13 14 do pek sou 1190 27 bid 148 1434 2-5 do sou 1400 43 110 Stinsford 17 34 hf-ch bro pek 1632 56 149 1436 13 do pek fan 1105 25 111 19 29 do pekoe 1392 38 bid 151 Pedro 1440 48 hf-ch bro rr pek 2880 S3 112 21 13 do pek sou 152 H42 12 ch or pek 1020 66 (Venesta) 780 30 bid 153 1444 14 do pekoe 1330 54 154 155 156 157 158 165 Naseby Holton Arapolakan- de 166 167 175 Toi'wood 176 17V 178 179 184 186 Essex Weyunga- w,xtte" 187 188 191 193 194 195 196 208 209 210 223 221 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 242 Drayton Nagalla K P W Castlereagh High Forest Ambokka Dehigalla Ambalawa Weligoda Glencorse L B K 1446 1448 1450 1452 1454 1468 1470 1472 1488 14E0 1492 1494 1496 6 10 12 14 20 24 26 28 30 54 56 50 84 86 ICO 102 104 106 108 110 112 114 116 122 30 hf-ch 25 hf-eh 14 do 14 do 21 ch 39 ch 31 do 63 do 16 ch 27 do 15 do 15 do 9 do 12 eh 24 hf-ch 50 do 24 do 31 hf-eh 29 hf-ch 35 do 15 do 35 do 20 ch 21 do 11 do 28 hf-ch 10 ch 11 ch 43 do 41 do 25 hf-ch 27 do 7 ch 26 ch IS do 27 do 4 ch fans bro pek pekoe bro pek pek sou bro or pek or pek pek bro pek or pek pekoe pek sou 2400 1375 700 700 1995 3,510 2480 5040 1472 2160 1260 1200 bro pek fans 990 pek No. 2 1320 bro or pek or pek pekoe bro or pek bro pek or pek bro pek pekoe bro pek or pek pekoe pek dust bro pek bro pek or pek pekoe pek sou congou bro tea bro pek pekoe pek sou sou 1320 4500 1872 1860 14.50 2240 960 2100 2000 1080 880 2240 1060 1210 4300 3690 1000 lOiO 770 2600 1620 2160 950 SMALL LOTS. 34 84 66 .51 45 54 32 bid 28 bid 53 38 bid 35 28 28 31 35 bid 41 bid 32 58 bicL 44 bid 38 bid 34 bid 32 bid 50 45 bid 40 21 35 bid 31 bid 46 23 8 41 bid 33 28 9 bid [Messrs. A. H. Thompson & Co.] Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. c. 1 Ugleside 1 2 ch dust 170 18 2 2 2 do bro mix 210 23 5 Mapitiaama 5 3 ch pek sou 285 24 6 6 2 do congou 190 16 14 M’Ganga 14 8 hf-ch bro pek 466 30 bid 19 Ravenscraig 19 5 hf ch pek sou 250 20jbid. 20 20 2 do bro mix 120 8 21 21 1 do dust 70 17 25 Woodend 25 4 ch dust 560 15 26 A 26 2 ch bro mix 180 16 32 F 32 11 hf-ch SOU 495 21 bid 33 33 7 ch bro tea 595 7 bid: 35 Battalgalla 35 5 hf-ch fans 425 20 43 S 43 4 ch dust 360 18 44 44 5 do bro pk fan 350 30 45 45 6 do pek fans 420 22 [Mr. E. John.] Box. Pkgs . Name. lb. C. 2 G 301 2 hf-ch dust 170 15 5 Reddewatte 307 10 do bro or pek 650 19 CEYLON PEODUCE SALES LIST. 3 Lot. Box. Pkgs. !Natne. lb. C. 9 Digdola 315 3 ch pek sou 255 22 10 317 4 do bro pek fan 360 21 13 Gampola 323 1 do bro pek fan 110 23 14 325 2 d-i bro pek dust 240 19 20 L T 337 10 hf-ch pek fan 650 19 23 J >I B 343 1 ch pek sou 110 22 24 345 2 do pek fan 200 19 28 Kanangama 353 5 do pek sou 450 24 30 357 4 (lo fan 320 14 31 359 3 do dust 4-JO 18 35 Ivies 367 4 hf-ch fan 260 20 36 Uda 369 9 do bro pek 540 19 46 C 389 1 do bro pek 94 36 ii 391 3 do bro or pek 150 35 49 C'ulloden 395 7 do dust 560 17 51 A L 399 4 do pek fan 320 26 52 401 2 «io dust 180 19 53 403 1 hf-ch pek sou 33 23 57 Glassaugh 411 3 ch bro mix 270 9 67 Maryland 431 5 do bro pek 525 38 68 433 0 do pekoe 500 27 71 P 439 7 do pek sou 595 16 72 411 4 do bro mix 360 9 74 445 3 do dust 405 IS 78 A 453 7: hf‘Ch fan 420 14 79 455 11 do pekoe 550 22 80 Elston 457 8 ch pek sou No2 640 26 84 Logan 405 2 d© bro mix 180 20 85 467 4 do dust 600 19 86 469 4 do bro pek fan 4 0 25 89 Kahagalla 475 2 hf-ch dust 150 19 94 Alliaddy 485 1 ch bro pek dus 100 36 98 Kocuagedera 493 1 do bro pek fan 130 22 10-., Sorana 1 5 do bro pek fan 450 26 105 Eila 7 6 do sou 480 16 109 15 6 do fan 600 24 113 S F D 23 5 hf-ch bro pekoe fan (Veuseta) 335 32 114 25 3 do dust (Venesta) 270 18 115 27 6 do fans fVenesta) 4.56 23 116 29 4 do con (Zinc) 224 22 [Messrs. Somerville & Co.] Lot. Box. Pkgs. blame. lb. C. 4 Irex 74 6 ch pekoe 570 28 5 75 2 do pek sju 190 23 6 76 1 ch 1 hf-ch red leaf 150 8 7 77 1 ch dust 100 20 11 White Cross 81 5 hf-ch dust 425 18 12 82 3 do fans 195 21 17 St. Catherine, Ceylon 87 3 do dust 195 IS 19 Comar 89 1-5 do or pek 675 32 bid 21 91 5 ch pek sou SCO 22 bid 22 92 4 hf-ch dust 320 18 25 Walahandua 95 4 ch pek sou 360 24 27 HP 97 1 do bro pek 90 26 28 98 1 do fans 80 17 42 Kew 112 11 do bro pek 660 37 bid 45 115 4 do dust 340 18 49 Invery 119 6 ch bro mix 468 16 53 Citrus 123 3 do fans 300 17 54 D G 124 3 do bro tea 255 8 55 125 4 hf-ch fans 260 18 56 Allakolla 126 6 do dust 450 20 59 H A 129 2 ch fans 200 14 63 Carney 133 4 hf-ch bro pek fans 200 23 64 134 1 do pek fan 50 20 65 135 2 do dust 100 19 72 Veralupitiya 142 7 ch pekoe 560 30 73a 143a 3 do bro pek fans 345 27 79 Hanagama 149 2 do dust 200 IS 84 Alutkelle 1.54 6 hf-ch pekoe 300 26 85 155 11 do pek sou 495 23 86 156 2 do souchong 88 18 87 157 1 do fannings 60 15 88 158 1 do dust 63 18 93 Eavlston 163 1 do congou 90 27 95 165 3 hf-ch dust 240 20 96 Patulpana 166 9 do bro pek 495 30 97 167 5 do pekoe 250 24 98 168 5 do pek sou 250 19 99 169 1 do .sou 45 14 104 Arslena 174 7 hf-ch dust 3i0 18 106 Calnfornia 176 6 ch bro pek 600 37 lOS 178 4 do pek sou 410 23 109 179 1 do bro pek dust 140 17 110 180 1 do bro mix 90 9 114 Salawe 184 3 do dust 450 18 119 Pernith 189 2 do pek fans 250 21 120 190 1 do dust 179 18 122 M G 192 5 do bro p_-k No. 2 500 24 Lot. Box. JPkgs Name. lb. c. 123 193 8 hf-ch pekoe 360 22 124 194 7 ch pek sou 695 8 125 195 4 do bro pek fans 460 14 126 196 4 hf-ch dust 380 16 139 Monrovia 209 6 ch pek sou 570 25 140 210 6 hf-ch pek dust 420 19 141 211 2 (h red leaf 180 8 142 MW 2i2 1 do bro pek 110 47 143 213 3 hf-ch pek fans 204 20 144 214 2 do bro tea ICO 8 145 215 3 ch bro mix 270 16 146 216 10 hf-ch pek fans 560 15 150 Harrangalla 220 3 ch pek sou 255 25 151 Runga 221 3 do or dust 300 29 159 Labugama 229 2 do fans 220 27 161 D 230 3 do bro pek 325 31 167 Narangoda 237 6 hf-ch dust 480 19 170 Chetnole 240 4 ch pek sou 400 25 171 241 2 do dust iro IS 176 Kelani 246 6 hf-ch bro pek fans 360 26 177 247 3 do dust 240 18 178 B in est. mark 248 11 do bro pek 550 37 179 249 6 ch pekoe 540 27 180 250 3 hf-ch pek sou 150 24 181 251 3 do bro pek fans ISO 20 182 252 2 do dust 160 18 [MES.SRS, PORBES & Walker.] Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. G. 1 Battawatte 1140 3 ch bro pek fans 300 23 2 Clunes 1142 8 hf-ch dust 650 19 3 XXX 1 144 2 do bro pek fans 84 11 bid 5 Moriand 1148 4 eh pek sou 320 35 10 Lochiel 11.58 3 eh pek sou 255 SO 12 Beverley 1162 12 hf-ch pek sou 540 28 bid 16 Ardross 1170 7 ch dust 630 19 17 1172 4 do SOU 320 24 23 Thedden 1184 1 ch sou 105 8 24 1186 2 cli dust 300 20 28 Great Valley Ceylon, in estate mark 1194 8 lif-ch pek fans 440 61 29 1196 2 do fans 130 32 30 1198 4 do dust 320 20 32 P 1202 3 cli pek fans 360 18 33 1204 2 do dust 300 19 41 Clunes 1220 6 hf-ch du.st 5 0 18 42 Kalupahana 1222 8 hf-ch or pek 400 39 44 1226 1 do pek sou CO 23 45 1228 3 do SOU 150 IS 46 12c0 2 do pek fans 100 20 52 Farnham 1242 5 hf-ch fans 32'. 22 53 1244 3 do bro tea l.'.O 13 54 1246 1 ch dust ]Q 1 18 56 Tymswr 1250 15 lif-ch pekoe 675 48 58 Y CD 1254 8 hf-cli dust 6H) 18 66 Gallawatte 1270 5 ch pek fans 500 22 70 Sunnycroft 1278 2 cli congou 200 24 71 1280 4 do dust 600 16 72 Sinnapittia 1232 8 ch bro mix No. 1 528 17 bid 73 1284 6 do do „ 2 604 9 74 Munukettia Ceylon, in est. mark 1286 13 hf-ch or pek 650 44 78 1294 4 do dust 320 20 79 1296 3 ch SOU 270 24 89 Damineria 1316 2 ch pek sou 200 30 90 1318 6 do dust 600 20 100 Upper Hewa- heta 1338 7 hf-ch bro or pek 490 36 bid 107 H 1352 8 hf-ch bro pek 449 IS 117 Matale 1372 2 hf-ch fans 140 30 118 1374 2 do dust 160 20 126 Maligatenne 1390 4 ch bro pek 400 30 127 1392 3 do pekoe 240 25 128 1394 2 do pek sou 15» IS 129 1396 1 do l)ro pek fans 125 19 130 A W 1398 6 ch or pek 540 37 131 Staimsted 1400 4 ch bro or pek 44 » 29 l.id 137 N B 1412 4 ch pek fans 5i0 21 142 Hopton 1422 1 ch dust 120 16 143 1424 3 do fans 3U0 21 144 G P M. in estate mark 1426 11 hf-cli bro or pek 660 68 145 1428 12 do or pek eoj 70 150 K Y 1438 3 hf-ch b. 0 or pek 159 withd’n. 159 Holton 1450 9 ch pekoe 693 31 bid 160 14.)8 4 do pek sou 3SJ 26 bid 161 1460 3 do dust 225 20 162 D B R 1462 6 ch bro mix 510 14 163 1464 3 hf-ch tans 150 IS 164 1466 9 do dust 585 19 168 Arapolakan- de 1474 6 cl\ pek sou 601 20 169 1476 3 do dust 345 IS 4 CEYLOX PRODUCE SALES LIST. Lot Box. PkgS. Name. lb. C. 170 GIL 1478 3 ch bro pek 300 42 171 1480 4 do pekoe 360 29 172 1482 2 do pek sou ISO 23 173 Ingurugalla 1484 3 ch bro tea 360 19 174 1486 2 do red leaf 180 8 bid 180 Torwood 1498 3 ch bro mix 282 9 bid 181 A G 1500 3 ch fans 324 25 182 2 1 do bro tea 90 10 183 4 1 do dust 220 18 185 Essex 8 4 ch bro pek dust 570 20 189 Weyunga- watte' 16 5 ch pek sou 425 25 190 18 2 hf-ch du.st 160 19 192 Drayton 22 8 hf-ch bro pek 480 35 bid 197 K P W 32 8 hf ch pek sou 448 24 bid 198 34 3 do dust 210 18 204 CRD 46 4 ch dust 400 19 205 48 4 ch red leaf 400 9 211 Castlereagh 60 7 ch pekoe No. 2 630 29 212 62 5 ch pek sou 400 26 213 64 4 hf-ch pek fan 280 22 214 66 2 do dust 160 19 215 Ca endon 68 5 ch bro pek 485 47 216 70 4 do pekoe 438 ;36 217 72 4 do pek sou 452 26 218 74 4 do sou 412 2-*j 219 76 1 do fans 116 23 220 78 3 do congou 300 18 221 D V 80 8 ch sou 560 20 222 B W D N 82 7 hf-ch dust 530 10 225 Ambokka 88 6 ch pekoe 665 25 bid 226 90 1 ch 2 hf-ch sou 200 20 bid 227 92 2 ch bro mix 210 8 bid 228 K D W 94 3 ch bro pek 325 44 bid 229 P 96 8 hf-ch bro re:t 4S0 25 bid 230 R 98 7 hf-ch dust 574 10 240 Gleneorse 118 2 ch pek fans 256 18 241 120 1 ch dust 170 17 243 R, in estate mark 124 1 hf-ch dust 53 17 244 RR 126 2 hf-ch pek dust 193 18 CEYLON COFFEE SALES IN LONDON. (From Our Commercial Correspondent) Mincing Lane, Aug. 1.3, 1897. Closing Sales of Ceylon Coffee on Friday, 13th August, .'5 p.m. : — Ex “City of Khios”— Woodhouse Broker sold lb at 78s marked OBEC in estate mark, Kondesalle, and lb T at 46s — Lewis & Peal. Ex “Cuzco” got for 1 cwt. lb 108s 6d for mark Pittarat Malle, 3c lb’04s6d; S, 1 93s; PB, lb 110s. Ex “Shropshire”— Large sized, Gonamotava, 3c 1 bl 110s; 1, 5c 103s 6d; 2 104s 6d; 1 88s; PB, 3 108s. Ex “Cuzco”— Rucker & Bencraft sold Kahagalla, P, 1 b’. 114s; 1, 1 cwt. 112s; 5 105s 6d; 1 97s; PB, 115s. Ex “Cuzco”— Wilson Smithett sold F.alagolla Ella, 2t Ills; 4 106s; 7 100s; 1 80s; 1 107s. Ex “Cuzco” — Kotiyagalla, 1 cwt. 110s; It 100s; lb 80s; PB, 1 bl. 117s; KTG, 1 55s, 1 55s; PB, 92s; 1 bag 35s: EP Brokers Paines & Read. Ceylon Coffee shows firm tone and fully 1/ rise. Ceylon Coffee sales for week ending Augu.st 20th Messrs. Wm. Broadhurst & Co.’s Catalogue Ex “ Clan Macrae,” mark Mukalane, 00, 23 f itched 89s Cd; 0, 32 85s; 16 70s6d; PB, 3 76s 6d. Ex “Clan Campbell” — Sellers Messrs. Sanderson & Co. Brokers, mark Tillicoultry, lb 108s; 1, 2 105s 6d; 2, 1 105s. Messrs. Wm. .Tas. & Hy Thompson have decided to take over tha firm of Patry & F’asteur and sold as follows : — Ex “Hyson”— Craig, OO, 1 barrel .at 113s; 0 at 109s 6d; 5 at 104s; 2 at 97s; P, 1 116s, T, 2 75s; also mark DC in estate mark, 3 107s 6d; 1, 1 101s; 2, lb 75s; P, 1 92s; T, 1 51s; DC, 2 39s 6d. Ceylon Coffee Sales on mail daj’, 20th Aug. Ex “Hyson”— Roehampton, 1 107s; 3 103s; 2, 1 90s; PB, 1 10‘s. Ex “China”— Stand.vrd Co , .St. Leonards, 2 109s 6d; 7 106s; S, 3 90s; PB. 1 9s. Ex “Lancashire” — Batgodde, 2b 101s; 2 97s; 1 78 PB, 81s. CEYLON COCOA SALES IN LONDON. Ex “Cheshire”— Mukalane, 1, 1 sea dam. and bulked 5»s. Ex “Oceanii"— North Matile, 131 bags 65s Od; 13 sea dam. and vpkd. 55s. fix “Victoria”— Rockhill, AA, 24 bags 63s 6d; C, 2 b.ags 50s Od; B, 8 bags 48s. tlx “.Shiopshire” — Kepitigallu. 21 bags 63s 6d; .55 bags 65s. Ex “Uean.a”— .Monarakeile, A, 14 bags 60s 6d; ditto 11 bags 5Ss 6d. Dumbara, 30 bags 67s; 3 sea dam. rpfcd 57s. Hentimalie, 13b 64s. Ex “Victoria” — Kas & Co. Cocoa, 59 bags 6.5s. Ex “Logician” — Anniewatte, 15 bags country damaged bulked 60s. Ex “City of Venice”— MLM, 11 bags 50s. Ceylon Cocoa Sales for week ending August 20th Messrs. Rucker & Bencraft sold per “Victoria”— A Vic- toria mark 22 at 64s 6d; B, 2 sea dam. 46s, Ex “Kintuck”— Hylton, OO, 8 66s; 20 sea dam. 62s 6d; 2u more 62s; 11 more 62s; 6 more 55s; and 8 55s. Ex “.S ropshire,” — Matale East, 2 bags 55s. Messrs. Lewis & Noyes’ Catalogue com rised • Ex “Borneo” — Mark Alloowiharie A, 20 70s; 20 70s; 28/29 b.ags 70s; 1 sdd. 54s; B, 19 58s 6d. Dickeria, 14 70s out, 5 out 60s. North Matale, 20 75s out, DAB, 20 51s; 12 43s; KK, 19b 57s 6d; 20 56s; 20, 56s; 11 55s 6d. Ex “Victoria’ — Batagolla, 13 bags out 60s; 1 s d 52s; R, 20 fetched 5Ss 6d; 18 5Ss 6d; c 3 49s 6d; 1 s d 42s. Slessrs. C.arey & Browne sold ex “Clan Campbell,” Palli mark], 195 bags .at 70s; 2, 25 56s 6d. Pathregalla a, 41, '42 bags at 68s; 1 53s 6d; B, 15 68s 6d; 1 52s 6d; T, 3 40s; KK, 16 50s 6d. Ex “Logician”— HGA in estate mark, 65 at 60s: KKin estate mark, 32 63s. Messrs. Wilson Smithett & Co. sold as follows : Ex ‘ Hyson”- Yattewatte 1, 70 68s 6d; 12 at 56s 6d; broken 1 s d 50s. Ross, 70 68s 6d; 2, 17 57s. Asgeria, 40 74s. Messrs CM & C Woodhouse had in auction : OBEC in estate n .trk, 70 out at 75s; 1 psold 11 at 58s; 1, 2 at 53s. CEYLON CYRDAMOM SALES IN LONDON. Ex “Victoria”— Vedehette, 8 sold 3s Id. AA, at 2s lid; A, 2s lOd; B. 2s 8d; C, 2s 4d; D seeds 2s lOd. Ex “Duke of Buckingham” — Mousakanda, 1 3s 2d; 1 2s lOd; seed ,3s Id. Ex “Riojun Marti”- A in estate mark, 1 case 3s; M in estate mark, 2s lid; G in estate mark, 2s lOd. Ex “Balmoral” LCM in estate mart, i 3s 2d; 2 2s lid; 2s 7d. Ex “Victoria”— Elkadua mark, 2 3s Id; 1 3s; No. 1 sold at 2s lid; Nc. 2 at 2s 6d; B & S 2s 4d; seeds 2s lOd; 2-> lid; 2s lOd. Ex “Oceana”— OBEC in estate mark, NilloomaUy, No. 1 Mysore, 2 3s; No. 2 at 2s 9d; No, 3 at 2s 6d; seed 2s lid. OBEC in estate mark, Dangkande, 1 2s lOd: 1 2s 4d, sweep- ings 2s 4d. Ex “Clan Graham”— ALI, 2s 7d; seeds out 3s 2d Ex “Clan Fraser” WN in estate mark, 3s The old firm of Messrs. Dalton & Young, Ceylon Produce Brokers of Mincing Line report following Cardamom Sales : — Ex “Victoria” - Wariag,alla, Mysore A, 3s Id; B,’ 2s lOd 2s lid; C, 2s 8d; D, 2s 5d. NagaTa, O, 3s 3d; 3s 2d; .No. 1, 3s Id; No. 2, 3s 8. Nella Oolla, 3s 3d; No. 2s lid; No. 2, 2s 7d; seed 2s 9d; B & S, 2s 3d. OBSBRVER PRINTING WORKS. TEA, COFFEE, CINCHONA. COCOA. AND CARDAMOM SALES. NO. 35. Colombo, September 20, 1897. Price : — 12| cents each 3 copies 30 cents ; 6 copies 5 rupee. COLOMBO SALES OF TEA. Lot. Box. Pkgs. Maine. lb. c. LARGE LOTS. [Me.ssrs. a. H. Thompson & Co. — 39,736 lb.] Lot. Box. . Pkgs. Name. lb. C. 2 A 2 18 ch pekoe 1800 19 15 MC 15 12 ch 1 hf-ch pek son 1109 17 34 Hornsey 34 14 ch pek sou 1400 34 36 Reek Hill 36 27 ch bro pek 2835 31 bid 37 37 19 do or pek 1805 SO bid 38 38 15 do pekoe 1350 27 39 39 11 do pek sou 935 25 [Messrs. Somerville & Co.— 127,576.] Lot. Box. Pkg.s. Name. Ib. C 1 G A Ceylon 261 9 hf-ch dust 720 17 7 Nugawella 267 16 do or pek 880 48 8 268 17 do bro or pek 1020 33 bid 9 269 50 do pekoe 2500 35 12 Dotala 272 21 do bro pek 1260 62 13 273 13 ch pekoe 1170 42 14 Ankande 274 19 do bro pek 1900 36 15 275 14 do pekoe 1120 30 19 Deniyaya 279 20 do bro pek 2200 55 21 281 11 do pekoe 1045 40 24 Ukuwella 284 26 do bro pek 2600 oS 25 285 20 do pekoe 2000 32 26 286 20 do pek sou 2000 22 288 12 do bro tea 1080 7 29 Bogahagoda- watte 289 7 ch bro pek 700 33 bid 30 290 10 do pekoe 900 28 33 T D 203 8 ch bio pek 720 29 bid 38 Glenalla 298 44 do bro pek 4400 35 bid 39 299 34 do pekoe 3060 29 bid 40 300 18 do pek sou 1620 26 bid 49 Malvern 309 20 do 1 hf-ch bro pek 2046 36 bid 50 310 IS eh X hf-ch pekoe 1870 •1 9 bid 811 15 ch 1 hf-ch pek sou 1542 21 bid 53 Ovoca A I 313 32 hf-ch bro or pek 1920 63 54 314 21 do or pek 1200 5o 55 315 18 ch pekoe 1710 39 57 New Valley 317 18 do bro or pek 1980 64 58 318 14 do or pek 1400 48 59 319 19 do pekoe 1900 43 60 320 10 do pek sou 900 35 61 NIT 321 12 do unast 1140 21 62 Annandale 322 17 hf-ch bro or pek 952 69 63 323 28 do bro pek 1568 53 64 324 25 do pekoe 1250 49 65 325 18 do pek sou 972 39 66 Kelani 326 23 do bro pek 1035 47 bid 68 328 32 ch pekoe 2880 31 75 Koladeniya 335 10 do bro pek 950 31 76 336 9 do pekoe 765 26 77 337 12 do pek sou 960 22 79 I P 339 32 do pek sou 2560 23 80 Ingeriya 340 49 hf-ch bro pek 2220 40 81 341 31 do pekoe 148S 34 82 342 35 do pek sou 1760 27 96 Romania 356 17 do bro pek 1700 36 97 367 24 do pekoe 2400 28 98 358 9 do pek sou 900 24 119 Eilandbu 379 16 do bro pek 1600 35 120 Morankinde 380 16 do bro pek 1680 49 121 381 10 do pekoe 1805 36 122 382 U do pek sou 990 30 125 White Cross 385 33 do bro pek 3300 34 bid 126 Rayigam 386 24 do bro pek 2400 39 bid 127 387 30 do pekoe 2550 33 129 Sal awe 389 18 do unast 1800 18 bid [Mr. E. John.] Lot Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. c. 6 Meeriatenne 41 14 hf-ch bro pek 784 33 bid 1 43 22 do pekoe 1,100 25 12 Brownlow 53 26 ch bro or pek 2,470 65 bid 13 55 20 do or pek 1,800 49 14 67 22 do pekoe 1,760 42 hid 15 59 11 ch pek sou 880 36 19 RG 67 19 do bro or pek 1,235 34 bid 20 69 20 do bro pek 2,19 1 30 bid 21 71 17 do pekoe 1,615 27 bid 22 73 24 hf-ch pek fan 1,250 24 bid 23 Pdilakande 75 34 hf-ch bro pek 2,020 51 24 77 40 ch pekoe 3,615 33 1 hf-ch 25 79 41 ch pek sou 3,345 26 1 hf-ch 26 81 16 da bro pekfan 1,280 23 27 Dalhousie 83 41 hf-ch bro or pek 2,255 60 28 85 43 do pekos 2,365 36 31 St. John’s 91 28 hf-ch bro or pek 1 ,680 93 32 93 30 do or pek 1,.560 70 33 95 21 do pekoe 1,176 55 34 97 27 do pek sou 1,3-50 51 42 Laineliere 113 17 ch bro pek 1,830 59 43 115 17 do pekoe 1,-564 43 44 117 13 do pek sou 1.040 S4 46 Agra Ouvali 121 62 hf-ch bro or pek : -1,030 70 47 13 31 do or pek 1,705 68 48 125 11 ch pekoe 1 ,045 ■10 50 129 13 hf ch pek fan 1,066 30 52 Ivies 133 26 hf-ch bro 1 ek 1.300 46 bid 60 Marguei'ita 149 35 hf-ch bro or pek 1,960 67 61 151 IS do pekoe 900 47 67 Yakkabendi- kella 163 24 hf-ch bro pek 1.48S 36 68 165 26 do pekoe 1,196 33 69 167 28 do 1 ek sou 1,12 1 26 71 Rati Rajah 171 25 ch bro i ek 2,500 49 72 173 21 do pekoe 1,995 33 79 E 0 187 10 ch unassorted!, 000 28 bid 87 Glentilt 203 36 ch bro pek 3,()ro 56 bid 88 205 23 ch pekoe 2.300 43 89 Templestowe 207 9 ch bro or pek 945 54 90 209 14 do or pek 1,200 57 bid 91 211 29 do pekoe 2,465 45 92 213 13 do pek sou 1,040 34 95 Cleveland 219 14 hf-ch bro or pek 742 72 96 221 16 do or pek 720 53 97 223 22 do pekoe 1,100 45 101 Little Valley 231 35 ch bro pek 2,375 3) bid 102 K E 233 in ch or pek 2,720 34 bid 103 235 26 do bro pek 2,600 28 bid 104 Arratenne 237 14 ch bro pek 1,330 46 bid 10.5 239 13 do pekoe 1,10.5 33 bid 108 Glasgow 245 49 ch bro or pek 3,675 67 109 247 16 do or pek 960 53 HO 249 15 do pekoe 1,425 43 111 Maddagedera 251 30 ch bro nek 2,850 47 bid 112 Gampola 253 24 ch pek N 0. 2 2,280 out 114 Rondura 257 7 ch bro or pek 700 35 116 261 18 do pekoe 1,656 31 117 263 8 do pek sou 736 28 118 265 14 do souchong 1,260 23 119 267 8 do red leaf 720- 11 bid 123 Turi 275 18 ch bro pek 1,800 47 124 277 8 do pekoe 1 ,800 40 125 279 18 do pek sou 1,800 31 130 NorthPunduloya289 9 ch souchong 720 27 131 Eadella 291 21 ch bro pek 2,100 46 132 293 22 do 1 ekoe 1,980 83 133 295 13 'VO pek sou 1,040 28 140 Ettapolla 309 15 hf-ch pekoe 750 28 145 Ivanhoe 319 8 hf-ch pekoe 760 45 147 Tientsin 323 18 hf-ch bro pek 900 65 148 325 19 do or pek 855 61 149 327 •3 ch pekoe 1,170 46 154 Elston 337 16 ch pek souNo.2 l,'8il 31 155 339 20 hf-ch bro mix 1,400 26 [Messrs. Forbes & Walker.— 333,278 lb.] Lot. Box. rkgs. Name. lb. C. 1 Freds Ruhe 128 26 ch bro pek 2600 49 2 130 26 do pekoe 2340 35 3 132 9 do pek sou 810 29 4 W A 134 10 ch bro pek 1000 47 5 130 14 do pe ■ sou 1260 3b 10 M G 146 49 hf-ch pekoe No. 2 2695 53 13 Mousakel’e 152 10 ch bro pek 1100 64 14 154 14 do pekoe 1400 if, 18 Norton 162 9 do red leaf S50 'S 19 Kirindi and Woodthorpe 164 23 ch bro pek 2300 46 20 166 40 do pek^ 3400 35 21 168 23 do pek sou 1610 28 24 Monkswood 174 50 hf-ch bro or pek 2600 72 25 176 56 do or pek 2800 65 2 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. Lot . Box. Pk£;s. Name. lb. c. Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. C. 26 178 20 ch pekoe A 1820 69 209 Columbia 544 25 hf-ch bro pek 1500 61 27 180 25 do pekoe B 2275 59 210 546 27 do pekoe bro pek 1458 46 28 182 26 do pekoe C 2132 59 212 Ingurugalla 550 14 ch 1400 48 29 184 20 do pek sou E 1840 48 213 552 11 do pekoe 990 35 30 186 21 do pek sou F 1785 49 214 554 12 do pek sou 1080 29 31 188 12 do SOU 900 38 215 556 9 do SOU 810 26 32 190 11 hf-ch dust 825 24 217 ING 56^1 8 ch bro p^kfans 800 20 33 192 18 do or pek fans 1008 42 219 P 564 10 ch mixed tea 1100 6 41 Bickley 208 33 hf-ch bro pek 1650 61 220 Glencorse 566 26 ch bro pek 2600 43 42 210 34 do pek 1530 40 224 Fetteresso 574 24 hf-ch bro or pek 1200RI-07 43 Kirklees 212 24 do bro or pek 1440 54 225 570 38 do bro pek 2280 71 44 214 19 ch or pek I960 58 226 578 18 ch pekoe 1530 67 45 216 21 do pekoe 2100 44 227 580 v3 do pek sou bro pek 1725 51 46 218 17 do pek sou 1615 36 234 Kelaneiya 594 17 ch 1870 41) 48 High Forest 222 117 hf-ch bro or pek 6552 53 235 596 18 do pek 1800 37 49 224 54 do or pek 2700 52 237 600 12 ch bro or pek 1200 57 50 226 37 do pek 1850 49 238 602 20 ch or pek 1800 53 61 228 28 do pek sou 1260 42 239 604 11 do bro pek 1210 33 52 Ganapalla 230 26 ch bro or pek 2600 36 240 606 31 do pek 2945 40 53 232 22 do or pek 2112 46 241 608 8 do dust 1240 oo 54 234 39 do pekoe 3354 28 242 Dunkeld 610 41 hf-ch bro or pek 2460 57 55 236 33 do pek sou 2640 26 243 612 15 do pekoe 1425 43 66 Carberry 258 73 ch bro pek 6570 61 248 Maha Hapu 67 260 65 do pekoe 4950 33 gal la 622 18 hf-ch bro pek 900 28 bid 68 262 14 do pek sou 1260 31 251 Agra Oya 628 £ ch bro pek 900 a/ 69 264 11 do bro pek ban 1210 29 253 632 10 do pekoe 850 39 72 Penrhos 270 26 hf-ch or pek 130 ' 54 2-58 Horana 642 19 hf-ch bro pek 1160 out 73 272 26 do bro pek 1560 58 259 614 18 do pekoe 828 out 74 274 92 do pekoe 4600 38 260 Caxton 646 13 ch bro pek 1300 out 75 276 21 do pek sou 1050 32 261 648 18 do or pek 1800 out "6 278 13 do dust 975 23 263 Erlsraere 652 15 ch dust 1170 20 77 Stamford Hill 280 15 hf-ch flowery or 261 Shrubs Hill 654 39 ch bro pek 4017 52 pek 750 73 bid 265 656 24 do pek 1992 37 78 282 21 do or Pek 945 45 bid 266 658 15 do pek sou 1050 2f) 79 284 23 do pekoe 1035 36 bid 275 Sudbury 676 33 hf-ch bro pek 1815 out 80 Chesterford 286 27 ch bro pek 2700 56 276 678 19 do p koe 950 out 81 288 18 do pekoe 1800 36 282 C H 690 24 hf-ch pek dust 1920 20 82 290 18 do fans 1800 29 283 N 692 23 ch bro tea 2990 20 83 292 12 do fans 1080 31 284 Carlton 694 34 ch bro pek 2030 24 bid 85 Geragaina, 285 686 19 do pekoe 1900 26 bid 86 87 Invoice 19 296 298 300 30 21 8 ch do do bro pek pekoe pekoe scu 3000 1890 720 42 31 28 286 698 28 hf-ch pek sou 1415 23 bid 88 Geragama, Invoice 20 302 80 ch bro pek 3000 44 SMALL LOTS. 89 304 17 do pekoe 1530 31 90 306 9 do pek sou 810 28 100 Battawatt 326 30 ch bro pek 300C 55 [Messrs. A H. Thompson & Co.l 101 328 46 do pekoe 4600 43 102 Polatagaraa 330 10 do pek sou 1000 34 Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. 105 336 9 ch bro pek 765 37 106 338 18 do or pek 1530 54 1 A 1 6 ch bro pek 600 28 107 340 27 do pekoe 2160 37 3 3 2 do dust 280 10 108 342 34 do pek sou 2720 29 13 S’Ford 13 11 hf-ch SOU 495 24 109 344 23 do pek fans 2300 23 14 L 14 10 do bro pek 680 24 111 L 348 6 ch dust 840 12 28 D 28 6 ch SOU 540 9 112 Carlabeck 35U 7 ch pek sou 735 40 bid 29 Banawella 29 3 ch bro pek 300 46 114 E H 354 16 ch pek sou 1360 29 bid 30 30 5 do pekoe 425 31{bjd 115 356 13 hf-ch fans 871 27 31 31 3 do pek sou 2-0 26 116 358 8 do dust 720 15 32 32 1 hf-ch SOU 67 22 118 GO 362 27 ch SOU 2430 24 33 33 1 do dust 46 18 119 Oxford 364 14 ch bro or pek 1400 38 35 Hornsey 25 2 ch fans 170 18 120 366 37 ch oripek 2960 34 40 Reek Hill 40 2 ch SOU 148 13 122 Morland 370 10 ch pek 800 44 41 41 2 do dust 240 18 132 Drayton 390 24 hf-ch b 0 or pek 1440 60 42 42 5 do fans 550 26 134 394 24 do or pek 1200 55 43 43 1 hf-ch red leaf 46 7 135 386 28 ch pekoe 2380 41 136. 398 12 do pek sou 960 35 138 139 Harrington 402 404 23 23 ch do or pek , pekoe 2300 2185 61 42 [Messrs. Somerville & Co.] 143 144 New Peacock Grange Gar- 412 15 ch pek fans 1125 21 Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. C. dens^ ' 414 12 ch or pek 1320 53 2 G A Ceylon 262 6 ch red leaf 474 7 145 416 13 do pekoe 1300 41 10 Nugawella 270 8 hf-ch pek sju 680 27 15(5 C 438 11 ch SOU 1045 21 11 271 3 do dust 225 20 160 Weoya 446 25 ch bro pek 2500 38 16 Ankande 276 2 ch souchong 160 22 162 450 28 do pekoe 2240 33 17 277 3 do dust 240 19 163 452 17 do pek sou 1190 25 18 278 7 do unasst 630 30 164 454 5 do tea dust 700 IS 20 Deniyaya 280 1 ch bro pek 115 50 166 Queensland 458 9 ch bro or pek 810 62 22 282 7 do SOU 630 26 167 460 10 do bro pek 1000 73 23 D 283 3 do pek fans 330 30 168 462 27 do pek 2295 48 27 Ukuwella 287 2 hf-ch bro pek fans 140 21 169 464 10 do pek sou 850 39 31 Bogahagoda- 173 Patiagama 472 12 ci or pek 1085 48 watte 291 3 ch pek sou 270 24 175 Ookoowatte 476 12 ch bro pek 1200 39 32 202 1 do fans HO 20 176 478 10 do pek 900 33 34 TD 294 6 do pekoe 510 28 177 480 10 do sou bro pek 900 25 35 295 4 do pek sou 388 25 180 Errollwood 486 9 ch 946 67 36 296 3 do SOU 213 22 181 488 16 ch pekoe 1280 46 37 297 1 do fans 116 19 189 Ascot 504 26 ch bro pek 2470 47 41 Glenalla 301 3 do dust 450 17 190 506 31 do pekoe 2480 32 42 G W 302 7 do SOU 560 24 191 508 9 do pek sou 766 27 43 303 1 ch red leaf 85 7 195 Blairgowrie 516 8 ch or pek 736 68 44 304 4 hf-ch fans 240 25 197 620 11 ch pekoe 880 42 45 305 4 do dust 260 20 200 Talgaswila 526 45 ch bro pek 4050 46 46 H in est. mark 306 5 ch SOU 475 25 2 630 14 do pekoe 1260 32 47 306 2 do bro pek fans I6U 24 3 632 14 do pek sou 1260 29 48 307 1 hf-ch or pek fans 85 25 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. 3 Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. c. Lot. Box. Pkgs Name. lb. c. 52 Malvern 56 Ovoca A I 67 Kelani 69 70 71 Rosneath 72 7.3 Dartry 74 73 Koladeniya 53 Ingeriya 95 i 00 101 Wewetenne 102 103 104 114 S D M 115 116 117 118 123 Morankinde 124 128 Cotnar 130 Salawe 135 R V K 136 137 312 316 327 329 330 331 332 333 334 338 343 358 359 360 361 362 363 364 374 375 376 377 378 383 384 388 390 395 396 397 1 hf-ch 7 do 9 do 5 do 10 hf-ch 3 ch 3 do 8 do 4 hf-ch 2 ch 6 hf-ch 5 do 2 ch 2 do 8 hf-ch 5 ch 6 do 1 hf-ch 4 ch 7 do 4 do 1 do 1 do 1 do 1 do 15 hf-ch 1 ch 1 do 1 hf-ch 2 ch bro pek fans 70 dust 665 bro or pek 450 pek sou 450 bro pek fans 600 red leaf 270 dust 283 bro tea 640 dust 340 dust 240 dust 491 sou 445 dust 230 congou 190 bro pek 431 pekoe 430 pekaiOU 492 pek fans 50 bro pek 400 pekoe 665 pek sou 328 fans 100 congou 75 bro nek fans 100 dust 150 or pek 675 dust 160 bro pek 82 pekoe 50 pek sou 175 22 20 37 26 31 8 bid 18 23 18 18 21 7 18 14 33 24 18 bid 14 37 28 23 16 10 21 18 35 bid 16 24 18 out 11 12 15 16 17 22 23 34 47 56 57 58 64 65 70 71 84 91 92 103 104 110 113 117 121 123 124 125 126 127 Mousakelle Norton Kirindi and Woodthorpe Monkswood Kirklees Ganapalla G G K Chesterford K Battawatte Polatagama Carlabeck e H Morland YEW 148 3 hf-ch 150 6 do 156 2 ch 158 1 hf-ch 160 3 ch 170 4 ch 172 2 do 194 6 hf-ch 220 4 ch 238 8 ch 240 4 do 242 4 hf-ch 254 2 ch 256 2 ch 266 6 ch 268 4 do 294 3 ch 308 1 ch 310 1 do 332 2 ch 334 2 do 346 2 ch 352 8 hf-ch 360 2 ch 368 11 hf-ch 372 4 ch 374 1 hf-ch 376 1 do 378 6 hf-ch 380 7 do sou bro pek fans sou dust dust sou dust pek f .ns dust pek fans bro pek fans dust sou pek dust bro tea dust congou .sou dust bro pek fans dust dust bro pe fans red leaf bro pek pek sou dust fans bro or pek or pek 135 375 200 80 450 268 186 336 360 640 440 320 170 290 540 560 •240 100 170 200 200 300 640 142 550 320 80 66 275 315 30 27 26 18 20 24 18 30 21 18 ■20 18 20 17 23 19 20 21 19 27 19 19 30 9 58 28 ■20 27 49 50 128 382 12 do pekoe 540 40 129 384 6 do pek sou 300 31 [Mr. E. John.] 130 131 386 388 1 do 1 do bro tea dust 50 80 23 20 Lot. Box. Pk«s. Name. lb. e. 133 137 Drayton 392 400 6 hf-ch 3 do bro pek dust 360 255 44 20 1 A 31 1 ch pek sou 90 18 140 Harrington 406 2 ch pek sou 170 37 2 B 33 1 ch bro pek 90 31 141 408 2 do dust 240 25 3 C 35 1 ch bro pek 95 32 142 New Peacock 410 3 hf-ch bro mix 150 9 4 D 37 1 ch pek sou 85 21 146 Grange Gar- 5 W. H. R. in esate 39 3 ch dust 330 16 dens 418 2 ch SOU 188 26 mark 147 420 2 hf-ch dust 170 22 « Yapame 45 1 hf-ch dust 90 19 157 Pantiya 440 5 ch bro pek sou 400 1/ 9 47 5 do bro pekdust 400 25 158 442 3 do dust 450 18 10 49 1 do pek dust 85 17 159 Pingarawa 444 6 hf-ch dust 540 19 11 51 1 do congou 100 8 161 Weoya 448 7 ch or pek 595 4 16 Brownlow 61 7 ch souchong 560 31 165 Y 456 4 ch bro tea 400 17 17 63 7 hf-ch bro pek fans455 36 170 Queensland 466 1 ch red leaf 90 8 18 65 5 do pek fans 325 24 171 468 2 do dust 150 23 29 Dalhousie 87 5 hf ch pek sou 275 28 172 470 1 do bro pe fan 112 31 30 89 5 do fannings 375 -.2 174 Patiagama 474 2 ch pek sou 190 32 45 Lameliere 119 3 ch pek fans 252 24 178 Ookoowatte 482 1 hf-ch dust No. 2 90 1.5 49 Agra Ouvah 127 5 ch pek sou 475 39 179 484 4 do pek fans 51 131 3 hf-ch dust 303 20 No. 2 240 21 •62 Marguerita 153 6 hf-ch pek sou 300 35 182 Errollwood 490 8 ch pek sou 640 32 63 155 7 do fannings 455 30 183 492 1 do SOU 70 23 64 157 2 do dust 170 19 184 494 1 do bro pek fans 110 30 70 Yakkabendikellal69 3 hf-ch dust 270 19 185 496 3 hf-ch dust 2-25 21 78 Farm 185 3 hf-ch dust 234 20 186 Ookoowatte 498 1 hf-ch dust No. 1 90 18 80 E D 1P9 1 ch souchong 96 16 187 500 10 hf-ch pek fans 93 Templestowe 215 4 ch dust 660 No. 1 600 19 94 217 1 ch bro mix 100 8 188 502 3 do red leaf No. 1 270 8 98 Cleveland 225 10 hf-ch pek sou 480 49 192 Ascot 510 6 ch pek fans 690 26 99 227 3 do dust 2-25 24 193 512 4 do dust 600 20 100 229 5 do bro or pek fansSOO 34 194 514 4 do congou 34 18 106 Arratenne 241 8 ch pek sou 640 27 196 Blairgowrie 518 4 ch bro pek 248 35 107 243 1 do bro pek dust 100 35 198 522 3 do pek sou 228 30 113 Gampola 255 1 ch dust 100 17 199 524 1 do dust 132 19 115 Rondura 259 4 ch bro pek 400 40 201 Talgaswela 528 4 ch bro pek No. 2 440 32 120 269 4 do fannings 400 18 211 Columbia 548 8 hf-ch dust 640 21 121 271 5 do dust 500 17 216 I N G 558 8 hf-ch dust 600 ■20 122 Turin 273 2 ch bro or pek 220 32 218 662 5 ch red leaf 500 9 bid 126 281 1 do bro mix 100 11 228 B, in estate 127 283 1 hf-ch red leaf 55 7 mark 582 6 ch bro pek 540 33 bid 128 285 3 do dust 285 ’9 229 584 7 do pekoe 525 29 bid 129 N K 287 7 ch pek sou 560 21 230 X, in estate 139 Ettapolla 307 10 hf-ch bro pek 500 out mark 586 1 hf-ch bro pek 55 25 141 311 11 do pek .sou 550 23 231 588 1 do pekoe 50 16 142 313 3 do bro tea 150 22 232 590 1 do pek sou 22 10 143 315 2 do dust 104 18 233 592 1 do dust 56 15 144 Ivanhoe 317 13 hf-ch bro pek 650 50 236 Kelaneiya 598 1 ch SOU 100 26 146 321 7 do pek sou 630 36 244 Ambokka 614 1 ch 159 Tientsin 329 3 oh pek sou 270 36 2 hf-ch sou 200 21 161 331 2 hf-ch pek fans 160 18 245 616 2 ch bro mix 210 IS 152 Gampola 332 4 ch pek No. 1 380 59 246 KD W 618 3 ch bro pek 325 38 153 Lougbton 335 11 hf-ch pek dust 550 9 247 P 620 8 hf-ch bro pek 430 25 249 Maha Hapu- 624 15 hf-ch 675 gala pekoe 28 [Messrs. Forbes & Walker.] 250 252 Norton Agra Oya 6-26 630 2 ch 7 ch congou or pek 200 .595 10 53 Lot. Box. PkgS. Name. lb. C. 254 255 634 636 6 do 3 do pek sou bro mix 540 270 ■29 19 6 \VA 138 1 ch bro mix 100 10 256 638 1 hf-ch dust 80 20 7 M G 140 5 hf-ch bro pek 300 59 257 640 7 do fans 400 34 8 142 5 do or pek 275 60 262 Caxton 650 2 ch pek .sou 160 10 bid 9 144 11 do pekoe No. 1 550 56 267 Olahitaffoda 660 8 hf-ch or pek 448 40 1 CEYLON PEODUCE SALES LIST. Lot. Box. Pkgs. Kame. lb. C. 268 662 13 do pek sou 676 30 269 664 1 do unas No. 1 62 36 270 666 1 do unas ,, 2 30 36 271 608 1 do sou 60 25 272 670 5 do fans 328 30 273 672 2 do red leaf 86 8 274 674 3 do dust 233 18 277 .Sudbury 680 3 ch pek sou 240 22 bid CEYLON COFFEE SALES IN LONDON. {From Our Commercial Correspondent) Mincing Lane, Aug. 27, 1897. Closing Ceylon Coffee Sales on mail day, August 27th, 1897 : — Ship “Formosa,” Selling Brokers Messrs. Win. .Tas. & Henry Thompson, Mausagalla, A. mark, 4 cwt. 107s 6d; B, 12 104s; C, 3 95s Ocl; T. 65s; PB out, 5 ovtkr.s. 100s; T, 1 ovtkr. 61s. .Ship “Dalmatia”— OBEC in estate mark, Delmar, O, 1 hi. 115s; No. 1, 4 cwt. 108s; 2, 2 101s Od; PB 122s; T, 1 54s; sea dam. ovt. No. 1 fetched 88s 6d. Ceylon Cofifee Sales for week ending 27th August, 1897 Ship per ‘ Chin Proker.s selling Franks & Gauder mark was VRYE out, No. 1 out 110s; 2 out lOos 8 sold 9Ts 6d; PB fetched 121s; T, 70s; and 2 bags ovtkrs. 104s. CEYLON COCOA SALES IN LONDON. Per “China” — KAS&C'o., Coco.a, London, 60 at 67s 6d. Ex “Borneo” — Anniewatta, 17 at 77s 6d. Ex “Clan Campbell”— NDPS in estate mark, 20 at 67s: 2, 2 55s; 3, 7 60s; 4, 1 21s. Meegama, 22 at 60s; 2 at 59s; B fetched 58s. Ex “Lancashire” — Coodalgalla. 10 at 64s 6d; 5 at 60s; 2 at 68s Od; sea damd. 55s and Kepitigalla mark, 21 69s; 5 at 60s Od; 9 at 57s; 2 at 55s. Ex “Statesman”— Palli, 1, 124 bags out at 77s Od. Ex “Clan Campbell” - Bosebury, I, 60s; T, 58s 6d. Ex “Lancashire” — W, 51s; FOW, 5 69s 6d; B, 51s. Ex “Hyson”— Pa ndappa, 19 68.s. Ex “Borneo” — Marakona, 65s 6d, 2 5Ss; 3 m,ark 40s 6d. Dickeiia got 60s. Ex “Cheshire” — Mukalane, 1 38s, got 70s. OBSHRVER PRINTING WORKS. TEA, COFFEE, CINCHONA, COCOA, AND CARDAMOM SALES NO. 36. Colombo, September 27, 1897. COLOMBO SALES OF TEA. [Messrs. Lot. LARGE LOTS. A. H. Thompson Co.— 77,953 lb.] Box. Pkjj.s. Name. 1 Vogan 1 51 ch bro pek 2 o 47 do pekoe 2a 2 14 do pekoe 3 3 42 do pekoe sou 4 Agra Elbedde 4 41 hf ch bro or pek 5 5 37 do or pek 6 6 33 do pekoe 10 Sapitiyagodde L 1 0 10 ch or pek 12 12 10 do pekoe 13 13 9 do pek sou 18 Manickwatte 18 10 do pekoe 22 Sapitiyagodde H22 24 do or pek 23 23 17 do bro pek 24 24 11 do pekoe 25 25 17 do pek sou 26 29 29 hf-ch bro or pek 32 Nahaveena 32 20 hf-ch bro pek 38 U G E 88 25 do pek sou 39 B and D 39 6 ch dust 40 Mandara Newara 40 17 do bro pek 41 41 23 do bro pek 42 42 24 do pekoe 43 43 10 do pek sou 45 Warwick 45 28 hf-ch br o pek 46 49 21 do pek sou 50 Agarsland 50 19 hf-ch bro pek 61 51 19 do pekoe 52 53 Mousatellie 54 55 56 57 58 59 Myraganga 60 61 62 53 54 55 56 57 68 59 60 61 15 do 20 ch 20 do 19 do 18 do 40 do 36 do 21 ch 18 do 19 do 62 M C 62 10 do 2 do 64 BK 64 12 do 2 do (35 Bathalgalla 65 10 do [Mr, . E. John. Lot Box. , Pk-s. 4 Eadella 347 11 ch 5 349 7 do 7 Oonoogaloya 353 15 do 8 355 16 do 9 357 13 do 10 359 15 do 12 Digdola 363 19 do 13 365 10 do 14 367 10 do 16 Oakfield 371 7 do 17 373 9 do 20 Ardlaw and Wisbford 379 22 hf-ch 21 381 42 do 22 383 13 ch 25 Birnara 389 12 do 26 Cull Oden 391 2; do 27 Hacudu 393 32 do 28 395 11 do 29 Hiralouvah 397 9 do 30 396 21 do 31 401 21 do 36 Keenagaha Ella 411 16 1 lif-ch 37 413 10 ch 38 415 15 do 39 417 9 do 41 Ivies 421 26 hf-ch 42 423 20 do 43 425 16 do 47 Kanagama 433 28 ch 48 435 u do 56 Gampola 451 20 19 49 Agarsland 49 10 hf-cli or pek 530 50 63 M P 03 6 ch bro tea 540 9 bid 66 Balhalgalla 06 3 do fans 255 16 [Mr. E. John.] Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. C. 1 N O D in estmark 341 9 ch sou 675 25 2 343 3 hf-ch dust 240 17 3 345 4 do fannings 240 20 6 Eadella 351 4 ch red leaf 400 8 11 0 N 0 361 3 ch red leaf 270 8 15 IJigdoIa 369 3 d,j bro pek fans 270 23 18 Oakiield 375 5 do pek sou 390 31 19 377 1 hf-ch dust 90 17 23 A 385 4 ch fannings 460 3i 24 387 3 do bro mix 330 31 32 Hiralouv h 403 4 ch bro pek No 1 500 25 33 405 2 do sou 2U0 21 34 407 3 do pek fans 405 25 35 409 1 hf-ch dust 80 17 40 Keenagaha EUa 419 3 ch bro mix 310 25 44 Ivies 427 12 hf-ch 1 YO pek fan 6b0 28 45 429 5 do congou 200 22 46 431 4 do dust 300 18 49 Kanangama 437 8 ch pek sou 680 22 50 439 6 do pek fans 570 ?0 .51 441 6 do fannings 480 14 52 443 2 dj dust 2b0 16 52 445 1 do congou 80 12 54 Gampola 447 5 ch bro pek 475 35 55 449 3 do pekoe 240 37 69 Vincit 459 1 do dust 120 16 61 11 B D 461 7 hf-ch dust 595 15 62 MCT 463 5 do dust 400 18 63 465 7 do fannings 490 29 64 G T 467 4 do dust 380 17 t6 N 471 8 do dust 6U0 17 67 T G 473 3 do dust 210 IS 6b 475 1 ch bro mix 100 20 69 R 477 2 hf-ch dust 220 19 07 j79 1 ch congou 90 24 75 •SKR 489 1 hf-ch bro pek 42 56 76 49: 1 do pekoe 40 40 77 493 1 do dnst 37 IS 78 Allington 495 4 ch bro pek 400 36 bid 79 491 7 llo pekoe 630 25 bid 81 1 1 do dust 90 21 82 3 1 do congou 100 10 83 A namallai 5 1 lif-ch dust 85 17 87 Maskeliya 13 7 ch pek sou C30 36 88 15 6 hf-ch bro pek fans 300 30 89 17 3 do red leaf 210 8 90 SGA 11 4 do r.d leaf 220 9 Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. C. 93 Murraythwaite 25 4 cll pek fans 480 25 95 Ferndale 39 4 do pek sou 340 29 103 Henegama 45 8 hf-ch dust 600 17 104 27 2 do bro mix f20 16 119 Vincit 77 3 ch bro pek far s 300 22 120 Theresia 79 7 ch pek sou 630 34 121 81 7 hf-ch i)io pek fans 455 29 122 83 3 do dust 240 17 134 Goomerah 107 4 do dust 320 16 138 Sorana 115 7 ch bro pek fans 630 30 140 Heatherley 119 6 do pek sou 420 13 144 HF 127 2 do red leaf 150 8 [Messrs. Somerville & Co.] Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. C. 8 Bollagalla 8 1 do dust 90 16 9 9 1 ch red leaf 80 7 10 10 1 do bro tea 110 IS 17 H 17 3 hf-ch bro tea 150 11 )S 18 1 do dust 80 18 19 S 19 3 do bro tea 150 11 20 20 2 do do pekoe 570 29 56 56 4 do pek sou 360 25 57 67 4 do sou 340 22 58 58 1 do red leaf 85 8 69 59 2 do fans 190 15 60 St. Leys 60 2 ch bro mix 140 11 66 Kanasingliapa tana No. 1 66 4 hf-ch dust 360 IS 67 67 4 do bro pek fans 280 22 68 68 5 do pek fans 350 20 72 C F, in estate mark 72 1 ch bro mix 130 23 73 73 1 hf-ch do to 21 74 74 1 do dust 85 18 76 Yspa 76 2 ch bro mix 180 12 85 White Cross 85 2 hf-ch dust 160 17 86 86 2 do fans 130 22 87 Maligatenne 87 4 ch bro pek 360 34 88 88 4 do pekoe 345 25 89 89 () do pek sou 472 16 90 90 7 l. o unas 630 12 91 91 4 du bro sou 340 8 92 92 1 do dust 111 13 93 Alpitikande 9-i 5 ch pek sou 400 26 91 94 3 do fans 336 21 bid 97 Mahatenne 97 3 ch pek sou 285 24 98 98 1 do dusD 100 19 99 99 1 do red lejf 170 8 107 Madultenne 107 7 ch fans 630 25 bid 108 108 3 do dust 210 IS 113 Bidbury 113 1 do red leaf 90 8 114 Deniyagam.r 114 11 hf-ch bro pek 660 34 bid 117 117 7 ch sou 595 9 118 118 1 do dust 148 16 123 R 123 4 ch red leaf 385 8 124 12 1 4 do 1 hf-ch fans 450 11 123 125 *2 ch dust 180 17 131 Penrith 131 1 ch pek fans 125 21 132 132 1 do fans 90 17 133 133 2 do dust 340 16 139 T 139 1 do bro pek 100 29 140 ft.'ahagoda 140 5 ch bro pek 5U0 31 bid 145 Olenalla 145 4 ch bro mix 360 16 146 146 3 do dust 4-50 16 147 G W 147 0 ch sou 480 2.5 148 148 1 do red leaf 92 S 149 149 3 hf-ch fans ISO 24 150 150 3 do dust 204 21 151 F A,*, in estate mark 151 2 ch dust •240 21 4 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name, lb. 152 Annandale 1.52 5 ch pek sou 250 153 153 6 do fans 390 154 154 4 do dust 328 155 155 1 do sou 56 157 Eva’golla 157 6 ch bro pek 600 160 160 4 do pek sou 360 168 Elukettia 168 2 do unas 152 169 169 1 do sou 86 170 170 2 do bro mix 170 173 Ritni, in estate mark 173 1 hf-ch dust 80 174 H JS 174 3 do bro pek 180 175 175 4 do pekoe 240 176 176 10 do pekoe sou 600 177 177 3 do fans 150 178 178 2 do dust 120 179 179 7 do red leaf 350 187 Hagalla 187 8 Iif-ch or pek 440 [Messrs. Forbes & Walker.] Lot. Box. . Pkgs. Name. lb. 4 Kosgalla 706 5 hf-ch unassorted 250 5 »08 1 do fan 56 6 \V, in estate m'k 710 4 ch pek 400 7 712 1 ch red leaf 100 8 Jambugaha 714 3 hf-ch br pek 180 9 716 3 hf-ch pek 165 10 718 13 hf-ch pek sou 650 11 720 12 hf-ch sou 596 12 722 2 hf-ch dnst 150 13 D 724 ’0 hf-ch bro pek 5oO 14 726 10 hf-ch pek 500 15 G. in estate m’k 728 5 ch bro pek 500 16 730 6 ch pek 600 17 732 6 ch pek sou 600 18 7-.i5 3 ch bro mixed 300 19 Avoca 736 2 ch pek sou j bro pek fan 200 20 738 4 hf-ch 328 21 0. R. 740 2 ch bro pek 144 22 742 2 h-ch pek 112 23 744 2 hf-ch pek son 110 24 746 1 ch sou 105 25 748 2 ch pek fan 226 26 Great Valley — Ceylon- 750 12 hf-ch bro or pek 600 29 756 2 ch fan 120 30 758 3 ch dust 240 34 Meddetenne 766 3 ch bro pek fan 330 35 768 1 ch bro pek dust 140 40 Erlsmeie 778 6 ch unassorted 600 44 Deaculla 786 5 hf-ch dnst 400 45 Opalgalla 788 5 ch dust 620 57 Hayes 812 3 hf-ch bro or pek 150 62 822 9 hf-ch fa linings 540 64 Tavalamtenne 826 6 ch pekoe 630 65 838 1 hf-ch dust 50 69 Waitalawa 836 12 hf-ch pek sou 606 70 858 3 hf-ch dust 270 75 Knaves'! ire 818 10 hf-ch fan 660 80 Passara Group 858 1 ch dust 100 81 860 2 ch fans 200 92 B E 882 3 hf-ch f n 2-?5 95 Torrington P 888 28 boxes bro or pek 560 101 900 2 ch red leaf 150 105 Dehiowita 9,)8 8 ch cong u 680 109 St- Helen 916 10 hf-ch fans 600 no Kakiriskande 918 2 ch bro pek 200 112 922 3 ch bor tea 350 1 hf-c'i 113 924 2 ch bro tea No. 227 1 hf-ch 2 114 926 1 do rek dust 84 119 Maha Uva 936 3 ch dust 270 120 938 3 do pel. fan 225 132 Ruanwella 962 6 ch fannings 660 133 961 6 do dust 480 137 Galkadua 972 1 do (lust 125 138 974 1 do congou 80 139 976 3 do Mannings 275 140 Nonpareil 978 5 hf-ch bro pek 290 141 980 4 do pekoe 200 142 082 n do pek sou 506 153 Ton.acombe 1004 7 hf-ch dust 630 154 Glenrho" HOG 1 cli bro mix 80 158 Galphele 1014 9 hf-ch pek sou 450 159 Macaldt niya 1016 8 do or pek 40o 160 ion 3 do bro pek 175 101 1020 9 do pekoe 450 102 1922 11 do pek sou 550 163 U24 1 do sou 50 164 1020 1 do dust 80 1»5 1028 1 ch bro tea 60 167 Pfitiagfi m.a 1032 2 ch pek sou 180 173 Vellaioya 1044 3 do bro or pek 324 Lot, Box, Pkgs. Name. lb. C. 174 1046 3 ch dust 360 20 180 Arapolakan de 10.58 3 ch dust 345 17 181 Oxford 1060 2 ch bro or pek 2. 0 34 182 1062 4 hf-ch or pek 180 45 183 1064 4 ch pekoe 320 32 185 1068 6 hf-ch pek fans 390 19 189 IVeyunga- wa tte 1076 •2 ch pek sou 190 23 190 1078 2 hf-ch du.st 160 17 200 sss 1098 5 ch red leaf 430 10 201 1100 3 do bro tea 294 25 207 Thedden 1112 fi ch pek sou 510 25 208 1114 1 do sou 100 8 bid 209 1116 1 do dust 150 17 213 M’Tenne 1124 10 hf-cli fans 606 10 ■218 Polatagama 1134 1 do bro or pek 96 51 225 1148 2 do dust 300 17 226 B, in estate mark 1150 6 ch bro pek 540 35 230 Frogmore 11.58 4 hf ch pekoe 160 33 231 1160 1 do pek dust 80 20 235 AS 1168 4 ch 1 hf-ch fans No. 2 478 7 236 IITO 1 ch 1 hf-ch pek fan 210 7 237 1172 5 do mixed 420 7 240 A 1178 3 ch pekoe 364 12 243 Horagaskelle 1184 8 hf-ch bro pek 476 32 •244 1186 7 d . pekoe 364 24 245 1188 10 do pek sou 568 23 246 1190 1 do dust 82 14 247 1192 3 do bro mix 186 9 ■249 Glencorse 1196 4 ch bro or pek 4C0 -26 252 1-202 3 do pek fans 345 -21 258 Stafford 1214 3 ch bro or pek 330 77 2.59 1216 3 do or pek :-0'> 69 260 1-218 6 do pekoe 540 68 261 1220 1 do pek sou 90 45 264 Morankande 1-2-26 4 ch pek S'ju 380 26 bid 265 Ekolsund 1228 5 ch pek sou 450 .25 bid 266 OL 1230 2 ch pek sou 210 19 271 A 1240 2 ch dust 280 18 276 Essex 1-250 2 ch dust 300 18 277 Hethersett 1-252 3 ch pek fans 255 22 278 Chapleton 1254 4 ch dust 377 21 232 B 1-262 2 ch dust 280 17 283 Wolleyfield 1264 2 ch bro pek 240 39 1 hf-ch 284 1-266 5 ch pekoe 475 -29 285 1268 3 do sou 240 20 286 1-270 2 do fans 220 18 296 Lochiel 1290 34 boxes bro or pek 646 56 299 1296 2 ch pek sou 170 SO 300 1298 1 do dust 140 17 304 Nahaveena 1306 7 hf-ch dust 525 20 305 1308 1 do congou 50 24 CEYLON CINNAMON SALES IN LONDON. Ex “Port Chalmers’’— DMA&C in estate mark, Ekelle Plantation, 5 bales lOJcl; 2i at lOil; 14 at 9]d; 6 at 9d; 2 at Sjd. Ex “Clan Fraser’’— JL, Ekelle in estate mark, 4 bales at lOJd; 15 at lOfd. Ex “Clan Macrae’’— CHde.S, Kandevalle, 5 bales 10]d; 15 at lOd; 12 at 9jd; 2 at 9d. ChdeS, Rjitmalane, S ac lid; 8 at lOjd: 6 at lOd; 1 at 9d. CHdeS, Koottaria- valle, 1 at lid; 5 at 10Jd; 3 at Od; 1 at 9d. CHdeS, Rustoom, 2 bales at lljd; 5 at lOj 3 at 9]d. CHdeS, DKW in estate mark, 1 bale Ujd 2 at 10§d; 2 at 9]d; 2 bag.s broken and cuttings 9d. Ex “Benledi”— ClldeS, Rustoom, C bales lid; 11 at lOjd; Gat 30d;lat9]d. CHdeS, Morotto, Sbaleslljd; 6atip|d; Gat lOd; 1 at 9jd; .5 at 9d. Ex “Pyrrhus” CHdeS, Kandevalle, G bales lid; 15 at 10]d; 7 at lOd; 1 at 9]d. CHdeS, Ratmalane, G bales lljcl 10 at 10|d; 8 at lOd; 2 at 9d, CHdeS, Koottariivalle, 6 bales ll]d: 6 at lid; 4 at Klfd; 5 at lOd. CHdeS. Kade- rane, 3 bales ll^d; 7 at 10]d; 5 at lOd; 1 at 9d. CHdeS, Bagatelle, 2 bales 11 Jd; Sat 10]d; 7 at lOd; 2 at 9d; 1 at Is Id; 1 at lid; 1 at lOJd; 1 at 9|d. Ex “Balmoral”— GARI in estiite mark, 25 bales 9|d; 12 at 9d; 7at8id. Ex “Ixion”— P, Kadinana, Ekelle Plantation, 2 bales lljd; 4 at loid; 3 at lOd; 1 at 9d. R in estate mark, 3 at lljd; 6 at lO.Jd 6 at lOd; 1 1 at 9^d; 1 at 8Jd. Ex “Kanagawa Rlaru” — R, Kadiriiiia Plantation, G bales lljd; 22 at lOi-d; 5 at 10; 11 at 9‘-d. 7 at 9d. Ex “Oceana”— ASGP in estate mark, Kadirana, 5 bales Is 7d; 22 at Is 5d; 4 at Is 4d; 6 at Is 2d; 24 at Is; 12 at lid; f, at lOid 7 at 9d 1 box overtakers broken 9|; 6 bags clippings 9d. c. 32 25 20 30 47 25 24 16 15 19 46 33 28 21 18 8 45 C. 25 22 34 9 27 26 24 19 8 41 22 25 24 20 22 39 29 24 20 16 12 10 76 bid 29 20 20 18 30 19 18 66 30 36 18 29 19 21 17 18 18 60 bid 9 12 18 39 24 18 16 19 25 23 18 17 15 21 72 57 39 19 16 30 68 41 54 47 31 18 14 29 30 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. 5 Ex “China” — A GP in estate mark, Kaclirana, 6 bales Is lOd; 6 at Is 6d; 5 at Is 5d; 9 at Is 4d 2 at Is 2d; 9 at Is; 17 at lid; 7 at 9d; 1 box overtakerl broken at 10|d; I bag broken pieces iOid; 4 bags quillings lud. Ex “Shropshire” — JDSR in estate mark, Kadirana, 17 bales Is 3d; 13 at Is 2d; 3 at Is Id; 2 ^ t Is; 1 bag over- takers broken 10|d. JRKP in estate mark, 9 bales Is; II at lid; 11 at lOd; 4 at 9d; 1 bag overtakers broken lOd. Ex “China” — FSWS in estate mark, Kadirana, 6 bales Is 4d; 13 at Is 2d; 1 parcel at Is 2d; 10 bales Is Id; 4 at lO^d; 4 bales 1 pa, reel at ind; 2 bales 9d; 1 bag overtakers broken at lOjd. FSWS, North Kadirana, 5 bales Is 4d; 10 at Is 2d; 7 at Is Id; Sat lOd; 1 at 9d; 1 bag evertakers broken at lOJd. FsK, Kadirana, 5 bales Is 3d; 13 at Is 2d; 15 at Is; 10 at lOd; 11 at 9d; 6 at 9Jd; 1 box overtakers broken 10.|d. Ex “Lancashire” — .JDSR in estate mark, Kadirana, 12 bales Is 3d; 12 at Is 2d; 3 Is 3d; 7 at Is Id; 2 at lid; 1 bag overtakers broken at lO^d. Horahena estate, JDSR, in estate mark, Kadirana Plantation, 5 bales 1 parcel Is 2d; 4 bales 1 parcel Is Id; 1 bag ove takers broken 10§d. .TRKP in estate mark, 19 bales Is; 15 : t 10|d; 7 at lOd; 3 at 9d; 1 bag overtakers broken at 10|d. J in estate mark, Kadirana, 3 bales lljd; 4 atlOjd; 2 at 9|d; 1 at9d; 1 bag overtakers broken at 10|d. JDSR in estate mark, Kadirana, 1 bag pieces lO^d; 16 clippings lOJd; 32 chips at 3id: 26 3|d. Ex “Clan Maclean”— ASD DD in estate mark, Kadiiana Plantation, 10 bales 11 jd. Ex “Bullionist”— DB&Co. (174) in estate mark, 20 bags 3d; 80 at 2 15-16ths Ex “Clan McNeil”— NDPS in estate mark, Ekelle Planta- tion, 10 bales lOd; 12 at 9id; 42 at lOd; 128 at 9id. Ex “Conch”— VB (74) in estate mark, Ekelle Plantation, 26 bales lOd; 4 at 9kl. Ex “Clan VlcNeil”— AP&Co in estate mark, 3 bales 9Jd; 2 at 9d; 3 at 8|d; 2 at 8d. Ex “Port Chalmers”— AP&Co. in estate mark, 6 par cels 8|d. CI’SCltVKU PUINTI.NG W'OPKS TEA, COFFEE, CINCHONA, COCOA, AND CARDAMOM SALES NO. 37. Colombo, October 4, 1897. Price : — 12J cents each 3 copies 30 cents ; 6 copies J rupee. COLOMBO SALES OF TEA. Lot. Box, Pkgs. Name. lb. c. 104 16 43 Cll pekoe 3870 46 LARGE LOTS. 105 IS 17 do peic sou I860 41 106 St. Heliers 20 in do fans lOOO 21 307 22 28 hf-ch bro or pek 1428 oo [Messrs. A. H. Thompson Co.- -35,945 lb.] 108 109 24 26 16 9 ch do pekoe pek sou 1440 810 37 32 tiot. Box. Pk"s. Name. lb. c. 110 G D M, in <»st. ch pek sou mark 28 2400 20 bid 3 Delge 3 12 ch hro pek 1-2-24 28 113 Battawatte 34 •26 ch bro pek 2SOO 57 4 4 15 do pekoe 1560 25 114 36 22 do pek 2-200 46 g 5 15 do pek sou 1575 20 115 38 8 do pek sou 800 38 6 L B K, m estate 118 Garapaha 44 22 ch bro or pek 2-200 60 mark 6 9 ch fans 783 15 119 46 30 do or pek 2700 53 bid 7 7 10 do bro mix 1000 8 120 48 16 do pekoe 1600 49 8 8 11 do dust 1055 10 bid 121 50 24 do pek sou 2160 42 18 Mapitigama 18 17 ch hro pek 1955 45 1-22 Kirklees 52 23 hf-ch bro or pek 1600 56 19 19 21 do pekoe 1890 31 123 54 25 ch or pek 2500 58 20 .20 8 do pek sou 720 29 1-24 56 24 do pekoe 2400 46 26 St. Clive 26 10 hf-ch pek dust 750 16 bid 125 58 21 do pek sou 1995 36 29 Kalkande 29 15 hf-ch pekoe 750 37 133 M A 74 14 ch bro tea 1120 21 134 COE B 76 9 hf-ch dust 720 16 bid 137 82 11 ch pek sou 1100 34 [Messrs. Forbes & Walker.— 257,911 lb.] 144 145 DBA 96 98 8 7 ch do or pek pekoe 800 721 34 25 Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. c. 146 147 100 102 13 hf-ch 9 do fans dust 793 7-20 •26 16 1 MK 1310 9 ch bro mix 824 10 bid 150 Dromoland 108 8 ch pekoe 701 35 5 M KS 1318 7 ch pekoe 700 7 bid 151 110 10 do pek sou 868 30 8 Rockside 1324 18 ch bro mix 1800 19 1.54 Castlereagh 116 12 ch bro pek 1200 55 9 1326 10 do dust 1500 18 155 1 8 22 do or pek 1870 48 10 1328 7 do bro pek far 910 22 136 120 12 do pekoe 960 41 11 St. Edwards 1330 •20 hf-ch bro pek 1.560 43 157 1-22 8 do pek No. 2 720 £2 12 1332 17 do pekoe 935 33 164 Poiatagaraa 136 16 ell bro pek 1360 40 18 Great Valley 16.5 138 12 do or pek 1020 55 Ceylon, in est 166 140 15 do pekoe 1200 37 mark 1344 16 hf-ch or pek 8f0 64 167 142 23 do pek sou 1840 31 19 1346 17 oh pekoe 1530 46 168 144 16 do fans 1600 32 20 1348 12 do pek sou 1080 35 169 146 8 do pek fans 7-20 25 24 Dunbar 1356 15 hf-ch bro or pek 750 52 173 Ella Oya 154 11 ch pek sou 1265 36 25 1358 26 do or pek 1118 54 174 Cliesterford 156 33 ch bro pek 23C0 5S 26 1360 18 ch pekoe 1260 45 175 158 27 do pekoe 2700 40 20 JTunukattia, 176 160 21 do pek sou 2100 32 Ceylou in estate 177 162 12 do fans 1080 31 mark 1368 30 hf-ch bro or pek 1500 55 179 166 17 do dust 1-275 16 bid 21 1.^0 12 ch pekoe lOSO 40 180 Geragama 168 28 ch bro pek 2800 43 bid 32 Bambodde 1372 29 hf-ch or pek 1595 47 181 170 16 do pekoe 1440 35 23 1374 22 do pekoe 1100 43 183 M W 174 31 ch pekoe 3300 12 34 1376 17 do pek sou 765 33 184 176 19 do pe^ sou 1710 8 40 Oalapitakan- 185 178 13 do fans 1495 14 de 1388 17 ch bro pek 1700 52 186 180 8 ch 41 1390 23 do pekoe 2300 37 1 hf-ch bro pek 8.37 10 44 Sunnycroft 1396 10 ch pek sou 1000 33 187 182 13 do dust 1105 10 47 Naseby 1402 26 hf-ch bro pek 1430RI-00 190 E S 188 8 ch 48 1404 17 do pekoe 850 74 1 hf ch pekoe 765 •28 49 1406 B do dust 765 41 192 19-2 14 do dust No. 1 1190 14 21 Tymawr 1410 35 hf-ch bro pek 1750 67 193 Augusta 194 30 ch or pek 30CO 44 22 1412 24 do pekoe 108 1 44 194 196 16 do bro pek 1760 34 53 1414 35 do pek sou 1.575 33 195 198 2i do pekoe 2185 34 57 Farnham 1422 21 hf-ch bro pek 1260 60 196 200 9 do pek sou 810 30 58 1424 20 do or r>ek 1000 59 199 Erracht 206 32 ch bro or pek 28S0 42 59 14-26 25 do pekoe 1375 45 200 203 34 do or pek 2584 53 60 1428 SO do pek sou 13 0 34 201 •210 23 do pekoe 1725 34 62 Errollwood 1432 8 ch bro pek 840 66 202 212 20 (lo fans 1800 £8 63 1434 19 do pekoe 1520 46 204 Doonevale 216 14 ch bro pek 1-260 40 66 Monkswood 1440 14 hf-ch bro or pek 700 86 205 Drayton 218 15 hf-cli hro or pek 91.0 67 bid 67 1442 20 do or pek 1000 68 206 220 17 do or pek 850 64 68 1444 24 ch pekoe 1968 66 208 2-24 22 ch pekoe 1870 47 69 1446 17 do pekoe scu 1445 .53 209 226 9 do pek sou 7-20 38 70 VVV RA 1448 7 ch mix tea 700 26 213 Sudbury 234 31 lif-ch bio pek 2040 29 bid 7fi St. Helen 1460 33 hf-ch bro pek 1485 50 214 236 •24 ch pek 2H2 29 hid 77 1462 48 do pekoe 2160 32 215 238 60 do pek .sou 5075 25 bid 80 Morankan le 1468 16 ch bro pek 1600 47 26 XXX 240 21 ch 81 3470 17 do pekoe 1700 35 1 hf-ch pek sou 2"-60 18 hid 82 1472 11 do pek sou 1100 31 217 Cabrawatte 242 54 hf*ch pek fans 3780 19 bid 84 Eillarney 1476 39 lif-ch bro or pek 2340 64 218 Pambagaina 244 10 hf-ch dust 9o0 15 85 1478 20 ch or pek 1600 61 219 246 15 ch conijou 1330 •:2 86 14S0 8 do pekoe 7-20 47 220 248 20 ch fiin 2-200 15 87 1482 8 do pek sou 8t)0 42 2-21 B.'iiidara 88 1484 7 do dust 700 17 Eliva 250 36 lif-ch or pek 1800 51 89 Ganapalla 1480 26 ch bro or pek 2600 37 2-22 .Suriawatte 252 14 ch bro pek 1I-2C s 90 1488 20 do or pek 19-20 51 223 254 10 do pekoe 8-30 •2 1 bid 91 1490 39 do pekoe 3354 33 224 Caxton 256 12 ch hro or pek 1-200 45 92 1492 34 do pek sou 2720 28 2-25 238 16 do pekoe 1360 36 Md 96 G P M, in est. 2-26 Kandy 260 29 ch bro pek ; 900 44 hid mark 1500 25 hf-ch bro or pek 1400 71 227 26-2 24 do pekoe 2160 35 bid 97 2 16 do or pek 800 71 228 .Scrubs 264 16 ch pek sou 1120 32 bi l 98 4 32 do pek 1792 52 229 Stamford Hill 266 14 hf-ch . flowery or 99 6 22 do pek sou 1210 45 pek 700 85 100 8 15 do fans 1245 28 230 268 19 do or pek 855 50 101 Ragalla 10 6 ch fans 840 18 231 270 23 do pekoe 1035 44 102 Deliigalla 12 38 do bro or pek 3=00 51 bid •232 Mount H^rry 272 16 hf-ch bro pek 800 43 103 14 8 do bro pek 880 41 233 C 274 13 do dust 936 •20 2 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST, Lot. Box. Pkss. Name. lb. 234 Q 276 13 hf-ch du.st 1180 235 Rowley 278 43 do bro pek 2150 236 2S0 26 do pek 1800 238 P 284 10 hf ch dust 875 [Messrs. Somerville & Co.— 112,110. Lot. Box. PICKS. Name. lb. 1 Marigold 201 50 lif-ch bro pek 3190 2 202 28 do pekoe 1568 3 203 17 do pek .sou 918 4 204 14 do bro pek fan S 966 0 Meddegoda 206 .59 do bro pek 2950 7 207 17 ch pekoe No. 1 1445 8 208 18 do pekoe 1530 9 209 10 do pek sou 850 10 210 21 hf-ch dust 1260 1 Horagoda 211 8 ch bro pek 800 212 15 do pekoe 1275 15 Harangalla 215 12 do pek sou 1080 38 Lcnach 218 42 hf-ch bro pek 2310 9 219 26 cli l>ekoe 2080 21 Yarrow 221 41 hf-ch Pro pek 2255 22 222 51 do pek 2.550 25 Ukuwella 225 20 ch bro pek 2000 26 226 17 do pekoe 1700 27 227 15 do pek sou 1500 29 Invery 229 26 hf-ch bro pek 1508 ) 30 230 23 ch pekoe 220S 1 31 231 10 do sou 900) 33 Forest Hill 23:V 18 do bro pek 1710 4 234 20 do pekoe 1800 36 Paradise 236 13 hf-ch bro pek 715 37 237 11 ch pekoe 1100 38 238 9 do pek sou 8'5 40 P 240 14 do unast 1400 44 Para dise 244 11 do pekoe 1100 47 Hapugasmulle 247 11 do bro pek 1210 48 248 16 do pekoe 1520 57 Sirisande 257 16 do bro pek 1600 58 258 14 do pekoe 1330 59 259 10 do pek sou 809 63 Ukuwella 263 13 do bro pek 1300 64 264 13 do pekoe 1300 65 265 12 do pek sou 1200 68 PTN in est mark 268 16 hf-ch pek sou 800 69 Lyndhrust 269 27 do pro pek 1350 70 270 24 do pekoe 1980 71 271 57 do pek sou 2565 72 272 17 do bro mix 762 73 273 18 do congou 810 75 275 23 do dust 1955 70 Depedene 276 32 hf-ch bro pek 1700 77 277 33 do pekoe 1650 78 278 18 do pek sou 900 80 Acoya 280 42 do pek sou 2100 X D V 283 33 do pek sou 1670 oo 85 Hapugahalande 285 35 ch bro pek 3500 286 36 do pekoe 3240 oo 287 27 do‘ pek sou 2430 9/ ST ill est mark 288 25 hf-ch pek sou 12 0 o3 North Alatale 289 40 ch bro pekoe 4000 O!^ 290 33 do pek 2805 201 23 do pek sou 1955 '13 Olenalla 293 30 do bro pek 3090 201 Eilat enne 302 42 ch bro pek 46-20 [Mr. E. John.- -109,4651b.] Lot Box. Plcgs. Name. lb. f) J M R 137 9 ch ' pekoe OfiO 10 Oonavy 147 15 do pek sou 1080 13 Rondura 153 13 do bro or pelt 1430 15 157 9 do pekoe 828 16 159 9 do pek sou 828 18 163 11 do bro tea 1045 20 Ottery 107 18 do bro I ek 1800 21 169 23 do or pek 1955 22 171 29 do I'ekoe 2610 25 Urv 177 23 do or pek 2300 26 179 28 do bro pek 3080 27 181 56 do pekoe 6600 28 183 17 do pek sou 1700 S, ill e.stmark 187 10 do sou 700 31 Nuhavilla 195 24 do bro pek 2400 35 197 31 do pekoe 3100 ::6 im ]1 do pek sou 1100 38 Puilakande 203 17 hf-ch bro pek 1020 3» 205 10 Oil pekoe 1440 40 207 15 do pek sou 1200 4) M B O 29P 25 do pekoe 2000 42 211 ■20 do pek fans 1600 Lot. Box. Pk-gs. Name. lb. C. 46 Ivies 219 17 hf-ch pek sou 765 29 54 Anchor, in est. mark 2.35 27 hf-ch bro or pek 1350 66 55 237 20 ch pekoe 1600 44 56 DickapitUa 239 22 do bro pek 2200 58 57 241 27 do pekoe 2700 44 58 243 9 do pek sou 900 38 63 Koslande •253 20 hf-ch bro or pek IICO 55 64 2.L5 24 do or pek 1200 65 65 257 32 ch pekoe 2880 46 66 259 ]U do pek sou 950 45 70 Gla.sgow 267 46 do bro or pek 3450 67 71 209 10 do or pek 960 54 72 271 14 do pekoe 1330 50 73 Claremont 273 32 hf-ch bro or pek 1760 40 77 Margnerita 281 27 do bro or pek 1512 60 79 285 21 do pek sou 1050 41 83 Razeen 293 22 ilo pekoe 1'210 39 80 Kondura 299 24 ch pekoe 2'2i'8 31 hi 87 M 301 9 do dust 1400 8 hi 91 Tientsin 3i‘9 12 do pekoe 108 i 47 94 W N A 315 •-8 hf-ch pek sou 1400 •20 bid 97 Elston 321 13 ch pe sou No.2 1040 34 99 Ben Nevis 325 19 hf-ch or pek 855 56 100 327 14 ch pekoe 1120 46 lul Z O E, in est. - in.ark 329 40 hf-ch pek sou 2000 17 bid 102 Vatapana 331 3 fh 14 hf-ch bro pek ICOO out 106 Maha Hapu- galla 339 9 ch pekoe 810 withd’u 108 Nana 343 27 hf-ch pek sou 1359 20 bid 112 Meeriabedde 351 10 ch bro mix lltO 20 113 Kotuagedera 353 25 do bro pek 2500 45 114 355 23 do pekoe 2185 35 110 E D 359 10 do unas lOOO 31 SMALL LOTS. [Messrs. A. H. Thompson vV Co.] Lot. Box. PkKs. Naii.e. lb. c. L'gieside 1 2 ch dust 179 16 2 2 4 do bro mix 420 18 17 P 17 6 ch pek sou 415 13 bilk 21 Mapitigama 21 5 do congou 450 22 22 22 1 do dust 160 14 23 Springwood 23 2 ch bro mix 20i» 10 27 Kalkande 27 4 hf-ch bro or pek 200 50 ■28 28 11 do bro pek 550 47 30 30 9 do pek sou 450 30 31 31 6 CO fans 360 30 32 32 6 do dust 420 16 33 33 9 do SOU 450 23 34 Ratnatenne 34 r, ch bro pek 450 40 35 35 7 do pekoe 630 29 [MES.SRS. FoRBE.S Lot. Bo.v. PlcKs. & Walker.] Name. lb. 9 M K 1312 4 ch bro tea 370 6 3 1314 7 do red leaf 621 8 4 M K S 1316 2 ch bro pek 207 12 (5 ISIO 1 do dust 140 10 7 132'2 1 do congou iOO 13^ 13 •St. Edwards 1334 6 hf-ch pek sou 330 25 14 1) E W 1336 2 ch dust 156 17 15 j338 5 do bro mix 350 9 21 Great Valley, Ceylon, in est. mark 1369 2 ch pek fans 102 52- 22 1352 2 do fans 130 34 23 1354 2 hf-ch dost 160 19 27 Dunbar 1362 2 ch pek sou 150 25 28 D B R 1304 4 hf-ch dust 260 17 29 1366 1 ch bro mix 74 22 35 Rambodde 1378 1 hf-ch fans 9J 18. 42 Galapitakaii- de 1392 6 ch pek sou 600 30 43 1394 2 do dust 180 17 45 Sunnvcroft 1398 3 ch congou 300 26 46 1400 4 do dust 600 14 50 R L D 1108 4 ch fans 332 12 64 Tymawr 1416 3 hf-ch SOU 150 23 55 1418 4 do bro pek dust 28(! 19 56 1420 1 do dust 74 17 01 Eariih''m 1430 3 hf-ch fans 225 28- 64 Errollwood 1430 8 eh pek sou 640 33 66 1438 1 do bro pek fans 110 •27 71 W V R A 14.50 3 do dust 300 1& 2 1452 2 do fans 180 13 c. 19 bid 56 45 18 bid 1 C, 51 bi'^’ 44 39 31 bid 4i 40 35 29 19 bid 52 36 30 54 40 52 38 44 l)id 33 26 withd’n 42 32 43 31 25 25 bid 31 46 34 55 40 35 43 bid 34 29 30 43 32 2S 21 23 17 42 3S 32 out out 52 39 31 22 bid 52 40 33 40 33 bill C. 28 39 36 35 26 bid 27 69 47 bid 40 54 bid 43 bid 45 38 30 54 bid 38 bid 33 58 36 30 22 11 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. 3 Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. c. Lot. Bo.x, Pkgs. Name. lb. c. 73 74 75 B D W G 78 St. Helen 79 M K 83 Morankande 93 Ganapalla 94 1454 1456 1458 1464 1466 1474 14<4 1496 1 ch 6 hf-ch 5 ch 3 hf-ch ■2 ch 3 hf-ch 5 ch 2 do bro mix do dust dust bro mi.x dust pek f ns 100 330 450 210 200 225 400 bro pek fans 220 21 17 10 19 25 20 95 1498 6 hf-ch dust 480 16 111 L 30 10 ch bro pek 645 24 112 Rondur.a 32 4 ch fans 400 23 IIG Battawatte 40 2 ch bro pek fans 200 20 117 42 2 do dust 200 17 126 Kirklees 60 3 ch pek fans 345 35 127 62 3 do dust 285 20 128 Beverley 61 5 hf-ch bro pek 275 55 129 66 2 do pekoe 100 32 130 68 7 do pek sou No. 1 315 32 131 79 5 do pek sou No. 2 2-5 31 132 72 6 do pek dust 450 18 135 A B 78 2 ch bro tea 180 8 136 GL 80 4 ch bro mix 400 18 138 C O E B 84 2 ch bro mi.x 220 13 139 Ingurugalla 86 2 cb bro pek 200 41 140 88 2 do pek ISO 31 141 90 4 do {jek sou 360 48 14? 92 5 do bro tea 600 19 143 94 5 do red leaf 450 11 148 Dromoland 104 4 ch bro or pek 392 51 149 106 4 do or pek 380 44 153 Y 111 2 ch bro tea 200 21 158 Castlereagh 124 4 ch pek sou 320 23 159 126 6 hf-ch pe fans 420 27 160 128 3 do dust 240 16 161 New Galway 130 3 hf-ch bro pek 180 77 162 132 8 do pekoe 440 47 163 134 1 do pek sou 50 35 170 Polatagama 148 4 ch congou 30C 23 171 150 1 do dust 150 17 172 G 1.52 1 ch pekoe 90 31 178 Chesterford 164 2 do congou 160 24 182 Geragam.a 172 7 ch pek sou 630 30 188 T T 184 2 hf-ch bro pek 110 34 189 186 1 ch pek 78 28 191 ES leo 1 ch 1 hf-ch fans 176 18 197 Augusta 202 4 ch dust 600 17 198 A 204 8 hf-ch sou 400 10 203 Erracht 214 5 ch dust 585 22 207 Drayton 2 2 5 hf-ch bro pek 300 39 210 228 1 ch sou 90 23 211 230 1 hf-ch dust 85 16 212 D 232 5 ch bro tea 500 8 237 P 282 5 lif-ch fans 350 23 [Mr. E. John.] Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. C. 1 M 129 3 ch bro mix 195 18 2 131 4 do dust 480 19 133 1 do fluff 90 6 4 J MR 135 5 do bro pek 500 35 bid 6 139 2 do pek sou 199 23 141 1 do pek fans 107 18 8 143 1 do pek dust 104 13 9 145 2 do bro mix 190 S 11 Ganavy 149 3 do pek fans 240 22 12 151 2 do dust 200 16 14 Rondura 155 3 do bro pek 288 40 17 161 3 do bro pek fan 225 25 19 165 2 do red leaf 1.50 19 23 Ottery 173 5 do sou ,50) 27 bid 24 175 1 do dust 138 15 29 t'ry 185 6 hf-ch dust 480 16 31 ETK 189 7 ch pek sou 595 37 32 191 5 do dust .575 16 33 193 7 do pek fans 665 32 37 Nahavilla 201 3 hf-ch dust 270 IS 43 M B O 213 3 ch dust 390 13 44 Ivies 215 10 hf-ch bro pek 500 48 45 217 13 do pekoe 585 32 47 221 9 do bio pek fans 495 34 59 Pita Ratmalie 245 12 hf-ch unas GOO witlid’n 60 Wattegodde 247 5 do dust 350 i7 01 Rutland 249 3 do I ek fans 234 SO 62 251 2 do dust 170 IS 67 Koslande 261 2 ch bro mi.x 210 35 68 263 (j hf-ch funs 325 41 69 265 6 do dust 4.50 6 74 Claremont 275 6 ch pekoe 600 32 75 277 5 do pek sou 540 26 76 379 2 do fan.s 200 15 78 Marguerita 283 10 hf-ch pekoe 500 45 80 287 4 do fans 260 32 81 289 1 do dust 85 17 82 2Pl 6 do red leaf 300 9 84 Razeeii 295 2 do pek fans 150 31 85 Hatale 207 3 do dust 210 17 88 E • 30) 2 d . liust 162 11 89 Tientsin 3 5 11 do bro pek 550 64 90 207 13 do or I ek 58 > 67 92 311 1 ch pek sou 90 36 93 ol'Z 2 lif-ch pek fans 160 18 95 E G 317 6 ch SOU .570 29 96 319 2 !if-ch dust 200 17 98 Ben Nevis 323 13 do flowerv or pe 650 84 103 Va tapana 3:-3 2 ch 1 box bropekNo.2 212 15 101 335 2 ch bro mix 200 6 105 oo7 4 do dust 500 10 107 Mall a Uapu- galla 341 3 do bro mix 300 6 109 W H R, in est. mark 315 5 do dust 5.50 12 110 lu eeriabedde .347 3 do pek fans 360 27 1 I 349 3 do pe .sou No.2 3 5 25 115 Kotuagedera 257 2 da bro pek fans 260 22 [Me.ssrs. 1 Somerville & Co.] Lot. 15ox. Pkgs. Name. lb. C. 5 Jfarigold 205 3 hf-ch dust 240 18 13 Horagoda 213 3 ch pek sou 255 29 14 214 1 do fans 120 26 16 Ranga 216 1 do fans 100 22 17 217 2 do con^rou 180 22 20 Lonach 220 6 ch pekoe sou 480 30 23 Y in est. mark 223 7 1 hf-ch dusc 490 17 24 224 2 do bro mix 100 10 28 Ukuwella 228 2 do bro pek fans 140 29 32 Invery 232 3 ch bro mix 240 withd’n ”5 Forest Hill 2.35 4 hf-ch fans 320 J9 3) Paradise 230 4 do dust 2<0 17 41 P 241 2 ch 1 h-ch bro mix 277 18 42 ?4? 6 do dust 480 15 43 Paradise 243 12 do bro pek bt)0 41 45 245 5 ch pek sou 475 25 46 246 5 do SOU 275 20 49 Hapugasmulle 249 2 do sou 180 26 60 250 1 do fans 116 23 51 251 1 do dust 160 14 52 Oolapane 252 9 hf-ch fine dust 630 17 bZ Maria 253 6 ch dust 600 16 54 Allakolla 254 1 ch red leaf 70 10 55 255 1 hf-ch sou 53 16 56 256 1 baj; fluff 90 5 59a Sirisanda 259a , 1 ch sou 73 22 60 260 1 do pek fans 105 25 61 261 1 do fans 80 19 62 262 1 do dust 145 16 66 Ukuwela 266 2 hf-ch pek fans 140 25 67 PTN in ost. mark 267 lo do bro pek 560 37 74 Lyndhurst 274 10 do fans 550 26 79 Depedene 279 3 do dust 240 16 81 Atherton 281 6 do bro pek 336 35 82 282 1 do dust 51 16 84 Rospland 284 2 d.. bro mix 120 8 92 North Matale 292 2 do dust 150 18 94 Ratwatte 294 5 do bro or pek 310 35 bid 95 29.5 9 do bro pek 486 38 bid 96 296 8 ch pekoe 680 33 bid 97 297 3 do pek sou 255 30 98 293 6 do pek sou 420 30 99 299 5 hf-ch bro mix 225 23 100 300 2 do unast 412 23 101 301 2 do dust 168 17 CEYLON COFFEE SALES IN LONDON. (From oitr Commercial Correspondent.) Mincing Lane, Sept. 3. Ceylon Produce Salai for weekending 3 d Sept., 1897 Keenakelle, A, 2 basks 1 barrel 102s 6d; ditto B, 3 casks 93s 6d; ditto C, 1 barrel 68s; ditto PB, 1 barre 96s; ditto T, 1 cask 60s. 4 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. CEYLON COCOA SAI.ES IN LONDON. Ex “Renledi”— OBEC in estate mark, Kondesalle, Ceylon. OF, ditto IF, 6 bags 60s 6d; ditto O, 1 sea dam. 1st class 63s; ditto 1, 5 bacs 61s; ditto G, 8 bags 57s; ditto B‘ 8 bags .‘)3s 6d; A, 2 sea dam. 2nd class 41s. Ex “Clan Campbell”— HK 1, 6 bags 62s; ditto 2, lb 42s; ditto T, 1 bag 60s. Ex “Clan Macrae” MLM, Estate Cocoa, 5 bags 60s. Ex “Pyrrhus”— MLM NO, Estate Cocoa, 59 bags 63s. MLM, Estate Cocoa, 46 bags 61s 6d. MLJI, 53b 62s Ex “Clan Campbell”— Mukalane 1, 1 sea dgd. bulked 57s. Ex “Benledi” — Arduthie 1, 1 sea dam. bl. 2, 59s; 2, 24 bags 60s 6d; 1 sea dam. bl. 2, 58s. Ex “Hyson” — Pathregalla, B, 1 bag 59s. Ex “Pyrrhus”— Grove, C, 28 sea dam. bulked 6?s. Ex “Lancashire”— MMF, 4 bags 62s. MM, 3 bags 62s; ditto D, 2 bags 55s Od; ditto B, 1 bag 48s. CEYLON C.IRDAMOM SALES IN LONDON. Ex “Pyrrhus”- lelpotonoya, 2c 3s lOd; 4c at 3s 4d; 6c at 3s; Ic at 2s 9d; Ic at 2s 4d; Ic 2s lOd; 3c 2s lid' Ic 2s 7d. ’ Ex “Lancashire”— Vicarton, A, Ic 3s 3d: ditto B, Ic -Cs 9d; ditto CD, Ic 2s Id; ditto D, 1 packet 2s 7d. Ex “Pyrrhus”- Cotvaganga Ex, 3c 3s Id; ditto AA, 3 at 2s lid; ditto A, 4 at 2s lOd; ditto B, 5c 2s 9d; ditto C. 7c 2s 6d; ditto D, 1 seeds 3s Id. Katooloya ex, 6c 3s 2d; ditto AA, 4 at 3s Id; Ic at 2s; ditto A. 7 at 2s lid; ditto B, 9c 2s lOd; ditto C. 19c 2s 5d; ditto D, 2 .seed 3s, Knuckles Group, B, 2c 3s 4d; ditto C, Sat 3s 2d; ditto D, 17c 2s 9d; dttio F, 1 seeds 3s Id. Lebtinon Group, A, Ic 2s IPd; ditto B, 5c at 2s 9d; ditto C, 2 at 2s 2d. Knuckles Group A, Ic 3s 6d; ditto B, 3 at 3s 4d; ditto C, 2c 3s 3d; 2c 3s 2d; ditto D, 3c 2s lOd; ditto F, 1 seeds at 3s Id. GBSKRVER PRINTING WOKK.S TEA, COFFEE, CINCHONA, COCOA, AND CARDAMOM SALES. NO. 38. Colombo, October 11, 1897. Price; — 12g cents each Scopie- 30 cents ; 6 copies ^ rupee. COLOMBO SALES OF TEA. Lot. Box. Pkgs. Jlame. lb. 0. 7 317 16 cli pekoe 1140 44 LOTS. 10 Matravelly 320 21 hf-ch bro or pek 1260 57;bid LAKliE 11 321 21 ch pekoe 2300 48 bid 16 K K in est mark326 17 ch bro pek 1700 51 bid [Messrs. A. H. Thompson & Co.- -35,405 lb.] 17 18 327 328 24 hf-ch 35 do pekoe pek sou 1030 withd’n 1573 33 bid Lot. Box Pkgs. Name. lb. c. 19 20 Morigalla 329 330 13 cli 12 do bro pek pekoe 1300 1200 41 bid 33 1 Ossington 1 11 ch bro pek 1100 44 21 331 8 do pek sou 800 29 2 2 15 do pekoe 1500 34 22 C A T C in est. S 3 12 do pek sou 1200 31 mark 332 23 do bro or pek 2300 61 bid 0 6 7 do bro pek 700 44 23 333 29 do or pek 201- 1 51 bid 7 7 10 do pekoe 1000 34 27 Ellatenne 337 42 do bro pek 4020 31 bid 8 s 9 do pek sou 900 33 30 R G 340 40 do bro pek 40 0 50 15 Vogan 15 34 do bro pek 3060 56 31 Penrith 341 12 do bro or pek 1200 50 16 16 34 do pekot 2890 39 32 312 20 do bro uek 1800 60 17 17 22 do pek sou 1870 34 33 343 23 do pekoe 1840 40 20 Maudara 34 344 15 do pek sou 1275 31 Newera 20 20 do bro pek 2000 54 38 Dalada 348 48 hf-ch pek sou 2400 27 bid 21 21 26 da pekoe 2340 40 39 TD 349 9 ch bro pek 900 42 bid 22 22 11 do pek sou 990 33 40 350 10 do pekoe 800 32 26 MC 26 20 do pek sou 1800 15 43 Deniy kande 310 10 ch bro pek 1,000 56 37 Chapelton 435 11 ch bro mix 11' 0 12 14 312 14 do pek No. 1 1,260 48 3S 537 10 do dust 850 20 17 Ambalawa 318 25 hf-ch pek sou 1,000 30 41 Eltolts 443 10 hf-ch dust 840 18 18 320 18 do consou 720 19 42 Birnam 445 12 ch pek sou 840 32 21 Kakiriskande 326 9 eh pek No. 1 797 29 43 Bigdola 447 9 do pek sou 765 27 24 Ismalle 332 17 ch pek sou 1,7 0 28 45 Agra Ouvah 451 66 hf-ch bro or pek 4290 84 25 334 10 do fannings 1,100 20 46 451 29 do or pek 1595 62 26 Clyde 336 23 ch bro pek 2,070 57 47 455 9 ch pekoe 855 53 27 338 28 do pekoe 2,520 34 48 Ottery 457 23 do or pek 1955 48 bid 28 340 22 do pek sou 1,980 SO 49 R C W, is est. 31 Ellamulle 346 24 hf-ch bro pek 1,440 60 bid mark 459 32 do bro pek 3200 35 bid 32 348 24 ch pekoe 1,314 Oi 50 461 21 do pekoe 2200 29 bid 42 Putupaula 368 36 ch bro pek 3,3CO 58 51 463 18 do pek sou 1800 21 bid 43 370 23 do pekoe 1,840 40 53 Udapussellawa 467 40 hf-ch bro pek 2000 58 bid 44 372 37 do pek sou 2,775 32 70 BP 1 28 ch pek fans 1930 20 bid 45 Nugagalla 374 28 hf-ch bro pek 1,400 2,750 52 71 Pedro 3 21 hf-ch dust 1465 30 46 376 55 do pekoe 9 7H H M 7 16 do bro pek 800 out 50 K P W 381 34 hf-ch or pek 2,170 H bid 75 Maha Hapugalla. 11 9 ch pekoe 810 27 61 386 21 do bro pek 1,341 2,460 39 76 Eadella 13 21 do bro [ ek 2100 51 52 388 41 do pekoe 34 bid 77 15 21 do pekoe 1890 35 55 Pedrogalla 394 27 hf-ch bro or pek 1,344 ■4 bid 78 17 10 do pek sou 800 31 56 396 18 do bro pek 1,080 .'9 bid 79 Elston 19 17 do pe sou No. 2 1360 35 57 398 18 do or pek 1 ,708 45 bid 80 Logan 21 22 do bro pek 2200 56 58 400 25 do pekoe 2,-00 ■j7 bid 81 23 21 do pekoe 1890 39 60 Walton 494 25 hf*ch bro pek 1,-500 5 i 82 25 21 do pek sou 1890 36 62 Weveeoda 493 13 hf-ch bro pek 715 25 84 Pemberton 29 13 do bro pek 1300 36 bid 63 410 10 ch pekoe 800 21 bid 85 31 14 do pekoe 1260 30 67 S 418 12 ch nro mix 1,080 17 68 69 Caskieben 420 19 ch 13 do bro pek pekoe 1,900 6> 424 1,300 55 [Messrs. Somerville & Co.— 97,072.1 76 77 Erracht 136 438 13 ch 20 do pe’-t sou fannings 1,04C 1,400 30 31 Lot. Box. Pktrs. N ame. lb. c. 78 Ruanwella 440 11 do dust 1,6-50 17 85 454 23 ch bro pek 2,185 1 Uousakande 311 17 ch bro pek 1615 45 86 456 57 do pekoe 4,815 900 36 2 312 29 do pekoe 2610 33 87 458 10 do pek sou 30 3 313 15 do pek sou 1350 29 96 B D W P 476 16 hf-ch bro pek No. 2 8(KI 41 5 E 315 2i do bro pek 2600 37 bid 105 Norwood 494 5 ch dust 750 19- 6 Dotala 316 25 hf-cli bro pek 15tX) C3 106 Oxford in es- 2 CEYLON PEODUCE SALES LIST. Lot. Box. Pkg.S. Name. lb. c. tate mark 496 10 ch bro or pek 1,7C0 43 107 498 15 do or pek 1,275 53 108 500 17 do pi ko3 1,300 35 113 M A 510 9 hf ch dust 720 16 117 Torwood 518 15 eh bro pek 1,410 59 118 520 23 do or pek 1,840 41 119 522 15 do pekoe 1,260 1,040 ■b 12 524 3 do pek sou 34 122 528 11 do pek No. 2 986 32 123 set) 9 do dust 1,080 2,565 IS 124 Beausiiour 5.32 27 ch br 1 pek 50 123 534 24 do pekoe 2,010 82 126 530 22 do pek sou 1,870 29 127 5 8 12 do fannings 1,140 16 129 A .-V 542 12 ch liro tea 1,200 10 135 U T .554 10 eh T3ek sou 1,1 09 18 bid 136 Ayr 6f.G 9 bf-ch dus . 810 15 bid 138 Romlura 560 7 ch bro or pek 700 35 139 502 13 do souchong 1,170 28 114 Hor.aiia 572 24 ch bro pek 2,472 33 bid 145 574 7 eh bro pek No. 2 745 10 bid 146 576 14 do pekoe 1,330 27 150 Torriiio ton P 5S4 9 ch jiek fans 1,123 27 152 Cooinbe Court 5S8 60 cii liro or pek 6,000 47 bid 1.58 GOali.X 6UU 8 cll pekuo 730 26 bid 159 002 Slitch dust 730 16 bid 100 M’Tenne 604 31 ch bro or jiek 3,700 27 bid i()l 6(j6 15 do or pek 1.500 26 162 008 13 do pekoe 1.815 21 163 Norlli Matale 610 6 ell pek sou 1,360 33 164 Afiar s laud 166 Hatlierleigh 012 10 hf-di souchong 816 30 616 34 ch ptkoe 2,720 36 167 Lilknvatte 6'8 12 eh pek sou 1,140 880 ’l1 108 620 11 do bro mix 17 172 Walpita 6'.'8 10 eh pekoe ],0I'0 38 173 030 12 d . pek sou 1,'JOO 33 176 B E 636 13 bf eh bro or pek 780 67 bid 178 B E R in es- tate mark 640 7 ch pekoe 705 34 181 A 644 11 ch bro pek 1,100 40 181 646 17 do pek sou 1,700 29 ISi Amterme 648 12 ch pek sou 900 23 183 Arapoiakaiide 650 27 ch bro or pek 2,430 53 184 6f)2 17 do or pek 1,360 33 185 6 4 42 do pekoe 3,360 81 188 P.allcgodde 660 28 ch bro or jiek 2.S00 40 189 m-J 29 do bro peK 57 190 604 15 do pekoe ),1*?5 39 191 666 12 do pek sou 1,020 34 192 Knavesraiie 608 9 ch or pek 810 68 193 670 17 do liro pek 1,700 42 194 672 .53 do pekoe 4,505 2,400 35 19.5 674 so do pek sou 31 197 678 9 eh or pek 810 68 193 680 15 do bro pek 1,650 42 499 682 47 do pekoe 4,230 36 200 684 17 do pek sou 1,445 3) 206 Polatagama 006 13 ch bro pek 1,105 40 207 698 11 ch or pek 935 55 208 7U0 IL do pekoe 880 38 209 702 16 do pek sou 1,20) 32 210 704 do faimiiigs 1,100 27 211 706 13 do pek fan 1,2 i5 23 212 Weoya 708 2' eh bro pek 2,2i;o 44 214 712 28 do pekoe 2,240 770 b() 215 714 11 do pek sou 31 216 710 20 do fannings 2,100 'JLh 217 Clunes 718 57 ht-ch bro • r ek 3,135 c9 21S 720 21 do bro pek 948 57 219 722 2.S ch pekoe 1,840 36 2il 726 12 do pek fans 1,080 25 SMALL LOTS. [Messrs. A. H. Thompson <.v Co.] Lot. i OssiiiKtoii 5 9 10 Dee n jti Lox. Pkjr.s. JSan.e. i F 9 10 11 12 i:{ oh do dn do do do do bromix dust dust bio pek pekoe pek sou iii o mix lb. 114 360 130 400 560 2S5 150 C. s IS 18 49 33 20 10 Lot. Box, Tkgs. Name. lb. C. f’4 M 34 1 ch pekoe 90 20 3j K 35 1 hf-eli bro pek 50 19 38 H 3S 7 eh bro mix 079 9 bid 39 Ihidatra 39 5 hf-eh 1 ro pek 250 31 40 41) 5 do pekoe 250 25 41 41 2 do pek sou 100 11 42 IV 42 6 do pekoe 360 .53 43 E 43 2 eh bro pek fans 150 25 bid 44 44 11 hf-ch nnas 680 8 bid 45 XXX 45 2 do pek du=t 152 18 [.Mr. £. .John.] 14 14 do dust 84 10 15 Amblakande 314 S eh pek No. 2 640 35 2i Mandara 16 316 5 do pek sou bro pek 700 £0 Newere 23 t do. dust 400 20 19 Kakiriskande 322 2 ch 250 42 24 Wewel watte 24 8 do (lust 237 16 1 lif-ch 25 25 1 to red le.af 54 9 20 324 4 eh pekoe 450 32 23 St. Leonard.3 on i 1 hf-ch Sea 28 5 do pekoe 450 28 22 328 1 do bro tea 50 17 29 29 4 do bro pek fans 400 2.3 2.3 330 1 do pek dust 50 17 31 Henegama 31 7 hf-ch du.st 52.5 ic t9 Clyde E lamiille 342 2 ch d u.st 280 18 32 32 2 do bro mix 120 11 oO 344 8 hf-eh b 0 or pek 644 67 Lot. i>ox. Pkgs. N.aine. lb. c. 4 -Uliaddy 3G7 1 ch dust 109 lo 5 vm 1 tlo bro mix 99 l-s. 20 I.ittle V.illey 4U1 2 hf-ell dust 160 21 Bii uam 4D-J 8 cll pek sou 560 88 bid 24 Kaiiangama 4U) 8 do pek .sou 240 £0 25 411 tlo pek fans fans 005 20 26 418 4 do 320 12 27 41.3 do ■ 111 St 280 20 31 Gampol.i 4*28 1 do Inopek fans 105 20 32 4-25 2 do dust 240 lb 39 R 489 1 do eongou 90 26 40 441 2 lif-cli dust 2i0 17 44 C 4 59 30 do fans 560 17 02 R C W, ill est. mark 465 5 ch bro mix 5(0 18 bid 72 Galloola 5 5 do dust 500 ■ 15 74 H U 9 4 lif-eli pekoe bro pek fans 180 12 S3 Logan 27 4 ch 440 21 bi.l 86 Pemberton 33 7 do pek sou In o mix 595 87 35 o rlo 255 15 88 37 8 do bro pel; fans 8' u 28 89 39 1 do dust 135 IG Lot. [MESSR.S. Somerville & Co.] Bo.x. Pko.',. Name. lb. 4 Nfousukande 314 4 ht-ch fannings 320 n 8 Dutala 318 7 ch pek sou 665 38 9 319 2 do pek fans 240 19 12 Bo i;a luiii'o d e \va t te 822 5 do bro pek 560 40 13 3'3 7 do pekoe 630 33 14 324 8 ilo peic sou 270 28 15 325 1 do fans no 19 24 W B R 334 1 do bro pek 67 35 25 335 2 hf-c 1 pek sou 105 23 20 336 1 ch dust 87 15 35 Penritli 345 1 do pek fans 125 21 36 346 1 do fans Sil 20 347 1 do dust 170 17 41 T D 351 6 do pek sou 540 28 42 352 2 do sou 170 23 52 D in est. mark 362 2 do sou 190 2.8 53 363 2 do 1 hf-eh bro pek fans 250 32 02 Labugama 372 1 ch pek 98 28 04 374 3 ch bro peit fans 380 £0 60 P G M 376 1 do fans 90 14 bill 67 377 2 hf-eh (lust 180 19 bid 68 Kosgahahena 378 4 ch biM pek 440 41 70 3Sv 4 do jjek sou 4( t) 25 71 331 8 do .sou 800 17 l)id 7^ 382 1 do fans loO 18 73 333 1 do pek dust 85 10 71 M A .S 384 2 I’f-ch iiro pek m-i 25 75 Ratuville 38.5 1 ch bro pek 85 33 70 386 1 do pekoe 65 26 77 387 2 do pek sou 2<’0 18 7S mark :;S8 1 do bro pek 100 30 bid 79 389 i do pek 105 •■'26 bid SO 390 2 do 1 lif-ch 1 ek sou 250 20 bid 81 391 1 cl) fiust no 15 85 Salawe 395 2 do dust 280 10 Lot. [Messrs Forbes Bo.\. Pkgs. & MLvlker.] Name. lb. CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST, 3 Lot. Box. Pkgs. >iame. 11). C. 33 350 5 di fanniiig'75 325 31 34 L N D ill e.s- tate mark 352 1 hf-ch bro j)ek 36 35 35 354 2 hf-ch pek sou 126 28 40 CRD 364 2 ch dust 2”0 IS 41 366 5 clo red leaf 500 10 47 Nugagalla 378 10 hf-eli pek sou 500 28 48 380 clo dust 360 18 53 K P tv 390 8 hf-ch Viek sou 448 28 54 392 3 clo dust 270 19 61 Walton 406 8 hf-ch pekoe 489 36 64 Wevegoda 412 5 ch souchong 375 12 65 414 1 do pek fans 100 12 66 416 1 clo pek du.st no 15 70 Caskiehen 424 i ch pek fans 320 26 88 Rnanwella 460 G ch fans 630 31 83 462 5 do dust 4C0 14 90 Rangwella 104 ‘J do congou 200 9 -91 466 1 do dust 120 n 92 Hni'Stpierpoint468 12 Ilf ch bro pek 600 37 93 470 9 do pekoe 450 26 94 472 1 clo dust 50 19 ‘97 B D W P 478 9 hf-ch bro pek fans .540 40 98 480 5 do dust 4.35 IS 99 Kennington 482 , 5 ch fanniiigs 415 26 lOO 434 3 do souciiong •270 23 101 486 2 do dust 298 17 102 488 2 clo bro tea ISO 21 103 Norwood 490 2 ch souchong 186 ‘28 bit 492 2 clo bro tea 168 13 li 9 Oxford in es- matk 502 9 ch pek sou 630 29 1111 .504 2 hf-di 1 ek dust 130 23 m 5'J6 o do dust 140 17 112 Dewalakando 503 7 ch bro te.x 525 •20 114 A G 612 1 ch bro tea 90 19 115 514 1 do dust 125 16 116 516 3 do fainiings 324 28 121 Torwood .526 3 ch bro pek No. 2 3UU 40 123 Beausijour 540 3 ch dust 4'20 16 1-30 Kirrimettia 544 0 ch dust 270 10 131 546 5 clo fauiiings .503 26 132 548 5 clo unassorted 450 28 133 Velhdoya 550 4 ch l)i'0 tea 4 (1 11 134 Vella Olla 552 1 ch dust 142 10 137 .Jambugaha 558 12 ch pek sou 596 18 140 Rondnra 564 1 ch bro pek sou 90 21 147 Horana 578 4 ch pek sou 280 10 148 580 5 Ilf eh dust 4o'J 15 bid 149 Torrington P 582 2.5 boxes bro or pek 500 70 151 Stamford liill 5S6 12 hf-ch or pek 640 5 '2 bid 1S.5 Hatherleigh 614 5 ch bro or pek 550 36 bid 169 Lillawatte 662 o ch dust 300 16 170 Columbia 624 7 hf ch bro or pek 490 32 bi .1 171 Walpita 6'26 4 ch 1)10 pek 400 62 174 D in estate mark 032 4 ch pek sou 400 25 175 634 1 ch fanniiigs no 16 177 B E 638 13 hf-di or pek 650 76 179 O and S K in estate mark 642 3 ch pekoe 275 34 186 Arapolakande 656 3 ch pek sou 300 18 1^^7 6c 8 2 do dust 230 16 100 Knave.smire 676 4 hf-ch tannings 280 21 2 <1 686 5 cil souchong 4.30 23 ?.02 688 3 hf-ch faimings 225 22 203 690 7 do dust 630 17 204 M M M 092 2 ch bro mix 190 8 .205 DAB 694 4 hf ch fanniiigs 222 •22 bid ill Weoya 710 5 ch or pek 425 55 •229 Clunes 724 8 ch pek son 680 26 CEYLON COFFEE SALES IN LONDON. {From Our Commercial Correspondent) Mincing Lane, Sept. 17, 1897. Marks and pr'ces of CEYLON COFFEE sold in Jlinoing Lane "p to 17th tiep . : — Ex “Teenkai” - JB Onvah, O, 1 barrel 108s; ditto 1, 1 c.ask 1 barrel 105s; dittj 2, 5c 97s; ditto 3, re nisGd; ditto 1, PB, Ic 107s GA Onvah, O, lb lOSs; ditto!, 2c U'Ss (id; ditto 2, 4c lb 99s 6d; diito3, Ic lb 9!s; ditto 1, PB, 1 tierce lOls; Ic 107s; ditto 1, 3c lO.'s; ditto 2, Ic 99s (id; dituoS, 3c 93s (id. GA Onvah, 1 PB, Ic lOl.s. NG Onvah, O, 11) 93s; ditto 1, lb 89s; ditto 2, ‘2c 90s; ditto .v, lb 75s; ditto 1 PB, lb 93s. Ambawella, O. 1 tierce 103s; ditto 1, lb lUOs; ditto 2, Ic lb 98s; ditto 1, PB, lb 97s. O, Roehainpton, lb 103s; ditto 1, 2c 97s; PB ditto, lb lOOs. Size 2 Rappahaniinck, 2c lb 104s, size 3, lc98s; PB, lb 100s; T, lb 73s. .size 1 Rappahannock, lb sea dgd. and loose collected 88s Ex “Hector” — Large .size Ragalla, Ic lb 104s; PBP, le lb 93s. Ballagolla Ella, F, lb 100s; tlitto 1, Ic lOis; ditto 2, 5c lb 102s; ditto .S, ‘2c lb 9ls 6d; PB, 1 tierce 103s. E.x ‘‘Teekai”— Mansagalla, A, ‘2c 107s 6d, ditto' B, 2c lb 102s; ditto B, lb 110s. Size 1 Thotulagalla lb 106s; size 2 ditto, 3c 104s 6d, size 3 ditto, Ic 97.s; )'B ditto, 1'24 T ditto. It 63, s; size 1 ditto, lb 46s; size 2 ditto, Ic 4(is; size 3 ditto, lb 46s; PB ditto, lb 46s. Tliotulag'alla, 1 bag over- takers 9Ss. Ex “Staffordshire”— Poona galla, 2c 102s 6d; ditto Tj, lb 46s. Ex “Clan Campbell” - Tillii onlti-y 2, lb 85s. Ex “.Statt'ordsliire”— Haputale O, ic 109s Od; Ic It Ills; ditto 1, oc 104.S 6d; Sc lb lOSsO.i; ditto 2, 3c 92s 01; ditto PB, Ic 122s. E.x “City of Venice”— OBEO in estate mark, Delmar 1, Ic lb 106s 6:3; ditto 2, ditto 2, '2c 93s; ditto PB, Ic 197s; ditto T, lb 6Ss. E.x “Asia” — L'.irg'c size Gonamotava, 2c 109s €d; size 1 ditto 2 tierces 9ls 6d; PB, lb llOs; P, 1 tierce 113s; T, Ic 6'2s. Gomunot.iva, 3 bags overtakers 101s. Large size ditto, Ic lb 110s; size 1 ditto, It lO.l.s 6d; size 2 dittr, Ic It lb 93s 6d; PB ditto, l‘o 119s; P ditro, lb 103s; T ditto, Ic ll> 0, s 6d. Gonamotax'a, 3 bags overtakers 100s Od. Ex '‘Oruba”— B1 ickwood, O, lb 101s; ditto EF, 11) Iftls; ditto F, ibSls; ditto BB, lb 98; BKWT, lb 49s. Ex “Clan Sinclair”— Blackwood, 1 sweepings 39s. Ex “Hector”— Niabedda, F, 1 tierce 115s; ditto 1, 2 Cask. s 1 tierce withdrawn at Ids od; ditto 2, 9 casks lOOs ikl; dittos, 3 casks 99s; ditto PB, Ic 128s; NBT in estate m'lrk, 1 tierce 55s; 1 hag overtakers 102s. Gowerakellie, F, 1 barrel 116s; ditto 1, 3 casks ll6s; ditto 2, 10 bags iO.’s 6d; ditto S; 2 bags 97s 6d; ditto PB, 2 tierces I32s; G KET in e.stcite mark, l tierce 75s; GKE, 1 cask 75s, 1 bag oier- take)'s 102s. Ex “Dictator”— Golcond", O, 2 casks 1 tierce withdrawn 99.S; ditto 1, 3 casks 101s Od; dit'to 2, 1 barrel 9Js; ditto T, 1 l)arrel withdrawn at i5s. Ex “Benledi” — Noi th natale, OO, 1 bag 85s Od; O, 1 bag 85s od. 1, 1 bag 74s; PB, lb 84s; T, 1 barrel 67s. North alataleOO, Shags 54s Od; O, Shags 54s 6d; I, 1 hag 30s; PB, 2 barrels 46s; T, 1 bag 26s. New Peradeniya, 2 bags 34s. Ex “Pakling ’—North Matale, O, 1 bag 35s; 1 bag 35s. Ex “(Jlan Campbell”— Meegama. 2 bags 40s. E.X ‘'.Shropshire”— Meegama, 3 bags 46s. Ex “Pakling”— KK in estate mark, 10 bags withdrawn 55s; \'A.A in estate mark, 17 bags bid 4Ss, witlidiawn at 55s. CEYLON COCOA SALES IN LONDON. Ex “Hector”— Palli 1, 185 baps bid 63s 6d; witlidrawii at 7os; ditto '2, 50 bags bid 58s, withdrawn 60. Amba, 1, 105 bags bid 68s 6d, withdi'awn 78s; ditto 2, 5 bags 58s. Ex “.Simla”— Kas & Co. Cocoa, 91 bags 64s. Ex “ .lorneo”— Anniewatte, 17 bags bid 63s, withdrawn 75s; ditto GA, 2 bags 60s. Ex “Hector” — Rsiiawella, 10 bags .50s; 5 begs .55s. Ex “Pyrrhus” — Polwatta, A, 18 bags withdrawn at 70s; ditto B, 2 bags 5Ss; ditto C. 2 bags ,58s; ditto Blacks 1 bag 50s; 1 sea dam. rpkil. 48s. Ex ‘'Hector” — Rajawella, 44 bags bought in. Polwatta, A, 18 bags 65s 6d. KASefeCo., 91 bags 64. Rajawe]la,iiO bags withilrawn at 82s; 10 bags withdrawn at 53s; 5 bag< with- drawn at 5os. Ex “Pyrrhus” — Polwatta, A, IS bag.s 6Ss 6d; ditto R. 2 bags 58s; ditto C, 2bags5Ss; ditto Blacks, 1 bag o-l.s; 1 .sea dam. and rpkd. 48s. CEYLON C.^RDAMOiM SALE.S IN LONDON. Ex “Canton” — Delpotonoya, 1 case Is; 2 cases 3s Sd; b* ,3s Od; le 3s Id; Ic 2s Sd. 4c 3s; ‘2c 2s 7d; 4c 3s 5d. Ex “Teenkai”— Duckwari, A 1, '2c 4s; ditto B 1, 6c £s 10,1; ditto C 1, 9c ;ls Od; ditto D 1, 6c 3s lOd. Ex “India” Zenparoid, VB ‘26 inestite mark, ISc 3s 3d withdrawn. Ex “Hector” - Vedehette ex, ,5c3s6d; ditto .\A, 4c ;ls 'Id; ditto A, 4c ;!s ‘2d; ditto B, '3c 2s llil; ditto C, 8c ‘2s 7d; 2c ?s (Id; ditto I), 1 seeds 3s 4d ditto C, 1 loose collected 2s lid. Ex “Statesman”— Galaha, 3c 3s 4d; ditto A.\, ‘2c :!s -iil ditto .4, ‘2c 3s ‘2d; ditto D, 2c 3s; Ic '2s lid; ditto C, .lei:! Til ditto D, 1 seed Ss 4d, I^Wr: rif ; -V ,4- : <',$>«‘^?i' f jr ,,^ *yf ,J CjJlji !^'.••^ rS ,jii.-t .. -I !ii:. .!-■• ■ ■■■■“' : ■*■' t ' ■-'" •'■' '■' • ■ , ,<7'>iii.(;- ta* ,• •:■•=!?. .* '■"■■ s;-t«'i>- SiJ’ ,■'-■! •• :-r ;V. i. ,fl lili ’. , .. I »; . .'>• ’:'< >:■> ' >'• 4J ,-' I -;<• ^ ,‘iU\^'(t»'^T? ,lfc'l;iU'‘Ti'-'Sf''<‘">'>'^’ • ' v- • - . r-. , . . ■ ., r ■.*' .w.’ts'h ^'v‘- ,i .M.fylfiU >r *-J; !, y :.' .1 •! »'Y''o..i.~-.. ■ . ,. .'.> '■ ■- 1 ■: ■ j •;-. yi-^r .' -CY ":,i ,T;- ;; i' ,'»>> . .*:((■■ *1 i'ti'.‘. ' ■' ■ • ■■* ir ■ ’I )■■ >.'i 1 (►•>'i -•> .-'i .1. wsiyvt ► hi,;7^ M iv. ^ i-v -. ;' yi /(#.i\I; :. ; 5.Sw'';t ■“ ■ ,' • , ? K '.fc;? fl-'yi ■ - ri ■'■ ”'■• ' jiti: ■ -SsS^ ('■; y* ^' '■<■■' ' .y.V'S '■! : •' ‘.~! ' ^ ISrfy.y'' ; ,t (•i!i’> j?ijij d) ', j :v». wi>'/ ' ; ■ :S'I' ;* ^ - >1j ' ‘'J '.yi-'V- ' , ',. 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AiEfll “ ■ ' : st'i -t . . ti*f ;sk*e: = i- - ■ t- ; . '-1 ', iiSut »■;■■■ . , ' iviB Ott( 5 iiUiv n Y/’i 9<- 1 .; . '.• 'yiwj Jj dfy r'd'.ll ■ ri .» *•.-> ylT' ■?tS-» ■», *.bT ■ t > iity ■' K'i' ■ .,’ii A .' ^r: ■- ■■ Vysuirt ^ _ '■• — ' •> J ' . k r- ■:mr/.o^ rs a^amo.-izoaltao-. . ;" y ■■ ' > ■■:--l~ . v-c?-'; ‘*7- > . (• rt’iSwot!;*''" w'' ■ Jl jYi'w«r«toO twO^, tkt.t'i) ■ ,T.t. ,j«i^ ^ ,' ■y.'uf-ii!;K t*i f<' - “ait'i’IO't J'b.IYHdV . y.-'m ' '.1 'Si. ' O-J qit V .yaa ,t oilif' ;J)ti ■'.'«>• -iartyo ' .r.'i f ' ‘'tOlr'- lC^ y TEA, COFFEE, CINCHONA, COCOA, AND CARDAMOM SALES. NO. 39. Colombo, October 18, 1897. ! Price : — 12J cents each 3 copies 30 cents ; 6 copies J rupee. COLOMBO SALES OF TEA. LARGE LOTS. [Me.ssrs. a. H. Thompson t'fc Co.— 27,529 Ib.] Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. c. Lot. 1 Hornsey 1 10 ch pek sou 1000 33 3 Rattagalla 3 10 ch pek sou 1000 34 5 Vogan K ,34 do bro pek 3060 59 6 6 37 do pekoe 3 15 39 7 7 32 do pek sou 2560 84 S 8 25 lif-ch dust 1750 19 10 Y, in estate mark 10 12 ch bro mix 1135 8 bid 14 14 12 do dust 900 18 15 H 15 10 do dust 1055 9 bid 19 HG K ;9 23 hf-ch pekoe 1282 out 20 Dunbar 20 26 iif'Ch or pek 1118 5-5 bid 21 Balgownie 21 14 ch bro pek 1260 35 22 22 13 do pekot 1105 28 23 23 14 do pek sou 11-20 18 24 Managoda 24 25 ch pek sou 2375 14 25 Ukuwela 25 8 do bro tea 720 8 [Messr.?. Somerville & Co.— 149,207 1 Lot. Box Pkgs. Name. Ib. c. 1 F F. in est. mark 1 21 hf-ch bro pek 1176 33 bid 5 California 5 9 ch 1 hf-ch bro pek 900 35 bid 6 6 10 ch 1 hf-ch pekoe 1050 33 n Neuchatel 11 31 ch or pek 2790 51 bid 12 12 10 do bro or pek 1010 46 13 13 23 do pekoe 1955 40 14 14 16 do pek sou 1360 31 15 15 7 do fans 700 28 17 Lonach 17 42 if-ch bro pek 2310 57 18 IS 21 ch pek 1785 43 20 Narangoda 20 25 ch bro pek 2500 49 2L 21 32 do pekoe 3040 37 22 22 23 do pek sou 2070 30 bid 24 Irex 24 25 do bro pek 2500 47 25 25 9 do pekoe 855 35 28 A Pin est. mark 28 29 do dust 40H0 14 bid 29 Beneveula 29 £6 hf-ch bro pek 1800 42 bid 30 30 16 ch pekoe 1600 33 bid 34 Walaha ndua 34 28 do bro pek 2800 47 bid 35 35 23 do pekoe 2185 37 bid 40 Ei andhu 40 18 do bro pek 1800 36 bid 41 41 18 do pekoe 1710 29 47 Kelani 47 3.5 hf-ch bro pek 1575 59 48 48 16 do bro or pek 800 50 49 49 30 ch pek 2'iOO 36 50 50 12 do pek sou 1080 30 58 Carney 58 21 hf-ch bro pek 1050 55 59 59 24 do pekoe 1080 40 CO 60 31 do pek sou 1550 33 64 Agra Newera 64 10 ch bro pek 1000 67 bid 65 65 16 do or pek 1440 57 bid 66 Hanagama 66 21 do 1 hf-ch bro pek 2706 44 bid 67 67 37 ch nekoe 3700 33 68 68 9 do pek sou 810 28 bid 70 70 22 do 73 Ketadola 76 Newljn 77 78 Veralupitiya 79 80 81 85 Monrovia I? 1 hf-ch 8 ch 11 do 22 do 15 do 24 do 13 do 22 do 16 do 4 hf-ch 36 ch 8 do 89 Koorooloogalla 89 19 do 90 91 92 Citrus 93 98 Ingeriya 99 100 103 NIL, in est. mark 104 Harangalla 90 91 92 93 98 99 100 103 104 14 do 8 do 14 do 16 do 50 hf-ch 40 do 35 do 36 hf-ch 16 ch fans pek sou bro pek ro pek or pek bro pek pekoe pek sou bro pek pekoe pek sou bro pek pekoe pek sou pro pek pekoe bro pek pekoe pek sou pek sou or pek 2380 720 1100 2200 1575 2160 1040 1760 1820 8600 760 1805 1260 720 1391 1404 2500 1920 1680 180C 1350 25 bid 26 bid 68 53 bid 67 62 39 33 43 35 28 55 41 36 42 bid 34 44 34 30 21 bid 55 Lot. 106 109 WG no Sirisanda 111 112 116 Morankinde 117 118 121 N 122 Pemith 1 3 124 125 129 GB 130 DBG 131 Hatdowa 132 133 Box. Pk"S. 106 109 no 111 112 116 117 118 121 122 123 24 12') 1-29 130 131 132 133 19 ch 21 do 14 do 12 do 9 do 10 do 12 do 8 do 15 do 10 do 16 do 19 do 12 do 11 Ilf ch 12 ch 28 do 15 do 9 do Name, bro pek bro pek bro pek pekoe pek sou bro pek pekoe pek sou pek fans bro or pek bro pek pekoe pek sou dust bro mix bro pek pek pek sou lb. 1520 2310 1400 1140 720 16u0 1080 7-20 1950 1000 1440 1520 1020 915 1200 2800 1275 765 C. 38 bid 34 bid 55 40 35 55 39 35 16 bid 48 59 42 32 15 bid 8 bid 49 38 30 fME.ssRs. Forbes & Walker.