GL \ \ ° Yipes Y Bi ake oe ty Uji sss aban) RN a a ee ee Newnes eR = ssp ES 016. r /) 2 * FAPARTM ENT i res 0? “Step after step the ladder is ascended.’’-George Herbert, Jacula Pwudentum. “ Agriculture is the most healthful, most useful and most noble employment of man.’’—WasHINGTON. RAS ee J ROPICAL ANGRICULTURIST. (ESTABLISHED 1881s) A MONTHLY RECORD OF INFORMATION FOR PLANTERS OF TEA, CACAO, COFFEE, PALMS, RUBBER, CINCHONA, SUGAR, RAMIE, COTTON, TOBACCO, SPICES, CAMPHOR, RICE, AND OTHER PRODUCTS SUITED FOR CULTIVATION IN THE TROPICS: Circulating in India, Ceylon, Burma, Straits, Java, Sumatra, Borneo, Northern Australia, Queensland, Fiji, Mauritius, Natal, West Indies, South and Central America, California, Southern States, and throughout Great Britain: EDITED BY J. PHRGUSONS, of the ‘‘ CEYLON OBSERVER,” ‘‘ CEYLON HANDBOOK AND Directory,” de, S “It is both the duty and nterest of every owner and cultivator of the soil to study the best means of rendering that soil subservient to his own and the general wants of the community ; and he, who introduces, beneficially, a new and useful Seed, Plant or Shrub into his district, is a blessing and an honour to his country.”—Sir J. SINCLAIR. VOL. XVIII. {Containing Numbers I. to XII.: July. 1898, to June, 1899.] CEYLON: A. M. & J. FERGUSON, COLOMBO. LONDON: _Joun Happon & Co.; Kecan Paun, Trencu, Trusner & Co., Lrp.; Luzac & Co., &c, Mapras: HiecinporHam & Co.—Catcurra: THacker, Spink & Co, Bompay ;: THackzr & Co., Lrp.—AustTraian Cononirs: Gorpon & Goren, West Inpres AND CenrrRAL America: C. H, Catprroyx, St THomas. Straits SETTLEMENTS AND EAsrerN ARCHIPELAGO :—JoHN Lirrie & Co., SINGAporE, Honckone anp Yokonama :—Ketty & Co. Java :—Messrs, Joun Pryce & Co Batavia, G. Kourr & Co, . MDCCCXCIX, siete main. eles, ' Keon : wokadget 4 "1 in. a | ‘ensass or ier w $ aa ae Ve Me i | > . : abe ait AROWIALD 2 on AML AD 2 aes 1d “Laden ane) Ne Mery , a a § : i / - oe fen: em des ss, dg #aaro aKa hdl =. ae y hi a Tit “wlebon wisiinos ; rae ibe real A ec ae srg are dies Meg fry a tai eth shit ck OMS a rae: (hi ata + aN i ke Cees t gh. ees "datas tows ty, Ube “Ath tug 4 ni val) oy Ae on . Beh Ong sth ‘ ig 428 408 —— MOLE)» md ey | ; oy sebise'sis ini ‘sh he Mvievidhies bain oe Yipes felt ‘eeeoth ca at its y Ade tfytsans yl Yep PSH. darysylaige dag bute eds SR a es aie ithe 5 ne” bhiarel Bua Ut Ea ASorok, He Se he Seid, Nae Iie aie “is Wisin fvonttnsit hea ae Sg Kia oA Sait it Wik >, vi fay Titel Ty, fi Vay ap ae ; ; Bee by sy rap wt? * ow ee Se teens 5 Pcs 75 Hot Sua, ou rae ae yee WEG wal, ae ee en, Net Rive Hi Da is ek Bon Oe Teer BA Fagrals » ae. POE A EE Ramey % cian nie Or Nish cd ae ae a phi ratach Faneb TO QUR READERS. In closing the Higateenth Volume of the “Tropical Agriculturist,” we would as usual direct attention to the large amount of useful information afforded and to the great variety of topics treated in the several numbers. From month to month, we have endeavoured to embody in these pages the latest results of practical experience and scientific teaching in all that concerns tropical agriculture ; and our ambition has been to make our periodical not only indispensable to the planter, but of service to business men and capitalists, never forgetting that agriculture trenches upon every department of human knowledge, besides being the basis of personal and communal wealth. While directing our attention ehiefly to the products prominently mentioned on our title-page, we have always taken care to notice minor industries likely to fit in with sub-tropical conditions ; and our readers have an ample guarantee in the index pages before them, that, in the future, no pains will be spared to bring together all available information both from the West and Hast, the same being examined in the light of the teachings of common sense as well as of prolonged tropical experience in this, the leading Crown and Planting Colony of the British Empire. Special attention has, during the past year, been given to the introduction and extension of an industry in rubber-yielding trees (more especially in the planting of Para and Castilloa trees), and much literature on the subject will be found throughout our pages; also on cacao in Central America and the West Indies as wellasin Ceylon ; coffee and allied products in Brazil, Mexico, Costa Rica, East Java, Nyassaland, British Central Africa; Liberian coffee in Sumatra, Java, the Straits Settlements; and to other new developments in coffee, coconuts and tobacco planting, &c., in the Malayan Peninsula, Sumatra and North Borneo, as well as in this Island. The Tea-planting Industry has sprung into so much importance in India (South as well as North) and Ceylon, as also in Java, that a considerable amount of space is naturally given to this great staple ; and we think it will be admitted by impartial judges that the Tropical Agriculturist should be filed, for the convenience of planters, in every Tes Factory in this Island, in India and in Java. A full and accurate Index affords the means of ready reference to every subject treated in this, the Highteenth yolume, which we now place in our subscribers’ hands, in the full confidence that it will be received with an amount of approval, at least equal to that which has been so kindly extended to its predecessors. To show how fully other Products besides Tea are treated in this volume, we may mention the number of entries under several headings as follows :—Coffee (including Liberian) 66 ; Cacao 31 ; Indiarubber 42 ; Coconuts and other Palms 25 ; and Miscellaneous Products nearly 1,000. In the 18 Volumes, the references to Rubber, Coffee and Cacao number many thousands, as also to Coconuts and other Palms. We are convinced that no more suitable or useful addition can be made to a Planting Company’s Library or gift to a tropical planter or agriculturist, whether he be about to enter on his career, or with many years of experience behind him, than the eighteen volumes of our periodical which we have now made available. They are full of information bearing on every department and relating to nearly every product within the scope of sub-tropical industries. In conclusion, we have to tender our thanks to readers and contributors, and our wish that all friends may continue to write instructively and to read with approval ; for then indeed, must the “Tropical Agriculturist ” continue to do well. x J. FERGUSON. Cotomso, Ceyton; lat Juny, 1899. 7 ‘ Blivore gee “dalnatlg olny, lesignaT* add: to genriies 7 Higesspih. ott fh ont of lies Lakritts, devidesestag tiv iayy bor Susp opal od) ny HO AAI os, . mene eur dineont 8 saniour uso” “aSdicusr i-rtewen rhs May Lida 'F-eniqo’g Dit: oonsisdgxe’ foalionaty hy enttasd destol wits WoMait / cataliiio!. hoding Ge et aod. ag, SOE i Lapin ureey foray: LorGiloscthe. bestijend +ny.9096 tad tthe tt ites * fom weonlaseel ot BORN t0% thy dont ‘Mbaley eit 09 UA ge ssempe hic else tenes fini ie anscciimt to dnonptaayss: AAAS Cheops ABittyookt 4 wil Kalra g purl Yritfey ta vay ti ; Ma AAR Wie ngs ‘nie (madara ty atahid silt gute nafiiabd 12) 2) tO biervidera oer Mlb fani guar atoubeid atl OF yieite nolinesey THO Qitogrih ai wea Or) te fom cart th of Cewt wisiauhe? Avan Sido OF supe aan) VOW e Wiadb fg pn pxotact aimng obit arth yer ¢ tail Chas TD pe Big “hier i j 1B CH pet 2ishwies and boy ' etwitionon'| -_ ae Moliaoryeistl Hidbelveirs, tis Tadenot se OF benaga. olf ls aatiad Oat yori) wilh Abe a to eystiiddvad” ahh kos tdagilvort of fp Ctimaxe Myriad Ones wh Seat bon eVGA ; er bas niwowd paifmet ont PAE" ct SB eST ares Inviquat henoforg lo aa Tar ay : ae ae 4 pA rt deck h ahd Lo emt ™ bow soiowbowdtat or! OF LORI be Flay sees Sohtab Bervaei = tO Britny alt We eff), IGS 9" SOUL Hate eae laty cab eer? ni” MO Had trorHd Tree} ai! five dotd tea ddate vubarogih shin ert dei, ~ gaia? trolyo"). ct xy Hous 2a mae dae aft haabanitare ds inicio’ hice Ape . US Seeded Nettie Dbonleasay hits deat, pois nti ve obizskt Sbet mt 24 } Sy) MOS toms ox hoye”: otaaui altos were. ot corbl Leelee ei O90 Jnal oo” iltecsiny F caryate Mode rr} I Biase .coondal. firm *Wy09s gallon ni. ete va btstal wifi Be lew an co awl tet AMOR) wiht pj eonebiorens Mout on edit wiirige est ‘ BF sone loo tosenue oly ‘hienog Tait eee; Cy Oke ! dedt aay huij lxidorgent vil bea sionbiay GAT iw se Writely ove icy olf ael yisys ni MIsTiwilg lo sonsvidsvgos edd +) Bali od bhitosie tagid ux sg > Ma aT Hon ides vials io Puta ond ahi me Ht mi ebAeH ‘wrodtin edie tony doal wore aw roigday « is tee 8. dade iaitps deco! de favorgy Jo Miitoies un dtey lovehyran Bd Ties # Bad en! 5 i Mi poe Btotenebarg ath od bebidas fe cole / ) . ; it ik ar ay MBO BoP Odi orb hlt psy hasnott wie aT enhiasd edonbert Todtwtilely 4.) Beaton ys safiO- awollat we Hothidd frisvae “inbrus, corns Ie BWCanS aoe fay: SS aplyh TMs hae éigiyovcty (St teddartgihal ah Cy Bate. bite odio} roddifh og HOOK IN od conisle? aL ons nl AO pay , ee Diy: ; (PORE todio bine “44430900 0f o8le eg abi 2 Ba ; en Meee a8 408) 4 @ OFeabKiicod ako noibhbn haeery wy S oor EY i Lap - > aldose exon on tof booming ey BBGGa od ech ts Pod Helliily sitae o Meldiue ep lnoiyont aod His to gaat . is? MOOI Ia edd coycld fait Davige SORGITaG ZA: to PaOe YON foie | © MGT stiyolat jo Vixst veg York b Vile tian 6a WOW Hyer av oid Invifot te sqode olf aislyiny dou bese Yasin yliesn ot gatbaion hog anpuntioga ft nahh ee ae ae 0 Die wioitiliitecon but 2g bie i.

41 ———- Planters and the Kaiser 652 —-——- in Mexico 21 ——- — in South Wynaad _... 102 , -——- ——— Mr. Quintin Hogg on bs 261 ——- Planters’ Association 158 ———-, Planting in | 275, 354 ———- Plants, Photographs of 633 ———-, Progress in 260, 274, 396 —-_- Proprietar y lea Estate Co., Ld... ut ; ———.- Provincial Estates Uo., Ld. ae —— -, Rainfall in % "6 P eae! Sdacend Reports . CAMBS: 219, 298, "367, 613, ' 587, 66 » 883, ——- Tea Corporation, Ld. 495, 534, 543 ———- ——~- Plantations Co., Ld. 11, 835, 841, 843 ———- —-- and Coconut Estates Co., Ld. 700 Charcoal .. - 141, 423 Cherry Tree at Nuwara Eliya ni 187 INDEX. PAGE, Chestnut, Spanish os aes 486 Chillies, Cultivation of 295, 373 -, in Zanzibar vo. 78, 236 -- Prices of »». 242, 685 , Uses of : ast Ill Ghina, Tea Machiner y for. 23 Trading and Ramie Syndicate, Lae 576 Chinniah, Dr., Vet. Surgeon 588 Chiswick Com pound ma 249 Christie, Mr. T. N., Interview with ; 776 Christy, "Mr. AN, Hothouses and Nurseries ot 283, 313 Christmas Island sek 502 Chrysanthemums, Manure for 509 Cinchona Alkaloids i 583, - - Analysis 691 = - Bark, German Stocks 688 ———-.- -, New 693 ——_—- — - Report for 1898 690 —_——- Cultivation 1 in Ceylon , 418, 510 ——-: -—— - in India 212, 245, “445, 634, 716, 801 ee I AVG O07 BOS 21 ADs 483 ————- Combine ue 160 - Factories, Germany cde 691 ————.- Market t22 766 - Plantation, Nilgiris ae 716 - Prospects a6 88, 865 ._'__. Sales in London Ln 289 ————- Soils, Composition of os 507 Cinnamon as a Cure for Influenza Ae 783 ————-, London Sales of 103, 531, 717 Citronella Oil ee 295 ——_——--- —., Adulter ation of 656 Claremont Estate Co., Ld, pats 631 Clove Cultivation at Zauzibar 78, 122,236 Cloves, Drying of bit 773 Clunes Estates Co., Ld. QA7T Coca Leaves 657 Coconut as a Vegetable Food 310 — Caterpillar bcs POA UD: —~ Cultivation in Ceylon 18, 87, 105, 130, 194, 205, 266, 311, 396, 402, 482, 624, 700, 805, 809, 853, 872 —_—§— Cultivation in Africa ... 446, 772 ee ein Rigi 58, 66, 256 ——__— —— - in Samoa a 684 ——— ——_-__—_—_-- inNStraits Settlements 934, 253, 348, 784 —-—— Desiccated aot i 640 —-— Industry -~ 147, 394 in the North- Western Province 673, 706, 745, 754, 775 ———— Manuring 374, 435, 444, 445, 797 ——— Milk vi 514 ——— Oil, Production of ae 888 ——_—— —- Cakes ; .. 110, 223 ———— —- for American Market 770 —-in Singapore 186 ———— Palm Produce and their Distribution 574, 515 ——— Toddy Drawers in Bombay 201 —— — Trade Bo 472 —— Trees, Different ‘Opinions on 879 Coconuts, Experts of, from Ceylon 246 —, Planting of es lh 51, 421 Cocos-Keeling Islands 779 Cod Liver Oil, Aromatic ... 583 Coffee, Adulteration of ... 744 ——— and Ladytird Beetles [See Ladybir ds] ——— and Shade Irees 758 —w— as an Auxiliary to Tea : 504 —--, Brazil Dp: 45, 616, 804 —- 4 Geylon thf 16 ——— Consumption . 241, 789 PAGE, Coffee,, Consumption in Euro pe 200 ——— Crop, Rio 420 ——— Cultivation in Costa Rica fi. 287 a —- in Burma 193, 472, 647 - in British Central Africa 472 -in Brazil 56, 102, 108, 287, 317, 318, 350, 420, 467, 551 —_—- ——-———-- in Congo Free States 82 —— —- in Guatemala 194, 239, 384 ——— —— ——- in India 114. 117, 118, 155, 193, 245, 283, 410, 723, 826 [2] ——-— ——— —- in Java ¢ 425 ——— ————-- in Malay Peninsula 215 60, 6 188, 285 357, 564, 708, 892 400, 793, 802 —- in Queensland in Sumatra — —— - in Zanzibar nt tbe eaO ——— —-+——., Regions Suitable for ... 318 Curing 234 ——— Direct’ to Consumers 708 ——-——~ Diseasein Burma rcs 345 ——— -———, Guatemala ows 15 ——— -——— in Venezuala 843 — Drinking ; 390 -—-— Duty, British 614 —— ——., Perak ‘, 887, 377 —-—-- , Enemies of . 493, G11 ——— ” Enterprise i in Mexico 33, 285, 643 ——— Export for Queensland as 105 Exports from India 164 ——— -- ——- from Southern India [Sup,] ——— Green Bug [See Enemies of Coffee] —— Husk as an Article for Feeding Purposes 817 ——-- Hybrid 114, 117, 118, 251, 338, 342 ——— Imports into United States HG 287 - in Africa sue 134,348, 383 -—-— in Costa Rica a ee 86 ——— in Hawaii 241 in Japanese Dependencies ee 713 ———— in Java se 46, 90 112 = in Mexico .. 157, 270 in Nicaragua we 714 - in the Stra aits Settlements . 234, 348 ——— Leaf Disease in Coorg ... 745 823 ——-—- —— Disease 116, 338, 708 ——.--, Liberian (See Liberian Coffee) wing Mexican 3H 14 ———— Manuring of 116 —— Market 782 ——-— Notes yes a4 100 —_—— Pests x 49 ——— Planter in Want of a Billet 544 «_____. Planter’s Manual’’ bs; 17 Planting and Self- chee ae 728 ——— Prices of ... 128, 874 ——— Prospects in Brazil 30 Scale and Ladybirds (See Lady birds. ) ——— Seed, Ceylon . 102 1'3 Statistics 88, 104 —--, Trade in America... 2 56 —- ., Varieties of 28 318 , World’s Supply of — .. 363, 415 Coimbatore, Planting in ... 280 Colombo Commercial Co., Ld. a 753 Horticultural Show 48, 57, 66, 67, 81, 130, 294 Companies Incorporated in Ceylon 624 --—, Indian and Ceylon ove 466 Consolidated Tea and Lands Co., Ld. .. 254. 387 _- ——Estate Co., Ld. .. 412, 415 Congo Free States, ‘‘ Ceylon” Coffee in ... 82 Coolgardie Exhibition 07, 553, 616 Coolies (See Labour Supply] Cooper, Cooper and Johnson, Ld. .. 194, 788 INDEX; PAGE, - Coorg, Coffee in 723 ——., Tea in if 708 open, Curing of 700 -— Market 354 —--—, Production of 888 —--— Trade of the Phii ippines 192 Corn Oil, Indiarubber from 125 Costa Rica, Planting in 485 Cotton Industry in India... ie 759 , Trade at na 863 Cr aighead Ten Co., Ld. .... oP 203 Crow, Jungle .. 637, 860 Cyclists, Speed Calculation for 543 Cryptogamiat for Ceylon . 485 Cuckoo i), 637 - Flower 858 Currency Problem 13, 28, 43, 49, 51, 54, 55, 90, 102, 106, 125, 156, 179, 349, 404, 491, 553, 696, 711, 865, Sup, D. Dairy Cows, Feeding of ... $84 =~, Farm, Ceylon Government 139, 221 ——-1 ——-- ; Poona 741 rts ae ‘ ’ Trinidad 141, 816, 829, 860 --~--- Farming for Tea Planters P 86 Delft, Stock-breeding at .. 847 Delgolla Estate Co., Ld. f 835 Digalla Ceylon Tea Estate 'Co., Ld, ’ 501 Dimbula Valley (Ceylon) Tea Co., Ld. 7 ae ou 271, 57 Direct Produce Supply Association 115 Dogs, Treatment of 489 Doomoo Tea Co, of Ceylon, Ld, 332, 358 ' Drayton Estate Co, Ld. 778 Duck Farming 817 Duckwari Tea Plantations Co., Ld, ... 356, 363 ‘Dumbara, Planting in... it 134 Dumont Coffee Co., Ld 108 Durian.. 202 E. Eadella Estate Co., Ld. ... 159 _ Eastern Produce and Est. Co., Ld. 11, 840 -- Province of Ceylon, Industries in 311, 805, ; 851 . Ederapolla Tea Co. of Ceylon, Ld. . 799, 843 , mee Artificial ; 670 ——-, Composition of . re 376 ——-, Preservation of ... Aa 69 . Eila Tea Co., Ld. 315 Righty Years Ago and Now 755 Electric Power, Transmission of 485, 496, 583, Bleetsioity and Agriculture seh 337, 788 ; , Poplar as a Conductor of ee 84 Y --—, Timber Seasoning by 876 Elephant’s Sick Diet 485 Empire of India and Ceylon Co., Ld. 114 Essential Oils, Adulteration of 241 -— ——, Market for . 583, 657 -——— Plants . aad 522 Estate Co. of Uva, Ld. ... er 701 Eucalypti .. a 375, 424, 504, 554 Eucalyptus ‘Cordata 604 —-— a 103, 445, 710, 784 -—— 504 -—— -—- and Typhoid Fever ‘, 202, 249 -— Pilularis, Sm. 210 _ Exchange Question .. [See Currency. Problem] Exeter Sewage Scheme .,, m0 F. Factory Supervision - Extensions Famine Food, A 891 Fever, Enteric, Olive Oil as a Remedy for 24 . iy phoid, Cure for.. 202, 249 Beriilisern.. a [See Manures) Fibre, Aloe [ee Aloes]} ——-, Ceylon , 2Al, 277 —- in Mexico oa “ 2a5 ——- in Natal at 3la ——- Machinery [See Rhea) —-— Plants Useful oa 883 ‘1 oer 468 —— , Rhea [See Rhea —-—, Villebrunia Integrifolia 85 Fiji, Planting i in 58, 316, 586 Fire, Extinguishing of - 189 Fish as Manure 341 —— Culture in Ceylon 391, 400, 402, 406, ‘431, 454, 463, 487 —~—, Rar 431 Fishing iM Ceylon 244 Fr lemingia Congesta 663 Flooring, A New 266 Floors, Paper 170 Florida V elvet-Bean 58, 169, 189, 202, 205, 229, 249, 251, 278, 325, 372, 397, 414, 422, 481, 484, 493, 522, 625 Flour Compremls bs oe 202 ——--in China 100 Flying: fives To Destroy ... 595 Foochow Tea Im rovement Co., Ld. ina 788 Food Stuffs, Ceylon one 591 Foods of the Nation, Chief sae 348 Forest Conservancy ‘of Ce gg . 287, 641 —__—__ —— in Jn 300, 743, 775 Forestry, Rainfall and Cultivation aS 766 Formosa, Japanese in... rte 62 ————, Planting in 240 Fortune, Robert 862 French Merchants in Colombo 348 Frost in Ceylon 05, 713 Fruit and Flower Show, Colombo 48, 57, ‘n 87, 81, 130, 294 616, 637, 769 487, 529, 558 —--, Australian ——., Enemies of —— -. Fumigation of es 549 —-, Indian = 21 —-— Imports to England 384 —-—, South African aw 279, 781, 850 —-— ‘Trees, Pruning of . % 462 Fruits, Drying of a * 363° 594 Fuel, Liquid é 336, 482 —, Oi ane 264 Fungus Diseases .. 169, 344 ed ‘ G. Galaha Tea Estates Co., Ld. ...876, oe Galle Districts Planters’ Association 705 Game Protection 173, 189, 862 Gangawatte Estates Co., “fal. os 700 Gardeningin England .. = 509 Gardens, “Irrigation of 510 Geological Survey for Ceylon 243 Ginger Cultivation ote 53 - — _-, Prices of 341 Glasgow Kstate Co., ides: 578 Goat Skins, Curing of ae 167 Goats and Damage to Tea Plants 615 Gold in Western “Australia 566 Goomera Tea Estates Co., Ld. 432 Gourami Fish 400, 402, 406, 431, 655, 695, 736 INDEX. PAGE. Gourds se ab ace 187 Grafting oe 519 Grape Cultivation in Brazil 111, 167 - Vine at Hampton Court 216 Graphite [See Plumbago] Grasses, New South W ales was 339 Grass for Paper-making ... 375 Green, Mr, E. E., Honorary Govt. Entomologist 7 172 Grevillea Timber 5 656 Greyilleas and Tea 563 96, 104, 131, 169 Ground-nuts in India 619 Guatemala Coffe Disease... he 15 Guinea Grass, Analysis of 884 Guneratne, Limited Wes 88 Guttapercha [See Indiarubber} H Hakgala Botanic Gardens be 567 Hambantota, Sporting in ee 657 Hapugahalanda Tea Co., La, 261 Hawaii, Planting in ae 241 Heneratgoda Gardens... és 471 High Forests Estates Co,, Ld, ae 619 Hichland Tea Company of Ceylon, Ld.. 855 Hogg, Mr, Quintin, on the Ceylon Planters 261 Honey- seeking, Death from Go 470 Hooper, Sir William : bo 112 Hornsey Tea Estates Co., ‘Ld. ele 499 Horrekelly Estate Co., Ld, 693, 719 Horses, Mange in 722 Horticultural Show, Colombo 48, 51, 66, 67, 81 Humus, Importance of, to Soils oo 520 Hybridisation in Agriculture oo 367 I Ibex Hunting in North Travancore aie 647 *‘Tcones Plantarum, ’ Hooker’s ais 804. - Imperial Ceylon Tea Estates, Ld, 853 INgeL eh A Singular Custom in oe 654 —-—-, Ceylon, and Russia se 61 —-—, Exports from ; 392 ——, Planting Industry of 275 —-—, Southern, Planting in. 42, 105, 942. : 544, 829 —-—, Tobacco in [See Fopace| —-, Trade of : 475 Tadiom and Ceylon Tea Trust Co., Ld. Meta, 474 ——— Agriculturist, An Enterprising 889 ——— Currency and Ceylon [See Currency] ——— Museum Notes ... 768 Patents [See Patents] ——— Tea Association [See Tea Assocn., Indian] Indiancorn : . 815 Indiarubber ~192, 515 Eiht -, Artifical 85, 88, 276, 620, 857 —_—-—., Castilloa 166, 171, 561, 618 ————--, Ceara 77, 104, 109, 138, 168, 228, 235 —- Cultivation . 381 -— ———-— in Cey!on : 17 —- ——- _- in India 233, 699, 702, 710, 752 —-—_——_ -——_—-- — intheStraits 24, 228, 234, 348, 414 ee Exports from India 000 46 —-.-—__—. , Extraction of -. 289, 736 -——-~ Forests Sc Re 341 —- ——- from Corn Oil en 125 ——-—— from Euphorbia -.703, 743 -— from Year-old Trees 850 —————- Gathering .. 56 709 —— ——-, Green sks see 139 ——- ——— , Hevea tS ae 561 -—- -———- Imports 325 PAGE, Indiarubber in Brazil 4A «252, 337 — in Columbia... Rat 761 — -—— in Congo 84, 755, 709 —— -——_ in Fiji 243, —- ——— in Goa te 842 —-————_ in Mexico 33, 157, 284, 285 —-——— in New Guinea es 846 —-——— in Queensland 807, 509 ——-—— in Zanzibar .. 62, 77, 235 —— .,, Kickxia Africana eee 729 -——-——— , Landolphia Florida a 292 ——-———, Machinery .. 806, 810 ——-———,, Manicoba ... ah 65) ——-———, Market Rates for .. 104, 504 —--—_,, Mexican Kis aie 256 --—- Milk,{Coagulation of 337 —-——- Para misma tas 281, 235, 846 ———_-—, ——, Seed, Sale of . 358, 755 — Plantation, Oldest ue 5] ——-———., Preparation of tat: 600 ——-.—— Trade we ale 176 —---——,, Varieties of.. 92 “Tndiarubber World ” and the Rubber Trust 620 Indigo, Artificial “is 879 ——— Cropsin India... se 775 ———, Wild, as Food 738 Indo-China, Produce in ... 56 615 Insect Pests - 249, 402 —-— at the Cape Rie 818 —— -— in California do 525 ——— Stings 349 Todine as a Cure for Rattlesnake Bites... 892 Tron in India ay i 50 24 Tron Ore in Ceylon ©2477, 505 Ivory -»414, 486 6 Jak Tree 81i Jadoo, Limited 510 Jaftna, Tobacco in oe 105 Jamaica - 646, 663 ————, Ginger Cultivation i in a 4 ———— ’ Planting in : 244, 792 Japanese in Formosa... Soc 62 Java Botanical Gardens, Director of 4 161 ——, Coffee in Ak. ato 46 ——, Natives of : nop 532 Jolly, Captain John Keith +229, 396 Joint Stock Enterprise in 1898 620 Jungle Fow!, Ceylon 354 K Kaiser and Ceylon Planters 652 Kalutara Company, Ld... — 619 Kanan Devan Planters’ Association as 638 Kanapediwatte Tea Company, Ld. at 693 Kauri and Jarah Timber .. 768 Kegalla, Coconut Cultivation in ae 396 Kekuna Oil 220, 294, 370, 517 Tree 670 Kelani Tea Garden o., Ld. 709 ——w— Valley Planters’ ’ Association » 607, 618 cee SS eee , Planting in 828 —— Tea Association, Ld. : 800 Kelway-Bamber, Mr., and His Mission 35,' 168, 178, 355, 457, 571 Kerosine Oil ea 634 Kew, Royal Gardens 32, 276, 342, 564 Kino Tree, Indian 888 Kintyre Tea Estates Co., ‘Ld. 420 Kirklees Estate Co., Ld. 631 Kitul Palm ay 589 INDEX. PAGE, Knuckles, Planting in 305 “Koha” Bird id ny) 656 Kola in Central Soudan 474, 478 —- in Zanzibar 77, 235 Kolanuts, Market Value of 490 Korale Tea Estates, Ld. 432, 501 Koshena Coconut Estate Co., Ld. re 390 LL. Labour in Assam 782 -in British Guiana... 390 —-—, Indian 88, 245 , Sinhalese, in South India 644 spor in Ceylon .. oe 504 ~ in Selangor | 834. Warvenetes 110 Ladybirds ... 46, 47, 49, 81, 90), 112, 129, 131, 158, Lamps, Old and New ae Lanka Plantations Co., Ld, we Lantana Bug 58, 81, 82, 88, 112, 128, 129, 150, 193, Bypa6, 673 — in Mysore 710 Leather, Australian + 818 Lemon Grass Oil . O17, 522 Liberian Coffee, Bug on .. . 434 eC In the Straits . 234, 416 in Sumatra ——_ 36, 88, 198, 424, Ba Liquids, Fermenting, Sterilising of 743 Locusts 449, 475, 628, 656, 661, 662, 7 735, Sup. Logwood, Jamaica : Lucerne (Alfalfa) 74 M. Mackay, Mr. Donald 310 Madagascar, Agriculture and Pspeiees in 279 Madras School of Arts . 479 Maha Uva Estate Co., ud. 631 Malaya, Confederated States of 851 Managing Agent’s Shorter Catechism : 213 Mango sae 30 .. 595, 670 Budding uh . 722, 744 ——_—, Cultivation of aS 484 -—— Starch ine 629 Mangosteens ais 372 ee fromipne West Tndies 118 Mangroves A 522 Manure, Fish 341 Manures and Manuring 100, 414, 509, 530, 764, 803 Manuring, Scientific offi My), Hoe t Coconuts - 435, 775, 797 eS Compar ative Statistics of i 520 Geet ‘ | See Tea] ea lombo See Price Current Market Rates Pe Old and New uly legate 64, 136, oe 292, 366, 448, 512, 660, 734 808, 882 Martinique, Coffee and Cacao i in 708 Mate Tea Company $50 b 14 Maturata Lea Company iN ti Chamber of Agriculture 187 Mauritius Ls Bae, Li 691 field ‘(Dimbula ea a ‘0 eylon, ace Tea Company, . 642, 843 Mealy Bug... oy ee Medicinal Plants, Native .. 516 Meryta Sinclairi is 478 Mexico, Cacao in |.” 38, 285 __._—, Ceylon Planters in “ne Zl, 28S 1p = Tein 969 -, Coffee in 270, 285 -_—, ’ Indiarubber in 33, 285 —_——-, Orange Cultivation in fo 8 —— * Planting in an vee 33, 285 PAGE, Mexico-, Sugar in ~e - 285 , Tobacco in = «» 33, 285 ———-, Vanilla in i 285 Mexican Gulf Agricultural ‘Cobreiy ~ 397 Mica in India oe ove 232, 255 ——- in Quebec py Per 174 ——- in Zululand Pe ow 689 —-—, Properties of bs 341 Mice, To Destroy ae na 595 Micro-Organisms in Soils .. os 131 Milk and | Butter Tests : 368 ——, Average Yield of on 670 ——- Fever in Cows ie "hs 891 ——, Hints on 590, 664, 737 —, Preservation ot ‘ 146 Milking Cows and Castor Oil 818 ———--- Experiments ; 139 Mineral Wealth of C eylon , 846, 876 Minar Products Reports 16, 117, 164, 176, 200, 314, 419, 430, 471, 577, 630, 640, 649, 723, 775, 851, 286 Mocha Tea og gr Ld. est 253 Monckton, Mr. C. C. oss 628 Monsoon, Sunspots ae) ‘Gyeles sp 861 Morris, Dr. 216, 264, 657 Mosquitoes and ‘* Creepers ” ay 81 —_——_——:-— —-- laria... pee 445 — , How to Prevent =| gn & Moth-destroying Plant... Mother-of-Pearl! Shell Industry 651, 695, mA, 7 Mullaittivu, Palms and Tobacco in - Mysore, Coffee Planting in j pt tr -, North, Planters’ Association ... 836 ——-—, South, Planters’ Association ... 854 N. Nahalma Tea Estates eA Ld. Pes, 763 Nahavilla Estates Co., 694 Negroes and Pets . 685 New Caledonia, nee est 62 —— Dimbula Co., Ld. 416, 417. 426, a1 —— Guinea 201, 422, 564, 612, 617, 789 — South “Wales, Planting i in * 629 Nilgiri Game and Fish Preservation As- sociation Z -. 262, 873 —-—— Planters’ Association +» 206, 607 Nilgiris, Planting in 245, 283, 611 Nilla \ ‘LSee debe cr Nitragin Nitrogen, Atmospheric . 340, 346 North-Central Province of “Cey lon oe 756 —-—-- Western Province of Caien O57, 266, 312, 482, 624 Northern Districts Planters’ Association .. oo - — Planting in Nutmeg Cultivation in Ceylon 173, ais Nuts as Food in France ... Nuwara Eliya Tea Estates Co., Ld ll, 841, yp Nyassaland Coffee Co., Ld. . 326, 341 oO. Oil, Citronella Ce +295, 415 -—, Fuel 5 ae 264 -— Motors why tin 874 -—, Petroleum Olive Oil for Enteric Fever ay ae 290 Oils, Essential .» [See Essential Oils] — 24 Olives in California f i oe 504 ——— in Spain me oes 509 —— in Zanzibar ie : wets 23b Onions oe 743 Ootacamund aS 62 Orange Cultivation in Mexice on 8 INDEX, PAGE. Orange Crop in Florida .. 843 Oranges in South California wee 415 Orchards and Light Frosts 647 Orchid, A Useful 482 188 ———, Giant ae 70, 112, 543, [Sup] Orthezia Insignis Ostrich Farming Ottery Tea Company of Ceylon, Lt anndecs a9 Ouvah Coffee Co., Ld... Sc 93 P 12, 18, 23, 63, 68, 91, 110, Paddy and Weevils 112, 122; 161 Cultivation in Ceylon 582 = — —- in the Straits Settlements 160, 234 ———, Seed ah «68, 810 Trade in Ceylon ... ves 329 Palk’s Strait and Palk’s Bay ws 489 Palm Kernels wee 84 Palmerston Tea Co., Td. Bie 694 Palmyrah Fibre : 168 as - Palm in Ceylon 195 Panawal Tea Co., Ld. sey 798 Papaw in Zanzibar ot sor 88, 206 ——— Juice es cat 110 ———, Use of ae, nae 111 Paper Floors ate 170 Paper-making, Grass for.. 379 Para Rubber Paris Exhibition [See India Rubber] 11, 220, 816, 837,'876 Passara Planters’ Association 5 605 Patents 14, 93, 609, 642 Peafowl in Ceylon * 468 Peanut Butter 835 Pearl Fisheri ies, Ceylon .. ae 87 -_— Fishery in India as 658 Pearls, Artificial and Natural 415, 689, 771 Pepper and Coffee Exports from S. India 154 ——— Cultivation in Assam rer 755 ——— in Ceylon 239 Peradeniya Botanic Gardens [See Botanic Gardens] —-——_—__., Floral Beauties at 3 490 Perak, Planting i in «175, 605 Perfume Manufacture in France c 576 Persimmons . Be 509 Pests and Parasites is qn 20 Petroleum Industry :, 290 Phallin , 373 Pineapple Fibre bc 468, 509 ———-—, Florida Se 313 _———Industr y of Bahamas ree 529 —§— Market 565 Pine Hill Estates Co., Ld. 313 Pioneers of the Planting Enterprize in Ceylon :— Francis Richard Sabonadiere, J.P. 147 William Augustus Sabonadiere, J.P. 147 Capt. John Keith Jolly ... 229, 396 Wm. Bowden Smith .. ih 303 Thomas Wood oe Si 377 Charles Tottenham 523 John Stephen 671 John Capper 819 Pipal Tree BA8 wi 689 Pisonia Y we 66 Pitakanda Tea Co. of Ceylon, Ld. 770 Plague, Bacteriology of 344 Plant Gems 423 Plants, Acclimatization of. a, 228 and Drought S6n PP —— —, Change for nes 423 —, Collecting, Packing, &e., of 175 PAGE, Plants, Diseases of 310 , Inoculation of a6 227 ———, Insectivorous or Carnivorous Dee 41 —— of Commerce ac 684 ———, Quarantine for ... 59 Plantain, Derivation of Botanical Name of 596 Sah =" Dried 17, 434, 485, 589, 603 ———— Flour 139, 239, 372, 482, 515, 589, 603 ———— Jelly 892 ——_— —, Tree, Diseases of the 299, 415, 472 Plantains 23, 294, 295, 509, 588 Planter, The Future ae 850 Planters, A Compliment to 243 Ploughs, A New Form of.. §22 Plumbago and Mining in Ceylon 214, 248, 269, 321, 427, 428, 460, 651, 790, 850 - in Bohemia 573 ————-- ; Price of 243 Poetry :— Ballads of the Brokers ( 644 Planter’s Verses: Sing a Song of Tenpence 346 Poonagalla Valley Ceylon Co., Ld, Pee ESOS Poplar as a Conductor of Electricity 35 84 Portmore Tea Co. of Ceylon Ld. Shs 784 Porto Rico 166, 392, 684 Poultry Rearing 145, 268, 320, $30 ——- Disease. ; 403 Price Current, Colombo 63, Wd }217, 291, 365, 447, 510, 585, 659, 733, 807, S81 Prickly Pears . 484, 554 Products, Minor [see Minor Produets Report] Pruning .» 455, 527 ———-- of Fruit Trees... Hoe 1 Pterocarpus Marsupium .. 888 Puka Tree 478 Pundaluoya Tea Co, of Ceylon, Ld. 779 Puttalam, A Trip to 849 ———~—.-, Coconut Cultivation i in a 105 Putupaula Tea Estates Co., Ld. 339 @. Quarantine for Plants... ah 59 Queensland, Coffee Cultivation in 60, 62 == -, —--— Expert for iret 105 (Juinine, German Stocks of 688 ———-- Industry 268 —-—- in India 268 ae in Italy 637 ———-- in Portugal it 159 —-—-—, Java 87, 201, 285, 352, 353, 357, 419, 759 —--_— Market abs a2) 766 == + —.., Pricgesiof 174 ——:-—, Prospects of S 19, 622, 689 ——--— Report for 1898 ... aa 690 ——-- Works, Java .. SI, 315 R. Ragalla Tea Estates, Ld, ... ts 871 Rainfall and Fertility ... 857, 860 _______ at, the School of Agriculture, Ceylon 65, 138, 219, 220, 293, 367, 514, 661, 663, 735, 810, 885 ———— Heaviest, in Ceylon 190 ao in Ceylon 62, 658, 721, 732, 806, S80 pee, HM Planting Districts 720 Raimie ‘ [See Rhea] Rangalla Tea Co. of Cey lon, id! a8 871 Rattlesnakes, Cure for the Bite of ad s92 Reunion, Planting in a We 879 Rhea a3 363, 522 __.— Cultivation 16,17 oe) EE Th Selangor a 234 =f ein Sumatra ae 172 INDEX. PAGE, Decortication of ... if 595 HEED de 23, 370 a Company, ‘A New oN 576 ———— in China re -»» 326, 626 eee in Java it, ae 244 ——--— — Machinery ... a 15 Rhododendron Ciliicalyx ... oe 604 Rice, American rind 373 —-—, Burma Abs 104, 116, 163, 248 —— Crop, Indian Pe +4 415 —-— Cultivation in Burma a 18 — in Ceylon its 165 ———e in Russia RY 565 So in Straits Settlements ... 848 —— Import Trade of Ceylon ee 724 ——, Manuring of was 886 —-—, Price of 312, 313, 822 —-—, Raw, and Ceylon Coolies ; 23 —-—, Siam aaa 554 ——- the most Extensively Used Food ... 710 ——- Trade 2 79T ——-— ,Caleutta ... y 724 65, 215, 220, 869 69, 220, '994, 517, 666 Rinderpest (Cattle eect — , Remedies for . oeberry Tea Co., Ld. 694 Deets: Mr. M., ‘and “ Thirty Committee ” 26 Rothamsted, Scientific Agriculture at... 283 Royal Colonial Institute ... oh 550 Ruanwella Tea Co., Ld. .., 646, 647 Rubber [See India-rubber] Rubies, Burma ne 704 Rupee, Purchasing Price of the Ao 312 Russia, India and Ceylon ... vob 61 “‘ Russian People at Home” at 121 Russians as a Vea-drinking People ant 119 Ss. Sabonadiére, ae F. R., 3.2. nes 147 ———- fy Wo Jalon Die ae 147 Safflower in eee 5 > 08, 200 Sales of Estates and House Proper ty . ., 622, 794 Saltbush .. 584, 716 Samoa, Cacao Cultivation in by 39 Sandalwood Plant Bi 3 794 San Domingo, Planting in na 874 —-- Jose Scale 509, 604, 628 Sarapiqui Hstates Co., Ld. . 587, 586 Sarsaparillain Zanzibar ... ~ 17, 286- Scientific Hxpedition to the Far Hast . 649, 704 Scientists and Experts ... 166 Scottish Ceylon Tea Co., Ld. 26, 38, 870 USS Trust and Loan Co, of Ceylon, Ld, 427 Seaweed as Manure & sh 514 Seed Grain, Treatment of .. rv, 110 , Selection and Change of Aad 219 Seeds, New Varietiesof .., aye 586 Seedsman, An Enterprising 128 Selangor Planters’ Association 114, 430, 570, 715, 717 —__—, Planting in ids 234 Seychelles, Planting in ... we ‘, 268, 350 _ Shade Trees 758 Share List 134. 216, 290, 364, 446, 510, 584, 658, 732, 780, 806 Sinhalese on South Indian Plantations .., 644 Smith, Mr, Wm, Bowden... Aa 308 Snipe in Ceylon 500 te bon 60 ——-, Solitary One 850 649 Soil, Fertility i in ane 52, 220, 548 Moisture y 593, 596, 667 Boils and Humtis . 520, 596 ——, Analysis of 223, 296, 228, 297, 371, 414, 517, 519, 803 ——, Barren tis Ns 137 PAGE, Soils, Lime in is oF 514 —-, Micro-Organisms in.. , 131 —~-, Sulphuric Acid as a Constitisent of 514 South Travancore Tea Co,, Ld, bi 502 —---— Wanarajah Tea Estates, Ld, 852 Sonthern India, Coffee and Pepper E xports from Sup. ———— Province of Ceylon, Planting in 630) Spices, Adulteration of © ... . 564 Sport in Ceylon Se 60, 657 —-— in Southern India ... 42, 105, 647 Spring Valley Coffee Co,, Ld. 94, 495 Standard Tea Co, of Cey lon, Ld «» 11,854 Stephens, Mr, John 2, 2s 671 Stock Breeding at Delft ... ee 847 Stones, Recipe for Polishing 630 Straits Settlements, Planting in 160, 171, 251, 253, 284, 343, 348, 434, 625, 767 Strawberries in Ceylon , 272 ——-—--—— in India Pe “4 a ‘Stringybark Tree of New South W ales... av» Strobilanthes in Ceylon 353, 640, 655, 712, 784, oe Sugarcane Pests ¥- 512 Sugar Consumption in Europe it. 200 ——--in Mauritius “i . 208, 644 —--—in Mexico a “ 23h —---—in Natal ong we 279 —--— in Straits Settlements 780 —--— in West Indies et 156, 562, 673, $08 —-—- Industry, Indian .., inf 469 —--— Machinery 7 adi 468 —-—- Production Bp1 Sumatra, Planting in 176, 192, 198, 2, 269, 400 Sunflower Oil 463 Sunspots, Cycles and the Monsoon , 861 Suriya Tree a [See Thespesnia populnea] Sweet Potato, Nancimum is 884 WT, Talawakele Estates Co., Ld. nee 778 Talgaswela Tea Company, Ld. ony 644 Talipot Palms in Ceylon .., ... 415, 460 Tea, Advertising of 9, 126, 199, 384 —--, All About vig 477 —-- and Cacao Estates Co., Ld, an 181 —-- and Economy 342 —-- and Exchange 13, ‘28, 43,51, 54, 90, 125, 349, 404, 553 —-- and Shade Trees car 758 —-- and Sir W. Jenner ... tes 544 —-- and Tea Drinkers i 542 ——, Annual Reviews of ... 2, 728, Pa —t., "Area i in Ceylon —— Association, Indian 11, 87, 178, 200, 212, oS 263, 316, ’340, 467, 499, 539, 571, 695, 706, 785 ae Blending ..503, 532, 757, 764, 795 —-- Blight : “[See, Tea, Enemies of] —-- Boxes 246, 434, 482, 484, 490, 540, 581, 629, 634, 850 —-—- and Timber i 46, 123, 154, 307 —-- Breaks .., on aa 503 —--, British Grown x .-» 703, 705 —-- Broking in Calcutta ... 115 —--, Bulking of as 257, 698, 831 —-- Cess .. 458 -, Ceylon : 2,52, 252, 259, 493 ib., , at Coolgardie ck 537 —--, ——-—, Averages for 1898 > 653 —--, ———, Direct from the Gardens 165, 858 —--, ———, Distribution of 95, 103, 505 sS541, SA a in America 10, 22, 35, 86, 123, 195, 180, 160, 166, 178, 215, 243, 269, 272, 319, 439, 444, ‘484, "487, 546, 552, 555, 558, 707, 767, 782, 795, 836, 837 wee ey ee! Fakbel rae ve » Wn ne \\ | el vv Bldedelg | | | ——— ——— INDEX, PAGE, Tea, Ceylon, in Austria and Hungary 10, 393, 442, 459 , in Australia... .. 630, 878 , on the Continent of Hurope 789, 796 ———., in Canada 9, 10, 485 =) mit hina, 84 , in France 123, 429, 876 ————,, in Germany 10, 59, 199, 207, 406, 457, 488, 532 ; in London 29, 535 —— -, in Manilla ~ ee 804 ———., in New Zealand 878 ———, in Norway : 10 ") 10, 26, 32, 86, 119, 202, 265, 459, 726, 837 ———, in Russia ———, on High Districts 839 ——, Prospects of... 288 ———, Quality of anil, 153; 156, 271 —., Rubbishy .:, . 54 —-——, Weighing of, in London | 319, 538 Charges on : 423, 482, 492, 765 Cheesy ree : 692 Chests ... an [See Tea Boxes] China nae 27, 56, ih 241, 538 , Adulteration of a 316 Companies and Dividends Fax° 90, 612 ———---., Ceylon ;.:.7,.44,,101, 262, 342, 611, 844, 869, 875 ——, Indian 40, 101, 262, 280, 565, 697 Consumption in America 320, O08, 783, 789 — in Europe 200 Controversy in America ; 545 Corporation, Limited, of Ceylon | », 495, 534, 543, 873 Crops, Ceylon, 158, 546, 581, 634, 639, 695 , Indian 200, 212, 246, 341, 345, 702 Cultivation ae zs 112,.477 and Economy tee 34 —_—_——— in Ceylon ~ 8], 209, 259, 364, 445, 688, 872 —____—— in India 23, 48, 97, 110, 155, 245, 290, 863, 364, 485 == — == in Japan : 415 ee in Russia “481, 625, 649 in South Carolina 166, 407, 409 Darjiling 874 Deterioration of ... 485, 469 Dietetic Value of agi 489 Drinking no ... 042, 783 eS neAssam= ... 00 201 SS in Russia... .. Jol, 795 and Dr, Johnson 424, 536, 834 Dust, Ceylon i: 550, 560, 561, 570 Dutch Colonial vs. English 483, 536, 563, 577 Duty, British 26, 128, 163, 168, 188, 206, 398, 406, 567, 614, 762, 781, 857, 879 —— in Russia . 94. —_— in America 126, 178, 192, 857 Drying by Electricity Ac 689 Dyspeptic’s 261 Enemies of 183, 199, 271, 386, 392, 406, 423, 542, 543, 553, 576, 645, 690, 712, 723, 773, 856 Sup. ‘Estates, Sale of i 496, 608, 839 Exports, Ceylon... _ 103, 389, 563, 611, 802 — China eee e- 100, 864 , Indian ©... .. 562, 802 s___.. Hiye”?, ‘American ane 484 , Facts about ats 32 ” Firms, Big oe 1. 202, 212 5 LEMP op = =~ 616 ” Freights -_ one 710 for Persia 600 340 for Thibet a 200 Gardens as Assets .. 709 —_—_— Tea =heetd ’ —_— , Profits from PAGE Gossip 788 , Green 10, 13, 24, 123, ‘191, 250, 323, "324, 325, 329, 340, 341, 363, 473, 551, 635, 863, 874 , Grevilleas in 96, 104, 131, 169 , High-grown 248 , Iced .. 241 Imports to India... 415 in America 35, 178, 331, 440, 496, ‘873, 628° ., 650, ie 711, 720, i 803, 863 in Australia ee . 684, 857 in Foreign Markets... si 711 Indian 3, 52, 417, 472, 493, 607, 685, 695,-782, 857 ———, in America... 178, 212, 247, 805 ———., in France na 123 ; in Russia [See Tea in Russia] ———,, in Tibet BEE 564 ———, Report for 1898 832 Industry 172, 480 , Ceylon, AY gricultural - Che- mist for 124, 130, 159 ————, Indian . 236, 266, 346, 404, 416, 627, 805 Infusion ». 417, 424 in Angola 607 in Central Africa : 879 in China 27, 40, 252, 613 in English Households x 459 in France 420, 476, 6338, 642 in Germany 636- in Java 322, 699, 765- in Mincing Lane _... 531 in Natal aR HPAI 279, 407, 410, 775, 857 in North America 290 in Norway “06 aes 429 in Russia «. 174, 417, 534, 607, 757, 759, 767 in Sicily 123, 166, 202, 276 in Japan fe 112 Leaf, Bought ase 322 ——, Red fi wat 174 Literature on 504 Loolecondera aes Ase 256 Low Priced Mes 15 Machinery ». - 23,:326, 540, 611, 643 makers’ Handbook, Ceylon 3 557 Manufacture and School Books 402 ———~—--—, Experiments in a 347 ————~—— in Ceylon 786, 827, 841, 849, 875 Manuring of 34, 37, 132, 183, 316, 718, 769, 774, 787 Market 12, 112, 879 ———, Improving of a 582 ———, Russian 563 ; Mate... Loh 689 , Natal ... 358, 639 , Old Flourishing ae See 642 Packages, Marking of e~ 333, 487 Paraguayan or Yeba Mate 193 Pests ... [See Tea, Enemies of] Plant, Legend of the ae 87 Planters, Advice to... ‘ 718 ———.,, Indian . 96, 503 Plucking 154, 211, 321, 802 , Prices of see ZL; 467 , Production of 73, 462 123, 174, 486 56, 128, 170, 282, 314, 322, 3&6, 425, 430, 472, 479, 533, 553, 572, 578, 579, 580, 634, 643, 710, 731, 761, 762, 783 ——-—-— in India 167, 181, 315 Prospects INDEX, ‘Trinidad Government Stock Farm141, 816, 829, 860 —, Planting and Produce in on 128 ane PAGE, PAGE. "Yea, Pruning of 30, 32, 46, 87, 129, 154,187,215, Tropical Agriculturist ... .. 192, 832 260, 318, 320, 345, 403, 436, 584 Tropical Medicine, School of ee 588 — Regulations in America 59 ‘Tropics, Control of the hi wes «-- O17, 476 —— Report, Geo. White & Co.'s Sup, ——-—, European Life in the us 459 —— ———,; Gow. Wilson & Stanton's Sup. Trout Breeding and Stocking of Streams ... 739 te ———, Win, Jan, & Hy. 1 hompson’ 8 Q —-—- in Ceylon ll, sie 721, Le pas 2 See , Wilson, Smithett & Co.’s 728, Sup. Troy Weight in the East, ‘Basis of ai sre , Rubbishy ? 189, 406, 433, 733 Trusts in America — iBall Conditions, Indian 643 Tulip Tree " [See Thespesia populnea] —— Sales in Colombo ... ie ", 852, 562 — —— —-— jinLondon .., va 352 : —- —-—, Indian .. 59, 88 Udagama, Plantingin ... 467 —- oO, New York 110, 264 Udapussellawa Planters’ Association 632 —— —-—, Travancore . 794 Udugama Tea and Timber Co., Ltd. ; 586 —— Seed... ~ " 164, 415 United Planters’ Association of Southern India 418 —— Sellers and Buyers ... ie 333 Union Estates Co, of Ceylon, Ltd., Pen 701 —— Selling in the Salvation Army «. 612 United Coffee Growers’ Company at 654 —— Share Rules, ee rp 331 Planters’ Association 7 851 —— Shares ¥ 331, 892, 5-5, 620 Uva, Planting in ... 470, 624 see, aimpenny, Asin e ty = Uvakellie Tea Co,, Ltd, bs 709 »-— Sifting and Cutting ... or 71 —— we Soils, .. 550 wa Pa Oe V. Bie ne BOT ene 1 f if 24 ae fuhoe. 3,104, set ae site pipaation .- 170, 188, 193, 239, 597 _.. Trade. 412, 532, 539, 692, 803, 842, 858 — "exports from Tahiti sear si -——- —, American ay 126, _ BYE VOR EO Wore Crus 169 areas =)China 416 for Germany , 693 Pact) hasta —, French be hte 258: GS On Imports i in Europe. 42) Eee dren go in Mexieo ani, sor, aT J ——-- ; es ——-— in Seychelles 612, 655, 657 695 o-— --—--, Russian ory 335, 571 —-—— jn Zanzibar 7, 79, 235 athe Traders? Association, Ceylon .. 333, 760 _ ss Market ... 583, 657 -., Travancore 418-0 al Ch t f = tee Methods in London aa Vanitin, Chemisty of pees - road ea, le Seeds, ; 9 Technological Museum, New South Wales. 215 Lo ea Go. of Gayle Ltd. a Tee or Atavism |, wits yen Venezuela, ne om ae 58 czas os ous a) Veterinaty Notes .. 885, 886 Thespesia Populnea Ab nie 66 d 4 “Thirty See ee Aa eons 9, 26, 126, 397 Ds aa Integrifolia ... “4 ae Thistleton Dyer, Sir T., K.C.M.G, &e. 582 .. Ltd. 42 70n. Thorntree, Extermination of } 596 Vegan. Toao., 7, 460, 696, 790, 797, 850 Ticks ace an ‘le ‘. 125, 139 Timber Dry Rot *.. ant 879 Wactail bids 2 —.—.— Seasoning by Electricity f): 876 TE) joie 822 —_— Tea Chests Co., Ltd. SAA a ie es, Ltd. 259 arts on Cattle 595 ee ee ww 510 Water, Drinking, Testing ‘of oa 5 ———, Pure, as a Poison 583 ———— Consumption in Europe ve 200 ———) Cultivation 494, 665 Waterfalls for Sale 861 ial Ganiciet ee ” 591 Weather Forecasts in America 858 Cafebiad Dut ae ie , ve 96 West Indies, Hurricanes in 288 cae a in eae os 33.985 —caT > Planting in .- 273, 277, 316 a OU Agaay | ened = S= , Sugar in 156, 552, 573, 803 ——-—+ in Ceylon 87, 105, 372 Wheat T. a ————, Manures for ... : ve 228 en Mr. e 1 89 EaeeangraTo ons 589. ye TH, a Ch Itenh i sm 7 Tobago, Planting in nis, abs. | NBG, Mie "EL, end Chelny cy ae ah Pe is M8 TS —-— Preservation 7 783 “ Tongas » foy Ceylon Ms 463 = ee pitas e ‘ene 144, 298, 374 Tortoise Shell Trade Pa 755 has aaa cer poe 114, 657. 716 a Tottenham, Mr, Charles ... a 523. “ae Gee Lid Pears ha Trade inthe Old World ... det 52. San Lid wd Wie GOUT » 548 Mransvaal, Coffee in 134 Travancore, Central, Planters’ Agsociation 607, 828 Y. _ Planting in 105, 424, 471, 773, 338 Yangtse Valley 93, 341, 342 —-— Zoological Gardens a3 471 Yataderia Tea Co. of Ceylon, Ltd. 631, 1 108, 764 "Tree, Old, bearing like Young Trees 670 Zaciyantets Ceylon Tea Company, Ltd. 800 Trees, To, Ascertain Height of 228 hi ‘Trincomalee, Planting in.. gah 87 : 5 Peaiiigee a aes , Rice Growing in 165 Zambesi Valley 56 45 572 Zanzibar, Coconuts in ..... 772 ——-—, Planting in 13, 70 77, 238 “LITERARY REGISTER’ Pro. W. Geiger on the Etymology of Ceylon Javanese Exiles to Ceylon in 18th Century Palk’s Bay and Straits... Monumental Remains of the Dutch East India Co. in the Presidency of Madras Mr. Horatio John Suckling Interesting Discoveries in the Fort Ram- parts, Colombo oc oe INDEX. SUPPLEMENT, —S PAGE, 5 5) 5 1 1 The Portuguese Court-of-Arms Archeological Survey of Ceylon Royal Asiatic Society, Ceylon Branch Colombo Museum : Keport for 1898 Mr. Ramanathan as a Religious Instructor A Journey in Western Tibet An Enthusiastic French Admirer of Ceylon PAGE, “ 7 i i biased ty 4 a TROTICA AGEICUy Wi hp «| MONTHLY. be Oy Vol. XVIII.] COLOMBO, JULY Isr, 1898. [No, 1. RESEARCHES IN PRUNING FRUIT TREES.