— 267,990 lb.] Lot. 9 Daphne 10 11 15 P C H in est. mark 22 Bickley 23 25 A M B 26 27 29 TU 30 Battawatte 31 32 44 Dunbar 46 46 50 Udagoda 61 52 59 Carberry 60 61 62 63 Clyde 64 65 67 68 73 Penrhos 74 75 77 P 78 80 Pambagama 81 82 Malvern 83 84 Sunnycroft 96 Maha Uva 97 98 99 105 High Forest 106 107 108 109 Dea Ella no 111 112 116 Ambalawa 117 118 Queensland 120 130 Freds Buhe 131 132 133 VVA 134 137 Doonerale 138 141 J'akalwatte 1008 142 1010 143 1012 146 Ookoowatte 1018 147 1020 Box. rkgs. Name. lb. C. 744 11 ch bro pek 1100 43 746 12 ch pekoe 1155 33 748 10 do pek sou 880 29 756 27 hf-ch bro pek 1620 41 770 20 hf-oh pek sou 1100 38 7, ’2 13 do sou 780 31 776 10 ch red leaf 920 10 778 15 do 780 15 do 784 12 do 786 26 ch 788 22 do 790 8 do 814 19 hf-ch 816 22 do 818 17 ch 826 51 ch 828 44 do 8'iO 8 do 844 57 ch 846 6 1 do 848 14 do 850 1 1 do 852 21 ch 854 32 ch 856 20 do 860 20 do 862 21 do 872 18 hf-cli 874 15 do 876 49 do 880 7 ch 882 15 do 886 20 hf-ch 888 16 do 890 24 cli 20 do bro pek sou 13 0 fans bro tea bro pek pekoe pek sou or pek bro pek pekoe bro pek pekoe pek sou bro pek pekoe pek sou 1755 960 2600 2200 800 817 1100 1190 4590 £740 720 5130 4590 1260 894 918 920 922 924 936 938 940 942 944 916 618 950 9.18 960 962 966 986 988 990 992 994 lOOC 1002 10 eh 20 hf-ch 30 do : 0 ch 18 do 28 hf-ch 28 do 28 do 2g do 32 hf-ch 26 do 22 do 17 do 26 hf-ch 22 do 18 do 2-2 ch 24 ch 26 do 9 do 11 ch 16 do 32 ch 32 do 16 ch 9 do 8 do 12 ch 10 do bro pek fan 1210 bro pek pekoe pek sou bro tea fan or pek bro pek pekoe fans bro tea bro tea dust bi-o pek pekoe pek sou 2160 2880 1800 2000 1995 900 900 2150 770 1350 1000 1300 1440 150j 1245 bro or pek 13t 0 ■ 1800 2850 1440 1568 1400 1400 1260 1600 1300 990 or pek pekoe pek sou bro or pek or pek pek pek sou bro pek pek pek .sou bro pek fan 1020 brope No. 2 1300 pek bro pek pekoe bro pek pekoe pek sou bro pek pek sou bro pek pekoe bio pek pek No. 1 pekoe bro pek pek 990 900 1870 2400 2340 810 1100 1440 2880 2720 1600 900 720 1200 900 22 18 63 60 45 38 58 59 48 35 30 21 bid 55 37 33 31 56 34 bid 30 20 30 67 73 48 17 16 16 15 70 49 33 60 63 49 45 79 61 54 49 48 37 32 33 36 33 91 55 51 49 33 48 34 42 bid 29 bid 43 40 withd’n. 51 40 '2 CEYLON PEODUCE SALES LIST. . Lot. Box Pkgs. Name. Ib. C. 1S3 P J, in estate mark 1032 35 ch bro or pek 3500 45 bid 168 G L, in estate mark 1062 25 ch bro or pek 2495 46 bid 169 S, in est ite mark 1064 25 hf ch dust 2250 18 bid 174 Talgaswela 1074 40 ch bro pek 3600 52 175 1076 JO do pekoe 900 37 176 1078 11 do pek sou 990 33 187 Poechwood 1100 43 hf-ch bro pek 2381 47 bid 188 B D W 1102 19 ch pek fa ns 2185 26 191 Ascot 1108 33 ch bro pek 31.35 52 192 1110 30 do pekoe 2400 37 193 1112 12 do pek sou 10-20 33 194 1114 10 do pek fan 1150 34 195 Great Valley Cevirm, in est. mark 1116 1C ch bro or pek L520 63 196 1118 43 do pek 3370 42 198 Beverley 1122 73 box bro or pek 1241 66 bid 199 1124 74 hf-ch bro pek 3700 58 bid 2in 1126 23 do pekoe 11.50 43 bid 202 Glencorse 11.30 18 ch bro pek 1620 51 203 11.32 13 ch bro or pek 1360 46 201 1134 16 do pekoe 1280 41 2' '5 1136 28 do pek sou 2100 33 208 Erracht 1142 17 ch bro or pek L530 43 209 1144 18 ch or pek 2128 52 210 1146 22 do pekoe 16.50 34 211 1148 18 do fans 16-20 31 2’6 Caxton 11.58 16 ch bro or pek 1760 41 bid 217 1160 12 do bro pek 1200 43 218 1162 25 do pekoe 2500 34 bid 219 1164 20 do pekoe .scu 1800 25 220 Newera Eliya 1166 38 hf-ch bro pek 1900 68 bid 221 1168 27 ch pekoe 2700 48 bid 222 Indiagama 1170 15 ch bro pek 16.50 45 bid 2’3 1172 55 hf-ch pekoe 2750 out 224 1174 12 ch pek sou 1240 25 bid 225 1170 29 do or pek fans 2900 23 bid 226 K P \V 1178 21 hf-ch bro pek 1314 40 hid 227 Salawe 1180 14 ch bro pek 1400 36 bid 228 Tonacombe 1182 30 ch or pek 3000 63 229 1184 12 do bro pek 1140 70 230 1186 54 do pekoe 5400 49 231 1188 11 do pek sou 990 40 [Mr . E. John. -153,793 lb •] Lot Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. C. 7 E K 53 5 ch fans 750 15 bid 19 Galloola 77 n do pek sou 1100 42 •24 A 87 39 do bro or pek 3510 46 bid 37 Poilakande 113 20 hf-ch bro pek 1166 60 38 115 18 ch 1 hf-ch pekoe 1675 39 39 117 25 ch 1 hf-ch pek sou 2035 30 40 119 9 do bro pek fans 700 33 41 Gonavy 121 13 cli bro or pek 13.5-2 59 42 1-23 25 do bro pek 2500 60 43 125 20 do pekoe 1680 49 44 127 11 do pek sou 792 40 45 Vincit 129 10 do bro pek 1000 47 48 Oonoogaloya 135 31 do bro pek 3100 55 49 137 19 do pekoe 1520 39 50 Digdola 139 15 do bro or pek 1350 49 51 141 14 do or pek 11-20 37 52 143 16 do pekoe 1360 32 .57 Stinsford 153 52 hf-ch bro pek 2392 59 58 L55 49 do pekoe 2-205 40 bill 69 157 22 do pek sou 990 33 bid 60 Glentilt 1.59 33 ch bro pek 3300 67 61 161 22 do pekoe 2200 45 62 163 20 do fans ICOO 22 bid 79 Eila 197 45 do bro pek 40.50 41 bid 80 199 37 do pekoe 3145 34 81 201 16 do pek sou 1360 30 82 203 n do fans 1100 28 96 Eila 231 9 do dust 10.80 16 98 Morahela 235 14 ch bro or pek 1344 51 99 237 12 do bro pek 1212 42 100 239 12 do bro pek 1260 42 101 241 14 do pekoe 1104 35 107 Yakkabendi- kella 2.53 32 hf-ch bro pek 19>i4 40 108 255 53 do pekoe 2544 33 109 257 30 do pek sou 1200 out IIS Murrayth-waite 275 19 ch bro pek 1806 63 119 277 16 do pekoe 1360 35 120 279 15 do pek sou 1200 30 130 Maryland 299 7 do bro pek 735 42 131 301 7 do pekoe 700 33 132 S G 30.1 19 do pek No. 1 1765 33 133 305 10 do pek No. 2 1050 22 Lot Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. c. 134 135 S G H, is est. £07 10 ch pek fans 9:0 IS bid mark 309 u do bro pek 1170 36 bid 138 315 13 do hr pek fans 1560 15 bid uo Sorara 319 25 do bro pek 2j:50 51 141 3-21 35 do pekoe 31.50 35 142 3-23 20 (lo pek sou 1600 29 143 3-25 23 do bro tea 1725 21 146 331 9 do bro pek fans 810 34 148 D 335 9 do pekoe 855 33 151 Gonavy 341 14 do bro or pek 14,56 60 152 343 19 do bro pek 1900 63 153 345 17 do pekoe 14-28 51 L54 347 12 do pek sou 8<>4 43 155 Logan 349 14 do bro pek 1350 52 1.56 351 13 do pekoe n7o 36 bid 157 353 10 d , pek sou 9J0 31 SMALL ].UTS. [Messrs. A H. THOMP.SON ..V Co.] Lot. Box. F^kg.s Nan.e. lb. C. 2 Hornsey 2 2 (h fans 170 16 4 Battalgalla 4 2 do fdllS 170 15 bid 9 Y, in estate mark 9 4 ch sou 400 16 II D C 11 5 hf-ch dust 325 10 bid 12 M 12 4 do sou 200 15 13 13 3 ch sou 195 28 16 H 16 7 do bro mix 679 8 bid 17 H G K 17 1 ch pekoe No. 1 103 24 18 R, in estate murk 18 4 do pek fans 480 19 26 26 2 ch unas 222 20 [Messks. Somerville & Co.] Lot. Box. ! Pk Name. Ib. P, 2 EF, in est rk 2 10 hf-ch pekoe 540 30 3 3 5 do iiek sou 239 27 4 4 10 do bro pek fan 0 0 26 7 California 7 2 ch pek sou ISO 29 8 8 1 do fans 90 21 9 9 1 do 1 hf-ch bro pek (lust 215 10 10 10 1 ch bro mix 90 8 16 Neiichatel 16 3 do dust 480 16 19 Lonach 19 7 do pek sou SCO 34 23 N rangoda ■?3 5 do dust 400 16 26 Irex 26 5 do pek sou 475 29 27 27 2 (lo dust 170 18 31 Beneveula 31 5 do pek sou .510 28 32 R in est. mark 32 3 do aiist 420 16 33 Chetnole 3-1 4 do pek sou 400 32 36 W lhandua 36 4 ch pek sou 360 31 bid 37 FP A 37 G do fannings 600 26 38 38 6 do unast 600 34 39 39 1 do dust 130 10 42 Bittacy 42 7 hf-c 1 luo pek .385 66 43 43 8 do bro pek fans 520 38 44 44 2 ch pek sou 200 36 45 45 1 do bro niix 155 27 46 46 3 do dust 270 17 51 Kelani 51 11 hf-ch bi-o pek fa n 660 35 52 52 5 do pek fans 275 29 61 Carney 61 3 do bro |i( k fan 150 31 62 62 1 do pek fans 50 29 63 6-4 1 do In 0 pek No '. 2 50 47 09 Hana.gama 09 2 ch sou 164 22 71 Ketadola 71 6 do bro pek 5.50 36 bid 72 72 6 do pek 600 30 74 74 1 (lo sou 90 21 75 75 1 (lo fans 104 9 82 Veralupitiya 82 5 hf-ch bro mi.x 350 22 83 83 4 do dust 360 16 84 84 4 (lo bro pek fun 4( 0 33 88 H'onrnvi.i, 88 4 do pek dust 280 16 94 Citrus 94 5 cli 1 ek sou 500 29 95 95 6 do fans 593 22 96 96 1 do dust - 152 15 97 H A 97 2 (lo fans 197 9 ini Ingeriya 101 3 hf-ch dust 246 15 102 101 1 do pek sou 50 2.5 105 Harangalla 105 3 ch bro or pek 315 61 107 107 3 do pek sou 270 34 108 Raciga 108 1 do pek fans 12 1 33 113 Sirisanda 113 1 do bro pek fai :.s 94 35 114 114 1 (lo fans 74 •29 115 115 3 (lo dust 445 17 119 Morankinde 119 1 do bro pek fan 10.3 29 120 120 1 ch dust 120 16 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. 3 Lot. Box. Pkgs. !N aine. lb. 126 Penrith 126 1 ch pek fans 125 1’7 127 1 do dust 165 T28 G B 128 3 do bro tea 275 134 Hatdowa 134 2 do dust 300 135 135 4 do unast 310 142 K 142 3 do sou 300 [Me. E. John.] Lot. Box. Pkfvs. Name. lb. 1 Warleigh 41 2 ch bro mix 200 2 43 1 do dust 120 3 HS. in est mark 45 7 do sou 630 4 47 3 bags red leaf 192 5 49 4 hf-ch dust 340 6 51 1 bag fluff 80 8 y p 55 2 bf-ch dust 190 0 67 1 ch fans 130 10 59 1 hf-ch sou 50 11 M R 61 6 do fa'S 420 12 63 2 do dust 180 13 65 1 ch bro mix 100 14 GB 67 4 hf-ch dust 320 15 69 8 ch sou 600 16 71 7 hf-ch bro mix 525 17 Galloola 73 2 ch bro pek 1.50 18 75 6 do pekoe 600 20 79 1 do dust 80 21 81 1 do congou 78 22 83 1 do unas 54 23 8-5 4 do dust loo 46 Vincit 131 6 ch pekoe 660 47 133 4 do pek sou 40) •63 Rutland 165 5 hf-ch pek fans 375 64 167 2 do dust 170 ‘65 Galloola 169 2 ch bro pek fans 200 76 SFD 189 7 hf-ch bro pek fans 420 76 191 11 do fans 660 77 193 5 do dust 400 78 195 7 do congou 301 95 Ella 2?9 4 ch pek fans 400 102 Morahela 243 5 do sou 390 103 245 5 do fans 300 101 247 2 do dust 288 105 249 1 hf-ch unas 34 106 ROW 251 5 ch bro mix 500 110 Yakkabendi- kella 259 7 hf-ch dust 630 121 Murraythwaite 281 4 ch bro pek f , ns 4F0 122 283 2 do du2 260 136 S G H, in est. mark 311 5 do pekoe .500 1 37 313 H do pek sou ;joo 139 317 3 do dust 450 144 Sorana 327 3 do dust 356 145 329 2 do unas 180 147 D 333 6 do bro pek 030 149 337 5 do pek sou 42.5 150 339 2 do bro mix 240 168 Logan 355 2 do dust 300 1.59 357 5 do 1 ro or pek 550 [Messrs. Forbes & Walker.] Lot. Box. . Pk"s. Name. lb. 1 Hopewell 728 1 hf ch br pek 40 2 730 1 do pek 48 3 732 1 do pek sou 52 4 734 1 do congou 70 5 Karawakettla 736 2 ch bro pek 179 6 738 1 do pek 106 7 740 2 do pek sou 143 8 742 1 do •sou 80 12 Daphne 750 1 ch dust 118 13 752 3 do fan 301 14 16 CP H Galle, in estate 754 6 do congou 497 mark 758 5 hf-ch pek 250 17 760 4 do pek sou 200 18 K S 762 3 ch or pek 300 19 764 6 do bro pek 510 20 766 8 do pekoe 640 21 768 7 do pek sou 560 Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. C. 24 Bickley 774 9 hf-ch dnst 630 19 28 A M B 782 6 ch bro tea 480 15 33 Batta watte 792 2 ch bro pek fan 200 25 34 794 2 do dust 200 15 47 Dunbar 820 4 ch pek sou 280 32 48 DBR 822 3 hf-ch dust 195 16 49 824 1 ch bro mix 58 26 53 Udagoda 832 3 hf-ch bro pek dust 216 16 65 Clyde 858 2 ch dust 280 15 76 Penrhos 878 10 hf-ch pek sou 500 36 79 P 884 8 ch congou 640 18 85 .Sunnycroft 896 4 ch congou 41 0 30 86 898 4 do dust too 16 100 Maha XJva 926 1 ch pek fans 75 31 101 928 3 ch dust 270 21 119 Queensland 964 7 ch or pek 5?5 60 121 968 1 lif-ch dust 75 £0 122 970 1 do fan 60 36 124 G 974 3 ch sou 270 21 125 976 2 ch pek dust 290 16 135 W A 996 1 ch bro mix 100 8 136 998 2 hf-ch bro pek dust 180 16 139 Doonevale 1U04 7 ch fans 665 16 140 Keenakellie !006 1 ch bro pek 76 44 144 Makalwatte 1014 1 do pek ,sou 100 22 145 1616 1 do pek fans 100 2.5 148 Ookoo watte 1022 7 ch pek sou 630 32 149 r(l24 1 hf-ch dust 90 15 150 1026 3 do pe fans 180 31 151 Ookoowatte 1028 5 hf-ch pek fill No. 1 .300 •28 152 1030 1 do dust 90 15 154 G M S 1034 6 hf-ch bro pek 330 34 155 1036 5 do pekoe 250 29 156 1038 8 do pek sou 400 25 157 1040 2 do fans 100 18 158 ODES, in est. mark 1042 1 box golden tip 9 R2-00 bid 159 1044 5 hf-ch bro pek 250 45 160 1046 4 do pekoe 200 33 161 1048 6 do sou ■250 29 162 1050 1 do red leaf 60 12 163 10)2 1 do fans 50 25 164 1054 1 do bro mix 50 31 165 H 1066 3 hf-ch bro tea 150 12 bid 166 St. Edwards 1058 6 lif-ch pek sou 330 25 bid 167 Drayton 1060 1 cb sou 90 22 bid 177 Kirriraettia 1080 4 ch bro mix 409 24 bid 178 Vellaioya 1082 6 ch pek sou 450 SI 179 1084 3 do fans 336 32 180 1086 3 do riust 360 30 181 Path regalia 1088 4 ch fans 400 18 182 1090 2 do du.st 180 15 185 Ambokka 1096 2 ch bro mixed 210 19 186 D 1098 10 hf-ch pekoe 500 26 189 B F B 1104 2 cli 1 hf-ch unas 242 23 190 1106 1 do bro pekoe 60 34 197 Great Valley Ceylon, in est. mark 1120 6 cli bro mix 540 10 21 Downside 1128 2 hf-ch pek sou 100 29 206 Glencorse 1138 3 ch pek fans 348 25 207 1140 2 do dust 326 15 CEYLON COFFEE SALES IN LONDON. {From Our Commercial Correspondcti') Mincing Lane, Sept. 24, 1897. Coffee Sales for week endiiif); 24th September : — Ex “Canton” — Lai'ge size, Pingavaw,a, 1 barrel 106s; size 1, 1 cask 101s Oil; P, 1 b riel Ills; T, 1 barrel 70s; F, 1 bag 32s. Ex “Musician"— Alnwick, O, 1 cask Ills; ditto 1, G casks 106s; 1 b.arrel 106s; ditto 2. 2 casks 1 tierce 93s: ditto PB, 1 tierce 127s; ditto T, 1 barrel 69s. Alnwick, 1 bag overtakers 99s. ST&LC A in estate mark, ditto PB. 1 pocket70s. ST&LC A in estate mark, 7 bags 51s; ditto PB, 1 pocket 53s. Ex “C.anton” — Large size, Kelbiirne. 1 barrel lOOs: size 1 ditto, 1 tierce 1 barrel 91s; size 2 ditto, 1 barrel 70s; T ditto, 1 b.arrel 69s; FKB in estate mark, 2 bags 46s: P ditto, 1 bag 4Gs. — This last lot w.as sold on Friday, Sept. 21tli are th ) closing sales of Ceylon Coffee. C. 29 15 9 15 32 17 bid C. 30 15 24 8 14 5 15 24 9 40 18 13 17 32 11 6.3 49 15 11 26 21 22 28 30 22 34 39 28 15 25 24 28 31 16 28 12 bid 15 31 16 31 bid 21 bid 12 16 9 41 28 21 l.i 33 C. 64 40 34 29 50 37 33 28 16 16 16 33 29 33 35 bid 34 30 OBSERVER PRINTING WORKS S’>^ ' y » '' i'" ’ k.. f ■ ? 'f ^ T*f^Avi '/ - •-'■> .,;-'V'-. '■ HI* ‘I ■ >.■-■ •I ii‘*'v>') f. i •■■ K (- •?, t >).; ,«• jluil • ifc ! •*? i }. ■ lii ti.. ■y.vr , m ' »?’ r 1 - - fl ir/ X.‘M oi'-i i , 1 yfif •'» “uJi rf;* I'i r -J'<5 >•»)» . *• # ctss: • rt’,) /■ 'rjV- »s ■ ■ C4'-, 1-0-1 f; -"■Ort' I: [ : ■ tf'.i t: > &r 'Of rXynJ- '’‘I' ^ ■'•-♦/A .;7' f _ fk ;■'■ K' £T i 0 r'! . .■’rijif . ^ ' -A I- . d:'. W i J •'•.'-*•• r . y‘ *.;r i *4;; j:1’. i r, * ' ,aj , : .-u*?. /- o:;liE ■ ; A fV ■ r.cr ' «■ ■ Oi ' . '>/ . .#<• ; ■«i , : l'.ii . »; ' li. “(s cof (WI OCA (’(J U^C 60S . flu. 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'■••V .;<.di?CO;l'uKr'k:y /;h tko W,;, , •'.O', s'.Vi y ■'' til 0 . Uo 1 1 '"’I ^ J ,li: .jftoH: SI C'i'y)i -.ojf. ini> tur ■ . t” IOC J^I ■' . ■ • - 87 ■ t£ (fltA- -oil 1 j(-.<{ ■ ri • ‘V-:: ■ fill i iji’f; /♦e»:= 'Cf- 'A ■ibtfcic-l' I:'. (ife; Btl'I u ,-,-f ! i'-f pf. , -■'. ; . If jls-l-i J ' to s' 70c.- fiiif SI . XilD I'4 O'- r.' '7/ "> it 3" I , oC OK) , 7a(th T fr'.i IK l>Vj! ! t ifiWf-JI-l rti ) . ‘f^ 1 \K>^X of* y K& -ff :fi n -S..- 'ikI'lK -St. f* f *5? n:.( i . tA;’ «lW A^rj ' ■of. ;; 3:2" N- ‘‘ .'iTir’ . f?r Jioffi 07. 1; :i»; 'CEI •• . OP- • 338 " '»u /, : 7i.'w foii US'- . :• ' 5J^:f ;iOl . ■• • 1 -■ , ^ ■ --ilt'K ■>“ 1 ■■■Wi.'- vU.i ’;{<:»■• ■ ' -I .0-1 ^-KiJi faifl iil- i'C B .lioll.i'/i !e-fOj Kri—lf f-;-/;' s-'-iilfb'THn --ti-' I . '.■>■'*■<■■’ I. - . ,X. oJiiJi'-:- ,■' ; j,i -■>;>- vitofjoii-K'-j . ! i'o-,)ii’yv;bf’»y’'^*,-o-» *'<■£' .-o-o v!, ; ,irfrty;.'itfv;.i'f siadfl 1 -.fllAul v.:»3«d is! A', • :x -Or I'jniAl f iJa'i;!,! J-r! 'il f'O' . J; !,' ■■rii ;«l*i i-Ti' it ! -Wiiil 1 ,•'.!,)!!• ■‘ o“t1 i' /Ii,-o rt! !’0,i l/mjat f -jiC2 'H'l i'* iibr. ioi -,R’ f 'a-ul ] J f'CilO . > V'. -rt'I'-'JJ oi ir. fl-iir-'t!.' nS'-U r 'ifiT "I Si . or ftj ' sir - ft' U'i ■j «•-'! 'tJ.llK ■' ,7.-fli vl) r»> '(.t. .flJ. I'fiji’gii'iolt, M 'c'v c nov.e - •*r> ■ •jh ‘•jj* >r.T r. n^v ■:si -i«« . i. •O'. ,i I atilf-f lyd H". l id !■>:■'■ »-},y '."M /U!i' 01 ,? fiWt- 1-h; if .-a ji-iy J'/t; fSo '•o- ' I'ort fW .' aijKtii 1I05> ,do‘f if .-oo ■ «•,'.• (lit t., >'. '8 £-*■;, '.ofr ; s'' tjf- 8 t'.'fy t' -iyir -i-f) oi L ! vr f.C It lii!/ air. Tl' »I C-c fA lS=v, •t'.v.T 'Im: ,4- i-*....,. BiJiU)'/.’ Ha /Haea-j i V'v' - v • ; - *' TEA, COFFEE, CINCHONA, COCOA, AND CARDAMOM SALES. NO. 40. Colombo, October 25, 1897. Price ; — 12| cents each 3 copies 30 cents ; 6 copies | rupee. COLOMBO SALES OF TEA. Lot. Box. PlCRS. Name. lb. c. 87 Wey unga wattel 362 39 hf-ch bro or pek 2145 48 LOTS. 88 1364 24 ch or pek 2040 44 LAKGE 89 1366 60 do pekoe 3900 35 91 L 1370 53 ch pekoe bro or pek 4770 10 93 Scrubs 1374 14 ch 1330 76 TMessrs. a. H. Thompson dfe Co.- -69.410 Ib.l 94 1376 20 do bio pek 2200 62 95 1378 26 do pekoe 2080 49 bid Lot. Box Pktrs Name. lb. c. 96 1380 11 do pek sou 880 42 Mandara 97 Arapolakande 1382 30 ch or pek 2700 52 2 ch bro pek 89 1384 22 ch pekoe 1760 34 Newera 2 19 1900 54 99 1386 39 do pek sou 3120 31 3 3 22 do pekoe 1980 38 102 Torwood 1392 22 ch brj pek 2200 53 4 4 8 do pek sou 720 32 103 1394 26 do or pek 2080 43 6 Buddalpitiya 6 22 hf-ch bro or pek 1210 45 104 1396 15 do pekoe 1260 36 7 7 16 ch bro pek 1360 50 bid 105 1398 14 do pek sou 1120 33 8 8 50 dn pekoe 4000 42 107 Beausiiour 1402 10 ch bro pek 900 49 9 9 20 do pek sou 1600 32 108 1404 9 ch pekoe 765 32 to 10 9 do dust 67.5 17 109 Doonevale 1406 8 ch bn pek 720 44 n Belsodde 11 17 hf-ch bro pek 935 45 bil 111 1410 9 ch fans 855 16 15 Kotua 15 16 do bor pek 880 out 118 Castlereasfh 1424 12 ch bro pek 1200 50 21 Woodend 21 11 ch bro or pek 1C to 40 bid 119 1426 22 do or pek 1760 44 22 22 22 do bro pek 2090 37 bid 121 1428 12 do pekoe 960 34 23 23 34 do pekoe 3230 30 125 Woodlands 1438 8 ch bro pek 800 47 28 Warwick 28 39 hf-ch bro pek 2340 OS 120 1440 10 do pekoe 950 34 29 29 59 do pekoe 1595 55 127 1442 9 do pek sou 8',0 27 34 Mapitigam 34 24 do pek sou 1272 32 129 1446 7 do red leaf 700 9 35 35 41 hf-ch bro pek 2460 46 130 Devonford 1448 26 hf-ch bro or pek 1430 94 36 36 30 do pekoe 1500 35 131 1450 12 ch or pek 1140 81 37 37 23 do pek sou 920 28 132 1452 15 do pekoe 1275 61 39 Hornsey 39 20 ch bro pek 1200 39 133 1454 14 do pek sou 920 52 40 40 10 do pek sou 1000 40 136 Middleton 1460 25 hf-cli bro or pek 1250 42 Battalgalla 42 13 ch bro pek 780 38 137 1462 36 ch or pek 3600 63 43 43 9 do pek sou 900 39 138 1404 19 do pekoe 1650 55 .50 Y 60 12 ch bro mix 1135 9 139 1466 31 do pek sou 2480 48 52 Sapitiyngodde 52 28 ch bro pek 2660 50 118 Avisawella 1481 54 box bro or pek 952 70 53 53 39 do pekoe 3120 41 149 1486 32 ch liro pekoe 3040 51 bid 54 54 30 do pek sou 2250 35 150 1488 35 do pekoe 2975 39 55 55 21 do funnings 1995 33 151 1490 39 do pek sou 3130 32 57 Managoda 57 7 ch bro or pek 770 33 153 1494 5 do dlLSt 700 18 68 58 9 do pek .sou 900 17 154 1496 7 do fans 700 23 59 Sgahawella 59 14 ch red leaf 2350 9 1'55 Putupaula 1498 26 hf-ch bro or pek 1.560 43 20 lit-ch 57 bid 156 1600 41 ch bro pek 3485 57 C2 Vogaii 62 43 ch bro pek 3870 157 2 35 do pekoe 2SO0 40 63 63 46 do pekoe 3780 33 158 4 29 do pek sou 2175 34 64 64 38 do pek sou 3040 34 16) S 10 hf-ch dust 8t0 19 161 Clyde 10 23 ch bro pek 2070 55 163 14 28 do pek 2520 33 [Messrs. Porbi .s & Walker.— 4 76,803 lb.] 16i 171 Bendenloy.a 16 30 17 do 58 hf-ch pek sou unas 1530 29a0, 29 35 Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. Ib. c. 173 174 Ireby 34 36 39 hf-ch 19 CO bro pek pekoe 2340 950 67 52 4 Doranakande 1196 29 hf-ch bro pek 1450 46 178 Dea Ella 44 24 hf-ch fans No. 1 1680 24 6 1200 10 do pekoe 850 34 179 46 14 do do ,, 2 840 21 12 Harrington 1212 17 ch or pek 1615 6 . 182 Roeberry 52 27 cll or pek 2700 54 13 1214 17 do pekoe 1700 49 ibo 54 33 do pekoe 2970 41 16 Kelaneiya 1229 16 ch bro pek 1760 56 184 56 12 do pek sou 900 39 17 1222 18 d. pekoe 1800 43 186 Chesterford 60 85 ch bro pek 3510 51 bid 24 Thiasliola, 187 62 30 do pekoe 3000 39 Nilgiri 1236 07 hf-ch unassorted 2350 29 188 64 20 do pek sou 2000 34 31 Bargany 1250 22 hf-ch bro pek 1210 69 189 66 11 do fans 990 31 32 1252 10 ch pekoe 900 50 193 Hopton 74 o7 ch bro nek 3f85 .54 bid 33 12.54 10 do pek sou 850 44 194 76 42 do pekoe 3780 40 35 Galkadua 1258 12 ch bro pek 120) 40 195 78 17 do pek sou 1530 35 36 1260 12 ch pek 1200 33 19 > 80 14 do SOU 1260 31 37 1262 10 do pekoe sou 1000 39 205 Coreen 98 9 ch pek No. 2 855 38 39 Grange Gar- 2 6 100 11 do pek sou 935 33 den H 1266 12 ch or pek 1320 56 208 101 5 do dust 725 18 40 1268 12 do pekoe 1201 45 209 Horana 106 14 ch bro pek 1-260 36 bid 43 Maskeliya 1274 10 ch bro pek 1101 63 bid 210 lOS 13 do pekoe 1105 29 44 1276 IS do pekoe 1500 211 110 14 do pek sou 11-20 21 46 Kirindi and 212 Palmerston 112 24 lif-ch bro or pek 1272 SS AVoodthorpe 1280 23 eh bro pek ■ 2300 45 213 m 20 ch or pek 1600 61 bid 47 1282 40 do pek 3080 37 2'4 116 20 do pekoe 1660 00 48 1284 32 do pek sou 2240 215 118 19 do pek sou 1520 44 52 Damuieria 1292 27 ch bro or pek 3240 54 216 Polatagama 120 13 ch bro pek 1105 36 53 1294 21 do bro pek 2310 68 217 1)2 15 do or peK 1-275 51 54 1296 55 do pekoe 5476 48 218 124 16 do pekoe 1280 37 57 Gampalia 1302 14 ch bro or pek 1400 64 219 126 32 do pek sou 2560 30 58 1301 21 do or pek 1890 55 220 128 12 do fans 1200 33 59 1306 9 do pekoe 900 48 221 130 13 do pek fans 1150 23 61) dunes 1308 41 hf-ch bro or pek 2255 39 2(3 DunkeUl 134 45 hf-ch bro or pek 2700 64 61 1310 10 ch pek sou 850 30 224 136 16 cb or pek 152) 55 62 1312 12 do pek fans lOS'l 25 : 25 138 15 do pek 1425 47 64 Stamford hill 1316 15 hf-ch flowery orpek 750 81 226 Watale 140 50 hf-di bro pek 3000 54 65 1318 18 do or pek 810 56 2^7 142 25 ch pekoe 2250 44 60 1320 21 do pekoe 945 46 228 144 10 do pek sou 900 3S 68 Patiigama 1324 9 ch bro or pek 810 53 230 Galphele 148 20 hf-ch bro pek 12( 0 O') 69 1326 13 ch bro pek 1430 66 231 150 23 do pekoe 103) o8 71 Ewhurst 1330 22 ch bro pek 2046 43 234 M P 136 13 ch SOU 1-235 29 72 1332 26 do pek sou 2340 34 K35 158 7 do dust 980 17 78 L in estate 237 P 162 25 do sou ■2375 31 mark 1344 10 ch bro tea 1000 10 23S 164 12 do dust 1680 18 51 Beaumont 1350 11 ch dust 1540 21 239 166 4 ch dust No. 2 700 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST ■2 Lot, Box. Pkg.s. Name. lb. C. 240 Doonevale 163 32 ch bro pek 2880 42 243 Ellamulla. 174 25 ht-ch pek sou 1310 40 249 Shrubs Hill 186 41 ch bro pek 4223 40 bid 250 188 34 do bro pek 3.502 49 bid 251 190 25 do pekoe 2125 40 bid ■252 192 20 do pekoe 1700 39 bid ■253 194 27 do pek sou 1971 33 bid 254 S, in estate mark 396 25 hf-ch (lust 2250 19 261 Torringt n 210 30 ch bro or pek 3i00 57 262 212 34 do bro pek 3400 48 263 214 50 do pekoe 6000 47 264 216 25 do pek sou •2125 36 265 218 11 hf-ch pek fan 770 21 267 D, in estate mark 222 12 hf-ch fans 720 25 :263 224 12 do dust 7-20 18 280 St. Eilvvards 248 32 do bro pek 1920 46 281 250 20 do pekoe 1120 35 283 Fetteresso 254 51 ch bro pek 28 5 S3 284 266 21 do pekoe 1680 66 -285 258 27 do ■ pek sou 1890 55 297 Polatagama 282 20 ch bro pek 16: 0 37 298 284 26 do or pek 21-25 50 299 :86 19 do do No. 2 1615 40 300 288 30 do pekoe 21(0 34 301 210 18 do pek sou 1440 •2b .302 292 17 do fa ns 1700 32 -307 H.iyes 302 27 hf-cll bro pek 1350 61 308 304 23 do or pek 1035 49 309 306 22 do pekoe 9S0 48 310 308 35 20 ch bro pek 2(100 48 115 87 1.1 do pekoe 14-25 36 123 Ridgmount 10:l 9 do pek sou 810 30 127 Esperanza 111 14 hf-ch bro or i ek 728 VS 128 113 34 do pekoe UCI 35 1-29 Hora-witta 115 9 cli bro or pek 810 35 130 117 13 do bro pek 1300 32 hill 131 119 35 do pekoe 31.50 34 biJ 132 121 23 do pek sou l'^25 24 133 1-23 15 hf-ch laiis (050 16 bid 136 Cleveland 1-29 18 do pekoe 864 51 140 S 137 10 do dust SuO 17 141 139 14 ch fans 1400 26 143 143 9 do bro mix 7-20 12 144 Kotuagedera 145 22 clo bro pek 2-200 46 145 147 17 do pekoe 1615 35 bid 146 14!1 11 do pek sou 990 31 148 BEK 153 1-3 do bro pek fans 156 ) 20 149 150 a do fa s 750 15 151 N B 159 10 hf-cll dust 850 18 153 Heatherley 163 2:4 ch un.as 1955 21 154 C, in est. mark 165 15 do pek sou 1275 21 155 167 15 do pek No. 1 14-25 29 156 169 12 do sen 960 26 157 171 7 do durt 1050 15 1 8 Elston 173 9 hf-ch dust 810 17 159 175 21 ch pek .sou 1680 35 160 177 10 hf-ch fans 700 22 161 179 7 cli congou 700 29 162 Eadella 181 27 do bro pek 2700 46 bid 163 18:; ■26 do pekoe 2340 35 167 Pemberton 191 1:1 do bro pek 1-400 40 168 193 15 do pekoe 1350 33 178 Alnoor 213 44 hf-ch bro pek 19S0 42 179 215 25 do pek< e 1250 32 181 •219 8 do fans 13-20 21 [Messrs. Somerville & Co.— 179,872. 1 Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. c. 1 D 151 7 cll bro pek 770 so bid 6 156 7 do unas 700 ■25 bid 7 Hapugahalande 1.57 25 do bro pek ‘2500 53 8 168 29 do pek ■2010 JO 9 1.59 23 do pek sou 2ro pek 104. 71 Kew 222 15 hf-ch bro or pek 840 Rl-10 72 •223 IS clo or pek 900 89 74 224 27 ch pekoe 2484 52 7.5 225 17 do pekoe sou 1615 40 77 Nugawella 227 15 hf-ch or pek 8-_'5 51 78 228 17 do bro or pek 102t 41 79 229 42 clo pekoe 2100 40 82 Rayigain 232 25 ch bro pek 25(j0 46 bid 83 233 32 do pek oe •2720 35 84 Annandale 234 20 hf-ch bro or pek 11-20 58 bid 85 235 14 do or pek 728 70 bid 86 236 21 do pekoe 10.5;) 46 bid 87 yahatenne 237 15 ch bro pek 1500 44 88 238 8 do pekoe 760 33 91 Didbury 241 15 do bro pek 1500 51 bid 92 242 10 do pekoe 800 38 bid 93 New Valley 243 23 do bro pek 2530 71 94 244 17 clo or pek 1700 66 95 245 17 do pekoe 1700 44 96 246 10 do sou 900 39 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. Lot. Box. Pkgs. J^aine. lb. C. ■97 NIT 247 8 ch unast 800 18 98 Mousagalla 248 14 do bro pek 1540 47 99 219 15 do orpek 1425 54 100 250 17 do pekoe 1445 45 101 251 23 do pek son ‘j«70 39 108 Meuehatel 258 31 do or pek 2790 52 109 Romania 259 14 do bro pek 1400 38 bid 110 260 20 do pekoe 2000 30 111 ■261 8 do pek sou 715 25 lU RK 264 10 do bro pek IlOO 30 bid 115 26.5 9 do pek 898 26 bid 128 Lyndhui'st 278 23 ]if-ch bro pek 1150 44 bid 129 279 31 do pekoe 1395 35 133 DBG 283 12 ch bro mix 1200 10 134 Uku'wela 284 19 do bro pek 19C0 43 bid 135 285 17 do pekoe 1700 34 135 286 16 do pek s u 1600 26 bid 139 Penrith 289 14 hf ch bro pek 840 57 140 290 16 do pekoe 880 42 141 152 RCT, inest. 291 13 do pek sou 780 34 mark 302 15 do bro nek 1500 32 153 303 9 do pekoe 765 28 154 304 13 do pek sou 1040 23 163 Kelani 316 33 hf-ch bro pek 1485 55 165 315 27 ch pek 2430 35 166 316 12 do pek sou 1080 30 173 I P 323 23 hf-ch dust 1840 15 174 North Matale 324 32 ch bro pek 2700 48 175 325 30 do pek 27-20 39 176 177 White Cross 326 i 22 do pek sou 1870 33 No. 1 327 37 do bro pek 3700 37 bid 178 328 33 do pek 3135 32 bid 179 329 20 do sou 1810 25 bid 184 Ankande 334 23 do bro pek 2185 39 bid 185 335 28 do pekoe 2100 33 bid 186 336 41 do pek sou 3485 30 bid SMALL LOTS. [Messrs. A. H. Thompson & Co.] Lot. Box. Pkgs. Nan.e. lb. C. 5 Mandara Ne wera 5 3 ch dust 300 19 12 12 9 do pekoe 450 .31 13 13 1 do pek sou 45 •26 14 14 1 do dust 60 17 16 16 11 do pekoe 495 29 17 Relugas 17 1 ch souchong 85 19 18 18 3 do dust 360 16 19 19 4 do pek sou 440 24 20 20 1 hf-ch red leaf 69 8 24 24 3 do dust 4-20 15 30 30 9 do pek sou 495 46 81 31 2 do sou 100 30 32 32 4 do dust 320 20 £3 Agarsland 33 12 hf-ch or pek 600 53 38 38 2 do dust 150 '6 41 2 do fans 170 IS 44 44 2 do fa linings 170 17 46 Aha mud 46 8 hf-ch bro pek 400 47 47 47 6 do pekoe 300 30 48 48 7 do pek sou 360 25 49 49 1 do faiiniiigs 50 14 51 51 5 hf-ch dust 325 14 56 50 9 hf-ch bro or pek 567 45 60 A 60 5 hf-ch bro pek 260 45 ■Gl 61 7 do pekoe 350 32 [Mr. E. John.] Lot Bo.x. Pkgs. Name. lb. C. 1 Ayr 359 2 hf-ch bro tea 120 35 2 361 6 do dust 510 16 3 363 2 do bro mi.x 130 kO 7 S G H, in est. mark 371 6 ch pek sou 585 25 8 373 4 do bro pek fans 480 19 bid 12 Shannon 381 7 hf-ch pek sou 315 30 15 Dalhousie 387 3 do pek -sou 165 33 16 389 3 do fans 225 IS 17 391 2 do bro tea 110 9 21 Marlborough 399 8 ch pek sou 600 40 22 401 2 do pek fans 230 38 23 40'i 1 hf-ch dust 90 18 26 M B 0 409 1 do dust 75 14 ■30 Agra Ouvah 417 6 ch pek sou 670 39 32 421 4 hf-ch dust 380 19 37 Rondura 431 6 ch bro tea 630 28 38 433 4 do fans 480 LO Lot. Box. Pkg8. N aine. lb. C. 44 Vincit 415 6 do pekoe 600 33 45 447' 6 do nek sou 600 46 449 3 do 1 hf-ch bro pek fans 360 27 47 451 1 ch dust 135 15 52 Templestowe 461 2 do dust 280 17 53 463 1 do bro mix 100 21 66 Uda 469 5 do pek du«t 435 15 57 I 471 6 t!o SOU 390 30 58 473 8 hf-ch dust 620 15 59 475 2 ch r d leaf l!’0 8 65 Bro willow 487 6 hf-ch dust 504 19 63 Loughtoii 489 2 do pek dust 1(0 17 67 491 3 do SOU 150 23 71 Glassaii^ih 499 4 do bro mix 3i0 0 . 0 Lameliere 7 5 do pek fans 375 25 87 b N 1 in est. mark 31 4 do dust 320 14 90 ij 37 1 ch sou 93 IS 91 £9 1 do dust 117 15 92 Ivanhoe 41 8 do bro pek 440 54 93 43 7 do pekoe 630 44 95 47 3 do tiro mix 2-25 11 96 49 5 hf-ch dust 375 16 100 Kituldeniya 57 3 ch Sou 225 19 101 69 1 hf-ch du-t 84 16 107 A 71 3 do dust 225 16 116 Pati Rajah 89 4 ch fans 420 25 117 91 3 do dust 450 16 119 Keenagaha Ella 95 7 do pek sou 630 34 120 97 5 do bro mix 475 25 121 99 1 do unas 105 33 122 101 2 d-j fans 180 32 124 Ridgmount 105 3 do sou 2;o 35 125 G 107 1 do bro pek 45 27 126 109 1 do pek sou 60 28 1S4 Cleveland 125 8 hf-ch bro or pek 43-2 74 135 1'17 7 do or pek 315 64 137 133 7 do pek sou 336 43 138 1 33 3 do bro or i ek fans 171 SO 142 S 141 6 ch sou 480 30 147 Kotuagedera 151 4 do bro pek fans 480 21 150 N B 167 4 do sou 400 26 152 Heatherley 161 3 do dust 450 i5 164 Eadella 185 8 do nek sou 640 29 165 187 5 do tans eoo 31 166 189 3 do du.st 420 16 169 Pemberton 195 7 do pek sou 595 27 170 P 197 2 do bro mix 170 17 171 199 1 do bio pek fans 1 Oo 21 172 201 1 do dust 135 15 180 Alnoor 217 8 hf-ch red leaf 640 9 [Messrs. Somerville & Co.] Lot. Box. Pkg,s. K aine. lb. <•1 2 D 152 5 ch pekoe 505 25 bid 3 153 5 do pek sou 500 23 bid 10 Hapiigahalande 160 6 do bro pek sou eoo 14 12 C F in est mark 162 2 hf-ch bro mi.x 160 18 13 163 2 do dust 1(0 17 15 Comar 165 14 hf-ch or pek 6::o 41 17 167 2 ch pek sou 200 26 18 168 1 hf ch dust 75 16 22 Ukunella 172 1 do bro pek fans 70 19 26 Malvern ]76 1 do bro pek fans To 28 :3l Mousacalla 181 2 ch souchong 180 28 3-2 182 1 do dust 168 14 33 St. Cathrine, Ceylon 1S3 6 lif-ch bro pek 369 45 34 184 13 do or pek 584 51 37 187 1 do dust 80 17 41 Benveiila 191 4 ch pek sou 400 26 42 B, in estate mark 192 3 hf-ch dusi 210 16 43 193 3 do bro mix 150 16 47 JIadulteiine 197 7 do fans f)30 3(> 48 198 4 do dust 320 17 49 L 199 6 hf-ch dust 5^0 16 50 2(0 6 ch bro mix 475 10 51 Castle 201 S hf-ch bro pek 4i2 40 52 202 9 do pekoe 491 33 53 203 5 do pek sou 295 -28 54 ■204 3 do fannings ls3 IS 55 205 2 do dust 1.50 12 50 Maligatenne lOO 3 ch bro pek 264 33 bid 57 207 4 do pek £60 30 58 208 6 do unast 540 It) 59 •209 5 tlo pek sou 425 18 60 210 5 do bro sou 425 s 61 211 1 do dust 1(6 17 63 Koladeiiiya 213 6 do pekoe 510 35 04 214 7 do pek .sou 560 28 65 215 1 do liust 120 15 66 S C K ill est. mark 216 1 ch 99 1 lb. pkt. pek 100 25 67 217 1 do 200 5 lb. pkt. pek 100 20 bid 4 CEYLON PEODUCE SALES LIST. Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. c. Lot. Box, Pkgs. Name. lb. c. 08 W G 218 1 ch souchong 90 23 63 dunes 1314 8 lif-ch dust 6S0 16 69 219 1 do pek fans 100 17 68 Stamford Hill 1322 2 h f-ch (lust 160 17 70 I F ill est. mark 220 1 ch 100 1 lb. pkts. pek 100 25 70 Pati gama 1.328 2 eh pek sou ISO 34 73 Keiv 223 lo hf-eh bro pek 600 47 73 Ewhurst 1334 7 ch pek sou 630 29 76 226 3 ch sou 300 21 74 13:36 5 hf-eh fan.s 380 21 SO Niigaivella 230 6 ch pek -SOU 510 30 75 Labookellie 1338 4 ch hr ' pek 4G0 71 81 231 5 hf-ch dust 375 17 76 1340 4 do pekoe 364 50 S9 Mahateiine 239 4 ch pek sou 380 30 77 1342 5 do nek sou 455 42 90 240 2 do dust 2C0 19 79 Beaumont 1346 0 ch fans 654 25 102 Mousagalla 252 2 do souchong 200 29 80 1348 2 do SOU 220 27 103 253 1 do dust 100 15 82 Morland 1352 10 hf-ch bro pek fto 58 104 N 254 5 do bro pek .500 48 83 1354 8 ch pekoe 640 45 loa 255 6 do pek 510 .39 84 1350 3 do pek sou 210 33 106 256 2 do pek sou 160 30 85 1358 1 hf-ch dust so 19 107 257 1 hf-ch dust 62 16 86 1360 1 ch red leaf G5 9 112 Romania 262 2 ch du.st 168 16 93 Weyungawatte 1398 2 hf-ch dust 160 16 113 263 2 do COllfJOU 154 17 92 L 1372 3 ch (lust 490 15 116 R K 266 3 do pek sou 285 28 '00 Arapolakande 1383 5 ch sou 500 22 117 267 2 do fans 500 17 101 1390 3 do dust 345 15 IIS OHS 26S 3 do bro pek 295 32 bid 106 Torwood 1400 4 ch sou 320 2& 119 260 3 do pek 300 29 110 Doonevale 1408 8 ch pekoe 6S0 36 120 270 4 do pek sou 400 2.5 112 1412 4 ch dust 560 16 121 271 1 do dust 120 14 121 Castlereagh 1430 6 ch pek No. 2 540 34 130 Lyiidhurst 280 6 hf-ch pek sou 270 30 122 1432 4 do pek sou 320 27 131 281 7 do coujrou 315 20 223 14.34 6 hf-ch pek fans 420 26 132 28-2 8 do fannings 440 32 124 1436 3 do (lu.st 240 15 137 Ukuwela 287 1 do bro pek fans 70 24 128 Woodlands 1444 2 ch dust 240 23 ISS Penrith 28S 7 do bro or pek 490 48 134 Bevonford 1456 3 ch dust 210 21 142 292 1 do fans 55 21 135 D F D 1458 5 ch pek sou 350 32 143 K G 293 3 ch SOU 300 13 140 Tavalamten- 144 Patulpana 294 2 hf-cli bro pek 110 26 ne 1468 8 ch or pek 600 51 145 295 2 do pekoe no 22 141 1470 5 do 146 296 1 do pek sou 50 21 1 hf-ch pekoe 5-54 41 147 297 1 do SOU 45 15 142 1472 1 ch fans 100 2U 148 Veli Mulva 298 3 do or pek 165 37 152 Avisawella 1492 0 cli sou 510 25 149 299 3 do pek 150 33 159 Putupaula 0 8 ch sou 600 13 130 SOO 3 do pek sou 135 28 162 Clyde 12 2 ch bro pek 240 37 151 301 2 do SOU 90 17 165 18 2 do dust 250 16 155 2 ch dust 300 14 166 Daphne 2 ) 2 ch 200 42. 164 Kelani 314 8 hf-ch b 0 or pek 4U0 46 167 >2 4 do pekoe 380 34 167 317 9 do bro pi k fans 540 35 168 24 :3 do pek sou 270 25 168 318 4 do dust 400 16 169 26 1 do fans lOO 18 169 B in est. mark 319 3 ch bro pek 270 46 170 28 1 do dust 140 16 170 320 4 do pek 310 32 172 Pendeniova 32 2 lif-ch red leaf 100 18 m 321 3 do pek sou 255 29 175 Ireby 38 7 ch pek sou 6:10 47 172 322 3 do bro pek fans ISO 25 176 40 2 hf-ch fans no 37 ISO White Cros.s S30 2 hf-ch fans 130 19 177 42 2 do dus 160 IS 181 331 1 do dust 80 15 180 DeaElla 48 11 hf-ch sou 495 22 182 K S 332 2 ch pek 190 30 181 Roeberry 50 3 ch bro pek 330 40 183 333 4 do SOU 360 25 185 58 5 do fan 500 24 187 Ankande 337 5 do dust 400 16 191 Thiasho’.a 1S8 338 6 do SOU 480 29 Nilgiri 70 1 hf-ch or pek dust 50 out 189 Wevetenne 339 4 hf ch bro pek 224 42 192 72 1 do congou 50 out 190 340 7 do pek 364 31 197 Hopton 82 2 ch dust 240 17 191 341 4 do pek sou 328 29 198 84 3 do fans 300 27 192 342 1 do congou 48 17 207 Coreen 102 3 ch bro pek fan 300 27 193 34S 2 do pek fans 120 18 222 Polatagama 132 3 ch dust 450 16 1.91 314 1 ch bro mix 92 14 229 232 233 236 Debatgama Galphele Pingararva MP 146 152 154 160 2 ch 14 hf-ch 4 ch 2 ch dust pek sou dust dust No. 2 280 530 360 358 15 31 14 13 [Messrs, Forbes & Walker.] 214 245 Ellamulla 176 178 2 ch 1 do bro pek dust pek du.st 200 100 20 17 Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. c. 246 47 TG 180 182 1 hf-ch 8 do fans bro pek 62 400 24 39 2 JI G 1192 3 hf-ch SOU 135 48 248 184 1 do pek 50 29 3 1194 5 do dust 450 31 255 Wollry field 198 2 eh iu o pek 200 38 5 Dorankande 1198 7 hf-ch bro or pek 350 41 256 200 4 do pekoe 348 27 7 1202 4 do irek N 0. 2 200 30 257 202 2 do SOU 160 24 8 1204 8 do pek sou 040 28 258 204 3 do fans 262 14 ' 9 Beverley 1206 12 boxes’ bro or pek 3 i(j 57 bid 259 W 206 3 hf-ch bro pek 150 37 10 12CS 9 ch pek sou 4f;0 37 260 208 3 do pek 135 25 11 Harrington 1210 6 hf-ch bro or pek 360 70 266 V, ill estate 14 1216 2 ch pek sou 180 39 mar ' 220 6 hf-eh sou 300 24 15 1218 1 do dust 165 21 273 Frograore 234 12 hf-eh or pek 540 49 18 Kelaneiva 1224 1 ch SOU 100 30 274 ;36 10 do bro pek 550 70 19 1226 1 ch dust 115 16 275 233 2 do pekoe No. 2 SO 39 20 Melrose 1228 5 ch bro or pek 500 39 2S2 St. Edward 252 9 do pek sou 495 19 21 1230 7 do bro pek 630 40 286 Eetteresso 200 4 hf-ch bro pek dust 320 17 22 1232 7 do pekoe 660 34 287 262 1 do bro tea 46 27 23 1234 6 do pek sou 480 31 288 264 1 do fans 65 IS 34 Bargain' 1156 hf-ch bro pek fans 75 31 295 Arabalawa 278 12 hf-ch pek sou 480 26 88 Galkadua 1264 cli fans 100 19 296 280 5 do congou 223 18 41 Grange Gar- 303 Polatagama 291 6 ch pep fans 510 20 den 1270 1 ch SOU 270 31 304 296 4 do dust 600 16 42 1272 1 hf-ch dust 85 18 305 Hayes 298 2 hf-cli bro or pek 45 Maskeliva 1278 2 ch SOU 200 32 No. 1 110 71 49 Kirindi and 306 3 0 3 do bro or pek Woodthorne 1286 6 ch sou 420 29 No. 2 ISO 58 50 1288 y do llust 255 16 316 Dammeria 320 3 ch l)ek sou 300 38 51 1260 1 do red leaf . 46 0 317 322 4 do dust 400 16 55 ramme.sia 1268 3 ch pek sou 300 38 318 DM 324 2 ch bro or pek 240 47 50 1300 6 do dust 600 17 319 320 5 do pekoe 500 35 OBSERVER PRINTING WORKS TEA, COFFEE, CINCHONA, COCOA, AND CARDAMOM SALES, NO. 41. Colombo, November I, 1897. Price : — 12| cents each 3 copies 30 cents ; 6 copies J rupee. COLOMBO SALES OF TEA. LARGE LOTS. [Messrs. A. H. Thompson Co. — 68,635 1b.] Lot. Box. . Pkgs. Name. lb. C, 1 Agra Elbedcle 1 SI Iif-ch bro or pek 1798 6’ bid 2 2 25 do pekoe 1250 51 3 3 20 do pek .sou 1000 40 bid 7 Si] ifiyagodde 7 41 ch or pek 3690 47 8 8 36 do bro pek 3420 49 9 9 43 do bro or pek 4515 52 10 10 28 do pekoe 2240 41 11 11 25 do pek sou 1875 37 12 12 10 do pek fans 1250 32 15 Vogan 15 27 ch brO pek 2430 56 bid 16 16 30 do pekoe 2550 39 17 17 21 do pek sou 1840 34 20 Dr^ more 20 21 do bro pek 2000 67 21 20 22 do pekoe 2500 47 22 22 10 do pek sou 1000 35 28 Buddalpitiya 28 16 ch bor pek 1360 50 U4 J ?4 11 ch pek sou 1117 13 bid 1 hf-ch 35 Ludlow 35 15 hf-ch pek fans 1115 16 bid 36 Myraganga 36 22 ch bro pek 2046 44 bid 37 37 26 do pekoe 2340 34 bid 38 Mandara Ne - wewera SS 24 hf-ch bro pek 1320 .54 42 Henegama 42 11 hf-ch bro pek fans 770 26 45 Gooroogoda 45 8 ch bro tea 724 9 bid 47 Balgownie 47 15 ch bro pek 1350 36 bid 48 48 12 do bro pek 1020 29 49 49 14 do pek sou 1120 22 50 Pena 50 15 ch bro pek sou 1725 8 bid .56 Battalgalla 56 20 hf-ch bro pek 1200 37 5'7 67 12 ch pek sou 1200 37 .59 Hornsey 59 13 ch pek sou 1300 37 [Messrs. Somerville & Co.— 1.30,837.] Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. C. 3 Charlie Hill 3'3 13 lif-ch pek sou 700 28 8 Lonach 358 59 hf ch bro pek 32*5 52 9 359 28 ch pek 2240 39 10 3(0 13 do pek .sou 1040 34 11 Minna 861 27 bf-ch or pek 1401 66 12 362 86 do bra or pek 4730 49 13 363 51 do pekoe 4335 47 14 364 .30 do pekoe sou 2550 33 15 365 15 do dust 1360 16 17 Hatton 367 21 do bro pek 1155 68 18 368 18 ch pek 1530 48 19 369 9 do pek sou 720 34 23 Dotala 373 16 hf-ch bro pek 900 02 bid 24 374 12 ch pekoe 1080 40 31 White Cross No. 2 381 24 do bro pek 24(0 37 .32 382 22 do pekoe 2090 32 bid 33 383 13 do sou 1170 26 bid 38 Wilpita 388 8 do bro pek 800 34 bid 39 389 11 do pekoe 1100 26 bid 44 Yspa 394 11 do pek dust 1650 19 45 A N E 395 10 do pek sou 00 31 47 SD M 397 11 do pek 1045 33 54 P T N, in estate mark 4 13 hf-ch bro pek 7-28 36 55 5 19 do pek sou 950 31 69 Evalgolla 9 11 ch or pek 10*5 47 bid 60 10 11 do pekoe 1015 rs 62 Ellatenne 12 21 flo bro pek 2310 SO bid 63 Y arrow 13 .52 Iif-ch bro pek 2860 49 64 14 51 do jjekoe 25' 0 40 ■65 Ukuwela 15 28 ch bro pek 2SU0 40 bid 66 16 25 do pekoe 2600 34 67 17 20 do pek sou 2000 28 69 R 19 15 do pek sou 1350 IS 70 20 20 hf-ch bro sou icnc 14 bid 71 Maria 21 8 ch bro pek 800 35 bid 72 22 8 do pek 8U0 30 bid 74 Bogahagode- watte 24 7 do bro pek 700 40 75 25 12 do pekoe 1080 30 78 C 28 20 do bro pek sou 2000 21 87 G W 37 10 do SOU 800 28 91 Boragodda 41 13 do bro pek 1300 52 92 42 15 do pek 1275 34 Lot. Box. Bkgs. Name. lb. C. 97 Depedene 47 13 hf-ch bro pek 715 51 98 48 16 do pekoe 800 40 99 49 16 do pek sou 800 34 102 Rayigam 62 16 ch bro pek 1600 44 bid 103 53 33 do pek 2805 35 104 5* 12 do pek sou 960 31 109 Ovoca AI 69 30 hf-ch bro or pek 1630 64 no 60 24 do or pek 1080 54 111 61 18 do pek sou 1440 38 112 62 10 do pek fans 700 25 113 Monte Christo 03 53 do bro pek 2650 43 bid 115 65 16 do dust 960 16 117 Marigold 67 44 do bro pek 2728 64 118 68 21 do pek 1176 45 119 69 15 do pek sou 840 37 122 T P in est. mark 72 7 ch bro pek 770 out 124 Penrith 74 14 hf-ch bro or pek 910 47 125 75 19 do bro pek 1140 51 bid 126 76 15 ch pekoe 1200 38 bid 127 77 11 ch pek sou 935 32 133 Hapuga halandeSS 26 do bro pek 2600 47 hid 134 84 26 do pek 2340 38 bid 135 85 22 do pek sou 1980 31 bid l36 IV 80 7 do unast 700 18 bid [Mr. E. John. -188,1991b.] Lot Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. C. 1 Attabagie 321 19 ch fan.s 2470 20 3 Orange Field 225 8 do bro pek 800 41 4 22’’ 10 clo pekoe lOOO 32 0 M, Nayapane 237 24 do 1 hf-ch bro mix 1353 9 11 Shawlands 241 25 ch 1 hf-ch bro pek 2,590 46 bid 12 243 26 ch pekoe 2:140 40 bid 13 245 19 do pek sou 1710 34 bid 16 Ri.seland 251 17 do tiro pek 15:10 30 bid 17 253 n do pekoe 990 28 26 Acra watte 271 32 do bro pek 1920 50 bid 27 273 21 do pekoe 1890 42 bid 28 275 13 do pek sou 1300 36 30 Rondura 279 14 do bro pek 1540 31 bid 31 281 10 do or pek 880 45 bid 32 «83 29 do pekoe 2372 33 bill 33 28.5 19 do pek sou 1748 26 bid 34 287 rr do (lust 770 15 35 2‘J9 14 do bro tea 1260 27 38 Agra Ouvah 295 63 hf-ch bro or pek 4095 77 39 297 17 ch or pek 1700 64 40 299 11 do pekoe 1045 56 41 Glasgow 301 75 do bro or pek 5850 66 42 303 16 do or pek 1410 59 43 305 18 (lo pekoe ISuO 50 44 Digdoia 307 18 do bro or pek 1620 48 45 309 14 do or pek 1120 36 46 311 15 do pekoe 1200 33 47 3 3 12 do pek sou 1020 29 48 315 8 do bro pek f^n3 720 25 £0 Mocha 319 38 do bro or pek 3800 6* bid 51 321 36 do pekoe 3000 49 52 323 16 do pek sou 1200 44 53 325 9 do fans 1170 41 60 Alliaddy 339 22 do bro prek 2090 49 bid 61 341 15 do pekoe 1350 3o bid 62 343 12 do pjk sou 96 J 33 64 .Stiiisford 347 49 hf-ch bro pek 225* 52 bid 05 3i9 3,8 do pekoe 174S 38 l)id 66 351 20 do pek sou 9,)0 32 bid 67 Glentilt 353 30 ch bro pek 3000 61 08 355 21 do pekoe 2100 48 69 Anchor, in est. mark 357 25 hf- ch bro or i ek 1250 66 70 359 IS ch or pek 1350 52 71 Kauangama 361 22 do bro pek 2090 38 bid 72 361 IS do pekoe 1530 31 bid 7* Anchor, in est. mark 367 25 hf-ch bro or pek 1:375 63 bid 75 369 21 ch pekoe 1785 48 77 Gainpola 373 16 do pek No. 1 1*10 34 SO Kataboola 391 8 do pek (lust 1120 19 91 .S G H, in est. mark 401 15 do bro pek 1350 35 97 Deliigoda 413 10 do pekoe 1000 out 98 Poibkande 415 15 hf-ch bro pek 9,0 51 99 417 17 ch pekoe 1.530 34 bill 100 419 27 do {lek sou 210 28 bid 103 Tientsin 425 is: hf-ch bro pek >■()() .54 bid 104 427 15 ch pekoe 1350 47 106 Eiia 431 61 do bro pek 4590 -12 bid 2 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST Lot Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. c. Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. c. 107 433 64 eh pekoe 4590 31 bid no 546 40 ch pekoe 3060 37 118 435 21 do pek sou 1785 28 bid 111 .548 £6 do pek ^ou 2520 31 109 437 14 ilo fans 1400 23 bid 114 Thedden 554 12 do bro pek 1-200 52 110 Murravthwaite 439 27 hf-ch bro pek 1350 51 115 556 9 do pekoe 810 38 111 441 12 ch pekoe 1020 34 118 Blaha Uva 502 19 hf-ch bro or pek 1235 60 113 Maskeliya 445 12 do bro or pek 1-200 61 bid 119 564 27 do or pek 1620 6-2 in 447 12 do or pek 1200 48 120 ro6 24 ch pekoe 2280 50 115 449 9 do pekoe 810 31 ! 121 568 15 do nek SOU 1210 42 120 Claremont 4,' 9 41 hf-ch bro or pek 2132 35 bil 125 Battawatte 576 24 ch bro pek 2100 .‘:6 121 461 11 ch pekoe 935 34 126 578 •^4 do pekoe 2400 14 bid 129 Kazeen 477 20 hf-ch bro pek 1200 56 1 127 580 S do pek sou St'O 38 133 485 20 do pek sou 900 30 130 Gampaha 588 18 ch or pek 16-20 53 138 Kotuageclera 495 25 ch bro pek 25C0 43 bid 131 588 16 do bro or pek 16U) 68 1S9 497 20 do pekoe 19C0 34 bid 132 590 9 d') pek sou SU) 45 141 Ratwatte 511 12 do bro pek 1344 40 bid 140 Erracht C' 6 10 ch bro or pek £0'i 44 1 4 607 22 do pekoe 18i0 37 141 608 14 do ( r nek 1P64 48 145 509 16 do pek sou 1184 32 1 142 610 11 do uekoe 825 33 147 Alnoor 513 38 hf-ch bro pek fans 2090 25 144 614 10 do pek sou 8(0 *29 148 515 17 do fa- s 10-10 18 1 145 Ruanwella 610 20 ch bro pek I’lOU 48 149 517 82 do pek sou 1609 22 140 018 48 do pekoe 4080 o5 151 St. .John’s 521 26 do bro or pek 1560 91 bid 147 6*:u 8 do pek sou V20 27 152 623 30 do or pek 1560 76 150 Moraukande 6 0 10 ch bro pek 1900 46 153 525 24 do pekoe 1344 6-2 151 6?8 15 ch pekoe 14-25 34 154 627 29 do pek sou 1450 57 160 Carfax 646 18 ch bro or pek isro 64 160 Logan 539 15 ch bro pek 14-15 51 161 648 19 do or pek 1(0») 58 161 541 14 do pekoe 1260 37 16-2 650 21 do pekoe 1995 49 162 543 10 do pek sou 900 32 163 Pallegodde 652 37 ch 1)1-0 ur pek 3710 42 164 654 37 do bro pek 3330 53 - 165 656 34 do pekoe 2550 39 166 658 25 do pek sou 21-25 33 f Messrs. Porbes & Walker. — 503,257 lb.] 167 660 25 do dust 21-25 IS 168 Knavesmire 662 8 ch or pek 760 46 bid Lot. iiox. rkas. Name. lb. C. 169 664 15 ch bro pek 1 500 41 hid 2 C H in estate 170 6c6 47 do pekoe 3995 S3 bid m rk 330 24 hf-ch SOU 1-200 29 171 663 15 do pek sou 1-200 29 4 New Peacock 334 12 lif-ch pek fans 900 18 178 Olahitagoda 682 21 hf-ch pek sou a 1092 30 14 NewAnsamana 354 15 hf-ch bro pek 825 43 186 Thedden 60S 9 ch bro pek 900 45 15 356 20 do pekoe 1000 33 1S9 IV W 704 12 cli bro mix 1020 10 16 358 17 do pek sou 8.'0 28 191 Dunbar 708 aU hf-cb or pek 1-290 51 18 N 362 1 3 ch bro mix 1690 192 710 37 do bro pek 1S50 55 19 364 22 ch unassorted 1980 27 193 7!-2 22 ch pekoe 1650 44 20 Great Valley 199 Ambalawa 7-24 14 lif-ch bro pek 7< 0 43 bid Ceylon in es ■200 726 16 do pekoe 720 35 mark 366 16 ch bro or pek 1520 63 201 728 14 do bro or pek 7C0 3U 21 868 39 do pekoe 3510 33 202 B B B in estate 24 Munnkattia mark 730 12 ch dust 1464 18 bid Ceylon in es 203 Ascot 732 32 ch bro pek 3040 44 bid tate mark 374 31 lif-ch bro or pek 1550 ."•s 204 734 28 do pekoe 2240 34 2.' 376 12 do pekoe 1080 39 205 730 10 do pek sou 900 28 26 378 14 do uek sou 1260 33 206 738 11 do pek fans 1-265 27 27 Holton 380 87 ch bro pek 3c-15 45 bid 209 Earn ham 744 17 hf-ch or pek 850 54 28 382 10 do pekoe 800 35 210 746 42 do peKoe 2310 41 31 Dravton 388 45 hf-ch bro or pek 2475 70 bid 211 748 35 do T)ok sou 1575 34 32 390 32 do or pek 1600 60 bid 215 Monkswood 756 16 hf-ch bro or pek 8t0 88 34 394 42 hf-ch pekoe 3570 48 bid 216 758 14 do or pek 700 76 35 396 16 ch pek sou 12S0 37 bid 217 700 18 ch pekoe 1476 64 38 Yuillefieltl 402 24 hf-ch bro or pek 1200 79 218 762 13 do pek sou 1105 56 39 404 32 ch or pek 2880 49 223 B F B 7S-2 12 hf-ch bro pek dust 900 22 43 B 412 9 ch SOU 810 ■20 230 Bleddetenne 786 37 hf-ch 1 1-0 pek 2035 46 44 414 8 do dust 1120 18 231 788 16 ch pekoe 1600 34 45 Yataileria 416 SO hf-ch bro or pek 1660 4 4 bid 232 790 8 do pek sou 720 29 46 418 28 ch bro pek 2520 34 Ilia 236 Anningkande 798 31 hf-ch bro pek 1860 46 47 420 30 hf-ch bro pek 1320 37 i 237 800 25 do pekoe 12511 S6 48 4-22 41 ch pekoe 3485 28 i 242 Tymawr 810 22 lif-cll bro pek 11 CO 67 66 Pa ssara Group 438 33 ch bro pek 3330 50 bid ' 244 814 2 1 do p k sou 945 36 67 440 38 do pek 3421 £9 bid 245 Errollwood 816 10 ch bro pek 1"50 58 bid 68 442 11 do pek SOU 9P0 34 bid 2)6 818 2-2 do r>ekoe 1760 41 59 444 11 do t'OU 900 30 1 247 820 18 do pek sou 1440 34 62 K P W 450 35 hf-cli or pek 2240 14 1 248 Tymawi- 882 40 hf-ch bro pek 2000 52 63 452 14 do bro pek 896 39 ' 249 824 26 do pekoe 1170 3 - bid 64 454 38 do pek 2280 36 i 250 8-26 43 do pek sf u 1935 3-2 bid 68 Pedro 462 66 hf-ch bro or pek 3360 92 ! 254 Ellaoya 834 21 ch ino ))ek 2100 46 bid. 69 464 13 ch pekoe 1235 69 1 255 886 24 do or pek 2160 39 bid 70 466 26 do pek sou 2880 55 i 256 838 23 do pek S0U 19.15 30 bid 71 468 17 hf-ch fans 1445 89 i 260 Rowley 816 49 ch bro pek 2450 54 72 Naseby 470 38 hf-ch bro pek 2090 76 ! 261 848 47 do pekoe 23.10 41 73 472 21 do pekoe 1050 68 ! 202 Middleton 850 22 ch or pek 22(^0 64 74 474 18 do pek sou 900 53 i 263 852 11 do pekoe 090 54 76 470 9 do dust 738 34 : -264 854 16 do pek sou 1289 46 80 Sunnycroft 486 8 ch pek sou 800 31 i 265 Clyde 856 26 ch bro pek 2340 50 82 490 7 do dust 1120 12 1 266 858 23 do pekoe ■2070 34 83 Nahahna, 492 44 ch SOU 4840 27 ! 267 860 12 do pek sou 1080 2 T 84 Stamford Hil 494 18 hf-cli flowery or pek 900 76 269 Stisted S64 68 hf-ch bro pek E740 43 85 496 24 do or pek 1080 5-2 bid 27') 866 47 do pekoe 2,585 36 86 498 27 do pekoe 1215 45 ; 271 868 40 do pek sou 2001 29 ■87 Penrlio.s 500 20 hf ch or pek 1000 65 1 273 Bloomti 1 872 25 ch in o pek 2.500 60 88 502 17 do bro pek 1020 65 bid ' 274 874 21 hf-ch bro or pek 1365 50 89 504 57 do pekoe 28.30 45 bid 275 876 24 ch pekoe 2400 46 91) 606 14 do pek sou 700 38 1 276 878 26 do pek sou 2600 39 98 Mngagalla 522 36 hf-ch l)ro pek 1800 46 ■278 Drayton S82 33 hf-ch bro or pek 2000 71 bid 99 5’24 74 do pekoe 3700 36 ! 279 884 28 hf-ch or pek 1400 6i, bid 102 Tonncombe 530 30 ch or pek 3000 55 bid i 281 88S 38 ch pekoe 3230 46 103 532 13 do bro pek 1560 59 bid i 282 890 14 do pek sou 1120 37 104 534 45 do pekoe 4500 44 bid 285 Lochiel 896 19 ch pek sou 1615 35 105 536 9 do pek sou 810 36 bid 1 393 Carlabeck 912 9 ch pek sou 990 43 bid- 106 5.38 11 do dust 990 19 1 294 911 9 hf-ch bro pek fan 765 35 109 New Peraden ! 299 Tannawatte 924 13 ch red leajf 1040 8 diya 544 22 ch bro pek 2200 51 ‘ 300 Weyungawatte 92£ 18 hf-ch bro or pek 990 45 bid. CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. 3- Lot Bo.x . Pkgs. Name. 11). c. 301 928 20 cb or pek 1700 45 302 930 50 do pek 4000 35 30.5 Lochiel 936 61 box bro or pek 1216 60 306 938 o5 ch bro pok 3325 51 307 940 16 do pekoe 1280 43 309 L 944 8 ch pekoe 720 11 31U 946 52 do sou 4085 9 313 O.xford 952 21 ch bro or pek 2205 40 314 954 30 hf-ch or pek 13.50 44 bid 315 956 18 ch pekoe 1440 35 316 958 15 do pek sou lO’O 28 318 Clones 962 33 hf-ch bro pek 1485 51 320 966 32 do brorpefans 17C0 34 321 968 30 ch pekoe 2400 33 327 Meeoioraoya 9S0 27 ; bf-uW pek 1080 35 330 St. Kellers 986 23 lif-ch bro or pek 1326 53 331 988 19 do or pek 855 46 332 990 18 cli pek 1620 38 334 Amblakancle 9:>4 10 ch bro pek 1000 46 335 996 12 ho pek No. 1 lUSO 38 337 1000 8 do pek sou 800 29 bid 338 Tyspany 1002 30 ch bro pek 3000 50 339 1001 28 do or pekoe 2520 43 340 1006 35 do pekoe 3250 35 344 Carberry 1014 53 ch bro pek 4770 47 345 1016 47 do pek 4-230 36 346 b 18 15 do peksou 1350 32 356 Beverley 1038 23 hf-ch bro pek 1265 60 368 C R A 1062 15 cll 1 hf-cli pek No. 1 1445 n b'd 369 1064 8 ch bro pe fans 960 14 bid 370 G PM in est. mark 1066 24 hf-ch bro or pek 1440 71 371 1068 18 do bro pek 900 72 372 1070 24 do pekoe 1320 55 373 1072 17 do pek sou 935 48 375 Geragama 1076 3L ch bro pek 3100 45 376 1078 16 do pek" 1440 34 37,’ 1080 14 do pek sou 1260 30 378 Geragama 10S2 28 ch bro pek 2800 45 379 1034 23 do pekoe 2070 34 332 M A 1090 23 hf-ch bro or pek 1150 44 bid 383 092 21 ch pek 1470 41 386 1098 11 do bro tea 880 22 388 Ingroogalla 1102 13 ch bro pek 13:0 50 389 1 04 Ir do pek 990 39 390 1106 12 do pek .sou 1080 33 392 ILIO 7 do bro pe fans 700 86 397 Arapolakande 1120 S9 ch bro or pek 3510 -4 bi 1 407 Ilea Ella 1140 41 hf-ch bro pek 2200 46 408 1142 36 do pek 1800 34 409 1144 27 do pek sou 1215 29 410 Erlsmere 1146 11 ch pek No. 2 1045 40 411 1148 12 Ilf ch dust 960 20 413 M 0, Hunas- geria 1152 39 ch bro or pek 3900 36 bid 414 1154 37 do bro pek 3115 29 bid 415 1156 31 do or pek 2790 30 bid 416 1158 42 do pek 3570 26 417 H N, Hunas geria 1160 32 ch bro or pek 3200 36 418 1162 33 do bro pek 2s05 29 bid 419 1164 30 do or pek 27' 0 29 bid 420 1196 30 do pekoe 2550 25 SMALL LOTS. [Messrs . A . H. Thompson A: Co.] Lot. Box. Pko's. Naii.e. lb. C. 4 A.ijra Elbedde 4 1 ht-oh bro or pek 1798 S3 5 5 2 do bro pek fans 120 45 6 6 3 do dust 255 24 13 Sa; itiyagodde V6 1 ch du^t 143 16 14 f4 3 hf-ch red leaf 192 8 18 F H M in estate mark 18 2 ch pek fans 180 16 19 .Springwood 19 2 cll bro mix 2l!0 15 22 22b 5 do pek sou sro 33 27 D 27 4 ch sou 360 10 29 L 29 2 ch dust 270 16 30 30 5 do bro mix 425 IS 32 B and D 32 2 ch souchong 190 25 .33 B and 1) 33 5 ch dust 750 19 39 Mandara Ne- wera 39 13 hf-ch pekoe 650 40 40 40 10 do pek sou 500 3.5 41 41 3 do dust 240 20 43 Henegaina 43 7 do dust 560 16 44 44 2 do bro mix 120 15 46 Gooroogoda 46 2 ch soucliong 200 10 68 Battalgalla 58 3 ch fannings 255 16 60 Hornsey 60 3 cn fannings 255 17 Lot. Box, P kg.8. Name. lb. c. [Mr. E. J( DHN.] Lot Bo.x. p; kgs. Name. lb. c. l2 AnamalLai 223 2 lif-ch dust 170 15 0 Orange Field 229 1 ch pek .sou 100 22 0 ■231 1 do pek fans 112 18 7 Rangbodde 233 6 do bro pek fans 660 42 S 231 2 do dust 220 18 10 M, in est. mai i-k 219 5 do 1 hf-ch bro mix 412 9 14 Shawlands 247 4 do dust 400 18 15 249 3 do fans 300 20 IS Riselond 255 4 cll pek sou 300 20 29 K G L 277 3 do red leaf 240 9 3(j Rundura 291 6 do fans 648 18 37 293 4 do red leaf 420 11 49 Digdola 317 3 do dust 435 17 64 Allington 327 2, do or pek 200 38 55 3 9 3 do bro or j. elt 300 30 53 331 G do pekoe 540 28 67 333 4 do pek sou 400 19 58 335 1 do dlls-t 100 16 59 E E E 3o7 5 do red leaf 400 8 6‘a Alliaddy 345 1 do dust 100 S3 7.3 Kanangaina 365 7 do pek fans 665 22 76 Gampoia 371 7 do or pek 065 36 bid- 7S 375 5 do bro pek 475 38 79 377 1 do fans 100 24 8f: 379 1 do dust 1'20 16 81 381 5 do pek No. 2 475 SO 87 Kataboola 393 2 do sou 200 19 88 Theresia 395 3 do pek sou 270 32 89 397 6 do bro pek fans 390 40 9J 893 3 do dust 24(1 22 92 S G H, in est. inarK 403 6 do nekoe 540 24 93 405 4 do pek soil 360 22 94 407 0 do bro pek fans 6i 0 25 9S Dehigoda 4: 9 3 do bro or pek 300 32 96 411 8 hf-ch bro pek 41 0 23 101 Tientsin 421 5 do bro or pek 2.50 62 102 423 6 do or pek 270 56 105 4-29 2 ch pek sou 180 32 11 -4^ Murray thwaite 413 5 do pek sou 400 25 bid 116 Maskeliya 451 6 do pek .sou 640 21 117 453 2 do scu 200 30 113 455 3 do dust 270 18 119 457 8 do bro pek fans 400 30 122 Claremont 463 3 hf-ch fans 180 18 130 Razeen 479 3 do pek fans 225 21 131 481 2 do bro tea 100 20 132 483 1 do dust 100 15 140 Gr 499 3 do dust 265 IG 142 Ratwatte 503 4 ch fans 388 20 143 505 5 do bro mix 355 20 146 5U ht-oh dust 252 16 150 Farm 519 2 do dust 16b 16. 155 H S, in estate mark 529 4 qh sou 340 15 156 .531 2 b(igs red leaf 140 8 157 .l:-’,3 3 hf-ch dust 270 14 158 RTB 535 5 do fans 360 24 159 537 2 do dust 18 ' IS 163 Logan 545 1 ch du.st l."0 18 164 547 1 do bro tea 90 24 165 549 .5 do bro or pek 650 34 166 551 1 do unas SO 24 167 C N 553 5 do bro tea 600 14 [Messrs. Somerv. ILLE & Co.] Lot. Box. PI v'gs. Name. lb. C, 1 Charlie Hill 351 10 1 hf-ch or pek 500 41 2 3.12 11 do pek 550 34 4 3.54 2 do SOU 100 19 5 355 3 rlo bro p< k fans 170 24 6- 356 2 do pek fans 1-20 21 7 : M 357 3 do red leaf 180 9 16 .Minna 366 4 ch bro mix 360 9 20 H 370 1 hf-ch (lust SO 19 21 371 ch pek sou 50 30 22 Dotala 372 15 do or pek C75 59 25 375 3 do pek sou 285 37 26 3< G 1 do pek fans 1-20 24 27 S 377 2 hf-ch dust 160 21 •28 378 3 do bro tea 150 9 29 A 379 2 do dust 160 21 30 3S0 2 do bro tea 100 9 34 White Cross No. 2 3‘84 o do fans 195 23 35 38.1 2 do dust 160 20 oG ES oSG 3 ch pek 285 28 37 387 5 do SOU 450 20 40 Wilpita .390 3 do pek sou 270 21 bid 41 391 4 do pek sou (a) 360 out i CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. Lot, . Box. Pkgs. Mame. lb. 42 392 3 ch fans 258 43 393 2 do dust 236 46 1 S D M 396 5 do bro pek 500 48 398 5 do pek sou 4S0 49 399 1 do fans 83 50 400 2 do congou 150 51 1 1 do dust 135 52 2 1 do red leaf 80 63 St. Leys 3 1 do bro mix 80 56 P T N in est. mark 6 2 hf-eh dust 170 67 Kvalgolla 7 5 box bro pek ino 68 8 5 ch bro pek £00 61 11 4 do pek sou 270 68 Ukuwela 18 1 hf-ch bro pek fans 70 73 Maria 23 4 oh pek sou » 400 76 Bosahacfodewatte 26 4 do pek sou 366 77 27 2 do pek fans 2-20 79 Allakolla •29 6 hf-cli dust 510 80 30 1 bag Huff 87 88 G W 38 2 do red leaf 140 89 S9 4 hf-ch fans 240 90 40 4 flo dii“t 280 93 Horapjodda 43 3 c!i pek sou 255 94 44 1 do fans m 95 45 1 do dust 148 ^6 46 2 do congou 180 100 Depedeiic 50 10 hf-C4 bro tea 650 101 51 2 do dust 160 105 Rayigam 55 6 ch bro pek fans 540 106 FA 56 1 do dust 150 107 57 2 do red 1 af 200 108 58 1 do sweepings 125 114 Monte Christo 64 n hf-ch bro pek 550 116 Roseneatli G6 3 ch red leaf 285 120 Marigold 70 6 Iif-ch bro pek ans 408 121 71 3 do dust 240 123 T P in est. mark 73 5 ch pek 1 05 128 Penrith 78 1 do pek fans 125 129 79 1 do dust 160 130 K in est. mark 80 5 do 1 ek sou 500 131 81 1 do fans 108 132 82 1 do dust 139 [Messrs . Forbes & Walker.] Lot Box. Pkts. Name. lb. 1 B B P in estate mark 328 2 ch dust 150 3 New Peacock 332 2 lif ch bro mix 100 S A K 336 5 do bro pek 275 0 338 4 do pek 216 7 340 3 do bi'O mix 144 8 342 1 box dust 32 9 K H L 344 4 ch bro mix 340 10 346 3 do dust 495 11 Atnngahatenne 348 1 hf-ch or pek 54 12 350 2 do pek 108 13 352 1 do pek sou 43 17 ; New Anaamana 360 2 do hr pek dust 149 22 Great Valley, Ceylon in es mark 370 3 ch tans 210 23 372 6 do dust 510 29 Holton 384 2 ro pek sou 190 30 386 1 do dust 75 40 Yuillefield 466 6 do pekoe 400 41 408 1 hf-ch pek .sou 40 42 410 1 do dust 80 49 Yatederiya 4-24 3 do bro pek dust 216 56 Blairgowrie 426 6 ch or pek .‘20 51 428 3 do bro pek 183 52 430 9 do pekoe 678 53 432 2 do pek sou 140 54 4-34 1 box sou 14 55 436 1 box dust 28 60 Pas 'ara Group 446 1 ch dust 100 61 448 2 do fans 200 65 KP W 456 9 hf-ch pek sou 604 66 4.58 3 do dust 270 67 D V 460 1 ch dust 150 76 G K 478 5 do bro tea 450 77 480 3 do dust 4-20 72 New Galway 482 4 hf-ch bro pek 240 79 484 5 do pekoe 275 81 Sunnycroft 488 3 ch congou 300 91 Pernhos 508 7 hf-ch dust 660 92 516 3 do souchong 150 100 Nugagalla 5-26 12 do pek sou 600 10' 528 4 do dust 360 107 G 540 3 di sou 255 l(i8 542 2 do pek (lust 290 112 New Pera- deniy,a 550 4 do sou 264 113 Thedden 552 2 do bro or pek 250 116 668 3 do bro sou 270 117 660 1 do dust 150 Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. C. 122 Maha Uva •■70 1 hf-ch pek fans 75 •22 123 572 1 do dust 90 17 124 574 1 do congou 45 18 128 Batta watte 582 2 ch bro pek fans 200 30 1-29 584 2 do dust 200 16 143 Erracht 61 • 7 ch fans .'95 30 148 Ruanwella 622 5 ch fans 550 28 149 624 5 hf ch dust 400 15 152 Moranhande 630 4 ch pek sou 300 28 172 Knavesmire 670 1 ch .sou 85 18 173 672 :< hf-ch fans 2-25 20 174 674 2 do dost 19 » 16 175 Olahitagoda 616 10 lif-ch or pek COO 39 bid 176 67s 9 do pek sou B 495 30 177 6t0 7 do pek sou A c(34 30 i79 Broughton U;4 2 oh fans 3 30 32 18'i 686 1 do dust 90 -20 181 Olahitagoda 683 1 hf-ch fans C8 22 182 690 1 do dust 00 1.5 1S5 Thedden 696 2 ch bro or pek 200 a6 187 7lX) 7 do pekoe 030 36 188 702 4 do pek sou SCO 26 bid 190 w \v 706 2 ch dust 15 194 Dunbiir 714 3 ch pek sou 234 32 195 D B R 716 4 hf ch d st •2 SO IS 196 718 3 do fans 171 23 197 Avoca 7-20 2 ch pek sou 21.0 41 198 7^22 4 hf-ch bro pek fans 320 32 207 Ascot 74 U 2 ch •SOU 170 •22 208 742 2 ch dust 32.1 17 212 Farnham 750 3 hf-ch pek fans 225 24 213 752 2 do )>ro tea 1' 0 IS 214 751 1 ch dust 00 i5 219 Monkswood 764 S ch sou 600 42 220 766 9 do or pek fans 504 45 221 768 3 do pek fans 16» :-8 222 770 6 .io dust 4.‘0 20 223 Kitulgalla 772 3 hf-ch or pek 150 43 224 774 4 d(» bro pek 2.20 39 225 776 4 ch pekoe ScO 30 226 7 8 5 do pek sou 500 25 227 H 780 1 hf-ch bro or pek 46 39 229 B F B 784 2 hf-ch pek dust ItO 15 •233 Meddetenne 792 3 ch congou 30 i 18 234 794 2 do bro pek fans 220 24 235 791 2 do bro pek dust 250 16 243 Tymawr 812 15 hf-ch l)ekoe 075 42 251 8-28 5 do sou 250 20 252 830 2 do bro pek dust 140 17 253 832 1 do dust 75 13 268 Clyde 862 2 ch dust 280 16 •272 Stisted 875 5 hf-ch .sou 400 10 277 Bloomfield 880 6 ch pek fans 480 18 2S0 Drayton 886 9 hf-ch bro pek 540 40 bid •283 892 1 ch sou 95 22 284 194 3 do dust 355 18 286 Lochiel 898 3 ch dust 420 18 287 C OEB 900 4 eh I ek 400 30 288 9-2 2 do bro mi.xed 210 13 289 Moralioya 904 3 ch faniiings 249 23 290 906 2 do sou ICO 22 291 908 1 do dust 145 16 292 910 1 do bro tea 93 IS 295 Peacock Hil 916 4 hf-ch bro mixed ISO 10 295 918 8 ch pek fans 000 18 297 Pathregalla 920 3 ch fans 300 19 298 922 3 hf-ch dusr 270 16 303 Essex 93; 6 ch pf k 027 34 304 934 2 do bro pe dust 290 17 3 8 Lochiel 942 2 ch pek sou 170 32 311 L 918 2 ch dust No. 1 3-20 16 312 950 2 do dust No. 2 •260 12 317 Oxford 960 0 hf-ch dust 4S0 IS 319 dunes 904 13 hf-ch bro or pek 650 52 3-22 Meemoraoya 970 8 hf-ch bro pe No. 1 320 46 323 972 15 do pek No. 1 600 32 324 974 1 do pesou No. 1 40 Vi 325 976 1 do dust No. 1 59 16 3-26 Meemoraoya 978 9 hf-ch bro pek 350 40 328 982 3 do pek.sou 1 0 •24 329 934 1 do dust 65 16 313 St. Hellers 992 9 ch dust 490 18 316 Amblakande 99S 7 ch pek No. 2 560 33 347 Carberiy 1010 4 cli bro pek fans 440 22 35 1 Downside 1028 .5 hf-cli bro pek 250 44 352 1030 8 do pek sou 400 28 353 1U'2 2 do congou 100 20 354 1034 1 do dust 75 17 355 Beverley 1036 19 box bro or pek 323 65 bid 357 1010 4 hf-ch pek 200 46 bid 358 Wevagoda 1042 VI hf-ch bro pek 06) 32 359 1044 7 ch pek 616 19 360 1016 1 do pek sou 85 IS 361 1048 3 do sou 240 10 362 1050 3 do pek fans 270 11 363 1052 1 do pek dust 110 14 364 MarylHill 1054 11 hf-eh bro pek 660 42 bid c. 15 15 42 2.1 bid 16 18 15 9 10 18 withd’n 46 26 23 26 24 17 17 7 9 21 19 2S 25 16 20 35 vl 29 16 8 15 48 9 36 20 20 bid 25 16 22 bid 16 16 C. 15 9 33 24 17 15 13 15 37 20 16 21 32 20 26 16 42 22 17 17 64 bid 4 ■ bid 36 bid 29 bid 21 20 15 22 bid 24 17 7 24 17 72 54 26 19 19 24 17 18 18 24 bid 30 28 17 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. 5 Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. C. 365 1' 56 9 hf-ch pek 495 33 bid 3o6 1058 4 do pek sou 220 27 bid 367 374 G P M in est. 1060 2 do bro mix 140 14 mark 1074 3 hf-ch pek fans 420 34 380 Geragama 1086 7 ch bro pek fans 525 19 381 ii A 10S8 15 hf-ch or pek 675 52 384 1091 9 ch pek sou 585 31 385 1096 1 hf-ch dust 85 17 ,^87 lino 5 do dust 400 16 39 Ingroogalla 1103 7 ch sou 63) 27 bid :393 1112 4 do red leaf 400 12 394 Eetteresso im 1 ch bro tea 105 28 395 K 1116 1 ch sou loo 20 316 Tientsin 11 1 i 1 ch pek sou 90 . 28 412 C IPO 3 hf-ch red leaf 150 9 CEYLON COFFEE SALES IN LONDON. {From Our Commercial Correspondent) Mincing Lane, Oct. 1, 1897. Marks and prices of CEYLON COFFEE sold in Mincing Lane up to I st October : — Ex “Orestes”— Haldummulla, F, 1 barrel I03s; ditto 1, 1 cask 103s; ditto 2, 3 casks OSs; ditto 3, 1 cask 90s; diito PB, 1 fierce U)3s; HMT in estate raaik, 1 tierce 27s; HMP in estate mark, I > arrel 49s. Hald'aninulla, 1 bag overtakers 9 s. Pitaratmale 1, 1 tierce 10.5s; ditto 2, 3 casks 103s 6d; dittos, Ic It 9.5s 6d; ditto PH, 1 barrel 121s; FRMT in esfeite mark, 1 barrel 6?s. Keenakele, A, 2 casks 1 barrel 10 s; ditto B, Ic 9-3s 6d; ditto C, 1 barrel 70s; ditto PB, 1 barrel 9is; ditto T, Ic 52s. Mincing Lane, Oct. 8, 1897. Marks and prices of CEYLON COFFEE sold in Mincing Lane up to 8th October ;— Ex “Orestes” — Wiharagalla, F, 1 barrel 109s; ditto 1, 2 casks 106s; ditto 2, (4 casks 1 barrd) ditto S, 1 tierce 9!s; ditto PB, 1 tierce Ills; WHGTin estate mark, 1 cask 02s; WHG, 1 barrel withdrawn at 40s: ditto 2, 1 cask withdrawn 40s; ditto S, 1 barrel withdrawn 40s; ditto PB, 1 barrel withdrawn lOs; 1 bag overtakers 95s. Ury, 1, 1 tierce 109s 6d; ditto 2, 3 casks 100s; ditto S, 1 cask 95s; ditto PB, 1 barrel 118s; 1 tierce 40s; 1 bag ovtkr. 20s. Mahapahagalla, 1, 1 tierce 108s 6d; ditto 2, 1 cask 103s 6d; ditto PB, 1 barrel 107s. Gonakelle, F, 1 barrel 107s; ditto 2, 2 casks. 1 00s; ditto PG, I barrel 102s. Ex “Yorkshire” — Size 1, Ampittiakande, 1 barrel 104s; size 2 ditto, 1 tierce 101s; size 3 ditto, 1 barrel 86s, PB ditto, 1 barrel 93s; TAK in estate mark, 1 barrel 55s; AK, 1 barrel 75s. Ex “Orestes”— Standard Coy., Llddesdale, 1, 1 cask 108s; ditto 2, 5 casks log's; ditto S, 2 casks 1 barrel 96s 6d; ditto P.f, 1 tierce 12s. Standard Coy., LS >T, in estate mark, 1 barrel 71.s. itandard Co., Llddesdale 1 bag ovtkr. 98s; Standa.rd Co'/3 .St, Leonards, 1 barrel 108s; ditto 2, 4 casks 1 tierc. ‘ 106s 6d; ditto S, 4 casks 1 barrel 99s 6d; ditto PB, Ic ■% llSs; ditto STLT in estate mark, 1 barrel 57s; ditto S^TLP in estate mark, 1 cask 1 barrel 119s; ditto yTL, barrel 119s; ditto St. Leonards, 1 bag over- takers 99s. Ex “Yorkshire” — HS'4&Co. in estate mark, 20 bags 45s 6d; 88 bags 45s; ditto 2, 11 bags 29s; ditto P, 11 bags 47s; ditto T, 17 bags 19s 6d. CEYLON COCOA SALES IN LONDON. Mincing Lane, Oct. 1, 1897. Ex “Clan Drummond”— Mubalane 1, 48 bags withdrawn a t 75s; 4 sea dgd. and rpkd. 55s 6d; 1, 1 sea dam. cl. 2, 50s; T, sea dgd. cl. 3, 46s 6d. Ex “Henvenue”— Eriagastenne, A, 12 bags 66s; 1 sea dgd. cl. 2, at 57s: ditto B, 1 bag 51s; 1 sea dgd. class 2, 46s; ditto C, 3 bags 58s. Mincing Lane, Oct. 8, 1897 Ex “Benvenue”— Raxawa, 24 bags 70s. Moragalla, 42 bags 67s 0d. MWC Ceylon in e tate mark. 4 bag.s 65s. Sir Visto, 6 bags 05s 6d. Moonerakelle, 32 bags bid 66s; withdrawn at 70s. PV Ceylon in estate mark, 9 bags 61s. Ex “Orestes” Asgeria, A, 29 bags 71s ' d. Kumaradola, A, 21 bags7Is6d;B, 6 bags 63s 6d. Ex “Benvenue”— No. 1 DB&Co., 193 in estate mark, 9 bags 66s; No. 2, 11 bags 04s Od; 18 bags 63s- No. 3, 3 bags 59s. Ex “Kaisow”— Beredewelle, COC, ex No. 1, 40 bags 72s; ditto ex No 2, 3 bigs 62s; ditto B, 2 bags 52s 6d; ditto T, 3 bagsfi5s6d. Ex “Canto ” — A, Elmshurs', 10 bags 69s Od; B di'tc, 6 bags 57s Gd; A, Glenolpin, 28 bags 70s 6d; B ditto, 13 bags 59s 6d. Ex “Historian”— Udapplla, A, 22 bags 70s; 5 sea dam. rpkd. 63s; ditto B, 10 bags 63s; 3 sea d.am. c3 59s; ditto C, 5 bags 5.5s 6d; 2 sea dam. c 3 49s 6d; ditto C, 1 bag 54s; ditto pieces 1 sea dam. c 2 53s. Ex “Hyson”— Hylton, 00, 10 bags 69s Cd; ditto O, 2 bags 60s 61: HYLS in estate mark, 2 bags 63s; ditto B, 3 bags 5Ss. Ex “Clan Drummond” — PBM 3, 17 bags sea damaged 48s 6d. Ex “Kaisow” -MLM, 14 bags 55s 6d; MAK, 28 bags 56s. Sirigalla, A, 56 bags 70s; ditto B, 14 bags 64s; ditto T, 4 bags 69s; KDW, Shags 66s. Ex “Benvenue” Gangaroowa, A, 19 bags 63s 6d; ditto B, 2 bags 58s 6d. CEYLON CYRDAMOM SALES IN LONDON. Ex “Benvenue”— Kitoolmoola, ex, 4 cases 58d; ditto A.A, 3c3s7d; ditto A, 4c 3s 6d; ditto B, 5c 3s 5d; ditto C, 7c 2s 10d;ditto D, 1 seeds 3s lOd. Ex ‘ Tasmania” — FcfeCo., 2c 3s lid. Ex “Canton” — Duckwari, A, Ic 4s 4d: ditto B 1, 4c 4s; ditto C; 7c 3s lid; ditto D 1, 2c 3s 4d; ditto seed, 5 seeds 3s 9d; ditto ditto 2nd quality, 1 seed 3s3d. Ex “Ixiou”— Duckwari, C 1, 10c 3s lid. OBSERVER PRINTING WORKS mi^'i it'^ ivrth .-'Ji , -^.'.i';! -i < ■ •f. -s'' ,V*^. . '-'‘A-. ..'' ■ ■’■ ■■ ■' ,r\?H i -j ■r'^ 1' b.f : . >r.-- Tf?^; T'.yJt'f/,'-; -;.... ' s c r»’ ' - i‘'' '■ , . •• ■„--'Ar, ,■' ■ 'S' . ■' ' fc » - k W , MB' -▼■••' r > • •• . • ' ; - ‘ ' lij t •»> 1 r„ _! - • .!-/ 4 ^ iI4- ^ . ' f •? c fa- . ‘ .] i,. » . - :• ■" . ^ t : r?.- - ^ > '.-i.- 1 ■ j.P'f s .^. . ' t A ~i . P*-. *: ^31; ri!4t Sif' ^iB^JSTS-W - >- Y'-'* '■ fev V'’-. ^ ■'■ ■' |l*3ftcT]|fxfEp ’ I- !ofi‘'ii;.03>J j^. vt" ; z .'} ■■ •ivixii*' icH , '•’ ; ■,'; •;■ .. .l il ;.■.}' U ' •* 4 »*' ( ' ' '■ .••.;■• -i •• W ■ ^ ' ’■■* ’; ''■ I . /:<• ’’Vi!i. I A . .'i-r I f' •: f'j!' ,if~- '■■*•■' , ;'• ,;.y ■ i '. ■ ; ■ 1 ■,-. '*' »rr !l ' ,.;■ ;V4A-‘; si."^ ,1 . / ';!<<> «i'« ™'S- ' ' ■' il''-' ■• ‘ - ■ .kf'j.E ■> .iiJ.-{j,.K^ r 'i«i- ' , ■■ ■■••'■ :.yfc; ■ - ■"■ ,u, , K.j' **iT ■ '*'■ ' . ; -r --.• l' c»4»u< *^'11-* > ■' .'•’•» k *1 •JVt.'i- ■t., '■ Us. J Y K !’«., . \ . ' ■ >■■■ -»- — - ^ 's. ’ •>?!.?■ rifiis.' 1'^ .--s. ■ ■ .. ; '. Y... '■- " ' ' -■ ' ^ ..V.''' Y'. ’ii-'.ijf~ ■»•■ :;-'-n:(’- b '■,*.y*.y.-'s-''‘'.',r-.">r ..V'^'--'" . . . ■ ■■ r; ; tv. ,cf ; '«>». .'i'- \ : .■ ■‘V!rtf> '. ' .( ?.vrsW3..^'sf, •■'-f . .S.V- . -V ; , .- K' .:sT>. :sC ■' :-V;U^ v> ■>,•. r;.>-1-- .-■? -vtir. i ^ . ■ ■•••:' r f’S« -{•«•«*»'»• .'-.■ . S'Slfr '.■{^■.■^ ■ PWitoAfo,fc:;i wSts )..-.;; ;’.; t*4Sfe■■• ' '?■ .fU»;Sif',»Ji '.>■■ 1^. /' ■;ip'6i5«’ v|f. v' j.- ' i'-i . -^^■^' -.'■, i'.r’- ' ■■■'■ . * . ■ -s,’-- . • -s. yy- SJ Vp *t vjj \'3 • /'•a 'S TEA, COFFEE, CINCHONA, COCOA, AND CARDAMOM SALES, NO. 42. Colombo, November 8, 1897. Price; — 12| cents each 3 copies 30 cents ; 6 copies h rupee. COLOMBO SALES OF TEA. Lot Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. c. 127 Labugama 217 14 hf-ch bro pek pek 700 49 1-28 218 10 ch SOO 35 130 220 20 do Dek sou 1600 28 LAKCrE LUlto. 132 Kew ■212 20 hf-ch bro or pek 1120 8'2 bill L33 223 224 225 21 do 27 di 16 do 1050 2484 1520 68 bill 50 41 [Me.ssrs. a. H. iHOMPSONf it Co.- -42,328 lb.] 134 135 pekoe pek sou Lot. Box. Pk"S. Name. lb. c. 1S9 E landhu 140 2-29 230 10 do 11 do bro pek pekoe 1000 1045 35 bill 25 bid 2 Mahaveena 2 16 hf-ch hro pek 8''0 49 140 Ovoca, A I 234 36 hf-ch bro or pek I960 62 bid 7 KalKande 7 17 do pekoe 850 33 147 237 24 do or pek 1('80 46 bid 11 11 14 do bro tea 700 7 bid 148 238 18 ch pek 1620 39 bid 12 Badalpitiya 12 9 cli bi-o or pek 855 4 13 13 1 5 do bro pek 1 withd’n. 14 14 40 do pekoe 3200 15 15 21 do pek sou 1575 J 40 bin [Mr. E. John.- -179,279 lb. 1 23 Sapitiyaffodde 23 30 ch or pek 2040 24 24 19 do bro pek 1805 44 bid Lot Box. PJegs. Name. lb. C. .25 25 26 27 do pekoe pek sou bro or pek 2160 2028 34 bid 31 bid 5 Shanuoii 603 11 ch pekoe lO-'l 35 27 27 33 hf-ch 2016 40 hid 8 Cu loden 569 14 do pek sou 1190 2'i bill 32 38 39 Mnnikwatte A & E Mvraganga PT 32 38 39 17 ch 21 lif-ch 26 ch pekoe boo tea pekoe 1360 1725 2340 31 bid 10 bid 30 bid 11 Turin 12 13 14 19 Nahavilla 575 577 579 581 59 L 7 do IS do 21 do 21 do 14 - do bro cr pek bro pek pekoe pek sou bro pek 1794 1815 1700 1409 45 45 bid 41 Ijid 35 48 bid 20 693 19 do pekoe 1900 36 bid 23 Ury 599 22 do or pek 2200 56 [Messrs. Somerville & Co.— 148,897-1 24 25 6'.)1 603 36 do 45 do bro or pek pekoe 39G0 4500 50 44 Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. c. 26 29 Little Valley 605 611 13 do 1 '2 do pek sou bro pek 1310 1080 38 43 bid 1 Alpitikande 91 10 ch bro pek 1000 4o bid 30 ()13 17 do loekoe 1360 36 bid 3 93 15 do pekoe 1200 32 40 Agra Oil vah 6'33 70 hf-ch bro or pek 4340 77 11 Neucliatel 101 43 do or pek ob/U 51 41 635 30 do or pek 1560 61 12 102 16 do bro or pek 1600 42 42 637 iO ch pekoe 9.50 53 13 103 26 do pekoe 2210 32 bid 43 Glasgow 639 8 do pek son 800 35 14 104 21 do ])ek sou 1785 28 44 641 10 do bro pek fans 950 31 15 105 8 do fans 800 27 45 Viucit 643 10 do bi‘0 pek bro pek ICOO 38 bid 17 Kelani 107 17 do bro pek 765 53 50 Ettie 653 13 do 1170 28 bid 1?) 103 20 do pekoe ISOO 33 51 663 24 do pekoe 2040 28 20 im 10 do pek sou 900 28 50 Templestowe 671 11 do bro or pek 3155 50 bid 23 Bollagalla 113 18 do bro pek 1710 42 bid 60 673 17 do or pek 1530 65 bid 24 Harangalla 114 24 do or pek 2160 53 61 ♦^'75 S') do pekoe 2550 40 bid ■26 116 30 do pek 2620 3-5 bid 62 077 13 do pek sou 1040 36 27 117 9 do pek sou 830 29 63 Stinsford 679 49 hf-ch bro pek 2254 49 bid 31 121 6 do dust 780 25 64 081 S8 do pekoe 1743 37 bid 32 Nugawella 122 16 hf-ch or pek 880 51 03 Kauangama 683 22 ch bro pek 2090 43 53 123 16 do bro or pek 960 40 66 686 18 do pekoe 1530 32 34 124 24 do pekoe 1200 36 67 Eila 687 61 do bro pek 4590 39 bid 36 Glenalla 126 61 do iu'o pek 6100 40 bid 68 089 54 do pelioe 4590 32 bid 37 127 41 do pekoe 3o9J 30 Vjid 09 691 2L do pek sou 17S5 26 bid 38 128 16 do pek sou 1440 27 bi 1 70 693 14 do fans 1400 26 49 Nebodda 139 16 ch or pek 1440 31 bid 73 Poilakande 699 15 hf-ch bro pek 900 48 bill 50 140 22 do bro pek 2000 42 bid 74 701 17 ch pekoe 1530 33 bid 51 141 14 do pekoe 1260 30 bid 75 703 27 do pek sou 2160 28 55 Tlen'yaya 145 14 do pek 1330 33 76 Luwella 705 32 do bro pek 3200 out 62 White Cross 152 28 do bro pek 2S00 35 bid 79 Morahela 711 9 do bro or pek 990 40 63 153 27 do pek 2565 31 bid 80 713 15 do bro pek 1613 49 64 154 25 do SOU 22.50 25 bid SI 715 13 do or pek 1261 40 65 1.55 24 do bro pek 2400 34 bid 82 717 13 do pekoe 1222 34 66 Stockholm 156 17 do bro pek 1700 67 87 Oakfield 727 10 do bro pek 1050 40 67 1.57 16 hf-ch bro or pek 104'J 51 bid 88 7-29 14 do pekoe 1190 35 ■68 158 14 ch pekoe 1260 45 89 731 12 do pek sou 936 29 69 L59 14 do pek sou 1-260 39 95 Eadella 713 18 ch bro pek 180 1 41 bill 73 B, in est. mark 163 20 do pekoe 2000 28 bid 96 745 18 do pekoe 1620 33 6 Peria Kande- S8 Ardlaw&Wish kettia 166 54 hf-ch bro pek .3240 36 bid ford 749 28 hf ch bro or I. ek 16S0 65 77 167 15 ch pek 1500 34 99 751 24 do or pek 1200 58 78 168 13 do pek sou 1300 30 100 763 20 do pekoe lOO'J 51 80 170 8 do frtUS 800 25 101 KeenagabaElIa 755 8 ch pek sou 7-20 36 82 Eaxawa 172 20 hf-ch fans 1200 25 112 Yahalakelle 777 22 do bro tea 1870 17 87 New Valley 177 13 eh bro pek 1430 67 113 719 1'4 do red leaf 1615 8 88 178 12 do or pek 1200 48 bid 114 781 10 do dust 1530 8 bid 89 179 18 do pek sou 1800 42 1 1 9 Elston 791 16 do pek sou 1280 33 89a 179a 9 do pek sou 810 35 1 20 Gonavy 793 2 1 do bro or ; ek 2SiO 48 bid 94 W HG 184 14 do bro mix 1330 9 bid 121 793 25 do bro pek 2450 60 bid 95 135 10 hf-ch bro mix 1020 8 bid 122 797 21 do uekoe 1722 45 bid 96 Paradise 186 26 do bro pek 1430 out 123 G R D, in est. 97 187 40 do pekoe 2000 26 bid mark 799 42 hf-ch pek sou 2130 IS bid 98 188 22 ch pek sou 2090 23 bid 124 Browiilow Sul 26 ch bro or pek 2600 60 bid 104 Ransingha- 125 803 23 do or pek 2185 47 bid paAna Hapu- 1-26 805 21 do pekoe 1785 41 bid tale 191 24 do or pek 20(0 39 bid V27 807 19 do pek sou 152*) 3S 105 195 23 do bro pek 2369 45 bid 128 809 13 do SOU 110-3 32 106 196 22 do bro or pek 2420 40 bid 129 811 8 do bro pek fairs SOO 43 107 197 34 do pek 3060 36 bid 140 Alliaddy 141 Alnoor 833 22 do bro pek bro pek 2090 50 108 198 33 do pek sou 2673 26 bid 835 39 hf-ch 1-59 42 109 199 11 hf-ch pek fans 770 22 bid 142 837 16 do pekoe 12>0 30 bid 110 200 22 do dust 1980 1 3 bid 143 839 9 do pek sou 720 27 bill 119 T D 209 10 do bro pek 1000 35 144 841 12 do pek sou Xo. 2 780 IS 120 210 10 do pekoe 8=i0 26 bid 146 815 17 do bro pek fans 1020 25 .121 211 9 do pek sou 810 25 149 Riseland 851 17 ch bro pek L'^30 33 ■2 CEYLON PEODUCE SALES LIST Lot. Box, Pkss. Name. lb. c. Lot. Box Pkgs. Name. Ib. c. 150 Kotuagedera 853 23 ch hro pek 2500 43 bid 176 26 38 hf-ch pekoe 1900 41 151 20 do nekoe 1930 34 bid ( / Hayes 28 30 00 pek sou 1750 33 152 N 857 18 do bro nek fans 1696 18 182 33 32 44 do bro pek 1610 54 loi M A N SOL 11 do pekoe 880 27 183 40 do pekoe 1980 45 155 M 863 9 do dust 1400 out 184 42 30 do pek sou 150a o6 157 EDA 867 do ptk fan.s 770 17 135 44 48 do }-OU 2160 29 15^ Ivies 8G9 40 lif-c*h bro pe'i 2070 136 Queensland 46 15 do bro pek fan 825 48 150 87i 44 do pekoe 19S0 195 64 10 ch or pek 800 eo 160 873 40 do i)ek sou 1800 28 bid 193 6G 22 hf-ch bro pek 1100 73 151 875 20 do hro pek fans liUO pek fans 900 32 197 Ausawella GS 21 Ch pek 1/85 43 1G4 G, in est. mark S81 8 do 25 *205 2i 6 84 So 20 28 ch do bro pek pekoe 2470 ■2380 47 35 2j7 88 pek sou bro pek 2(100 990 30 41 268 Roeberiy 99 9 ch :Messr.8. LoRBiiS & Walker.— 430,484 ib.j 209 210 92 94 3G So do do or pek pekoe 3609 3150 46 38 Lo - Box. Jr kgs. Name. lb. c. 211 2!2 9G 93 27 13 do do pek sou fans 2160 1300 34 30 1 Andaradeniya 1176 n Cll bro pek 1100 52 214 Clyde 102 23 ch bor pek 2070 51 2 1178 7 do pekoe 703 38 215 101 34 do pekoe 3060 35 4 A 1182 8 hf-ch pekoe 845 21 216 100 17 do pek sou 1530 •27 13 J .T A & Co. 217 Holton lOS 37 ch bro pek 3515 45 in estate 2IS E’etteresso 110 2 i bf-ch bro or pek 1250 96 mark 1200 22 ch bro pek 1980 27 210 112 31 dj bro pek 170-5 75 14 1202 21 do pekoe 1575 22 2-26 114 IG ch pekoe 1200 66 31 H 1230 8 ch pekoe fans 949 17 221 116 10 do pek sou 1330 64 34 Glencor.se 12L2 17 ch bro pek 1530 51 2-27 Shrubs HiU 1-28 43 ch bro pek 4644 47 30 1246 12 do pekoe 960 36 bid 2-;8 130 30 do pekoe 27CO 41 37 1243 16 do pek sou 1200 31 234 Ellaoya 142 21 ch bro pek 2103 46 bid 40 Kelaneiya 1254 16 ch bro pek 1760 55 bid 235 144 24 do or pek 2160 S8 bid 41 1266 IS do pekoe 1800 43 bid 236 Ascot 14G 32 ch bro pek 31 40 44 bid 44 Ganaualla 1201 30 cll 1)10 or pek 3000 40 ■23: Goorookoya 148 9 ch bro pek 945 48 45 1264 30 do or pek 2sS0 48 210 M 154 15 hf-ch pek fans 1-200 17 46 1280 65 do pekoe 4 / 3U 32 bid 241 Torringtnn P 1:6 33 ch or pek 2970 44 47 1-203 43 do pek sou 3140 28 242 1.58 21 do bro or pek 2310 44 ol Killarney 1276 20 cli or pek 1S75 62 243 ICO 24 do bro pek 2328 49 52 1278 50 hf-ch br or pek 3UU*i 59 244 102 27 do pek 2187 41 53 1280 12 do fans 810 31 245 1G4 23 do pek sou 1840 35 Ismalle 1282 IG do SOU 1600 10 249 Matale 172 46 hf ch bro pek 2760 49 55 1284 25 do du't 2000 17 250 174 24 ch pekoe 2160 4f 50 Glengariffe 1286 30 lif-ch bro pek 3590 54 251 176 15 do pek soU 1350 39 67 1288 14 do pek 1410 41 2.57 Veyungawatte 188 18 hf ch bro or pek 990 44 bid 59 Galapita- 26-' Rockside 198 13 ch bro mix 1300 20 kande 1292 29 ch bro pek 2900 49 bid 164 202 14 hf-ch dus ■ 1050 17 CJ 1294 38 do pekoe 3800 36 bid 268 O.xford ■210 30 hf-ch or pek 1350 46 bid 61 1296 8 do pek sou 800 35 269 Sudbury 212 24 hf-ch bro pek 1440 39 bid 63 Chesterford 13 0 34 ch bro pek 3400 56 270 2L4 8 ch pek 720 ■90 bid 64 1302 28 do pek ■2803 38 271 216 9 do pek No. 2 7-28 28 bid 65 1304 23 do pek sou 2300 31 274 Caxton 222 7 ch bro pek 709 35 bid 60 130.) 10 do fans 900 30 275 224 8 do pekoe ' 7U4 28 bid 63 1310 12 hf-ch dust 900 IS 277 M A 228 23 hf-ch bro or pek 1150 40 bid 69 Z in estate 280 Carlton 234 48 hf-ch bro pek 2640 out intirk 1312 IS cll pek fans 1S90 29 281 236 13 ch or pek 1105 out 70 1314 36 do bro tea , 3240 2-3 282 238 16 do pekoe 1410 29 bi.l 71 18 G 8 do pek dust 960 15 283 240 27 if-ch pek sou 1620 23 bill 76 Gallawatte 1326 15 ch br^' pek 14-25 42 285 Arapolakande 244 39 ch bro or pek 3510 45 bid 77 1328 2L do pekoe 1785 34 286Nevv Peradeniya240 31 ch bro pek 3100 46 bid 78 1330 11 do pek sou 1045 29 bid 5B7 248 48 do pekoe 3660 34 bid 79 Beverlev 1331 IS hf-ch bro ne No. 1 990 69 2SS 250 4G do pek sou 3220 23 bid S3 Ganipaha 1310 2i ch or pek 2070 53 254 40 hf-ch fans 2300 30 84 1342 18 do bro or i ek ISOO Gl i91 New Peraden- 91 Hayes 135G 29 hf-ch pek sou 14.50 3S iya A 2.56 24 ch bro pek 2 00 46 bid 82 1358 60 do SuU 2700 30 292 2-'^8 37 do pekoe 2775 34 bid 83 Kirkless i3^:u 31 hf-ch bro or pek 1830 52 293 260 35 d) pek SUU 2555 29 bid 94 1362 25 do or pek 2500 61 ■295 Cpbra watte 2G4 24 ch bro pek 2400 out 95 13G4 27 <’o nekoe •2700 47 296 203 20 do pekoe 2340 out 86 1366 32 do pek sou 3J40 38 297 268 20 do pek sou 2UJ0 out 10' Ganapalia i37G 20 ch bro or pek 2UOO 37 298 Knavesmire 270 8 ch or pe ' 760 48 102 1378 27 do or p^ ■2.592 47 299 272 18 do bro pek 1800 38 504 1380 40 do nekoe 3440 32 bid 300 774 33 • do pekoe 2970 31 104 1382 28 do pek sou 2240 26 301 276 13 do pek sou 1105 28 108 Deaculla 3390 32 hf-ch bro pek 1920 64 304 Suria watte 282 25 ch bro or pek 2500 36 109 1392 21 ch pekoe 157 > 49 305 284 32 lif-ch bro pek 1970 36 bid 110 1394 10 do pek sou 750 38 300 : 86 35 ch pekoe 3lf0 28 bid 123 1-leetwood 1430 28 hf-ch bro or pek 1400 6 1 bid 307 288 16 do pek sou 153G 26 129 1432 ■24 da pekoe 1320 out 308 Weyungawac- 140 Arapolakan- teya 290 48 hf-ch bro or pek 2640 43 bid de 1164 87 ch or pek 3330 45 bid 3C9 292 19 ch or pek 1615 44 141 14-0 24 do pekoe 1920 34 310 204 32 do pekoe 2560 35 142 1-453 52 d> pek sou 4160 30 318 Ruanwella 310 28 ch bro nek 2660 43 140 Tor\vood 1466 16 ch bro pek 1600 50 319 312 02 do pekoe 5-270 32 147 1408 23 do or jiek 1840 38 3-20 314 12 do pek sou 1080 20 i48 1470 13 do pekoe 1092 35 323 Gainpaha 3-20 16 ch or psk 1440 53 148 1472 12 do pek sou 960 31 3-24 32:2 16 do bro or pek 1600 68 150 1474 8 d)> pek No. 2 704 31 bid 825 324 12 do pekoe 1200 45 151 1476 0 do dust 720 17 320 326 17 do pek sou 1530 41 157 C, in estate 3-28 High Forest 330 75 hf-ch bro or pek 4500 65 mark 1483 7 ch bro tea 700 12 3-29 332 53 do or pek 2862 54 US' Castlereagli 14^0 19 ch bro pek 1900 44 330 334 34 do pek 1768 54 158 14.)2 2', do or pek 2125 44 331 336 22 do pek sou 1100 48 IGO 1G5 1404 4 •22 do 18 hf ch pekoe bro or pek 1700 936 38 45 Vataderia 166 0 44 ch bro pek 3960 3-2 bid SMALL LOTS. 167 8 38 do ])ek(ie pek sou fans 28u5 28 IGS 172 Eagalla 10 18 9 G do ch 810 840 23 28 Lot [Messrs A. H Thompson & Co.] 173 i\l “v 20 10 ch fans 1200 22 Box. Bkos. lsau*e. Ib. c. 175 Naliaveena 24 81 lif-ch bio pek 40.0 47 3 Nahaveena 3 3 hf-ch pekoe 4C0 39 CEYLON PEODUCE SALES LIST, 3 Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. c. 4 4 7 hf-ch pek sou 350 34 5 5 2 do dust 150 20 6 Kalkancle 6 13 do bro pek 650 40 8 8 10 do pek sou 600 26 9 9 3 do SOU 150 16 10 10 2 do du-t 140 17 16 Baclalpitiva 1(5 4 hf-ch dust 300 withd’n. 17 iiatiietenne 17 4 ch bro pek 360 39 18 18 4 do oek-. e 360 30 28 Sai itiyagoclde 28 6 hf-ch dust 510 18 29 29 6 do bro pek fans 420 28 80 30 6 do pek fans 420 26 31 Manic'kwatte 31 7 ch bro pek 653 43 bid 33 33 7 do pek sou 546 27 bid 34 34 6 do bro or pek 690 32 bid 35 35 2 do dust 250 17 bid 36 Ugieside 36 1 hf-ch dust 65 16 37 37 3 ch bro mix 315 10 [Mr. E. John.] Lot Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. c. 1 E 555 9 hf-ch pekoe 450 30 2 557 1 do pek sou 45 27 3 559 2 ch dust 170 12 4 Shannon 561 13 hf-ch bro pek 676 48 6 565 2 do nek sou 150 23 7 T G 567 2 ch bro mix 200 21 9 Culloden 571 4 do dust 0!10 out 10 573 4 do bro mix 400 6 15 Turin 5S3 7 hf-ch fans 433 37 16 685 2 do dust 195 25 17 587 1 do bro pek dust 90 25 18 S'-’g 1 do pek dust 100 21 21 Nahavilla 595 4 ch pek .sou 400 31 22 597 1 hf-ch dust 9) 16 •27 XJrv 607 6 do dust 480 2‘- 28 Little Valley 609 5 ch bro or pek 500 37 31 615 7 do pek sou 490 32 32 617 1 : hf-oh oust 80 22 33 N 619 5 do dust 375 17 34 Galloola 621 5 ch dust 600 17 46 Viiicit 645 5 do pekoe 5IX) 31 47 647 4 do pek sou 400 26 48 619 1 do bro pek fans 100 28 49 Ettie 651 4 lif-ch bro or pek 208 45 52 657 5 ch pek s.iu 4 50 22 53 659 1 . hf-ch bro pek dust > 72 16 54 061 1 do bro tea 77 11 55 Hunugalla 663 2 do dust 190 18 56 Hiral..uvah 665 4 do bro pek 240 31 5T 057 1 do pek fans 70 23 53 609 1 do dust 70 15 71 North Pundul- oya 6V, 6 ch sou 430 25 72 697 fj do bro mix 625 11 B 707 1 do bro mix SI 8 78 P 600 8 J lif-ch bro pek 430 out S3 Morahela 719 2 ch SOU 16fi 27 81 721 y, do fans SOS 25 85 723 2 do dust 304 16 86 725 1 do re2 3 do pek fans 345 28 42 Ardross 1258 6 ch sou 480 25 43 1260 3 do bro tea 330 8 48 Ganapalla 1270 5 ch pek fans 430 25 49 1 72 4 do )jro pek fans 480 30 50 1274 6 hf-ch dust 480 19 58 G'engariffe 1290 6 lif-ch bro pek dust 450 33 62 Galapita- kande 1298 3 hf-ch dust 270 17 67 Chesterford 1308 3 ch congou 240 19 80 Beverley 1334 2 hf-ch bro pek No. 2 110 59 81 1336 5 do pek No. 2 250 40 82 1338 3 do pek dust 225 20 97 Firklees 1368 6 ch dust 540 18 105 Gana; alia 1384 3 ch bro pe fans 360 25 lf‘6 1386 3 do pek fans 258 24 107 1388 5 lif-ch dust 4C0 18 111 Ile.aculla 1396 4 cli dust 320 13 130 Fleetwood 1434 9 ch pekoe 6'8 39 bid 131 Kenningtcn 14.36 6 ch fans 510 34 132 1438 2 do dust 270 20 133 1440 5 do sou 4.50 19 134 1442 2 do red leaf 200 9 bid 135 Kabragaila 1444 8 tif-ch bro tea 400 12 136 Moralioya 1446 4 ch fans 320 31 137 1448 3 do sou 270 17 138 1450 2 hf-ch dust 160 17 139 1462 1 do red leaf 50 9 143 Arapolakan- de 1460 5 c\s sou 600 16 144 1462 2 do dust 230 15 145 Vellaioya 1464 4 ch bro tea 400 10 bid 152 Ingurugalla 1478 3 ch bro pek l-OO 46 153 1480 S do pek 270 35 154 1482 •1 do pek sou 360 18 155 1484 4 do bro tea 480 19 156 I486 2 do red leaf ISO 9 161 Castlereagh 1496 7 ch pek No. 2 6;M .33 162 1498 5 do pek sou 400 29 163 1500 8 hf-ch pek fans 560 26 164 2 3 do dust - 240 18 169 Yataderia 12 2 hf-ch bro pek dust 144 15 170 Y 14 5 ch bro tea 500 17 171 Ragalla 16 1 ch bro mix no 41 174 M V 22 7 hf-ch dust 609 17 178 Nahaveena 30 8 lif-ch dust 600 18 179 Hayes 32 15 hf-ch or pek 675 55 180 34 2 do bro or pek 80 70 181 86 3 do bro or pek No. 2 165 65 187 48 11 do pek fans. 660 36 188 M G 60 6 ch sou 300 45 189 52 3 do dust 270 27 190 Kakiriskande 54 3 ch bro pek 300 40 191 56 6 do pekoe 600 32 192 58 6 do pekoe T 540 25 193 60 1 do bro tea 48 10 194 62 1 do pek dust 5-7 13 198 Queensland 70 7 ch pek sou 595 44 199 72 1 do dust 137 SO 200 74 1 do fans 112 39 201 76 1 do red leaf 100 9 202 .Stafford 78 5 ch bro pek 5f0 68 ■913 80 4 do pekoe 3f0 ;,i 204 82 1 do pek sou 90 43 Lot Box Pkg.s. Name. lb. .c 213 Clyde 100 3 ch bro or pek 360 36 226 Blairgowrie 126 3 hf-ch bro pek 183 42 229 lloiagaskelle 132 8 hf-ch bro pek 47i 29 2:30 134 8 do pekoe 414 26 231 130 u do pek sou 616 22 S32 138 1 do du.st 84 14 233 140 3 d. bro mixed 170 12 26S Go.'Tookoya 1.50 3 ch pek 225 41 239 W F G 1.52 2 hi-ch dust 140 15 246 Torrington P ICO 7 :lf-ch bro pek fans 469 32 247 16S 6 do pek fans 420 25 248 3 70 6 do dust 540 17 252 Matale 173 3 lif-ch fans 210 OO 25 -i ISO 4 do dust 320 21 254 L N S in es- tate mark 182 1 if-eh bro pr-k 33 36 2.-5 3S4 1 ch pek sou 64 23 256 186 1 hf-ch dust 47 15 203 Rock.side 200 5 ch bro pek fans GoU 19 265 B D W P 204 9 hf-ch bro pek No. 2 450 44 266 206 7 do bro pek funs 420 so 267 208 5 do dust 4^5 21 272 Sudbury 218 2 hf-ch unassorted 334 16 273 220 0 do dust 490 out 276 Caxton 220 5 hf-ch dust 320 fut 278 Fetteresso 230 1 ch bro tea 105 2S bid 279 Tientsin 232 1 ch I'ck sou 90 so bid 99.A Carlton 242 4 hf-ch fans “>89 out 2S9 New Peraden- iya. 252 8 ch SOU 500 24 294 New Peraden- iva A 2C2 C ch scu 4 0 24 302 Knjivesmire 278 2 lif-ch dust 170 17 303 280 3 do fans 210 IS 311 Weviingaw.t- te'ya 296 0 ch pek sou 160 26 312 208 2 hf-ch dust 170 17 3-11 PfcUanwel’a 310 5 ch f.annings 5-35 26 3-22 318 0 do dust 480 i5 327 X X X in es- mark 328 3 ch una.ssorted 315 10 bid CEYLON COFFEE SALES IN LONDON. {From Our Commercial Correspondent). Mincing Lane, Ocb. 15, 1897. Marks and prices of CEYLON COFFEE sold in Mindng^ Lane up to 15th Oct. Ex “Cliing Wo”— Large size, Gonamotava, 1 tierce 105s; size 1 ditto 5 casks 1 barrel I02s Od; size 2 ditto, 3 casks 96s fd; ditto P, 1 tierce 1 barrel 113s; T ditto, 1 cask 62s. Gonamotava, 1 bag overtaker 97s. 8ize 1 Gonamotava 2, 1 tiercel barrel 24s 6d; size 2 ditto, 1 barrel 24s 6d; ditto Z, 1 tierce 21s 6d; F ditto, 15 bags 24s 6d; ditto C, 4 bags 24s 6d. CEYLON COCOA SALES IN LONDON. Ex “Hector” — Warriapolla, 49 bags withdrawn at 78s; 35 bags withdrawn at 70s; 5 bags 07s; 9 bags 6.ts0d; 7 bags 64s. Suduganga, 77 bags 79s 6d; 8 b.ags 67s Cd; 6 bags f4s; 9 bags 60s; 12b ags 63s; 2 bags 5f s Od. Ex “Strathtay”- North Matale, 134 bags withdrawn at 8.3s. Ex “Staffordshire” — Pelgodde, 0 bags 66s, Ex “Clan I'rurumond”— Mukalane 1, 48 bags withdrawn at 7Ss. OBSERVER PRINTING WORKS. TEA, COFFEE, CINCHONA, COCOA, AND CARDAMOM SALES. NO. 43. Colombo, Novembeb 15, 1897. Pkice 12| cents each 3 copies 30 cents ; 6 copies rnpee. COLOMBO SALES OF TEA. Lot. Box Pkgs. Name, lb. c. 77 Manangocla 35 7 ch bro ov pek bro pek 770 IS bid 84 B W 48 10 do 1600 28 LARGE LOTS. 85 Alnoor 50 44 hf-ch bro pek 1980 37 86 G, in est. mark 52 SO ch pek sou 2350 25 [ME.S.'BU.S. a. H. Thomp.son & Co.- -53,829 lb.] 87 G B D, in est. mark 54 72 hf-ch bro pek 4324 S2bid Lot. Box Pkgs. Name. ib. c. 88 89 jM K Ellakande 56 58 9 -5 ch do pek sou fans 810 700 29 bid 16 V ogan .> 30 ch bro pek 2850 55 bi 1 100 M 8i 9 do dUft 1410 12 ‘d 3 36 do pekoe 3060 39 103 K G 86 30 do bro pek 3645 37 4 4 24 do pelc sou 2040 34 104 birnara 88 18 do pek sou 12G0 32 5 5 22 hf-ch dust 1540 17 105 c 90 10 do p8k sou 90o 28 11 Kalkancle 11 i.4 hf-ch bro tea 700 8 108 Nipakotua 90 17 do sen 1360 25 12 Batnatenne 12 IS do bi'o pek 990 32 bid 110 Logan 100 14 do bro pek 13-0 48 13 13 14 do pekoe 770 25 111 102 15 do pekoe 1275 34 bid. 17 Badalpitiya 17 9 ch bio or pek 855 d ) 112 104 13 do pek S'-u 1105 29 18 18 16 do bvo pek 1360 49 bid 114 Murraythwaite 108 13 do bro peK 1285 44 bid. 19 19 31 Uo pekoe 2480 36 bid 115 110 11 do pekoe 935 33 20 20 18 do pek sou 13 jO 28 bid 1 9 Pemberton 118 11 do bro pek 1100 39 23 Woodeiid 23 22 ch bro pek 2200 3 ) bid 120 120 14 do pekoe 1260 2.) 24 24 32 do pekoe 3040 25 bid 128 D 136 8 d« bro pek 7->0 38 25 Blaekwater 25 12 do pek sou 1080 23 bid 30 30 10 hf-ch dust 1280 IS 31 31 Hsnegama Unugala 31 34 10 do 7 ch bvo pek fans 1640 bvo ov pek 735 30 bid 42 bid [Messrs. Somerville & Co. — 143,537 1 36 36 13 do pekoe 30 bid Lot. Box. Name. lb. 42 Dikmukalana 42 33 hf-ch bvo pek 1630 35 bid Fkgs. c. 43 43 44 do SOU 2200 23 1 Citrus 251 10 ch bro pek 1000 34 bid. 44 J 44 11 ch pek sou 1117 20 2 252 12 do pek 1086 27 bill 1 hf-ch 8 Lonach 258 57 hf-ch bro pek 3135 44 45 L 45 15 do pek fans 1115 13 bid 9 259 31 cb pek 2480 36 46 K PG 46 16 hf-ch pek fans 1060 13 10 200 13 do pek sou 1040 29 47 47 11 ch pek sou 1640 19 12 Mou.sagalla 262 8 do or pek 760 47 AP A 13 hf-ch 14 264 12 do pek sou 1080 34 55 65 32 ch pek sou 2880 17 15 North Matale 205 38 do bro pek “3800 5L 57 Battiilgalla 57 15 hf-ch bvo pek fans 90U 36 16 266 28 do pekoe 2210 36 17 267 20 do pek sou 17t0 31 19 Comav 269 14 hf-ch bro or pek 7G0 40 [Me. E. John. -163, .35 Ib.J 20 21 I'l ‘ 271 17 9 do ch ov pek pekoe 760 845 28 Lot Box. Fkgs. Name. lb. C. 26 27 Beneveula 276 277 25 hf-ch 15 cli bro pek pek 1250 1500 39 30 2 Gampola 885 13 ch pek sou 1040 25 29 Hnrangalla 279 14 do OV pek 1830 47 6 S F D 8;-)3 14 hf-ch bro pek funs 84U oC 30 2SU 21 do pekoe 1920 34 bid 10 Ottery 901 30 ch bro pek or pek 3000 56 bid 32 Bidbury S82 13 do bro ]:ek IHOO 46 bid 11 003 33 do 2805 49 bid 33 2fc3 12 do pekoe 9c0 34 bid 12 905 60 do pekoe 5851) 39 bid 37 Ukuwolla 287 22 do bro pek 22(U 88 13 907 S do SOU 720 26 38 28S IS do pelc 1800 29 15 Alliaddy oil 24 do bro pek 2280 47 39 2.^9 13 do pek sou 1300 25 16 913 17 do pekoe 1530 32 bid 41 Walahanduwa 291 20 do bro pek 2('U0 62 17 915 14 do pek sou 1120 25 bid 42 L92 14 do pek 1330 34 24 Perivaeanga- dust 48 yalawe 298 In do bto pek 1575 36 watta 929 1-4 hf ch 1260 17 bid 49 299 12 do pekoe 1140 30 25 A 931 11 ch bro mix 1045 35 50 300 14 do pek sou 1190 28 26 933 12 do fans 1320 33 56 FF in est. mark 306 20 hf-ch bro pek 1120 32 27 Ben Nevis 935 21 hf-ch flowery or 61 Hangranoya 311 24 ch bro pek 2400 45 pek 1050 68 bid 63 313 SB do pekoe 3600 30 bid 28 937 SO do or pek 1350 42 bid 65 White Cross 315 28 do bro pek 2800 36 bid 29 939 IS ch pekoe 1440 37 66 316 25 do pekoe 2375 29 33 Ferndale 947 11 do bro or pek 1100 45 bid 67 317 21 do sou 1800 25 34 949 12 do or pek 1080 60 73 California 323 8 do 951 46 do pekoe 4140 38 1 hf-ch bro pek 810 39 38 RH 957 IS hf-ch bro pek 1052 37 bid 74 324 12 ch pekoe 1200 29 39 959 12 ch bro pek fans 1032 26 79 Monrovia 3-29 17 do bro pek 1700 40 40 961 8 do pek fans 800 24 bid 80 330 31 do pekoe 3100 so 41 Rondura 963 20 do bro or pek 2000 43 84 Narangoda 334 26 do bro pek 26UO 43 42 965 15 do or pek 1260 48 83 335 35 do irekoe 3321 S3 43 967 37 do pekoe 3108 33 86 333 24 do pek sou 2H.0 29 44 969 28 do pek sou 2660 27 88 Iilukettia 338 s do bro pek 8i0 39 45 Glasgow 971 60 do bro cr pek 4950 62 bid 89 339 8 do pekoe 800 27 973 26 hf ch or pek 1560 53 90 340 S do pek sou 760 24 47 975 21 ch pekoe 2100 46 bid 100 M orningside 300 12 ch bj o pek I'-OO 43 48 Glentilt 977 35 do bro pek S500 54 102 3.02 10 <'o pek 111 0 31 bid 49 979 22 do pekoe 2100 45 103 o53 15 do pek sou l.'OO 27 50 981 9 do pek sou 810 36 106 Ravi gam 356 l:> do bro pek 1300 50 51 9s3 29 do fans 2320 22 107 357 24 (lo tiekoe 2040 34 52 Templestowe 985 11 do bro or pek 1155 45 bid 108 Aunandale 358 12 bf-c i bro or pek 720 58 53 9i7 30 do pekoe 2550 38 bid 109 359 IS do or pek 900 68 54 Tientsin 989 16 hf-ch bro or pek 800 62 110 360 17 do pek 850 47 991 16 do or pek 720 56 111 301 19 do pek sou 1045 40 57 99.'. 21 ch pekoe 1890 45 112 Goonambil 362 18 cb L.ns 1746 32 60 Ivies i -16 hf-ch br.i pek 2070 48 113 Morankinde 363 26 do bro pek 26o0 50 61 3 44 do pekoe 1980 32 bid 114 304 IS do pek 1710 34 62 5 4U do pek sou 1800 27 115 365 12 do pek sou lOtO 29 63 Uda 7 17 do bro pek 1020 27 118 Ukuwella 36S 28 do bro pek 2800 40 64 9 1-1 oh pekoe 1170 27 119 369 23 do pek 2300 29 65 Stinsfovd 11 49 hf-ch bro pek 2254 63 120 370 15 do pek sou 1500 25 66 13 38 do pekoe 1748 34 bid 122 Neboda 372 14 do pek 1260 29 lid 67 Elia 15 51 ch bro pek 4590 38 bid 123 Penrith 373 12 do bro or oek 1200 44 63 1/ 54 do pekoe 4590 30 bid 124 374 IS d.j bro pek 1620 53 69 19 21 do pek sou 1785 26 bid 126 375 23 do pek 1840 S6 70 L 21 10 do bro pek 1500 35 126 370 IS do pek sou 1530 28 2 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST Lot. Box, Pkgs. Name. lb. c. 130 Paradise 380 20 rf-ch bro pek 1430 37 131 381 40 do pek 2000 26 bid 113 Bella galla 393 18 Cll bro pek 1710 41 bid 144 394 18 do pek 1440 34 145 S95 18 do pek s u 1710 28 151 Ankande 1 24 do in o pek 1995 39 152 2 20 do pek 1950 33 153 3 32 do pek sou 2560 28 165 5 9 do sou 720 25 [Messrs. Forbes & Walker.— 36.5, 6ri6 lb.] Lot. Box. J:- kgs. Name. lb. c. 1 Kosgalla 338 18 hf-ch bro pek 912 41 bid 2 340 22 do pekoe 1015 20 bid 3 342 19 do pek sou 950 21 7 Doranakande 350 10 ch bro pek 850 44 9 354 10 do pekoe 800 28 18 Irex 368 17 cll bro pek 1700 46 bid 17 370 10 do pekoe 950 3o bid 19 Waitalawa 374 30 lif-ch bro pek 1500 47 20 370 26 do or pek 1300 42 21 378 49 do pekoe 2450 36 24 Stamford Hill £84 15 hf-cll flowery or pek 750 65 bid ”5 386 20 do or pek 900 41 26 388 2> do pek 990 37 27 ronacombe 390 27 ch or pel? 2700 51 28 393 12 do bro pek 1440 60 29 sot 53 do pekoe 5300 41 30 396 n do ))ek sou 990 33 31 .4)gburth 39S 40 hf-ch bro or pek 2000 52 4 0 9 ch or jelv 810 45 33 403 10 do pekoe 900 41 3j 4'JG 13 do pel? sou No. 2 1170 30 40 Agraoya 416 ) 7 ch bro pek 1700 49 bid 41 413 11 do i r pek 935 47 42 420 16 do pekoe 1360 39 43 41-2 8 do pek sou 720 32 41 i.!ahalla 424 25 ch bro pek 2500 36 45 420 12 do pekoe 1200 27 46 43S 12 do pek sou IrOJ 25 48 iddleton 432 15 ch bro or pek 1500 70 bid 49 434 29 do or pek 2900 61 50 436 13 do pekoe 1170 55 51 438 12 do pek sou 900 48 53 Walton 440 27 lif-ch bro pek 1620 42 bid 53 442 Tg do pekoe 1124 3t 54 444 18 do pel: sou 900 IS 66 Pammeiia 443 18 ch bro or pek 2100 45 bid 57 450 15 do bro pek 1 500 55 58 452 32 do pekoe 2880 44 61 D M 458 12 ch pekoe 1050 28 62 Ma.saena 460 19 hf-ch bro pek 0-30 43 bid 65 Scrubs 466 IS ch lu’o or pek 1710 09 bid 66 438 23 do bro pek 2530 51 bid 67 470 28 do pekoe 2240 48 63 47 i 10 do pek sou 800 41 69 474 5 do du.st 750 29 70 Sunnycroft 476 10 ch pek sou 050 27 72 480 5 do dust 750 13 73 Knavesmire 483 10 ch or pek 1000 45 74 484 16 do bro pek 1600 43 bid 75 486 47 do pekoe 4 230 31 bid 76 483 IS do pek sou 15>;0 20 80 Bramley 496 25 hf-ch bro tea 1500 23 81 493 36 do dust 3672 18 85 S, in estate mark 606 25 hf-ch dust 2125 IS 87 Polatagaraa 510 15 ch or pek 1350 45 83 512 38 do pekoe 3040 38 bid 89 5U o8 tlo pek No. 2 2060 28 90 516 20 do jjek sou 1600 25 91 f'18 12 do fans 1140 29 92 520 15 do pekoe fans 1350 23 94 Malia Uva 624 13 hf-ch lir or pek 1080 55 bid 05 526 30 do or pek 1680 60 bid 96 528 26 do pekoe 23i0 49 97 530 l‘J do pek sou 1520 41 100 En achfc ( 80 15 ch lu'o or pek 1350 45 101 538 22 do or pek 1672 41 bid 102 510 17 do pekoe 1275 34 lOi £42 12 do fans 1080 31 107 Dunbar 550 22 hf ch or pek 946 51 108 652 27 do bro pek 1350 50 bid 109 55* 2t cll pek 1575 38 bid 115 Harrin 'ton 506 21 ch or pek 2100 61 110 508 24 do jiekoe 2280 45 119 Great Valley Ceylon, in cst. mark 574 13 ch bro or pek 1800 59 bid 120 570 4 4 do pekoe 3961! 40 bid 121 578 23 do pek sou 2070 31 bid . Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. C. Thedden 536 15 ch bro pek 1500 37 bid Galla watte 59G 15 ch iu'o pek 1425 40 598 21 du pelioe 1785 32 600 11 do pek sou 1045 27 S W, in est. maik 601 46 hf-ch bro or pek 2530 38 bid 606 36 do or pek 1020 49 60S 32 ch pekoe 2400 33 bid 610 16 do pek sou 1040 28 bid \\ eyungawac- te 614 36 hf-ch bro or pek 19 0 43 010 15 ch or pek 1275 43 018 S V, in estate 35 do pekoe 28-0 32 lu rk 024 13 ch dust 1910 18 626 10 d.) pek fan 1120 25 Beausejour 6-28 12 ch bro pek 1080 45 630 16 do pekoe 13G0 30 Doonevaie 636 12 ch br ' jiek lOsO 41 038 9 do pekoe 765 28 Yataderia 654 16 hf-ch bro or ))ek 832 41 bid 6 0 57 ch bro pek 5130 31 653 50 do pekoe 42,)0 27 F M E 60S 9 ch dust 1260 9 Freds Ruhe 670 22 ch bro pek 2200 48 672 24 do pekoe 2100 34 674 15 do pel: sou 1350 30 AV A 676 13 ch bro pek 1300 44 67S 20 do pek sou 1800 31 Naseby 682 32 hf ch bro pek 1760 70 684 18 do pekoe 000 56 II B 686 24 ch bi’o pek or pek 2328 51 bid 688 8 do 7.0 45 690 12 ( 0 pekoe 072 42 bid 602 23 do pek sou 1840 34 bid Ascot 710 26 ch bro pel: 2470 41 718 do pek 1‘60 33 720 11 do i)ek sou 10:0 27 bid 722 8 do I->ek f.ans 920 25 bid Tyiuawr 738 43 ch pek sou 1935 30 bid Talgasweia 746 0! ch bro pek 0985 49 7-lS 19 do bro pe No 2 2090 36 7.00 33 do pekoe 297u 3) Hi'.therieigh 754 33 ch bro pek 33o0 42 bid 756 26 do pekoe 208) 24 7-OS is do pel: -sou 1710 26 Lillawatte 702 12 ch bro mix 960 16 AValpita 780 9 ch pekoe 900 28 782 9 do pek sou 900 25 Huuasgeria 786 13 ch bro pek 1170 36 7sS 11 do pek 990 •28 790 12 d pek sou 1080 25 C-iledonia 792 23 hf-ch bro pek 1400 38 791 28 do pek 1260 27 796 18 do pek sou 996 25 AVeoya 816 38 ch bro pek 3800 39 818 15 do or pek 1350 46 bid 8 0 CO do pekoe 4800 32 822 :.0 do pek s u 1400 25 AA’eoya 824 16 ch fans 1680 •29 8-26 12 do bro mix 1200 17 828 22 do dust 3080 16 Keianeiya 844 16 ch bro pek 1700 54 846 IS do pekoe 1800 43 Yoxford 818 39 ch pek sou du t 1520 35 850 7 do 980 22 N uwera Eliya £54 15 hf-ch bro pek 1140 00 bil 856 18 do or pek 908 63 bid 858 14 do pekoe 080 45 bid SCO 17 do bro pek fan 1445 34 bid Gaiiapaila 802 55 ch pek 4730 30 bid £04 40 do pek 3440 30 bid Maha Owita 868 14 ch pek 1400 22 bid Ayr 872 9 hf-ch pel: du.st 810 14 bid Yataderia 886 41 ch bro pek 3930 30 bid Oxford 902 10 hf ch or jiek 1350 41 bid Giencorse 906 13 ch br ■ pek 1620 49 910 19 do pek sou 1520 30 Baiidara Eliya 9’0 37 hf-ch bro pek 2035 65 bid 922 25 do pekoe pek sou 1250 49 bid 924 IS do 909 39 bid BE 926 21 : hf-ch fans 1344 37 M A 928 23 do bro or pek 1150 42 bid Patiagama 930 12 ch pekoe 1080 36 bid Fuske 932 37 ch or pek 37o0 49 934 28 do pekoe 2660 38 Moriand Gaiapitakan- 940 10 ch pekoe &0J 41 de 930 38 ch pekoe 3800 35 Polatagama 900 27 ch or pek 2430 41 bid 961 27 do pel: No. 2 2160 27 bid 910 9 do pek sou 720 25 970 10 do fans 1500 23 972 21 do congou 1680 20 Broad Oak 978 22 hf-ch bro "pek 1100 63 980 23 do pekoe 1150 ■,2 Lot. 12.5 130 131 132 131 135 136 137 139 140 111 144 145 146 147 150 151 159 100 161 166 167 16S 16!) 170 171 173 174 175 170 177 78 190 iOl 192 193 201 205 206 2j7 209 210 211 213 222 223 225 220 227 228 229 230 210 211 212 243 244 245 246 251 2..5 256 257 259 2G0 261 262 261 204 266 268 275 283 285 287 292 293 294 295 296 297 298 299 302 310 312 314 315 317 318 321 322 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. 3 SMALL LOTS. [Messrs. A. H. Thompson & Co.] Lor. Box Pk^s, . Nau.e. lb. 1 DEE 1 3 ch 1 hf-ch pekoe 245 6 St. Andrew’s Kalutara 6 6 hf-cli bro pek 330 7 7 3 do pek e 147 8 8 1 box pekoe 34 9 9 3 hf-ch bro mix 141 14 Ratnetenne 14 3 do pek sou 150 15 15 1 do dust 60 >6 A 16 1 ch congou 1' 0 21 Badalpitiya 21 3 ch bro mix 255 22 22 4 hf-ch dust 300 26 Agarsland 26 6 hf-ch or pek 300 27 27 10 do bro pek 580 28 28 8 do pekoe 384 29 29 10 do pek sou 480 32 Henegama 32 7 ch dust 525 33 33 2 do bro mix 130 35 Unugala 35 5 ch or pek 500 37 37 4 do pek sou 360 38 38 1 do dust 100 39 T S A 39 3 hf-ch pek sou 105 4C Malvern 40 1 do pekoe 38 41 Cilifornia 41 1 hf-ch pekoe 50 48 M, in estate mark 48 4 ch bro tea 360 49 3 do 1 hf-ch sou 271 50 H .”0 7 ch bro mix 679 .51 Manickwatte 51 7 ch bro pek 658 52 52 7 do pek sou 546 53 53 6 do bro or pek 690 .54 .54 2 do dust 250 .53 Battalgalla 50 6 do pek sou COO 58 53 3 do dust 255 59 Badaga 59 1 ch bro pek 100 00 60 1 do pekoe 103 01 61 1 do pek sou 100 [Mr. E. John.] Lot Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. 1 Gampola 833 4 ch pek No. 2 380 3 837 1 do fans 90 4 889 1 do dust 120 5 891 1 do red leaf 90 7 S F D 895 10 hf-ch fans 600 8 897 ■4 do dust 320 9 899 4 do congou ISO 14 Ottery 909 4 ch dust 6 10 18 Alliaddy 917 3 do dust 300 SO Ben Nevis 941 1 do red eaf 85 31 943 2 hf-ch dust 160 32 Fernlands 915 2 ch red leaf 20s 36 Ferndale 953 6 do pek sou 640 37 955 4 do du.st 540 56 Tientsin 993 13 hf-ch bi-o pek 650 ..58 997 3 ch pek sou 270 59 699 0 do pek fans ICO 76 Cleveland 33 7 hf-ch pek sou 336 78 J J N & Co., in est. mark 37 3 ch unas 240 90 Kallie 60 3 do bro pek 333 91 62 2 do pekoe 172 92 64 1 do pelt sou 93 93 G 66 2 !if-ch dust ICO 94 68 2 do fans 140 101 P 82 8 do bro pek 430 102 X Y Z 84 5 do sou 225 106 C 92 4 ch sou 320 107 94 3 do dust 450 109 Logan 93 6 do bro or pek 525 111 Il6 2 do du.-it 300 1 16 Murray thwaite 112 6 do pek sou 480 117 114 2 hf-ch dust 140 118 116 9 do bro- pek fans 535 121 Pemberton 122 8 ch pek sou 630 122 P 124 3 do bro mix 255 123 126 8 do bro pek fans 300 ■24 123 1 do dust 135 127 L 134 10 hf-ch bro pek 680 [Messrs. Somerville & Co.] Lot. Box. Pk»b. Name. lb. 3 Citrus 253 3 ch pek sou 300 4 254 3 do fans 300 -5 255 1 do dust 130 Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. c. 6 H A 256 1 ch bro tea 92 6 7 257 1 do fans 92 9 11 Mousagalla 261 6 do bro pek 660 47 13 268 8 do pek OSO 40 18 North Matale 268 4 hf-ch dust 300 16 22 Comar 272 i ch pek sou 400 23 23 273 1 do sou 75 23 24 2i4 2 hf-ch dust 120 16 25 275 7 sacks red leaf 420 8 28 Benveula 278 6 ch pek sou 600 25 31 Harangalla 281 3 do pek sou 270 26 bid 34 Bidbury 284 7 do pek sou 630 26 bid 35 285 5 do fans 600 27 bid 36 286 3 do dust 420 18 40 Ukuwella 290 2 hf-cl bro pek fan 140 24 4J Walhanduwa 293 3 ch pek sou 270 25 44 F P A 294 3 do bro pek 315 37 bii 45 295 2 do pekoe 200 32 46 296 1 do pek sou 95 25 47 297 5 do fans 575 24 61 Salawe 301 1 do dust 155 18 52 Castle 302 2 hf-ch bro pek 116 43 53 303 2 do pekoe 100 26 64 301 2 do pek sou 100 21 55 305 1 do fans 41 10 57 F F in est. mark 307 0 do pek 540 26 58 3.8 3 do pek sou 138 18 59 309 9 do bro pek fan 540 18 60 310 4 do dust 368 15 62 Hangranoya 312 7 ch or pek 665 43 64 H 314 2 do dust 300 16 68 White Cross 318 1 hf-ch du.st 80 10 09 319 2 do fans 130 18 70 Z ill est. marl 320 7 ch bro pek 686 30 71 321 •5 do pek 465 20 bid 72 San Cio 322 11 hf-ch bro mix 517 8 75 California 325 4 ch pek smi 400 23 76 326 1 do bropek dust 140 17 77 Oolapane .S ht-eh pek dust 210 20 78 •328 3 do dust 225 IS SI Mourovta 331 5 ch pek sou 475 25 82 332 3 hf-ch pek dust 225 19 83 333 2 ch red leaf 190 13 87 Narangoda 337 5 hf-ch dust 400 10 91 C S 341 1 ch 1 hf-ch sou 133 12 92 342 1 do dust 87 16 93 343 1 ch bro tea ll'O 7 93 ABC 349 2 hf ch bro pek 100 20 idd 101 Morningside .351 6 Ilf ch or pek 300 44 bid 104 354 1 cli fans 130 20 1C5 353 1 do consfou 95 3 116 Morankiude 366 1 do bro p< k fan 115 20 117 367 1 do dust 155 16 121 Ukuwela 371 1 hf-ch bro pek fans 70 24 127 377 1 ch pek fans 130 21 12s 378 1 do fans 80 18 129 379 1 do dust 165 16 138 A 383 2 do bro pek 100 45 139 3;9 3 ch pekoe 270 32 140 390 5 do pek sou 400 27 141 391 1 do red leaf S5 s 142 0 Peria Kando- kettia 392 .5 do bro tea 500 15 146 J.) 14 (jr 396 0 do fans GOO 19 147 397 5 hf-ch dust 4U0 16 14S G B 308 3 do bro tea £70 IL 149 399 5 do dust 470 19 150 H T in est. mark 4C0 2 ch 1 hf-ch pek sou 250 17 154 Ankande 4 4 ch dust 320 IS [Messrs. Forbes & Walker.] Lot. Box. Pkts. Name. lb C- 4 FT osgalla 344 -4 hf-ch bro pek fans 232 21 5 346 2 do unas 100 24 6 Doranakande 348 5 ch bro or pek 500 37 S8 352 3 do broipekNo. 2 255 28 10 356 S do pek sou 640 23 11 358 3 do ilust 240 10 12 350 4 do tans 240 19 15 D, in estate mark 368 6 ch pek dust 600 15 IS Irex 372 4 ch pek sou 380 25 bid 22 WaitaUiwa 380 9 lif-ch pek sou 450 27 23 3S2 3 do dust 235 ‘2-2 34 Aighurth 401 7 ch pek sou No- 1 630 34 36 408 6 ch bro pek fans 420 2S 37 410 6 do pek fans 42) 25 38 412 4 do dust 360 17 39 414 2 do bro mi.x ISO 9 47 Malialla 430 1 cll coup;ou 100 17 55 Walton 446 5 hf-ch dust 3:o 16 59 Dammeria 454 4 ch pek sou 3t0 35 60 D M 456 5 do bro or pek 550 36 c. 25 33 bid 27 21 16 15 19 19 17 52 bid 45 3S 28 bid 17 24 42 bid 27 17 26 bid 26 26 8 7 bid 8 46 26 36 18 30 18 31 out out C. 31 18 IS 25 27 17 25 24 25 9 IS 16 27 17 57 36 20 41 7 30 SO 21 19 23 25 14 21 11 40 17 24 IS 20 bid 26 14 IS 17 27 C, 21 21 16 4 CEYLON PEODUCE SALES LIST. Lot. Bo.x rkgs. Name. lb, 03 Massen.a 462 12 hf-ch pekoe 600 64 .Siinnycroft Knavesmire 464 4 do pek sou 2 0 71 77 478 490 3 1 ch ch congou sou 300 80 78 492 1 hf-ch dust 95 79 Eastland 494 2 do fans 150 82 500 5 hf-cli dust 450 83 W M 502 4 ch bro tea 400 84 604 8 do fans 480 86 Polatagama 5.S 8 ch bro pek 640 93 522 4 do dust 61)0 93 Maha Uva 532 1 hf-di pek fans 75 99 534 2 do dust 160 104 G 644 ? ch s-ou 190 105 540 2 do pek dust 290 106 548 1 do bro tea 62 110 Dunbar 656 4 ch pek sou SOJ 111 DBR 553 4 !if-ch dust 260 112 560 Q do fans 165 1 3 562 1 ch bro mixed 68 114 Han-ington 564 0 lif-ch bro or pek 360 117 570 2 ch pe‘; sou 200 118 572 2 do dust 250 122 Great Valley Ceylon, in est. mark 5S0 4 ch fans 200 1-23 582 4 ch dust 310 124 Thedden 584 5 ch bro or pek 690 126 588 6 do pekoe 570 127 590 1 do pek sou 85 128 592 1 do sou 100 1-29 594 1 do dust iro 133 PTC 692 .5 ch bro tea 450 138 Semba watte 612 3 hf-ch dust 255 142 Weyungawat- te 6-20 *2 ch pek sou 170 143 622 2 ' hf-ch dust 170 148 Beausejour 632 6 ch pek sou 510 149 634 6 do fans 570 152 Doonevale 610 3 ch fans 285 1,53 Poonagalla 6)2 1 ch red leaf 100 G 1 a' til .1)1 red lf.;.f too 155 Kirimettia 646 7 ch unas 630 156 A G 648 2 ch bro tea 180 157 650 1 do dust 139 158 652 6 do fans 333 162 Yataderia 660 5 ch pek sou 450 163 F 60 ; 3 hf-ch pek fans 2-15 164 G 664 5 do pek fans 375 165 D P, in estate mark 066 4 ch fans 530 172 W A 680 2 ch bro mix 270 179 Debatgama 694 4 ch dust 560 180 Bsngwella 606 3 ch pek dust 360 181 Kelvin 098 4 ch fans 400 182 700 2 do red leaf 180 183 702 2 do bro mix 260 184 704 1 do congou 100 1S5 706 6 hf-ch dust 450 186 703 6 do do 6'0 188 CRD 712 2 cli dust •200 189 714 5 do red leaf 500 194 Ascot 724 1 ch sou 85 195 7-26 1 d) dust 1.55 196 Opalgalla 728 4 ch bro pek dust 520 197 730 2 do congou 164 198 732 4 do red leaf 3-0 199 W W W C 734 1 ch bro or pek 99 200 736 3 do or pek 261 208 F arl.abeck 752 1 ch pek sou 90 212 Hatherleigh 760 1 ch dust 140 214 nillavvatte 764 1 cli dust 1-50 215 766 1 do red leaf 75 216 Ettapolla 76S 5 hf-ch bro pek 250 217 770 8 do pek 400 218 772 5 do pek sou 250 219 774 2 do bro tea 112 220 Walpita 776 1 box golden tips 5 E 221 778 6 ch bro pek 690 224 784 2 do bro pek fan 220 Lot Box. Pk,!J.= . Name. lb. c. 231 Coladeniya 798 3 lif-cli fans •210 13 f32 S( u 3 do dust 195 b 233 802 4 do r^ed lea f 200 S 247 K K G H 830 8 hf-cli bro pek 4 00 31 248 832 4 do pek ■200 25 249 834 6 do pek sou 300 lb 250 836 2 do •SOU luu 12 251 A S 838 1 cll hro pek 75 9 252 810 2 do pek sou 190 2.33 842 1 do fans 6 258 \ ellaioya 852 4 cll bro tea 400 14 26-5 Maha Owita 800 1 ' bf-ch bro pek 493 207 Oxfoid 870 2 hf-ch pek dust 150 ■22 bid 269 R -M, in estate mavk 874 3 lif-ch lust 234 IG 270 XXX. in est- mark 876 3 cll unas 315 £0 271 Wolleyfield 878 1 ch 1 hf-ch bro pek 138 272 880 2 ch pek 190 278 88^i 1 do pek fans 110 IS 274 884 1 do SOU 19 284 Glencorse 904 5 ch bro or pek 501 51 <80 908 7 do pek 630 36 288 912 2 do bro tea 200 35 ■289 914 1 do SOU 70 2> £90 916 1 do dust 171 17 ;;9l 918 2 do pek fans 236 24 30) Faska 736 6 ch pek sou 27 301 Morland 938 1 13 lif-ch bro pek 65) •'^2 bid 303 94^2 3 ch pek sou 240 33 304 944 2 hf-ch dust 160 ID 311 Polatagama 9-58 5 ch bro pek 400 28 313 962 3 do pek 240 20 316 968 4 do bro mix 400 IS 319 974 3 do dust 450 18 323 Broad Oak 982 10 hf-ch pek sou 600 37 324 9S4 3 do dust 210 24 CEYLON COFFEE SALES IN iondon (From Our Covunercial Comspondent), Mincing Lane, Ocb. 22, 1897. Marks and pvires of CEYLON COFFEE sold in Mincing Lane up to 22nd Oct. : — Ex “Java”— Ila.putale, mark O, 2c lb 105s 6d; No. 1, ocr 95s; Ic lb 95s; 2, Ic lb 7;ls; PB fetched It 100s; T, Ic lb 53s Od; 1 ovtkr; 87s and 1 at 40s. HPT O in estate mark, 0 39s; 2, 7 34,s; PB, 1 40s; 1 3Ss; 1, 1 S6s; 2, 1 26s; PB, 1 40.= . Leangawella O, Ic lb !09s;1, 3c It 103s 6dj 2, Ic 91s; PB, fetched llOs; T, 1 55s; 1 ovtkr. 102s. L in estate mark, 2 38s 6d; No. 1, 2 36s 6d; 2, 3 30s; PB, 1 4rs Above sales took jilace on Friday, Oct. 21st, 1897, and selling Brokers were Messrs. Ruckei' & Bencraft of Mincing Lane. CEYLON COCOA SALES IN LONDON. Ex “Trocas” — HGA in estate mark, 77 bags 68s bid and refused ; 9 bags 50s 6d. Ex “Clan Forbes” — JILM, £0 bags 60s bid, 65s with- drawn ; 2 bags 53s 6d sold. Ex “Jumna.”— OEC in estate mark, 24 bags 74s sold. MeJiaberia, OF, I bag sold at 60s; ditto IF. 18 bags sold at 69s. OEC in estate mark, Mahabe,ia O, 38 bags out, 1, 9 fetched 72s; 2, 20 bags 60s. Palli, I, lO bags 75s with- drawn; 9 diito. Palli IX, 51 75s withdrawn; mark Palli 2, 9 bags soid 63s; Amba 1, 13 bags 76s withdrawn and 70s refused. Ex “Oceana” — 'VTark Noith Matale, ISO bags 76s bid, 8.5s withdrawn. OBEC in estate mark, Kondesalle, OF, 18 70s refused; 1, F, 63s 6d; O, 74s6d; B 55s; G, 1 41s. .c 36 28 27 12 16 19 19 8 10 30 bid 18 23 21 23 IS 14 28 2t 23 24 60 30 25 2S 22 40 32 25 10 48 10 IS 26 18 24 16 17 16 15 25 14 16 26 2i 16 16 17 14 17 16 24 7 27 17 18 17 18 8 19 17 12 13 8 44 ,54 32 18 17 8 36 36 27 23 ■30 44 18 OBSERVER PRINTING WORKS. TEA, COFFEE, CINCHONA, COCOA, AND CARDAMOM SALES NO. 44. Colombo, November 22, 1897. J i'uiCE : — 12g cents eacti 9 copies 1 30 cents ; 6 copies 5 rupee. COLOMBO SALES OF TEA. LARGE LOTS. [Messrs. A. H. Thompson <& Go. — 28,7461b.] Lot. Box. Pk "S. Name. lb. C. 1 Vooan 1 39 ch bro pek 3703 55 bid 2 2 44 do pekoe 3740 39 2 3 48 do pek sou 3840 34 4 B and D 4 5 ch dust 75tt 18 8 Unugala 8 7 ch bro or pek 735 43 9 Dikraukalana 9 33 hf-ch bro pek 1630 S3 10 N A 10 21 hf-ch bro lea 172.3 8 bid 11 Doragalla 11 31 ch bro or pek 2015 43 12 12 31 do bro pek 3100 45 bid 13 13 32 do pekoe 3136 34 bid 14 K 14 16 1 lif-ch pek fans 1060 10 26 Mapitigama 26 43 hf-ch bro pek 2150 45 27 27 27 do pekoe 1115 31 bid IS 28 9 do pek sou 720 25 bid [Messrs. Somerville & Co.— 115,960.] Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. c. 1 H 11 9 ch SOU 720 19 5 Ardutliie 15 20 Ilf ch bro pek liOO 49 6 16 10 do pekoe 1000 35 17 20 do pek sou 1000 30 b Hapugahalande 18 20 do bio pek 1000 48 bid 9 19 2o do pekoe 1000 35 10 20 20 do pek sou 1000 29 11 Koorooloogalla 21 13 ch bro pek 1235 53 12 22 13 do pekoe 1170 36 14 N ugawella 24 13 hf-ch or pek 715 52 15 25 14 do bro or pek 840 43 16 26 12 do pekoe 1100 34 bid 22 M 32 10 ch fans 1200 18 28 Pellawatte 36 10 do bro pek 1100 44 27 37 7 do pekoe 724 31 23 38 15 do pek sou 1500 26 42 H JS 52 12 hf-ch pek sou 720 25 53 Wilpita 63 11 ch bro pek 1100 37 54 6t 11 do pekoe 1100 ' 27 61 Dartry 71 14 hf-ch fans 930 23 72 10 ch bro tea 900 23 64 Rayieam 74 12 do bro pek 1200 47 65 75 31 do pek 20.35 33 66 76 14 do pek sou 1120 28 77 12 do bro pek fans 1140 31 68 Salawe 7S 13 do pek sou 1170 20 69 79 20 do do No. 2 1910 20 71 Ingeriya 81 50 hf-ch bro pek 2510 41 82 37 do pekoe 1776 31 73 83 21 do pek sou 11.52 26 73 Mahatenn ; 85 21 ch bro pek 2100 30 bid 70 86 16 do pek 1490 26 bid 78 Detiyaya 88 20 do bro pek 2000 48 bid 79 89 17 do pek 1615 34 bid SO 90 10 do pek sou 900 27 86 Roumania 98 15 do bro pek 1500 39 87 97 23 do pek 2300 28 bid 88 98 7 do pek sou 700 24 91 Ookoowattj 101 10 do pek sou 900 26 92 Maragalla 102 21 hf-ch bro pek 1260 42 bid 93 103 26 do pekoe loOO 32 bid 98 Raraia 108 20 ch pekoe 2000 25 bid 99 Veralupitiya , 109 15 do bio pek 1258 48 bid 100 110 34 do pekoe 2483 34 bid 101 111 21 do pek sou 1366 27 112 RCTFin est. mark 122 i 0 do bro pek 2000 40 114 124 11 do pekoe 935 27 il5 125 18 do pek ,sou 1440 24 117 Pannapitiya 127 16 hf-ch bro pek 800 37 bid 113 128 18 do pekoe 901 29 121 Lyndhurst 131 31 do bro pek 1705 42 122 132 56 do pekoe 2520 32 123 133 15 do pek sou 720 26 bid 129 Hatdowa 139 25 ch bro pek 2600 45 110 140 13 do pekoe 1105 30 [Mr. E. , John.- -159,543 IL, Lob Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. c. 2 GT 140 11 ch congou 1100 24 3 Westhall 142 13 do bro mix 110) 8 4 Wattegodde, D 144 13 hf-ch dust 910 21 Lo Box. Fkgs. Name. lb. .c 7 Kotuagedera 150 28 ch bro pek 2800 41 bid. 8 L52 IS do pekoe 1710 32 bid 9 1.54 10 (lo pek S 'U 900 24 bid a D N D, in est. mark 153 28 do unas 2240 30 14 Dalhousie IGl SI hf-ch bro pek 1705 48 15 166 25 do or pek 1125 42 16 H>3 18 do ptkoe 900 36 19 Digdola 174 18 ch bro or pek 1620 41 bid 21 173 14 do pekoe 1120 30 bid 21 Ramboda 184 37 hf ch or pek 1925 49 25 186 34 do pektie 1700 37 26 188 24 do pek sou 1080 28 19 Ivanhoe 194 20 llo bvo pek 1100 43 31 196 13 ch pekoe 1170 34 bid 31 198 16 do pek sou 1440 27 33 Arrateniie 202 18 do bro pek 1710 45 31 204 14 do pekoe 1260 33 bid 35 206 11 do pek sou 880 21 bid 38 Eadella 212 40 do bro pek 4600 37 bid 39 214 22 do pekoe 1980 31 4L 218 8 do fans 960 22 42 220 5 do dust 700 16 43 Gonavy 222 a (lo pek sou 792 34 45 J R 226 28 do bi'o pek 2800 33 bid 46 228 40 hf-ch pekue 2000 24 bid 47 230 13 ch bro pek fans 1300 out 48 Agra Ouvah 232 123 hf ch bro or pek 7995 68 bid 49 234 60 do or pek 3! 20 49 bid 50 236 21 ch pekoe 1995 66 61 238 9 do pek sou 810 40 52 240 17 hf-ch pek fans 1300 81 54 Glasgow 244 65 ch bro or pek 4875 64 bid 55 246 22 do or pek 1320 50 bid 56 248 16 do pekoe 1600 45 59 Cleveland 261 24 i hf-ch pekoe 1200 48 61 Lameliere 274 24 ch bro pek 2592 54 bid 65 276 27 do pekoe 2134 38 bid 66 278 26 do pek sou 2ua0 28 bid 68 Anchor, in est. mark 282 18 do bro or pek 1800 51 bid 69 284 18 do or peK 13.;0 43 bid 70 Ella 286 26 do bro pek 2340 32 bid 71 288 31 do pekoe 26 )5 ‘.9 bid 72 29) 12 do pek sou 1020 24 73 292 15 do f ns 1500 26 bid iO 298 14 do dU't 1400 16 87 Maskeliya 320 16 do bro pek 1600 63 83 322 12 (lo or pek 12 0 42 89 324 a do pekoe 990 37 90 326 9 do pek sou 810 38 94 Alnoor 334 22 hf-ch Dr peic IluO 37 98 E D 342 10 ch uuas loto 28 103 Heatherley 352 5 do du.-jt 750 14 104 354 10 cio XLlilLS 850 18 bid 110 Ottery 377 33 d • or pek 2S05 48 bid 117 379 65 do pekoe 5650 37 bid as Elston 3-'l 12 1 hf-ch bro mix 840 26 119 Eeindale 38 ( 10 ch or pek 9 JO 51 122 Claremont 3-9 291 hf eh bro or pek 1.508 45 123 391 9 ch pekoe 765 31 124 393 9 do pek sou 765 26 bid 12 • Alnoor 395 34 hf-ch bro pek 1700 39 127 399 13 do pek sou 1170 22 bid [Me-ssrs. Forbes & Walker.— 317,059 lb.] Lot. Box. I'kgS. Name. lb. c. 5 New Peacock 994 17 ch pek fans 1275 19 9 Ederapulla 10 2 15 ch sou 1350 23 10 Mousake.le U04 15 ch bro pek 1050 55 a 1006 21 ch pekoe 2100 37 bid 14 Kelaneiya 1012 17 ch bro pek 1870 52 bid 15 1014 27 cii pekoe 2700 36 bid 21 Grange Garden 1026 21 ch or pek 2310 51 22 1028 18 ch pekoe 1800 35 bid 25 Kirindi and Woodthorpe 1034 26 ch bvo pek 2600 49 26 10 6 35 do bro pek 2:00 36 27 1038 37 (lo pek sou .701 26 32 Ella Oya 1040 33 ch bro pek 3300 46 33 1050 27 do or pek 2430 35 34 1)02 25 do pek fans 1725 32 35 Lochiel 1054 40 hf-ch Pro or peii ;!2200 47 bid 3« 1056 54 ch bvo pek 5130 43 bid 37 1U58 do pekoe 1680 39 38 lOUO 12 (lo pek sou lu-20 29 40 Castlereagh 1961 16 ch bro pek 1600 46 41 1066 18 do or ]«ek 1530 46 42 1068 23 do pekoe 18.0 37ibid 40 Knavesraire 1076 10 ch or pek lOO-J 42 bid ■2 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST Lot. Box. Pk"S. N ame. lb. 47 1078 18 ch bro pek 1800 48 1080 62 do pekoe 4420 49 1082 18 do pek sou 1440 53 Clyde 1090 30 ch bro pek 2700 54 1092 24 do pekoe 2160 55 1094 15 do pek sou 1350 58 Pansalatemie 1100 11 ch unassorted 990 60 1104 7 do fans 770 61 Putupaula 1!06 25 hf-ch bro or pel c 1500 ■62 Hi'S 54 ch bro pek 4590 63 1110 35 pekoe 2800 64 111-' 34 18 172 5 do fans 18 20 Digdola 176 7 cli or nek 500 17 bid 22 180 6 do pek sou 510 36 23 182 3 do dust 4-iO 45 27 Ramboda 190 1 hf-eh fans 73 30 28 192 1 do dust 70 25 32 Ivanhoe ■200 5 do dust 64 36 Anatenne 208 1 cb du.st 100 47 bid 37 2U) 1 do bro mix 90 42 40 Eadella ■216 8 do pek sou 640 33 44 Gonavy •224 4 bf-ch pek fans 336 41 53 Agra duvah 242 5 do dust 475 54 57 Cleveland 2G0 12 do bro or pek 600 37 58 262 11 do or pek 495 30 60 266 10 do pek sou 480 51 61 268 4 do bro pek fan.< 240 38 63 270 3 do dust 210 41 63 272 9 do red eaf 495 57 67 Lamelier 280 C do pek fan.s 450 40 74 Eila 294 2 ch pek fans 200 31 91 Maskeliya 3-28 2 do sou 200 32 92 330 8 hf-ch bro pek fans 400 26 93 332 3 do dust 270 47 95 Alnoor 336 7 do pekoe 560 35 96 338 8 do pek sou GJO 29 97 340 6 do bro pek fairs 300 16 99 S G H, in est. 52 mark 344 7 ch bro pek 630 34 100 346 3 do pekoe 270 30 101 348 2 do pell sou ISO 41 102 Fern dale 1 do bro pek fans 120 26 120 S85 3 do pek sou 270 42 126 Alnoor 397 7 hf-ch pfckoe 617 42 12S 401 7 ch bro pek fans 490 31 19 403 6 hf-ch fans 420 37 130 Farm 405 3 do dust 228 41 131 V 407 6 ch pekoe 600 31 24 39 bid [Messrs. SOMERl ’ILLE & Co •] 20 bill Lot. Box. Pktrs. Name. lb. 50 2 H 12 6 hf-eh fans 420 48 3 13 1 ch una.s 80 34 4 14 1 hf-ch du.st 90 27 ■ 13 Koorooloogalla 23 5 ch pek sou 450 49 bid 17 Nugawella 27 5 do pek .sou 425 48 18 28 5 hf-ch dust 375 42 bid 29 Pelawatte 39 2 do sou 195 36 bid 30 w 40 2 do fans 180 36 Bogahagoda- 37 38 watte 46 6 ch bro pek 6C0 28 bid 47 48 5 do 2 do pek pek sou 450 ISO 26 bid 39 49 1 do fans no 60 bid 40 H J S 60 5 hf-ch bro pek 300 39 41 51 7 do pekoe 420 18 bid 43 53 C do .SOU 300 24 44 54 5 do cono^ou 250 19 46 Kurunduwatte 56 4 ch bro pek 460 54 1 hf-ch 35 47 57 1 ch pekoe 150 28 1 hf-ch 28 48 58 3 ch pek sou 270 38 bid 49 59 1 do SOU 85 c. 191ji 11 bill 8 bid 9 b 8 41 34 2f, 14 19 10 c. 17 L'O 19 18 18 8 25 22 39 25 19 32 IS 18 IS 8 25 30 20 08 53 3S 37 21 13 25 20 23 30 18 29 24 22 30 bid 26 18 bid 18 bid 30 30 25 18 18 28 bid C, 22 36 15 28 26 bid 21 16 9 36 28 22 20 39 33 17 14 23 bid 17 10 bid 7 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. 3 Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. C. 50 60 IJ ch fans 130 19 51 61 1 do dust 70 18 52 Mimosa 62 3 do dust 474 18 55 Wilpita 65 3 do ])ck sou 285 13 bid 56 66 2 do pek .son fA) 200 14 bid 59 67 3 do fans 285 16 58 68 1 do dust 158 17 50 69 2 do red leaf 190 8 60 C 70 2 hf-ch fans 132 IS ■63 Dartry 73 5 do dust 425 17 70 Salawa 80 2 ch dust 300 18 74 Ingeriya 84 3 hf-ch dust 246 19 77 Mahatenne 87 7 ch pek sou 630 16 bill 81 D 91 4 do bro pek fans 440 26 82 Alntkclie 92 10 hf-ch bro pek 569 26 bid 83 93 6 do pekoe 300 22 bid 84 94 9 do pek sou 405 17 bid 85 95 2 do fans 100 17 89 Roumania 99 2 ch dust 200 17 90 100 2 do bro mix 170 16 102 Veralupitiya 112 3 ch bro pek fans 282 31 103 113 1 do pek fans 88 20 104 114 1 do iu'o tea 43 10 105 B 11 1 do bro tea no 19 113 R C T F in est. mark 123 7 ch or pek 630 30 116 126 1 do dust 150 17 119 Pannapitiya 129 6 hf-ch sou 300 22 120 H 130 5 do pekoe 465 19 bid 12, Lyndhurst 134 4 hf-ch faii.s 240 26 125 135 6 do congou 270 18 126 136 7 do dust 595 19 127 137 5 do bro tea No 1 300 8 128 138 3 do do No 2 165 8 131 Ilatdowa 141 8 ch pek sou 680 24 lid 132 142 2 do dust 320 )9 133 143 1 do bro or pek 110 24 [Messrs. Torres & Walker.] Lot. Box. Pkte. Name. lb C. 1 C H 980 6 ch red leaf 540 14 4 New Peacock 992 2 hf-ch bro mix 100 10 6 Hurstpierpoint 990 8 do bro pek 400 32 7 90S 7 do pekoe 350 24 8 1000 1 do dust 65 11 12 Mousakelle 1003 5 ch sou 500 29 13 1010 2 hf-ch dust 160 19 16 Kelaniya 1016 3 ch sou 300 29 17 1018 1 do dust 115 17 23 Grange Garden 1030 3 do sou 270 28 24 1032 2 hf-ch dust 170 20 28 Kirindi and Woodthorpe 1040 9 ch sou 030 21 29 1042 3 do du.st 255 18 30 1044 1 do red leaf 72 9 31 R in est mark 1046 1 do unas 118 20 39 Lochiel 1062 4 do dust 560 18 43 Castlereagh 1070 5 do pek sou 400 30 44 1072 5 hf-ch pek fans 350 25 45 1074 3 do dust 240 18 50 Knavesmire 10S4 1 ch sou 97 18 51 1086 1 hf-ch dust 95 IS 52 1038 3 do tans 22,1 19 56 Clyde 1096 2 ch dust 289 16 57 1098 2 ch bro pek 200 30 59 Pansalatenne 1102 2 do dust 280 12 66 K P W 1116 10 hf-ch bro pek 640 35 68 1120 8 do pek sou 448 24 69 1122 1 do dust 90 17 72 Tavalamtenne 11 28 1 ch fans 132 21 73 n:-o 1 do dust 100 19 74 1132 1 do cougou 66 28 84 Theberton 1152 5 do bro mix 500 23 85 11.54 6 do fans 600 23 86 1156 6 do pek dust 6110 19 no Ganapalla 1204 4 do bro pek fans 480 20 111 1206 3 do pek fans 258 IS 112 1208 6 hf-ch dust 480 19 121 Coreen 1226 8 do 122 1228 3 do 13 1 Amblangodde 1262 7 ch 133 1254 5 do 136 1256 1 do 137 Melrose 1258 6 do 138 1260 6 do 139 1262 4 do 1 hf-ch 140 Amblangodde 1264 3 ch 141 1266 6 do 142 1268 4 do 143 ;270 1 lifch 144 Ookoo- watte No. 1 1272 7 do 1274 2 do dust fans pek sou sou fans bro pek pek 640 159 630 450 100 660 600 pekoe sou 410 nro pek 360 pek 500 pek sou 300 bro tea 45 pek fans 42 i dust ISO 22 18 29 27 21 37 25 46 38 31 14 20 16 Lot. Box, Pkgs. Name. lb. C. 147 Ookoowatte 1278 5 ch pekoe 45 148 1280 2 do pek sou 180 25 149 1282 1 hf-ch dust 9C 18 150 1284 4 do pek fans 240 22 163 Errollwood 13 0 2 ch bro pek fans 200 164 1312 5 hf-ch dust 350 19 1.S5 Galpliele 1354 2 do sou 100 20 186 13c6 2 do fans 120 25 187 1358 4 do dust 320 17 1S9 G K 1362 5 cli bro mix 460 25 194 Carberry 1372 2 do bro pek fans 220 26 200 Weyanga- watte 1384 2 lu'-cU dust 170 17 205 Oxford 1394 1 lif-ch pek dust 70 13 i06 1.396 1 do dust SO 18 207 Oewalakandc 1 1398 5 ch bro tea 375 17 212 Ingurugalla nos 4 do pek sou 360 23 313 1410 3 do bvo tea 360 20 214 1412 2 do red leaf ISO 11 221 Y 1426 2 do bro tea 200 23 226 Galapitakande 1436 3 do dust 270 iO 233 Kakiriskaade 1450 1 do pek dust 199 18 1 hf ch 234 1452 1 ch bro toa 100 9 239 Blairgowrie 1462 4 hf-ch bro pek 252 40 241 1466 3 cli pek sou 213 30 24S G 1480 2 do sou 170 17 249 1482 1 do pek dust 145 16 252 Allagalla 1483 n hf-ch fan.s 660 23 257 Chesterford 1498 2 ch congou 160 21 258 1500 S hf-ch dust 600 18 266 Ookoowatte 16 6 ch pekoe 540 27 287 18 6 ch pek sou 540 23 268 Wewalakande 20 11 lif-ch )>ro pek 350 38 269 22 6 do pekoe 276 30 270 24 4 do pek sou ISt 25 271 26 1 do congou 46 17 272 Caledonia 28 3 hf-ch bro pek 165 35 273 30 3 do pekoe 150 26 274 32 4 do pek sou 200 25 275 34 2 do red leaf 100 11 276 36 1 do dust 65 16 277 38 1 do fans 50 12 CEYLON COCOA SALES IN LONDON. {From Our Commercial Correspondent). Mincing Lane, Oct. 29, 1897. Ceylon Cocoa Sales for week ending 29th Oct., 1897 Mark. Sirigalla A Pile. 1 Sa. Lot. 1 Dk. Lot. 1012 Hags. 10 73s sold Tiitto T 2 2 1043 1 63s Ditto B 3 3 ion 15 60s „ Ditto T 4 4 1045 1 6ls „ MLM 1 1 159 21 09s Od „ Maousava Y 28 35 30 11 70s withdiT.’.vn AA 29 36 31 IS 77s ,, 57s sold C 30 37 32 2 A 31 38 33 1 62s „ B 32 39 31 9 55s 6d CEYLON CARDAMOM SALES IN LONDON. Ceylon Caidamonis Sales ; — Ex “.lava” — Cottaganga ex, Ic 3.s 7d; A A.l Ss 3d; .4, S 3.S 4d; R, 23s 3d; 2 3.s 2d; 1 2s 2d; 2 20s; I>, 1 .seeds 3.s lOd. IP.ark Katooloya ex, 1 out, AA, 1 3s 7d; A, 1 .".s .5d; B, 2 3s 2d; C, 2 2s 9<1; 1 2s lOd; 1), 1 seeds :is 9d. Amblamaiia, AA, 1 3s 2d; B, 1 3s 2d; C, 2 2s 9d; D, 1 seed.s 3s lOd. Midlands Ex 2 4s 6d; AA, 2 4s 3d; A. 2 ;is; 15, 2 3s 3d; C, 2 3s; P, 1 seeds 3s lOd. Ilromoland, Mysore, 2 3s oil; 2 3s Od. Midlands, O, 2, 3s 6d; 1, 2 3s 4d; 2, 2 2s 8d; B & S, 1 -S Sd seed; 1 seeds 3s Sd. Canton, OBEC in estate mark, Droniokand, 13s 2d; I 3s. Ex “Teenkai" — Elkadua, 1, 2 3s 5d; 2, 1 3s Id; B A I 1 27s. Ex “Canton” — Knuckles Grouj), A, 1 4a; B, 2 3s Id; C, 2 3s lOd; D, 2 3s 5d; E, 2 3s 3d; AE, ' seeds 3s Sd. Per “Ixion” at Colombo 97-14014— Knuckles Group, C, i 1 3s 9d. I Ex “Menelau.s” at Colombo CYC, 2 4 Ex “Teenkai” at Colombo— Nicliola Ova, No. 1, 2 4s; ! No. 2,2 37s; 2 3s 6d; No. 3, 1 3s 4d; No. "4, 2 2s 9d; Price j Is 4d sold. I Ex “Ceylon”— Nagalla, O, 2 4s; 1, 1 ;5s lOd: 2. 1 3s 5d; B i^r ■ yid r/lio.- ,f!7 .df .y.oli -^2 ?? r-t •t«t- flvS-'^r.'J »tur;V:’r ; ■n^; j-i?;,'; '■’;'< . ,(;*<• *^jO u* r.'il I ,^. ir.^S . ,t. U{ .f'ul. \ ■ V V = :i'- ’> i rC‘.:t i \ r. ,Vrr^ 't. ;• .• r| i» t ,(•; ., li i; fO.Vi''J 'i.’’- ■' '• o'} ^,\ itiil. t|i]^ - JWiiJy ' • yl . ' V'Wi'r -'"v> ‘;;:1*;v; . vii! •«:l -;t^H'; >t'4T' t(K f. fr . •’fi; V.-. ■ i'i\ it ■;i ' iC t.i ' ■•I ti- i'l'.! tV*l . ('. *■■ t Wi'f t i'l I' -■ ~*{ jjo^ iiy(( • , .• I ■' , f • j;,„' ' liC ■ . ■ ..m'> ;-i i’f *>« ■ rf:.;- .,r r-.y: «ti«:i. 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Sflt---'- tijl--.'s I, -lit .1 llir fj, ■cf. i' ■'Wi S tKiSt A'.-M 1} ©‘SM Ofi 8 Sii = > ■eSi* -'ill V rjOJiV ' iyf'k -■- I.MSIfl”*i' Xi,;;. iVi'I-' c.itf.t jui'fi :I ijj Tt <;lt e nb i lt"Ml{ f. . ify t\X&X:t ariJi^rtisiiT' << , . - •■ .A' ■ e? ■,'., ;,f, bis (iKcu'llirO till ■ ii :. m. r:Af ■ £t£, ~ 0#9l(i'Jl XiT^ , ' ?-'£ sr gMitriiiicWniA -isr -r ^ ‘mMoK 18X 8SI 1 tif.i- .K iiti ttty.i iritt'i liyi TiisX ^ r.niit It-Hj .bo^nnii/'Mfi <'Xi ixr ■;■ 'V £xr m - HWMfftOi *H nS. i S“*X t .oYi v:lKW - . (.;. ; f oh '. >■ "mi Ut;;n I « »M . «"r jfiiiii o£,.i?i ■ iM TEA, COFFEE, CINCHONA, COCOA, AND CARDAMOM SALES, NO. 45. Colombo, November 29, 1897. Price: — 12j cents each 3 copied 30 cents ; 6 copies § rupee- COLOMBO SALES OF TEA. LARGE LOTS. [Messrs. A. H. Thompson 75 34 47 G W 197 9 do SOU 720 25 51 T C L in est. mark 201 12 hf-oh dust 10.33 16 53 Minna 203 97 do bro pek 5335 .50 54 204 61 ch pek 5490 38 55 205 47 do pek sou 4230 30 «2 W V T 212 14 do pek fan.s 770 27 63 Ambalawa 213 16 do bro pek 300 39 61 214 22 do or pek 1012 41 65 215 27 do pek 1215 34 66 216 30 do pek sou 1200 22 67 Koladeniya 217 14 ch bro peic 1330 37 68 218 9 do pekoe 765 28 69 219 18 do pek s u 1140 24 71 White Cros.s 221 22 do SOU 1930 23 76 Benveula 226 26 hf-ch bro pek .1300 41 77 227 12 ch pekoe 1203 31 79 Kew 229 19 If ch bro or pek 1064 61 bid 80 2S0 21 do or pek lOiO 64 bid 81 231 26 ch pek' e 2392 46 82 232 18 do p.?k .sou 1710 38 81 Madullenne 234 35 do bro pek 3500 43 bid 85 235 25 do pekoe 2500 33 bid 86 2:36 25 do pek sou 2500 27 bid 87 237 11 do fans 990 2< 91 (; 241 11 do bans 935 16 96 IP 246 38 cli pek .SOU .3230 23 97 Ukuw l.a 2)7 25 do bro pok 2600 S8 98 248 19 do pek 1900 30 99 249 VI do pek sou 1200 24 102 Nor Matale 252 47 do liro pek 4700 42 bid 103 253 32 do pekoe 2720 34 bid 104 251 23 do pek sou 1955 29 105 2.55 6 do ilust 900 17 106 Penrith 256 15 do bro or pek 1500 45 107 2-57 IS do liro pek 1620 52 108 258 29 do pekoe ■2320 36 109 2.59 23 do pek sou 1955 29 113 Kelani 263 40 if ch bro pek 1800 49 111 204 18 do bro or pek 1080 42 115 205 28 ch pekoe 25-20 31 116 266 15 do pek sou 13.50 27 119 Mahatennc 269 21 do bro pek 2100 :J6 bid 121 Cai-ney 271 15 hf-cii bio pek 7,50 41 122 272 20 do pekoe 900 35 123 273 19 do pek sou ;).50 28 Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. C. 1-26 Depedene 276 18 hf-ch bro pek 990 40 bid 128 278 27 do pek No 2 13 0 31 bid 1-29 279 18 do pek sou 900 30 138 M L C 288 7 ch )jek fans 770 17 145 Yspa 295 13 do pek dust 19)0 19 146 New Vailey •296 20 do 1)10 or pek 2-200 56 bill 147 297 18 do or pek 18' '0 48 148 293 21 do pekoe 2100 44 149 ■299 16 do pek sou 1440 38 [Messrs. Eorbes & Walker.— 49, 5, 238 lb.] Lot. Box. Pkg.s. Name. lb. C. 1 N 40 14 ch bro mix 1820 17 2 42 9 do 111) as 810 28 3 New Anga- mana 44 18 hf-ch bro pek 990 41 4 46 20 do pekoe 130) 35 5 43 17 do pek sou 8.50 25 7 Bickley .52 14 hf-ch pek sou 770 38 8 54 16 do sou 800 37 9 Elfindale .56 9 ch pek fans 9U0 16 10 58 8 do fans 720 14 11 00 11 do dust noo 11 13 Frogmore 61 16 hf-ch bro pek 8S0 68 16 Derby 70 24 ch bro or pek 1446 38 bid 17 72 22 do pekoe 1-210 33 19 St. Heiiers 76 24 if-ch bro or pi k 12-24 48 ■20 78 19 ch pekoe 1615 33 ■23 Patiagaira 84 12 ch bro pek 1080 52 24 80 19 do pekoe 1615 37 ■28 Macaldenia 94 26 if-ch or pek 1295 55 29 93 14 do bro pek 770 44 30 98 29 do pekoe 1450 41 :ll 101 18 ch pek sou ISOO 34 bid 34 Farnham 100 22 hf ch bro pek 1320 67 36 110 10 do or pek 800 53 :17 112 23 do pekoe 1>65 41 38 1 4 2 4 do pek .sou 1030 34 40 JIalvern 136 16 ch bro pek 960 61 50 133 15 do pekoe 1125 44 53 Deacnlla 144 26 ch bro pek 1560 61 54’ 146 30 do pekoe 2250 40 .55 148 10 do pek sou 750 35 58 Agra Oya 154 11 ch bro pek 1100 47 60 158 17 do pekoe 1445 35 61 160 9 do pek sou 810 29 65 Rowley 168 49 if-ch 1)10 pek 9450 60 66 170 47 do pekoe 2.3.50 37 69 K W D 176 11 if-ch pek fans 715 26 70 Ascot 178 23 ch bro pek 2185 39 71 180 22 do pekoe 1760 30 72 Middleton 182 36 ch or pek 3600 59 73 184 14 do pek sou 1120 43 74 rd .goda 186 39 ch bro pek 3510 34 bid 75 ISS 54 do pekoe 4500 26 76 190 10 do pek sou 900 24 77 Greenwood 10-2 31 if-ch bro or pek 1.5.50 48 bi l 78 194 1) ch pekoe 1350 35 79 Holton 496 29 cii bro pek 2755 40 bill 80 198 21 do pekoe lOSO 32 81 200 12 do p . k sou 1 140 ■29 84 Diml)ur 206 20 iif-ch or pek SCO 44 35 208 27 1 0 l)ro 4iek 1:150 46 86 210 IS ch pekoe 1350 40 90 Arapolaltan ie 218 23 ch or pek ■2070 48 9) 220 14 do pekoe 11-20 34 92 22’2 28 do pek sou ■2240 27 97 (J 0 E B ■232 10 lif-ch dust 800 IS 10: Rnnkeld 24 '2 58 hf-ch bro or pek 3480 57 103 ■244 13 ch or pek 1-235 47 bid 1 )4 246 22 ilO pekoe 2090 43 10 ) 248 14 do pek fans 080 *21 106 250 9 do dust 810 is 107 MahaUva ■252 19 hf-ch bro or pek 1140 51 108 251 24 do or pek 1344 54 bi 1 109 ■256 •21 ch p.'koe 1890 47 110 258 10 do pek sou SOU ‘Ji) 112 Kirk lees 262 19 hf-ch bro or pek 1045 47 bi'l 113 ■261 19 ch or .lek 1900 47 bid 114 266 24 do pekoe 2280 S(i 1)M 116 ■268 ■2> do pek .sou ■2250 117 Poiatigama ■272 31 ch e .ngou 2610 9,1 US 274 0 do dust 900 IS 1-24 Dammeria •286 13 ch bri) or ])eli 150 1 41 l.'.i 127 Hayes 292 20 lif-ch bro oek 1.100 47 bi.l 1-28 ■294 33 do pekoe 148.5 41 1-29 ■293 78 do pek jou 39W' o'» 130 ■2r,8 4 ' do sou 1800 132Cluiies 302 21 ch pek son 1785 '2 j 2 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST- Lot Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. c. 133 304 34 hf-cb bro or r ek fans 1870 35 13 1 306 11 ch pek fans 990 24 136 High Forest 310 70 hf-ch bro or pek 4200 -50 bid 137 312 33 do or pek 1782 57 138 314 23 do pekoe 1196 5i 139 316 14 do pek sou 700 48 140 318 22 ch pek dust 1870 38 bid 141 Kuanwella 320 20 ch bro pek 2470 withd'n. 142 322 41 do pekoe 3485 31 143 324 15 do pek -SOU 13.50 27 145 328 11 do (lust 770 13 148 Deliiowita 334 5 ch dust 750 11 149 Piimbagama 336 53 hf-ch bro pek fan 3180 28 150 33S 10 ch congou 050 14 151 340 18 do bro tea 1710 11 152 342 12 hf-ch dust 1050 8 154 Suunyci'oft 346 11 ch pel! sou llUO 28 156 350 5 do dust 750 13 157 Cohiiubia 352 30 hf-ch bru pek 1740 56 158 354 31 do 1 ekoe 1671 46 162 Galkadua 362 14 ch bro pek lino 41 163 301 14 do pek 1410 29 104 S66 11 do pek sou 1100 22 168 Carfax 374 18 ch bru or pek 1980 54 bid 169 376 20 do or pek 2000 53 bi i 170 378 21 do pekoe 1995 47 171 Ganapalla 380 20 ch bro or pek 1840 34 172 3S2 22 do or pek 2112 45 bid 173 384 30 do pekoe 2340 51 174 386 22 do pel! sou 1584 23 178 LL 394 8 ch dust 1072 15 180 E lamulla 398 24 hf-ch bro pek 1320 52 bid ISl 400 31 do pekoe 1012 39 182 402 25 do pek sou 1260 33 187 Battawatte 412 32 ch bro pek .3200 49 1&8 414 SO do pekoe 3UU0 41 1S9 416 11 do pek sou IlOU 32 192 Tonocombe 422 31 ch or pek 3100 49 103 424 12 do bro pek 1440 54 194 426 52 do pekoe 5200 41 195 428 H do pek sou 990 29 106 430 9 hf-ch dust 810 20 197 Great Valley, Ceylon, in estate mark 432 27 hf-ch bro or pek 13'0 57 bid 198 434 35 ch pekoe 3150 37 bid 109 436 19 do pek sou 1710 28 ■ 202 M A, in estate mark 442 61 hf-ch or pek 3050 42 2C3 454 33 do bro or pek 1980 42 204 440 23 do do 1150 40 bid 203 448 23 cli pekoe 1840 34 200 450 20 do pek sou 1400 28 bid 207 Melrose 452 9 ch bro or pek 000 S3 bid 203 454 14 do bro pek 1260 35 bid 209 456 17 do pekoe 1360 29 210 458 13 do pek sou lOUl 24 211 400 9 do sou 717 23 313 Naseby 464 40 lif-ch bro pek 2-200 67 214 466 23 do pekoe 1104 67 215 468 19 do pek sou 950 51 216 470 17 do dust 1411 31 217 Ingrogalla 472 12 ch bro pek 12G0 44 bid 318 474 13 do pekoe 1105 36 219 476 14 do pek sou 1260 30 220 I N G 478 8 ch bro pek fans 800 25 223 Beaumont 484 18 ch dust 2520 24 2 4 Kennington 486 11 ch fans 990 25 bid 223 tiuimnerviUe 494 19 ch bro pek 1805 58 bid 229 4t0 3S do pekoe 3724 44 bid 230 498 47 do pek sou 4700 32 bid 236 Dunedin 510 26 hf-ch or oekoe No. 1 iiro 42 bid 237 512 22 ch or pekoe No. 2 2090 41 bid 233 514 38 ch pekoe 3230 32 bid 239 516 10 do pek sou SOO 35 246 Cavlabeck 530 17 ch pek sou 1751 42 247 53! 9 hf ch bro pek fans 765 30 250 Tonvood 538 14 ch bro pek 1100 46 251 540 25 do or pek 2050 34 252 54 i 13 do pekoe Ills 31 253 044 13 do pek sou 1066 28 250 IVeyungawat- te 550 41 hf-ch bro or pek 2255 43 257 652 38 ch or pek :i-230 38 bid 253 554 46 do pekoe 3680 31 250 Castlereagli 550 15 ch 1)10 pek 1.500 48 260 ■ 558 19 do or pek 1615 45 201 500 21 do pekoe 1920 36 2C9 Pantiya 076 6 ch ■ dust 750 15 270 R •• galla 578 5 oil ■fans 700 21 276 .Stisted 590 61 hf-ch bro pek 3840 39 277 592 42 do pekoe 2520 30 273 591 43 do pek sou 2150 26 Lot. Box. Pk"s. Name. lb. .c 2s8 Penrhos 614 27 iif-ch or pek 1350 49 bid 289 616 26 do hr- - pek 1.560 55 bid 200 Gl8 76 do pek e 36 0 41 291 020 14 do pek sou 700 36 293 Slam fold Hill 624 14 bf-ch fluwevv or pek 700 294 620 19 do or peK 855 47 295 628 20 do peke-e 900 39 301 IVaitaliiwa 010 31 hf ch bro pek ].3.,0 45 ^02 612 29 do or pek 1450 41 303 641 56 do pek e 28n0 35 313 0 N C04 42 hf-ch pek sou 2139 18 317 Harrington 672 12 ch or pek 1200 58 318 674 12 do pek)-e 1200 41 321 Ella Oya 680 13 cli hr.) oek 13uP so 322 682 59 do or pek S.'.lo 29 bid 323 681 24 d) re!i S')U 2160 35 324 Gallawatte CSC 12 ch bro pek 1140 40 325 6S8 16 do pekoe loGU 38 327 Tvmawr 692 68 hf-ch bro pek 34(0 48 bid 328 691 47 do uek»)e 2 15 36 bid 329 696 48 do pek sou 2D 0 28 bid 330 Mahala 698 1 ■! cli peki’c 12 0 23 bid 331 Geragama 700 29 cli bro pek 2900 39 332 702 23 ch pekoe 2n70 32 333 704 11 hf-ch in n.s 825 18 334 IVarratenne 706 23 do bro pek 3)i bid 335 708 17 do pek- e 153) 29 336 L B K 710 23 ch red leaf 2070 8 341 f B in estate mark 720 19 cli pi k fan.s 1710 ■ •22 345 728 10 do red leaf 700 15 3.)2 Torrington P 742 30 hf-ch bro or pek 1950 46 bid 353 744 32 ch bro pek 3200 47 bid 354 7 40 20 do pelt e 20o0 41 bid 3.55 748 25 do pek soil 1875 35 bid 356 750 17 hf-ch fau.s 1275 21 367 7.)2 10 do dust 850 13 358 Dcranakande 754 10 ch bro pek 900 42 bid 359 756 9 do pek- e 765 26 367 Matale 772 47 hf ch bro pek 2820 52 o68 774 23 ch nekoe 2-)70 37 309 776 15 do pek sou 1350 31 371 Polatagama 780 23 ch bro ,)ek 2i-7o 9 bid 372 782 2 i do pekoe 1760 29 373 781 22 do pek sou 17 0 25 374 786 25 do fans 2500 25 3^0 Monterey 798 14 ch bro or pek 14 0 37 381 SCO 13 do bro pek 105 33 382 802 31 do pekoe 2720 30 383 804 15 do pel! sou 0 28 3.«4 Gallustani 806 £8 hf-ch bro or pek 1900 39 385 S 8 23 do bro pek 1176 43 386 810 67 do pekoe 2546 31 387 812 27 do pek sou 10;6 25 390 Langdale 818 21 ch bro pek 2415 56 bid 391 8 0 3.5 do pekoe 3150 45 bid 392 822 13 do pek sou 1170 35 bid 39) Macduff 328 19 ch bro or pek 1995 7J 396 830 .37 do bro pek 3700 56 bid S97 832 38 do pekoe 3610 46 bid 398 834 13 do pek sou 1170 38 bid 41 0 Erlsmere 838 31 hf cli bro or pek 1860 50 b d 401 810 19 ch or pek ISOO 65 bid 402 8*2 43 do pek No. 1 3698 43 bid 403 844 20 do pek No 2 2020 35 bid 405 K K 848 6 ch pek dust 840 60 [Mr. E. John.- -201,76t)lb. Lot Box. Pkgs. Name. ]b. c. 5 Otter V 417 24 ch bro pek 2400 58 0 419 26 do or pek 2,40 42 bid 7 421 41 do pekoe 3690 36 bid 10 Gampola 427 24 do bro pek 2352 25 11 429 24 do 1 lif-ch pek sou 2 '34 20 bid 13 433 9 ch fan.s 1080 16 bid 14 Poilakande 435 20 hf-cli bro pek 1260 50 15 437 22 ch 1 hf ch pekoe 20.0 32 10 430 33 ch 1 hf-ch pek sou 2690 26 19 Ardlaw & Wish- ford 445 12 do bro or i ek 720 60 20 447 24 do or pek 1210 56 21 449 19 ch pekoe lSu6 43 24 P, in est. mark 455 12 do bro pek 1138 -26 bid 25 457 20 do pek sou 1013 10 bid 20 Agra Ouvah 469 56 hf-ch bro or pek 36.0 66 bi)l 27 461 27 do or pek 1485 50 bid 30 Rondura 467 10 ch or pek 8'0 51 31 469 30 do pekoe 25 0 34 32 471 25 do pek sou 2300 26 33 473 10 do bro pek fans 1120 33 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. 3 Lot. i OX, . Pkgs. Name. )b. C. Tientsin 4: • Jo f'Ch bro or pek SCO 67 37 4'1 lv» ch pekoe ISOO 45 1)1(1 40 Oonoogaloya 48' 'Jjj do bro pe'i 270(1 48 41 480 Jm.) do pekoe 2880 3) 42 49 X7 do pek sou 1530 27 43 4*0 do f ns 1080 27 bid 44 395 7 do bust 980 18 45 E , in est. u ark 497 2.-) do 1 hf-ch pek sou 2552 10 bid 4C M K 499 9 ch pek sou 810 33 47 Mocha 50.' ■ib d.) bi'O or pek 6040 55 bid 4S 5-3 40 do pekoe 4410 48 40 5t»5 do pek sou 2025 30 50 507 6 do fans 810 34 S5 Glentilt 517 4t do bro pek 4400 53 l)ld 56 519 20 do pekoe 2900 39 bid 57 StinsforJ oIl (-;y hf-ch bro pek 3588 52 58 5:3 56 do pekoe 2688 34 bid o9 52 / 26 do pek sou 1300 30 bid 61 S FT) 5-9 12 do fans 744 25 65 Vincit 5i7 12 oil ))ro pek 1200 38 66 5H9 S do pekoe 800 28 71 Marlljovough 549 3 M ch bro pek 1705 Cl 72 5 M 10 ch or pek 1710 58 73 553 20 do pe.koe 1600 49 74 f)5o 10 do pek .sou 850 42 77 MBO 561 15 do peii<,e li'OO 11 81 .Shawlauds 569 2 j do br pek 2500 42 bid 32 5“J. 26 do pekoe 2340 36 bid S3 5 3 i 8 do pek .sou 1620 29 bid SO S, in est. mark '85 T do fans 700 29 90 787 Iv) do Sou 800 25 04 Stony Hurst 59.5 8 ch or pek 7-4 46 05 597 M do bro pek 1100 33 bid 100 C 607 i: do pek Si 'U 1529 26 bid 103 Teraplestowe 613 14 tio bro or pek 1470 49 104 61 • 22 do or pek 1980 48 bid 100 6l'i ■>5 do pekoe 3655 38 bid 106 6i9 .lo pek sou 1520 32 bid 107 Coslanda 6-.1 nf-ch bro pek 1925 49 bid ins 6-3 L.-' di pekoe 2790 38 bid 109 6-i :• 0 1.(0 pek sou ItiUU 33 bid 114 Yahalakela, 635 8 do pek fans 893 27 127 Orange Field 66 8 do bro pek 800 36 123 6b3 11 do pekoe 1100 27 13-2 Mun'aythwaite 071 1:' do Irro pek 1710 27 133 67J 36 do pekoe 1310 26 bid 134 Dickapitia 075 35 do bro pek 3509 48 bid 135 677 40 do pekoe 4000 35 bid 136 079 •) do pek sou 500 33 bid 140 Little Valley 6 7 10 do bro pek 10.)0 33 bid 141 089 do pekoe 1700 36 bid 142 69; Vj do pek .son 11. 5 out 145 Gonavy 69* 3 5 do bi o pek 1425 47 bid 14G 69' 23 do pekoe ■2070 37 147 C9:j } : do pek sou 1190 30 153 Eadella 7i JS do bro | ,ek 1800 49 bid 156 N A 717 hf-ch 1)10 pek 1300 20 bid 162 Glasgow 7'.9 ch bro or pek 39.’5 54 bid 163 791 20 di> or pek 1200 46 bid 164 733 ^ j do pekoe 1500 41 bid 165 73. 12 do (lust 1200 10 166 Anchor, in est. mark 7,37 U lo bro or pek 1800 51 bid 167 Eadella 739 15 lo br. pek 1500 38 bid 168 7i' 16 •lo jjekoe 1170 31 171 Poilakande 7 i 'i *23 •:h pelioe 2070 31 172 749 2i‘ do pe.k sou 1600 24 bid 174 Gonavy 73 i 14 do hf-ch bro pek 1292 48 bid 182 Nahikvilla 769 J.2 ch bro pek 1 2e0 43 bid 183 771 15 do pekoe 1500 33 bid SMALL LOTS. [Messrs. A . il. I'hompson A: Co.] Lo c* Box. i^kgs. Nan.e. 11). c. 1 c 1 2b. -1 h pok hens 13-2 11 KGK 7 1 Ca veil leaf 100 8 8 Relugas 8 2 .-h soil 170 20 9 9 6 do d'lst 3*30 17 11 Battalgall.a. 11 ; do ibi.-.t 255 18 14 .Spriiigvvood 14 1 do 1)10 mix 100 16 [Messes. SonEUVIbbE & Co.] Lot. jjoX. 1 k.u'- ■ I me. lb. e. 1 N ♦ • Cil bro pek 630 42 irj< ) ,\u peu sou 320 26 4 ! F 1:, h 79 18 8 Marigold 158 »• UvJ bro pek fans 420 31 Lot. Box. 1 Pkgs, , ISaiuc. lb. C. 12 H 162 2 hf-ch dust 80 17 13 163 3 do br,) tea 150 19 a4 S 164 2 do .dust 169 20 15 165 4 do bro tea 2(,0 10 16 A 166 2 do dust 160 20 17 167 3 do bro te.a 1)0 32 19 C F in estate mark 169 2 do dust 1.50 32 26 Hiuiagama 176 2 ch sou K'lO 18 28 178 1 do bro pek dust i.)-5 21 32 Uknwella 182 1 hf-ch bro pek fans 70 22 30 Malvern 186 1 do do 70 22 37 187 1 do du.st 43 19 40 V in escate mark 190 7 do dust 490 19 42 .Talipota 192 3 ch bro tea 309 19 45 Mou.sakaiule 195 4 hf-ch fans 332 12 46 196 1 ch congou 87 22 48 G TV 198 1 do red leaf 1,)0 8 49 199 6 hf-cli fans 360 25 50 200 4 do) dust 3.;0 19 52 St. Leys 202 1 ch bio mix bO 14 56 Annadale 206 f) hf ch pek son 75') 29 57 207 G do fans 390 '.9 58 208 4 do dust 336 20 59 209 2 do sou 108 26 60 E A in estate mark 210 2 ch dust 300 19 61 ■211 1 do red leaf 100 10 70 Kol.adeniya 220 3 do du.st 360 20 72 White Cross 222 2] lihch dust 180 18 73 223 4 do fans 280 23 74 E S 224 3 do pekoe 180 2 5 75 225 5 do sou 4o0 16 78 Benveula 223 2 do dust 240 18 80 Kew 230 21 do or pek lO.'.O 34 bid 83 233 7 do bro pek fans i.)5 18 88 Madultenne 238 3 ch coiigon 290 16 89 239 6 hf-ch dust 4,-0 IS 90 Chetnrde 240 3 cli pek sou :00 26 100 Ukuwela 250 1 do bro pek fans 70 23 101 R 261 2 do dust 140 IS 110 Penrith 260 1 ch pek fans 12.5 , 23 111 261 1 do dast 165 18 112 262 1 do bro tea 85 10 117 Kelani 167 4 bf-cb dust 329 ■20 118 G 268 5 ■ 0 pek funs 500 23 120 M ahatenne 270 7 ch pek son 610 22 124 Carney 274 4 hf-ch bro pek fans 200 30 125 275 1 do pek frtns 50 19 127 Depedene 277 4 do pek No 1 2:0 27 130 280 6 do bro tea 3:0 22 131 281 1 do du.st 30 IS 132 M I 282 1 ch or pek 63 63 133 283 1 do bro pek 143 34 1 i lif-ch 134 284 3 ch pekoe 2.53 28 135 285 1 do pek sou 80 22 136 286 2 do sou 190 16 137 28 6 do red leaf 540 1» 150 N I T 809 ' 77 dj unas 665 18 [Mr. E. John.] Lot Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. C. 1 K 469 3 hf-ch pek sou 120 16 2 Theresia 411 7 ch pek sou 630 38 3 413 5 do bro pek fans 5.50 36 4 415 4 bf-ch dust 320 18 8 Ottery 423 4 ch sou 360 28 9 425 2 do dust 300 20 12 Gainpola. 431 2 do bro mix 2u0 8 17 Poilakande 441 8 hf-ch bro pek funs 60(1 27 22 Ardlaw & Wisli- ford 451 3 ch bro mix 285 23 23 453 41 lif-ch dust 300 20 28 Agra Ouvah 46:3 7 ch pekoe ( 65 46 29 Rondnra 465 5 do bro pek 475 45 35 Tientsin 477 13 hf-ch or pek 5o5 50 bid 36 479 9 do bro pek 4 0 48 38 4S3 3 ch pek sou 270 37 39 48.5 2 : hf-ch pek fans 160 34 51 Allington 509 6 ch bro or pek 34 52 5;l 7 do pek('e 595 30 63 513 7 do pek so 1 6iU 26 54 515 1 do bro pek dust 0 21 60 S F D 527 ,5 hf-ch bro pel Ians . to 3,3 62 631 7 do dusL 560 •Jl 63 533 8 do C' ngiui 3 u* 24 67 Vincit 541 0 ch pe sou 6 1 24 63 543 1 do du-.t 1 0 £8 69 545 1 do bro pek fu' s 1 9 26 70 547 1 do un.m 1 0 25 75 Marlborougli 657 6 hf-ch br. pek funs 39 1 36 76 659 1 ch dust ■44 22 4 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. Lot. Box . Pltii0i' ‘ii^j't,‘,,;- :!»-t ,i-vif».>-;< BStjji'.'W? ■ '1 jw^;'.,'* rV ; ; t'ife’l • ' \ -U*;;'* -t.v »>feyVi :u .<>*.••. K’jVr *.<‘nP : ‘--i.- j, ^ ,.' ?.' '.. ‘i ..(■' '.. V.' ' ' IV' ■ ^ ^ . ’ ■’*,■ - ■' ,^‘.'•,) vyV.v:.o- ;<^s.i^ . o^ - -■•.j') •y.-' ?«v'';A'''" ' *^ ■>,' •;• -v^ ?.. '2^'' Jsii ^«.;. ■ v: "w^; ;:S« I ^ - ■.) -f ' y^-<' ;i 1 H-^ iT-: '■■<■ :S;v,'y'y <}y ?t»J •,•■'.■?», -4 ■? A W! ■-. * -V* * . “ '.^ , -^- '..' ,-i-'/^; j-i .-^ ‘ . ^v *4, ■ ** 2sFs’> .''r?j3i''r "i' ■'' •■■■• .■•.,• ■•'•• •■ I ... }j<-. '. Sil >•". '. ... Vi ~ 'j|3 - ,■»;%■» . p"‘- ■ iV'J-v;- . >-; ^, , .I' i"'. •■<-'.■/ ' •! ■ -■■■4;v..:r.'V' -‘■>V-t ■'«nn;s-,s;,., .»». ■ ■• ■ -i,' -■ ^! ■5 ■-'. '■* ■ . ; ;-5s' • '• 1 " '■ r - /-‘'Vt ■■ .J^<- - -'SC ■ ' , H - ' ■‘ *> ‘ ' . . ■ . .:'• .’■ -,\' r *-•" -'>■• xx^'i\ --v. '• r"' ”• . : - ;> 1' '^te '" ■‘'X -■ '‘^J /■'■ . k‘^X' "'‘i -■^,C : V’>'« ■'■• - • t..’ ' . • ? .•*- ■ - -, wr- *. : •v^{ ^ ■'V.v' . ^' ’ ■ '*■ ' • j'"'* • W-- .?y* ' ’<**. ,w-' . ' • , ^ * ** . . - .'-^yT~^ • •!• 'i/.r > I. ■ ■* • . ' ‘^^• - >1.' I- " ■ •■S'- - ^'v 0', ?ai,' V- •.••■■■ , -A.’ M' Sr '■ <• -‘-.y.ek 7600 43 2t 20 37 ch bro or pek 3885 48 21 21 19 do pekoe 5520 36 2t 22 62 do pek sou 4650 ' 30 21 S 2i 9 ch pek fans 1125 21 2S Dikmukalana 29 37 bf-ch pek SOU 1850 26 34 Hoolo Group 34 23 ch bro or cek 2800 42 bid 3S 35 43 do bro pek 43)0 35 bid 36 36 Mandara Newe- 20 do pek 1700 26 bid lU 45 25 hf-ch bro pek 1375 54 It 46 23 di> pekoe 1250 42 49 Ilenegama 49 10 ch bro pek fan 1000 24 bid 5t Vogan 52 29 ch bro pek 1755 52 5» 53 31 do pekoe 2035 38 54 54 41 do pell .sou 3485 31 5( 55 21 do dust 1470 19 5« 56 37 do bro pek 3515 51 bid 57 57 34 do pekoe 2720 38 5t 5S 21 do pek sou 1785 SI 5» Balgownie 59 9 ch bro pek 810 29 bid 60 60 9 do pekoe 765 21 bid 62 62 6 do dust 720 17 [Messrs. Somerville & Co.— 112,693 lb.] Lot. Box . Pkgs. Name. lb. C. 2 Alpitikande 302 8 ch bro pek 803 40 bid 3 303 17 do pekoe 1360 42 bid t Lonach 309 54 hf-ch bro pek 29 ;o 45 It 310 37 ch pekne 2S60 32 bid 11 311 14 do pek sou 1120 28 12 Ovoea AI 312 18 do bro or pek 1980 63 It 31.3 18 do or pek 1440 46 14 314 18 do pekoe 1530 47 1» 315 18 do pek sou 1440 39 It 316 15 hf-ch pek fans 112.5 24 17 317 9 do du«t 900 18 18 Hapugaha- lande 31S 44 ch bro pek 4400 46 IS 319 36 do pekoe 3240 32 bid 2« 320 24 do pek sou 2160 28 bid 21 Mara ga 11a 321 10 do bro pek 1000 39 bid 22 322 11 do pek 1100 27 22 323 8 do pek sou 800 24 26 R I r N I in est. mark 326 15 hf-ch bro pekoe 750 36 29 Dotala 329 17 do or pek 765 48 bid 30 330 26 do bro pek 1200 57 bid 31 331 16 ch pekoe 1440 36 34 Harangalla 334 29 do or pek 2755 4 ' bid 35 335 7 do bro or pek 735 ;i9 bid 36 336 47 do pek. e 37C0 32 37 337 17 do pek sou 1530 -26 bid 3t 339 7 do dust 910 19 42 Glenalla 342 44 do bro pek 4400 38 hid 43 343 32 do pekoe 2880 29 bid 44 314 14 do pek sou 1-260 27 bid .50 Veralupifya 350 9 do bro pek 705 43 bid 51 351 19 do pekoe 1-287 30 bid 56 Rayigam 3.56 12 do bro pek 1200 :;o bid 57 357 34 do pek 2890 32 59 359 11 do bro pek fans 1045 37 60 360 11 hf ch dust 880 18 61 Annandale 361 15 do bro or pek 900 55 bid 62 362 2 do or pek 1100 61 bid 63 363 19 do pekoe 988 48 65 Arabalawa 365 23 do bro pek 1150 37 bid 67 Kudaganga 367 19 Cl pek 1805 29 70 Hapugasmulle 370 12 do bro pek 1320 38 bid 71 371 12 do pekoe 1140 28 bid 74 374 7 do Unas 700 25 79 Ranasingba Patna Haputale in est mark 379 44 bf-cb bro pek 1890 48 Lot Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. e. 80 380 9 hf-ch dust 695 14 bid 81 RSI 33 do fans 2310 19 bid 82 Horagoda 382 15 ch bro pek 1.500 50 83 383 20 do pek 1700 35 87 Bogahagoda- -watte SS7 11 do hro pek 1100 35 bid 88 3?8 8 do pekoe 720 ■7 lid 91 Barnagalla 3Q1 18 do fans 1989 25 92 S92 ■24 hf-ch dust 204(J iS 93 Moronkinde 39J . 25 ch bro pek 2500 46 bid 94 394 18 do pekoe 1710 32 bid 95 «95 14 do pek sou 1260 27 bid iUl T in est. mark 1 12 hf-cli dust 1085 14 biel 102 Labugama 2 ■21 do hro pek 1050 44 bid 103 8 16 ch pekoe 1520 39 bid 104 4 20 do pek sou 1630 25 bid 109 M’kande y 40 do bro pek fans 4800 25 bid [Mr. E. John. - -153,0-29 IL. J Lo; U Box. Fltos. Name. lb. c. 9 Kotuagedera 793 23 ch hro pek 2300 44 10 79) 15 do pekoe M25 31 bid u Glassaugh 797 68 hf cli bro pek 3740 55 bid 1-2 799 54 ch pekoe 4SS0 41 bid 8 11 ‘22 do pek sou 1870 87 bid 14 Alliaddy S03 20 do bro pek 1900 42 15 805 13 do pekoe 1170 32 16 807 11 do pek sou 880 28 18 Bellongalla 811 20 do bro pek 2100 38 19 813 20 do pekoe 1800 28 bid 23 Rondura 8-21 13 ch bro tea 1235 35 24 823 9 do bro mix 915 29 26 &27 IS do fans 1710 82 27 829 9 do dust 990 18 28 E, in est. mark 831 14 do pekoe 1400 28 35 Koslande 845 35 hf-ch hro pek 1925 52 36 847 31 ch pekoe 2790 40 bid. 37 S49 10 do pek sou 1000 34 bid 41 Digdola 857 12 do bro or j ek 1080 46 42 t59 12 do pekoe 960 31 44 Shannon 863 13 hf-ch bro pek 7-28 49 45 865 8 ch pekoe 7-20 34 48 Brownlow 871 34 do bro or pek 3230 57 bid 49 873 32 d« or pek ■2880 45 bid 50 87.5 29 do pekoe 2610 43 51 877 26 do pek sou 2080 38 52 879 12 do bro pek fans 1320 37 53 881 8 do dust 800 19 61 T 897 8 do bro pek 815 35 63 901 14 do hro mix 1-260 t 64 903 19 do bro tea 1900 t 66 VVhyddon 907 18 do bro pek 1890 56 07 S09 1.8 do pekoe 1800 45 68 911 18 do pek sou 1710 36 69 Kanangama 913 25 do bro pek 2375 ‘ 37 bid 70 915 25 do pekoe 2250 36 71 917 ‘23 do pek sou 19.55 25 72 919 7 du pek fans 735 S6 74 923 6 do dust 840 15 75 Anchor, in est. mark 925 24 hf-ch bro or pek 1200 50 bid 76 927 IS ch bro or pek 1800 »0 bid 77 929 19 do pekoe 1710 39 bid 81 Morahela 937 18 do bro pek 1818 41 82 939 18 do or pek 1746 80 83 941 8 do bro or pek 880 40 81 943 11 do pekoe 1034 8*2 ■ 87 A A 949 12 do bro tea 4200 8 88 R C F F, in est. mark 951 IS do pek sou 1040 ■20 89 M jinagoda 953 7 do bro or i elc 770 24 bid 92 Pati Ra.jah 9.59 25 do bro pek 2500 40 bid 93 10 do pekoe 1S05 32 94 963 7 do f ns 770 2H 95 Maryland 965 7 do bro pek 735 30 90 967 7 do pekoe 700 27 97 Ettie 969 10 do bro pek 10 '0 :44 bill 98 971 11 do pekoe 1100 27 99 973 13 do pek sou 1236 23 100 Miirravtliwaite 675 18 do bro pek 1710 4 bid 105 Alnoor • 985 31 hf-ch bro pek 1550 40 106 987 8 ch pekoe 7-20 29 bid 113 Stinsford 1 45 hf-ch bro pek ■2340 50 bid 114 3 39 do pekoe 1950 35 bid 115 5 19 do pek .sou el-2 27 bid 126 Eadella 27 ch bro pek 2800 40 131 Ayr 37 13 do bro pek f.-ins 1336 35 2 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST Lot Box. , Pkgs. Name. lb. 132 39 12 hf-ch dust 900 133 Agra Ouvah 41 06 do bro or pek 3640 134 43 27 do or pek 1485 135 ND, in est. mark 45 15 ch dust 1490 136 Glen tilt 47 44 do bro pek 4400 137 Templestowe 49 22 do or pek 1980 138 51 43 do pekoe 3655 139 53 19 do pek sou 1520 140 Coslanda 55 35 hf-ch bro pek 1925 141 Mocha 57 48 ch bro cr pek 5040 142 N A £9 26 h£-ch bro pek 1300 [Messrs. Forbes & Walker.— 378,932 Lot. Box Name. lb. 1 L BK 850 11 ch dust 1650 2 S, in estate mark 852 31 hf-ch pek fans 2480 4 Beverley 850 53 hf-ch bro pek 2915 5 858 23 do pekoe 11.50 11 Maldeniya 872 8 ch pekoe 798 14 New Peradeni- ya 876 39 ch bro pek 3900 15 878 68 do pekoe 5226 iG 880 56 dn pek sou 3920 18 Amblakande 884 9 ch bro pek 900 19 8S6 12 do pek No. 1 1081 21 890 7 do pek sou 700 22 KP \V 892 33 hf-ch or pek 2112 23 894 14 do bro pek 896 24 896 48 do pekoe 2880 25 898 14 do pek sou 784 35 Meddetenne 918 381 lif-cli bro pek 2090 36 920 17 ch pekoe 17110 37 922 11 do pek sou 990 40 Anningkande 928 40 hf-ch bro pek 2000 41 930 25 do pekoe 125 J 42 932 23 do pek sou 1150 55 St. Clive 958 40 ch bro pek 4000 5« 960 30 do pekoe 2700 57 962 26 do pek sou 2080 58 904 14 ch pek du.st 10.30 65 Clunes 978 16 hf-ch bro or pek 800 66 980 36 do bro or pek 1620 «7 982 28 ch pekoe 2100 68 984 17 do bro or pek fans 935 71 Irex 990 24 ch bro pek 2400 72 992 15 ch pekoe 1425 75 Clyde 998 29 eh bro pek 2610 7< 1000 34 do pekoe 3060 77 1002 15 do pek sou 1350 81 Ireby 1010 501 tif-ch bro pek 3000 1012 28 do pekoe 1400 S3 1014 12 do pek .sou 1080 87 Hunasgeria 1022 14 ch bro or pek 1400 38 1024 10 do bro pek 900 89 1020 39 do pekoe 3120 90 1028 22 do pek sou 1760 92 Hopton 1032 14 ch bro pek 1470 93 1034 34 do pekoe 3060 94 10 6 18 do pek sou 1620 95 1038 5 do sou 720 98 Knavesmire 1044 13 ch or pek 1300 99 1046 16 do bro pek 1760 100 1048 52 do pekoe 4680 101 1050 18 do pek sou 1620 06 Monkswood 1000 10 cli sou 750 108 Errollwood 1064 10 ch bro pek 1000 109 1066 18 do pek 1440 112 Asc.t 1072 31 ch bro pek 2945 113 1074 21 do pekoe 1690 114 1076 9 do pek sou 810 115 1078 15 do pek fans 1725 116 Polatagama 1080 20 ch bro pek 2000 117 1082 17 do' pekoe 1530 118 1084 22 do pek sou 800 119 1080 12 do fans 600 120 1088 10 do congou 800 122 Hayes 1092 20 hf-ch or pek 900 123 1094 32 do bro pek 1600 124 1096 40 do pekoe 1800 125 1098 71 do pek sou 3550 120 llOJ 48 do sou 2160 127 Dea Ella 1102 40 hf-ch bro pek 2000 128 1104 30 do pekoe 1500 129 1106 12 do bro pek fans 720 130 Erracht 1108 16 ch bro or pek 1520 131 1110 34 do or pek 2584 132 1112 30 do pekoe 2250 133 1114 16 do fans 1440 143 .JRB 11. !4 31 Ilf ch bro or pek 2015 144 li36 27 ch bro pek 2700 145 1138 21 do pekoe 2100 146 1140 22 do pek sou 1650 151 Morankande 11.50 55 do bro pek 6500 152 1152 47 do pekoe 4465 Lot Box. Pkgs Name. lb. .c 153 1154 15 ch pek sou 14-25 25 154 1156 3 do 9 bf-ch pek dust 1140 20 158 Queensland 1164 29 hf ch bro pek 1450 58 bid 159 1166 13 ch or pekoe 1040 55 leo 1168 27 do pekoe >291 163 St. Heliers 1174 26 hf-eh bro c-pek 1326 49 164 1176 IS do or pek No 1 810 40 bid 165 1178 18 ch pekoe 1530 34 ■ 167 Roeberry 1182 28 ch orpek 28C0 43 168 1184 27 do pekoe 2430 27 169 use 17 do pek sou 1.60 34 178 Kirklees 1204 25 eh pek sou 2250 32 bid 184 Dewalakan- de 1216 20 ch or nekoe 1900 41 bid 185 1218 37 do pekoe 3145 30 bid 186 1220 10 do pek sou 800 190 L 1228 16 ch pekoe 1440 14 191 1230 20 do sou 1600 13 200 M C, in estate mark 1248 75 ch bro or pek 7300 34 bid 201 1250 21 (io pekoe 1905 27 bid 202 1252 48 do (lust 6480 17 bid 203 VGA 1254 15 ch bro or pek 1475 40 bid 204 1256 39 do ]'ckue 3480 32 bid :06 1200 9 do (hist 1080 20 207 1262 8 tlo bro tea 300 10 2U9 Doonevale 1206 9 ch nekoe 765 218 Dunedin 128* 26 lif-ch or pek No. 1 1170 40 bid 2:9 1286 22 ch or pek No, 2 2090 43 220 1288 38 do pekoe 3220 31 bid 221 Chesterford 1290 4 1 do bro pek 4100 222 1292 28 do pekoe 2;0J 32 bid 223 1294 19 do l>ek sou 19j0 27 bid 224 12C6 12 do funs 1080 26 227 Kurrawela 1:^02 12 do bro pek 1080 34 228 Bandra Eliya 1304 24 hf-eh bro pek 1440 49 bid 229 1306 35 do or pek 1575 53 bid 230 130o 2S do fans 2390 23 331 Dapline 1310 8 ch bro pek 800 37 236 G P H, Galle in est. mark 1320 2 2 hf-ch bro pek 1320 40 237 1322 20 do pekoe looa 29 238 1324 21 do pek sou 1.00 25 240 BAM in est. mark 13-28 18 do bro pek 990 30 bid 249 Udagoda 1346 39 ch bro pek 3501 32 bid 250 iVI intun 1348 23 do pekoe 2->30 251 Nahaveena 1350 75 hf-ch bro pek 37.50 44 232 1352 SS do pek 1900 27 253 1354 89 do pek sou 1950 35 255 Pallagodde 13.58 24 ch oro or pek ‘i40) 41 bid 256 1360 24 do bro pek 2160 52 257 1362 22 do pek 1760 35 258 1364 18 do pek sou 1530 31 260 Clunes 1368 21 do pek 1575 29 261 1370 16 do pek sou 1360 25 262 1372 13 hf ch br or pek fan 715 to 263 1374 17 ch pek fans 1530 2.i 265 Dunkeld 1378 13 do or pek 1235 42 bid. 266 G P M in est mark 1380 24 hf-ch bro orpek 1440 70 267 1382 17 do or pek 850 73 268 1384 22 do pek 1232 64 269 1386 19 do pek s 'u 1064 49 271 Horona 13f0 15 ch pek sou 1200 14 bid 272 Oxford 1392 30 hf-ch or pek 1350 40 273 Carfax 1394 18 ch bro or pek 1980 56 bid 283 P. latagama 1414 22 do bro pek 2200 39 284 1416 20 do pek 1800 27 2S5 1418 23 do pek sou 1840 25 286 142 1 '4 de fan 1400 23 287 1422 1 ® do dust 1500 17 288 Scrubs 142* IS do bro er pek ■710 76 289 1426 30 do bro pek 3300 42 bid 290 1428 86 do pek 2880 43 bid 291 1430 12 do pek sou 1020 35 292 1432 5 do dust 7f0 19 . i93 Mahalla 1434 12 do pek 1-200 27 SMALL LOTS. [Messrs. A. H. Thompson & Co.] Lot. Box. Pkgs. NauiC. lb. 2 Hornsey 2 3 ch dust 255 19 4 Naliaveena 4 10 bf-ch pek 500 30 5 5 11 do pek sou 550 33 6 6 2 do dust 150 17 11 Agra Elbedde n 4 hf-ch bro pek fans 248 35. 12 12 5 do dust * 320 21 13 13 1 do bro mix 68 15. 14 Ahamud 14 10 hf-ch bro pek 500 44 15 15 7 do pekoe 350 28- 16 16 8 do pek sou 400 22 c. 16 bid 66 04 10 bid 52 bid 45 bid 38 bid 30 bid 50 bid 57 bid 30 bid !b.] c. 14 26 52 39 27 42 bid 31 bid 24 bid 50 35 25 38 bid 37 30 25 41 32 26 41 31 28 41 bid 34 bid 29 bid 17 bid 52 43 bid 31 28 42 bid 31 bid 42 33 26 61 53 42 33 37 29 25 51 38 28 27 42 37 30 25 50 06 41 38 29 bid 24 27 40 30 25 26 18 50 51 42 35 27 42 31 26 40 bid 40 bid 28 29 46 bid 47 bid 40 bid 34 bid 40 28 GEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. 3 Lot. Box. Pkgs. Nam Ib.e. 17 17 1 do fans 64 23 s 23 2 ch red le,af 120 30 Dikmukalarta 30 6 hf cli fans 300 31 St. Leonards on Sea 31 3 ch bro pek 300 32 32 5 do pekoe 450 31 33 5 do or pek 500 37 EdoIo Group 37 D ch dust 675 .31 L Q ' ti d 3 38 3 ch dust 225 39 39 2 do bro mix 210 47 Mandara, New ra 47 13 hf-ch nek sou 650 48 4 do dust 320 50 Henegaina 50 9 hf-ch dust 675 51 51 2 d>* bro mix 130 61 Balgownie 61 7 ch pek sou 660 63 63 6 ch bro mix 510 [Messrs. Somerville & Co.] Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. 1 Alpitikande 301 6 ch bro or pek 6: 1 4 304 3 do pek sou 225 5 305 1 do fans 126 l’'mo.'T, 306 4 do bro or pek 356 7 307 2 hf ch pek 122 8 308 2 do dust 1.30 24 E D 324 2 do bro tea 2L6 25 Ritni in est. mark 325 10 Iif-ch bro pek 550 27 387 2 do pek sou 100 28 328 2 do du.st 1.50 32 Dotala 332 5 ch pek sou 475 .33 333 2 do pek fans 240 38 Haranga 11a 338 2 do pek fans 2C0 40 340 3 do bro fans 330 41 Ranga 341 2 do congou ISO 45 Glenalla 345 2 do dust 300 46 346 4 do fans 400 47 H 347 7 do sou 660 48 348 9 do fans 630 49 349 3 do dust 170 52 Veralupitiya 352 10 do pek sou G50 63 353 4 do bro pek fans 380 54 3 4 2 do pek fans 176 55 355 1 do dust isi 581 ■Rayigam 358 7 do pek sou 560 64^Moragalla 364 1 hf-ch dust 88 66 '"Kudaganga 366 5 ch bro pek 500 68 368 6 do pek sou 540 69 369 1 do .sou 105 72 Hapugasmulle 372 2 do sou 190 73 373 1 do fans 113 75 375 1 do dust 150 7« R T in est. mark 376 6 do red leaf 600 77 377 6 do bro mix 600 78 378 2 do dust 240 78a 378a 4 do fans 480 84 Horaoda 384 7 do pek sou 595 85 385 1 do dust 110 86 386 2 do congou ISO 89 Bogahagoda- watt. 389 2 do pek sou 180 90 390 2 do fans 220 96 Morankinde 396 3 do bro pek fans 390 97 397 1 do dust 165 98 Talagala 398 8 hf-ch unas 400 49 WHS 399 1 do dust 75 100 400 1 do congou 40 105 H T in est. mark 5 1 do bro pek 70 106 6 1 do pekoe 75 107 7 2 ch pek sou 170 108 8 1 do dust 95 [Mr. E. John.] Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. 1 R 777 2 hf ch dust 220 2 779 1 ch congou 90 3 WHR 781 4 hf-ch dust 440 4 M R 783 3 do dust 270 5 785 7 do fans 490 6 VV H G 787 4 ch sou 400 7 789 3 hf-ch fans 225 8 791 5 do dust 425 17 Alliaddy 809 1 ch dust 100 25 Rondura 825 4 do red leaf 380 38 Koslande 851 10 hf-ch fan.s 600 39 853 6 do dust 375 40 866 1 d* red leaf 55 Lc E >x. Pkgs. Name. lb. C. 43 Digdola 861 2 ch bro pek fans 180 22 46 Shannon 867 7 do pek sou 630 25 47 869 1 hf-ch dust 87 17 54 Nilwatte 883 1 do bro pek 71 38 55 885 1 do pekoe 53 26 56 887 1 ch pek sou 96 18 57 889 1 hf-ch bro mix 58 10 .58 891 1 do pek fans 71 15 59 O 893 4 do dust 289 14 bid 60 C 895 2 do dust 180 12 62 T 899 1 ch peltoe 116 25 65 905 7 do unas 560 10 73 Kanangama 921 8 do fans 680 17 bid 78 AB 931 5 hf-ch dust 320 13 bid 79 N O 933 1 do dust 95 11 80 AN, in est. mark 935 6 do dust 540 14 85 Morahela 945 1 ch sou 88 25 86 947 2 do dust 310 17 90 A 955 2 hf-ch pek sou 150 20 9l B 957 13 do pek sou C'50 20 101 Keenagaha Ella 977 5 ch bro mix 475 25 102 979 1 hf-ch dust 100 13 103 98 1 4 do fans 260 30 104 983 3 do sou 270 28 107 Alnoor 989 7 ch pek sou 630 25 103 991 3 hf-ch fans 210 24 bid 109 GO, in est. mark 993 7 do dust 630 14 bid 110 X A 995 4 do dust 360 13 bid 111 K B B 997 5 do dust 450 12 bid 112 N 999 5 ch pek sou 500 28 116 S F D 7 8 hf-ch fans 480 28 117 9 3 do dust 240 19 118 11 4 do congou 180 £.4 124 R ondura 23 5 ch pek sou 410 24 125 25 3 do fans £94 18 [Messrs. Forbes & Walker.] Lot. Box. Pkts. Name. lb C. 3 G, in estate mark 854 1 ch bro tea 130 23 6 Hopewel'. 860 1 hf-ch bro pek 55 47 7 862 1 do pek sou 60 30 8 864 1 do congou 48 24 9 Maldeniya 866 2 ch bro or pek 199 37 10 868 5 do or pek 500 32 12 872 0 do pek sou 594 2.5 13 874 3 do dust 213 16 17 New Peradeni- ya 882 9 ch sou 585 25 20 Amblakande 888 7 ch pek No. 2 560 29 26 KP W 000 3 hf-ch dust 270 17 38 Meddetenne 924 3 ch bro pek fans .345 26 39 926 2 do bro pek dust 260 16 43 Anningkande 934 .3 hf-ch dust 225 19 44 936 7 do congou 350 23 45 938 2 do red leaf 80 10 49 Kitulgalla 946 4 do or pek 200 43 50 948 5 do bro pek 275 37 .51 9.)0 3 do pek 300 28 52 952 7 do pek sou 630 20 53 954 2 hf-ch bro mix 90 10 54 9.56 1 do dust 75 15 64 C L .976 1 hf-ch dust 80 16 73 Irex 994 3 ch pek sou 285 25 74 996 3 do du.8 4 do bro or pek 218 35 246 1340 I) do or pek 275 45 247 1342 G do pekoe 200 18 2IE 1344 2 do unassorted 1.58 33 zo4 Nahaveena 1356 5 do dust 3 5 17 259 Cl lines 1366 7 do bro pek 31.5 46 264 137C 3 ch dust 255 15 270 G P M , in est. mark 1388 2 do pek fa s 189 32 294 C in estate mark 1436 1 do sou 80 20 CLVi.ON ^OFFIE SALES IN LONDON. (From our Coiiihiei'cial Gorrespondeni). Mincing Lane, Nov. 12, 1897. Ceylon Coffee S.ales on Nov. 12. Ex “Tosa Maru.” Mark. Pile. Sa. Lot. Dk. Lt. Large size 1 1 1 1 cask 105s sold Ragalla .size 1, liitto 2 2 i 2 3 5 „ 700s .Size 2 ditto 3 4 4 3, 1 tierce 92s P 4 ;") 5 1, 1 barrel 114s sold T 5 0 6 1 cask 1 barrel 67s Ragalla 7 7 Ex “ Diomed.” ovtkrs. 2 bgs 96s Gordon 2 10 8 335 5 cks 1 tierce 97s 6d Ditto S 11 9 336 2 cks 1 barrel 91s 6d GD 14 10 339 Ex “ Cheshire.” 1 X .Sarnia 2 3 11 3 1 barrel 85.S sold CEYLON LIBERIAN COFFEE SALES IN LONDON. Ex “ lo8a Mai a.” Maousava F 7 12 9 7 bfrs x sea dam. bu.ked 10 4 21s Cd sold' RockhUl F 9 14 11 14 X sea dam. blkd 10 15 12 8 25s 6d P 11 16 13 1 X Selling Brokers Wilson Suiitbeif A Co., 41 Mincing Lane, E.C. CEYLON COCOA SA FES IN LONDON. Ex “ Clan Boss.' * at Colombo. Mark. Pile. Sa. Lot. Dk. Lot. } aC A H. Q1 C\A4 IK 1 *■ X7I Lot Box . Pkss Name. lb. e. [Messrs. Somerville & Co.— 175,376 lb.] 10 11 Kalkancle 10 11 16 hf-ch 20 do bro pek pek 800 lOOO 38 34 Lot. Box . Pk-gs Name. lb. c. 15 Ossington, 1 L 11 16 hf-ch dust 1280 18 Invoice 10 15 10 ch bro pek 1000 39 bid 2 12 9 ch bro mix 865 11 16 16 15 do pekoe 1500 28 6 Koorooloc galla 16 18 d» bro pek 1710 45 17 17 16 do pek sou 1600 25 7 17 18 do pekoe 1620 36 21 Ossington 10 Kew 20 2.) hf-ch bro or pek 1288 57 Invoice No 11 21 10 ch bro pek 1000 39 bid 11 21 26 do or pek 1300 67 22 22 17 do pekoe 1700 29 12 22 32 ch pekoe 2944 50 23 23 11 do pek sou 1100 25 13 23 19 do pek sou 1805 42 26 St. Leonard.s 16 Hanagama 26 12 do bro pek 1320 40 on Sea 26 28 29 9 8 12 ch do do bro or pek or pek pekoe 900 45 bid 37 bid 29 17 18 Salawe 19 27 28 29 21 do 15 do 13 do pekoe bro pek pekoe 1205 1575 1140 30 39 29 29 1080 32 Hornsey 32 13 do pek sou 1430 36 20 30 17 do pek sou 1530 25 36 Nahaveena 36 20 hf-ch bro pek 1009 41 bid 26 Minna 36 17 do or pek 884 60 38 Old Mede- 27 37 60 do bro or pek 3300 47 gama 38 28 ch or pek I960 51 bid 28 38 9 do dust 810 19 39 33 28 do pekc.e 1680 39 bid 30 Neuchatel 40 50 ch or pek 5000 40 31 41 11 do bro or pek 1265 42 32 42 27 do pekoe pek sou 2295 1 60 31 36 33 43 16 do [Mr . E. John.- -155,735 U .] 36 Pendleton 37 46 47 24 hf-ch 27 do bro pek pek sou 1544 1350 41 26 Lot Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. c. 39 St. Catherine 40 49 50 20 do 21 ch or pek pekoe 900 1785 44 29 3 B H 63 8 ch bro pek 800 35 41 51 17 do pek sou 1385 24 7 D: in est mark 73 11 do pek dust 1100 14 43 F F in estate 8 AUiaddy 75 18 do bro pek 1710 43 mark 53 19 hf-ch bro pek 1064 34 9 77 14 do pekoe 1260 36 56 Narangoda 65 22 do bro pek 2200 40 10 79 12 do pek sou 960 27 56 68 24 do pekoe 2280 36 12 Oonoogaloya 83 31 do bro pek 3100 43 57 67 8 do pek sou 730 27 13 85 24 do pekoe 1920 34 74 Kelani 84 38 hf-ch br« pek 1710 45 17 Ottery 93 20 do bro pek 2000 48 bid 75 85 17 do bro or pek 1020 41 18 93 21 do or pek 1890 45 78 86 26 cli pekoe 2340 31 19 97 26 do or pek 2340 withd’n 77 87 16 do pek sou 1440 25 20 99 34 do pekoe 3060 36 bid 83 Forest Hill 93 27 do bro pek 2565 42 23 Ardlaw & Wish- 84 94 41 do pekoe 3567 31 ford 105 33 hf-ch bro or pek 1980 58 92 R M 102 20 do pekoe 2000 25 bid 24 107 33 do or pek 1650 53 93 Gahawena 103 14 ch bro pek sou 2350 10 25 109 13 ch pekoe 1235 44 20 hf-ch 26 A 111 11 hf-ch bro or pek 770 41 117 White Cross 127 13 do SOU 1170 22 28 Glasgow 115 62 do bro or pek 4650 56 122 Neboda 132 7 do bro or pek 770 40 29 117 ‘ib do or pek 1.500 59 123 133 IS do or pekoe 1800 40 30 119 16 ch pekoe 1600 42 124 134 9 do pekoe 900 30 31 Agra Ouvah 121 71 hf-ch bro or pek 4615 63 bid 125 . 135 15 do pek sou 1500 25 32 123 35 do or pek 1925 54 127 I P 137 16 hf-ch dust 1280 18 33 125 10 ch peKoe V50 46 142 Penrith 152 13 do br j or pek 1300 42 34 Ron dura 127 14 do bro pek 1512 36 143 153 18 do bro pek 1620 49 35, 129 11 do or pek 924 48 144 154 26 do pekoe 2080 34 36 131 19 do pekoe 1672 33 145 155 23 do pek sou 1950 28 37 133 38 do pek sou 3496 26 149 Ambalawa 159 23 hf-ch br<» pek 11.50 38 44 Tillyfour 147 26 do bro pek 2600 40 bid 150 Harangalla 160 26 ch or pek 2470 41 bid 45 149 38 do pekoe 2850 31 151 161 34 do tekoe 2720 31 46 151 38 do pek sou 2660 25 152 Mahatenne 162 24 do bro pek 2100 38 49 N. in est. mark 157 16 hf-ch dust 1440 13 154 Castlemilk 164 15 hf-ch fans 1125 21 50 Digdola 159 13 ch bro or pek 1170 47 155 165 9 do dust 765 17 51 161 13 do or pek 1040 34 bid 159 H in estate 52 163 9 do pekoe 720 21 mark 169 12 hf-ch dust 1085 13 S3 165 14 do pek sou 1190 26 160 D 170 7 ch uuas 700 26 51 Ivies 167 20 hf-ch bro or pek 1575 38 162 P 172 10 do unas 1000 26 55 169 35 do bro pek 1100 49 161 F.ilandhu 174 16 do bro pek 1600 37 56 171 39 do pekoe 1560 34 166 175 16 do pekuo 1425 25 64 Tientsin 187 16 do bre or pek 800 64 65 66 189 191 20 24 or pek pekoe 900 69 ch 2160 46 bid 69 70 G, in est. mark Bellongalla 197 199 12 hf-ch 25 ch pek dust bro pek 1020 2625 no bid 38 [Messrs. Eorbes & Walker.— 475,946 lb.] 71 72 201 B. in est. mark 203 36 do 12 hf-ch pekoe dust 3240 955 28 12 Lot. Box. Pkts. Name. lb c. 76 Mocha 211 37 ch bro or pek 4070 57 bid 3 Trewardena 1470 8 ch pekoe 7-20 23 77 213 37 do pekoe 3515 48 • 4 1472 8 do do 700 24 78 215 16 do pek sou 1360 38 bid 16 Glencorse 1496 27 eh bro pek 2430 43 79 Birnam 217 1,’ do pek sou 1190 26 17 1493 20 do pekoe 1800 37 80 S G H, in est. IS 1500 16 do pek sou 12*0 27 mark 219 19 do bro pek 1710 37 22 Erracht 8 17 ch pek sou 1360 26 81 221 11 do pekoe 990 29 23 10 7 do bro pek fan 805 24 84 Yahalakela 227 7 do bro pek 735 36 25 11 7 do dust 980 16 103 Pemberton 265 10 do bro pek 1000 38 26 Battawatta 16 26 ch bro pek 2600 56 104 267 16 do pekoe 1440 28 27 18 32 do pek t200 40 lo.'; 269 18 do pek sou 1530 25 28 20 8 do pek sou 800 33 109 Murravthwaite 277 17 do bro pek 1615 42 31 High Forest 26 44 hf-ch bro or pek 2640 56 bid no 279 16 do pekoe 1360 31 32 28 33 do or pek 1782 4S m 281 12 do pek sou 900 25 33 High Forest 30 22 ch pek dust 1870 26 I 2 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST- -Lot, Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. 0, 34 Pallegodde 32 37 ch bro or pek S7t0 41 35 31 30 do bro pek 2700 51 36 36 33 do pek 2640 30 3T ■ 38 22 do 1 ek sou 1870 31 38 40 15 do sou 12-5 25 39 Ruanwella 48 25 do bro pek 2375 42 40 44 53 do pek 4505 30 41 46 10 do pek sou 930 25 44 Blooa field 52 ;5 ch bro pek 2900 51 45 54 53 hf-ch bro or pek 1495 46 46 56 30 ch” ■ -pekoe 3000 33 47 58 30 do pek sou 2;50 31 57 Maha Uva 78 17 hf-ch bro or pek 1105 47 58 SO 28 do or pek 16t0 49 bid 61 86 23 do pekoe 2070 50 62 88 12 do pek sou 960 40 65 Dammeiia 94 19 ch bro pek 1900 53 66 96 100 do pekoe 9000 39 73 Killarney 110 19 ch or pek 1520 51 74 112 45 hf-ch bro or pek 2700 49 75 114 20 ch pekoe 1500 44 76 110 8 do pek sou 720 42 77 Bavgany 118 28 hf-ch bro pek 16S0 50 bid 78 IrO 12 ch pekoe 1080 40 83 Carfax 130 5 ch dust 75) 19 8t Ganapilla 132 23 ch bro or pek 2116 35 85 134 27 do or rek 2592 40 bid 86 136 .37 do pekoe 28t6 30 87 138 25 do pek sou 1800 26 91 Carberry 146 48 ch bro [lek 4320 47 92 148 36 do pekoe 3240 36 93 150 12 do pek son lOSO 28 94 132 9 do bro pek fans 990 32 112 Knavesmire 188 2> ch or pek 2090 40 bid 113 190 10 do' or pek 1000 41 114 192 20 do bro uek 2o00 42 115 194 34 do pekoe 2890 30 116 196 15 do pek sou 1.75 25 130 Putupaula 224 50 ch bro pek 4250 42 bid 131 226 18lif-ch 1)10 or pek lOSO 42 132 228 28 cli pekoe 2240 33 133 230 26 do pek sou 1950 27 134 232 10 hf-ch pf k fans 7f0 19 142 Great Valley 248 39 hf-ch bro or pek 1950 54 143 250 68 ch pekoe 5220 36 144 252 36 do pek sou 3240 26 bid 149 Stamford Hill S32 16 hf-ch flowery or pekoe 800 65 bid 150 264 21 do or pek 945 52 151 2C6 21 do pekoe 945 38 153 S, in estate mark 270 12 ch pekoe 1080 ."O 154 272 2S hf-ch fans 2100 20 155 Dunbar 274 29 hf-ch or pek 1218 44 bid 156 276 45 do bro pek 2250 46 157 278 33 do pekoe 2175 29 bid 174 Kelaneiya 312 30 ch biM uek 3300 42 bid 175 314 37 do pekoe 3700 37 182 New Pera- bro pek deiiiya S^S 26 ch 2600 43 183 330 ;-8 do pekoe 2850 32 184 332 39 do pek sou 2730 26 186 Sunnycri'ft 336 10 oh pek sou 1000 19 197 Hetherleigh 358 10 ch bro or pek 1100 35 198 360 18 do bro pek 1710 40 199 362 23 ch pekoe 1810 29 500 364 IS do pek’soii 1520 25 215 Talgaswela 394 81 ch bro ).iek 7695 42 bid 216 39 i 16 do do No 2 760 35 217 398 34 do pekoe 3060 35 218 400 12 do pek sou 1080 32 225 Halloowella 414 11 ch fans liOO 32 226 416 red leaf 783 11 232 Torwood 428 18 ch bro pek 1800 45 233 430 27 do or pekoe 211 0 35 234 432 16 do pek' 12 '. 0 31 235 434 13 do pek sou 1040 27 238 Alton 410 29 hf ch sou 1421 17 240 Arapolakan- 44 bid de 444 24 ch br pek ' 2160 241 446 18 do pekoe 144C 31 bid 242 448 32 do' pek sou 2560 25 bid 245 Bea usejciir 454 15 ch bro pek 1350 40 246 450 18 do pekoe 1510 29 247 Weyunga- bro or pek watte 458 45 hf-ch 2475 39 248 460 19 cli or pek 1900 30 249 402 10 do pekoe 4250 31 262 Glanrhos 488 7 ch dust 9S0 13 285 8M 494 24 ch bro pek 2400 35 bid 266 496 15 ch pek 1. 00 28 267 493 11 do pek sou 1100 25 270 WAR 604 7 ch bro tea 840 27 284 Eiracht 632 IS oil bro or pek 1710 43 285 634 34 do or pek 2.581 38 il 286 536 36 do pjko-j 270J 30 Lot Box . Pkg.8. Name. lb. c. 287 Torrington R 538 18 ch fans 15.30 81 288 510 50 do bro pek 4500 3* 289 612 25 do bro or pek 2025 46 290 544 38 do pekoe 3040 36 291 294 Earlscourt 540 552 40 re (lo hf-ch pek sou pek fans 2800 1200 31 21 295 Kantaiai 554 2.5 ch bro pek 2500 34 bid 296 Ire.x 556 24 ch bro pek 2400 40 bid 297 298 Merstham 5.58 560 15 24 do hf-ch pekoe pek fans 1425 1800 29 bid 21 308 Clyde 580 24 hf-ch bro pek 2280 44 310 584 30 ch pekoe 2700 31 311 Walpitiya 586 12 do pek sou 1080 25 314 592 9 ch pekoe 855 29 315 Kirklecs C P H Ga le, -94 11 do pek sou 990 25 333 331 610 25 oh pek sou 2250 29 bid in estate 335 mark 632 18 ch bro pek 16?0 40 Farnhan 634 8 do pekoe 720 26 339 642 10: hf-ch fans 750 22 310 Krracht 614 34 ch or pek 2584 38 bid 341 Pulatag a 646 24 cli bro pek 2400 40 342 648 31 do pekoe 2790 27 .’43 6.50 .’0 do pek sou 2400 25 344 652 22 do fans 22C0 24 345 St. Heliers 654 18 hf-ch 0 pek No. 1 810 42 359 IM CS2 12 ch bro pek fansl200 26 361 686 12 do pek dust 1140 20 367 Stamford Hill 608 14 llf-cll fly. or pek. 700 66 368 700 20 do or pek 9u0 46 bid 369 702 19 do pekoe 855 38 SMALL LOTS. [Messu.8. a. Lot. Box, H. Thompson ..v Pkgs. Name. Co.] lb. C. 1 Ossingtou, Invoice No. 11 1 4 ch bro pek 400 35 2 2 3 do pekoe 240 27 3 3 3 do pel! son 285 25 4 4 4 do bro mix 80 16 12 Kalkande '2 12 hf-ch pek sou 6 0 39 13 13 7 do sou 350 25 14 14 3 do dust 210 16 18 Ossingtou, Invoice No. 10 IS 1 ch bro mix 104 14 19 19 1 do dust 150 15 20 20 2 do iinas £00 15 24 Ossingtou, Invoice No. 11 24 1 ch - dust 160 14 25 25 1 do uiias 113 14 27 St. Leonards on Sea 27 3 do bro pek 300 S3 bid 2Sa 2Sa 5 do or pekoe 485 30 bid 33 Hornsey S3 3 ch fans 255 19 37 Old Medde- gama 37 6 ch bro or pek 492 40 bid 40 40 8 do pel: sou 480 30 bid 41 41 1 tlo or pek fans 95 32 42 42 1 do dust ICO 19 [Mr. E, John.] Lot. Box. 1 TG 61 2 63 4 B H 67 , 5 (9 6 71 'll Alliaddy . 81 21 Ottery 101 22 1 3 27 A ,113 33 B, in est. marl Iv 135 39 137 40 139 47 Tillyfour 153 48 Fei'iil lids 1.55 57 Ivies 173 67 Tientsin 193 82 S G H, in est. mark 213 83 225 85 Yahiilakela 229 86 231 91 D, in est. mark 241 92 243 93 245 94 217 100 Yah.ilakele 269 101 261 Bkgs. Name. lb. C. 3 hf-ch dust 210 16 1 ch congou 100 25 4 do pekoe 360 26 1 . do pek son 90 26 1. do dust 80 IS 2 do dust 200 32 1 do sou 105 27 1. do dust 155 23 5 do pek sou 475 32 8 hf-ch bro or pek 400 33 6 do bro pek 3UU 39 6 do or pek 3f 0 31 5 do sou 323 19 bid 2 ch red leaf 220 17 14 hf-ch pek sou 630 20 . ch bro pek fans 160 21 6 do pek sou .510 23 6 do bro pek fans 670 21 4 do pekoe 360 25 4 do pek sou 360 23 5 do bro pek 500 38 5 do pekoe 475 29 4 do pek sou 360 23 1 do bro mix 120 18 4 do , bro mix 340 16 6 do fans 560 16 CEYLON PEODUCE SALES LIST. 3 Lot Box, . Pkgs . Name, lb. .C 102 263 3 ch dust 495 14 106 P 271 2 do bro mix 170 16 107 273 3 do bro pek fans 300 23 108 275 1 do dust 133 16 113 Murr.aythwaite 285 2 do dust 180 16 117 Razeen 293 5 hf-ch 1 fans 375 24 118 295 1 do dust 100 16 119 Chapelton 295 3 ch bro mix 300 15 120 297 3 hf-ch dust 255 19 [Messrs. Somerville & Co.] Lot. Box. Name. lb. c. 8 Koorooloogalla 18 5 ch pek sou 475 26 9 19 2 do pek dust 280 17 14 Kew 24 6 hf-ch hro pek fans 390 33 15 25 5 do dust 425 16 21 Salawe 31 2 ch dust 300 17 ■29 Minna 39 2 dc hro mix ISO 10 34 Neuchatel 44 3 do fans 300 20 35 45 2 do du»t 340 16 38 St. Catherine 48 9 hf-ch bro or pek 540 43 42 52 1 do dust 8J 17 44 F F in estate raark54 12 do pekoe 618 28 45 55 4 do pek sou 184 26 46 56 6 do bro pek fans 360 25 47 57 1 ch dust 92 16 48 Atherton 58 10 hf-ch bro pek 560 38 49 59 1 do dust 74 18 58 Narangoda 68 6 ch dust 4S0 17 61 Welimaluwa 71 7 hf-ch bro pek 655 39 62 72 8 do pekoe 400 26 63 73 8 do pek sou 400 23 64 74 5 do SOU 250 17 65 75 1 do hro mix 50 10 78 Kelani 83 3 hf-ch dii.st 240 15 '79 B in es!ate mark 89 6 ch bro pek 600 35 80 90 6 do pekoe 540 27 81 91 3 do pek sou 270 25 .82 92 2 do dust 160 15 85 Forest Hill 95 1 do congou 87 17 86 93 6 hf-ch fans 492 19 87 GW 97 7 ch SOU 560 25 88 98 1 do red leaf 85 11 89 D G 99 5 do bro tea 425 10 30 100 4 hf ch dust 360 16 91 101 7 do fans 455 24 108 Bill 118 1 do bro or pek 110 27 109 119 1 do or pek 110 26 110 120 1 do pekoe ICO 23 IlOA 120A 1 do pek sou 100 22 115 A K 125 11 Boxes or pek 55 30 116 126 35 do pek sou 175 27 118 White Cros.s 128 4 hf-ch fans 260 21 119 129 2 do dust ISO 16 120 E S 130 2 c 1 pekoe 193 21 121 131 6 do SOU 540 15 126 Morningside 136 6 hf-ch or pek 300 51 137 Oolapane 147 1 hf-ch pek du t 75 17 138 148 4 do dust 320 16 139 W H 149 * ’ 8 do pekoe 400 21 146 Peaiith 156 1 do pek fans ISO 20 147 1.57 1 do dust 165 17 148 158 1 do fans 85 18 161 D 171 1 do SOU 146 16 163 P 173 3 ch sou 310 10 1 hf-ch [Messrs, Forbes & M^alker.] Lot. Box. Pkg.s. Name. lb. c. 1 Igalkande 1166 6 cli pekoe 480 32 2 Tre warden, a 1468 6 ch bro pek 00 J 87 5 1474 1 do congou 100 21 6 1476 1 do pek dust 120 34 7 C R 1478 2 do pek sou 200 24 8 1480 1 do fans 100 15 9 1482 3 do pek sou 339 20 10 1484 1 do dust 120 17 13 Ismalle 1190 7 ch 0 24 33 Maha Uva 70 3 lif-ch bro or pek IK) 38 54 72 5 do or pek 280 38 55 74 4 ch pelu*c S60 34 .56 70 2 do pek sou IGO 27 -59 Maha Uva 82 2 hf-ch pek fans 14.) 22 Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. Ib. c. 60 84 3 ch dust 270 17 79 Bargany 122 8 ch pek sou 680 29 80 124 6 hf-ch dust 570 17 81 126 5 do bro pek fans 350 25 82 Carfex 128 5 eh bro pek 550 30 88 Ganapalla 140 3 ch bi'o pek fans 360 20 89 142 2 do pek fans 172 20 90 144 6 hf-ch dust 480 17 95 Doranakande 154 3 ch bro or pek 300 39 96 1-56 3 do 97 1 hf-ch bro.'pek 322 41 158 5 ch 98 1 hf-ch pekoe 45331 ICO 5 ch 99 1 hf-ch pek sou 475 £6 162 1 do dust 81 18 100 164 1 do unas 61 35 101 DFD 166 2 ch bro pek 120 35 102 168 3 do or pek 135 36 103 170 6 do pek sou 350 28 117 Knavesmire 19S 1 ch dust 100 15 135 234 5 ch SOU 375 12 152 Devonford 26-3 3 ch dust 210 23 168 Dunbar 280 6 ch pek sou 463 159 DB R 282 4 hf-ch dust 288 28 leo 284 9 do fans 1-24 19 161 Mount Pleasant286 1 box golden tips 5 3-25 162 288 5 hf ch bro pek 250 41 163 290 5 do pekoe 2-50 26 164 292 4 do SOU 200 0 f 23 165 294 1 do fans 25 163 296 1 do bro mix 50 25 167 298 1 do red leaf 168 300 1 do do 40 \ 13 169 New -4ngamana 302 10 hf-ch SOU 550 21 170 304 6 do bro tea 330 11 171 306 2 do congou 100 IS 172 303 1 do bro pek fan 63 20 173 310 1 do dust 84 14 185 New Peradeniya334 6 ch sou 390 24 187 Sunnycroft 333 4 ch congou 400 25 183 340 4 do dust 600 17 201 Hatherleigh 366 1 ch dust 16 202 Lilia watte 368 7 ch bro mix 560 15 219 Jambugah 402 2 ch bro pek 1-20 31 220 404 3 ht-ch pek 104 27 221 406 8 do pek sou 400 24 222 408 8 do SOU 393 19 223 Halloowella 410 3 ch sou 240 224 412 2 do dust 280 18 236 Torwood 436 4 ch pek No. 2 344 17 237 438 4 do dust 480 20 239 Alton 442 3 hf-ch red leaf 177 11 243 Arapolakande 460 4 ch SOU 400 26 244 452 1 do dust 115 16 2;o Weyunga watte 464 2 ch pek sou 170 27 25 i 46-0 5 hf-ch dust 425 16 269 G 482 5 ch SOU 425 25 260 481 3 do pek dust 435 18 261 G1 nrhos 486 8 ch bro mix 600 24 268 CRD 600 3 cli dust 300 17 269 502 4 do red leaf 400 11 271 B D WP .506 4 hf-ch bro pek fans 240 34 272 508 3 do dust ?C1 21 273 C D W S 510 3 ch bro pek 275 36 292 Torrington P 518 7 ch bro fans 490 24 bid 293 550 4 hf-cti pek fans No. 2320 19 299 Knavesmire 562 4 iiLch fans 280 21 cOJ Clyde 582 1 ch bro or pek 120 44 3)2 538 2 ch dust 281 1(5 313 Walpita 590 6 eh bro pek 600 so 316 591 1 do fans 1!0 18 317 D.in estate mark593 2 ch unas.sorted IS'j 318 B, in estate mark 600 1 hf-ch unassorted 57 20 319 602 4 do pek dust 356 16 3-:o C R, m estate mark 601 1 ch pek e 78 17 321 S K, in estate mark GOO 1 hf-ch dust SO 15 336 C PiH Galle, in cstateunarK 613 3 ch pek SOU 270 25 33 ' 038 1 do sou 100 838 GIO 3 do bro pek fans 330 TJ 3i6 O.-T. UoU 1 hf-ch br.i pek 5 ■ 31 347 (j.S8 1 do pekoe 45 29 318 66) 1 do unassorted 55 3L» 6J2 2 do (lust 110 17 3*»0 661 1 do red leaf 20 iO :--51 Wolleyfield 66 J 2 ch bro pek £00 42 852 668 4 do pek 450 >6 1 hf ch 3'3 670 2 do SOU iro 19 354 672 1 ch l>ek fan.s 115 2L 855 074 4 do bro mix 3‘0 15 3*0 W 6*0 2 ch lu'o peK K) 38 357 6<8 2 do pek 170 26 3;.s (■so 2 do pek sou 140 24 OBSEKVER BRINTING WORKS. TEA, COFFEE, CINCHONA, COCOA, AND CARDAMOM SALES, NO. 48. Colombo, Decembek 16, 1897. Price: — 12g ceuts eaoii 3 copies 30 cents ; 6 copies ^ rupee. COLOMBO SALES OF TEA. Lot Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. c. cV 'X All LARGE LOTS. 105 mark 910 912 37 ch 27 ch fans bro tea 3700 9.70 ) 29 2:i 106 107 914 910 14 do 3.5 ch dust bro pek 16S0 3.500 18 46 bid fMfsSES. A. H. Thompson Sz Co.- -26,464 Ib.] Passara Group Lot. Box. Pkg.s. Name. lb. c, 108 Il9 918 920 38 do 15 do pekoe \ ek sou 31-20 1350 36 34 1 B .ttalgalla 1 14 CD pek sou 1400 35 Hu 922 13 do sou 1170 27 3 Warwick 3 21 hf-ch bro pek 1260 64 bid 115 Columbia 952 29 hf-ch br ) pek 1681 4 4 21 do pekoe 1155 46 bid 116 934 34 do pekoe 1833 44 6 5 do pek son 1155 36 117 Hopton 936 23 ch bro pek 2185 40 11 Battalgalla 11 13 ch pek sou 1430 34 118 938 10 do pek 800 S3 17 MG K 17 13 ch 745 10 bid 121 Oxford 944 19 ch bro or pek 1900 37 1 hf-ck sou 122 946 41) hf-ch or pek 1630 39 18 St. Leonard on hro or pek 37 bid 123 948 ;9 ch pekoe 13 9 32 Sea 18 9 ch 900 124 950 1! do pek sou 7-37 26 20 20 8 do or pek 775 35 bid 126 Board Oak 934 18 hf-ch cr pek bio 46 22 Mapitigama 22 13 ch hro 1 ek 1300 41 bid 127 9.56 25 i.lj bro or pek 1150 56 23 23 11 do pekoe 935 o8 128 958 43 do pekoe ■zl.50 37 25 25 7 do bro pek fans 770 31 131 Clevertoii 984 28 lif-ch bro or pek 1400 60 34 Hornsey 34 13 ch pek sou 14C0 34 132 930 20 ch or pek 2000 5L 36 Belugas 36 6 do dust 720 17 13! 968 42 do pekoe 42' 0 39 136 Castlereagh 974 976 21 do bro pek or pek 2100 2125 45 46 lb.] 138 97S 35 do pekoe 2800 S6 [Messrs, i^ordes & vv alker.— o50,3yu 139 9S0 9 do pek sou 720 31 Lot. Box. Pkts. Name. lb C. 142 143 .Strsted 986 938 37 hf-ch 25 do bro or pek or pek 2220 1375 45 40 0, N 706 21 ch bro mix 2730 IS 145 Tonacombe 992 33 ch or pek 3300 52 3 Arslena 708 10 hf-ch dust 800 16 146 991 15 do bro pek iseo 55 5 A 712 11 ch hro pek 147 9)6 43 do pekoe 4293 41 dust 2100 16 14S 998 11 do pek sou 090 31 6 714 12 do tans 1310 22 155 Middleton 1012 34 hf-ch pek 1870 61 18 Er ollwood TiS 9 ch bro pek 900 57 1.56 1014 70 ch pek sou 5600 40 19 740 25 do pekoe 2000 40 157 1010 12 hf-ch dust 900 20 20 742 12 do pek sou 1020 32 159 Dunkeld 1 20 72 hf-eh bro or pek 4320 45 bid 22 Deaculla 746 14 ch bro pek 840 59 160 10r2 1.5 ch or pek 1425 43 23 748 16 do pek 1200 44 161 1024 26 do pekoe 2310 39 24 Melrose 760 17 ch 162 1020 8 do pek .sou 720 32 1 hf-ch bro pek 1930 38 163 Gainpaha 1028 18 ch bro or pek 1800 50 25 752 14 ch 164 1030 27 do or pek 2430 50 1 hf-ch pekoe 1450 33 16) Kirklees 1032 37 hf-ch bro or pek 2220 44 bid 26 754 12 ch 166 1031 29 ch or pek 1900 46 1 hf-ch pek sou 1250 27 167 1036 27 do pekoe i‘565 39 38 Gallawatte 778 12 ch bro pek 1200 39 168 10J8 35 do pek sou 31 .= 0 30 39 780 18 do pekoe 1530 14 171 Agraoya 1044 26 ch bro pek 2000 43 40 782 12 do pek sou 1200 22 172 1046 •20 do or pek 17C0 39 Gallawatte 792 15 ch hro pek 1425 41 173 1048 24 do pekoe 2040 34 46 794 18 do pekoe 153) 32 174 1050 11 do pek sou 990 27 47 790 11 do pek tou 1045 27 179 Nugagalla 1060 31 hf-ch bro pek 15.50 44 43 Ella Oya 798 10 ch hro pek 1000 . 38 ISO 1062 05 do pekoe 3150 33 49 800 13 do or pek 1170 32 183 K P W 1008 42 hf-ch or pek 2688 38 50 802 13 do pek sou 1170 27 184 1070 15 do bro pek 96) 34 51 801 9 do pek fans 1035 24 185 10-2 49 do pekoe 2940 30 52 806 8 do dust 1280 71 190 Ojkoo watte 1082 8 ch pek sou 720 25 bill 53 B D W 808 10 hf ch bro pek 750 27 ■200 P C H & Co., 54 810 9 ch pek fans 1125 20 bid in esta e 55 Middleton 812 40 hf-ch hro or pek 2240 72 mark 1102 25 ch bro nek 2250 33 5G 814 S4 ch or pek 3400 61 201 1104 10 do pekoe 9.0 27 57 816 3S do pek 3230 !4 205 Z, in estate 68 818 36 do pek sou 2810 48 mark 1112 21 ch pek fans 2205 27 59 820 15 do dust 1125 22 206 1114 23 do bro tea 2070 23 66 Pedro 834 68 hf-ch bro or pek 4080 77 209 Harrington 11-20 23 ch or pek 2300 57 67 836 10 ch pekoe 9t0 71 210 1122 18 do pekoe 1800 39 68 838 18 do pek sou U40 54 21-5 Kakiriskan- 69 840 25 hf-ch fans 20t0 36 de 1132 10 ch pekoe 1000 27 70 Naseby 812 38 do hro nek 2090 59 bid 2’0 Ascot 1142 31 ch bro pek 2945 36 71 844 22 do pekoe 10.56 66 221 1144 31 do pek 2480 31 72 816 9 do dust 747 31 222 1146 14 do pek sou 1190 28 73 Grange 2-23 St. Heliers 1148 16 do pek fans 1840 26 Garden 818 24 ch or pek 2640 f2 227 1156 37 hf ch bro or pek 1887 48 74 850 15 do pek 1500 37 228 1153 28 ch pekoe 2380 35 75 Great Valley 229 Ganapalla 1160 11 do pek sou 935 30 Gevlon in est. 239 IISO 18 ch bro or pek 1764 34 mark 852 17 do bro mix 1445 11 240 1182 32 do or pek 3072 41 76 851 9 hf-ch dust 720 18 241 1184 37 do pekoe 3182 31 79 Fetteresso 860 26 hf-ch hro or pek 130® 73 bid 242 1186 25 do J ek sou 2000 27 £0 802 16 do bro pek 3080 57 bid 246 Hayes 1194 20 hf-ch or pek 900 44 81 801 C6 cli pekoe 2210 52 217 1196 31 do bi'(» pek 1550 52 82 S66 28 do pek sou 2100 43 bid 248 1198 65 do pekoe 32.= 0 35 83 Thedden 808 7 ch bro or pek 840 37 249 1-200 57 do pek sou 2565 31 84 870 15 do bro pek 1575 38 250 Clunes 1202 34 hf-ch bro pek 1530 44 85 872 8 do pek 760 32 251 1204 14 do bro or pek 770 48 83 Mousakellie, 252 1200 24 ch pekoe 1300 32 Maskeliya 878 32 ch bro pek 3520 \ withd’n 253 1-20S 15 do pek sou 1275 27 89 SSO 44 do pekoe 4400 J 254 1210 41 hf-ch bro or pek 92 Hopton 886 45 ch bro pek 4500 44 bid C K B, in e; fans 2255 33 93 888 48 do pekoe 4320 37 257 t. 94 890 26 do pek sou 2340 32 mark 1216 IS ch bro pek ISOO 61 95 892 16 do SOU 1410 26 258 1218 12 do pekoe 1200 54 99 Meemoraoya 9t0 35 ch pekoe 1400 withd’u. 259 12i0 7 da pek sou 700 47 2 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST- Lot Box Pkgs. Name. lb. c. Lot. Box. Pkgs Name. lb. 0. 269 Weyunga- 21 Yarrv w 201 .59 hf-ch bro nek 3245 watte 1240 60 hfKih bro or pek 3300 37 22 Hapugaha- 202 55 dj pekoe 2750 35 270 1242 23 ch or nekoe 2070 39 23 271 1244 48 do pek 3840 33 24 lande 203 31 ch bro pek 3100 44 272 L, in estate 204 31 do pekoe 2790 34 mark 1246 11 ch bro tea 1100 14 25 Comar 205 26 do pek sou 2340 29 277 A G 4256 8 do fans 896 29 26 206 22 hf-eh bro or pek 1100 41 278 Scrubs 1253 17 ch bro or pek 1615 71Jbid 27 207 19 do or pek 912 33 279 1260 24 do bro pek 2640 49,bid 2g Monrovia 208 13 ch pekoe 1309 32 280 1262 28 do pekoe 2240 46 bid 34 214 17 dc bro pek 17 0 38 284 Dunedin 1270 24 hf-ch bro er pek 1200 47 35 Calif orni 215 29 di pe oe 2900 so 285 1272 30 ch or pek 2850 40 39 31 < H ch bro I'ek 164.5 36 286 l‘.