* the pruning of fruit trees, if he has studied the subject, knows how various are the views of the different cultiva- tors who have written concerning it, many of them being diametrically op- posed{tofeachfother, so that the less-experienced reader isapt to begreatly puzzled as to the course he should take. These differing opinions have their rise in the fact that the practices of the older cultivatorsare constantly being repeated without further proof. In recent’ years Herr Koopmann has published his researches and observations, extending over many years in a very excellent work, entitled Grund lehren des Obstbaums- chnittes ; or, Principles of Pruning Frutt-trees. This work can be most warmly recommended to the notice of all pomologists, but as itis one that requires careful study, we can only notice here a few striking observations on subjects of every-day practice in gardens. It is a rule of general acceptance that the hard ceutting-back of a young tree results in the strengthen- ing of the shoots, although some pomologists believe that hard-cutting weakens the tree, and consequently has the opposite effect. Koopmann, in order to put these contradictory views to the test, carried out experiments on a row of equally-developed trees, as to the comparative lengthening and thickening of the shoots after pru- ning. He found that 1-year-old grafts reached their greatest length when they were not cut-back. which agrees with the view of Gaucher, that by the rear- ing of standard trees, they should not be cut-back. The thickening of the stem, and the production of wood is, however, not so great if the lateral shoots be not shortened. When the years’s growth is re- * The subject-matter of this article was contained in a lecture given by Herr W,. Lauche, at a meet- ing of the K. K. Gartenbau Gesellschaft of Vienna, March 15, 1897. latively of sufficient strength, stems intended for standard trees should not be cut back; but when this is not the case, then cutting back must be per- formed. These experiments showed that the stem development was greatest when seven-tenths were cut off. leaving but three-tenths. By harder cutting back than this, the resultant shoot was shorter. Taking into consideration, however, the entire pro- duction of wood, it was found that the removal of two-thirds of the length resulted in the greatest possible strengthening of a tree. This agrees with the fact that the lateral shoots should be also cut back two-thirds of their length. Exneriments were made on pinching the summer shoots of fruit-trees, and it was found that every shoot that was pinched suffered a weakening of one- tenth as compared with the lengthening of a natural or unpinched shoot. The earliest is the most suit- able time to pinch, or when the shoots are about 4 inches long, and only the terminal bud should be taken. If more than this be removed, the lower buds push out strongly, and the object of the pin- ching is defeated. It is an important point in the management of pinched trees, that, only in the second year does a permauent weakening occur if the pinched parts are pruved, and the small lateral shoots shortened back, then the shoots remain permanently weak. On the contrary, if the pruning is performed on parts of a tree below the pinched shoots, the results and purposes of the pinching are frustrated. We are also enlightened as to the results of Ringing. The breadth of a ring should on no ac- count exceed 4 to 6 millimetres, this being the most suitable because the excised space gets covered im the first season; whereas narrower rings allow the bark to unite too quickly, and broader ones prevent an union taking place. A suitable time for ringing a tree is just previous to its flowering. Especially deserving of notice are the effects of ringing on the growth of the roots; ringing forming a hindrance to the descent of the sap, the roots being thereby decidedly weakened. Beyond this we find that ringing not only weakens the branch on which it is performed, but likewise the branches below the ringed part break water. Ringing should not be carried out on all the branches of a tree at one time, but at the utmost on the half of them, and on naturally weak-growing trees it should be omitted. Koopmann struck a note of warning in reference to scraping and slitting the bark, not to carry these operations too deeply into the innermost tissues of the bark, recommending slitting to be carried out over the basal enlargement of the branch as far as the stem; and he points out its importance in cases of canker caused by frost or sun-burning, He ad- vised the cutting of parallel lines, beginning above 2 THE TROPICAL the injured parts, deep down to the wood, and ending in sound tissue below. them, this being the only method by which healthy new bark can be made to extend over an injured surface, — In order to make the so called notching of a branch or shoot of good effect, the notch must be cut down through the bark to the wood at a point just above a dormant-bud; which then leads to the swengthen- ing of the growths below that point, whereas if the notch be made under the bud it weakens them. Koopmann discovered that notching can be used in different methods with diverse effects on various kinds of fruits. : : Important are his observations on pruning newly— planted trees. The very common practice of cutting the shoots hard back, 1.e., to three or four buds, was always productive of unfavourable results, bot a cutting back to one-half the length was satisfactory, and good results were sometimes cbtained in the absence of all pruning, but only by such trees as possess a very compact habit of growth. And con- cerning the much-discussed subject of the season when to plant, Koopmann has much to say. He found that planting during winter, in the early autumn, and as early as possible in the spring, gave the best results; and the worst when the planting was per- formed in late autumn, and in winter just previous to the occurance of hard frost. In Germany, where the winters are, as a rule. of great severity, with bight sunny days, protection against frost by means of mulches, and against sunshine, haye to be used for autumn and winter- planted trees. Koopmann deprecates the planting of fruit trees in the autumn after a wet summer and autumn, the wood being in an immature con- dition; and he only recommends the planting of Apricots and Peaches ut that season if the summer has been a worm one.—Gardeners’ Chronicle. —>—_____—- INDIAN AND CEYLON TEA. ANNUAL REVIEW. 38, Mincing Lane, June sth, 1898. The publication in London of statistics relating to the trade of the twelve months ending May 31st brings . an opportunity of reviewing the main features of the season now concluded, of recording results of general or particular interest, and of surveying the position spects. ah Pes cen opened under favourable conditions and with a hopeful outlook. Inthe background stood the record of many prosperous years; accumulated ex- perience and knowledge, placing planters in a position of great advantage ; and the signs that our produce was making headway in all the chief markets. In the foreground stood the hopes raised by the remarkable increase in the use of tea at home during recent years ; by the abundant capital attracted to the Home Trade; and by the evidence that in none of the busi- ness centres of the world large stocks were in existence. The ontcome of the season, however has not been fully equal to its early promise—and it is necessary to search for explanation of a result dis- appointing to many, though not entirely unexpected by those who a yearago took note of possible contin- gencies. : . mare Purning, in the first place, to PRODUCTION :—as regards INDIA, owing to circumstances which _may be considered exceptional, over large areas conditions prevailed which prevented planters from making tea sufficiently good to maintain its value. Taken as a whole, Assam kept up its high reputation—some Hs- tates yielding tea of exceptional quality—but results were not so wniform/y good as usual, and gardens north of the Brahmapootra have generally suffered from adverse climatic influences. Cachar and Sylhet, on the otuer hand, temporarily lost ground in’ respect of uality and value of produce, largely attributable to the effect of the earthquake, which was followed by widespread malarial sickness, rendering it difficult to maintain work at the highest point of efficiency—apar from the disturbance of factories, machinery, road, AGRICULIURIST, [Jury 1, 1898 and waterways. Estates in the Dooars appear to have been less affected; they have given full crops of average quality, if somewhat short of the excellent tea once produced in this district. In Darjeeling witha few exceptions results have been disappointing, notwith- standing the increased appreciation of its tea. Upto the date of the earthquake the gardens were doing well but subsequently a general reverse was experienced, and although a fair yield was secured, the latter portion of the crop lacked the right flavour, greatly tothe detri- ment of value. Dy some this was attributed to ra pid flushing after excessive rainfall ; by others to distur- bance of soil during the earthquake, which affected the bushes. The crops from Southern India—slowly grow- ing in volume—have not been of sufficiently good quality to hold their own iu competition with other growths, bat if Managers will pay more attention to the details of cultivation and manufacture, there seems no reason why good tea should not be made there: if good it will find a ready market here. The season was not a favourable one for Estates in the Kangra Valley, but there is a demand for their tea abroad, and buyers will pay a fair price for such as have flavour. As regards CEYLON :—Production increased, but ata slower rate than hitherto. Upon the whole the crop has maintained its ground in respect of quality, and although it has contained but few of the specially fine sorts ori- ginally made, tea of uniformly good make and flavour has been sent from estates situated on the higher levels, possessed of character so distinct from other produce as to make a market for itself. The position of properties which have not given “ distinctive teas” and cannot work as cheaply as estates in the low countries seems less assured, and it will be well for their proprietors to make improvement of uality their first aim, in face of the tendency for eu to decline for ordinary teas lacking specinicharacteristles, wherever produced, All growers in India and Ceylon have suffered from the high rate of exchange, which has raised the cost of producticn without bringing any compen- sation in the form of higher values in London. An inflated rnpee may check further extensions, but the effect of this, in retarding increase in preduction, will not be felt for years. Some have also suffered heavy loss on rice, owing to the famine. These several drawbacks to a successful season, showever, would not have been so much felt if the market had not been checked and buyers discouraged by the signs that Home Consumption was not expanding as it used todo. Useful as our growing foreign trade is, it is still inadequate to do more than stiffen the price of particular kinds, the value of the crop asa whole remaining dependent (1) upon the requirements of the United Kingdom ; (2) upon its quality. The Board of Trade Returns show that in 1891 Home Consumption increased 8% million lb. ; in 1892, 4} mil- lions; in 1893, 1 million; in 1894, 6} millions; in 1695, 74 millions; in 1896, 6 millions, and in 1897, only 3} millions ;—making a total of 37} millionsin 7 years, i.¢., from 194 millions in 1890 to 2314 millions in 1897. By contrast with such progress, the increase of only ij million Ib. during the 10 months ending 31st March was most discouraging:—that the figures at the moment look better is due to recent heavy duty pay- ments in advance. When writing a year ago, we pointed out some of the causes contributory to the large expansion in the past, and remarked that as they had * been for some time in operation in London and other great centres, if notin the country, it would be unsafe to reckon upon Home Consumption expanding in the future as substantially as it has done for the past two years.’ We also showed that the margin for increased use of our own teas at home had become narrow, owing to the extent to which China tea had already been pushed out of consumption. The figures are as follows :— : Of the total used in 1891-2 1893-4. 1995-6, 1896-7 1897-8 British-grown tea was =. 19°, China and other kinds were 3c 863 °/o 8839/5 90 9/5 914%o 21 n 135 ” 11} ” 10 2 an JULY 1-1898.] Apart from these reasons, have any other causes operated to check expansion, and if so, are they per- manent in their effect, or merely temporary ? The principal beverages competing with Tea are Coffee and Cocoa. The quantity of Ccffee and Chicory taken for home use in 1897 was 37 million lbs., compared with 375 millions in 1896. The quantity of raw Cocoa taken was 27? million lbs. in 1897, com- pared with 243 million Ibs. in 1896, and the increase has continued since lst January, which means that several million pounds weight of Cocoa and its compounds have been pushed into consumption, with the aid of lavish advertisement, mainly at the expense of tea. Opinions differ as to its future as a popular beverage. It lacks some of the properties which have made tea almost a necessary of life to the masses, and the price of the pure Cocoas retailed is nearly double that of tea. Au indirect reason for the comparatively short Deliveries of tea last year may be the serious joss of income to the working classes incidental to the labour troubles. Renewed activity in the industries of the Midlands and North should beneficially affect a commodity of which wage- earners are the principal consumers, Much attention has rightly been paid to fostering trade with other countries. The figures at foot show progress, but not sufficiently rapid to keep pace with the pruspective increase in production. Our trade with America, indeed, continues small in view of the energy and capital devoted to the work of intro- ducing our teas there, where we have to encounter the efforts of Japan to fill the opening Icft by the smaller receipts from China. We regard Russia as a more hopeful market, for the Russian buyers appre- ciate the best Indian and Ceylon teas and will pay a good price for them, whereas in other outside markets, whether Australian, American, or Central Asian, the demand is chiefly for the cheaper kinds and depends much upon the lowness of quotations. Business with Russia would be helped by the shipment of the fine sorts they like in larger lines, which prove to be most attractive. The probability, then, seems to be thatin the coming year the total supply may be somewhat heavier than the United Kingdom requires, and the surplus a little larger, perhaps, than the other markets will absorb. Under these circumstances it will be prudent to modify the policy, which has lately prevailed in some districts, of making the heaviest crop possible, irrespective of quality. So long as there was a fair margin of profit, this policy was successful; but with higher cost of production and reduced selling value it ceases to be so. Prices have fallen here for such kinds partly because London has become the destination of tea, from all parts, too common to find acceptance elsewhere ; and partly from a reason to which we referred a year ago, viz., that the principal vendors wh) make tea a speci- ality have mainly built up and are maintaining their trace by selling better tea than the average individual retailer—not by pushing the sale of inferior tea at lower prices. The proof that this is the case exists in the fact that for many years the finest qualities have met with the strongest competition, and in the evidence that those who have bought them are among the most successful traders of the day. The profitable nature of the Distributor’s business is a factor ot importance, and an element of strength not to be overlooked, as it ensures a buying-power com- mensurate with the large dimensions of thetrade. The confidence with which wealthy bayers handle crops, however, depends largely upon their quality—not merely upon the statistical position—and there can be little doubt that the market has suffered more from the inferiority of the last Indian crop than from larger im- portations, i Tt is customary to assume that China tea has been ousted from British and Colonial markets, and need not be deered aserious rival. Indian and Ceylon teas, however, have made their way; 1, by their superior character and value, accentuated by the deterioration in the quality of China Congou; 2, by the help of their low cost of production. It must not be taken for granted that the Chinese are incapable of reforming THE’ TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 3 their methods and making good tea once more, in order to save a valuable trade now in danger of being lost; and it must not be forgotten that dear Rupees with cheap silver place British growers at a serious dis- advantage compared with those in the Far East. There seems no occasion to fear competition at home from the produce of Java or Japan, but the Japanese will compete strongly with us to keep their trade with the United States and Canada, approaching an annual value of nearly £1,000,000. : Surveying the position as a whole, therefore, we conclude that the wisest policy for growers both in India and Ceylon wil! be, to pay the closest attention to improvement of quality; :o check the tendency to pack and send forward to any part of the world tea so common as to lower the repntation of their produce ;and to be slow in extending plantations upon soil which has not proved its capacity of yielding good tea. The industry is so thoroughly established and sound, that with ordinary prudence and normal climatic conditions, successful results may reasonably be anticipated for wel!-managed properties not overweighted with unduly high capital. ~ STATISTICS. Showing the development of the INDIAN TRA TRADE during the past three Seasons, ending 3ist May :— Exported from Calcutta 1895-96. 1896-97. 1897-98. To the United Kingdom 121,165,000 132,600,000 133,800,000 To Australasia 6,842,000 6.171,000 6.803,000 To America 1,086,000 1,938,000 —-2,086,000 To-Asia and else- where 5,390,006 4,355,000 4,400,000 145,564 000 134,483,000 147,089,000 From other Indian Ports to U.K. 2,000,000 2,500,000 3,000,000 Season’s Re-Ex- aii ports from the U.K.3,800,000 5,250,000 ~—_—-6 000,000 Showing the development of the CEYLON TEA TRADE during the past three years, ending 31st December :— Exported from Ceylon 1895. 1896. 1897. To the United Kingdom 85,573,000 94,000,000 99,000,000 To Australasia 9,380,000 11,806,000 13,233,000 To America 394,000 718.009 $31,000 To Elsewhere 2,413,009 2,270,000 2,933,000 97,940,000 108,794,000 116,002,000 Season’s Re-Ex- o ee gee ports from the U.K. 7,500,000 9,150,000 11,000,000 Showing the progress of the Cevlon Tea Trade in London :— Total of Average Imported Auctions price Season ending million lbs. pkgs. per lb. 31st May, 1896 .. 82 975,000... Ska By) ati ou 92 114010002 ike Sd SoS 933 1,160,000 73d ” if a 2 + London Warehouse Returns, includine all kinds of Tea, for the past three Seasons, ending 31st May :— (Estimated Weights.) 1895-6. 1896 7. Import— lbs. lbs. Indian 117,932,000 131,650,009 Ceylon $1,870,0 0 92,073.000 China 40,996,000 33,012.009 Java, cte. 3,947,000 3,606,099 Total 244,745,000 260,341,090 264,636,000 4 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 1895-6, 1896-7. 1897-8. Delivery— lbs. lbs. lbs. Indian 120,743,000 126,165,000 129,399,000 Ceylon 81,034,000 90,677,000 96,303,000 China 41,075,000 39,691,000 82,895,000 Java, etc. 3,891,000 3,800,000 3,7L9,000 Total 246,743,000 260,333 000 262,316,000 Of which Home Con- sumption 213,500,000 227,000,000 228,616,000 Export(actual Weights) 33,250, 00 33,300,000 33,700,000 Stock 1st June— Indian 26,751,000 32,235,000 38,218,000 Ceylon 18,557,000 19,953 000 17,281,000 China 19 635,000 12,891,000 11,993,000 Java, etc. 988,000 865,000 827,000 Total, .65,931,000 65,944,000 68,264,000 THE EXPORT TRADE OF CHINA. 1896-97. 1897-98. 35,200,000 lbs. 31,000,000 Lbs, 22,600,000 Ibs. 26,800,060 ,, 59,500 000 lbs. 44,800,000 _,, To. Hlsewhere 12,600,000 lbs. 10,600 000 ,, Total 122,900,000 Ibs. 113,200,000 lbs, * Overland trade not included. THE EXPORT TRADE OF JAPAN. To Huzland To Russia* To America 1895. 1896. 1897. lbs. Ibs. Ibs. To United States 54,000,000 46,500,000 hate To Canada 9,700,000 8,500,000 To Elsewhere 4,300,000 3,000,000 Total 63,000,000 58,000,000 57,000,000 SOME INDIAN CROP RESULTS FOR THE PAST SEASON :— Previous Tables, including most of the Jistates named above, showed the following results :— Returns Per Average for Acreage. Quantity. Acre. Price. lb. per Ib. 1896-97 101,950 46,600,000 458 9°77 1895-96 101,750 45,850,000 450 9°55 1894-95 97,120 45,284,000 435 10°55 ‘Wn. Jas. & Hy. THOMPSON Brokers, i IN THE LAND OF GINGER.—JAMAICA, ln THE Lanp or Gincrr, Jamarca,” is the title of a pamphlet from the pen of Mr. J.B. Kilmer, of New Brunswick, N. J., reprint from the * American Journal of Pharmacy.” Mr. Kilmer’s investigations into the methods employed in plan- ting and preparing ginger for the market, have been personally conducted on the plantations of the small settlers in the ginger producing districts of Jamaica, and are entertaining and instructive. We produce extracts from the pamphlet for the benefit of those o* our readers who are engaged, or who are desirous of engaging in the cultivation of this important miinor product. The books state that ‘‘Zingiber officinaie, Roscoe (Amomuim zing’ ber,) is a native of Asia, and that it has been introduced into most tronieal countries, and is now found in the West Indies, South America, tropical western Africx, and Queensland in Australia, ’ But the vial hand«d over the drugstore counter, even though it may contain a weak decoction cf _ pepper, will invariably be lale'ed ‘‘ Jamaica Ginger. In these notes we shall, therefore, study this plant as seen in its popular habitat, thus keeping in [JuLy 1, 1898. sympathy with the West India planter, to whom the only known spot where ginger grows is in his eun- lit garden, One of the essential requirements for the growth of this plant is sunshine—Old Sol is heve young, bright and active. Another requisite for growth—moisture—is aleo here in plenty. In some portions, 281 inches, or 23 feet, is recorded as an annual down pour. In the “ginger district,” 88 inches, or over 7 feet, has been the mean annual rainfall for the last twenty years, (In a report made by one of my correspondents in this district, October, 1897, 47 inches or nearly 4 feet, of rainfall were recorded in sixteen days.” While ginger grows at suitable elevations all over tbe island, it is mainly produced in the central western portion, along the borders of the parishes of Westmoreland, St. Elizabeth, Manchester, Claren- don, Trelawny, St. James. The underlying soil of this district consists of white and yellow limestone, with trappean formation: this is covered in some of the nooks or valleys with a pulverent mould or loam deposit severa! feet in depth. The plant grows luxuriantly in such soil, but apparently will not thrive in marshy soil, nor where there is present more than 10 to 20 per cent. of clay or 30 per cent. of sand. The government returns for the Whole island give only about 250 acres of land devo- ted to ginger. This amount of acreage would not ield the crop barvested. But the real cultivation is not in acres, many cultivators having beds vary- ing from six feet square up to the size of a build- ing lot. A few cultivate from one to six acres. Large lots are very rare. For the most part, it is put in the ground in any convenient spot, along- side pineapples, yams, cocoa, cassava or other plants, often in the midst of a dense growth of bush or weeds. In the statistics of this fertile island this article does not figure in pounds, shillings and pence as largely as do some of its other products. Economi- cally speaking, however, ginger is one of its most important articles of commerce. In my judgment, from 25,000 to 50,000 of its people are more or Jess dependent upon the ginger crop for such ready money as is essential to maintain their existence. The ginger planter divides ginger into “blue” and ‘yellow’? from the color of the rhizome. These are also known as, respectively‘ ‘‘ turmeric” and “flint.” I was unable to see any botanical difference in the plant producing the two different coloured root-stalks, and many intelligent planters were unable to dis- tinguish the kinds without first examining the root. If anything, it seemed to me that the blue was a degeneiate species. The root of the blue is bard and fibrous, yields a much less proportion of powder, is less pungent, and therefore less valnable commercially.* There is also a division into “plant” and “‘ratoon’’ ginger. Plant ginger is ginger that is planted each season; ratoon ginger is really a product of lazinese. It is a return crop, secured by leaving part of the ‘“‘hand” containing a bud in the ground when the crop is harvested. Ratoon ginger is much smaller in size of hands than the planted, and loses each year in flavour, each succe:sive crop being less and less in amount. Ginger Planting Ginger is planted in March and April. The plantin process consists in burying the oivided fingers, eac division contairing an “eye” or embryo, in trenches or holes a few inches below the surface and about a foot apart, similar to the process of planting potatoes. The smail grower simply digs a hole in & convenient spot. The thrifty planter first burns over his plot, to destioy weeds and iusects, then ploughs and lays the plot ont inte beds and trenches. The growing plant needs plenty of sun, and the weeds and bushes must be kept down. This latter is & perplexing problem, unless the weeds have * T found some shippers in Jamaica ports who were exporting the undried “blue” ginger to supply the demand for gieen ginger as used in pickling and preserving, q JuLY 1, 1898.] been destroyed before the ginger has been planted. If the weeds are pulled or the ground disturbed while the plant is growing, water is apt to settle round the root, and this rots them. The reed-like ginger plant, with its leafy stems, grows sometimes to a beight of five feet; its cone-topped flowering stems reach from 6 to 12 inches, aud, in a well- cleaned field, make a pretty show wher in their September bloom. On wet soil and during very yainy seasons the root is subject to whatis termed “black rotten.” Thisisa rotting induced by warm, soggy soil. The root swells in spots, fills witb water, turns black, and emits an offensive oder. In this condi. tion it is attacked by insects and worms, which has given rice to the belief among the planters that the rotting is caused by aso-called ginger worm. (It is possibly a fungus disease.) Growing ginger must be well watered. Irrigation is practised to a limited extent, but in most of the parishes this is unnecessary, as the rainfall is abun- dant. Fertilization, though highly important, is rarely attempted, partly owing to the small profit, but largely owing to the customs of the country. The most that is ever done is to plough in the weeds and cover the ground with banana trash. Rarely will the planter ever gather up the manure from his live stock and throw it on the ginger-bed. There are no stables used in Jamaica, therefore no such thing as a compost heap. Sea weeds and watering the beds with sea water have been tried, experimentally with good results; but no matter how large-sized roots or how fine a quality would he yielded, the average planter would not take the trouble to work his ground in a scientific manner. An all important feature is the rapid impoverish- ment of the soil that follows the ginger culture. One planter told me that only ferns would grow on the soil after exhaustion by this crop. There is thus a constant demand for virgin soil to secure the best-paying crops. Thisis attained by sending valu- able timber up in smoke, as one authority tersely expressed it. ‘‘Dried-up streams, general barrenness in fact a wilderness marks the progress of ginger culture.” The situation is clearly summed up by Mr. Wm- Fawcett, Director of Public Gardens for Jamaica, from whose report to the Honorable Colonial Secre- tary I quote: *‘The soil which produces the very highest quality ginger. realizing, perhaps, £10 per cwt. in the London Markets, is the very deep black soil of virgin forest. To grow ginger under this condition involves the destruction of large areas of forest. Magnificent trees, six feet in diameter, may be seen in some districts lying rotting on the ground, while the ginger cultivators have gone further to the centre of the island, abandoning the wood lands already cut down. The plan adopted in clear- ing a forest is for a cultivator to invite ten or twelve of his friends to a ‘cutting match.’ He provides food and drink, and the laborious work of felling tree is carried on merrily and without much expense. Afterwards, fire is put and the place is burnt over. This burning is considered very im- portant, as much so as the virgin soil. “Probably its importance is due principally to the deposit of potash and other mineral matters contained in the ashes, but the fire wil! also sweeten _the ground, correcting sourness; and moreover, it destroys insect pests. Some cultivators will only grow ginger in freskly cleared woodland, and next year they move on to anew clearing; but although in this way they get very fine ginger, it is at the expense of forest land which would require a heavy outlay avd perhaps a term of 100 years to restore. Albert Town was not lone ago a great centre for the cultivation, but I was told there that growers had already got as far as 14 miles further inland. “Ginger ean be, and is, grown in many places year after yesr on the same gronnd. An intelligent cultivator at Borbridge stated that he knew of ginger growing for forty years in the same patch. Sanford ‘Town is in a German colony, and one of the original colonists, Somers, an active old man of eighty years THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. D of age, has been cultivating ginger and arrowroot there since his youth. He and the other colonists have been in the‘ habit of planting a small patch one year, leaving it to ratoon as long as it was profitable, then throwing it up or growing other plants until, after a term of years, they again plant the same patch with ginger. This is an irregular rotation of crops; ‘plant ginger.’ the product of planting, is of better quality than the ratoons, and the ratoons in each succeeding year are inferior. When the ground is too poor to grow ‘ white ginger,’ the blue ginger’’ the inferior variety, can be grown. ‘More depends upon the curing of ginger, considering the crop as a livelihood, than’ soil. I believe that the badly-cured ginger brought sometimes to the market is due to wet weather, rather than to want of care.” ““The export of ginger is, on the whole, on the in- crease, but if this is accompanied hy the gradual destruction of woods and forests, it is not a subject of congratulation.” An examination of the exhausted soil revealed the fact that it was deficient in organic matter, lime, phosphoric acid and_ soda, Attempts made, at my suggestion, to supply these deficiencies by the use of market fertilizers of various kinds were not productive of any favourable results, Stable manure alone resulted in a failure, as like- wise did the use of a bat guano found on the island, The use of a marl, expecially when mixed with stable manure, was a partial success. The Jamaica Agricultural Society, in 1895, began a series of practical experiments which are still in progres, Their first results gathered in February, 1897, were somewhat affected by a drought in the previous November. Upon a limited area of worn- out land, which in check experiment gave no return, they secured a crop which would be equivalent to over 2,500 pounds of cured per acre, and the pro- duct was of extraordinary size and quality. ‘The fertilizer aiding in bringing this result was a mix- ture of marl with a compound fertilizer made up of about 10 per cent. each of soluble phosphates ammonia and potash salts. These results were very encouraging and the Society has extended them by securing larger plots, giving aid to planters in the way of furnishing fertilizer, ete, returns from which will be gathered in the spring of 1898. The solution of the problem of reclaiming land ex- hausted by the ginger and other crops, and the prevention of the further wasteful destruction of valuable soil, is in Ginger Land one of great moment. There is in this fair Island thousands apon thou- sands of acres of abandoned land, iying within easy reach of roads and ports; much of it Fas been abin- doned becanse the soil has been exhausted by ginger or coffee. If by suitable tillage and manures it can be reclaimed, great benifits to the inhabitants will follow. Ginger, as we know it, is the root-stalk of the plant. he root proper or root fibres ave abous inch long, not very numerous, dying off as the rhizome advances and leaving a slight sear. As regularly shaped. hands, with more or less straight fiogers. command the higher price in markets, experiments were made to secure a regular shaped growth. Owing to the Peculiarities of the native planter, instructions were not closely followed and the results were unsucce sful. The fact was developed that a sprout starts from the parent eye, and from this stem inturn, lateral shoots Or beanches develop in pairs. ‘These side branches again develop in pairs, these pairs gcnerally altzrnating no opposite sides. It was found that if the soil was well worked and pulverized before planting the growth was straighter than when planted in hard soil. Some difference was noted also in the condition of the parent plant; if this was well de- veloped and vig¢ s the re wt root-stalk was cf a better type than where the parent was small, kaarly and crooked. The Botanical Department is now experimenting with selected plants Gathering the Ginger Crop. Ratoon ginger is gathered from March to December, but planted ginger is not ready for digging until December or January, and from then until March aaa isthe ‘ginger season.” Ginger is known to be ready for harvest when the stalk withers. This begins shortly after the bloom departs. The rhizomes are twisted out”of the ground with afork. In this oper- ation, every bruise or injury to the hands is deteri- mental to the market value. There is quite a knack in doing this, and it takes long practice to become expert. The hands are thrown in heaps, the fibrous roots are broken off, and the soil and adherent matter removed. This must be done anickly after removal from the earth, for, shonld the ginger be dried with the soil and roots still adhering, the product would not be white, and, if it lies in heaps before drying, it will mould, The custom is to throw it immediately into a dish of water; it is then ready for the uncoating or peeling operation; this is done by hand. A planter who has any quantity of it on hand, will make a ‘peeling match” by gathereing his own numerous family, and whatever help his neighbors can afford, The ginger season thus becomes a time of merry-making, Peeling Ginger. Ginger-peeling is an art, and there are many ex- pert peelers in Jamaica, The ginger knife is simply a narrow-edged blade riveted to a handle. In large Operations an expert peels between the fingers of the hands, less experienced hands peeling the other portions. Examination of a transverse section of ginger will show the importance of the operation. There is an outer striated skin under which there are numerous oil cells, the oil cells being most nu- merous at the bud points. The oil contained in these cells, in specimens fresh from the ground, is almost colorless, very pungent, and exveedingly aromatic. It becomes yellow very quickly on exposure to the air, and, even upon drying without removing the epidermis, its delicate aroma is found to be fleeting. On drying the ginger the contents of these cells appear as a yellow, pitchy mass. (It has been stated that this coloring mutter is identical with that of Curcuma.) As this cork layer is the seat of the greatest amount of oil and resin cells, it will readily be seen that the deeper the peeling so much the more of these substances will be carried away with the epidermis, and more cells opened from which these principles may exude.* As fast as peeled, the roots are thrown into water and washed. ‘The purer the water and the more freely it is used, the whiter will be the product. Generally a very little water washes a great deal of ginger. The hands are peeled during the day, and allowed to remain in the water over night. This water acquires a slimy feeling and if con- centrated, becomes mucilaginous and acquires a warm and aromatic taste. The natives claim that this process siaks out the ‘fire and poison” from very hot ginger. I placed some pieces in a stream of running water for twelve hours, and succeeded in making them several shades lighter in color. This sample proved to be less pungent to the taste, and it is quite possible the force of the water carried away some portion of the aromatic principles. remove. The largest sized lands are carefully selected by buyers and shipped to special markets, usually to Wngland, I noticed hands weighing as much as eight ounces; maby of them weighing from four ounces upward. Ginger is packed in barrels for shipment. Economies. The amount of Ginger exported from this Island during the last ten years is shown in the following table* :—1887, 1,121,827 ]b.; 1888, 1,141,877]b.; 1889, 1,002,653 lb.; 1890, (4 year), 554,:931b. ; 1891, 1,219,197 Ib.; 1892, 1,822,531 )b.; 1883, 1,526,884 1b.; 1884, 1,672,384 lb. ; 1885, 1,736,460 and 1896, 1,960,609 lb. The yield and profit of the ginger crop depend somewhat upon the nature of the soil. In favour- able seasons rainfall, sunshine, planting care and curing, are also factors. An average yield can be estimated at from 1,000 to 1,50 pounds dried gin- ger per acre. In exceptional cases, 2,000 pounds have been gathered. There are planters in Jamaica who plant ginger here and there in patches, and gathering as little as a hundred pounds in a year. Ginger is well adapted to the small planter, and admirably suited to the peasantry of Jamaica, who, by slow evolution, are passing from serfdom to manhood and independence. The Botanical Department, through its crops of agricultural instructors, is now going among the people and showing them exactly what may be done in the way of improving their methods of cultiva- tion. The Jamaica Agricultural Society is conducting practical and extensive demonstrations to show the use and value of fertilizers. These have already an important bearing upon this crop. Information re- cently to hand states that the crop which will be gathered in the coming season (Spring, 1898) will probably be the largest ever grown upon this Island. This is due to the improvements in cultivation, to- gether with an abundant rainfall. Unfortunately for the ginger planter, a largely increased production will tend to lower trices. I am aware of the fact that these notes will add but little to the already recorded observations upon ginger. It may be questioned whether such a common article of materia medica merits any ex- tended research. We should, however, realize that any drug that holds a name and place in medicine is of sufficient importance to merit our best efforts. _ Our knowledge of the changes which take place in crude drugs, due to the methods ot preparation, is very meagre. Karl Dieterich (Berichte der Deutschen Pharm. Gesellschaft, 1896. p. 335.) says: “Thus it is that I am convinced that the study and development of this branch of pharmacy will yield far more than theoretical results and that the analysis of fresh and dried drugs at different stages will be of great practical advantage in direct- ing the proper manipulations to be employed in producing uniform and superior products.” My con- victions are strong that the study of drugs should begin in their habitat and extend to the bedsides of the patient. That it is important to know every change that my take place in their cultivation and collection as well as those incident to their pre- paration for administration, this seems to be suffi- cient warrant for these observations taken in the * Figures obtained from the oflice of the Collector- General of Jamaica show that more than one-half of fhe crop is shipped direct to the United States, ports, The amount of ginger imported into the United States from all parts of the world, from the years 1890 to 1894, was as follows:—1890, 2,328,825 lb.; 1891, 2,697,939 Ib.; 1892, 1,431,2951b. ; 1893, 2,927,942 1b, 8 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. Land of Ginger—Jamaica.*—Jowrnal of the America Agricultural Society. ORANGE CULVIVATION IN MEXICO. It is generally supposed that the Spaniards in- troduced several varieties of fruit trees iutto Mexico, among them perhaps the sweet orange, but the traveller in that country, after seeing the numerous forests of wild oranges inclines to the theory that the ancients knew of this fruit, and that perhaps it was cultivated before the time of Cortez. However, works treating on the history of old or ancient Mexico do not describe oranges; yet it is to be presumed that the existing wild stock, found generally in obscure and inaccessible regions of the tropics, was placed there originally by the hand of man, and nature spread it widely, but gradually changed it from a sweet to a sour or bitter orange. The United States Consul-General in the city of Mexico says that the Mexican orange comes under the family Aurantiacea, genus citrus. Although fifty varieties are known to exist, there are but three kinds of oranges found in the markets of the country, classified as follows:—The sweet orange, ‘‘naranja dulce;”’ the Chinese orange ‘“‘naranja de China;” and the sour orange, “naranja de agria.” The “naranja de China” is a small fruit, a little over two inches in diameter, spherical, slightly depressed at the apex, deep yellow in colour, thin, with minute oil cells,.and very delicious; its tree is somewhat dwar- fish, having small leaves, one inch to one inch and- a-half long, and resembling those of the myrtle. The sour orange has a roughish rind, rather thick, ucrid, bitter pulp, and is generally large in size; its tree is large, having a hard wood, and in many places develops a trunk of great dimensions; the leaves are of a brilliant, agreeable green colour, aromatic, lanceolated, and with a broadly-winged petiole. The sweet orange could be greatly improved and much could be accomplishe4 with it by careful selection in its propagation—for instance, selecting shoots, cuttings, or seeds from trees, or budding, or grafting with sound stock from California and Florida. There are few countries that possess the natural advantages which subtropical and tropical Mexico enjoys, and hardly any are gifted with the immense proportion of territory comprising two-thirds of the Republic, suitable for orange culture. The greatest producing and most important districts, having easy means of transportation, are La Barca, Ocotlan, and Guadal-ajara, in the state of Jalisco; Yautepec, Morelos, Linares and Montemorelos, Nurvo Leon; Rio Verde and San Antonio, San Luis Potosi, Guay- mas and Hermosello, Sanora; Jula, Tamaulipas, and Coatepec and Cordoba, Veracruz. In Montemorelos and Linares, during the last three years, more than 50,000 trees have becn planted with several hundred grafted and budded with California and Florida stock. The Mexican people relish the fruit, and especially on the occasion of the holydays—All Saints’ Day and the Posasdas—vast quantities of it are brought into the principal cities for home consump- tion. Mexico city alone consumes annually more than 300 car-loads of sweet, Chinese, and sour oranges, while Puebla consumes 70, and Guadalajara 30 car- loads. As regards the by-products of the Mexican orange, the leaves (haa) are used for the tea of the Indians and of the poor, and in large cities where they are sold in the streets and in the markets in small bunches for one half penny each, are con- sumed in large quantities. They are considered the best remedy for insomnia and restlessness, and are highly commended for children, A wine is mann- * In preparing this paper, valuable assistance has been rendred the writer by those whose names are mentioned therein. In addition, he feels indebted to His Excellency, Sir A. Blake, Governor of Jamaica; to the Hon. Q. O. Eckford, ex-United States Consul; to Geo. A. Douet, Esq., Secretary of the Jamaica Agricultural Society; to L. Frazer, of Montego Bay, and many others, {[JuLy ], 1898, factured from the refuse oranges, purchased at about one shilling a hundred in Gnactls, Morelas, and Guadalajara, which retails at two shillings a bottle. There are other valuable products which could be obtained, such as the distilled water of the blossoms, used for toilet purposes, worth about 19s. a gallon; citric acid from the pulp of the sour oranges: oil from the leaves and rind; and the essential oils from the blossoms, leaves, and unripe fruit. Mexican growers propagate the orange from seed, but it can be re produced more advantageously by budding, grafting, layering, and from cuttings. “The fruit appears in the latter case. in from four to five years, Budding and grafting have to be practised on grown trees. Propagation by cuttings can be effected from both immature and mature growth. In Propagating by seed, a well ventilated place, yet free from cold Winds, is selected ; the soil must be deep and suscepti- ble of being irrigated. For this process, good vigorous large seeds must be chosen from healthy fruits and best plants. In May the seed beds are made and in June the seeds, which have previously been kept in earth, are sown 4 inches apart by 8 inches between the rows. The rows can be run with the length of each seed bed, thereby producing 427 seedlings to the seed bed. Having soaked the seeds from 12 to 20 hours in Inkewarm water, previous to sowing them the plants should come up in fifteen to twenty days. If the rainy season, has not set in, and on dry days during that season, the seed beds are sprinkled every two days, but when the plant has made its appearance a generous application of water is necessary every day, the amount being decreased as the plant grows. In May the ground is ploughed, cleared of all weeds, and fertilised with cheap manure, having plenty of nitrogenous matter. After the land has been well worked, ditches are run at a distance of about 13 feet apart, and then cross ditches of the same distance. At the intersection of these ditches hole 2 feet deep are made for the reception of the young trees; this will give 245 trees to the acre, which can be decreased on a very rich soil, making the distance 16 feet apart. Great care is taken in transferring the young plants that they are not in any way injured either in leaf or root. A ring (cajete) is hoed round each tree, wide enongh to admit manure, and in connection with the ditches referred to above, for irrigation purposes. If it does not rain all day following the transplanting, the plants are irrigated, «nd atterwards so often as they require it. Two or three days after, if the earth around the plant has settled loose coil mixed with leaf mould or manure is used to make up theloss When the trees are mature, dead ard ill-shaped branches are removed with the pruning saw, the wound being trimmed with a knife and then tarred over. Wax can be substituted for the tar if the former is not obtainable, and this is done to prevent decay entering into the heart of the tree. Maturity of crop varies very muchin Mexico. In Campeachy, Chiapas Oaxaca, Guerrero, Atlixo (Puebla) and Yautepec (Moreles) the fruit ripens as early as July, and the season lasts until December 1, while in Cordoba and Coatepec (Veracruz), in Michoacan and Jalisco until September, Rio Verde and Montemorelos following, and the Sonora crop comes in last, about November 10. The yieldin Mexico varies very much—soil, climate, proper irrigation, pruning. and cultivation being important factors in determining the extent of the crops. In Atlixo, Yautepec, and Tacambaro the trees average 860 oranges each, but in Atolonileo, Montemorelos, and Hermosillo, the average yield is from 1,700 to 2,200 oranges a year. With the advantages of climate and soil the tree in Mexico should yield from 5.000 to 8,000 oranges. The tree is not generally subject to any pest, nor is it affected by any disease.