^74 44 do pekoe 3740 33 40 Mahagoda 220 12 da pekoe 1-290 29 287 1276 18 do pek sou 1.530 27 47 227 15 do pekoe 1500 24 302 Sembawatte 1306 63 hf-cll bro or pek S465 36 53 T D 233 14 do bro pek 1400 40 303 1308 38 do bro pek 1710 45 54 234 n do pekoe 880 30 304 1310 43 ch pekoe 3225 34 55 New Valley 235 14 do pek son 1190 26 o05 1312 21 do pek sou 1365 27 67 247 20 do bro pek 2200 56 307 Stamford 68 248 •20 do or pek 2000 47 Hill 1316 14 hf-ch flowery or 69 249 25 do pekoe 2.'00 39 pek 700 60 bid 70 Rayigam 250 14 do SOU 1260 34 308 1318 22 do or pek 99(1 44 72 252 22 do bro pek 2200 309 1320 26 do pekoe 900 36 73 253 37 do pekoe 2256 S3 310 W V R 1322 8 ch mix tea fOO 27 74 254 13 do pek sou 1170 29 311 1324 7 do dust 840 16 75 Ovoca A I 255 11 do bro pek fans 1015 33 315 Dunbar 1312 33 ht-fh pek 2175 38 76 256 20 do bro or pek •2200 54 316 Montery 1334 21 ch bro or pek zlOO 41 77 Y .S P A 257 18 do or pek 1448 43 317 1336 23 do bro pek 2070 42 78 258 8 do pek dust 1-200 39 318 1338 26 dr pek 2210 32 79 Mousagalla 259 7 do bro pek 720 45 319 1340 25 do pek sou 2125 28 80 :60 10 do or pek 950 50 320 Hunasgeria 1342 IS ch pek sou 1440 25 82 Maliatenne 262 12 do pek sou 37 321 D, in estate 85 265 21 ch bro pek 2400 37 b d mark 1344 22 ch pek dust 2200 14 86 Talipota 260 14 ch pekoe 1330 32 322 1346 21 do pek fans 2310 16 90 270 12 do or pek 1-200 50 bid 323 1348 13 do bro mix 117(1 10 91 271 11 do bro pek 1100 324 Arapolakande 1350 32 ch pek sou 2560 27 92 Paradise 272 55 do pekoe 5225 33 bid .325 S M 1352 24 ch bro peii 2400 37 94 274 21 hf-ch bro pek 1155 337 Erracht 1376 34 cU or pek 2584 37 bid 95 275 24 ch pekoe 2304 iO 339 Ingrogalla 1380 21 do bro pek 2100 4’^ 96 276 14 do pek sou 1330 25 340 1382 23 ch pek 1955 c6 99 Ankande 279 07 do bro pek 2565 39 341 1384 27 do pelc sou 2430 30 100 280 31 do pekoe 2400 30 342 I N G 1386 11 ch bro pek fans 1100 29 101 281 29 do pek sou 2465 27 347 J N R 1396 14 hf-ch dust 1330 12 101 2.S3 11 do sou 825 24 335 High Forest 1412 44 hf-ch bro or pek 2610 55 bid 106 H J S 186 23 hf-ch pek sou 1380 26 356 Reverley 14J4 36 hf-ch bro pek 1980 50 bid 109 Mai gatenne 289 8 ch iinast 8(0 0-7 358 Woodslee 1418 16 hf-ch unassorted 880 29 115 Walahandua 295 30 do bro pek 3000 359 Knavesmire 1420 22 ch or pek 209J 39 bid H6 296 19 do pekoe 1805 32 360 Geragama 1422 30 ch bro pek 3000 40 ns FP A 298 8 do fans .880 27 361 1424 25 do pek 22f0 31 120 Hanagama 300 11 do bro pek 1-210 41 3:2 1426 10 hf-ch fans 750 16 121 301 29 do pekoe 304.5 31 3(i3 Waratenne 1428 24 ch bro pek 2400 40 122 £01 8 do pek sou 800 26 364 1430 20 do pek 1800 30 124 304 7 do fans 84" 23 368 Nuwara Eliya 1438 24 hf-ch bro or pek 1440 52 bid 125 Minna 305 30 hf-cli hr ) or pek 1760 50 369 14 0 35 do bro pek 1575 56 bid 127 307 ei ch pekoe 549.1 40 370 1442 44 do or pek 1930 46 bid 128 303 49 do pek .sou 4410 29 bid 373 D H, in estde 1?9 Galphele 309 23 hf-ch bro pek 1265 40 bid nuuiv 1448 7 ch bro pek 875 44 130 310 32 do pekoe 1440 38 374 1450 18 hf-ch dust 15."0 2 1 131 311 19 do pek sou 30 379 Polatagama 1460 25 ch bro pek 2375 42 132 Lonach 312 99 do bro pek 5445 40 380 1462 27 do pek 2295 31 133 313 70 cll pekoe 56 0 32 381 1404 31 do pek sou 2480 28 134 314 1 7 do pek sou 1360 382 1466 19 do fairs 1909 22 114 Ingeriya 324 57 hf-ch bro pek 88.50 41 384 Ruanwella 1470 ‘6 ' ch bro pek 23.50 41 145 31.5 :-9 do I>ekoe 1872 38 38.5 1472 65 do pek i 525 31 146 326 21 do pek sou 1018 29 3 0 14 4 13 do pek sou 1170 26 149 Citrus 329 13 ch pekoe 1170 31 3S9 Matale 1480 44 Ilf ch bro pek 2J40 52 1)4 Malvern 334 30 ch 390 1482 23 ch pek 2070 37 1 hf-ch bro pek 3050 3-5 391 1484 10 do pek sou 1440 32 155 333 23 ch 394 Marlbo'ough 1490 29 hf ch hro or pe^ 1595 58 bid 1 hf-ch pekoe 2340 27 305 34 do or pek 1 30 52 156 33o 21 eh 396 1494 20 ch pCR 1700 44 1 hf-ch pek sou 2145 25 406 W, in estate 168 Kudaganga 348 12 ch liekoe 1140 29 mark 14 24 ch bro pek 2400 39 bid 176 Mon te 407 16 lo do pek 1425 30 Clirit?to 3.56 1! lif-ch bro pek 2050 43 418 W VV 38 13 ch bro mix 1010 11 177 357 11 do du.st 780 16 179 192 I p R CT F in 359 40 ch pek .sou 3-280 25 [Mes.srs. Somerville & Co. 221,949— lb 1 191 est. mark 372 37.) 15 11 do do bro pek pek sou L500 830 40 Lot. Box. Fkgs. Name. bl. c. 201 Ha pngaha lande .381 21 do bro pek 2 CO 43 1 C M G in estate 202 332 21 do pekoe 1S9J 33 m^rk 18.. 20 ch pek sou 15Go 24 203 H G L 381 19 do pek sou 1710 29 3 Carney 183 19 hf-ch bro pek 950 45 205 3«5 9 dt) dust 1260 16 4 184 21 do pekoe 945 35 2 6 Ha' dowa 386 20 do bro pek 2200 38 bid 5 185 24 do pek sou 1200 28 20s 388 li do pekoe 1105 31 8 Nurawella 188 20 hf-ch or pek 1100 to 209 389 do pek sou 990 26 9 189 24 do bro or pek 1440 41 10 190 31 do pekoe 1550 35 12 Annandale 13 192 193 16 22 do do bro or pek pek sou 960 1232 to bid 37 [iMr. E John. -266,88511.] 14 Ukuwella 194 32 ch Ino pek 32 0 39 Lot Box Fkss. Name. Jb. c. L5 195 26 do pekoe 2600 30 1 Bowhill 2P9 12 ch bro pek liJOO 37 16 196 20 do pek son 2C00 26 3 301 8 do pekoe 720 30 18 Louach 198 42 hf-ch bro pek 2310 40 4 Chamberlain 305 8 do bro pek 760 38 19 199 29 ch pokoe 2.320 31 5 307 12 do pekoe 1020 30 20 200 10 do pek sou 800 28 9 Eadella 315 35 do bro pek 3500 38 CEYLON PEODUCE SALES LIST. 3 Lot;. liox. Pkgs Naii.e. lb. 10 317 37 ch pekoe 3330 11 319 13 do pelt .sou 1040 12 321 5 do f ns 7u0 13 323 7 cli- dust sto 14 Alliaddy 325 18 do bro pek 1710 15 327 14 do pekoe 1260 16 329 12 do pek s 'U 060 18 Agra Ouvah 333 65 hf-ch bro or pek 4*225 19 335 28 do or pek 1540 ■20 337 9 c!i pekoe 855 21 Daihousie 339 32 hf-ch bro or pek 1760 22 341 25 d.i or pek 1125 23 343 IS do pekoe 9.0 26 Ben Nevis 349 26 do flowery or pek 1300 27 351 .36 do or pek 1020 28 353 24 ch pekoe 1920 29 Logan 355 33 do bro pek 3135 30 357 33 do pekoe 2640 31 319 26 do pek sou 2080 33 363 9 do bro or pek 990 37 Snduganga 371 15 do sou 1200 -45 Diokapittia 387 21 do bro pek 2100 46 389 2t do peitoe 2100 47 391 11 hf-ch dust 880 4S 393 26 cll fans 1560 49 Peria Ganga- watte, in est. mark 395 13 hf-ch dii.sr 1170 .50 Browiilow 397 26 c'D bro or pek 2470 51 399 30 do or pek 2”00 52 401 21 do pekoe 2040 53 40! 20 do pek sou 1600 51 405 7 do bro pek fans 770 •55 407 7 do pek fans 7S4 59 Meeriabedde 416 7 do bro mix 770 60 St. John’s 417 25 hf-ch bro cr pek 1500 •61 419 26 do or pek 1352 62 421 18 do pekoe 1008 63 42 i 13 do pek fans 936 4)4 Glentilt 42) 44 ch bro pek 4400 65 427 28 do pekoe 2800 •66 Anchor, in est. mark 429 19 do bro or pek 19'45 ■67 431 12 do or pek 900 68 433 18 do pekoe 1530. ■69 Claremont 435 44 hf-ch bro cr pek 2258 70 437 14 eh pekoe 1190 73 Morahela 443 19 do bro pek 1824 74 445 16 do or pek 1472 75 447 13 do In o or pek 1365 ■78 BK 453 25 hf-ch dust 20S7 85 Uda 467 18 do pekoe 864 86 469 9 do dust 810 ■87 Lameliere 471 37 ch bro pek 399-3 88 473 40 do pekoe 3109 89 475 37 do pek sou 2060 ■90 477 11 do pek fans 825 97 N B 491 13 hf-ch dust 1040 98 Elston 493 10 do dust 9110 99 495 10 do bro mix 700 100 Agra Ouvah 497 103 do bro or pek 70-20 101 409 52 do or pek 2860 102 501 16 ch pekoe 1.520 103 .503 8 do pek sou 720 104 505 21 hf-ch pek fans 16,80 111 Maskeliya 519 28 ch bro or | ek 2800 112 521 27 do or pek 2700 113 .523 21 do pekoe 1891 111 525 15 do l)eksou 13.50 126 Fcrndale 549 12 do bro or pek 12(10 127 551 13 do or pek 1170 128 553 15 do pek' e 1370 130 JIarguerita 557 IH hf-ch or pek 8(0 131 .569 20 do pekoe 9 0 146 Glasgow 5S9 53 ch bro or pek 3975 147 691 24 do or pek 1410 148 593 15 do pekoe ItCIO 149 69.) 8 do bro pek fan; s TOO 155 Cleveland 607 19 hf-ch bro or pek lO.T) 157 611 35 do pekoe 1751 158 613 17 do pek sou 816 360 Glentilt 617 48 ch bro pek 4800 161 619 34 do [rekoe 3400 162 621 20 do fa ns 1600 163 Eila 621 40 do bro pek 3600 164 6-25 17 do or pek 1360 165 6'37 70 do pekoe 5600 166 629 25 do pek sou 2000 171 C 636 17 do pek sou 15-29 172 Turin 641 8 do bro or pe'» SSO 173 613 13 do bro pek 1-271 174 615 23 do pekoe 19.55 175 647 25 do pek sou 2(09 180 Alnoor 657 35 hf-ch bro pek 1760 181 659 12 ch pekoe 1050 184 C 665 17 do pek sou 1630 Lot. Box . Pkffs. Marne. lb. c. 186 669 5 ch dust 760 16 187 671 8 do pek No. 1 720 28 IV 0 n 677 14 do pek No. 1 1260 28 191 St. John’s 679 26 hf-ch bro or pek bieo 9 ' bid 19 681 £8 do or pek 1456 7.5 bid 9 683 10 do pekoe 1064 65 ]94 685 20 do pek sou 1040 64 201 Glasgow 699 48 cll bro or pek 3600 5^ 202 701 17 do or pek 10-10 £2 203 703 15 do pekoe 1500 48 .SMALL LOTS. [Messrs. A . H. Thompson & Co.l L ot. Box Pkgs Maine. lb. c. 2 Battalgalla 2 3 ch fans 255 19 .. 6 \V arwick 6 2 hf-ch SOU 1 0 27 7 7 5 do (lust 400 10 12 Battalgalla 12 3 do fans 255 20 13 C 13 4 ch pek 360 19 14 14 2 do 5 hf-ch pek fan 57-) 12 15 15 2 do SOU 125 n 16 16 5 ch bro mix 425 10 19 St. Leonards on Sea 19 3 ch bro pek 300 32 21 21 5 do or pek 485 34 bid 24 Mapiligama 24 6 ch pek sou 400 26 26 26 2 do pek fan 200 28 27 27 2 hf ch dust UO 18 30 D 30 3 ch SOU 2S5 13 35 Hornsey 35 3 ch dust 255 19 37 Belugas 37 1 do red leaf 82 10 [Mr. K. John.] Lot. Box. Pkgs. Maine. lb. c. 3 Bowhill 303 2 ch pek sou ISO 25 6 Chamberlain 309 0 do pek sou 610 26 7 G 311 1 hf-ch pek sou 63 15 17 Alliaddy 331 2 ch dust 200 21 24 Daihousie 345 2 hf-ch pek sou 100 29 25 347 6 do fans 420 25 32 Logan 361 3 ch dust 450 17 34 365 2 do bro tea 220 21 o6 Suduganga 369 2 do machine tea 200 16 33 373 1 hf-ch bro mix 28 10 39 375 4 cll pek fans 62) 34 40 Meeriacotta 377 2 do red leaf 200 10 41 G B 379 5 hf-ch dust 400 19 42 381 3 do fans 240 33 43 383 8 ch sou 600 28 4( 385 2 hf-ch bro mix 160 12 o6 Galloola 409 4 ch dust 400 18 57 Meeriabedde 411 4 do pek sou No. 2140 30 58 413 2 do pek fans 240 22 71 Claremont 439 3 bags bro tea 232 8 72 441 3 hf-ch pek dust 255 17 7t> Morahela 449 1 ch SOU 92 77 451 3 do bro pek dust 420 16 79 B 455 1 do luias 100 34 80 APS 457 2 hf-ch bro pek 126 45 81 469 5 do pekoe 240 35 82 461 1 ch pek sou 86 24 83 463 1 hf-ch bro or pek 54 24 81 Uda 465 10 do bro pek 6'JO 25 96 NB 489 5 ch SOU 500 40 105 Agra Ouvah 507 7 hf-ch dust (65 19 115 h: askeliyiv 527 3 ch SOU 301 116 529 l-jhf-.-h bro pek fans 600 2S 117 53 L 4 do dust 3 0 IS 122 Vakka 511 10 do br.) pek 6.’0 3'l bid 123 513 9 do pekoe 43» 2) bid 124 545 8 do pek sou 320 2t ]23 547 2 do dust ISO 17 12) Ferndale 555 3 ch pek sou 2 0 2.) 1.52 .viargutrita 561 10 hf-cli l)ek sou 400 52 133 561 *2 do fans ISO 37 134 565 1 do dii't S5 2o l.)4 N 605 5 ch pek sou 5('() 1 ) 1,56 Cleveland 6U9 5 hf-ch or pek 075 48 hi 1 159 615 4 do bro or pek fails 240 35 176 Turin o;9 3 ch 2 hf-ch fans 406 37 177 c.n 1 ch dust )2 1 IS 178 B 053 2 hf-ch dust 2 0 17 179 6 '.5 1 ch congou 90 ')•> Alnoor 661 7 do pek sou OiO i'7 183 6)3 6 hf-ch fans 420 24 185 C 607 4 ch sou 340 24 ItS H 673 9 do pek sou 675 2.> 189 67 j 4 do dust Ol'O 16 c. ?,i 28 21 bid 15 41 32 28 67 53 46 5J 34 62 bVl 42 bid 3: bid 45 29 bid 28 31 23 49 37 16 27 16 49 bid 45 43 38 36 26 19 98 83 60 39 47 bid 3j bid . 53 42 bid 35 bid 40 29 bid 43 31 33 18 30 14 47 bid 38 bid 32 22 17 21 17 65 53 47 44 29 49 44 33 37 45 bid 45 86 74 59 56 55 48 38 49 bid 45 39 47 bid 39 bid 19 35 bid 38 29 bid 26 bid 23 bid 40 bid 51 39 bid 33 bid 40 S3 26 4 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. [Messrs. Somerville & Co.] Lot. Box. rkgs. Name. lb. 2 C M G in est. mark 182 6 eh bromix 438 6 Carney 186 3 hf eh bro pek fans 150 7 187 1 do pek fans 60 11 Nug.awella 191 5 do pek sou 425 17 Ukuwella 197 3 hf-ch bro pek fans 210 29 Comar 209 4 eh pek sou 400 so 210 1 hf-ch dust SO 36 Monrovia 216 6 cli pek son 570 37 217 3 hf-ch pek dust 225 38 218 1 do red leaf 95 41 California 221 4 ch 1 hf-ch pek sou 450 42 222 1 ch 1 hf-ch bro pek dust 215 46 Mahagoda 226 5 do bro pek 640 48 Tepiuleiiiya 228 6 ch bro or pek 632 56 229 6 do pekoe 553 .60 230 5 do pek sou 450 41 231 1 do sou 83 52 232 1 do bro pek fans 93 56 T D 236 2 ch sou 160 .57 237 2 do unas 176 58 238 2 do fans 4 06 59 239 1 do dust 157 60 San Cio 210 3 do bro pek 156 61 241 8 do pekoe 328 62 242 U do pek sou 440 6:3 243 10 do dust 500 64 Berat 243 2 ch dust 330 65 aiimosa 245 S hf-cli dust 640 66 248 2 do fans 136 71 NIT 25 L G ch dust 570 81 Mousagalla 264 8 do pekoe 680 83 263 2 do sou 180 84 264 1 do dust , 90 87 Mahatenne 267 6 d) pek sou 670 S3 268 3 do dust 3C0 89 269 1 do red leaf 100 93 Talipota 273 6 hf-ch dust 480 97 Paradise 277 12 do pek fans 672 98 278 4 do dust 280 102 Ankande 283 5 ch dust 400 104 H JS 284 10 bf-ch bro pek 600 105 285 9 do pekoe 540 107 Maligatenne 287 2 ch bro pek 168 103 288 3 do pekoe 225 110 290 4 do pek sou 340 111 291 6 do bro sou 670 112 D B R in est. mark 292 1 hf-ch bro pek 58 113 293 2 do pek sou 112 114 294 1 do dust 88 117 Walaliandua 297 3 ch pek sou 270 119 F B A 299 6 do unas 600 123 Hanagama 303 2 do so a 190 147 Ingeriya 337 2 hf-ch dust 176 148 Citrus 338 6 ch bro pe’t 600 UO 330 5 do pek soi 500 151 3:31 6 do fans eoo 162 332 1 do dust 155 153 H A 333 1 hf-ch fans 75 157 Malvern 337 1 do bro pek fans 65 167 Kud.aganga . 347 6 do bro pek 600 169 349 5 do pek 'sou 450 170 350 2 do pek fans 210 171 351 3 do fans 240 172 352 1 do unas 98 173 353 2 do congou 180 174 354 2 do dust 240 175 New Valley 355 6 do bro or pek eoo 178 DBG 358 4 do fans 400 ISO Raxawa 360 5 hf-ch du«t 400 181 361 3 do sou 120 182 Gartmore 362 8 do 440 183 Ratuville £63 2 c l bro pek 200 184 364 1 d ) pekoe 90 185 365 4 do pek sou 370 186 366 1 do congou 100 193 R C T F in est. mark 373 7 do or pek 630 194 374 7 do pekoe 595 198 Vevetenne 376 6 hf-ch bro pek 348 197 377 7 do pekoe 364 198 378 4 do pek sou 360 199 379 1 do bro mix 52 209 380 1 do pek fans 60 204 Hapugaha- lande 384 6 ch bro pek sou 600 207 Hatdowa 387 : 2 < Jo bro or pek 206 210 390 ; 2 < Jo unas 170 211 A 39CA 1 1 Jo fans 150 211 391 1 < do dust 150 212 C F in est. mark 392 3 do bro mix No. 1 360 Lot Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. c 213 393 1 ch bromix No. 1 120 33 214 394 4 hf-ch dust 300 IS [Messrs. Forbes & Walker.] Lot. Box. Pkg3. Name. lb. c. 4 A 710 3 ch bro pek 283 85 7 Rockside 716 4 ch bro mix 400 22 8 718 1 do dust 150 21 9 720 3 do bro pek fans 390 28 10 Karakettia 722 3 ch bro pek 292 36 11 7*24 2 do pekoe 186 29 12 726 2 do pek sou 200 23 13 728 1 do SOU 99 20 14 Anganakettia 730 3bf-cli bro pek 145 06 15 732 2 do pekue IdO 29 16 734 3 do sou 131 24 17 726 1 do dust 33 15 21 Errollwood 744 2 hf-ch bro pek fans 200 cO 27 Melrose 756 1 ch fans 125 25 28 758 1 do dust 05 29 760 1 hf-ch SOU 50 18 7 Great Valley Ceylon in est. mark 856 2 hf-ch pek fans 100 3i 78 858 4 do fans 260 27 86 Thedden 874 2 ch pek sou 170 20 87 876 2 do dust 30) 20 96 Hopton 894 3 ch dust 300 20 97 4 do fans 400 29 111 Passara Group 914 2 cll dust 2C0 17 112 926 3 do fans oOU 20 113 New Galway 928 4 hf-ch bro pek 240 76 114 930 5 do pekoe 275 50 li9 Holton 9 0 4 ch pek sou 330 30 120 942 3 do dust 223 20 125 Oxford 952 4 hf-ch dust 340 17 129 Broad Oak 960 12 hf-ch pek sou 600 30 130 962 4 do dust 280 21 134 Claverton 970 3 hf-ch dust 240 20 135 CN 972 5 ch bro tea 500 20 140 Castlereagh 982 7 hf-ch fans 490 28 141 984 3 do dust 240 20 144 Stisted 990 3 hf-ch dust 240 18 152 Glengaiiffe 1006 5 hf-ch red leaf 345 12 153 1008 3 do SOU 240 25 168 L D, in estate mark 10 8 4 ch bro pek fans 484 18 169 Kirklees 1040 3 ch pek fans 3-30 33 170 1042 6 do dust 570 21 175 Nella Oolla 1052 1 ch SOU 94 23 176 1054 2 do dust 284 16- 177 K W D in est. mark 1056 5 hf-ch bro or pek dust 640 30 178 1058 2 do bro toa 196 32 181 Nugagalla 1064 8 hf-ch pek sou 400 26 182 10G6 3 do dust 270 IS 186 KPW 1074 11 hf-ch pek sou 616 25 187 1076 1 do dust 90 16 188 Ookoowatte 1078 6 ch bro pek 60) 42 189 1080 7 do pek 630 31 191 108 1 1 hf-ch dust 90 15 192 1086 2 do pek fans 120 26- 193 1088 1 do dust No. 1 90 16 194 1090 10 do pek fan No 2 600 28- 195 Downside 1091 IS hf-ch bro pek 650 38 196 1094 7 iit-ch pekoe 350 30 197 1096 6 do pek sou 300 28 198 1093 2 do congou 100 26 199 1100 3 do dust 215 18- 202 P C H & Co., In estate uiara 1106 4 ch pek sou 369 25 203 lluS 1 do SOU 100 19 204 1110 6 do bro pek fans 66J 19- 207 Z, in estate mark 1116 5 ch pek dust eoo 20- 203 Harrington 1118 6 hf-ch bro or pek 360 58 211 1124 2 ch pek sou 140 34 2J2 1126 2 do dust 200 23 213 Kakiriskan- de 1128 2 do or pek 172 31 214 1130 2 do 1 hf-ch bro pek 250 35 224 Ascot 1150 3 ch dust 480 18- 2 5 1152 3 do congou 255 22 226 1154 2 de red leaf 170 10 235 Galpotte- gama 1172 8 hf-ch bro pek 400 36 236 1174 4 do pekoe 200 30- 2-37 1176 5 do pek sou 230 28- 233 1178 3 do SOU 150 23 C. 12 30 20 25 23 25 16 23 17 10 23 16 32 40 28 25 22 16 19 26 22 16 16 24 22 14 18 16 23 20 44 30 15 26 22 10 20 19 17 19 39 29 37 28 14 12 29 20 17 26 26 23 16 39 26 21 IS 10 19 E9 26 19 12 19 19 16 54 bid 18 18 19 no bid 20 20 16 30 £0 30 36 28 27 10 14 17 29 17 15 16 27 CEYLON FilODUCE SALES LIST. 5 Lot. Bo.x. Pkgs. Name. lb. c. 243 Ganapalla 1188 5 Ch bro pek fans 600 29 244 1190 2 do pek fans 172 22 2!5 1192 5 hf-ch dust 400 18 255 Clones 1212 7 cli pek fans 630 20 256 1214 260 C K B, in est. 4 do dust 340 17 marn 1222 4 hf-ch pekfans 300 17 261 Kichmond 1224 7 do bro pek 420 63 bid ;62 1226 9 do 0 pek 490 60 263 1228 7 do pekoe 315 51 204 KB 1-230 2 ch fans 220 17 265 1232 2 do dust 260 16 266 Pantiya 1234 2 ch dust 300 16 207 Beauvis 1236 1 eh bropek 55 36 •268 1238 1 hf-ch pekoe 27 31 273 G L A 1248 10 ch bro mix eoo 14 274 1250 1 ( o pek sou 100 20 ■275 A G 1-252 4 ch bro tea 360 23 276 ■ 1-254 2 do dust 264 14 281 Inguiugalla 1-264 4 ch pek sou 360 19 282 1-266 3 do bro tea 3'0 25 283 1-268 2 do red leaf 180 10 288 Dunedin 1278 6 hf ch bro pek fans 330 26 289 1280 3 do dust 270 18 290 1282 '2 ch bro tea ICO 22 291 Norwood 1284 5 ch bro pek 525 39 292 128« 7 do pekoe 560 30 293 1288 1 do SOU 100 36 294 1290 2 do dust 300 28 306 embawatto 1314 4 hf-ch dust 340 16 338 A C 1378 1 hf-ch fans 75 17 357 Beverley 1410 10 hf-ch ,.ek 600 38 bid 865 D 1432 3 eh 7 hf-ch bro pek 620 43 360 1434 4 do dust 288 19 307 1436 2 ch dust 191 16 371 Nuwara Eliya 1444 6 hf-ch pek fans 360 20 372 1446 2 do dust 1.50 19 383 Polatagama 1468 3 ch dust 450 17 387 Ruaiiwella 1476 6 ch fans 550 28 388 1478 6 do dust 420 15 392 Matara 1486 5 hf-ch dust 400 19 393 1483 3 do fans 210 30 IjOb. Box. Vk ps. N ame. lb. C 397 Marlborough 1496 4 ch bro pek fans 460 32 398 149 1 do dust 150 17 408 M 18 1 hf-ch dust 42 15 403 B K 20 6 ch dust 618 15 416 O R 34 3 ch bro pek 241 49 417 36 5 do pek 485 26 419 W W 40 1 ch dust 140 12 CEYLON COFFEE SALES IN LONDON, (From our Commercial Correspondent.) Mincing Lane, Nov. 26. Mark. Pile. Ceylon Coffee. S. Lot. Dk. Lot. Large size Bcrragalla 1 1 345 1 lierce withdrawn 92s Size 1 ditto 2 refused. 2 3(0 1 cask „ Size 2 ditto 3 3 347 1 barrel ,, P ditto 4 4 318 1 „ T ditto 5 5 349 1 „ CEYLON COCOA SALES IN LONDON. Per “ Staffonlsliire ” at Colombo. Old Haloya No. 1 A 9 22 19 75s x 10 23 2 57s sold. Per ‘•Shropshire.” Asseria A 21 1 21 20 76s x 2 22 19 Per “ Polyphemus.” SS&Go. 1 3 3 692 20 70s X . OBSEltVEK PRINTING WORKS. P-. . - f:. r f * ^ ' r- '••> ;. i|i ,sii!jji^-..^^>»'5 ' — - .J>.J r , ■ '.'! . iii I- ■ r- rf£«0’iv4h 1< - 't J/.r J«:/L oi- 1 C £ • ' ^ iCS r u ■ '9r .“■ ' r- at K ‘ct i ' i!X’ 'i'i !:■- "i yu 'O; 1 ■'■ C'J Xi;? ;{9tj'o'rd t,'j .I £8 ! 5 U'y- TK I ■ sj» . .pt.1 4-,ut i!‘) X ;ov vx v; "x* ■ Y - ■ _ I .Kiaaxojt. Yxt «-2LU,a-44Ti00' >:oj7,^o | I ' ■ .'j.olt u ' ' .)“).£ .y .'xU't- .:!xk1/: a«W>-' ■“ '•■ ssit, h ; .‘v rl/diT'/ ■ C IjiwJ I : X i 3!),: '.. T+.-V ) UI-- I J,!ii-;^jrmV1 I a orif/i X '.siy r a ■ I -xi'X I S . - Ij} 5f) i;r‘txvLi 3 .J Kffi3 Xs« m.! l{-»’ iT (tit till :.tjtitiv. 1 > axi: &'.' ;7t urti X-.'.' Kfl fylflXl 4it i T;’ C'y/l UU.i 'd'S O'f f«!3 ta!>! ;S j itj t 4iXX, t-jti.jp.i if • 1 1 ,X 0(4 r-Xr.t l>iJ 2* .0*8 ] Tt ‘ * > Ki 'iXy.,; lrf ■ i?- I ' ! 3' ; .,i't ■ .lit- 7 K-...- fxiot£.*sX7:!J lit * -J U.'. A*9'\ « <>!. ■ f; tfcSr. tij t. Cfu l> •>{ < ; •jU 7 c.tl ~.c 0£i‘ -■•r\ it', t 07-7 r >f K8 . 61 oT'r b.’- .!#» .,;. X: iz:l • .4 . £.'• r tt O'’.- If. ' r'/.il tiW a ftx ^Ir C' - t itX^C ’ ■ \ £'. ' t!ib *i» -/•. v: . ; '77 r y,r ■1 hi i'i>) ii, in ; vr A .£ « i*? 04 0'£ m.'. itjbf '. ■ . n ttx-. «'7 r.‘h M-itt . : IX L 4 A *74 1 , :( fr; - Uah ..}, X li' i . . : 7t" 7 • \ ■ftf 0 :: I.MirX-. <;•? -md iS-j i *tl‘! ^MViyuftr:;^,:'' Jt^.. tib 8 ?--•»:■ ‘1 (i ItfX On X •jit -**-1:1 ■ 1 h; 8iro t 4.V; J :1. H» liXt 0((,-..UtO &i;: ' t -It 07 •• ’ -.Jri-U '■t.' X 12: f ■ • o:k ic - 1 uVl 'A ^ bX ‘7* '■ 1' •■ 1.: t u X'.' 1 Lo*. :"i te;. ■JX • Ut,.: tt ; (•b,'.' ' 'ih'* . / :»/ c I’i, i 8bXC e.' (h,:; 3.,.‘> uf- _ 8 I#! ' U( OfrJ Jc.lt . i; ■' 1 18’ 7 f fib i!T3 -iii t . 7277 ( . E?i.: M'l (KJU lit , 3l0 oil fc. 4S»1 t!W ■ 4**' i *4/ l-uU ri .-, ? 8SXX - - iti'. Pi: 6s- caicVA/t it-.~4Xl 1 Wl'V Jl rtif*. fV-.WTiiP fT.: ‘ i OX... CX.i r l- 'tji ■ .-.p •; hmi ^ ' ^*77 ' i Tf &'(!• •''r :■.; ■; Sj,X UVi) l.iti't 8? 1 >rt fci- i- .1 ... ’ OT't / «.it » ?txX -i >«*. 5, -i?X i (<8tl r ■;. , ■'■ .0^. . Oi.-; 4*«m;V „ b b. 8bcX S'^ ■■ ■ SjiWE? 'X • - -T +■ ■ •' '• .<■ y ■ •- • ^ * ■ '■■ " :i ■■■’■( , , /5 t ■«.- . ’’UiX' '' * ■ ' ' ,• ■ • ■ - . ' , :-j>. i' ■■ ■•-■1' , ■ ' "• , ..,'vv" / ’ 3 ’ll '"‘v ^ ^ '* •-fK' ** ■ , iV,/ 7 i; t.'. ■'- ■ 'y^.-X-v , ;,V ^ : i:;.' Sx-i ■t"' ■.- » : r .. :>4j \ i . v;.'. ■ .'nS ■ ^ ' 'Awr- Jj^ -c ..;A iXKI ur i, v'':*' TEA, COFFEE, CINCHONA, COCOA. AND CARDAMOM SALES NO. 49. Colombo, December 20, 1897. Price : — 12| cents each 3 copies 30 cents ; 6 copies | rupee. COLOMBO SALES OF TEA. LARGE LOTS. [Mfsses. a. R. Thompson’ &; Co.— 64,854 lb.] JjOt. Box . PICKS. Name. lb. C, 4 Vogan 4 64 ch bro ret 6080 50 5 5 32 do bro pek 3040 48 bid « 6 37 do pekoe 3330 35 7 7 24 do pekoe 2160 34 8 8 32 do pek -sou 2120 28 9 9 20 do pek sou 1700 29 10 10 21 do dust 1470 IS 20 Kotua 20 20 hf-ch bro pek 1100 36 21 21 15 do pekoe 750 27 24 B &D 24 8 ch dust 1200 19 25 Sapitiyagodcle 25 24 do bro or pek 2610 44 bid 26 ■ 26 23 ch bro pek 2231 46 27 27 34 do or pek 3060 40 bid 28 28 27 do pekoe 2214 36 bid 29 29 23 do pek sou 1840 31 bid 33 Ambragalla 33 19 ch bro or pek 2052 42 34 34 32 do or pek 2880 .37 35 35 21 do bro pek 1995 40 36 36 30 do pekoe 2400 31 37 37 30 do pek sou 2310 27 bid 49 Unugalla 49 13 ch bro oek 1300 42 .‘50 60 14 do pekoe 1330 32 53 MGK 53 13 ch 1 hf-ch sou 745 10 [Messrs. Somervillk & Co. 92,534— lb.] Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. bl. C. 7 Romania 7 15 ch br» pek 1.500 35 8 8 23 do pekoe 2300 28 9 9 7 do pek sou 700 24 16 Rothes 16 16 do bro pek 896 51 bid 17 17 14 do pekoe 700 43 21 R in estate mark 21 23 do pek sou 1035 22 31 N 31 11 ch bro pek 1188 38 32 32 16 do pekoe 1408 30 bid 40 Ambalawa 40 15 hf-ch bro pek No. 1 750 43 41 41 14 do bro pek 700 37 42 42 15 do or pek 750 35 bid 43 43 18 do pekoe 810 32 bid 53 Comar 53 7 ch pekoe 700 29 59 Charlie Hill 59 14 hf-ch bro pek 700 38 66 Penrith 66 9 ch or pek 900 44 67 67 13 do bro pek 1170 49 68 68 18 do pekoe 1440 36 69 69 16 ch pek sou 1300 27 81 Evalgolla 81 11 do or pek 1045 44 82 82 11 ch pe' oe 1045 31 bid 81 Kew S4 24 hf-ch bro or pek 1344 56 85 85 28 do or jrek 1100 38 86 86 30 ch pekoe 2760 44 87 87 17 do pek sou 1615 37 95 Bidbury 95 12 ch bro pek 1200 101 Anandale 101 16 hf-ch bro or pek 960 50 bid 102 102 20 do or pek 1000 62 bid 103 103 28 do pekoe 1400 39 bid 108 Madultenne 108 39 ch bra pek 3900 42 bid 109 109 27 do pekoe 2700 32 bid 110 25 do pek sou 2500 27 bid 111 13 do fans 1170 32 [Mr, E. JOHN.- 139,964 11 •] Lot Box. Flcgs. Name. lb. C. 9 Claremont 721 41 hf-ch bro or pek 2255 40 10 723 12 ch pekoe 1020 25 12 Pati Rajali 727 29 do bi'o pek 2900 42 13 729 26 do pekoe 2080 43 16 Louisa 735 24 do bro pek 2210 33 bid 17 737 39 do pekoe •2925 28 bid 18 L 739 29 do sou 1885 26 19 741 10 hf-ch dust 1360 15 33 Templestowe 769 15 eh bro or pek 15751 34 35 771 773 24 do 50 do or pek pekoe 2160 1 4250 1 withd’n 36 775 27 do pek sou 2160 j 37 .Stinsford 777 32 hf-ch bro pek 1664 51 38 779 34 do peioe 17C0 33 bid 39 781 15 do pek sou 750 27 bid Lot. Box. Pkgs Name. lb. C. iS North Pundul oya 789 11 ch pek sou 935 27 44 791 10 hf-ch dust 750 18 45 793 13 do bro nek fans 780 21 48 Goravy 799 1 1 ch bro pek 1045 47 bid 50 803 20 do pek sou 1700 27 51 805 12 do fans 1260 •28 52 807 5 do dust 700 16 63 Ferndale 809 13 do bro or pek 1300 46 54 811 10 do or pek 900 44 55 813 34 do pekoe 3060 30 bid 56 815 13 do pek sou 1170 26 bid 66 Poilakande 835 43 hf-ch bro pek 2580 46 67 837 46 ch 1 hf-ch pekoe 4180 31 68 839 28 ch 1 hf-ch pek sou 2300 26 69 841 16 ch 1 hf-ch bro nek funs 1310 22 74 Kotuagedera 851 29 ch bro pek 2900 37 bid- 75 8.53 19 do pekoe 1805 28 bid 76 8'5 9 do pek sou 810 22 bid 80 Y P 863 11 hf-ch fans 770 J7 81 Templestowe 865 10 ch bro or pek 1050 36 bid S2 867 13 do or pek 1170 43 bid 83 869 34 do pekoe 2890 34 bid 84 871 14 do pek .sou 1120 27 bid 85 D N D, in est. mark 873 S9 do sou 3315 25 92 D P VV 887 40 do 1 hf-ch or pek fans 4860 20 bid' 93 889 63 do pek fans 4410 17 bid 94 891 27 do diisr 2430 14 bid 95 Tientsin 893 18 do bro or pek 990 64 96 895 17 do or pek 765 68 97 897 33 ch pekoe 2970 45 bid 101 J1 B R 905 10 hf-ch pek sou 960 12 bid 102 Orange Field, J A1 R 907 9 eh bro pek 900 34 bid 103 909 13 do pekoe 13(0 28 107 Dalhousie 917 17 hf-ch bro or pek 1350 43 bid 108 919 27 do or pek 936 36 bid 109 9-21 17 do pekoe 765 33 [Messrs. Porbes & Walker.— 388,393 lb.] Lot. Box. Pkts. Name. lb C. 7 Nahalma 64 27 ch sou 2700 26 9 Grange Garden 68 10 ch or pek 1760 43 bid 10 60 12 do pekoe 1200 36 11 02 8 do pek sou 7-20 26 21 Woodlands 82 8 ch bro pek 800 43 22 84 11 do pekoe 1045 31 S3 86 10 do pek sou 900 25 49 Agra Elbed- de 138 36 :if-ch bro pek 2016 65 bid. 50 140 34 do or pek 1632 46 bid 51 142 22 do pekoe 1100 43 52 144 16 do pek sou 76S 38 54 Ilex 148 SO ch bro pek 3000 40 55 150 17 do pek 1615 31 63 Arapoiakande 166 27 ch or pek 2430 44 64 108 20 do pekoe 1600 32 65 170 37 do pek sou 2960 26 72 Torwood 184 14 ch bro pek 1344 46 73 186 26 do or pek 2080 34 74 188 IS do pekoe 1512 32 75 190 15 do pek sou 1200 27 79 Morland 198 22 hf-ch bro pek 1100 44 bid 80 200 18 do pekoe 1410 36 96 Ella oya 232 ‘23 ch bro pek 2300 36 bid 97 234 41 do or pek 3690 32 98 230 30 do pek sou 2700 26 99 238 13 do pek fans 1495 •24 103 Galkadua 246 18 ch bro pek 1800 38 1114 [248 19 do pek 1900 27 105 250 10 do pek sou lOtO 28 107 Freds Rube 254 35 ch bro pek 3500 42 108 256 30 do bro pek 2700 34 109 258 15 do pek sou 1350 27 110 W A 260 12 ch bro pek 1280 39 in '.'60 10 do pel; sou 1440 28 124 Kirindi & Wood- thorpe ■288 31 ch bro pek 8100 43 125 290 38 do pek •2850 32 1-26 ■292 40 do pek sou 3220 26 135 M A 310 13 ch bro tea 1105 2-i 136 312 19 hf-ch dust 1520 17 2 CEYLON PRODUCS LIST Lot Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. 138 Lochiel 314 37 ch bro pek 3330 139 310 25 hf-ch bro pek 1350 141 322 21 ch pek sou 1680 156 . Patiagama 35 - 18 ch bro pek 1620 157 354 27 (I© pek 2295 177 Dea KUa 394 43 hf-ch bro pek •2150 178 396 31 do pek 15.-0 179 398 26 do pek sou 1170 180 400 12 do bro pek fan 720 196 Farnham 432 24 hf-ch or pek 1-200 197 434 24 do pek sou 1320 198 436 24 do pek sou 1080 209 Ingrogalla 458 9 ch sou 810 211 I isr G 462 15 ch dust 11-25 213 406 7 do red leaf 700 214 Castlei'eagh 4 63 15 ch bro pek 15C0 21^ 470 18 do or pek 1530 216 472 20 do pek 1600 217 474 9 do pe)c sou 765 2,0 Carlabeek 480 16 ch sou 15(8 223 Blairgo-wrie 480 14 ch or ,iek 1400 224 488 I!) do pekoe 1710 244 Knavesmire 528 2l ch or pek 2090 245 530 28 do bro pek 2800 240 532 36 do pekoe 3240 247 534 20 do 1 ek sou 1600 251 Putupaiila 542 50 ch bro pek 4260 252 AI, ill estate mark 544 10 ch fans 1-202 253 546 8 do dust 831 255 Ireby 550 51 hf ch bro pek 3060 256 552 30 do pek 1500 257 554 VI ch pek sou mso 265 Jleh'o.se 570 14 do bro pek 1200 266 572 9 do bro or pek 900 267 Aliddleton 574 S3 do or pek 2300 208 K in est. mark 376 o(3 do bro mix .■,600 269 Penvhos 578 33;ht-ch or pek 16.10 270 f,80 40 do bro pek 2400 271 582 85 do pekoe 42-0 272 584 25 do pek sou 1250 277 Stisted 594 ■21 do bro or pek 1-260 278 590 IS do or pek 900 279 508 25 do pek 1500 280 600 33 do pek sou 1650 282 Gallustain 604 40 do bro er pek 2000 283 606 28 do bro pek 1176 284 608 62 do pekoe 2356 285 610 42 do pek sou 1596 ,287 Queensland 614 20 ch bro or pek 1600 288 616 3i 1 tif-ch bro pek 1705 289 018 39 ch pekoe 3315 290 620 10 do pek sou 850 294 Clyde 628 27 do bro pek 2565 295 630 28 do pek 2520 -298 632 12 do pek sou 1080 307 Bargany 654 12 1 lif-ch iu'O pek 1560 308 656 10 ch nek 900 310 Chesterford 600 35 do bro pek 3500 311 632 30 do pek 3000 312 664 25 do pek sou 2500 313 666 14 do fans 1260 315 670 11 hf-ch dust 825 316 Hayes 672 17 do bro pek 850 3!7 674 29 do pro or pek 1597 318 676 23 do or pek 1037 319 078 28 do pekoe 1-2(0 ■320 680 43 do pek sou ■^115 SMALL LOTS. [Messrs, , A. H. Tao?*ii'SON .v Co. Lot. Box, Pkg.-5. Name. lb. 11 St. Andrew s, Kalutara 11 12 hf-ch bro pek 660 12 12 4 do 1 box pekoe 269 13 13 3 hf ch bro mix 138 30 Sapitiyagodde 30 7 ch bro pek fans 490 31 31 5 hf-ch pek fan 350 32 32 6 do (lust 540 38 Ambragalla 38 5 do bro pek fans 350 39 39 4 do pek fan 280 40 40 4 do dust 300 61 Unugalla 51 2 ch pek sou ISO 52 52 1 do dust 100 [Messrs. Somerville & Co.] Lot. Box. Pkgs, , Name. lb. 10 Bonubnia 10 t ch congou 200 11 11 2 do dust 234 Let. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. c. 12 OHS 12 4 ch bro pek 4(0 36 13 13 5 do pekoe 5(10 26 14 14 3 do pek sou SOO 25 14 15 1 do dust 1-25 24 IS Rothes IS 1 i do pek sou 495 34 If 19 1 ch con^fou 7»» 25 20 20 1 do dust 12S 21 R ill est. mai'k OG 4 do Sou 3U0 25 23 1 do lust 135 14 u 24 1 do red leaf 70 10 25 ( .lartmore, T C A ■25 8 hf-oh T. C. A. 44'J 38 ♦« A irimattiy.a 25 6 ch liro pek 660 29 hid i7 2/ 6 do pekoe 6'iU 29 •I ■28 do pek sou 144 •23 29 29 1 do fans 83 14 30 ao 1 do dust 117 16 St N 33 5 do pek sou 425 25 3i 34 1 hf-ch dust 99 16 41 Comar 51 10 lif-ch or pek 5S0 39 5^ 5 ’2 111 do or pek 5U0 34 41 54 3 ch pek sou 3CU •20 5b on 1 hf ch du.s 8S 15 56 Gr,i don 56 3 ch bro pek •250 25 1 hf-ch 47 57 7 do pekoe 350 36 1 5S 4 ch SOU 400 28 r.o Cliarlie Hill 60 1-2 do jjekoe coo 25 01 61 12 d ) pek .sou GUO 29 62 62 7 (.Ic SOU 350 36 C3 63 6 do pek fans 300 25 64 64 3 do pek fans ISii •28 65 G5 1 do red leaf 60 10 70 Penrith 70 1 ch nek fans 130 71 71 1 d 1 fans 94 25 7s 72 1 do bro tea 85 76 Allakolla 70 8 hf-ch d list 680 16 77 77 2 ch red leaf 190 11 78 78 1 do SOU 130 ■25 1 hf-ch 79 79 1 bag fluff SO 10 80 Kvalgolla 80 6 ch bro irek 600 42 83 83 3 do pek sou 270 ■23 99 Uku-n-ela 99 2 hf ch bro pek fans 140 36 100 B V A 100 6 hf ch bro pek 610 •20 104 A nandale 101 11) hf-ch pek sou 500 27 112 Madultenue 112 2 ch coneou -.lUO 25 113 113 0 hf-ch dust 400 16 [Mr. E. John.] Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. c. 1 AI’Mydeen 705 1 eh bro pek 112 26 2 707 1 do jiekoe 83 2-3 3 709 1 do pek sou 46 23 4 Ridgmount 711 4 do fans 280 27 5 713 5 do dust 450 15 6 Keenagaha Ella 715 0 do bro mix 610 23 7 717 2 do pek No. 1 150 24 8 719 3 do unas 200 22 11 Claremont 723 7 do pek sou 595 24 14 Pati Rajah 731 5 do fans 560 25 15 7o3 1 do dust 16U 14 20 L 743 2 do red leaf 140 8 30 W 763 1 hf-ch 2U, 2 lb. pkts or pek 40 44 31 765 1 do •29, 2 lb. pkt.-- pekoe 68 36 1 do 37, 1 lb. pkts pekoe 37 36 32 767 1 ch bulk 107 26 40 S F D 783 6 hf-ch fans 300 27 41 785 3 do dust 240 15 42 787 4 do congou 192 25 46 North Puiidul- oya 795 5 ch sou 400 26 47 797 3 do bro mix 375 15 40 Gonavy 801 7 do pekoe 630 36 57 Ferndale 817 3 do dust 360 19 58 Hiralouvah 819 4 hf-ch bro or pek 200 43 59 8-21 6 do bro pek 330 43 60 823 1 ch SOU 105 13 61 825 1 hf-ch pek fans 65 25 62 827 3 do unas 150 25 63 Farm 829 4 do dust 308 15 77 Kotuagedera 867 4 ch bro pek fans 620 19 78 Y P 859 2 do sou 180 15 79 861 5 hf-ch dust 450 16 86 D N D, in est. mark 876 6 do dust 510 16 87 877 2 ch hro mix 2-20 11 90 Westleigh 883 5 hf-ch dust 400 12 91 885 4 ch red leaf 360 11 98 Tientsin 899 3 do bro pek fans 240 35 99 Eltolts 901 8 hf-ch dust 680 20 100 903 4 do bro mix 449 17 c. 4] 41 26 45 bid 84 bid S9 31 27 27 53 37 2f) 24 19 11 4.‘> 40 bid 3) ■-0 ■i5 bid 35 bid .39 bill 3S hid 30 bid 26 40 bid 17 16 52 bid 51 37 bid 32 32 bid 61 24 49 56 36 bid 29 41 39 30 26 39 36 30 25 56 68 bid 42 34 44 31 26 43 bid 34 bid 43 bid 33 27 34 15 4S 61 bid 40 bid 35 30 e. 35 28 25 34 27 17 35 25 18 25 18 C. 21 1« CEYLON PEODUCE SALES LIST. 3 Lot Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. c. Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. 11», 104 Orange Field, 1 ch pek sou 116 272 11 do pek sou S20 105 J M K 911 100 21 117 244 2 do hro mix 128 913 1 do pek fans 100 20 127 Kirindi and 106 Dalhousie 915 1 do dust 140 15 W oodtliorpe 291 7 ch SOU 110 923 2 hf-ch pek sou 100 27 128 296 111 925 5 do fan.s 350 23 129 298 1 do red leaf to 137 Lochiel 314 8 hf-ch hro or pek 480 140 320 5 ch pekoe 400 Messes. Forbes & Walker.] 142 143 324 326 3 do 1 hf-ch dust dust 435 91 Lot. Box. Pkg.s. Name. lb. c. 168 159 Patiyagama 356 358 5' di 4 do pek sou fans 400 440 1 M G 42 12 hf-cb sou 516 31 bid 190 B F B 420 1 box bro pek 25 2 44 7 do sou 322 30 191 4-J2 3 hf-ch pek sou 144 3 46 4 do fans 300 32 192 421 2 ch bro mix 186 4 48 7 do dust 665 26 199 Farnliam 438 1 hf-ch fans 75 b Nahalma 56 9 hf-ch dust 675 21 200 440 2 ch dust 200 12 Grange 201 442 2 hf-ch bro tea 100 Garden 64 3 hf-ch dust 255 21 205 New Forest 450 1 ch pekoe 100 24 Woodlands 88 2 ch dust 240 28 206 452 1 do do 97 25 90 5 do bro mix 550 12 207 Battagalla 454 1 ch dust 90 46 Ookoowatte 132 3 ch hro pek 300 37 208 456 1 do dust 85 47 134 6 do pek 540 29 210 IN G 460 4 ch bro mix 400 48 136 2 do pek sou 180 25 212 464 4 do dust 300 53 Agra Elbed- 218 Castlereagli 476 3 hf-ch fans 210 cle 146 7 hf-ch hro tea 525 20 219 478 2 do dust 160 5G Irex 152 7 ch SOU 665 25 221 Carlabeck 482 8 hf-ch bro pek fans 656 57 154 2 do dust 200 20 222 Poonagalla 484 1 ch red leaf 100 58 156 1 hf-ch red leaf 60 10 225 Bia rgowrie 490 7 ch pek sou 560 66 Arapolakan- 220 492 4 hf-ch bro pek 256 cie 172 5 ch SOU 500 25 227 494 1 do dust S8 67 174 2 do dust 230 15 228 496 1 ch bro mix 88 76 Torwood 192 2 ch bro pek No. 2 200 38 248 Knavesmire 536 1 do *«ou 98 77 194 5 do pekoe No. 2 430 28 249 538 2 hf-ch dust ISO 78 196 3 do SOU 240 25 250 540 2 do fan 150 81 Morland 202 6 ch pek sou 488 28 254 N 548 3 ch dust 315 82 204 2 hf ch dust 160 20 258 Irehy 556 2 hf-ch fans 140 S3 206 1 ch red leaf 81 10 259 558 2 do dust 160 84 A A 208 4 ch or pek 360 37 1 264 W W 56S 1 ch pekoe 78 85 210 7 do pekoe 660 28 281 .Stisted 602 3 hf-ch dust 240 86 9.1 2 do hro tea 200 10 286 Gallastain 612 5 do dust 400 87 B B B, in estate 291 Queensland 622 1 ch bro pek dust 70 mark 214 4 ch dust 300 15 292 624 1 do dust 146 106 Galkadua 252 1 ch fans 100 15 293 626 2 do fannings 224 112 WA 264 2 hf-ch bro mix 140 13 297 Clyde 634 1 do bro pek 120 113 266 1 ch hro pek dust 160 19 309 Bargany 658 8 do pek sou 680 114 Horagaskelle 268 7 hf ch bro pek 420 31 314 Chesterford 660 3 do conpou 255 116 270 7 do pekoe 380 27 321 Hayes 682 6 hf-cii souchong- 275 c. 25 11 26 19 10 41 36 20 19 27 37 32 25 20 21 19 15 33 33 16 16 25 15 22 17 31 19 29 28 15 IS 23 16 15 15 29 19 23 17 16 22 IH 34 35 2S 25' 26 OBSBRVBB PRINTING WORKS. T TEA, COFFEE, CINCHONA, COCOA, AND CARDAMOM SALES. NO. 1. Colombo, January 10, 1898. Price 30 -12§ cents each cents ; 6 copies 3 copies J rupee. COLOMBO SALES OF TEA. Lot Box Pkgs. Name. lb. c. 63 Anchor, in est LARGE LOTS. 64 mark 61 20Jhf-ch bro or pek 2000 60 Mocha 53 18 do pekoe i5;io 36 65 36 do bro or pek 3960 53 bid nviESSKS. A. H. Thompson <& Co.— -70,447 lb.] 66 57 36 do pekoe 3420 45 bid 67 59 21 do pek sou 1680 33 bid liOt. Box Pkgs. Name. lb. c, 68 61 8 do fans 1120 29 69 Kanangama 63 29 do bro pek 2755 33 1 Batnatenne 1 18 hf-ch bro or pek 990 31 bid 70 63 26 do pekoe 2340 30 2 2 15 do pekoe 825 21 bid 71 67 7 do pek fans 735 30 i Galkanda 4 8 ch bro pek 800 26 74 Ivies 73 37 do bro pek 1850 43 bid 5 5 11 do pekoe 990 22 75 75 29 do pekoe 1305 35 6 6 9 do pek sou 810 19 77 Glentilt 79 56 ch bro pek 6600 67 12 Manickwatte 12 16 ch pekoe 1280 32 bid 78 81 35 do pekoe 3500 39 18 St. Leonards 90 Whyddon 105 20 do bro pek 20 0 CO on Sea 18 9 ch bro or pek 900 35 91 107 18 do pekoe 1440 44 19 19 8 do or pek 775 33 92 109 18 do pek sou 1620 35 bid 32 Battalgalla 32 11 ch pek sou 1210 35 94 113 7 do dust 1050 17 34 Hornsey 34 16 ch pek sou 16(0 33 95 Kondura 115 14 do bro pek 1512 37 36 Balgownie 36 12 ch bro 1 ek lOSO 34 96 117 17 do or pek 1445 38 bid 87 37 13 do pekoe 1010 28 97 119 36 do pekoe 3168 31 38 38 13 do pek sou 975 21 98 121 39 do pek sou 3703 20 39 Manickwatte 39 14 hf-ch bro pek 700 48 99 123 13 do SOU 1092 23 40 40 18 do pekoe 1404 29 bid 100 Shannon 125 14 hf-ch bro pek 784 44 bid 42 42 12 do bro or pek 756 40 101 127 8 ch pekoe 720 34 50 Hoolo Group 60 11 hf-ch dust 825 14 105 Bidgmount 135 34 do pek sou 2050 26 53 Kotua 53 20 do bro pek 1100 31 bid 107 Maryland 139 7 do bro pek 735 37 55 Old Madaga- 108 141 7 do pekoe 700 27 ma 55 16 ch bro or pek 12C0 55 109 Ettie 143 12 do bro pek 1260 35 56 56 12 do or pek 780 41 bid 110 145 12 do pekoe 1200 ‘^7 57 67 32 do pekoe 1920 35 bid 111 147 8 do pek sou 800 24 59 Pikmukalana 59 26 hf-ch pek sou 1300 23 114 Claremont 153 19 do bro pek 1805 39 63 Vogan 63 46 ch bro pek 4370 46 bid 115 155 9 do pekoe 765 29 64 64 40 do pekoe 3600 34 120 Esperanza 165 55 hf-ch pekoe 2530 28 65 65 33 do pek sou 2805 31 121 167 22 do bro or pek 1144 35 bid 66 Doragalla 66 24 ch bro pek 2472 39 bid 124 D(H) 173 27 ch unas 2700 26 67 67 80 do pekoe 7600 31 bid 127 Hatale 179 9 do pek sou 720 26 88 68 42 do pek sou 3906 26 bid 128 181 10 do dust 1500 15 69 69 28 do SOU 2408 21 129 Murraythwaite 183 19 do bro pek 1805 42 70 70 13 do fans 975 21 130 185 17 do pekoe 1445 30 7] Warwick 71 24 ch bro pek 1440 60 bid 133 Alnoor 195 39 hf-ch bro pek 1950 40 73 73 .9 do pekoe 1045 38 bid 136 197 14 do pekoe 1050 29 74 74 24 do pek sou 1320 33 bid 141 Turin 207 11 ch pekoe 935 38 76 Henegaraa 76 16 ch bro pek fans 1040 32 14-2 209 15 do pek sou 1200 26 bid 79 W oodend 79 6 ch dust 840 14 146 Derby 217 32 hf-ch bro pek 1920 39 147 148 219 221 25 13 do do pekoe pek sou 1375 715 34 27 [Me. E. John.- -308,416 11 ■] 149 150 Kotuagedera 223 225 21 13 ch do bro pek pekoe 21U0 1235 38 bid 32 Lot Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. c. 150a 151 Acrawatte 220 227 19 do 44 hf-ch pekoe bro pek 1805 2640 ^9 40 bid 1 Theresia 927 11 ch pek sou 990 41 152 229 28 ch pekoe 2520 32 bid 7 Natuwakelle 939 15 do bro pek 1500 38 153 Dickapittia 231 20 do pek sou 2000 29 bid 8 941 8 do pekoe 720 36 154 233 21 do bro pek 2100 46 bid 11 Poilakande 917 20 hf-ch bro pek 1200 39 bid 1.55 N 235 25 do pekoe 2500 34 bid 12 949 19 ch pekoe 1710 29 157 239 15 hf-ch dust 1125 14 13 Oonoogaloya 951 21 do bro pek 2100 40 159 MR 243 12 do fans 840 34 li 953 37 do pekoe 2960 39 163 Lr T 231 10 ch congou 1000 29 955 12 do pek sou 1080 27 163 Ellakanda 255 7 do fans 945 14 16 13 do fans 1560 30 166 Birnam 257 43 hf-ch pek sou 2150 30 17 Alliaddy 959 12 do bro pek 1140 39 167 Brownlow 259 29 ch bro or pek 2755 54 18 961 14 do pekoe 1260 32 168 261 28 do or pek 2520 39 bid 19 963 12 do pek sou 960 27 169 263 35 do pekoe 3150 33 bid 21 Ardlaw & Wish 170 265 31 do pek sou 2635 31 bid ford 967 40 hf-ch bro or pek 2400 66 171 267 9 do bro pek fans 1008 SS 22 9'69 69 do or pek 2950 47 172 269 11 do dust 935 22 23 971 32 ch pekoe 3040 39 173 C 271 10 do pek sou 900 25 24 A 973 17 hf-ch bro or pek 1190 34 176 MC 277 12 do pek No. 1 1030 23 25 Ivanhoe 975 31 do bro pek 1705 42 184 293 11 do SOU 990 27 26 977 30 ch pekoe 2560 33 185 295 9 hf-ch dust 720 17 29 983 26 do pek sou 2340 30 186 297 10 do fans 700 31 30 ArdLaw & Wish- 187 Nayapane 299 11 ch SOU 8S0 23 ford 985 40 hf-ch bro or pek 2400 50 bid 188 Oakfield 301 13 do bro mix 1170 17 31 987 41 do or pek 2060 38 bid 191 307 8 do bro pek 864 40 37 Chamberlain 999 10 ch pekoe 850 32 192 Poilakande 309 12 do pekoe 1044 31 bid 38 1 9 do pek sou 765 25 195 315 18 do pekoe 1620 28 44 Alliaddy 13 19 do 196 Glasgow 317 18 do pek sou 1440 24 1 hf-ch bro pek 1857 36 bid 198 321 15 do bro or pek 37.50 55 45 15 11 ch 199 323 18 hf-ch or pek 1080 49 1 hf-ch pekoO 1035 30 200 325 15 ch pekoe 1500 46 46 17 201 327 10 do dust 1000 18 1 hf-ch pek sou 764 28 202 Agra Ouvah 329 79 hf-ch bro or pek 4740 61 48 203 331 33 do or pek 1815 54 ford 21 17 ch bro or pek 1785 63 204 333 10 ch pekoe 950 43 23 25 do or pek 2250 42 bid 205 335 05 hf-ch bro or pek 4225 64 60 52 53 54 65 25 21 do pekoe 1995 39 206 337 31 do or pek 1705 63 Agra Ouvah 29 72 hf-ch bro or pek 4320 59 207 Glassaugh 339 10 ch pekoe 950 44 31 32 do or pek 1760 53 208 34 1 51 hf-ch bro pek 2805 49 bid 33 11 ch pekoe 1045 43 ■ 209 Coslanda 343 39 do pekoe 3510 41 bid Glasgow 35 50 do bro tr pek 3750 55 210 345 27 do bro pek 148) 46 37 20 do or pek 1200 54 2il 347 20 ch pekoe 1800 31 bid R7 39 16 do pekoe 1600 50 212 349 11 do pek sou 990 28 -2 CEYLON PRODUCE SALfig LIST Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. C. 215 Dalhousie 355 17 hf-ch bro or pek 935 41 216 Rambodda 357 38 do or pek 2090 41 217 359 29 do pekoe 1450 36 218 361 23 do pek sou 1035 26 220 Ottery 365 20 ch bro pek 2000 47 bid 221 367 26 do ot pek 2210 39 bid 222 369 43 do pekoe 3870 35 bid 225 Logan 375 10 do bro or pek io:o 34 226 377 21 do bro pek 1995 40 bid 227 379 20 do pekoe 1700 29 bid 228 381 16 do pek sou 1360 25 231 Elston 387 8 do congou 760 19 233 S. in est. mark 391 12 do fans 1200 25 236 Glas'augh 397 54 hf-ch bro pek 2970 50 bid 237 399 3i ch pekoe 3060 37 bid 238 401 21 do pek sou 1680 35 bid 239 403 23 hf-ch dust 1840 18 240 Turin 405 25 ch pek sou 200'' no bid [Messrs. Somerville & Co. 237,607— 11>.1 Lot. Box. Pkgs . Name. lb.. C. 1 Benveula 1 20 hf-ch bro pekoe 10(0 35 bi 1 2 2 15 ch pekoe L5f0 29 4 BVA 4 9 do bro pek 86. 32 5 5 8 do pekoe 720 24 7 Nugawella 7 21 hf-ch or pek 115 . il bid 8 8 18 do bro or pek 1080 39 9 9 31 do pekoe 1550 32 12 Warakamure 12 34 ch bro pek 3100 34 13 13 32 do pekoe 3010 26 bid 14 White Cross 14 16 ch sou 1440 21 19 Wilpita 19 n ch bro pek 1100 34 20 20 12 do pekoe 1200 26 25 Ukuwella 25 34 ch bro pek 3400 35 bid 26 26 20 do pekoe 20(.0 29 27 27 16 do pek sou 1600 22 29 Dotala 29 23 hf-ch or pek 1035 40 bid 30 30 32 do bro pek 1920 53 31 31 26 ch pekoe 2340 36 32 32 8 do pek sou 760 28 34 Hangranoya 34 27 ch bro pek 2700 35 bid 35 35 8 do or pek 760 31 bid 36 36 42 do pekoe 4200 28 bid 37 37 22 do pek sou 2090 23 l id 38 38 17 do sou 1615 20 39 39 21 do fans 2415 23 bid 40 40 11 do dust 1540 14 bid 41 Killin, in estate mark 41 23 hf-ch bro pek 1265 29 bid 42 42 14 ch pekoe 1260 24 bid 44 North Matale 44 42 eh bro pek 4200 40 bid 45 45 30 do pekoe 2550 37 46 46 28 do pek sou 2380 30 50 G W 50 11 ch sou 880 25 54 Koorooloogaila 54 12 ch bro pek 1200 61 55 55 12 do pekoe 1080 34 bid 66 66 8 do pek sou 720 28 57 Mousakande 57 21 ch bro pek 1953 48 58 58 25 Ctl pekoe 2150 39 60 Koladeniya 60 18 ch bro pekoe 1710 31 61 61 12 do pek sou 1020 35 bid 62 62 16 do pek sou 1280 20 bid 64 Mossville in - estate m^frk 64 32 ch bro or pek 3520 39 67 Yarrsw 67 52 hf-ch bro pek 2860 43 bid 68 68 73 do pekoe 3650 33 69 Ukuwella 69 28 ch bro pek 2800 37 70 70 26 do pekoe 2600 29 71 71 18 do pek sou 1800 23 73 A P, in estate mark 73 18 hf-ch dust 1260 17 74 74 8 ch red leaf 800 16 76 Hatton 75 37 hf-ch bro pek 2035 69 bid 76 76 38 ch pekoe 3230 37 bid 77 77 26 do pek sou 2080 32 84 Kew 84 20 hf-ch bro or pek 1120 59 85 85 21 do or pek 1050 56 86 86 26 ch pekoe 2392 43 87 87 16 do pek sou 1620 36 90 Kelani 90 25 ch bro pek 2125 44 91 91 10 do bro or pek 1000 39 92 92 25 do pekoe 2250 32 93 93 10 do pek sou 900 26 94 Oingranoya 94 10 ch or pek 1000 44 bid 95 95 9 do bro pek 900 45 9( 96 28 do pekoe 2660 35 bid 100 St. Catherine 100 20 ch pekoe 1760 28 101 101 13 do pek sou 1040 24 104 Yspa 104 10 ch pek dust 1500 19 110 Minna no 22 hf-ch or pek 1210 48 bid 111 111 68 do bro or pek 4080 43 bid 112 112 62 ch pekoe 4630 80 113 113 *1 do pek sou 3060 13 120 H J 8 120 21 hf-ch pek sou 1260 26 Lot. Box. . Pkgs. Name. lb. c. 122 Hapugaha- lande 125 33 ch bro pek 3300 45 123 123 70 do pekoe 2700 32 124 124 25 do pek sou 2250 27 125 Depedene 125 32 ch bro pek 1760 40 126 126 51 do pekoe 2805 33 127 127 39 do pek sou 2145 28 129 129 13 do bro pek fans 1 715 27 130 Mahatenne 130 14 ch bro pek 1400 38 131 131 12 do pekoe 1040 31 133 Yspa 133 7 ch pek dust 1050 18 134 Harangalla 134 12 ch bro pekoe 1140 41 135 135 31 do pekoe 2480 31 136 136 9 do pek so 1 765 26 137 137 7 do dust 910 16 138 New Valley 138 19 ch bro or pek 2090 45 bid 139 139 20 do or pek 2000 39 bid 140 140 28 do pekoe 2800 37 141 141 15 do pek .sou 1350 34 143 Jbtayiffam Co., Ltd., Rayi- gam 143 22 ch bro pek 2200 43 144 144 ii ch pek 2112 33 145 145 14 do pek .sou 1190 27 147 W V T ]47 10 hf-ch dust 800 13 149 Rityigam Co., Ltd,, Annan- dale 149 17 hf-ch or pek 9S6 48 151 Bollagalla 151 IS ch bro pek UlO 39 bid 1.52 I P l."^2 30 ch pek sou 2520 23 153 153 10 hf-cli dust 1312 16 154 G B 154 19 hf-ch dust 1710 15 bid 156 Veralupitiya 156 26 ch bro pek 2210 47 157 157 34 do pekoe 2451 30 158 158 10 do pek No. 1 730 38 159 159 37 do pek sou 2590 26 167 Glen Taafe 167 30 ch dus 2400 16 168 Horagoda 168 17 ch bro pek 1700 47 169 169 25 d > pekoe 2125 31 173 Deniyaya 173 28 ch bro pek 2800 40 174 174 25 ch pekoe 2375 34 175 175 19 do pek sou 1710 26 177 G A Ceylon 177 16 hf-ch dust 1280 14 bid [Messrs. Lorbes & Walker.— 772,580 lb.] Lot. Box. Pkts. Name. lb C. 2 New Peacock 690 22 hf-ch pek fans 1650 15 5 S, in estate mark 698 34 hf-ch pek fans 2720 25 6 Eliindale 709 8 ch pek fans 8f0 18 7 702 10 do fans 900 19 8 704 8 do dust 800 14 14 P M 716 7 ch pek 700 26 18 GK 724 6 ch dust 840 14 19 1 U ':26 13 ch pekoe 1040 58 22 732 7 do pek fans 770 47 23 Frogmore 734 46 ch or pek 1840 39 24 736 30 do bro pek 1650 53 27 Udagoda 742 31 ch bro pek 2945 31 bid 28 744 38 do pekoe 3230 26 29 746 24 do pek sou 2040 25 31 Holton 750 13 ch bro pek 1235 39 38 A.scot 764 34 ch bro pek 3230 36 39 766 29 do pekoe 2320 29 40 768 14 do pek sou 1190 24 bid 41 770 10 do pek fans 1150 24 bid 42 Ella Oya 772 18 oh bro pek 1800 39 43 774 38 do or pek 3420 36 44 776 29 do pek sou 2610 26 45 Devonford 778 17 hf-ch bro or pek 850 79 50 Aigburth 788 11 ch or pek 990 40 bid 51 790 38 hf-ch bro or pek 1900 43 bid 52 792 11 ch pek 990 36 53 794 13 do pek sou No. 1 1170 30 bid 54 796 15 do pek sou No. 2 1350 27 67 GTE 802 10 ch bro pek 1000 39 58 804 11 do pek 1100 33 69 Amblangoda 806 12 ch bro pek 12 JO 47 60 808 10 do pekoe 900 38 65 Agraoya 818 17 ch bro pek 1700 36 66 820 21 do pekoe 1785 29 67 822 9 do pek sou 810 24 70 828 11 do tans 910 23 71 830 13 do or pek 935 30 bid 72 Monkawood 832 30 ch pekoe 2550 55 bid 73 834 20 do pek sou 1700 46 74 Middleton 836 20 hf-ch bro or pek 1100 67 76 838 23 ch or pek 2300 withd’n. 76 840 18 do pekoe 1620 61 77 Glengariffe 842 65 hf-ch bro pek 3455 45 78 844 18 ch pek 1890 36 7» 846 16 do pek sou 1392 33 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. 3 Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. c. 81 Macaldenia 850 12 hf ch bro pek 720 no bid 82 852 22 do or pek 1100 46 S3 854 22 do pekoe 1100 36 84 856 23 do pek sou 1150 22 88 Amblakande 864 13 ch bro pek 1300 38 bid 89 866 18 do pek No. 1 1620 32 90 868 ]■?, do do ,, 2 960 28 91 870 9 hf-ch pek sou 900 26 98 Meemoraoya 884 35 hf-ch pekoe 1400 27 101 Theberton 890 30 ch bro pek 3000 43 102 892 28 do pek 2520 35 103 Hunasgeria 894 18 ch bro or pek 1800 40 104 896 25 do bro pek 2250 39 105 893 33 do pek 2640 32 106 900 29 hf-ch pek sou 2320 29 107 Pallegodde 902 28 ch bro or pek 2800 43 108 904 29 do bro pek 2610 48 109 996 32 do pek 2560 36 110 908 25 do pek sou 2125 30 111 Baitawatte 910 31 do bro pek 3100 46 bid 112 912 31 do pek 3100 36 113 914 12 do pek sou 1200 29 116 Gampaha 920 18 ch bro or pek 1800 50 117 922 16 do or pek 1440 46 118 924 12 do pekoe 1209 43 119 926 22 do pek sou 1980 32 120 Kivklees 928 40 ch bro or pek 2400 46 bid 121 930 33 do or pek 3300 46 122 932 31 do pekoe ‘ 2945 37 123 934 34 do pek sou 3230 30 124 Carfax 936 28 ch bro or pek 3080 51 bid 125 938 32 do or pek 3200 45 bid 126 910 33 do pek 3135 43 127 Ganapalla 942 22 ch bro or pek 2156 37 128 944 21 do or pek 2016 38 bid 129 946 40 do pek 3440 29 130 948 25 do pek sou 2000 23 134 B 956 27 ch fans 3510 35 135 958 18 do pek sou 1440 39 136 960 9 do bro mix 810 22 139 Avoca 966 9 hf-ch bro pek fan 720 25 140 A, in estate mark 968 - ch bro pek 770 38 141 970 9 do pek 900 27 143 Great Valley Ceylon, In est. mark 974 36 hf-ch pro or pek 1800 48 144 976 58 do pekoe 6220 33 145 978 37 do pek sou 3340 28 148 984 9 do dust 720 18 149 Kelaneiya 986 35 ch bro pek 3 50 47 150 988 39 do pekoe 3900 36 bid 153 Dunbar 994 33 hf-ch bro pek 1320 44 154 996 51 do bro pek 2448 39 155 998 39 ch pekoe 2925 35 156 1000 17 do pek sou 1105 27 159 New Pera- deniya 1006 19 ch sou 1330 22 160 Talawa 1008 21 hf-ch bro pek 1050 no bid 166 T. Villa 1020 10 ch pek 800 30 168 Wevagoda 1024 13 if-ch bro pek 715 30 174 Tavalam- tenne 1036 10 ch or pek 1000 41 175 1038 12 do pekoe 1200 34 176 Passara Group 1040 31 ch bro pek 3100 47 177 1042 30 do pekoe 2700 36 178 1044 19 do pek sou 1710 32 179 1046 11 do sou 990 23 182 Patiagatoa 1052 27 ch pek 2295 34 183 Sunnycroft 1054 12 ch pek sou 1200 30 185 1058 5 do dust 750 13 186 Polatagama 1060 23 ch bro pek 2309 41 187 1062 37 do pek 2430 32 183 1084 27 do pek sou 2025 26 189 Maha Uva 1066 26 hf-ch bro er pek 1690 46 190 1068 33 do or pek 1980 61 191 1070 31 do pekoe 2790 44 192 1072 19 do pek sou 1520 37 196 C K B, in est. mark 1078 36 ch bro pek 3600 54 196 1080 24 do pekoe 24C0 62 197 1082 14 do pek sou 1400 44 200 Kirklees 1088 7 ch pek fans 770 27 207 Erracht 1102 16 ch bro or pek 1600 39 bid 208 1104 28 do or pek 2184 39 209 1106 30 do pek 2250 30 210 1108 12 do pek sou 960 25 211 1110 14 do fans 1280 28 212 High Forest 1112 72 hf-ch bro or pek 4320 60 bid 213 1114 38 do or pek 2052 45 bid 214 1116 35 do pekoe 1820 46 215 1118 22 do pek sou 1100 36 217 Harrington 1122 18 ch or pek 1600 60 bid 218 1124 16 do pek 1600 39 221 Thedden 1130 6 ch bro or nek 990 35 bid Lox . Pkgs, Name. lb. C. Galla watte 1142 18 ch bro pek 1710 35 bid 1144 23 do pekoe 1955 30 Rowley 1148 72 hf-ch bro pek 3600 45 1160 67 do pek 3350 44 Lyegrove Anningkan- 1156 13 ch pekoe 1235 31 bid de 1162 73 hf-ch bro pek 3650 36 1164 65 ch pekoe 2200 33 1166 19 hf-ch pek sou 760 20 1168 11 do dust 770 16 Deaculla 1170 27 ch bro pek 1620 53 bid 1172 22 do pekoe 1650 44 1174 26 do pek sou 19.50 35 Tonacombe 1178 34 ch or pek 3400 48 1180 15 do bro pek 1800 46 bid 1182 42 do pek 4200 39 1186 10 hf-ch dust 9C0 18 Tymawr 1188 74 hf-ch bro pek 3700 45 1190 62 do pek 2790 37 bid 1192 136 do pek sou 6120 28 Errollwood 1194 14 ch bro pek 1400 45 1196 22 do pekoe 1760 35 bid 1198 13 do pek sou 1105 31 Rockside 1204 27 ch pek 2700 37 1210 6 do dust 9u0 14 H 1220 16 hf-ch dust 1280 16 Cast’ereagh 1226 19 do bro pek 1900 43 bid 1228 23 do or pek 1955 39 bid 1230 26 do ^,ek 1280 33 1232 10 do pek sou 800 28 Kennington 1238 14 ch fans 1330 23 bid 1240 8 do sou 720 22 1242 9 hf-ch dust 720 17 Peacock Hill 1248 11 ch pek fans 825 16 Moralioya 1260 9 do fans 810 27 Scrubs 1258 14 do bro or pek 1330 67 1260 26 do bro pek 2600 48 1262 32 do pekoe 2560 39 bid 1264 28 do pekoe 2240 40 bid 1266 12 do pek sou 1020 34 C B 1282 12 do bro pek 1272 no bid 1284 13 do pek 1235 28 Olahitagoda 1312 23 hf-ch or pek 1^0 no bid 1316 40 hf-ch pek sou 2*0 22 D, in est. mark B, in e2t. 1324 17 do fans 1020 23 mark 1328 9 ch dust 1260 14 bid Petteresso 1332 70 hf-ch bro pek 3850 58 bid 1334 22 ch pek 1870 51 bid 3336 27 do pek sou 2025 39 bid Galla watte 1340 12 do bro pek 1140 36 bid 1342 16 do pekoe 1360 30 1344 15 do pek sou 1275 25 Gallawatte 1346 13 do pek sou 1170 27 1348 10 u 120 mark 163 70 35 244 Troup 413 2 do bro mix 2U2 12 164 164 1 do pekoe 75 27 215 415 3 do congou 258 22 165 16' 2 do pek sou 200 23 166 166 1 hf-ch dust 90 15 17' Horagoda 170 7 ch pek sou 595 26 171 371 2 do dust 214 19 Messrs Forbes & Walker, i 172 172 3 do congou 270 22 176 D 176 5 ch fans 525 25 Lot. Box. Pkg.s. N.ame. lb. c. 1 New Pen cock 090 250 413 16 38 3 Gooroflkoya 694 4 ch bro pek [Mr. E. John.] 4 9 Hopewell 696 706 1 do 1 hf-ch pek bro pek 82 57 26 41- Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. C. 10 11 7('8 710 1 do 1 do pekoe bro pek sou 48 49 29 25 2 Theresia 929 10 hf-ch bro nek fans 600 27 12 712 1 do Cungou 49 23 3 931 4 do dust 320 16 13 P M 7U 4 ch bro pek 440 34 4 Tiniagalla 3 do bro pek 150 24 15 718 1 do bro mix IIU 23 5 935 4 do pekoe 200 22 16 GK 720 1 do red leaf 105 10 € 937 2 do dust 100 11 17 722 5 ch bro mix 450 26 9 Natuwakelle 943 2 ch pek sou 180 23 10 T U 728 7 ch bro tea 665 48 10 945 1 do dust 80 19 21 730 3 do dust 375 IS 20 Alliaddy 965 2 do dust 236 26 25 Frogmore 738 5 hf-ch pek No. 2 200 35 27 Ivanhoe 979 7 hf-ch bro mix 385 15 26 740 1 do dust 80 22 28 981 5 do dust 425 15 30 Udagoda 748 2 ch bro tea 200 22 36 Chamberlain 997 4 ch bro pek 380 39 32 Holton 752 6 ch pek ito 35 39 3 2 do dust 200 16 33 75* 3 do pek sou 285 31 40 R, in est. mark 5 1 do bro pek 91 30 34 756 1 do dust try 18 41 7 1 do pekoe 90 27 35 North Cove 758 3 ch congou 2'0 34 42 9 1 do pek sou 107 22 37 762 7 do sou 455 •73 43 Kandalova 11 3 hf-ch fans 150 27 46 Devonford 780 7 ch or pek 560 61 47 Alliaddy 19 1 do dust 100 15 47 782 8 do pekoe 680 50 51 Fernlands 27 3 do red leaf 174 25 48 7S4 6 do pek sou 4 SO 43 72 Kaaiangama 69 4 ch fans 340 21 49 DF D 786 2 ch pek sou 140 36 73 71 2 do dust 280 14 55 Aigburth 793 3 hf-ch dust 270 withdm. 76 Ivies 77 15 hf-ch pek sou 675 28 56 800 4 do bro pek fans 2S0 30 79 FD 83 2 eh bro pek 200 39 61 Amblangodde 810 6 ch pek sou 540 29 bid 80 85 1 do pekoe 90 37 62 812 6 do sou 540 ‘75 81 87 1 hf-ch bro or pek fans 70 28 68 Agraoya 824 4 ch unas 400 IS 82 GT 89 1 ch bro pek 100 42 80 Glengarift'e 848 7 do dust 530 21 B3 FT 91 1 do or pek 100 44 85 Macaldenia 858 2 hf-ch sot 100 26 84 93 1 hf-ch bro or pek 68 48 86 860 3 do dust 225 18 93 Whyddon 111 5 ch pek fans 650 29 87 862 2 do bvo tea 120 ‘77 102 Shannon 129 6 do 92 Amblakande 872 1 ch dust 129 IS 1 hf-ch pek sou 567 25 bid 93 Stafford 874 4 ch bro pek 440 62 bid 103 131 1 do dust 132 14 94 876 2 do pekoe 180 45 104 133 1 do red leaf 30 9 95 878 1 do pek sou 90 37 106 Ridgmount 137 1 ch fans 70 0 96 880 1 do fans 90 23 112 Ettie 149 1 do bro mix 95 14 97 M- emora Oya 882 14 hf-ch bro pek 560 34 113 151 2 do dust 270 15 99 8?6 4 do pek sou 160 24 116 Claremont 157 6 hf-ch fans 360 27 100 883 2 do dust 130 16 117 Anaimalla 1.59 3 do dust 255 14 114 Batta watte 916 3 do bro pek fans 300 27 118 Hunugalla 161 1 do SOU GO 23 115 918 3 do dust SOO 18 119 163 3 do du-^t 285 16 131 Ganapalla 950 3 ch bro pek fans .360 23 122 Esperanza 169 3 do dust 240 15 132 952 2 do pek fan 172 25 123 171 1 do congou 56 18 133 954 5 hf-ch dust 400 16 125 D (H) 175 3 ch SOU 291 22 137 C 96-. 2 ch reek 1134 40 6 338 34 do pekoe 1700 28 bid l.'-O 644 00 do b)'o pek 2585 41 7 310 31 do pek sou 1550 25 bid 160 616 34 ch I.eki e 2482 3*2 8 Pinclenio a 342 35 do bro pek 1750 38 bid 161 648 12 do pek sou 900 28 9 344 46 do pekoe 1840 29 169 Polatagama 664 20 do hvo pek 2000 28 bid. 10 346 31 do pek sou 10S5 24 170 6' 6 33 do or pek 2970 41 17 Agra Elbedde 360 37 do bro or pek 2035 62 171 668 34 do pek 2’ 20 29 18 362 24 do or pek 1210 48 172 670 35 do pek sou 2625 25 19 361 32 do pekoe 1536 47 173 672 IH do f;ms 1440 22 20 E60 14 do pek sou 700 39 185 Battawatte 696 24 do l>ro 1 ek 24 JO 45 23 New Pera- 186 60S 24 do pekoe 2400 39 deniya 373 37 ch bro pek 3515 41 bid 187 700 8 do pek sou bOO 32 25 376 48 do pek 3360 3L 190 Dea Ella 706 40 hf-ch bro pek 2000 39 26 378 39 do pek sou 2535 25 191 708 25 do pekoe 120'. 28 28 Rickarton 382 31 hf-ch bro or pek 2 70 Di 192 710 19 do pek sou 855 25 29 384 57 do or pek 3420 48 bid 195 Haves 716 29 do bro or pek 1597 46 30 386 18 ch pek 1980 41 bid 196 718 40 do bro pek 2005 43 31 388 34 do pek sou 3400 36 197 720 35 do or f^ek 1581 40 37 Kelaniya 400 44 ch bro pek 3740 45 bid 198 722 31 do pekoe 1399 35 38 402 40 do pek 4000 34 199 721 24 do pek No. 2 < 209. 30 51 Farnho m 428 23 hf-ch bro pek 13S0 54 200 726 79 do pek sou 3720 27 52 430 17 do /o 7 do pek fans 735 25 318 B in est. mark 962 9 ch (lust 1260 18 S3 S, in est. mark 581 17 hf-ch dust 1360 14 ■ 319 Tillyrie 9(34 11 do or pek 990 48 89 Glasgow 593 40 ch bro or pek 3000 6( 320 966 17 do pekoe 1530 38 bi 1 90 595 19 do or pek 1140 47 M22 Bloomfield 970 33 do bro pek 3300 42 bid 91 597 12 do pekoe 1-200 41 323 972 36 hf-ch bro Of pek 2.520 40 92 Digdola 599 9 do pek .sou 9U0 35 .^24 974 39 ch pek 3900 35 96 607 31 do bro tr pek 2790 42 325 976 21 do pek sou 2100 28 97 6H9 21 do or pek 1380 33 334 Kirindi and 98 611 25 do pekoe 2tU0 29 Woodthorpe 991 27 do bro pek 2700 40 99 Kuruwatte 613 24 do pek sou 2160 24 335 996 83 do pek 2475 33 103 6-'l 24 do pekoe 2160 30 bid 336 998 39 do pek sou 2886 26 104 Coslanda 623 71 do pek sou 53-25 26 344 Glencorse 1014 47 ch bro pek 4230 40 105 625 27 hf-ch bro p k 1485 46 345 1016 29 do pekoe 2465 29 106 627 19 ch pekoe 1710 35 346 1018 11 do pek sou 8S0 24 107 629 11 do pek sou 99J 30 347 1020 9 do bro or pek 900 44 111 KKD 63 ( 10 hf-ch dust 1110 no bid 348 102-2 12 de pek sou 900 25 112 Glentilt 639 44 ch bro pek 4400 61 ■357 Clyde 1040 50 ch bro pekoe 4750 39 113 641 29 do pekoe 2900 37 bid 368 1042 89 do pekoe 8010 28 bid 115 645 14 do fans 1120 24 359 1044 26 do pek sou 2340 24 116 Ardlaw & Wish- 360 1046 7 do clus- 1015 13 117 ford 647 40 hf-ch bro or pek 2400 45 bid 361 1048 25 do fans 2600 18 049 25 ch or pek 2250 39 bid .362 High Forest 1050 72 hf-ch bro or pek 4320 50 118 Dickapittia 651 11 do pek sou 1045 22 4i63 1052 50 do bro or pek 3000 47 119 653 21 do bro pek 210(1 45 bid 369 Penrhos 1064 85 hf-ch pekoe 4250 31 bid 120 Turin 655 25 do pekoe 2500 36 370 Knavesra re 1066 •24 ch or pekoe 2400 34 bid 121 657 40 do pek sou 3-200 27 378 Dehiowita 1082 9 do congou 765 21 130 Otley 675 6 do dust 762 no ! id 386 Patiagama 1098 13 ch bro pek 1235 36 bid 131 Swatte 677 8 do dust 115-2 6 bid :387 1100 23 do pekoe 1955 28 bid 132 Ivanhoe 679 22 hf-ch bro pek 1210 43 389 St. Heliers 1104 33 hf-ch bro or pek 1683 48 bid 133 681 21 ch pekoe 1785 31 bid 390 1106 13 ch pekoe H05 30 bid 134 Siiduganga 683 22 do pek sou 19S0 26 393 Ganapalla 1112 30 ch bro or pek 3000 31 142 699 19 do unas 1710 24 bid 394 1114 25 do or pek 2400 37 bid H6 H S, in estate 395 1116 42 do pekoe 3612 28 mark 707 9 do sou 810 22 .306 1118 25 do pek sou 2000 25 150 VVarriapolIa 715 22 do unas 1980 23 397 Ingroogalla 1120 16 ch bro pek 1600 38 bid 155 Nahavilla 725 17 tlo bro pek 170^ 44 bid .398 1122 21 do pekoe 1785 33 bid 156 Logan 727 22 do pekoe •22U0 21 bid .399 1124 n do pek sou 990 25 bid 162 163 161 7.i9 741 743 14 do 21 do 17 do bro pek bro pek pekoe 1330 1995 1445 .38 bid 88 bid 30 [Mr. E. J OHN. - 247,36811.] 165 168 C 745 751 13 do 10 do pek sou pek sou 1105 900 24 bid 24 bid Box. Name. lb. 182 Cleveland 779 17 hf-ch bro or pek 90 1 54 JLiOt Pkgs. c. 183 781 34 do pekoe " 1700 40 9 Osborne 433 IS hf-ch bro or pek 1026 56 186 Murraythwaite 787 16 ch bro pek 15-20 41 10 435 17 ch or pek 1496 49 187 789 18 do pekoe 1530 SO 11 .437 20 do pekoe 1900 35 188 Pemberton 791 12 do pek sou 960 25 bid 12 439 16 do pek sou 1408 32 191 797 17 do bro pek 17(0 34 bid 13 Poilakande 441 36 do 192 799 23 do pekoe 2670 29 1 hf-ch bro pek 2193 193 Shannon 801 26 do pek sou 2210 24 14 443 32 ch pekoe 2880 30 204 S'?3 26 hf-ch bro pek 1456 38 bid 15 445 17 do nek sou 1360 26 205 825 16 ch pekoe 1440 31 bid 16 447 18 hf-ch bro pek fans 1440 30 206 827 11 do peksouNo.2 990 24 bid 17 Vincit 4-49 12 ch bro pek 1200 37 13 451 10 do pekoe 1000 30 19 21 Rondura 4 3 457 10 37 do do pek sou pek sou 1000 2325 15 54 [Messrs. Somerville & Co. 269,894— lb.] 2 38 459 461 8 8 do do bro tea red leaf 760 720 28 18 Lot. Box Pkgs. Name. lb. c. 24 463 14 do fans 1330 30 1 Blackburn 201 13 ch bro tea 1105 23 25 465 14 hf-ch dust 1078 14 2 202 27 hf-ch fans 1890 19 26 467 16 ch bro pek 1600 36 4 Evalgolla 204 8 ch bro pek 800 43 .27 469 10 do or pek 840 39 5 205 17 do or pek 1615 39 28 471 37 do pekoe 3145 29 6 206 15 do pekoe 1425 31 29 473 49 do pek sou 4410 25 8 Fenrith 208 26 ch bro or pek -2600 40 30 Margnerita 475 46 boxes bro or pek 920 81 9 209 33 do bro pek 2970 44 bid 33 Yakka 491 15 hf-ch bro pek 930 T' bid 10 210 45 do pekoe 3600 32 39 493 15 do pekoe 720 22 bid 11 211 38 do pek sou 3240 27 42 Attabagie 499 32 do fans No. 1 2080 no bid 17 Ukuwella 217 25 ch bro pek 2500 37 43 .50) 22 do f ,4 ns 2200 no bid IS 218 21 do pekoe 2100 29 44 Claremont 503 23 ch ' bro or pek 2185 35 (lid 19 219 15 do sou pek 1.500 21 45 505 13 do pekoe 1J05 26 bid 21 E S 221 8 ch pekoe 760 21 46 507 12 do pek sou 960 23 222 10 do pek sou 850 13 62 Mocha 519 43 do bro or pek 4516 47 bid 23 M N 223 29 hf-ch dust 2465 15 bid 53 521 37 do pekoe 3330 39 bid 25 Monrovia 225 17 ch bro pek 1615 36 54 623 20 do pek sou 1600 34 bid 26 226 32 do pekoe 3-200 so 55 Eila 625 12 do or pek 960 84 bid 37 Nugawella 237 21 hf-ch or pek 1155 39 bid 56 527 25 do bro pek 2250 34 bid 38 238 23 hf ch or pek 1265 41 57 629 70 do pekoe 6950 28 bid 39 249 15 do or pek 900 37 bid 68 631 17 do pek .sou 1275 24 bid 40 240 22 do pek 1100 32 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. 3 Lot. Box . Pkgs . Name. lb. 42 White Cross 242 49 ch bro pek 4900 43 243 48 do pekoe 4560 44 214 33 do )jek sou 2970 47 Hacugasmulle 247 10 ch bro pek 1100 48 243 10 do pekoe 950 49 249 12 do unassorted 1200 52 Bogahagoda- ch bro pekoe watte 252 10 1000 54 254 14 do pekoe 1400 55 255 9 do pek sou 810 68 California 258 13 ch bro pek 1245 59 259 12 d 4 pekoe 1200 63 Wilpita 263 11 ch bro pek 1100 «4 264 18 do pekoe 1620 65 265 12 do pek sou 1080 66 Lonach 266 93 1 hf-ch bro pek 5115 67 267 77 ch pekoe 6160 68 263 21 do pek so i 1680 69 Fores, Hill 269 39 ch bro pek 3132 70 270 39 do pek 3120 72 Comar 272 £8 hf-ch bro pek 1900 73 273 1.) ch pek 1500 77 North Matale 277 46 ch bro pek 4600 78 278 31 do pek 2635 79 279 29 do pek sou 2465 54 Madultenne 284 39 cli bro pek 3980 85 Bollagalla 285 36 ch bro pek 3420 86 286 13 ch pek 1440 87 237 14 do pek sou 1330 80 Harangalla 290 ■27 ch or pek 2565 91 291 37 do pek 3145 92 292 11 do or pek 1165 93 293 13 do pek 1040 94 294 18 do pek sou 1620 105 Kosgahahena305 11 ch pek 1200 109 Hanagama 3«9 31 ch bro pek 3410 110 310 43 do pek 4515 113 313 8 do fans 960 119 Minna 319 29 ch bro pek 2900 120 320 25 do pek 2250 121 321 15 do pek sou 1360 125 Raxawa 325 23 ch fans 1380 129 Rayigam 329 33 ch bro pek 3300 130 330 31 do pek 2728 131 331 17 do pek sou 144.5 132 Monte Christo 332 33 hf ch bro pek 1650 134 Ovoca, A I 334 18 ch bro or pek 1980 135 335 IS do pek 1800 136 336 18 do pek sou 1620 138 Diyanilakella , 338 23 ch unassorted 2530 139 339 11 hf-ch dust 990 143 B C T F, in estate mark 343 15 ch or pek 1425 144 344 11 do bro pek 930 145 345 15 do pek 1200 146 346 14 do pek sou 1050 151 Malvera 351 26 ch bro pek 2600 152 352 18 do pekoe 1755 l.'i3 363 14 do pek sou 1443 1 hf-ch 156 Narangoda 356 25 ch bro pek 2500 157 367 25 do pekoe 2375 158 358 10 do pek sou 900 161 Hapugaha- lande 361 22 ch bro pek 2200 162 362 28 do pekoe 2520 163 363 20 do pek sou 1800 166 Ankande 360 20 ch bro pek 1800 167 367 21 do pekoe 1575 168 368 30 do pek sou 2400 171 Marigold 371 33 hf-ch bro pek 2356 172 372 26 ch pekoe 1456 173 373 13 do pek sou 702 177 Wewatenne 377 12 ch pekoe 960 178 378 10 do pek sou 1650 16 hf-ch 179 379 12 do fans 840 183 Botala 383 23 ht-ch or pek 1035 187 Labugama 387 £0 hf-ch bro pek 1500 188 388 23 ch pekoe 2070 189 389 34 do pek sou 2890 193 Killin 393 14 ch pekoe 1200 205 Koladeniya 5 18 ch bro pek 1710 206 Morankinda 6 38 ch bro pek 3800 207 7 31 do pekoe 2945 2C8 8 23 do pek sou 2070 216 Hatton 16 38 ch pekoe 3230 220 R, in estate mark 20 12 ch pek .sou 960 SMALL LOTS. [Messrs. A. H. Thompson & Co.] Lot. Box. Pkgs. ]Name. lb. Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. 11). C. 2 2 4 do bro pek 380 28 3 3 4 do pekoe 329 24 4 4 2 do pek sou 190 20 5 5 1 do bro mix 80 12 6 6 1 do dust 150 10 bid 14 Doragalla 14 8 ch sou 64i 22 15 Agarsland 15 2 hf-ch or pek 109 30 16 16 1 do dust 42 13 20 O'kande 20 4 ch dust 3S0 12 bid 21 25 Nandara Ne- 21 1 do congou 32 10 wera 25 2 hf-ch dust 160 12 bid 26 C 26 2 ch pek sou 198 23 27 M 27 2 hf-ch pekoe 70 20 33 Ratnateune 38 5 hf-ch pek sou 2.50 20 39 39 2 do dust 130 12 40 R 40 4 ch bro sou 400 21 41 41 2 do dust 318 9 bid 42 E 42 3 ch pek sou 255 21 43 R 43 5 hf-ch pek sou 260 18 44 K 44 5 hf-oh dust 460 10 bid 45 M 45 19 boxes bro pel 95 no bid 47 D 47 3 ch sou 285 10 53 E \V 53 3 ch pek sou 255 20 54 G 54 4 hf-ch bro tea 200 10 55 R S 55 2 hf-ch red leaf 100 9 56 B 56 4 cli red leaf 400 8 57 BL 57 5 ch bro m’X 635 11 [Mr. E. John.] Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. C. 6 Moulin 427 2 hf-ch bro pek 114 37 7 429 1 ch pekoe 88 23 . 8 431 2 hf-ch dust 172 11 20 Vincit 455 1 ch dust 169 11 31 M arguerita 477 6 hf-ch or pek 300 62 bid 32 479 16 do pekoe 688 53 bid 33 481 4 do pek sou 160 41 34 483 3 boxes fans 78 «3 35 485 1 hf-ch du^t 61 20 bid 36 Eidgmount 487 6 do dust 4S0 15 37 489 3 do fans 210 16 40 Yakka 495 9 do pek sou 360 19 41 497 2 do pek dust 180 14 47 Claremont 509 3 eh pek dust 255 11 48 D, in est. mark 511 4 do bro pek 390 30 49 513 3 do pekoe 260 •26 ' 50 515 1 do pek sou 90 21 51 617 1 do bro mi.x 130 15 64 Ptinsford 543 13 hf-ch pek sou 650 24 bid 65 S F O 545 7 do fans 420 29 66 547 3 do dust 210 12 67 619 3 do congou 135 19 78 Brownlow 671 8 ch sou 640 24 81 Little Valley 577 3 hf-ch dust 240 14 82 579 3 ch fans 309 ■24 84 S, in est. mark 583 5 do fans 500 23 85 R 5S5 2 do dust 220 10 86 587 1 do congou 90 19 87 T K 589 8 do 1 hf-ch pek sou 686 12 88 591 1 ch dust 103 11 93 R 601 2 do pek sou 184 21 94 603 4 do bro tea 375 21 95 605 1 do red leaf 88 12 100 Digdola 615 3 do 1 hf-ch dust No. 1 4'0 IS 101 617 4 ch dust No. 2 640 11 bid 108 Coslanda 631 10 hf ch pek fans 600 29 109 633 5 do dust 375 IS 114 Glentilt 643 6 ch pek sou 640 29 133 Ivanhoe 685 1 do 1 hf-ch bro mix 157 9 136 687 4 ch dust 540 17 137 Suduganga 689 2 do or pek 180 35 13S 691 7 hf-ch bro or pek 385 39 bid 139 693 4 ch sou 320 22 110 695 8 do pek sou 680 26 141 697 1 do pek fans 125 21 143 701 4 do sou 320 22 144 703 1 hf-ch bro mix 50 ~9 145 705 1 ch macliine tea ICO 8 147 H S, in estate mark 709 7 bags bro mi.x 560 S 148 711 7 hf-ch dust 630 11 149 713 6 do fans 428 24 151 Waria.polla 717 1 ch fans 12.5 IS 152 719 1 do machine tea UO 14 153 721 7 do sou 500 22 bid 154 723 1 hf-ch bro mix 50 9 157 Nahavilla 729 5 ch pek sou 500 24 158 731 2 hf-ch dust 180 10 159 Shawlands 733 3 ch dust 300 10 c. 2S bid 26 bid 22 31 bid 28 25 34 bid 26 bid 23 30 bid 27 33 bid 26 23 32 bid 26 bid 24 bid 39 bid 29 bid 35 bid 32 42 bid 3.5 29 bid 37 bid 35 bi I 32 bid 26 bid 38 bid 28 bid 32 bid 29 bid 24 bid 24 34 28 25 bid 40 bid 39 30 25 40 32 27 43 49 36 30 33 bid 18 39 43 28 23 31 bid 29 22 38 bid 31 2,5 38 32 25 31 bid 29 25 43 bid 34 bid 30 28 24 14 39 bid 48 32 25 24 bid 31 bid 41 bid 33 26 38 bid 18 bid c. Name. lb. Lot. Box. Pkcrs. Name. lb. c. Lot Box. Pkgs. c. 164 Hapugaha- 161 Logan 7.37 6 do bro or pek 630 35 lande 364 2 hf-ch sou 100 13 166 747 2 do bro tea 170 18 165 o65 1 do dust 75 14 167 749 3 do dust 450 10 169 Ankande 369 4 ch dus; 320 14 169 C 753 4 do SOU 360 20 170 370 9 do SOU 630 20 170 755 7 hf-ch dust 560 11 174 Marigold 374 5 eh bro pek fan 350 ■23 bid 171 757 4 ch pek No. 1 360 25 i 175 375 13 ch pek dust 650 15 181 Cleveland 777 12 hf-eh or pek 552 49 li6 Wewatenne 376 10 hf-ch bro pek SCO 35 bid 184 783 12 do pek sou 576 36 ISO Talagala 380 3 hf-ch pek 150 23 185 785 5 do fans 315 29 131 3S1 3 do unassorted 135 23 189 Murraythwaite 793 10 do bro pek fans 650 23 182 332 1 do pek sou 40 20 190 795 3 do dust 270 10 184 Batuville 384 1 ch pek sou 150 15 194 Pemberton 803 4 ch bro pek fans 400 18 1 hf-ch 195 805 3 do bro mix 255 16 185 385 2 ch congou 132 10 196 807 2 do dust 270 12 186 386 1 do pek 98 14 197 N 809 2 do pekoe 190 21 190 Labugama 390 2 ch funs 220 28 198 811 2 do pek sou 198 11 bid 191 391 2 hf-ch dust No. 1 120 26 199 813 4 do pek sou 396 no bid 192 392 1 ch dust 80 14 ■206 Shannon 827 11 ch pek sou 990 24 bid 209 9 3 ch bro pek fans 330 207 829 1 do dust 142 10 ‘210 10 2 do dust 310 12 217 Rothes ■218 17 ll;hf-ch 18 19 do bro pek 616 57 p.-k COO 40 [Messrs. Somerville & Co.] 219 ■221 R, in estate * 9 0 do pek sou 300 36 Lot. Box. Jt^kes. Name. lb. c. mark 21 4 ch SOU 320 23 3 Blackburn •203 3 ch dust 270 12 22 3 hf-ch red leaf 135 10 7 Evalgolla 207 3 ch pek sou •270 23 12 Penrith 212 1 ch unassorted 97 25 13 14 213 214 3 do 2 do pek fans fans 390 242 15 16 Messrs Forbes & Walker.] 15 16 215 216 2 do 1 do dust bro mix 340 93 12 0 Lot. Box, Bkgs. Name. lb. 20 Ukmvella 220 2 hf-ch bro pek fans 140 2-1 1 W in est. mark 328 4 cli pekoe 400 26 24 224 3 ch bro mix 258 10 2 330 1 do SOU 100 23 27 Monrovia 227 7 ch pek sou 665 23 3 232 2 do red leaf 200 8 28 228 3 hf-ch pek dust 225 12 11 Pindaniova 348 3 hf-ch red leaf 16) 7 •.r9 229 1 do re 1 leaf 95 9 12 360 1 dc pekoe dust 80 10 30 H 230 8 ch SOU 680 1 3 bid 13 S V Maliga- 31 231 8 hf-ch fans 5-20 24 tenne 352 7 ch bro pek 630 32 32 232 3 do dust 270 12 bid 11 354 7 do pek 6:80 24 8o G W 233 6 ch SOU 480 2.3 15 360 5 do i»ek sou 450 22 34 234 1 do red leaf 60 9 16 3 8 1 do dust 116 13 41 Nugawella 241 3 ch pek sou 255 23 21 Agra Elbedde :5'8 1 hf-ch pek fans 62 23 45 IVliite Cross 245 6 hf-ch fans 390 IS *22 370 5 do du.st 375 16 46 246 3 do dust •240 12 24 New Peva- 50 Hapiigasmulle250 3 ch SOU 270 23 deniya B 374 6 ch bro pek No. 2 348 32 51 251 2 do dust 274 12 27 rso 0 do SOU 310 22 53 Bogahagoda- 43 0 B E C in est. watte 253 3 ch bro pek No. 2 300 29 mark 412 6 ch pek fans 420 19 66 256 1 do dust ’30 12 44 414 6 do dust 510 12 60 California. 260 6 ch pek sou C60 14 45 416 3 do bro mix 255 61 261 1 ch bro pek dust 215 22 46 I-yegrove 418 4 do bro ot pek 400 39 1 hFch 47 420 5 do or pek 45U 40 62 262 1 ch bro mix 90 14 48 422 7 do pek 665 34 71 Forest Hill 274 6 hf-ch fans 480 9 49 424 4 do pek sou 360 29 74 Comar 274 1 hf-ch unassorted 57 22 50 Farnham 4*26 12 box bro nr pek 240 54 75 275 2 do dust 114 12 55 436 4 hf-ch fans 300 24 76 276 3 sacks red leaf 189 8 5G 483 3 ch dust 300 15 SO North Matale 280 2 hf ch dust 150 12 57 440 2 hf-ch bro tea 100 10 81 Chetnole 281 5 eh pek sou .500 23 58 442 1 do bro mix 59 13 82 282 6 do dust 875 14 69 St. Clive 464 6 ch dust 450 16 83 283 2 do red leaf 200 12 70 Kitulgalle 4GG 11 hf-ch bro pek 605 35 88 Bollagalla 288 I ch bro tea 110 17 71 468 5 ch pekoe .500 28 89 289 2 hf ch dust 180 12 -.2 470 9 do pek sou 648 23 95 Kanna 205 3 ch dust 390 16 73 472 1 do dust 86 14 96 296 3 do congou 270 17 74 474 1 do pekoe 90 25 97 297 3 do pek fans 300 25 82 Ellaoya 490 7 do bro mix 595 7 98 298 3 do bro fans 330 20 89 Sunnycri'ft 504 4 do congou 400 24 104 K osgahahena 304 6 ch bro pek 660 31 ICO K P W 526 2 hf-ch dust 180 15 106 306 3 do pek sou 290 20 112 1 U 650 2 eh bro tea 170 49- 107 307 2 do sou 200 12 113 552 5 do dust 600 20 lOS 302 1 do pek dust 155 13 125 XJdagoda 576 2 do bro tea 144 20 111 Hanagama 311 6 do pek sou 570 23 130 Holtcn 586 8 do pekoe 640 30- 112 312 1 do SOU 95 20 131 5S8 4 do pek sou 380 25 lU 314 1 do bro pek dust 1.50 21 132 590 1 do bro mix 90 22 121 Minna 322 5 hf-eh dust 440 14 133 592 3 do dust 225 15 123 323 1 ch red leaf 120 9 134 Hatringt n 594 6 hf-ch bro or pek 360 45 1 hf-di 137 600 3 ch pek sou 223 31 124 Raxawa 324 3 ch dust 240 14 1:8 602 1 do dust 165 16 125 325 22 do fans 1380 14 139 Ellaiiuilie 604 2 do bro or pek ■200 41 120 326 2 do sou 66 12 140 OoO 4 do bro pek 360 47 127 327 1 ch unassorted 42 ■24 143 612 2 do fans 194 24 128 328 1 do mix dust 62 IG 144 614 1 do red leaf 67 7 133 Monte Christo 333 5 ch (lust 400 12 145 616 1 do bro mix 96 16 137 j ivanilakelle 337 2 ch pek sou 21.0 34 14G 6 8 1 do bro pek dust 135 22 140 DeOugal a 340 3 ch bro tea 255 8 147 6:0 1 do bro cJ pek 100 38 m 341 2 hf-ch dust 180 12 148 62-2 1 do bro pek 90 41 142 342 8 do fans 020 16 149 624 2 do pek 160 30 147 E C T F in ' 150 626 2 do t.)ek SOU 150 24 estate mark 347 2 ch dust 300 14 151 028 1 do fans 97 22 148 318 1 do fans uo 14 15-2 630 1 do pek dust 122 16 149 M ? K 349 3 ch SOU •240 18 153 M G 0:42 Ohfch bro pek 300 52 i:o 350 3 do bro mix 240 10 154 634 12 do pek 600 39 bid' 154 Malvern 354 2 hf-ch bra pek fans 136 18 155 636 4 do SOU ISO 32 150 C 1 in estate 162 D B R 050 6 do dust 4-20 16 mark 359 2 ch bro mix 300 17 bid 163 652 3 ch bro mix 2S5 16 1 hf-ch 164 G 654 4 do dust 502 7 ICO 360 4 ch dust 300 16 165 FH 656 6 do dust 690 16 rOEYtDN PRODUCE HEIST. 5 Lot ^OX. Pkgs. Name. lb. C. 166 B in est. mark 668 3 ch dust 376 16 167 NW 660 4 do dust 520 14 168 M A 662 2 do dust 260 16 188 Batta watte 702 2 do dust •;oo 14 189 704 2 do bro pek fans 200 27 192 Dea Ella 712 8hf ch dust .610 14 194 Hayes 714 12 do bro or pek 660 43 201 728 8 do bro pek fans 441 27 203 Hayes 732 G do dust 330 15 242 G 750 2 ch sou 152 17 213 752 1 do pek dust 145 10 217 Debatgama 760 2 do dust 280 8 219 Pingarawa 764 3 hf-ch dust 270 10 220 R.agalla 766 1 ch bro mix 120 33 222 Allerton 770 1 do congou 100 10 223 772 4 do pek fans 400 12 224 774 3 do pek dust 360 14 233 W A 792 3 hf-ch bro pek dust 240 14 234 794 2 do bro mix 110 12 241 Penrhos 808 3 ch sou 300 21 242 810 7 hf-ch dust i)95 18 247 Castlereagh 820 7 ch pek sou 560 26 248 822 5 hf-ch fans. 350 23 249 824 4 do dust 320 10 250 y 826 2 ch bro tea 200 14 '255 Knavesmire 836 2 do fans 240 17 256 838 2 hf-ch dust 190 11 268 Talawa 842 13 do pekoe 640 23 259 AG 844 4 ch bro tea 360 17 260 816 1 do dust 150 10 261 848 3 do fans 348 22 277 Claverton 880 3 hf-ch dust 240 19 281 Moiland 888 5 do pek sou 425 28 282 890 2 do d St 160 16 283 Ingrugalla 892 3 ch bro pek 300 31 284 894 3 do pek 270 28 287 900 4 do red leaf 360 8 297 Oookoowatte 920 'J do pek sou 630 20 298 922 1 hf-ch fans 60 14 301 Ookoowatte 928 2 do dust 160 13 302 S M 930 2 ch dust 300 9 30» 032 2 do cougou dust 300 12 304 934 1 do congou 100 19 321 Tillyrie 968 5 do fanr 500 32 326 Bloomfield 978 2 do pek No. 1 2P0 30 327 980 2 do pek No. 2 190 25 328 982 7 hf-ch pek fans 540 20 329 E 984 2 ch red leaf 170 8 330 L C 988 5 do 1 hf-ch red leaf 450 7 331 988 1 do dust 65 9 332 L 990 2 ch bro or pek 208 36 333 992 1 do pek 100 28 337 Klrindi and Woodthorpe 1000 4 do sou 296 22 338 1002 2 do dust 172 16 349 Glencorse 1024 4 do pek fans 480 23 350 1026 2 do bro tea 200 22 351 1028 3 do dust 450 14 352 1030 1 do pek 70 28 363 1032 1 do bro pek 70 33 354 1034 1 do dust 170 7 355 Rock side 1036 4 do bro pek fans 520 23 356 Clyde 1038 2 do bro or pek 230 33 376 Dehiowita 1078 3 do pek fans 270 20 377 1080 3 do dust 480 8 379 Horana 1084 10 hf-ch bro pek 550 38 380 1086 8 do pek 400 38 381 1088 10 do pek sou 450 25 382 1090 1 do congou 45 20 383 1092 1 do red leaf 46 20 384 1094 1 do dust 75 12 388 Pattigaraa 1102 4 ch fans 460 23 391 St. Helliers 1108 6 do pek sou 349 25 392 1110 6 do fans COO 17 400 ING 1126 4 hf-ch dust 375 16 401 1128 6 do bro pek fans COO 29 CEYLON COFFEE SALES IN LONDON. (From our Commercial Correspondent.) MiNCiNa Lane, Dec. 24, 1897 ,Sa. Lot. W. Lot. Kundesalle, OO, 22 11 Ditto 0 23 12 Ditto 1 24 13 Ditto 2 25 34 Ditto PB, 20 15 Ditto T (27) 16 itmalie 1 17 1 Ditto 2 18 2 Ditto S 19 3 Ditto PB 20 4 1 cask 9,'is sold 1 tierce 93s 1 cask 8f's 1 barrel 69s 1 1 tierce 59s sold 1 b.arrel 9os sold 1 t ierce S9s 1 barrel 6Ss 1 barrel 90s PRNT in estate mark PKMP in e tate mark Naibeda 1 Ditto 2 Ditto S Ditto PB NBT in estate mark Gowerakelle Ditto Ditto 21 X 22 X 1 2 3 4 5 6 Per “Orient” 1 7 2 8 S 9 51 „ 63s 6 1 „ 32s 1 1 cask 109s sold 2 2 cks 1 barrel 104s- 3 1 „ 77s 4 1 tierce 110s 5 1 barrel 62s 6 1 bag ovtkr. 77s at Colombo. 1 1 tierce 113s sold 2 1 ck. 1 barrel 103s 3 1 tierce x CEYLON COCOA SALES IN LONDON. Per “ Kavvaelii Maru.” All more or less damaged by smoke and water. Mark Sa. Dot Yattewatte 1 17 bags 67s sold 2 36 3 contents of. 4 25 65s 5 46 27s 6d 6 28 6s 7 1 Is 8 9 bags 56s contents of. 9 3 46s 6d 10 1 Is CEYLON CINNAMON SALES IN LONDON. Per “Clan Forbes" at Colombo DB&Co, Ekelle Planta- tion, London, 190 in estate mark, 1, 6 bales lOd; HP& Co., 2, 4b; 3, 6b O^d. 4, 6b; 5, 6b; 6, 7b; 7, 6b 9d; 8, 7b; 9, 2b 8d. Per “Cheshire” at Colombo — DR&Co. 198 in estate mark, Ekelle Plantation, 10, 6b lOd; 11, 4b; 12, 6b 9Jd; 13, 6b; 14, 6b; 15, 7b; 16, 6b 9d; 17, 7b;18, 2bs^d. Per “Clan Ro.ss” at Colombo— PBtCo. 19S in estate mark, Ekelle Plantation, 19, 6b lOd; 20, 2b; 21 sea dam. cl. 2, 2b 9Jd; 22, 6b; 23. ebO^dx; 24, 6b; 25, 5b; 26, .sea damT cl. 3, 2b; 27, 6b 9d; 28, 6b; 29 sea dam. cl. 3, lb Sd; 30, 2b 8|d. Cinnamon Chips. Per “Nerite” — ASG&OP in estate mark, 31, 14 bags quill- ings 9|d. Per “Bittei-n,” — A in estate mark, chippings, 32, 12 bag quillings 9Jd. Per “Dardanus”— P in estate mark, 33, 7 bags broken 9d. Per “Clan MacNeir—NOPS in estate mark, 34 8 chips 9d. Per “Clan Forbes"— N DP S in estate mark, 35, 10 chips 9d sold. Per “India”— G.4 in estate mark, 36, 20 bags chips 3d x, 37, 20b chips; 38, 20b chips; 39, 20b chips; 40, 11b chips. Per “Clan Sutherland"— DK in estate mark, 41. 20 bags chips 3Jd X 42, 20b chips; 43, 20b chips; 44, 2 b chips; 4-=, 20b chips; 46, 20b chips; 47, aOb chips; 48, lOb chips- Her “Shropshire”- UV 393 in estate mark, Ekelle Planta- tion 1897, 1, 6 bales lO^d; 2, 3b, sea dam. cl. 3, lb 9^1; 4, 6b lOd; 5, 6b 9|d; 6, 6b; 7, 6b; 8, sea dam. cl. 2 lb 9d; 9, Ob; 10, 5b; 11. sea dam. cl. :i 2b SJd; 12 2b 8d. Ex “Imperialist”— A P& Co., 1897 in estate mark, 13, 6b 9d; 14. 5b Sd; 1.5, 6b 7^d; 16, lb; 17, 1 pekt. 10 lbs. 7d; 18, 6b7id: 19, lb 7d. Ex “Clan Maclean” at Colorabo—A&Co., Ekelle 1, 6 bales sold; 2, 6b; 3,6b; 4, 6b; 5, 2b: 6. 6b; 7. 6b. ASPDD, Kade- rane Plantation. Ex “Pyrrhus" at Colombo— F, in estate mark, Ekelle 5, 8, 6 bales sold; 9, 6 bales sold. Ex “Clan Grant”— MLM, 1, lb 9jd. Ex “Clan Macneil”— S, OO in estate mark, Ekelle 2, 6b, 3 4b; ditto O, 4, Ob Is; 5, 2b. Ex “Strathpay’ at Colombo— AF in estate mark, Ekelle 3 6, 6b 9H; 1. ''il'to 4, 8, 6b 9d; 9, 4b. HV616 in estate mark, Ekelle Plantation, ditto 5, tO, 4b 5jd; 11, Ob 9d; 12, 6bvHd; 13, 6b; 14, Ob; 15, 6b; 16. 6o; 17, 6b; IS, Ob 9^d; 19, lb ;'20, ObSkl; 21, 0b;22, Ob; 23,3b;24, 4b Sd. Ex “Port C'h liners”- DMA&Co. in estate mark, Ekelle Plantation, 25, 6 b.ales 9d. Ex “Balmoral” GAN in estate mark, 26 6b S^d; 26 .A. 4h. Ex “Clan McNeil” — M)PE in estate mark, Ekelle ' lanta- tion, 27, 6b S^d; 28, 6b; 29, 5b; 30, 6b; 31, 6b; 31, 6b; 33, 6b; 34, 6b; 35 7b. Ex “Conch” — VB 74 in estate mark, Ekelle Plant:Xtion, 30, 6b S^d. Ex “India”— CHileS, Rustoon, 37, lb lO^d; 38, 5b 9jd; 39; 6b S^d. Ex “Strathpai ”— JRKP, 40, 3b lOd. Ex “Cl.an Chisholm” — AsGI”, 41, 2b Is Id. Ex “Land Carriage”— Re Weights, SF in estate mark, 42, 2Cb 1 d X. 6 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST, Ex “Duke of Argyll”— OB*Co. 200 in estate mark, clnna- man chips, 43, 20 bags sold; 44, 20b; 2 15-16d ; 45, 20b; 46, 20b; 47, 20b; 48 20b; 49 20b; 50 20b; 61 27b; 52 20b. Ex “City of Vienna”— F in estate mark, Ekeile, 1, 6 bales lOd; 2, 6b, 3, 6b 9d’ 4, 6b; 5, lb; 6, 6b; 7, 6b; 8, lb. Ex “Patroclus" — HV 628 in estate mark, Ekeile 9, lb lid x. Ex ‘Agapanthus’’- R, Kaderane, 10, 2b lldx Ex “Pakling,’ — AL, Diggoda Plantation 1897, 1, 6b 9d; 2, 6b; 3, lb; 4, 6b; 6, 6b; 6, 6b 8^d; 7, 6b x; 8, 6b; 9, 6b; 10, 6b; 11 6b; 12, 6b; 13, 6b; 14,9b; 15, 6b; 16, 6b; 17. 6b 8|d x; 18, 6b 8d x; 19, 6b; 20, 6b; 21, 6b: 22, 6b ; 23, 6b; 34, 6b; 25,6b; 26, 6b 8 x; 27, 6b; 28, 6b; 29, 6b; 30, 6b; 31, Ob; 32, 2b; 33, 6b 7| x; 34,4b. Ex “Shropshire”— JL in estate mark, Attagalla, 35, 6b 9d; 36, 68; 37, 6b; 38, 2b s.d.c, 3, 7^d; 39, 6b 9dx; 40 6b; 41, 6b; 42, 6o; 43, 6b; 44, 5b; 45. 7b s.d.c. 2, 7f ■; 46, 6b; 8dx; 47, 6b; 48, 6b; 49, 7b; 50, 6b s.d.c. 3, 7d; 51, 6b 8d. 62,6b; 53, 6b; 54,6b; 55,6b; 56, 3b; 57, 6 s.d.c. 2; 58, 3 s.d.c 2^^d. Ex ‘Clan Macdonald”— MLM, 59, 5b 8d x. Ex “Clan Ross” — S in estate mark, Ekeile Plantation 1897, 6o, 6b Idl x; 61, 3b; 62, lb; s.d. c. 3; 63, 5b lOd x; 64, 6b9x;65, 4b; 66,2b 8Jd; 67, lb 8d; 68, lb ^Ox; 69, IbSJd. Ex “Clan Macintyre" — S in estate mark, Ekeile Planta- tion. 70, 6b lOJd; 71. 7b lOd; 72, 4b lOd x; 73, 6b 9d; 74, 6b; 75, 3b; 76, 7b Sjd; 77, 4b 8d; 78, lb lOd; 79, 2b9Jd; SO, 3b 9dx; 81, lb 8d. Ex “Imperialist"— AF in estate mark, Ekeile, 82, 6b Oj x; 83, 6b; 84,6b; 85, 6b; 86, 6b; 87, 6b; 88, 6b; 89, 6b; 90,; 2b. F in estate mark, Ekeile, 91, 6b 84d x; 92, 6b; 93, 6b; 94, 7b. Ex “Trocas” at Colombo— M in estate mark, Ekeile Plantation 1897, 95, 7h, Is x; 96, 6b; 97, 5b. Ex “Ching Wo” S, in estate mark, Ekeile Plantation, 1897,98, 6b lldx; 99, 6b; 100. 6b; 101, 6b; 102. 3b; H 3, 6> 9d; 104,7b; 105, 5b 8Jd x; 106, 3i 8d; 107, lb 10^ x; 108, lb 8Jd. Ex “Kaisow” — SA in estate mark. Ekeile Plantation 1897. 109, 6b lOJd; 110, 6b; 111, 6b; 112, 4b- 113, 6b; 9d; 114 6b; 115, 2b; 116 4b 8^6 x;117, 2b 8d; 118, lb9d sold. Ex “Benvenue”— F in estate mark, Ekeile, 119, 6b 9jd’x; 120, 6b; 121, 3b. Ex “Shropshire”— Ad F&Co., Product of Ekeile Estate, August, 1897 crop, 122, 5b Is Id; 123, lbs. dc. 2, Is; 124, 6b Is; 125, 6 ; 126, 6b; 127, 6b lid; 128, 6b; 1'29, 4b; 130, 7b lOfd; 131, 3b 9§d; 132, 2b 9d; 133, 5b 8Jd; 134, s d. c. 2, lb Sd; 135, 2!) sold. AS in estate mark, Ekeile Plantation, 136,1b Is; 137, 5b lljd; 138, lb s. d. c. 3, lOJd. S in estate mark, Ekeile Plantation 1897, 139, 1 Is Id x; 140 l|h, ll x; 141, 6b lOdx; 142,4b; 143,2b s.d.c. 3, 9d; 144, 6b 9d x; 14^, 64b; 146, s. d. c. 2, 2b 7§d; 147. 4b 8|d; 148 2jb s. d. c. 2, 7Jd; 149, 3b s. d. c. 2, 7d; 150, lb 8|d; 151, lb; 152, 1 bag about 40 lb, nett 9d; 153, 2 bags 40 lbs. each 8d. Ex “Port Chalmers” - F in estate mark, London, 154, 1 bale Is; 155, 6b lOJd; 156, 5b lOd 157, 6b 9Jd; 158, 6b; 159, 6b; 160, 6b; 161, 6b; 162, 6b; 163, 6b; 164, 6^; 19 z, 166, 6b; 167, 6b; 168, 6b; 169, 6b; 170, 6b; 171, b 6b; 17-2, 6b 9dx; 173, 6b; 174, 6b: 175, 6b; 176, 6b; 177, 5b; 178, 4b 8Jd; 179, 6b 8d; 180, 6b; 181 4b. Ex “Tosa Maru”— AL in estate mark, Ekeile Plantation, 182, Ibis; 18:3; lb lO^d; 184, 3o 9d; 185. 4b 8^d; 186, 2b 8d; 187, lb 8|d. Ex -‘I^rrhus” at Colombo— E in estate mark, Ekeile, 188, 7b 9d; 189, 7b ditto: 190, 2b 8Jd; 191, 6: ; 192, 6b. SS in estate mark, Ekeile Plantation, 193, 2b 9d; 194, 7b 8d; ditto 195, 1 bag 8d. MLM, 196, 1 bale 8id. Ex “Clan Fraser” JL, Ekeile, 197, 5b 9Jd x; 198, 5b 9d; 9, 3b8>d. Ex “Tosa Maru”— BS in estate mark, Ekeile Plan ation, 200, 2b 8;d; 201, 6b; 202, 7b. Ex “Clan Mat-Lean” AF in estate mark, Ekeile, 203, 6b 8idx; 204, 6b; 205, 6b; 206,7b. Ex “Nerite”— M in estate mark, Ekeile Plantation, 207, 7b 84dx. Ex “Glaucus”— A&S 1(94 in estate-mark, Ekeile Planta- tion, 208, 4b 83d. Ex ‘‘Tosa Maru”— Butterfly, M, Ekeile Plantation, 1896, 209, 6b 9d; 21 ■, 6b; -211, 6b; 212, 8b; 213, 4b SJd. Ex “Clan Sutherland”— HV 615 in estate mark, Ekeile Plantation, 214, 2b 9d; 215, 7b; -216, 3b 8§d. Ex “Clan Graham”— DB, Ekeile Plantation, STU, 1897, 217, 6b 9|dx; -218, 6b; 219 6b; 220, 7b. Ex “Clan Chisholm”— AL, Ekeile Plantation, 221, 6b 9d. Ex “Clan Fraser”— CHdeS, PKW, 222, 5b 83d. Ex “Bullioni.st’'— VB 3 in estate mark, Ekeile, 223, 7b 9d x; 224, 6 ; 225, 6b; 226, 6^. Ex “Tosa M;.ru”— HV 391 in e.state mark, London 228 Or 104d x; 228, 9b; 2-29, 6b; 230, 2b; 231 4b 8id. Ex “ Shropshire OMA&Co in estate mark, 232, 20 bags 3dx; ‘233, 20b; 234, 20b; 235, 10 b; 236, 20b; 237, 20b; 2:38, £0b; 239, 26b .s.d.c. 2. Ex “ Clan Ross.” — AS. in estate mark, 240, 20b 3d sold; 241, 2b, s.d.c. 3 2|d. Ex “Clan M.acintyre.”— I) in estate mark, 142, 20b, 3dx; 243,20b; 2.4, 10b; 245 , 20b; -246 18b. Per “ Hector ” at (jolombo.- PMB, 1, 6 bales, 8dx; 2, 6b; 8, 6b; 4, 6b,; 5, 6b; 6, 6b; 7, 6b; 8, 6b; 9, 6b; 10, 6b; 11, 6b; 12, 6b ; c.d.c.i., 7d; 13, 6b, s.d.c.i., 7Jd; 14, 5b, S.d.c,i., Sd. Per “Benvenue.”— PBM, 15, 5b, s,d.c,i. 8d; 16, 5b, s.d.c.i.; 17, 3b, s.d.c, i. 8i. Per “Imperialist.”— PBM, 18,1b, 8d; ditto, 19,5b. Per “Clan MacIntyre.’’— PBM, 20, 8b, 74d; ditto. 21. 5b 8d: 22, 4b; ditto 23, lb 7d. Per “Gulf of Bothnia."- PBM, 24, 6b out; 2-5, 6b; 26. 6b, 27, 6b; 28, 6b; 39, 3b; ditto, 30, 6b; 31, 6b; 32, 6b- 33 6b; 31, 4b. . I . . Ex “Diomed.”— ASGP, Kaderane, 1, 6b 2s 4d;2, 6b Is 7d 3, 4b; 4, 6b Is 5d; 5, 6b; 6, 6b; 7, 2b; 8, 6b ls;2d; 9, 6b Is 3d’ 10, 6b Is; 11, 6b lljd; 12, 6b lid; 13, 4b; 14, 6b 9Jd; 15, lb; 16, 6b; 17, 6b 9d; 18, 1 bag ovtkr. broken lOd; 19; 7 bags clippings 9id; Ex “Tosa Maru.” — JDSR in estate rrark, Kadirane, 20, 6b Is 3d; 21, 6b; -22, 6b; 23, 2b; -24, 6b Is 2d; 25, 6b; 26, 4b; 27, 2b Is Id; 28. 1 box outkrs. broken lOjd. JDSR in e.state mark, Kadirane plantation, 29, 6 bales Is 4d; 30, 2 bales 1 parcel Is 5d; 31, 6b Is 4d; 32, 2b Is 3d; 33, lb Is Id; 34, 1 box outks. broken lljd. JRKP, 35, 6 bales is; 36, 6b; 37, 6b; 38, 6b; 39, 6b; 40, lb; 41, 6b 10*d; 42, 6b; 43, 6b 16d; 44, 5b, 45, 6b9Jd; 46, 6b; 47, 6b; 48, 6b Sid; 49, 6b; 50, 2 bales 1 parcel; 51, Ibox outks. broken lid. J in estate mark, Kadirane, 52, 3 bales: 53, 4b lOd; 54, 4b 9d; 55, 2 bales 1 parcel SJd; 56, 1 box outkrs. brokenlld. JDSR in estate mark, .57, 1 bag pieces lid; 58. 9 qnillings lOd; 59, 20 chips 3Jd; 60, 20 chips 3id; 61, 20 chips; 62, 10 chips. Ex “ Port Chalmers.”— FSWS, Kaderane, 63, 2 bales 1 parcel Is 4d; 64, 6 bales Is 3d; 65, lb s.d. Is 2d; 66, 6b Is 3d; 67, 2b; 68, -2b Is; 69, 6b 8id; 70,2b; 71, lb s.d. 7|d; 72, 3b 8id; 73, Ibox ovtks. broken Hid; 74, 1 bag, pieces lid; 75, 1 bag cuttings lid; 76, 2b clippings lid; 77, 1 bag clippings. FSWS, North Kaderane, 78, 4 bales Is ,5d; 79, 6b Is 4d- 80, 4b; 81, 6b Is 3d; 82, 3b; 84,6b 8id;85, 2b; 86, 3b 8d" 87, 1 bag ovtks. broken ll^d; 88, 1 bag pieces, 89, 2 bags chippings; 90, 1 bag chippings. FSK, Kaderane, 91 , 1 parcel Is ; 92, 6 bales;is 7d ; 93, lb 1 parcel; 94, 6b is 4d; 95, 6b: 96, lb s d. taken oft is 3d- 97, 6b Is 3d; 98, 6b; 99, 6b; 100, lb; 101, 6b Is; U2, 3b; IO3’ 6b 9§d; 104, 4b 9d; 105, 6b 8d; 106, 1 box outkrs. broken Hid; 107, 1 bag cutting laid; 108, 4 bags chippings, 109 1 do. do. 9id. M in estate mark, 4SD, DD, Kaderane, 1, 7 bales Is- 2 5b, lld; 3, 5b; 4, 7b; 5, 5b lod; 6, 5b; 7, 4b; 8, 5b 9d- 9’ 3b 8id ; 10, 2b 8d. M in estate mark, R, Kaderane Plantation, 11, lb It’d- 12, 7b 9id; 13, 5b 9d; 14, 4b; 15, 4b 9d ; 16, lb 8d. Ex “Clan Ross” at Colombo — M in estate mark, R Kaderane Plantation, 17, 5b lOd ; 18, 3b; 19, lb s.d.c. 3 lOd’ 20, 5b 9id; 21, 5b; 2-2, 5b; 23, 5b; 24. 6b; 25, 6b; 26,5b 9d’ 27, 5b; 28, 5b; -29, 5b; 30, 5b; 31, 5b; 32, 5b; 3;l, lb s d c' 2, 8id; 34, ob 9d; 35, 5b 8id; 36, 6b; 37, lb s.d.c. 2, 8d; 38 3b s.d.c. 2, 7Jd; 39, 2b 8d. Ex “Shropshire” at Colombo— A & Co., Ekeile, 40, lb Is- 41, lb s.d.c. 2 Hdi; 42, 5b Hid; 43, 5b lid; 44, 5b; 45 3b- 46, lb s d.c. 3 lOd; 47, 5b; 48, 5b; 49, 5b; 50, 5b; 51, 5b’ 52, 5b lOid; 53, 5b, lOd; 54, 5b; 55, 5b; 56, 5b: 57, 5b; 58 5b‘ 59, 5bi 60, 7b; 61, 2b s.d.c. 3 9di; 62, 5b 9d; 63, 5b; 64’ 5b; 65, 5b; 66, 5b; 67, 5b; 68, 5b; 69, 5b; 70, lb s.d.c, 2 9d‘ 71. 5b 8id; 72, 4b; 73, lb s.d.c. 3 7id. ASP, DD, Kaderane Plantation, 74, lb Is Id: 75 5b Is- 76, 5b lOid; 77, 6b; 78, 5b lid; 79, 6b lOid; 80, 5b Pid; 81’ 5b 9d; 8-2, 5b; 83, 5b 8id; 84, 3b. Ex “(5ulf of Bothnea”-^M in estste mark, London, 85, 20b chips out; 86, 20b chips; 87, ?0b chips; 88, 20b chips’ 89, -20b chips. ’ Ex “ Clan Forbes ’’—CHdeS, Kanaevalle, 1, 6b lOM- 2, 2b; 3 6b 9id; 4, 6b; 5 6b; 6, 5b; 7, 6b 9d; 8, 6b; 9, 6b- 10 6b; 11, lb; 12, 6b 8d; 13. 4b. Ex “Imperialist”- CHdeS, Rustoom, 14, 5b lOid sold- 15, 6b Kd; 16, 8b 9id; 17, 2b; 18, 6b 9d; 19, 6b. CHdeS, Koottariavalle, 20, 2b 8id; 21, 5b lOid; 2'?, 6b 9id; 23, 4b; 24, 6b 9d; 25, 4b; 26, lb 8|d. CHdeS, Morotto, 27, 3b lOJd; 28, 6b lOd; 29, ‘2b 9id- 30 6b 9d; 31, 2b; 32, 5b 9d. CHdeS, Ratmalane, 3:l, 3 bales lid; 34, 6b 9id; 35, lb- 36, 6b 9d; 37, 2b; 38, 4b 6Jd. CHdeS, Salawa, 39, -2b Hid; 40, 6b 9id; 41, 2b; 42, 6b 9d; 43, lb; 44, 3b 8id. CHdeS, TPVV, in estate mark, 45, 2b lid; 46, 2b lOd- 47, 3b 9d; 48, 3b 8id. CHdeS, BKO, in estate mark, 49, 2b lOJd; 50, 5b 9Jd- 51, 2b Sid. CHdeS, Mattegodde, 52, lb lOid; 53, lb 9id; 54, lb 9d. Ex “Ceylon” — CHdeS, Kuruwitte, 55, 5b Hd; 56, 6b lOd; 57, 6b; 58, 6b 9kl; 59, 6b; 60, lb; 61, 6b 9d; 62, 6b- 63, 6b; 64, lb; 65 4b 8 d. CHdeS, Kaderane, 66, 5b lld; 67, 6b 91d; 68, lb; 69, 5b 9d; 70, 4b 8id. CHdeS, DKW, in estate mark, 71, 2b lOjd; 72, 4b 9id- 73, 3b 9d; 74, lb 8id. Ex “ Shropshire ’’—CHdeS, Rustoom, 75, 4b lOid- 76 6b 91d; 77, 6b; 78, 6b; 79,3b; 80, 6b 9d; 81, 6b; 82, 2b 8Jd. CEfdeS, Kaderane, 83, lb lOid; 84, 4b 9id; 85. 5b 8id; 86, CHdeS, Hiripittiya, 87, lb 9d. Ex “Orient” — GPC, Ekella, 1, 6b Hid; 2, 6b; 3, 6b; 4, 6b- 5, 5b; 6, 6b lld; 7, 6b lOid; 8, 6b; 9, 6b; 10, 6b; 11, 6b; 12, 6b; 13, 6b; 14, 6b; 15, 6b; 16, 6b; 17, 3b; 18, 6b lOd; 19,6b, 20, 6b lOd: 21, 6b; 22, 6b lOd; 23, 6b; 24, 6b; 25, 6b; 26, 6b; 27, 6b; 28, lb; 29, 6b 8id; 30, 3b 8id; 31, I box lOid. OBSERVER PRINTING WORKS. TEA, COFFEE, CINCHONA, COCOA, AND CARDAMOM SALES. NO. 3 Colombo, Januaet 24, 1898. J Bkice ; — 12^ cents each 1 30 cents ; 6 copies 3 copies J rupee. COLOMBO SALES OF TEA. Lot. 97 Citrus Box . Pkgs 11 ch , Name, bro pek lb. c. 127 1072 34 bid LARGE LOTS. 93 128 20 do pek 1800 29 99 129 7 do pek sou 700 24 [Messrs. A. H. Thompson & Co.