— Indian Agriculturist. JAVA SHIPPING MEN intend, says the “ Liver- Roe! Journal of Commerce,” to try and benefit y the war owing to the extra demand for quinine and the check to the trade in Cuban and Philip- _ pine sugars. THE TROPICAL JULY 1, 1898. | “THE {THIRIY COMMITTEE” AND EXTENSION OF TEA SALES. The “Thirty Committee” being one of the most important oiganizations in existence for pushing the sale of Ceylon tea in foreign markets, its proceedings are always of special interest. In another column we give — the minutes of the last meeting at which Mr. Mackenzie, our Commissioner, was present and receivel a unanimous and surely well deserved vote of thanks for his labours on behalf of Ceylon tea throughout the great North American continent. Nota dissentient voice was raised,—not a word suggesting an amended or new policy,—and therefore, Mr. Mackenzie has completely justified the confidence reposed in him as Ceylon’s represeutative in America where he has had to cope with some of the smartest business men in ‘‘creation,” and so it must be ‘all the more encouraging for him to know that the Committee, and specially the planting com- munity, have so unanimously declared their con- fidence in him. We are certain that all this confidence will lead to no_ efforv being spared on his part to gain fresh ground and we sincerely trust that the methods devised may continue to be even more successful than they have been in the past. Financial mat- ters of course occupied a good deal of the at- tention of the Committee and it is only right that members should be in possession of all details as to the state of the fund and how it is expended whether in America, Russia, Germany, or elsewhere. Much has been “heard about the importance of manufacturing green tea for the American market. The Com- mittee have carefully considered the subject, and their resolution to consider applications for assistance from those prepared to experiment in making these teas for export to America, while certainly cautious, boids out an induce- ment which may result in much good. A sum of £500 has been voted for the purpose of push- ing our staple product amongst the green tea drinkers in Canada and Mr. Mackenzie will no doubt see the sum fairly apportioned. The busi- ness before the meeting was varied enough, and embracing from South Africa to Norway and from France to Russia, which only comes second to North America inimportance. The more atten- tion that is directed to Russia, its import duty, customs of transit, &c., the better. But for a moment, most interest is concentrated on Austre- Hungary, and that is dealt with separately. —— THE THIRTY COMMITTEE. Minutes of proceedings of a meeting of the ‘¢ Thirty Committee” held at Kandy, on Friday, the 20th day of May, 1898, at half-past 7 o’clock (7-30 a.m.) in the morning. - Present ;—Messrs. F. G. A, Lane, (Chairman); A. Philip, (Secretary) ; Wm. Mackenzie, (Repre- sentative in America); Hon. J. N. Campbell, m.L.c,; Messrs. James E. P. Ryan, W. Henry Figo, A. E. Wright, R. A. Galton, E. Turner, J. B. Coles, A. J. Denison, J. H. Starey, J. A, Burmester, George Greig, Hugh b. Roberts. Gordon Pyper, H. V. Masefield, A A. Bowie, Joseph Fraser and A. Melville White. The notice calling the meeting was read. The minutes of proceedings of a meeting of the Thirty Committee held at Kandy, on Saturday, the 12th March, were submitted for confirmation, 2) o Government intimating AGRICULTURIST, 9 Resolved :—* That they be and they hereby are confirmed.” Read letter from Government acknowledging receipt of copy of the minutes of proceedings of a meeting of the Thirty Committee held at Kandy on the 16th of February, 1898. i STATEMENTS OF ACCOUNTS. Resolved :—‘* That members of the Thirty Com- mittee be furnished with a detailed statement of the names of those to whom payments have been made in America, for purposes of advertising with the amecunts paid to each in 1897; also with a report and statement cf account of the whole fund for the same year.” With reference to the last paragraph, it was pointed out that a 100 copies of the report of the Thirty Committee, with statement of account for the whole fund for the year 1897, had been printed and duly cireulated and that there re- mained only about six copies available in pam- phlet form for issue to any members who might wish for another copy, but that the report, minutes of proceedings and statements of accounts for the year 1897, would also be included in the usual way with the proceedings of the Planters’ Association in the annual volume. FINANCES. Submitted letters from the Treasurer Colony. Submitted letters from the Manag i Bank of India, Ltd. ae Submitted sketch memo of the position of th fund as at 20th May, 1898. _Resolved :—‘* That the Bank be asked to fur. nish quarterly a transcript of Mr. William Mac- Kenzie, No. 2 account for the information of the Committee ; (2) that tle sanction of the Gover: nor in Exeeutive Council be obtained to the transfer of any available balances in the Ceylon Tea (New Markets) Fund, from time to time into fixed deposits with the Bank for short periods with a view to earning interest on such tempor- ary balances. GOVERNOR IN EXECUTIVE COUNCIL. Read letter from Government intimating that the Governor has been pleased with the “advice of the Executive Council to sanction the propo- sal to send 500 1b. of Ceylon tea to Norway for free distribution, in terms of resolution passed by the Comimittee and forwarded to Government by letter, dated the 2nd March. Read letter from i that the Governor has been pleased with the advice of the Executive Council, to sanction the expenditure of a £1,000 in advertising Ceylon Tea in Russia, in terms _ of resolution passed by the Committee and forwarded to Government by letter, dated the 2nd March, Read letter from Government intimating that the Governor has been pleased with the advice of the Executive Council to sanction the expendi- ture of £200 sterling in advertising’ CEYLON TEA IN SOUTH AFRICA. Read letter from Government intimating that the Governor has b2en pleased with the ‘advice of the Executive Council, to sanction the expen- diture proposed to be incurred by the Committee in advertising Ceylon Tea in Germany, in terms of resolution forwarded to Government by letter dated the 17th March. REPRESENTATIVE IN AMERICA, Mr. Wm. Mackenzie (representativein America)% who was present, gave a long and interesting sketch of the position, and of the progress made of the 10 THE TROPICAL in his work of pushing and advertising Ceylon Sea in America, Resolved :—‘* That copies of Mr, Mackenzie's accounts, without names being given, be furnished to all members of the * Thirty Cominittee’; (2) that copies ot Mr. Wim, Macken- zie’s letters be circulated to members of the ‘Thirty Committee’ as far as practicable before the regular meetings ; (3) that sketch memos similar to those submitted for the past few months, showing position of the Fund be laid on the table ab each meeting; (4) that the Secretary be and he hereby is autho- rised and empowered to make the necessary arrangements for such special services under the general approval of all necessary expendi- ture incurred in and about the carrying out of the provisions of Ordinance No. 4 of 1894, in terms of letter trom Government, dated 13th June 1895; (5) that the Thirty Committee desire toex press to Mr. Wm. Mackenzie its great appreciation of the good work done by him in pushing Ceylon “Tea into the American Market, and its approval of his methods, which have been so eminently successful in the past. ‘Che Committee now records its unanimous confidence in him, its hearty thanks and trusts he will continue to carry on the work and gain fresh ground. GREEN TEAS. Discussed the question of the manufacture of Green Teas for America. Resolved :—‘t That the Committee would consider applications for assist- ance from those prevared to experiment in making Green Teas for export to America.” CEYLON TEA IN WESTERN CANADA AND THE PACIFIC SLOPE OF THE UNITED STATES, AS FAR EAST, AS SALT LAKE, AND DENVER, &C. ead letter from Messrs. Rowbotham & Co. supporting an application on behalf of Mr. J. E. Chipman for advertising Ceylon Teain the above- mentioned country. Resolved:—‘‘That Messrs. Rowbotham & Co. be informed that their appli- cation on behalf of J. C. Chipman will be con- sidered at next meeting before which a member of Committee has been asked to obtain full ‘information as to the extent and nature of Mr. “Chipman’s business.” Read letter from Mr. C. W. Horsfall enclosing a letter from Rey. T. S. Smith, making an appli- ‘eation for samples of Ceylon Tea for distribution in New Zealand, ete. Resolved:— That it be suggested to Mr. Horsfall that he should inform Rev. Mr. Smith, that he might renew his appli- cation to Mr. Wim. Mackenzie at his New York address as already given.” ‘ CLYLON TEA IN RUSSIA. Read letters from Government acknowledging receipt of a letter in triplicate to the Secretary of State for the Colonies, on the subject of duties levied by the Russian Government on tea, and stating that His Excellency the Governor will have much pleasure in complying with the request made relative to the import duty on tea in Iussia. * Read letter to the Secretary of State for the Colonies wbove referred to. ; Read letter from Mr. J. M. Maitland, Kirwan. Resolved :—‘‘ That pending further advices from Mr. Christie, the Committee are not disposed to make any appointment,” Read letter from Messrs. Rodewald & Heath, while thanking the Committee for their sugges- tion that they should apply for samples of Ceylon Tea for free distribution in Russia, re- eretting that they shall not be able to take advantage of the proposal as they do not think AGRICULTURIST. the sale of Ceylon tea in Rassia would be likely to be increaved by this means. — Read letter from Messrs. Peek Brothers & Winch, Limited, acknowledging the receipt of the resolution of the Committee, regarding the grant to them as passed by the Committee at a meet- ing held on Ist February. Kead letter from Messrs. Crossfield, Lampard & Co., Colombo, in regard to the grant made to them, and enquiring when paywent would be made. LKesolved :—‘* That Mesers. Crossfield, Lampard & Co., be informed in reply that on production of vouchers for the whole £3,000 sterling, or any considerable part, the Committee would be prepared to pay one third subject, to the conditiors contained in the correspondence on the basis of which the grant was promised.” OF on letter from Mr. Arthur Lampard to Mr, ane. Read letter from Mr. John Ferguson two Mr. Lane with enclosvre CEYLON TEA IN GERMANY. Read letters from Messrs. Murdoch & Bram- well in regard to the grant of 5,000 Ib of Ceylon tea, made to Mr. John Hagenbeek for free distribution in Germany, in terins of the resolution of the Committee passed at a meeting on the 12th March and enclosing invoices and specimen labels and intimating that the teas had been packed and would leave per ‘‘City of Caleutta” on through Bill of Lading for Hamburg, Resolved :— “That payment be made.” Read letter from Messrs. C. H. and A. Bohringer, Colombo, acknowledging cheque for R750 and noting with pleasure the Committee, grant of £50 sterling for advertising Ceylon Tea» in Germany on the same terms as previously. CEYLON TEA IN NORWAY, Read letter fron Mr, A. G. Seton ing Messrs. A. Ktieboleget G. Maren & Co., 8 olm. Read letter from Messrs. A. Ktieboleget G. Maren & Co., Stockholm, defending themselves against the strictures passed on them by Mr. R.Y. Webster. Resolved :—‘‘That consideration of the papers be deferred.” Read letter from Mr. C. Palliser acknowledging receipt of 230 Ibs. Ceylon tea granted by the Committee and stating that he had distributed the tea, to his Agents in Bergen, Stavanger, and Christiania and requesting payment of. Cha date thereon amounting to £13 17s 74d sterling. Resolved: —‘‘That the claim be paid.” ° Read letter from the Ceylon Company, Limited, regarding the shipment of tea granted to Mr. Floor, Burgundy. : CEYLON FEA IN AUSTRIA HUNGARY AND OTHER COUNTRIES. Read letter from the Imperial and Royal Austro Hungarian Consul, stating that he had received from the Lord High Steward of the Imperial and Royal Household, through the Minister of Foreign Affairs, information that his Imperial and Royal Apostolic Majesty has been graciously pleased to note with satisfaction the intention of your Committee to offer to His Imperial and Royal Majesty, a presentation of Ceylon tea, on the occasion of the Jubilee of His reign, == Read letter from Messrs. Bosanquet & Co., en- closing account for the presentation tea and stating that it had been shipped while a letter of advice had also been sent to the British vader | Ambassador Sir Horace Rumbold in Vienna, — Resolved :—“ That the invoice be paid.” ‘JULY 1, 1898.) THE TROPICAL Read letter from the Anglo Colonial Import Asso- ciation Budapest, intimating that the samples of Ceylon Tea for free distribution had arrived, and claiming payment of treight and duty which they state amounts to about £100 sterling. Resolved :— “That the attention of Messrs. Cooper, Cooper & Co. Ltd., Loudon, who made the application on behalf of the Anglo Colonial Import Association, Budapest, Huagary, be drawn to the allegations made by Mr. R. V. Webster, which appeared in the Ceylon newspapers and that they be requested to give a detailed explanation to the Committee regarding the advertisemensé referred to.” Read letter from Messrs. Cooper, Coaper & Co. Ltd., advising that they wonld draw for £200 sterling tor Beloium and £40 sterling for Sweden by next mail. CEYLON TRA IN CANADA. Resolved ;—‘‘ That asam of £590 sterling be de- voted to push Ceylon tea amongst the Green tea drinkers in Canada, and that the grant be handed to Mr. Wm. MacKenzie, to apportion as he considers best ; (2) that the sanction of the Governor in Executive Council be obtained to this appro- priation.” UNIVERSAL INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION HELD IN PARIS, IN THE YEAR 1900. Read letter from Government intimating that no official information has yet been received in regard to the Paris Exhibition, but that it is observed from the newspapers that a Royal Com- mission has been issued instructions will doubtless soon follow. Until the Regulations which are gaid to be on a new principle are issued, it cannot be stated what space the Ceylon is likely to require. INDIAN TEA ASSOCIATION, CALCUTTA. Read letter from the Indian Tea Association, Caleutta, asking tor information regarding the levy, the proceeds of which are devoted in Ceylon to the exploitation of foreign markets as the Indian Tea Asso¢iation’s attention is now being prominently directed to the best means of raising a permanent annual fund to aid in the expansion of the trade in British-grown tea. Intimated that the desired information had been supplied. RECEIPT ON ACCOUNT OF THA FUND. Submitted letter from the Treasurer of the Colony, No, 766, on the subject of a receipt fur- nished. Resolved :—‘‘ That the request made be complied with.” TEA SALES IN COLOMBO. Read letter from the Secretary, Ceylon Associa- tion in London enclosing copy of a letter received from “Mr. A. Lampard in regard to tea sales in Culombo. Resolved :—‘‘ That the matter be placed on the aggenda for next meeting.” The Thirty Committee then adjourned. A PHILIP, Secretary to the Thirty Committee. eee TROUT CULTURE IN CEYLON.—We direct at- tention to the extremely satisfactory account of his stewardship whieh Mr. Burrows furnishes in our correspondence column as Hon. Seretary of the Ceylon Fishing Club. That 11,788 troné fry should have Leen suecessfully distributed among so great a variety of our upland streams must be cause of gratification to ail who take an interest in trout acclimatisation, apart from the enthusiastic anglers in our midst, TO BE AGRICULTURIST. 1} IMPORTANT CHYLON TEA COMPANTES.” “FOUR [Mr. Wilson’s ‘‘ Investors’ Review,” strange to say, has been comparing the same four Companies we dealt with the other day.—Ep. 7.A.] Ceylon tea companies, as a rule, are small, but in the past week four of the large ones issued their reports. Hach company compiains of a lower price obtained for its tea, and naturally the higher exchange and enhanced cost of rice, through the Indian famine, adversely affected profits: It might be wel! to explain that the cost of rice, affects the companies from the fact that they are bound to supply their eoolies at a fixed price, and in times of high prices the companies have to pay a goo deal more for the grain than the amount received back from the coolies. The ex- change fer the year 1897 averaved just about 1d. per rupee higher than in 1896, which meant an increased working charge of about 4d. per Ib., while the higher price of rice represented nearly another 4d. per lb. So the companies had their charges increased by $d. psr ib., in addition to which a lower price was obtained for their. tea, The increase in acreage, too, was very moderate, as the following table sets forth :— Ceylon Mature area. Crop. Price per Ib, Tea 1896. 1897. 1896. 1897. 1896. 1897, Planta- acres, acres. lb. Ib. dd tions 7,998 8,067 3,763,167 4,000,516 83 7 Fastern Prod. & Hstates 9,490 9,565 3,715,000 2,635,000 72 71-16th Nuwara Hliya 1,734* 2,302* 565,692 899,293 92 92 7 3) 1 Standard1,519 1680, 602,773 749,680 92 94 * Part of this worked for only some months in year. The Eastern Produce Company actually obtained a smaller crop, but the Nuwara Hliya had an output exceeding the estimates. In its case, however, the increase ig in a great measure due to the fact that if is a new company, ard in 1896 it evidently did not gather the fall crop upon its acreage. The Standard Company included another estate it had purchased, but even then the yield per acre is higher while the Ceylon Tea Plantations had merely an ordinary increase. Under these circumstances the profits of the companies working under normal con- ditions were bound to be lower, and the following table gives the amount and the manner in which it was divided:— Put to Net Profits. Reserve, &c. Dividend, 1896 1897. 1896. 1897. 1896. 1897. Per Per Ceylon Tea £ £ £ £ cent cent Plantation 48,896 43,713 18,392 11,600 15 15 Eastern Pro- duce and Hstates 48,212 40,890 23,219 64 7 Nuwara Hliya 9,910 13,584 953 023 6 66 Standard 10,991 10,920 2,500 2,000 15 15 The increased profit of the Nuwara Eliya was mostly due to its working the greater part ofits estates for the whole year, but it must have done relatively better than the other three companies. Yet the margin set aside for reserve before paying the dividend compares badly with them, The fact that the older concerns have been so prudent in the past mainly accounts for their good exhibit at the present time. fu spite of the decline i ofit, the Hastern Produce is able to pay a hig} his, how- ever, only represents £1, Ge nearly 40 per cent. of its profits to reserve and depreciation, and the two others pay the same dividend, the Stan- dard setting aside nearly 20 per cent., and the Ceylon Tea Plantations 25 per cent of their profits to reserves, Beside these statements, the ye. 19 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. deduction of £1,023 by the Nuwara about 7 pe cent. of the pr fits, is poor es- pecially when it is remembered that £48) of the sum is represented by the writing off of the balance of preliminary expenses. Yet this company, of the quartette, necded most in the way of accu- mulation from zevenue, for taking the generally accepted formula, its capital cost works out at £89 per mature acre, as against abont £30 per mature acre for the Eastern Produce and Standard Com- panies, and £21 per acre for the Ceylon Tea Planta- tions. Of course, we know that an acre of the Nuwara Eliya must be more valuable than an acre of the other three, for on an average it obtained last year 518 lb. of tea per acre, worth 94d per lb. Accordingly, in working out the formula we have treated every acre of immature Nuwara Eliya tea as being worth £40an acre, as against £20 per acre forthe immature tea of the other Companies. Hyen allowing for these circum- stances, we must assume thatthe company is highly capitalised, and it would have been more prudent io have paid less in dividend and studied reserves to a greater extent. It is, however, a high-grade company, and so far has not worked the whole or its properties for a year. Of course, the shares of the Hastern Produe, Ceylon Tea Plantations, and Standard Com- panies stand at higher premiums in the market than those of the Nuwara TEliya, but even when this is taken into account the latter company com- pares badly. Treating debenture and loan capital as being worth par, the market valuation per mature acre works out as follows ;— Eliya = or J uw b (3) SOP ye Sap rd 0 8 ~8un Oo 9 eo © eb . 5 oPwue eo. > o o~s ov oO el SSao Pwsee of PO OHER pS Ze I wp Bore mf oe = toa nes ~~ » Qn 6 ae: ENO ss gee age eae We A ee ee as, £ £ £ £ Ceylon Tea Plantations .., 581,654 109,951 8,067 58 5} Eastern Prod. & Hstates .. 485,000 96,258 9,565 41 54 Nuwara Hliya .. -. 250,000 25,517 2,302 97 84 7 Standard 3 . 136,100 20,055 1,680 69 Yet if we take the present price of £11 per £10 share for Nuwara Bliya, £27 per £10 share for Ceylon Tea Plantations, £62 per £5 chare for Eastern Produce, and £14 per £6 share for Standard, we find the yield to an investor works: out at about 53 per cent in each case. It is not, perhaps, a high return for an industry subject to fluctuations of exceeding severity, but then the three older companies have never paid dividends up to the hilt, and last year their profits were reduced from every cause. Mice will certainly not be so dear this year, and in other respects these older cotcerns ought to he better fitted to meet the future than the weedy productions of the last few years. We are glad to learn that the increased cost of working last year has proved a blessing in disguise to prudentiy worked concerns, as the putting out of heavy extensions has been brought to astandstill. Many of the new companies were to do this upon borrowed money, but the money has not been forthcoming, and so the extensions have had to be postponed, A year or two back, when Sir John Muir, the Buchanans, and others of that enter- prising genus were launching their ill-balanced pro- ductions, the older concerns were very much in the state of mind assigned to Wellington at Waterloo by French writers when they say, he prayed “for night or Blucher.” In the tea-growing industry ‘‘ night and Blucher’’ have come together in the shape of a high exchange and low prices, and the consequence is that crudely formed and wasteful schemes are feeling the ~inch severely. It is yet too early to estimate the mischief such have given rise to, but of ove thing we may be certain, the bad results achieved by a number of them will effectually prevent more capital being put into this industry for some time to come, eee Fok” D> oa Oe a aa THE STATISTICAL AND MARKET POSITION OF TEA. ft is certainly a striking fact at this time of low tea prices, that, statistically, the position of our staple was never better in the London market. Both as regards rate of consumption —deliveries—and the qnantity now in stock, no Ceylon planter could wish for more favour- able figures, They are almost unprecedentediy good. They are, moreover, backed up by short shipments and a falling-off in estimates from this side with evidence that these experiences are likely to be strongly accentuated in the approaching months, if not during the rest of the year. And yet in the face of these facte, prices continue almost at their lowest! How is this tact to be accounted for? There must be some unusual if not zaysterious factor, qualifying the situation, and in the absence of any other ex- planation, we cannot but fall back on the con- trol which the big tea-buying and distributing louses are said to exercise over the Mincing Lane market. It is also said that a temporary cause affecting the price of tea has been the great run upon cocoa and especially vi-cocoa; but it is now recognised that this was a mere passing “boom” and that there is not likely to be any special rise in the consumption of cocoa of a permanent character. If then the prices in the tea market do not shortly improve, we can only be shut up to the conclusion that the big tea buyers are too many even for the very strong statistical position. In such a case, we should hail the advent of a new firm like Gilbey’s taking up tea, as it is rumoured to be doing in return for Lipton’s going in for wines; for, it is evident that the more numerous the big distributors, the less likely they are to arrive at a eummon understanding and the greater the chance of healthy competition. We can tind no encourage- ment for the suggestion that a Planters’ Direct Tea Supply Association should be started; but ob- viously if there is no improvement, an experi- ment of tlis kind will ducers. ~—~@-- ——- ---- THE PADDY WEEVIL PEST, We are indebted to Mr. Vanderpoorten for a practical suggestion as to fighting the very Serious attack of weevils on the paddy of the North-Western and Western Provinces. {n the ease of Indian corn and wheat in America napthaline is used, the smell of which is sufficient to keep away weevils without doing any harm to the corn, Mr. Vanderpoorten would recom- mend the use of a series of pieces of bamboo say each 5 feet long to correspond with the usual depth of heays of paddy, Along the sides of these bamboos gimlet holes shouid be bored —up even to aninchin diameter. Pinches of napthaline should then be put inside the bamioos which should be wrapped in a piece of clean cloth to prevent the rice getting into the bamboos. The naptha- Tine is so volatile that when the bamboos were stuck into the heaps of paddy, say at 5 feet apart, the smell would very speedily permeate the heap and drive away the weevils, or paddy as yet free, fon being atdactohie ie Vanderpoorten has already sent some napthaline t» the Kurunegaia district to be experimented — with, and it would be well if the Government Agents and Headmen and all intelligent natives [Jvty 1, 1808, as be forced on the pro- © om —JuLy 1, 1898.] THE TROPICAL in the districts affected, at’ once gave a trial to this very simple and yet effective remedy. The cost is very little; a rupee’s worth of napthaline going a very long way indeed towards saving a large store of paddy. FS AGRICULTURE AND TROPICULTURE AT ZANZIBAR. ONE of the most practical and interesting Re- ports on a small scale it has been our privilege to peruse for some time is that which has reached us from Mr. R. N. Lyne, Director of Agriculture, Zan- zibar for 1897. We have marked copious extracts for our Tropical Agriculturist, while all we ean do here is to mention the new products which are reported on with the results of care- ful experiments. These are Cacao, Kola, Para and Ceara Rubbers, Vanilla, Coffee, Chillies, Papaya, Castor-seed, and especially Cloves which is the staple crop of Zanzibar. The Clove crops of Pemba and Zanzibar fluctuate a good deal from 537,845 in 1895, to 361,869 in 1896 and "832,521 ‘‘frasillas” (85lb. each) in 1897. Dry weather is chiefly to blame for short crops. Labour seems good and plentiful :— Lapour.—No labour difficuities have arisen at Dunga in consequence of the abolition of the legal status. Women received R6 per month, including food money, and men R8 and R9. Twelve months ago the wages were R1O and Ril, and they are still at this figure in the town; yet in spite of this disparagement the labourers show no inclination to desert the shamba for the town. A few Indian and Chinese labourers have been given work at Dunga but have not been a success as they frequently get fever when cultivating the soil. They aslo require higher wages than the natives though they work shorter hours. Live stock, implements, manures and soils form the closing chapter of Mr, Lyne’s admirable Report. ——<$<————_— PRODUCE AND PLANTING. TEA AND THE Currency ComMMITTEE.—As regards the Committee on Indian Currency, to which, reference is made elsewhere, the tea industry has been practically left out in the cold. It is true Sir John Muir is on the committee, but he may be said to represent the commercial side of the industry. Itis the actual producer of Indian produce who needs representation. What about Mr. Christie? Immediately on the announcement that the Secretary of State for India had agreed to the appointment of such a committee the Ceylon Planters’ Association put in a claim to independent representation on the committee, and submitted to the home Government the name of Mr. Thomas North Christie as that of a suitable representative of the interests of the colony. Plan- ters may to some extent be satisfied if Mr. Christie is called as a witness before the committee. But, it is urged, ‘the producing interests of Ceylon are of sufficient importance to secure Ceylon a seaton the committe.” The incident may perhaps suggest to Lord George Hamilton and, what is more im- portant, to the coinmittee itself, that interest in the Indian currency question is not restricted to India. The views of the Indian Tea Association, London, are shown in the following letter from Mr. E. Tye, the secretary, forwarded for publication in the Vines: The Secretary of State, in his desputch of April 7, 1898, wrote as follows: ‘I propose therefore, to refer the whole matter to a committee consisting of gentlemen whose knowledge and experience, whether administrative, financial, or commercial, entitles their AGRICULTURIST. 13 jadgment to the greatest weight, and who may be expected to give an impartial and unbiassed opinion upon the question which wiil be submitted to them, The result has been the appointment of a committee who are all men of mark and weight, bat I am desired to point out that there is not a single re- presentative with Indian experience of such great producing industries as tea, coffee, indigo, 2nd other important agricultural products, or of such mann- factures as jJate and cotton. The interests of Indian producers and Indian manufacturers are not necas- sarily opposed to those of Indiin houses of commerce and finance. But in the present case faancial an commercial authorities, however able and impatti j are not likely to look at this question of currepay and exchange through the eyes of the Indian j9- ducer or the Indian manufacturer. What my isso- ciation and the producers, both of India and Cevion ask is that some members should be added to the committee to represent the views and iute -sts of prodacers and of manufacturers in India and Ceylon considered independently of those either of financiers or commercial middlemen. In other words soma members are required onthe committee who will see that the question of currency and exchance are carefully considered from the point of view of pro- ducers and manufacturers in those countries. While officia!, financial, and commercial views are fully represented on the committee, there is not a sinsle member with Indian experience who exclusively Tes presents the views of producers and manufacturers in India. The association therefore asks that two members be added to the committee to represent the great producing and manufacturing industries‘tn India and Ceylon, such as tea, coffee, indigo, jute cotton and other agricultural produce.” : } d THe Green Tra Trapr.—As evidence of the in. tensity of the trade struggle in Asia between Great Britain and Russia a correspondent of the ait Post points out that another attempt is to be mada to put an end to the trade in Chinese green tea carried on between Bombay and the Central Asian possessions of Russia. The business, stiil fairly larce is entirely in the hands of British subjects, Peshawur merchants in Bokhara, who act as agents and con- signees for certain Indian firms. The Muscovite dealers have long looked with envious eyes on this branch of business, and have made many en- deavours in late years to tempt the Hindoos to abandon their Indian connections and ally them- selves with the Russian traders. About’ fifteen months ago a delegate from Samarkand came to Bokhara and actually offered to adyance to the Peshawur merchants as mucb money as they might require for their purchases without any in- terest if they would cease to order their green teas through the Bombay houses they represented and procure their supplies instead direct from certain Russian firms already established in China. In addi- tion to the tempting offer of an advance of money it was represented to the Peshawur dealers that by obtaining their green teas from the Rus-ian firms named, and allowing the Russians to forward them dicect from the Chinese port of shipment to Batoum and thence to Bokhara, they would save at least two to three annas—from 12 to 13-16 of a penny_= on each pound, and would thus be in a position to sell cheaper locally and make a better profit than they now do. But though the Russian authcrities joined in the representations ae them, the Peshawur dealers declined eee abandon their clients. The result was ATE: every hinderance possible has since been pat ; their way by tke Customs and other officials, A Muscovite combination of firms arrange} for the importation direct of from fifteen thousandto twenty thousand chests ofgreen tea from the Russian houses in China, and sold them locally in competition with the Indian traders at such low pricesas to make the business unremuneiatiye to the Bombay shippers.—// and C, Mail, Mry 6, 5 ; Morning 14 THE TROPICAL .MEXICAN COFFEE, [Some one---we think an ex-Ceylon Planter— has sent us a copy of the Mexican Jerald of April 14th with the following letter, making his own notes which we append.—Ep, 7'.A.} EFFUSION OF\ POSSIBLY A DISAPPOINTED PLANTER, Vo the Editor of the St. Louis Globe-Democrat St. Louis, Mo., April 7.—The cultivation of coffee in Mexico continues to attract the atten- tion of speculative promoters and unwary So. Louis capitalists. The beantiful white blossoms of the coffee plant, 1 do believe, would actually turn yellow, and its brieht red chervies blush still more scarlet, had the tree the sense of hearing and could listen to all the harefaced lies absolutely ignorant writers are telling us about its capabilities. Men really who have done little more than see a coffee tree are from time to time being quoted as high authorities, and, still more surprising, their theoretical methods subs- tantially indorsed. * } Coffee culture in Mexico, on an average, may, perhaps, be a fair investment, if cave be taken, but at the present prices of coffee, and the cer- tainty almost of it for some years remaining at a low ebb, there is no room for either theory or experiment. Every detail and important at- tention that a colfee tree needs must be prac- tically understood before it is safe to embark in an expensive enterprise of such a nature. Not the least of the nrany important features that should be most e wefully investigated in starting a colfee plantation is locality. Under this heading I fear that great errors of judg- ment have been made that will cause consider- able disappointment, if not ultimately dismay. It is only a matter of time. Coffee comes into bearing at the end of the second year, and in four years give a full crop, if the planting has been from the start carried out correctly. Some of our companies have, I think, been fully four years in existence. Are they declaring dividends, or piling up the agony and adding insult to injury by fictitious values of their mismanaged properties and wild forest land ? : : , Coffee planting was, I think, at its zenith in Ceylon in the year 1870, and Ceylon had tien 185,000 acres of coffee in cultivation, which pro- duced a 2rop of 885,728 ewt. of clean coffee. This was, I am almost positive, the largest crop Cey- lon ever produced. How much was it per acre? How much per tree ? A simple enough question let those interested work it out and base their calenlaticns accordingly. It must also be borne in mind that Mexico will never produce a coffee that will in the markets of the re command the price of . 1 Ceylon plantation. + oe nee Gentes had an area of 321,09 acres of coffee in bearing and exported a crop of only 649,000 ewt. An immense increase of acreage, accounted for by the famous young districts of Dimbula, Dikoya and Maskeliya coming into bearing, buc the decrease in erop is almost appal- ling. It has been ealeulated that not more than ten per cent of the planters in Ceylon (and they were men of edneation and intelligence) ever bet- tered themselves by investing ia the coffee enter- prise. Of the rest, many lost their health or their lives in the struggle. Fearful of offend- ing Ceylon planters I apologize for calling them Caen ee ee ee ee ad * This is quite true.—Cor, + Not correct to wit present prices.—Cor. AGRICULTURIST. (Jury 1, 1 men, not gentlemen. I simply do so because they did not wear silk bats and fia gloves. It has been said that many a good British sovereign (pound sterling) ties burned on the Kandian hillsides, just perhaps as in after years many a good American dellar will lie buried in Mexico.* Ceylonis.an island, 267 by 140 miles, With an area of 15,809,289 aeres al told, and to prove how precarious a matter location isT may mention that only about 400,000 acres of this area was considered {it for the cultivation of coffee, the ba'ance being absolutely useless for coffee, the bean in fact almost refusing to even germinate in the extreme north of the island. It may be said that the writer is an alarm’s* or, speaking metaphorically, has “ got an axe to grind.” Such is not the ease : Ceylon coffee eul- ture hias become history, and my remarks ean be verified by perhaps one of the greatest living authorities on coffee culture, viz., Mr. Wm. McKenzie, Ceylon Government Commrissioner, and Planters’ Representative, 138 Vront Street, New York. Pro Bono PUBLICO, a INDIAN PATENTS. Applications for the under specified inventions have been made. No. 120.—Samuel Cleland Davidson, of Belfast, for improvements in apparatus for drying tea leaf or other substances. No. 144.—John McDonnell, of Ceylon, for improve- ments in tea rolling-machines. No. 153.—Samuel Cleland Davidson, of Belfast, for improvements in apparatus for drying tea, coffee, cocoa, grain or other substances,—Indian dnd Eastern Engineer. ——_--+ THE MATE TEA COMPARY. In the Court of Appeal on Tuesday before the Master of the Rolls and Lords Justice Righy and Collins, Major Coglan appealed from an order of Mr. Justice Barnes dismissing an action which he had brought against Arthur and Hamilton Cumberland, in respect of the purchase of the business of the Mate Tea Company. The action was to have an agreement of the 14th August for the purchase of the business and a subsequent mortgage set aside and cancelled, and for the re- payment of a sum of £1,000 which had been paid to the defendants. The bnsiness, that of the manufacture and sale of Mate Tea, which was stated to have stimulating properties similar to coca and kola, was advertised for sale hy the defendants and the plaintiff entered into negotia- tions for its purchase. The plaintiff, it was ad- mitted, had had no business experience, but he eon- tended that the defendants had misrepresented the extent and profits of the business. _ His Lordships in the Court below, came to the conclusion that no substantial misrepresentations had been made, but that the falling off in the volume of business was due to the inexperience and want of eare and forethought of the plaintiff —Mr. Terrell Q.c., on behalf of the appellant, ageeed that everything being taken into account, there was sneh a mis- representation on the part of the defendants as would entitle the plaintiff to have the purchase annulled.—After hearing Counsel on the other side, their Lordships reserved jademens.—Grocers' Journal, May 7. *Notso Ceylon planters come here.—Cor, | He is certainly not a practical planter.—Cor L Suny 1, 1898.] THE TROPICAL LOW-PRICED TEA. ‘Nhe people of the United Kingdom are among the greatest tea-drinkers on the continent of Europe, consuming fiye pounds per capita, agaiust one and one- half pounds per capita consumed in the United States. The tea trade, therefore, means more to the grocers of the United Kingdom than those here, and yet interest in the article is quite as great in this country as abroad. Cheap tea and cempetition have diminished the profit on the articie, and not tended fo inczease the consumption. Some very pertinent comments on the tea trade are made by the Grocers’ Gazette, of London, Hing, as fcllows:— “The extraordinarily low range that tea generally has now got down to makej those who look ahead wonder what is going to be the end of it all. It is wise t> educate the public to lower and lower-priced tea, Who reaps the benefit? We venture to say nobody. It cannot be argued that because a tea costs the household is per pound, instead of 1s 3d per pound, more cups will be drank, or more spoon- fuls put in the pot. No; all we are doing at present is (to use vulgarism) ‘queering everybody's pitch.’ Tea is now waat may almost be calleda disreputably low range of price, and the morale or tone of the trade iscertainly notimproving. Cutting is the ruin every decent business ; it always has been and always will be. nat forcing low-priced tea on the public will not appreciably iecrease consumption can be seen in the falling-off—or, if not exactly falling-off, at any rate the standstill—in deliveries for months past; from which it would almost 2ppear that tea drinking has, for the time being, at any rate reached its limit. We cannot but think that some of the tricks and ruses adopted to sell teaare a discredit to a time-honored business, and are undoubtedly tending to lower the prestige of the trade. A good tea at a fair price is all that any reasonable person wants. Cutting prices cannot tend to a healthy stateofthings. They spoil the trade, benefit nobody, and axe decidedly detrimental to sound business.— American Grocer, April 20. ae ee PLANTERS’ ASSOCIATION OF CEYLON. We have received the following for publi- ~ eation :— RHEA FIBRE. Kandy, May 26. S1r,—I enclose for publication copy of a letter received from the Rhea Fibre Treatment Company, Limited, London, with reference to that portion of the Annual Report under the above heading and asking what price per ton or the Ribbons would be considered adequate to pay for the cultivation of Rhea in Ceylon,—I am, Sir, Yours NEW PRODUCTS: faithfully, A, PHILI Jee Secretary to the Plan ters’ Association of Ceylon. Piccadilly Mansions, 17, Shaftesbury Avenue, W. — London, April 15. The Secretary, of the Planters’ Association of Ceylon, India. Dear Sir,—Our attention has been drawn to the Supplement to the ‘Times of Ceylon” of Feb. 18th, 1898, which contains a reprint of the Forty-fourth Annual report of the Pianters’ Association of Ceylon, for the year ending the 17th February 1898. In this report, under the heading of ‘‘ New Products Forest Reserves, Rhea Fibre,” occurs the following assage :— “Your Committee having received an offer from & London Company for the treatment of Rhea Fibre of £10 a ton for the Ribbons, felt bound to state in reply that the price offered was inadequate to pay for its cultivation in Ceylon and that the difference between the price offered for the Ribbons and the value of the prepared article appeared to be out of proportion.” AGRICULTURIST. ib May we ask you what price per ton for the Ribbons your committee consider would be adequate to pay for its cultivation in Ceylon, as for the first few years, and with the desize to assist in the promotion of the cultivation, we would not objzct to pay a slightly higher price than the above-mentioned £10 per ton, although we are advised by Planters and others com- petent of forming a reliable opinion that the plania- ticns once established, and assuming only four cuttings x year, the price we have offered, viz., £10 a ton would leave a considerable margin of profit to the cultivator. We send you under separate cover a copy of “ The Rochdale Observer’’* of April 2nd, 1898, in which you will find an account of the New Plant tor Degumming, which has just been erected at our Spinning Mill at Castleton, near Rochdale, and it may interest you to know that Captain Whitley was present at the trial and has promised us to write out to Ceylon, giving his impressions as to the future of the Rhea Industry with our Gomess Process, which we believe are of an extremely satisfactory character—Youis faithfully, Sgd. ERNEST A. COLLIN, Secretary and Manager. a ee THE GUATEMALA COFFEE DISEASE. _ [It is curious that our coffee planting friends in Guatemala and Hawaii should not under- stand that the disease in the coffee of the former is nothing more or less than the dread fungus hemileia vastatriz which wrought havoc all through our Ceylon coffee. We see a different name pinen to - i Washington ; but from the deserip- ue ee ee take it to be our old enemy.— Frequent reference has been made in our exchanges to a new and very dangerous disease which has at- tacked the coffee plantations of Guatemala and other parts of Central America and the West Indies. in last year's volume of the Pianters’ Monthly (page 230, May, 1897), will be found a letter referring to this disease from Mr. W. J. Forsyth,f who visited these islands some ten years ago, and wrote a full report for the government regarding coffee planting in Hawaii. His last year’s letter did not furnish 2 full description of the Guatemaia disease, but it contained the opinion of the government evtomolo- gist at Washington thatit was whatis called Stilbum HWiavidum, a disease that is well known in Costa Rica, Jamaca and Venezuela, for which he could suggest no remedy. Owing to this disease, Mr. For- syth was compelled to abandon his plantation in Guatemala, and went to Mexico, whereno disease to one easy has yet appeared. His letter referred to ape ould be read by those engaged in coffee In the Advertiser of a recent date, Mr. Marsden Commissioner of Agriculture and Forestry, publishes a communication, in wiich a more detailed account of this dangerous disease is given, from information received from Washington. We insert the whole of his article, and would caution coffee planters to be on their guard and note its first appearance, should it by any meas reach these islands. If introduced by the seeds, the seat of the disease will probably be found located in the roots, and every plant found diseased with it should ba dug up by the roots and burned, root and branch, as a surest remedy, till something better is found. ; would respectfully call the attention of coffee planters to a fungus disease that is seriously affecting the coffee plantations in Guatemala. The following account of this disease has been sent to this bureau from Washington: “It is a vegetable fungus which * Not received. eas nS + Published in the Ceylon ! } Observer and Tropical Agriculturist, ae 16 THE TROPICAL is destroying the coffee culture of Guatemala, so that the whole industry in that country is to be given up, unless a remedy is found. So far no anti- dote has been found for this fungus, nor any means by which it can be kep:in check. It not oniy attacks coffee trees, but other plants as well. It is first seen as a little brown spot, about the size of a pea, on the leof, There may be a number of such spots cn a single leaf. In the centre of each spot is a little orange ved growth, about the size of a dot, which under the microscope looks like a little ball on # stem, ‘I'he action of this fungus on the coffee tree is to cause the leaves to shrivel up and fall off, £0 that the tree is entirely denuded of its foliage, the growing berries also dry up and fall off. This fungus clings to seed coffee and may be transported to other ¢ untries receiving such seed.” It would be a wise plan for our coffee planters to refrain from importing seed coffee from any foreign country and any seed coffee for which orders have previously been sent, should be disinfected as soon as possible after being landed on the wharf. This can best be done by immersing the bags containing the coffee in strong lime water, made by putting a large bucket of unslacked lime into 50 gallons of water. After the lime is slacked it should be well stirred up, and the bage of ecffee should be immersed inthe mix ure for at least ten minutes. his method will effectually destroy any fungus spores that may be adhering to the bags or seed. here seems to have been a great and general desire on the part of the coffee planters to obtain coffee seed from Guate- mala and other countries. There is no doubt but that the trees grown from Guatemala seed have borne crops much earlier than trees grown from Hawaiian seed; but it is by no means certain that the supe- riovity of the Guatemala trees is maintained as the trees become older. As a general rule, trees that bear at an early age, scon lose their vigour and are short lived. We would like to hear from Mr. J. M. Horner on this subject. He was perhaps the first planter to grow the Guatemala trees.—J. MAnRsDEN, Commissioner of Agriculture and Forestry. > MINOR PrRODUCIYS. London, May 6. Oil, Citronella—The price of this oil is almost nominal at 1s 1¢d in drums and 1s 2d in cases on the spot, whilst for arriyal it is quoted at le 04d to 1s Ofd cif. Amsterdam, May 5, 5.20 p.m.—At the cinchona- auctions held here today 7,086 packages of bark were offered, of which 5,526 packages sold at an average unit for the manufacturing-bark of 5.20c per half-kilo (or slightly under 1d per unit), against 4.25¢ paid at the auctions on March 31, The American and English manufacturers bought 4,361 kilos., the Auerbach factory 945 kilos, the Brunswick factory 4,036 kilos, the Mann- heim and Amsterdam factories 7,088 kilos, the F'rank- fort and Stutsgart factories 1,795 kilos, and various other buyers 4,885 kilos. The prices realised for manu- facturing-bark ranged from 7$c to 58¢ per half-kilo, and for druggists’ bark from 123c to 1l5ic. The tone of the auctions was quiet. ; Camphor.—There appear to be indications of an ad- vance in prices of refined camphor in the not very remote future, and German sublimers have raised the price of tablets slightly, taking 1s 25d for bells as the basis. _ Camphor (Crude)—A quiet and dull market, with easier qaotations, There are sellers of Chinese for arrival at $2s 6d, and Japanese at 88s per cwt., ci. terms. The arrivals of Japanese camphor at Hong Kong since March 19 amount to 1,071 cases; sales 750 cases; and stock, 7,200. The total exports to the Continent from January 1 were 4,291 cases; to the nited Kingdom, nil. RBS ene Lowel At the London sales on Tues- day, 80 tons Cadbury’s brand sold at 10d down to 92d, closing af 93d perlb. These figures mark a decline of 2d to gd per lb. At Amsterdam on the same day, 60,000 kilos, Van Houten’s make, sold at 493c to 52c, an average of 51.11c (10%d.), and other brand at sub- stantially the same rate. —Chemist and Druggist. AGRICULTURIST. RHEA, [BY AN OLD PLANTER.] Given, then, a supply of roots or cuttings, the next question is the selection of ground to put your rhea out in; and this must be of the very best. It is no use people thinking there is a vaiuable adjunct in rhea, that it will do toe fill np apy vacant corner, and thus increase revenue ! Kihea demands the very finest of soils, and to this we attribute the slow development that has taken place in its cultivation. A heavy loam with strong dampish subsoil is the bean ideal of what rhea requires. Possibly the present peat bhils that have been planted with tea will one day be converted into rhea fields, for in such low, damp-lying lands, from 12 to 14 euttings can be made in one year. Khea abhors water, so that our readers must not ran away with the idea that it will grow in rich land that is liable to be submerged, A few hours under water will kill it, thonghit is one of the hardiest of plants in other respects, for it will grow on mountain sides, 1,000 to 1,500 feet above sea level. When we say, grow, we mean it, we don’t mean flourish and yield a paying crop. Having then got a good low peat flat, well drained, and quite dry, the planting out of cut- tings or roots should be begun. ing this there is greater diversity of opinion, more espe- cially as to the distance apart to plant. Some argue 12 inches ; some two feet, and so on. Our own experience is that 12 inches is the most economical, as less weeding is necessary. The time is short before rhea takes possession of the ground, but this it does in nail earnest, when the ground is covered, so to speak. As soon as the ground is covered, and the stems attain their full height, which takes place during the first year of its existence, it will be seen if the plants are too close, and if so, they can be thinned out, and put into a new extension. The above method, we recommend as giving a quicker re-_ turn then with two feet planting. The only cultivation that will be found necessary will be a few hand weedings, just for the first month or two, until the rhea has got a good hold, when it will not only be more than able to keep its own position, but will kill out anything else in its neighbourhood, so that the initial out'ay is practically the only cost in raising this valn- able weed, except of course the cost of eutting the ribbons later on. At the present time, when all products are daily going down in price and narrowing the margin of profit, we strongly re- commend this new opening to our planting friends, as, instead of cheapening the product, we feel certain that for some years. at any rate, the price would be enhanced, as it is simply the want of supplies that is hampering our manufacturers, and there are a hundred and one uses to which rhea can be applied, as yet untouched, en account of the want of the raw material. Jute machi- nery requires but little altering to work the fibre up into fabries, but the supply at present visible is not enough to guarantee even this small expense.—Zhe Planter, May 14. [JuLy 1, 1898, CEYLON COFFEE IN MINCING, LANE.—At a time when coffee can be bought at Brazil ship- ping ports for from 18s to 22s per ewt., it is cheering to notice in the very scanty sale list elsewhere that Middieton (Dimbula) coffee has been selling up to 107s and Bogawana (Dikoya) — to to 104s Gd to 1lls 6d. Oh, that there were some hundreds of thousands cf ewt. of such coffee now going from Ceylon | -low-country tea planter, JuLy 1, 1898.] THE TROPICAL RUBBER AND ITS PROSPECTS IN CEYLON. We have delayed too long offering a correction on our last statement that Para rubber trees may be safely planted amongst tea on lowcountry plantations at jifty feet apart. The correction we have to offer is not, as might be supposed from recent discussion, a prohibition of such planting altogether ; but an assurance that Para trees may be planted without doing the least harm at the rate of 50 to the acre. To get this number per acre, the planting would have to be 30 feet by 30 and men in whose judgment and experieace we have the utmost confidence, assure us that no field of tea will suffer from being so dealt with. Indeed one authority says that in some tea fields, he would not hesitate to plant 20 by 20 feet or 190 Rubber trees to the acre, So mueh for planting in connection with tea, apart from what can be done on boundaries and in separate small clearings should the reserves permit. But now on the general question of Rubber cultivation and the prospects of a profitable re- turn, we have to face a considerable divergence of opinion. One of the shrewdest of planting critics in expressing his doubts, referred to the rush into ‘“‘Ceara” Rubber some years ago and asked, what came of it? Well, it so hap- pens that we have just been made acquainted with a fact which seems to show _ that tha planters of Ceara rubber even were far too hasty in giving up their experiments. For it turns out that where the tree has been allowed to grow as in some parts of the Dum- bara Valley, 1 lb. of good Rubber per cooly for each day’s work is now readily collected. This, as an adjunct to the staple cultivation whether tea or cacao, is not to be despised and it has the obvious advantage that the harvesting can be done within certain limits, according to the con-— venience and labour supply of the planter. But now as to Para Rubber, which is undonbt- edly, the preferable kind to plant in the low- country of Ceylon, indeed up to 500 feet altituce, or perhaps 1,000 in certain districts, ‘there are sufficient data to show that given good seed, careful planting and suitable soil, six years should mark the term of waiting before returns can be gots Inthe 6th year, no doubt, the quantity gathered per tree would be limited; but experi- ence in the Kalutara district shews that from this date, a steady increase may be expected year by year upto a period, so far practically unde- fined. There are not many Para trees growing in the island altogether that are above six years old, so that we may really be said to be only entering on the period when harvesting and financial experience is to be reaped. But the indications are decidedly in favour of Para Rubber Cultivation turning out a stable and profitable industry, and more especially do we recommend it as a help and alternative to the Men who want to go in for “a big thing” in planting Rubber, are perhaps right in trying the Straits Settlements ; but for our part, we do not see why suitable lots of land, i! not for any extensive, at least for gafe experiments should not be picked up between the Kelani Valley and Kalutara, in the neigh- pourhood of Ratnapura for instance, or in some of the damper korales of the Western Province, Strangely enough there are numerous enemies to be found in connection with Para Rubber, both of AGRICULTURIST. 17 the seed and young plants, and the destruction by poreupine, cattle, &e., in some cases is past belief. No doubt in the case of an appreciable clearing it would pay te fesce properly and to seb systematic traps for porcupine and wild pig; but all this is only an old steryin the Ceylon planter’s experience of new products. In the Kelani Valley, cattle trespass is found to be a great drawback to Kubber cultivation. We are giad to learn that an experimental clearing in the far distant Moneragalla division of Uva, is doing well. So far, of course, the older trees on private estates as in the Botanical Gardens, are more profitable as seed-bearers than as Rubber- yielders, and this for some timeto come will prevent anything like an appreciable export of Rubber. As to the area cultivated so far, we are not yet in a position to say from our estate returns, and indeed the best reckoning must be from the quantity of seed sold. Mr. Willis’s reckoning is 750 acres and probably our Directory, which gave 634 acres in last edition, will shew the equiva- lent of about 1,900 acres of Para Rubber planted out altogether at this time in the island. — SS BANANA DRYING APPARATUS. In transmitting a summary of the exports from Bluefields, Nicragua, Consular Agent M. J. Clancy reports a shipment of evaporated bananas to the United States,and says:—“‘The men engaged in the experiment here have no practical knowledge of the business of drying the fruit. If firms in the United States engaged in the manufacture of machinery and apptiances adapted to the evaporation of fruits would experiment until they perfected machinery to evaporate bananas, hundreds of such machines would be immediately sold, and the demand would increase. At present there are millions of bananas yearly thrown into the river or allowed to rot on the ground, because they are too small or too ripe for shipment.” I may say, in addition that if the demand for evapo- rate bananas should become general, the industry - would embrace every banana district of Central and South America, Jamaica, Cuba, the West Indies, Haiti, and other tropical and _ semi-tropical belts, and the sale of the machinery therefore would be enormous.— United States Consul-General at San Javn del Norte. —_——————_—_-- THE COFFEE PLANTERS’ MANUAL. We have received a copy of the new (4th) edition of Coffee Planters’ Manual, by J. Fer- guson (Ceylon Chserver and Tropical Agriculturist.) The book is well-known to coffee planters and in its 390 pp. will be found references to every im- aginable subject connected with coffee—except how to raise the price. There are notes on Li- berian Coffee in the Malay Peninsula, and in Serdang, from a well-knownex-Ceylon man. Alto- gether the book is quite a vade mecum for the coffee planter.—S. £. Press. ee — RHEA FIBRE AND THE PRICE FoR “ KIBBONS” IN CEYLON.—We fear there are not sufficient data available as yet to show at what price ‘ribbons”’ off Ramie stems, can be _ profitably supplied at, or shipped from Colombo. Mr, Manley-Power has an appreciable acreage under this new product; but he has only now begun to harvest his crops systematically and keen a careful record of the results. In six months he should be able to say at what price per ton it would pay to supply ‘‘ribbons,” 18 THE TROPICAL COCONUT PROPERTY AND CULTIVATION IN THE NORTH. We are indebted to an intelligent proprietor of coconut estates in Jaffna for the following comment on our reniark that R200 per acre seemed a low price to pay for coconut palms in bearing, and also for information as to ex- tension of cultivation by natives. Our cor- respondent writes :—‘‘ Several natives are clearing and planting yey small portions of land which will in time develop into fair properties. At present they can only be called native gardens. I notice your remark on the prices supposed to have been paid for estates here sie R200 an acre is considered a very good figure here, and a large advance on old prices, considering that coconuts are rather at a disadvantage in the Northern Province. The almost yearly recurrence of eight months’ dry weather, leaving only four for cultivation, is a great drawback. Then the existing facilities for transport are uncertain and difficult. With them we can take no advantage of the favourable fluctuations of the market.” The last drawback should be relieved by the rail- way if only coconut produce can afford railway transporé for so greaba distance as to Colombo or Kandy? Were the line a cheap narrow one —or a tramway—over so great an expanse of flat country, it could afford to carry pro- duce at rates far below what must be charged on a broad-gauge line. -—»>—_-—_-—- » THE “VINE” EXPERIMENT AT THE SCHOOL OF AGRICULTURE, In answer to an enquiry in connection with our “agricultural review,’ we regret to have the following report :—‘‘ The vine-growing experi- ment under Mj} Zanetiti’s care was very promising while it lasted and it isa pity that Government could not see its way to continue the license for more than twelve months. Signor Zanetti who brought over the plants from Australia offered to demonstrate vine growing at the School on certain terms, which at the end of a year he wished altered so as to make it worth his while to continue the trial for another year ;but Gov- ernment not accepting his terms he decided to sell all his plants (about 1,000) which are now to be found no doubt in various parts of the island. It is satisfactory to know that the vines were not taken out of Ceylon and that some are in the hands of Mr. levers at Jaffna and others in the hands of Mr. E. Elliott at Tangalle.” — PRESERVATION OF GRAIN FROM WEEVILS. Here is information on this important subject vom the Agricultural Magazine for December ast i— (NoTE By Pror. CHURCH.) The only cheap and perfect application of the pre- vention of the attack of weevil upon corn and grains consists in the employment of bisulphide of carbon. The quantify required, provided for the grain is kept in closed vessels, is very minute—not more than 14 Ib. to each ton of grain—so that 8d is the cost of preserving a ton of wheat. The bisulphide leaves no disagreeable taste or smell behind, and the quality of the grain remains unimpaired. When bags are used instead of the iron cylinders specially prepared t ee [Jury i, 1898, for use in the bisulphide process, the protective in- fluence of this chemical soon ceases, and a fresh application of the bieulphide must be - In either case the liquid is applied as follows. A ball of tow is tied to a stick of such # \ength that it can just be plunged into the middie of the vessel containing the grain. The tow receives the charge of bisulphide like a sponge and is then at once plunged into the sack or cylinder and left there, the mouth being closed tightly. When necessary the stick may be withdrawn and the charge (1 oz. bisulphide to 100 lb. grain) renewed. (Note by F. W. Cabaniss, Assistant Director of Agii- culture, Burma, on the Prevention and - Destruction of Black Weevit.) I have keen trying for several years a number of experiments, with the object of findinga cheap and simple method of preventing the ravages of this weevil. I think that I bave found it in the use of ay a peo powder. My method of using the powder is here given for the benefit of the grain dealers of Burma. lt is best to place the naphthalene powder at the bottom of the bin or bulk of grain. To ac- complish this take a bamboo, about 14 inches in diameter and long enough to reach from the top to tha bottom of the bulk of grain. Punch the joints oui of the bamboo, so as to be able to pass a stick through from one end of the bamboo to the other. Have the stick made to fit the cavity in the bamboo. Pass the bamboo, with the stick in it, down through the bulk of grain from the top to the bottom. Wi draw the stick, and drop into the top of the bam- boo about half a teaspoon of naphthalene powder. The bamboo can then be drawn ont, as t Da- pipes is safe at the bottom of the bulk of grain. f the bulks are large this should be done once to every 10 feet square of the bulk. Repeat the appli- cation every 15 or 20 days as the powder evaporates. The weevil that can leave the grain will do so, and those that cannot leave are killed by the odour of the‘ naphthalene. I do not believe that naphtha- lene thus used can cause any injury whatever to grain. For seed purposes the germinating powers appear not to be affected in the least. For marxet- able grain the colour is not affected, and the odour will leave in a short time if fresh naphthalene is not applied to it. The rset 8 of powder used is infinitely small in proportion to the quantity of grain, and the powder is entirely destro by evaporation, so that for food purposes the effect is nil. Naphthalene powder can be procured at the Medical Halls in Rangoon at R2-80 per ounce, and a few ounces of it will be sufficient for one seaso’ for any grain dealer in Burma, : [There are two speciee of weevil (Curculionidae) belonging to the division Rhyncophora which attack stored wheat and other grain. One is Calandra (Sitophilus) Granaria ani the other Calandra (Stiop- hilus) Oayzae. The former is found principally in Europe, America and Canada. The latter whieh re- quires a high temperature is chiefly confined to India and other hot climates.] AGRICULTURIST, —___.>___—_ | BURMA: AREA UNDER, AND TRAFFIC IN RICE, At a time when the question of a rice supply from Burma to Ceylon is under discussion, it may be well to quote the following information from Dr. Watt’s standard work on ‘ Economic Products of India”’:— The Agricultural Statistics of British India, pub- lished by the Imperial Government, show that the province of Burma had 65,673,542 acres under, rice during the year 1838-89. Of this area, 4,067,606 acres were under cultivation in Lower Burma and. 1,602,936 in Upper Burma. The _ following figure show the principal rice-growing districts of the tw sections of the province: Upper Burma, Ye- (250,000 acres); Mimbu (176,880 acres); Shweb Juny 1, 1898.] (172,858 acres); Katha (166,400 acres); Pakokku (142,025 acres); Kyaukse (136,355 acres); and Saga- ing (115,000 acres). Lower Burma, Pegu (678,200 acres); Bassein (406,003 acres); Akyab (451,418 acres). Hanthawaddy (403.983 acres); Thongwa (394,194 acres) ; Henzada (297,199 acres); Tharra- waddy (290,661 acres); Ambherst (286,872 acres); and Prome (250,210 acres). For the other districts, in Upper Burma, the statistics fluctuate between 84,000 and 1,838 and, in Lower Burma, between 134,201 and 1,249 acres. It is commonly stated that 1,600 Ib of paddy per acre is the average yield in Burma. That quantity, by deducting twenty-five per cent as loss of weight in husking, would show the yield to be fifteen maunds of clean rice. Expressing that yield to the acreage returned, the total production may be said to have been for the year (1888-89) as follows :— Manunds of Rice. Total Production. Lower Burma .. BUD Gael aaeaoas maunds Upper Do. .. 2,40,89,040) or 3,039,397 tons. The transfrontier trade to and from Upper Burma is not published, but the available statistics show the land traffic to and from the lower province. the transactions with Upper Burma being viewed as be- tween a foreign country. ‘These may be briefly reviewed :—Imports of rice and paddy 13,964 owt and exports 2,738,723 cwt, thus showing a net ex- port of 38,00,663 maunds. The average exports to Upper Burma during the past nine years have been 20,92,188 maunds. But viewing the transactions be- tween Upper and Lower Burma only, the net export from the latter to the former province was 38,11,262 maunds, That amount has, therefore, to be added to the estimated production of the upper province. The figure thus obtained would have given to the population of Upper Burma a daily consumption of 14 seers per head. But as the amount thus shown is, judgicg from the similar results obtained for other provinces of India, exceptionally high, it may be pointed out that there are four possible errors: —The population accepted is a mere estimate and may be considerably below the mark; there were in Burma during that period a large army of soldiers and camp followers which materially increased the rice-consuming population; no allowance has been made for the exports beyond the frontier of Upper Burma; and the figure of yield (fifteen maunds of rice to the acre) is that worked out for the lower province and may be too high for the mountainous tracts of Upper Burma. But in addition to its exports to Upper Burma, the Lower province has an extensive trade by sea to the provinces of India and to foreign countries. Besides Upper Burma, ithas also a small land traffic with Siam and Karennee. The following balance sheet of the rice traffic of Lower Burma may, there- fore, be given for the official year ending 3lst March 1889 :— Destination. Exports. Imports. Net Ex- ports. Maunds. Maunds. Maunds. Foreign Countries .. 1,99,52,090 310 1,99,51,780 Indian Ports le §,35,498 1,053,482 4,30,016 Land Traffic are 38,34,212 20,749 38,13,463 Total.. 2,43,21,800 1,26,541 2,41,95,259 These figures have been purposely made to ex- clude from consideration the transactions to and from ports within the province, and thus to exhibit the net exports from Lower Burma. Owing to the disturb- ances in Upper Burma the exports to that province, during 1887 and 1888, were abnormally high, and the comparison with those of the succeeding year, therefore, showed an apparent, though not real, failing off, since the total exports were, during these years, adjusted by the temporary decline and again restora- tion of the foreign trade. A slight confusion is also occasioned through the fact that the financial year ends (31st March) in the middle of the rice season. An average of the transactions carried out during a period of years would, howeyer, admit ofthe cor- rection of this cause of confusion. To allow the above THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 19 balance sheet to be compared with other published statements, if may, for example, be said that the average gross exports (under the three headings shown in the table) for the past nine official years ending 31st March 1890, have been 3,95,10,308 maunds or, say, 1,411,082 tons, and the average net export of any period of years would appear neyer to have exceeded 40 million maunds. Tt need scarce be here added that paddy and rice have in these figures of Burma trade (as in thoze of the provinces of India) been taken conjointly. The error thereby admitted into the calculations is, perhaps, more serious in the case of Burma than in any of the provinces of India, since the coast- wise exports are in nearly equal quantities of paddy and ric?. But even this fact is greatly minimised by the immensely greater quantity of rice exported to foreign countries. If we accept the balance sheet as fairly correct, the net export deducted from the estimated production would leave the amount which in the year in question was available for local con- sumption. That quantity expressed to head of popu- lation (viz., 3,736,771) would be about one reer per day, a QUININE TO CONTINUE CHEAP: PROSPECTS OF THE JAVA MANU: FACTURES. The anomalous condition of the quinine-market has been slightly relieved. We have no previous occa- sions called attention to the influence which Java quinine may have upon the supply of Java bark, the Huropean quinine-manufacturers’ mainstay ; but, so far, the information in regard to the quinine- works in Java has been too general for definite con- clusions, while the supply of bark has increased rather than diminished. We now have more specific information before us, and, in presenting it, we, for clearness sake, review the conditions which prevailed before Java undertook the manufacture of quinine. We shall take it from the Amsterdam point of view, siuce the market there dominates the supply. It will be remembered that when Amsterdam reached that position, cheap bark and quinine became inevitable, and continued sales from the large London stocks threw greater quantities of bark on the market than the quinine-works required, very little was bought on speculation, anda decline in the prices naturally followed. The margin between the price of quinine and that of bark, which, in 1888, was 7fl. (11s 84d), gradually fell until in 1892 it was only 4fl., and at one of the auctions in that year it came down even to 3fl. (5s). Witha margin of from 5f. to 6f. the manufacturers were still able to work with a good profit, but the downward tendency caused much dissatisfaction, and, to remedy matters, the most important quinine-manufacturers combined to depress the price of bark. Growers are naturally inclined to sell their output quickly, as very few of them are backed up by safficient capital to allow their stocks to lie idle and increase ; so the combination had it all their own way until recently, when some Java planters resolved to turn their bark into quinine, which they reckoned would give them as gooi pro- fits as bark, and better if they embarrassed European quinine-manufacturers. Three factories have been established in Java, the most important being the Bandoeng quinine-works, which have been working for over twelve months, although it is only within the past two months that their quinine has come into the market. ‘The company which owns the works is well supplied with capital, otherwise it could not have met the difficulties which have repeatedly been placed in its way, which difs ficulties extended even to the fitting of the factory and its superintendence. These diffi- culties have been overcome, and when we consider that the works have already done in the produc- tion of quinine it would be unreasonable to exclade 50 THE TROPICAL the supposition that with extended experience they will produce an article which is as merchantable as any. Moreover, Mr. John Smit Sibniga, the director of the Langen-Ardjo plantations, to whose ‘ mani- festo’’ we alluded in our issue of February 12 (page 288), has successfully carried out his combiuation amongst the planters, who have contracted with the Bandoeng works to supply a cectain proportion of their output to the Bandoeng works, against pay- ment on a siliding-scale, varying with the prices obtained from the manufactured product; they also agree not to supply any bark to other quinine- manufacturers without the coneent of the Bandoeng works, The latter have secured the orders from the Nethezlands-Indian Government, and the re- mainder of the manufactured quinine is sold for collective account by a wealthy firm in Samarang. The following, according to 1 writer in the Pharma- ceutisch Weekblad, is the method of manufacture adopted in the factory :— At present only sulphate of quinine is produced, but the intention is to extend the scope of the works goon, and to add the manufacture of hydrochloride of quinine, d&c. Ledgeriana is the only bark used, and the different parcels are mixed in such manner that the contents are always approximately 5 per cent. The bark igthen ground toa fine powder, and mixed with about 50 per cent. of slaked lime and a sufficient quan- tity of water to give it a consistency which allows it to betransported in baskets to a vertical tank con- taining a certain quantity of mineral oil. This oil, of asp. gr. of 9:92 and a boiling-point of 130 dg.C., dis- solves the alkaloid ina propore of about 3 tol per cent. The tank is heated by means of a coil, through which steam is passed for about half an hour. When steam is shut off, the mixture separates readily intotwo layers, of which the upper—ie., the oil, which now holds the alkaloids in solution—is drawn off ; the remainder is again heated, in order to separate any oil that might have been leit. The oil is then pugped into another reservoir, and warmed wit a quantity of 1 per cent sulphuric acid, which removes the alka- loid. The acid solution of the sulphates is then drawn off, again heated, and almost, but not quite, neutralised with either ammonia or soda. As soon as itis sufficiently concentrated, it is run into shallow dishes holding about 5 to 6 gals., and there left to cool, by which means the crude sulphate of quinine erysta}- lises out. This crude product then passes through a centrifuge, and the residue is washed, and afterwards urified by treatment with charcoal and re-crystallise. t is then dried and packed for export. So far, we understand, the company is satisfied with the results of the sales of its product in Europe, and regular shipments have been arranged for. The pro- ducers are apparently content to sell their product at less than secondhand prices of German quinine, and it has been eagerly bought here for manufacturing-pnr- poses, so that its future is practicaliy assured. Their principal danger is that of being squeezed out by the Buropean manufactures, but the latter do not appear io have given any indication of moving in that direction, perhaps because of their failure to move the Java people otherwise. In any case, dear quinine appears to be a remote possibility. ee ees THE IMPORTS OF COCOA. By the courtesy of the Chancellor of the Exche- quer we have been favoured with the exact figures of the duty paid on the imports into this country of raw and manufactured cocoa, as referred to in his Budget specch. The particular feature of that speech which interested us was the statement that the im- ports of ‘‘manufactured’’ cocoa were three times as great in the last financial year as they were two yearsago. This was rather unexpected. Wethought it was the home-prepared cocoa which was growing in favour. The following are the exact figuies re- corded at the Statistical Office of the Customs House;— AGRICULTURIST. (Jury 1, 188. Net Duty received on Cocoa, Raw and Prepared, in the two financial years 1895-96 and 1897-98. . 1895-96 vend F Cocoa, raw .. -- 103,508 116,484 » prepared -» 21,032 66,218 Total .. 124535 188,647 The duty on raw cocoa being 14 per lb, and that on manufactured cocoa 2d per Jb., it appears from this statement that while our imports of raw cocoa had increased by 3,103,440 lb. those of cocoa manu- factured abroad bad increased by 5,421,720 lb. a not- able aud not very easily explainable fact.—Chemist and Druggist. ————— FIGHTING PESTS WITH PARASITES. The greatest single industry of California is fruit- growing, says the Sydney Jail, and the importance of this industry has led to the study of every method which wonld increase its profits or lessen its ex- enses. In this studies that of economic entomology as taken a foremost place, for the most obdurate and expensive enemy the orchardist has; to combat is the myrial insect pests that attack him at every point and lessen his profits on all sides. The result of years of careful study and conti- nuons fighting with sprays and washes and gases is what may be called the California method—that of fighting insects with insects—a sort of homcsopathic remedy of like curing like. Wherever insect ts have become destructive, efforts to find and intro- duce their natural parasites have been made, and usually with good results. Artificial methods are resorted to as a temporary expedient until better means could be had. Throughout all Nature there exists a perfect sys- tem of checks and counter checks, and otherwise re- dundant life is kept down and the balance preserved. It is this fact that the Californians endeavour to take advantage of. The worst pests thatare known there are all imported varieties. They were brought into her borders when California, ambitious to become the garden of the Union, imported all varieties of plants from every part of the world. In very many cases they were destructive varieties of insects without their natural parasites. Removed from their natura] ene- mies these pests increased with wonderful rapidity and became a threatening danger. : One of the worst of these was the now well-known cottony*cushion scale (lcerya purchasi), which at one time threatened the total destruction of the orange orchards of the State. All artificial methods of combating this pest were unavailing. At last it was suggested that, in as much as the scale had been brought from Australia, where it was native and not a pest, there must be some natural parasite which kept it in check. Upon this suggestion action was taken, and the now famons Vedalia cardiualis was introduced. The result of the labours of this one little parasite is that California will this yeac ship 12,000 carloads of oranges, whereas she would have had none had it not been for its labours, for the shipments at one time fell to 600 cars, and scores of orchards were being cut down and burned. The wonderful success of this importation of para- sitic friends led to the further study of parasitism in insects, which was aided by the State, and large importations of parasitic insects have been made, with varying but usually good results. In some cases parasites have been introduced with the scales them selves, and in these cases the spread of the pest has not been rapid. In other cases natural parasites hive adopted themselves to new conditions, and attacked the imported insects. There are now very few scale insects in California which do not have some parasites. There are sections, however, in which the parasites have not got a foothold, and the pests increase rapidly, while in some cases the scale increa- ses beyond the power of the parasite to keep it in check, But, as a rule, the effort to intreduce and Jury 1, 1898.) THE TROPICAL propagate beneficial insect: has met with marked anecess. While artificial methods of fighting pests have still to be resorted to for some varieties and in some sections, these have been and ars still being lessened, much to thea benefit of the frait-grower, by taking advantage of Nature’s methods of keeping them in check. —__———-_-S— CEYLON PLANTERS IN MEXICO: AND THEIR WORK ALL ROUND THE TROPICAL WORLD, “What about your coffee venture in Mexico?” we asked a recent visito. to the istand who was one of the prominent supporters of the Syndicate that sent Agents to inspect and report on Mexican coffee properties. ‘‘Abandoned—collapsed,” was the reply: “the tall in the price of coftee put an effectual stop to any idea of buying land or estates at high rates in Mexico.” Very fortu- nate indeed, it was, that the great fall in price occurred just in time to prevent the in- vestment. With Brazil coffee, suitable for the American market, purchaseable at from 18s to 22s per ewt.; with the Damont Company’s £10 shaves, so highly thought of when brought out by Messrs. Buchanan, Rutherford, Talbot and others down selling retail in the United States at 4d per Ib., we cannot see where the margin of profit can exist for Mexican coltee planters who look chiefly to the great Republic for a market for their staple. This being so, we cannot attach much practical importance under present circumstances to the information sent us by Mr. W. Laing Maleolmam. As regards coffee this is chiefly given in an extract from the Mexican Herald where a planter relates how it only cost him 18,000 Mexican dollars (not much more than £2,090 sterling with silver depreciated) to bring his 500 acres of coffee into full bearing at 5 years old. Fiye years’ expenditure not exceed- ing £4 or even £5 per acre is a little beyond belief, even if the cost of land and buildings is excluded; unless, indeed, it means that weeds and coffee were pretty well allowed to grow up together, with a cutting down of the former once-a-year or so. Further the clear income speci- fied of 21,009 dollars a year—on a total investinent of 20,000—must be considerably affected by the drop in coffee and altogether we should like to have the experience of a resident Ceylon man —Mr. Darley or Mr. Forsyth for choice —above his own name for this year 1898, before paying attention to news about ‘Coffee in much Mexico.” We should like to know too from Mr. Forsyth how long he allows for the funeus disease —which, not long ago, he described to us pretty well as hemileia vastatric and as rampant in Guatemala,—to cross over into Mexico, and indeed to penetrate to the great South American coffee-growing region? It would have been more interesting to us at this time to learn from Mr. Mal- colmson as to the working and results of other pro- duects—eacao, fibre, tobacco. Mexico is the home of cacao, the seeds of which were used as current coin in the days of the Emperor Monte- zuma who also drank chocolate flavoured with vanilla from a golden cup when first visited by Cortez. Information regarding Mexican cacao groves or ‘ walks” from ex-Ceylon _ planters, as to growth varieties, mode of culture and cropping and especially as to the prevalence to £23; with “‘good coffee” AGRICULTURIST: 21 of any pest, fungus or otherwise, on pod or tree, would have been of special interest. Let Mr. Laing Malcolmson try his pen in. this direction if he wants to interest a consider. able number of readers in Ceylon. Meantine bis present chatty letter will receive attention chiefly for its interesting references to ** per- sonalities.” We all like to hear of old friends in distant lands. ‘+ Where is Mr. Pineo now ?” we asked the American Tea Commissioner the other day ; but he could not tell; and here he turns up unexpectedly in Mexieo,° while the list altogether of ex-Ceylon planters visiting that land is a considerable one. The missions of Messrs. Naftel, Clark, Fort, Stopford-Sackville and perhaps P. F. Hadow we had heard of: while our old correspondent Mr. W. J. Forsyth has wandered so freely between California and Brazil, that he must know as much of Mexico and Central America as any trained practical planter in existence. Then there are Mr. Mal- colmson and his partners Messrs. Darley and Evans as permanent settlers in Mexico. May they be prosperous! It is very pleasant to note in the photographs sent us (which ean pe seen at our office) that Mr, Darley especially is looking so stalwart and well. He does credi: tothe old Colony (and to the Knuckies district) as a Ceylon