— 78,764 lb.] 100 111 il L C, in es- 130 9 ch fans 885 23 Lot. Box Pkgs. Name. lb. c. tate mark 113 N 141 143 24 ch 10 ch dust bro pek 2040 1060 15 39 7 Vogaii 7 87 ch bro pek 8095 46 bid 314 144 13 do pek 1105 30 8 8 49 do pekoe 4410 32 bid 117 Neboda 147 11 ch bro or pek 1210 35 bid 9 9 52 do pek sou 4550 28 bid 118 148 20 do bro pek 2000 35 bid 10 10 11 do do No. 2 935 23 bid 119 119 80 do pek 3000 30 bid u 11 34 do dust 2380 17 120 150 20 do pek sou 2000 27 12 Kalkaiide 12 17 hf-ch bro pek 850 40 124 Harangalla 154 19 ch or pek IS 5 37 bid 13 13 20 do pekoe loco 30 125 155 15 do or pek 1310 37 bid 14 14 14 do pek sou 700 26 126 156 .56 do pek 44i0 ro bi 1 18 Rondura IS 13 ch SOU 1092 21 127 157 14 do pek l'2f0 25 35 Thiashola 132 Annandale 102 14 hf-ch or pek 700 58 bid (NRgiii) 35 74 h{-ch iinas 3’18 SO bid 13S 103 16 hf-ch bro pek 928 42 36 Battalgalla 36 20 ch pek sou 2000 32 134 164 27 do pek 1350 25 bid 38 Hornsey S8 13 ch pek sou 1300 33 135 165 23 do pek sou 1196 41 40 Warwick 40 20 hf-ch bro pek 1200 54 bid 136 106 15 do )'ek sou No. 2 705 26 41 41 19 do ,,ek 1045 43 bid 142 Rayigam 172 40 ch bro pek 4000 36 bid 42 42 13 do pek son 715 32 bid 143 173 34 do pek 2992 il 44 Henegama 44 16 hf-ch liro pek fans 1040 29 144 174 17 hf-ch dust 1360 13 40 46 10 hf-ch dust SOJ 12 146 176 37 ch pek sou 3145 27 50 Doragalla, 147 Castieiuilk 177 1 0 hf-ch fans 760 21 Invoice No. 8 50 15 ch bro or pek 990 3G 157 Barnag.iii.i 187 9 ch fans 945 £8 51 51 49 do bro pek 4900 40 bid 158 188 12 do dust 960 12 bid 52 52 50 do pek 5056 30 bid 159 Ovoca A I ,89 19 ch bro or pek 190) 60 53 Doragalla, 160 U)0 22 do or pek 1980 30 Invoice No. 10 53 28 ell bro pek 2604 38 bid 161 New Villey 191 10 ch bro or pek 1045 55 54 54 32 do pek 2752 29 bid 162 192 9 do or oelv 910 49 56 O’K 56 20 hf-cli bro pek 1100 20 163 1!'3 13 do pek 1355 40 64 St. Leonards :n 1 hf-ch Sea 64 14 ch bro or pek 1540 35 bid 107 NIT 197 8 ch dust 720 15 65 63 10 do or pek 1520 27 bid 170 Yarrow' 200 40 hf ch b- ■! pek 2210 46 08 Manickwatte 68 16 ch pek 1248 27 bid 171 201 73 do pek 3650 33 75 Relugas 75 6 ch dust 720 11 174 Koladeniya 204 10 ch bro pek 9.50 31 bid 176 179 Ilatdowa 206 13 do pell S' u 10.0 24 209 22 ch bro pek 22'29 36 [Messrs. Somerville & Co. 221,705— lb •1 180 210 1 box 10 cli pek 946 28 Lot. Box. Pkgs . Name. lb. c. 190 Kudag.snga 220 1 box 11 eh pek 1045 27 1 L 31 10 hf-ch dust 850 13 193 Eoniania 223 18 ch bro pek 1800 34 4 Carney 34 23 hf-ch bro pek 1150 36 194 224 20 do pek 19U0 29 5 33 24 do pekoe lOSO 31 199 Nug -wella 229 15 hf-ch bro or pelc 900 37 6 36 25 do pek sou 1250 26 209 239 7 ch pek dust 1050 12 bid 11 Neuchatel 41 37 ch or pek S5I5 36 2!0 Mocha 240 5 ch fans 7C0 20 bid 12 42 17 ch liro or pek 1700 38 211 Iiigeriya 241 53 hf-ch bro pek 2015 35 Id 43 26 do pekoe 2210 30 212 242 36 do pek 1728 30 14 44 17 do peksju 1445 27 213 243 31 do pek sou 1488 26 15 45 7 do fans 700 25 215 Hanagaina 245 31 ch bro pek 3110 .85 bid 22 Ambalawa 52 26 hf-ch bro pek 1296 36 217 Bloom Park 247 18 hf-ch pek 900 £6 •23 53 22 do pek fans 1122 28 2'22 M A G, in es- 14 ch 24 .54 22 do pek sou 880 25 tate mark 252 pek 1261 25 bid 25 55 25 do ]iekoe 1028 30 223 Deniyaya 253 86 ch bro pek 3600 38 bid 26 Walaiiandua 56 32 ch bro pek 3200 42 224 251 28 do pek 2660 31 27 67 20 do pek fans lOOiJ 30 225 255 10 do pek sou 17)0 26 31 F P A 61 9 ch 945 28 227 Lyndhurst 257 85 hf-ch bro pek 1925 36 34 Bittacy 64 SO hf-ch bro pek 1800 45 bid 228 258 52 do pek 2340 28 S5 6.5 12 ch pekoe 1200 42 229 259 21 do pek sou 945 24 37 67 35 bf-ch fans 2275 34 231 26 i 19 hf eh bro pek 1045 36 40 Maliatenne 70 7 ch bro pek 700 38 232 202 80 i! 1 pek 1350 •29 41 7L 10 do pek 950 29 233 263 17 d 1 pek sou 765 24 43 46 Galphele 75 76 33 hf-ch 37 bf-ch bro pek pek 1650 1665 38 bid 30 bid 47 49 Ukuwella 77 79 20 do 38 ch pek sou bro ijek 900 3773 26 35 bid [Mr. E John.- -222,851 IL .] 50 51 80 81 S3 do 22 do pek pek sou 3291 2240 29 23 Lot Box Pkgs. Name. lb. C. 53 83 8 do ino tea 723 7 6 Bowbill 843 18 ch bro pek 1800 37 59 Pendleton 89 16 hf-ch bro pek 896 29 bid 7 845 12 do pekoe 1080 30 60 90 22 do pek 1100 25 10 Nartawakella 851 18 do bro pek 1800 36 63 Lonach 93 100 Iif-ch bro pek 5500 35 11 853 11 do pekoe 990 27 64 94 69 ch pek 5520 29 15 Oonoogaloya 861 22 do bro pek 2200 44 65 95 15 do pek sou 1200 25 19 869 5 do dust 700 13 66 Kiliin, in estate 22 Eadella 875 47 do bro pek 4700 34 bid mark 96 23 hf-ch bro pek 1263 29 bid 23 877 46 do peli. e 4140 30 67 97 16 ch pek sou 1350 24 bid 24 879 18 do pek sou 1440 26 71 Bidbury 101 18 cli bro pek 1800 43 25 Ramboda 881 25 hf-ch or pek 1375 42 72 102 31 do pek 24S0 33 26 833 20 do pekoe 900 36 74 i04 6 do fans 720 30 29 Lameliere 889 30 ch bro pek 3240 43 bid 78 Mousagalla 108 15 hf ch or pek V 5U 42 30 891 33 do pekoe 2970 32 bid 80 110 8 ch pek sou 720 31 31 893 20 do pek sou 2288 28 bid 86 Teddy Bale 116 19 ch bro pek 1900 28 bid 32 895 10 do pek fans 750 17 87 117 17 ch pek 1530 24 bid S3 Moraliela 897 17 do pekoe 1479 29 88 118 16 do pek sou 1360 22 bid 34 899 16 do or pek 3440 34 89 119 10 do unassorted 900 10 bid 35 901 21 do bro pek 2016 43 92 Salawe 122 17 ch bro pek 1785 37 36 903 13 do bro or pek 1300 35 93 123 14 do pekoe 1330 29 46 Glassaugh 923 42 hf-ch bro pek 23:o 56 bid 94 124 34 do pek sou 3080 26 47 925 24 ch pekoe 2160 39 bid 2 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST Lot. B.t.v. PkfCS. Name. 11). C. 4S 927 12 do pek sou 1520 32 bid 49 Eatwatta 929 11 do 1 hf-ch bro pek 1269 39 SO 931 33 cli 1 hf-ch pekoe 3022 32 51 933 18 ch 1 hf-ch pek sou 1383 27 51 North PunduloyaS 9 lo do fans 780 24 55 9U U ch pek sou 935 25 60 Nikakntua 951 23 do sou 1840 24 01 Bi'vjwiilow 933 22 do bro or pek 2000 52 bid 6'2 9.55 22 do or pek 1980 42 ,6J 957 21 do pekoe 1785 37 61 959 15 do pek sou 1200 32 ■67 935 11 lif-ch pek fans 8.58 24 71 Ileatherley 973 10 ch pek No. 1 900 27 72 Kotuagedora 975 38 do bro pek 3590 40 '73 977 17 do pekoe 1530 30 bid 74 979 9 do pek sou 810 25 77 Tientsin 935 30 llt'-cll bro or pek 1500 56 78 987 28 do or pek 1260 61 bid 79 f.'S9 61 ch pekoe 5480 39 .80 9)1 :S hf-ch bro pek fans 1260 28 81 St. John’s 9)3 19 do bro or pek 1140 77 82 905 c9 do or pek 1508 71 S3 9.17 16 do pekoe 893 56 .84 £99 IT do pek sou 8S4 46 8.5 1 13 do pek fans 936 43 86 IT da 3 27 do bro pek 1620 28 87 5 2;i ch pekoe 1932 26 88 7 8 hf ch dust 720 14 .93 Stinsford 37 39 do bro pek 2067 47 «4 19 39 do pekoe 2028 33 bid 95 21 19 do pel! sou 950 27 99 Anchor, in est. mark 29 8 ch bro or pek 840 45 bid 101 33 23 do pekoe 1840 32 bid 102 35 18 do pek sou 1530 30 103 37 18 do pek fans 1170 26 101 39 9 do dust 765 10 bid 106 Mocha 43 35 do bro or pek 3850 66 107 45 27 do pekoe 2430 43 108 47 15 do pek sou 1200 35 109 49 11 do fans 1595 25 110 Whyddon 51 18 do pek sou 1620 28 bid 111 Agra Ouvah 53 21 hf-ch bro cr pek 1365 67 114 Glasgow 59 38 ch bro or pek 2850 73 115 6L 18 do or pek 1080 60 116 63 15 do pekoe 1500 49 117 65 12 do bro or pek fans 1209 29 118 67 10 do dust 1000 19 119 Acrawatte 69 44 hf-ch bro pek 2640 42 120 71 28 ch pekoe 2520 33 bid 121 73 20 do Itek sou 2000 28 1;3 N B 77 15 hf-ch dust 1200 17 126 W H R, in estate mark 83 9 ch red leaf dust 1125 6 127 Agra Ouvah 85 16 hf-ch pek sou 800 33 bid 128 87 20 do pek fats 1640 28 129 S9 8 ch dust 728 22 130 G, in est. mark 91 10 do pekoe 850 29 131 Morahela S3 13 do bro pek 1313 37 bid 132 93 11 do bro or pek 1188 34 133 97 16 do or pek 1552 33 1.34 99 14 do pekoe 1316 29 136 OakSold 103 22 hf-ch bro pek 1320 36 bid 137 105 16 ch pekoe I860 31 bid 138 107 10 do pek sou 750 27 bid 140 yaskeliya 111 25 do bro cr pek 2500 46 bid 141 113 25 do or pek 2500 34 bid 142 115 35 do pek sou 3500 29 145 121 15 hf-ch bro pek fans 750 27 147 Keenagaha Ella 125 11 ch pek sou 935 25 150 131 13 do fans 780 22 151 Ferndale 133 15 do bro or pek 1500 44 152 135 15 do or pek 1350 39 153 137 13 do pekoe 1170 28 1.55 Pali Rajah 141 28 do bro pek 2800 38 bid 156 143 25 do pekoe 2125 29 101 Claremont 359 20 do bro or pek 2470 38 165 161 23 do pekoe 1955 31 170 Margnerita 171 35 hf-ch pek sou 1400 47 187 At dlaw & Wisli ■ ford 205 21 ch or pek 1890 43 183 207 19 do bro or pek 2128 47 189 209 9 do pekoe 855 38 199 There.sia 229 11 do pek sou 935 36 7C4 RW 239 13 do bro pek 1300 36 bid 205 241 17 do pekoe 1530 28 bid 2(6 243 14 do pek sou 1120 26 211 Birnam 253 19 do pek sou 13.30 28 214 N 259 13 hf-cli dust 750 13 [Messrs. I^orbes & Wai.ker.— 559,597 lb.] Lot. Eo.v. Pkts. Name. lb c. 1 Stonycliff 1130 12 ch 2 hf-ch pek sou 1190 28 Lot. Bo.\- Pkgs. Name, lb. "C. 2 G, in e.state mark 1132 7 ch cengou 700 19 3 P 1131 6 do fa.'S 720 •20 5 Erogmore 1138 50 hf-ch or pek 225(1 37 bid 6 1140 34 do bro pek 1870 47 bid 26 Mumikattie, Ceylon, in e.st. mark 1180 53 hf-ch br.) or pek 26.' 0 44 27 11.S2 2G ch 1 ekoe 2340 36 28 1181 29 hf-ch I)ek sou 26 0 30 39 n»8 10 do (lust 800 13 35 Derby 1193 3S ch bro pek 2280 36 36 3 200 27 do pekoe 1485 28 41 Ella Oya 1210 12 ch or pek 1080 31 bid 45 51 1218 13 ch bro pek 1430 56 bid 46 1220 15 do pekoe 13:30 43 48 1224 IL do (lust 1.'70 17 bid 50 Slalvern 1228 2o hf-ch bro pek 143a 57 61 1230 2'.) do pek 141.0 44 62 12:2 17 do pek sou 1105 36 54 Deaculla 1236 18 hf-ch bro pek 0.90 58 55 1233 14 do pekoe 980 44 59 Monkswood 1246 52 lif-ch bro or pek 2600 79 60 1243 63 do or pek 3150 75 61 1250 30 ch pek 2550 54 62 12.S2 27 ch pek SOU ■2295 43 63 1254 11 hf ch sou 8201 38 6 do .SOU 570 l” 64 1256 10 do (lust 750 20 65 12.58 17 do or pek fans 952 43 68 Errolwood 1264 14 ch bro pek 1400 47 69 1266 13 do bro pek 1300 46 70 1263 11 do sou 935 ■29 72 1272 11 do dust 825 17 74 Ascot 1276 21 ch bro pek 1995 39 75 1273 18 do pek 1440 30 76 1280 11 do pek sou 390 26 77 1282 12 do pek fans 1320 29 78 1284 6 do dust 960 13 89 Agra Oya 1306 22 cli bro pek ■2200 34 90 1303 27 do or pek 2295 •27 91 1310 28 do pek 2:80 2S 92 1312 21 do pek sou 1890 24 93 1314 10 do fans 1120 22 96 Errollwood 1320 10 ch bro or pek 1100 53 97 1322 20 do pekoe 3900 42 bid 98 1324 19 do pek sou l.’IO 32 99 Galla watte 13:6 16 ch bro pek 1520 37 ICO 1328 19 do pek 1015 30 103 1334 11 do pek fans 1100 17 109 Middleton 1346 43 hf-ch bro or pek 2:>65 66 110 1348 39 ch or pek 3705 43 bid 111 1350 27 do pekoe 2295 41 112 1352 55 do pek sou 4400 35 113 1354 24 hf-ch dust 1882 23 123 Glengariffe 1374 80 do bro pek 4240 43 bid 124 1376 55 cii pekoe 1575 36 125 137S 12 do pek sou 1014 27 126 1.380 10 hf-ch bro pek fan 800 25 127 Matale 1282 .50 hf-ch bro pek 30CO 43 128 33=4 22 ch pek 19=0 35 129 1386 11 do pek sou 990 25 132 Ireby 13S2 37 hf-ch bro pek 22-20 56 133 1394 27 do pekoe 1350 48 134 1393 8 ch pek sou 720 37 138 Columbia 1404 27 hf-ch bro pek 1485 55 142 Bcdro 1412 94 do bro or pek 5640 53 bid 143 1414 19 ch or pek 1615 50 bid 144 1416 It) do pekoe 1900 46 145 3418 SO do pek .sou 2460 41 146 ■'4.0 21 do fans 3020 26 147 Lillaw.atte 1422 10 ch pek sou 950 ;4 151 iljlia Uva 1430 32 hf-ch or pek 1305 51 152 1432 18 ch pek 1020 4-2 153 1434 11 do pek sou 880 32 161 Sle.ssena 14;0 37 hf-ch bro pek 18.50 41 162 14.52 27 do pekoe 1350 31 164 Stamford Hill 1456 14 hf-ch flowery or pek 1200 58 165 1.58 41 do or pek IS.'O 33 168 1460 39 do pekoe 1755 31 167 1462 12 do dust 900 IS 174 Irex 1476 24 ch bro pek 2400 £8 175 3478 19 do pek 1805 29 183 Beaumont 1494 19 ch pek 1615 33 184 1496 15 do pek sou 1395 28 187 2 12 hf-ch (lust 900 16 194 Ml. Pleasant . 16 15 ch sou 1425 23 198 New Peacock 24 17 ch pek fans 1275 15 199 B )) VV 26 8 ch bro pek 961 24 bid 205 B P, in ettate mark 38 8 do 1 hf ch bro mix 810 8 216 Killarney CO 17 ch or pek 1360 38 bid 217 62 61 hf-ch bro or pek 3040 42 bid 218 64 16 ch pek 1185 38 CEYLON PEODUCE SALES LIST. 3 Lot. Box. Pkjrs. Name. lb. 219 66 13 do pefc sou 1170 220 68 10 hf-ch fans 700 231 Amblakande 90 12 ch bro pek 1110 232 92 12 do pek No. 1 1020 237 Macaldeuiya 102 19 hf-ch or pek 950 239 106 IS do pekoe 900 240 1('8 19 do pek sou 950 244 Queensland 116 17 ch or pek 1360 245 118 34 hf-ch bro pek 1S70 246 120 38 ch pekoe 3230 247 122 IJ do pek sou 1105 248 A CC 124 8 1 ch 1 hf-ch unas 768 252 Galapitakan- de 132 IS ch bro nek ISOO 253 134 2i do pekoe 2100 256 Campion 140 9 c)i pek sou 810 258 C 144 10 ch sou 950 264 R A W 156 8 do fans 800 265 158 9 do son 720 267 Gampba 162 20 do bro 01 pek 2000 268 164 27 do or pek 2430 269 Batta-svatte 166 31 do bro pek 3100 270 168 31 do pekoe 31C0 271 170 12 do pek sou 1200 274 Damnieria 178 14 do i)ro or pek 16S0 275 178 13 do bro pek 1300 276 180 01 do pek 6190 ■278 184 7 do dust 1156 279 Dea Elia 186 66 hf-ch bro pek 2800 280 188 36 do pekoe 1728 281 190 23 do pek sou 1035 287 Kirklees 202 40 hf-ch bro or pek 2-200 288 204 27 ch or pek 2700 2S9 206 39 do pekoe 3705 •290 203 23 do pek sou 2185 291 Erracht 210 29 do bro or pek 2900 292 212 36 do or pek 2808 293 214 45 do pekoe 3600 294 216 20 do pek sou 1700 295 218 13 do br or pk fan 1105 298 224 7 do pek dust 1050 299 High Forest 228 43 hf-ch bro or pek 2580 300 Ruanwella 228 26 ch bro pek 2470 301 230 61 do pekoe 5185 302 232 13 do pek sou 1170 305 Dunkeld 231: 75 hf-ch bro or pek 4500 .306 240 16 ch or pek 1520 307 242 27 do pekoe 2430 309 246 13 do pek fans 910 310 243 12 do dust 1080 312 Carlabeck 252 13 do pek sou 1209 326 C B 280 10 do bro pek 1020 327 282 12 do pekoe 1080 330 S V in estate mark 288 9 do dust 13.50 331 290 7 do pek fans 840 336 Marlborough 300 21 do bro pek 1806 337 302 12 do pekoe 960 342 A A 312 12 do or pek 11 16 :343 314 28 do pek 2210 344 O O in estate mark 316 18 do sou 1620 315 M C in est mark 318 7 do congou 700 346 320 8 do unast 800 347 Letch emy 322 17 do d us : 2397 354 Polatagaina 330 20 do bro pek 1800 355 338 25 do or pek 2-250 356 340 21 do pekoe 1680 357 342 IS do pek sou 1-260 360 348 9 do bro j)ek 810 331 350 23 do or pekoe 2070 362 352 14 do pekoe 11-20 364 3.56 21 do pek sou 1470 365 358 26 do pe Sun Nc. 2 11820 366 360 11 do fans 1260 367 362 14 do congou 1120 369 368 0 do du.st 750 374 Sunnycroft 376 7 do pek sou 700 376 380 5 do dust 800 377 Pindenioya 382 35 hf-ch bro pek 1750 3S8 Hunasgeria 404 16 ch bro or pek ICOO 389 406 20 do bro pek 1800 ,390 408 16 do pekoe 1-280 391 410 21 do pek sou 1630 392 Dargai 412 19 do pekoe 18S0 403 Holton 434 24 do bro pek 2280 410 Claverton 418 12 do or pek 1-200 411 L B K 450 19 hf-ch dust 1710 413 Clyde 454 89 ch pekoe 8010 414 Battaivatte 456 20 do bro pek 2000 415 458 60 do pekoe 6000 416 460 18 do pek sou 1800 419 Patiagama 460 13 do bro pek 1-235 -420 463 23 do pek 1955 Lot" Box. Pko-s Name. lb. C. 427 r7ew Angamana 482 20 hf-ch bro or pek 1000 .-6 428 484 34 do bro pek 1700 28 429 486 31 do pek sou 1560 26 431 Walpita 490 15 ch pekoe UOO 25 432 492 10 do pek sou 1010 24 435 Fetteresso 498 40 lif-ch bro or pek 2000 60 bid 436 500 55 do bro pek 3025 51 437 502 27 ch pekoe 2295 47 438 504 30 do pek sou 22.-)0 41 439 506 9 hf-ch dust 7-20 20 410 Hunasgeiiya and D in est. mark 508 21 ch bro or pek 21C0 37 441 510 do bro pek 1800 33 442 512 19 do pekoe 1520 28 443 514 14 do pek sou 11:’0 24 446 520 11 do bro pek 880 23 450 Gallustane 5-28 131 ht-ch pekoe 4978 28 451 Meemoraoya 5S0 IS do bro pek 720 35 45-2 632 36 do sou 1440 26 455 Knavesmire 633 1.5 cli or pek 13.30 32 bid 456 540 17 do or pek 1615 3.' lid 457 .542 22 do bro pek 2-200 35 458 544 22 do bro pek 2-200 35 459 .540 31 do pekoe 2635 27 bid 460 648 19 do pek sou 1.330 24 bid 463 Scrubs 534 15 do bi-o or pek 1-360 56 bid 404 556 29 do bro pek 2900 41 465 558 27 do pek 2160 38 bid 466 560 11 do pek sou 8S0 31 bid SMALL LOTS. — [Messe.s. a. H. Thompson & Co.] Lot. Box . Pkgs. Name. lb. C, Old Madaga- ma 1 4 c-li hro or pek 292 48 bid 2 2 5 do 1 hf-ch or pekoe 361 42 3 3 10 ch pek 600 31 bid 4 4 5 hf ch pek sou 252 25 bid 5 5 3 hf-ch dust 228 14 0 6 4 do fans 306 29 15 Kalkande 15 8 hf-ch pek sou 400 21 16 16 4 da dust 280 12 17 17 2 do hro tea 100 8 24 St. Andrews, K 24 9 hf-ch 1 box bro pek 5-24 26 bid 25 25 3 hf-ch pekoe 109 23 26 26 4 do bro mix ISO 18 27 27 1 box fans 43 12 28 Loomont 28 3 hf-ch bro pek 161 33 29 29 4 do pekoe . 201 24 30 30 1 do do 44 19 31 Ahamud 31 10 hf-ch bro pek SCO 38 32 ;-2 7 do pek 320 25 33 33 y do I ek sou 4.20 20 34 34 1 do fans 62 12 37 Bat taig ilia 37 7 hf-ch fans 595 10 39 Hornsey 39 5 ch fans 425 15 43 Warwick 43 5 hf-ch dust 375 14 49 Henegaraa 49 2 ch bro mix 200 15 65 Horagalla, In- voi'co No. 10 55 4 c-h pek sou 344 25 57 A A 57 1 ch pek sou 70 17 58 £S 1 d.j congou 85 14 69 19 1 hf-ch fans 50 12 60 K O K 60 1 ch sou 70 11 01 61 1 do bro mix 100 8 62 U B A 6-2 4 ch bro pek fairs 403 22 63 R D 63 2 ch dust SIS 11 66 Maniokwatte 66 11 hf-ch bro pek 550 40 bid 67 67 11 ro bro or pek 693 34 bid 69 69 7 ch pek sou 574 24 70 70 2 hf-ch dust ISO 12 71 Thiashola, (Nilgiri) 71 2 hf-oh congou 1001 72 72 1 do or pek dust 50/ no bid 73 and F L 73 7 do pek fans 630 21 bid 74 34 2 do red leaf no S bid 76 Rein gas 76 2 ch red :caf liO 9 77 Augu.sta 77 7 do sou 030 21 78 78 3 do red leaf 285 S 79 79 3 do dust 465 13 [Mr. E. John.] Lot. Box. Pkgs . Name. lb. c. 1 Gonavy 833 b hf-ch dust 400 IS 3 S'S7 5 ch f, ns 550 28 c. 27 24 41 35 45 35 33 43 56 35 bid 33 19 42 28 37 24 19 18 42 38 bid 43 40 27 44 49 31 12 35 bid 29 25 42 42 bid 33 bid 27 41 36 bid 32 28 27 13 44 bid 38 30 24 45 42 37 25 16 39 30 25 12 bid 18 46 bid 88 33 24 21 17 28 14 29 39 29 25 27 33 28 25 25 IS 13 13 27 10 37 I)id 39 38 SO 26 30 36 44 bid 16 29 49 42 26 39 29 4 CEYLON PKODUCE SALES LIST, Lot. Box. Pkgs. Marxe. lb. c. 4 839 5 do congou 375 20 5 Sil 1 do red leaf 80 8 a Bowliill 847 6 do pek sou 540 24 9 819 1 do dust 150 IS 12 Nartawakelle 8co 5 do pek sou 450 24 13 857 1 hf-ch unas so 58 U 859 2 do dust 160 10 IG Oonoo£;aloya . 803 1 ch pekoe 80 29 17 865 4 do pek sou 360 24 18 867 1 do fans 120 24 20 O N O 871 3 do red leaf 270 10 21 873 1 do red leaf dust 110 H 27 Rambocla 885 9 hf-ch pek sou 405 26 2S 887 1 do dust 85 11 37 Morahela 905 3 ch pek sou 270 23 38 907 2 do dust 267 13 62 Ratwatte 935 5 do bro mix 355 29 63 937 5 hf-cli dust 401 11 6G Noi'th Punclul- ova 913 5 do dust 375 11 57 915 5 ch unas 500 24 58 947 8 do sou 640 23 59 019 2 do bro mix 250 9 65 Brownlow 901 1 do SOU 87 27 6G E63 6 do hro pek fans 690 £9 08 Heatheiley 9o7 7 do pek sou 560 25 69 969 4 do SOU 320 20 7u 971 4 do du.st 040 11 75 Kotuageclera 9S1 1 do unas 60 23 76 9S3 5 do bro pek fans 075 14 96 S F 1> 23 9 hf-ch fans 540 28 97 25 4 do dust 3 2 11 98 27 100 Anchor, in est. 6 do congou 300 23 mark 31 4 ch or pek 360 35 105 41 3 do sou 270 25 112 Agra Ouvah 55 8 hf-ch or pek 440 53 113 57 4 ch pekoe 380 41 122 N B 75 121 W H R, in est. 4 do SOU 400 30 mark 79 5 do dust 560 10 125 81 4 do fans 380 8 135 Morahela 101 2 do dust 9S)l 13 139 Oak field 109 2 hf-ch dust 180 13 113 Maskeliya 117 3 ch SOU 300 24 144 119 1 do red leaf SO 9 14C 123 4 hf-ch dust 360 13 148 Keenagaha Ella 127 6 ch bro mix 510 20 149 129 2 do dust 190 10 151 Ferndale 1S9 4 do pek sou 360 25 157 Rati Rajah 115 5 do fans 5.50 26 158 147 3 do dust 465 11 159 II SO 149 4 lif-ch red leaf 240 9 166 Claremont 163 6 ch pek sou 480 24 167 165 7 bags bro tea 469 8 168 167 2 hf-ch fans 120 10 169 169 3 do pek dust 255 12 171 Marguerita 173 3 do red leaf 204 18 172 175 1 do congou 68 34 174 Hunugalla 179 1 ch SOU 60 23 175 181 3 do dust 285 12 176 Ridgmount 183 2 do fans 140 19 ISO Oakfield 203 2 hf-ch dust 180 13 ISO A 211 3 cli dust 435 11 200 Theresia 231 7 hf-ch bro pek fans 420 32 201 233 4 do dust 320 18 202 Rutland 235 4 do pek fans 280 32 203 237 3 do dust 255 15 207 r alupahani 245 2 do dust 2C0 11 208 217 2 do fans 148 13 2C9 249 3 ch congou 178 21 210 251 4 do bro mix 3S0 8 212 Stony Hurst 255 2 do dust 284 26 213 257 1 do red leaf 76 20 215 Bellongalla 261 3 hf ch bro pek 315 33 216 263 5 ch pekoe 4.50 27 217 205 2 do pek sou 160 23 [Messrs. Somerville & Co.] Lot. Box. rkgs. Name. lb. c. 2 L 32 0 cii bro mix 640 9 3 T A C, in es- tate mark 33 9 hf-ch unassorted 540 32 7 Carney 37 4 hf-ch bro pek fans 200 26 8 oS 1 do pek fans 50 18 9 39 3 do bro mix 150 13 10 40 3 do SOU 150 18 16 Neuchatel 46 4 cli dust 600 13 17 47 1 hf-ch nr pek 52 41 18 48 1 do fans No. 2 48 22 19 N 49 1 ch dust No. 2 110 11 21 Anihalawa 51 13 hf ch or pek 650 39 28 Walahandowe 68 6 ch pek sou 4.50 25 29 F P A 59 4 ch bro pek 400 32 bid Lot. Bo.v. Pkgs. Name. lb. C. 30 60 7 do pek 665 32 62 1 do sou 90 23 33 63 2 do bro mix 200 S 36 Bittacy 66 3 ch pek sou 355 37 18 63 1 hf-eh 4 ch hro mi.x 440 25 39 69 7 hf-ch dust 595 23 42 Mah.tenne 72 5 ch pek sou 475 22 43 73 2 do hro peK dust 250 20 44 74 1 hf-ch 1 cli red leaf 75 7 48 78 4 ch dust 385 13 52 Ukuwella 82 1 hf-ch 1 hf-ch bro pek fans 336 23 61 Pendleton 91 5 do 3 hf-ch pek dusi 225 10 62 92 1 do fans 50 14 6S Killin, in estate 93 4 ch pek sou 340 23 69 K, in estate mark 99 3 hf-ch dust 210 11 70 100 1 ch bro mix 84 9 73 Bidbury 103 7 do pek sou 630 25 75 115 3 do dust 420 11 76 106 2 do red leaf ISO 9 77 Moiisagalla 107 8 hf-ch hio pek 5£0 42 79 109 9 hf-ch pek 450 35 81 111 1 do sou 62 20 82 li2 1 cli dust 45 11 81 Benveula 114 1 ch hro mix 73 10 85 115 2 do dust 334 13 88a Teddy Dale 1 hf-ch nSaO ch sou 480 11 90 129 1 do fans 113 12 91 121 1 do dust 170 10 95 Salawa 125 2 ch pek dust 212 14 96 D A 126 2 c 1 dust 160 13 101 Citrus 131 3 ch dr St 450 12 102 H A 132 1 eh fans 100 0- 103 133 1 do bro tea 9i S 104 Atherton 134 7 hf-ch pek 392 30 105 135 1 do bro mi.x 44 9 106 1£6 1 do dust 54 14 107 Mossville 137 3 ch bro or pek 320 30 108 M L C, in es tate mark 138 1 ch pek sou SO 23 1C9 139 1 do sou 200 14 110 140 6 do pek fans 550 16 112 142 3 do re 1 leaf 240 7 115 N 445 5 ch pek sou 385 £3 121 Neboda 151 2 ch dust 300 11 122 H 152 3 ch sou 279 18 123 15S 4 do dust 5S8 11 128 F A, in es- estate mark 158 3 hf ch dust 390 13 129 Batgoda 159 2 ch hro pek 122 41 130 UO 1 do pek 94 34 131 161 1 do pek a 80 30 137 Annandale 167 2 hf-ch sou 110 23 133 16S 1 do congou 58 18 139 169 8 do fans 520 25 140 170 5 do dust 420 13 141 171 3 do hro mix 150 9 145 Rayigam 175 0 ch hro pek fans 588 28 143 Castlemilk 148 7 hf-ch dust 623 19 140 179 6 ch red leaf 450 9 150 Pussetenne 175 5 hf-ch hro pek 495 40 151 184 4 ch or pek 300 41 152 135 5 do pek 500 32 153 186 3 do pek sou 240 24 154 187 3 hf-ch fans 228 17 155 183 2 . do dust 178 12 166 Barnagalla 186 3 ch sou 255 21 hid 164 New Valley 194 7 cli pek sou 582 32 165 NIT 195 5 ch unassorted No. 1 423 21 166 196 0 do unassorted No. 2570 17 168 W V T 19S 4 hf-eh dust 320 10 169 199 2 do hro tea 110 8 172 Y, in estate mark £02 2 hf-eh hro mix lOS 11 173 203 3 do dust 210 11 175 Koladen'ya 205 5 ch pek 425 £6 177 207 2 ch dust 240 11 178 208 4 do red leaf 360 7 181 Hatbawa 211 6 ch pek sou 537 20 182 212 3 do unassorted 309 22' 183 213 2 ch dust No. 1 383 11 184 214 1 hf ch 3 ch dust No. 2 493 10 9 185 215 1 do red leaf 123 186 EaiTston 216 1 hf-ch 8 hf-ch dust 640 12 187 217 10 do fans 050 27 188 213 4 ch congou 360 23 189 Kudaganga 219 4 ch hro pek 400 35 191 221 6 do pek sou 540 21 192 222 1 do dust 130 10 195 Romania £25 7 ch pek sou 665 23 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. 5 Lot. Box. Paekjis 1. Name. lU. c. 196 O 226 2 ch red leaf 190 7 197 227 2 do congou 140 13 198 228 2 do dust 214 11 208 C F, in estite mark 238 2 ch bro mix 300 18 bid 1 hf-ch 214 Ingeriva 244 2 do dust 172 13 216 Bloom' Park 246 : 11 hf-ch bro pek 660 33 bid 218 248 1 hf ch pek No. 2 50 22 219 249 5 do pek sou 275 no bid 220 250 2 do fans 86 10 bid 221 251 1 do dust 66 13 226 Kosgahahena 256 1 eh pek a 100 16 230 Lyndhurst 200 5 hf-ch dust 4U0 11 231 264 3 do dust 240 11 Messrs, Forbes & Walker. 1 Lot. Box, Pkgs. Name. lb. c. 4 P 1136 4 ch dust 600 12 7 Frogmore 1142 1 do unas 98 29 8 1144 3 do dust 240 22 29 Munukittia, Ceylon in est. mark 1188 4 ch SOU 360 24 37 Tlerby 1202 12 hf-ch pek sou 600 23 38 St. Edwards 1204 9 ch dust 675 14 39 1206 6 do bro mix 360 9 40 Ella Oya 1208 5 ch bro pek 500 34 bid 4? 1212 7 do pek sou 630 25 48 1214 6 do pek fans 690 26 44 1216 1 do dust 153 IS 53 Malvern 1234 3 hf-ch dust 240 22 66 Deaculla 1240 9 do pek sou 585 33 67 1242 2 do dust 160 21 58 1244 1 do bro mix 75 23 66 Monkswood 1260 12 hf-ch pek fan* 672 30 67 1262 3 do red leaf 135 9 71 Errolwood 1270 2 ch bro tea 180 9 73 1274 1 do bro pek fans 115 28 79 Ascot 1286 2 ch congou 160 22 so 1288 1 do bro mix «0 20 94 Agra Oya 1316 3 ch dust 240 13 95 1318 4 do bro mix 400 13 101 Gallawalte 1330 3 ch pek sou 270 23 102 1332 7 do SOL 595 22 104 1336 2 do dust 200 12 114 Middleton 1356 2 eh unas 158 36 115 Norton 1368 1 ch congou 70 21 116 1360 3 do dust 420 13 117 1302 4 do red leaf 361 9 118 Pansalatenne 1364 2 ch bro pek 180 36 119 1.366 2 do pekoe 160 28 120 1868 1 do pek sou 70 24 121 1370 1 do fans 100 26 130 Matale 1388 1 ch fans 115 29 131 139W 3 hf-ch dust 270 17 135 Ireby 1398 2 do fans 120 32 136 1400 3 do dust 240 22 137 Columbia 1402 10 hf-ch bro or pek 650 39 139 1406 7 ch dust 695 20 140 D H, in est. mark 14"8 8 hf-ch dust 640 20 141 C L 1410 2 ch 1 hf-ch red leaf 230 12 148 Lillawatte 1424 6 ch bro mix 480 20 149 1426 2 do dust 300 12 150 Mahauva 1428 10 hf-ch bro or pek 636 48 154 1436 1 do congou 69 15 155 1438 1 do pek fans 75 27 156 1440 2 do dust 148 20 157 MU 1442 2 hf-ch bro or pek 120 37 158 1444 2 do or pek 112 38 169 1446 2 ch pekoe 180 29 160 1148 2 do pek sou 160 25 163 Massena 1454 11 hf-ch pek sou 550 25 168 Stamford Hill 1464 2 ch red leaf 170 8 176 Irex 1480 7 ch pek sou 665 24 177 1482 3 do dust 300 17 178 Broadoak 1484 4 hf-ch bro pek fans 280 34 179 1486 8 do SOU 400 180 1488 7 do dust 490 13 J 81 Beaumont 1490 6 do bro pek 336 38 182 1492 5 cli or pek 450 3S 185 1498 5 do fans 500 30 186 1600 2 do sou 140 23 1.' 8 Rothschild 4 4 ch bro pek No. 2 440 36 189 S S S 6 4 ch or pek 330 45 190 8 4 do bro tea 429 10 191 10 5 do red leaf 483 U 192 W F, in estate mark 12 7 ch congou 630 20 3 14 3 do 1 hf-ch pek fans 330 27 195 Mt. Pleasant 18 4 ch dust 640 12 196 20 3 do dust No. 2 480 10 197 New Peacock 8 hf-ch bro mix 400 9 Lot Box. Bko-s . Name. lb. C. 202 B D, in estate mark 32 4 ch bro pek 400 40 203 84 5 do pekoe 450 30 204 36 2 do pek sou 190 25 206 Bargany 40 9 hf-ch bro pek .540 38 207 42 6 ch pekoe 540 30 208 44 7 do pek sou 595 26 209 46 7 do red leaf 630 8 210 48 3 hf-ch dust 270 13 211 50 9 do congou 170 18 221 Killarney 70 5 Ilf ch dust 450 31 222 72 1 ch red leaf 63 8 233 Amblakaiide 94 8 ch pek No. 2 600 25 bid 234 96 6 do ■ pek sou 510 28 235 98 1 do dust 120 13 236 100 1 do fans 1-20 23 238 Macaldeniya 104 S hf-ch bro pek 480 37 241 no 3 do sou 135 24 242 112 2 do dust 170 14 243 114 1 do bro tea 65 14 249 A C G 126 2 ch dust 288 15 260 128 2 do 1 hf*ch bro pek fans 286 18 251 130 2 ch red leaf 175 9 254 Galapitakande 136 5 ch pek sou 500 23 255 138 2 hf-ch dust 180 11 257 Campion 142 7 ch fans 695 22 259 Hauteville 146 1 ch pek sou 105 41 260 148 8 hf-ch fans 560 24 261 1.50 4 ch unas 428 24 262 Kelvin 152 4 hf-ch dust 289 15 263 Pingarawa 154 3 do dust 270 11 266 RA W 160 5 1 iif-ch dust 400 12 272 Batta watte 172 3 ch bro pek fans 800 25 273 174 3 do dust 300 13 277 Rammeriya 182 6 do pek sou 540 24 296 Erracht 220 7 do pek fans 490 ■20 297 2-22 3 do bro or pk dust 360 20 303 Ruanwella 234 5 do f.'UlS 650 27 304 236 7 do dust 490 10 308 Dunkeld 244 5 do pek son 450 29 311 250 6 rlc red le ^ f 525 8 313 Carlabeck 254 81 hf-ch bro pek fans 640 25 314 LG A 256 0 ch red leaf 200 11 315 Forres 258 0 do bro pek 5-22 40 31« 260 3 do pek 222 29 317 262 2 do pek sou 140 27 318 264 1 do red leaf 60 8 319 Peacock Hill 266 6 hf-ch bro mix 270 9 320 ■268 8 do dust 600 11 328 C B 284 3 ch pek sou 270 24 329 286 4 hf-ch bro pek fans 300 13 332 S V in estate mark 292 6 ch bro tea 550 15 333 294 1 do red leaf 130 8 334 ;93 1 do bro mix 125 8 335 298 4 dc unast 400 27 238 Marlborougli 3C4 6 do pek sou 46S 29 339 306 0 do i : hf-ch bro pek 'ans 277 29 340 308 1 ch dust 112 16 341 310 7 do pek No. 2 588 10 358 Polatagama 344 3 do dust 450 12 359 316 1 1 hf-ch bro or pek 29 57 363 354 5 ch pek No. 2 400 26 368 364 7 do bro mix 595 20 370 368 1 1 hf-ch flowery 14 58 371 iStafford 370 2 ch bro pek 220 59 372 372 3 do pek 270 44 373 374 1 do rek sou 90 38 375 Sunnycroft 378 3 do congou 300 25 404 Rosita 436 o do bro pek 188 37 405 438 1 do pek so 30 406 Radella 440 1 do pek 90 32 4T2 LB K 452 4 hf-ch red leaf 360 10 417 Batta watte 462 1 ch bro pek fans 100 26 418 464 1 do dust 100 15 422 Wolley field 472 3 do bro pek 300 37 423 474 4 do 1 1 tif-ch pe’oe 450 25 424 476 2 ch sou 180 ■20 425 478 3 do fans 360 11 426 4S0 1 do bro mix 100 S 430 Walpita 488 6 do bro pek 600 33 433 D mest. mark 49i 6 do una- 1 540 17 434 493 4 do fans iiO 15 444 Hnnasgeria and D in est. mark 510 2 do bro pek fans 220 20 445 518 3 do pek fans 330 19 447 5'22 3 do bro mix 270 IS 448 524 2 do pek dust No. 1 200 15 449 626 5 do pek dust No. 2 500 11 453 Meeraoraoya 534 4 hf-ch sou 160 454 536 2 do duts 130 1^2 461 Knavesmire 550 1 do dust 95 11 462 552 2 ch fans •230 20 OBSERVER PRINTING 'WORKS. 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Ai -rf ■ . otr.. ;■-^^ . . ■ iv:f /itr " ■ ■■-' oSj;' .. ^‘-'vvy ■ ■ ' . • ■' i,y'r v*sflfc y ' -- yivr i-u i ' y : ’. ■' J , • >• • , '•'i . tl'-Vii ’*■ A' >..,..:,yy l■^b I ' - K'tut.ti’r '‘■'iia;;if 1. . f«ol. .• j-i.-'S 4;y» *•' ; .■ ■] . flShi'IB’ ’<»1S •' }.»«-R>rt’r .ttc i»-. '.’ - ' “•''ll’ - >’ > ' ' ■ ', ’Aii lyi- '1 ■'." itt. , ..' ■.'5H;'' '7y-y«' . ■T'- , ..V : '!> I- ■' 7' ' ,¥7 -' 'vi’‘ ■ yM-?ii4'rv[fAyji7-i'.'i.3 4"7. 7- .. ia^ TEA, COFFEE, CINCHONA, COCOA, AND CARDAMOM SALES NO. 4. Colombo, .J.vnuaby 31, 1898. Price : — 12j cents each 3 copies 30 cents ; 6 copies J rupee. COLOMBO SALES OF TEA. Lot. B05 -. Pkgs Name. lb. c. 140 141 D 545 547 9 ch 1 hf-ch 13 ch LARGE LOTS. bro pek pekoe pek sou 950 1330 no bid 25 150 MC £65 8 do 720 26 TMessrs. a. H. Thompson & Co.— 65.069 Ib.l 154 Balangoda 573 16 do bro or pek ■ Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. 1 hf-ch 2010 26 bid ijOt. 156 Morahela 577 13 ch bro pek 1313 38 bid 3 B & D 3 S ch hro pek 920 28 bid 157 T T T T. in est. 4 4 9 do pek 900 31 mark 570 83 hf-ch bro or pek 49=0 29 bid 6 6 8 do dust. 1200 10 1.58 581 21 ch or pek 2080 32 bid 7 Warwick 7 20 hf-ch bro pek 1 00 52 159 683 19 do pekoe 1805 30 bid 8 8 19 do pek 1045 38 bid 160 5S5 38 do pek sou 3306 25 bid 9 9 13 do pek sou 715 34 163 Eila 591 12 do 01 pek 900 38 17 M 29 1 ' bag red leaf 804 11 164 Elston 503 19 do pek sou No.2 1740 28 IS Henegama 18 13 c 'h bro pek fans 1300 27 165 Ellakande 595 5 do fans 700 13 19 19 9 hf ch dust 720 14 166 Westhall 597 16 do dust ife fans 1760 25 21 Vogan 21 87 ch bro pek 8095 46 168 Logan Ormidale 601 21 do bro pek 1995 ;-6 22 22 49 do pek 4410 33 175 615 88 Vioxes bro or pek 1760 70 but 2^ 23 52 do pek sou 4550 28 bid 177 619 36 lif-ch pekoe 1800 46 bid :■% BelgotUle 24 22 hf-ch bro nek 1100 29 178 621 26 do pek. SOU 1300 42 bid 28 Kotua 28 17 do bro pek 850 26 bid ■ 3 Ambatenne 33 12 hf-ch bro mix 780 19 3V 34 14 ch fans 1260 27 [iVlessrs. bOMERVILLK Lo. 181,571 — lb. | 37 44 49 :'i0 51 52 TJgieside Thiashola (Nilgiri) Myragaiiga 37 44 49 50 51 52 7 ch 71 Iif-ch 35 ch IS do 1 hf-eh 28 ch 22 do bro mix unas bro or pek or pek pekoe pek sou 700 3568 3820 1170 2688 1965 23 18 bid 33 bid 41 bid 30 26 bid Lot. 2 Salawe 14 Lonach 15 17 Moruingside 10 22 Hatton Hox 272 281 285 287 289 202 . Pkgs 37 ch 23 hf-ch 24 ch 14 ell 16 do 3’4 hf-ch Name. pek sou bro pek pek bro pek pek sou bro pek lb. 3330 1595 1920 1400 1600 1870 c. 25 37 30 33 bid 25 52 54 55 56 Wootlend Battalgaila 54 55 56 9 do 6 ch 17 ch factory dusl dust pek sou 765 840 1700 10 13 42 'Z.i 24 27 28 North Vfatale 293 291 297 298 299 34 cli 22 do 40 clt 35 do 31 do pek pek sou bro pek pek pek sou 2890 1760 4000 2975 37 28 40 bid 31 bid 28 bid [Mr. E. John.- -165,02511.] 36 F F, in estate mark 308 17 hf-cli bro pek 952 32 Lot. 13ox. PkKS. JName. ib. C. 61 Meetiyagoda 321 bro pek 1100 36 13 Elston 291 24 ch pek sou No.2 2160 27 bid 57 Coinillih 327 15 di bro pek 1500 S8 17 Vincit 299 12 do bro pek 1200 37 53 328 7 do pek 700 28 24 Esperanza 313 19 hf-ch bro or pek 855 37 59 329 7 do pek sou 700 28 34 V erelapatna 333 24 ch bro pek 2640 39 60 Depedene 330 55 hf ch bro pek 3025 40 35 335 26 do pekoe 2600 31 61 331 4 ) do pek 2475 32 43 Ivies 351 35 hf-ch br.i or pek 1575 39 62 332 40 hf-ch pok sou 2200 27 41 353 26 do pekoe 1170 29 bid 64 334 21 do bro pek fans 1155 31 46 357 17 do bro or pek 850 41 65 Narangoda 335 18 ch bro pek 1889 39 bid 47 359 17 do fans 850 24 66 336 27 do pek 2099 31 50 Templestowe 365 16 . ch bro or pek 1680 49 07 337 24 do pek sou 2279 26 51 367 23 do or pek 2070 50 73 Warakamure 343 24 ch bro pek 2400 37 52 369 48 do pekoe 4080 38 74 344 23 do pek 2185 29 53 371 24 do pek sou 1920 31 75 345 11 do pek sou 990 24 54 373 13 do dust 1820 17 78 Hangranoya 348 30 ch bro pek 3030 35 bid 56 Koslanda 377 28 hf-ch bro pek 1540 40 bid 79 349 27 do bro pek 2700 3 5 bid 57 379 22 ch pekoe 1980 32 bid 80 350 7 do or pek 710 29 bid 58 381 7 do pek sou 700 28 1 hf-ch 62 Agra Ouvah 389 62 hf-ch bro or pek 4030 67 bid 81 351 61 ch pek GlOO 26 bid 63 391 30 do or pek 1650 69 82 352 18 do pek sou ‘>i b d 64 393 11 ch pekoe 1045 48 83 353 14 do sou 1470 24 65 Glasgow 395 32 do bro cr pek 2400 73 bid 1 hf-ch 66 397 15 hf-ch or pek 900 78 84 354 12 ch fans 1440 26 67 399 10 ch pekoe 1000 65 1 hf-ch 68 D N D, in estate 85 355 5 ch dust 700 1« mark 401 40 do SOU 3600 26 80 356 2r'do or pek 1890 30 bid 83 Hattangalla 431 32 do or pek 28S0 41 87 357 10 do or pek 1000 36 84 433 23 do pekoe 1840 32 88 358 38 do pek 3040 32 85 435 50 do pek sou 4000 26 89 359 15 do pek sou 1350 26 90 M N 445 n hf-ch dust 1012 14 91 361 10 ch dust 1300 16 94 Ben Nevis 453 33 do flowery or pek 1650 59 bid 99 Eilandhu 369 17 do bro pek 1700 33 95 455 50 do or pek 2250 46 100 370 16 do pek 1520 24 96 457 29 cli pekoe 2320 34 bid 102 Moragalla 372 10 ch bro pek 1000 38 100 Poilakande 465 19 hf-ch Bro pek 1140 38 bid 103 373 13 do pek 1300 31 101 467 23 ch pekoe 2070 29 104 374 7 do pek sou 700 23 102 469 15 do pek sou 1200 26 lOG Kalani 376 61 hf-ch bro pek 2745 44 bid 104 AG 473 21 lif-ch dust 1080 19 107 377 31 do or pek 1.550 39 105 Coslanda 475 28 do bro pek 1540 41 108 378 51 oh pek 4335 30 106 477 22 ch pekoe 1980 33 109 379 16 do pek 1360 29 107 479 7 do pek sou 700 28 119 380 .53 hf-ch pek sou 2650 2.5 111 Brownlow 4S7 28 do bro or pek 2660 46 bid 111 381 21 do pek >11 1050 25 112 489 26 do or pek 2340 33 112 382 30 do bro pek fans 1950 27 b 113 491 22 do pekoe 1870 32 bid 119 D, in estate 114 403 17 do pek sou 1360 30 mark 389 32 hf-ch bro pek 1760 37 115 R W 495 13 do bro pek 1300 36 bid 127 Ovoca A I 397 IS hf-ch bro or pek 900 50 116 Lameliere 497 33 do pekoe 2970 32 bid 128 398 16 do bro pek SOO 42 117 499 26 do pek sou 2288 28 129 399 20 cli pek 19>0 36 119 Ferndale 503 10 do or pek 913 38 bid 130 400 11 do pek sou 990 30 134 Ettie 533 17 do bro pek 1785 33 131 1 19 hf-ch bro pek fan 12.35 27 135 635 15 do pekoe 1500 27 132 2 8 do dust 700 11 136 537 8 do pek sou 800 25 134 Hordgocla 4 20 ch bro pek 2000 38 bid 137 Ma.hacooda- 135 5 20 do pek 2210 31 galla 539 11 do pok sou 1100 29 bid 136 6 13 do pek sou 1105 27 138 641 6 do dust 840 IS bid 139 Madultenne 9 24 ch bra pek 2100 39 bid 139 543 6 do fans 750 29 1 140 10 17 do pek 1700 31 2 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST Lot. Eox. Pk"s. Name. lb. c. Lot. Box. Pkgs Nauie. lb. c. i41 145 Morankimle 14C 152 Warriatenne 153 11 17 ch 15 9 do 16 8 do 22 36 cU 24 23 do pek sou bro pek pek bro pek or pek unbk 1700 900 760 4212 2205 25 41 33 26 bid 26 bid 172 173 175 181 188 K P W Talawa CRD 908 910 914 926 940 40 do 28 hf-ch 53 do 16 hf-ch 7 ch pekoe or pek pek pro pek red leaf 4000 1792 3H-0 780 700 33 37 27 27 bid 10 154 156 Pusselawa 157 158 163 Bittacy 1 hf-ch 24 35 ch 26 26 ch 27 12 do 28 38 do 33 30 hf-ch pek sou bro pek pek pek sou bro pek 2625 2600 1140 3306 1800 25 bid 28 bid 29 bid 25 bid 47 bid 189 190 191 193 194 197 LYE Rowley Anningkande 942 944 946 9£0 952 958 8 ch 10 do 8 do 57 hf-ch 64 do 53 do bro pek pek pek sou bro pek pek bro pek 832 1000 760 2850 3200 26.70 43 31 26 40 35 37 164 B, ill estate mark 165 Neboda 34 23 hf-ch 35 8 ch or pek fans bro or pek 1840 880 16 bid 41 198 206 208 Hayes 960 976 980 29 do 16 hf-ch 25 do pek bro or pek or uek 1160 880 1125 32 47 39 166 107 108 170 Neuchatel 36 10 do 37 28 do 38 28 do 40 37 ch b.-o pek pek pek sou or pek 1000 2800 2300 3515 43 35 26 hid 37 bid 214 216 217 218 Clunes Chines 992 996 998 1600 42 hf-ch 37 do 76 lif-eh 24 do bro pek iTi 0 pekoe 2960 or pek fan 4180 nek fans 2160 39 28 33 27 171 1- illin, in es- tate mark 41 23 lif-ch bro pek 1203 29 bid 219 220 1002 1004 36 9 ch do pek sou dust 3060 810 25 13 OG9 C K B. in est. mark 1008 33 ch bro pek 3465 59 fMEssiiS. FoRBics & Walker. — 433,964 lb.] 2-23 224 1010 1012 27 18 do do pek pek sou 2700 1860 48 43 Lot. Box. Pkts. Name. lb c. 267 Ganapalla 1038 22 ch bro pek 2200 37 1930 238 1040 21 do or pek 2016 39 1 N 566 15 ch bro mix 14 239 1042 34 do pekoe 2924 29 bid 2 568 11 do unas 990 26 240 1044 IS do pek sou 1440 25 8 C H, in estate 2250 25 244 Pallegodda 10-52 36 do bro or pek 36C0 39 mark 5S0 43 ch sou 245 1054 27 do bro pek 2430 46 9 C H 582 13 ch ) ek fans 1030 24 246 1056 36 do pekoe 2880 36 10 584 48 do dust 3840 16 247 1058 31 do pek sou 2635 28 12 Andaradenia 588 9 ch 248 1060 15 do souchong 1350 24 1 lif-ch bro pek 950 34 249 106-2 44 hf-ch dust 3740 17 18 S, in ettate pek fans 27 250 Tonacombe 1064 25 ch or pek 2500 49 mark 600 27 hf-ch 2160 251 1056 15 do bro pek 1800 53 19 New Anga- 80) with I’n. 252 1063 40 do pekoe 4000 40 mana 604 16 hf-ch bvo tea 253 1070 9 do pek sou 810 28 28 Pa awatte 610 IS ch bro nek 1810 30 255 P 1074 24 do SOU 2300 24 ■29 622 11 do pekoe 1100 30 256 1076 9 do dust 1-215 13 39 A G T, in e ,t. 1100 26 257 1078 6 do dust No. 2 960 11 mark 642 20 hf-ch unas 2c8 L V 1080 9 do sou 927 15 44 Wevagoda 6'2 S ch bro pek 800 28 259 Torwood 1082.. 14 do bro pek 1316 43 45 654 9 do pekoe 900 22 260 1084 20 do or pek 2080 33 50 Carfax 664 18 do bro or pek 19S0 56 ‘.61 10S6 17 do pek 1428 31 51 666 21 do or pek 2100 50 bid 262 1088 14 do pek sou 1092 26 52 668 9 do bro pek 990 42 264 1092 10 do pek No. 2 840 27 53 670 22 do pekoe 2090 43 267 1C98 8 do dust 1040 15 51 672 5 do dust 750 19 269 Kenningtou 1102 9 do f.ans 855 20 55 674 7 do unast 700 20 279 1104 14 hf-ch dust 1120 10 65 Bargany 694 29 hf-ch bro or pek 1595 44 275 Weyunga- 66 696 12 ch pekoe 1080 37 watte 1114 43 hf-ch bro pek 2150 30 67 693 9 do pek sou 765 28 276 1116 ‘e9 ch pekoe 2465 31 70 Galkadua 704 18 ch bro pek 1800 34 277 1118 12 do nek sou 10.^0 25 71 708 27 do pekoe 27 JO 20 279 Moralioya 1122 8 do fan.s 760 29 72 708 10 do pek sou 1010 22 283 C 0 E B 1130 5 do bro pek dust 700 21 77 Aigburth 7l8 11 ch or pek 990 42 285 1134 14 do pekoe 1400 £2 80 T’Ville 724 10 ch pek 800 26 301 Vellaif'ya 1166 8 do bro tea 8^0 10 91 Tliedden 752 19 ch bro pek 1900 37 302 Beausijour 1163 9 do bro pek 810 37 S5 754 14 do pekoe 1260 33 303 1170 19 do pekoe 1615 26 98 Devonford 7C0 37 hf-ch bro pek 1850 74 bid 3'J9 Norwood 1182 0 do dust 900 21 99 762 19 ch or pek 1615 64 311 Torwood llS'j 11 do bro pek 1210 34 100 764 24 do pek 2010 60 312 1.83 15 do or pek 1350 43 bid 10? Tavalamten- 313 1190 54 do pekoe 4530 32 bid lie 778 8 ch or pek 800 46 314 1192 32 do pek sou 2530 26 108 780 10 flo pekoe 961 34 315 Castlereagh 1194 14 do bro pek 1400 50 119 Allagalla 802 17 hf-ch dust 1445 15 316 1193 15 do or pek 1275 45 121 ALL 806 9 ch bro pek 900 25 317 1198 17 do pekoe 1360 36 122 808 13 do pek 11, ’0 24 321 Yataderiya 1206 20 do pekoe 1700 26 123 810 13 do pek sou 1170 21 322 1208 20 do pek sou 1600 24 127 Aranolakande S18 23 do or pek 2139 4L R62 Glengariffe i-:23 so hf-ch bro pek 4240 43 bid 128 820 17 do pekoe' 1360 ‘61 333 L in est. mark 1230 16 do dust 1280 13 129 822 33 do pek sou 2800 27 bid 335 Kelauiya 1234 39 ch bro pek 3315 41 bid 133 A 830 9 ch pek 900 20 336 1230 c'9 do pekoe 3900 33 135 834 9 do d St No. 1 1240 12 337 1238 31 do pekoe 3100 34 136 Columbia 836 27 hf-ch pek 1350 37 840 Queensland 1244 38 do pekoe 3230 37 137 838 15 do bro pek sou 909 26 343 Hayes 1250 0/ jf-ch pek sou 2770 33 139 842 34 do pek E F 1904 36 3i5 Kirklees 1‘254 39 ch pekoe 3705 32 bid 141 G K 846 8 ch d-st 1120 13 349 Errollwood 1262 21 do pek 1900 41 bid 114 Kakiriskan- .351 Torrington P 1266 37 do bro pek 4070 38 de 852 7 ch pekoe 7)0 26 352 1268 29 do or pek 2610 3 -.bid 147 U unbar 858 22 hf-ch or pek 990 47 353 1270 34 do bro pek 3400 42 bid 148 SCO 20 do bro pek 1200 47 354 -1272 38 do pekoe 3040 32 li9 802 19 eh pekoe’ 1.25 39 355 1‘274 70 do pek sou 5250 29 bid 152 Maldeniya 863 21 ch iiro pek 2640 37 356 1276 25 hf-ch pek fans 1800 21 bid 153 870 16 do pekoe 1600 28 3.59 1282 24 ch or pek 2160 37 bid 164 872 10 do pek sou 1000 24 361 Pindenioya 1286 36 hf-ch bro pek 1760 37 159 Giarge Gar- 362 A, in estate den 882 17 ch < r pek 1870 44 mark 1283 13 do pek fans 793 19 ](50 884 10 do pekoe 1000 33 363 N, in estate 164 Groat Valley, mark 1290 35 ch hro fan 5110 20 Ovlon. in est 304 1292 6 do dust 762 11 mark 892 17 hf-ch bro or nek 850 56 365 Chesterford 1294 35 do pro pek 3500 43 16.5 894 30 ch pekoe 2700 33 366 1296 28 do pekoe 2800 32 166 896 58 hf-cl pekoe 5220 32 367 129S 28 do pek sou 2800 27 167 898 15 ch pek sou 1360 26 370 1304 13 hf-ch dust 975 15 171 Kelaneiya 906 44 ch bro pek 3740 43 bid 371 Geragama 1306 22 ch bro pek 2090 39 CEYLON PEODUCE SALES LIST. 3 Lot Box Pkgs. Name. lb. 372 1308 !6 ch pek 1440 373 1310 16 do pek sou 1440 374 VVaratenne 1312 28 do bro pek 2660 375 1314 19 do pekoe 1710 376 1316 16 do pek sou 1440 377 1318 11 do fans 825 379 C L 1320 17 do or pek 765 381 1326 42 do pek sou 3780 382 395 M in estate 1328 14 h£-ch pek fans 1176 mark 1354 10 ch fans 1202 396 Thelerton 1356 28 do bro pek 2800 397 1358 35 do pekoe 3150 402 Emelina 1368 8 do pekoe 800 407 Hunasgeriya 1378 14 do bro or pek 1400 408 1380 20 do bro pek 1800 409 1382 26 do pekoe 20t,0 410 1384 27 do pek sou 2160 413 M R 1390 5 do dust 700 414 Glencairn 1392 12 do dust 1209 415 A N K E 1394 64 hf-ch pek fans 4160 416 1390 84 do fans 6300 417 1398 55 do dust 4950 SMALL LOTS. [Messp,s. a .. H. Thompson ca Co.] Lot. Box . Pkgs . Name. lb. 1 A and F L 1 7 hf-ch pek fans 630 2 2 2 do red leaf 110 10 D 10 1 ch 7 hf-ch bro pek 4-23 12 12 2 ch 3 hf-ch pek sou 366 13 13 1 ch dust 150 14 OM 14 4 ch bro or pek 292 15 15 10 do pekoe 600 16 16 5 hf-ch pek sou 252 20 Henegama 20 2 do bro mix 130 :25 Beige dde 25 9 hf-ch pekoe 405 26 26 1 do pek sou 40 27 27 1 do dust 60 29 Kotua 29 15 bf-ch pekoe 675 30 30 2 do pek sou 90 .31 31 2 do dust 140 35 AF 35 8 hf-ch pek sou 320 36 XJgieside 36 2 ch dust 150 45 Thiashola, (Nilgiri) 45 2 hf-ch congou 100 46 46 1 do or pek dust 50 47 Kelani 47 5 hf-ch dust 400 48 Neboda 48 1 ch .sou 100 33 Myraganga 53 2 hf-ch pek fans 136 57 Battalgalla 57 6 ch fans 510 58 YD 58 1 hf ch bro or pek 50 69 59 3 ch or pekoe 270 30 60 1 hf-ch pek 38 31 61 1 do bro mix 42 [Mr. E. John.] Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. 1 W M V, in est. mark 267 3 hf-ch bro pek 150 2 269 2 do pekoe 90 3 271 6 do pek sou 240 4 Kolapatna 273 3 do or pek 165 5 275 8 do bro pek 4S0 6 277 5 ch pekoe 435 7 279 3 do pek sou 300 8 281 1 hf-ch dust 26 9 Chamberlain 283 3 ch pekoe 255 10 285 2 do pek sou ICO 11 287 4 do bro pek 380 12 289 1 do fans 90 14 Elston 293 2 do congou 190 15 295 6 hf-ch bro mix 420 16 297 2 do dtisc 180 18 V^incit 301 4 ch pekoe 400 19 303 5 do pek sou 600 20 305 2 do bro pek fans 212 21 .307 1 do red leaf 112 22 309 1 do unas 100 23 311 1 do dust 110 25 Esperanza 315 9 hf-ch pekoe 360 26 317 3 do dust 240 27 319 2 do congou 80 31 The Farm 327 2 ch bro pek 212 32 329 3 do pekoe 258 33 331 7 do sou 553 36 Verelapatna 337 6 do pek sou 600 37 339 4 do dust 320 Lot. Box Pkgs. Name. lb. c. 45 Ivies 355 12 hf-ch pek sou 540 26 48 361 8 do dust 610 16 49 363 8 do SOU 360 23 65 Templestowe 375 2 ch bro mix 200 10 59 Koslanda 383 9 do pek fans .540 33 60 385 5 hf-ch dust 400 16 61 387 1 do red leaf 42 13 69 D N D, in estate mark 403 6 ch dust 510 13 70 405 4 do fans 460 25 71 407 2 do bro mix 210 8 72 Warleigh 409 4 do dust 480 13 73 411 5 do bro mix 500 15 74 B 413 6 hf-ch dust 480 12 75 415 4 ch unas 424 8 76 417 3 do red leaf 297 8 77 K 419 2 do dust 220 11 78 421 1 do congou 90 24 79 Harmony 4.3 2 hf-ch dust 160 13 80 425 1 ch SOU 80 20 81 Galata 427 2 hf-ch red leaf 120 9 82 429 4 do dust 300 13 86 Hattangalla 437 5 ch SOU 600 21 87 439 3 hf-ch dust 300 13 88 HG 441 2 ch bro tea 233 7 89 M N 443 2 do bro tea 196 7 91 T G 447 2 do bro rai.x 200 18 92 Nayapane 449 6 lif-ch dust 480 13 93 451 5 ch SOU 400 21 97 Ben Nevis 459 6 hf-ch dust 480 16 9.3 461 1 ch led leaf 85 9 99 Ramboda 463 9 hf-ch pek sou 405 26 103 A G 471 6 ch iuo mix 560 8 108 Coslanda 481 9 hf-ch fans 540 33 100 483 0 do dust 400 19 110 483 1 do red leaf 42 14 118 Tlie Farm 501 4 do dust 320 15 120 Ferndale 505 7 ch pekoe 610 35 121 507 3 do pek sou 270 27 122 509 3 do dust 320 14 142 D 549 2 do 1 hf-ch pek sou 250 22 143 Kataboola 6’1 3 ch pek dust 4^0 12 144 653 5 do SOU 500 24 145 Acra watte 555 7 do or pek 630 43 146 557 2 do pekoe 180 31 147 569 1 do pek sou 100 25 148 561 1 hf-ch dust 50 13 149 563 1 do SOU 46 18 151 Needwood 567 3 do pek fans 195 28 152 569 6 do dust 4.50 14 153 571 5 ch 1 hf-ch red leaf 4f4 7 155 Balangoda 675 5 do dust 350 12 161 T T T T, in est. mark 587 2 ch pek fans 240 18 162 Fernlands 5:9 1 do red leaf lUO 11 167 Villa 599 1 do l ed leaf 39 S 169 Roseneath 603 2 hf ch dust ISO 12 170 605 2 do red leaf ISO 10 171 607 1 bag fluff 185 3 172 Ridgmount 609 8 ch pek sou OSS 22 173 611 4 do dust 320 13 174 613 1 do fans 70 20 176 Ormidale 617 10 hf-ch or pek , 500 63 bid 179 623 5 do pek fans 350 39 bid 180 Cleveland 625 5 do dust 390 18 181 627 9 do bro tea 450 14 [Messrs. Somerville & Co.] Lot}. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. C. 1 .St. Leys 271 1 ch bro mix 97 7 3 Salawe 273 3 ch unassorted 300 IS 4 274 3 do bro mi.x 288 12 5 275 4 do dust 628 13 i> San Cio' 276 4 hf-ch bro pek 180 17 7 277 5 do pek 225 IS 8 278 12 do pek sou 4S0 17 9 279 8 ch re 1 leaf 352 7 10 280 8 hf-ch bro mix 440 9 11 2:1 6 do dust 330 12 12 Oolapane 282 2 hf ch pek dust 140 13 13 283 2 do dust 160 12 16 Lonach 286 5 ch pek sou 4U0 24 18 Morningside 2a8 6 ch pek 600 27 bid 20 £90 1 do congou 100 16 21 291 1 do dust 126 13 25 H 295 2 hf-ch dust 160 13 26 295 4 do bro tea 20o 12 30 North Matale SuO 5 ch SOU 100 18 31 301 3 do dust 45) 14 32 S 302 5 lif-ch dust 4t)0 14 33 303 7 do bro tea 3.50 12 34 A 304 3 hf-ch dust 210 li 33 S03 6 do bro tea 300 11 c. so 26 37 29 25 16 70 31 29 bid 16 bid 36 31 30 42 38 32 26 13 18 15 bid 16 bid 11 C. 9 18 29 16 bid 12 60 37 29 12 23 ■ 22 14 24 20 12 18 12 no bid do 12 18 20 14 40 30 27 6 C. .31 25 24 46 47 37 26 14 28 24 33 19 21 21 13 27 25 30 8 22 12 27 13 20 28 20 16 2.5 14 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST, Lot. Bos :. Pkgs. Name. 11). 37 F F, in estate mark 307 12 do pek 648 3S 308 4 Iif-cb pek sou ISf 39 309 6 do bro pek fans 360 40 310 3 29 310 1184 1 do bro tea 95 10 318 Castlereagh 1200 3 do pek sou 240 34 319 1202 2 hf-ch fans 140 15 320 1204 2 do dust 160 18 323 Olahitagoda 1210 5 do or pekoe A 300 20 324 1212 3 do pek sou A 156 12 325 1214 5 do pek sou 260 22 326 Broughton 1216 2 do fans 1.30 26 327 1218 1 do dust 90 14 328 Olahitagoda 1220 3 do or pek ISO 20 329 1222 3 do pek 150 22 330 1224 5 do pek soil 260 22 331 1226 1 do dust 90 12 334 L in est. milk 1232 4 ch sou 310 23 338 K elaniya 1240 2 do dust 230 13 339 1242 4 do sou 400 23 341 Hayes 1246 12 hf-ch bro or pek 630 46 342 1248 9 do or pek 405 40 344 1252 14 do pek sou 630 27 346 C E., in est. mark 12.56 1 ch unas.s 90 21 347 1258 1 hf-ch red leaf 24 17 348 1260 1 do dust 59 12 350 Monkswood 1264 6 ch pek sou UO 48 357 Torrington P ' 1278 5 do dust 580 8 368 1280 2 do red leaf ISO 16 360 1284 6 do pek fans 630 20 368 Chesterford 1300 6 do fans 540 28 369 1302 3 do congou 240 13 378 CL 1320 12 lit-ch bro or pek 672 68 380 1324 6 do pekoe 300 40 381 1330 3 ch oust 390 15 384 Wewalkande ! 1332 13 hf-ch bro pek 650 39 385 1334 9 do pekoe 450 24 386 1336 7 do pek sou 322 23 387 1338 1 do red leaf 46 19 388 1340 1 do congou 44 20 389 W 1342 2 ch bro pek 192 31 390 1344 1 hf-ch bro pek 43 31 391 1346 2 ch pek 170 22 392 1348 2 do pek sou 146 20 393 1350 1 hf-ch dust 70 12 394 1362 1 ch red leaf 80 7 398 Theberton 1360 4 do bro mix 400 14 399 1362 3 do fans 300 21 400 1364 3 do pek dust 300 13 401 Emelina 1366 5 do bro or pek 500 41 403 1370 2 do pek son 200 27 404 Strathspey 1312 2 do bro or pek 200 45 405 1374 5 do pek 500 34 406 1376 2 do pek sou 2C0 31 Lot. Box. Pkjfs. iS'aine. lb. c. 411 A P 1386 3 do dust 425 12 412 N, in estate m-irk 1388 3 do dust 385 11 CEYLON COFFEE SALES IN LONDON. ( From our Commercial Correspondent. ) Mincing Lane Jan. 7. I’er “Staffordshire.” AC and G Est, London 36 1 1 bajj 61s 6d sold 37 2 I ba? Per “ Historian.” Stafford P 49 3; 1 6 barrels 80s x CEYLON COCOA SALES IN LONDON. Per “ Historian ” at Colombo. Mark Pile, Sa. Lot. Wf. Lot Bags. Handroo, Walton & Co. 1 25 367 20 75s sold 26 368 18 2 27 369 3 67s Moragalla 3 28 370 6 72s 6d Kedron 4 29 371 13 73s Per “ Staffordshire.” Meegama, A 296 16 389 20 79s sold 17 390 27 1 297 18 391 9 69s 6d B 298 19 392 4 68s Per “Palawan.” Meegama 1 280 20 382 20 78s 21 283 19 A 291 22 384 6 69s6d 1 292 23 386 7 68s 6d B 293 24 386 5 63s C 294 25 387 2 60s 6d Ex “Staffordshire.” Mukalane 1 1 26 1 11 out Per “ Kawachi Muru.” 1 MAK in est. mark London 1 1 1118 25 7ls sold 2 2 1119 29 see dam. bnlked 69s 6d Per “Clan McNeil.” 1 MAK in est. mark London • 1 1 1110 9 71s 2 3 nil 20 sea dam. buL ed 70s 5 1112 20 tl 6 1113 11 t MAK, London 3 7 1114 3 64s 4 8 1115 1 sea dam. blkd. Ex “ Duke of Sutherland.” KK in est. Mark Estate Cocoa 4 9 360 22 72s 6d sold Per ' Staffordshire.” Pathiragalla, A 6 10 10 20 76s 11 11 11 Ditto B 7 12 12 2 69s Ex “ Clan McNeil.” Pathragalia A, 1 13 1 4 79s 2 14 2 3 sea dam. blkd. 69s 6d Ditto B 3 15 3 9 out 4 16 4 5 sea dam. blkd. 69s 6d sold Ditto C 5 17 5 2 sea. dam. blkd. 69s KKB 6 18 6 20 61s 6d 19 7 20 20 8 9 7 21 9 2 ! sea dam. bulked, out Ditto C 8 22 10 20 66s 6d sold 9 23 H 9 sea d.am. blkd 62s 6d 6 CEYLON PEODUCE SALES LIST, Ex “Palawan.” Palli 1 3 24 7 20 79s 25 8 20 77s 6d 26 9 20 27 10 6 4 28 11 4 sea dam. 70 6d Ditto 2 5 29 12 3 68s 6d Ex ‘Sfcafford.shire.” Delgolla, A 1 92 1141 20 out 93 1112 26 Ditto B 2 91 1143 12 71s 6d i Ditto C 3 95 1114 11 69s Per “ Palawan.” OBEC E in est, maik Kondesalle, O 6 1 13 20 72s sold 2 U 25 7 3 15 3 sea dam. bulked 67s Ditto 1 8 4 16 6 63s Per “ Staffordshire ” at Colombo. Warriapolla 1 1 1 20 79s sold 2 2 20 3 3 22 2 4 4 20 81s 6 5 20 6 6 14 3 7 7 5 70s 6d 4 8 8 8 69s 6d 5 9 9 3 66s Ter “Palawan ” at Colombo. Kas & Co 1 19 1 20 75s sold 20 2 20 21 3 20 22 4 20 23 5 16 24 6 5 sea dam. bulked 66S 6d OBSERVER PRINTING WORKS. TEA, COFFEE, CINCHONA, COCOA, AND CARDAMOM SALES NO. 5. Colombo, February 7, 1898. Price : — 12J cento eacii 3 copies 30 cents ; 6 copies J rupee. COLOMBO SALES OF TEA. LARGE LOTS. [Messrs. A. H. Thompson tV; Co. — 43,697 lb.] ijot. Box. I Pkgs. Name. lb. C, 1 Ossington, In- voice No. 12 1 10 ch hro pek loco 35 2 2 16 <)o pek 1600 28 3 3 13 do pek sou 1300 24 10 Vogan 10 43 ch bro pek 4085 47 11 11 37 do pek .3330 32 12 12 31 do pek sou 2030 28 13 Dromore 13 20 ch bvo pek 2000 65 hid U U 22 do pekoe 2200 40 bid Ifi 15 15 do pek sou 1500 30 bid :4 Ratnatenne 24 18 hf-ch hro pek 990 26 bid 2o 2.5 15 do pek 825 24 27 O’K 27 17 hf-ch hro pek 850 27 28 Hornsey 28 11 ch pek sou 11(0 :-9 31 Sapitiyagodde 34 25 ch or pek 2250 35 bid 3o 35 16 do pel.oe 1440 28 bid 3G .36 41 do pek sou 3075 26 bid 37 37 17 do pek fans 2010 22 bid 38 V 38 14 ch fans 1176 22 bid [Mr. E. John. - ■145,53311.] Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. C. 7 C 641 9 ch pelv sou 810 26 10 647 13 do peiv No. 1 1170 23 bid 11 Dickapittia 649 30 do bro pek 3000 43 bid 12 651 34 do pekoe 3400 36 15 657 13 hf-ch fans 845 31 16 K 059 24 do bro pek 1200 34 20 Keenagaha Ella 667 8 ch bro pek 8S0 32 21 669 10 hf-ch or pek 955 36 22 671 12 ch 1 hf-ch pekoe 1070 29 28 Ottery 683 27 ch bro pek 27C0 50 29 685 26 do or pek 2210 49 30 6S7 36 do pekoe 3240 41 33 Ramboda 693 18 hf ch bro pek 990 53 31 695 17 do pekoe 850 40 37 Rutland 701 13 ch bro pek 1300 35 bid 33 703 12 do pekoe 1020 29 bid 43 R 713 11 do pekue 9U0 32 44 715 10 do pek sou 900 27 50 Ottery 727 13 do bro pek 1300 53 bid 51 729 11 do or pek 990 51 62 731 20 do pekoe ISUO 4.3 55 Whyddon 737 19 do bro pek ls05 45 66 .739 10 do bro or pek 1020 47 bid 67 741 15 do pekoe 1170 36 58 743 18 do pek soo 1620 32 61 Kanangaina 749 33 do bv., . -iv 3l35 40 bid 62 751 36 do pek e 3240 32 63 753 28 do pek 2520 26 bid 64 755 7 do Pi'> }.‘vk !br !.s 770 31 66 769 5 do dus. 700 13 68 Mocha 763 22 do hr-, ‘o- r-..‘k 2120 57 bid 69 765 20 do pekoe ISOU 44 bid 70 767 12 do iMr 960 40 71 Agra Ouvah 769 59 hf-ch bl-' • ; P'-iv 3835 58 bid 72 771 29 do •*r L i 595 56 73 773 10 ch. Tifk'C 950 48 75 Rondura 777 15 do or pek 1260 41 76 779 40 do " b. 1'-. 3400 29 bid 77 78 1 44 do pelv -.(Mi 3930 26 81 Lameliere 739 30 do 3240 44 bid 85 Attabagie 797 22 cl) .'■'-j I:;-. 2200 10 bid 86 Kotuagedera 790 25 do br * ;:ck 2375 41 bid 87 801 12 do peK-'c 1080 29 bid 90a Mahacooda- galla 808 11 do pi-i.- -f.V. 1110 27 bid 92 Hiralouvah Sll 17 hf-ch ol . 850 34 bid 93 813 20 do pck-M- 1700 29 bid 94 815 12 do pek So 900 25 99 Orange Field 825 8 ch pekoe 800 26 102 Maryland 831 7 do br ' p . 's 73.5 38 103 833 7 do 700 26 bid 104 Ferndale 835 10 do or \-v\- 913 37 bid 105 Ardlaw & Wi.sh- ford S3? 9 d' pek • 855 37 bid 106 Glentilt 839 59 do bl ■ .5900 51 bid 107 841 36 do 3600 39 bid 114 YS 8.35 10 d.-* 9U0 10 121 Derby 869 24 lif-' ti ]-■■■• 1440 36 bid 122 Agra Ouvah 8U 62 d. 1.. 4030 68 bid Lot. Bo.\. Pkos. Name. lb. C. 123 Murray thwaite S73 11 ch bro pek 1045 35 bid 121 875 11 do pekoe 9.35 27 bid 1-25 Brownlow 877 22 do I)ekoe 1870 33 bid 126 Elston 879 9 do pek sou No. 2 810 28 127 Ben Nevis S81 19 do pekoe 2.1 0 33 bid 128 Koslanda 883 22 do pekoe 1980 32 [Messrs. Somerville & Co. 134,194— lb.] Lot. Box Pk;,^S. Name. lb. C. 1 G A 51 13 fans 1746 30 74 121 18 •I,") bro mix 1278 21 75 Evalgo'la 125 10 ch bro pek 1000 41 76 126 14 do or pek 1330 38 7 . 127 13 do pek 1235 30 89 Ranasingha- patna Ha- putale, in estate mark 139 23 hf-ch bro or pek 1380 32 bid 90 140 27 do bro pek 850 40 bid 91 141 12 ch or p k 1080 31 bid 93 Rngh H, ill estate mark 143 10 oh factory dust 1110 G bid 94 144 41 hf-ch pci. fairs o07n 18 95 Paradise 145 17 hf-ch b o pek 952 35 96 140 20 ch pek 19C0 26 97 147 21 ch pe!i sou EUiO 23 106 Deniya^'a 150 8 ch Pro pek fans 9.33 32 108 Balkigalla 1,58 IS ch bro pek 1710 37 bid 109 VV B, in estate mark 159 23 hf-ch or pek fans ISIO IS 110 Marigama 100 35 ch bro pek 3s20 31 bid 111 101 34 do or pek 3100 34 bid 112 162 33 do pek 3300 25 1 3 163 10 do dust 1280 6 bid 116 H J S 166 18 hf ch pek sou 1180 24 118 Narangoda 168 18 ch bro pek 1890 39 119 Madid tenne 169 24 ch bro irek 2400 39 [Messrs. Forbes & Walker.— -332,868 lb. Lot. Box. Pkts. Name. lb c. 9 Kosgalla 1416 36 hf-clr bro pek 1800 35 10 14 S 32 do pekoe 1410 25 11 14 Doraiiakan 1420 2g do pek sou 1300 24 de 1420 13 ch bro pek 1170 3S 2 CEYLON PEODUCE SALES LIST Lot. Box. PkKs. Name. lb. e. Lo L. Box. Pkgs Naii.e. lb. c. 15 1428 8 ch pek 720 30 210 330 51 hf ch pekoe 25.50 38 16 1430 9 do pek sou 7b5 26 217 332 53 do pek sou 2380 32 Horagas- 218 334 2 ! do sou 110(1 26 kelle 1444 14 hf-eh pek sou 790 24 219 Ella Oya 336 17 do hr pek dust lll'O 19 25 Walton 1448 20 Ilf ch or pek 1185 42 221 340 15 ch bro pek 1500 34 26 14c 0 22 do bio pek 132W 41 227 Lvoe:rf)ve 352 in do pekoe 910 .32 bid 27 1452 25 do pek 1400 32 234 W V R A 3C6 7 hf-ch mixed tea Sfo ■’9 bid 28 1454 14 do pek sou 700 25 238 BDWP 374 76 do bi o pek .3800 34 3J B, in estate 239 376 32 do pekoe 1000 31 mark 1464 28 cl) 240 Grange Garde) 37b 16 do sou 800 2 1 hf-ch SOU 2595 25 248 304 24 do or pek 2640 44 30 liockside, In 249 Nahahna 396 18 do pekoe' 1800 32 bid voice 39 1463 12 ch bro'pek 12(.0 30 bid 250 39$ ?8 do sou 3StJ0 24 36 1470 7 do pekoe 7)0 27 252 ALL 402 9 do bro pek 900 25 37 1172 7 do pek sou 700 24 253 • onkswood 404 10 hf-ch -use 750 23 42 Eocksicle In- 254 M iddleton 406 24 do dust 1882 23 bid voice 38 liS2 7 ch pek No. 1 700 37 255 .M 408 11 cl) dust 1570 21 43 1484 20 do pek No. 2 2000 36 256 .1 S in est. 44 I486 12 do nek sou 120!) 33 mark 410 ’Ohf-cl dust 7C0 17 48 1494 6 do ijro pek fan s 780 20 257 Stisted 412 26 do bio or pek 1560 4) liid D, in estate 25s 414 28 do or pek 1540 39 mark 6 13 Iif-cli dust 780 14 25:) 416 21 do pekoe 1260 SG 55 M 8 13 ch bio pek 1430 53 bid 260 H LE 418 25 do pek sou 1250 27 56 10 15 do pekoe 1330 46 202 422 20 do bi-o or pek 1080 31 bid 67 I ammeria 12 7 do bro or pek 840 41 263 Kantilai 424 25 ch bro pek 25C0 SO 68 ■J4 17 do pekoe 1530 34 204 Tyunawr 426 62 hf-ch pekoe 2790 i9 68 Waitalawa 34 29 hf-cli liro pek 1450 48 bid 265 Melrose 428 9 ch )>ro or pek bro I ek 91 0 SO 69 36 19 do or pek 950 42 267 Oxford 432 10 do 1609 .35 70 38 45 flo pek 2250 34 bu] 268 434 19 do or pek 1 520 39 72 42 10 do dust 900 20 269 436 19 do pekoe 1425 29 73 N O 44 12 ch pek fans fci ns 1250 27 270 4;8 14 do pek sou 1050 26 76 Gotti'.ganga 50 7 cl) 770 26 272 L 442 8 do pekoe 760 0 SO Cianrlios 58 8 ch dust 1120 12 278 Ta la wa 454 16 hf-ch bro pek 78 1 28 88 Naseby 74 2 1 hf-ch bro pek 1320 70 bid 282 Glencorse 462 23 ell bro pek 2070 S8 89 70 17 do pek 616 73 283 464 11 do pekoe 1190 32 91 C 80 44 hf-ch or nek fans 2640 30 2H Clunes 466 1 2 do pek sou 960 27 92 I.malle 82 8 ch fans 9U0 JO 293 484 29 do bro pek J450 47 93 84 13 hf-ch dust 1105 13 294 4S6 19 ch pekoe 1520 31 99 Pambagama 96 15 ch bro tea 1500 12 29S 488 9 do pek sou 810 25 100 98 9 do con£*ou 720 18 297 Polaloga)na 492 24 hf-ch or pek fans 1440 35 101 100 11 do fans 1210 10 29S 491 .35 ch pek son 2625 20 102 102 13 do bro pek fan lObO 30 oOo Bandara Eliya 60S 19 hf-ch bro or pek 1020 49 bid 103 104 ■ 9 do dust 1824 11 oU/ 514 16 do or pek 800 42 bid 110 Haves 118 28 hf-cli or pek 1260 38 bid 309 M C Ouvah, 516 20 do pek fans 1600 IS bid 111 120 o6 do pek No. 2 bro or pek 1800 31 810 119 Gampalia lot) 16 ch 1600 50 311 in est. mark 618 12 do bro pek 720 34 bid 120 138 19 tlo or pek 1710 40 .520 12 ch or pek inso 34 liid 121 140 15 do pek sou 1350 32 313 522 11 do pekoe 1045 27 lid 122 Ruanwella 142 17 cl) bro pek 1615 39 3L4 626 6 ch dust 312 no bid 123 124 128 144 146 154 42 do pekoe pek sou bro or pek 3670 990 1989 31 24 43 bid St. Heliers 39 hf-ch SMALL LOTS. 129 131 142 T B, in est. mark Weyunga- 156 19 ch pekoe 1615 34 160 24 ch fans 2040 26 [Messp? A. H. Thompson & Co.] 143 watte 182 184 32 25 hf-ch ch bro pek pekoe 1600 2250 38 30 Lot. Box. Pkgs Name. lb. c. 148 Lochiel 194 31 hf-ch bro or pek 1860 50 4 Ossingtmi, I))- 149 196 22 ch or pek 1760 43 voice No. 12 4 1 ch bro mix 90 8 150 198 14 tlo pekoe 1190 40 6 Ossington, In- 5 1 do dust 170 10 155 Essex 203 15 ch bro or pek 1650 35 6 150 210 12 do or pek 1224 30 voice No. 1 6 3 ch bro pek SOO 35 157 212 14 do pekoe 1400 SO 7 7 6 do pekoe 600 2G 153 214 13 do pek sou 1300 28 8 8 4 do pek sou 400 24 160 218 5 do bro pek dust 700 18 9 9 1 do dust 160 12 161 220 5 do dust 800 14 10 Dromore 16 3 ch dust 300 12 166 Polatagama 230 14 ch bro pek 1400 33 17 R, in estate 167 232 25 do or pek 2375 46 mark 17 3 hf-ch unas 159 23 168 234 21 do pek 1890 21 18 PR 18 4 ch red leaf 400 100 236 31 do pek sou 2180 25 19 H F, in estate 170 238 12 do fans lObO 22 mark 19 1 hf-ch pek 59 IG 171 lirracht 240 16 ch bro or pek 1600 42 20 20 1 hf-ch fa ns SO 13 172 2;2 24 do bro pek 2040 47 21 D E 21 1 ch 173 244 63 do pekoe 4240 33 7 hf-ch bro pek 423 29 174 246 21 do pek sou 1630 27 22 22 2 ch 176 Putupaula 250 10 ch fans 750 17 3 hf-ch rek sou 366 23 177 252 24 cl) sou 1920 IS 26 Ratnaternie 26 3 do pek sou 160 22 178 AM B 254 53 hf-ch dust 3445 8 bid 29 Hor))sey 29 5 ch fans 4-^5 23 179 V56 35 ch bro pek sou 3045 14 39 A and F L 39 7 hf-ch pek fans 630 12 bid 180 258 260 9 do do bro tea fans 765 12 181 11 1122 15 182 183 Dunbar 262 264 19 19 ch do bro pek or pek 912 855 48 42 [Messrs. Somerville & Co.] 185 191 Patiagama ‘.68 280 11 9 do ch pek No. 2 bro pek 825 765 32 35 bid Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. c. 192 282 15 do pekoe 1200 bS 3 U A 63 3 hf-ch dust No. 1 210 13 198 Killarney 294 17 ch or pek 1360 45 4 Penrith 54 2 do dust No. 2 142 1) 199 Jleduetenne 296 22 hf-ch bro or pek 13)0 36 9 59 1 ch pek fans 130 20 2VU 201 iOS 300 45 17 do ch bro pek pekoe 1395 1700 37 32 bid 10 14 Ukuwela 60 1 do 64 2 hf-ch dust bro pek fans 165 140 12 23 2V(j Errollwood 3)0 7 ch bro pek 7;-?5 58 17 Dartry 67 8 cU re 1 leaf 240 7 207 312 12 do pekoe 1200 48 18 R T, in estate 68 2 hf-ch dust 170 9 hid 21*7 Deaculla 322 18 lif-cli bro pek 990 67 bid 19 ■213 324 16 do pekoe 1120 44 20 n)ark 69 6 cl) red leaf 600 11 2U 326 do Del: sou 815 38 bid 70 5 do bro mix 500 21 215 Tymawar 328 62 do bi'u pek 3410 39 bid 21 71 5 do dust 600 12 CEYLON PKODUCE SALES LIST. 3 Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. C. 25 Illuket ia 75 1 ch bro pek dust 132 12 26 76 1 Iif-ch fans 52 25 27 Nanka 77 2 ch sou 216 16 ] hf-ch 28 78 2 hf ch bro tea 180 9 29 ABC 79 V hf-ch bro pek 107 26 30 80 1 do dust 76 13 34 K G 84 2 ch dust 220 14 35 85 3 do red leaf 225 10 39 St. Catherine 89 2 hf-ch d list 160 12 40 G VV 90 5 ch sou 400 24 41 91 7 hf-ch fairs 420 25 42 92 6 do dust 450 14 47 Kew 97 7 hf-ch bro pek fans 455 37 51 Mai-agalla 101 10 hf-ch pek 560 :0 52 102 10 do pek sou 500 26 53 103 11 do pek sou 400 25 56 Tiddy Dale 106 8 ch 1 ek sou 610 22 57 107 3 do sou 225 18 60 Lonach 110 7 ch pek sou 560 26 68 D G 118 2 ch bro tea 170 18 69 119 3 hf-ch dust 270 12 70 120 5 do fans 325 20 78 Evalgolla 128 3 ch pek sou 285 2:5 79 Casde 1l9 7 hf-ch bro pek 373 35 80 1?0 U do pek 540 27 bl 131 G hf-ch sou 300 21 82 132 2 do fans 134 19 83 133 1 do dust 80 6 92 Ran^singhe- patna Ha- putaie, in es- tate mark 142 12 hf-ch pek 540 25 bid 98 Paradise 148 7 hf-ch pek fans 41 6 20 99 149 5 do bro mix 230 20 100 150 4 do dust 3r0 12 101 151 3 do red leaf 255 9 102 Z, in e.state mark 152 1 cii bro pek SO 33 103 153 1 do pek 80 26 104 154 2 do pek sou 2:0 23 105 155 1 do dust 12.1 13 107 Deniyaya 157 3 ch pek fans 344 21 114 H J S 101 hf-ch bro pek 300 33 bid 115 105 5 do pek 300 26 117 167 5 do dust 300 12 [Mr. E. John.] Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. C. 1 M B 629 4 hf-ch dust 3 0 20 2 631 8 do fans 560 38 3 633 1 do unas 100 24 4 615 1 do bro mix 100 8 5 Loughtou 6.17 5 do pek dust 2)0 15 6 639 5 do sou 250 23 8 C 643 4 ch sou 310 24 9 615 5 hf-ch diisc 4 0 10 13 Dickapittia 653 3 ch pek sou 300 26 14 655 5 hf-ch dust 400 15 17 E 681 5 ch pekoe 500 24 18 663 3 do sou 300 12 19 665 1 do dust 101 12 23 Keenagaha Ella 673 6 do pek sou 425 25 24 675 3 do bro mix 270 23 25 677 1 hf-ch dust 90 6 26 679 3 do fans 125 25 27 681 2 ch unas 270 9 31 Ottery 689 3 do sou 294 28 32 691 2 do dust 300 19 85 Ramboda 697 8 hf-ch pek sou 360 29 36 699 1 do dust 80 12 39 Rutland 705 8 ch pek sou 608 26 40 707 1 hf-ch pek fans 70 22 41 709 1 do dust 87 13 42 R 711 6 ch or pek 600 39 45 N P 717 12 hf-ch dust 960 13 46 GB 719 3 do dust 240 14 47 721 6 do fans 4 SO 40 48 723 8 ch sou 600 26 49 725 3 hf-ch bro mix 240 8 53 Ottery 733 1 ch sou 97 26 54 735 1 do dust 119 18 59 Wliyddon 745 2 do 1 hf-ch pek fans 341 39 60 747 2 do dust 300 14 65 Kanangama 757 5 ch f .us 450 23 67 761 3 do congou 2.55 23 82 Gonavy 791 5 do bro pek 600 46 83 793 6 do pekoe 510 33 84 795 2 do pek sou 160 28 88 W 803 6 do bro tea 600 14 89 Yahalakelle 805 2 do red leaf 182 10 90 807 2 do dust 320 9 91 Hiralouvah 809 6 hf-ch bro pek 360 40 95 817 4 do pek A 200 25 Lot. Box. Packgs. Name, lb. e. 96 819 1 do pek fans 65 24 97 821 2 do ri list 165 11 98 Orange Field 823 5 cli bio pek 500 35 100 827 3 do pek fans 293 22 101 829 2 do bro mix 200 10 1 15 Meeriabedde 857 7 lif-ch pek dust 560 18 lie 8.59 4 do pe sou No.2 400 25 117 861 3 do pek fa U.S .360 26 118 863 5 do iiro mix 550 23 119 Chapelton 865 5 do dust 450 8 120 867 4 do bro mix 400 7 [Mf.ssrs. Forbes & Walker.] Lot Box. Pkg.8 . Name. lb. c. 3 Hopewell 1404 1 hf-ch bro pek 56 49 4 1406 1 do pek 48 32 5 1408 1 hf-ch pek sou 52 25 6 1410 1 ch 1 hf-ch congou 128 24 7 Tenueheua 141’ 1 hf-ch bro pek 68 41 8 1414 1 ch 1 hf eh pekoe 145 20 12 Kosgalla 1422 4 do bro pek fan 240 25 c r 13 1424 2 do unas 100 27 '■ 17 Doranakan- de 1412 3 ch pek fans SOO 2S 18 1434 4 hf-ch du.st 300 U 19 1436 3 do fans 180 23 20 W 1438 1 do pek sou 60 22 21 Horagas kelle 1440 6 lif-ch bro pek .304 31 22 1442 0 do pekoe 316 24 24 1446 3 do bro mix 182 8 29 Walton 1456 15 hf-ch sou 600 24 30 B, in estate mark 1458 1 hf-ch bro pek 75 30 31 1460 i do pek SO 27 32 1462 1 do pek sou 62 24 31 1466 4 ch 1 hf-ch dust 640 17 38 Kunibaloluwa 1474 6 ch bro pek 660 36 39 1476 6 do pekoe 600 :r8 40 1473 3 do pek sou EOO 25 41 1480 1 Iif-ch dust 80 13 45 Rockside 1488 3 ch sou £01 24 46 1490 2 do bro mix 200 20 47 1402 2 do dust 3b0 13 49 New Galway 1496 9 hf-ch bro pek 540 71 50 1498 10 do pek 650 46 61 150J 1 do dust 86 18 51 D, in estate mark 2 13 hf-ch sou 585 24 53 4 9 do fans 4£5 26 59 Bammeria Hi 7 ch pek sou 6:30 26 60 18 1 do sou 100 •24 61 20 1 do unas 93 35 71 Waitalawa 40 11 hf-ch pek sou o.'.O 26 74 NO 46 5 ch dust 620 15 75 Cottaganga 48 1 ch sou 90 8 77 52 5 do dust 650 14 78 54 1 hf-ch congou 42 16 79 Katooloya f6 1 do pek sou 48 25 81 K B 00 1 ch fans 120 12 82 62 1 do dust 1-SO 12 83 Allerton 64 1 ch bro pek fan.s 100 13 84 66 2 do pek fans 200 9 bid 85 68 2 do fans 200 9 bid 86 70 2 do congou 200 8 87 72 4 do pek dust 480 10 90 Wariatenne 78 1 hf-ch fans 75 13 94 Ismail 86 5 ch bro tea .500 s 95 H L E 88 1 ch bro pek IOC 44 96 90 1 do pek sou 85 29 97 92 1 do fans 130 98 94 3 do dust 450 16 104 Pambagama (Venesta boxes) 106 3 hf-ch bro tea 153 10 105 108 5 ch congou 425 23 106 110 2 hf-ch dust 470 12 107 112 3 ch fans 330 9 108 USA 114 7 hf-ch dust 560 14 109 116 2 do bro mix 100 9 125 Ruauwella 148 4 cil bro pek fans 440 24 126 150 Uhf-ch dust 420 12 127 Isrnalle 152 cli bro tea 1' 0 15 130 T B, in est. mark 1.58 5 ch dust 500 11 132 102 3 do congou 220 22 133 G 164 2 ch bro pek fans 230 19 134 106 2 do sou 176 22 135 168 2 do pek dust 28o U 136 K W 170 9 hf -ch red leaf 495 10 137 Condeg.alla 172 2 do bro pek fans 182 IS 138 C, in estate mark 174 ch bro tea 600 15 4 CEYLON PPtODUCE SALES LIST. Lot Box Pkgs . Name, lb. C. 139 L, in e tate mark 176 ch bro tea 200 13 140 Labookelle 178 3 hf-ch br.i pel? fans 273 15 141 Poonagalla 180 1 ch red leaf 100 20 144 Weyanga- watte 186 7 ch pek sou SCO 26 145 183 1 do brr tea 105 20 140 190 3 bf-ch (lu.st 255 14 147 Lochiel 192 11 box bro or pek 2'20 56 131 0 4 do pek .sou 380 30 152 202 1 do (lust 150 15 153 W W 204 4 ch bro mix 340 10 154 2(>6 1 do (lust 140 10 1.59 Essex 216 G do sou £04 23 162 Hade la 222 1 ch bro or pek 64 42 103 214 1 hf-ch or pek 55 46 104 226 1 do petoe 60 35 10.5 228 1 (lo pek sou 51 25 17.5 C 248 4 ch sou 360 24 bid 184 Dunbar 266 7 do pek No. 1 525 34 bid 186 270 7 do pek sou 12) 25 1S7 D B R 272 1 do bro mi.x 95 15 138 274 2 hf-ch fans 110 14 139 276 2 do dust 140 14 193 Patiagama 284 5 ch pek sou 425 24 104 286 3 do (lust 34) 12 195 288 3 do cong'iu 270 9 193 290 2 do bro pek fars 230 25 197 292 2 do unas 150 24 202 Meddetenne 302 0 do pek sou 510 24 20-3 304 3 do congou 270 23 201 306 1 do pek fans 120 23 205 308 2 do bro pek dust 240 17 203 Errollwood 314 8 do pek sou USO 39 209 316 8 do sou 680 27 210 S M 318 4 hf-ch congou 200 24 2il K W D 3-20 9 ch br or pek fans 585 28 220 Tymawr 338 9 hf-ch dust 675 13 225 Lyegrove 348 6 ch bro or pek 5-55 42 226 350 C do or pek 540 43 228 354 5 do pek sou 450 30 229 356 1 hf-ch or pek fans 6.) 38 2i0 358 2 do unast 120 32 231 360 1 ch bro mix 130 15 232 362 1 do pek (lust 118 20 233 B D W G 364 5 hf-ch dust 450 17 235 IV V R A 368 3 ch dust 361 13 236 370 3 do fans 360 13 237 BDWP 372 2 do bro mix 200 11 241 380 5 ilf-ch bro mi.x 250 20 242 382 4 do dust 348 16 243 384 1 do mix tea 74 15 251 Nahalma 400 6 do dust 450 13 261 Stisted 4-20 3 do dust 240 14 •206 Allon 430 1 do re f leaf 50 9 271 Oxford 440 2 do du.st 160 13 273 L 414 5 ch sou 410 8 274 446 4 do red leaf 310 7 275 448 3 do dust 456 9 276 Kirrimettia 450 6 do unast 540 22 277 452 1 do unast 90 22 279 K H L 456 4 do dust 6S0 12 280 458 1 do bro mix 75 7 231 Glencorse 460 4 do bro or pek 460 41 285 468 2 do pek fans 240 •26 235 470 1 do bro tea 100 31 237 472 1 do dust 170 12 288 L N S in est. mark 474 1 hf-ch bro pek 34 42 239 476 \ ch pek sou 91 23 290 478 1 hf-ch fans 55 13 291 G B 480 2 ch b 0 tea ' 230 10 292 Torrington P 482 6 do dust 6s0 10 296 dunes 490 G do l.ek fans 640 29 313 bl C Ouvah in est. mark 524 5 ch pek sou 400 24 bid CEYLON COCOA SALES IN LONDON. (From our Commercial Corres pondent. ) Wincing Lane Jan. 15. Per “ Sbaftbi'dsliire ” at Colombo. Wf. Mark. Pile. Sa. Lot. Lob. Old Haloya, No. 1 A 21 10 22 19 bag!? out Per “ Waka,sa Mum" 'at Colombo. Annlewatte 1 7 1 20 bags 79s sold 2 10 „ Ex “Derbyshire” at Colombo. Gangaroowa, A 111 20 bags 79s sold 2 20 3 20 i 20 Per “ Clan Fraser’ KASACo. 1173 1 2113 2 2 2114 20 3 •2115 20 4 2116 20 5 2117 10 6 2118 14 Ex “Clie.sliire” Ls) at Ceylo Meegama, A 548 7 728 3 Per “ Wakasa Manj Nortli Matale 1 3 1 20 4 2 •20 5 8 20 6 4 20 7 5 20 8 G 20 9 7 20 10 8 20 11 9 20 12 10 20 13 11 20 14 12 17 2 15 13 5 Alloowiliar A 3 10 14 20 17 15 lO 18 16 20 19 17 20 20 18 •20 21 19 20 22 20 25 Ditty A 4 23 21 20 24 22 10 Ditto B 5 25 23 0 Ditto G 6 26 24 Pei • “Derbyshire” at Coloi No. 1, Meegami 452 27 609 20 28 610 14 453 29 611 2 No. 1 Ditto 454 30 612 5 No. B 455 31 613 2 Per “ Clan Fraser. Marakona 12 32 385 20 33 386 18 Ditto 2 13 34 387 9 Ditto 3 14 .35 388 5 Coodulga 11a 441 36 £93 20 37 594 17 Kepitigalla 445 38 595 20 39 516 20 40 597 20 41 598 20 42 £99 20 43 COO 12 446 44 601 5 447 45 602 4 448 46 603 6 Per “Derbyshire.” Coodulgalla 450 47 614 20 48 615 25 Kepitigalla 457 49 616 20 • 50 617 20 618 19 I Per “ \Yakasa Mam )) Ross 1, GR 31 62 31 20 53 32 20 Ditto 2 32 54 33 4 Asgeriya , A 3d 55 36 20 56 37 20 Ditto T 36 57 38 1 Ingurugalla A 38 58 40 23 Ditto T 30 69 41 2 Per “Clan Fraser.’ Ross 1 ] 60 1 20 61 2 20 C2 3 17 Ditto 2 2 63 4 6 Per “Wakasa Mam )) PB&Co., 206in est. mk. 1 04 1 20 65 2 20 66 3 12 DB&Co. 216in est. mk. 2 67 4 3 213 3 63 5 10 Gangwarily No. 1 4 09 0 14 Ditto Mo. 2 6 70 8 2 Ditto No. 3 7 71 9 3 (s) at Ceylon. 76s sold 75s Cd ,, s.d.c. 2, 73s 6(1 sold i> 76s 6d sold „ 71s ,, 69s ” j 79s 6d ,, s. d. bnlkecf 71s 6d sold i>(5s „ 70s 6d ,, 74s 6(1 sold ., 61s 77s 6d „ 70s 6(1 „ 79s 6d „ 76s 6d „ 70s 6d 7Ss 6(1 70s 6d 77s 6d sold 73s 6d 78s 6d 79s 70s 6d 70s 6d CEYLON PEODUCE SALES LIST. fer “ Caledonia.” 0 MLM est. cocoa 1 1 108 431 26 „ 75s sold 1 ditto ditto 2 109 432 20 „ 74s 6d 110 433 20 „ 111 434 20 „ 112 435 20 „ 113 436 20 ,, 114 437 20 ,, MLM 4 115 439 20 „ 75 1!6 440 20 „ 117 441 20 „ 118 442 15 „ 5 119 443 1 s. d. and rpkd. 69s sold Ex “ Asia ’■ at Colombo. A HGA in est. mark 6 120 372 20 bags 71s 121 373 20 „ 122 374 17 „ B HGA in est. niark 7 123 375 29 „ 71s 6d C HGA in est. mark 8 124 376 20 „ 76s 125 377 11 » D HGA in est. mark 9 126 378 20 „ 127 379 20 „ 128 380 20 „ . 74s sold 129 381 20 „ 130 382 12 „ AS MAK in est. mark No 1, estate cocoa 10 131 383 19 ,, 75s sold Ex “ Clan Fraser.’ 1 MAK in est. mark, estate cocoa 17 132 392 20 „ j 75s .33 393 28 „ O NX in est. mark estate cocoa 18 134 394 29 HG A in estate mai k 19 135 395 20 136 396 19 MLM 20 137 3«7 20 138 398 20 139 399 20 140 400 20 in 401 18 1 ditto estate cocoa 21 142 402 24 1 F in estate mark 22 113 403 8 2 F in estate 23 144 404 20 145 405 20 146 406 20 147 407 20 148 408 20 149 409 12 NG A iti estate mark ^ .‘11 150 410 20 151 411 20 152 412 20 153 413 20 154 414 19 Ex “ Shropshire.” O MLM 3 155 216 7 Ex ‘ ‘ Kawaclii Marii )3 HGA in estate mark 4 177 308 20 178 309 20 179 310 12 MML 6 ISO 312 6 5 7Ss 6il ,, 75s X , 74s sold ,, 77s M '’4s ,,|out , 75s sold , 74s sold ,, 72s 6d OBSERVER PRINTING WORKS. ... . 83J/La:adi^ l%o.n^o H. *< "tr-4r s w _l*»:.*W.J*.-»> *). V .; . ' t;J f, 'li.:S '< ’i -?tF V ^t* *u ;■ "v • ..- V :- .frjf «i. ■ i# i: ^,A. .: « . -i?-, ■lAi ^ ■ /» '* ■* *' v*^ ^ ' - 9%'^' /■'•^ •? •’ •^‘■,'v'’.***‘'f ,'l«^. w.u'f 0 %h"- '- y.;-\4,'., jt' ' *■ »il «.-•', ,.*■ • ■'■ .5.:;. .T • ^’',«QS'.7,'r 'K'i ? , 0^ dT^ ^1 0^ ■■■• >?''■' ;> " V: . •.. if •^•^:' LO'-in „ ‘ . T. V,, . .... , . ,;'.i . ‘>.4 fliM <> y ; 3«tiwtH«itri. ft 'i-'.' K. V.. •■■•• r‘-,;ft . ; ; ’ •, • 5^' -■ ', -■ ■ik^ t 7': -j r)iv»*^ I-7 V ... ■-, '. . ^ ■ t.v; t(f.: ^'* . '-V* 7r. * i ■'• ■'*! .'H,.r <» r>, |r !».»- •ill/- •:•.■. ^/S-- .rtn ; Califor la Aiiibalawa ! Mahatenne i Monrovia 15 Elchico )8 .4 New Valley 19-2 11 do 195 38 ch 193 25 do 197 15 do 199 29 hf-cb 200 11 ch 201 8 ch 2C6 2-2 ch 207 21 do 2f8 11 do 210 8 ch 212 17 hf-ch 218 5 ch 214 9 ch 215 28 lif-cb 218 18 hf-ch 219 15 do 220 28 do 228 23 lif-ch 224 24 do 9 L5 23 cil 228 15 ch 17 do 230 n ch 241 20 ch 942 24 do 244 31 hf oil 245 40 do 24C 32 do 24S 8 ch 251 31 lif-cb 202 15 ch 203 in do 266 10 do 207 23 (io 275 19 bf-cb 278 14 (In 284 19 ch 285 15 ch 28G 20 do 287 10 do dust pek sou or pek hro or pek pek hro pek pek pek sou pek pelv hro pek pek pek sou bro pek pek bro pek bro pek pek sou dust dust pek dust lb. 1030 870 1760 1560 1900 1000 If 00 1000 1160 10J5 3800 25' 0 I. 500 1595 1101 SOO 2200 1995 990 ....... ii-io bro pek fans 850 ■ ■ 700 1215 25-30 909 750 HQO II. 50 1080 19,35 1500 1.561 9 >5 isun 2160 15 0 ISO) 1140 £00 1 ;!95 15 19 O'.O 900 2"70 930 7' 0 2000 1.300 2(!00 900 pek pek son )>ro pek pek pek sou hro pek pek pek or pek pek hro pek or pek pek pek nek bro pek liek bro ! ek pek bro pek pelc No. 2 bro or pek or pek pek pek sou Lot. 4 Eila [Mr. L. John. -83,991 11.] Box. i’Upis. Name. lb. £91 29 ch bro pek 2010 20 24 hid 42 38 bid 33 41 bi 1 32 bid 30 bid 36 28 31 bid 31 25 36 28 35 30 bid 32 25 14 29 bid 13 14 12 bid 36 bid 30 24 bid 38 bid 31 bi 1 32 35 42 S3 48 41 31 : 9 31 37 30 36 bid 28 bi d .59 61 42 S9 e. 37 bid Lo fc. Box. Bkg.S. Name. lb. c. 0 893 31 ch pekoe 2635 32 bid 6 £95 25 do pe son No.l 2125 2’ bid 7 £97 19 do po -sou N0.2 1020 26 9 901 8 do dust lO-^O 13 10 Rondura 903 12 do h.ro pek 1-200 35 bid 11 905 20 do hro pek fans 2i)i'0 30 12 907 9 do dust 1260 1.5 13 909 9 do red leaf 705 17 16 Glasgow 9:5 46 do lu'o or pek 3450 7 > 17 917 26 do or pek 1.560 68 IS 9i9 17 do pekoe 17(i0 50 19 Browalow 921 26 do bro or pek 2600 56 20 9->3 25 do or pek 2250 45 21 92 i 26 do pekoe 22 !0 41 2-2 927 17 (lo pek .sou HU 34 23 929 7 do hro pek fans 770 39 bid 27 Meeriatonne 917 19 hf cll pekoe 9o0 31 bid 29 Mahacoodag.iIla941 (■? ch (lust 840 f-4 31 G .U 915 10 hf-ch pekoe 800 28 34 AR 951 11 ch dust 915 17 41 Koi/Uagedera 935 25 do bro pek 2375 34 bid 45 M 973 28 hf-ch bro pek fans 2100 16 bid 48 Eadella 975 27 ch bro ))ek 2700 37 47 977 31 do pekoe 2790 32 48 979 12 do pek son 900 27 49 XJdaPiissellawa 931 20 hf-ch pek fans 1300 20 bid 50 Morahela 983 16 ch bro pek 1.504 38 51 985 13 do bro or pek 1300 39 52 987 10 do or pek 1440 S3 53 989 12 do ]iel:oe 1044 32 55 M 993 7 (io dust 910 10 bid 56 Elston 995 12 do pe son No. 2 lOSO 28 61 A T B 7 22 do pek fans ■2200 12 68 Yakka 21 10 hf-ch bro pek 992 33 69 23 17 do pekoe 816 29 70 Kotuageder.i 25 22 ch bro pek 2200 35 bid 71 27 do pekoe 760 30 [Messrs. Forbes cSc Walker. — 334,737 lb.] Lot. Box. puts. Name. lb C. 1 c h .528 28 l)C-ch dust 2-240 24 2 Af V 530 14 hf-cli dust 1-218 17 3 S, in estate mark 532 15 ch pekoe IJoO S7 4 634 25 hf-ch pek fans 1875 19 8 Sunnycroft 5 2 7 ch pek sou 700 28 17 Rickarton 560 28 hf-ch bi’o or pek 1960 53 bid 18 562 65 do or iiek 3300 48 19 564 n ch pek 1870 40 20 666 35 do pek sou 3500 34 bid 21 .508 14 hf-ch bro tea 9 0 •29 22 570 n do d-.st 935 IS bid 23 Agra Elbedcle .572 29 hf-ch bro or ])ek 1 ’8'2 57 24 574 19 do or pek 988 52 25 676 32 do pek 1536 45 ‘ () 678 17 do pek sou 816 38 28 Nahaveena 582 42 lif-ch In-o pek 2100 36 29 .584 17 do pcic 850 32 30 586 34 do pek No. 2 17( 0 29 31 .588 21 do nek sou 10 0 23 34 Putupaula 694 19 ch luo or pek 1110 39 35 59o 41 do bro nek 3655 48 bid 3fi .593 23 do pekoe 2-740 34 37 600 2 4 do pek sou ISO ■ fS bid 88 Passara Group 602 n ch b o pek 2790 52 39 604 34 do pekoe •2S90 £9 40 OOG 20 do p.ek .S'lu 1700 32 5 4 Clyde 6U ;-n c!i liro pek 2S50 42 55 G3G 38 do pekoe 3420 31 CO A, in estate mark 640 di pekoe fOO SI Cl Ascot Gvi 9 ch iu'o or pek l'-45 3*' 04 OU 39 do bro pek 3-51 '1 ?0 Oi () 0 40 (io pek 3-lCO 32 01 O'S 16 do pek sou 1140 2’> 0.’ 0()0 0 do pek funs 7.50 22 OS Galawatet 062 21 Ch bro pek 1005 3> 09 6Gi 2 do 1 ekoe 1-7 1 21) *^0 EUaoya 600 15 ch bro p.-k 1440 3S 71 GiS 4'1 do or pek 3490 32 72 070 19 do pekoe 161.5 27 73 Middleton 672 20 lif-ch br i nr pek 1100 72 74 6 4 42 ch or pek 42 0 55 75 (>7G 15 do sou IS'O 50 76 07S 23 do pek 19 55 41 78 Kttapolla ii''l 17 lif-ch neko(’ 850 23 S2 Nugagalla 001 23 dvi bro pek 1 .b) 44 hid 83 0J2 4L do pek 2J50 35 bid 2 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST- Lot. Eox. Pkgs, , Name. lb. 86 Battawatte 098 47 ch pekoe 4700 87 700 7 do pek sou 700 88 702 10 do bro pek fan 1 1600 89 7U4 11 do a list 1100 90 Gampalia 706 18 cli bro or pek 1801 91 708 13 do or pek 1170 93 712 14 do pek sou 12C0 94 714 14 hf-ch dust 1260 95 Hayes 716 25 do pek sou 1125 96 C K B. in estate mai'K 718 33 ch bro pek 3465 97 720 27 do pekoe 2700 93 722 14 do pek sou 1400 100 Massean 720 30 hf-ch bro pek 1506 308 Tonacombe 742 19 ch or pek 1980 109 744 8 do bro pek 960 110 746 28 do pekoe 2800 113 R C W, in estate mark 762 24 hf ch bro or pek 1320 114 754 21 ch pek No. 1 1785 115 756 19 do pekoe 1515 116 758 17 hf-ch bro pek fans 1-45 318 C 702 27 lif-ch or pek fans 2160 122 S V, Maliga tenne 770 7 ch bro pek 700 126 Gampalia 778 16 ; bf-ch pek fans 1410 127 Gallustain 780 46 hf-ch bro or pek 2310 128 782 30 do bro pek 1206 129 784 23 do pek 874 130 786 100 do pek sou 3806 131 788 .56 do sou 1960 132 790 11 do dust 881 134 Weyunga- watte 794 34 hf-ch bro or pek 1870 135 796 H ch or pek 990 136 798 25 do pekoe 2i25 139 Aiapolakan- ch de 804 19 or pek 1710 340 806 14 do pek 1120 141 808 28 do pek sou 2210 145 Torwood 816 11 ch or pek SSO 147 820 10 do pek sou 800 150 Pedro 820 70 ; hf-ch bro or pek 4.06 161 S2S 18 ch pek 1710 152 830 16 do pek sou 1280 153 832 17 hf-ch fans 1300 360 MN 846 11 1 hf-ch dust 1012 161 y pekoe 1 4.5 224 974 50 clo pek sou 3750 225 976 10 do fans 950 220 K in ett. marl !c 978 38 do pek sou 3306 227 980 7 CIO dust 910 228 Great Valley, Ceylon, in est. mark 9S2 03 hf-ch bro or pek .3150 229 36 ch pek 3240 230 j, 34 do pek 3160 231 9«6 32 do pek sou 2860 235 G. H., Dimbula991 20 hf-ch fans 1600 238 Knavesmire 1000 34 ch or pekoe 3060 239 1002 55 do bro pek 5225 240 1004 75 clo pekoe 6375 211 1006 42 do pek sou 3160 Lot. Box Bkos. Name. lb. C. 245 N in estate mark 1014 44 hf-ch pek fans 2860 20 bid 249 >(ewera Eln^a 1022 J4 do fans 1176 21 bid 250 Dea Ella 1014 47 do bro pek 2350 38 251 1026 B3 do pekoe 1650 31 252 1028 10 do pek son 7--0 26 254 K P \V 1032 24 Oo or pek 1536 39 256 1036 30 do pekoe 1800 29 259 Middleton 1042 24 clo dust 1880 23 SMALL LOTS. [MESSP.S. A L. H. Thompson Co.] Lot. Box . Pkgs. Name. lb. c. 4 St. Leonards on Sea 4 3 ch dust 450 I2 8 8 10 hf-ch bro pek fan cuo 28 9 9 2 cii ccmi;ou 140 24 10 iu 4 hl-ch dust 320 13 14 W 14 1 ch 1 lif-ch I ek sou 1C6 19 15 Kalkande 15 12 hf-ch bro pek too 4L 17 17 12 do pek sou 600 25 18 18 G clo SOU 300 24 19 19 2 do dust 14U 14 27 BC 27 5 hf-ch pek fans 425 IS bid 28 M C 28 do pek fans 12 bid [Mr. E. John.] Lot. Box. Pkgs, . Name. lb. c. 3 H & II 88 5 5 ch bro mi.x 550 10 2 Galloola S87 G ilo dust 600 14 3 R 889 1 lif-ch dust 110 12 8 Eila 899 7 ch bro mix 630 24 24 Brovvnlow 931 3 do pek fans 336 30 25 Galloola 9.13 4 do dust 400 12 26 Meeria tenne 935 12 hf-ch bro pek 672 3.8 bid 23 939 1 do dust 70 13 30 GM 913 4 do bro pek 220 32 32 Cleveland 947 5 clo dust 390 20 33 AR 949 G ch bi 0 pek fans 660 28 42 E T K 967 5 do pek fans 350 19 43 969 3 do dust 240 14 54 Morhela 991 2 do fans 260 15 62 D 9 6 do bro pek 600 30 63 11 G clo 1 hf-ch pekoe 6-50 27 64 13 1 ch pek sou lOU 24 6S 15 1 do dust 14) 14 66 17 1 clo mixed HO 14 [Messes. Somerville & Co.] Lo t. Box Pkgs N'aii.e. lb. C. 67 Anaimalla 19 3 hf-ch dust 255 12 72 Kotuagedera 29 7 ch pek sou 636 25 Lot. Box- Pkgs Name. Ib. c. 6 Nugawella lie 5 cli pek sou 425 25 7 177 5 hf ch dust 375 17 8 ITS 0 ch bro mix 425 11 9 NSC 179 10 hf-ch or pek 600 39 bid- 10 ISO 3 ch bro pek 165 44 H 181 13 hf-ch pek 650 SO 12 182 2 ch pek sou 100 21 13 DAL 183 2 ch bro or pek 220 33 14 181 5 do bro pek 475 34 15 185 7 do pek 560 28 16 186 2 do sou 190 24 17 187 1 do bro mix 80 24 ! 23 Hapugasmulle 193 1 ch fans 110 20 24 194 1 do sou 90 23 : 28 32 Ukuwella Bogahagoda- 198 2 hf-ch bro pek fans 140 21 watte 202 3 ch bro jiek N o. 2 270 27 bid 33 203 5 do pek 450 27 34 204 3 do pek sou 255 23 3.5 205 1 do fans 150 18 S9 Warakamure 209 3 hf-ch dust 220 11 bid ' 41 S G K 211 1 ch fans 110 13 bid 46 Evalgoila 216 2 ch fans 2"0 17 47 217 3 hf-ch dll .St 261 13 i 51 Charlie Hill 221 7 hf-ch pek fans 420 27 ; 52 222 2 do re 1 leaf 110 S 56 Ferriby 226 3 ch sou 300 22 57 227 4 hf ch dust 280 14 61 Koladeniya 231 6 do pek sou 4S0 24 62 232 1 do dust 120 14 c. 33 29 21 11 51 4U 31 17 20 19 bill 43 bid 31 bid 45 46 43 39 34 bid 29 29 15 bid •22 bid 30 17 35 30 3 I 27 26 14 38 38 33 44 33 23 35 27 01 09 49 35 11 bid 17 bid 15 bid 25 39 32 29 bid 19 bid 28 bid 27 35 bid 38 31 13 bid 25 bid 16 49 47 38 67 43 44 52 bid 58 45 39 bid 21 45 33 20 34 35 42 31 27 24 25 6 49 bid 31 bid 3L bid 26 20 bid 35 3S 27 24 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. 3 Lot. Box Pkgs . JSame. lb. c. 73 Haranga 11a 24,3 6 ch pek sou 510 2t id 77 California 247 5 cli bro pek 475 34 79 249 3 d® pek 5 oil 300 2 > 60 250 1 clo bro pek dust 110 83 Diyanilakelle 253 2 ch nnas 2;-0 84 2.54 3 hf-ch dust 270 85 Cbolankjnde 255 5 ch fans 575 21 bid 66 256 4 bf-ch dust 348 12 87 Sc.arborough 257 3 ch congou 291 19 bid 88 Eavenoya 2-58 4 hf-ch bro pek 260 37 99 2.59 13 do pek oil 32 bid 90 260 7 ch ! ek sou 280 27 bid 91 201 1 do dust 84 13 94 JP. batenne 264 4 ch pek sou ;-80 24 93 11 onroyia 268 7 ch pek sou 630 24 99 269 3 hf-cn pek dvst •225 14 IflO 270 1 do red leaf 94 10 106 Elchic 276 6 hf-ch pek 300 29 bid 107 277 6 do )>ek .sou 300 27 109 279 2 do dust 150 ' 3 118 NIT •288 7 ch un;,s 665 24 [Messes. Forbes & Walker.] 9 10 •27 32 33 41 42 50 57 58 59 61 62 Sunny croft Sunny croft Asm El'oedcle Naliaveena Clyde Avoca, A, in estate mark 77 Ettapoil.a 79 SO bl 64 85 92 99 101 102 103 104 103 101 10’ 111 112 117 119 120 121 123 124 125 133 137 138 142 143 114 liG 148 159 154 155 13b 167 189 172 173 174 175 178 N uga a la Garapalia C K B, in e mark Massena Esonprai 1 Tonacorabe Deltotte E C W, in < ma.rk I, in estate mark S V Maliga- V Weyanga- watte Arapolakan- de Tor wood Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. c. 536 5 ch pek sou 500 27 o33 2 do congou 200 24 510 2 do dust 300 13 541 3 cli eongou 300 24 o'lS 2 do dust 300 13 : 5:S0 4 hf-ch dust 342 19 590 4 hf-ch dust 300 13 592 1 do congou 48 24 p 603 3 ch congou 255 25 610 4 do dust 400 15 ess 2 ch bor or pek 250 34 610 3 ch pek sou 300 34 612 4 hf-ch bro pek fans 320 25 61-1 5 ch bro pek 5.50 37 61S 1 do pek sou 100 28 650 1 hf-ch bro pek fans 80 21 680 8 hf-ch bro pek 400 i-2 6S4 7 do pek sou 350 24 686 5 do bro tea 250 23 683 1 do dust 81 13 694 hf-ch pek sou 250 25 bid 096 7 do dust 630 16 710 4 ch pek 4U0 35 ite 724 8 ch pek fans 640 16 7-23 12 hf-cli pekoe 600 31 730 6 do pek sou 300 27 732 8 do pek fans 560 15 734 hf-ch bro pek 99 36 7o6 1 do pek 44 32 7,38 2 do pek sou 59 28 740 X do dust 23 14 748 4 ch pell sou 300 27 750 1 ch pek 94 28 idate 760 3 ch dust SOO 13 764 4 ch sou 409 23 706 2 do bro pek fans 200 27 768 3 do red leaf 285 13 772 6 ch pek 540 8 774 3 do 2iek sou 2.35 3 776 1 do dust 143 9 793 4 ch bro tea 400 20 SOO 7 ch pek sou 630 25 802 2 hf-ch dust 178 12 810 812 814 818 822 824 4 eh 2 do 5 ch 8 do do do son dust bro pek pek dust sou KWD 834 10 hf-ch bro or j fans Nella Ool a 836 838 2 2 ch do congou dust 840 1 do red leaf H. S. F., inest. inii.rk 864 5 ch unast Holton S70 872 5 L do do pe i soil bro mix 871 do dust Killavney 870 5 do dust A G T in est. mark .^82 7 do or pek 40) 230 480 072 133 82 650 470 284 69 475 475 80 225 500 24 12 46 29 14 24 27 12 13 10 19 27 24 15 11 bid 420 31 Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. C. 179 834 1 hf-ch or pek 56 31 ISO 836 7 do pekoe 385 •),5 181 883 3 do pek sou 150 25 182 890 2 do congou jUU ■23 183 892 1 do unast 50 24 184 T in est. mark 89 4 1 ch bro pek 100 41 180 Beverley 898 111 hf-ch bro pek 550 43 187 900 10 do pekoe 500 .32 189 904 5 do dust 371 18 199 Castlereagh 024 3 ch pek sou 2411 200 926 3 hf-ch fa ns 210 23 201 923 2 do dust 160 15 205 Rothschild 916 3 ch bro pek :i00 200 918 6 do pekoe 510 37 215 IVoodthoipe 950 1 do sou 80 2-2 216 18 A 9 8 8 hf-ch bro pek 440 29 217 960 4 do pekoe 212 22 218 962 4 do bro mix 2U0 17 220 S V 963 4 ch 1 hf-ch Iro pek 491 53 232 Great Valley, Ceylon, in e: st. mark 988 2 ch pek fans 1-20 33 233 990 2 do fans 120 27 23 4 992 3 do dust 22.5 16 236 G 993 3 do sou 255 24 237 998 1 do pek dust 140 11 242 Knavesniire 1003 3 d) dust 285 12 243 101(1 4 do fa ns 480 16 246 G V 1016 1 do dust 82 13 247 HL )0IS 8 do dust .385 i:i 248 RM 1020 4 do dust 500 17 Dea Ella 1030 5 hf-ch bro pek fans :-!50 2.3 255 KPW 1034 9 do bro pek 576 37 257 1038 9 do i>ek sou f)04 24 •258 1040 1 do dust 90 12 CEYLON COFFEE SALES IN LONDON. ( I'Vom our Commercial Cort esponchnt. ) Mincing Lane Jan. 21. Mark size 0, Thotulagalla, pile 1, sale loti, dk. lot 1 1 barrel 110a sold; size I ditt >, p. '2, s. i. 2, d. 1. 2, 2 casks 107s; size 2 ditto, p. 3, s. I. 3, d, 1. 3, 3 casks 1 tierce 94s; size 3 ditto, p. 4, s. 1.-4, d. 1. 4, 1 bnrrel 69s; PB ditto, p. 5, s. 1. 5, d. 1. 5, 1 tierce 110s; T ditto, p. 6, s. 1. (6), d. 1, 6, 1 barrel. Per “Wakasr Maru”— Blackwood 00, p. 9, s. 1. 1 ; d. 1. 19,. 1 barrel 116s sold; ditto O, p. 10, s. 1. 2, d. 1.2', :) casks- 114s; ditto EP, p. 11, s. 1. 3, cl. 1. 21. 1 tierce 94s; ditto PB^ p. 12, .s. 1. 4, d. 1. 22, 1 barrel 128s sold; BK WT, p. 13, s. 1. (.5), d. 1. 2.3, 1 barrel 57s. Blackwood E, p. 14, s. 1. (6), d. 1. 24, 1 bag 95s. Per “Clan Campbell” — Mausagalla A, p. 1, s. 1. l, d. 1. 1, 2 cases 116-! sold; ditto B, p. 2, s. 1. 2, J. 1. -3, 5 cases 1 tierce 107s; ditto 0, p. 3, s. 1. 3, d. 1. 3, 1 ease x; ditto PB, p. 4, s. 1. 4, il. I. 4, 1 cask 151s .sold; ditto T, p. 5, s. 1. 5 x, d, 1. 5, 1 tierce. CEYLON COCOA SALES IN LONDON' Per “Wakasa Maru”— D'arakona, sale lot 1, 20 bags 7S.s x. 2, 20b x; 3, 2Ub x C 2t b x; 6, 14b x; 6, 9b 6.)s 6d sold, Armagh i\, 7, 23b 77s, T, 8, lb 6is t'd. Pandippa A, !)• 2tib 78s; H', -22b. T, 11, lb (i6s 6d. Maria, 12, 2'h 77s 6d- 13, -20b; 14, lib; 15, 5b 60s Cd; 1C, L s.d. bulked 60s. Per “Derbyshire” — New Peradeniya 1, 6b 77s sdd. El.anga* pitiiya A, IS, 20b 77s 6d. B, 19, ‘2b 69s 6d. T, 20, lb 67s. Per “Clan Chisholm” — Tv'arrkettia , 12, 23b 78s x. .Sunny, side, 13, ob 76s x. : Per “Derbyshire ’—HlC 1, II, 24b 75s sold; ditto 2, 12, ; 2b 71s ; ditto T, 13, 11) 72s. I Per “Waka .a Maru” — Hylton, o.o. 3, 20b 7Ss Cd sold; 4, I 27b; ditto o. .5, 20b 75s; 6, 27b. Per “Clan Chisholm”— KAS&Co., 7, 20b 77s x; S, 15; 16, lb X 16, ‘2b s.o. 09s sold. Dea Ella, Woodtborp, 17, 16b 76s Od sold ; 2 dittc', IS, 2b G6s 6d. Ex “W.akasa Marn”— E, in estate lu.ai-k, 1, 19b 76s x; ' 1 F, in estate mark, 2, 20b 76s x; :4, 20b x; 2 F, in es'ate 1 mark, 4, 20b 74s sold ; 5, 17b; 2 E, AA, in estate mark, 6, ' 1 b x; 3 F, CC, in estate mark, 7, lb 6Gs sold. HE.V, ABCD, ' in estite mark, S, IS, lS9b .x. I Per “Algeria” — Warriapolla, 1, 20b 7Ss 6d sold; 2, 10. I 167b; II, 22b 80s; 12, 13b C9s 6d; 13, Sb 67s 6d. Per “Derbyshire”— Sudug,anga, 14, COb Sis sold; 15, 19, S7b i 20, 6b 68s Od; -21, 12b 69s; -22, 3b 53s 6d. 4 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. “W.akasa Maru” — Kirimattia A, 2'!, 15'’> 74s fid; Grove A, 1/32, 1, 20b S'is x; 2, 12b x; 33/613, 29b x; Levetle, in e.^tate markA, 4, 20bS0.sx; Ti.'i 9b and Levelle, B6, 14b 73s sold. Kx '‘Derbyshire” — Wiltshire A, 7, 15b 77s Od sold; Pathre- galla A, 8b 77s fid sold; ditto T, 9, 3b 68s 6d. Ex“\Vakasa Main”-!, JIAK, London, in estate mark, 10, 20b 74s sold; 11, 20b; 12. 10b. Ex “Caledonia” — M, London, in estate mark, 13, 20b 75 x; 14, 20b x; 15, 23b x; 16, 100 s d. bulked 65s sold. Ex “nerbysbire” - Gangwarily, 16 bags 78s 6d; 3 70.s Od; 2 OS's. Yattewatte, 176 hags 7Ss (id; 17 69s Cd: 2 "2s. Kepitigalla, 1 bag 74s Ingurug'.ille, 37 bags 76s 6d; 3 67s. Gonainbil, 123 bags 78s td; 7 74s; 14 70s6d. Ex “Clan Fraser” — Ross, 2 bags 74s. Ex “ Wakasa .Maru”- Old Halyya, IS bags 77s 6d; 7 72s. Kepili.galla, 52 bags 77s 6d. CEYLON C^EDAMOM SALES IN LONDON. Per “Derbyshire” at Colombo— Wattekelle. 2 cases 3s; 2 cases; seed 1 case 3s 5d. Ex “Egypt” at Pomb.ay— C.8B FFC.SNI in e.state m.ark, 1 case 3s 5d x; Ic x; Ic x. FCt'.S in est.ite mark, Ic 3d. C L 2 in estate mark, 1 bag L 2; 1 bag. Ex “Wak a.sa Maru” -W.SLC .V&Ca. in estate mark, 1 case 3s 6d; Ic Ic 3s 7d; Ic Ic Ic 3s (id. Ex “Clan Fraser"— .AL 1, 2oc 3s Odx; 2c x. AL 2, 2c 3s. Ab, 2c 2c 3s 2d; Ic. p'.x “Kanagawa M.aru”— AL 1, 2c x; 2c x; 2c x. Ex “.Staffordshire”- AL 1, 2 ca.ses 3s 6d x. Ex “Clan Fraser”— Galaha, KX, 2c 3s Od x: Ic x; ditto i AA, 2c3s0d; Ic 3s 4d; ditto A, 2c 3s ?d; Ic; ditto B, 2c 3s; Ic Ic; ditto C, 2c 2s 7d; 2c 2s O i; 2c 2c; ditto i>, 2c x. I Ex “Wakasa .Maru”-Girindiella, 2-1 cases 75 lbs. e.ich x; ' 1 seeds 2s 9d x. Goomera, 2c 2s 9d; Ic; 1 p eket seeds. Coomera in estate mark, 2c 2s Sd; Ic 2s 6 1; Ipocketseeds 2.S Sd. ! Ex “Wakos Maru” Vicarton A, Ic 3s 6.1 x: ditto B, Ic I Ss .5d sold; lo 3s od; Ic 3s .5.1; ditto C, Ic 3s; ditto D, Ic I 2s 7d; F in estate mark, 2c ‘2s Sd sold; t’c 2s 9d; 2c 2c 2s ! lOd; 2c 2s lid; 2c 2s lud; 2c 2c 2c 2c Ic; HGA in estite mark, 22c 3s 3d X. UHSKRVEK PKINTING WORKS. TEA, COFFEE, CINCHONA, COCOA, AND CARDAMOM SALES. NO. 7. CoLOMBOj February 21, 1898. I Frice : — 12.^ cents each 3 copi«“ 1 30 cents ; 6 copies J rupee* COLOMBO SALES OF TEA. LARGE LOTS. tMessejS. a. H. Thompson & Co.— 36,985 lb.] ijOt. Box Pkgs. Name. lb. 12 302 11 ch 1 hf-ch 1 Vogan 1 33 ch bro pek 3300 47 15 R TF, in estate 2 2 39 do pekoe 3510 33 mark 305 13 ch 3 3 32 do pek sou 2880 30 16 306 17 do ( 4 13 do dust 975 15 17 307 10 do 5 5 12 do fans 780 21 18 308 21 do 10 B andD 10 9 ch bro pek fan lOSO 24 21 Minna 311 77 hf-ch 11 11 6 do dust 960 14 22 312 61 ch 14 St. Leonards on 23 313 24 do Sea 14 26 ch pek 2170 26 24 Pendleton 314 15 hf-ch 15 Old Meda- 25 315 21 do gama 15 15 ch bro or pek 1125 52 bid 29 Galphele 319 28 hf-ch 16 16 16 do or pek 1040 41 bid 30 320 39 hf-ch 17 17 27 do pekoe 2160 32 bid 31 321 21 do 21 Doragalla 21 16 ch bro pek 1616 45 33 Neuchatel 323 18 ch 22 22 12 lif-ch bro or pek 780 37 34 324 9 do 23 23 20 ch pek 1900 35 35 326 11 do 26 Henegama 26 15 hf-ch bro pek fan 975 32 41 Killin, in estate 29 Mandara mark 331 25 hf-ch Newera 29 14 hf-ch bro pek 770 49 bid 42 332 13 th 31 31 20 do pek sou 1000 36 43 333 9 do 33 Tiattalgalla 33 15 ch pek sou 1500 39 46 Kew 336 16 hf-ch 35 U GS 35 7 ch sou 700 21 47 337 20 do 36 36 12 do pek dust 960 12 48 338 24 ch 39 J, 39 14 do pek sou 1330 11 bid 49 339 12 de [Mr. E. John. — 97,5991b.] lb; 1930 1010 1440 2400 2100 1000 1-300 2000 1020 1100 1800 3485 1760 810 1320 1183 2200 1748 2060 2200 17u0 2850 1500 1300 1120 720 3000 1020 1100 1230 2610 4300 2700 1050 Lo: (■ Box. Fkgs. 14 Digdola 57 22 ch 15 59 13 do 16 61 18 do 17 Maskeliya 63 24 do 18 65 21 do 19 67 10 do 20 69 13 do 22 Claremont 73 38 hf-ch 23 75 12 ch 29 Templestowe 87 11 do 30 89 20 do 31 01 41 do 32 93 22 do 33 Rondura 9-5 8 do 35 sw 99 11 do 36 BK 101 13 hf-ch 37 Lameliere 108 20 ch 38 105 19 do 39 107 23 do 41 Mocha 111 20 do 42 113 20 do 43 115 30 do i St. John’s 117 25 ] tif-ch 45 119 25 do 46 121 20 do 47 H B 123 9 do 52 Glasgow 133 40 ch 53 135 17 do 54 137 11 do 56 Agra Ouvah 141 15 hf-ch 58 Eila 145 29 ch .1=9 Glentilt -147 43 do CO • M •”•*1 149 27 do f:! ( leveland 155 21 hf-ch 66 Yapame 161 25 ch 1 hf-ch 67 163 19 ch 68 165 18 do 71 171 10 hf-ch 7-2 Eadella 173 10 ch 73 175 7 do 79 C! 187 15 do 80 189 10 do 8-2 193 13 do 85 H S, in est. mark 199 9 hf-ch 88 S, in est. mark 205 9 ch 91 EJ.ston 209 11 do 91 Dickapittia 211 24 do 92 213 25 do Name, bro or pek or pek pekoe bro or pek or pek pekoe pek sou bro or pek pekoe bro or pek or pek pekoe pek sou bro mix pek sou dust bro pek pekoe pek sou bro or pek or pek pekoe bro or pek or pek pekoe dust bro or pek or pek pekoe pek fans bro pek bro pek pekoe pekoe C. 39 bid 32 29 51 bid 41 bid 35 bid ^9 39 bid 31 bid 46 bid 45 bid 40 bid 31 bid 99 31) bid 12 50 42 35 56 bid 50 bid 40 bid 76 77 55 1.5 70 bid 57 48 30 38 bid 55 41 39 bid bro pek pekoe pek -sou fans fans dust pek sou sou pek No. 1 dust fans pe sou No. bro pek pekoe 2800] 1900 [ -(vithd’n 1620 I 700 I 1200 980 1350 850 1170 810 900 2 990 2400 2500 25 12 27 25 27 14 26 30 45 bid 35 bid [Messrs. Somerville & Co. 142,048— Ib.l Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. c. 1 Marigola 291 45 hf-ch bro pek 2790 42 bid 2 29:J 31 do pek 1736 33 bid 3 293 16 do tek sou 896 30 Lot. 7 Walahandua 8 11 Malvern Box. l*kps. Name. lb. 297 25 ch 298 14 do 17 ch 1 hf-ch 301 61 53 S L G 54 64 Malif^atenne 72 Ukuwella 73 74 75 79 Eilandhu 80 81 Hanagama 82 84 86 Yarrow 87 89 Romania 90 95 O 98 I P leo Naragoda 101 102 104 Harangalla 105 106 109 Arduthie 110 111 G W 116 Mahagoda 122 Kahili 123 124 125 127 Yspa 128 Hatton 129 130 135 Ankande 136 137 341 7 do 343 15 hf-ch 25 do 8 ch 344 362 39 ch 363 38 do 364 31 do 365 14 do 369 10 ch 370 10 ch 371 28 ch 372 40 do 11 do 376 53 hf-ch 377 51 do 379 15 ch 380 14 do 37 11 ch 17 hf-ch 390 25 ch 391 30 ch 392 21 do 394 25 ch 34 ch 11 do 20 hf-ch 400 2B do 401 10 ch 406 11 ch 12 17 hf-cn 13 48 do 14 34 ch 15 17 ch 17 7 ch 18 35 hf-ch 19 37 ch 20 21 do 25 14 ch 17 do 37 do 385 388 395 396 399 26 bro pek pek bro pek pek 2500 1330 1751 bro pek or pek pek p k sou bro pek pek pek sou 1>ro pek pek sou bro pek pek pek sou or pek bro or pek pek bro pek pek pek sou hr® or pek or pek pek Eek sou ro tea sou dust pek bro pek bro pek pek pek sou bro pek pek bro pek pek fans bro pek pek bro pek pek pek dust bro pek pek pek sou bro pek pek pek sou bro pek pek sou sou pek bro or pek bro pek pek pek sou pek dust bro pek pek pek sou bro pek pek pek sou 41 32 36 1148 27 bid 1235 1445 860 1575 4620 5490 2160 840 1050 1540 1755 945 1710 900 935 1375 1170 765 1064 1000 2208 1140 7(0 750 2125 700 3900 3800 3100 1400 1000 950 3080 4200 1320 2915 2550 1500 1339 1100 1462 2500 2850 1890 2500 2890 935 1000 II 00 800 11' n 11120 2160 8060 1530 1050 1925 3145 1680 1330 1275 3145 37 -34 30 26 53 43 33 bid 35 24 bid 41 c4 31 39 31 bid 32 32 26 24 54 bid 52 bid 39 bid 38 13 16 12 24 33 bid 34 30 21 38 26 38 31 28 43 35 33 bid 28 bid out 12 bid 40 33 29 43 bid 33 bid 28 37 bid 27 24 25 42 44 32 IS 65 37 30 37 31 [Micssrs. 1" t. . A >’f ■■0 r r:-n jl . J iyf> 1. tiff c;it ■'ll' ! Mji •■itj » liiUr. lij-ili ,! . '.'.-■JX- ;lx«f -Jfjt iV • I 8 5f -H i.'fcoxf.iJ ■■'.'i ’Sjl ii li'.Vf I .1 wl ' '. .1- < il'i X ' Til ■nil-'' riliA iVfJrt r. •li' 4 •£?: , y"r t'l' ».-r f' .• 1.1 ti.-' l^iV. t-r. '.(i-vS., ii-i- I.. ; -.1 w ‘ l; ilv ti.'; ■; ■ '■ II •■ If.'- (IT : JR. ■ ttV , ie ■ J ifh- 1 •> w ^sij oi.r i • - •! H iivVjri V f i'l i' ■» . • •'•J ... .-a -; i <'j» «. oJi ( J[f> r , rf* i .'{•>: -? . lU i .’>1 '' ifj'i ' o|V.. « ifl*' *-* -fj' ;• r- •f -.)• « J' ' 'ri . ■ li-j - V ■' ' 'lyto’i on?' Ji02 !■ { • 1 ■'.il^ .! : t'/; i- v-i'V' -V » X j.'l* ■ . N-fo l i ur-vi^ • 1 ail ft it f ■ :-■ Ki 'jio - ,7) l;i j; i. ri'*;; lu v' > > I -lii' .of • 11. -y --r' f.a« ^ C ■/i'M'f rfs'i.'*' • ’ L i ; : •'..<{ , ij. 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[ MS' i.ii Oi 1«**1 ]":JX iC vAt‘ * i;vf •J.i.'*.- d’jq ti »d Vf. M£. if. ".a !ir J'iVh • >cs u ?fS 4«iL ^ r'LiKv'H ,SEa2iaI-'J -’sJM 1 if. 'd.Ti t«.:i ■ U.c:.- ■iiiJ •V'? l' , ijii'a.'it..,' A •! .a!ii <\a in t lift -Efi. 6;> t ■ ■ A . Jl'iri-.. 'll t' i 1 £ ' il liiJi. 1 -ii-a '■f. a- liJ. r ■.0:1 • jiji' f.i fj: a. ac . ofi " lij'.ita 0*4. 4 i r.»'i s', ■^ u«'ii 1 . iiv. ■J. , ■ .%.A ». ■T' iti;S 'ii.‘ ■'* ' -•*•''* ^.'^y J it ■ -i'* , s/il i fe AeJ r crS i(i. i sRi' . I 'oil a iR.i; as ■ .rfSilii: ofi ; 'vL ' "> • si fi'iT/.xi-'Tf -.’jiefc.s...;. _ J'K V' ■'==a,^ . 7fC.. >; //.t) 'iU lt:i. t ^■a< lyiwl^ >T.C Ml ilt' a... Jill ; , a.. ;u£r; .’ini .Y14 •■ '■ li'j-'iii nror ' r* . iift.ir >> a , , '?■ lis-l.l E ;.,V'I- aocisni.iiii. ii •• if'-' £' Jio’t •• • . '-S.i oil t HQil ■ ‘ ,5*j' ifs tifir. eiif . o a,-r. ,.y.A'.iu f/ c»' pek 8)0 38 117 440 11 do pekoe 935 34 121 s w 457 13 do bro mix 871 31 \12 Meeriatenne 459 25 ch bro pek 1400 38 bid 123 461 35 do pekoe 1750 30 bid 121 ©range Field 463 9 do bro pek 900 33 125 465 10 do pekoe 1002 23 [Messrs. Forbes & Walker. — 337,327 lb.] Lot. Box. Pkts. N.ame. lb c. 3 S, in estate mark 168 25 hf-ch pek fans 1875 25 2 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. Lot. Box. l*kps N anie. lb. C‘ Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. c. 8 New Anga- ISO Macaldenia 540 21 hf-ch bro pek 1050 48 uiana 178 16 hf-ch bro pek 800 39 bid 190 542 19 do pek 950 41 *9 180 15 do pek 750 32 191 544 .5 do pek sou 1250 34 10 182 23 do pek sou 1150 26 202 Patiagama 566 13 ch pek 1105 30 bid 29 Kelaneiya, 203 Eagalla 572 9 do fans 1080 27 ^las^Bliya 220 55 ch bro pek 4675 45 bid 209 Erracht 580 16 do bro or pek lc68 38 30 222 48 do pek 4800 34 bid 210 582 31 do bro pek 2635 45 33 St. Heliers 228 25 hf-ch bro or pek 1275 43 211 .'84 64 do pek 5120 32 31 230 14 ch pekoe 1190 37 212 586 21 do pek sou 1680 27 41 Matale 244 46 hf-ch brc pek 2760 44 213 588 14 do br pek fans 1400 30 42 246 23 do pek 2070 35 228 CL 618 17 do or pek 1445 40 bid 43 248 12 do pek sou 1080 29 2-'9 620 20 do bro pek 1800 35 bid 46 Kii'klees 254 40 hf-ch bro or pek 2200 48 bid 230 622 14 do bro or pek 1470 40 bid 47 256 31 ch or pek 2790 46 bid 231 624 14 do pek 1050 36 48 258 39 do pek 3120 38 bid 232 626 12 do pek sou 840 29 49 ■ 260 25 do pek sou 1760 27 bid 231 628 13 do pek fans 845 61 261 12 do pek fans 1320 29 234 Chesterford 650 30 do bro pek 3000 41 bid 52 266 11 do d st 990 17 245 652 21 do pekoe 21c 0 32 bid 53 Anningkande 268 12 ch bro pek 1320 39 246 654 18 do pek sou 1800 •27 bid 54 270 13 do pek 1300 33 248 Geragama 658 29 do bro pek 2755 38 bid 53 272 7 do pek sou 700 29 249 660 23 do pekoe ‘2070 31 bid .57 Erlsmere 276 dust 738 20 250 IVarateniie 6‘^)2 21 do bro pek 1955 37 bid CG Ella Oya 294 10 ch bro pek 1000 40 bid 251 664 16 do pekoe 1440 30 C7 296 16 do or pek 1360 40 252 Torrington P 666 20 do or pek 1700 39 C3 298 18 do irek sou 1530 29 253 668 27 do bro pek 2430 37 bid C9 Galawatte 300 18 ch bro pek 1710 37 bid 254 670 20 do bro or pek 2100 40 bid 70 302 22 do pek 1870 35 255 672 20 do pekoe 1500 35 bid 71 304 17 do pek sou 1530 28 266 674 20 do pek sou 14C0 •29 72 N T M, C .T 257 676 20 do . pek fans 1300 20 bid S P, 111 estate 258 Effipittiva 678 17 do pek sou 1.530 33 bid mark 306 11 ch fans 1320 23 270 Gallustain 702 30 hf-cli bro or pek 1500 40 73 308 29 do 27i 704 26 do bro pek 1092 42 1 hf-ch pek fans 2610 14 bid 272 706 58 do pek 2204 33 74 W VR 310 6 ch bro mix 720 28 •275 708 31 do pek sou 1178 29 77 BFB 316 12 hf-ch ilusC 960 13 276 B D W P 714 ‘^7 do or pek fans 2160 24 bid 78 Deaculla 318 27 do bro pek 1485 58 277 B n W K 716 37 do pek fans 2775 17 bid 79 320 16 ch pek 1120 46 678 B D W M 718 31 do bro pek fans 2325 17 bid 86 G.alapita- 280 Arldaw and kande 334 15 ch bro pek 1500 46 Wishford 722 9 ch pek 855 30 bid 87 336 20 do pek 2000 33 281 R C VV in est. 90 Tonacombe 342 13 ch or pek 1300 47 mark 724 15 hf-ch br pek fans 1260 16 bid 91 344 19 do bro pek 2280 49 282 Middleton 726 27 ch or pek 2700 56 92 346 30 do pekoe 3000 38 283 728 14 do pek 1260 54 93 348 8 do pek sou 720 29 284 730 15 do pek sou 1275 43 67 F F 356 9 hf-ch dust 808 6 285 K,andy 732 25 hf-ch or pek fans 1800 21 bid 101 Columbia 364 31 hf-ch pekoe 1674 42 bid 286 Suriawatte 734 •24 do pek fans 1560 19 bi 102 Kaseby 366 30 hf-ch bro pek 1650 65 bid 287 M’Tenne 736 20 do fans 1300 20 bid 103 368 24 do pekoe 1152 66 288 Gampaba 738 16 ch bro or pek 2100 47 104 370 15 do pek sou 7,50 51 289 740 26 do or pek 2340 40 105 372 18 do dust 1440 35 290 742 10 do pekoe loco 40 110 IVeoya 382 35 ch bro pek 3150 43 291 744 13 do pek sou 16-20 34 111 384 34 do pekoe 2720 32 293 G. Galla 748 21 do 112 386 22 do pek sou 1650 27 1 hf-ch pek sou 1940 12 bid 1:3 388 10 do fans ICOO 28 294 750 8 ch dust 1152 5 115 Polatagama 392 8 ch dust 1200 14 290 Glencorse 754 27 do bro pek 2565 33 119 Ruanwella 400 23 ch bro pek 2185 39 297 75G IS do pekoe )o:o 30 120 402 49 do pekoe 4410 31 298 75S 14 do pekoe sou 1120 27 121 404 12 do pek sou 1080 26 302 B B 706 17 do pelr sou 1394 25 bid 124 HighFoiest 410 44 hf-ch bro or pek 2640 60 303 788 20 do SOU 1784 23 125 412 26 do or pek 1404 49 304 770 ■26 hf-ch fans 2340 15 126 414 19 do pek 950 44 305 770 11 do dust 975 5 bid 127 Pallagodda 416 32 ch bro or pek 3200 39 300 Doranakande 774 14 ch bro nek 1260 36 bid 128 418 33 do bro pek 2970 48 307 776 10 do pekoe 9i;o 30 bid 129 420 36 do pek 2880 S4 308 778 9 do pek sou 765 27 130 422 30 do pek sou 2550 30 310 Bandara Eliya 782 16 hf-ch or pek 800 35 132 Galkadua 426 15 ch ■ bro pek 1500 35 311 Woodlands 784 10 ch bro pek 1000 44 133 4-28 21 do pekoe 2100 26 312 7S6 12 do pekoe 1140 31 bid 134 430 10 do pek sou leoo 24 313 788 10 do pek sou 900 27 135 Ganapalla 432 17 ch or pek 1632 46 136 434 28 do 39 pek 3870 137 436 45 do 31 138 139 438 33 do 410 10 do pek .sou 2649 bro pek fan.s 1200 27 28 SMALL LOTS. 442 9 do 44 1 27 do 446 26 do dust bro pek Pekoe 1260 2430 2210 16 35 28 141 Doonevale 142 [Messrs, A .. H. Thompson ek fans 150 .50 29 2ft 1 Theresia 217 8 do pek sou 680 39 56 80 2 do mix 100 16 2 219 10 hf ch bi o pek fans 600 38 57 WGP 87 9 hf ch bro pek 540 39 7 Vincit 229 2 ch bro pek fans 234 U 61 91 1 do bro mix 56 18 12 Derby 239 10 hf-ch pek sou 55U 30 61a Ola 1 do bro mix A 66 10 13 241 2 do bro pek fans 128 25 82 01 5 do congou 280 21 19 D N D, in est. ()3 Alutkelle 93 8 hf-ch bro pek 448 33 mark 253 9 do fans 585 27 bid 64 94 10 do pek 500 27 20 255 6 do dust 510 14 bid 65 95 6 do pek sou 270 24 21 257 3 ch bro mix 330 10 bid 66 St. Catherine 96 12 hf-ch or pek 6110 46 22 Elston 239 4 hf-eh dust 360 26, 67 97 8 ch pek 680 27 bid 23 261 6 do bro mix 420 30 6S 93 8 do pek sou 640 25 28 Ormitlale 271 7 do pek fans 490 30 60 99 2 do dust ICO 13 31 N B 277 8 do dust 640 14 bid 73 F A. in est.ate Turin 285 1 ch mark 103 4 ch dust SCO 15 7 hf-ch fans 555 27 74 \V V T 104 5 hf-ch dust 490 12 36 287 2 do dust 190 14 76 106 3 do bro tea 165 9 40 H attangalla 295 5 do SOU 500 25 77 B F 107 5 hf cll du.st 450 13 41 297 2 do dust 230 13 85 Dotala 115 4 do pek sou 380 26 42 N 299 8 hf-ch dust 600 14 86 1 ' 6 1 do psk fans 130 19 43 Elfindale 301 6 ch pek fans 500 23 89 Horagocla 119 7 ch pek sou 595 29 44 303 5 do fans 450 22 90 120 1 do fans 114 34 45 305 4 do dust 400 13 91 121 1 do du.st 1.58 16 46 NP 307 8 do pek sou 680 25 92 122 5 do con 425 25 47 309 4 hf-eh dust 300 13 93 IVewetenne 123 5 hf-ch bro pek 300 36 49 313 5 ch SOU 400 24 94 124 7 do pek 364 26 315 2 do bro mix 250 11 95 125 4 do pek sou S6S 23 6L Tientsin 337 7 hf-ch bro pek fans 490 38 96 126 1 do con 62 20 65 A 345 3 do pek fans 270 13 bid 103 Siriniwasa 133 1 ch bro pek fans 110 30 66 L 347 1 ch bro pek dust 132 14 104 134 1 do dust 169 13 69 Shannon 333 7 do pek sou 630 27 105 S S, in estate 70 355 1 do dust 141 13 mark 135 2 ch bro pek 220 33 76 Moraliela 367 2 do pek sou 187 26 106 136 3 do pek 300 29 77 369 3 do fans 422 14 107 137 3 do pek sou 300 24 73 371 hf-ch dust 630 5 108 138 1 do dust 130 10 81 Pati Rajah 377 2 ch fans 220 26 119 Labugaraa 149 1 ch fans 115 28 82 379 385 1 do 7 hf-ch dust pek sou 135 280 13 24 Yakka 86 90 Ridamont 387 395 G do 4 ch dust fans 540 280 14 24 [MESSR.S. Forbes. & Walker.] 91 397 93 Keenaaalia Ellla 401 6 do 5 do dust bro mix 480 425 14 25 Lo t. Box. J’lcgs. Name. lb. c. 94 403 4 do fans 280 25 1 B B B, in est. 95 Hunugalla 405 1 do SOU 70 24 mark 164 3 hf-cli du.st 225 14 96 407 3 hf-ch dust 285 14 2 166 1 do pek fans 75 16 97 Hiralouvah 409 1 do fans 65 24 11 New Anga- 100 A 415 4 do pek fans 360 14 bid mana 184 1 hf-ch brn pek dust 74 19 104 Ottery 423 5 ch SOU 500 30 15 G K 192 5 ch bro mix 4M) 24 105 425 2 do dust 260 23 10 194 4 do dust 560 13 106 S. in est. mark 427 8 hf-ch dust 640 15 17 W W 196 1 hf-ch fans 54 20 103 R 431 2 do dust 220 13 31 Kelaneiya, 109 433 1 do congou 90 25 Maskeliya 224 2 ch sou 200 26 118 Oakfield 451 6 do pek sou 480 27 32 226 2 do dust 230 14 119 453 1 do dust 90 13 35 St. Heliers 232 4 ch pek sou 340 27 120 455 5 ch red leaf 505 11 36 234 1 do 126 Orange Field 467 2 do pek sou 200 24 1 hf-ch bro pek fans 146 20 127 469 2 do pek fans 188 24 37 Galpotagama 236 10 hf-ch bro pek 600 34 128 471 1 do dust no 12 38 238 12 do pek 600 28 129 473 1 do bro tea 100 11 39 240 13 do pek sou 650 27 40 Matale 24‘i 5 do sou •250 24 44 250 3 hf-cl dust 240 16 [Messrs. Somerville & Co.] 45 50 Kirklees 252 4 ch 262 1 eh congou congou 440 105 25 20 Pkgs Nauie. lb. 56 Anningk.ande 274 2 ch congou 200 25 Lot;. Box. C, 58 Erlsinere 278 congou 96 27 H .32 8 hf-ch f.ans 520 23 75 W VR 312 2 ch dust 240 12 33 3 do duirt 270 13 76 BFB 314 5 hf-ch bro pek dust 350 19 4 34 14 hf-ch bro peic 687 38 80 Deaculla 322 9 ch pek sou 630 37 0 N 39 3 ch pek sou 255 26 81 324 3 hf-ch dust 2 0 18 ID 40 1 hf-ch dust 85 14 82 SM 326 4 ch dust 320 14 14 83 328 3 do congou 150 23 44 5 ch unas 575 35 84 G 330 2 ch sou 160 24 16 Bidbnry 46 7 ch pek 660 33 bid 85 Galapitakan- 332 1 do pek dust 140 12 17 St. Leys 47 1 hf-ch bro mis 60 9 88 338 6 ch pek sou 500 18 de 29 tate mark 48 7 hf-ch or pek 350 39 89 340 2 do dust ISO IS 10 49 3 do bro pek 186 35 94 Tonacombe 350 4 hf-ch dust 360 17 20 60 4 do pek 172 36 95 O F, in est. pek dust 21 51 10 do pek sou 380 26 bid mark 352 1 ch 138 13 4 CEYLON PEODUCE SALES LIST. Lot i. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. c. 66 354 1 do pek sou 92 13 98 B 358 2 ch dust 173 14 99 M 360 1 do dust 85 15 100 BG 362 2 ch pek dust 186 14 114 Polatagama 390 9 ch congou 675 22 116 Sunnycroft 394 3 ch pek sou 30U 29 117 396 1 do congou 100 26 118 398 4 do dust 600 11 122 Buanwella 406 5 ch dust 350 11 123 408 4 do bro pek fans 440 SO 131 Galkadua A>A 5 ch bro or pek 500 28 143 Doonevale 448 3 eh dust 420 14 144 Moralioya 450 5 do fans 500 29 145 452 3 do sou 285 24 146 454 3 do bio tea 300 10 147 456 5 hf-ch dust 400 13 149 K ennington 460 5 ch SOU 475 23 151 464 4 do bro tea 400 10 160 Weyungawatte 482 2 hf-ch dust 170 13 164 Claverton 490 1 do dust 80 16 166 CN 492 4 ch bro tea 400 *'3 167 Carlabeck 496 7 hf-ch bro pek fans 581 28 178 Oxford 518 3 do dust 225 13 179 VV W 520 6 do bro mix 480 8 180 522 1 do 1 hf-ch dust 220 9 181 AA 524 6 ch or pek 540 33 186 Castlereagh 534 2 do pek sou 160 27 187 636 4 hf-ch Lns 280 25 188 538 2 do dust 160 14 192 Macaldenia 546 6 do fans 300 29 193 548 2 do SOU no 27 194 550 2 do dust 150 15 195 T B in estate mark 552 2 do du.st ^!00 11 196 554 6 do fans 540 20 197 Stafford 556 3 do bro pek 330 61 198 558 2 do pekoe 180 48 199 560 1 do pek sou 80 39 200 562 1 do fans 100 14 201 Patiagama 564 6 do bro pek 540 42 203 568 2 do pek sou 170 24 204 570 3 do bro pek fans 330 27 206 Ragulla 674 2 do dust 260 13 ?07 576 1 do bro mix 100 22 20S Kelvin 578 4 hf-ch dust 280 14 214 Broughton 690 4 do bro mix 260 33 215 Olahitagoda 592 3 do bro pek 180 27 216 594 7 do pek sou 364 25 217 596 1 do dust 90 12 218 Dalleagles C. G. it. 598 2 eh red leaf 180 8 219 600 6 do fans 600 28 220 602 2 do dust 200 14 234 C L 630 2 ch re 1 leaf 180 9 235 S J 632 1 ch bro pek 112 35 236 634 1 do pek sou 82 23 237 636 1 do fans 1421 wltlid* 238 638 1 hf-ch fans 54 j Lot. Box . Pkts . Name. lb C. 239 W W 640 1 ch bro pek 90 33 240 642 1 do pek 75 29 241 C B in estate mark 644 1 hf-ch unas 41 25 242 646 1 do red lea 13 17 243 648 1 do dust 21 13 247 Chesterford 656 3 ch fans 270 26 2.59 New Galway 680 5 hf-ch bro pek 300 66 260 682 5 do pek 275 44 261 6S4 1 do pek sou 53 37 274 Gallustan 710 4 hf-ch sou 140 23 275 712 3 do dust 225 14 279 Dunbar 720 14 hf-ch bro pek 672 36 292 A 746 5 hf-ch dust 400 12 29.5 Glencorse 752 5 ch bro or pek 500 43 299 760 2 ch pek fans 240 27 300 762 1 do bro tea 100 29 301 764 1 do dust 172 11 309 Doranakanda 780 9 hf-ch bro pek fans 495 29 314 Woodlands <90 4 ch bro mix 440 10 315 792 2 do dust 240 20 CEYLON COCOA SALES IN LONDON. (F, ■om OUT Commercial Correspondent). Mincing Lane Jan. 29. Per “Clan Chisholm.” MAK in estate mark, estate cocoa, 3 piles, S. Lot 1, W. Lot, 563, 20 bags 75s x; s.I. 2, w.l. 554, 20 bags 75s x;s.l. 3, w.l. 555, 27 bags 75s x. No. 1 AS ditto, p. 4, s.I. 4, w.l. 556, 9 bags x. HGA in estate mark, p. 6, s.I. 6, w.l. 557, 20 bags no bids; s.l. 6, w.l. 558, 20 bags no bids; s.I. 7, w.l. 559, II bags no bids. N ditto, p. 6, s.l. 8, w.l. 560, 9 bags no bids. W ditto, p. 7, s.l. 9, w.l. 561, 27 bags no bids. Ditto Kandawatta, p. 8, s.l. 10, w.l. 562, 20 bags 78s x; s. 1. 11, w.l. 563, 20 bags 78s x; s.l. 12, w.l. 364, 20 bags 78s x; s.I. 13, w.l. 665, 18 bags 78s X. Ditto Maragahapitiya, p. 9, s.l. 14, .'66, 14 bagsx. MLM, p. 10, s.l. 15, w.l. 567, 20 bags out; s.l. 16, w.l. 568, 20 bags out; s.l. 17, w.l. 569, 20 bags out; s.l. 18, w.l. 570, 17 bags out. 0 ditto, estate cocoa, p. 11, s 1. 19, w.l. 571, 20 bags 74s sold; s.l, 20, w.l. 5 2, 20 bags; s.l. 21, w.l. 573, 20 bags s.l. 22, w.l. 574, 17 bags. 1 ditto, ditto, p. 12, s.l. 23; w.l. 575, 17 bags x. Per "Derbyshire”— Gangwarily, No. 1, p. 2, s.l. 44, w.l. 2, 1 bag 75s sold. Goonambil, A, p. 4, s.l. 45, w.l. 9, 1 bag 7Ss sold. Per “Clan Fraser” — Kepitigalla, p. 449. s.l. 46, w.l. 604, 1 bag 75s sold. OBSERVER PRINTING WORKS. TEA, COFFEE, CINCFIONA, COCOA, AND CARDAMOM SALES, NO. 9. Colombo, Maech 7, 1898. Pkice : — 12J cents each 3 copies 30 cents ; 6 copies J rnpee. COLOMBO SALES OF TEA. Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. LARGE LOTS. rMfssRS. A. H. Thompson Co.— 64,559 lb.] Lot. Box . Pkg.s. Name. lb. C, 1 rikmukalana 1 39 hf-ch pek sou 1950 26 bid 2 Vogan 2 36 ch bro pek 3600 44 bid 3 36 do pek 3420 34 4 4 31 do pek sou 2790 31 5 St. Leonards on sea, 5 13 ch bro pek 1235 31 bid 9 M G 9 12 ch pek lOSO 35 bid 10 H 10 7 ch bro pek 766 29 13 DoragaUa 13 1 lif-ch 20 hf-ch bro pek 2000 45 15 IS 26 ch pek 2600 34 16 16 17 do pek sou 1394 29 21 Henegama 21 16 hf-ch bro pek fans 1800 31 26 UGS 26 7 cli bro pek fans 910 16 27 Battalgalla 27 18 ch pek sou 1800 39 32 Thiashola 32 69 ch unas 3468 24 bid 35 Gangalwattee 35 35 hf-ch pek 1750 30 bid 36 I) K 36 12 hf-ch pek dust 1020 8 bid 44 SapitiyagocUle 44 103 hf ch or pek 6150 40 bid 45 45 91 do bro pek 45-50 38 bid 46 46 55 do pekoe 44(0 35 bid 47 47 48 ch pek sou 3840 32 48 4S 77 hf-ch bro or pek 4620 37 bid 49 49 10 do dust WO 13 bid 50 50 11 hf-ch bro pek fans 748 27 bid 51 51 10 do pek fans 700 26 [Messrs. Somerville & Co. 80,350— lb.] Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. c. 7 Lonach 157 38 ch bro pek 2090 39 bid 8 158 22 do pek 1760 37 9 159 23 do pek sou 1840 30 15 Minna 165 41 hf-ch bro or pek 2460 54 16 166 34 ch pek 3060 40 19 F F, in estate mark 160 16 hf-ch bro pek 896 33 20 170 14 hf-ch pek 756 28 24 Comar 174 39 hf ch bro pek 1950 37 175 13 ch pek 1300 30 27 Glenalla 177 34 ch bro pek 3400 35 bid 28 178 32 do pekoe 2880 30 29 179 11 do pek sou 990 27 37 TJkuwella 187 45 ch bro pek 4600 32 bid 38 188 32 do pekoe 3200 30 39 189 14 do pek sou 1400 27 45 Iiiverary 195 23 hf-ch dust 2520 12 bid 46 Salawe 196 12 ch bro nek 1320 34 bid 47 197 11 do pekoe IKiO 29 bid 48 198 22 do pek sou 2090 27 49 199 12 do pek sou No 2 1080 25 53 H, in estate mark 203 28 hf-ch bro pek 1400 39 bid 54 204 32 do pekoe 1440 33 205 26 hf-ch pek sou 2071 27 bid 59 Horagoda 209 40 hf-ch bro pek 2000 43 60 I)epe(iene 210 66 hf-ch bro pek 3080 40 61 211 44 do pek 2420 31 62 212 27 do pek sou 1485 28 Rutland 215 12 ch pek 1020 31 67 Neboda 217 13 ch bro pek 1300 43 bid 63 218 14 do pekoe 1400 36 69 219 17 do pek .sou 1700 29 71 Harangalla 221 41 do bro pek 4100 38 bid 72 222 49 do pekoe 4480 34 73 223 9 do pek sou 810 29 74 224 5 do Rust 700 17 80 TT 230 12 hf-ch dust 960 13 bid [Mr. E. John.— 112,55611.] Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. Ib; c. 8 EN 489 : 14 ch pek sou No. 2 1260 31 11 Eadella 495 15 do bro pek 1500 40 12 497 16 do pekoe 1440 31 14 Poilakande 501 21 hf ch bro pek 1260 41 15 503 25 ch pekoe 2250 31 16 605 17 do pek sou 1360 28 17 Agra Ouvah 507 Cl hf-ch bro or pek 3960 65 18 509 34 do or pek 1870 54 19 511 11 ch pekoe 100 47 20 Glasgow 513 8 ch pek sou 800 42 21 515 9 do or pe^5 fans 9.10 29 22 517 8 do (lust 889 15 23 Digdola 519 22 do bro or pek 1980 3S 24 5-21 16 do pek sou 1440 27 28 Kanangama 529 33 do bro pek 3133 39 29 531 30 do pekoe 2700 31 30 533 13 do bro pek fans 1365 33 32 637 5 do dust 700 16 33 Glasgow 539 48 do bro or pek 3840 60 34 541 21 do or pek 1365 00 35 543 21 do pekoe 2100 44 38 ET 549 10 hf-ch dust 990 14 bid 40 C 553 12 ch pek sou 1080 29 43 EvalgoUa ;'.50 10 do or pek 950 38 44 5o . 11 do pekoe 1045 31 46 Ferndale 5'd5 10 do bro or pek 1000 46 47 667 16 do or pek 1440 36 48 669 13 do pekoe 1170 35 53 Marguerita 679 32 hf-ch pek sou 1280 33 55 Claremont 583 37 do bro or jiek 2045 39 56 585 12 ch pekoe 1020 31 62 Naha villa 597 8 do bro pek 800 48 63 599 10 do pekoe 1000 35 67 GT 607 1 1 hf-ch congou 1100 27 73 Maskeliya 619 24 ch bro or pek 2400 43 bid 74 621 10 do pekoe 1000 36 77 Tientsin 627 19 lif-ch bro or pek 950 61 79 631 31 ch pekoe 2790 45 81 Teiiiplestowe 635 11 do bro or pek 1100 48 82 637 20 do or pek 1800 47 83 639 41 do pekoe 3483 38 bid 8t 6U 22 do pek sou 1760 30 85 Modi a 643 2n do bro or pek 2200 50 bid 86 615 30 do pekoe 2850 39 bid 67 Anclior, in est. mark 647 23 do bro or pek 2415 49 88 649 18 do pekoe 1530 32 I}id 93 Glasgow 659 40 do bro or pek 3200 55 bid (Messrs. Eorbes <& Wai.ker. — 287,049 lb.] Lot. Box. Pkts. Name. Tb 0. i Igalkanden 802 19 ch pek 1710 23 3 Battagalla 806 12 do dust 900 13 16 CT F 832 S do pek 720 29 22 ALL 844 14 do pek 1190 27 33 27 846 Great Valley, Ceylon, In est. 9 do pek sou aoj 26 mark 854 55 hf-cli bro or pek 2G00 62 28 850 53 do pek 5220 37 29 34 858 Munukatte, Ceylon, in est. 20 do pek sou 2310 30 mark 868 42 do bro or pek 2100 4.5 35 870 19 ch pekoe 1710 35 36 872 11) 110 pek sou 9'JO SO 45 Monkswood 899 14 hf-ch bro pe t 700 73 46 892 1 ' ch pekoe 1275 66 47 890 10 ch pek sou 900 50 49 Devonford 893 23 hf-ch bro pek 1400 82 50 900 17 hf-ch or pek 1415 73 53 Ascot 906 10 ch Ui'o or pek 1050 35 54 908 43 do bro pek 3870 36 bid 53 910 44 do pekoe 3520 31 86 912 14 do pek sou 1260 26 57 914 9 do pek fans 1030 24 60 Kitulgalla 920 8 ch pek 800 31 68 Polatagama 93C 20 do bro pek 2000 35 69 938 27 do or pekoe 2340 40 70 940 31 do pekoe 2480 30 71 942 32 do pek sou 2560 27 72 Udapola 944 11 do bro pek 1100 41 73 946 11 do pek 990 32 79 Harrington 958 18 do or pek 1800 80 960 15 do pekoe 1426 43 83 Dunbar 966 20 hf-ch bro or pek 900 46 84 968 18 do or pek SIO 46 85 970 20 do bro pek 960 .39 SS 972 22 ch pekoe 1650 S3 91 Torwood 982 IS do bro pek 1728 44 92 084 34 do or pek 2720 35 93 986 27 do pek 2268 30 94 988 25 do pek sou 2000 27 97 B D W P 994 .59 hf-ch bro pek 2950 36 bid 98 996 23 do pekoe 1150 35 104 B D \VG 1008 21 do bro pek 1050 40 105 1010 30 do pekoe 1330 36 o CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name, lb. 109 110 Rowley 1018 1020 39 4.5 ch do bro pek pekoe 1950 2250 in Morankpnde 1022 20 do bro pek 2600 112 10'14 20 do pek 2080 113 1026 17 do bro pek 1445 115 Carfax 1030 26 do bro or pek 2860 116 1032 29 do bro pek 2900 117 1034 32 do pek 3040 118 Polatagama 1036 15 do bro pek 1.500 119 1038 It do or pek 1260 120 10 ;0 IS do pekoe 1630 121 1042 23 do pe'r sou 1840 122 1014 13 do congou 975 123 Hayes 1046 20 hf-ch bro pek 1000 124 1048 35 do or cek 1575 125 1050 28 do pek 1260 126 1052 38 do pek No. 2 1900 127 1‘‘54 15 do pek .sou 675 128 Cl nes 10.56 26 bf-ch bro uek ISOO 129 10.58 SI ch pekoe 2635 130 1060 16 do pek .sou 1440 131 1062 •28 bf oil hr pek fans 1680 132 lOtU 0 ch pek fans 810 135 rammevia 1070 10 do bro 1 r pek 1200 136 107-r 11 do bro pek lino 137 1071 38 do pek 3420 141 Waitalawa 108-2 28 bf-ch bro pek 1410 142 1081 44 do pekoe 2260 147 K PW 1094 27 do or pek 2220 148 1090 14 do bro pek 700 149 1.098 53 do pek 2650 152 Keliya 1104 6 ch bro pek 720 153 1100 14 do or pek 1400 161 C B n-22 21 do bro pek 2184 162 1124 20 do pek 2496 164 Doonevalo 11 '23 18 do bro pek 1710 165 11S0 19 do pek 1615 167 I.ocliie! 1 1 34 27 1 lif-ch bro pek 1240 168 1136 8 ch or pek 760 189 11S8 .32 1 13 hf-ch or pek fans 780 206 Middleton 1212 20 do bro or pek 1456 207 12’ 4 21 ch or pek 2205 •208 1216 25 do pek sou 2125 209 1-218 9 do dust 720 ■210 B in esta.te 810 mark 1 20 1 9 do pek sou ■218 213 Kelaneiya Passara 12-21 -18 do pek bro pek 4800 Group 12-20 1? d, 1360 -2’4 12-28 18 do pek 16-20 215 1230 12 do jiek sou logo 224 Theberton 1-248 30 do bro pek 3000 225 1250 34 do pek £080 ■228 G P M in osr. mark 1256 14 hf-cb bro or pek : 840 229 1258 17 do or pek 850 230 1-200 15 do pek 849 233 Patiagania ! -260 1-1 ch pek 1105 ■2U Torrington P 1-lfiS 37 do bro pek 2430 2'io 1210 :0 do Ijekoe 1600 230 Columbia 1272 31 Ilf ch pekoe 1674 23? West Hill l-’74 19 ch pek 1710 23S Stamford Hill 1276 38 bf-ch frovvory or pk 2090 239 1 -I'/ 8 30 cdi or pek 2550 ■240 129) 24 do pek 2 '40 ‘24 1 Marawakorle '2-8 32 do bro pek 3-700 245 nro 23 do pek 2185 246 ■j ‘202 1.5 do p.ek sou 1360 248 Alladella 1296 10 do bro or pek 1600 249 A RT in est. 1209 ma rk 1 ’’O.S 13 do sou Aberdeen i::;('6 25 do bro pek 2250 •254 U’OX 21 do p-’k 1680 •255 1310 20 do ].i'k ."Oil 1500 261 C and H, in pek 1955 est. mark 13-22 23 do ■502 Z in estate (lust 912 mark 1324 0 do 265 Klla Oya 13S0 17 do jiek fans 1955 V66 Ascot l::::S 1 1-; > do pek fan 13-20 208 Wr.odland.s i;:..l 12 d.« pek 1140 270 Putnpaula l:M0 12 hf-ch ]iek fans 900 SMALL LOTS. [MKSSP?. a. H. THOMP.SON & Co.] Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. C. 6 St. Leonards on sea 0 4 ch bro pek 380 25 7 7 4 do bro mix 4C0 24 8 8 2 do fans 200 20 11 N A 1 1 2 hf*ch sou ICO 23 12 12 3 do bro lea 1.60 8 14 Doragalla 14 6 hf-cdi bro or pek 402 37 17 17 3 hf-ch bans 2-25 19 18 18 1 do dust 95 13 22 Henegama 2-2 8 do dust 640 14 23 23 3 do bro mix 193 25 24 H 21 1 ch iu'O ])ek 101 32 25 B 25 5 hf ch bro pek 255 SO 28 Battalgalla 28 6 Cll fans 510 IS 37 S B 37 5 ch S^OII 410 12 bid 38 S 38 10 hf-ch pekoe 500 23 39 B 39 9 h f-c'» Pro pek 4-20 10 40 W 40 5 hf-ch pek sou 200 17 [Messrs. Somerville & Co.] Lo t. Box. Pk"s Name. lb. C. 1 D Ml 3 ch bro pek .360 33 2 15-2 2 do pek 290 S9 3 153 4 do pek sou 381 21 4 151 2 do con 180 20 5 155 2 do mix 180 23 6 156 1 do dust 1-27 14 17 Minna 167 7 hf-ch dust 630 14 18 168 1 ch bro pek 90 10 21 F F, in estate mark 171 5 hf-cli pek sou 230 25 22 172 4 do bro pek fans 240 •24 23 173 1 do dust 84 12 26 F om"r 176 2 hf-ch du.st 160 13 30 Glenalla ISO 3 ch dust 240 14 31 181 2 do fans 200 fo 32 1S2 1 do bio mix 100 20 33 Patulpana 183 7 hf-ch bro pek 385 33 34 184 5 do pek 250 27 35 185 4 do pek sou 260 24 36 186 3 do sou 150 23 40 Ukuwella 190 2 hf-ch bro pek fans 140 27 4Pa 190a 1 do bro pek fans A 140 17 41 Kudaganga 191 1 ch bro pek 96 31 42 D B R, in estate mark 19-2 1 ch bro pek OS 29 43 193 1 do pek sou 108 24 44 191 1 do dust 77 13 •50 Salawe iOO 2 ch dust SIO 13 51 Gingranoya 20' 6 hf-ch dust 480 14 62 Oolapane 202 4 hf-ch dust 320 u 66 H, in estate mark 203 3 do :2 pek sou 450 (ins ?40 unas 315 pek sou 400 liek sou 401 dust 170 bro P'jk 4 ’5 pekoe 450 bro pek 105 pek 90 bro mix 85 C, 22 45 30 27 23 55 33 27 23 20 25 25 24 31 25 17 24 15 36 29 24 20 79 42 40 39 32 33 28 28 15 27 30 28 16 26 27 13 8 49 25 15 39 20 15 24 29 17 28 27 24 23 41 30 29 25 £0 15 31 -.9 25 15 32 25 32 39 24 Lot Box Pkts, . N ame. lb C. 159 1118 3 do dust 255 15 160 1120 3 do fans 180 26 163 C B 1126 8 hf-ch bro pek fans 640 14 166 Lochiel 1132 22 boxes bro or pek 484 61 171 1142 3 ch pek sou 285 37 172 1144 2 do dust 300 15 177 Weynnga- watte 1154 2 hf-ch dust 170 1 5 178 L G A 1166 2 ch red leaf 200 18 179 Tooaagal'a 1158 1 do sou 95 25 180 1160 1 do red leaf 100 12 18-2 Yoxford 1164 4 do du.st 5^.<0 19 189 Battawatta 1172 2 do bro pek fans 200 18 187 1174 1 do dust 100 15 199 Errollwood 1198 8 hf-ch bro or pek £60 64 200 1200 7 ch or pek 630 60 202 1204 i do pek sou 400 38 204 M 1208 2 do bro tea 260 23 205 1210 3 do pek sou 2t7 38 211 B in est. marli : 12^23 4 ch dust 600 19 216 Passa,ra Group 1'232 2 do dust 200 15 217 Elleuiulle 1234 3 do bro pek 300 40 218 1236 3 do bro or pek 330 38 219 12.18 4 do pek 340 34 220 1240 5 do pek sou 400 29 221 1242 1 hf-ch dust 95 17 2-21 1241 1 do bro pek dust 95 19 223 1210 2 do fans 130 28 226 Theberton 1^253 3 ch bro mix 300 18 2-27 1254 2 do pek dust SCO 15 232 G P M in est. mark 1202 10 hf-ch pek sou ,560 39 232 1264 6 do pek fan.s 510 24 217 D 1294 4 ch bro pek fans 480 26 250 N in est. mark 1300 8 do pek sou 698 21 251 U N 1302 3 do bro tea 282 S 252 1304 5 do fans 625 9 262 AY 1326 5 do dust 680 la '<564 K 1.328 2 do dust 173 12 298 Putupaula 1336 6 hf-ch pek 300 20 269 1338 3 do sou 2-25 15 271 AMK 1343 4 do du.st 520 13 CEYLON COFFEE SALES IN LONDON. (^From our Commercial Correspondent). Mincing Lane Feb. 4. Rer “Kanaga'wa Maru” — Cranley, 00, 95 117s sold; O, 9G 110; 1, 97 107s; 2, 98 90s; PB, 99 12'2s. Middleton, Dim- bula, O, 1 113s sold; 1, 2 106s; 2, 3 90s; P, 4 141s; T, 5 73s. Per “Kanagaiva Maru’’ at Colombo OBPIC in estate mark O, 1 80s sold; 1, 2 80s sold: 2, 3 67s sold; PB, 4 70s sold; T, 5 30s sold. CEYLON COCOA SALES IN LONDON”. Per “Kanaga^wa Maru”— Yattevvatte 1, 49 sold at 79s; 2, 5 69s 6d. Rockhill, AA, 26 76s Cd; A, 6 70s; C, 1 63s; B, 11 5«s. 1 Matale 1, 171 out at 98s; I sea damaged sold at 67s; 2, I 12 68s. I Panwella, 26 out at 75s. I Dea Ella. 11 sold at 78s; PB&Go. 224 in estate mark, 112 out at 79s. j Coodulgalla, 20 sold at 80s; 18 78s 6d. ! Kepitigalla,. 25 7Ss6d; 20 77s 6d; 21 97s 6d; 2 sea dam- I aged 70s. j Old Haloya, 44 78s 6d. Kepitigalla, 20 76s; 8 68s; 6 C8s I 6d; 6 79s. Coodulgalla, 10 70s; 8 out at 7ss. i The Bandarapola Ceylon Co., Ltd., 22 out at 78s; -2, 1 j sold at 69s; T, 2 69s. I Ex “Clan Drummond”— NG A in estate mai-k, 165 sold at 75s; 16 seadgd. and vpkd. 70; A, 6 75s; B, 1677s: Iseadgd. out at 77.s; C, 7 out at 74s: CN, 5 out at 74s. -.Civ" in estate mark. Estate Cocoa 20 .sold at 65.s 6 1; 26 out at 75s; 10 sea dgd. vpkd. sold at 69s; l.V Finest, to in irk, 8 sold at 77s; I, 20 75s: 74 7.5s; r , 6 i ut at 79s; 4,5ontat7. s. Ex “Kanagawa JIarii”— K in estate mark, Estate Coco.n, 100 75s. M.M. 9 sold at 75s; E, 5 sohl at 75s. Kanapedi- watte, 8 sohl at 75s. Woodtliorpe, 1.5 out at 7Ss, Good View, 10 sold at 77s. Per “Clan Diunnnond” — Noitli ''atile out, 7 sold at 72s. 1 er “Kanagawa Maru” U apolla, .-1, TS out at 7Ss; P, 10 7us 6d sold at G 2 67s Kas Mark ,.4 Go., 10 sold at 7fs 6d; 15 sea dam. 70s Cd. Per “Cheshire”— Bevedewel'e COC EX No. i, -jp sold at 79-1 6d; 20 79s; 20 79>; 12 79s; EX Xo. 2, 5 71s 6d; BAT, 4 75s. 4 CEYLON PEODUCE SALES LIST. CEYLON CA.RDAMOM SALES IN LONDON. Katoolova p;X, 2 3s Cd; 2 3s 6d; 2 3^Cd; AA, 7 3s 3d; A, C 3s Id; B, 7 2s lid; C, 12 out at 2s 9d; L), 2 3s 2d. Per “Kanaaawa Mai n”— Elkadua O, 6 3s 8d; 1, 10 ■’’s 3d; 2, 1 2s lid; B&S, 2 2s 4d; seed 6 out at 3s 4d. Dryburge, Mysore O. 2 4s; 1,2 3s Sd; 1 3s 9d; 2, 1 3s 3d; 3, 1 2a lid; B, 1 2s lid: S, 1 3s. Dryburge, ilysore O, 1 3s. PBM, 2 2.S 9d; 4 Is 8d. Per “.Shropshire”— Lebanon Group, Mysore A, 2 3s 3d; B, 2 3s; 2 2s lid; 2 ?s 3d; C, 2 2s 3d; seed 1 3s 3d; Lebanon Group, Mysore A, .5 3s 4d; B, 6 3s 2d; C, 6 2s 6d; seed 1 3s 3d. Knucle Group, Madulkelle, Mysore A, 2 3s 8d 3 Ss; B. 8 3s 2d; C, 2 2s 6d; 8 2s Cd; seed 1 3s 3d. Ex “Kanagawa Maru” — Duckwari, 2, 4s 3d;B 1, 6 3s lid; Duckwari, C 1, 4 3s 6d; 4 3s 7d; D 1, 2 3s Id; seed 9 3s 2d. Ex “Clan Eraser” — F, in estate mark, 12 2s 8d. Ex “Kanagawa JIaru”— Vedehette, EX, 9 3s Cd; AA, 4 3s 3d; 2 3s4d; A, 2 3s 2d; 2 3s Id; B, 2 3s; 2 2s Lid. Ex “Kanagawa Maru,” — Wariagal'a, .vlysore A, 4 3s 6d; B,1 3s 2d; 8 3s 4d; C, 2 2s lOd; D, Cd 2s 5d. Nella 011a, O, 3 3s 9d; 1, 4 3s 3d; 2, 1 2s 9d; B&S, seed 1 3s 3d. Per “Kawachi Maru’ — Cottaganga AA, 2 3s Cd out. CEYLON COFFEE SAELS IN LONDON. Mincing Lane, Feb. 11, 1898 “Kanagawa Maru” — Armagh, 2 tierces 31s bid, 41s out. Ex “Cheshire” — Deyanella, 1 barrel 9Cs sold. CEYLON COCOA SALES IN I.ONDON. Per “Cheshire”— Ambragalla 1, 155 out at 77s; 3 sold out at C8s. Mukalane, 13 out at 78s. Maria, 42 out; 2, 3 sold at Cls; 2 70s. Marakona, 2G out at 77s Cd; 2,8 70s; 3, G 5Ss Cd sold; 8 C8s Cd; 2, 2 Cls Cd; 3, 1 37s. Anniewatte, 45 sold at 77s Cd; 1 sea damaged C9s. Goonambil, 74 out 80s; B, 9 C8s fd. The Bandarapola Ceylon Co., 22 74s. Per “Kanagawa Maru” Panwella, 2C 74s. Dea Ella, 1 72s. M in estate mark, estate cocoa, 200 75s sold. Ex “Kaw„chi Maru”— MAK London in estate mark, 1 71s. Per “Kan.agawts, Maru”— OBEC F in estate mark, Konde- salle O, 20 76s Cd; 140 Gs; 20 76s Cd; 20 77s; 15 7Cs Cd; 2 sea dgd. 69s 6d. JF, 39 out at 75s. OBEC, Konde.salle O,. 70 out at 74s; 1, 25 sold at 75s Cd; D, 15 71s; G, 6 60s. OEC ill estate mark, Mahaberia, 20 80s; 31 out at 84s; 1, 8 sold at 7Ss; 2, 8 6Ss; F, 6 75s; 0, 1 71s. Per ‘‘Clan Drummond”— HGA in estate mark, 7 out at 7i’s. 1, MAK in estate mark, estate cocoa, 46 out at 74s. F 4 in estate mark, 5 out at 72s. Ex “Wakasa Maru”— 2, F AA in estate mark, 1 out at 75s. F A in estate mark, 1 out at 75s. HGA in estate mark, 1 out at 75s. D, 1 out at 75s. Ex “Kawachi Maru”— CX, 1 sold at Cls. OBSERVER PRINTING WORKS. TEA, COFFEE, CINCHONA, COCOA, AND CARDAMOM SALES, NO. 10. Colombo, March COLOMBO SALES OF TEA. LARGE LOTS. CMesses. a. H. Thompson (& Co.— 48,229 lb.] Lot. Box. Pkas. Name. lb. (*, 1 Vogan 1 33 ch bro pe 4 33C0 42 bid 2 2 35 do pek 3150 34 bid 3 3 35 do pek sou 297.5 29 bid 4 4 17 do dust 1275 15 5 5 11 do pek fans 715 25 bid 9 D K 9 12 hf.ch pek dust 1020 12 14 Vogan 14 36 ch bro pek 3420 45 14a 34a 36 do do 3600 42 bid 15 15 4 do pek 3060 32 bid 16 16 26 do pek sou 2340 20 bid 17 L 17 14 ch pek sou 330 10 18 Meeriatenne 18 19 hf-ch pek 950 33 19 Hornsey 19 14 ch pek sou 1400 40 21 B 21 8 ch or pek £00 45 22 22 8 do 1 ek oil 76C 32 bid 27 Doragalla 27 37 ch bro ek D/UO 40 bid 28 28 28 do pek '2465 30 bid 29 29 11 do pek sou £00 ‘27 bid so Henegama 30 16 hf-ch bro pek fans 11-20 27 36 Mapitigama 36 21 do bro pek 1156 42 bid 37 37 20 do pekoe 1000 34 38 38 10 ch pek sou 8E0 •28 [Mr. E. John.- -118,9.31 a. 1 Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. c. 2 Peria Ganga- watte 663 18 hf-ch dust 1620 15 8 Gonavy 675 14 do fans 810 28 9 T 677 28 ch pekoe 2520 30 bid 11 Dlgdola 681 IS do bro or pek 1620 39 bid 12 683 14 do or pek lliO 31 13 Oonoogaloya 683 21 do bro pek 2100 52 14 687 25 do pekoe 2600 39 15 689 11 do pek sou 930 36 16 691 11 do fans 13‘20 27 bid 17 Ben Nevis 693 SO hf ch flowery or pek 1650 59 18 695 20 ch or pek 2210 33 bid 19 697 25 do pekoe 2125 35 20 Anchor, in est. mark 699 30 hf-ch bro or pek 1650 54 21 701 19 ch or pek 1710 38 99. Glentilt 7C3 a do bro pek 4400 49 bid 23 705 27 do pekoe 2700 42 24 707 22 do fans 1760 20 bid 25 Mocha 709 25 do bro or pek 2750 54 26^ 711 18 do or pek 1530 51 27 713 26 do pekoe 2600 41 28 E N 715 8 do pek sou No.2 720 29 37 Agra Ouvah 733 65 hf-ch bro or pek 42-25 61 38 735 33 do or pek 1815 55 39 737 11 ch pekoe 1100 49 41 Kondura 741 30 do pekoe 2550 29 42 743 18 do pek sou 1020 25 43 745 13 do bro pek 1300 39 41 747 22 do or pek 1818 37 bid 45 749 71 do pekoe 6035 29 bid 46 751 61 do pek sou 549J 25 48 Glasgow 755 43 do bro or pek 3440 57 49 767 17 do bro or pek No.'. ! 1360 40 bid zO 759 17 do or pek 1105 52 51 761 13 do pekoe 1300 47 55 Templestowe 769 25 do bro or pek 2500 45 bid 56 771 20 do or pek 1800 45 67 773 81 do pekoe es£5 33 bid 58 775 32 do pek sou •2560 •28 bid 59 Ettic 777 12 do bro pek 1260 31 bid 60 779 9 do pekoe 900 27 61 781 8 do pek sou 800 25 64 Claremont 787 22 hf-ch bro or pek 1210 37 bid 65 789 0 do pekoe 765 31 66 791 9 do pek sou 720 26 60 Marguerita 797 22 ch bro or pek 2-200 53 70 799 19 do or pek 1900 42 71 801 13 do pekoe 1300 38 72 803 11 do pek sou 1100 39 76 YK 811 6 do bro pek 730 27 bid £0 Dlckapittia 819 19 do bro pek 1900 40 bid 8X 821 27 do pekoe 2700 31 bid [Messrs. Somerville & Co. —130,4.30 lb.] Lot. Box. Rkgs. Name. lb. c. 1 Depedene 2S4 4G hf-ch bro pek 2475 39 235 28 do pek 1540 27 bid Price : — 12| cents each 3 copies 30 cents ; 6 copies J rupee. Lot Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. C. 6 236 21 hf-ch pek sou 1155 26 8 Ambalawa 238 27 do pekoe 1215 31 9 239 15 do bro mix 705 23 10 Kew 240 23 hf ch bro or pek 1288 5.5 bid 11 241 25 do or pek 12.50 57 12 ■‘242 29 ch pek 2668 40 bid 13 243 18 do pek sou 1710 37 17 Yarrow 247 27 hf-ch bro pek 1431 38 bid 18 248 68 hf-ch pekoe 2900 30 bid 20 Kirimettiya 250 8 ch pek 800 27 35 K ugawella 265 41 hf-ch or pek '2255 38 bid 36 266 21 do bro or pek 1365 33 bid 37 267 47 do pek 2350 30 bid 40 Minna 270 22 ch pek sou 1930 35 41 V S P A 271 7 ch pek dust 1050 18 47 Mahatenna •277 22 ch bro pek 2-200 36 48 278 14 do pekoe 1330 29 5 J Atherton 280 15 hf-ch pek 840 31 bid 53 BolJagalla 283 18 ch bro pek 1710 34 bid 54 284 18 do pek 1440 32 55 Warakamure 285 24 ch or pek 2400 31 bid 57 287 21 do pek 1995 30 f8 288 10 do sou 900 25 61 Ukuwela 291 28 ch bro ))ek 2800 32 bid 62 -292 17 do pek 1700 28 63 293 13 do pek sou 1300 25 65 Kosgahahena 295 9 jh bro pek 1050 36 1 hf-ch 66 296 14 do pek 1350 ■26 71 California 301 9 ch pek 835 28 75 Marigold 305 36 hf-ch bro pek 2304 45 76 306 25 do pek 1410 34 77 307 14 do pek sou 784 30 81 H J S 311 14 hf-ch pek sou 840 28 83 Lonach 313 25 hf-ch bro nek 1375 41 84 314 16 ch pek 1280 34 85 315 15 do pek so'j 1-200 27 86 Tiddydale 316 10 ch bro pekoe 900 37 87 317 10 do pek 850 29 83 318 19 do pek sou 1585 25 92 .T P 322 41 ch pek sou 3485 25 93 Ferriby 323 48 hf-ch bro pek 2400 42 bid 91 324 25 ch pekoe 2250 32 95 325 47 do pek sou 3995 27 98 R C T F, in es- mark 328 11 ch bro pek 1043 41 329 10 do or pek 850 36 100 330 10 do pek 800 29 101 331 11 do pek sou 825 25 107 New Valley 337 25 ch bro or pek 2625 55 1'8 338 21 do or pek 2100 55 lOS 339 28 do pek 2809 45 110 340 16 do pek sou 1440 41 111 NIT 341 10 ch unas 950 19 112 Lyndhurst 342 35 hf ch bro pek 2100 36 113 343 43 do pek 2150 31 114 344 22 do pek sou 1100 26 126 Paradise 356 17 hf-ch bro pek 935 36 1-27 357 19 ch pek 1805 29 128 358 13 do pek S8u 1170 26 132 Glenalla 362 34 ch bro peK 3100 34 bid (Messrs. Forres & Walker. — 299,622 lb.] Lot. Box. Pkts. Name. ]b. e. 1 Pala watte 1344 13 ch bro pek 1303 39 2 1346 7 do pekoe 700 30 9 Holton 1360 27 ch bro pek 2.565 41 10 1362 13 do pekoe 1040 32 14 Agra EI- bedde 1370 32 hf-ch bro or pek 19-20 .58 bid 15 1372 25 do or pek 1400 53 17 1376 25 do pek sou 11 0 43 20 Harringtsn 1382 16 ch or pekoe 160(1 45 bid 21 1384 11 do pekoe 1100 41 24 Ueddetenne 1390 29 ch ino pek 1595 39 bid 25 1-392 12 do pekoe lOSO 33 30 Tymam- 1402 40 hf-ch bro pek 2200 43 31 1404 53 do pekoe 2650 34 bid 32 1406 35 do pek sou 1575 30 f3 Ella Oya 1408 11 ch bro pek 1050 37 34 1410 ‘26 do or pek 2210 31 bid 35 1412 31 do pek sou 2790 26 36 1414 35 do pek fans 2275 28 42 Aallawatte 1426 14 ch bro pet 1330 35 bid 43 14-28 22 do pek 1870 29 44 Ku.aveBinire 143C 27 do bro pek 2565 41 45 1432 36 do pekoe 3050 29 46 1434 96 do pek sou 7200 25 60 Queensland 1442 9 do uro or pek 7->o 46 bid o CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. Lot. Box Pkts. Name. lb 51 1444 17 bf-ch bro pek 935 52 1446 15 ch pek 1275 58 Tonacombe 1458 17 ch or pek 1700 59 1460 18 do bro pek 1920 60 1462 48 do pekoe 4800 66 Nugagaila 1474 19 lif-cli pek 950 68 Pucupaula 1478 18 lif-ch bro or pek 1080 69 IISO 53 do bro pek 4505 70 1482 40 do pekoe 3200 71 1484 24 do pek son 1800 72 Gampaha I486 22 oh bro or pek 2201) 73 1458 26 do or pek 2340 79 Columbia 1500 29 hf-cli bro pek 1566 80 2 25 do pek 1360 88 8 3 J, in est. mark 18 6 ch 1 hf-ch bro pek 751 89 20 7 ch pek 735 99 Dehiowita 40 19 ch eongon 1520 103 Ismalle 48 10 ch bro lea 900 106 Clyde 54 25 cli bro pek 2375 107 56 35 do pek 3150' 108 68 19 do pek son 1710 111 Beaust'jour 64 12 ch bro pek 1140 112 66 12 do pekoe 1020 116 Marlborough 74 28 lif-ch bro or pek 1540 117 76 18 ch or pek 1580 118 78 19 do pekoe 800 122 Freds Riihe SO 29 cli bro pek £900 123 88 37 do pelv 3330 124 90 14 do pek sou 1260 127 Harringcon 96 18 cli or pek 180U 128 Ganapalla 98 14 cb or pek 1344 129 100 24 do bro or pek 2400 130 102 40 do pek 3400 131 104 30 do pek sou 2400 136 Weoya 114 31 ch bro pek 2790 137 118 19 do pek 1520 138 118 15 do pek sou 1200 139 120 9 do ilust 1170 140 Polatagama 122 14 ch congou 1050 141 124 31 do fans 2635 143 128 16 do pek son 12S0 148 Dea Ella 13S 34 Iif-ch bro pek 1700 149 140 27 do pek 1350 150 142 16 do pek sou 720 152 High Fbicst 146 60 do bro or pek 3600 163 148 37 do or pek 1921 154 150 30 do pek IbOO 155 Ruanwella 152 27 ch bro pek 2565 150 154 4L do pek 3C90 157 156 14 do pek sou 12C0 164 St. Heliers 170 34 bf-ch bro or pek 1734 165 172 20 ch pek ISOO 108 Patiagama 178 9 do bro pek 945 170 182 19 do pekoe 1615 178 S. V. Maliga- tenne 198 10 do bro pek loco 194 8. in estate mark 230 42 hf-ch fa, ns 31'0 210 D 262 2n hf-ch pek dust 18f0 2U 264 8 ch bro mi.'C 800 212 Castlereagh 266 28 do bro pek 2300 213 263 27 do or pek 2295 2U 270 20 do pek 2080 218 Chesterfoi'd 278 36 do bro pok 3600 219 280 SO do pek 3000 220 2S2 30 do j.ek sou 3000 221 2S4 8 do fans , 720 223 2t8 11 hf-ch dust 889 221 C I S P 290 14 ch sou 1180 225 292 15 lb. dust 1500 220 G 294 12 tlo dust 1020 227 Bunkeld 286 67 hf-ch bro or pek 4020 223 298 12 ch or pek 1140 229 300 26 do pek 2340 230 Huglienden 302 13 do 1 hf-ch bro pek 1275 231 304 16 ch 1 hf-ch pek 1383 233 A R T in est mark 303 13 ch sou 1209 231 Uoeberry 310 7 do bro pek 770 235 312 4i do or pek 4400 236 314 44 do pek 3960 237 S16 25 do pek sou 2000 238 318 10 do Ians 10 0 243 Bandara Eliya 328 18 hf-ch fan.s 1350 210 Kanasingha- putana 334 48 do fans 3290 247 336 21 do dust 189J 248 B. B.B., in est. mai;k 338 12 ch pek sou 1200 249 ' 340 18 lif-.ch pek fans 1400 250 242 20 do dust 1800 251 R A B 314 43 do or pek 2795 252 Ookoowatte 346. 9 ch bro pek 900 253 343 9 do pekoe 810 Lot. Box. Bkps . Name. lb. C 257 356 8 do pek fans 8<^0 26 258 IngiTgalla 35a 19 do bro pek 1900 41 259 360 37 do pek S145 37 SMALL LOTS. [Messp. s A. H. Thompson <.\i Co.] Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. c. 6 Ugieside 6 5 ch dust 400 13 7 7 4 d© bro mix 420 24 8 IVuode d 8 4 cli (lust 565 14 10 IS B 10 5 cli bro tea 410 10 11 Loomont 11 5 bf-ch bro pek 259 3L 12 12 6 do pek 312 24 13 13 2 do dust 128 16 20 Hornsey 20 4 ch fclllS 340 10 23 Vogan 23 7 do Dck sou 630 28 bid 24 U B A 21 5 cll bio tea 6-25 24 25 25 2 do red leaf 210 10 26 26 1 do dust 110 13 31 Henegama 31 8 !if ch dust 640 14 32 o2 2 do bro mix 130 22 33 IV. Tenne 33 9 hf-ch fans 6S0 14 34 Warwick 34 7 hf-ch dust 560 14 35 Anchor in est. mark 35 3 Iif-ch dust 255 1-2 39 T 39 1 cll bro pek 100 26 40 40 2 do pek 200 22 41 41 1 hf-cli dust 50 12 [Messrs. Somerville & Co.] Lo 1/. Box. Pk,irs Nauie. lb. C, 1 Mimosa 231 2 ch Ijro pek 166 27 2 232 2 do pek 150 27 2 233 1 do bro pek dust 166 14 7 Ambalawa 237 3 hf-ch dust 240 17 14 Kew 244 7 hf-ch bro pek fans 455 33 15 245 8 do dust 630 15 16 Yarrow 246 10 hf-ch bro or pek 600- •■'3 19 Kirimeltiya 249 5 cll bro pek 475 24 21 25 1 3 do pek sou 265 24 22 252 4 do bro psk fans 1 336 24 23 253 1 do dust 124 14 S3 Nugawella 268 4 ch pek sou 340 27 39 269 8 bf-ch dust 640 16 45 Radaga 275 6 bf-eli bro pek 240 3) 40 276 7 do pek 280 24 49 Melntenna 279 0 ch pek sou 570 27 51 Atherton 2S1 2 hf-ch dust 120 11 52 ■282 1 do bro mix 47 8 56 Warakamure 286 2 ch bro pek 210 32 50 2S9 2hf eh dust 160 13 CO 290 3 do faiisj 210 64 Ukuwela 249 1 hf-ch bro pek fans 70 17 67 Kosgahaliena 297 5 eh pek sou 455 24 68 •298 2 do SOU ISO 23 09 299 2 do pek dust 170 13 7i) California 300 4 cll bro pek 375 37 72 302 4 do pek sou 380 24 73 £03 2 do fans 200 16 74 304 1 do dust 105 14 78 Marigold 308 6 hf-ch bro pek fans 408 30 79 H J S 309 5 hf-ch bro pek SCO 47 80 310 5 do pek 300 3S 82 312 6 do SOU 300 25 98 Feriiby 326 3 ch sou 30U 23 97 327 6 hf-cli 1 dust 450 15 102 R C T F, estate mark 322 4 ch fans 400 21 103 333 1 do dust 150 15 104 D G 334 2 hf-ch bro mix 170 9 105 335 2 do dust 180 13 106 336 4 do fans 260 20 115 Lyndhurst 345 3 hf-ch dust 270 13 129 Paradise rbO 5 hf-ch bro pek fans 250 26 130 360 3 do dust 216 14 131 T, in estate mark 301 4 hf-ch 1 bro pek 220 35 133 S 363 3 hf-ch 1 bro pek 165 34 bid Lot. [Mr. E. John.] Box. Pku's. Name. lb. C. 1 Elston 661 4 hf-ch dust 360 15 3 N B 665 8 do dust 640 19 4 R 667 2 ch dust 220 14 5 669 1 do congou 90 26. 6 H 671 8 do . pek sou 640 ' 27 7 673 4 do pek No. 1 360 29 10 S 679 8 hf-ch pek sou 400 2F c. 51 bid 46 51 45 37 36 39 bid 41 bid 33 bid 27 bid 52 49 51 43 31 25 21 18 39 bid 31 26 38 bid 29 54 51 45 39 33 29 47 bid 44 39 32 26 49 29 2o 14 20 24 26 43 35 28 33 49 46 37 bid 29 25 43 33 36 bid 31 31 20 15 9 41 bid 40 38 39 bid 31 26 bid 27 13 17 13 13 54 48 43 38 bid 30 bid 23 33 bid 45 bid 34 28 24 16 16 bid 12 bid 24 17 bid 10 19 37 32 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. 3 Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name, lb. c. 29 EN 717 8 ch bro mix 660 21 30 719 4 do congjeu 380 22 31 Suduganga 721 4 hf-ch bro pek 220 42 32 723 6 do pekoe 300 36 33 725 3 do pek sou 165 31 34 M C 727 5 do fans 350 20 bid 35 729 6 do dust 480 14 33 731 3 do SOU 270 so 40 Rondura 739 6 ch or pek 504 39 47 753 3 do bro pek fans 1 300 29 62 Ettie 783 1 do mixed 95 15 63 785 2 do dust 280 12 67 Claremont 793 1 hf-ch fans 110 15 68 795 2 do pek dust 1.54 12 73 Maskeliya 805 4 ch SOU 400 28 74 807 11 hf-ch fans 550 37 75 809 6 do dust 640 14 i i y K 813 2 ch pekoe 234 22 78 KP 815 2 hf-ch dust 184 11 79 817 2 do fans UO 15 82 Dickapittia 823 5 ch pek sou 500 27 83 825 2 do SOU 200 25 84 Galloolo 8i7 2 do dust 200 14 8.5 E T K 829 5 hf-ch fans 3.50 34 86 S31 5 do tea dust 400 14 87 K G 833 2 do dust 170 14 88 Fernlands 835 1 ch red leaf 106 19 [Mf.ssrs. Forbes & Walker.] Lot. Box. Pkts. Name. lb c. 3 Palawatta 1348 ; i ch pek sou soo 26 4 Trewardenna 1350 ( i do bro pek 600 35 5 1352 ' 7 do pekoe 630 28 6 1354 « 3 do pek sou 600 ?5 7 135G : 1 do dust liO 14 8 1358 : 1 do fans 100 18 11 Holton 1301 ( 3 ch pek sou 570 29 1386 ; i do dust 225 14 13 A B 1368 ■ 1 do red leaf 440 10 16 Agra El- bedde 1374 ( 3 lif-ch pek 288 46 18 1378 2 do dust 156 20 19 Harrington 1380 : 3 hf-ch bro or pek 195 43 22 1383 : L ch pek sou 90 32 23 1388 ; 1 do du-t 120 15 26 I'leddetenne 1391 ( 3 ch pek sou 540 23 27 1396 ' 1 do bro pek fans 440 SO 23 1398 1 do bro pek dust 135 21 29 K IV I), in est mark 1400 ( 1 lif-ch bro pek fans 432 27 47 Knavesmire 1436 \ i ch dust 270 13 48 1433 ! j do fa ns 600 49 M M M 1440 ; 2 ch bro mix ISO 9 61 Tonacombe 1464 1 ' ch pek sou 6b0 32 62 G 1466 i i ch SOU 2.55 24 63 1468 1 ! do pek dust 280 13 64 1470 1 L do bro tea 100 23 6.2 Nugagalla 1472 9 hf-ch bro pek 4.50 49 67 U7G 1 J do pek sou 100 23 90 S S J, in est. mark 22 <3 1 ch pek sou 400 24 91 24 ; do SOU 100 23 92 26 ] L do pek fans 110 26 91 Sunnycroft 30 4 1 ch pek sou 400 31 95 ?i2 1 do congou 100 27 96 31 £ 1 do dust 300 14 97 Dehiowita 36 1 ! ch bro pek fans 255 21 98 38 £ 1 do pek fans 180 25 100 42 1 . ch red leaf 90 21 101 Ismalle 44 r i ch .■•ou 580 21 102 46 £ > do pek fan 650 21 104 50 i > do dust 680 IS 10.3 Clyde 52 2 i ch or pek 270 S3 1U9 Patliregalla 60 £ ! ch fans 200 16 110 62 £ ! hf-ch dust 170 12 115 Dunedin 72 2 ch Iro tea 150 24 119 Marlborough SO 3 ch bro or pek fans 315 39 120 82 1 . do pek fans 100 ru 121 84 1 do du.st 125 20 125 Freds Rube 92 7 ch bro mix 630 20 120 AV A 94 1 do bro mix 110 14 132 Ganapalla ino 3 i ch bro pek fans 360 34 133 108 4 , do dust 560 15 134 S 110 6 . ch bro mix 6tS 15 135 T O 112 1 do dust SO 14 112 PolaLagaraa 126 3 c!i d st 450 14 151 Dea Ella 144 3 hf-ch fans 180 27 15H Ruanwella 1.58 5 ch bro pek fans 550 31 159 160 7 do dust 490 16 166 St. Helicrs 174 4 do pek sou 360 29 167 176 « do dust 480 19 169 Patiagama 180 6 1 do or pek 570 36 171 184 2 ; do pek sou 170 24 Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. c. 172 A M B 186 6 do bro pek sou 529 18 173 188 6 do bro tea 480 14 174 AVelimaluwa 190 7 hf-ch bro pek 385 28 179 S A'^, MaJlga- tenne 200 7 do pek 665 26 180 202 3 do pek sou 270 23 181 Ettapolla 201 4 bf-ch bro pek 200 35 182 06 8 do pek 400 29 183 2 8 5 do pek sou 250 26 184 210 1 do bro tea 65 23 185 C E S D, in est. mark 212 4 do bro pek 200 38 186 214 4 ilo pekoe 200 29 1^7 216 5 do SOU 250 25 188 218 1 do red leaf 60 9 189 220 1 do fan.s 60 27 100 Walpit- L 222 6 ch bro pek 600 37 bid 191 224 6 do pekoe 570 32 192 226 4 do pek sou 3G0 27 193 2 ’8 do fans 110 25 195 B FB 232 5 rif-ch bro pek 250 23 196 2-24 11 do iinast 550 21 197 236 7 do fans 455 13 215 Castlereagh 272 6 ch pek sou 480 34 216 274 5 hf-cli fa ns 350 22 217 270 3 d) dust 240 14 222 Cbesterford 286 5 ch congou 500 24 ;32 Uiighenden 806 8 do 1 hf-ch pek sou 6S9 25 239 B C K 320 3 do dusQ 276 11 240 B in est. mar V 322 5 do pek 2;3o 22 241 324 5 do fans :>60 17 bid. 242 326 7 do dust 630 12 bid 244 B R 330 6 0 dust 540 11 bid 245 R 332 1 do dust ' 86 10 254 Ookoowaite 350 3 ch pek sou 270 23 255 352 1 do dust 80 13 250 354 2 do dust 160 13 260 Ingrogalla 362 do pek sou 340 30 CEYJ.^N COCOA SALES IN LONDON. (i'Vom our Commercial Correspondent). Mincing Lane Feb. 19. Per Sa.n iki Maru” — Sirigalla, 41 out at SOs; T, 3 sold a C9s. AViliaragama, A, 21 out at SOs; B, 27 out at 78s; D, sold at 70s. CEYLON CYRDAMOM SALES IN LONDON. Ex “Diomed” — KtlraiEX, 2 out at 4s; RGC, 2. Per “Kawaehi Maru” — Knucsles Group, Madulkelle, Mysore A, 40 2s 4d; 70 Is; 2 2s lOd. Knuckles Group* Madulkelle, Mysore B, 2 2s lOd; 3 2s; 4 2s Id; 6 2s 2dl 5 2s 3d; 3 2s 2d; C, 40 2s 2d; 11 2s Id; 2 Is lOd; seed 2 3s Id. Ex “Sanuki Maru” — Nagolla, O, 3 .'■old at 3s 8d; 1, 2 3s 3d; 2, 1 2s lOd; B&S, 1 2s 9d. Nella Oolla, O, 8 3s lOd; I, 8 3s 5d; 2, 2s lid; B&S, 1 2s 5d; seed 1 3s Id. Per “Kawaclii Maru” — Cottaganga, AA, 2 sold at 3s 2d. Per “Kanagawa Maru”— Katooloya, EX, 4 3s Sd; 2 3s 5d; AA, 12 3s 5d; A, 7 3s 2d; B, 7 3s. Per “Cliesliire,” Burnett— Deyauella, No. 1, 2 3s Id; 1 2s lOd; No. 2, 1 2s Sd; 2, 2 2s 9d; 3, 1 3s; seed 1 2s 9d. Ex “Clan Druinniond”- F in estate mark, S out at 3s; HGA in estate mark, long cardainoins, 4 out at 3s 3d; 1, ~ out at 3s Gd; 2, 4 3s. Ex “Clan Fia.ser”-F in estate mark, 2C. Per “Orotav.a” — Delpotonoya, 4 4s; 6 3s 9d; 5 3s 5d; 1 2s lid; 1 2s lOd, 13s 4d; 4 3s 5d; 1 2s 6d. Per “Staffordshire” at Ceylon, seeds 3 outa‘3s 3d. Per “Glaucus”— M in estate mark, 4 3s 3d out. Per “Tosa Maru"— Knuckles Group, Madulkelle, B, 4 out at 3s 3d. Per “Oceana” — Katooloya, B, 2 3s 4d. ’■ vi 4 . ' ’ 4 :;?’< ’■;/ ■ .^.^rr /■• • ■ -, ' -J(j : #V- ' >3 . , u . ^ .....: >''.-Vj v'' ^ ' t' .. "l(- • X’ ‘ ,. / *Jl .■: ■ ^ O . i .. . ,fi :--A I t.- ' -;;iU ^ 'V ' '■': 'f L-‘fr- ‘ • ■• ■i • ri-Ai’S • -'i I‘ • 44*^ .4':- ■ ;V. ■■ ' rt;.;',t<»r:.i:>' ■-- : ■ 5 r * ' * - m;? h ^ ' ;{_■ : ' V -li ' ■ t’ ■- - J ’>o'» ’■..:y-T' M- ■ . ' ■ " •• ',4' i' / ' ■''•» I- 4 "I-.-'- ! / •! ;-r— 1 ■■^. 4,-4'4vv ■i' ■■ '■ - Vljli . ' '’ " ■ "' <;U'( ;, .V ',:>'> /!‘T -. . - 4" ^ '•• - -f I-*)!!'. • .^:J< ' 4 -r • • . /<-•, ,, ;•• ' ioaiiVp ^ -■ ■ ■ •“ > ;.,;V ,lAj i.'. •• ti. •, V o V tv-.; ‘ H'* ^ ' ■' -- - .. . It- N ....ft.li ' ^ -orfii ,p«/A Cr- - •• • •^ .t-v- . .4 . .-. i ' „■'; -b: i>;g «" :&0^, ^ .-. .;ij' , y ' ■ '•■■: ^ f . ,:^jr :p^:--;,4: '..f'i • ; ■ •■;' '' ,'V ^ ‘ , .. . ' ■ -V' :■ .■■>4 ■- . >jp.' /'-c ■'■• ■■'i ' r- tiC ijiih''- 4’'- ^ 4' , ■: ' •..«•■ ' '■ J I. ' i 'r U ' U ' .i''';;»vi, I '- .,• •,■_■' _‘V ; ’- . - .rj,:;, '- •-? V . 4 :. r;4s f u,r~: 'M- - c > j 4;^;:.; ; ; 4 4 £ ■■ - • '■ L , -' ■'■) "4 ■ ; ?r : - A., 4; ■' '.olfe.if'^i . ' 4' "•■ =" !"• - ■ '• ~V '. i ' -’"1 . '.. ■ -■ ■ M-. i , Xii,,,;' <■; - ''-1 ■ — '■>' ' ■■-. , ■ '. • y .’) ' -f'" • . M . • '•■-■ .. 'J'.'!, '■“'C -USi.'j'ijJ' ■.•• ' ■ ■ - ' ■ '■' '.A;-y ;' ' ■ ii'J'J '■> ■ '■■' ' ■ , . -j;.. ■■ ' ^ ■' ‘ ' •;'''' •■ r - ' ■' ' ’■'" '-' K?' . ■" ' ■ •' • ■ ■ ■ •■ -.V ..'It ■ Etl 1 • ’>! '-"' I - - > ' . '-'b ' '^=.' -'a.^'"'‘'‘A'-4- M;:’:: ', , • !' ;■.-■? T- !•:->!> /nO<'!t.Jr ,• : i. u> ^ ’, .’ ^ l!^y i ft . :Jp‘ ' . ■ J - tw.. '.. kk:k,4 4.V .:(!. ■• ! •■r.-rA.' 'ii', w>',4 ,■■' '^ 'i ^■■- ‘Cf:- • 't’Vi . !, , ' v ■ '' i . ::ii, > ■ \ *' .. |ir<,.. . •..• J. .'/ :i ■ ' ' .-V j.‘ ••■ lio -'Wr;* jiP •■ • ■ V v A,.-,,-:-, vv.;:i ' ■ -‘:-k\- ■ . ,,-t''"'“ ■'••••'■ • -■;■•'• ••’••‘. 4 !.. J. %. 4 - • ., S-itb of>> ; ; ; . f.:' ^8 ‘ .”^1 ^ 5 * fiU^ A‘yf . t'O 9 * .>■ -kiawVf * A.l/jiScJn TEA, COFFEE, CINCHONA, COCOA, AND CARDAMOM SALES, NO. 11. Colombo, March 21, 1898. Price : — 12g cents each 3 copies 30 cents ; 6 copies J rupee. COLOMBO SALES OF TEA. Lot Box Pkgs Name. lb. c. 106 Romania 76 13 ch bro pek 1300 36 LOTS. '07 77 13 do pek 1300 28 LAPvGE 1(8 78 7 do pek sou 700 23 116 Mousakande 86 11 ch bro pek pek pek sou 1100 38 [Mfssrs. a. H. Thompson & Co. —66,244 lb.] 117 118 87 17 ch 88 9 do 15311 792 30 b 27 Lot. Box . PkgS. Name. lb. c. 120 Rothes 121 90 91 16 hf-ch 14 do bro pek pek 896 784 65 42 1 133 Elchlco 103 25 hf-ch bro pek 1250 36 on Sea 1 13 eh bro pek 1235 34 135 105 15 hf-ch pek .sou 750 28 2 2 16 do do 1520 34 bid 136 106 26 do pek No. 2 1300 27 6 SacitivaaocUie 6 69 bf-ch or pek 3450 38 138 M Tenne 108 20 hf ch fans 1800 12 7 42 do bro or pek 2529 41 142 Hatciowa 112 30 ch bro pek 3150 32 bid 8 8 49 do bro pek 2.548 41 143 113 18 ch pek 1530 29 9 9 38 do pek 3116 35 144 Ormidale 114 14 do pek sou 1190 25 10 10 39 do pek sou 3120 32 149 119 24 hf-ch pek sou 1200 36 bid 16 Dora ga 11a 16 37 ch bro pek 3700 38 151 H G L 151 9 ch dust 1260 13 17 17 29 do pek 2465 33 153 Ambalawa 123 26 hf-ch bro pek 1300 35 bid 18 18 11 do pek sou 880 29 154 124 27 do pek 1215 31 23 Walla Valley 23 24 ch dust 2400 16 bid 155 125 26 do pek sou 1170 28 24 Old Mada. 153 126 14 do pek fans 700 27 bid eoma 24 13 ch bro or pek 975 49 bid 25 25 26 do or pek 1690 45 26 27 26 27 29 do 9 do pe pek sou 2320 710 37 33 [Mr. E. John. -195,851 11 ] 36 Ba tta galla 36 12 ch pek sou 1220 38 Lot. Box, Bkss. Name. lb. c. 40 46 Kotiia Belugas 40 40 23 hf-ch 6 ch bro pek dust 11 0 720 32 bid 11 bid 1 8 Ridgmount 837 -Uurraythwaite 851 13 9 ch do pek sou bro pek 1183 855 26 36 9 S;'j3 10 do pekoe bro pek 850 1860 28 43 bid 13 R, in est. mark 861 31 hf-ch FMessrs. Somerville & Co. — 122,622 lb. 1 14 863 38 do pekoe 1900 37 15 805 24 ch pek sou 1080 31 Lot. Box. Pkars. Name. lb. c. 17 Dalhousie 869 48 hf-ch bro or pek 2640 41 bid 18 871 36 do or pek 1620 40 1 The wanly 19 873 30 do pekoe 1350 37 Estates Co. of 22 Koslanda 879 25 do liro or pek 1375 41 Ceylon Ltd 371 11 hf-ch SOU 935 23 24 23 881 23 ch pekoe 2070 3L bid 4 G W 394 10 hf-ch sou 800 24 883 -8 do pek sou 760 SO 8 Koorooloogalla 375 27 ch bro pek 2700 40 bid 27 St. John’s 889 25 hf-ch bro or pek 1500 9 379 21 do pek 2160 34 28 891 24 do or pek 1248 53 bid 10 380 9 do pek sou 855 £9 29 893 24 do pek sou 1218 41 11 Monrovia 381 12 eh bro pek 1089 35 bid 30 Cleveland 895 17 do bro or pek 935 51 12 ?S2 27 do pek 2430 30 52 899 27 do pekoe 1404 36 bid 16 Blinkbonnie 386 33 hf-ch bro pek 1650 46 bid 35 Whyddon S05 w ch bro pek 1805 52 17 38/ 32 do or pek 1440 41 3t) 907 25 do pekoe 1875 88 18 388 16 do pek 1440 36 37 909 19 do pek son 1710 3i 19 Moiisa galla 389 12 hf-eh bro pek 720 44 38 Anchor, in est. 20 S90 13 . ch or pek 1223 4b mark 911 28 hf-ch bro or pek 1540 56 21 .391 11 do pek 910 40 39 913 20 ch pekoe 1800 38 22 392 14 do pek sou 1230 35 40 Uda 915 16 hf-ch bro pek 992 27 27 Minna 397 01 hf-ch bro pek 3660 48 41 917 12 do pekoe 1080 30 2S 398 42 ch pek 3780 S9 42 Agra Ouvah 919 iu oh pek sou 950 40 29 399 20 do pek sou 1800 33 43 921 19 hf ch pek fans 1615 32 30 Galphele 400 23 hf-ch bro pek 1265 40 45 925 58 do bro or pek 3770 68 31 1 80 hf-ch pek 1350 35 46 927 22 do or pek 1210 56 32 2 18 do pek sou 810 34 47 929 20 do pekoe 1000 48 35 Bidbury 5 7 ch hro pek 700 47 48 Kotuageder.a 931 17 ch bro pek 1700 37 37 Walahandawa 7 23 ch bro pek 2300 41 51 G N K 937 10 do bro pek 1100 35|bid 38 8 5 do pek 1425 31 52 939 ■ 10 do pekoe 1000 32' 42 Pendleton 12 14 hf-ch bro pek 784 32 bid -55 Doonhinda 915 21 do bro pek 2310 39 bid 43 13 24 do pek sou 1200 23 bid 56 947 27 do pekoe 2700 33 59 Koladeniya 29 10 ch bro pek 1000 38 59 Brownlow 953 33 ch bro or pek 3300 48 bid 60 30 9 2h pek 810 32 60 955 34 do or pek 3 ’30 40 bid 62 Kil’ni, in es- 61 957 37 do pekoe 3330 38 bid tate mark 32 28hf-ch bro pek 1540 35 bid 62 959 33 do pek sou 2805 34 63 33 17 ch pek 1530 30 1)5 961 10 do bro pek fans 1160 3u bid 64 34 14 do pek sou 1190 25 bid 04 963 9 hf-ch dust 756 19 67 Malvern 37 16 do bro pek 1623 34 65 Mocha 965 15 ch bro or pek 1650 57 1 box 66 967 18 do or pek 1620 62 68 38 13 ch pek 1321 28 67 969 24 do pekoe 2400 44 1 hex 6S 971 10 do fans 14-50 19 69 39 11 ch pek sou 1120 n 69 Lameliere 973 38 do bro pek 2280 50 bid 1 box 70 975 22 do pekoe 2090 37 72 Bogahogoda- 71 riarend n 977 18 do pek sou 1020 watte 42 9 ch bro pek 900 35 bid 73 981 25 hf-ch bro pek 11,50 52 bid 76 Eilandhu 46 9 ch bro pek 9110 38 77 Teraplestowe 9S9 25 ch bro or pek 2,500 so bitiy,agalla 0, 1 cask lOSs; EF, 1 tierce 97s; F, 1 barrel 56s; KTGT, 1 b,arrel 30s; I, 1 barrel 30s; PB, lb 40s. Ko iyagalla,PB, Ibag 88s; KTGEP, 9 bags 36s 6d. Kotiya- galla, lb 47s. Ex “Ceylon” — Sirigalla, 1 LIB, 12b 47s sold. Ex “Wakasa Maru” — Kotiyagall.) , O. Ex “Shropshire” — Size O, Suluwatte, 4 casks out 100s; size 1, 6 casks 95s; PB, 2 casks out 110s. CEYLON COCOA SALES IN IrONDON. 'Per “Sanuki Maru”— Dyn?vor, A, No. 1, 44 sold at 75s 6d; No. 2, 10 70s; O, No. 1,12 out at 78s; No. 2, 5 sold at 62s 6d; O. 2, 4 57s 6d; 1 sea dgd. 51s 6d. Asgeriya, A, 39 76s; T, 2 sold at6'-S. Ingurugalle, A, 38 74s 6d; T, 2 60s. Per “Clan Cameron” — Coodulgalla, 28 sold 79s. Kepiti- galla, 61 75s; 9 64s 6d; 5 57s Cd. Per “Orotava”— The Bandarapola, Ceylon Co,, Ltd., 5 7Ss;. 2, 2 6.3s 6d; T, 3 57s; B, 1 57s 6cl. Per “Kanagawa Maru’’— Kepitigalla, 1 60s. Per “Orotava”— Maria 1, 38 sold 70s; 2, 4 67s; 3, 11 53s; 4, 4 45s. Marakona, 15 out at 76s: 2, 3 out; 3 sold at 57s; 4, 1 45s; 1 set dgd. 60s. Per “Cheshire”- Marakona, 56 out at 77s Maria, 42 out. Per “Sanuki Maru’’ — Mukalane, 105 out 79s; 2, 6 67s sold' T, 7 77s 6d. Per “Cheshire"’— Mukalane, 13 out. Per “Orotava”— Batagola, A, 35 out at 97s; B, 28 out. Per “Borneo”— North Matale, 116 out. Per “Wakasa Maru” — North Matale, 237 out. Alloowihare,. 145 out. Ex “Cheshire”— Morankande, A, (17 out) 14 out; A 2, 3 out; B, 37 out; B 2, 9 sold at 72s; C, 9 out; mixed 1 out; E, 1 out;D, 7 sold at 55s: D2, 2 out. Per “Sanki Maru”— 1 Mak, 8 out; 51 out. MA in estate mark, 19 sold at 70s Od. Hylton, 00, 80 sold at 78s; 1 sea dgd. 67s; 0,122 71s 6d; 3 sea dgd 67s; S, 7 61s 6d. Per “Clan Drummond”— 1 PBM, 12 62s 6d. Ex “Sanuki Maru”— Wiharagama, B, 27 no bid. OBSERVER PRINTING WORKS. TEA, COFFEE, CINCHONA. COCOA, AND CARDAMOM SALES, NO. 12 Colombo, March 28, 1898. Price : — 12g cents each 3 copies .30 cents ; 6 copies J rupee. COLOMBO SALES OF TEA. LAKGE LOTS. [Messrs. A. H. Thompson &. Co.— 117, .3.55 Ib.j Lot- Box, . Pkgs. Name. lb. C, 1 Vogan 1 30 ch bro pek 28'0 45 2 31 do pek 2790 33 bid 3 3 28 do pek sou 2380 30 4 Myiaganga, invoice No. 10 4 4'> do bro or pek 4410 34 bid 5 5 48 do or pek 4080 46 C 6 100 do bro pek 9500 34 7 78 do pek 6240 36 3 8 43 do pek sou 32-15 29 10 M 10 16 hf-ch pek fans 1040 14 bid 11 Myraganga, Invoice Ni'. 11 11 26 ch bro pek 2730 34 14 Ambragalla 14 28 hf til bro or pek 168' 37 bid 1.5 15 48 do or pek 2400 35 bid 16 16 37 do bro pek 19'14 37 17 17 26 do pek 2132 34 18 18 27 do pek son 2160 27 ■22 Teniyaya 22 34 ch bro pek 8570 3S 23 23 21 do pek 2100 30 24 21 15 do pek sou 1425 28 39 Myraganga, Invoice No. 12 39 26 ch b' c or pek 27 0 36 40 40 25 do or pek ■21 -25 37 41 41 52 do bro pek 4940 34 42 42 42 hf-ch pek 31.-0 34 48 Dalup Oya 48 17 hf-ch pek No. 1 945 48 49 49 16 do do „ 2 880 44 53 St. Leonards on Sea 63 16 ch bro pek 1520 35 57 Henegama 57 22 hf-ch bro pek fans 1430 31 60 Lynsted 60 25 ch dust 2000 15 bid 61 Chetnole 61 9 ch pek sou 900 25 63 Warwick 63 47 hf ch bro pek •2820 53 bid 64 61 36 do ptk 1800 47 68 UGS 68 22 ch sou 2090 out - 69 69 10 do bro tea 700 10 bid 71 Battalgalla 71 13 hf-ch pek tans 1040 12 bid [Messrs. Somerville & Co.— 110,997 Ib.l Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. C. \ N 131 8 ch bro pek 840 35 2 134 11 do pek 909 33 7 Hangianoya 137 26 ch bro pek 2699 35 bid 8 138 8 do or pek 76,9 29 bid 9 139 39 do pek 3900 26 bid U) 140 12 do pek sou 1140 25 11 141 9 do sou 855 23 12 142 11 do fans 1265 21 13 Y S P A 143 6 ch dust 900 14 14 St. Catherine 144 14 ch bro or pek 1385 38 15 145 17 do pek 1440 34 25 Forest Hill 155 11 ch bro pek 1100 36 bid 26 166 17 do pek 1530 30 bid 27 157 9 do pek sou 792 26 29 Coiuar 159 38 hf-ch bro pek 1900 34 30 160 15 ch pek 1500 29 31 Lonach 161 42 hf-ch bro pek ■2310 35 bid 32 162 28 ch pek 2-240 33 33 163 19 do pek sou 1520 28 31 L 164 19 hf-ch dust 15-20 14 35 165 13 ch bro mix 1235 19 36 Ukuwella 166 37 ch bro pek 3700 30 37 167 29 do pek 2900 29 38 168 17 do pek sou 1700 24 10 Horogoda 170 14 ch bro pek 1400 46 11 171 22 do pek 1870 35 16 D 176 14 ch pek sou 1260 16 17 Earlston 177 9 hf-ch dust 720 14 bid 50 N K 180 14 hf-ch dust 1260 11 bid 51 Harangalla 181 21 ch bro pek 2100 36 bid 52 182 34 do pek 3060 34 53 183 11 do pek sou 990 •27 57 AK 187 14 hf-ch dust 1-260 11 58 Blinkbonnie 188 32 hf-ch bro pek 1600 60 59 T C A, in es- tate mark 189 7 ch unassorted 735 30 61 N, in estate mark 191 n ch bro or pek 1210 30 bid 69 Neuchatel 199 11 eh bro or pek 1155 35 bid Lot Bo.n Name. lb. C. 71 W VT 201 14 1 bf-ch pek fans 770 28 76 F B 206 12 hf-ch dust 960 12 bid 77 Mousakande •207 17 ch pek 1530 30 bid 78 Charlie Hill 208 18 1 lif-ch bro pek 900 36 79 209 19 do pek 9.0 30 SO 210 21 do pek sou 1050 26 82 Ambalawa 212 26 hf-ch bro pek 1300 34 83 Harangalla 213 10 ch bro pek 1000 36 bid 84 214 26 do pek 2340 33 bid 87 Siriniwasa 217 14 ch bro pek 1540 40 bid 83 218 19 do pek 1805 35 89 219 13 do pek sou 1170 29 92 Labugama 2-22 32 lit-ch bro pek 1600 40 bid 93 22-1 15 cli pek 1350 30 94 224 16 i\0 pek sou I860 27 95 Narang >la 2-25 16 ch bro pek 1600 38 bid 96 226 19 do pek 1805 32 97 2-27 14 do pek sou 1260 ■29 100 Hatton 230 24 hr-ch bro pek 1320 51 101 •231 31 ch pek 289.) 39 102 232 22 do pek sou 1760 34 112 Depedene •242 22 hf-ch bro pek 1210 37 113 H3 15 do pek 825 31 116 Morag.id.-i. ■21a 10 ch bro pek 1000 33 bid 117 217 14 do pek 1400 26 bid 118 218 12 do pek sou 1200 26 [Mr. E. John.- 0 0 1 •] Lot. Box. 1* legs. Name. lb. C. 10 Ottery 171 23 ch bra pek 2300 49 bid 11 173 23 do or pek 2070 50 12 175 42 do pekoe 3780 37 bid 15 Vincit 181 8 do bro pek 800 33 16 183 7 do pekoe 700 27 19 Agra Ouvah 189 66 1 bf-ch bro or pek 4290 65 20 191 27 do or pek 13.50 60 21 193 8 ch pekoe 800. 48 22 SK 195 11 do bro pek 1100 33 23 197 12 do pekoe 1200 26 24 199 7 do pek sou 700 23 30 Yakka 211 15 hf-ch bro pek 930 34 31 213 18 do pekoe 864 29 32 215 22 do pek sou 880 24 34 Ferndsle 219 21 ch or pek 1890 38 35 221 10 do bro or pek 1000 44 30 2-23 17 do pekoe 1530 33 41 M T C L 233 14 do pek .sou 1120 38 42 Keen.ig,.ua Ella -235 9 do pek sou 765 28 47 P 245 10 do pekoe 990 27 53 Esper.anza 257 22 hf-ch pekoe 1012 33 61 Tientsin 279 21 do bro or pek 1050 61 66 283 22 ch pekoe 1930 46 08 Turin 287 1 ! do bro pek 1200 46 bid 60 289 1 , do pekoe 1290 39 70 291 9 do pek sou 760 31 73 Nayapaue 297 13 hi ch dust 1105 14 7> E K 301 6 ch fans 900 14 80 Ratwatte 311 23 do bro pek 2-300 39 bid 81 313 24 do pekoe 2160 33 82 315 14 do pek sou 11 -lU 26 bid 86 E N 3-23 15 do pek sou No. 2 1350 28 93 Claremont 337 26 hf-ch bro or pek 1430 38 bid 91 339 11 ch pekoe 935 28 96 Akkara 343 8 do bro pek 720 29 bid 97 345 8 do pekoe 720 26 106 Glasgow 363 44 do bro pek 3520 62 107 365 17 do or pek 1105 63 108 367 25 do peaoe 2500 45 109 Nir 369 14 do 1 hf-ch pek fans 2008 14 bid 115 Little Vtilley 381 21 ch bro pek 1050 41 bid 116 383 63 do pekoe 3975 38 117 385 16 do pek sou 1280 31 120 Morahela 391 27 do bro pek 2538 40 121 393 11 do bro or pek 1188 34 122 395 12 do bro or pek No. 2 1260 30 bid 123 397 23 do or pek 2150 31 bid 1-24 399 16 do pekoe 14-24 29 126 FL 403 34 hf-ch bro or pek 2040 46 127 405 11 ch or pek 1045 49 1-28 407 11 do pek sou 1023 34 130 Poilakande 4U 20 hf-ch bro pek 1200 39 bid 131 413 26 ch pekoe 2340 30 132 413 15 do pek sou 1200 26 133 Mabagalla 412 55 1 bf-ch bro or pek 3300 42 134 419 48 ch pekoe 43-20') 135 421 24 hf-ch bro pek 1-224 1 136 423 9 ch pek sou 810 1 - witoa n 137 426 12 hf-ch bro tea 1020 J 2 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. 138 Murraythwaite 427 12 ch bro pek 1140 139 429 12 do pekoe 1020 140 Rondura 431 15 do bro pek 1500 141 433 9 do or pek 7,56 142 435 20 do pekoe 1700 143 437 42 do pek sou 3780 [Messrs. Forbes & Walker. 401,774 lb.] Lot. Box. Pkts. Name. lb. 1 C H, in estate mark 1904 23 hf-ch sou 1150 2 C H 1006 39 hf-ch dust 2320 9 G K 1020 5 ch dust 700 39 Meemoraoya IOjO 36 hf-ch pek 1440 42 Stisted 1086 28 do bro or pek 1680 43 1088 17 do or pek 1020 44 1090 18 do pek 1080 45 1092 12 ch pek sou 1140 47 Tonacerabe 1096 17 ch or pek GOO 48 1098 22 do bro pek 2640 49 1100 40 do pek 4000 52 Ealkanda 1106 20 hf-ch bro pek 1000 53 1108 24 do pek 1200 .54 1110 18 do pek sou 9(0 61 Kotagroya 1124 31 ch pekoe 70 Glencose 1142 9 oh bro or pek 900 71 1144 22 do bro pek 1980 72 1146 16 do pek 1360 73 1148 11 do pek sou 880 78 Ascot 1158 27 ch bro pek 2348 79 1160 26 do pek 2080 80 1162 26 do pek sou 2340 81 1164 9 do pek fans 1080 86 Rowley 1174 48 hf-ch bro pek 2400 87 1176 53 do pekoe 2650 88 Ellaoya 1178 12 hf-i h bro mix 780 91 Eitulgalla 1.84 8 ch pek 760 93 High Forest 1188 86 hf-ch bro or pek 5160 94 1190 45 do or pek 2340 95 1192 28 do pek sou 1400 96 1194 14 do dust 1190 97 Ruanwella 1196 22 ch bro pek 2090 9S 1198 25 do pek 2250 99 1200 10 do pek sou 900 102 Dammeria 1206 12 ch bro or pek 1440 103 1208 10 do bro pek 1000 104 1210 38 do pek 3420 108 Queensland 1218 14 hf-ch bro pek 700 109 1220 15 ch pek 1275 112 Knavesmire 1226 38 ch or pek 3610 113 1228 27 do bro pek 2700 114 1230 27 do pekoe 2430 115 1232 27 do pek sou 2160 118 Errollwood 11238 24 hf-ch bro or pek 1200 120 1242 18 ch pek 1530 123 Deaculla 1248 42 hf-ch bro pek 2310 124 1260 35 ch pekoe 2450 125 1252 16 do pek sou 1120 127 Amblangoda 1256 11 ch bro pek 1100 128 1258 11 do pek 990 129 1260 8 ch pek sou 720 131 Monkswood 1264 20 ch pek 1700 132 1266 16 do pek sou 1440 135 M 1272 9 ch or pek 900 136 1274 14 do pek sou 1400 137 1276 19 do fans 1900 138 Morankande 1278 16 ch bro pek 1520 139 1280 22 do pekoe 1760 140 1282 25 do pek sou 2125 145 Ganapalla 1292 19 ch or pek 1900 146 1294 32 do bro or pek 3200 147 1296 50 do pek 4300 148 1298 3'J do pek sou 2400 149 lauu 6 do oro pek fans 720 151 Aberdeen 1304 20 ch bro pek 1900 1.52 1306 19 do or pek 1463 153 1308 22 do pekoe 1870 154 1310 20 do pek sou 1600 158 'Polatagania 1318 15 ch bro pek 1500 169 1320 19 do or pek 1805 160 1322 17 do pek 1530 161 1324 24 do pek sou 1920 162 Polatagama 1326 23 ch fans 2070 163 1328 16 do congou 1126 161 1330 7 do dust 1060 lo5 Weoya 1332 27 ch bro pek 2295 166 1334 23 do 1 r pek 1840 167 1336 42 do ]>ekoe 3360 168 1338 13 do p.-k fans 1300 170 Amblakanda 1342 9 ch l-.k 720 173 Gampaha 1348 24 do bro or pek 2400 Loo. Box. Pkgs Nan.e. lb. C. 174 1350 27 ch or pek 2430 50 175 1352 19 do pek sou 1710 38 177 D 1356 22 hf-ch fans 1540 14 178 Stafford 1358 8 ch bro pek 880 60 bid 181 Macaldeniya 1364 IS hf-ch hro pek 1000 46 182 1366 ]S do pek 900 42 183 1368 20 do pek sou 1' 00 .36 187 St. Hcliers -1376 38 hf-ch bro or pek 1938 44 138 1378 23 ch pek 2070 35 190 Ella Oya 1382 11 ch bro pek 1056 31 bid 191 1384 26 do or pek 2210 30 192 1386 21 do pek sou 2160 26 196 C I, in est. mark 1394 15 ch red leaf 1350 22 193 Keliya 1398 6 hf-ch bro pek 729 28 2C0 M, in estate mark 1102 23 ch pek sou 1870 21 201 1404 13 do dust No. 1 1170 9 2o2 1406 14 do dust 1330 8 212 Cottaganga 1426 12 hf-ch fans 7S0 £6 223 Ragalla 1448 6 ch fans 780 28 226 Batta watte 1454 40 do bro pek 4000 46 227 1456 45 do pek 4500 38 228 14.58 12 do pek son 1200 30 231 Castlereagh 1461 24 do bro pek 2400 36 232 1466 24 do or pek 2040 45 233 1468 19 do pekoe 1520 39 240 Norwood 1482 0 do dust 91 0 16 242 C B 1486 7 do bro pek 770 35 243 1488 10 do pek 1000 •3 246 A A 1494 17 do pekoe 1445 26 247 Kennington 1496 21 do unast 199) 19 249 Mor.ilioya 1550 14 do unast 1330 19 259 Scrubs 20 11 do bro pek 1045 60 260 22 27 do bro pek 2700 40 261 24 32 do pek 2720 43 262 26 6 do dust 900 17 264 Beausejour 30 22 do bro pek 2090 36 265 32 12 do pekoe 1020 28 266 Dunedin 34 30 hf-ch oro or pek 1,500 39 267 36 19 do or pek 855 37 368 38 31 ch pek 2325 30 269 40 14 do pek sou 980 26 271 B D \V G 44 43 hf-ch bro pek 2150 46 ‘^73 Sliddleton 48 17 ch pek 1700 31 bid 277 B & D 56 5 do dust 800 12 bid 278 Farnham 58 23 if-ch pek sou 1160 32 279 hO 60 15 do .sou 760 26 280 Geragama ' 62 34 ch- bro pek 3400 36 281 64 29 do pek 1610 30 282 66 14 do pek sou 1260 26 283 Waratenne 68 26 do bro pek 2600 35 284 70 18 do pek 1620 30 285 72 10 do pek sou 900 26 283 Pallegodda 78 21 do bro or pek 2205 34 bid 289 S-' 20 do bro pek 1900 46 290 82 35 do bro pek S675 33 bid 291 84 24 do pek 1920 34 292 86 19 do pek sou 1615 32 293 Kelaneiya 88 58 do bro pek 4930 45 295 Talawa 92 9 do pek 720 23 304 EflBpittiya 110 33 do pek 2640 43 305 Theberton 112 18 do bro pek 1800 40 306 114 19 do pekoe 1710 35 308 Thedden 118 9 do pek 810 30 316 Lochiel 134 34 Q^ch bro or pek 1870 38 bid 318 138 36 ch pek 3060 41 319 140 23 do pek sou 1725 35 3i0 Oxford 142 22 do bro or pek 1310 32 321 144 23 do or pek 1955 36 322- 146 18 do pek 1440 30 323 148 13 do pek sou 975 27 325 Sembawatte 152 19 do or pek 1615 44 326 154 48 do pek 3000 33 327 Matale 156 52 hf-ch bro pek 3120 43 328 158 21 do pek 1890 34 229 160 12 do pek sou lOSO 31 322 Nahalma 166 26 ch sou 2704 24 333 Ingrogalla 168 12 do bro pek 1200 41 334 170 23 do pek 1955 35 346 Nugagalla 194 17 do bro pek 850 62 347 196 36 do pek. 1.SOO 35 351 Carlabeck 204 16 ch pek sou 1600 42 852 Dorankande 206 19 do bro pek 1710 85 bid 353 208 13 do pek 1170 »1 354 210 12 do pek sou 1020 26 361 Kirklees 224 37 hf-ch or pek 1705 56 3G2 2:6 30 ch bro or pek £000 4.") bid 363 228 41 do pekoe 3485 35 bid 364 230 27 do pek sou 2160 SO 365 Erracht 232 14 do pek sou 1120 26 366 234 11 do bro pek fan 1100 27 367 236 9 do dust 13.=0 13 368 Udapolla 238 7 do bro pek 700 37 bid 369 240 9 do pek 855 29 372 Columbia 246 31 hf-ch bro pek 1674 55 373 248 32 do pek 1536 49 c. 37 28 34 bid 41 30 26 C. 24 16 12 29 42 40 33 27 45 44 34 bid 39 33 29 43 43 38 30 26 36 39 26 25 4 1 bid 37 n 29 58 56 40 24 37 SO 26 42 47 34 bid 58 44 34 bid 36 29 24 52 43 55 44 38,bid 47 bid 35 31 54 43 49 40 17 bid 42 32 28 43 32. bid 30 26 23 42 37 33 27 31 bid 43 32 26 24 21 14 . 37 30 26 25 32 55 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. 3 SMALL LOTS. Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. c. [Messrs. A. H. Thompson & Co.] 114 Depedene 115 244 11 hf-ch peksou 245 1 do dust 605 .80 28 14 Lot. Box . Pkgs. Name. lb. c. 9 M 9 2 ch red leaf 200 9 12 Myraganga, Invoice No. 11 12 5 ch pek 400 34 [Mr. E. John ] 13 13 4 do dust 340 29 Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. c* 19 ‘A’ .19 4 ch dust 360 Bokotua 20 20 4 do bro pek fans 280 20 1 153 5 ch bro pek 600 46 21 21 5 do pek fans 350 24 2 155 4 do or pek 360 36 25 43 Deniyaya M 25 43 2 ch 6 ch bro pek fans bro pek 250 600 25 3 4 157 159 1 do 1 do pekoe pek sou 80 70 34 29 44 44 5 do pek 475 out 5 Ottery 161 1 hf-ch dust 75 19 45 45 4 do pek sou 340 10 13 177 6 ch SOU 600 33 46 46 3 do bro tea 300 9 14 Vincit 179 2 do dust 320 16 47 Daluk Oya 47 12 hf-ch bro or pek 660 62 17 185 6 do pek sou 600 22 50 60 1 do dust 77 15 18 SK 187 1 do bro pek fans 100 24 51 Ratnatenne 51 1 hf-ch pek 41 25 201 2 do congou 180 17 52 52 1 do dust 80 13 26 203 1 do dust 100 11 54 St. Leonards on 27 205 1 do fans 50 12 Sea 54 7 ch pek 665 28 Gonavy 207 8 hf-ch fans 520 34 65 Ahamud 55 10 hf-ch pek 500 24 29 209 5 do dust 425 14 56 56 6 do pek sou 300 21 33 Yakka 217 5 do dust 4.50 13 58 Henegama 68 7 hf-ch dust 560 13 37 Ferndale 225 7 ch pek sou 630 26 59 59 2 do bro mix 120 20 38 Hunugalla 227 3 do dust 376 16 62 Chetnole 62 6 hf-ch dust 450 12 39 229 1 hf-ch SOU 45 23 65 Warwick 65 12 do pek sou 660 39 40 231 2 do dust 190 13 66 66 1 do SOU 31 43 Keenagaha Ella 237 7 cli bro mix 59.5 21 67 67 4 do dust 320 15 44 239 4 hf-ch fans 280 19 70 U G S 70 4 ch dust 360 8 45 241 1 do dust 95 12 72 J 72 4 ch red leaf 240 11 46 D 243 6 ch bro pek 360 34 73 ST 73 2 do red leaf 140 8 48 217 3 do pek Sou 300 21 74 Z 74 8 hf-ch bro mi.x 400 9 49 M 249 1 hf-ch bro pek 60 33 75 DD 75 1 ch bro tea 65 18 50 231 1 ch pekoe 100 27 76 S 76 3 hf-ch pek 150 24 51 253 1 hf-ch pek sou 48 22 77 ML 77 2 ch conj^ou 176 22 52 Anaimalle 255 2 do dust 170 11 78 D 78 3 eh sou 300 14 54 Esperanza 259 9 do bro or pek 468 43 79 S, in estate 57 261 1 do congou 40 22 mark 79 1 hf-ch or pek 50 24 5b Tientsin 263 1 do dust 75 13 -80 80 1 do pek 57 18 65 281 n do or pek 495 03 81 81 1 do unas 66 12 66 285 4 do bi 0 pek fans 280 25 71 72 76 1 Turin 293 295 rk 303 3 ch 2 do 3 do dust fans sou 360 200 270 17 28 26 i S, in est. ma [Messrs. Somerville Co.] 77 ■ 306 2 bags bro mix 170 13 78 30 ( 6 hf-ch dust 540 12 Lot. Box . Piers. Name. lb. c. 79 309 4 do fans 300 23 pek son 83 S, in est. mars 317 6 ch fans 600 20 3 N 133 5 ch 400 24 84 319 2 do sou 160 26 4 134 2 hf-ch dust 170 12 85 321 1 do bro mix 640 14 5 GK 135 4 ch bro peK 410 31 87 Galata 325 2 do pekoe 180 37 6 136 5 do pek 455 28 8$ 327 1 do pek sou 85 21 16 St. Catherine 146 5 ch pek No. 2 425 28 89 329 4 hf-ch dust 320 15 17 147 9 do pek sou 630 27 90 331 4 ch red leaf 340 13 18 14S 1 do fans 175 20 91 R 333 2 do dust '220 10 149 1 hf-ch dust 135 14 92 333 1 hf-ch congou 90 22 19 1 ch 95 Claremont 341 2 bags bro tea 144 10 28 Foiest Hill 158 3 hf-ch fans 240 15 08 Akkara 347 5 ch pek sou 450 22 bid 39 Ukuwella 169 2 hf oh bro pek fans 140 18 99 349 1 do fans 100 21 42 L 172 8 ch pek sou 680 31 no Cleveland 371 12 hf-ch or pek 576 39 43 173 2 do fans 2-28 33 111 TG 373 6 do dust 400 15 44 174 2 do dust 258 18 112 375 2 ch bro mi.x 250 26 45 175 6 do con 510 26 118 Little Valiev 387 8 do fans 440 27 48 Earlston 178 9 hf-ch fans 585 27 119 389 2 do dust 160 16 49 179 3 ch con 255 26 125 Morahela 401 2 do dust 320 13 54 Harangolla 184 3 ch dust 435 14 129 E L 409 1 hf-ch dust 96 13 55 185 1 do faiiS 115 26 144 Rondura 439 3 ch bro mix 300 26 56 186 2 do con 190 17 60 61 bro pek pek 600 35 191 5 do 500 26 62 63 192 193 2 hf-ch 2 do pek sou dust 150 133 23 11 [Messrs. Forbes & Walker.] 65 66 Bloom Park 195 196 6 ch 6 do bro pek pek 600 540 34 25 Lot. Box. PktS. Name. lb C. ■67 197 1 hf-ch fans 52 12 3 Hopewell 1068 1 hf-ch bro pek 62 43 68 198 1 do dust 77 11 4 1010 1 do bro sou 68 27 70 W VT 200 8 hf-ch dust 640 13 5 1012 1 ch concou 96 23 72 202 3 ch bro tea 165 10 6 Tennehene 1014 1 hf-ch bro pek 59 43 73 F A, in es- 7 1016 1 ch pek 100 26 tate mark 203 5 ch dust 450 16 bid 8 G K 1018 G ch bro mix 540 23 74 204 2 cli read leaf 176 9 10 Katowkettia 1022 1 ch bro pek 109 41 75 Perat 205 2 ch dust 300 14 bid 11 1024 1 do pek 109 32 81 Charlie Hill 211 6 hf-ch pek fans 360 26 12 1026 2 do pek sou 210 26 85 Harangalla 215 5 ch SOU 450 25 13 1028 1 do sou 102 25 86 216 2 do dust 250 14 u 1030 1 do unas 96 20 ;90 Siriniwasa 220 3 ch bro pek fans 575 27 15 AValton 10(2 4 do or pekoe 420 42 91 221 1 do dusc 165 12 16 1034 2 do bro pek 224 32 bid 93 Narangoda 228 4 ch dust 320 14 17 1036 4 do pek 360 29 bid -99 229 2 do fans 120 18 18 1038 6 hf-ch pek sou 240 24 103 H 233 2 hf-ch dust 160 13 19 1040 1 ch or pek dust 70 33 104 234 5 do bro tea 260 12 20 1042 5 lif-ch pek sou 2.5u 26 109 A in estate 21 1044 4 do bro tea 200 mark 239 1 hf-ch bro pek 60 37 25 Kosgalla 1052 3 lif-ch fans ISO 14 110 240 1 ch pek 90 28 26 1054 2 do conuou 100 34 111 241 pek sou 135 23 27 1 r.Q 1076 1 do 3 ch dust dust 50 E03 35 hf-cb bro or pek 1890 58 48 635 31 do or pek 1488 51 49 537 25 do pekoe 1250 41 bid 60 539 20 do pek sou 1440 35 ' 51 Templestowe 541 12 ch bro or pek 1200 39 bid 52 543 14 do or pek 1260 4t) 63 545 43 do pekoe 3655 36 64 547 12 do pek sou 960 31 55 Anchor, in est mark 519 25 1 hf ch bro or pek 1500 54 66 551 21 ch or pek 1890 43 67 Glasgow 553 11 do pek sou 1100 38 58 555 9 do bi 0 pek fans 900 30 59 557 11 do dust 1210 18 60 559 37 do bro or pek 2960 58 61 561 18 do or pek 1170 62 62 563 12 do pekoe 1200 46 63 Agra Ouvah 565 65 : hf-ch bro or pek 4225 67 64 567 32 do or pek 1760 51 bid 65 569 12 ch pekoe 1200 53 66 D N D, in est. mark .571 41 do sou 3280 26 67 573 10 do fans 1100 24 68 575 10 : hf-ch dust 900 12 79 TU 597 35 do bro or pek 2100 52 bid 81 601 12 do pek fans 1020 25 82 Ben Nevis 603 20 do flowery or pek 1100 06 83 605 17 ch or pek 1445 41 84 607 14 do pekoe 1190 35 85 Glentilt 609 53 do bro pek 5300 53 86 611 35 do pekoe 3500 39 bid 87 Mocha 613 29 do bro or pek 3045 56 88 615 23 do or pek 2070 63 89 617 26 do pekoe 2340 39 bid 97 Ludlow 633 28 1 hf-ch pek dust 2240 10 bid 98 G 635 12 ch pek No. 1 1200 31 gfl £ N 637 21 do pek sou N0.2 2100 28 bid cO Eadella 641 17 do bro pek 1700 38 lO 643 18 do pekoe 1620 31 loi Ridgmount 651 11 do pek sou 1001 24 109 SU A 657 9 do pek sou 810 19 110 659 16 do red leaf fans 1600 9 bid 112 663 3 hf-ch fans 810 out 114 KN A 667 12 ch pekoe 12i'0 31 bid II5 F F 669 14 hf-ch dust 1190 9 I2O Templestowe 679 20 ch or pek 1800 43 [Messrs. Forbes & Walker.— 347,594 lb.] Lot. Box. Pkts. Name. Ib. C. 1 Karabusnawa 250 22 hf-cb bro pek 1100 34 7 Henylan 262 30 cn duss 2700 21 13 A L 274 20 hf-ch bro pek 1100 33 14 276 12 do pek 1080 28 25 Rockside 29S 16 ch bro pek 1760 39 26 300 12 do pek 1200 :i7 27 302 10 do pek sou 950 30 30 308 5 do dust 750 17 31 310 7 do bro pek fans 910 21 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. Lo 16. Hox. Pkgs Nau.e. lb. C. 32 Kalamallay Ceylon 312 51 ch bro or pek 5610 59 33 314 32 do bro pek 3360 49 34 316 18 do or pek 1620 52 35 318 40 do pek 3520 43 bid 36 Dunbar 320 18 hf*ch bro or pek 810 53 37 322 22 do or pek 916 49 38 324 12" ch bro pek 1161 39 39 326 24 do pek 1800 45 42 Great Valley Ceylon, in est. mark 332 18 ch bro or pek 1800 56 43 334 12 do or pek 1080 44 44 336 31 do pekoe 2790 34 45 338 10 do pek sou 900 32 47 Olahitagoda 342 12 hf-ch bro pek 720 35 49 346 S3 do pek sou 1716 10 53 W W 354 8 ch bro mix 720 10 55 Weyunga- watte 358 24 hf-ch bro or pelc 1320 37 56 360 25 do or pek 1250 37 57 362 18 ch pek 1530 32 68 364 10 do pek sou 1050 30 60 KP W 368 28 hf-ch or pek IGSO 39 61 370 13 do bro pek 715 35 62 372 77 do pek 32.50 31 65 Waitalawa 378 3.5 hf-ch bro pek 1750 49 66 3S0 59 do pek 2950 36 68 Stamford Hill 384 34 hf-ch nowery or pek 1S70 67 69 386 31 ch or pek 2635 42 70 388 21 do pek 1785 35 72 Harrington 392 21 ch or pek 2100 66 73 894 14 ao pek 1400 43 74 D H, in estate mark 396 16 1 lif-ch dust 1408 17 81 Pambagama 410 43 hf-fh bro pek fan 3010 27 82 412 3 do dust 1500 11 86 Galapita- kande 420 13 ch bro pek 1300 45 87 422 21 do pek 2100 32 90 Tassara Group 1 428 17 ch bro pek 1700 48 91 430 22 do pekoe 1980 36 92 432 12 do pek sou 1200 31 94 Devonford 436 24 hf-cb bro or pek 1320 79 95 438 10 ch or pek K 00 67 96 440 20 do pek 1700 64 97 442 11 do pek sou 935 44 102 Gallawtte 452 23 ch bro pek 2185 38 103 454 20 do pekoe 1700 33 104 Knavesmire 456- 29 ch or pek 2755 34 106 460 35 do pek 3U0 28 107 462 41 do pek sou 3075 26 108 Clyde 464 25 ch bro pek 2375 40 109 466 20 do pek A 1800 31 110 468 28 do pek B 2520 30 111 470 9 do pek sou A 810 25 112 472 14 do pek sou B 1260 24 113 Lillawatte 478 11 ch pek sou 1045 23 118 I’enrhoi 484 21 hf-c!i or pek 1200 60 119 486 27 do bro pek 1620 45 120 488 26 ch pekoe 2340 35 I21 490 9 do pek sou 765 31 124 Naseby 496 24 bf-ch bro pek 1-320 79 125 498 26 do pekoe 1300 61 1 26 600 IS do pek sou 900 49 127 502 10 do dust . 800 34 128 Ambragalla 504 63 hf-ch or pek 2650 39 bid 129 606 S6 do bro pek 1872 38 bid i30 608 28 do pek 2240 34 131 510 31 ch pek sou 2480 28 132 .612 .'A hf-ch bro or pek 1860 38 bid 137 Monkswood 522 16 ch pek 136J 56 139 Upalgalla 526 lU ch dust 1360 11 140 Ambiaugoda 628 11 do bro pek 1100 46 141 530 U do pekoe 990 35 142 Farnham 532 20 hf-ch pek 1100 35 143 534 20 do pek sou 1000 30 160 Mumikattia Ceylon, in estate mark 568 31 lif-oh bro or pek 1705 51 161 570 15 do pek 1350 36 162 M M, in est. mark 572 14 ch un.as 1345 26 165 Bloomfield 578 37 do bro or pek 3700 49 106 580 29 do bro pek 2030 3S bid 167 582 35 do pek 3500 37 168 584 20 do pek sou 20 0 33 169 5 6 10 do pek fans 800 17 170 Maha Uva 588 H hf-ch bro or pek 910 59 171 590 39 do or pek 2340 58 172 692 34 ch pek 3060 50 173 594 29 do pek .sou 2320 40 176 Uaye.s 600 32 hf-ch bro or pek 1760 46 177 602 29 do bro pek 1450 45 178 604 26 do or pek 1300 44 179 Clunes 606 16 hf-ch bro or pek 960 44 180 608 8> do bro pek 1760 43 Lot Box. Pkgs. Blaine. lb. C. 181 610 39 ch pek 3315 32 182 612 11 do pek sou 990 28 183 614 23 hf-ch bro or pek 184 fans 1380 30 High Forest 616 39 hf ch b'x or pek 2340 63 185 618 33 do or pek 1716 66 187 622 53 do bro or pek 3180 64 138 A B 624 38 do pek 1900 51 189 626 20 ch pek sou 1.500 23- IfiO 628 24 do bro pek fan , 19.0 24 191 63'J 23 do bro mix 1725 11 192 Dunkeld 632 ~io lif-clj bro or pek 3300 45 bid 193 634 14 Cli or peK 1330 44 194 636 26 do pek 2340 37 195 Chesterford 638 55 c)i bro pek •X'OO 42 196 640 56 do pekoe 5600 31 197 642 73 do pek sou 7300 27 l98 644 73 do fans 1170 20 199 646 11 do cl ust 825 13 201 Torwood 650 15 do bro pek 1470 42 202 652 26 do or pek 2132 33 203 654 19 do pek 1596 29 204 656 32 do pek sou 2650 26 207 Doonevalle 662 13 do bro pek 1235 38 208 604 29 do pek 2465 213 Batapola 674 9 do pek 810 23 bid 218 Queensland 684 171 lif-ch bro or pek 850 48 bid 219 6S6 13 ch or pek 1040 46 220 688 13 do pek 1105 35 221 P90 9 do pek sou 765 31 222 692 11 hf-ch fans 715 31 223 Stafford 694 8 ch bro pek 8SU 50 bid 230 Kirklees 708 41 ch pek 3485 34 bid 231 Monkswood 710 •20 hf-di bro or pek 1000 86 232 712 20 do or pek lOOU 76 233 714 16 ch pek 1360 60 234 K 716 14 do l)ek sou 1190 66 235 718 13 do bro pek 1300 61 .36 B D W G 720 20 bf-ch pek 1400 43 bid 238 724 43 do bro pek 21,50 42 240 Baudarawella 728 20 ch bro or pek 1600 63 bid 241 730 25 do pek 2500 43 bid 242 732 25 do pek sou 1250 39 bid 252 A 752 20 do bro or pek 2000 35 bid 258 Ganapalla 764 32 ch bro or jjek 3200 32 bid 262 GDC 772 55 hf-ch bro pek 3300 42 bid 263 774 31 ch pek 2945 33 bid M A in est. 776 24 do pek sou 22-32 27 bid 267 mark 782 12 do bro rek 1080 32 bid 269 Glencorse 786 12 do bro or pek 1200 39 270 7S8 22 do bro pek 1980 39 271 790 19 do pek 1615 34 272 Erracht 792 14 do pek son 1120 27 279 SO.j 16 do bro or pek ICOO 32 bid 2S0 SOS ■29 do bro pek 2465 40 281 810 49 do pek 4165 31 bid 282 Mayfield 812 13 do pek sou 1105 27 283 814 35 bf-ch bro or pek 2270 50 284 816 21 ch or pek 2100 50 285 818 20 do pek Xo. 1 -ISOO 43 286 820 21 do pek X^o. 2 2100 40 287 822 20 do pek sou ISuO 30 SMALL LOTS, [Messrs. A. H. Thcisipsoa & Co.] Lot. Box. Pkgs. JNanie. lb. C. 10 Mandara X'ewe- ra iO 5 hf-ch pek 39 12 12 3 do dc.st 240 21 16 Doragalla 1(5 i) hf-ch f . u.s 675 17 17 1 GO bio i!iix 45 9 19 Battagalla 19 4 ch coniioii 400 30 20 20 6 do fa s 480 22 Hornsey 22 2 cil CoDi’OU 200 3 23 23 8 do fans o40 26 29 S 29 y iif-ch bro pek fans 631) 27 30 Manickwatte 30 7 do pek fans 490 25 32 32 6 hf-ch bro or pek 378 37 33 33 S do bi'O pek 400 45 85 35 4 ch peksou 360 26 36 36 1 do dust 90 16 37 Ratnatenne 37 1 hf-ch pek 41 17 38 St. Leonarcls on Sea 38 7 ch pek C65 42 Ossington 42 3 ch dust 430 14 43 43 1 do unas 109 24 [Mr. E. John.] Lot. Box . Pkgs. JS'ame. lb. c. 2 H 443 5 ch SOU 423 23 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. 3 Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. 3 445 3 do dust 640 4 447 3 do pek No. 1 270 5 SG 449 2 do unas 180 6 451 1 hf-ch sou 36 8 Chapelton 455 6 do dust 570 9 F F 457 2 hf-ch bro pek 63 10 459 2 ch pekoe 51 11 461 1 do pek sou 97 12 463 1 hf-ch bro mix 77 15 Gampai 469 7 ch pek sou 660 16 471 1 hf-ch dust 90 19 Derby 477 9 do pek sou 495 20 479 3 do bro pek fans ISO 21 St. Edward’s 481 3 do dust 240 22 483 5 ch bro mi.x 280 26 Ottery 491 5 do sou 500 27 493 1 do dust 165 30 Shannon 499 6 do pek sou 540 31 501 1 do dust 155 44 Brownlow 527 3 do pek fans 342 45 MB 529 7 hf-ch fans 490 46 531 3 do dust 270 .69 D N D, in est. mark 577 3 ch bro mix 330 76 X YZ 691 5 hf-ch dust 475 77 593 4 do red leaf 232 78 S G 595 1 ch pekoe 75 90 Mocha 619 1 do bulked tea 80 96 Ludlow 631 2 do br.. pek 202 100 WHR 639 4 do dust 480 103 Eadella 645 7 do pek sou 600 107 Ridgmount 653 2 hf-ch dust 160 108 655 3 do fans 2i0 111 SU A 661 1 ch red leaf 85 113 665 6 hf-ch dust 510 [Messrs. Somerville & Co.] Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. 1 Bogahagoda- watte 251 6 ch bro pek 600 2 252 5 do pek 460 3 253 4 hf-ch pek sou 200 4 254 2 do sou 100 5 255 2 ch bro pek fans 240 8 Mahatenne 258 4 ch pek sou 400 9 259 3 do dust 300 10 260 1 do red leaf 100 15 Kew 265 8 hf-ch bro pek fans 520 17 Warakamure 267 2 ch bro pek 210 20 270 1 hf-ch dust 90 21 27 L 2 do fans 140 25 Moragalla 275 1 ch bro tea 93 26 276 1 do pek dust No. 1 126 30 S 280 4 hf-ch dust 320 31 281 7 do bro tea 350 32 A 282 3 hf-ch dust 240 33 283 6 do bro tea 300 37 Kudaganga 287 3 ch « usb 390 43 Kaliatagalla 293 5 ch bro pek 450 44 294 5 do pek 450 45 295 4 do pelt sou 360 46 296 1 do bro pek fans :00 47 Muckloway 297 6 hf-cli bro pek 25B 48 298 8 do pek 361. 