planter, although he does not do much more than overtop the wonderful two-and-a-half year old (from seed) coffee bush alongside of which he is standing. ‘The other little picture ot Messrs. Hadow and Darley on foot and Mr Naftel and the Comprador on mule-back upcountry taken for a casual meeting at one of our might be bazaars. Bovh photographs are very interesting and we are obliged to our correspondent. for his letter and enclosures and hope to hear from him again; but until prices improve, it is little use anticipating the arrival of *§ planter-capitalists” from Ceylon to go into “ coffee.” Altogether what an illustration does this little chapter afford us of the wonderful way in which Ceylon planters have spread themselves round the whole tropical world ! Not simply are they to be found in every British tropical dependene that can be named, but also in nearly zeny foreign tropical State, and everywhere we find their judgment and experience as practical plan- ters deferred to. Lhe old proverb about the ubiquitous Scot, may well be altered so far as the tropics ave concerned, into “ the Ceylon planter ”; for, go where you may, he is sure to crop up. At this moment he is shewine the Brazilians how to “pulp” and prepare coffee after the proper _ plantation fashion ; he is teaching the Dutch tobacco planters of Sumatra how to grow tea; and heis developing East Java with the old staple. What he has done in Nortn Borneo and the Straits needs no ex posi- tion; while he will shortly be taking in hand New Guainea,’to which we are about to despatch one or two intelligent Sinhalese to supervise the planting ot coconuts. Time would fail us to relate how the Ceylon planter has pioneered “coffee” in several divisions of Northern Queens!and; shewn the Guatemalan President how a cinchona nursery and plantation may be tormed ; or to indicate what he hasdone and is doing in Nyassaland, Hast Africa, and even in gsrowine Vanilla on the lonely Scychotles ; while a Ceylon planter first shewed Mr. Shephard in South Carolina how to cultivate and prepare his tea: and his fellows are now doing the same servieo for the tea pioneers in Natal. Costa Rica, 22 THE TROPICAL Mexico, Florida, California, Jamaica, Trinidad, Dominica, Fiji, the New Hebrides, West Africa and San Doniingo have all seen the Ceylon planter and to nearly every land we have named, the Ceylon “ Tropical Agriculturist” finds its way, in following our wanderers, or in being be spoken by residents who have heard of it through their visitors. Aa Verily Ceylon has proved a Training School for Planters to serve the whole Tropical World Xe and if we speak at this time of our Planting Districts being overcrowded with ‘‘creepers” (pupils), let us not forget that their training over, if they are men of the right stamp, and have put their heart and mind into their work, the tropical —world is all before them, where to choose. Their place of work, and Providence their guide. RON SUR ed a a ee * Weare accustomed to say that Ceylon is the best field and school in the world for the training of the tropical planter. This saying is based, not simply on the interested opinion of our very good selves, but on the observation of scientific gentlemen con- nected with Kew, or other botanical, agricultural, and chemical institutions, who have visited us; of tra- vellers who have been able to compare plantation work in different colonies; and on the evidence of intelligence, skill, and experience in the development of our local enterprise. A young man properly gra- duating as # planter in Ceylon is bound to acquire much practical Knowledge respecting the best treat- ment of the plant ond soil on which he is engaged ; in regard to the proper management of coloured labour—(and nowhere are labourers treated more kindly)—inoluding the learning to speak the eoolies language colloquially; he is expected to understand not only the mysteries of seed nurseries, of plant- ing, draining and roid-making; but to be ab e to design and superintend buildings, whether in wattle and daub for coolie lines, or in brick and stone for his own bungalow and factory, and the more he is, or becomes, of a practical engineer, land surveyor, and even physician for his coolies, the better. To know something of chemistry and geology, of soil consti- ¢uents and manurial applications, is no drawback, but the reverse, to such colonists. Many of our planters, after they have learned the nature of their work, are anxious to experiment—backed by the expert in Mincing Lane, the machinist, or the ana ytical chemist, or by all three, in the hope of turning out a better, or better prepared product, of securing a more abundant erop, without injury to the plants, or waste of soil; or of economising in their fleld or factory work, in freight or other expenses, by some mechanical contrivance or improvement. For such improvements there is still plenty of scope in con- nection with nearly every department of tropical agriculture. Supported by the local ress—(and Ceylon produces an organ, the monthly Tropical Agricultwist, unique among English periodicals, and which finds its way to the Agricultural Department in Washington, whilst it is highly valued all over India, in Australia, Hast and South Africa, Central and South America, in fact, all round the tropics)— there is # constant interchange of ideas, experiments, and criticism in our island. Therefore it is no wonder that, to have earned the reputation of being a reliable, experienced planter in Ceylon should pretty well be a passport to respect if not profitable em- ployment, in any part of the tropical world. In this region the Ceylon trained planter, like the Scotch- man, who is never so much at home as when he is abroad, promises to become ubiquitous. The first great exodus took place after the collapse of our coffee when some three hundred planters gradually left Ceylon, and began cultivation in the jungles of Perak and Johore, of the Straits Settlements, in North Borneo or “ New Ceylon,” in the tobacco fields of Deli, Sumatra; in the sugar-growing regions of Northern Queensland; while I found some of them in 1884 in_ the vineyards and fruit orchards of Cali- fornia, and orange-growing in Florida, Others went AGRICULTURIST. [JuLY 1, 1898. CEYLON TEA IN AMERICA. We direct attention to the full and business- like letter of our Tea Commissioner published on another page. It is well deserving of careful consideration by all who are inclined to eriti- cize the course pursued by Mr. Mackenzie and the Thirty Committee across the Atlantic, The Commissioner is satirical and rightly so about some of the applications made to him for money to push or advertise Ceylon teas: -- ’ The sacristan said nothing to indicate a doubt, Bot he put his hand up to his nose and spread his fingers out. In some cases, at least, the Commissioner holds that private pockets would benefit, rather than the Ceylon planters if he made grants. What he is prepared to do is to add a_ third more of Ceylon money to the bona fide advertising fund of any Firm taking up Ceylon teas; and that, we think, is 4a safe and wise principle to act on. ewan we may notice some of the accusations brought against Mr. Mackenzie by a contemporary or in his columns, Our Commissioner was accused of mak- ing no annual pe ey and sending in no accounts. He has never failed to send in both every year. Further he was accused of only writing casually and that to one and another member of Com- mittee. It so happens that the Commissioner never wrote to a member of Committee: but pa to the Chairman and that he has never failed writing once-a-week, save when travelling or at sea, Then again as to Green Teas he was accused of making a new departure not approved of by Mr. Blechynden—whereas the suggestion has the latter’s full approval; but with this we deal elsewhere. Altogether whatever criticism may be offered in Colombo, it is quite evident from the recent meeting of the Thirty Committee, that the Commissioner has the full confidence of his Planting Constituents. —— —— CkYLON CACAO.—The Mincing Lane sale of ‘*Cocoa” recorded elsewhere does not seem to have been very satisfactory, so many of the lots are marked ‘‘out.” Still we notice seyeral sales at from 70s to 75s per cwt. to try coffee on the Blue mountains of Jamaica, to revive cacao planting in Grenada, to open coffee and cinchona plantations for the President of Guatemala, and to supervise coffee investments in Brazil. Farther, two ex-Ceylon planters of experience have lately returned from a Trans-Andean Expedition in Pern, where they explored and selected large areas of fine land for tropical products, these areas lying along the tributaries of the Amazon, and being taken up for the Peruvian Corporation of London; while another gentleman, Mr. J. L. Shand, closely connected with Ceylon, has just been reporting on cultivation in Johore and North Borneo. New Guinea and Madagascar have been explored by Ceylon planters, and among the pioneers in the hill-country of East, or rather Central Africa, at this moment are men trained in our island. An illustration of what is thought of such training in ether lands came under my potice the other day. Oneof our planters was travelling through a West Indianisland. The director of the local Botanic Gardens, greatly interested in his cacao field, and seeking the opinion of his Ceylon visitor on the different kinds ie had growing to- gether, was reminded by the latter of one result in the probability of his different plants hybridising. “Ah!” said the director, “that word alone teaches me a lesson as to your training; such a suggestion I have never heard from any Wost Indian planter.” —From Mr. J. Ferguson's Lecture before the London Chamber of Commerce, July 25, 1892. Juny 1, 1898.] THE TROPICAL TEA MACHINERY FOR CHINA. MR. DAVIDSON OF THE SIROCCO WORKS INTERVIEWED. Mr. S. C. Davidson has been interviewed on the subject of tea machinery for China, the fol- lowing dialogue occurred :— “You have recently, I believe, received an order for large consignments of your machinery for China ?” ‘© Yes ; for firms in Shangnai aud Foochow and another in the neighbourhood of Hankow. I expect others shortly.” “Then you have not been in the habit of sending your machinery there, as you do to India?” ‘Oh, no! You see the Chinese are so con- servative that up to the present it has been utterly impossible to get them to consider the advantages of the new methods of tea preparation. Hitherto my machinery has gone mainly to the Indian, Ceylon and Java tea estates, whereit has saved enormously ia labour and produced a better article. Natal also is a tea-growing colony now, and uses my machinery, as wellas Fiji, and several places in the West Indies.” “ And yet the Chinese retained——— “© Yes, the Chinese still retained their old and antiquated hand labour, with the result that they have been left far bebind.” ‘Their trade has fallen off in proportion as that of India has increased ? ” ‘‘ Exactly. From an export to the United Kingdom of, roughly speaking, 120,000,00 Ib. in the zenith of their prosperity to 20,000,000 Ib., which is about their annual exported quan- tity now.” “ Then they have begun to see the error of their ways, as manifested by the orders you have received trom China?” “© Well, it is the influence of British and Rus- sian enterprise. But for it, I suppose they would continue their old, painfully slow, and in many respects objectionable methods of manu- facture.” “Tt does seem surprising that it should be left to outsiders, so to speak, to teach the Chinaman what he ought to do with his own tea?” ‘*Tt isnevertheless a fact. Then again, these or- ders are not from English or Russian firmsin their individual capacity, but from syndicates in which Chinamien are associated with the foreigners.” “T should have thought the foreigner would rather do without a native as a partner?” “So they would. But you see no foreigner can own a square yard of soil in China out- side the Treaty ports. There must be a native along with him, and to him it must (at least nominally) belong.” ‘Under such difficulties as you have narrated, the English and Russian traders deserve great credit for their enterprise.” “’ Assuredly,” said Mr. Davidson, ‘‘ and in my opinion there are vast possibilities before us in China inthe near future.”—Ulster Echo. <—————— PLANTING NOTES. PADDY AND WEEVILS.—We are reminded that the subject of preserving grain against weevils has been fully discussed in the ‘‘ Agricultural Magazine,” in which a number of artieles have appeared at intervals. But no better or simpler remedy than napthaline has yet been suggested we believe, 2 AGRICULTURIST. 93 BaNANAS.—Eleven thousand bunches of Queens- land bananas were recently condemned in Sydney Owing to the presence of the fruit fly. “Raw Rice.”—The Colombo merchant, who writes elsewhere on this subject today, is very likely right in his surmise that in the majority of cases our estate coolies would make little if any objection to the Burma rice. We can recall a time when any rice save that from Southern India, was regarded with suspicion. QUININE AND Locan MANUFACTURF.—Some interesting information respecting quinine and especially the influence which the Java manu- factories is having on the market, will be found on page 19. The Java planters have now no fewer than three local factories of their own, and the result is they save all the middle profits and are therefore able to go on making the cul- tivation pay. Had the Ceyion—and especially the Uva—planters only got a local Quinine Factory some years ago, as we strongly advocated, the cultivation of Cinchona might have been pro- fitably continued in certain districts up to the present day. RHEA FibRE.—That cultivators are not for the present to have a rival in Rhea fibre pro- duction in Natal may be inferred from the following extract from ‘the Report of the Curator of the Natal Botanic Gardens :— I may say that I have little hope of this plant Rhea or Ramie being a success commercially in the colony, as in. some other countries three or even four crops may be reaped in the season; in Natal I think that two are as many as we could fairly expect to get, which would place usat a con- siderable disadvantage in competing with more favour- ably situated places, where heavier crops could be got, and where labour is more plentiful and cheaper. “THE AGRICULTURAL GazeTTE” of New South Wales, for April, 1898, has the following contents : —Some Food Plants of the Aborigines. J. H. Maiden: Botanical Notes; The Weed of New South Wales, No. J. H. Maiden; Sheep’s Burnet. J. H. Maiden : Notes on the Constitution of Wheat Gluttea F-. B. Guthrie ; Potato Culture—Result of Experiments at Ontario Agricultural College, Canada ; Vegetable Galls. W. W. Froggatt; Ramie. Rhea or China- grass. H.V. Jackson ; Appliances Necessary in Fruit- packing Houses, Orange Grading, Raisin Dipping. W. T. Allen ; The Propagation of Plants. J. L. Leo- pold ; Bees, How to Manage Them,1V. Albert Gale: Report on Parasites of Stock. N. A. Cobb; Bee Calendar. Albert Gale; Orchard Notes for May. W. J. Allen; Practical Vegetable and Flower Grow- ing for May. W. 8. Campbell; General Notes; Replies to Correspondents; Manure List for 1898, F. B. Guthrie and E. H. Gurney; List of Agricul- tural Societies’ Shows; Label for Specimens. TEA PLANTERS in general, and those whose lot is cast in _rainless districts in particular, might, says a Calcutta contemporary, do worse than the planters in the Doloi River Valley. Recently a visitor to the South Sylhet Tea district noted a rather ingenious method of irrigating tea bushes on one tea estate. All the small streams had been dammed ,up, and the water made to flow back among the bushes by the drains, natural and artificial. The different appearance ot these bushes on the flats compared with those on the tillahs was very marked. This garden, he opines, will score heavily in its outturn by this simple and inexpensive irrigation scheme. It was the oft-told tale of necessity being the mother of invention. Compared with last year the rain- fall in the Doloi Valley is two inches as against nine inches. Possibly this wrinkle may be worth something to tea planter similarly circumstanced, 94 THE TROPICAL Rupser PLantTinag in Tae Srearrs.—That a Ceylon man should decide, as Mr. Gordon Brown has done, to go all the way to the Straits to plant up 1,000 acres with Para rabber shows what advantages the Gov- ernment of the Protected Malay States are deriving from their liberal treatment of the land question, It cannot be asserted for instance that there is not abundauce of land in Ceylon quite as suitable as any in the Malay Peninsular for the cultivation of para rubber, but owing to the difficulty of securing it, and the high price probably demanded for it, an enterprising planter leaves the island and embarks elsewhere. It seems to us that this sort of thing ought to be prevented, if possible. Why should not Government, even now at the eleventh hour, turn round and say that they will alienate no more land form the Crown by outright sale except in certain specified cases? If this were done and a yearly rent exacted instead, it is not possible, that with greater facilities for acquiring land opening it, greater encouragement would ba given to the extensivn of new cultivations? We call attention to the informa- tion Kindly supplied by Mr. Gordon Brown in another column. - Tus Rerorr or THE MApDRAS BOARD OF REVENUE on the prospects of an iron indastry in Salem, is of so hopeful a character, writes the Madras Mail, that it should not fail to attract attention from those interested in the iron trade. ‘Lhe question has been very carefully ce nsiderec—from the manufacturing expert’s point of view by Mr. Jeremiah Head and Major Mahon, and from the fuel expert’s point of view by Messrs. Popert and Brazier; while the whole matter has been summed up by the Board of Revenue in the proceedings published. The conclusion arrived at by the Board is, briefly, that it would be possible to deliver ten thousand tons of Salem pig-iron annually in London at £3-11-6 per ton, while the value per ton of Swedish pig-iron delivered at a British port varies from £4-1 to £5-0-9. Furthermore, it is shown that the Salem product would compete on favour- able terms with hematite iron imported into India, the average cost of the latter at Madras being £3-3-6, while the average cost of the former would be ‘only £2-16-6. GReeN TEAS FOR AMERICA.—Those who object to the suggestion of the Tea Commissioner —see his letter elsewhere—that an attempt should be made to capture the ‘‘ green tea trade” of the United States from the Japa- nese, ~ alleged that success - is impossible and the business not one appertaining to the Ceylon planter. Now these critics forget what the Ceylon tea planter has already done. He has driven out the inferior China teas in the mother country and created a taste for a very different and far better tea right through the land. Moreover the same process with even a greater difference is going on in North America with our British-grown or ‘‘ English breakfast teas” as the Americans call them. Why then should Ceylon and Indian ‘‘ green teas” not oust the 40 millions Ib. of Japanese it only sufficient care is taken? We learn that Mr. Blechynden who was at first opposed to the recommendation, is now most heartily with Mr, Mackenzie in this matter and that samples of green tea he submitted from an Assam factory to large American buyers, received their express approval. This being the ‘ca -e strongly advise the Ceylon tea planter, — SA ae oneably placed for the manufacture of | green teas, to go on at once and conquer this new and profitable market.—We must quote in — an early issue, some instructions as to the making of “green teas” for local guidance. AGRICULTURIST. [Juuy 1, 1898. VANILLA.—We alluded the other day to the well-known facts that the American market takes almost the whole of the Mexican beans produced and that these are of distinctly superior character. We have in this article the appearance of each of the beans met with in commerce deseribed— Maican, Bourbon, Seychelles, and so on. The charaeter of the Tahiti bean is only referred to in connection with vanilloa, a description of bean fron Guadaloupe, which was offered at auction five weeks ago, We note that the writer of this article says .that the odour of vanillon is ** that of heliotrope, even surpassing that of the Tahivi vanilla.” Weshould be inclined to emphasise the fact that the odour of vanillon is tot distinct from that of the ordinary vanilla beau, even the Tahitidescription. The consumption of vanilla in the Unitea States is enormous. The highest point it reached in the las» 13 years was in 1893, when nearly 250,000 1b. wereimported into the eountry. Bourbon beans are inprovingin appearance, Mexi- can deteriorating. ‘The introduction of vaniliin has not interfered so much as would have been expected in the old field enjoyed by vanilla, bat has helped to extend the use of this favour ; 100,000 ozs, of vanillin were used in the United States in 1897. —British and Colonial Druggist, April 8. OLIVE OIL FoR ENTERIC EVER. —Ineontinuation of what has appeared, from time to time, on the above subject, in the local press, the following from an Indian contemporary will be of interest -— “‘ Medico” writes to and upcountry paper :—‘T notice with great interest, in your issue of the l6th instant, your reference to the treatment of enteric fever with olive oil now being carried out at the Station Hospital atMeerut. In the Lancet of November 27, 1897, page 1883, there is an article on the value of olive oil in the treatment of typhoid fever by Dr. Owen Paget of Fermantle, Western Australia, and on reading this I was so struck with the excellent results obtained, that I determined to try it on the first occasion whieh came under my notice, but as yet have had no oppor- tunity I think that medical officers who have opportun- ities, as so many have now, of trying any new treat- ment, would do well to study the article in question. Dr. Paget in his article says :—‘ It has been my lot to attend a large number of patients suffering from typhoid fever (well over 100) who were placed under the most disadvantageous circumstances, many of them unable to obtain any form of fresh milk, yetmy percentage of death is nil, and thisis the more remark- able seeing that among patients removed to the hos- pital where they are properly attended to and receive suitable nourishment, the percentage was high as 20 in 1896 and 11 in 1897, with better accommodation.’ He continues :—' Now this success I attribute very largely to the use of olive oil in this disease.’ He gives the method of administration in his article, simple in the extreme, Typhoid fever is s0 common in India and its death-rate so high in spite of all the latest methods of treatment being adopted, that I think from the re- markable results recorded in the article in quertion, the simple treatment advocated might, with advantage be triedin cases in all hospitals and its results re- corded. Iask you to kindly give publicity to this letter in order that medical officers who wish to try the above method of treatment may know where to findi; fully explained.” The Times of India says:—It may — interest Surgeon-Major Rennie, who is making en- couraging experiments at Meerut to establish the cura- tive effect of olive oil in enteric fever, to know that the oilin question is in many parts of Spanish America considered the only remedy of much use in yellow fever. The usual practice is to make a patient drink halfa _ pint of olive oil—not always an easy thing to do—and then send for a doctor, who, if he is well advised, re- peats the dose. The remedy, real or supposed, is well known to the captains of merchant vessels trading with Havana, the Brazils and Pernambuco. They prescribe “it for sailors under their charge who may be attacked, JULY 1, 1898.] THE TROPICAL SCIENTIFIC MANURING: MR. JOHN HUGHES—MR. A. BAUR—AND THE LATEST CONTINENTAL AUTHO- RITIES. Before directing our readers’ attention ta the following communication from Mr. John Hughes —who always writes after an instructive fashion —we would explain that the passage Mr. Hughes condemns in the editorial of Observer of April 6th which he quotes, was express'y given by us as a quno- tation from the writings of one of the most distin- guished Agricultural Chemists of the present day. Moreover our attention was called to this deliverance by Mr. A. Bauc—who sends us another letter on “n'trogen inthe mannring of tea—and for whom Mr. Hug ies has commendation to offer towards the end of the following communication. We are now en- abled to give the information Mr. Hughes desiderates as to the identity of the Agricultural Chemist. He is Monsr. M. P. P. Deherain, member of the In- stitute of Science, Paris, whose work on ‘‘Science and Agriculture” was published in Paris (Rueff & Co., 105 Bonlevard St. Germain) in 1897, and is entitled ‘‘Micro-organisms or Bacteria in_ the Earth’* and from this volume we quoted. With this preliminary explanation, let us hear what Mr. Hughes has to say :— “A leading article in the Overland Observer of April 6th under the heading of ‘Science and Mannring’ is naturally caleulated to attract con- siderable attention not only in Ceylon, but also in India and China and wherever tea is cultivated. In this article the following paragraph has no doubt attracted special notice and well deserved hostile cri- ticism :—‘ We proclaim, not as a prophecy but with certitu:le ; the reign of the nitrogenous manures is finished and that of the Bacterias commences,’ Who the author ofso definite a statement may be does not appear; but it may safely bestated without fear of contradiction by those well informed that the reign of nitrogenous manures is very far from being over; and this fact may be illustrated by the enormous quantities of guano, nitrate of soda and sulphate of ammonia that are annually ap- plied both directly, and as important ingredients in mixed manures wherever artificial or chemi- cally prepared fertilisers are applied. “Jt is somewhat surprising that such a state- ment as that contained in the above paragraph should have been published in a paper which has always been so justly regarded as the medium of aSording planters sound practical advice. “Let me quote the opinion of the late Agricul- tural Chemist to the Royal Agricultural Society of England when reporting upon some analyses of Australian soils sent to the writer by the Agent-General for (Queensland :—‘ As regards the relative rapidity with which the fertilising matters are removed by growing crops and natural drainage, nitrogen is the first which goes, and in relatively larzex proportions than any of the essential mineral plant constituents, and hence there is the greatest necessity to make ample ‘provision for the restoration of nitrogenous food which is constantly being eliminated from the land by the growing crops, and to a very large extent in the drainage (see Voelcker’s analyses of drainage water from experimental plots at Rothampsted).’ This statement is just as correct now as when it was written upwards of 23 years since Nitrogenous manures must, however, be used with moderation especially if they are employed in a form readily soluble in water such as nitrate * M. Deherain is in charge of the best-known ricultural Experimental Station in France, AGRICULTURIST. 25 of soda, nitrate of potash, sulphate of ammonia or even as guano. This caution is specially im- portant to bear in mind in tropical or semi- tropical climates with a heavy raizfall like that associated wish Ceylon. It is for these reasons that the writer in recommending fertilisers for tea, coffee and cacao has found it desirable to treat each estate or groups of estates according to their special requirements as indicated by previoas analyses of selected sampies of soil. Where the nitrogen naturally present in the soil is comparatively large, the percentage of nitro- gen in the manure recommended was naturally comparatively small and the proportions of phos- vhates and potash salts were comparatively large; When, however, as in most Ceylon estates the figures for nitrogen are low, and in cases where the original rich humus of the surface soil has been. washed away, it is reasonable, and indeed requisite to raise the percentage of nitrogen. Also at higher altitudes much more nitrogen is required than in low altitudes. In fact as I have already stated if manuring is to be carried on with due regard to science it is necessary to treat each locality according to local circumstances of soil, situation and season. A recent writer, Mr. A. Baxr has correctly pointed oat that it does not seem reasonable to apply nitrogen in a readily soluble form while phosphates are sup- plied in a form only slowly soluble. Jn a pro- perly compounded manure for tea a certain pro- portion of all the necessary elements of plant food should be supplied in a form at once avail- able and the remainder of these constituents in forms and conditions of different and less soluble character. It is only by careful attention to these and other poiats that manures can be economically applied, and it would be very im- practicable as well as decidedly unscientific to prescribe any definite formula for a tea manure without regard to the composition of the soil, the altitude of the estate, the situation as regard exposure to wind, and the average rainfall ex- perienced. JOHN HUGHES, F.LC., Agricultural Analyst.” “©79, Mark Lane, London, E.C.” No doubt Mr. Hughes will refer to Mr. Dehe- rain’s book and will, in due season, give his opinion of it. He may also have something to say about the present letter of Mr. Baur who tells us that average tea soils have enough nitrogen (and to spare) year by year, for 1,600 1b. of made tea per acre—20]b. of nitrogen being equal to 400 lb. of made tea. He further indicates how this may be increased by stirring the soil; and also by our tropical rains which are notoriously rich in nitrogen. Now it seems to us that each practical planter may well settle the question at issue for himself. Surely he can afford to set aside a few acres for an experiment while going on treating the rest of his estate as usual? Let him hole a couple of acres as for manuring, but put nothing in—filling in the holes after the usual interval and rep2at- ing this operation year after year for three years. Another two acres let him treat as directed by Mr. Baur; and a third in the old and most approved fashion with castor- eake and bones. Let him keep a note of the cost and returns in each case for the three years and he will then have an object lesson more valuable to him for his estate, than can be offered by all the manure seliers or Agricultural Chemists in the world. He should take care that the six—or even three —acres of the estate selected, should be as near as he ean decide, a fair average of the property. 26 ' THE TROPICAL TEA AND TOBACCO. ‘Yea and Tobacco have been bronght into un- wonted antagonism by the removal of the duty from the latter article in this year’s Budget. It was contended in the House on the night of Monday, the 9th of May, that the tax on tea ought to have been withdrawn in- stead, seeing that a greater number of the community are concerned with its purchiase. Ladies drank tea, said Mr. Edmond NRobertson, the Member for Dundee, whereas they did not touch tobacco. Subdued mirth in the Ladies Gallery followed this remark, and Sir William Harcourt rose to aflirm that it was contrary to his ‘‘own personal observation.” ‘The practice is, we know, extremely common in ladies’ clubs in the West End and among the higher classes in the country, especially in Ireland ; but to those who know anything about the sale of to- bacco, it is an established fact that hardly any smokers of small means refrain from indulging in the fragrant weed through lack of cash. They merely smoke inferior tobacco, and often a greater quantity of it, owing to its mildness. Whereas a reduction in the cost of tea would involve a vast increase in its sale. Poor people are repelled by the inferior qualities of cheap tea far wore than in tobacco. Moreover, in the stimulating beverage, there isa power for genuine refreshinent ; while smoking gives us only a sen- suous pleasure with, at best, but a soothing effect on the nerves. The removal of the tobacco duty is amove in favour of the upper classes, amongst whom the fashion of abstaining from tea is prevalent just now, whilst expensive cigars with them remain always in demand. In the House of Commons, on the Budget Keso- lutions coming up, as already stated, Mr. Edmond Robertson, Member for Dundee, expressed re- gret that the surplus bad not been applied to a reduction of the tea duty instead of the duty on tobacco. Sir Wm. Harcourt supported and pointed out that tea had become almost ex- clusively a British product. A reduction of the tex duty would therefore benefit a larger number of people than the reduction of the duty on to- bacco, whilst at. the same time, it would be of service to the British tea-grower. The Govern- ment, however, carried its Resolutions. A _ re- duction of the Tea Duty is bound to come next year if there be no war. a THE CACAO DISEASE: MR. CARRUTHERS’ CAMPAIGN. We learn that Mr. Carruthers is working hard now at cures and preventitives and that he has a lot of experiments in hand. He is at present travelling about and has already visited some 17 ‘estates, all of which except one, have disease in varying proportions, Mr. Carruthers hopes that his final report may be able to lay down methods of getting rid of the canker which will be quite effectual; but of course the wet season, N.-E. monsoon in the Matale district, is thetimethat will test the efficacy of ary cure and he is not likely to stay for that. Mr. Carruthers’ engicement is till August 13:h only. Mr. Carruthers is now with Major Pain at Wattegama for a few days to look at the estates in that district and then he soes on to the Katugastota district and then to Rambukkana, and also perhaps to Monaragala in Uva. (Juy 1, 1898. THE SCOTTISH CEYLON TEA COMPANY. We direct attention to our special repurt of the proceedings at this Company’s meeting. There is a good deal given there that does not appear in the official report or in the London papers. One item of interest is that the Chairman, Mr. Forbes, is likely to be able to impress the prodneers’ view about the Indian Currency on a member of the Committee who has not studied the subject. The other is the livtle discussion over the read- ing by our old friend Mr. Geo. Todd of Mr. A. L. Cross’s letter—given in fall—objecting to the reduction in dividend. We have a similar complaint from a home correspondent who writes :— “You would be surprised perhaps to see the Scot- tish Ceylon Tea Company are only going to pay 10 per cent against the usual 15 percent. I thin this was a mistake as I gather from the Re per cent might have been paid and a small balance still carried forward. With a reserve of £7,000, there was no occasion it appears to me to be so very cautious. It will lead to the depreciatioas of the shares I fear.” It is clear, however, that the city business men present at the meetiny, fully apprecee of the course taken by the Directors, We hope the good old *‘ Scottish Company” will return next year to its usual rate of dividend. AGRICULTURIST. rt 12 _ oO MR. ROGIVUE AND THE THIRTY COMMITTEE. The following correspondence has been forwarded to us for publication by Mr. A. Philip, the Secretary of the Thirty Committee. : Kandy, March 2. M. Rogivue, Esq., Moroseika, House Leberieff, Moscow. CEYLON TEA IN RUSSIA. DEAR Sir,—Your letter of the 5-17th December, 1897, having been duly submitted to the “ Thirty Committee” and published, I now annex for your information and guidance, copy of a Resolution passed by ‘Thirty Committee” after personal conference with Mr. T N Christie on his return here from Russia —I am, Dear Sir, Yours faith- fully, A. PHILIP, Secretary to the ‘* Thirty Committee.” RESOLUTION REFERRED TO. ‘*That having heard Mr. T N Christie’s views regarding Mr. Rogivue’s work in Russia the Com- mittee desires to convey to Mr. Rogivue their thanks for his past services in pushing Ceylon Tea in Russia, and to intimate on the understanding that his business is carried on on similar lines, the Com- niittee would wish to continue their patronage and support.” : Moscow, Mroseika, House Leberieff, 17-19th April 1898. a3 M. Rogivue, Ceylon Tea and Coffee, to A Philip, Esq., Secretary to the ‘‘ Thirty Com- mittee,” Kandy, Ceylon. DEAR SiR,—I have duly received your esteemed favour of the 2nd March and was very pleased to hear of the resulution passed by your committee in February expressing their satisfaction with my efforts to push the sale of Ceylon Teas, in Russia, as reported by Mr. Christie, and indicating their willingness to continue to support me. My plan of business has not been changed, and I shall, as hitherto, carry it on similar lines, and continue to sell and push the sale of ‘Ceylon ” Juny 1, 1898.] Tea in this country. This being understood, I now write to ask if the committee wiil kindly subseribe-a sum to assist with the advertising of the Teas. My scheme of adyertising must neces- sarily be governed by the sum which the committee agree to devote to this purpose, but with sufficient funds [ should be inclined to cover as much ground as possible by means of Newspapers, Magazines and Illustrated papers. To do this thoroughly well would involve a very heavy expen- diture, say nearly Rbs 50,000 as it would mean 3,200 advertisements in 86 newspapers during 40 weeks of the year,—September to May—and sundry extra insertions from time to time during that period and the Nijna-Nowgorod’s fair, but of course the advertising can be very effectively done on a smaller scale according to the funds allowed. : Mr. Christie, I think, is averse to private firms’ names appearing on the Committee’s advertise- ments, but this can be met by my own advertise- ment appearing on the same page immediately below that of the Committee. F Another way which I can recommend is by ‘ blacards” at Railway stations, T have another inexpensive and effective scheme for advertising by means of ‘‘ Post-Cards” with views of Ceylon and tea estates, ete., upon them ; these can be got up here very cheaply, and if the Committee will permit me to stamp them with my name and address, I would be glad to pay a share of the expense. : I can go more fully into details when I get the views of the Committee and have a general idea of the amount they are prepared to spend to help on this work. : , The progress made by Ceylon tea in this country, during the last year, is undoubtedly noticeable. A number of whole-sale Tea merchants are selling it pure and many, (K. and S. Popoff amongst them, who once said that they would never touch Ceylon Tea) are now advertising a special brand- mixture of ‘‘ China-Ceylon,” this being an evident proof that the fancy to the taste for ‘‘ Ceylon” is gaining more and more ground amongst the public and that the demand is on _ the increase. Last year, 1 have myself imported 320,000 lb. Ceylon ‘ea, all sold in packets of 1/1, 1/2, 1/4, 1/8, 1/16, and 1/32nd of a pound, and during the past three months of this year, I have already passed orders for over 2,000 chests all ‘‘Ceylon,” of which 800 chests direct to Colombo. Another evidence of the increase is, I think, the fact that Moscow, Odessa, St. Petersburg, and other places, are now constantly visited by repre- sentatives of London Tea Houses who, one after the other, appears on these markets seeking for Agents capable of placing for them Ceylon ea. f No doubt that a good, steady and substantial advertisement would still help and push forward the consumption : Awaiting on this pebject me arcu of your ly.—I am, Dear Sir, Yours faithfully, ya Signed M. ROGIVUE. ———S PRODUCE AND PLANTING. Tue Ovurnook ror TreA IN Curna.—Consular re- ports from China on the subject of the tea trade differ in regard to tea prospects. While some of them point to renewed efforts and hopes on the part of the Celestials in regard to their tea trade, others are not at all sanguine about the prospect of rehabilitating it. Amongst the latter is the report of Mr, Carles, the British Consul at Poochow, wha THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 27 says the exporé of tea from Foochow in 1897 was nearly sixteen million pounds below that of 1896. At present the cultivation of teais scarcely remune- rative. In the Kien Ning and Yen Ping prefectures rice is said to be takingits place. In the Foochow neighbourhood the sweet potato receives more at- tention, and in remote tea districts the Consul hears of curing-houses being offered for sale to mission- aries. But Oolong, Seu-moo, Souchong, and Pan- yong teas retain and in some cases improve their position. The competition for Oolongs, some Souchongs, and flowery Pekoes is still very keen, nothing like them being produced in India. Mr. Carles cannot see how China can regain her position in the tea trade, the importance of which to the © country is far greater than might be imagined. The consumption of tea in China is restricted even in the provinces, which produce it to a small class. Hyven in Fuhkien, outside the literary class and merchants, the majority of the people use tea dust of different grades and in provinces where tea is not grown other leaves take its place. In Hng- land 6 lb. per head of the entire population is the average consumption. In the Foochow province it is probably nearly 3 lb. per head, even among the small fraction of the population who are tea drin- kers. Some ofthe old faults of Foochow teas appears t» have been eradicated ; but none of the new methods of preparing teas appears to have proved a com- plete success, from which we are to infer that the dirty methods affected by the Celestial still pre- vail. This of itself would be enough to drive English- menfrom the Chinese to the Indian article could they but realise the difference between the two modes. One sensible and direct step towards the resuscitation of Ohinese tea is being taken by the local government— the likin charges have been reduced. But even this reform has not been induced by any real desire for the amelioration of thetrade. The provincial government has reduced the charges because it was apprehensive that, if it made no concession, tea would be brought down to the coast under transit passes, the proceeds of — which would not go to it, but to the central government, Curva TRA IN AMERICA.—The American importation of Chinese tea in the year ending June 1897, amounted to 56,932,0001b., valued at £1,467,000. This represents . about half the total import of tea into the United States for that year; the balance was contributed by Japan (45,000,000 lb.), the United Kingdom (6,000,000 lb.), and Hast India (2,000,000 lb.) The total consumpe tion of China tea by the United States in 1896 was larger than the British consumption by about 1,800,000 lb., but fell short of the Russian consumption (inclu- sive of Asiatic Russia) by over 14,000,000 lb.