49 299 10 do pek sou 451 1 50 3t0 1 do fans 57 64 Nugawella 304 3 ch pek sou 255 55 305 2 hf-ch dust 160 57 Atherton 307 2 hf-ch dust 122 59 MossvDle 3ii9 3 ch pek fans 330 60 310 1 do sou 110 62 312 3 do red leaf 270 65 Yarrow 315 3 hf-ch dust 210 81 Ranasingh- patiia 331 3 ch dust 270 82 332 3 do bro ]iek fans 210 83 353 2 do pek fans 140 84 lidclydale 334 6 ch bro pek 600 85 3o5 2 do nek fans ISO 86 S36 3 do bro tea 255 87 3i7 4 do sou 400 88 Z‘6S 2 do fans 170 96 Illukettia 3j6 1 cli bro pek dust 155 97 C S 347 2 ch SoU ISO 98 348 2 do bro tea 184 102 Ingeriya 352 4 lif-ch dll t 352 103 Monte SChristo^353 4 hf-cli pek sou 360 104 D G 3.')4 2 ch bro mix 170 105 355 ■3 hf ch dust ISO 106 35(5 5 do fans 325 107 Alutkelle 357 5 hf-ch bro pek 280 108 3 8 4 do pek 200 109 359 4 do pek sou 184 Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. C. Ill Kosgahahena 361 6 hf-ch bro pek 345 . 34 112 362 7 do pek 400 25 113 363 6 do pek sou 300 23 114 364 2 do sou 100 20 115 Wevatenne 385 3 hf-ch bro pek 180 36 116 366 3 do pek 165 27 117 367 1 ch pek sou 92 23 119 Kotigala 369 6 ch bro pek 685 35 120 370 7 ch pek 24 121 371 5 do pek sou 495 29 122 Ratuville 372 4 ch unas 394 24 130 Ferriby 380 1 ch sou 110 20 131 381 4 hf-ch dust 300 19 133 .Silver Valley 383 7 hf-ch unas 378 27 134 384 1 do con 46 19 135 385 1 do dust 48 10 bid [Messrs. Forbes & Walker.] Lot. Box. Pkts. Name. lb C. 2 Karabusnawa 252 11 hf-ch pek 550 30 3 254 4 do pek sou 200 25 4 USA 266 4 ch fans 380 23 5 258 4 do dust 520 13 6 260 4 do red leaf 360 10 8 New Anga mana 261 6 hf-ch sou 390 10 bid 9 266 12 do bro tea 660 10' 10 268 2 do congou 93 16 11 270 1 do fans 65 15 12 272 4 do dust 301 10 15 278 6 ch pek sou 600 25 16 280 1 do fans 100 23 17 282 1 do congou 100 18 18 284 1 do dust 120 15 28 Rook side 304 5 ch sou 475 28 29 306 5 do bro mix 500 18 40 DB R 328 3 hf-ch dust 240 15 41 330 2 ch bro mix 186 26 46 Broughton 340 5 hf-ch bro mi.x 315 33 48 Olabitagoda 345 5 hf-ch pek sou 260 25 50 346 2 do fans 124 9 51 348 1 do red leaf 50 8 52 350 2 do dust ISO 14 .54 W W 366 1 ch 1 hf-ch dust 210 8 59 Weyunga- watte 366 3 hf-ch dust 256 13 63 K P W 374 12 hf-ch pek sou 610 07 64 376 2 do dust 140 14 67 Waitalawa 382 11 hf-ch pek sou 550 31 71 Harrington 390 7 do bro or pek 420 39 75 S A 393 9 hf-ch bro pek 495 30 76 400 3 do do No. 1 174 31 77 402 1 do pek No. 1 46 27 78 404 5 do pek 270 27 79 406 6 do bro sou 2SS 24 80 408 1 do red leaf 44 8 83 G 414 2 ch bro pek fans 220 13 81 416 4 do sou 340 21 85 418 3 do pek dust 390 12 88 Galapitakande 424 4 ch pek sou 40 J 28 89 420 2 hf-ch sou ISO 10 93 Passara Group 434 3 oil dust 300 15 98 D ED 444 1 hf-ch bro ])ek 55 32 99 446 1 do or pek 45 40 100 4iS 2 ch pek sou 170 32 101 450 4 hf-ch bro 01 pek dust 280 25 105 Knavesmire 458 6 ch bro pek 570 35 113 New Galway 474 7 hf-ch bro pek 420 56 114 476 9 do pek 495 43 110 Lilia watte 480 7 ch bro mix 560 23 117 482 :2 do dust 3-no 13 122 P enrhos 492 3 ch sou 285 20 123 494 4 ht-cli dust 310 18 133 Ambragalla 514 5 hf-ch dust 450 15 134 516 5 do bro pek fans 350 28 135 5 IS 4 do pek fans 272 25 136 B D W P oeO 3 hf-ch dust 261 17 138 CRD 624 5 oh bro pek fans 500 25 144 F..nihara 5;-6 3 hf-ch fans 225 25 143 53S 2 do dust 150 14 1.52 MAH 652 5 do dust 21U 13 153 551 1 do c- ngou 50 20 151 S S J, in estate mark 556 4 ch 1 bf-oh bro pek 495 28 bid 155 518 6 ch pek 600 24 bid 1.56 560 2 do pek sou 200 23 157 562 2 do sou 190 18 1.5S .'64 1 hf-ch pek f.ins 58 13 169 666 1 ch pek dust 90 10 163 W W 574 1 ch bro pek 100 30 c. 15 29 28 14 13 30 26 20 9 27 14 26 28 16 out 33 IS 27 15 28 33 19 12 15 19 29 27 31 bid 11 26 15 18 9 16 C. 3 28 25 23 25 25 14 8 35 33 12 22 9 10 16 17 15 16 13 38 27 24 30 43 28 24 16 26 14 34 20 22 "s 12 16 28 24 26 20 19 15 bid 12 10 14 9 14 24 10 14 17 36 26 23 4 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST, Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. C. 174 Maha Uva 596 1 ch 'pek fans 80 26 175 598 2 do dust 180 15 186 High Forest 620 3 hf-ch bro mix 100 11 200 Chosterford 648 5 ch congou 400 24 205 Lochiel 658 4 do sou 400 30 206 660 3 do dust 450 18 209 Doonevale 666 6 do pek sou 540 26 210 668 1 do fans 110 20 211 670 2 do dust 280 14 212 Batapola 672 5 do bro pek 500 33 214 676 2 do pek sou 140 23 215 678 3 do fans 300 21 216 680 2 do unast 160 21 217 682 1 do dust 111 14 229 A V 706 5 ch dust 665 14 237 K 7-22 6 do pek sou 600 31 bid 239 B D W G 726 3 hf-ch dust 255 23 243 Bandarawella 734 3 ch dust 225 23 247 0 B E C in est. mark 742 9 do pek fans 630 22 248 Galpottagama7l4 12 hf-ch bro pek 60U 30 249 746 13 do pekoe 250 25 250 748 10 do pek sou 500 23 251 7:0 5 do sou 250 21 255 AWT 758 7 ch bro pek 610 32 256 Walton 760 2 do bro pek 2-24 34 257 762 4 do pek 360 30 259 Dehiowita 766 7 do congou 665 24 260 768 3 do fans 315 14 261 Carlabeck 770 5 hf-ch bro pek fans 425 28 265 CDG 178 4 do dust 340 15 266 W 780 3 do bro mix 168 23 273 Glencorse 794 1 ch bro tea 115 32 274 796 1 do pek fans 135 26 275 798 1 do dust 170 14 288 ABC 824 1 do pek 83 25 CEYLON COFFEE SALES IN LONDON. {From our Commercial Correspondent). Mincing Lane March L Ex “Clan Cameron”— Cranley, 00, 1 tierce lISs sold; O 2 casks 109s; 1, 3c It 99s; 2, 1 barrel out’ PB, Ic 1 barre, 12ls sold; T. Ic 52s; lb 95s Wiharagalla, F, 2c 116s; 1, 3c 110s6d;2, 3c 105s; S, 1 barrel 84s; PB, It lb 110s 6d. North Pundaluoya, F, 1 barrel 110s sold; 1, Ic 1 tierce 108s; 2,3c 102s: S, lb 71s; PB, lb 110s. CEYLON COCOA SALES IN LONDON. Ex ‘Clan Cameron” —Wariapolla, 6 out; 25 sold at 9's; 3 s. d. Ic sold at 08s 6d; 6 s. d. 2c 67s; 1 s. d. 3c 64s; sugar drainage d 2c 68s 6d; 668s; 5 s. d. 2c 66s 6d; sugar drainage d: 2c 60s; 1 sold at 67s; 66 74s; 2 s. d. 2c 66s; 7 s. 6. 8c 64s 6d 16 62s; 5 s. d 3c 80s; 21 62s 6d; 4 s. d. 2c 60s. Suduganga 62 out at 80=; 1 s. d Ic sold at 68s; Is. d. 3c 52s; 11 61s 6d ; 1 s. d. 2c 61s; 8 63s; 1 s. d. 2c 61s; 10 60.s; 1 s. d. 3c 46s; 2 49s 6d; 1 s. d. 2c 44s. Ex “Orotava”— Anniewatte, 33 sold at 74s; D, 10, 71s. Ex “.Shropshire” — Hylton, 00, 46 sold at •74s; O, 21 70 6d ; S, 3 64s, KAS&Co., 191 out at 74s; 27 sea dgd. sold at 66s 6d; A, 22 74s; 3 s. d 64s 6d. Ex “Clan Cameron” — Warrakettia, 15 out at 76s. Ex “Orotava”— KC. 4 sold at 65s 6d; B, 3 55s. Ex “Shropshire” — K in estate mark, 19 sold at 72s; 5 oil dam. cl 66s 6d. Ex “Clan Cameron”- 2, 5 old at 64s; broken 2 69s. Maousava Y, 34 out at 78s; Y 2, Is. d. 65s sold; A A, 38 out 79s; A, 2 65s 6d sold; C, 3 50s; B, 14 49s 6d. Bolla- galla, 52 74s sold; 11 57s 6d. NDPS in estate mark, 23 sea dgd. bulked 66s sold; 5 sugar drainage bag bulked 65s 6d; 2. 4 s.d. bulked 64s 6d; P, 1 s. 1. bulked 63>. 1 NDPS in esta e mark, 60 73s 6d; 11 s. d. bkd. 66- sold; 3 sugar drain- age dgd. bkd, 68s 6d; "2, 17 out 74s; 1 s. d. bkd. sold 64s 6d. Lower Haloya, 42 sold 73s; 3 59s; 1 sugar drainage dgd, 68s 6d. Ex “Orotava”— Ingurugalla, A 28 out 78s; T, 1 sold 58s. Asgeiia A, 6 74s; T. 1 58s. Ex “Sanuki Maru”— Dynevor, D, No. 1, Ross, 12 sold 70s. 1, 33 out 79s; 3, 10 sold 64s. Kepitigall6, 25 73s; 1 sol I 64s. O'd Haloya, 20 73s; 4 61s 6d. Ex “Clan Cameron”— Palli 1, 332 no bids, 13 s. d. 68s 6d sold; 16 s, d. 66s 6d; 3 s. d. 2’2 sugar drainage 68s. Palli 2, 62 66s 6d; 5 s. d. 4 sugar drainage 58s. Kaduwella, 51 out 75s; 8 sea dgd. sold 6' s. Ex “Lancashire” — KK in estate mark, estate cocoa, 32 out 73s. Ex “Clan Fraser”— KK in estate mark, estate cocoa, 36 out 76s. Ex “Clan Cameron”-OBEC in estate mark, Kondesalle, OF, 63 no bid, 3 sea dgd 2 class s Id 66s 6<1; O, 1 se,a dgd. 1 class 66s 6d; HK 1, 2 sugar drainage dgd. 65s 6d sold; 2, 1 58s; F, 1 sugar drain g dgd. 62. Rajawella, cocoa, 148 no bid, 4 61s 6d sold; HGA in estate mark, 21' 73s sold; 2 sugar drainage dgd. 66s; A, 108 73s Ex “Orotava” — Armagh, A, 29 73s sold; T, 2 ,59s; 2, 18 61s, T, 1 55s. Pandappa, A, 21 76- out; T, 2 sold 59s. North Matale, 1 8 out at 7.5s: B, 46 sold at 66s; 6 sold at 64s. CEYLON CA.EDAMOM SALES IN LONDON. ship “Clan Cameron” — Mark Kelvin Ex, pile 1, 4s 3d; AA, pile 2, 3s 9d to 3s lOd; A, 3s 4d; B, 2s 9d; C, 2s 9d; D, seeds 3s 2d. OBEG in estate mark. Nil oomally, Mysore, Ic 3s 5d; 2 3s 2d; 1 2s9d;seed 3s 2d. Ship “Orotava” — Cottaganga, EX, 1 3s lid; AA, 3s 8d to 3s 9d; A, 3s 4d to 3s 6d; B, 3s Id; C, ’2s 9d seed; D, fetched 3s 2d. Peru, 3s 3d to 3s 4d; seeds 2s 9d. Dromoland, Mysore, A, 2 3s 6d; 1 3s 4d; NM, 2s 9d; N/M, 8s Id. Ex “Che.shire”— N/M, 1 seed 3s Id. Ship “Sanuki Maru”— Elkadua, O, 4 3s 9d to 3s lOd, and mark 1 3s 6d to 3s 7d; 2, 1 3s; B&S, 1 2s9d; seed 3s. Ship “Egypt” - CSB FFCSM THT, 2 ca.ses 3s Id. Ship “Clan Cameron”— AL I in estate mark, out. Ship “Shropshire”— WS LC A&Co. in estate mark, 2 3s9d; 1 3s lOd, 98 ASCo. in estate mark, 4 3s to 3s Id. Ex “Senator”— Deyanella, No. 1, 3s 2d; No. 2, 3s 2d; No.53, 2 8d; seed 3s Id to 3s ’2d. Ship “Staffordshire” — AL Ceylon seeds out at 3s. CEYLON COFFEE SAELS IN LONDON. (From our Commercial Correspondent. ) Minci.n'g Lane, March 11, 1898 Ex ,,Can McLeod” — Middleton, Dimbula O. 3 casks Ibar- rel sold at 108s; 1, 2 casks 98s; 2, Ic 75s; P, 1 tierce 1 barrel sold at 113s; T, 1 barrel sold at 44s. Ex “Dictator”— Size O, Elbedde, 1 barrel .sold 119s 6d; size 1, Ic 115s; size 2, Ic 102s. OBSERVER PRINTING WORKS. TEA, COFFEE, CINCHONA, COCOA, AND CAEDAMOM SALES, NO. 14. Colombo, April 11, 1898. Price : — 12| cents each 3 copies 30 cents ; 6 copies g rupee. COLOMBO SALES OF TEA. LARGE LOTS. [Ti^cssr.^. A- H. Thompson & Co.— .52,064 Ib.j Lot. Box. Pkgb. Name. lb. c, Bambrabelly and Dell Invoice No. 23 2 3 12 37 hf-ch 27 do 17 do Bambr.i kelly and Dell Venesta chests 12 33 cdi St. Leonards on Sea Belgodde Doragalla Augusta Vogan M ch 2.') hf ch 45 ch .80 do 10 do (! eh 53 ch 48 do 14 do [Messrs. Somerville Lot. 5 Tiddydale 6 Koorooloo- galla 7 9 Comar 10 12 Glenalla 13 14 17 Harmgalla 18 27 Morningside 28 29 40 Maligatenne 43 Ukuwella 41 45 50 Lonach 51 52 67 Minna 60 Ovoca A 1 61 97 Romania 68 71 Monrovia ■72 84 Citrus 85 91 Ketadola 98 New Valley 99 100 101 1(14 Harangalla 105 109 Neuchatel 1 0 112 114 117 Depedene 118 119 Box. mo 101 104 105 109 110 112 114 117 118 119 Pkgs. 13 ch 17 ch 15 do 28 hf eh 12 do 3’3 ch 34 do 11 do 16 ch 23 do 18 ch 12 do 10 do 8 cli 18 ch 13 cli 7 do 28 hf-ch 35 ch 10 do 34 ch 18 ch 10 hf-ch 11 ch 10 do 13 ch 24 do 13 ch 17 do 7 ch 30 ch 23 do 30 do 15 do 11 ch 21 do 27 ch 9 do 16 ch 9 do 56 hf-ch 35 do 29 do Lot. Dickapiitia Box, Pkgs. Name. Kotuagedera Yapame Eila 703 705 711 713 715 719 721 723 725 7o3 33 ch 32 do 12 hf-ch 21 ch 8 do 6 do 20 do 16 do 13 do 26 do 28 737 9 do 29 739 45 do or pek 3700 50 30 741 53 do pek 2565 40 31 743 IS do bro pek fan 1020 39 32 745 30 do 33 Koslaiicla 747 23 hf-ch 34 719 23 ch or pek 3300 51 bid 35 751 9 do 38 Rondura Tip 10 do bro pek 1330 35 40 761 42 do bro pek 1250 29 bid 41 763 19 do bro pek 4500 38 43 Agra Ouvah 767 53 hf-ch pek 2550 31 U 769 21 do pek sou 800 28 45 771 7 ch dust 900 12 46 Glasgow 773 42 do bro pek 5035 45 47 775 14 do pek sou 4080 23 bid 48 777 12 do pek sou 24 49 Oonoogaloya 779 21 do No. 2 1120 60 781 23 do 51 SW 783 11 do 52 Kanangama 785 22 do & Co.— 95.450 Ibl. 53 54 787 789 19 9 do do Name. lb. c. 57 58 Udapussellawa 795 797 25 25 hf-ch ds pek sou 1105 25 59 799 25 do 02 Koslanda 805 23 do bro pek 1700 u 63 807 23 ch pek 1500 34 61 809 9 do bro pek 1540 36 76 Lough ton 833 17 hf ch pek 1200 39 78 Gla ssaugh 837 36 ch bro pek 3300 36 bid 79 839 18 do pek 3030 28 79a 840 15 hf-ch pek sou 990 26 80 Orange Field 841 11 ch bro pek 1600 38 bid 81 843 15 do pek 2070 32 84 Ferndale 849 21 do bro pek 1800 34 85 851 27 do pek 1200 29 87 Claremont 855 27 hf-ch pek sou 1000 25 88 857 11 ch pek sou 700 24 90 Yakka 861 14 lif-ch bro pea 1800 33 bid 96 Evalgolla 873 14 ch pek 1300 28 98 877 13 do pek sou 700 24 100 D, in est. marl. 881 7 do bro pek 1540 43 104 N B 889 21 if-ch pek 2975 33 106 S, in est. mark 893 7 ch pek -sou 1280 32 107 E'S 895 16 do pek 3060 35 108 TU 897 20 if-ch pek fans 1350 28 109 899 32 ch dust 950 u 110 901 40 do bro pek 1100 37 111 r igdola 903 12 do pek 1000 28 112 905 30 do bro pek 1170 35 113 907 28 do pek 2160 30 114 909 10 do bro pek 1300 37 116 Gla ssaug h 911 43 W-eh pek 1530 29 116 9i3 23 ch bro pek 735 33 117 Meeriateiine 915 19 hf-ch bro or pek 3300 63 118 Pati Rajah 917 17 ch or pek 2300 58 122 BN 925 11 do pek 3000 49 124 Cha pel ton 929 7 do pek sou 1350 41 125 Ferndale 931 10 do bro pek pek or pek bro or pek pek pek sou bro pek pek pek sou 1100 1890 2565 900 1360 765 3080 1925 1.593 [Mr. E. John. — 159,667 lb.] Lot. Box. 1 S, in est. mark 683 2 C 685 3 087 5 Galata 691 6 693 7 095 8 697 Pkas. Name. 11 hf-ch 20 ch 8 do 24 hf-ch 24 ch 18 do 14 hf-ch dust pek sou sou bro pek pekoe pek sou bro pek fans 840 lb. 880 1800 720 1>48 2160 1530 42 37 38 37 34 29 38 33 27 14 27 25 41 33 28 27 133 134 135 136 L 947 Anclior, in e.st. mark 9i9 951 953 28 Iif-ch .30 do 18 ch 20 do bro pek pekoe fans bro p-k pekoe bro pek fans 8 40 lb. 3300 3-:go 840 2100 760 2200 1600 1170 2340 1080 4050 4503 bro pek pekoe pek sou fans dust bro pek pekoe pek sou No.l 1.530 pek sou No. 2 2400 1265 2070 900 1000 3570 1672 3445 1155 700 3360 910 1200 2100 1840 13-20 22C0 1710 bro pek pekoe pek sou bro pek pekoe pek sou bro or pek or pek pekoe bro or pek or pek pekoe bro pek pekoe bro mix bro pek pekoe bro pek fans 945 bro or pek or pek pekoe bro pek pekoe pek sou sou bro pek pekoe dust bro pek pekoe or pek pekoe bro or pek pekoe pekoe or pek pekoe bro pek dust pek sou 1350 1209 1250 1265 2070 900 850 1980 1620 1200 1100 1500 1890 2470 1485 935 700 1400 1300 700 16S0 700 peksouNo.2 880 bro or pek or pek pekoe^ or pek bro or pek pekoe pek sou bro pek pekoe pekoe bro pek pek sou No.2 1100 bro mix 700 bro or pek lOtO pek dust 2240 bro or pek 1800 or pek 16--0 pekoe ISOU 1200 3360 3520 969 2700 2210 950 2365 2070 950 1700 C. 44 bid 42 27 36 bid 29 18 48 42 35 33 14 39 bid 34 bid 28 bid 20 bid 41 bid 34 30 39 50 bid 26 60 5.5 51 60 07 47 51 30 30 39 bid SO bid 34 59 55 42 bid 41 3-4 31 23 69 44 20 bid 35 27 35 35 36 bid 32 29 33 bid 31 35 18 32 20 bid 57 46 bid 38 bid 32 11 39 25 53 60 29 bid 88 28 12 42 bid 12 43 40 [Messrs. Forbes & Walker. - 344,373 II..] Lot. Box. Pkts. Name. lb. 1 S, in estate mark 8 M G 10 Agra Elbed- de 11 12 1-5 16 17 826 40 hf-ch 840 14 hf-ch pek fans 3400 dust 1260 844 42 hf-ch bro or pek 2520 Moldeuiya 846 47 do 8JS 24 do 854 19 ch S5C 14 do 858 11 do pek pek sou bro pek pek pek sou 2256 1152 2090 1400 1100 IS 17 54 40 '38 33 l)id 30 2 CEYLON PEODUCE SALES LIST. Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. C. 21 KPW 866 30 hf-ch or pek 1800 44 22 868 16 do bro pek 880 27 23 870 50 do pek 2500 13 ■2S Kitulgalla 880 9 ch pekoe 720 34 32 Deaculla 888 37 hf-ch bro pek 2035 56 33 890 33 ch pek 2310 43 34 892 10 do pek sou 700 39 35 Elemana 894 8 ch bro pek 800 40 S6 896 9 do pek 710 39 46 Agra Oya 916 16 ch bro pek 1600 45 47 918 21 do pek 1785 36 48 920 22 do pek sou 1980 34 49 922 14 do fans 980 ::1 60 924 44 do or pek 1190 43 51 Ella Oya 926 11 ch bro pek 1056 40 52 928 19 do or pek 1615 34 53 930 21 do pek sou 1890 28 64 932 27 do pek fans 1782 24 55 St. Hellers 934 26 hf-ch bro or pek 1326 47 50 936 18 ch pek 1620 34 59 Holton 94' 34 ch bro pek 3230 43 60 944 16 do pek 1280 36 66 Polatagama 954 19 ch bro pek 1900 41 00 956 12 do or pek 1080 37 67 958 21 do pekoe 1575 32 68 960 22 do pek sou 1760 27 09 962 16 do fans 1520 25 77 Dea Ella 978 38 hf-ch bro pek 1900 40 78 980 31 do pek 1550 3C 79 982 16 do pek sou 720 2“ so Carfax 984 22 ch bro or pek 2420 45 81 986 26 do or pek 2600 42 82 988 8 do bro pek 880 31 83 990 26 do pek 2470 36 84 992 6 do dust 775 16 SO Irex 996 22 ch bro pek 2200 39 bid 87 998 14 do pek 14C0 30 93 Yoxford 1010 37 ch pek sou 2960 40 94 1012 6 82 1 do pek sou 100 19 217 Pingarawa 1258 3 hf-ch dust 360 12 S3 83 1 do dust 224 10 218 BFB 1260 2 dc unast 70 26 Sfi Citrus 86 2 do pek sou 175 25 229 B in est. mark 12.'52 2 ch dnsi 260 10 S7 87 4 do fans 400 32 230 M in est. mark 1 284 2 do dust 200 13 SS 88 2 do dust 306 13 235 Farnham 1292 3 hf-ch fans 22.5 23 RO H A 89 1 ch fans 100 8 236 1296 1 do dust 75 14 90 90 1 hf-cli bro tea 64 7 237 1298 1 do bro tea 50 15 99 Ketadola 92 6 ch pek 600 26 23S C D C 1301) 4 do dust 340 14 9^ 93 6 do pek sou 645 23 259 Beverley 1342 24 boxes bro or pek 52S 57 94 94 1 do SOU 150 20 262 1350 6 hf-oh pek dust 37.i 18 1 do 273 W 1370 1 do bro pek 100 34- 95 95 1 hf-ch dust 130 7 bip 274 1372 1 do pekoe 90 27 96 Galatotta 96 5 hf-ch pek 300 28 275 1374 1 do pek sou 90 23 7 97 1 do pek sou 55 21 276 1376 2 ht-ch liro mix {<8 13 4 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. CEYLON COFFEE SAELS IN LONDON. (From our Commercial Correspondent.) Mincing Lane, March 18, 1898 Ex “Clan Forbes”— Morar, F, Vb 113s; 1, Ic 112s; 2, 2c lb lo6s; S, 1 77s, PB, It 125s. Caledonia, Dimbula F, lb ll's; 1, Ic lb 108s; 2, 3c 103s; PB, 16 107s. Ex “Dictator” — St. Andrews and Ferham, 00, It 124s; O, ic It loosed; 1,3c loosed; 2, lb out; PB, Ic 112s. Ex “Clan Forbes”— Niabedda, F, lb 118s, 1, 2c 112sCd; 2, 4c 106s; S, It 77s; PB, Ic 116s; NB, It Gls. North Pundal- oya, 1, Ic 108s; S, lb out; PB, lb I08s ou . Ex “Britannia”— Needwood, F. Ic It 112s; 1, 4c 1 lOs, 2, oc lb 102s. Needwood, S, It 69s,; PB, Ic It 110s. CEYLON COCOA SALES IN T.ONDON. Ex “Clan McLeod”— HGA in estate mark, out at 74s; but B, 6 sea dam. sold at 63s 6d and C, 2 65s 6d; B and G sea dam, 65s 6d; CP O in estate mark, 92 72s 6d. Warrakettia, 79s 6d; F, 2 64s; FO, 72s 6d. Ex “Orotava” — Palli, out 80s; 2, 12 66s. North Matale, B, 100 bags 54s. Ex “Clan Forbes” - Pathregalla A, 60 64s Od; 14 64s 6d; T, 63s. Ingurugalla, T, 58s. Yattawatte, 65s; broken fetched 68s. Ex •‘Dictator”--Goonambil, 60 out at 7Ss; B, 62 sold: D, 61s; CB in estate mark, 63s 6d. Lower Haloya, 3 62s Cd; 1 .58s. Dartry, A, 62s 6d. Ex “Sumatra” — AB, No. 1, 70s; No. 2, 64; No. 2, 6js; ABE, No. 2, 64s, D, No. 3, 52s 6d. OBEC in estate mark, Kondesalle, 71s. Ex “Clan Forbes”— HKTB, 21 71s; I and T, 2 65s. War- riapolla, sale lot 8 to 12 sold 80s; 1 to 7 oui at 74s; pile 13 70s; pile 14 OSs to 66s 6d; pile 15 63s. Ex “Clan Cameron”— Rosebury I, 28 71s 6d; sugar damde 68s; No. 2 62s; T, 62s. Meegama, A, 30 7Js; 3 s d. bulked 74s; 6 sd dee 3 74s; No. 1, 67s 6d; sea dam. 65s; mark 2 58s 6d; kotu B, 66s Suduganga, 1 bag got 63s. Warra- kettia, F, 1 15 72s 6d. I Ex “Cheshire”— Marakona, 46- 58s; and mark I, 71s. Pan- I dappa. A, 35 72s. Ex “Clan Forbes”— Suduganga, 74 at 75s; 7 67; 7 t6s Gd; 6 71s. CEYLON CYEDAMOM SALES IN LONDON. Ex “Lancashire”— Wattakelly, 2 3s 2d sold. Ex “Clan Cameron”— Katouioya, EX, 2 4s Id; AA, 2 3s 9d; 2 3s 8d; 2 3s Sd; 1 3s 8d; A, 23s 4d; B, 2 Ss 2d; 2 3s Id; C 2 out at 2s lOd; D, 2 3s 2d. Ex “Clan Forbes”— Yattawatte, No. 1, 2 2s S’; seed 2 3s 2d; 1 3s 3d; 2 3s Id; 1 3s. Viearton, A, 2 4s Id sold; B, 2 33s. Viearton C, 1 3s-2d.>-old; D, I 2s 6d; A, 1 4s Id; B, 1 :’s5d; Bl), 1 3s 2d; C, 1 3s Id. Ex “Kawachi Maru”— HGA in estate mark, 2 2s 7d bid, 3s. Ex “Clan Chishclm” — HGA in estate mark, 2s 7d bid; 2 out at 3s. Ex “Dictator”— Nichola Oya No. 1, 2 3sl0d sold; No. 2, 2 3s 4d; No. 3, 1 hf-case 3s; No. 4, 2 2s 7il; 1 hf-case 18 out at, 1 hf. sds. 3s Id. Ex “Orotava”— Goomera in estate mark 1 out at, 1 2s 7d Goomera out, Girindi, 14 at 3s :'d sold; 3 at 3s 2d. Ex “Lancashire"— Girindi Ella, 1 out. Ex “Clan Forbes”- AL, 1 seeds 3s 7d out; 1 35 out; AL, 2 2s lod out. Ex “Port Chalmers”— Katooloya, B, 8 3s 4d out. Ex ‘ Palawan” - DBC in estate mark, 3 2s lUd;. Ex “Clan McLeod” Pitakande Group No. 1, 2 3s 5d 3old; 2 3s 4d. 2, 2 3s 2d; 1 2s Sd; 3, 2 2s 7d. Hoolo Group, 3 3s 4d; 2, . 2s lid seed; 1 seeds 3s 2d. Ex “Lancashire”- Delpotonova, 1 4s Id; I 4s 2d, ISslOd; 1 3s lOd; 1 3s 9d; 1 3s .5.1 sold 1 3s Id; 1 3s 3d; 1 2s 7d. Ex “Clan Fraser”— HGA in estate mark, Malabar, 2 2s 8d; 2 2s9dout; seeds 2 3s 6d out. Ex “Asia”— HGA in estate mark, Malabar, 1 3s out; MC, Mysore, 3 3s Sd out- Ex “Staffordshire”— AL, Ceylon s.,ed.s, 2 3s 6d out. Ex “Kanagawa Maru”- Lebanon Group, Mysore, C. 3 2s 6d sold. Ex “Glaucus”— M i i e.itate mark, 3s 2d bid, 2 3s 6d out. OBSERVER PRINTING WORKS. TEA, COFFEE, CINCHONA, COCOA, AND CARDAMOM SALES, NO. 15. Colombo, Apeil 25, 1898. Price ; — 12| cents each 3 copies 30 cents ; 6 copies ^ rupee. COLOMBO SALHS OF TEA. LARGE LOTS. [Messrs. A H. T&ompson & Co.— 92,623 lb.] Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. c, 1 Cooroonclo- watte 1 14 hf-ch bro per 700 38 2 2 11 do dust 880 11 bid 3 Relugas 3 6 ch dust 750 9 bid 6 Warwick 6 71 hf ch bro pek 4260 53 bid 7 7 ,56 do pek 3080 45 8 8 25 do pek sou 1375 37 10 Agars Lantl 10 14 hf-ch bro pek 770 31 bid 11 Henegama 11 L5 do bro pek fans 1050 27 14 Bambrakelle and Dell 14 26 ch bro or pek 1560 50 bid 15 15 33 do or pek 3300 42 bid 16 16 58 do or pek 5801 39 bid 17 17 35 do pek 3500 36 bid 18 18 14 do bro pek fan 910 29 bid 19 B & D 19 9 ch bro tea 990 14 20 20 29 do dust 2405 14 21 Old Madaga- ma 21 16 ch bro or pek 1280 45 bid 9A 22 18 do or pek 1224 37 bid 23 23 23 do pek 1810 34 bid 24 24 9 do pek sou 720 28 bid 27 St. Leonards on Sea 27 13 ch or pek 1235 37 2S 2S 10 do pek 860 28 32 Balgownie 32 11 ch bro pek 935 31 33 33 12 do pek 960 27 34 34 12 do pek sou 1020 24 36 BattalgaUa 36 10 ch pek sou 1000 39 38 Hornsey 38 10 ch pek sou 1000 39 42 Vogan 42 55 ch pek 4950 31 44 Myragang.a In- voice No. 13 44 50 ch or pek 4250 36 bid 45 45 108 do bro pek 10260 34 46 46 37 do bro or ptk 3885 36 47 47 89 do pek 7120 32 48 48 72 do pek sou 5040 29 50 50 32 do nek fans 2080 18 bid SVogan 53 ”S ch P&K 2610 30 bid [Mr. B. John.- -241,758 11 ’.] Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. c. 2 D 938 8 ch pekoe 760 28 Ferndale 973 10 do pek sou 850 30 9 Keenagaha Ella ,979 11 do pek sou 935 25 13 991 12 hf-ch bro pek 744 30 bid 17 4 40 do bro pek 2400 48 bid 18 7 22 ch pekoe 2090 37 10 10 20 do pek sou 1800 33 21 09 Maskeliya 16 19 32 27 do do bro or pek or pek 3200 2700 45 bid 40 22 17 do pekoe 1700 36 25 13 do pek sou 1300 32 90 31 20 do bro pek fans 1000 27 29 Marguerita 40 16 hf-ch peki e 720 46 bid 30 • 43 27 do pek sou 1080 38 33 s w 52 10 cli bro mix 1160 30 34 Vineit 55 10 do bro pek 1000 36 bid 35 58 10 do pekoe 1000 28 36 61 iO do pek sou 1000 23 40 Agra Ouvah 73 9 do pek sou 810 40 11 76 24 do fans 2040 33 43 S2 41 hf-ch bro or pek 2685 68 44 S5 13 do or pek 715 53 46 Glentilt 91 29 ch bro pek 2900 50 47 91 17 do pekoe 1700 40 18 97 40 hf-ch bro pek 2400 49 bid 40 100 9.2 ch pekoe 2090 38 bid 50 #^9 103 20 do ))ek sou 1800 33 109 25 hf-ch fans 2000 18 53 Cleveland 112 32 do bro or pek 1664 42 bid 5* 115 22 ch pekoe 2200 36 55 118 8 do pek sou 760 34 57 B K 124 15 hf-ch dust 1395 8 59 60 Whyddon 130 133 12 31 ch do or pek bro pek 1224 3038 46 49 61 136 32 do pekoe 2400 40 139 29 do pek sou 2610 34 65 Koslanda 148 35 hf-ch bro pek 1925 40 Lot Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. C. 66 151 33 ch pekoe 2970 32 70 St. John’s 163 45 hf-ch bro or pek 2430 68 71 166 35 do or pek 1680 60 72 169 38 do pekoe 1900 50 73 172 34 do pek sou 1632 40 bid 74 Agra Ouvah 175 65 do bro or pek 4225 69 75 178 27 ch or pek 1485 59 76 181 10 do pekoe 950 52 77 Derby 184 16 hf-ch bro pek 960 36 78 187 15 do pekoe 840 28 81 : I igdola 196 16 ch pekoe 1280 29 82 199 12 do pek sou 1080 25 92 ( Blasgow 229 40 do bro or pek 3400 58 93 232 14 do or pek 910 60 94 235 13 do pelioe 1300 42 97 Turin 244 21 do bro pek 2100 47 98 247 18 do pekoe 1620 39 99 250 12 do pek sou 1200 33 101 G T 256 7 do congou 700 26 . 102 E K 259 7 do fans 1050 12 bid 103 EN 262 10 do pek sou No.2 1000 30 104 265 14 do bro mix 1190 18 105 N 268 12 hf-ch dust 900 15 108 Poilakanda 277 25 do bro pek fans 2090 22 110 Bellongolla 283 6 ch dust 900 12 111 Koslanda 286 35 hf-ch bro pek 1925 40 112 289 33 ch pekoe 2970 32 116 Pali Rajah 301 17 do bro pek 1700 33 121 Brownlow 315 30 do bro or pek 3150 54 122 318 27 do or pek 2619 43 123 3!1 20 do pekoe 1800 40 124 324 23 do pek sou 1955 33 125 327 6 do bro prk fans 720 31 127 Ormidale 333 60 hf-ch or pek 3 00 58 128 336 57 do pekoe 2850 46 129 339 48 do pek sou 2400 36 13 L Bandara Kelle 345 29 ch or pek 3045 43 bid 132 348 17 do pekoe 1630 38 bid 133 VL 351 7 do pek sou 70U 32 bid 1S9 W V T 369 9 do bro pek 945 26 bid 140 Murray thwaite 372 13 do bro pek 1235 38 141 375 14 do pekoe 1190 29 147 Talakande 393 11 do bro or pek 1210 33 bid 150 Ottery 402 22 do or pek 1980 47 151 406 17 do bro or pek 1700 55 152 408 37 do pekoe 3330 39 153 411 8 do sou 720 31 155 Claremont 417 56 hf-ch bro or pek 3080 36 156 420 11 ch pekoe 935 29 160 Glentilt 432 56 do bro pek 5600 50 101 435 29 do pekoe 2900 40 162 Theresia 437 19 hf-ch bro pek fans 1140 39 174 S, in est. mark 473 7 ch fans 700 23 ISl Eadella 494 15 do bro pek 1500 35 182 497 16 do pe oe 1440 30 133 500 10 do pek sou SOO 27 184 503 8 do fans 960 23 185 Shannon 506 16 hf-ch bro pek 896 52 186 509 15 ch pekoe 1500 37 187 512 14 do pek sou 1260 30 190 Tientsin 521 64 hf-ch bro or pek 2700 57 191 524 38 do or pek 1710 66 192 527 65 do pekoe 5850 42 194 J R H 533 10 ch or pek 1000 47 bid 195 536 12 do pekoe 1140 42 bid 196 Ella 539 44 do bro pek 4180 37 bid 197 542 43 do pekoe 3655 32 bid [Messrs. Forbes & Walker.—] 665,089 Ih. Lot. Box. PI vts. Name. lb. c. 2 New Peacock 4 23 bf ch pek fans 172.5 15 3 P 7 6 ch fans 780 17 15 Maligatenne 43 10 ch bro pek lOCO 36 16 46 8 do pek 720 2S 19 Ingrogalla 55 12 ch bro pek 1200 42 20 58 23 do pek 1955 35 22 Kotagaloya 64 12 lif-ch br.a pek 720 30 bid 23 r ‘3^ 67 30 ch pek 2709 36 26 Thedden 76 14 ch bro pek 14 0 37 27 79 9 do pekoe 855 36 31 Roelierry 91 25 ch or pek 2500 42 32 94 26 do pekoe 2340 34 33 97 16 do pek sou 1280 30 35 Riiebeny 103 30 ch bro pek 3000 44 36 103 12 do or pek 1080 43 37 109 20 do pek 1720 35 38 112 1.5 do pek sou 1290 30 2 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. C. Lot Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. C. 40 Amblakanda 118 8 ch bro pek 800 39 192 Grange 41 121 10 do pek SOO 33 Garden 574 32 ch or pek 3520 41 bid 42 124 13 do pek sou 910 28 193 577 24 do pek 24C0 38 43 Castlereagh 127 31 ch bro pek 3100 39 197 Harrington 589 19 ch or pek 1900 48 bid 44 130 27 do or pek 2295 36 bid 193 692 12 do pek 1210 45 45 133 24 do pekoe 1920 36 214 F- ismark 610 8 ch pek sou 720 36 55 Parsloes 163 20 ch bro pek 2000 40 217 CS G 649 47 hf-ch bro pek 2350 58 56 166 17 do pek 1700 35 218 652 41 do pek 34S5 37 bid 57 169 18 do pek sou 1800 30 219 655 21 do pek sou 17S5 35 61 B D 181 8 ch dust 800 13 222 Strathspey 664 10 ch bro pek 1170 50 62 B D W lir4 13 hf-ch bro pek 871 30 224 670 13 do pek 1300 44 63 Llandaft 187 46 hf ch bro pek 2530 46 bid 225 673 8 do pek sou £00 40 64 190 72 do pek 3600 35 bid 231 S NK 691 2 hf-ch (lust 720 16 65 19 i 61 do pek sou 2745 31 234 K HL 700 6 ch (lust 1020 12 66 196 17 do sou 850 21 237 bittacy 709 12 ch bro pek 69 Lillawatte 205 10 ch pek sou 950 28 fans 1390 28 74 Nidi ole ya 220 32 ch bro pek 3200 39 bid 241 Darrawella 721 8 ch red leaf 7-20 53 75 223 24 do pek 1920 31 bid 242 Ireby 724 50 hf ch bro pek 30(0 14 76 226 11 do dust 1650 10 bid 243 7 ‘27 36 do pek 18CU 43 77 Chesterford 229 45 eh bro pek 4500 ’*• 244 7.30 13 do pek sou 1170 33 78 232 59 do pek 5900 33 251 Naseby 751 27 if-ch bro pek 1485 75 79 235 46 do pek sou 4600 29 252 754 9 do pek !50 70 80 238 11 do fans 990 32 253 757 19 do dust 720 33 82 2« 11 do dust 825 14 254 Meemoraoya 760 24 hf-ch bro pek 960 32 86 Nahalraa 256 8 ch sou 832 25 255 763 41 do pek 1640 £0 (Venesta chts.) 261 Stamfordhill 781 •25 lif-ch flowery or 87 159 29 hf-ch SOU 12t0 26 pek 1375 59 (Venesta chts.) 262 784 19 ch or pek 1615 41 89 Putupaula 265 14 ch bro or pek 1610 S5 •263 787 15 do pek 1275 36 90 268 67 do bro pek 6030 37 bid 264 K P W 790 30 hf-ch or pek 1800 38 91 271 37 do pek 2960 32 265 793 22 do bro pek 1210 35 92 274 24 do pek sou 1800 27 266 796 58 do pek 2900 29 93 277 10 hf-ch dust 750 16 269 Massena 805 39 hf-ch bro pek 1950 46 91 Hayes 280 22 hf-ch bro pek 1100 42 •270 808 23 do pek 1150 SO 95 283 30 do or pek 1800 42 273 Galkadua 817 17 ch bro pek 1700 39 96 2S6 47 do pek 2350 35 •274 8-20 •25 do pek 21-25 29 98 292 35 do pek sou 1575 •29 275 S23 17 do pek sou 1445 27 99 295 15 do bro or pek 278 Killarney 832 14 ch or pek 1-2G0 51 sifting 900 34 279 835 29 do bro or pek 1740 56 101 Hayes 301 21 hf-cli bro or pek 1155 51 280 838 23 do pek 1055 44 102 301 26 do bro pek 1300 42 281 841 18 do fans 1-260 30 103 307 30 do pek 1500 36 286 Carfax 856 22 ch bro or pek 2420 40 bid 104 Gampaha 310 19 ch bro or pek 1900 55 2S7 8-: 9 26 do or pek 2600 41 bid 105 313 21 do or pek 1890 51 288 862 8 do bro pek 830 29 bid 106 316 20 do pek sou 1800 38 289 Gam paha 865 11 ch bro (. r pek 1100 56 107 Kirklees 319 31 hf-ch bro or pek 1860 54 290 868 11 do or pek 990 50 108 322 30 ch or pek 3000 46 291 871 10 do pek 1600 43 109 325 47 do pek 3995 36 292 874 18 do pek sou 1020 37 110 328 36 do pek sou 2880 33 293 Hayes 877 17 hf-ch bro pek 8-50 42 111 Darmneria 331 21 ch bro or pek 2520 35 bid 294 880 16 do or pek SOO 41 112 334 25 do bro pek 2500 42 bid 295 883 22 do pekoe 11 00 35 113 337 60 do pek 5400 34 bid 296 886 25 do pek No. 2 1250 29 117 Pallegodde 349 32 ch bro or pek 3360 34 297 Clunes 889 30 do bro or pek 1800 32 118 352 28 do bro or pek 2520 42 298 892 42 do bro pek 21C0 39 119 355 31 do pek 2480 34 299 895 42 ch pek 3570 33 120 358 20 do pek sou 1800 29 300 898 11 do pek sou 990 •28 121 361 24 do dust 2160 15 302 Polatagama 904 26 do bro pek 2600 39 122 High Forest 364 52 hf-ch bro or pek 3120 56 bid 303 907 32 do or pek •27-20 34jbid 123 367 38 do or pek 1976 55 304 910 38 do pek 2850 31 124 370 46 do pek 2346 48 305 913 44 do pek sou 3520 29 125 373 44 do pek sou 2200 42 308 Gallawatte 922 16 ch bro pek 15-20 39 126 Kuanwella 376 20 ch bro pek 2000 38 bid 309 925 ‘25 do pek 21‘25 33 127 379 40 ("O pek 3800 29 310 928 16 do pek sou 1440 29 128 382 11 do pek sou 990 25 311 Erlsmere 931 37 ch bro pek 3700 47 131 Ganapalla 391 18 ch or pek 1728 41 312 934 33 do pek 2970 39 132 394 36 do bro or pek 3528 33 313 937 25 do pek sou 2500 34 bid 133 397 50 do pek 4300 32 314 910 10 do dust 8-20 16 134 400 30 do pek sou 2400 27 319 Northcove 955 8 hf-ch dust 720 15 135 403 6 do bro pek fans 720 •25 322 Glencorse 964 20 ch bro pek 1800 37 136 406 16 hf-ch pek fans 1120 15 3-23 967 14 do bro or pek 1400 42 137 409 10 do dust 900 20 324 970 16 do pek 1280 33 138 A B 412 20 hf-ch dust 1380 16 3-25 973 10 do pek sou 800 28 140 Errollwood 418 22 do bro or pek 990 48 bid 3.34 Knavesmive 1000 50 do bro pek 4750 34 142 424 13 ch pek 1105 41 335 1003 41 do pekoe 3485 34 146 Talgaswella 436 77 do bro pek 7315 37 3.37 K09 6 do dust 810 13 147 439 15 do do No. 2 1650 26 339 Waratenne 1015 39 do bro pek 37C5 34 148 442 38 do pek 3420 32 340 1018 28 (lo pek 2520 30 149 445 25 do pek sou 2250 28 341 Anningkande 021 31 do bro pek 3100 43 152 Drayton 454 35 hf-ch or pek 1925 61 342 1024 •21 do pekoe 2100 36 153 457 36 ch pek 3060 47 344 Ookoo watte 103:3 8 do bro pek 800 36 154 460 16 do pek son 1280 36 315 1036 8 do pek 720 32 158 Kotagaloya 472 21 ch pek 1890 40 347 1039 7 do 163 S, in estate 1 hf-ch pek fans 760 22 mark 487 29 Ilf ch fans 2320 22 318 Meddetenne 1042 34 do bro pek 1870 40 164 Kirindi 490 8 ch bro pek 824 41 349 1045 11 ch pek 1100 33 165 493 11 do pek 880 32 350 Anningkande 1048 26 do bro pek 2860 38 169 Woodtliorpe 505 7 ch bro pek 721 41 351 1051 14 do pek 14C0 33 170 508 9 do pekoe 720 32 352 llonkswood 1054 •25 hf'Ch bro or pek 1300 78 176 Dunbar 526 21 hf-ch bro or pek 945 52 3.53 1057 3t do or pek 1612 75 177 529 25 do or pek 1075 48 bid 354 1060 27 ch pek 2295 60 178 532 12 eh bro pek 1140 35 bid 365 1003 28 do pek sou 25-20 47 179 535 26 do pek 19.= 0 38 356 1066 •24 hf-ch or pek fans 1440 38 181 Yullefield 511 24 hf-ch bro or pek 1200 58 358 Rowley 1072 49 do bro pek 2450 41 182 544 32 ch or pek 2800 42 359 1075 55 do pekoe 2500 37 186 Doranakande 556 18 ch bro pek 1620 37 362 Ellaoya 1084 11 ch bro pek 1056 38 bid 187 559 12 do pek 1080 32 363 1037 27 do or pek 2295 33 188 562 14 do pek sou 1190 28 364 1090 32 do pek sou 2880 28 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. 3 ILot Box. . Pkgs. Name. lb. C. 365 Middleton 1093 15 hf-ch hro or pek 825 72 366 1096 11 ch or pek 1155 55 368 110-2 33 do pek sou 2640 41 •369 110.5 32 do or pek 3360 53 370 1106 20 flo or pek 2000 63 371 1111 21 do pek sou If 80 41 bid 372 1114 30 do pek sou 2400 41 bid 374 Hughenden 1120 11 do hro pek 990 36 381 Ewhurst 1141 17 do bro pek 1700 36 bid 382 1144 33 do pek 2970 32 391 EH IITL 30 hf-ch tans 25.50 17 *- 393 Torwood 1177 7 ch bro pek 700 43 394 1180 24 do or pek 2112 36 bid 395 1183 22 do pek 1892 32 396 1186 14 do pek sou 1176 26 397 1189 20 do bro pek 1900 37 bid 398 -401 Weyunga- 1192 lo do pek 1110 29 bid watte 1201 26 hf-ch bro or pek 1430 38 402 1204 26 ch or pek 2470 34 bid 403 1207 22 do pek 1980 30 bid 404 1210 16 do pek sou 1520 29 406 Waverley 1-216 32 do fans 4000 17 407 Beausejeur 1219 1-2 do bro pek 1200 36 408 12 2 17 do pek 1445 29 411 \v o 1-231 7 do bro mi.x 700 8 428 Carlabeck 1-2S2 18 do pek sou 1800 43 430 Columbia 1288 24 hf-ch bro or pek 1140 52 431 1291 32 do or pek 1696 46 432 1294 24 do pek 1200 44 433 1297 SO do pek sou 1360 36 439 Ruanwella 1315 22 ch bro pek 2090 35 bid 440 1318 45 do pekoe 4-275 30 441 13-21 9 do pek sou 810 27 449 Bloomfield 1345 02 do bro or pek 5200 45 -450 1348 43 hf-ch bro pek 3010 38 -451 1351 20 ch pek sou 20CO 32 452 1354 44 do pek 4400 35 453 1357 14 hf-ch pek fans 1120 18 454 B in est mark 1360 16 ch pek No. 1 1600 28 455 1363 10 do pek No. 2 1000 27 456 Weoya 1366 27 do bro pek 2565 41 457 1369 46 do pekoe 3910 32 458 1372 54 do pek sou 4320 28 459 1.375 24 do bro pek fan 2400 28 460 1378 14 do dust 1960 13 461 Errachb 1381 9 do bro or pek 900 43 462 1384 16 do bro pek 1360 39 463 1387 35 do pek 2975 32 464 1390 21 do pek sou 1680 27 465 1393 17 do bro pek far il/OO 27 470 Hughenden 1408 19 do bro pek 1710 39 471 1411 28 do pekoe 2240 30 472 1414 24 do pek sou 1920 28 ’ 476 .Stafford 1426 15 do bro pek 1650 56 477 1429 11 do pek 990 46 480 St. Heliers 1438 36 hf-cll bro or pek 1836 39 481 1441 29 do pek 2610 31 483 Queensland 1447 25 hf-ch bro or pek 1250 48 484 1450 14 ch or pek 1120 43 485 1453 16 do pek 1360 38 486 1456 16 do unassorted 1520 28 492 Kalkanda 1474 17 hf-ch bro pek 850 39 493 1477 17 do or pek 850 33 494 1480 21 do pekoe ir.50 29 495 1483 21 do p^k sou 1050 28 498 Ascot 1492 12 ch bro or pek 1260 35 499 1495 22 do bro pek 1980 35 500 1498 29 do pek 2320 SO 501 1.501 17 do pek sou 1530 27 502 1504 7 do pekoe fans 1080 25 506 Lindula 1516 14 do bro or pek 1470 51 507 1519 36 do bro pek 3600 41 bid 508 1522 17 do or pek 1615 .51 bid 509 1525 16 do pek sou 1360 39 510 Berrythorpe 1528 40 do bro pek 3598 38 bid .511 1531 27 do pekoe 2472 31 bid 512 1534 28 do pek sou 2806 27 618 X X 1552 6 ch dust 816 10 622 523 Stafford M A in est. 1564 8 do bro pek 880 52 mark 1567 12 do Iro pek lOSO 33 bid [Messrs. Somerville & Co.— 293,994 Ibl. Lot. Box. Pk gs. Name. lb. C. 1 RCTF, in estate mark 121 22 ch bro pek 2090 35 2 1-22 16 do or pek 1360 32 3 123 17 do pek 1360 30 4 1-24 21 do pek sou 1575 25 7 Sala-u-e 127 18 ch bro pek 1890 34 8 128 18 do pek 1710 28 9 129 23 do pek sou 2070 25 Lot Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. C. 11 Galpliele 131 30 hf-ch bro pek 1650 40 12 132 38 do pek 1710 33 13 133 25 do pek sou 1125 31 17 G P 137 19 ch pek 1710 31 IS 13S 16 do pek -sou 1280 ■26 20 140 32 ch fans No. 2 2720 17 21 Fairfield 141 48 hf-ch bro or pek 2880 65 22 142 24 ch or pek 2400 52 bid 23 143 25 do pek 25' 0 42 bid 25 M N 145 23 hf-ch dust 1886 14 27 Hanagama 147 24 ch bro pek 2640 36 28 14S 37 do pek 3885 •29 31 151 6 do fans 780 18 33 Glngranoya 154 13 hf-ch or pek 715 37 bid 34 Giugranoya 152 18 hf-ch bro pek 1080 45 bid 35 155 16 ch pel: 1.520 36 bid 37 Blinkbonnie 157 44 : hf ch bro pek 2200 40 bid 38 158 47 do pek 2115 37 bid 39 159 3i do pek sou 1.575 32 bid 41 Walpita 161 8 ch bro pek 800 3.5 42 162 18 do pek 1620 29 43 101 0 do pek sou 165 27 45 Minna 165 4-2 hf-ch bro pek 25-20 40 bid 46 168 33 ch pek 2970 36 47 167 21 ch irek sou 1890 30 48 16S 10 1 iif-ch dust 900 13 50 Malvern 170 14 ch bro pek 1345 34 1 hf-ch 51 171 24 ch pek 2480 25 bid 56 176 16 ch bro or pek 1820 38 4 hf-ch 57 177 17 cli pek 1450 33 2 hf-ch 58 178 11 rh pek sou 785 28 2 hf-ch 61 Hooluganga 184 11 ch bro pek 1318 36 6.5 185 11 do pek 13*0 33 67 W G 187 10 ch sou £00 26 75 Kew 195 26 hf-ch or pek 14 6 52 bid 70 193 27 do or pek 1350 61 bid 77 197 33 eh pek 3036 38 bid 78 198 22 do pek sou 2090 33 bid 80 200 9 i hf-ch dust 765 16 81 Walalianduwa 201 25 ch bro pek 2600 36 bid 82 '202 14 do pek ' 1330 31 88 Mousagalla 208 13 oh or pek 1235 45 89 209 12 do pek 1020 38 90 210 21 do pek sou 1890 32 93 Killiii, in estate mark -21.3 37 hf-ch bro pek 2035 35 bid 94 214 23 do pek 2520 30 95 -215 17 do pek sou 1445 2.7 101 Ritni, in estate mark -221 23 hf-ch pek sou 836 31 102 N 222 10 ch bro pek 1030 36 106 Stockholm 228 32: hf-ch bro or pek 1920 44 bid 107 227 30 ch or pek 3600 48 bid lOS 2-28 30 do pek 2700 40 bid 109 229 35 do pek sou 2975 35 bid 111 Comar 231 31 hf-ch bro pek 1736 34 112 232 29 do pek 1450 29 114 F F, in estate mark 234 15 hf-ch bro pek 840 32 119 Pendleton 239 21 do bro pek 1176 31 1-20 240 31 do pek sou IS.'-O 24 127 M-arigold 247 50 hf-ch bro pek 3C00 38 bid 1-28 248 28 do pek 1456 32 129 249 37 do pek sou 1776 30 130 250 IG do sou SOO 26 131 251 14 do bro pek fans 9Sn 32 132 Mahatenne 252 21 ch bro peK 2100 36 133 253 12 do pek 1200 31 136 Horagoda 256 13 ch bro pek 1300 46 137 257 17 do pek 14 45 36 138 258 11 do pek 935 32 141 261 11 do 001! 935 26 142 Dikmukulaua 262 30 h^ch bro pek 1500 38 bid 143 263 20 do pek 1000 33 bid 144 264 40 do pek sou 2000 28 145 Yarrow 265 62 hf-cli hro pek 2912 36 146 266 63 do pek 3465 33 147 Lonach 267 19 hf-ch bro pek 1045 44 14S 268 31 c\\ pek 2635 35 149 209 14 do pek sou 1120 32 150 Ambalawa ;70 30 hf-ch pek 1350 30 151 •271 29 do pek sou 1160 26 1.54 274 28 hf-ch nek 1-260 31 156 275 ■24 do bro pek 1-200 . 35 160 Annandale 2S0 .30 hf-ch or pek 1590 ,56 161 •:'S1 20 do pek KOO 45 162 2S2 11 do pek sou 770 89 163 Rayigam 283 40 do bro pek 4000 36 bid '61 2S4 •28 do pek ‘2800 29 bi.l 165 Bollagalla 285 20 do ])ek sou 1900 •26 bid 166 2S6 31 ch bro pek 2945 37 bid 167 287 12 do pek 960 33 169 289 19 do pek sou 1805 •26 4 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. C. 171 Maclakelle 291 18 ch or pek 1440 42 172 292 46 do bro pek 4600 35 bid 173 293 24 do pek 2400 31 174 294 11 do pek sou 1100 28 176 Raxawa 296 29 ch bro pek 2900 39 bid 177 297 37 do pek 3145 32 bid 178 298 27 do pek sou 2160 29 186 Elchico 306 55 hf-ch bro pek 2750 35 bid 187 307 43 do pek 2150 31 190 New Valley 310 20 ch bro or pek 2200 £0 191 311 20 do or pek 2C00 42 192 312 23 do pek 2300 37 193 313 16 do pek sou 1440 32 199 Neboda 319 13 ch bro or pek 1430 35 bid 200 320 31 do bro pek 3400 37 bid 201 321 44 do pek 4400 33 bid 2112 322 45 do pek sou 4500 28 208 Ferviba 328 42 hf-ch bro pek 2310 40 209 329 31 ch pek 2945 31 210 333 14 do pek sou 1120 27 213 I P 333 31 ch pek sou 2728 24 214 334 31 hf-ch dust 2573 12 bid 215 G B 335 1 hf-ch dust 1305 12 bid 216 Siriniwa.sa 330 25 ch bro pek 2750 37 bid 217 337 26 do pek 2600 31 bid 218 338 19 do pek sou 1805 28 221 Carney 343 21 hf-ch bro pek 1050 33 bid 222 342 31 do pek 1395 30 223 344 39 do pek sou 1950 25 226 Hatdowa 346 35 ch bro pek 3675 33 bid 227 347 29 do pek 2465 28 228 348 22 do pek sou 1870 26 232 Allakolla 352 45 ch bro pek 450J 36 233 353 31 do pek 2480 31 234 354 24 do pek sou 2160 27 235 Hatton 355 29 hf-ch bro pek 1682 58 236 356 38 ch pek 3230 42 237 357 26 do pek sou 2080 30 SMALL LOTS. Messrs. A. H- Thompsoit & Co Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. c. 4 Relugas 4 2 ch bro mix 120 9 6 P 5 3 ch SOU 360 10 9 AVarwick 9 5 hf-ch dust 400 15 12 Henegama 12 8 hf-ch dust 640 12 13 13 2 do bro mix 130 22 25 Old PTada- gama 25 2 ch bro pek fans 170 2f) 26 26 2 do fans 200 29 St, Leonai'ds on Sea 29 6 ch pek sou 475 23 30 30 2 do or pek fans 200 £0 31 31 1 do or pek dust 115 15 35 Falgownie 35 2 ch bro mix 14 37 Battalgalla 37 0 ch fans 480 15 bid 41 A, in estate mark 41 2 hf-ch fans 160 16 49 Myraganga, Invoice No. 13 49 3 ch red leaf 270 8 r Mr. E. Jofen.] Lot. Box. J^kgs. Name. lb. C. 1 D 955 4 ch bro pek 385 34 3 901 3 do pek sou 290 24 4 964 1 do dust 88 14 6 967 1 do mixed 92 20 6 Ferntlale 970 6 do unas 540 16 8 Farm 976 4 hf-ch dust 300 14 10 Keenagalia Ella 982 8 ch bro mix 680 21 11 985 4 hf-ch fans 260 10 14 Yakka 994 10 do pekoe 480 27 15 997 8 do pek sou 320 24 16 1 4 ch dust 360 14 20 Lem el i ere 13 7 hf-ch pek fans 560 24 25 Maskeliya 28 3 ch SOU 300 28 27 Marguerita 34 12 hf-ch or pek 600 55 bid 28 37 9 do bro pek 504 so bid 31 4<^ 1 ch dust 90 12 32 49 2 hf-ch fans liO 34 S7 Vincit 04 1 ch . bro pek fans 110 22 38 67 1 do dust 126 11 SD 70 1 do red leaf 105 6 42 Agra Ouvah 79 4 do dust 420 15 45 88 5 do pekoe 500 64 51 Lameliere 106 7 hf-ch pek fans 560 24 .56 Cleveland 121 5 do fans 300 24 58 BK 127 1 ch bro tea 100 9 63 AVhyddon 142 3 do nek fans 348 30 64 145 2 do dust 340 n Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name' lb C. 67 Koslanda 1§4 3 do pek sou 300 27 68 157 5 do pek fans 350 23 69 160 3 hf-ch dust 210 22 79 Derby 190 5 do pek .sou 275 26 80 193 3 do hro pek fans 180 21 95 Galloola 238 4 ch diisi 400 11 96 H 241 3 do pek No. 1 285 30 100 GT 253 4 hf-ch dust 330 14 106 RL 271 6 do pek fans 420 24 107 274 3 do dust ■270 15 d09 Bellongolla 280 4 ch fans 448 IS 113 Koslanda 292 3 do pek sou 300 29 114 295 5 hf-ch pek fans 350 25 115 £98 3 do dust 210 22 117 Gonavy 303 1 do pekoe 45 24 118 iVI, in est. mark 306 1 ch 1 hf-ch pekoe 150 24 119 R 309 2 ch dust 220 12 120 312 1 do congou 90 20 116 Brownlow 330 6 do dust 504 IG 136 \V HG 360 8 hf-ch dust 080 14 137 36! 7 do f.ans 5*26 25 138 TS 366 6 ch bro pek 600 37 142 Murraythwaite 378 8 do pek sou 640 35 143 381 6 do bro pek fans 390 25 144 384 1 do dust 150 12 145 Kitty 3S7 4 hf-ch or pek 200 35 146 390 6 do dust 4S0 11 1-18 Galata 396 4 do dust 3-20 11 149 399 1 ch red leaf 93 8 154 Ottery 414 2 do dust 320 15 157 Claremont 423 2 hf-ch fans 1 0 13 158 426 3 do pek dust 210 12 159 429 2 hags lu’o tea 140 5 16.3 Theresia 440 4 hf-cli dust 320 16 164 443 2 do sou 100 33 175 S, in est. mark 476 4 ch sou 3-20 24 176 479 6 do bro mix 540 12 188 Shannon 515 3 do sou 240 28 ISO 518 2 do dust 261 14 193 Tientsin 530 9 lif-ch fans 630 16 198 Eila 545 3 cli bro mix 270 19 [Messrs. Somerville & Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. Co] Ib. c. 5 R C T F. in tate mark es- 1-25 5 ch fan.s 500 2B 6 126 2 do dust 300 12 10 Salawe 130 3 ch dust 450 12 14 Galphele 134 1 hf-ch dust 80 13 1.5 G P 135 6 hf-ch hro or pek 300 Si 16 136 5 ch or pek 475 36 24 Fairfield 144 3 ch dust 510 13 26 M N 146 4 ch hi*o mix 360 13 £9 Hanagama 149 5 ch pek sou 500 24 30 150 2 do sou 190 23 32 152 1 do hro pek dust 160 16 36 1,56 2 do pek sou 190 32 36a 156a 2 hf-ch dust 170 13 40 Blinkbonnie 160 6 hf-ch dust 450 15 44 AVilpita 164 4 ch con 310 22 49 Minna 169 2 ch bro mix 180 10 £2 Malvern 172 3 ch pek sou 301 22 53 173 2 ch fans 269 22 54 174 1 hf-ch 2 ch dust 220 11 55 175 1 do red leaf 64 8 59 DAL 179 4 ch bro pek 400 30 bid 60 180 4 do pek 400 28 61 181 2 do pek sou 200 24 62 182 1 do pek fans 120 17 63 183 1 do du.st 150 32 66 186 4 do pek sou 527 26 68 G AV 188 1 ch red leaf 85 8 69 189 5 hf-ch fans 300 25 70 190 5 do dust 375 14 71 AV G P 191 4 hf-ch bro pek 240 39 72 192 8 do pek 400 30 73 193 11 do pek sou 550 27 74 194 2 do pek fans 110 22 79 Kew 199 9 hf-ch bro pek fans 585 31 83 AValahunduwa 203 2 ch pek sou 180 25 84 FP A 201 3 ch fans 354 23 85 205 2 do bro pek 200 2S 86 206 3 do pek 285 27 87 Mousagalla 2u7 6 ch bro pek 660 36 bid 91 Oolapane 211 4 hf-ch dust 320 14 92 212 2 do dust 170 14 96 K, in estate mark 216 3 hf-ch bro mix 234 9 97 ■217 3 do dust 192 14 98 Ritni, in es tate mark 218 12 hf-ch or pek 600 40 99 219 11 do pek 473 36 100 220 3 do bro pek . 186 33 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. 5 Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. C. 103 N 223 7 ch pek 630 36 104 224 4 do pels sou 340 28 105 225 2 do dust 170 15 110 St. Leys 230 1 hf-ch bro mix 60 0 113 Comar 233 2 hf-ch dust 172 14 115 F F, in estate marls 235 12 hf-cli pek C4S 20 IIG 236 7 do pek sou 322 24 117 237 4 do bro pek fans 249 18 118 238 2 do dust 181 0 121 Radaga 241 2 hf-ch bro n"k SO 31 122 242 3 do pels ■ 120 27 123 P TJ Gonede- niya 243 5 cli bro pek 500 32 124 244 4 do pek 360 28 125 245 1 do pek sou 85 23 126 246 1 do dust 117 13 134 Mahatenne 254 5 ch pek sou 500 35 135 255 2 do dust 200 12 ■ 139 Horagona 259 4 ch fans 342 30 140 260 2 do dust 260 22 152 San Cio 272 5 hf-ch bro mix 215 8 153 273 8 do dust 400 11 156 C F, in estate mark 270 1 ch bro pek 85 35 157 277 2 do pek 210 29 158 278 2 do bro mix 250 16 159 279 4 hf ch dust 300 17 168 Bollagalla 248 1 hf-ch dust 90 10 170 290 2 ch bro tea 220 12 175 Madakelle 295 5 ch bro pek fans 500 31 179 Raxawa 299 3 ch dusc 240 12 180 300 10 do brj pek fan 600 27 181 301 1 hf-ch sou 50 19 182 H J S 302 5 hf-ch bro pek 300 41 1S3 303 5 do pek 3( 0 29 bid 184 304 10 do pek sou 600 26 185 305 9 ('0 con 450 21 188 Elchico 308 7 hf-ch dust 525 13 189 309 1 do con 60 21 194 N I T 314 7 ch unas No. 2 665 22 195 G K 315 6 ch bro tea OilO 0 203 Neboda 323 6 ch dust 4i0 12 bid 2(4 W 324 2 ch or pek 200 3i 205 Berat o25 2 ch dust 300 13 206 Diyanilakelle 326 1 ch pek sou IOC 33 207 327 5 hf-ch dust 450 14 211 Ferriby 331 1 cli sou 110 11 212 332 3 hf-ch dust 225 13 219 Siriniwa.s.a 339 2 ch bro pek fans 240 21 220 340 1 do (lust 165 n 224 Carney 344 0 hf-cli bro pels fans 300 24 225 345 2 do pek fans 100 19 229 Hatdowa 349 1 ch fans 113 12 230 350 2 do dust 316 10 351 351 1 do red leaf 92 9 238 H 358 4 hf-ch bro tea 200 13 239 359 2 do dust 160 13 [Messrs. Forbes & WaJker.] Lot. Box. I’kts. Name. IL C. 1 New Peacock 1 5 hf-ch bro mix 250 10 4 P 40 3 ch dust 480 12 11 Kakiriskande 31 2 ch bro pek 160 33 12 34 6 do pek 5S4 20 13 37 2 do pek sou 126 20 14 40 1 do unas 95 23 17 S V Maliga- tenne 49 2 ch pek sou 170 24 18 52 1 do unas 120 14 21 Ingurugalla 01 4 ch pek sou 31b 26 2 1 Kotasaloya 70 6 ch pek sou 480 35 25 Thedden 73 5 ch bi'c or pek 590 30 28 82 3 do pek sou 270 26 29 85 1 do dust 1.50 13 30 Roeberry 88 4 ch bro pek 440 30 34 100 6 do fans 600 24 39 Roeberry 115 C ch fans 600 20 46 Castlereagh 136 5 ch pek sou 400 33 47 139 9 hf-ch fans 630 23 48 142 3 do (lust 240 14 hi Parsloes 160 3 ch bro or pek 330 37 bid 58 172 2 do fans 230 32 59 175 2 do dust 240 13 60 178 3 do sou 300 25 67 Llandaff 199 7 hf-ch dust 5'.'5 13 68 202 9 do bro pek dust 675 20 70 Lillawatte 208 4 ch bro mix 360 23 71 mi 1 do (lust 150 12 72 Hopton 214 4 ch (lii-t 400 14 73 217 3 do fans 3f0 25 81 Chesterford 241 5 ch congou 450 26 83 Sunnycroft 247 3 ch pek son .'ibll 29 81 250 2 do congou 200 28 8S 253 1 do dust 10b 13 Lot. Box, Pkgs. Name. lb. C. 88 Nahalma 202 8 ch dust 600 15 97 Hayes 289 11 hf-oli pek No. 2 550 33 100 298 3 do pek sifting 165 23 114 Dammeria 340 6 ch pek sou 500 33 115 343 6 do unas 660 29 no 346 4 do dust 400 14 129 Ruamvella 385 3 ch bro pek fans 330 27 130 388 5 do dust 13 139 AB 415 4 ch bro mi.x 360 9 141 Errollwood 421 5 ch or pek 400 50 143 427 6 do pek sou 510 36 111 430 4 hf-ch or pek fans 2-20 20 145 E 433 9 do dust 630 13 150 Talgaswela. 448 2 ch dust 240 13 151 I K V 451 2 oh bro mix 224 U 155 Drayton 463 2 ch sou 190 33 156 466 0 hf-ch dust 510 17 157 Kotagaloya 469 9 hf-ch bro pek 540 39 169 475 4 ch pek sou 320 30 160 478 1 do sou 90 27 161 481 2 hf-ch dust 170 15 162 VVaitalawa 484 2 ch dust 280 14 100 Kirindi 496 8 ch pek sou 640 27 167 499 2 do sou 160 24 163 502 1 do dust 82 12 171 Wo(ydthorpe 511 8 ch pek sou 640 26 172 514 2 do sou 160 24 173 517 1 hf-ch dust 52 13 174 Avoca 620 3 eh pek sou 330 41 175 523 3 hf-ch bro pek fans 240 37 18) Dunbar 538 5 ch pek fans 4u0 32 iS3 Yuillefield 547 5 ch pek 400 37 184 650 1 do sou 80 20 185 5.53 3 hf-ch dust 240 13 189 Doranakande 565 1 ch dust 140 12 190 568 1 do bro pek fans 90 2-4 191 571 1 do bro mix 122 20 194 Grange Garden 680 4 ch pek sou 400 32 195 583 3 hf-eh dust 270 16 196 Harrington 588 8 hf-ch bro or pek 336 45 199 595 2 ch pek sou 200 25 200 598 2 hf-ch dust 142 14 205 Horagaskelle 613 5 hf-ch bro pek 310 28 206 610 5 do pek 261 26 207 619 11 do pek sou 616 24 208 622 2 do bro mix 1-28 9 210 Karowkettia 628 2 do pek 206 28 211 631 2 do pek sou 220 25 212 034 2 do sou 195 22 213 0.37 1 do unas 72 20 2.5 Bismark 643 4 ch dust 600 14 220 C S G 058 5 hf-ch dust 400 10 2-32 K H L 694 1 ch pek fans 140 10 233 697 3 do bro mix 270 10 235 G 0, in estate mark 703 14 hf-ch sou 550 28 236 Bittacy 706 4 ch pek sou 400 38 238 712 7 do dust 630 13 239 715 5 do sou 460 27 240 718 1 do bro mix 80 24 ■215 Ireby 733 3 hf-ch dust 240 17 ■246 736 2 do fans 140 26 256 Weemoraoya 760 3 hf-ch sou 120 24 257 769 1 do dust 65 14 258 Narangalla 772 1 ch bro pek 100 29 259 775 1 do do 90 28 260 Craiiley 778 1 hf-ch bro mix 50 20 267 K P W 799 13 do pek sou 585 25 268 802 2 do du.st 4 70 14 ■271 Massena 811 II hf-ch pek sou 550 24 ■272 Galkadua 814 4 ch bi(a or pek 400 33 ■276 826 2 do dust 20) 10 ■277 829 1 do sou 90 2-2 301 dunes 901 5 ch dust 425 12 315 Erlsmere 943 3 do congou 291 32 316 13 F B 946 1 hf-ch bro pek 39 28 317 949 2 do uii 1 st 90 22 318 0 D, W W Co. 052 1 do dust 62 16 320 Northcove 958 4 ch congou 280 33 321 961 8 do sou 560 24 320 Glencorse 976 2 do pek fans 2.50 22 3'27 979 1 do bro tea 115 25 328 982 1 do dust 178 14 336 Knavesmire 1006 6 do pek sou 480 24 338 1012 1 do sou SO 23 342 Anningkande 1027 6 hf-ch dust 450 14 346 Ookoowatte 1036 3 ch pek sou 270 25 357 Moiikswood 1009 9 hf-ch dust Gi 0 19 300 Rowley 1078 9 do pek sou 450 26 301 lost 9 do dust 450 ■15 367 Widdleton 1099 5 do pek 425 48 375 New Aiiga- mana lb-3 : 11 do bro pek 605 33 376 11 '26 : 11 do pek 550 26 377 11-29 8 (to pek No. 2 400 23 379 N V T 1135 .■> (to dust .■175 14 380 1I3-S 1 do congou 60 23 6 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. LOT. Box. Pk£TS. Name. lb. C. 383 Ewhurst 1147 2 ch pek sou 170 25 384 11.50 1 do bro pek 100 36 385 1153 4 do pek son 340 24 380 1156 7 hf-t-h fans 490 19 387 Peacock Hill 1159 1 ch pek No. 2 90 24 388 1162 3 hf-ch bro mix 135 10 389 1165 7 ch pek fans 525 11 3S0 L G A 1108 2 do red leaf 200 IS bid 392 EH 1174 4 do bro mixed 300 20 405 Weyunga- watte 1-213 3 hf-ch dust 255 11 409 Beausejour 1225 2 ch pek sou 180 25 410 1228 1 do dust 150 14 41G Yallaioya 1-24G 4 do bro tea 460 11 417 Labookelle 12i0 2 do bro or pek 240 57 418 12,52 2 do cr pek 200 47 bid 419 1255 3 do pek soil 231 36 420L in estatemarkl258 5 do bro tea 500 12 421 C in estate mark 1-261 2 do bro tea 200 13 422 Donmba 1264 6 bf-cb or pek 348 39 423 1-267 7 ch pekoe C65 31 424 1270 5 hf-ch fans 325 27 425 1273 4 do dust 340 U 4-26 A G 1276 3 ell bro tea 270 21 427 1-279 2 do dust 284 1 .5 429 Carlabeck 1-285 8 hf-ch bro pek fans 680 21 434 Columbia 1300 4 do dust 340 15 442 Ruauwella 1324 4 ch bro pek fans 440 26 443 13-27 5 do dust 400 11 466 Sunnycroft 1396 2 do pek sou 200 29 4G7 1399 1 do congou 100 27 468 1402 3 do dust 450 11 469 Hughenden 1405 7 do bro or pek 630 40 473 1417 4 do dust 400 11 474 1420 1 do fans 90 16 475 14-23 2 do congou 160 17 478 Stafford 1432 7 do pek sou 630 39 479 1435 1 do dust 150 16 482 St. Heliers 1444 7 hf-ch dust 441 15 487 Queensland 1459 1 ch red leaf 92 10 488 (lokoowatte 1462 4 hf-ch dust 320 11 489 Karabusnawa 1465 4 do pek sou 200 25 490 S A 1468 6 do pek sou 283 22 491 S S J in est. maik 1471 2 ch pek sou 200 22 496 Kalkanda I486 11 hf-ch ■sou 550 24 497 1489 4 do dust 260 14 503 B D IV G 1507 8 do bro pek 400 30 bid 504 1510 5 do dust 4-25 14 505 K W D 1513 1 ch bro pek 101 36 519 E W 1555 1 ch pek sou 110 12 520 1.5.58 1 do pekoe dust 1-28 12 521 NB 1561 1 do fans 9S 17 CEYLON COFFEE SAELS IN LONDON. (From our Commercial Con csponclcnt. ) Mincing Lake, Mai'cli 25, 1898 “Lanca.shire” — Killarney and Cranley, PB, 2c lb lOO.s. “Statesman” — Lariie size, Kelbuvne, 2c lb 109s; size 1, 4c 98s Cc\: size 2, 1 barrel 60s; P out IQOs refused. CEYLON COCOA SALES' IN LONDON. : “.Tava”— Marakona, 20 73s out; 7 G2s; 2 38s. ‘‘Clan Forbes”— North Matale, 20 out; 1 sea dgd. bl. 3 65s. Dickeria, A, 19 no bid; B, 6 6 is 6d. Alloowiharie, 2 out; 6 63s. “Clan Macgregor”— New Peradeniya, 6 no bid 74s out. “Clan Forbes”— Kosebury 1, 10 51s; T, 1 52s. Neegania, A, 20 72s 6d; 1 sea dgd. bulked 64s; A 1, 2 61s 6d; 1, 7 6 s6d; B, 6 60.S. “Clan Cameron”— 1 MAKM London in estate mark, 20 lid out; 29 sea dam. bulked 66s 6d; MAK London, 20 73s; 7 sea dam. bulked 60s. “.McLeod” — 1 MAKM in estate mark, 20 no bid; 2 .sea dgd. bulked 62s; MAK, 20 out; 3 sea dam. bulked G2s. “Clan P’orbes” - E. London, 20 73s out “Britannia” - Kaduwela, No. 1, 20 7.5s; No. 2, 3 66s 6d; No. 3, 5 65s. “Dictator” — Grcve, 20 out. “Clau Cameron” l-tnjawell.a cocoa, 20 78.S. ‘‘Clan Forbe.s”— Bnjawella cocoa, I8 74s out; 20 78s; 20 76s; 4 72s; 4 02s; 14 64s 6d. ■ “LaneaHliire”— Delgoila, A, 28 no bid; B, 20, 11 70s. “.Statesman”— Deigolla, A, 28 out; ‘20 09s; 2 sea dam. bulked 63s; It, 26 69s; 13 out. “Senator”— A, Clcualpbi, 20 72s 6d; 1.5 72s; B, 5 03s 6d’ ‘iClan Fori es"— KASxCo., 20 72s; 1 sea dam. 63s, ■‘J.aucasliiie”— Hylton, OO, 2o 73s, 2 sea dam. 62s; 0, 4 (i5s6d; S, 4 62s Od. Warrakettia, O, 1, '25 72s 6d: F, 1, ‘28 72s; F&C 2, 1 64s. Walton, 1, 20 out; 16 mt; 2, 0 63s Od. Beredewelle, COC, EX No. 1. 20 72s; EX No. 2, 4 65s 6d; T, 6 68s; B, 4 lC.s Gd. A, Elmshurst, 13 70s; B, 8 72s. A, tllenalpin, 20 71s 6d; 11 66s; B, 14 60s 6d. CEYl.ON COCOA SALES IN LONDON. (From our CoinmerciaJ Correspondent). Mincing Lane April l. ■‘Jlclutyie" .buuiewrttte, double b.iss. 2j 7Gs out; 13, 12 C7s out. -Marakona, 20 71s; 7 GOs; 2 -jut; 4 50s Gd. “Chesliire” — .Marakona, 2o 71s Od. “Orotava” — Marakona, 15 71.s. “.Java”— Marakona”— 20 7 1 s. “Clan Forbes” — Itosebury, 1 lo 71s. “Clan Cameron"- Meegama, A, 20 73s out. “Priam”— OEC in estate mark, .Mahaberia, O, 20 75 sold; 1 sea dam. 3rd class G5s; 1, 20 70s; 2, 10 67s Gd; OE\ 20 72s; IF, 4 G6s 6d. OBEC in estate mark, Konde.salle OF 20 72s Od bid: 20 72s; .IF, 21 70s. “Clan McIntyre,”— .AL in estate mark, 1/18, 18 75s out bid; F in estate mark, 9 or 10 75s bid out; ‘20 72s sold. “.Sliropsliire” — Grove, 20 75s out. “Clan For! es” HGA in estate m.ark, estate cocoa, 16 72s sold; 2(1 72s out; SA ill estate mark, estate cocoa, 27 72s sold; 20 72s sold. ‘ Clan McLeod” — E, 20 72s soH. “.statesman”— Fdapolla, A, 20 71s Od sold; 2i 71s; B, 24 G6s till; G, 12 COsGd; C, 5 03s Od; pieces, 2 03; FM.M, 2 70s" 0 G5s; i-i.MM, 163s; 3 C5.s; BU.M, 2 GOs. “Clan Cameron”— Warrakettia, FI, 15 72s Gd. “.State-snian” Maousava, Y, 7 74s out; AA, 4 71s- C 1 55s; B, 6 5.5s ’ ’ “Clan Cameron”Maousava, AA, 20 74s out. “Orotava”- DB&C, (229) in estate mark, 20 71.s sold. “Dictator”— Lower H .loya, 14 70s sold. “Clau Cameron”—!, Vattewatte, ‘20 7o.s out; 2, 12 63s sold. “.Shrop.sliire”— Rose, 1, 13 74s. “C:au Forbes” — Ingurugalle, A, 20 73s out. “.Sumatra”- A, No. 1, ‘oynevor, 20 71s sold; B, No. 1, 20 70s sold. CEYLON CYRDAMOJM SALES IN LONDON. “Lanca'-'bire”- .Nawanagalla, A 1, 2 4s 4d; 1 4s 3d; B 1 2 3s 9d sold: C 1, 2 3s 4d; 2 3s 5 B&Sl; D 1, 2 3s Id; BE, seed. 2 3s 2d sold; 2 3s; 2nd (luality, 2 2a 3d sold. “Kawachi Maru”— HGA in estate mark, bid 2s 3d out. “Clan Chisholm” — HGA in estate mark, bid 2 out. “Statesman”- Gallantenne, A, 2 4s sold; E, 2 3s 6d out Elkadua, O, 2 3s Sd sold; I, 2 3s 4dsold;. Elkadua 2, 1 3s 2d out; B&S, 2 2s 8d sold; seed, 2 3s. Elkadua. 1 pocket seed ‘2s 9d. Midlands, O, 2 3s 9d; 1, 2 3s 4d; 2, 2 2s lld‘ BAS, 2 2s 7d; 1 2s 4d. Midlands, 1 bag seeds 3s. ' ‘Lancashire”- OBEC Narengliena AAA in estate mark i 2 3s Gd: bid; 2 3s 7d; 2 3s 6d; 1 3s 7d; AA, 2 3s 3d; 2 3s j 3d; 2 3s 2d; A, 1 S.s; B, 2 2s 7d; OBEC in estate mark, I Dangkande, 2 3s 4d sold; 13s 3d; 1 3s -2d; 2 2s lid Peru I 2 3s 3d. “Clan Ross”— OVM, 7 St 9d. “Priam”- Y'att.awatte, No. 1, 2 2s 9d; 1 mouldy 2s 7d sold seed, 1 seed 3s Id; NM, 1 3s. ‘ . ’ “Clan Fra.ser”— Galaha, B, 4 out. “Tosa" — Katooloya, P, 3 luit. ‘■Kanagawa”— Katooloya., EX, 2 cut. “i riam”— KAS&Co., 1 3s od sold; 1 3s; 1 2s 4d- 1 Is lOd, “Clan Fraser”— HGA in estate mark, Malabar. 1 2s 8d out. “Statesmau”--Galiiha, E.v, 2 4s Id: AA, 2 3s 9d out; A, 2 j 3s 3d; B2, 3s Id; 1 3s; C2, 2s iOd; 1 ■2s9d. Vedehette, EX. I 2 4s Id; AA, 2 3s 7d; A, 2 3s 2d; B, 2 3d; C, 2 2s 6d- I> 2 3s Id. “Lancashire”— Girindi Ella, 2 3s 2d. “Clan Cameron" — Lebanon Group, Mysore, A, 1 3s 6d sold; B, 1 3s; C, 2 2s 4d; seed, 1 seed -2s 6d. “Lancashire”— Knuckles Group, A, 1 3s 4d; B, 1 3s 4d sold; C, 2 3s 4d; D, 1 3s Id; E, 1 2s lOd; seed 2 3s. Knuckles Group, 1 pock, 2s 2d. Knuckles Group, 2 3s 7d. Madulkelle, Mysore, A, 3 3s Gd; B, 2 3s 2d; 2 3s 2d; C, 2 2s 9d; -2 2a 8d; .seed 1 2s lOd. ‘ Palawan"- Kobo London, O, 1 chest 4s; 1 3s lid; 1 3s Gd; 1 3s 4d; 2, 1 3s Id; 3, 1 2s lid; B, 2 2s lid; S, 2 2s 9d. Kobo, .seeds 1 3s Id sold. “Port Chaliners”— Katooloya, P, 1 3s 2d. “Palawan” — DBG, 1 2s ICd out’ “Priam”— A, Wewelraadde, 2 3s 2d sold; 2 3s; B, abt. 3 qrs. each 2 2s P'd; 2 2s 9d; C, Weweliiiadde abt. 2 qrs. 25 lb. each 2 -2s 7d sidci; 2 2s 9d; D, abt. 2 qrs. 261b. each 2 -2s 6d; E, .seed 2 3s Id; F, 1 2s Gd. “Priam”— Wariagalla, Mysore, A, 2 ,3s od sold; 2 3s 4d; B. 1 or 2 3s 3d. Wariagalla, Mysore, C, 2 2s 9d; D, 2 2s Gd; seed, 1 seed 3s Id sold. “.Statesman”— Nellaoolla, O, 1 3s lOd: 1, 13s‘'d; 2 3s 3d 2, 1 2s 9d; BS, 1 2s Cci; seed 1 3s. TEA, COFFEE, CINCHONA, COCOA, AND CARDAMOM SALES. NO. 16. Colombo, May 2, 1898. (Price : — 12J cents each 3 copies 30 cents ; 6 copies J rupee. COLOMBO SALES OF TEA. LARGE LOTS, nVIessrs. A- H. TLompson & Co.- 105,364 lb.] Lot. Sapitiyagoclde 1 2 3 i 5 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 22 Vogan 23 25 26 27 28 29 30 Taluk Ova Bambrakelle and Dell 45 46 47 48 60 51 52 63 54 55 56 Vogan Doragalla Chetnole Polpitiya Lynsted Myraganga P Invoice No. 1 Mapitigao'.a Hornsey 71 72 .'3 74 75 76 Battagalla Cooroondo. wate Belugas Old Made- gama Amblankande Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. 1 1 34 1 hf-ch bro or pek 2040 2 55 do or pek 2750 3 40 bro pek 2080 4 20 ch pek 1640 5 38 do pek sou 3040 8 13 hf-ch bro or pek 715 9 18 do pek „ 1 990 10 25 do pek ,, 2 1375 11 14 d© pek sou 700 12 •>0 hf-ch bro or pek 1300 13 52 ch or pek 5200 14 29 do pek 2755 22 9 ch bro pek 855 23 9 do pek 810 25 36 ch bro pek 3420 26 41 do pek 3690 27 35 do pek sou 31.50 28 45 ch bro pek 450(1 20 30 do pek 2550 30 12 do pek sou 960 SC 8 ch pek sou 800 37 8 ch bro or pek 760 38 9 do or pek 765 39 14 do pek 1120 42 25 ch dust 2000 r, 43 19 ch bro pek 1995 45 93 hf-ch bvo pek 5115 46 22 ch pek 1980 47 20 do pek sou 1700 48 21 hf ch bro pek fan 1365 60 30 ch or pek 3000 51 50 box bro or pek 1000 52 20 ch pek 2000 53 14 ch peV sou 1400 54 9 do fans 720 55 14 hf-ch bro pek 700 66 11 do dust 880 57 6 hf-ch dust ’ 7,50 70 16 ch Tiro or ptk 1280 71 18 do or pek 1224 72 23 do pek 1840 73 9 do pek son 720 74 7 ch bro pek 700 75 16 do pek 1280 76 9 do pek sou 720 C. 38 bid 37 40 bid 35 31 57 bid 48 44 31 55 bifl 46 bid 36 38 bid 30 40 bid 32 28 bid 35 bid 31 28 28 32 bid 34 bid 3C bid 11 bid 35 bid 41 bid 31 bid 28 25 60 bid 60 46 37 19 46 9 bid 11 [Me? srs. Somerville & Co.— 169,861 lb]. Box. pk^s. Name. lb. 1 H 2 4 Eilandhu 5 6 Lyndhnrst 7 0 18 Kelani 11 12 13 14 18 Atherton 19 20 23 Minna 24 25 26 Dotala 27 28 29 40 Hangramya 42 46 47 Bidbury 48 49 361 27 cb 362 14 hf-cU 364 10 ch 365 12 do 366 60 hf-ch 367 77 do 368 26 do 370 96 hf-ch 371 20 oh 372 79 do 373 40 do 374 11 do 378 22 bf-cb 379 21 do 380 18 do 383 50 1if-ch 381 34 cb 385 21 do 386 17 hf-ch 387 20 do 388 19 ch 389 10 do 400 24 cb 2 24 do 6 0 do 10 ch 8 13 do 9 12 do sou 2160 fans 840 bro pek 1000 pek 1140 bro pek 4140 pek 3850 pek son 1170 bro pek 4320 bro or pek 2000 pek 7110 pek sou 3600 bro pek fans 1263 bro r>ek 1232 pek 1050 pek sou 9C0 in-o pek 3000 pek 3^60 pek sou 1890 or pek 765 bro pek 1200 pek 1710 pek sou 950 bro pek 2400 pek 2400 dust 810 bro pek 10^0 pek 1040 pek sou 1080 Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. C. 50 Harangalla 10 11 ch bro pek 1100 39 bid 51 11 16 do pek 1440 31 bid 55 Ambalawa 15 24 hf-ch pek 1080 30 56 16 25 do pek sou 1000 27 57 Kew 17 17 hf-ch bro or pek 932 60 58 18 17 do or pek 8, 50 53 59 19 23 ch pek 2116 40 60 20 15 do pek sou 1425 35 62 Glenalla uo 44 ch bro pek 4400 34 bid 63 23 36 do pek 3240 30 64 24 16 do pek sou 1440 27 07 Nebeda 27 13 ch bro or pek 1430 37 67 28 34 do bro pek 3400 37 78 Malvern 37 13 ch bro peK 1345 32 1 hf-ch 06 Forest Hill 47 21 do bro pek 2289 37 68 48 38 do pek 2344 31 88 49 27 do pek sou 2160 28 IS 50 10 do fans 750 21 93 Eayigam 53 35 ch bro pek 3300 34 bid 94 54 49 do pek 4655 311 95 55 37 do pek sou 3330 27 j 98 Wavahena 68 15 hf-ch or pek 900 40 1 99 59 12 ch pek 1020 35 101 Fail-field 61 2' hf-ch bro or pek 188P 60 bid 102 62 16 ch or pek 1600 49 bid 103 63 15 do pek 1.500 40 bid 105 Wa lahanduwa 65 25 ch bro pek 2500 35 bid 107 Ravenoya 67 19 !if-eh pek 893 30 no Yarrow 70 52 hf-ch bro pek 2912 39 bid 111 Gartmore 71 62 hf-ch bro pek 4030 48 bid 112 72 33 ch pek 2970 40 bid 113 73 11 do pek sou 1045 33 bid 115 Z, in estate mark 75 11 ch pek 1031 31 bid H6 Charlie Hill 76 16 hf-ch bro pek 800 35 117 77 16 do pek 800 29 118 78 20 do pek sou 1000 26 121 Hatdowa 81 35 ch bro pek 3675 32 122 Kolandeniya 82 15 ch bro pek 1.500 35 123 83 13 do pek 1170 30 128 AVewatenne 88 12 ch pek 960 29 129 89 23 ch pek sou 1675 26 1 hf-ch 132 Labugama 92 20 hf-ch bro pek 1800 35 8 ch 133 53 16 do pek 1440 39 134 94 16 do pek sou 1369 26 [Messrs. Forbes & Walker.—] 4-t 532 ,660 lb. 39 Lot. Box. P kgs. Name. lb. C. 31 1 Igalkande 1 10 ch pek 900 23 38 3 Devitura 7 30 ch bro pek 3708 40 bid 31 4 10 iS ch pek 1548 3 1 bid 2S 5 13 lb do pek sou 1470 29 11 U 8 A 31 6 < h dust 7S0 13 13 Wood.^Iee 37 23 cii unas 17'5 30 ibi- 16 A LL 46 14 ch b n pek l-.n0 SO 17 49 22 do pekoe 1980 26 18 52 10 do oek sou HOC 27 c. 24 T'Villa 70 16 ch pek 1285 24 15 27 Kosgalla 79 24 hf-ch bro pek 1200 39 19 28 82 20 do pek 900 28 34 29 85 15 do pek sou 750 23 29 38 AValtoii 112 15 ch or pek 1624 42 35 40 118 IS do pekoe 1680 33 30 42 Kelaneiya, bro pek 28 ■Maskeliya 124 57 ch 4845 42 bid 37 43 127 43 do pel,- 4300 38 35 46 Dea culla 136 34 do br pek 1870 60 30 47 139 35 do pek 2450 42 28 48 142 22 do pek sou 1540 32 26 51 Agraoya 151 10 ch bro pek 1000 49 37 52 154 17 do pekoe 1445 36 33 53 157 13 do pek sou 1170 31 29 56 GalUwntte 166 13 ch bro pek 1235 33 43 57 169 24 do pekoe 2040 32 37 58 Aigburth 172 ■ 4 hf-ch brcjor pek 2420 43 29 69 175 31 ch pek 2945 37 43 60 178 32 do pek sou 3040 30 47 62 Tyinawr 184 75 hf-ch bro pek 4125 60 33 63 187 108 do pek 5400 40 27 61 190 63 do pek sou 2835 36 36 65 Waitalawa 193 49 hf-ch bro pek 2450 48 28 66 196 81 do pek 4050 34 12 67 199 16 do pek sou 800 30 43 bid 69 Monkswood 205 20 hf ch bro or pek moil 73 bid 33 bid 70 208 20 do or pek 1000 71 30 71 211 25 ch pek 2125 63 bi 2 CEYLON PEODUCE SALES LIST. Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. c. Lot Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. c. 72 214 14 do pek sou 1190 45 261 79n .51 hf-ch pek 25.50 31 76 AMT 226 48 hf-ch bro pek 2880 48 267 Penrhos 799 25 do or pek 1250 44 77 229 69 do pek 2930 42 268 802 33 do bro pek 19.»0 60 80 MT 238 10 ch bro pek 1100 42 269 805 49 ch pekoe 4410 3.5 81 241 15 do pek 1425 36 270 808 9 do pek sou 705 29 88 Drayton 262 3.5 hf-ch or pek 1925 53 bid 272 Nugagalla 814 27 hf-ch l)rn pek 1360 51 89 265 39 ch pek 3315 45 273 817 69 do pek 3400 33 92 KrtaRal Oya 274 28 ch pek 2620 38 275 Castlereagh 823 21 ch bro pek 2100 45 Ofi Dunbar 286 22 hf-ch bro or pek 990 52 270 826 26 do or pek 2210 38 97 289 25 do or pek lino 43 bid 277 829 19 do or pek 1615 S4 98 292 10 ch bro pek 950 39 286 Kennington 856 13 do fans 1235 22 99 295 21 do pek 1575 36 287 859 9 do nnast 855 20 105 Aberdeen 313 2.5 ch bro pek 2375 39 288 862 9 hf-ch (lust 720 14 106 316 25 do or pek 1875 26 289 Oxford 865 23 ch bro or pek 2415 32 107 319 24 do pek 1800 32 290 868 2fi do or pek 2210 34 108 322 23 do pek sou 1725 29 291 871 17 do pekoe 1360 32 109 325 16 do bro pek fan 1280 25 292 874 17 do pek sou 1275 28 lit Bargany 340 44 hf-ch bro or pek 2420 43 294 Arapolakande 880 40 do bro pek 3600 38 bid 115 343 18 ch pek 1620 38 295 883 52 do pekoe 4160 30 116 316 10 do pek sou 850 30 296 886 9 do pek sou 810 28 118 High Forest 352 62 if-ch bro or pek 3720 58 317 A M B 949 16 do bro pek sou 1.504 18 119 355 43 do or pek 2193 56 318 952 10 do bro tea 820 12 120 Theberton 358 17 ch bro pek 1700 38 319 955 31 do fans 3875 11) 121 361 22 do pek 1980 35 320 958 23 do red leaf 2024 10 129 Stisted 386 36 hf-ch bro or pek 2304 49 328 Bagalla 982 9 do fans 1170 21 130 383 25 do or pek 1375 42 334 Putupaula 1000 67 do bro pek 6030 35 bid 131 391 22 do pek 1320 35 335 Chesterford 1003 43 do bro pek 4300 41 132 394 22 do pek sou lUO 32 336 If 06 51 do pek 5100 32 131 Glendon 400 15 ch pek sou 127.5 28 337 1009 4L do pek sou 4100 29 137 Glendon 409 16 ch pek sou 1410 21’ 338 1012 13 do fans 1170 25 113 AlIagaTa 427 12 cli dust 1''20 16 341 Geragama 1021 15 do bro pek 1500 35 145 Tonacorabe 433 38 ch or pek 3800 39 342 1024 12 do pek 1080 31 146 436 19 do bro pek 2280 40 343 Waratenne 1027 20 do bro pek 190(1 33 bid 147 439 52 do pek 5200 37 344 1030 18 do pek 1620 30 156 Band.ara 345 1033 9 do Lns 7-20 14 Eliya 466 60 hf-ch or pek 3000 40 bid 349 Duniar 1045 25 hf-ch or pek 1076 45 bid 157 469 .'■■8 do bro jjek 2390 46 352 Pol.Ttagama 1054 32 ch or pek 2720 32 bid 158 472 33 ch pek 2870 36 bid 3.53 Ewhurst 1U57 17 do bro pek 1700 34 bid 159 475 20 do pek sou 1600 32 354 Drayton 1060 40 hf-ch or pek 2000 46 bid 160 478 54 hf ch bro or pek 3240 42 355 1063 40 ch pek 3400 39 162 Clyde 484 16 ch or pek 1360 36 356 1066 9 do pek sou 720 36 163 4.87 12 do bro or pek 1310 36 363 W V R A 1087 14 ch mixed tea 1680 23 164 490 31 do pek 2790 32 364 1C90 6 do dust 720 12 165 493 11 do pelt sou 990 28 365 Sc.ndringham 1093 41 do bro or pek 4510 51 167 Farnham 499 ]8 hf-ch bro pek 1080 46 366 1096 28 do bro pek 2800 56 168 502 20 do or pek 1000 43 307 1099 72 do or pek 6480 46 bid 169 505 32 do pek 1760 34 bid 368 1102 26 do pek 2080 42 170 503 25 ^0 pek sou 1260 31 369 Erracht 1105 9 do bro or pek 900 40 173 Anningkan- bro pek 370 1108 13 do bro pek 1105 38 de 517 12 ch 1320 38 371 1111 ‘ 2 do pek 1760 32 174 5-20 15 do pekoe 1500 32 bid 372 1114 21 do pek sou 1680 28 . 175 623 12 do pek sou 1200 29 bid 374 Scrubs 1120 12 do bro or pek 1200 60 r7 Arablangodda 529 14 ch bro pek 1400 42 375 1123 25 do tro pek 2500 47 178 532 ^0 do pek 1800 34 376 11?6 34 do pekoe 2890 40 185 Middleton 653 31 ch or pek 3100 52 377 1129 10 do pek sou SoO 37 186 536 20 do pek 1700 46 379 Weyunga watte 1135 26 do or pek 2170 35 187 559 11 do pek sou 880 37 380 Euanwella 1138 20 do bro pek 2000 36 bid 192 Ingi'ogalla 574 14 ch bro pek 1400 39 381 1141 22 do bro pek 2090 35 bid 193 577 23 do pek 1955 34 385 Geragama 1153 18 do bro pek 1800 o6 194 Great Valley 386 1156 15 do pek 1440 31 Cevlon. in est. 51 bid 387 Dehiowita 1159 9 do ■souchong 765 25 mark 580 11 ch bro or pek 1100 195 683 8 do or pek 72 1 36 196 ,586 26 do pek 2340 33 197 200 5‘9 598 19 9 do do pek sou dust 1710 766 30 14 [Mr E. John.- -203,592 ll.] 203 204 Knavesniire 007 610 4' 37 ch do bro pek^ pek 4500 3145 33 bid 30 Dot. Box. Pkg.s. Name. lb. c. 207 208 209 211 227 228 2-29 230 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 2:- 8 239 Columbia G K Dunkeld Polatagama 619 622 625 631 679 682 685 ess 691 691 697 700 26 hf-ch 29 do 30 do 6 ch 01 hf-ch 29 do 30 ch 30 ch 23 do 19 do 22 do 12 do bro or pek or pek pek dust bro or pek or pek pek bro pek or pek pek pek sou fans 1.560 1.5.37 1500 840 3630 1695 2700 3000 1955 1.520 1760 1140 1350 63 50 41 12 48 40 bid 37 39 bid 36 32 29 26 14 6 8 11 12 13 14 15 16 20 21 22 23 M R G B EN S W Bokotua Rondura 563 569 578 581 684 587 .590 593 605 608 611 614 14 hf-ch 10 do 8 ch 25 hf-ch 19 ch 8 do 13 do 8 do 9 do 11 do 27 do 8 do fans 980 fans 800 peksouNo.2 800 or pek 1250 pekoe 1710 bro mix 920 bro pek 1430 or pek 720 bro pek 900 or pek 924 pekoe 24S0 bro pek fans 760 27 26 bid 29 40 bid 36 bid 26 40 38 39 40 30 23 Clunes 706 709 71-2 715 47 hf ch 40 ch 12 bro mix 1725 26 159 Shawlands 22 2 do fans 200 22 139 Digdola 962 16 do bro or pek 1440 40 160 25 3 do dust 300 10 140 965 12 do or pek 960 33 164 37 6 do fans 600 23 141 968 12 do pekoe 960 32 165 40 5 do dusr 500 11 148 W V T 989 8 do pek sou 800 22 172 Ferndale 61 2 do pek sou 180 27 156 Shawlands 13 25 do bro pek 2500 38 bid 173 64 3 do dust 330 14 157 16 29 do pekoe 2610 35 158 19 13 do pek sou 1170 24 162 163 31 34 21 13 do do pekoe pek sou 1890 1170 35 29 [Messrs. Forbes & Walker.] 166 167 C 43 46 31 9 do do pek sou sou 2480 720 28 27 L ot. Box. Pkts. Name. lb & 168 169 170 171 Ferndale 49 52 55 58 6 15 12 10 do do do do dust bro or pek or pek pekoe 900 1500 1080 900 14 42 bid 37 bid 33 bid 2 6 12 B B B, ineslate mark 4 Pevitura 16 USA 34 2 hf-ch 1 ch 6 ch dust dust fans 150 120 570 15 14 22 14 Woodsley 40 1 ch dust 60 10 15 43 1 do red leaf 30 9 SMALL LOTS. 19 20 21 ALL 55 58 01 1 ch 2 do 1 do bro pek dust 120 pek dust 210 14 12 [Mesc-i.i?. A. H. Tliosnpsoia Sk Co.] 22 23 T’Villa 64 67 3 ch 5 do bro or pek or pek 330 475 34 34 Lot. r»o’ Pkgs. JSame. Ib. c. 25 26 73 76 2 do 5 do pek sou sou no 4c0 26 21 6 7 Sapitiyagodde 6 7 4 ch 7 do fans dust 2S0 630 23 13 30 31 Kosgalla 88 91 3 hf-ch 2 do fans conjroii ISO ](’0 13 17 LYE 15 pek fans 600 23 32 Walton 94 1 do dust 50 27 16 bro pek dust 400 13 37 109 2 cli bro or pek 2bU 51 17 dust 115 12 39 115 4 do bro pek 500 37 3 18 3 hf ch bro mix 45 8 41 Kelaneiya 121 5 do pek sou 435 28 21 red leaf 280 7 44 130 dust 230 12 St 24 8 ch pek sou OiO 28 45 49 Maskeiiya 2 Oh 31 32 33 34 35 40 41 .44 49 Doragalla 31 32 6 hf-ch pek fans bvo mix ^50 45 13 U De.acula 133 145 3 do 28 ch sou dust 300 040 27 IS Wewelwatte 33 34 4 hf-ch fans 2 >4 478 12 8 .50 51 Agraoya 148 160 8 cli 7 do or pek bvo mix 630 630 40 25 Ag rs Land Polpitiya 35 40 7 hf-ch 6 ch dust pek sou 476 480 130 12 28 12 65 61 68 Aigburtli Wiiitulawa 163 181 202 6 do 9 hf-ch 8 hf-ch fans bro pek fans dust 420 (V30 640 2.5 25 15 Myraganga PT, Invoice No. 14 44 Mapitigama 49 3 ch dust hf-ch dust 255 595 12 12 bid 73 74 75 78 KM AMT 217 220 223 232 4 hf-ch 4 ch 2 do 14 lif-ch or pek pek pek sou pek sou 200 3t30 r>30 46 35 30 31 79 235 4 do dust 320 17 rMr . E. ijolni.] 82 MT 244 3 ch pek SO I 270 lb. S3 M S 247 1 ch Ino p_'k 106 38 Box. Pksrs. Name. C. 84 ?50 1 do pek no 1 ‘ 2 P KT 548 651 2 hf-ch 2 ch bro pek pekoe 120 ISO 41 31 85 86 87 Woodlands 253 256 S69 1 ch 1 do 3 do fans dust bro mix 100 120 300 18 14. 9 3 554 •7 9Q 4 CEYLON PEODUCE SALES LIST. Loo. Box, Pkgs, , Nauie. lb. C. 91 Kotagal Oya 271 llbf-ch bro jjek 660 42 93 277 5 ch pek .sou 400 32 91 D 280 6 hf-ch bro cr pek 360 42 95 283 2 ch bro pek 172 44 100 D B R 298 4 hf-ch fiust 300 14 101 301 2 ch bro mix 220 28 1011, in estate mark304 3 ch sou 240 23 1U2 307 3 do (lust 360 15 104 310 2 do fans 200 20 117 Bargany 349 4 Ilf ch bro pek fans 280 25 122 Theberton 364 5 ch bra mix 500 23 123 367 4 do pek dust 400 12 133 Stilted 397 2 hf-ch dust 160 15 135 G 403 3 ch sou 255 22 136 406 3 do pek dust 405 12 138 G 412 5 ch sou 425 23 139 415 2 do ]>ek dust 290 12 140 AlLagalla 418 2 ch bro pek 210 39 141 421 1 do pek 90 30 142 424 4 do bro mix 310 27 144 430 12 bf cb fans 660 24 14S Tonacombe 442 6 ch pek sou 540 20 149 445 6 hf-ch dust 540 16 161 Bandara Eliya 481 9 cb bro pek fan 630 26 166 Farnham 496 22 box bro or pek 440 50 171 511 3 hf-ch fans 225 24 172 514 2 do dust l.=^0 13 170 Anningkande 526 8 ch dust COO 15 179 Amblangoda , 536 2 ch dust 200 13 180 538 1 do congou 90 23 181 541 2 do fans 200 25 182 CRD 544 6 do bro pek fans 500 27 183 547 S do bro mix 100 11 184 550 5 do dust 500 11 188 D & H 662 3 ] lif-ch bro pek' 168 36 1S9 565 7 do pek 336 28 190 668 o do pek sou 96 24 191 571 •> do bro mi.x 76 19 19S Great Valley Ceylnn, In est mark 592 5 ch sou 400 10 199 595 5 do pek fans 540 24 201 S,in estate mark 601 2 ch pek dust 215 12 202 Knave-mire 6C4 7 ch or pek 5t0 34 205 613 7 do pek sou 560 27 206 616 5 do fans 600 17 210 G K 628 7 ch bro mix 630 23 212 K 634 1 ch •sou 100 25 213 037 1 do dust 170 11 246 Maha Uva 736 2 ch pek fans 150 24 247 739 I do congou 80 26 248 742 4 do dust £00 15 253 Harrington 757 4 hf-ch bro or pek 224 59 260 Kumhal Uluwa778 ch bro mixed 200 22 261 781 O do dust 250 15 265 K P W 793 : 12 hf-o’n pek sou 6C0 25 266 796 2 do dust 170 14 271 Penrlios 811 8 do dust 680 14 274 Nugagalla 820 7 do pek sou 350 26 278 Casoiereagh 832 4 ch pek sou 320 29 279 835 6 hf-ch fans 420 20 280 838 2 do dust 160 14 ■Z.-'S Moralioya 847 6 ch unassorted 570 22 284 850 4 hf-ch dust 320 12 235 853 9 ch fajinings 665 22 293 Oxford 877 4 hf-ch dust 340 13 207 Ariipol.S 997 2 hf-ch dust 170 13 339 Ciiesterford 1015 Cll congou 270 23 3:o 1018 - 1 if-ch d list 560 12 3.50 A L 1048 2 ch dust 270 8 3 a W in e.st mark 1051 1 do du.st 85 7 3. '3 Erraeht 1117 7 do bro pek fans 665 26 378 .Scrubs 1132 5 do bro or pek fan 600 2 382 •Sunnycroft 1144 2 do pek sou 200 29 £83 1147 1 do congou 100 25 384 11.50 4 do dust 600 14 3S8 Dehiowita 1102 1 ch fannings 110 12 3:0 1165 2 do dust 110 11 390 S R 1168 7 do )iek fans 840 25 391 1171 4 do dust 600 14 392 1174 2 do congou 300 21 [Messrs. Somerville & Co.] Lot. Bo.x likiis . Name lb. C. 3 H 383 3 hf-ch dust 270 1? 9 Lyi dhurst 369 5 hf-ch dusc 450 13 15 Kahatugalla 375 5 ch bro pek 450 .36 16 376 5 do pek 4.50 27 17 377 2 do pek sou ISO 23 21 Athert n 381 5 hf-ch ■sou 215 26 22 382 3 do dust 216 15 30 Dotala 390 2 ch sou 260 16 31 S 391 4 : hf-ch dust 3-20 13 32 392 6 do bro tea 300 19 33 A 393 3 hf-ch dust 240 13 34 394 4 do bro tea 200 19 35 B B B 395 1 ch bro or pek 150 30 1 i hf-ch 36 396 1 ch or pek 150 28 1] bf-ch 37 £97 2 ch pek 200 27 38 398 1 1 bf-ch sou 611 20 39 309 1 do dust 50 16 41 Hangranoya 1 5 ch or pek 475 33 43 3 7 do pek sou 665 26 44 4 7 do ■sou 665 23 45 5 (3 23 ch bro or pek 25:l0 47 bid 86 186 18 do or pek 1800 43 87 187 21 do pek 2100 41 88 188 13 do pek sou 117U 36 91 Anandale 191 43 boxes or pek 774 74 92 K 192 10 lif-cli dust 800 15 94 Orion 194 14 hf ch fans 700 21 97 G,’ Watte 197 12 hf-ch or pek 1040 30 bid 5 ch 98 198 38 hf-ch or pek 1910 29 bid 2 ch 112 N 212 12 hf-ch dust 930 13 113 Ingeriya 213 59 hf-ch bro pek 2950 35 114 214 41 do pek 2050 30 115 215 36 do pek sou 1728 27 118 Marigold 218 49 hf-ch bro pek 2910 40 119 219 26 do pek 13.52 34 123 220 38 do pek sou 1748 30 12:1 L 223 11 hf-ch dust 870 133 K, in estate mark 233 11 ch pek 1031 32 134 Glenalla 234 44 ch bro pek 4400 36 135 Allakolla 235 38 ch bro pek 3300 35 hid 1-6 23 0 28 do pek 2240 30 bid 137 237 22 do pek sou 1980 27 bid 141 Annandale 241 24 hf-ch bro pek 1272 58 143 242 11 do bro pek 715 39 143 243 20 do pek 1040 42 144 244 15 do pek sou 825 39 [Mr. E. , John.- -191,26011.] Lot- Box. Pkg.s. Namo. lb. f. 1 s w 67 13 ch bro mix 1195 •29 2 G 70 14 do or pek No.2 910 41 3 Glasgow 73 9 do or p^kfans 900 27 4 76 9 do dust 990 18 10 -Maryland 95 7 do bro pek 735 29 11 98 7 do pekoe ’'00 30 12 M T C L 101 16 do pek sou 1280 37 13 104 11 do pek fans 1370 32 14 107 7 CIO dust 9S0 24 17 S 119 49 hf-ch bro pek 2450 •23 bid 18 122 31 do pekoe 1395 26 19 125 23 do pek sou 1150 16 20 Disdola 128 10 ch bro or pek 1000 40 21 i:Jl 8 do or pek 720 32 22 134 9 do pe -oe 720 30 2:1 137 7 do bro pek fans 700 25 25 Ottery 143 8 do bro pek 800 57 bid 26 116 8 do or pek 720 44 27 149 16 do pekoe 1410 39 31 Eila 164 19 do pek sou No.l 1805 29 bid 33 167 49 do pek sou No. 1 3920 28 bid 34 170 16 do dust 1920 16 35 Mocha 173 24 do bro or pek 2400 56 34 176 23 do or pek 2070 61 37 179 IS do pekoe 1.530 65 38 Laxapana 182 22 lif-ch nek fans 1870 15 39 Kandaloya 185 IS do dust 900 16 41 Glasgow 191 65 ch bro or pek 5525 63 42 194 •20 do or pek 1300 54 43 197 15 do pekoe 1500 42 44 Agra Ouvali 200 61 hf-ch bro or pek 3965 60 Ibid 45 203 •26 do or pek 1130 60 46 206 9 ch pekoe 8-55 47 47 E N •209 15 do pes sou No.2 150J 29 48 Birnam 212 15 do pek sou 1050 33 62 AR 221 9 do bro i>ek fans : 990 20 2 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST, Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. C. 51 Little Valley 230 31 do 1 1 hf-ch bro pek 1650 42 bid 55 233 57 ch pekoe 4275 35 bid 56 236 21 do pek sou 16S0 32 69 Cleveland 245 32 1 hf-ch bro or pek 1664 47 62 XJda 254 15 do bro pek 900 27 63 257 12 ch pekoe 1080 28 61 260 15 do dust 13£0 16 65 Kanangama 263 33 do bro pek 3300 37 bid 66 266 31 do pekoe 3060 32 67 269 29 do pek sou 2610 •27 bid 68 272 11 do bro pek fans 1155 29 79 .Sina Dua 305 19 ! hf-ch bro pek 1140 44 80 308 14 ch pekoe 1232 40 83 Oonoogaloya 317 26 do bro pek 2600 47 88 G B 332 10 hf-ch fans 800 27 89 Brownlow 335 26 ch bro or pek 2678 51 bid 90 338 19 do or pek 1805 42 91 311 24 do pekoe 2160 40 92 314 29 do pek sou 2465 36 9.3 347 8 do bio pek fans 1 936 36 95 Kotuagedeia 353 15 do bro pek 1560 32 bid 96 Gonavy 3.56 73 hf-ch bro pek 4015 45 bid 97 359 43 ch pekoe 3655 37 bid 98 362 18 do pek sou 1530 30 bid 99 r L 365 25 do or pek 2375 40 bid 100 Glentilt 368 37 do bro pek 3700 49 101 371 IS do pekoe 1800 38 bid 107 Elemane 389 17 do bro pek 17C0 48 108 392 20 do pekoe 1800 38 109 395 9 do pek sou 810 33 lU 401 20 do bro pek 2000 41 bid 112 404 22 do pekoe 1980 37 113 407 10 do pek sou 900 32 115 O T Y 413 17 do or pek 1530 36 bia 110 YaKka 416 23 hf-ch bro pek 1420 33 117 419 34 do pekoe 1632 30 118 422 39 do pek .sou 1560 26 120 Evalgolla 428 16 ch or pek 1600 37 bid 122 434 13 do pekoe 1300 30 bid 131 M C 461 10 : hf-ch fans 700 33 132 464 9 do dust 720 18 136 Y S 476 10 ch red leaf 9C0 14 137 Glassaugh 419 63 hf-ch bro pek 3463 48 bid 138 482 36 ch pekoe 3240 39 bid 139 385 33 do pek sou 2805 37 140 Edford 488 10 do bro pek ICOO 39 141 L B K 491 10 do dust 950 14 143 Tientsin 497 30 hf-ch bro or pek 1600 54 bid 144 £00 22 do or pek 990 53 bid 145 503 31 ch pekoe 2790 39 [Messrs. Forbes & Walker.—] 471,280 lb. Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. C. 1 Palawatte 1177 23 ch bro pek 2300 34 1180 14 do pek 1400 28 4 Andaradeniya 1186 13 ch bro pek 1300 35 5 15 Passara 1189 8 do pekoe 800 29 Group 1219 31 ch bro pek 3100 45 16 1222 43 do pek 3870 34 bid 17 21 Apra Elbed- 12-25 18 do pek sou 1620 33 de 1237 45 hf-ch bro or pek 2610 49 22 1240 38 do pek 1976 42 23 25 Munukattia, Ceyliiii inesr. 1243 28 do pek .sou 1-288 34 mark 1249 49 hf-ch bro or pek 2695 49 26 1252 19 ch pek 1710 35 27 30 Great Valley Ceylon, in est 1255 21 do pek sou 1890 31 mark 1261 15 ch bro pek 1500 48 31 1267 9 do or pek 810 36 32 1270 30 do pek 2700 32 33 ]‘273 18 do pek sou 1620 28 34 Eainineria 1276 19 ch bro or pek 2-280 37 35 1279 14 do bro pek 1400 45 36 1282 54 do pek 486) 35 bid 37 1-285 10 do pek sou 1000 31 40 Gampaha 1-294 20 ch bro or jiek •2000 55 41 1297 20 do or pek 18'^ 0 47 42 1300 16 do pek sou 1440 36 43 1303 8 do pekfan-j 7;0 17 44 High Forest 1306 46 hf-ch bro or pek 2760 59 45 1309 37 do pek 1850 53 16 Ganapalla 1312 37 ch or pek 8626 .39 47 1315 38 do bro or pek 3800 31 48 1.318 60 do pek 5160 28 49 1321 35 do pek sou •2800 26 60 1324 7 do bro pek fan 840 25 61 Morankande 1327 •28 do bro pek 2660 42 Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. C. 52 1330 S9 ch pek 3120 33 53 1333 23 do pek sou 19.55 28 59 Hayes 1351 1 5 hf ch bro pek 760 42 60 1354 18 do or pek 90t 40 61 1357 2? do pek IICO 35 62 1360 20 do pek sou 900 30 63 Ho'toi 1363 20 ch bro pek 1900 39 64 1.366 10 do pek 8C0 34 69 Dunbar 1381 21 hf-ch bro or pek 945 48 70 1384 •24 do or pek 1008 42 71 1387 7 ch bro pek 700 35 72 1390 •23 do pekoe 172.5 £6 75 Yuillefieldl 1399 27 ch pek 2430 37 77 Galapitakan- de 1405 20 ch bro pek 2100 42 78 1408 29 do pek 2900 32 s-i Doonevale 1420 13 ch bro pek 1300 37 83 14-23 21 do pek 174.) 30 87 Torwood 1435 7 eh bro pek 700 39 88 1438 11 do or pek No. 1 ' 968 42 89 1441 38 do do „ 2 3420 33 bid 90 1444 41 do pek 3444 31 91 1447 33 do pek sou 27U6 28 91 1456 17 do dust 2040 18 96 New Galway 1462 1.5 hf-ch pek 825 42 99 1 evonf,. rd 1471 33 hf ch bro or pek 1815 74 100 1474 14 ch or pek 1260 71 101 1477 14 do pek 1190 55 102 North Cove 1480 24 hf-ch bro or pek 1440 73 103 1483 64 ch bro pek 3840 51 bid 101 1486 28 do pekoe 2800 42 109 Beverley 1 66 box bro or pek 1188 56 no 4 129 hf-ch bro pek 7095 38 bid 111 7 49 do pek 2450 31 112 10 31 do pek sou 1550 28 119 Pallegodda 31 40 ch bro or pek 4400 35 120 34 31 do bro pek 2945 41 121 37 37 do pek 3145 33 122 40 24 do pek sou 2280 28 123 43 12 do sou 1140 26 1-24 Dea Ella 46 40 lif-ch bro pek 2C0O 36 125 49 30 do pek 1,500 31 1-26 52 16 do pek sou 720 20 127 55 12 do bro pek fan 780 24 128 D 58 31 hf-ch bro or pek 1690 59 1-29 61 18 ch or pek 1620 48 130 64 25 hf-cli pek sou 1375 35 131 DeacullaNo. 2 67 24 hf-ch bro pek 13-20 45 132 70 22 ch pek 1540 34 133 B C W, ineslate mark 73 17 hf-ch bro pek 850 40 bid 134 76 13 do or pek 715 45 bid 135 79 15 ch pek 1500 38 136 82 8 do bro pek fan 760 21 137 IVevebedde 87 29 ch bro pek 2900 40 bid 138 88 31 do pek 2790 35 bid 139 91 12 do pek sou 1080 29 bid 141 Napier 97 10 ch bro pek 1050 42 142 ICO 8 to or pek 768 46 143 lOi 20 do pek 1700 36 144 108 14 do pek sou 1190 30 146 M 112 11 hf-ch bro or pek 1310 28 bid 147 11.5 14 ch pek 1400 27 bid 148 118 39 do red leaf 2926 13 bid 149 121 20 hf ch fans 1800 12 150 Langdale 124 17 ch pek 1700 45 bid 151 Errollwood 1-27 21 hf-ch bro or pek 945 50 153 133 17 ch pek 1360 39 157 Monkswood 145 20 hf-ch bro or ptk 1000 72 1-58 148 24 eh pek 2040 53 1.59 151 25 ch pek 2125 53 160 154 14 eh peksou 1260 44 16J Earnham 157 18 ch bro pek 1080 45 163 CNN 163 10 hf.ch dust 850 16 16.5 Middleton 169 28 hf cli bro or pek 1540 73 166 172 17 ch or pek 1700 48 bid 167 175 9 do pek 765 47 169 Knavesmire 181 20 ch bro pek 20.10 31 bid 170 1.-4 24 do pek 2040 28 bid 172 Strathespey 190 10 ch bro pek 1170 48 173 191 13 do pekoe 1300 42 174 196 8 do pek sou 800 37 176 Kelaneiya, Maskeliya 202 35 ch or pek 2975 45 177 205 25 do pek 2500 33 bid 178 Naseby 208 26 hf-ch bro pek 1430 73 179 •211 28 do pekoe 1400 62 180 214 20 do pek sou 1000 45 181 217 13 do dust 1040 28 bid 182 L RT 220 28 ch pek sou 2800 25 185 Glengariffe 229 52 hf-ch bro pek 2600 41 186 232 66 do 01- pek 3036 39 187 235 16 ch pek 1776 34 188 238 12 hf-ch bro pek dust 960 18 190 Olabitagoda 244 18 do bro pek 1080 out . 191 247 23 do pekoe 1150 26 192 250 40 do pek sou 2030 23 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. 3 Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. 195 Ea.stland 259 28 hf-ch bro pek 1680 198 262 33 do pek 16 0 197 265 22 do pek sou 1188 198 208 8 do dust 720 199 Weynnsa- bro or pek watte 271 24 do 1320 200 274 25 ch or pek 2125 201 277 23 do pekoe 1955 202 280 12 do pek sou 1140 204 Scrubs 286 10 do bro or pek UOO 289 21 do bro pek 2400 206 292 35 do pek 2975 203 Essex 298 20 do pek 1800 215 Marlborough •319 41 do bro or pek 2132 216 322 25 do or pek 2250 217 325 20 do pek 1600 218 328 13 do bro or pek fans 1130 220 C 334 17 do souchong 1615 222 Ambragalla 340 65 hf-ch or pek 2750 223 343 44 do bro pek 2288 224 346 31 do pek 2542 225 349 36 do pek sou 2880 226 352 3S do bro or pek 2280 230 Torrington, P ^364 30 ch or pek 2650 231 367 66 do bro pek 627o 232 370 29 do bro or pek 3045 233 373 57 do pek 4275 234 376 55 do pek .sou 2450 235 Hughenden 379 12 do bro pek 1080 236 382 16 do pekoe 1280 237 385 11 do pek sou 880 239 St. Heliers 391 34 hf-ch bro or pek 1734 240 394 21 ch pekoe 1890 Macaldeniya 400 20.; lif-eh bro pek 1100 243 403 20 do pek lOOO 244 406 21 do pek sou 1050 248 Galpottagama 418 16 do bro 1 ek SCO 251 Ella Oya 427 12 ch bro pek 1200 252 430 16 do or pek 1360 433 16 do pek sou 1536 254 436 18 do pek fans 1188 256 Malvern 442 25 hf-ch tro pek 1375 257 415 17 do pekoe 1190 259 Devitura 451 18 ch pek 1548 261 Ireby 457 51 hf-ch bro pek 3060 262 460 35 do pek 1750 203 463 12 ch pek sou 1080 266 Castlereagh 472 28 do bro pek 2800 267 475 25 do or pek 2125 268 478 27 do pek 2295 272 Talgaswela 490 26 do bro pek 2470 273 493 24 do pek 2160 274 496 15 do pek sou 1350 285 Maha Uva 529 15 . hf-ch bro or pek 975 286 532 45 do or pek 2700 287 535 55 do or pek 3300 28S 538 36 do pek 3210 289 541 25 do pek sou 200i) 292 Carfax 550 22 do bro or pek 2420 •293 553 26 do or pek 2100 294 556 8 do bro pek 880 304 Patiagama 586 12 ch bro, or pek 1140 305 589 21 do bro pek 2U0 306 592 28 do pek 2380 307 Drayton 595 62 hf-ch or pek 3100 308 598 35 do or pek 1925 309 601 40 ch pekoe 3100 310 604 11 do pek sou 880 312 Columbia 610 28 h^ch bro or pek 1630 313 613 28 do or pek 1400 314 616 31 do pek 15.?0 3L5 619 21 do pek sou 915 317 Doranakande 625 13 ch bro pek 1170 319 631 10 do pek sou 850 324 Kosgalla 646 36 hf-ch bro pek 1600 325 649 26 do pek 1170 326 652 IB flo pek sou 8U0 3-28 Lindula 658 17 ch or pek 1615 329 661 36 do pek 3600 330 Claverton 664 38 do bro or pek 1400 331 667 18 do or pek 900 332 670 36 ch pek 3000 334 CN 676 14 do bro tea 1400 SM ALL LOIS. [Meeovs. A. H. Thompson & Lot. Box. rkgs. Name. lb. 8 Old Mede« gama 8 2 hf-ch pek fans 160 9 9 2 ch dust 200 12 Manickwatte 12 6 ch pek sou 552 Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. Ib. C. 14 14 2 ch d St 180 17 17 Poengalla 17 6 do dust 460 16 20 Mapitigaraa 20 7 hf-ch dust 695 17 22 Ahamud 22 12 hf-ch bro pek 600 32 23 23 8 do pek 400 29 24 24 9 do pek sou 450 26 25 25 2 do fans 117 7 30 Cotswold 30 10 do bro or pek 650 36 bid 37 Myraganga 37 3 t-n red leaf 255 11 £8 38 4 do dust 360 16 46 Wewelwatte 46 8 hf-ch dust 478 8 50 H N G M 50 6 ch bro pek fans 600 16 bid 51 .’1 3 do dust S45 12 52 5 i 2 do bro mix 200 10 bid 00 Woodend 60 2 ch dust 280 15 65 Battalgalla 65 4 ch fans 320 17 7oa Halwatura 70a 2 hf-ch bro mix 1"0 7 77 Sapitiyagodde 77 6 hf-ch dust 42 1 15 [Mr. E John.] Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. C. 15 VV M V, in est mark 113 6 hf-ch bro pek 330 30 bid 16 116 7 do pekoe 350 28 24 Digdola 140 4 ch dust 620 15 28 Ottery 152 3 do sou ■270 28 29 l.'.S 1 do dust 162 17 30 Eila 158 7 do bro pek 665 32 bid 31 161 6 do pekoe 510 33 40 Kandahya 168 4 hf-ch fans 180 •23 49 Ka taboo] i. 2:6 1 ch pek dust 115 16 60 218 4 do sou 4C0 2-3 51 Gallool ( 221 2 do dust 300 17 53 A R 227 8 hf-ch dust 6S0 17 57 Little Valley 2:9 3 do dust 240 17 58 242 7 do 2 ch fans 626 19 00 Cleveland 248 7 hf-ch dust 560 17 61 251 3 ch bro tea 2 88 69 Kanangaraa 275 6 do fans 640 20 70 278 3 do dust 420 15 71 28'; 4 do congou 360 22 81 Sina Dua 311 8 do pek sou 610 31 82. 314 2 do dust ISO 16 84 B 350 ?, do dust 220 13 85 323 1 do congou 90 23 86 MN 326 5 hf-ch dust 495 17 87 329 3 ch bro tea 318 11 01 Brownlow 3.-0 5 do pek fans 560 24 110 Pllemane 398 2 do fans 200 19 114 410 3 do fans 300 16 119 Yakka 425 3 hf-eli dust 270 17 121 Evalgolla 431 6 ch bro pek 660 37 123 437 3 do pek sou 285 26 133 MC 467 3 do red leaf 240 11 134 N P 0 470 8 hf-ch dust 600 17 135 473 3 ch bro mix 375 11 142 B 494 5 do dust 475 11 146 Tientsin 506 5 hf-ch bro pek fans 350 17 [Messrs. Fcrbes & Walker.] I iOt. Box Naine. IL o. 3 Palawatte 1183 3 ch pek sou 300 24 6 Andaradeniy a 1192 2 ch pek sou iOO 23 “ 7 Hopewell 1195 1 hf-ch br pek 65 50 ■ 8 1198 1 do pek 55 33 9 1201 1 ch pek sou 103 29 10 1204 1 do 1 hf-ch congou 148 24 18 Passara Group 1228 3 ch so\i 240 23 19 1231 4 do dust 4f0 17 20 1234 2 do fui.s •200 24 24 Agra El- bedde 1246 4 hf-ch dust 320 18 28 Munukattia Ceylon, in est. mark 1268 8 hf-ch dust 640 17 29 1261 5 do sou 450 27 38 DM 1288 6 ch unas 660 33 39 1291 5 do dust 500 17 64 Morankande 1336 6 h^ch bro pek fans 420 28 55 1339 3 do bro (.ek dust 255 22 56 1342 1 do pek fans 65 18 57 1345 1 do pek dust £0 17 63 1348 1 cli red leaf dust 107 6 65 Holton 1369 6 ch pek sou 475 28 66 1.372 1 do bro mix 110 25 67 1375 3 do dust 225 17 68 1378 1 do red leaf no 14 73 Dunbar 1393 5 ch pek sou 400 33 74 DBB 1396 2 : hf-ch dust 150 16 76 YuilleSeld 1402 5 ch pek 400 32 c. . £0 43 3' 18 33 33 31 28 60 .n 44 13 49 41 bid 33 28 24 39 40 3.3 31 40 34 33 bid 35 31 2S SO 30 28 40 34 52 45 36 34 40 bid 35 33 26 45 37 34 bid 51 48 43 47 40 37 40 31 27 54 47 bid 47 bid 42 36 45 40 34 33 35 31 47 bid 49 bid 41 34 52 44 bid 41 35 40 27 37 28 26 55 44 59 44 3i 23 Co] c. 25 17 28 I 4 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. Lot. Box, Pkgs. Name. lb. c. Lot Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. c. 79 Galapitakin- 13 de 14x1 6 ch pek sou 600 28 Uapugasmulle 113 3 ch sou 270 26 80 1414 2 hf-ch dust 180 17 15 115 1 do fans 115 18 81 Poonagalla 1U7 1 ch red leaf 14 16 Rothes 116 2 do du.st 300 15 84 Doonevale 14-26 2 ch pek sou 180 ■26 17 117 8 hf-ch hro pek 520 54 bid 85 1429 1 do dust 1,50 17 19 i;9 11 do pek sou 650 33 86 D V 1482 1 ch SOU 90 21 20 120 4 do con 180 23 92 Torwood 14.'^0 4 ch bro pek fans 456 24 21 R, estate mark 121 2 do dust 184 17 93 1453 8 do SOU 640 21 23 123 0 ch sou 400 25 95 New Galway 1459 9 hf-ch bro pek 640 67 124 1 hf-ch dust 70 16 97 1465 1 do pek sou 53 36 1 25 Monte Christo 12.5 1 ch red leaf 71 10 98 1468 1 do dust 86 18 29 129 3 ch ]>ek sou 270 20 105 W W 1489 4 ch bro mix 360 11 37 Paradise 137 4 ch pek f.-viis 492 17 106 1492 2 hf-ch dust 160 6 38 1 hf-ch 107 St. Andrews 1495 2 ch dust 194 17 138 3 ch hro o ix 342 10 108 1498 1 do SOU 55 23 39 139 5 hf-ch dust No. 1 335 16 113 Beverley 13 4 hf-ch pek dust 300 18 40 Nugawella 110 4 do dust No. 2 312 14 140 Wevebed "e 94 4 ch dust 400 18 43 143 1( hf-ch bro or pek 650 34 145 Napier 109 4 hf-ch dust 328 17 4o 145 5 ch pek sou 425 23 152 Errollwood 130 6 ch or pek 4S0 48 4C 146 7 hf ch 5 271 487 8 do fannings 660 22 130 230 1 do pek 8 28 282 Sunnycroft 520 3 ch pek son 300 29 131 231 2 do pek sou 200 23 283 623 1 do conjxou 100 27 132 232 1 do dust 120 10 284 5-26 3 do dust 450 16 138 Allakolla 238 4 ch dust 480 15 90 Maha Uva 544 1 do pek fans 70 26 139 239 2 do sou 200 23 91 547 3 do dust *• 255 16 140 Gartraore 240 2 eh red leaf 170 11 311 Drayton 607 2 ch sou 160 31 141 DG 241 2 do fans 180 15 316 Columbia 621 3 hf-ch dust 255 18 318 Doranakande 628 7 ch pek 630 31 / 320 B E in estate 321 mark 634 637 1 do 1 do bro pek pek ICO 100 39 35 CEYLON COFFEE SALES IN LONDON 322 B G in estate mark 640 1 do 38 bro or pek 323 G A in estate mark 613 1 do pek sou 75 26 (From our Commercial Correspondent). 327 333 Kosgalla Claverton 655 673 2 lif-ch 6 do bro pek fan dust 12' 480 17 17 Mincing Lane April 15. Historian,,— St. It 97s; [Messrs. Somerville & Co.] 2, lb5 .s;PB, lb 103s 1 , lb 25s 6d sold; SA, lb ■52s, PP, lb 7Ss Lot. Box. pkgs. Name] lb. c. T, lb 19s. Slelton, 0 1, it I03s 6d sold; 2, lb 6fs, B, lb 95s; T, G A Ceylon 76 6 1 baor I'lsfid. Inffestre. O. 5108s; EF.lt 105s: F. lb 60s PB.lb 3 103 1 hf-ch red leaf dust r» n 7 Depedene 107 2 hf-ch dust 160 18 95s; JNGI', 1 bag 25s 6d. OBSERVER PRINTING WORKS. T£A, COFFEE, CINCHONA. COCOA, AND CARDAMOM SALES, NO. 18. Colombo, May 16, 1898. Price : — 12g cents each 3 copies 30 cents ; 6 copies J rupee. COLOMBO SALES OF TEA. LARGE LOTS. [Messrs. A H. Thompson & Co.— 95,131 lb. Lot. Box, . Pkg.s. Name. lb. C. "2 Ossington 2 8 ch pek 809 31 3 3 8 do pek sou 800 26 6 Vogan 6 36 ch bro pek 3420 44 7 7 35 do pek 3 1.50 33 8 8 56 do pek sou 2210 28 0 Ettie 9 12 ch bro pek 1260 35 10 10 11 do pek 1100 27 11 11 9 do pek sou 900 23 14 Amblakande 14 8 ch bro pek 800 39 15 15 17 do pek 1360 33 16 16 16 do pek sou 1280 27 S3 Cotswokl 23 15 hf-ch or pek No. 2 1275 33 24 St. Leonards on Set 24 18 hf-ch bro pek 900 36 26 26 9 ch pek sou 775 26 28 Doragalla 28 56 cii bro peK 5600 36 29 29 41 do pek 3435 30 SO 30 16 do pek sou 12S0 27 31 31 10 d . pek fans 750 IS 32 Mandara Newei-a 32 25 : hf-ch bro pek 1500 56 33 33 25 do pek 1375 46 34 34 25 do pek s(,u 1375 33 44 Anibatenne 44 32 ch bro pek 3520 35 bid 45 45 67 do pek 5695 29 hid 46 46 27 do pek sou 2025 26 bi,l 49 Hooloo 49 65 ch or pek 6500 .33 bid 50 50 19 do pek 1805 26 bid ■61 St. Leonards on Sea 51 10 ch or pek 950 36 54 Bambrakelly and Bell 54 25 hf.cb bro or pek 1500 49 55 55 46 ch or pek 4600 39 56 50 32 do pek 2880 35 61 CC 61 13 hf-ch bro pek 780 25 bid 62 J 62 13 hf ch bro pek fans 815 29 bid 63 L 63 16 hf ch pek fans 960 11 bid 64 e;e 61 15 do ])ek fans 825 39 65 Agra 65 11 do dust 8S0 12 [Messrs. Somerville & Co.— 229,041 lb]. 4 Atherton Box 254 . pkgs. 19 bf-cli Name, bro pek lb. 1064 C. 43 5 255 16 do pek 800 31 6 256 14 do pek sou 700 28 <) Lonach 259 25 hf-ch bro pek 1375 39 bid 10 260 35 ch pek 297,5 32 11 261 13 do pek sou 1040 28 10 Deniyaya 266 24 ch bro pek 2550 36 16a 1 hf-ch 266a 36 ch bro pek 3780 36 bid 17 267 18 do pek 1800 31 18 2<;s 22 do pek sou ’090 27 10 N ugawella 269 31 hf-cb or pek 1705 41 20 270 26 do bro or pek 1690 33 21 271 33 do pek 1650 34 28 Mousakande 278 24 ch bro pek 2514 34 bid 29 279 £0 do pek 4400 28 bid 30 280 26 do pek sou 2080 27 31 281 19 ch sou 14 -’5 24 bid 32 282 12 lif-cli fans 84U 18 33 Minna 283 41 hf-ch bro pek 2460 44 34 284 46 ch pek 4140 36 35 285 26 do pek sou 2340 2S 73 Dotala 287 1 : lif-ch bro pek 7->S 52 B8 288 lo ch r ek 900 34 41 Tyspane 291 31 oil bro pek 3400 39 bid 42 292 67 do pek 6030 30 bid 43 293 11 do pek sou 990 27 44 294 21 do pek dust 36UO 16 46 Killin, in es- niark 296 25 hf-ch bro pek 1375 36 bid 47 297 17 ch pek 1530 29 bid 49 Bogahagoda- watte 299 10 ch bro pek 1000 35 67 Ambalawa 307 31 hf-ch pek 1395 29 bid 58 308 29 do pek sou 1160 26 59 Kew 309 17 hf-ch or pek 952 62 60 310 19 lif-cli or pek 950 57 Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. C. 61 311 24 ch pek 2-208 41 62 312 15 do pek sou 1425 36 64 Polkelle 314 12 hf-ch dust 1080 IL bid 65 Harangalla 315 18 ch bro pek 1800 40 66 316 27 do pek 24-50 33 67 317 7 do dust 945 16 bid 09 J B D, in es- tate mark 319 16 hf-ch pek fans 1440 10 bid 70 Koladeniya 320 21 ch bro pek 2100 18 bid 71 321 14 ch pek 1260 26 bid 75 Salawe 3-5 16 ch bro pek 1760 27 76 3-26 13 do pek 1235 27 77 327 17 do pek sou 1530 24 80 Dikmukulana 330 26 hf-ch bro pek 1301 33 bid 81 3-a ■20 do pek 1000 3 bid 83 S Z 3£3 15 hf-ch dust 12C0 13 84 Morahela 334 li: ch bro or pek 1260 30 85 X X 335 23 Ilf ch dust 1810 13 36 Kuzeen 386 15 hf-ch bro pek 900 44 87 337 20 do pek 1100 39 88 333 18 do pek sou 900 30 91 G Galla 341 10 cli dust 1000 8 92 Comilbih 342 12 ch bro pek l-’OO -35 95 M 345 39 ch red leaf 29-?6 11 bid 96 K P W 346 14 ch dust 1410 8 97 Rayigam 347 40 ch bro pek 4U00 34 bid 98 348 38 do pek 3610 £0 bid 99 Sangaly Toppe 349 28 do pek sou 2380 26 bid iCO 3.56 10 ch pek 1050 ■?3 bid 108 GT 358 30 ch pek sou 2730 28 lie UK iiwel.a 360 18 cli bro pek 1800 34 123 Haviliaiid 373 2-i hf-ch bro or pek 1210 43 bid 124 374 18 ch or pek 16-20 35 bid 1-25 3 5 do pek 44 0 32 bid 1-20 376 55 do 1 ek 4400 32 bid V27 377 45 do pek sou 3375 27 bid 1-28 Kiidaganga 378 45 do pek sou 3375 29 bid 131 381 IS ch bro pek 1800 33 132 38-2 47 do pek 4465 26 134 M’Tenne £84 9 do bro pek fans 954 16 135 R C T F, in es- mark 885 19 ch bro pek 1805 37 130 380 14 do or pek 1 90 29 137 387 9 do pek 72) 27 138 bS8 18 do pek sou 1350 23 139 389 10 do fans lOJO 23 141 T T T, in estate mark ; 91 s ch dust 1140 9 142 Mossville 392 21 ch bro pek fans 2360 24 145 395 7 ch dust 2280 14 1-n ARB, in estate m ,rk 1 7 ch dust 1120 19 152 Ilangranoya 2 36 ch bro pek 3420 41 1.53 3 45 do pek 4-' 00 30 154 4 12 do pek sou lOSO 27 156 Neucbatel 6 44 ch bro pek 4400 38 157 7 14 do pek 1190 32 158 8 9 do pel; sou 715 28 [Mr. E. Joim -222,501 11 •] Lot. Box. Pkg.s. Name. lb. C, 9 Z, in e.st. marl ; 633 7 ch red leaf 700 9 11 Yapame 539 35 do bro pek 3600 40 bid 12 542 30 do pekoe SOlO 33 bid 13 645 26 do pelt sou 2£4'1 32 14 Acra watte 548 11 do or pek f90 44 bid 15 551 20 hf-ch bro pek 1200 43 16 554 •23 ch pekoe 2070 37 17 .507 15 d pek sou 1,700 32 IS Oonoogaloya 560 27 do bro pek 2700 44 19 503 25 do pekoe 2(100 35 20 .566 12 do pek sou lOSO 30 21 Een Nevis £69 35 hf-ch flowery or pek 192-5 53 bid 22 572 30 cll or pek 2550 38 bid 23 575 20 do pekoe 17(10 16 24 Derby 578 ■20 hf-ch bro pek 1200 34 bid 25 .581 13 do pel oe 728 29 30 Templestowe 696 32 ch or pek 3040 42 bid 31 599 iS do pekoe 3230 36 32 002 11 do pek sou SSO 3-2 35 Mangoda on 20 do pek sou 1740 26 £6 S W A 614 16 do fans 1600 9 bid 39 PTA 623 6 do dust 8.50 10 49 Ottery 653 11 do bro or pek 1100 55 bid 60 656 11 do or pek 990 43 bid 51 659 22 do pekoe 1980 41 54 D N D. in est. ma rk 668 6 do bro pek 720 27 X. 2 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. Lot. Box. I’koy. Name' Ib. c. Lot. Box. Bk^s. Name. lb. C. 55 671 IS ch pekoe 1350 30 23 703 18 ch or pek 1-350 08 674 33 12.5 Glentilfc 881 36 do bro pek 3600 50 91 Penrlios 967 17 hf-ch or pek £50 48 i-:6 SSi 17 do pekoe 1700 39 92 970 •24 do bro pek 1440 48 127 837 20 do fans 1600 18 bid 93 973 34 ch pek 306C 35 128 .T R H 890 15 do pek No. 1 1275 40 bid 94 976 10 do pek sou SOO 33 130 L 898 12 do pekoe 1008 42 95 Kirklees 979 43 ch bro or pek 2,580 45 Ijid 131 899 10 do nek sou 820 37 96 982 23 do or pek 2300 45 136 Glasgow 914 45 lio bro or pek 3825 49 bid 97 9S5 SS do pek 3420 33 1-37 917 18 hf-ch or pek 1170 51 98 988 •28 do pek sou 1-240 S3 138 920 9 ch pekoe 900 43 102 Weoya 100-J 30 ch lire pek 2700 45 139 D, in est. malt 9?3 9 d-i bro pek 900 31 bid 103 10J3 .51 do pek 40S0 3t 140 926 10 do pekoe 9C0 29 104 1006 55 do pek sou 3850 27 141 Giaiemont 9.38 •17 hf-ch l)i'o or pek 2.5S5 38 105 Poiatagama 1009 37 ch bro pek 37CO 45 145 941 I7 eh pekoe 1445 :o b-o 1012 19 do or pek 1615 42 146 944 9 do pek sou 720 •27 107 1015 •21 do pek 1630 35 148 Y K 950 7 do dust 1120 12 103 1018 33 do pek son 2040 30 149 Elemane 953 20 do bi-. p pek 2000 £9 liid 109 B.atta-vvatte 1021 34 ch bro pek 3400 46 150 Ciiapelton 9.56 10 hf-ch dust 900 15 110 1024 36 f'O pek 3610 43 151 B 1) 959 56 ch pekoe 5040 31 lit 10J7 9 do pek son 900 32 152 Murrayfhwaite 962 22 do bro pek 2090 43 112 Bottawtte 1030 31 ch bro pek 3100 45 153 9 'i5 20 do pekoe 1700 33 113 1U33 39 do pek 3900 33 157 Eadella 977 22 do bro pek 2200 .36 114 1030 10 do pek sou 1010 31 158 980 21 do pek e 1890 30 115 Gani'.'aba 1039 14 ch bro or jiek 1400 57 160 986 6 do fans 7-20 19 bid 116 1042 1-2 do bro pek 1200 47 161 989 6 do dust 840 14 117 1045 do or pek 1350 50 102 NT 99-2 17 do pek sou 1530 16 bid 118 lOlS 8 do pek SOO -11 103 99) 12 do bro tea 1200 11 119 1051 17 do pek sou 1530 38 161 Ankande 998 9 do bro pek 855 33 bid 120 Damraevia 1054 15 ch bro or pek 1£00 40 165 1 11 do pekoe 825 30 121 1057 13 do bro pek 1300 45 166 4 15 do pek .sou 1275 27 1-22 1060 51 do pek 4590 35 121 1063 14 do pek sou 126 1 32 1-28 Oononn i .on lln 1 078 26 rh bro pek bro or pek 2210 44 1-29 1031 31 hf'Ch 1550 . 51 130 10 4 50' ch pek 3750 37 [Messrs. Forlbss & Walker.— ] 133 S IV T 109 1 7 ch nek fans 840 24 521,758 Ib.j 134 1096 5 do dust 800 14 136 Macaldeniyi 110-2 17 hf-ch bro pek 935 45 Lot. Box. I'kgs. Name. lb. C. 137 138 1105 1108 19 11 ch do pek 950 41 IS M V 709 8 ch or 1 ek 760 32 1 hf-ch pek sou 1150 32 6 712 11 do pek 880 30 142 Roeberry 1120 46 ch bro pek 4600 40 bid 13 Wi.lpita 733 16 hf-ch bro pek 1040 40 143 1123 24 do or pek 2160 37 14 736 29 do pek 1595 32 . 144 11-26 36 do pek 3C96 34 15 739 20 ch pek sou 1700 28 145 1129 66 do pek sou 4480 so IS Thedden 748 25 ch bro pek 2600 36 146 1132 11 do fan.s 1100 25 19 761 13 do pek 1235 35 147 Queensland 1135 35 hf-ch bro pek 1925 55 22 Pedro 760 66 hf-ch bro or pek 4160 74 bid 148 1138 16 do or pek 1280 44 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. 3 Lot Box, Pkgs. Name. lb. 149 1141 34 ch pek 2890 150 1144 10 do pek sou 850 151 1147 7 do bro pek fan 805 164 Maryville 1156 10 ch pek loco 156 MV 1162 17 ch fans 1955 157 Glengariffe 1165 41 hf-ch bro pek 2255 1-^8 lies 30 do or pek 1500 159 1171 12 ch pekoe 1344 160 1174 13 do pek sou 1105 170 Freds Rube 1204 34 ch bro pek 3400 171 1207 37 d-> pek 3330 172 1210 21 do peii sou 1890 176 1213 10 do bro mix 910 175 Marlboro- ugh 1219 53 Ilf-ch bro or pek 2860 176 1222 31 ch or pek 3100 177 1225 25 do do 2250 178 1228 30 do pek 3000 179 1231 C do bro pek dust 885 181 Ar.ipolakan- de 1237 57 ch bro iieic 5130 182 1240 53 do pek 4640 133 1243 10 do pek sou 900 185 Ingurugalla 1249 7 ch bro pek 700 186 1252 10 do pek 900 187 1265 10 do pek sou 900 190 Deaculla 1264 45 lif-ch bro pek 2475 191 1267 31 ch pekoe 2170 192 1270 10 do pek sou 700 193 Ascot 1288 10 ch bro or pek 10.' 0 199 1291 33 do bro pek 2970 200 1294 35 do pek 2S00 ^01 1297 10 do pek sou 900 202 1300 9 do pek fans lOiO 204 Anniiigban- dc 1306 20 ch bro pek 2000 1309 13 do pek 1800 206 A 1312 10 hf-ch fans 900 207 1315 15 do dust 1440 203 Errolwood 1318 17 do bro or pek 850 -2L0 1324 14 do pek 1120 213 E 1333 18 do pek sou 900 214 B D W G 1336 12 do dust 1020 216 Uma Oyii 1342 17 ch bro or pek 1700 217 1345 ‘.2 do or pek 1950 218 1348 10 do pek 1009 219 1350 20 do pek sou 2310 221 G P M in est. mark 1357 38 hf-ch bro or pek 2280 222 13C0 60 do or pek 3120 223 1163 6.3 do pek 2968 224 Lillawatte 1368 19 oh pek sou 1805 227 Blackwood 1375 hf-ch bro or pek 1440 228 1378 41 do or pek 2255 229 1381 29 ch pek 2900 ■230 1384 19 do pek sou 190 1 231 1387 12 hf-ch fans 1020 232 R TC in est. mark 1390 18 do pek fans 13.' 0 233 El IVb 1393 50 do or pek 4760 234 1390 27 do bro pek 283.5 235 1399 32 do pek 2720 236 1402 18 do pek sou 1440 239 Kiiavesmire 1411 28 do bro pek 2800 240 1414 43 do pekoe 36.55 2il 1417 to do pek sou 1500 242 1420 10 do fans 1200 213 Clunes 1423 36 Ilf-ch bro pek ISOO 244 1426 36 ch pek 3061 245 1429 10 do pek sou 9-:o 2-16 1432 •26 hf-ch bro or pelc 1.500 248 B B 14.)8 20 do d list 1000 249 Uva 1441 21 ch bro or pek 2352 250 1444 28 do or pek 2800 251 14 47 40 do pek 4000 255 Emelina 14.59 22 do bro or pek 2 00 256 1462 29 do or pek 29 0 *257 1465 12 do peic 1200 262 Porking 1480 22 Ilf -eh bro or pek 1210 2G3 P 1183 15 ch bro peR fans 1500 261 iCitulgalla 1486 21 hf-di or pek 1050 266 1492 15 ch pek 1200 27o G.allawatte 4 17 do bro pek 1015 271 7 24 do pekoe 2010 272 10 14 do pek sou 1260 •273 13 1 1 hf-ch fans 980 274 16 12 do d.ist ]()-in 275 Ella Oya 19 IL ch bro pek 1100 270 22 12 do or pek 1020 277 2.5 12 do pek sou 1080 284 Middleton 46 17 do or pek 1700 285 49 29 do or pek 2900 287 Geragama 55 3L do bro pek 2945 -288 58 23 do pek 2070 289 61 11 do nek sou 900 290 Waratenne 64 16 do bro pek 1600 591 67 13 do pek 1105 292 A 70 14 do br pek No 1 2100 Lot Box. Pkgs. Name. , lb. C. 293 73 9 ch pekoe £90 20 294 76 8 do bro pek fans No. 1 880 10 296 Olahitagoda 82 18 hf-ch bro pek lUSO 26 297 K’ Watte 85 8 ch 1 hf-ch bro pek fans 975 20 299 D D in est markOl 36 ch pe4 aoU 2880 SO'bicl 309 Pambagama 121 9 do congou 810 2l“ 310 124 10 : hf-ch dust 1000 14 314 XXX 136 21 ch 1 hf-ch dust 3430 13 325 Bandara Eliyal69 7 (lb bro pek 7u'J ay 326 172 10 clo or pek 900 49 329 Ettapolla ISl 33 hf-ch bro pek 1818 40 330 181 19 do pekoe 1664 29 333 Dapline 19-3 6 cli 20 hf-ch bro pek 1700 38 334 193 3 ch 9 hf-ch pek 735 27 341 Torrington, P 217 66 ch bro pek 6-270 32. bid 367 Dainmena 295 54 do pek 4860 33 bid 371 Dunbar 307 25 hf-ch or pek 1075 47 SMALL LOTS. [Mqc la. A- H- Thompson Co.] I .or. Bo K. Pk gs. Name. lb. c. 1 Ossington 1 5 ch bro pek 500 39 4 4 1 do bro mix 110 22 5 5 1 do dust 145 15 12 Ettie 12 . 1 ch bro mi.x 160 22 13 13 1 do dust 150 14 17 Amblakande 17 2 ch bro pek dust 220 20 18 18 T do dust 110 14 19 K P C, Ceylon 19 2 hf-ch dust 160 9 bid 20 20 3 do fans 210 12 bid 21 F P A 21 5 ch pek fans 600 13 bid 22 Cotswold 22 10 hf-ch bro or pek 650 35 bid 25 tt. Leonards on Sea 25 9 ell pek 543 30 27 27 4 hf-ch bro pek fans 216 21 47 Ugieside 47 4 Ch dust 320 14 48 48 5 do bro mix 500 23 52 H N G M 52 5 ch iiro pek fans 600 11 bid 53 63 2 do bro mix 200 9 bill 57 St. Leonards on Sea 57 4 ch pek 320 24 bid [Messrs. Somerville & Go.] Lot. Box. Tlku'S. Name lb. c. 1 H 251 5 ch sou 450 u 2 252 9 do fans , 640 15 3 253 4 do dust 360 I4- 7 Atherton 557 3 hf-ch sou 144 25 8 238 2 do dust 140 U '22 Nugawella 272 7 ch pek sou 5! 5 27 23 273 2 do bro mix 170 36 Dotala 286 12 hf-ch cr pek 510 47 39 289 3 ch pek sou 235 2D 40 290 1 clo pelt fans 130 14 45 Ty.spane 295 5 ch bro mix 4.:o 10 '18 Killiii, in es- tate mark 298 8 ch pek sou 640 25 50 Bogaliagod watte 300 4 ch brn pek B 400 23 51 SOI 3 ch pek 630 27 G llf-Cll 52 302 3 ch pek sou 530 24 5 hf ch 53 303 3 cli bro pek fans 330 ID 53a 303tl 2 hf-ch sou 120 23 63 Kew 318 4 ch fans 42 •23 03 Haraugaila 31S 4 ch fans 41 •25 72 IColadeiiiya, .322 G cli pek s m 5 40 •2-> 73 3 3 1 do dust 151 12 74 Hirst 324 7 lif-ch fans ret 13 78 Sa i.a we .3-8 o ch (lust 33 1 14 79 II G ,\t 3:9 5 hf-ch pek f ms 40‘l 1 i 89 Razeen 339 1 hf-cli fans. 7.5 21 90 :-'40 1 do dlKSt 7S M 91 Coniillah 343 6 cli pek 600 2 94 344 4 do pek sou 400 24 100 G 3.50 3 ch du.st 345 11 105 B B 355 5 hf-ch bro or pek fans 335 X 107 P, in estate mark 3.57 4 l\f-ch dust 312 3 109 O B (J 3.59 3 hf-ch •pek fans 2'25 10 117 G G 367 2 hf-ch pek fans 150 10 133 Knd.agi.ma 3S3 2 ch (lust ISO n 143 Mossville 393 2 .■h sou 170 14 144 39! 4 do pek fans 440 12 bid 1'5 H.uigranoj'a 5 7 ch sou t6E 24 c. 36 32 36 32 17 bid 42 bid 41 35 31 38 33 28 25 45 bid 40 41 35 bid 15 bid 43 S2 28 .30 29 24 54 39 bid 33 35 bid 35 31 ‘.9 25 39 bid 32 13 bid 11 l(id 50 40 35 20 55 48 43 38 .58 bid 71 43 bid 24 47 46 38 bid 34 17 16 38 bid 40 34 29 35 bid 32 27 19 44 31 28 33 15 35 37 35 45 37 o4 30 bid 16 31 31 36 uO 29 26 1.5 44 39 30 .50 bid 50 bid 37 31 28 34 30 9 bid I 4 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. Loc. jBox. Pkgs. Nan.e. 11). C. 159 Neuchatel 9 3 ch dust 450 16 [Mr. E. John.] Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. c. 1 Happy Valley 509 4 hf-ch bro or pek 240 S3 2 512 1 do pekoe 60 27 3 515 6 do pek sou 360 23 4 K, in est, mark. Haputale 518 4 do or pek 200 37 6 521 4 do bro pek 208 34 bid 6 524 3 ch pekoe 240 34 bid 7 527 3 do pek sou 240 29 8 630 3 hf-ch bro or pek ISO 29 10 Z, in est. mark 536 4 cli factory dust 420 4 26 Derby 584 8 hf-ch pek sou 440 25 27 .587 3 do bro pek fans 195 31 28 St. Edward’s .590 3 do dust 240 15 29 593 4 do bro mix 220 n 33 Teraplestowe 605 2 ch hro mix 200 24 34 60S 8 do dust 6)0 14 37 S K 617 4 do bro pek 400 33 38 620 4 do pekoe 4on 26 52 Ottery 662 2 do SOU ISO 28 53 665 2 do dust 276 10 58 DND.in est.mark680 3 do bro tea 345 10 bid 59 Rondura 683 7 do or nek 630 40 63 695 6 do re. o. 4 H Y 7C6 4 hf ch bro or pek 2-;o 35 7 715 4 ch pek sou SOI) 23 . 8 Hurstpierpoint 718 6 do bro pek 480 37 9 721 5 do pek 425 26 10 724 3 do pek sou 240 23 11 727 1 do bro pek dust 120 20 12 Walpita 730 9: hf.ch flowery pek 5'‘5 41 16 742 1 ch •sou 85 23 17 Tlieddeu 745 3 ch bro or pek 375 27 20 754 4 do pek ' ou 360 29 21 757 2 do dust 290 13 ;ii Ki indi and Woodthorpe 787 4 ch sou 320 24 32 790 2 do dust 166 13 33 793 1 do red leaf 55 11 34 Harrington 796 8 hf-ch bro or pek 480 47 bid 37 805 2 ch pek sou 190 33 33 808 2 hf-ch dust 180 14 43 K PW 823 2 hf ch du.“t 180 14 .53 Chesteiford 853 7 ch fans 630 32 .54 856 2 do congou 180 24 .55 8.59 0 hf-ch dust 4S0 13 64 Hayes 886 12 hf ch bro or pek 060 42 71 SY 907 4 ch pek sou ;320 24 72 910 1 do sou 86 21 73 913 1 do dust 142 11 79 1 F, in estate markOSl 2 hf-ch fans 120 20 80 934 1(9 do sou 500 25 81 937 8 do dust 400 13 82 940 6 do bro I'ok dust 4 30 14 86 L Y K 952 4 ch pek sou 360 28 87 955 1 do dust 130 13 90 Ingrongalla 964 5 ch pek sou 425 29 99 Non Pari(d 991 8 hf-ch bro pek 413 41 100 994 8 do pek 366 37 101 997 11 do pek sou 480 34 124 D M 1066 5 ch iinas 5('0 35 125 1069 3 do dust 300 14 Lot. Box, Pkgs . N.ame. lb. C. 131 Oonoonagallal0S7 8 ch pek Sou 640 £9 132 1090 2 do (lust 200 15 135 S W T 1099 0 ch congou 6C0 23 139 Macaldeniya 1111 9 hf-ch fans 540 33 140 1114 1 cii sou ICO 27 141 1117 1 hf-ch (lust 80 15 152 M ryville 1150 8 ch bro pi'k 480 32 bid 153 1153 6 do or pek 600 37 bid 155 1159 7 do pek sou 630 £6 10) Glengariffe 117' 7 hf-ch hro pek dust 560 16 162 ) anmure 1180 5 ch bro pek 600 £8 163 1183 5 do pek 525 27 104 1180 2 do bro mix 220 20 16.5 1189 o do red leaf 220 10 166 1192 4 ch bro pek 412 36 167 1195 8 do pek 640 30 168 1'9S ft do p k sou 4( 0 28 169 1201 1 do sou 81 24 174 W A 1216 1 cli bro mix 110 16 180 Kabrag.alla 1234 6 Iif-ch dust 480 15 184 Ar.apolakande 1216 o c)i dust 230 15 188 Ingurugalla 125.8 5 ch bro tea eco 16 189 1201 3 do red leaf 270 10 193 De.acull.a 1273 hf-ch dust 160 15 194 Nella Oolla 1276 2 ch .sou 200 14 195 1279 2 do dust 292 12 190 12SJ 1 do red le.af 78 11 197 W V R 12S5 3 ch mixed tea 360 26 203 Ascot 1303 3 ch congou 2:0 22 209 Errollwod 1321 5 cli or pek 400 45 bid 211 1327 7 do I ek sou 630 34 212 i3-:o 10 1 lif-ch or pek fans 5.50 23 2)5 .s ,\r 1339 1 ch congou 100 14 225 Lilia watte 1369 G ch bro'mixed .570 23 220 1372 1 do dust 150 15 247 Climes 1435 5 1 lif-ch (Imst 4:0 16 252 Uva 14’0 4 ch pek sou 400 30 253 IF 3 2 do sou 200 28 254 1456 2: hf-ch dust 181 13 25S Emelina 1408 2 ch dust 320 13 259 Rin est. marl kl471 3 do dust E90 12 260 S in est. mark 1474 2 do pekoe dust 2C0 15 261 XXX 1477 4 do dust 580 12 265 Kitulgalla 1487 n hf ch bro or pek 616 33 267 1495 2 ch pek s(ju 160 27 268 1498 1 do dust 130 12 2(i9 High Forest 1 2 hf-ch pek 100 33 278 Z 28 4 do pek 350 27 280 BE B 52 4 boxes flowery pek 80 28 295 A 79- 4 ch 1 hf-ch bro pek 457 23 bid 311 Sunnycroft 127 3 do pek sou 300 25 312 130 1 do congou 100 '.4 313 133 4 do dust 600 )1 315C DHin est.markl39 1 do pekoe 93 ;’S 316 ] Killarnev 142 5 do dust 5(0 1 4 bid 327E IG'M inest.markl75 C hf-ch (lust 390 1 ! 328 E tupolla 178 4 do bro or pek 224 37 bid. 331 187 7 do pek sou 3-50 £8 332 190 2 do dust 120 12 335 Daphne 199 1 ch f) hf ch pek sou 315 25 336 202 1 ch 2 hf-ch congou 175 23 357 205 1 ch 4 hf ch fans 360 11 338 208 1 do dust 69 14 sso T B 211 1 do or pek 57 36 340 214 1 do fans 64 17 CEYLON COFFEE SALES IN LONDON. (From our Commercial Correspondent). Mincin’g Lane April 22. “Koraakuru Mam’’ - Large size Gcnaiiiotava, I’c 103s sold size I, Sc lb lOOs (id; size 2, 1. PB, 1 lUOs; T, It 13s sold. Goiiamotava, 2 bags ovtkrs. 9(is. CEYLON COC(U\ SALES IN I.ONDON. “Historian”— G London in estate mark, 20 COsbid. “Lancashire” — KK in estate mark, estate cocoa, 20 72s bid. MAKv! in estate mark, estate cocoa, 2 ' 72s. “Clan Forbes”—! M.AK.M in estate mark, estate cocoa, 72s; 20 7(is. “Priam" — 1 Yaltarvatte, 20 76s; 2, 7 62s sold; broken 1 64s. “Clan Forbes” 1 Yattawatte, 20 cut. “City of Bombay” — Maousava, Y, 7 73s. “Clan Mackay”— HK 1, IS out; 2, 2 5Ss 6d; T, 1 59s. “Priam”— Alloowiharie, A, 13 73s out. “Clan Forbes”— Dickeria, A, 19 72s out. Alloowiharie, A,. 20 73s out. “Historian” — Batagolla, A. 27 no bid; B, 17 out. North Matale, 20 6-5s; 21 60s sold. “Clan Mackay” — Meegama, A, 20 73s out; A 1, 2 61s 6d. sold; 1, 9 57s; B, .5 out. “ICamaburuMaru,”-T, 6 60s sold. “Clan MacIntyre” — 1,13 61s ssld. OBSEKYER PRINTING WORKS. TEA, COFFEE. CINCHONA, COCOA, AND CARDAMOM SALES, NO. 19 Colombo, May 23, 1898. Price : — 12§ cents each 3 copies 30 cents ; 6 copies J rupee. COLOMBO SALES OF TEA. LARGE LOTS. rMessri:. A H Tli<7mpsoii & Co. — 110,691 lb. Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. c. 1 Lavant 1 33 cll bro or pek 3135 34 2 2 6S do pek 5100 : 9 bid 3 3 12 do pek sou 960 25 4 Badalpltiya 4 H ch bro pek 935 34 6 Belgodde 6 23 hf-ch bro pek 1150 34 7 7 20 do pek 900 30 13 Sapitiyagodde 13 30 do or pek 1500 37 14 14 33 ch bro pek 1716 39 15 15 29 do pek 2320 31 16 16 30 hf-ch bro or pek 1800 38 17 17 9 ch dust 810 13 27 Myraganga, No. 16 27 15 ch or pek 1275 32 bid 28 28 41 do bro pek 3895 31 29 29 13 do bi'cor pek 1365 35 bid 30 30 29 do pek 2175 31 31 31 l\ do pek sou 980 28 *59 32 13 do pek fans 845 17 35 A 35 11 hf-ch dust 880 13 bid 36 Eldon Hall 36 7 ch bro pek 700 40 bid 41 Chetnole 41 8 ch pek sou 760 28 44 Uniigalla 44 8 ch bro or p k 824 50 45 45 9 do pek 783 15 bid 48 T'oragalla 48 10 ch pek fans 750 49 Lavant 49 1(5 ch bro or pek 1520 30 bid 50 50 48 do or pek 3840 32 bid 51 51 20 do pek 1500 29 52 52 26 do pek sou 2210 26 59 Polpitiya 59 n ch bro or pek 1045 34 60 60 10 do or pek 850 39 61 61 16 do pek 1280 30 65 Warwick (35 77 hf-ch bro pek 4620 51 bid 66 66 65 do pek 3375 - 0 bid 67 67 32 do pek sou 1760 35 72 Bambrakelly 27 and Dell 72 15 ch bro pek fans 1470 73 73 18 do pek sou 1805 29 74 74 15 do dust 1530 13 75 75 12 do bro mix 1260 lb bid [Mr. E. Jolin. -234,16211.] Lot. Box . Pkf.-8. Name. lb. (*, SWA Gonavy I W s w 10 Ramboda 11 12 14 15 Digdola 15a 16 21 Doonbinda 22 23 25 Kotuagedera 26 27 Brownlow 29 30 31 32 33 Troup 34 35 Eila 36 37 Cleveland 38 39 40 42 Koslanda 43 47 St. John’s 48 49 19 25 31 31 37 40 43 46 52 55 57 58 61 73 76 79 So 88 91 94 97 100 103 106 109 112 113 1 8 121 124 127 130 136 139 150 K-3 r.6 16 ch 11 h£-ch 13 do 9 ch 18 do 9 do 24 do 30 do 24 ( 0 11 do 31 h -, 95 19 ch bro pek 1710 86 96 27 do pek 2430 89 Yarrow 99 76 hf-ch bro pek 4‘256 60 100 78 do pek 4290 93 Pussetenne 103 17 eh bro pek 1925 1 hf-ch 94 104 17 ch or pek 1530 -95 105 19 do pek 1950 1 hf-ch 96 106 16 ch pek sou 1-280 102 Dalhousie 112 61 hf-ch 1 ro or pek 3355 103 113 44 do or pek 1980 104 114 30 do pek 1500 106 116 U do fans 770 120 Frograore 130 10 ch or pek 800 121 131 9 do bro pek 945 129 Harangalla 139 17 ch bro pek 1700 130 140 32 do pek 2880 131 141 7 do dust 875 133 Tyspane 145 1 67 ch pek 6030 137 Arduthie 147 ■20 hf-ch bro pek 1000 13S 148 ‘20 do pek lOUO 139 149 20 do pek sou 1000 145 Annandale 155 17 hf-ch or pek i.5-2 146 156 17 do pek 935 147 Siriniwasa 157 24 ch bro pek 2640 148 168 26 ch pek 2600 149 159 19 do pek sou 1710 152 .S 162 15 hf-ch dust 1350 159 Lyndhurst 169 58 hf-ch bro pek 3080 160 170 66 do pek 3300 161 171 30 do pek sou 1359 163 HavUland 173 IS ch or pek 16-20 164 Dikmukaiana 174 26 hf-ch bro pek 1300 [Messrs. Forbes & Walker. 570,087 lb. Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. 4 Clarendon 3-25 55 hf-ch bro pek 33C0 5 328 32 ch pek 3040 6 331 2-i ch pek sou 2-200 8 Igalkande 337 16 ch pek 1380 17 Beverley 364 37 lif-ch bro pek 2035 18 367 14 do pek 700 20 Glencorse 373 49 ch bro pek 3600 Lot . Box. Pkts. Name. lb. C. 21 376 i-2 do bro or pek 2200 40 22 ?79 33 do pek ■2610 33 ■23 38-2 19 do pek sou 14-25 29 ■27 ' Trewardena 394 8 ch bio pek bOO 28 28 397 12 do pek 1080 20 :?5 Kotagaloya 418 26 ch pek 2340 49 38 bray ton 427 34 hf-ch or pek lb70 49 39 430 49 ch pekoe 4165 39 40 433 16 do pek sou 1230 34 16 Grange Garden 4.51 36 ch or pek 3960 4-2 47 454 26 do pek 2600 35 50 Great Valley Ceylon in est. mark 463 16 ch bro or pek 1600 48 51 466 19 do or pek 1710 42 52 469 49 do pek 4410 33 53 47-’ 25 do pek sou 2-250 ■29 57 De:iculla 484 ■21 hf-ch hro pek 1155 51 58 487 22 d.. pek 1540 37 bid 61 Malvern 498 20 hf-ch Lu o pek 1105 50 6-2 499 ■20 do pekoe 1100 37 bid 65 Monkswood 508 36 ! hf-ch bro or pek 1860 67 66 511 46 do or pek 231 0 63 67 .514 -.:0 ch pek 2210 49 C8 517 27 do pek sou 2-295 41 69 520 27 i hf ch or pek fan 16-20 36 70 8-23 12 do du.st 900 21 71 M 5-20 26 ch or pek 2340 48 bid 72 Tymawr 529 44 hf-ch pek 19t0 40 bid 73 532 27 do pek sou lObO 36 74 635 22 do fans 1320 33 75 LYE 538 10 ch bro pek loou 33 76 541 7 do pek 700 31 79 Amhlangodda 550 9 ch pek sou biO i-O 80 Agra Oya 553 19 ch bro pek 1900 40 81 550 21 do pek 1893 32 82 559 22 do pek sou 1980 28 83 582 19 do or pek 1710 36 92 Middleton 589 30 : hf-ch bro or pek 1650 66 93 592 28 ch 01- pek 2300 48 94 595 15 do pek 1350 45 95 .598 12 do pek sou 10-20 39 96 001 11 : hf-ch dust 880 23 97 Irex 604 27 ch bro pek 27i0 38 98 607 13 do pek ISOO 32 9.1 610 10 do pek sou loco 27 101 Putup .ula 616 10 ch bro or pek 1150 34 102 619 47 do bro pek 4-230 45 103 622 46 do pek 3680 34 104 625 25 do pek sou 1875 •29 105 Ismalio 628 11 ch sc'U 935 24 109 Pansa latenne X Y 640 10 ch bro pek fans 1100 30 110 643 6 do dust 870 15 111 Xahalma 646 32 ch fans 3200 24 112 St. Heliers 019 37 lif-ch bro or pek 1887 43 113 652 24 ch pek 2160 34 114 Hughenden 055 8 ch bro or pek 720 48 115 658 10 do bro pek 1440 41 116 061 19 do pek 1520 33 122 Bandara Eliya 679 32 hf-ch or pek lOCO 38 123 682 36 ch bro pek 1S72 4'1 124 685 34 do pek 2788 33 125 683 32 hf ch bro or pek 1920 38 l-'ii 691 10 ch bro pek fans 700 27 127 G 694 14 ch pek sou 1260 27 l:3i Duiikeld 706 70 hf-ch bro or pek 4200 47 132 709 28 do or pek 1540 42 133 712 31 ch pek 2790 38 134 High Forest 715 44 hf-ch bro or pek 2640 58 bid 135 718 53 do or pek 2756 -53 l:36 Columbia 721 41 ; hf-ch bro pek 2255 54 137 7-24 28 do or pek 14Uu 44 138 727 33 do pek 1660 41 139 S 730 25 ch pek sou 2000 34- 1-47 D BR 754 IS ch pek 1350 32 151 Bismark 766 11 oh pek 935 34 154 C S G 775 52 hf-ch bro pek 2600 53 155 778 53 ch pek 4240 36 156 781 26 ( o pek sou 2080 34 1.58 787 13 hf-ch fans 780 36 160 Stafford 793 17 ch bro pek 2040 51 161 796 14 do pek 1260 40 164 Avisawella 805 70 box or pek 1-260 48 bid 165 808 32 ch bro pek 3010 44 166 811 42 do pek 3510 32 167 814 34 do pek sou 2721) 28 169 820 6 do dust 840 15 170 823 7 do fans 700 25 171 Tavalamten- ne 828 21 ch or pek 2310 36 172 829 12 do pek 1140 20 175 Stamford Hill 838 19: hf-ch flowery or ch pekoe 950 71 176 841 4 or pek 1190 40 177 844 11 do pek 935 36 c. 27 bid 27 37 30 27 63 bid 5i 40 bid 16 23 bid 34 bid 29 40 32 28 43 lid 37 33 3.5 23 4-2 3 30 29 bid 29 24 30 bid 37 2j bid 24 34 29 23 34 bid 28 bid 13 32 bid 27 39 33 30 34 28 14 13 33 27 33 33 37 38 30 bid 29 43 bid 35 bid 33 17 37 bid 57 bid 40 33 14 SO bid 37 bid 31 bid 27 bid 59 38 43 32 28 10 bid 34 bid 30 27 38 34 bid ■] c. 64 36 32 28 42 32 38 CEYLON PEODUCE SALES LIST. 3 Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. .C. 183 Polatagama 862 7 ch fans 700 30 184 865 7 do dust 1050 13 185 868 12 do congou 10-20 23 I 186 Bloomfield 871 49 ch bro or pek 4960 42 bid 1 187 874 33 hf-ch bro pek 2310 37 bid 188 877 43 ch pek 4300 38 i 189 830 20 hf eh nfikfaxi'? 1600 20 i 190 883 17 ch pek sou 17C0 32 ' 191 Maha Uva 886 21 hf-ch bro or nek 1365 00 ' 192 889 54 do or pek 3240 50 193 892 41 ch pek 3690 42 194 895 16 do poii sou 12i0 36 I ■506 Erracht 931 11 ch bro or pek 1100 45 i 207 9.34 16 do or pek 1280 45 ! 208 937 24 do pek 19-20 33 1 209 940 13 do pek sou 975 29 i 213 Pallegodde 952 35 ch bro or pek 3850 34 214 955 21 do bro pek 1995 43 1 .215 958 25 do pek 2000 32 216 901 24 do pek sou 2160 28 i 217 Talgaswela 904 17 ch bro pek 1615 38 ; 218 967 u do bro pek 1 No. 2 1540 32 1 219 970 42 ch pek 3780 30 220 973 10 do pek sou 1440 28 229 Meddetenne ICOO 39 hf-ch bro or pek 2145 38 bid 230 10C3 17 ch pek 1615 31 231 1006 12 do pek 1400 30 232 •233 234 Anningkande 235 236 238 Aigburth 239 240 241 242 Galla'ivatte 243 Bagalla 244 245 265 256 257 258 262 263 264 265 269 270 271 272 274 275 276 277 278 282 283 284 285 287 292 293 294 295 296 297 298 299 300 301 302 305 306 307 308 309 313 314 315 Tillyrie Scrubs Weyunga- •watte Lochiel Carlabeck Castlereagh Queensland JJacaldenia Roeberry M AB KP W K Killarney 1009 1012 1015 1018 10 1 1027 1030 1033 1036 1030 1042 10!5 1048 1078 1081 1084 1087 1099 1102 1108 1103 1120 1123 1126 1129 1135 clo do ch do do pek sou 1800 bro pek fans 990 64 hf-ch 18 ch 15 do 11 hf-ch 17 ch bro pek bro pek pek bro or pek pek pek sou 2750 2000 2000 3520 171t 14-25 do ch do ch ch do do bro pek fans 770 bro pek pek fans dust pek sou bro or pek bro pek pek 24 hf-ch 29 ch 24 do 12 do 20 hf-ch 27 ch 53 do 13 do 15 do bro or pek or pek pek pek sou bro or pek bro pek pek No. 1 pek pek sou 1615 2380 1300 750 2800 1045 1700 2240 1320 3610 1920 1200 1100 2835 4420 1105 1500 28 2.= .39 39 34 42 32 28 30 40 33 22 16 36 62 50 41 38 33 bid SO 27 47 40 bid 40 bid 33 39 Lot. Box. 347 G P M in est. 348 349 350 351 353 354 356 364 365 360 367 368 369 370 371 374 375 376 378 379 380 381 383 384 392 393 394 404 405 406 407 410 414 415 416 417 418 4-25 427 428 429 430 Pkg.s. Name. b. e. mark 1254 38 hf-ch 1357 53 do C P H, Galle, in est. mark 1360 17i do 1363 16 do 1.366 16 do Beverley 1372 47 do 1375 29 do 1381 16 do Yarragalla 1405 43 ch S V, Maliga- tenne 1408 21 ch WaiTatenne 1411 15 do 14!4 13 do 1417 9 do K K K 14-20 11 do Meemora Oyal 4-23 33 hf-ch 14-26 63 do iMatale 1435 64 do 1438 24 do 1441 12 do Penrhos 1447 24 hf-ch 145U 30 do 1453 35 ch bro or pek 22S0 pek 2968 bro pek pek peic sou bro or pek bro pek pek sou bro or pek 1456 1462 1401 1489 1492 1495 1525 15-28 1531 1534 Doranakandel543 155 ■ 1558 J PS XXX Marlborugh Hoselwood Grace I.and Pala watte Drayton Strathspey 9 do 11 do 11 hf-ch bro pek bro pek pekoe pek sou dust bro pek pek bro pek pekoe pe' sou or pek bro pek pek pekoe sou dust; dust 1030 800 800 846 1595 800 4300 1993 1500 liOo 765 1760 1320 2520 3240 2160 1080 1200 1650 3135 7-20 1675 61 45 28 27 25 30 30 26 10 32 26 39 S3 29 -.53 43 34 29 13 12 1501 1564 1567 Hayes 1588 Silver Kandy 1594 i697 1600 1603 30 do pek 3000 33 14 do bro or pek 1018 15 14 hf-ch bro pek 770 37 IS ch bro or pek 1880 24 46 hf-ch or pek 2260 46 bid 53 ch pek 4505 36 bid 9 do pek sou 720 3-2 8 do bro pek 800 39 7 do ] 5 ch bro pek fan.s 742 36 2 lif-ch 10 ch bro pek 1795 43 1 hf-ch 19 ch or pek S99 55 1 lif-ch 11 ch pek 1949 41 1 hf-ch pek sou 1149 33 26 hheh bro pek 1300 39 bid 18 ch bro or pek 2016 74 bid 17 do or pek 1,664 62 bid 27 do pek A 2565 51 bid 12 hf-ch dust 1116 29 SMALL LOTS. Messrs. Galkadua 1138 1141 9 hf-ch bro pek fans 7'20 25 bro pek 2500 27 4 Lot. Box. PI :g.s. Name lb. C. 1144 25 do pek 525 41 6 Badalpitiya 5 8 ch pek 640 29 1147 23 do pek 1195 33 8 Eelgodde 8 3 hf-ch] ptk sou 24 1159 10 do or pek 800 45 9 9 2 do du.st MU 16 1162 1.5 hf-ch bro pek 8-2.5 51 18 Sapityagodde 18 6 ch pek fans 420 ID 116.1 21 cli pekoe 1735 37 26 Cotswold 20 10 hf-ch bro or pek 650 31 bid 1168 13 do bro pek 715 43 37 Bildoii Hall 37 7 ch pek 500 25 bid 1174 8 do pek sou 79.j 30 bid 38 38 4 do pek sou 3(’0 24 bid 1189 8 do bro or pek 720 40 39 Rasagjlli 39 1 ch pek sou 92 12 1192 11 do bio pek 1 100 39 bid 40 40 4 hf-ch du.st 304 13 119.5 46 CIO bro pek 4600 38 bid 42 Chetnole 42 3 hf-ch sou 270 21 1198 12 do pekoe 1032 33 43 43 6 do dust 450 13 1201 13 do pek sou 1040 30 46 Unugalla 46 1 hf-ch pek sou 26 1204 30 do bro pek 3000 31 47 47 1 do dust 05 15 1207 27 do pekoe 2410 26 56 LYE 56 5 ch pek fans 600 14 bid 1210 25 do pek sou 2 '60 23 57 K P C, Ceylon 57 2 hf-ch dost 160 S bid 1213 22 hf-ch or pek 13-20 41 58 .58 3 do fans 210 lO bid 1216 21 do bro pek 115.5 35 62 Polpitiya 62 7 ch pek SI u 5G0 26 1219 50 do pek ■2,-)00 29 63 63 1 do pek fans ICO 12 1228 33 ch pek sou 2970 20 64 64 2 do dust 260 10 bid 1231 24 hf-ch bro or pek 1440 03 68 Warwick 68 1 hf-ch sou 55 1234 1237 1240 1252 13 22 9 7 eh do do do or pek pek pek sou bro or pek 1170 1870 810 700 49 40 37 42 bid 69 69 8 do [Mr. S. dust John.] 600 16 1255 1258 1261 do do do bro pek pek pek sou 20ro 2295 1445 40 28 26 Lot. 1 D N D, in est. Box. Pkes. Name. lb. 319 Mayfair 1270 29 do bro or pek 3190 41 mark 13 3 ch bro tea 345 12 320 1273 31 do or pek 3100 36 bi 2 Kandaloya 16 4 hf-ch fans ISO 24 322 1279 33 do pek 3135 33 6 Gonavy 28 7 ch con.gou 595 22 332 Torrinston P 1309 16 do or pek 1360 .14 13 Ramboda 49 1 do dust 90 17 333 1312 40 do Iro pek 3800 32 18 Digdola 64 4 do dust 600 14 334 1315 12 do bro or pek 1260 37 19 RL 67 4 hf-ch pke fans 2SS 24 335 1318 30 do pek 2250 33 20 70 2 do dust ISO 15 336 1321 15 do pek sou 1050 28 24 I'oonhinda 82 6 do dust 4S0 15 338 1327 12 do pek fans 780 23 41 Cleveland 133 4 do fans 240 23 341 Beverley 1336 60 hf-ch bro or pek 1080 56 44 Koslanda 142 3 ch pek sou aoo 23 342 1339 27 do bro pek 1485 43 , 45 145 1 do fans 110 25 344 N 1345 19 ch unassorted 1710 29 46 147 3 hf-ch dust 240 16 i CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. Lo c. J3ox. Pkgs. Naii.e. lb. C. 66 Agra Ouvah 207 4 do dust 520 17 74 Rondura 231 6 do hropekfans 600 24 75 234 4 do dust 520 12 76 237 1 do red leaf 90 16 79 Koslanda 246 3 do pek sou 300 27 80 249 1 do fans 100 23 81 252 3 hf-ch dust 240 16 85 Eerndale 204 6 ch pek sou 540 27 86 267 2 do dust 250 13 89 Esperanza 276 2 hf-ch congou 90 28 90 279 2 do dust 160 13 95 Maskeliya 294 3 ch sou 300 26 103 M arguerita 318 6 hf-ch bro pek 300 50 104 321 4 do bro or pek 224 50 105 324 13 do pekoe 585 41 107 330 5 do fans 350 31 108 333 1 do red leaf 45 10 109 Evolgolla 336 3 ch fans 345 18 110 Farm 339 5 do dust 425 13 114 Lameliere 351 8 do pek fans 640 19 124 Ballagalla Ella 3S0 12 hf-ch pek sou 600 29 125 383 1 do dust 90 13 130 B W 398 1 ch dust 150 10 134 Nelungama 410 4 hf-ch pekoe 200 27 137 A 419 3 ch bro pek 300 35 141 W VT 431 4 do or pek 424 28 153 Keenagaha Ella 467 4 do fans 280 19 155 473 3 do pek No. 2 285 24 157 SPA 479 12 : hf-ch bro pek 6C0 35 159 H F 485 10 do or pek 550 34 165 D 603 1 ch bro pek 70 30 166 506 3 do pek sou 290 24 167 609 5 hf-ch pek dust 42.5 8 174 Bokotua 530 4 ch pekoe 320 30 175 633 1 do pek sou 80 27 176 636 2 hf-ch dust 150 15 180 Vincit 548 2 ch fans 283 23 181 5ol 1 do dust 142 13 [Messrs. Forljes & Walker ] Lot. Box . Pkt.s. Name. lb 1 Tennehene 316 1 ch bro pek 84 41 2 319 1 do 1 hf-ch pek 140 19 3 0 B E C, ill est, mark, Dan- kande 322 4 hf-ch pek fans 300 15 7 Clarendon 334 4 ch sou 320 28 9 Igalkande 340 4 hf-ch dust 300 14 10 343 1 do congou 55 23 11 G 0, in estate mark 346 16 hf-ch sou 639 24 12 S AK 349 5 hf ch 1 box bro pek 310 38 13 352 2 hf-ch pekoe 88 25 14 355 2 do pek sou 82 21 15 358 1 do fans 61 10 16 361 1 box dust 53 6 19 Beverley 370 12 hf-ch pek sou 600 27 24 Glencorse 385 3 ch pek fans 373 19 25 388 2 do bro tea' 230 26 26 391 1 do dust 169 13 29 Trewardene 400 6 ch pek sou 600 24 30 403 1 do pek dust 120 10 36 Kotagaloya 421 1 ch pek sou 80 28 37 424 1 do sou 80 20 48 Grange Gar- den 457 3 ch pek sou 300 26 49 460 3 hf ch dust 270 13 54 Great; Valley Ceylon in eslate mark 475 1 ch sou 85 10 55 478 3 do pek fans 3('0 27 50 481 6 do dust 510 14 69 Deaculla 490 5 hf-ch pek sou 35L 30 60 493 1 do dust 80 15 03 Jilalvern 502 7 lif-ch pek sou 490 32 64 605 3 ch du.st 240 14 77 L y K 544 2 ch pek sou 180 29 78 Amliliingodda 647 1 ch pek SO 33 100 Irex 613 3 cli dust 300 15 ICO Isinale 631 6 hf-cli dust 510 12 107 Pan.'ialatenne, X y 634 1 ch bro pek 90 33 108 037 1 d . pek 80 30 117 Hughenden 064 0 ch pek sou 480 28 118 T 15, in estate mark 667 3 ch dust 270 13 119 670 1 do f.ns 90 16 120 673 1 do congou 80 20 121 Nilame 676 1 ch bro pek 96 32 128 G 097 6 ch sou 498 23 Lot. Box :. Pkgs. Name. lb. c. 1-29 700 2 do pek dust 290 14 130 703 2 do bro tea 178 20 140 Hopewell 733 1 ch bro pek 115 4$ 141 736 1 do pek 100 30 142 1739 1 do 1 hf-ch 1 pek sou 102 27 143 742 2 ch congou ISO 24 144 D BR 745 15 lif-ch bro or pek b75 47 145 748 14 do or pek 588 39 146 751 4 ch bro pek 400 33 148 757 7 do pek sou 695 28 149 ?eo 4 do bro mix 400 26 150 783 3 hf-ch dust 204 13 152 Bismark 769 4 ch pek sou 320 28 153 772 3 do dust 450 14 157 C S G 784 6 hf-ch dust 480 15- 159 790 2 ch red leaf 170 11 162 Stafford 799 7 ch pek sou 630 32 163 802 1 do dust 1?0 13 168 Avisawella 817 6 ch sou 540 23 174 Tavalamten- ne 835 1 dj dust 93 14 178 New Anga- mana 847 10 hf-ch bro pek 550 35 179 850 12 do pek 600 28 180 853 9 do do No. 2 450 27 181 856 9 do pek sou 450 26 182 Igalkande 859 1 ■?>*' ; »> -^Ste '• f ' ■ - * 'r‘'-^'. ,«;V ''j^- ’ ’ ■- ;ii- S. VA- V . fV-,4- s-.fs'i- =- r r. *12* f.f.,W’-V<'’i.. , '*.'■•'* V . ..^ 'I •''■-'Ko'fe^c'3'& ,: . . ■: ';: . ■ S'- -w i'^-X '■ i.: T'i.'-'' it r, ' '<^ *. ■ . Z- ’••'■■ ■ '■ ■ . ■' W fr .T'JS;; C 'j?-Mn;' fU* ’ t :i .^. -* 1. i • , ‘V ‘ >, 1 ■ .’, t ■ ’ if’ ' > - ' 'J • » r” • ' . ■ 1* '~'- ,'i 'rr ■■ • .-.^.y^Y - ■ - . ' 1 : iVX ^ • > ; ■ '-^C, rt:^“ -■ TEA, COFFEE, CINCHONA, COCOA, AND CARDAMOM SALES, NO. 20. Colombo, May 30, 1898. I Pbicb : — 1‘2.| ceuts each 3 copies 1 30 ceuts ; 6 copies ^ rupee. COLOMBO SALES OF TEA. Lot Pkg.S. Name. lb. o. 41 221 48 ch pek 4320 36 42 222 19 do pek sou 1710 31 LARGE LOTS. 53 F F, in cstat mark 233 18 hf-ch bro pek bro or pek or pek 1008 32 [Messrs A. H. Thompson & Co 59 Havilland 60 23) 24 ) 26 hf-ch 18 cli 1 IJu IGIO 4i2 bid 34 bid 102,530 lb. 61 241 59 ch pek 4720 29 bid Lot. Box Pkgs. Name. b. c. 62 63 Adelaide 242 243 22 do 28 llf-ch pek sou unas 15 10 1665 2G 24 1 Daluk Oya 1 15 hf-ch bro or pek 825 50 64 Hangranoya 244 11 ch bro i)ek 1045 40 2 2 14 do or pek 770 45 65 245 21 ch pek 178.) 31 3 3 30 do pek 1630 35 bid 68 EilanJhu 248 9 ch bro pek 1930 31 5 K 5 23 ch or pek 1953 .39 bid 69 249 8 do pek 760 24 6 6 17 do pek 1700 35 bid iO Tiddyilale 2oU - J Ch uro pek 1300 29 bid 7 Harrow 7 49 hf-eh bro pek 2940 45 bid 71 231 It (1-) pek 935 27 8 8 47 ch pek 4700 34 bid 72 2.32 12 ek sou 2-250 28 115 199 33 do or pek 1032 50 248 Naseby 598 17 lif-ch bro pek 935 64 110 202 44 do pek 2200 48 249 CUl 29 do pek 1450 52 bid 117 Bargany 205 55 hf-ch bro pek 3025 46 2,50 6111 11 do dust 880 31 118 2.18 21 ch pekj 1S90- 33 266 L B K 0.52 20 ch sou 2COO 23 119 211 12 do pek sou 1020 31 267 655 50 do dust 5200 14 120 P’K, ancle 214 10 ch bro pek 950 37 268 Kiiklees 658 46 hf-ch or pek 2300 41 bid 125 B, in estate 269 Dimbar GOl 25 do or pek 1075 40 bid mark 129 8 ch pek 720 24 270 Tovwood 6S2 11 do bro pek 1100 42 127 235 7 do bro pek fans 700 24 277 685 45 do or pek 4050 33 bid 131 Tonacombe 2.56 27 ch or pek 2700 39 278 688 ■28 do pekoe •23.52 30 135 259 41 do bro pek 4510 42 279 691 26 do pek sou 2184 27 136 262 62 do pek 6200 34 283 Arapolakande 703 63 do bro pek .5070 41 137 265 14 do pek sou 1260 29 284 706 52 do pek 4160 31 138 268 1;5 hf-ch dust 1350 17 285 709 8 do pek sou 720 27 139 Galapitakan- 287 Beaumont 715 30 do bro pek 3300 40 cle 271 20 ch bro pek 2100 46 bid 288 718 43 do pek 44-29 35 110 271 ;S do pek 2800 32 bid 239 721 98 do pek sou 10192 30 141 277 9 do pek sou 900 27 290 724 1/ hf-ch dust 1394 17 146 Broad Oak 291 30 hf ch bro or pek 1500 f,l •292 Kennington 730 11 ch fans 1015 23 147 291 15 do or psk 750 40 bid 293 733 8 do uiurst 7C0 15 148 2SS 60 do pek 8000 33 bid 303 Glengariff 763 39 do bro pek 2067 42 bid 149 SOI 3' do pek sou 1240 28 304 766 31 do or pek 1550 38 bid 15C B 0 304 26 hf ch sou 1300 22 305 769 13 ch pek 1326 34 bid 151 307 11 do dust 825 13 306 772 12 do pek sou 960 31 152 Essex 310 13 ch pek 1235 9 309 Yarragalla 7sl 30 lif-ch pek son 3500 24 151 Iviidaoya |316 £1 ch bro pek .5865 46bid S15 -■.jarlborough 799 41 do bro or pek 2132 42 bid 165 -319 78 do pek 7020 34bid 316 802 26 do or pek 2600 37 bid 156 322 37 do pek sou SUE 31 317 805 22 do pek 2200 33 157 Thebeiton 325 18 ch bro pek 1800 37 318 808 30 do pek sou 3000 33 1"8 328 22 do pek 1980 33 319 Sll 7 do br pek dust 1050 14 159 Hopton 331 53 ch bro pek - 5300 39 323 Waverley 823 7 do tans 875 14 100 334 58 do pekoe 5220 33 330 Invery 844 11 do pek sou 990 34 163 F.llernulle 313 36 ch bro pek 3300 44 bid .332 850 9 do pekoe S64 37 164 346 29 do pek rcio 33 bid 336 G 0 H 862 10 hf-ch fans 900 11 165 349 17 do pek sou 1700 31 .'37 I'enrhos 865 16 do or pek 800 43 bid 166 Stisted 352 48 hf-eh bro pek 28S0 45 338 868 24 do bro pek 1344 47 167 35.5 26 do or pek 1430 37 339 871 25 cil pek 2250 34 163 358 SO do r ek 1650 33 319 Oolioonagalla 90 L 30 do bro or pek 1800 62 109 361 32 do pek sou 1600 31 350 904 33 ch bro pek 2S05 43 171 G H 14 ,in est. 351 907 56 do pek 4200 S3 bid mark 387 22 hi-cli pek 1232 46 358 Meddetenne 928 39 ch bro pek 2145 37 bid 172 370 ,54 do pek sou 3024 35 359 C N N il.’l 10 hf-ch dust 850 12 173 373 16 do pek fans 1440 25 36J B D M 943 27 hf-ch bro pek fan 1S70 24 bid 1S4 Aberdeen 406 27 ch bro pek 2 65 33 bid 304 946 30 do dust 2400 11 bid 185 409 19 do pek 1520 30 305 Udapola 949 18 ch bro pek 1800 36 186 412 25 do pek sou 1875 26 366 9'53 iO do pek 1805 29 100 Jialia Uva 424 12 hf-ch bro or pek 780 52 bid 367 955 1 2 do pek sou lOSO 25 in 427 34 do or pek 2010 45 bid 3:9 Devituva 961 37 do bro pek 8700 40 192 430 26 ch pek 2340 ■ 0 bid 370 964 18 do pek 1476 31 193 4.33 11 do pek sou 880 31 371 9P7 2 i do pekoe sou 1584 29 1 9.5 Baltawatte 439 31 ch bro pek 3100 45 374 New Peacoci 976 10 do pek sou SOO 25 196 442 39 do pek 3900 35 375 979 •22 do pek tans 2325 12 197 445 10 do pek fou loco 30 379 M 591 31 hf-ch bro mixed 1650 22 bid 198 Damraeria 4'18 15 ch bro or pek 1800 40 382 Ookoowatte 1000 7 cli bro pek 700 35 199 451 11 do bro pek 1100 32 bid 385 1009 9 do pek tans 900 24 200 451 49 do ]iek 4411- 42 bid 390 C averton 1042 36 do bro or pek 1800 57 bid 20X 457 12 do pek sou 1080 29 397 1045 25 do or pek 1250 45 bid 20.5 I ea Ella 469 45 hf-ch bi'o pek 2260 36 398 1048 44 ch pek 4400 33 bid 201 47'1 40 do I'ok 2100 30 400 CN 1054 7 ch bro tea 700 14 207 475 16 do pi X sou 720 26 ; 401 O O, in est. 208 478 12 do bi 0 pek fan 780 23 mark 1057 18 do sou 1440 23 209 Hayes 481 27 lif-ch bro pek 13.0 42 402 1060 13 do dust 2210 12 ■219 481 32 do oek 1600 S3 bid 403 Blaii^aowrie 1063 16 do 1 ir. w T rifxb- /(i CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. 3 Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. 404 1066 17 ch or pek 1700 405 1069 18 do pek 1710 409 Clyde 1081 13 do bro rek 1235 410 1084 10 do or pek 900 411 1087 28 do pek 2620 413 1093 13 do pek sou 1170 414 1096 13 do dust 18-20 416 Walton 1102 7 do bro or pek 784 417 1105 11 do pekoe 1045 418 1108 11 do pek sou 957 419 Glencorse 1111 20 do bro pek 1800 420 1114 12 do bro or pek 1140 421 1117 19 do pek 1520 422 1120 14 do pek sou 1050 430 Cliesterford 1144 63 do iuo pek 63C0 431 1147 45 do pekoe 4500 432 1150 43 do pek sou 4300 433 1153 6 do fans 8'0 441 Geragama 1177 31 do bro pek 3100 442 1180 27 do pek 2295 443 1183 0 do fans 720 444 Waratenne 1186 14 do bro ijek 1409 445 11S9 11 do pek 935 443 Clarendon 1192 32 do pek 3040 447 Weyunjrawattell95 29 do or -pek 2610 448 Mavfalr 1198 31 do or pek 31C0 449 L BK 1201 25 do red leaf 25' 0 450 Knavesmire 12''4 33 do pek 2805 452 Torrington P ' 1219 26 do bro pek 2730 454 H.arrington 1216 13 do pek 1300 4.55 il’Kelle 1219 13 do bro or pek 780 466 1222 8 do dust 7-20 457 B TB 12-25 9 do dust 795 458 Ireby 1228 5! hf-ch bro pek 306'1 459 1231 35 do pek 1750 460 1231 12 ch pek sou 1170 461 K’Watte 1-237 18 do bro or pek ISSO 462 New Galway 1240 13 bf ch bro pek 780 463 1243 17 do pek 935 [Mr. E. J olm. -270.01611 •] BiOt. Box. Pkg.s. Name. lb. 4 Maba Eliya 563 17 h'’-ch bro pek fans 1445 5 There sia 566 21 do bro pelc fans 1260 15 Agra Ouvah 590 54 do bro or pek 3510 10 .599 24 do or pek 1320 17 602 8 ch pekoe 760 IS FL 695 26 do or pek 2470 19 Mount Everest 6 8 30 hf-ch bro pek 1650 20 (iU 32 do or pek 1600 21 614 -.7 ch pekoe 4165 -22 617 21 do pek s.j-u 1S90 23 Suriakande 0.0 43 hf-ch bi 0 pek fans 1 30 !0 24 6-23 10 cli dust 1000 25 Iforahela 626 ‘22 do bro pek 20S9 26 6;9 14 do bro or pek 1456 27 632 19 do pekoe 1672 2S 035 21 do or pek U90 31 r H P, in est. mark 641 21 do bro nr pek 2-2f5 32 617 •26 do or pek 2340 33 650 36 do pekoe 2880 34 653 7 do dust 840 • 35 Ottery 650 10 do bro or pok 1000 36 659 13 do or pek 1170 37 662 20 do pekoe 1800 40 EN 671 •20 do pek sou No. 2 •eOUO 41 Chapelton 674 14 do bro mix ll-.O 42 M R 677 8 : hf-ch dust 720 43 N 680 16 do dust 1200 44 RL 083 26 cii bro pek 2548 45 086 20 do pekoe •2310 46 689 14 J o pek sou 11-20 50 Kotuagedera 701 15 do bro pek 15U0 51 704 31 (io P'ekoe 2945 52 Periaganga-w atte 707 15 1 ^if-ch dust 1305 .53 Ravenswood 710 16 cli bro or pek 1120 54 713 16 do bi-.j pek 16r0 55 717 26 do pekoe 2009 61 Doonhinda 735 21 do bro pek 23.0 62 738 31 do pekoe 3100 ■63 711 7 (io pek s lU 700 64 Poilakanda 741 40 i if-ch bro pek 2. 90 65 747 6! cli pekoe .5070 66 750 31 do pek sou ‘2480 67 753 23 1 if-ch bro pok fans 1840 68 Anchor, in est. mark 750 21 ch bi-o or pek 2100 -69 7.59 11 do or pek 935 70 76-2 99 lif-ch pekoe 1303 74 Mocha 774 23 ch bro or pek 2390 75 777 20 do or pek 2470 76 7S0 32 do pekoe 2SS0 Lot. Box. Pkgs . Name. lb. c. 78 St. John's 786 27 hf-ch bro or pek 1512 €4 79 789 30 do or pek 1380 51 bid 80 792 25 do pek sou 1200 41 84 Templestowe 804 35 ch or pek 3325 40 bid 85 807 43 do pekoe 3655 34 bid 86 810 9 do pek sou 7-20 31 98 Ormidale 849 35 hf-ch bro or pek 2100 60 bid 99 852 61 do pekoe 3050 42 bid 1 0 855 48 do pek sou 2400 35 bid 102 H F 861 10 ch pekoe 1000 40 bid 103 R MG 864 22 do 1 hf-ch bro pek 2283 33 bid 106 Engana 873 14 ch bro pek 1.540 29 bid 107 Bedford 876 7 do bro pek 770 29 bid 110 Periaganga- watte 885 20 do pek sou 1640 32 111 BAT 888 12 do fans 780 12 bid 119 Glentilt 912 32 do bro pek 3200 44 bid 1'20 915 20 do pekoe 2000 38 121 Richards 918 8 do pek sou 720 34 1-25 930 35 hf-ch bro pek 1995 44 bid 126 Ridgmount 933 31 do pekoe 1550 35 bi(l 128 939 14 ch pek sou 1134 23 129 Roseneath 912 IS do bro pek 1944 32 bid 130 Orange Field 945 18 do pekoe 1534 29 bid 131 948 11 do bro pek 1400 30 132 Claremont 951 17 do pekoe 1700 27 13-5 960 39 : hf-ch bro pek 2145 37 136 Itnightsdale 963 17 ch pekoe 1445 31 140 975 18 do bro pek 1566 37 111 978 40 do pekoe 3400 30 142 981 23 do pek sou 1702 27 145 Murraythwaite 990 19 do bro pek 1805 38 146 Evcalgolla 993 17 do pekoe 1445 29 149 2 25 hf-ch bro pek 1375 33 bid 154 Maskeliya 17 33 ch bro or pek 3300 40 bid 155 Ottery 20 10 do bro or pek 1000 41) bid 156 23 11 do or pek 991 37 bid 157 Sina Dua 20 20 do pekoe 1800 33 163 44 28 hf-ch bro pek 1680 36 1G4 47 17 ch pekoe 1493 31 165 Glassaugh 50 11 do pek sou 825 28 167 56 96 hf-ch bro pek 5280 45 bid 168 09 47 ch pekoe 42S0 35 bid 169 W V 62 2L do pek sou 1785 35 172 71 17 do S bf-ch bro pek fans 1 2295 16 bid 174 N G j\I A 77 12 ch (lust 1670 10 175 BA SO 7 hf-ch ■fans 444 11 bid 176 Eiemane S3 20 ch bro pek 2000 40 177 8'3 21 do bro pek 2093 38 17 8 89 22 do pekoe 1980 3.3 ; bid 179 92 8 do pek sou 7 '0 28 SMALL LOTS. [Messrs. A. H. Thompson & Co.] Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. d. 4 Haiuk Oya 4 2 hf-ch dust io;» 14 i {arrow 10 5 ci>. sou r.(,o 26 U 11 2 hf-ch dust 170 14 12 narrow 12 7 Iif-ch cr pek oS 1.3 13 6 ch pek G'V) •29 M 14 1 do pek sou 100 27 15 Myraganga, No, 17 15 1 do sou loo 25 2i 21 8 ch dust 640 13 22 Relugas 22 1 hf-ch red leaf 60 0 21 Bunnottar 24 ." hf-ch dust ^55 13 30 M.apitigama 30 .5 ch pek fans 525 24 34 11 34 3 ch sou cOJ 15 23 35 Preston 3.5 1 ch unas 65 37 Bat taiga 11a 37 6 cii fans 480 15 19 llorusey 39 7 ch fans oOU 15 40 L b’ 40 ■2 hf-cli bro pek dust US 15 41 M A 41 1 iif-ch lu(. pek 55 22 42 42 1 do p k 50 13 43 Maiiickwalle 43 1 do pek sou .50 10 48 48 3 ch dust 270 13 54 Mamlara N ewar.a 54 7 lu'-cii .lust .'^GO 13 55 55 3 do bro tea. 1”1 -6 56 Agar’s Land 56 1 hi-ch bro cr pek 50 34 60 (50 S do dust f31 1 > 61 Wewelwatte 61 2 hf-ch bro or pek 118 32 C2 Doragalla 62 ■~i do du.st 440 11 C6 66 I ch bro mix 45 J4 67 St. Leonards on Sea 67 ■4 do pek fans SO*} 13 CS OS 8 ch or i)ck 352 31 71 C, Ceylon 71 11 do bro pek fans CO.) 20 73 73 2 hf-ch du.st 160 10 c. 39 31 39 bid 38 29 24 12 34 32 28 37 42 30 29 37 bid 31 27 32 36 bid 30 15 3.5 ptq 29 36pi 1 33 38 12 12 •28 2,5 28 37 12 52 41 37 27 54 42 0, 17 bid 35 58 46 42 38 bid fO 45 bid' 39 35 i 2 3rf J.nd ■29 31 S.! lid bid :-o •23 bid 45 bid 37 bid 38 27 26 15 15 29 bid ■.;9 bid 25 bid 3 1 bid 29 14 bid 38 31 i.itl 30 bid 40 bid 35 bid •;9 34 bid 28 bid 25 25 50 37 bid SO I 52 I 43 bid I j i CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST Lot. Box, Pkts. Name. lb. C. 71 Old Meda- gama 79 3 oh pek fans 240 20 80 80 2 do dust 200 13 81 Amblakande 84 2 ch bro p k dust 220 13 85 85 2 do dust 220 10 86 Loomont Es- tate 86 5 lif-ch bro pek 240 29 87 87 4 do pek 240 24 88 88 4 do pek s(,u 177 19 Mr. £. John. Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. b. C. 1 Eadeila 554 1 ch red leaf 1(0 11 e 557 3 do dust 420 14 3 560 3 do fans 300 2? 6 Theresia 569 4 hf-ch dust 320 13 7 672 2 do sou 90 28 29 Morahela 638 1 ch pek sou 92 21 30 641 8 hf-ch dust 617 14 33 Ottery 665 2 ch sou 2C0 ■ 20 39 668 1 do dust 140 2ll 47 RE 692 6 hf-ch pek fans 396 23 48 695 3 do dust 241 It 56 Raveuswood 720 2 ch sou 260 24 Anchor, in est. mark 765 8 hf-ch pek sou 360 72 76S 3 do pke fans 192 23 73 771 1 do (lust 92 87 Teinplestowe 813 6 ch bro or pek 101 Ramboda 858 1 hf-ch fans 24 104 A G 867 4 hf-ch fans 210 20 108 S 879 4 do bro pek 240' 38 122 E 921 3 ch bro pek 315 38 123 924 5 do pekoe 491 29 124 927 2 do pek sou 190 23 127 Richards 936 11 hf-ch pek sou 603 32 133 Orange Field 954 2 ch pek sou 203 24 1-24 957 2 do pek fans 206 12 1ST Claremont 936 3 hf-ch fans ISO 25 138 Hunugalla 969 1 ch pek sou 65 23 139 972 4 do dust 560 13 143 Knightsdale 984 3 do fans 336 24 144 937 2 do dust 170 13 150 Evalgolla 5 5 do pekoe 425 29 151 8 5 do pek No. 1 440 29 152 11 3 do pek sou 310 29 153 14 2 hf-ch dust 210 33 15S Ottery 29 5 cli sou 450 27 159 32 2 do dust; 300 16 186 .Simla Dua 53 2 hf-ch dust ISO 13 170 H 65 2 do pek sou UiO 30 171 68 3 do dust 240 14 178 N G M A 74 4 ch bro tea 4('0 10 ISO Elemane 95 2 do fans 200 12 [Messrs. Somerville &, Co.] Lot. Box. pklfS. Name lb. C. 2 H 182 4] hf-ch dust 310 14 g Mahagoda 183 6 ch bro pek 600 31 5 185 2 do fans 2s0 8 6 386 4 do mix 400 15 9 DAL 1'9 1 ch pek fan.s 110 16 10 190 1 do dust 150 14 ii 191 2 do con 200 19 12 G A, Ceylon 192 7 ch bro mix 520 12 1 hf-ch 13 193 2 ch unas 220 15 1 hf-ch 15 Gingr.anoya 195 5 lif-ch fans 325 24 36 196 6 do dust 540 14 25 Jlahatenne 205 1 eh du.st 1(0 13 26 206 1 do red leaf 100 11 29 N 009 3 ch pek sou 255 27 30 Logan 210 2 ch dust 300 1-1 31 211 3 do fans .?on 24 32 212 2 do unas ISO 24 30 Ukuwella 216 1 hf-ch bro psk fans 70 14 .54 F F, in estate mark 231 11 hf-ch pek 594 28 55 235 4 do pek sou 184 24 56 236 5 do In-o pc..; fans 300 24 57 237 2 do dust 182 10 58 Penrith 238 3 ch dust 420 15 C6 Ilangranoya 246 7 ch pek sou 630 28 67 247 7 do sou 665 24 70 H 268 4 hf-ch dust 320 14 77 257 0 do bro tea 300 14 79 Warakamure 259 3 cli bro pek 315 £9 82 262 1 Ijf-cli dust 90 14 83 263 3 do fans 210 21 Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. 84 0 & H, in estate m.irk 264 4 ch bro pek 421 86 266 3 do pek sou 300 88 S 268 5 hf-ch dust 4(0 89 269 7 do bro tea 350 90 A 270 3 hf-ch dust 240 91 271 5 do bro tea 250 103 Ovooa, A 1 283 7 hf-ch (lust 665 109 Ratgoda A 289 4 hf-ch bro pek 256 HO 290 2 ch pek 189 111 2)1 1 hf-cii pek No. 2 62 112 292 1 do pek dust 61 113 W V T 293 0 lif-ch dust 480 114 294 7 do fans 385 115 295 1 do bro te.a 55 116 F A, in estate mu rk 293 2 ch dust 180 124 Hatdowa 301 1 ch fans 140 125 305 2 do (lusi 300 126 306 2 do unas ISO !33 P 313 4 ch unas 396 1.58 Monte Cliristo 338 5 .'h pek .sou 470 160 B, in estate ra.ark 310 5 do lii'o mix 500 160a oKti 1 1 do bro mix A 100 [Messrs. Forbes & Walker.] Lot. Box . Pkts. Name. lb 1 Karowkettia 1608 3 ch bi'o pek 0.;.> 2 1609 2 do pek 215 3 1612 4 do pek sou 428 4 1615 1 do unas 98 10 I N G, in est. .mark 1633 3 ch pek fans SCO 11 1636 3 do sou 2i0 12 1639 3 (io dust TOO 14 Kincora 1645 6 ch or pek 5 0 21 Fa- nham 16C6 4 hf-ch fans 300 22 1669 2 do du.st 150 27 D F D 1684 3 hf-ch bro pek 150 28 1687 4 ch or pek 340 29 1690 S do pek sou C40 35 Erisarere 3 '08 6 l)f-ch pek fans 348 36 1711 7 do dust 574 37 1714 3 ch congou 276 40 Anningkaude 172.3 6 eh congou 600 41 1726 7 hf-ch bro pek fans 420 51 C N 7 4 ch dust 360 52 10 1 do re i leaf 110 59 Errolwood 31 7 ch pek sou 630 64 Maldeniya 46 5 ch sou 400 65 49 3 do dust 2-35 72 B B B, in estate mark 70 5 hf-ch dust 37o 76 Holton 82 8 ch pekoe C40 78 S3 1 ch bro mix 80 79 91 2 do dust ].';0 SO 94 2 do dust 150 90 Dunbar 124 5 ch bro pek 50J 02 130 5 do pek sou 430 93 Harrington 133 7 hf ch bro or uek • 420 96 142 2 (1 , fans 150 97 lYeoya 145 8 ch sou 560 103 R.uanwella 103 6 ch bro pek fans' V 6U0 104 166 8 do dust 6-10 111 Hayes 187 10 hf-ch ptk .sou 600 112 190 9 do bro or pek siftings 49.5 113 193 4 do pek fans 220 121 P’Kande 217 8 cli pek C8U 122 220 7 ch pek sou 660 123 St. Andrews 223 2 hf-ch dust 494 124 R, in estate mark 226 4 ch bro pek 400 126 232 2 do pek sou 150 128 2.38 3 do nek fans 300 129 241 1 do dust 115 1.30 24 4 3 do unas 240 131 217 1 do red tea 113 142 Gala pi taken de 2=0 3 hf-ch dust 270- 113 Sunnycroft 283 4 ch pek sou 400 144 288 3 ch congou SCO 145 289 3 ch dust 450 153 Essex 313 2 ch du.st 320 I'O Stisted c64 4 hf ch dust 320 174 G P M, m est. mark 376 3 hf-ch red leaf 174 194 Maha Uva 436 2 ch dust 180 202 DM 460 3 ch unas 30t 203 463 1 hf-ch sou 50 204 466 2 do dust 200 211 Hayes 4S7 10 hf-ch brr» or not c. £6 15 U 15 14 15 12 49 bid 31 bid 30 bid 14 11 23 9 15 14 12 23 12 £6 bid 12 Cf ii: cU 23 14 24 23 14 43 bid 24 13 35 41 37 31 16 23 24 27 8 3 bid, 22 11 12 29 27 15 14 31 28 23 30 11 28 41 26 29 23 14 £9 21 12 13 14 5 14 28 26 12 7 bid 16 11 14 . 30 25 It CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. 5 Lot. Box. Jkgs. Name lb. C. siftings 550 38 225 K WD 529 9 bf-ch bro or pek fans 648 27 238 St. Heliers 560 4 ch pek sou 360 27 253 Kakiriskande 613 2 do bro pek 174 28 254 616 3 do 1 hf-ch pekoe 350 22 255 619 1 ch pek sou 93 20 256 622 4 do 1 hf-ch unast 450 17 257 625 1 ch unassorted 100 17 258 628 1 do dust 138 8 259 631 1 do pek dust 107 12 260: ; Avoca 634 2 do pek sou 216 37 261 637 3 hf-ch bro pek fans 240 22 280 Torwood 694 2 ch bro pek fans 236 25 281 697 8 do sou 640 21 282 700 4 do dust 600 12 286 Arapolakande 712 3 do dust 330 11 291 Beaumont 727 5 hf-ch fans 290 33 294 Kennington 736 8 do dust 640 14 295 Dewalakande : 739 6 ch bro tea 420 21 296 Moralioya 742 5 do fans 475 21 297 745 3 do unast 282 19 298 748 4 hf-ch dust 320 15 302 C OE B 760 2 ch bro mix 236 11 307 Glengatriff 775 7 hf-ch dust 560 17 308 Brough on 778 8 do bro mixed 390 31 320 Levallon 814 1 do bro or pek 116 43 221 817 1 do or pek 110 40 322 820 4 do pek 392 39 327 Dewalakane 835 1 do or pek CO Oi 31 328 838 1 do pek 80 27 329 Wallaha 841 1 do pekoe No. 2 100 28 331 Invery 847 1 do pek sou 77 32 333 Dunedin 853 1 hf ch bro or pek 65 34 334 856 2 ch pek sou 150 20 335 Yataderiya 850 1 do pek sou 80 19 340 Penrhos 874 3 do pek sou 240 29 .341 877 6hf-ch dust 510 16 352 Oonoonagalla 910 7 ch pek sou 56) 29 353 913 3 do dust 30) 15 368 Udapola 958 3 ch dust 240 15 372 Devitura 970 3 ch sou 210 21 373 973 2 do dust 240 13 380 New Peacock 994 8 hf-c pek fans 600 12 381 997 1 do fans 75 12 383 Ookoowatte ino.j 4 ch pek 360 30 384 1006 5 do pek sou 450 27 386 1012 3 hf-ch dust 240 12 387 CRD 1015 3 ch bro pek fans 300 27 388 1018 3 do bro mix 300 11 389 1021 2 do dust 200 12 390 1024 7 do red leaf 030 11 399 Claverton 1051 2 hf-ch dust 160 15 406 Blairgowrie 1072 3 ch bro pek 315 30 407 1075 1 ch 2 hf-ch dust 270 16 408 1078 1 do pek sou 50 18 412 Clyde 1090 4 ch pek No. 2 381 27 415 1099 5 do fans 500 23 423 Glencorse 1123 2 ch pek fans 250 20 424 1126 1 do bro tea 110 24 425 Yalta 1129 14 boxes bro or pek 130 68 1132 26 do bro pek 250 50 1135 24 do pek 250 39 1138 6 do pek sou 60 32 1141 3 do dust 30 16 Lot. Box. , Pkgs. Name. lb. C. 434 Chesterford 1166 2 ch con 180 24 435 1159 8 hf-ch dust 640 11 451 Knavesmire 1207 4 ch pek 340 26 453 Torrington P 1213 7 ch pek 490 22 464 New Galway 1246 1 hf-ch pek sou 60 37 CEYLON COFFEE SALES IN LONDON. (^From our Commercial Correspondent). Mincing Lane May 6. “Historian”— Stafford, P, 4 barrels 65s out. “Wanderer” — Middleton, Dimbula, Ic lb 107s; 1, It 87s; 2, lb 58s 6d; P, lb 100s. Bogawana, size 1, 2c Ills 6d; 2, 5c 104s 6d; 3, lb 58s 6d; PB, It 106s. CEYLON COCOA SALES IN LONDON. “Bavaria” — Beredewelle, COC EX No. 1, 20 71s 38 70s 6d; EX No. 2, 7 63s; wood EX No. 3, 1 61s; 1, 1 62s; T, 9 51s 6d;B, 3 51s, “Inuba Maru”— Hylton, 00, 22 73s out; 0, 14 68s; 1 sea dam. 62s sold; 3 62s. “Staffordshire” — Hylton, OO, 20 70s 6d; O, 1 64s; S, 2 67s. “Clan Stewart” — Kas & Co., 190 68s 6d; 9 sea dam. 61s. “BuUionist”— 9 scented by oil out. “Clan Mackay” — DNPS in estate mark, 20 71s bid out; No.2, 13 60s, out at 62s; 1 53s; No. 3, 6 63s 6d, out at 6Ss; No. P, 32 45s 6d. “Clan Cameron”— NDPS in estate mark, 20 70s bid out; 2, 17 63s; Noyes out at 68s. “Bavaria” — Bandarapola I, 21 73s out; 2, 2 62s; T, 2 45s. “Logician” — Ross 1, 49 74s, 2, 20 61s. “Victoria”— Asgeria, A. 20 74s. Kumaradola, A, 20 73s; T, 2 F2s 6d. “Staffordshire”— Yattawatte 1, 66 70s; 2, 7 62s. “Bavaria” — Yattawatte 1, 114 70s, out at 73s; 2, 9 61s; broken, 1 59s. “Logician”— Goonambil, A, 20 7os; 1 61s; B, 6 6Is. “Dictator” -CGA in estate mark, 47 72s out. “Lancashire”- Kepitigalla, 20 73s. “Logician” — Marakona, 1, 20 69s out; 2 50s out; 3 47s 6d; 4, 1 39s. viaria, 15 70s out; 2, 2 50s; 3, 2 60s. “Kamakuru Maru” — Mandapa, A, 26 70s; T, 2 55s. Al- loowiharie. A, 8 63s; B, 8 .58s 6d. Dickeria, A, 21 out; 7 63s; B, 6 68s 6d. “Logician”— New Peradeniya, 5 out. “Priam”— Alloowiharie, A, 13 70s, “Clan Forbes”— Dickeria, A, 19 71s. “Laba” — Trafford, O, 78s. “Historian” — P lli, 1, 20 75s; 1 64s; 2, 10 69s; F, 20 75s; 2 64s; 2F, 1 69s; MAKM O in estate mark 25 72s; 1 MAK, 20 67s. “Clan Stewart” — Levelle, A, 62s “Clan MacIntyre”- F in estate mark, 9 70s. “City of Cambridge” OBEC in estate mark, Kondes-alle, 20 70s, out at 77s; 19 64s; 24 65s; 22 62s 6d; G, 17 58s 6d. TEA, COFFEE, CINCHONA, COCOA, AND CARDAMOM SALES, NO. 21 Colombo, June 6, 1898. Price : — 12| cents each 3 copies 30 cents ; 6 copies J rupee. COLOMBO SALES OF TEA. LAKGE LOTS. fMessra. A- F Thoittpson & Co.— 51,494 lb. Lot. 1 2 3 i 0 8 7 8 g 10 11 12 23 26 26 29 30 31 32 33 35 Vathalana Vogan Detangalla Augusta Godella Ambatenne Battalgalla Hornsey Box, Pkgs. Name. b. C. 1 20 hf-eh bro orpek 1300 30 2 18 do or pek No. 1 1710 40 bid 3 23 do do ,, 2 1955 33 4 14 do pek 1190 29 6 35 ch or pek 3150 33 6 36 do bro pek 34-20 40 7 26 do pek 208u 30 8 22 do pek sou 1760 27 9 28 1 [if-ch dust 2100 14 bid 10 46 1 hox or pek 92U 48 11 25 hf-ch bro pek 1375 42 bid 12 43 do pek 2150 37 bid 23 6 ch dust 900 11 bid 25 11 ch bro pek 1100 29 26 10 do pek 900 24 bid 29 22 ch bro pek 2310 32 bid 30 49 do pek 3920 25 31 31 do pek sou 2635 23 bid 32 29 hf-ch fans 1595 22 bid 33 13 ch pek sou 1300 34 bid 35 10 ch pek sou 1000 32 [Messrs. Somerville & Co.— 242,9021 Lot. Box. pkgs. Name. lb. c. 1 A P. in estate dust 840 mark 351 12 hi-oh 6 Hemingford 366 18 hf-ch pek fans 1080 7 357 22 hf-ch sou 1320 3 358 20 do fans 1500 12 Forest Hill 362 26 ch bro pek 278-2 13 363 39 do pek 3-276 14 364 23 do pek sou 1725 iPi 365 20 do sou 1640 365a 13 hf-ch fans 975 16 17 Galphele 366 367 21 hf-cb 33 do bro pek pek 1155 1485 18 368 20 do pek sou 900 19 Charlie Hill 369 20 hf-ch bro pek 1000 20 370 18 do pek 900 21 371 20 do pek sou 1000 24 Ukuwella 374 29 ch bro pek 2900 25 375 22 do pek 2-200 26 376 13 do pek sou 1300 28 Marigold 378 40 hf-ch bro pek 2240 29 379 26 do pek 1248 30 380 29 do pek sou 1160 31 381 16 do sou 704 33 Yarrow 383 54 hf-ch bro pek 2970 34 384 72 do pek 3000 35 36 Deniyaya 385 387 38 20 ch do bro pek pek 3990 2000 -37 388 10 do pek sou 900 40 Lonach 390 32 hf ch bro pek 1760 41 391 30 ch pek -2400 42 392 14 do pek sou 1120 44 Maligatenne 394 11 ch pek 1081 45 39.5 17 do pek sou 1616 46 398 9 do bro sou 799 50 Ravenscraig 400 13 bf-ch bro pek 715 51 1 18 ch or pek 1620 52 2 27 do pek 2565 55 Neboda 5 11 do bro or pek 1210 -66 6 37 do bro pek 3700 57 7 49 do pek 4900 58 8 44 do pek sou 4100 61 62 Comar 11 12 15 14 ch do bro pek pek 1725 1400 63 64 Minna 13 14 31 Ilf ch 52 ch bro pek pek I860 4680 65 15 25 do pek sou 2260 16 11 lif-ch dust 990 •OO 67 Kew 17 22 hf-ch bro or pek 1-232 68 18 26 do or pek 1300 69 19 31 ch pek 2862 7n 20 27 do pek sou 2565 4 \f TO 22 9 hf-ch dust 765 4 L 78 79 Salawe 28 29 12 11 ch do Vro pek pek 1-260 990 rln nek sou 2890 13 30 24 16 34 bid 28 bid 25 bid 25 19 36 31 29 33 28 26 28 bid 25 bid 24 36 bid 31 27 24 35 31 33 bid 31 26 36 bid 30 27 25 19 16 37 35 28 bid 35 39 29 25 32 26 bid 38 bid 35 30 12 50 bid 49 bid 38 31 bid 13 23 23 oo Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. c. 84 H 34 6 ch dust 900 12 86 Paradise 36 20 hf-ch bro nek noo 28 bid 87 37 12 ch pek 1200 25 88 38 12 do pek sou 1080 23 92 Bantsingha- patna 45 59 hf-ch or pek 2773 33 bid 93 43 32 ch pek 2560 31 94 44 36 hf-ch pek sou 2700 28 93 43 99 do bro or pek 5643 25 bid 97 47 11 do fans 770 24 98 Depedene 48 66 hf-ch bro pek 3630 33 99 • 49 45 do pek ■2475 31 100 50 3-2 do pek sou 1760 26 102 Orange Hill 52 30 ch bro pek 3000 30 bid 1C3 53 18 do pek 1710 26 bid 104 54 17 do pek sou 1530 25 105 55 9 do dust 720 13 106 Killin, in estate mark 56 21 hf-ch bi o pek 1050 31 bid 107 67 15 do pek 1275 28 bid 109 Ingeriya 59 53 hf-ch bro pek 2050 34 no 60 43 do pek 2664 30 in 61 36 do pek sou 1656 26 113 Kelani 63 76 hf-ch bro pek 3420 42 114 64 18 eb bro or pek 1800 38 115 65 4-2 do pek 3780 SO 116 66 30 do pek sou f850 26 120 Hapugasmulle 70 13 ch bro pek 1430 35 121 71 25 do pek 2375 28 122 Cholankandei 72 7 ch dust 1050 12 131 Annandale 81 22 ch or pek )232 61 132 Carney 82 33 hf-ch bro pek 1G50 34 133 S3 44 do pek 1980 29 134 84 65 do pek sou 3250 25 140 Dartry 90 16 ch bro tea 1140 16 141 91 12 hf-ch dust 960 13 142 Mahatenne 92 25 ch bro pek 2500 32 bid 143 Ukuwela 93 21 ch bro pek 21C0 27 bid 144 94 16 do pek 1600 26 bid 145 95 11 do pek sou nco 24 147 Havilland 97 18 ch or pek 1620 33 bid 148 98 69 do pek 4720 28 bid 149 D A L 99 7 ch bro pek 700 30 150 Horagoda 100 23 ch bro pek 2300 36 151 101 -24 do pek ■2040 31 152 102 14 do pek sou 1190 26 155 105 20 do con 1600 25 16-2 Bidbury 112 12 ch bro pek 1200 40 163 113 9 do pek 720 31 164 114 15 do fans 1800 27 Md 165 Mousogalla 115 7 ch bro or pek 770 25 bid 166 116 25 do or pek ■2375 34 bid 167 117 18 do pek 1530 29 bid 168 no 39 do pek sou 3060 26 bid 178 Allakolla 128 50 ch bro pek 5000 32 bid 179 1-49 •28 do pek 2-240 28 bid 180 130 20 do pek sou 1800 24 bid 181 Rayigam 131 32 ch bro pek 3200 31 bid 182 132 40 do pek 3800 28 183 133 13 do pek sou 1010 25 [Mr. E. John.~280,410iL.] Lot. Box. PI, :gs. Name. lb. c. 2 GT 101 9 ch sou 900 29 3 Hattangalla 104 23 do bra pek 2070 35 4 107 3(1 do pekoe 2480 29 7 Little Valley no 22 do bro pek 1980 38 bid 8 119 67 do pekoe 5025 34 bid 9 122 24 do pek sou 1920 29 11 128 8 do fans SSO 28 17 H M 146 21 hf-cli dust 1785 13 IS Ella 149 69 ch pekoe 5SG51 19 152 30 do pel; sou No.l 2700 > withd’n •20 155 41 do pek sou 35-20 ) 21 Mocha 158 19 do bro or pek 1900 55 22 161 2-2 do or pek 1980 44 bid 23 161 19 do pekoe 1.5-20 41 24 107 1-2 do lu-o pek 1360 40 25 Glasgow 170 fG do bro or pek 4180 49 26 17.3 19 do or pek 1-235 40 bid 27 176 IS do pekoe 1710 38 28 SW 179 18 do pekoe 10-20 SO bill 29 182 10 *’o bro mix 1150 25 30 Ben Nevis ISo -.9 hf-ch liowery or I'ek 1450 51 bid 31 183 20 cU or pek 1700 35 32 191 17 do pekoe 1415 32 33 D N I>, in est. mark 194 21 do pekoe 1575 29 34 197 30 do pek sou •2700 28 2 CEYLON PKODtJGE SALES LIST. Lot . Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. 36 Eadella 203 24 ch bro pek 2400 37 206 21 do pekoe 1890 38 209 9 do pek sou 720 41 Natuwakelle 218 16 do bro or pek 1600 42 221 30 do bro pek 3000 43 224 12 do or pek lObO 44 227 34 do pekoe 3060 45 230 29 do pek sou 2320 47 A A 236 22 do bro pek 2090 48 239 30 do pekoe 2700 49 242 10 do pek sou bOO 51 Maryland 248 7 do bro pek 735 52 251 7 do pekoe 700 63 Derby 654 17 ) lif-ch bro pek 10 10 54 257 14 do pekoe 784 61 EN 278 18 ch pek souNo.2 1800 63 Galella 284 29 do bro pek 2900 64 287 24 do pekoe 3160 65 290 13 do pek sou 1300 67 Oonoogaloya 296 35 do bro pek 3600 68 299 30 do pekoe 2400 69 302 15 do pek sou 1350 75 Kandaloya 320 20 hf-ch dust 1000 76 323 16 do fans 720 77 Cleveland 326 12 do bro or pek 780 78 329 12 ch pekoe 1080 80 B K 335 10 hf-ch dust 927 81 St. John’s 338 42 do bro or pek 2352 82 341 39 do or pek 1872 83 344 40 do pekoe 2000 84 Kanangama 347 36 ch bro pek 3600 85 350 41 do pekoe 3485 86 353 27 do pek sou 2295 87 356 16 do bio pek fans 1600 88 359 13 do fans 1105 89 362 8 do dust 1120 93 BD 374 20 do pek sou 1600 97 Bowhill 386 21 do bro or pek 2100 98 389 17 do pekoe 1700 100 Pollakanda 395 20 hf-ch bro pek 1200 101 398 39 cli pekoe 3510 1,02 401 13 do pek sou 1040 103 AL 404 28 hf-ch pek sou 1665 104 Laxapana 407 22 do pke fans 1870 105 Manangoda 410 7 ch bro pek 700 106 413 9 do pekoe 900 108 419 9 do bro pek fans 765 109 Maha Eliya 422 17 hf-ch bro pek fans 1 1445 110 Agra Ouvah 425 64 do bro or pek 3900 111 428 20 do or pek 1100 112 431 11 ch peki e 1045 113 Rondura 434 8 do or pek 720 114 437 22 do bro pek 2200 115 440 26 do pei oe 2340 116 443 17 do pek sou 1530 118 OUR 449 11 do uuas 1430 119 Glasgow 452 48 do bro or pek 3840 120 .455 18 do or pek 1170 121 458 17 do pekoe 1615 122 461 13 do pek sou 1430 123 464 15 do or pek fans 1500 124 Agra Ouvah 467 66 hf-ch bro or pek 4290 125 470 30 do or pek 1650 126 473 11 ch pekoe 1045 127 P H P, in est. mark 476 7 do dust 840 128 S, in est. marl J479 11 do fans 1100 129 RL 482 26 do bro pek 2648 132 ET 491 10 h -ch dust 8.50 133 Brownlow 494 21 ch bro or pek 2100 134 497 18 do or pek 1710 135 500 19 do pekoe 1710 136 503 19 do pek sou 1653 137 506 6 do bro pek fans 702 138 509 6 do pek fans 702 139 Dickapittia 512 30 cto bro pek 3000 140 515 44 do pekoe 4400 141 518 7 do pek sou 700 143 524 13 lif-ch fans 910 144 Troup 527 25 do bro or pek 1375 145 530 25 C'h pekoe 2250 146 533 19 ilo pek sou 2610 147 536 20 hi'ch fans 1400 148 N 539 12 do dust 900 149 Chapelton 642 14 ch bro mix 1120 150 Meeriatenne 5)5 32 lif-ih bro or pek 1920 151 548 23 do pekoe 1275 154 Ramboda 557 20 do bro pek 1100 165 560 26 do pekoe 1250 156 663 22 do pek sou 1100 169 Digdola 572 14 cli bro or pek 1400 160 575 10 do or pek 950 161 578 18 do pekoe 1710 162 Glentilt 581 26 do bro pek 2800 163 684 16 do pekoe 1600 173 Evalgolla 614 9 do bro pek 900 174 617 15 do pekoe 1276 l78 623 9 do pek sou 765 Lot Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. C. 178 Ottery 629 8 ch bro or pek 800 61 bid 179 632 31 do or pek 3060 38 bid 180 635 18 do pekoe 1620 37 185 D, in est. mark 650 8 do pekoe 720 26 190 C 665 11 do dust 1025 11 191 Ormidale 668 14 iif-ch or pek 770 42 192 671 20 do bro or pek 1200 67 193 674 34 do pekoe 1700 42 194 677 23 do pek sou 1 50 37 195 Pati Rajah 680 8 ch bro pek 800 35 196 683 15 do pekoe 1125 27 198 Talakande 689 20 ifch dust 1950 11 bid 199 Maddeoya 692 21 do bro pek 2310 29 bid 200 695 43 ch pekoe 1300 23 201 698 26 do pek sou 2590 18 202 701 9 do 1 hf-ch bro pek fans 1220 18 203 W 704 9 ch bro pek 915 31 204 Bandaiakelle 707 31 if-ch dust 2320 11 bid 205 E 7i0 15 ch pekoe 1350 10 bid 211 S, in est. mark 728 22 do 1 if-oli bro or pek 2499 23 bid 212 731 14 do bro pek fans 9S0 12 bid 214 H 737 10 ch dust 1000 11 bid 215 T K 740 13 do 1 hf-ch sou 1155 19 [Messrs. Forbes & Walker.—] 613,124 lb. i B, in estate mork 1249 15 ch sou 1350 26 2 1252 6 do dust 900 13 12 Agra El- bedde 1282 57 hf-ch bro or pek 3306 SO 13 1285 57 hf-ch or pek 1472 43 14 1288 37 do pek 1850 37 18 Udegoda 1300 45 ch bro pek 4060 28 19 1303 27 ch pek 2160 25 20 1306 20 do pek sou 16U0 24 23 Thedden 1315 37 ch bro pek 37U0 34 bid 24 1318 16 do ppk 1440 33 bid 27 Rockside 1327 21 ch bro pek 2310 31 id 28 1330 12 do pek 1200 31 29 1333 7 do pek sou 7C0 26 32 1342 9 do dust 1350 13 33 1345 13 do bro pek fans 1690 19 34 Strathspey 1348 22 hf-ch or pek 1144 50 35 1351 16 do pek 800 ■ 36 36 Munukettia Ceylon, in est. mark 1354 47 . hf-ch or pek 2585 41 bid 37 1357 20 ch pek 1800 33 38 Kelaneiya, Mas- keliya 1360 32 ch or pek 2720 44 39 136.3 19 do pek 1900 31 bid 45 Knavesmire ISSi 13 ch or pek 975 30 46 1384 34 do bro pek 3230 32 47 1387 57 do pek 4845 28 48 1390 25 do pek sou 1875 25 49 1393 8 do dust 720 11 50 1396 16 do fan 3 1760 27 51 G 1399 20 ch pek sou 1600 24 54 Weoya 1408 25 ch bro pek 2250 42 b 65 1411 62 do pek 4960 36 56 1414 34 do pek sou 2880 20 57 Massena 1417 24 hf-ch bro pek 1200 49 58 1420 18 do pek 900 30 69 1423 14 do pek sou 700 25 61 Ganapalla 1429 38 ch or pek 3724 35 62 1432 35 CO bro or pek 3500 33 63 1435 53 do pek 4558 27 64 1438 35 ch pek sou 2800 25 65 1441 7 do bro pek fans 840 26 , 66 Tonacombe 1444 21 ch or pek 2100 42 67 1447 23 do bro pek 2760 43 68 1450 65 do pekoe 6500 35 69 1453 8 do pek sou 720 32 70 Chesterford, In- voice No, 21 1456 50 ch bro pek 5000 38 71 1459 35 do pek 3500 30 72 1462 28 do pe)i sou 2S00 28 73 1465 8 do fans 720 32 75 Avisawella 1471 33 ch bro pek 3137 40 76 1474 46 do pek 3910 SO 77 1477 33 do pek sou 2640 27 bid 83 Queensland 1495 9 ch or pek 720 45 84 1498 23 do bro pek 1265 43 85 1501 19 do p^k 1615 31 86 1504 9 do pek sou 810 33 88 Patiagama 1510 21 ch bro pek 2205 32 bid 89 1513 46 do pek 3190 28 bid 92 MV 1522 17 ch fans 1955 15 96 S A in estate mark 1531 8 ch pek sou 746 25 c. so bid 28 26 30 31 29 28 24 36 bid 30 bid 28 31 27 34 28 27 39 bid 35 9Q 38 bid 31 bid 28 31 22 50 43 12 65 51 bid 40 bid 32 bid 28 bid 24 24 bid 18 12 24 32 bid 30 bid 36 28 24 21 bid 12 bid 32 24 18 16 bid 57 52 44 40 36 bid 28 bid 24 out 52 bid 47 39 33 23 68 50 43 20 bid 24 32 12 43 bid 40 35 31 31 22 36 bid 32 30 26 61 bid 38 bid 31 bid 25 16 bid 24 35 32 41 35 30 33 bid 26 . 25 50 39 30 28 24 CEYLON PEODUCE SALES LIST. 3 Lot, Box. Pkts. Name. ]b. 104 Ascot 1558 26 ch bro pek 2340 105 1561 21 do pek 16!- 0 106 1561 12 do pek sou 1080 107 1567 9 do pek fans 1080 117 E 1697 22 : hf-ch pek sou 1056 118 1600 22 do fans 1650 119 Ellaoya 1603 17 ch bro pek 1632 120 1606 ?7 do or pek 3145 121 1609 24 do pek sou 2160 122 Tymawr 1612 21 : hf-ch bro pek 1050 123 161.) 23 do or pek 1035 124 1618 25 do pek 1125 125 1611 30 do pek sou 1200 127 B D W G 1617 24 hf-ch bro pek 1200 12S 1630 24 do pek 1080 131 Amblangoddal639 11 ch bro pek 990 133 1615 14 do pek 1260 134 1618 9 do pek sou 81O 137 Middleton 1637 19 hf-ch bro or pek 1045 138 1660 3! ch or pek 3300 139 1663 10 do or pek 1000 140 1606 16 do pek 1441 141 1669 17 do pek sou 1360 142 ALL 1672 17 ch bro pek 1700 143 1675 26 do pek 2340 144 1678 11 do pek sou 1100 148 GK 1690 8 ch bro mix 720 149 1693 14 do dust 1960 150 Columbia 1696 38: hf-ch bro pek 2090 151 1699 33 do pek 16)0 153 Drayton 1705 51 hf-ch or pek 2550 154 1708 40 ch pek 3400 155 1711 53 do pek 4505 156 1714 24 do pek sou 1920 159 P. Kande 1723 53 ch bro pek 5035 160 1726 39 ch or pek 3315 161 1729 33 do pek 2640 162 1732 22 ch pek sou 1760 163 1735 15 hf-ch bro pek fan 975 164 Waitalawa 1738 58 do bro pek 2900 165 1741 90 do pek 4500 166 1744 19 do pek sou 950 167 Nugagalla 1747 34: hf-ch bro pek 1700 168 1 81 do pek 4060 178 Irex 31 24 ch bro pek 2400 179 34 14 do pek 1400 187 Ambragalla 58 79] hf-ch or pek 3950 188 61 43 cli pek 3520 189 64 48 do pek sou 3600 190 67 139 hf ch bro or pek 7923 191 70 9 ch dust 810 1927 73 15 hf ch bro nek fans 1050 193 Farnham 76 17 ch bro pek 1020 194 79 3.5 do pek 1925 195 Monkswood 82 16 ch pek 1300 196 85 16 do pek sou 1440 197 M 8- 26 hf-ch pek 1456 198 91 16 do bro pek fan 1440 199 Morankande 94 22 ch bro pek 2090 200 97 25 do pek 2000 201 100 12 do pek sou 1020 209 ABU 124 11 . hf-ch dust 16.50 216 USA 145 13 ch dust 1690 217 SWT 148 10 ch pek fans 1100 218 151 • 6 do dust 9J0 219 154 10 do congou 1000 220 Belingwatte 157 9 hf-ch dust 1285 221 S S J in estate mark 160 7 ch bro pek 770 222 163 7 do pek 700 228 Hughenden ISl 11 ch bro pek 990 229 184 17 do pek 1300 232 Gailawatte 193 14 ch bro pek 1330 233 196 34 do pekoe 2040 234 199 12 do pek sou lOSO 241 Erracht 220 28 ch pek sou 2100 242 223 15 do bro pek fan 1 1275 243 226 10 do pek faus 1280 244 229 7 do dust 980 245 Dunkeld 232 74 hf-ch bro or pek 4440 246 235 27 do or pek 1485 247 238 30 ch pek 2700 248 Dea Ella 241 44 hf-ch bro pek 2200 219 214 32 do pek 1600 2.0 247 11 do fans 715 252 Gampaha 253 19 ch or pek 1710 253 256 13 do bro or pek 1430 255 Hayes 262 20 hf-ch bro pek 1100 257 268 35 do pek 1750 258 271 25 do pek sou 1125 259 High Forest 274 74 do bro or pek 4440 260 277 39 do or pek 1989 261 230 31 do pek 1550 262 F irk lees 283 36 do bro or pek 2160 263 286 22 ch or pek 2200 264 289 S'. do pok 3160 265 292 26 do pek sou 2080 Lot. Box. PkSfS. Name. lb. C. 268 301 37 ch pek 3145 28 269 304 13 do pek sou 1170 24 271 Pallegodde 310 42 do bro or pek 4620 33 272 313 31 do bro pek 2945 41 273 316 29 do pek 2320 30 274 319 26 do pek sou 2210 27 278 A M K 331 14 hf-ch dust 124-? 9 279 M C 334 31 do pek sou 1860 24 280 Agra Kelly 337 35 ch bro pek 3325 44 281 340 23 do pek 1955 30 282 Naseby 34.3 34 hf-ch bro pek 1972 57 283 346 43 do pek 2150 45 bid 284 349 29 do pek sou 1450 36 bid 283 Kotagaloya 352 24 ch pek 2040 33 286 Stamford Hill 355 20 hf-ch flowery or pk :1000 60 287 358 15 ch or pek 1 75 36 288 SGI 12 do pekoe 1020 34 294 Mudamana 379 52 do bro pek 5200 34 bid 295 382 64 do pek 5120 27 bid 296 385 27 do fans 2565 20 302 Yoxford 403 38 ch pek sou 2850 32 303 406 6 do fans 720 20 304 , 409 7 do dust 1015 13 303 Oxford ill 19 do bro or pek 199.) 34 300 415 27 do or pek 2295 31 bid 307 418 18 do pek 1440 28 308 421 17 do pek sou 1275 26 310 West Holy rood 14-27 24 hf ch bro pek 1440 38 bid 311 430 20 ch pekoe 1900 30 312 433 12 do pekoe sou 960 28 31.S 436 12 hf-ch fans 840 22 315 Weyunga watte ! 442 26 do bio or pek 1430 35 316 445 41 ch or pek 3690 32 317 448 32 do pek 2720 29 318 451 17 do pek sou 1615 26 320 Beausejour 4.57 17 do trro pek 1615 39 321 460 25 do pek 2000 27 326 Carlabeck 472 13 do pek sou 1300 35 326 475 9 lif-Ch bro pek fan 738 22 329 Dooiievale 484 22 ch bro pek 2090 32 bid 330 487 33 do pek 2640 27 334 L in est. mark 499 10 do bro tea 1000 14 349 Kumaradola 544 8 do or pek SCO 36 350 547 13 do pek 1170 31 354 Labookelle 559 10 do pek 910 43 365 Castlereagh 562 28 do bro pek 2800 41 356 565 28 do or pek 2380 36 357 563 28 do pek 2380 30 362 Meemora Oya 583 19 hf-ch bro pek 760 30 363 686 37 do pekoe 1480 25 366 Aigburth 595 62 do bro or pek 3410 38 bid 367 598 25 ch pekoe 2375 33 368 601 24 do pek sou 2280 28 369 604 10 hf-ch br pk fans 700 28 370 Deaculla 607 32 do bro pek 1760 42 371 610 38 cio pekoe 1960 31 372 613 32 do pek sou 1548 29 373 Opalgalla 616 S ch dust 1176 8 374Dambagastalawa 319 37 hf-ch bro or pek 2220 53 bid 375 622 63 ch or pek 5565 39 376 Ellemulle 625 36 do bro pek 3600 41 bid 378 ■Vtacaldenia 631 8 do pek sou 795 29 380 JIarl borough 637 6 do br pek dust 8B0 13 382 Hauteville 643 59 hf-ch dust 5310 13 383 Ismalle 646 15 ch sou 1275 17 1 lid 385 Erlsmere 652 47 hf-ch pek No. 1 3700 36 bid 386 555 11 ch pek No. 2 1100 30 387 658 12 do pek sou 1140 33 bid 388 Doranaka nde 661 11 ch bro pek 1100 34 392 Clyde 673 32 do bro pek 3040 37 393 676 40 do pek 3600 26 bid 394 679 24 do pek sou 2160 23 bid 396 685 10 do fans 1000 23 398 Dunbar 691 17 hf-ch bro or pek 816 45 399 694 35 do or pek 1575 49 400 697 15 ch peic 1125 33 412 Ambawella 733 64 hf-ch bro peic 3810 38 bid 413 736 29 ch pek 2900 31 bid 414 7S9 15 do pek sou 1500 27 417 MahaUva 748 34 hf-ch or pek 2040 42 418 751 26 ch pek 2140 31 bid 419 Clavei ton 754 44 do pek 4400 31 bi 1 420 Glengnrifle 757 21 hf-ch bro pek 111? 43 421 760 27 do or pek 1350 39 422 71.3 13 vh pek 1315 Ml I'id 423 766 9 do pek sou 720 32 424 769 44 boxes bro or pek 889 42 426 Okihitn.goda 775 23 hf-ch bro pek 1380 25 427 778 29 do pek 1450 22 428 781 33 do pek sou 1716 22 SMAl.L I.OTS. [MestJva. A. H. Thompson & Co ] c. 35 bid 29 bid 26 26 30 U bid 37 33 29 45 46 36 32 35 bid 31 bid 43 33 30 64 bid 47 bid 47 bid 42 bid 35 30 24 bid 24 21 10 56 45 46 bid 35 bid 34 bid 31 36 2S 26 24 20 39 33 29 40 30 35 28 32 bid 31 28 36 bid 13 20 46 35 bid 49 bid 41 bid 45 bid 24 bid 39 28 26 11 10 21 10 21 11 32 23 38 31 36 32 28 25 22 22 13 41 41 34 34 28 24 45 54 40 34 32 45 bid 41 bid 36 40 38 bid 30 bid 28 i JJ 4 CEYLON PEODUCE SALES LIST. Lot Box, » Pkgs, Name. lb. C. 16 G G 16 5 ch pek fans 600 10 bid 17 17 5 do fans 325 8 bid 18 18 2 do unas 102 8 bid 19 19 2 do pek dust 150 8 bid 20 20 2 do dust 184 6 bid 21 Augusta 21 2 ch sou 200 23 22 22 1 ch red leaf 90 9 27 B D R 27 2 hf-ch or pek 103 29 bid 28 H 28 2 ch bro mix 200 8 34 Battalgalla 34 4 cli fans 320 15 36 Hornsey 36 4 ch fans 320 14 A P, in estate mark SFD D B R, in es- 352 12 353 3 3.54 4 355 4 ch ch Jo do red leaf fans dust 500 345 632 376 11 23 12 23 tate mark 359 2 hf-ch bro pek 96 27 IG 360 3 do pek sou 151 23 11 361 1 ch dust 133 12 ■’2 Charlie Hill 372 9 hf-ch pek fans 540 23 23' 373 2 do red leaf 12 27 Ukuwella 377 2 hf-ch bro pek fan 10 [Messrs. Somerville & Co.] Lot. Box. pkgs. . Name lb. c. 32 Marigold 382 9 lif-ch bro pek fans C'30 24 o8 D 388 2 ch SOU 190 24 39 389 2 do dust 3('0 12 43 Maligatenne 393 5 ch bro pek 500 2b 47 ;97 1 do bro mix 102 17 48 39S 1 do dust 124 12 49 P 399 4 ch unas 396 20 53 Ravenscraig 3 4 ch pek sou 360 25 54 4 8 do dust 640 16 69 Neboda 9 4 ch . dust 320 14 60 Ool.apane 10 4 hf-ch dust 340 13 71 Kew 21 6 hf-ch bro pek fans 390 ' 23 85 H 35 2 ch sou 180 22 89 Paradise 39 5 hf-ch fans 25u 16 90 40 1 ch 1 hf-ch bro mix 150 12 91 96 Ranaslngh.'i- 41 2 do dust 250 14 patna 46 6 ch dust 540 13 101 Depedene 108 Killin, in es- 51 3 hf-ch dust 240 21 tate mark 68 8 ch pek sou 640 24 112 62 5 do dust 425 12 11? Kahatagalla 67 4 eh bro pek 360 35 118 68 4 do pek 360 23 119 69 2 do pek sou 180 23 123 Orion 73 2 ch pek sou 180 23 124 74 4 hf ch dust 300 11 124 126 Gampola- To 2 ch bro mix 206 16 watte 76 1 ch bro pek 111 31 127 77 1 do pek sou 90 22 128 78 4 do fans 440 20 129 79 2 Ilf ch dust 150 11 130 80 1 ch bro mix 100 16 135 Carney 85 7 hf-ch rro pek fans 350 24 136 86 1 do pek fans 50 24 137 87 3 do dust 150 14 138 88 11 do SOU ' 550 23 139 Dartry 89 4 ch fans 4-20 11 146 Ukuwela 96 1 hf-ch dusc 80 9 1.S3 Horagoda 103 4 ch fans 420 23 154 104 3 do dust 450 17 150 Hopewell 106 0 hf-ch bro pek 330 35 If, 7 107 9 do pek 450 26 158 108 11 do pek sou 683 23 159 109 2 do dust 154 10 109 110 3 do unas 140 12 161 Berat 111 2 ch dust 340 13 169 Mous.agalla 119 170 H T, in estate 4 ch SOU 450 24 mark 120 1 ch 1 hf-ch bro pek 150 28 171 1*11 1 ch 1 hf-ch jiek 150 25 172 122 3 ch pek sou 310 21 173 123 1 ch 1 hf-ch dust 200 10 Lot. Box. Pkgs. Xante. lb. G, in estate mark 1267 4 hf-ch 1270 4 1273 13 Agra Elbed- de 1276 1279 do do do do bro pek pek peK sou dust re ! leaf 200 200 650 64 50 U d.agoda Thedden Rockside Kelaneiya, Maskeliya 1291 1294 1297 1309 1312 1321 1 21 1336 1339 do do do ch ch do do ch do pek sou fans dust bro tea bro or pek ptk sou dust sou bro mix 378 174 390 186 425 275 600 500 1366 1369 1402 1405 1426 Slasena Chesterford Inv. ice No. 21 1468 2 ch 2 do 4 ch 2 do 9 hf-ch dust sou sou pek dust dust 230 200 320 290 t30 AviaweUa AV 1480 8 hf ch 4 ch 14S3 ’ 3 hf-ch Queensland Patiagama A, in estate I486 1489 1492 1507 1516 1519 ch do do ch eh do dust dust bro pek pek pek sou bro mix fans pek sou dust 600 560 1.56 96 44 42 240 285 450 95 99 100 101 102 103 108 126 129 130 135 136 145 146 147 152 158 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 180 202 203 204 205 203 i(l7 208 210 T U Dr.ayton I> Nugagalla Sunnycroft 1687 170i 1717 1720 4 7 N A Sunnycroft Irex Moran' ande Non Pariel 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 37 103 106 109 112 j 15 118 13 211 212 213 214 215 223 Hurstpier- point 121 1 do 7 ch 3 ch 2 ch 6 lif-ch 7 do 4 ch 2 do 3 do 1 hbch 3 ch 2 do 4 do 4 ch 4 hf-ch 1 do 1 ch 9 hf-ch 8 do do do congou bro tea sou pek pek sou dust pek sou coegou dust bro pek ptk sou congou dust pek sou bro pek fans pek fans red leaf bro pek pek pek sou dust 70 595 240 170 30l 630 400 2C0 453 48 300 200 600 400 332 7i 135 511 418 552 66 XXX S S J. in est. mark 127 1.30 133 136 139 142 ch do do do do lif-ch bro pek pekoe pek sou bro pek dust lio bro pek mix 80 dust 540 224 166 169 ch d 225 172 1 do [Messrs. Forhes & Waliier ] 226 227 Hughenden 175 1 178 5 do ch Lot, Box I'kts. Name. lb 0, 230 231 T B, in estate 187 7 do 3 New Angama- mark 190 2 ch na 1255 4 hf-ch sou 220 16 251 T'ea Ella 250 4 lif-oh 4 1268 4 do bro tea 220 10 254 Hayes 2.59 10 do 5 1261 1 do congou 50 17 266 265 10 do 6 1264 6 do dust 378 13 270 Clunes 307 4 ch pek sou sou pek fans pek dust bro or pek pek sou fans dust bro or pek or pek dust 25 20 17 10 8 36 23 14 23 23 ?0 10 24 15 13 24 22 11 12 13 12 27 24 18 480 400 ICO 400 190 100 90 450 560 25 25 9 mark A 1525 13 box bulk 130 24 A, in estate mark B 1528 5 hf-ch bulk ISO 26 A, in estate mark B 1531 1 57 hf-ch bulk 180 27 R, in estate mark 1537 1 ch 1 hf-ch unas 140 24 1540 1 do dust 69 9 RVAVA 1513 3 ch bro or pek 330 34 1546 5 do mixed tea 600 23 1549 2 do dust 240 10 BHAVP 1562 7 hf-ch dust C09 U Ascot 1555 5 eh bro or pek 600 ' 35 1570 4 do dust 640 8 BD W G 1624 8 hf-ch bro or pek 440 33 bid 1633 12 hf-ch pek soii 4S0 24- 1636 3 do dust 255 15 Amblangod- de 1642 4 eh bro or pek 440 45 1651 2 ch dust 200 12 1655 2 do congou 180 24 ALL 1631 1 ch bro pek dust 120 13 1684 2 do pek dust 240 14 13 45 26 31 28 12 25 12 20 25 10 10 25 24 17 6 36 33 27 13 33 23 19 12 6 12 19 15 17 12 40 29 189 360 550 500 360 23 8 47 37 11 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. 5 Lot i Box. Pkgs. JJanie. lb. C. 275 AMK 322 6 hf-ch pek 450 16 276 325 5 do bro mixed 290 6 277 328 8 do fans 640 10 297 Mudamana 388 7 hf-ch dust 660 12 298 Alton c91 1 ch red leaf 59 10 309 Oxford 424 2 hf-ch dust 170 12 314 West Holyrood439 7 do dust 630 13 319 Weyungawatte454 4 do dust 3n0 12 322 Beauseiour 463 3 ch pek sou 255 23 323 466 1 do fans 120 16 324 469 2 do dust 150 12 327 Pathregalla 478 2 do fans 200 15 328 481 3 hf-ch dust 270 12 331 Doonevale 490 4 ch pek sou 340 22 832 493 1 do fans 120 17 333 496 2 do dust 300 10 343 X W 526 3 hf-ch bro or pek 165 33 344 659 6 do or pek 270 39 345 532 9 do pek 405 28 346 535 3 do pek sou 150 26 347 538 3 do bro tea 150 14 348 541 7 do dust 560 12 351 Kumaradola 550 4 ch pek sou 3-20 24 352 Labookelle 553 2 do bro or pek 240 61 353 556 6 do or pek 500 58 358 Castlereagh 671 8 do pek sou 640 26 359 574 9 hf-ch fans 630 24 360 577 4 do dust 320 13 361 Y 580 4 ch bro tea 400 23 364 Meemora Oya 689 6 hf-ch 1 sou 200 23 365 Hopton 592 5 ch bro or pek 600 42 377 Macaldenia 628 7 do pekoe 695 31 bid 381 Pingarawa 640 7 hf-ch dust 630 12 384 Ismail e 649 5 ch dust 400 11 389 Doranakande 661 6 do pek 510 28 390 667 6 do pek sou 510 25 :9l 670 2 do bro pk fans 260 31 395 Clyde 684 2 do dust 280 12 397 Dunbar 688 6 do bro pek 600 32 bid 401 700 4 do pe sou 340 31 402 W N 703 5 do bro tea 500 10 403 706 4 do fans 600 8 415 Ambawella 742 7 do dust 525 13 416 745 1 do sou 55 20 4-25 Glengariffe 772 5 do dust 400 14 429 Olahitagoda 784 1 do fans 50 8 430 787 4 do dust 360 12 Mr. E. John. Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. b. e. 1 GT 98 4 hf-ch dust 380 11 5 Hattangalla 110 5 ch pek sou 450 26 8 113 2 do dust 2-20 14 10 Little Valley 125 2 do dust 240 17 35 D N D,iu est. mark 200 4 do dust 601 11 39 SK 212 3 hf-ch bro pek 153 27 40 215 4 do pekoe 220 20 46 Natuwakelle 233 3 ch dust 420 13 50 A A 245 1 do dust 100 13 55 Derby •260 8 hf-ch pek sou 416 26 56 263 2 do bro pek fans 120 ■23 57 2C6 1 do dust 85 14 58 Villa -69 1 ch bro pek 83 28 59 272 1 do pekoe 70 26 60 ■275 1 do pek sou 87 9 62 Loughton 281 8 hf-ch pek d>ist 400 14 66 Galoola 293 4 ch dust 400 14 70 K, in est. mark, Haputale 305 7 hf-ch or pek 350 33 71 308 3 ch pekoe 246 30 72 311 4 do pek sou 300 27 73 314 12 hf-ch bro or pek 634 30 74 317 1 ch bro pek far s 70 15 79 Cleveland 332 5 hf-ch dust 4£0 10 99 Bowhlll 392 6 ch pek sou 640 26 107 Manangoda 416 4 do pek sou 400 21 117 Rondura 446 2 do dust 260 13 130 RL 485 6 hf-ch p jk fans 432 18 131 488 3 do dust 270 • 12 Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb C. 142 r ickapittia 521 6 hf-ch dust 510 12 152 M eeriatenne 5.11 13 do pek sou 624 27 153 554 2 do dust 170 13 157 Ramboda 666 1 do dust 90 12 158 569 7 do fans 490 2’2 164 Ther. sia 587 4 do dust 320 12 i65 G M 590 7 do fans 630 12 166 AnamaJlai 593 4 hf-ch dust 340 12 167 Ridgmount 596 6 ch dust 480 12 168 599 0 do fans 420 13 175 Evalgolla 620 5 do pek No. 1 4-25 28 177 6-26 3 do dust 240 13 181 Ottery 638 4 do sou 360 25 1S4 D, in est. mark 647 6 ch bro pek 600 33 187 656 1 do 1 ro mix 110 8 188 S W 659 2 do fans 246 24 189 C 662 7 do pek No. 1 665 25 210 S, in est. mark 725 6 do • r pek 480 29 213 H 734 7 do sou 595 23 CEYL<^N COCOA SALES IN LONDON. (From our Commercial Correspondent). Mincing Lane May 13. ■Wanderer”— WarriapoHa, 189 68s sold. Warriapolla, 66 7-2s sold; 19 5Ss; 53 58s, 20 .57s 6d; 47 57s; 6 54s 6d. Sudu- ganga, 67 70s; 3 65s 6d; 7 63s; 10 58s; 15 57s 6d. ‘‘Kamaknrj Maru” — Hylton, OO, 18 71s out; O, 3 62s 6d. “Derbyshire”— Hylton, OO, 54 68s 6d; O, 8 63s. “Kamakura Maru”— MLM in estate mark, estate cocoa, 162 no bid. “Wanderer”— Arduthie 1, 51 68s; 2, 18 56s “LiOgician”— Marakona 1, 59 .57s 6d. Maria, 15 69s. “Clan Forbes” Dickeria, A, 19 70s out. “Kamakura Maru”— B, 6 .59s. Alloowiharie, B, 8 58s 6d. “Logician” — New Periuleniya, 5 67sout. “tierby.sliire”— Yattawatte 1, 159 71s out; 2, 15 62s'6ds. “Victoi'ia”- Yattawatte 1, 105 7ls out; broken 67s 6*1 sold. CEYLON CA.RDAMOM SALES IN LONDON. “Wanderer”— M in estate mark, seeds. 1 seeds 3s Id bid. “Inaba Maru”— 1 sweepings 2s 4d. “City of Cambridge” — ALl, 603s 6d. “Clan Mackay” AL 1, 16 3s 4d out; 4 4s sold. “.Mangalore” — CT in estate mark, bid 1 4s Id; 1 bag 2s 9d; CCC in estate mark, 1 ose 4s ‘2d bid; 3 2s lOd; MMM in estate mark, bid 1 4s out; 1 2s 9d. “Wanderer”— MAK, Killarney, Mysore O, 1 3s 4d; 1, 1 3s; 1 2s lid; A 1, 1 2s 4d. Gampaha, Mysore 1, 1 2s 9d; 2, 1 2s 6d. Malabar 1, 1 3s 2d. “Buchanan" — W, 1 3s 9d, 2 3s lOd, 4 3s 4d; 2 3s 5d; 6 3s 4d; 2 3s Id; 2 2s lOd; I 4s; W, 1 3s 4d; 1 3s 6d; 2 2s 8d; 1 2s 6d;l 2s lOd; 2 2s 1' d; 1 3s Id. “Bullionist”— G in estate mark, bid 11 3s 4d. “City of Cambridge"- AL 1, Mysore, 3 3s “Clan Fraser”— HGA in estate mark, Malabar, 2 2s lOd bid. “Asia”— HGA in estate mark, Malabar, 2 3s 4d. “Land Carriage” Kntooloya, B 1 2s 9d. “Wanderer” — Vedehette, EX, 6 4s; AA, 18 3s 4d; A, 4 "28 lid, 6 3s; B, 4 5s 9d. Vedehette, C, 14 2s 4d; D, 2 3s. “Logician” — Esperanza, 2 3s 3d; 3 3s 3d. ‘ Clan Ogilvl”— HGA in estate mark, Mysore, bid 2 2s 7d; 2 2s 8d; 4 2s 7d; 7 2s 8d. HGA in estate mark, Malabar, MB, 8 2s 5d; SB, 2 2s Id; Long, 1 3s 6d; H in estate mark Mysore, O, bid 2 sold 1, 3 6s 5d; 2 4 2s 9d. “Victoria"— J Mysore O, 4 3s 7d; 4 3s 6d; 2 3s 5d; 1, 8 3s 2d, 4 3s Id; 2, 2 2s 9d; J Mysore S, 9 2s 3d. “Clan Stuart”- OMAK, 2 3s 2d; MAK, 2 2s 8d; 6 2s 7d. HGA in estate mark, Malabar, B, 2 2s 4d; 2 2s 3d; 9 2s 4d. “Kawachi Maru” — HGA, 2 2s 6d bid. “Clan Macintyre”— HGA in estate mark, seed 4 2s Od. “City of Cambridge” — Duckwari, seed 2quall3 1 2s 6d, rv T> e IT T> T T- -Ct T> •DT>TVTT'TXT/^ J—Jj -•--■ ■ • :■ r -V . • 1) ' 1' ^;\T f-'fti. !■• d --’ .' I:-- • »Vt** ' .^■ - • 'i ' i ■ IS.!. , V y-.A.i: teiif. . ij r -f ;,.t ■ ‘y- K{w*»V V ' \>U \ 1' • ; T'"~ unh ■-ji-* !•■ . A - ■ i - -V'' ■ : 111. ft I".-.:. - r!-. ;•! f •JbLUtf- .- lu. - ..laift : ' a ' 5- f:!l ft. - -'5 . r. 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