—Z. and C, Mail, May 13. BS aoa a, AN OPENING FOR INDIAN FRUIT, EFFECT OF THE SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR. (From Indian Gardening.) Advices from England state that the Spanish- American war is calculated to completely para- lyse the fruit trade between Spain and Great Brie tain. It is pointed out that one of the first re- sults of the war will be the destruction of this industry. It is well known that England draws a very large proportion of her supply of truit, not only from Spain, but from the Spanish colo- nies as well. The Seville orange, from which mars malade is chiefly made, comes from Spain mainly, not to mention grapes and some other fruits, As long as hostilities continue between Spain and the United States, the supply of Spanish fruits for the London market will be very scarce. Of course, the home country can draw upon Florida and the Australian colonies; but from the Australian apers we gather that the fruit supply this year as been practically destroyed by blight ; while the authorities in Sydney are reported to be condemnir« as unfit for human consumption large quantities vi Tasmanian apples and Queensland banano:, Te ee, ng OY Cae ee 28 Melbourne imports large quantities of lemons and oranges from Northern Australia ; but it is stated that something like 80 per cent of the supply is condemned as being affected with seale ; indeed, it is averred that oranges completely covered with this disease are found among the consign- ments coming fiom that source. It so happens that Northern Australia grows very much the same kinds of fruit as India, such as guava, mango, loquat, &c.; in Victoriathere are large areas planted with fruit trees; and the Austra- lian fruit trade has grown very large during recent years. It seems to us that India’s opportunity has come at last, and if she does not seize it now, and make the most of it, she ought for ever to hold her peace. Two important sources of Eng- land’s truit supply are practically closed, as we have pointed out more than once. India predu- ces fruit of several kinds and of good quality. Her oranges and bananas are far and away superior to anything that can be raised in any other country in the world. ‘The Allahabad guava will compare favourably with the produce of any other country; moreover, the fruit is in great abundance, and after leaving a large margin for home consumption, there would be more than enough for export, and we have no doubt that this fruit would be much appreciated at home. ‘Take our lichees and mangoes: we co not believe that any other country could produce them of the same quality and in the same variety. Why should not some enterprising firm set about the establishment of an export trade in fruit from India for the Lon- don market? We have shown that were shipping companies to afford special facilities for the ex- port of Indian fruit, by providing refrigerating chambers, such as are to be found in most of the liners plying between the Australian Colonies and Britain, they would, we believe, have no reason to complain of want of cargo. Last week we quoted an interesting article from the Aus- tralasiam on a new process for the preservation of fruit for export. It is such a simple one that it could easily be adopted in this country. The fact’ is that Englishmen in this country are so much occupied in trying to make large for- tunes out of such products as indigo and jute, that they have never troubled themselves about the possibilities of an extensive fruit trade, which, we consider, would pay much better than either jute or indigo; und would, moreover, give an impetus to a new industry. —Pioncer, May 24. ee EXCHANGE AND THE TEA TRADE. . (To the Editor of the Econonvist. ) Srr,—Lord Farrer, in his letter of the 25th ult.. no longer holds to his position that an increase in the exports of tea from Ceylon in 1897, proves that the industry is not now suffering from the 1s 4d rupee. But with some object, not disclosed, he returns to the charge with a comparative statement of the imports of tea into the United Kingdom from India, Ceylon, and China, from 1884 to 1896. These teas, it will be observed, must have all been plucked from bushes lantcd in or before 1893, up to which year, as Lord ‘arrer kindly reminds us, all three countries had a silver currency. The figures tell a marvellous tale of the results that have been achieved by Indian labour, directed by British energy and supported by British capital, in fair and open competition, a tale of which Indian and Ceylon planters may well be proud; but they give us no information at allas tothe course of trade when India and Ceylon have to work with rupees THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. wages, [Jury 1, 1898. fixed at 1s 4d, China having still a silver standard in which the value of the rupee is 9d to 10d. Fortunately, owing to the kindnees of the secretary of the uondon Chamber of Commerce, Iam able to give some figures that bear on the point. Jave bas a gold standard. {n the days when the rapee was worth 2s she used easily to hold her own with Ceylon in coffee. About the same time as Ceylon she began to plant tea. How has she fared? The following list of her exports (in lb. 000's omitted) for the years 1885 to 1596, as compared with those fiom Ceylon, will show us:— From Java From Ceylon. 1896 h 9,569 108,141 1895 10,147 oy 97,940 1894 se 8,734 oe 84,592 1893 ve 8,792 os 84,388 1892 9,157 ba 71,154 1891 5,580 68 274 1890 7,062 a 46,902 1889 7,627 os 34,048 1888 7,479 24,381 1887 7,029 13,801 1886 7,393 8.111 1885 7,029 4,412 During these years the gold price of Ceylon tea fell from 1s 34d to 8jd, the gold price of the rupee varied from 18°24d to 13°37d. Java made a better start than Ceylon, when the gold prices of both tea and the rupee were high, but has since been able to make little progress. But the Ceylon tea-grower has been making profits “at the expense of those whom he employs.” by pay- ing his “coolies in depreciated rupees,” say both Lord Farrer aud your correspondent “ East India Merchant.” This, I venture to think, is one of those “currency delusions’ that Lord Farrer deprecates. First, from the point of view of the planter, it is clear that he has nothing wherewith to pay his coolie but his tea,and the rupee, having even at its lowest had an increased purchasing power in respect of tea the wagebill has been a heavier charge on the pro- duce at the lower rates of exchange. Secondly, from the point of view of the coolie, his fixed daily wage (it has for fifty years past varied little from one- third of a rupee) has bought him as much rice provided at a fixed rupee rate, as much cotton cloth, curry, stuffs, &c., when the rupee had fallen to 1s 1}d, as when it was 2s. He has been able to live as well and to put by as many rupees wherewith to return home to India as ever. He is a man free to come and goas he will, and his content- ment with his lot is proved by the fact that rarely during the recent wonderful expansion of tea cultiya- tion has the supply of labour fallen short of the con- stantly increasing demand. So, then, though there has been a steady and prolonged depreciation of silver in respect of gold there had been up to 1893 no depreciation of that metal either to the disadvantage of the coolie or to the undue advantage of the employer. In a word silver had up to that date shown itself, so far as Ceylon was concerned, a fairly stable standard of value in respect both of commodities and of the “services of man.” This has been all changed by the closing of the Indian Mints and the forcing of the rupee to ls. 4d The rupee price of tea has experienced a heavy fall, Meee ae a POrreS renee rise. e real vital question that lies behi currency changes, this diminishing of “ ite ence counters” out of which Lord Farrer and the Indian peters Hee 7 ee profit, is the effect on the comparative cost of labourin i i coutes the competing producing n Ceylon the daily wage, which in 1 Was equal to 44d, has been raised today by tus See oe the Indian Government to 54d. Similarly, the wage of the Chinaman, as measured in gold, will haye fallen in proportion as silver has fallen, and there is not the least reason to suppose that in either conniry the currency changes willlead to a change in the nominal JULY 1, 1898.] Now as to the future of the trade, Lord Farrer has shown by his table that the United Kingdom already takes nearly all its supplies from India and Ceylon, and cannot absorb any large additional quantity. The “Bast India Merchant” has told us how for at least three or four years to come both India and Ceylon will export largely increased weights, This excess of tea must go to otber markets where at pre- sent China and Japan hold the field. Inthe process of expelling China tea from the United Kingdom the gold price of the Ceylon leaf fell from 1s 33d to 73d ; how can we possibly expect that, under the circum- stances created for us by the Indian Government, there will not be, in the struggle for such markets as those of Russia and North America, a still further fall in the gold price ? I am no prophet, as Lord Farrer suggests, but I am an English manufacturer, and I know too well by experience the inevitable curtailment of profits con- sequent on a fixed wages bill and constantly falling prices, not to see in these the threatening of disaster. Lord Farrer throws light on my statement that within the last few months tea seeds have for the first time become unsaleable in Ceylon, by showing that so recently as some unnamed date in 1897 (probably, I think March 31st) tea seeds were being imported from India. The figures given seem to add weight to my statemevt, as showing how quickly the effect of the 1s 4d rupes, established so lately as January last, has made itself felt. On this point I may quote the following extract from the “Ceylon Times” of April 4th, which has reached me since the date of my last letter;--‘‘ No bidders for tea seed! Suchis the report which reaches us as to the result of a sale of Horagalla seed which was held by Messrs. Forbes and Walker today. We do notthink there is much likelihood of any further demand for tea seed yet awhile.” _ Iam glad that Lord Farrer has not attempted to minimise the significance of this sudden cessa- tion of planting in Ceylen. I now turn to the letter of ‘‘ Hast India Mer- chant.’ When next he quotes with a view to cri- ticism, even though he quotes but three words, I would recommend him to read carefully the sentence from which the words are taken, so as to make sure of its meaning. He attributes to me not only that which I did not say, but the very reverse of that which I did say. J did not say there was no in- crease in the land planted with tea in Ceylon later than 1894. I did say that tea seed had become un- saleable for the first time within the last few months. Tmade no error. The “Hast India Merchant” makes many. The Ceylon Directory gives as thearea planted with tea, old and new, in 1890, not 250,000 but 220,0000 acres. The years 1890 to 1894 are four not three. The yearly average acreage planted in those years was 17,000, not 13,000. There are not, nor are there likely to be, 375,000 acres planted with tea in Ceylon. The latest estimate of the total acreage planted is 315,000 with a probable eventual extension to 350,000. The yearly average acreage planted in the last three years was probably about 10,000, not 29,000. “ Hast India Merchant,’’ when next he rushes into print with figures about Ceylon, had better come to me to have them verified before publication. He is so far right, howeyer, in that in each year a substantial nddition has been made tothe planted area ; but he omits to notice that in the years subsequent to ~ the closing of the Mints the gold price of the rupee touched its lowest point, its average values being 13°53d in 1994, 13'37d in 1885, 14:41d in 1896, and even in 1897 only 15'37d. The 1s 44 rupee was not established till January last.—Yours faithfully, War. MARTIN LEAKE, Secretary. Ceylon Association in London, 61 and 62 Grace- church street, H.0.,, May 4th, 1898. Since writing the above, I have read the letter of the Indian Government giying its new currency pro- osals, as reported in Zhe Times, A high official ately said something about “ lunacy.” I will not re- taliate, What is to ke said of gentlemen, however eminent, THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. but, like Lord Farrer, I will ask a question. — 20 who, complaining of the burden of their gold, debt and expressly stating that in payment thereof ‘ the real remittance must be made in exported produce,” propose as a remedy to borrow more gold, and to nielt rupees, unfruitful operations both, and yet give not one word of heed to the effect of these operations on the quantity and gold value of the all-important produce ? AVANT TO THE EDITOR OF THE ‘‘ ECONOMIST.” Srr,—I have read, with interest and respect, Lord Farrer’s views on exchange as a factor in the trader’s calculation. May I be allowed to put the following case ? Lord Farrer and I are merchants in India, com- peting for a foreign order for the shipment of Indian produce. The other conditions of our competition be- ing equal, let us suppose that I can command a lower exchange for my bills than he is able to do. Which of us would make the cheaper tender ?. Would he secure the oider, or should I? Lord Farrer says :—‘‘ Of all the mischievous delu- sions prevalent in the mercantile world there is per- haps none more mischievous thanthe notion thata nation can, by depreciating its standard of value, increase its power of production. of exportation, and of competition with other nations.” Bu the Indian contention is not that we wish to depreciate our standard of value, nor that we cex- pect benefit therefrom per se. What we say is, we cannot afford to artificially enhance our standard of value so long as our trade xrivals who have a similar standard allow it to rest at a natural leveland lower than ours. I scarcely suppose Lord Farrer in!ends to dispute this. But if he does, I venture to think that he will not find himselfin agreement wita any practical trader.—I am, sir, your obedient servant, May 4th, 1898. H. F. B ———».—____—_- CEYLON TEA: HOW TO FIGHT BIG DISTRIBUTING HOUSES, It is well to remember how Ceylon tea first came into notice in the United Kingdom. The prejudice against it in Mincing Lane was very great: it is always so at first with reference to any new departure in an established trade, Samples or shipments of any product identified with certain regions, coming from a_ previously untried country, are viewed with suspicion and brokers and buyers were far from favourable to Ceylon tea at the outset. The distributing Houses and middlemen would have nothing to do with it. How then was a demand created? It is not too much to say that a thousand or more Ceylon planters did this effectually by sending sample chests or half-chests to their relatives— parents, cousins, aunts—all over the Kingdom, and instructing them how to make and enjoy this new tea, and then to insist on getting no other but Ceylon tea from their grocers. That speedily created a demand which had to be supplied, so that for some years the shipments from Co- lombo were not equal to the requirements of Mincing Lane, To hasten the distribution, more- over, a considerable number of retired coffee planters or other colonists became agents for certain tea estates and supplied the local village grocers, or families, taking a chest or half-chest at a time. All this speedily created a revolution in the tea trade: ‘‘Chinas” were everywhere decried in households that had become accus- tomed to the superior flavoured ‘‘ Ceylons” and. Indian teas also greatly profited by the change in public taste originally started by the action of a thousand or more planters out in Ceylon. Now the problem before us at the present time is whether some action cannob be taken to meet THE 30 THE TROPICAL and overcome the present crisis similar to that effected a dozen or fifteen years ago. The trouble is now that, while Ceylon and Indian teas com- mand the United Kingdom and the ae are willing to pay a fair price for a good tea, their taste is being gradually spoilt by very inferior mixtures, while, on the various grades sold, the enormous profit goes nearly all into the pockets of middlemen, and the producers see enty a ction which, year by year, is growing less. Bow is this to Ke met Le remedied? The first thought and answer is,- by the formation of a powerful Syndicate of planters and their friends to establish a ‘‘ Direct Supply Tea Association and compete with the big tea distributing Houses ontheirown ground. This, we are assured, has been thought of by Ceylon men settled in the Metropolis with the command of capital and experience in business; but after full consideration, they have shrunk back from an enterprise which they de- clare would be attended with immense diffi- eulty and risk and might eventuate, through failure, in doing more harm than good to the producer. ‘his is a first decision and we do not accept it as final, if the evil complained of continues as bad as at present. But, there is a simpler, preliminary mode of proceeding open to the Ceylon planter and his friends at this time which ought to be tried. It is well known that teas, advertised as the finest and retailed as high as 2s and more per lb. by the big Houses, are bought in the Lane at not more than 8d per lb. We can imagine whiat_ the medium teas must be like if these are the finest gold in this way, and how the public taste is being gradually lowered. Now, it is suggested that the 1,690 planters now in Ceylon shouid once more send home good or superior samples, half-chests or chests, to their relatives and friends with instructions that they are to demand and require of their grocers, a better class of tea, a tea up to the sample produced which can be ot for such and such a price. In many cases where there is opportunity, leisure, and inclina- tion, this may, of course, lead to a little ‘direct trading,” and every little helps. But, in any case, the simultaneous demand all over the United Kingdom for a better class of tea than that now sold at 1s 6d and 2s, and the demonstration to grocers that afar superior tea can be laid down in his store, with an ample profit to himself, for that money, conld not fail to work a change; to cause a fluttering at headquarters among distributing Houses and a re-arrangement and improvement in their grades of tea sold—all of which must tend, to some extent, to benefit the producer by giving a better price for his tea, It depends on the planters themselves then for the crusade to begin. — COFFEE PROSPECTS IN BRAZIL. The following has been received from the British Consulate at Santos Brazil in reply to a communication sent by the Singapore Chamber of Commerce asking for information, The letter is being circulated to all members of the Chamber :— 1, Actual prices in Brazilian currency are still yemunerative for the smaller part of production in the State of San Paulo, Lhe greater part, say about 2-3rds, however, depend on heavy interests on mortgages and excessive expenses, the more so, as during the times of high coffee—prices and prosperity—the majority of these estates were bought and: laid out to culture at double and triple of - AGRICULTURIST, (JuLy 1, 1898, actual value, Should currency rise aud prices in the consuming quarters not follow cooenry on account of the pressure of the extraordinary stocks, a great portion of the culture wonld voted to misery, principally in the more distant coffee growing districts, where the expensive cost of transport and higher railway-tariffs interfere se- riously with the result. 2. The cultivation is not dependent to any ap- preciable extent on European Capital and only 6 small number of Estates or Plantations are worked under European management, 8. There are no prospects of cheaper labour than that furnished by the Tislian immigrants. Several attempts have been made with other immigrants Siberian, Russian) but failed completely. Japanese abour is not being employed, although there ap- ol periodically strong endeavours to attract the apanese Immigration. Under the actual critical circumstances and the heavy crisis the country it undergoing, there is no probability of any propa- ganda for other immigration than Italian proving successful. 4. As stated under item 1 many estates would have to be abandoned, if actual critical conditions were to last and bring about lower prices, Even with actual value of coffee production is most probably to be curtailed by the fact of many planters not being able to give their plantations sufficient care as to cleaning the ground and even- tually manuring. 5. The reason of foreign capital not having been invested in Brazilian estates to a more con- siderable extent was in first place the slavery up to 1888 and since then political uncertainty an the everlasting republican troubles. —————— _-~e___ —--— THE PRUNING OF TEA. SOME SUGGESTIONS FOR AN IMPROVED SYSTEM. (By a Planter in India of Twenty-four Years’ Experience.) After a long experience I venture to give some of my ideas about pruning. 1 want to show that cutting down is a serious mistake and to propose a system by which this cruel operation can be stopped entirely. If any one will take the tronble to examine a bush which is about to be sacrificed, he willsee by marks and signs that the great stems are of varions ages. Some of the branches will show the scar of a previous cutting lowdown near the ground, other branches will be found with a clean stem almost level with the top of the bush, and the marks of the annual prnunings will be found at intervals on all the stems. ‘I’his will prove that some of the branches grew up from the Rag or out of the old branches after the last cutting own. The theory which I have evolved from this fact is that branches should be eradicated only when — they cease to yield well, and that the bush will con- stantly renew itself with fresh vigorous branches. Ihave for many years been working patiently to bring the gardenin my charge into good growth, and I have succeeded, and I am confident that Ican now keep my bushes at a constant level and in fall vigo- rous growth, without “ cutting down” asingle bush, and in course of time I expect to get all the bushes to be one height, andofequal bearing surface. Daring the last four years I have succeeded in getting the height and surface more uniform, but when I began Ihad bushes ofall sizes; the biggest are three feet up to the pruning point, and I refuse to cut down even these which are rather too high. Ateach pruning I cut off the new wood close to the last pruning on any bush over two feet in height, leaving only about one inch of new wood; on the lower bushes I leave from four to eight inches of new wood so that in course of time the smaller bushes will reach the height of the best. In course of time I shall reduce the height of the bushes which are too high, Any new wood found growing from lowdowa JULY 1, 1898.] is cut at about twofeet from the ground and oneor two ofthe tallest branches are cut out, the weakest being selected for sacrifice. Iam not surethat three feet is too high, because I find bushes ofthis height have new wood as thick as one’s thumb, and by the end of the seison they have grown to about 43 feet which is well within reach of the pluckers. If my system can be adopted. the result after eight or ten years would bethateach bush would be com- posed of straight clean branches without a break, to the height of two feet, and above that there would be visible the scars of each successive pruning. And then year by year the weakest of these would be cat down as low as possible, andreplaced by new wood from below. I have been applying this system thoroughly only for four years, and I notice that most of the bushes have one tothree of these fine clean stems ;anl the older branches showgood growth owing to jadicious topping off of weaker parts. And when I find that aa old branch has sent out good new wood from low down, and the top has ceased to give strong new «growth, I cut off the piece above the pew wood. Only four years have snowa such a vast improvement that Lam now confident of being able to renew each bush in course of time. : I recognise that there isa short cut to this result, t.e. to cut down and re-grow the bushes, but Ishould have to sacrifice a great deal of tea, ani [ ,consider it wiser to sacrifice the appearance of the bushes to keep up yield of tea, than to sacrifice the yield to get good bushes. ‘‘ Catting down” isashort cut, and as u3ual with short cuts it proves to be the longest way round. ‘I'he object of cutting down is eventually to increase the yield,and no sooner has this object been attained than it becomes necessary to resort toit. But I hold that by a system of constantly cutting out only those branches which show weakness, the bushes can be kept at one constaat level and sur- face, and will give the same yield from year to year withoutany limit of time. It is also reasonable to think tnat branches quite clean from the ground to the pruning point will have «freer flow of sap than those which have been cut and hacked at yearly inter- vals. One musthave at least two feet growth to give a large surface to a bush,and if you can get the sap to flow straight up to this necessary height the result must be increased yield. It is necessary to clesnout the bushes now and then and I think that intervalsof two years are quite sufficient. Thus one half of a garden would be cleaned out thoroughly, all whippy and undersized wood eut off, and the other half of the garden should be light pruned, and all the inside growth left alone, and only the surface growth should be cut off. : Thislight pruned part would begin to yield first, and would give a considerabls amount of leaf before the other part can be plucked. The surface only of each bush should be plucked, so that any new shoots which grow from inside are not touched until they appear onthe surface. These will give new straight wood to prune on at the end of the year. At first I had to do my pruning with two iots of coolies; the ordinary lot simply pruned the bush leaving the required amount of new growth. After them came the knowing lot who selected hard wood to be cutout. My work was to examine this cnf outhard wood tosee that no vigorous parts were cut away. IfI founda knot with decent wood on it -sayabout + inch diameter I explained to the man that I had lost the yield of that piece of wood fora whole year, and that I wanted only weak wood tobe eut off. This required a great deal of attention. Now I muke the men collect what they cut off and heap up the bits at intervals and I examine those heaps. But even the or inary coolies are getting to know what I want, aud as only half the garden has to be pruned with dg>retion there is not much fear of serious over pruaing. The rest of the garden is only ‘cutover,’ not quite straight, but with a view to giving us regular a surface as possible. I like to see the bushes “round,” it gives more surface, and the side branches can be of the THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 31 same length as the centre ones. I have seen a, piece of old tea yielding well which had never been cut down,—it averaged about 3 feet to the pruning point; and regarding the fear that a bush will get too high this can be obviated by not leaving too much growth at each pruning. If you start pruning a new shoot at 2 feet, and leave only one inch each year, this shoot will only be 3 feet in height in 12 years; and supposing that by that time it shows signs of getting weak you can cut it out entirely, and its place will be taken by other shoots which have grown up in the interval. With anew extension, and this system of pruning I imagine that the greatest yield would be attained over the course of auy given number of years. No branch should be tut below 2 feet, and I really think that with a good class of plant 3 feet would be the best height. A bush of this sort would not grow much brush-wood inside. Failing a ready made garden which has not been hacked and hewed, it is possible with patience and discretion to get the place round gradually. Ruther than cut down a gnarled bush, I would leave it unpruned for two years; it has not sufficient energy to grow fine new wood in one year, bat at. the end of two years some of tie growth would be found of a decent size. With a little humouring this bush will begin to send out good wood from lower down, and it will in time regain vigour and youth, whereas one or two “cuttings down” will leave it an old wreck with only a few twigs to show that it is alive. I think thatas a rule tea is “cut down” not because it has fallen off in yield, but from the fear that it will soon begin to yield less, and that the bushes will get too high. I would earnestly recom- mend toany one who contemplates the renewal of a plot of tea. by cutting down to give it a year or two more of full growth, thinning out some of the worst branches, keeping a careful record of the yield as compared with past seasons This advice would apply especially to any manager taking charge of a new garden, which, (according to his opinion) has been ruined by past bad prun- ing, or overplucking. As loug as a branch can give new wood as thick as one’s little finger there is no fear of its power of yielding well; then why should thousands of such branches be cut down? “And con- sider the loss of plucking surface. Asan illustration, take a compass and draw concentric semicircles on a straight line, have one of 1 inch radius, another of 2 inches, another of 3, and another of 4. This last semicircle of 4 feet represents the bush which has to be cut down, and the intermediate lines will show the gradual increase to the original surface, and I am quite convinced that the greatest possible surface (7.e., all the bushes touching) can be main- tained by simply cutting out weak branches, and pruning any new growth at the level of the surface of the bush. I must admit that I have never seen a whole garden pruned on this system from the very begin- ning so that I must also admit that the universal Practice is opposed to my theory, and it is always rash to suggest that the universal practice is wrong. However I venture todo so because I have worked hard at the problem for six years on an old and much hacked estate, and at the end of this time, of which only four years have been fully given to the idea, I Can see a very great improvement in the appearance of the bushes, and I have also the proof of the benefit to the bushes, because I make more tea of very much better quality than my predecessors made in former times. ff any one has had experience that this system is not the best, I should like to hear from him. I ima- gine that this system would give best results in Ceylon, the bushes being pruned every second year; one quarter of the estate cleaned out and pruned tho- roughly, one quarter pruned lightly, and one-half not touched at all. Tae two years of growth gives the new wood time to be well matured before it is cut, and any wood that has not grown to a standard size can be shaved off close to the branch it started from. This pruning at intervals of two and three years is customary in Ceylon, I have little donbt that it would RS aE ene ee a ee 32 THE TROPICAL be best for India also, but the annual pruning has become s0 firmly fixed that Ido not dare to suggest any departure, ] can only say that I tried the plan onapatch of Manipuri indigenous, and it gave 14 maunds of tea per acre, against a yield of 12 maunds ero the rest of the plot which was pruned as usual. That was long ago, and I had not sufficient courage or powerto continue the experiment on a large scale. I have nothing to say to those who are in charge of estates on good so’! and yielding more leaf than their labour forces can iiwndle, but there are many proper- ties which might be saved by patient and careful fostering of the bushes, and by refraining from the established custom of cutting down. The planter has an instinctive horror of a ‘not’ and to get rid of the knot, he gets rid of the bush. There is also an idea that the tea plant has not the power to propel the sap to a distance beyond 2 feet or so. Naturally, when the old stem is interrupted at intervals of a few inches, and is alsotapped by small side growth, the sap does not show great vigour; but a stem which rises clear from the ground up to the yielding part and having no small branches to divide the sap will show great strength and give a good crop of strong well-grown leaf. Whether straight or gnarled the life of a branch comes to an end sooner, or later, but itis folly to cut it out before it has given signs of weakness. One +hould have a standard gaage of wood below which the branch should come out, and each branch should be left as long as it grows good of the standard girth. On some soils planted with indigenous, 4 inch diameter ‘might be taken as a gauge; on other soils with hybrid plant 3 inch might be the limit. My prinziples now are not to sacrifice one inch of ielding surface area, and to increase the surface year be year by adding about four inches growth at each pruning to the smaller bushes; to carefully cnt away poor wood so as to give more sap to the branches which are yielding well. Beyond this, at present I have not sufficient labour to take all the leaf that is grown, so that manuring or anything of the sort is not advisable. Having mentioned the word manure, I cannot refrain from repeating what I said once before that manuring should be adopted, not to improve the bushes, but as a separate means of utilizing capital to good profit In course of time, I expect that manuring will become general, and that it will be found an excellent source of revenue. You will pour meney on the roots of the plants, and take it off the tops with an increase of about 10 per cent. With very ordivary care, one thousand rupees applied as manure to « given plot of land annually should give a return ot eleven hundred rupees, that is tosay, 10 per cent. At this rate a big company would find it more profitable to spend R50,000 getting a return of R55,000 per annum, than in spending an equivalent sum in extend- ing its area of plant. With pruning on the system detailed above, and liberal manuring every year, the yield of a whole estate should not stop short of 1,600 Ib. of tea per acre, And this would be better in every way than having an estate of double the area yielding 800 lb. per acre. ee PLANTING NOTES. _ PRUNING OF TEA.—We publish a paper else- where under this heading, from the pen of an experienced Indian Tea Planter, propounding im- provements according to a system which he has found to give good results on the plantation under his charge. We would invite the opinions of practical Ceylon men to the letter of ‘1874; for an interchange of experience in this way between this island and Northern India cannot fail to be mutually beneficial. AGRICULTURIST. CACAO PLANTING IN SAMOA.—We have an in- teresting Jetter from a British resident in Samoa, who has begun planting eacao and who by the Tropicl Agriculturist, which he and his neigh- bours prize much, has been induced te send to Ceylon for ‘‘ more information” which we we glad to supply. Cacao planting can never become of much importance in Samoa: to meet a local demand seems the ambition of our correspondent. Facts asour Tea, ny Dr GORDON-STABLES, C.M., R.N.—The Mazawatte Tea Company, Ltd. have issued a tastefully designed booklet, printed in green and gold, which is written by Dr. Gordon- Stables, of caravan fame, and iliuctyate4 pro- fusely by Ambrose Dudley. fhe evils of drinking cheap and common teas, which are now a matter of every-day discussion, are here dealt with in a thorongh and most interesting manner. The Doctor proves, by his own experience and ob- servation, both as a doctor and consumer of the cup that cheers, that it is not a question of the A evils of lea drinking,” but the evils of drinking bad teas,” which are to be feared and avoided, Copies of the book, which will well repay the few minutes required for its perusal, ean be had on application from the Company. “KEW BULLETIN.”—No. 132, December, 1897, has just been issued. Its contents are of unusual interest, comprising extracts from letters of Dr. Henry from unnan, in which he urges the des. _— of a botanist to Szechwan and the neigh- ourhood. The flora is very rich, extremely in- teresting, and contains many plants which would be suitable for introduction here. Perhaps the Royal Horticn|tural Society, having fallen on better days, might be induced to assist, and re- new its old lories. The introduction of Ficus elastica into Egypt promises to be a matter of im- portance as a source of rubber, The great de- mand for the timber of white Willow— for-cricket- bats !—will give rise to much thought on the of practical men, as well as of pyhilosophers ! "The fate of the pelican is detailed, but the conduct ot the gamekeeper was so abominable, that it is to be hoped he will be deprived of his gun forthwith kl Jat f f hronicle, May 14. 04 _tEA FOR Russta.—The Secretar hf Limited” sends us copy of a perl Hwee dressed to Mr. A. Philip, Secretory, Planters? Association, Kandy, as follows: — ‘ “We understand that one of the o introduction of Ceylon tea into Rise ah high duty. We therefore wrote Mr. Luther. who, ~ Director of our Factory at Revel, is not only a resi- dent in that country, but a Russian subject as well to learn if tea packed in Venesta cases could not be -got through at a lower Customs Tariff, on account of the packages being of Russian manufacture. Mr Luther writes us, that he will take the matter in hand, and try to get a reduction, not only in the Duty, but in the Railway Freight as well, if we will advise him when the next shipment of tea packed in Venesta cases is made to any Russian Port. You no donbt notice in Mr. Christie’s report that tea imported in Russian bottoms, is taken ao St. Petersburg to oscow at a reduced railwa: freight, the economy being something like 20/25 % We believe that the Russian Velunteer Fleet generally carries this cargo from Ceylon, and we would suggest that the next lot that is going b eed) ae Ge be packed entirely in pte 0 as to affor i i i experiment an occasion for making this “It would also facilitate matters, if, j f shipment, you could give us a EE bn te ‘the cargo, and tell us what the marks are, so as to have everything in readiness before the goods atrive,”’ . =F _& ne ? | | , ; . | . JULY 1, 1898,] > Pay ay =x CorresncnAence, ——_—__—__- - Zo the LEditer. COFFEE IN MEXICO BY AN CEYLON PLANTER; ALSO TOBACCO--RUBBER—CACAO. Mexico, 15th April 1898, Si1r,—Under a separate cover I send you a copy of the “Mexican Herald” and as the article referring to coffee growing in Mexico may reach you and appear in your paper, I think some explanation is necessary. The writer is evidently one of the many Americans who come here and have been disappointed as they think all they have to do is to stick ina coffee plant into the ground and allow it to take care of itself. Coffee here in Mexico with ex- perienced attention, as in the old days of Ceylon, will beat the world, both for production and quality, and the present prices or high grade coffee attest this. For production, lL have seen on estates lately visited by me, coffee trees which produced last year from trees only five to six years old, 60 lb. cf cherry or equal to 15 1b, of clean coffee. : On an adjoining property to this and under the management of Mr. E. O. Darley an old Ceylon planter, I send you the photograph of a coffee tree, two and half years from the seed with Mr. Darley standing beside it, which was topped at 44 feet, which has a crop upon it equal to 2\b. of clean cotfee. This will therefore, show what coffee will do under proper treatment in Mexico. The property I write from is jointly owned by Mr. Darley and Mr. Evans and myself. We propose this year placing a considerable area under coffee and lovk to our getting a crop of tobacco which we intend planting between the rows (and which last year we successfully ex: perimented with) for oneseason only. That wilt pay usat least fom our expense in opening up and planting our Jand. i f Tobacco cultivation in Mexico, is one of the finest paying investments in this or any other country. Whilst Rubber planting also pays hand- somely. Mexican cocoa is known all over the world and commands the highest price, Messrs. Menier & Co. of Paris securing nearly all the crop grown in Mexico. : Since I turned ny attention to Mexico, some two years ago, I have been the means of draw- ing the attention of some well-known Ceylon men t2 the country, these include Mr. John Clark, of Wattegode ; Mr. J. Fort of Eltofts, Bo- gawantalawa; whilst I enclose you the photographs of Messrs. P. F. Hadowand C. O. Naftel taken on this property. These four gentlemen have all been in this country. Mr. Sackville has lately paid a visit to Mexico in the interest of a Syn- dicate in London, headed [ understand by Mr, James Sinclair of Dimbula. I may mention that outside of Mr. E. O. Darley being in Mexico there arealso atthe present time Mr. R. E. Pineo and Wm. Forsyth late of Lindula both of whom are looking out for investments, in- this country. I may alsO state that Mr. Wickham paid a visit to Mexico some few weeks ago, so it will be seen sonie considerable attention is being taken by Ceylon men in Mexico. ; I consider this country offers unusual in- ducement to planters of experience. Land is of ) EX- re ye THE TPROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 33 the best and cheap. Whilst labour is moderately. . plentiful. Although if extensive areas are placed under tropical products labour will require to be drawn from Japan. There are already some Japa- nese labourersin Mexico and they work most satis- factorily, their rate of wages being for men ls per day,woimen 6d to 9d. and boys and girls less. I shail be glad to hear irom any Ceylon plan: ters who should think of turning their attention to this country. WM. LAING MALCOLMSON, Late of Campion Estate, Bogawantalawa. We quote the essential part as follows :— COFFEE IN MEXICO, (From the Mewican.) All the coast States of Mexico south of the 25 deg. are suitable for coffee cuiture, and the finest plane tatioas are found about Vera Cruz on the east coast, — the States of Colima and the Michoacan on the West coast, and the Isthmus of Tehuantepec. One of the most successful coffee growers in the ~ republic gives his experience in its culture as follows :— “When I came to Mexico, ten years ago, I had $20,960 in gold which, by the way, is as small a sum as anyone should ever undertake the business with. Most of the failures in the coffee business, and they are many, are due to the fact that the parties have insufficient means to wait from five to seven years before realizing anything from the crop. I had had some experience in coifee-growing in the Hawaian Islands, previous to coming to Mexico,and . learned some very dear lessons there, haying planted ~ my trees at too low an elevation, and lost the entire plantation from the rust which prevails at an altitude of from 1,020 to 2,000 feet above sea level, where most of the plantations located in former days. “T selected 500 acres of land in the State of Ver® _ Cruz, among the primeval forest, at an elevation of 3,000 feet, paying $12°50 in Mexican silver per acre. — The land was a rich loam, rather rocky, and cost me $8 per acre to clear. Thus, you see, the first outlay, was about $10,250. I left ‘trees at a distance of about twenty-five feet, as they were large, and I calculated that one tree would shade three or four coifee plants. Ail of the land was on a side* hill, where drainage would be good, thus preventing too much dampness about the roots of the plants. I selected young plants from a nursery, paying about $800 for suiticient plants formy 500 acres of ground. Of course, the cost was much higher than ten years ago than now, The distance at which to set trees is a mooted question, some claiming that they may be set as close as three and one-half feet, others ~ say that the proper distance is eight to ten feet. - In India and Ceylon the average distance is six feet, with the trees topped at about four feet. In Guatemala they are set at about nine feet 7 and the trees allowed to attain their naturat % height of about twenty feet. Hach planter has his- own opinion, but from my experience, Iam convinced ° that ten feet is the proper distance in this State, where the conditions are somewhat different from the west coast or the Isthmns of Tehuantepec I set > my trees in holes eighteen inches deep by eighteen inches square, carefully removing all stones and roots from the surrounding soil. be holes were left open tor about three weeks, and the plants placed in them just at the beginning of the rainy season. “When the trees attained the sge of eighteen months, I had them topped to a height of four feet, which caused them to throw ont more yigorous branches, and from these sprang “suclrers,”’ most of which I had removed. It requires a good deal of ex- perience to understand the principles of successful pruning, that is, to remove all supeifisons wood and eave such branches as will produce the best crop. In the work of pruning comes one of the greatest ob , 34 THE TROPICAL stacles to be met with in coffee culture in Mexico. The ordinary peon laborer will cut and slash the tree indiscriminately if not carefully watched, and they sometimes totally ruin tke next year’s crop. The work of weeding and keeping the soil free from grasses which grow so Inxuriautly in this climate, is very arduous and expensive. ‘‘ The total cost of bringing my 500 acres of coffee trees to maturity, that is, the fifth year afver planting was about $18,0U0 in Mexican silver, which sum in- cluded my living expenses and the buildings erected on my plantation. The first crop that 1 gathered averaged half a pound per tree, which [ sold for 16 cents a pound, gold. The fourth year the production Was one and one-quarter pounds, and the fifth year showed a trifle over two pounds per tree, which has been the average production for the past five years. I have never lost a crop, andiny trees areall healthy and the plantation is in the best possible condition. The life of a coffee tree is about thirty years. In the twenty-fifth year about one-half of the trees should be taken up and the ground replanted to young trees. This, of course, cuts the planter'’s income down to oue-half for the ensuing five years, but insures the original income for the next twenty years thereafter. My income for tne past five years from my 500 acres of trees has averaged $40,000, Mexican silver, from which, deducting the cost of curing the crop and care of the land, about $19,000, leaves me a clear income of $21,000, which I consider a good invest- ment for my $20,0.0 Mexican silver. There are many men in Mexico who haye enormous incomes from their coffee plantations, and all the cld plantations are making money. On the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, which is the ideal coffee-growing country of Mexico, personally know dozens of men whose incomes range from $10,000 to $60,000 per year. It is only the inexperienced growers and those who began with- out sufficient capital and with no knowledge of the language or labor conditions who are crying about there being no profit in the business.” ith the exception of maize, coffee forms the most remunerative of Mexico’s agricultural producte. During the past year Mexico sold to the United States 32,387,823 pounds of coffee, worth in gold $4,880,895, as compared with but 18,959,467 pounds, worth $3,179,578 in gold in the corresponding period of the pre- vious year. Thus, the ayeraye value of Mexican coffee during 1895 was 16'77 cents a pound, and 15°06 in 1897. THE TEA PLANTING INDUSTRY AND ECONOMY. April 29. S1k,—A worm will turn when trodden on ur- mercifully, but it is something out of the common to find a planter rounding on the big-wigs of Colombo and London. Having a fellow-feeling for “An Unfortunate Shareholder” in the Observer of the 28th inst., and thinkng that it is about time some one should resent Lue one- sidedness of this economical wave which has been sweeping over Ceylon for some time past I teel constrained to give that unfortunate my moral pupport if nothing else. : 1 have no wish to single out any one particular concern, but I was surprised to see that Hugh (said to’ be of The Rock) having got the sow by the right ear, allowed himself to be ground to pieces like so much rotten old red sand- stone. It does seem strange there should be such exceeding great extravagance in local and London charges as also in palatial new factories in face of what we are told is something little short of a crisis unless it pays the wire pullers or some one to have it so. ier I am not the only one who has felt inclined to » kk the jocal Press if they were subsidised. by ,.¢ Company Mongers of London and Colombo ; AGRICULTURIST. [JuLY 1, 1898, for all along it has been the happy-go-lucky days of 20 per centareover, aud now you planters have ot to work just as ii we'd been playing the fool for years, and the 20 per cent liad earned itself, A lucky gainbler in the tea world takes a rnn out to Ceylon to escape the winter as he’s got a liver. The trip spelis profit as well as pleasure to him, but it’s rongh on the planter. Peter Dick promptly gets the sack and Randy Simple gets the supervision of the Cock of the North Estate, some 500 acres, on the handsowe addition of K50 per mensem to his salary and a conductor as resident manager. It’s only half-a-dezen miles away, however, so Sandy can easily visit his outlying charge as well as his factory, at least twice a day and pive special care and attention to his manufaetare, with the view of improving his prices which some cracked old musical instrument in the shape of a Chairman of Directors in London wil assure his shareiolders is very probable; but is it. right of the local Press to applaud pranks of this sort and call it trne and far-seeing economy ? When coffee went to the wall what a rumyjus there was over return commissions and such dike little swindles, and [am much mistaken if when the tea pot begins to boil over, we don’t have a high old dhoby’s day once aguin. Do you know if our local Brokers get the one per cent which their memos, so segu- larly show? I'd like to know this and lots of other things, but enough for the piesent,— Yours faithfully, A POOK PLANTER, MANURING OF TEA. May 2. Sir,—A perusal of Mr. Banr’s letter suggests a doubt whether the writer has any practical know- ledge of mauring in Ceylon. or of the conditions that obtain in the planting districts. While it would be a pity if any veally valuable theories were lost to the planting community, it would equally be a matter of regret if any eon- siderable section were lel astray by Mr. Banur's somewhat specious arguments. In the face of the experiments condneted by eminent scientists on the Continent, ne one would be prepared to deny that micro-organisms increase the natural sources of nitrogen ; but consider what are the actual ascertained facts disclored by Mr. Baur and upon which he builds his whole theory of manuring . Experiments carried on at a “ French Agricul- tural, Station” demonstrated that in a temperate climate the quantity of so!nbie nitrate was least in winter and most in autumn; but these facts are of little valne to us in Ceylon where the climatic conditions are altogether different. Even assuming that Mr. Baur is rightin answer- ing in the negative his own question that ‘‘ the production of nitrates in our soils during the year is inferior to that at home,” does it necessarily follow that the nitrates formed remain in our soil? As one of the functions of the micro-organism, we are informed, is to convert atmosphorie nitro- gen, its habitat must be on the surface and the | nitrates it produces beside it. What then he- comes of the micro-organism when a heavy shower of rain falls and washes away the surface soil? {it is much to be feared that this useful little creature and all bis works are deposited in the nearest drain! : ] But most people will not be disposed to waste much sympathy on micro-organisms, until acyual ‘ JULY 1, 1898.] THE TROPICAL experiments in Ceylon prove that they exist in sufficient numbers to be beneficial to the soil. At present we have uo knowiedge on this point, anil Mr. Banr's arguments are based on an airy theory thas may, or may not, be ultimately substantiated.—I am sir, your obedient servant, EX-PLAN TER. BUG. Colombo, May 2. Deir Sir,—Daring a recent holiday trip to Kandy, I noticed with much .alwzm that Jantana between Kadugannawa aud Kandy wasiu places badly attacked with mealy bug and was being killed. On enquiry I learnt that the same thing is noticeable further north as well. Kaowing with what rapidity fangoid and josect pests spread from uncultivated into cultivated lands, I was surprised to find that so far no notice whatever has been taken of this pest. What with low prices, the numerous enemies of the tea plant, and the yet undiscovered enemy of cacac, one would think the upeountry planter had enough to contend with. How isit besits with folded hands, and takes no steps to ward off a great and possible danger ? Should not the Planters’ Association take the matter up, and ask Government to legislate for clearing and burning of all waste bug-iafected lands? Prevention is better than cure.—Yours truly, B. MfALY MR. HUGHES ANO MR. BAMBER’S VISIT. Analytical Laboratory, 79, Mark Lane, London E-€.;,. May 20: GRNPLEMEN, —Mr. M. Kelway Bamber, whose name must be well-known by Tea Planters, on account of his excellent book on the “Growth and Manufacture of Tea,” called upon me this week prior to his departure today per P. and O. “ Victoria” for India via Colombo and Calentta. I understand he has to keep an important ap- pointment in Caleutta, so will probably not re- main lone in Ceylon on his outward voyage ; though if necessary could arrange to make a stay on his homeward voyage. : He appears to me to have given mach attention to the manufacture of tea and I feel sure could give planters considerable information, especially in regard to the final operations, such as the temperature and length of time best adapted to firing. : : As regards myself, T am very busy in con- nection with Ceylon, much more so than I have ever been before. I have also samples of coffee soil from Central Airiea sent me at the suggestion of the Director of the Botanic Gardens at Kew. 1 have also samples of Ceylon tea now being exhaustively analysed with a view of ascertaia- ing if possible how fir differences in market value are due fo differences of soil and situation or to differences ilu «ne manufacture. {t is very interesting _to me to see that at last planters are recoguising the advantage of making a c:reful inquiry into these important points, and [ need hardly add that every, effort on my part will be made to assist in the im- provement of the eultivation and manufacture of Ceylou tea.—Believe me, yours faithfully, JOHN HUGHES. TEA IN AMERICA. LETTER FROM MR. MACKENZIE. Kandy, May 27. Sir,—I enclose a Jetter from Mr. William Mae- kenzie, which he has sent to the Chairman for AGRICULTURIST. 35 publication, as it will interest all.—I am, sir, yours faithfully, A. PHILIP, Secretary to the Thirty Committee. New York, February 1898. To the Chairman of the Committee of Thirty, Dear Srir,—I have not yet heard who has been elected, but I trust you are well posted in the history of this mission, and have been taking an interest in the matter hitherto. If not, names I may mention, and references to different methods and schemes, will be obscure to you. You ave doubtless aware that the method I sug: gested to the Committee three yeais ago was to assist strong firms who were putting theirown energy and capital into the business. I advised having little or nothing to do with the many who founded claims on such fanciful reasons as that they had been in Ceylon, or had friends there; that they have been engaged under Sir J. Grinlinton; that they were the first who intro- duced Ceylon tea into America (wonderful what a number of the very first IT met)? I enquired into the position and standing of many of those, and found they were generally failures who had tried inany things, but had not sueceeded with any. The Committee agreed with me that the Fund was not a Benevolent Society, or a Pension Fund, and that *‘ BARNACLES” should have no place on it. When I first went to America in a position to work, in August 1895 (my previous visit was to enquire and report), I found American Houses averse to handling our tea. They had much capita! invested in establishments in China and Japan, they had a good business in the teas the peop!e were in the habit of drinking ; and they saw no reason for dving pioneer or missionary work, on behalf of an article whose introduction could only be at the expense of their existing business. I was thus thrown back on the few strong English Houses who were endeavouring to push Ceylon teas in the States and Canada. In addie tion to these, I tried a few small traders as a lever to move the larger American dealers. But one by one, these ‘‘ went under”’—not having the reqnisite capital or ability. : In Canada I found one firm pushing our teas energetically, and advertising Ceylons as superior to all others. Several rivals of this firm on whom 1 called, vowed vengeance on them, and expressed their intention of breaking them, as they objected to their disturbing the business in.Chinas and Japans. For a year, I paid a small proportion of this firm’s advertising. Find- ing then that their trade had made great pro- gress, and that their rivals instead of crushing them, were all themselves advertising Ceylon teas I withdrew all support from this Canadian work. This firm’s brand is now the chief of 19 Ceylon packets, being advertised in hundreds of papers in Canada. But even in Canada there is still a consumption of about 11 million lb. of Japan teas yearly, chiefly among the French Canadians, and of poor cheap con- gous in the thinly-peopled Eastern settlements, {t would perhaps be good policy to spend some money in endeavouring to persuade those people to try our Teas. I need not here repeat what I have so fre- quently written, as to how the efforts of the English Houses, coupled with the very extensive Advertising we have been doing, gradually weak- ened the conservatism of several of the Ameri- 36 THE TROPICAL can importers, until we now number many such among allies. ‘These firms employ many tra- vellers who call on the grocers, and supply them with stocks of ‘Tea, Coffee, ete. Instead of urging the grocers not to hold our Teas as was the case two or three years ago, these tra- vellers now show them samples of Ceylons, and insist on leaving a case of packets, put up by their American employers, for exhibition on the shop counters. Lam safe I thinkin saying, that there are eight to ten thousand shops in the large towns between New York and Chicago, where Ceylon and Indian teas are sold, and that three or four thousand of them have the words ‘*Ceylon Tea” in large white letters on their window. The word ‘‘ Ceylon” must be read many times a day by all who frequent the marketing quarters of Chicago, Buffalo, Pitsburgh, Detroit, Rochester, Cleveden, Boston, New York, Brooklyn, Philadel- phia, ete. : In the West too, beyond Chicago,—Tetley, Lipton, and some Chicago houses, are gradually pushing our Teas in Kansas City, Cincinnati, Re Louis, Denver, St. Paul ete. ete. In all these cities, advertising and demonstrations are being done. Two Indian Houses have helped Ceylon very materially by holding stocks, circulating samples, etc. I think it a pity that the strong Colombo Firms have not seen their way to help us more than they have done. Several have made efforts more or less successful, but in a spasmodic way. Grants have been asked for, but the Committee does: not make grants, although always glad to make grants-in-aid. I do not think it falls withia ny province to give a bonus to any firm in America, merely because a Colombo firm re- coliinends it--on the ground of the shipment of a few thousand lb. of ‘fea. ‘The American or Colombo firms must show that they are them- selves spending money in advertising or pushing our ‘eas. Sofac Mr. Webster alone has satisfied the conditions on which grants-in-aid are made. Figures frequently published bave shown the progress Intherto made. What is to be our position this year I cannot tell. During my recent visit to Chicago, Pittsburg and other towns, frequent complaints were made of the difficulty of ‘selling our teas with coffee down to 4d per lb., and the opinion generally held seemed to be, that we could not do as well in 1898 as we did in’ 1897. In any case we must persevere for another year, as if we stop now, the United States’ dealers would certainly relapse to a greap extent to China Tea, as the difference in ex- change gives that country so great an advantage. In Canada our position is more secure. But we must not forget that as in England and Australia, so in America, there are only a few millions lb. more of China BLACK Tea to be displaced. Against such tea our progress has been comparatively easy. but the vast bulk of the tea used in America is green or unfer- mented tea. To convert Americans from wnfermented to fermented tea would be a long and costly pro-- cess. The present generation cf planters would ay the: piper, without seciug much of the enefit, whether or not Ceylon men _ care to make the tea, the Americans drink, is for them to say. I can but repeat what I pre- viously said, that a few million lb. taken off the London market would greatly relieve the ten- sion there, fae! - ‘in the district during the lasi three years. Jury 1, 1898, I have no new suggestions to make. Jf {we - are to go on I would advise continuing to help and stimulate those who are using their ow energy and capital in the work; at the same time keeping up our general advertising in the magazines and daily papers,—the ecireulating .as hitherto of cards, leaflets, ete., and of demons- trations at all good FoodShows, Bazaars, and Social Entertainments. Yours truly, WM. MACKENZIE. AGRICULTURIST. FURTHER LETTER FROM MR, MACKENZIE, Kandy, May 3th. Sir,—At Mr. Lane’s request I enclose a further letter he has received trow Mr. William Mae- kenzie.—I am, sir, Your obedient servant, A. PHILIP, Secretary to the Thirty Committee. Colombo, May 26th, 1898. Dear Lane,—In a letter which appeared a few = ago it was said, | sent no annual report. have done so each year. That I write occa- sionally to some official of the Planters’ Associa- tion, I have written almost weekly to the Chair- man of the Thirty Committee. I have been accused of giving no information, as to reci- pients of subsidies. My accounts shew names in every case. Besides everything, save stamps and wires, is paid by cheques and the account docs not stand in my name, and is always open to the Chairman. The Bank will at any time furnish a copy. There is no secret service money in our work. In a leader in yesterday’s ‘‘Times” we are told we should not attempt to make “ greens” because we cannot make them similar to Japans. Our ‘‘ blacks” are not sinilar to Chinas, yet we are displacing them, notwithstanding difference in exchange, just because of the dissimilarivy ! Again Mr. Blechynden is diametrically opposed to ine in this matter. He was, but, is now very enthu- siastic over the success of some green samples from {ndia. Of several firms to whom those samples were shown, jive offered to take the whole crop. Of course the firms able to exploit the Pacific slope rops up. But I have not yet heard of their offer to ‘‘put up” some of their own money, I have had several offers to do it from men who were convinced they were in a better position than any other to undertake the work, but who always to meet the test of their own CAPITAL as well as ENERGY. All wished go on the old principle of ‘‘ your money and our brains.”— Yours truly, (Signed) W. MACKENZIE. LIBERIAN COFFEE STILL PROSPEROUS IN SERDANG, SUMATRA. Sir,—In your issue of 6th inst., yon throw me a sort of of challenge as to Tea v. Coffee on the East Coast of Sumatra. You say, ‘‘How does Mr. Mackenzie, explain Mr. Baker and his Dutch Superiors ° abandoning Liberian Coffze for Tea?’’ My reply is short. I don’t attempt to explain it, becanse I know nothing of the estate or the circumstances. Further: my little confidences to yon have all beea’ from, and of, Serdang ; and Serdang only. Mr. Baker’s estate is in Deli or Langkat. However, as you ’ve got me on the war-path, let me repeat my conviction that Serdang, acre for acre, will be one of the finest Liberian Coffee producing districts in the Hast. I hope shortly to give you some account ofsthe progress made Mean- | JuLY 1, 1898] THE TROPICAL time note the following. About six months ago, I met a planter from the native States over here on a visit. He reluctantly admitted that the coffee in the Peninsula was not better than what he had seon here. Secondly: a friend of mine visited Selangor a few weeks ago and returned fully con- vinced that his property was on the right side of the water. He is a Serdang proprietor, Thirdly: a Selangor resident, not a planter, was through the length and breadth of this district a few days ago ; and he said without fear, favour or intimidation, that the coffee here struck him as looking finer than that in Selangor. The soil here must be richer than that across the narrow, though deep, strip of water that divides Sumatra from the Malay Peninsula : and to anybody who reads Wallace’s: Malay Archi- pellago or Island Life, the explanation is as clear as mud in a wine-glass. Wherever one goes the richness of the soil strikes one, and I can’t hel recalling a saying of old John Scott, who die near Nuwara Eliya a few years ago. I asked him about something or other growing ina certain kind of soil. His idea of its productive powers was summed up in his emphatic answer. “ Graw, mon, graw ?”” he roared, ‘‘stick yer pipe into the groon’ an’ it ’ll graw terbacker!” So it is here. The Stngapore Free Press of 13th inst. quotes Liberian coffee at $17:°50 per pikul—the quotation having been $17—for many weeks. I have all along held that prices will recover in the course of time, South America having cut her own throat by over- yroduction. She has tried the same game before; but this time she has gone parlous near the jugular. Who will give us reliable figures of S. America’s cost of production? Surely she cannot stand against the cheap labour of the Hast ? A gentleman largely interested in coffee in the Malay Peninsula writes as follows:—Afcer referring to “retrenchment” tactics—“ Personally I am in- clined to think the present a good time for capital to be invested, feeling confident thatin a couple of years’ time there will be a change for the better, for the simple reason that the low prices will induce a larger consumption. It is a question whether Brazil can afford to go on at these prices.” Them’s my sentiments to a T: or should I not rather say, to a Coffee ? W. TURING MACKENZIE. Daisydale, Lohopakam, O. K. Sumatra, 24th May, 1898. P.S.—I should mention that my last-named cor- respondent is not ‘on the sell—_ W. T. Mx. MANURING OF TEA vs. CHEAP PRODUCTION. Dear Sir,—In my previous letters I have drawn attention to the natural sources of nitrogen due to micro-organisms in fixing and converting the atmos- pheric nitrogen and in reducing the organic nitro- gen already present in the soil into nitrates, the form in which nitrogen is taken up by plants. . I have pointed out the conditions under which the formation of nitrates is going on, conditions that are rendered specially favorable by our climate: an even and warm temperature and a good and well distributed rainfall. I have further pointed out how the formation of these nitrates can be increased artificially by loosening the soil, in bringing it in contact with the oxigen of the air and by making it more retentive for water. The conclusion drawn therefrom was that only small quantities of nitro- genous manures were needed for our tea crops. I would now approach the subject afresh and state that where those climatic conditions are fairly ful- filled I see no reason why any nitrogenous manures should be needed at all. To support my theory it is necessary that I should place before the reader the researches which of late years have been made at home with a view of ascertaining the composition of drainage waters t.c. Water that had filtere1 through the soil. As AGRICULTURIST. 37 reviously mentioned, the nitrates have a dep- orable habit: contrary to what takes place with the other elements of fertility like phosphoric acid and potash, the nitrates are incapable of being fixed or retained in the soil. The loss of nitrates ina soil covered with vegetation is very small but in a soil, devoid of vegitation they are carried off with the water that filters throngh it. Therefore in analysing the composition of the drainage water it iseasy to calcu- late the amount of nitrates formed in a given soil. The experiments to which I refer had been carried out on a French Agricultural station under the direction of one of the most eminent agricultural chemists of the day, and were undertaken with soils of totally different character and which had not been preyi- ously manured. The average quantity of nitrates found in these drainage waters amounted to the following figures, viz. :— In winter about 11 lb. of nitrogen per acre, In spring 16 Ib. 5 3 In Summer is 24 Ib. fe es Inautumn ,, 37 Ib. ” ” Total per year,, 88 lb. a i From this it will be seen that the formation of nitrates is smallest during winter; it is a little better in spring, when with the warmer temper- ature the conditions for micro-organisms become more favourable; it increases cousiderably during summer, but owing to the comparative dryness of the soil, it reaches the maximnm only in autumn. At this period the soil which had been heated during summer now also contains a fair amount of mois- ture, and thus the conditions for the micro-organisms are all the most favorable. Other experiments had been carried owt which show the influence of the aeration of the soil on the formation of the nitrates by micro-organisms. Before the analysis of the drainage waters was begun, the soil had been turned and brought thoroughly in contact with the air and afterwards was left to itself. During the first year the nitrates collected in these drainage waters amounted to about 195 Ib. of nitrogen per acre, during the second year to 71 lb. of nitrogen per acre,and during the third year to 65 lb. of nitrogen per acre. ‘Thus the utility of looseni:g the soil is clearly demonstrated. But to return to the first series of experimeuts it will be interesting to draw some practical conclusions therefrom. Theaverage quantity of nitrogen removed by a crop of cereals or potatoes at home is about 50 lb. of nitrogen per acre. This it will be seen could be amply met by the natural production of nitrates during the course of a year. If such or better crop3 cannot be grown as a_ rule without the aid of nitrogenous manures, it is owing to the fact that the bulk of those nitrates are produced at a time when they cannot be taken advantage of by the growing crop. In July and August most of the crops have already ceased to assimilate nitrogen, and it is owing to the insufficiency of the nitrates produced in the spring and early summer that the application of nitrogenous manures has to be resorted to at home. How are we now placed with regard to our staple produce? We are not tied down to particular seasons for our crop and tha plants can therefore take advantage of whatever nitrates are produced in the soil during the year. Isit likely that the production of nitrates in our soils during the year is inferior to that at home ? To suppose it, we would have to assume that our vegetation is poorer than at home. Let us there- fore examine what those838 lb. of nitrogen produced na- turally in the soil mean to our tea crop per year. We know that 400 1b. of tea take up 201b. of nitro- gen; therefore we can multiply this crop by four before we see those natural sources of nitrog2n ex- hausted by our crops. NowIdo not mean to imply that all the nitrates produced in the soil are pure gain for the plants ; but at any rate I believe I have demonstrated the fact that there is enough nitrogen for the most sample crops and that if they are denied to ya it is not for want of nitrogenous food for 38 THE TROPICAL plants, but is due to the insufficiency of some other element or elements of fertility and those which from experience we know to be almost always defi- cient are phosphoric acid and potash. — : -The planter has recognised the necessity of keeping hissoilclear from weeds in orderto render the conditions under which the micro-organisms perform their func- tion more favorably, but is it not equally important that he should make sure that the fruit of the labour of those micro-organisms—the nitrates—be not lost to the plant through the deficiency of the other ne- cessary plantfood constituents ? ; f We owe the theory of the micro-organisms to Pasteur; it is still within my memory when the dis- covery of the nitrifying organisms by Winogradsky was made at Zurich; the fixation of the atmos- pheric nitrogen through micro-organisms by. Bertholet is of still later discovery ; but it is practically only during the last few years and due to experiments some of which have already been cited by such eminent agricultural chemists as P.P. Deherain, that an entirely new light has been thrown on subjects which formerly escaped a satisfactory explanation, and that thusa better knowledge of the conditions of inducing soii fertility was brought about.—Yours faith- fully, A, BAUR, ; The Ceylon Manure Works. ——<——___—_—_- SCOTTISH CEYLON TEA COMPANY, (LIMITED. ) (Specially Reported for the ‘Tropical Agriculturist”.) Mr. H. L. Forees presided on May 12th at the ninth annual ordinary meeting of shave- holders in this Company, held at 16, Philpot Lane, London, the offices of Messrs. Lyall, Anderson & Cc., agents and secretaries, The CHAIRMAN said :—I‘he nett profits for the year amounted to £4,429 5s 8d, and adding to this the balance bronght torward from the pre- ceding year’s accounts, £1,252 7s Bil, we have £5,68b 125 11d to dispose of, Last September, you will remember, we paid an interim dividend of 5 per cent, which absorbed the sum of £2,059, and £630 has been paid on the preference shares; and we propose to pay now a final dividend of 5 per cent’ on the ordinary shares, whieh will leave us with a balance of £951 12s lid. to carry forward to the current year’s accounts. As you have been told in the report, the directors much regret that, owing to the high level ot exchange during the past year and the depressed state of the Ceylon tea market, and of the tea market generally, the results of our 1897 ‘working compare unfavourably with those of previous years. The average rate of exchange was Is 3 13/321 per rupee, against Is 915/16d per rupee, for 1896. We realized an average price of 7-956 per lb, against 8°S60d in 1896, but you will be. glad, to know that we were above the Ceylon average as regards price in the London market, which, according to Messrs. Wilson, Smitheti’s report, was rather over 72d per th. Owing vo the unfavourable weather at the close of the year our total crop fell short of expectations, the out-turn being 708,533 lb. against 72),200 Ib. for 1896 —some 12,000 Ib. less—the average yield being 415 Ib. to each acre in bearing. In addition to this we manufactured about 206 500 lbs.. of tea for other proprietors, making a total output from our factories of 914,997 lb. of made tea. Mr. iXerr,. our manager, reports that all the estates under his charge. are in a thoroughly satislactory state. I shall hive to ask you, gentlemen, to pass a vote of thanks to our staff in Ceylon AGRICULTURIST, [Juny 1, 1898 for the admirable manner in which they have looked after the Company’s interests (hear, hear,) Mr. Craib, who las charge on one of onr estates, is over here, and I regret that he is unavoid- ably absent today from our meeting, His estate has done best «dnring the year, though that, too, shows a falling-off in coniparison with 1896, I have had a Jong interview with Mr Craib about the estate’s present results and its pre- vious prosperity, and be merely says: * It will come again”’’ (hear, hear.) And I believe it will come very shortly. The high exebange and the fall in the market price tugether account for a very large som. Other factors not here mentioned must be also considered. The question of the rice IT have not put in, for Ido not believe that the rise in the cost of rice is anything but a very small matter. One year we make a little money out of it; another year we make less, But 1 dou’t think if wakes an ap- preciable difference to the dividends. The eost of our prodnetion during the last year has been rather higher than before. One of the reasons has been that labour was so scaree at the begin- ning of the year that wages went higher, and the cost of production was necessarily greater. Comparing 1897 with the previous Sear we spent about £9UC on manure and its application te the estates. Ont of this we have se far received no result, and we have the prospect of seein a return for that expenditure in. the future, may point out that w has been charged, net to capital account but to ordinary expenses. An- other thing that increased the cost of prodnetion was that thongh labour was searee we did not get the full value ont of the labour we employed that we used to get. My expeiience of the past seven years is that the coclie is scarce fo find, dear to pay, and hard to work (laughter.) He has rather deteriorated, I am afraid, and has perhaps been rather spoilt. We do not get the same day's work for the day's pay that weused to get inany day. I should not like say that the superintendents are to blame —not our own, at any rate—but in some parts of the island they have grown a bit loose, perhaps. The rises in the exchange may prove to be a blessing in dis- guise, for they may help to stop the too rapid extension of the tea industry in Ceylon, As to the cure of the present excliange trouble--ell, we should be glad to, cure it bnt [ don’t know how to go about it; in fact, nobody knows any- thing about it (laughter.) “A © Departmental Committee has been appointed by the Govers- ment, but nobody as yet knows what thie reme- dies are to be. Undoubtedly the causes of the troubie include the closing of the mints in India and the raising of the value of the rupee to the: fictitious value of ls 4d. We ave all eideayour- ing to assist the market—this Company as well, as others- and I believe that.ail the private owners of estates are also doing whatever they can. In Ceylon awe have a selt-imposed tax for the pushing of Ceylon teas into new markets, and our Indian brothers are working with us in this direction, and I hope ovr united efforts willdo- much to still more widely spread our tea over the world than itis distributed at present (lear, hear.)~ Of course, the present wars and rumours of wars. do vot help us, but we have to hope for a speedy — termination of the present coniliet. We will not- say miuch about rice. All that needs to besaid is that the famize in India is over, and that we hope it will be a very long time before we get-another one. As to the cost of production, ‘we* JULY 1, 1898:] shall all do everything that we can to keep down the cost. We must ieally try to work up the coolie to the point of giving a day’s work for a day's pay, and we must also see that his pay does not get too high. I hope all the Ceylon Com- panies will exert themselves to reduce expendi- ture, while at ths same time taking care not to interfere with efficiency. Labour is now, J be- lieve, nore plentifulin Ceylon ; if exchange keeps as high as it has. been and the prices on the London market continue to rile jaw, there isa fear that labour many beeome too plentiful, for there are many estates that. cannot keep on much longer under the presend condition of things. In the past year our Company has had to increase its expenses, but we shall now try to keep them down. The directors of this Company pro- pose that nothing shall be written off this: year for depreciation. Our capital outlay, as yon will see in the report, has been very small, and we do not think it is necessary to write anything oft. Onur reserve is, we consider, a very fair per- centage on the capital for the present, and so we do not propose to add anything to our reserve fund this year. Now as to our prospects. Mr. Kerr has sent us his estimates, which are, as usual, very carefully prepared, and he tell us that he considers them to be very safe estimates indeed. To make them stil safer we have gone into the figures very fullyoa this side, and have cut them down considerably. We have reckoned that tea will be at the prices is fetched last year, and have taken exchange at Is 4d; and working out our figures on their basis, and putting down that the crops to be harvested, according to our esti- mates,—will be harvested—ard 1 may say that Mr. Kerr is always safe in this respect—our pros- pects are considerably safer for this year than they were in the’ past year. ‘ea, from all I can hear from men who ought to know, has reached its bottom price in London’ (hear, hear). You will, I think, eonsiler that our Com- pany is in a very safe position, and the best proof of this is that after passing through a very bad year we are still able to pay 10 per cent ; and this, 1 should say, ought to give confidence to the public (applause). Mr. Topp :—A shareholder, Mr, A. L. Cross, who is unable to be present today, has written me a letter which t should like to read to this meeting, Mr. Chaizman, asit may be expressing the views of other shareholders. The CHAIRMAN :—Certainly, we shall be very glad to hear it. Mr. YTopp:—Mr. Cross writes:—‘*1 think the Directors of the Company might easily have main- tained the dividend at 15 per cent for 1897. It would only have necessitated taking some £400 from reserye, aud asthe object of this sort of fund should be to enable Companies to equalise dividends it could. have done no harm, as next -year the amount might prebably have been re- placed, and if there was then no improvement in the situation in Ceylon from the action of the Indian Governinent they (the directors) would have been able to come before the shareholders with a better ease for lowering the dividend ; whereas this drop of 5 per cent—it appears to me, whelly unnecessary—will be sure to cause the shares fo drop and to be injured in the eyes of the public. In any case, they could surely have given us 13 percent and then have carried forward a balance of £131 to next year. Why reduce the dividend so suddenly with a consider- able reserve, and keep back £951 from the THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 39 Shareholders? I certainly would have pointed these things out had I been able to at- tend the meeting.” Mr. Todd added: [| thought perhaps the Chairman might have anti- Cipated the feeling which I think is well put in the letter, and which { dare say isin the minds of many of the shareholders.” The CHAIRMAN :—I do not know that I have any reply to that, except to say that Lam my- seli the chief sufferer, (Laughter.) What jis earried forward is, surely, nota loss to the share- holders. It remains with them, and they may be very glad to have it next year. (Hear, hear,) Mr. G. G.. ANDERSeN :—1. should have thought that taking money from reserve would have had the effect of depreciating the value of the shares more. (Hear, hear.) Mr. Topp :—I hardly think that. The reserve fund is undoubtedly large, is it not? The CHAIRMAN :—I don’t think it is large enough, and I should like to add another £1,000 toit. (Hear, hear.) The larger our reserve fund the greater the value of the shares, 1 think Mr. Topp:—For my own part I do~ not of course, move to amend what is being done. "Bat perhaps we might have had 12. per cent. Mr. G. W. Paine:—I think the directors are doing quite right in paying the smaller divideud and thus taking the buil by the horns. T quite agree with their policy. Perhaps the writer of that letter is not a shareholder in other Companies, or he would have known that this course has been followelin the case of mst ae them. (Hear, hear.) ; ‘The CHAIRMAN: —[ value Mr. Cross’s Opinion : I know him well. But, cf course, we stick to our report, because we think itis best for every- one concerned. 2 Mn. R. W. ForBEs (Director) :—It is always a pity to touch the reserve fand if we can but pay a fair dividend without it. Best let the Peaate fund stand. But it unforcunately next year the same condition of things prevails the directors may, of course, have to consider the sugcestion Mr. Topp :—The fear is that it will brine down the value of the shares. a The CHAIRMAN :—That is Mr. Crosss idea I see, but I think that to do as he say would show, not strength, but weakness. Mr. Dopps:-—I would rather have had § per cent. I prefer to add to the reserve and pay a smaller dividend. (Laughter.) Sse Mr. R. W.. Forses:—That- was really one point that the directors did consider, At an rate, we thought it a pity to break up ‘ie reserve fund. The CHAIRMAN :—Mr. Cross thinks we ought to have paid more ; Mr. Dodds thinks we oughts» have paid less; Mr. Paine thinks we have done quite right. (Laughter.) I will now formally move: ‘That the report and accounts as now submitted be adopted, and that a final dividend of 5 per cent be paid, free of income tax, on aud after this date.” a Mr. R. W. Forbes seconded the motion and it was cariied unanimously. ; Mr. G. G. ANDERSON: :—I have pleasure ; proposing that’ Mr. Rk. W. Forbes be realictea a director of the Company. Mr, Forbes has been a director since the Inauguration of the Company, and that I think is suflicient induce. ment to usto re-elect him. The Company’s past record has been exceptionally good, and the future record, I hope, will be well worthy of it (hear, hear.) ? 40 THE TROPICAL Mr, DONALD ANDREW seconded the motion, which was carried. Mr. R. W. ForsEs:—I am very much obliged for your vote of confidence. I hope [ shall keep up to all that Mr. Anderson says. Mr. Topp, moved :—“ That Mr. J. B. Laurie be re-elected auditor for the ensuing year,” re- marking that Mr. Laurie had done the work very well in the pict This was seconded by Mr. G. W. PAINE, and carried. The CHAIRMAN :—I have now to move thata vote of thanks be given to the Ceylon and London staffs. I have very ined pleasure in proposing this. Your staffin Ceylon, I am sure, are quite as dissatisfied with the short-comings in the result of their endeavours to carry on the past years working of the Company success- fully as we are. But they will continue to do their very best. As to the London staff, the same can be said, only with them the disappoint- ment came all the sooner for they had the accounts sooner (laughter.) But they have shown the most praiseworthy activity in doing their best to keep your teas up to the full price in tbe market. If any of the brokers were here they would be able to say hew our staffin London has gone at them to keep prices up (hear, hear.) Perhaps that is why none of the brokers are here today, (laughter.) Mr. Dopps :—I second, that. It has struck me that there has been a grat deal of thorough- ness in carrying on the Ceylon tea industry. We owe our best thanks to all those who carry on the industry, those in Ceylon and in London as well (hear, hear.) I say this because I noticed in the Investors’ Review of May 6 an anonymous article which rather criticised the action of those responsible for the working of Tea Companies. Still, £ do not think an anonymous article like that can have much influence with the public. To ine it is a great satisfaction to have such gentlemen on the staff and on the directorate as we have in this Company, and as are to be found in so many others of the Ceylon tea Com- panies (hear, hear.) The proposition was carried unanimously. Mr. G. W. PAINE:—-1 have to propose, “That our best thanks be given to Mr. H. L. Forbes, the chairman, and his brother directors, for their able conduct of the Com- pany’s business.” I ought to thank Mr. Forbes personally for his practical remarks as to the cause of the diminution of this Company’s divi- vend. Itisreally thesame as in other Companies. The rise in exchange and the fall in markets are, I think, the osly substantial causes of the reduction. There seems little chance of reducing exchange prices at present. As to the Com- mittee appointed by the Government, do you think thereis sufficient representation of Ceylon tea Companies on the committee. The CHAIRMAN :—I don’t. Mr. Paine :—Can we not move or get our asso- ciation to move to get some one on the Committee who would represent us directly? It would be a good thing (hear hear). Mr. G. G. ANDERSON :—Lord George Hamilton said in the House that the reference to the Com- mittee had been completed, and that the Con- stitution of the Committee could not be altered. The name of Sir John Muir was mentioned as that of one who was largely interested in the Indian and Ceylon tea industry. ‘The CHAIRMAN :—Ceylon proposed Mr. Christie, . as you know, of course. One gentleman is on the Committee who met me the other day and AGRICULTURIST. (JuLy 1, 1898 confessed he knew little about the question, and said he would be glad to have some views on the subject (a laugh). I said I would be only too happy to let him have our views (lear, hear), and I shall certainly take the opportunity in the interests of this Company and of Ceylon Com- panies generally to do everything I can to send information and views to this gentleman. He seemed to be very anxious to get any informa- tion and to have the expression of Ceylon views generally—and Indian as well, of course—and I'll take care he has all I can give him (hear, hear). Mr. TopD:—Perbaps you can give evidence. I second Mr. Paine’s proposition. The proposition was carried, and the Chairman briefly replied. Mr. Dopps :—You said, sir, that the coolies were “bought and sold,” (laughter.) I hope you don’t mean that literally (laughter.) I should not like any misunderstanding on coast advances to get spread about through what may be reported of our meeting in the papers. The CHAIRMAN having explained the cvast advance system, amid much laughter, the proceed- ings closed. - -—@—_ ———— PRODUCE AND PLANTING. Divipenvs.—When two ably administered Indian tea companies fail to aieiaie the same high rate of dividend as in previous years, it is evidence that tea planters have had more than crdinary difficulties to contend with of late. The Assam Company has been paying 20 per cent dividends since 1894, but for 1897 the rate is only 174 per cent. ‘The out- turn of the Jhanzie Tea Association has proved 202,909 lb. less than the estimate and 142,816 Ib. short of the 1896 total. The prices realised were somewhat more favourable, but this was, of course, more than counterbalanced by the shortfall. Low ExcHance In Curns,—Although the export trade of China, as a whole, has benefited by low exchange there was no apparent effect on the tea trade during 1897. In spite of a further falling off in the shipments of tea, the value of the exports for 1897 exceeded that of 1896 by over 32 million taels. The year 1895 held the record with the valaue- of Hk. Tis. 143,293,211, but 1897 has beaten this easily and stands at Hk. Tls. 163,501,358, which nearly doubles the figures for 1887, although at that time the tables included the exports from Formosa. The increase is not due to an exceptional demand for a particular article, and almost every item, except tea, has shared in the expansion. Tue Tea Trave or Nincpo.—We gather from the consular report that the total trade of the port of Ningpo fer 1897 fell off to the extent of £206,376. Practically the whole of the decrease occurred under the head of exports. It is accounted for by the opening of Hangchow as atreaty port, and the consequent com- plete diversion of Fachow teasand the partial diversion of Pingsuey teas.—H. and C. Mail, May 20. —————— PROFESSOR DEWAR caused a good deal of amuse- ment at the Royal Institution of Friday night, last week, by producing a milk can, which he had filled with liquid air, and pouring the finid out, just as one would the more familiar sub- stance milk. A few years ago, he said, liquid air could only be obtained by the pint, now a — gallon of it could be produced with the greatest ease, owing to the improvements in the apparatus for its manufacture. Professor Dewar remarked that many industrial and commercial uses for liquid air had been found, and as production was cheapened further applications its would be sought for.— » British and Colonial Druggist, April 8, * Jury 1, 1898.) PLANTATION PROPERTY AND VARIED “PRODUCTS IN CEYLON: ENCOURAGEMENT TO YOUNG PLANTERS. There is much truth in one remark made au the record of Rajawella estate wiich we pub: lished 2s the introduction to our June ae Tt is to the effect that no owner shoul ever despair about plantation Proper in Ceylon. Even when threatened with aban¢ on ment on account of the failure of a particular product, il desperandum should be his motto. Tf his be a fair average estate with no excep- tional drawbacks, he nay comfortably adopt Mr. Micawber’s philosophy and feel sure * something will turn up.” Such is the moral read ee history of ups and downs on the Rajawe la estate in the valley of Dumbara. But there are far more striking vicissitudes in the history ot old coffee estates than any experienced in Dum- bara where the rich scil has always given an advantage in trying one product after another. In the early ‘‘eiglties’ the most miserable man in Ceylon was said to be he who ‘owned a coffee estate’ and who could not get rid of it and its mortgage burdens. And yet those who Gonsidered themselves fortunate enough to get clear by transferring their property for, com- paratively, 66> mere song,” were no doubt ten years later, envying their aforesaid ‘miserable neighbours who having had, perforce, to worry along, found their land advance amazingly in value in the “tea era,’ Now again, we have a check—a swing of the pendulum, 80 it has ever been in ‘‘the planting history of Ceylon. Every ten or eleven years, (as if in correspondence, with the sun-spot cycles), there has come round a term of depression, sometimes serious and pro- longed ; at other times less severe and temporary. Let us hope that to the latter velongs the present check to the Tea Enterprise. ‘ But our subject today is the consideration of certain products which ought to be more and more tried in certain suitable districts as supple- mentary to tea. In connection with the review of our great industries for our ‘Handbook and Directory,” we have been applying to certain representative planters, Visiting Agents and Man- agers, for their experience and opinions of alter- native products and a good deal of valuable in- formation has been the result. We have already dealt with ‘‘Para Rubber,” which, by many, 1s considered the most important of coming products, but which is limited by an altitude of 500 feet, for clearings, as only under exceptional circum- stances should planting be tried up to 1,000 or 1,200 feet above sea-level. It is therefore a low- country product. Still it is satisfactory to know that apart from the extensive plantings In Halu tara and other maritime districts, in Kelani Valley and especially in Kurunegala, not a little has been done in Matale and Dumbara and still more in divisions of Uva. An interesting and successful experiment is that, found on one of the Monaragala estates, from which no doubt neigh- pouring planters will take courage. On Balan- oda clearings a great deal of Para Rubber has heen put in and we hope it will succeed in spite of the elevation in some insfances, being above that recommended. It is well to remember that experiments, a good many years ago, were not confined to one or two estates or even one or two districts, and although unnoticed, because in most cases the trees have been utilised for seed only, our district returns for Directory seem to shew that there is the equivalent of over 1,000 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 41 acres covered with rubber on private plantations, apart from the plantings of the;Forest Depart- ment and the Botanie Gardens; but then this includes clearings or plantings of the now dis- carded Ceara Rubber which, in Dumbara, is proving by no means an unprolitable tree. With the Manila trade disorganised, something ought to be done in ‘Fibres’ and we see the New Zealand flax trade is likely to revive and extend. This same New Zealand flax (Phormium tenax) grows well in Uva, and a clearing might not come amiss: but abt present the more valuabe ‘“*Ramie”’ claims attention ; and while the low- country again would seem to be 1avourite, there is no reason why it should not be tried higher up—only it wants good soil. We regard to tnd a consensus of opinion and experience unfavour- able to any revival of coitee, even of the Liberian variety in Ceylon. The extremely plucky and in eresting experiment with 120 acres of Liberian in the Kelani Valley cannot be pronounced a success ; the trees which blossom and get the same set as weil as carry crop till it ripens, are few and far between and leaf disease is often ram- pant; so that the proprietors have had to pro- tect themselves by planting tea (3 by 34 ft.) between the coftee. So, from Matale and else- where, we have unfavourable accounts of Libe- rian coffee: when planted with cacao, the latter is almost invariably the successful product. Here is one report from «a practical quarter ;— “We tried Liberian coffee with cacao—planted at the same time. A rich piece of soil with situation and everything favourable but no good. It is now 3 to 4 years old, and is nearly killed out every now and then by leaf disease and green bug.” On the other hand it is cheering to have such good accounts of our old staple this year from most of the divisions of Uva: crops up to 5,000 or 6,000 bushels on individual estates, are spoken of, if the season continues favourable; and it is hard to say whether if the lady-bird experiment in Coorg and Mysore prove successful, the same might not save and perpetuate coffee in Uva, where even now there are some 7,590 to 8,000 acres out of 12,0U0 acres of Coffeea Arabica re- maining in the island. One of the oldest bits of coffee in Ceylon inust be that on ‘‘the rocky field” of Asgeria between Vicarton Gorge in Matale West—which we visited in 1869 with Abercromby Swan and Charles Forbes. It is planted up with cacao; but continues to give occasional good crops. The interesting experiment begun in Dum- bara some years ago of plantine coffee for catch ‘‘crops” with cacao is still, we find, continued. Coorg seed was used cn Kondesalle estate as supposed to be disease-proof—a vain delusion—but good crops were got for a few years, till in the fourth year or so, the Cacao began to overpower the Coffee and the crop from the latter became a strageling one and rapidly fell off. Here is a report from Dumbara on the subject, of some interest :— “Re cottee planted in 1892 from Coorg seed the coffee is not doing mnch now as the cacao which was planted along with it has taken up all the ground. Suckers were left on the trees some two or three years ago, and the lateral branches began to die back owing to cacao. They are now very healthy, but of course don’t give much crop as the shade is too dense for it. Nothing is now done to the trees, and they are leit to grow like native coffee. It gave last year only about 4 cwt per acre. Lhe cofive, as you know, was only planted xs “catch” crop. In 1894-95 another field was planted with coffee, cacao and coconuts. Cacao and coconuts are doing well, ‘The coffee looks very - > 49 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST, ut only gave a little over 1 cwt per acre Hee Oa In J aan and July 1897 another clearing was planted in coffee and coconuts (cacao now be- ing planted in it.) The young coffee trees are doing very well and have now a sma!l crop on them. As to Cacao—of which there are now over 21,000 acres in Ceylon, an increase of 3,000 acres in 24 years—the reports are generally favour- able; and if only Mr. Carruthers is enabled to show the planter how to deal with its present enemies in certain districts, the industry should rapidly increase in importance. [Even as it is, where care is taken to plant the stronger variety on good soil, there is not much to fear. Here is an encouraging Matale :eport :—_ ; “Cacao is doing very well. First clearings all common ied are now four to five years old, fine growth and uno signs of disease so far. Sab- sequent clearings all Forestero and very little else being planted now and anywhere. The disease is said not to flourish west of the north road, but no dependence can be placed in this. Grub moved round about in much the same way in the old days. This, it will be observed, refers to Matale ; but we have equally good reports from the other end of the country, say Monaragala, v here cacao fields are quite healthy and bearing well. Cacao in the lower diyjsions and cardamoms on the higher slopes of the Monaragala Tange seem to prosper; while, as already mentioned, Para rubber is not behind. Here is how one shrewd proprietor and Inspector of Estates sums up the situation :— “Accepting cacao as a success and well worth growing, I think Para Rubber is the coming new product, but it should not be planted much above 500 feet and unless one has sufficient command of seed to open a considerable tract it should be con- fined to existing estates where it can be introduced economically.” At We have already quoted the opinion of another Visiting Agent with exceptional experience of Rubber to the effect that 50 trees per acre of Para rubber among tea can do no harm ; while in some situations (with good soil and plenty of rain) he would go up to 100 trees with con- fidence. There is an increasing tendency among European managers—for Companies especially— to plant coconut palms in cacao, eoflee and even in some tea clearings in certain districts. Dumbara, Kurunegala, Kelani Valley and Kalu- tara are the favourite districts , but there is also a good deal done in this way in Matale, and in districts around Kandy ; and managers are generally satisfied with the growth so far, Ramie is being tried in Dumbara and the soil shonld be very suitable ; but a rainfall of 60 to 70 inches is scarcely enongh. ; ; Of other and minor products, we should like to see a little more done with “ Kola,” of which so far only patches have been tried, bus with success, in Matale. A great deal more ought certainly to be done in Pepper and we cannot understand why experiments are not freely made in Kegalla and Kelani Valley, seeing the large crops that used to be collected there for the Dutch, over a hundred years ago. A Matale experiment interests us very much : i re grow one case on shade pepper is there grown in Q a trees of a cacao field, and the spice now roth bears and sells well. The example ought to be “freely followed. Then what abent Vanilla? *T i rite ‘ew lonist—‘‘ tnere is believe” —writes one shrewd co money in vanilla round Kandy and Matale.” A good deal is being done in Dumbara where a report tells us :— “Vanilla is being extended as much as we can and is promising, but so far we have only a few [Jvry 1, 1898. acres, This plant and the curing uire a great deal of care pe the cultivation po Eee be un- Gertaken ona large scale.” That is true; and garden in Ceylon on t yet arhy jot J. vanilla i@ scale follow ib per ant- little Seychelles? At any rate, let young p ers of the right stamp industries, take heart. them and several of th , on the look-out for new There is a choice before e products mentioned are decidedly promising. As stuiking out a new line altogether we must qu recommendations from colonists for the benef is onein the shape of ote two more opinions or experienced and successful it of younger men. Here en enguiry :— “Don't you think that the voy great demand for ne Tw castor cake in Crylon y vith tk ct that the castor plant grows s0 well, should make the growing of the latter a paying concern ?” While the other re marks that it would, he believes, pay well to “ plant timber trees (casna- rina) for fuel on \ Colombo, &e¢.” This vaste land aecessible to reminds us that in the “sixties,” an Uva planting proprietor made a good thing by planting casuarinas in the neigh- bourhood of “Madras and afterwards selling the clearing for fuel purposes. But for further in- formation in regard to “minor” as well an “staple” products at must refer to our Re “Handbook and Direct this time in ee, fe we view in the forthcoming ory.” —— ——_____ PLANTING AND SPORT IN SOUTHERN INvVIA, ‘ CorrreE—CINCHONA—SorL. (By an ex-Ceylon Planter.) The buildings in this quarter of the empire seem to be of a very primitive nature, the b lines, etc., are not like the neat (as a rule) and com- fortable erections one finds on estates in. old Ceylon. I cannot say anything as yet about the coffee only having viewed it in distance, but I hope soon to see and go over several estates only a few miles from here. It certainly looks well, and I believe is very good, the elevation here is rather too high for coffee, my bungalow being some 6,200 feet, and the land running up to close on 7,000 feet; at the same time I came across a few hundred coffee trees which had been planted by some previous superin- tendent, and looking exceedingly well. These were one mass of tangled bushes, but finding rome Ceylon coolies who had been on an estate up Nawalapitiya way, I immediately had the trees haa- Gled out with the resul spike coming out on t t that there is now a good hem, they had a blossom out and set well previous to this, which looks as if the elevation was not out of the way. TI looked closely for our old enemy leaf-disease, aleo for green . bug, but could find neii her, and ot this Dwar glad. I noticed the coffee leaves were wueb smaller then these in Ceylon, being trees were of very isir inclined to think coffee even at this hich eleyati long ard narrow; stems of size, and altogether I. am would grow and pay well on. Iman to ask leave to try an experimental patch of a few acres, and hope I shall be ellowed to do trict is something to } so. Soil over in this dis. ock at, I have never seen anything to equal or touch it in Ceylen during ail my long stay there; I am inclined to pronounce it almost too good. Thera at this particular part in no old tea about just of the istrict. the cldest being only two years old, growth is very backward conipared to two years’ old Ceyion tea; but cne would naturally expect this to elevation, fiom 5,700 up be the case at such an to quite 7,009 feet, With regard to wild game, &., about here, I em told it is very plentiful, elephant, tiger (ore of these and a cub have been taking a daily rumble through ‘Iny cinchona fields alon & the roads of late, about 10) yards below my bungalow, and by the size of the foot prints it must be a monsier:) Sambar 4 Juty 1, 1898.] these in the hills away above the estates are also there in great numbers, the little red deer as we call it in Ceylon, and what they call here jungle sheep, are about in numbers, the roads, through a 800 acre field of officinalis cinchona being thickly marked with them. Jungle fowl and quail are also abont, and alicgether anyone fend of chooting would have a very good time of it, elephants alone being Preserved, there being no end of a row if one is shot by anyone, licences being refused to anyone applying for them. i had almost forgot about the bison, they sre about in herds on the hill topg and slopes, a fire buil having been shot a few miles from here by the British Resident, and another caught not long age on this estate in a pit, which had been dug for it. It was to have been sent to some Zoo, but he-broke out one night and got clear away, much {o superintendent's disappointment. I had almost forgotien to mention cinchona, As I said there are over 300 acres here, and on the next estate a big lot of it also, all cfficinalis end hybrid, and looking very healthy, although 1 have noticed canker -on incividusl trees, but nothing evidently to alarm any one. If prices would only rise I Gare say a large amount of bark would ke harvested, but at present (although I note the price of bark is going up) it is hardly worth one’s while to bother with it. We are all busy preparing tea clearings for the S.W. monsoon which we expect will be on us very soon now, we have hed almost daily afternoon rains nearly all this month, bus evidently N.-E. rains. At present the weather is very mild even at this high elevation, and most enjoyable. : “KLONDYKE.” <$—————_—_ EXCHANGE AND THE TEA TRADE. To the Editor of the Zconomist. Sir,—The Secretary of the Ceylon Association in London has, in your last issue, favoured your readers with another letter, on which I would make a few remarks. In my former letter I showed that, in the three years subsequent io 1894, the fresh tea planting in Ceylon was more than double what it was in the three years subsequent to 1891 (erroneous!y printed 1890, no doubt my fault), and that the area of land under tea in Ceylon is now $75,000 acres. Mr. Leake says I am wrong, that ‘‘ there are not, nor are there likely to be, 375,600 acres planted with teain Ceylon. The latest estimate of the total acreage planted is 315,000, with a probable eventual extension to 350,000.” The following, however, is an extract from ‘‘ Kelly’s Merchants’, &c,, Directory of 1898,” which is also borne out by the other particulars in my hands: —‘‘ There are now (October, 1897) 375,000 acres in Ceylon planted with tea, and it is proved that some parts of the country are capable o! producing a greater yield of leaf per acre than any other country in the world.” So that the Ceylon Asso- ciation in London is not up to date inso simple a matter as the area now planted they are wrong to the extent of 60,000 acres. Driven by Lord Farrer from holding out the tea trade of China as a bright example of the advan- tages of a falling currency, Mr. Leake has now turned to Javaas a shooting example of the dis- advantages of asteady currency. Hesays, quite correctly, that tea in Java has only in- creased (wonderful that it has increased !) from 7 million lb. in 1885 to 9 million lb. in 1896, whereas Ceylon, which only exported 4 millions in 1885, exported in 1886 108 millions. He writes as if the contrast were due to the respective currencies. But the increase in Ceylon is not due to the currency but to the coffee blight, which left so much excellent land to be replaced by tea, Java had no coffee blight, On the THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 43 contrary, whereas in 1888 the exports of coffee were 515,000 piculs, last year they. came to 767,361 piculs. How strange that the Ceylon Association in London seem never to have heard of ihe coffee blight ! The Ceylon Asscciation do not deny that they would like to pay their coolies in depreciated rupees. But they write as if this were good for them, and that they enjoy it. ‘‘ From the point of view of the coolie, his fixed daily wage (which has for fifty years past varied little from one- third of a rupee) has brought lim as much ice, provided at a lixed rupee rate, as much cotton cloth, curry, stuffs, &¢e., when the rupee had fallen to Is 14d as when it wasQs.” An article in the Economist of September 8, 1892, analy- sing the figuresin the latest Blue Book on prices and wages in India, brings cut that ‘‘ they show a fall of more than 40 per cent. in the purchas- ing power of the rupee during the Jast 20 years.” This agrees with the fact that the price of coolie rice in Caleutta, which, in 1872, was about 2 annas per maund, is now about 4 annas. So much as to his food. As tohis clothing, brought from Lancashire, it is plain that at Is 4d ex- change it needs now 3 rupees todo the work of 2 rupees at 2s. Until the wages of the coolies, therefore, adjust themselves to the new Mint ratio a wrong is being done to them, of which they are not aware. Mr. Leake’s letters, however, are extremely valuable, as showing the state of mind and style of reasoning of those who believe in falling currencies, who would wreck and ruin the whole currency of the Indian empire to enable them temporarily to pay their workers less; and that although the Indian labourer is cheaper and more effective, more docile, industrious, and thrifty than the clumsier and higher paid Malay and Chinese, or than the idolent negro or the weak mixed breeds of South America.—Yours truly, May 10th, 1898. East INDIA MERCHANT. TO THE EDITOR OF THE ‘‘ ECONOMIST.” Sir,—Let me assure Mr. Leake that T do hold to my position, notwithstanding all that he says, Iam not going to encumber your pages with a discussion of his irrelevant facts or of his curious ‘‘ theories.” I suppose I must not eall them ‘‘ prophecies,” But I would ask him one question. If it is true, as he says, that ‘the daily wage of the Indian labourer, whieh in 1894 and 1895 was equal to 4$d; has been raised to. cay by the action of the Indian Government to 53d,” by how much was that daily wage dimia nished by the fall in the value of the rupee which took place before the closing of the Indian mints? The rupee, which stood at 2s or Is 1ld before the great fall in silver, had fallen more or less irregularly until the closing of the Indian mints, when it stood at from Is 2d to Is 3d; since then it has, with some variations, which brought it down nearly to 12d in January, 1895, risen to nearly Is dd. Again, I ask, if the rise of the rupee trom Is 2d or Is 3d to Is 4d, whieh has been consequent on the closing of the Indian mints, has raised the wages of the Indian labourer by ene-fifth or one-sixth of its previous amount, by how much must the fall in the rupee from 2s to Is 2d, which preceded the closing of the Indian mints, have reduced his wages ? I need not say that I do not indorse Mr, Leake’s figures; I only point out what is their necessary consequence. FARRER, Abinger Hall, May 10th, 1898, 22 '~ as oP ei ie a taka i 44 CEYLON AND THE INDIAN CURRENCY. YO THE EDITOR OF THE “ECONOMIST.” Sm,—On my return to England may I be per- mitted to offer a few remarks on the letters that have appeared on the Indian currency question, arising trom my iécter from Ceylon of March Ist? Lord Farrer has endeavoured to prove that the Ceylon tea industry has not been adversely affected by the restricted currency Mr. Leake, who has been the guardian of planting interests in London for the Jast twenty-six years, has set him right in that matter; but both Mr. Leake and Lord Farrer appear to shirk the true gist of my letter, which is that we Ceylon and Indian producers are expected, without a currency, to compete with the barbarian with one. It can hardly be denied that we have a common right with all other subjects of the Empire to a cur- rency that shall be a true measure of our com- modities, We had this in silver previous to the closing of the Mints, and now that the Govern- ment has attained its object of forcing the rupee up to a level which will enable it to transfer from silver to gold, we expect it either to do this or to give us back our silver currency. Any middle course only continues the evil, as the rupee can only be maintained over the natural gold value of silver by keeping up a currency famine. Since my letter was written the Home Government has intimated its intention of developing a gold stan- dard, and with that promise definitely before us we can now consider what this will mean to the producer. From Mr. Leake’s letters of the 7th inst. it appears that he regards this as likely to continue the same bounty on the produce of silver-using countries as against ourselves. I do not, and in the contention I trust I shall have the support of Lord Farrer and other economists. It is argued by the planters, in a memorial which they have addressed to the Colonial Office, that commodities will not re-adjust themselves to a gold eurrency in Ceylon, and the commo- dities specially instanced for the purpose of the argument are the coolie wage and the price ot 1s rice. It is said that the coolie wage remained constant at three days’ tlxbour to the rupee for the last thirty years, and that the price of rice ia Ceylon has not risen commensurately with the fall in the gold value of silver, and from this it is inferred that if a gold currency is substituted for a silver one, neither the labour wage nor the price of rice will fall when measured in gold. In other words, the planters claim that their principal commo- dities—cost of rice and labour wage—are ex- cluded from the operation of a great natural law. There must, of course, be a fallacy underlying such an argument, and the fallacy is this. It is quite true that the labour wage has remained the same for the past 30 years, but that wage represents to the Tamil family today at least 40 pereent more in volume than it did 30 years ago. The Ceylon. planting industry then was cofiee, which only gave three months’ full employment to the coolie in the year. At the end of the crop a great part of the labour force was paid off, to return to distant homes in India; the women that remained were worked half-time, and the children not at all. Tea gives full employment to the Tamil family all the year round, and the women and children— the least useful labourers in coflee—are these most in request in tea. The volume of wage earnable has increased fully 40 per cent, or quite the equivalent of the fall in the gold value of silver. THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST, - , - (JuLy 1, 1898. In other ways the condition of the coolie has Leen ameliorated by the opening of the Southern Indian Kailway, by which route he ean be carried from a Ceylon estate to his home in 36 hours, where formerly he had a weary tramp of many hundred miles on foot. In other werds, the remeasure- ment of the labour wage in the eurrency has been rendered unnecessary (aud therefore has not been given visible effect to) only because other compensating circumstances have more than made good the difference to the coolie. Similarly in rice ; it will be contended that the aetual price of rice in Ceylon (excluding famine considerations) is only some 15 per cent higher than 20 years ago, while the fall in the gold value of silver has been 49 per cent. Here again it is overlooked that cheap freights and railways have enabled rice to be laid down in Ceylon at a ee 25 per cent cheaper than could be done years ago, and that the price paid to the rice grower in India is fully 40 per cent higher than it was when the rupee was at par. Of these two com- modities—rice and the evolie wage—one has re- measured itself as far as it could in the currency, the other—coolie wage—has re-adjusted itself to the currency in other ways. Whiy, then, is not te same re-adjustment to continue with a gold currency ? I will not trespass on your space by detailing the many advantages to Ceylon that will result from a gold currency, for these will be fully dealt with by the Commission, but I would point out that when these results have been attained Ceylon will have little to fear inits competition with silver-using countries, on which much stress is laid in the planters’ memorial. Our Chinese competitors will be unsupported by cheap capital as in Ceylon, and rice, the food of the Chinese coolie, must rise in price as the gold countries purchase it. The quality of Chinese labour must also deteriorate in proportion as it is ill-paid and ill-fed. I have ventured to suggest the transition from a silver to a gold currency at the rate of Is 3d per rupee, not only because it appears a just rate, but also because-it will fit in exactly with the token coins of England and India if repre- sented by a gold coin, the equivalent of 12s 6d in England, and R10 in India. The present stock of rupees is not more than sufficient for token requirements, and it must be remembered that the burden of currency work in the East will always tallon the token coins, ¢.g., in monthly payments for labour ; the individual wage—after deducting food supplies—but seldom reaches R10. This fact disposes of the idea that the demand for gold for cirenlation in India will ever in any way compare with the like demand for it in England, where the labour wage is so much higher and food is not made part of the terms of payment. The proposal of the Government to with- draw rupees from circulation will simply cre- ate a difficulty for itself and send a thrill of horror throughout the East. Whatis wanted is to re-supply the depleted currency of the last five years with gold, minted in India, and statisticians are not worth much if they cannot ascertain what this depletion amounts to, and what further addition to the currency is neces- sary to move the increased volume of produce stimulated by the fall in silver —Yours truly, HARCOURT SKRINE. New University Club, f St. James’s Street, May 9th, 1898, JuLy 1, 1898.] THE CEYLON AND ORIENTAL ESTATES Cc. Tt is very evident now that Mr. Ford, Operating with Messrs. Ceoper & Cooper, will carry out the arrangement shadowed forth at the last meeting of the sbarehoilders in the above Company. We learn on good authority that the deposit of £3,000 has Ween paid to the Directors and this will be absolutely forfeited should Mr. Ford fail to form the new Com- pany with sufficient subscribed capital to carry out the purchase by 3lst July next. ‘ So far, no ordinary dividend has been paid by the C. & O. Company for 1897 and we learn the accounts were not audited when the mail lett owing to the pending sale with Mr. Ford. If the Company takes over, they have to pay a dividend of 7 per cent for 1897 to the old shareholders and 6 per cent interest - for the current year until the assets are fully paid for in cash. On the other hand if the shareholders elect to go on in Mr. Ford’s new Company they are to have on ordinary shares a bonus of 14 per cent. and on Preference of 12 per cent. Amalgamated with Messrs. Cooper & Cooper, it seems to us the new Company ought to be a powerful one; and it should to some extent form a Direct Supply Association if it chose to sell its own teas direct to retailers and con- sumers? The Manager of the C. & O. Com- pany’s estates in Ceylon is Mr. A. J. Deni- son, the Colombo Agents being the Eastern Produce and Estates Co., Ld. The following is a list of the estates belonging to the Company, so far as our Directory shows :— 5 Other. District. Total Culti- Tea. Pro- area. vated. ducts Bogahawatte Dimbula . 618 541 541 O Denegama Balangoda.. 449 320 320 0 Keenekelle Badulla .. 1,517 782 566 216 LeVallon Nilambe .. 2,095 1,218 1,218 0 Moralioya Kelani Val- Tey) 458) #:3357 0198519 Oodewelle Hantane ., 1,181 817 817 0 Peacock Hill Pussellawa. 388 300 300 0 Pathragala Kurunegala 725 406 100 306 Peradenia Huntane.. 498 424 424 0 Wiltshire MataleW... 644 327 272 «55 Wangie-oya Dimbula.. 567 400 400 0 Acres: 9,135 5,870 5,293 577 ence eee ene PLANTED AREA UNDER TEA IN CEYLON . AND THE CURRENCY AND EXCHANGE DIS- CUSSION. It would certainly be wrong—that is pre- mature—to say in October 1897 that three were 375,000 acres covered with tea in Ceylon. But the figures were as certainly not a misprint for _315,000—as some London friends suppose—for that would have been far more erroneous the other way. We probably wrote 355,000 in our rough dratt of statistical corrections for Kelly’s Direc- tory and in the copy sent home, the blunder must have been made. But we cannot under- stand how Mr. Leake and other London friends connected with Ceylon should not have recalled the fact that both 1896 and 1897 were years of exceptional activity in planting tea both in new plantations and in reserves attached to existing estates. Ihe check to such extensions only took THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 45 effect in reality early this year, with the realiza- tion that the rise in exchange was not to be temporary, and the low prices were likely to con- tinue for some time. Now the latest complete return of the planting districts showed 305,000 acres covered with tea in October, 1895, and surely Mr. Leake has heard of the extraordinary activity in planting which has prevailed since then? Why in the one dis- trict of Balangoda, mainly threugh the Companies represented by Messrs. Finlay, Muir & Co., nearly 5,000 acres will have been added to the tea area since October 1895? An addition of the saine extent has been made to the Kalutara district, and no less than clouble or 10,600 acres additional to the Kelani Valley district in the 2? years—so that we have here20,000 acres added for three districts alone! We are not quite prepared to give the exact figures for the whole country—although a few more days will bring them out—but we may say that the total addition to our tea area, including native tea gardens, is certain to bring the figures much nearer to 375,000 than to 355,000 acres. Still, the activity represented belongs to 1896 and 1897, rather than 1898, although there are doubtless included, clearings which having been felled in December-January last have to be planted during the present South-west monsoon. What is the lesson to be derived from the largely-in- creased area under tea in Ceylon? Why, surely, that a halt should be cried both in Northern and Southern India as regards further tea ex- tensions, in the face of such figures; while, it is no less true that the continuance of the Ceylon industry on its present large scale depends a great deal on the course adopted in reference to the Indian Currency. Indeed, though we have had no actual returns of ‘‘abandonment ” inade to us for Directory purposes, it is none the less a fact, we believe, that the cultivation of certain poor tea fielils has already ceased, and that this unfortunate experience may extend is, we fear, quite possible, should the rupee. be artificially maintained at 1s 4d and no special improvement take place in Min:ing Lane prices. a oe BRAZILIAN COFFEE. Coffee-Planting in Brazil has for many years com- pletely overshadowed all the other branches of industry and agriculture in that vast country, and no check seems probable in the near future to thecons- tant increase of the already enormous trade. Last year the exports from Rio consisted almost exclu- sively of coffee, the supply of which exceeded in quantity that of any previous season, having far surpassed all calculated expectations. The entries at Rio and Santos totalled 10,032,390 bags, an increase over 1896 of 2,701,584 bags, and the shipments from the two ports were 9,687,317 bags. The average value was about 36s. per bag. The unprecedented supply, greatly in excess of the consumption, caused prices to drop to a point hitherto unknown in the history of the article, type No. 7, in November, having been sold in Rio at about 63. 6d, for 32 lb. In the same month, 1896, the lowest quotation for this quality was 10s. 2d. for 32 lb. The large increase in production is the inevitable result of the very high prices which ruled from 1887 to 1896. These prices gave an average profit to the planter estimated at 150 per cent., and naturally stimulated planting to an enormous degree. As it requires several years to bring the coffee plant to a bearing and paying stage, the effect of the enormous extension of plan- tations has only been seriously felt in the past two years; but whilst it takes some years for the coffee- tree to bear, it continues to bear for many years, and therefore the low prices and depressed condition 46 THE TROPICAL of tho coffee interest is likely to continue for some time. An interesting feature of the transactions of the year is the increase of foreign capital which has been invested in Brazilian coffee plantations. It is reported that extersive properties in the States of Santo Paulo and Minas Goraes have been acquired by European syndicates chiefly English; and it is also said that a company has been organised at Antwerp, which will have a branch at Santos for the puspose of buying coffee of the planters direct, and gelling it by retail in Mnrope for account of the said planters. Tho receipts of Rio this year up to May 1, were 3,896,000 begs, against 3,156,000 for the first four months of 1897.—Grocers’' Jownal, May 21. ea TIMBER AND BOXES FOR TEA. It seems somewhat of an anomaly that about half of the tea crop of Assam is shipped in pack- ages imported from Japan, Burnia, Norway and Great Britain, and it points to a serious error in the conduct of the vast forest territory of Assam that such a state of things should exist. Japanese shooks of all those mentioned above, ean be landed probably most economically, bat the class of ante used, although very nice to look at, is somewhat brittle and fragile ; yet there is no donbt that it is properly seasoned, which is not the case with country-made boxes; and nowadays when there is Such a glat of tea in the market, the condition of the packages on arrival can no longer be ignored, and planters will have to look to this and endeavour to copy the Chinese trade, Iv has often been a marvel to us how the Indian packages have gone on from year to year, exhibiting the same rough exterior, and that no attempt has been made to furbish up the appearance a bit. Were any of our large manufacturers of tinned pro- visions to neglect this for a moment, their trade would at once suffer. We by no means suggest that ‘the outside of the platter should be cleansed at the expense of the inside,” but we would advocate an attempt being made to nut the teas into more attractive cases. The old China package would not have been much to look, at, without its outside covering of paper with the old quaint Chinese characters that were engraved on it, in addition to other designs. What would a tin of Lipton’s Marma- lade look like without the touch of paint and showy label, and yet that is what the common Indian package is as compared with its Chinese rival. Is it not a matter that might well be enquired into, and an endeayour made to en- courage a trade in?—Indian Planters Gazette. ——————— IMPROVED PRUNING OF TEA. Our Indian tea-planting correspondent who sions **1874”—as the year from which his ex- perience dates—has startled our local community by his exposition of an improved system ot Pruning and Manuring, which he says, ought to raise the yield of average estates to 1,600 lb. an acre. “ Credat Judwus” seems the more common local commentary on this sanguine estimate ; but today a, representative Ceylon planter treats the matter more seriously and although still dubious of results, expresses himself as “ willing to try. Meantime, clearly Ceylon planters would like to hear a little more of ‘1874's experiments and experience—although no doubt time must be allowed for both. As regards the merits of Ceylon and Indian estates, we doubt if there is any- es. AGRICULTURIST. © (JuLy 1, 1898) thing even in the richest part of Northern India to touch the record of the 100 aere-field of Mariawatte which has given au average yield for 14 years of 1,137 |b, of made tea per acre, the whole plantation of 467 acres averaging 926 Ib. per acre last year. Nor is this a solitary case in Ceylon; for fignres were given lately for a Matale or Ukuwella estate indicating quite as geod results for a certain number of years. We doubt it at the end of 14 years, ‘ 1874” could shew as good a record as Wariawatte; and yet the Managers of the latter are, no doubt, quite ready to consider a system which would add 25 to 30 per cent to their already large yields, pro- vided it does not tend to injure their bushes in the long run. Of course Mariawatte is regu- larly manured., —_——— COFFEE IN EAST JAVA. We are much indebted to the correspondent who sends us for inspection the set of photo- graphs referred to in the following notes :— Reading your recent publications of papers from Mexico about the coffce these lead me think you will be interested to see the amateur photos I send herewith of the coffee at Glen Falloch Estate in East Java. The most striking perhaps is that of a coffee tree with two men near it. This tree was planted in January 9th 1895, the photo having been taken in February 1898. The oldest coffee in any of the photos dates from July 1894 but all those marked G division are a year younger, The photographs are very interesting in show- ing as the vegetation and glimpses of mountain and river scenery as well as of the growth of coffee in East Java. The special picture of Glen Falloch coffee bushes tliree years old shows a wonderfully luxuriant growth, the bushes topping both the planteis shewn and indicating a great wealth of leaf, wood and berries—reminding us of Dumbera in its richest coffee days. a PLANTING NOLES. LApDy Birps.—The publication of the corres- pondence respecting the proposal made in the interests of the coffee planters of Ceylon, in re- ference to the introduction from our Southern colonies of lady birds, has been delayed by cir-- cumstances beyond our control. The letters pub- lished show that the matter is one of more than passing interest, and it is to be hoped that the Planters’ Association will not dally with the question, but will take such steps as will ensure to the ccffee proprietors and planters of Ceylon the sane advantages that are evidently going to be gained by Southern India. THe Export OF INDIA-RUBBER FROM INDIA has steadily fallen year by year since 1892, as the following figures compiled for our “ Hand- book” will shew :— Year. Exports to U.K. Total ewt. 1892-3 Ri cwt. 4,712 9,972 3-4 2 9,616 45 ae - 6,695 95270 5-6 E ie 5,833 7,154 6-7 ‘e 2 3,941 6,213 1897-8 a 3,017 5,565 A fall of 40 per cent in six years is a serious matter and affords additionai reason for eultiva- ting rubber in Ceylou. The supplies of rubber from indigenous or wild trees cannot well in- . crease—but must rather tend to decrease shortl —from Africa as from South America ~ * LADY-BIRD” Jury 1, 1898.] BEETLES AND COFFEE. We are asked by Mr. A. Philip, the Secretary of the Planters’ Association of Ceylon, to publish the following correspondence :— Eton, Pundaluoya, 25th February, 1898. From BH. FE. Green, Hony. Government Entomologist. To Alex. Philip, Hsq., Secretary, Planters’ Associa- tion of Ceylon, Kandy. Dear Sir,—I note that the coffee planters of South India, pecuniarily assisted by the Madras Gov- ernment, have commissicned Mr. Newport to collect and bring over from. Australia, a consignment of ‘‘Lady-bird ’’ beetles to check the ravages of scale insects upon coffee. I would strongly urge the cor- poration of Ceylon planters and proprietors (such as are still interested in the cultivation of coffee). in the scheme, ‘ne United Planters’ Association of Southern India, and the Madras Government, should be ap- proached with a view to the engaging of Mr. Newport’s services on behalfof Ceylonalso. A smali contribution towards the cost of the work would doubtless be sufficient. As Mr, Newport was appointed in January, any action proposed should be undertaken at once.—I am, sir, yours faithfully, HE. Ernest GREEN. 1st March 1898, From ~ the Botanic Gardens, Peradeniya. To the Secretary, Ceylon Planters’ Association. Sir,—I have the honour to enclose herewith papers received from the Government of Madras giving an account of the mannerin which it is proposed to obtain a supply of lady-bird beetles for the benefit of the coffee planters of South India. “t 2. I enclose also a letter from Mr..H. £. Green .upon this subject, and should be oblized if -you eculd inform me whether there would be any likeli- hood of Ceylon coffee planters adopting the suggestion in paragraph 2 of this letter. 3. If any use is to be made of Mr. Newport's mission, action should be taken at once.—l am, Sir, Your obedient Servant, JoHN C. WILLIS, Director R. B. G. Director, Royal Eton, Pandaluoya, 25th Feb., 1898. To the Director, Royal Botanic Gardens, Peradeniya. Dear Sir,—I bave the horour to return copies of proceedings of Madras Government, relating to the appointment of Mr, Newport to collect and bring over to India, a consignment of “‘ Lady-bird”’ beetles from Australia, to check the spread of scale insectsupon coffee. 2. Ihave noted this action of the United Planters’ Association of Southern India with the greatest pleasure. I would strongly urge that Ceylon planters still interested in the cultivation of coffee, should, with the assistance of the Government, join in the scheme, and—by permission of the Indian Planters’ Association and the Madras Government—engage Mr. Newport to bring a supply of the beetles for the use of Ceylon planters also.—1 am, Sir, Your obedient Servant, BH. Hrnest Green, Hony. Govt. Hutomologist. Fort Si. George, 2nd Feb. 1898. PROCEEDINGS. _ Stating that the Government is unable to render the planters any substantial help in obtaining the services of ac mpelent Matomologist or an Agricul- tural Chemist, but that arrangements will be made with the Government of Queensland for the shipment ofa consignment of ‘“Lady-birds.” Approving the proposal of the United Planters’ Association to send Mr. Newport to Australia to collect and biing over to this country a consignment of “ Tady-birds”? and stating that the Government is prepared to meet a moiety of the cost. EXTRACTS FROM MINUTES OF PROCEEDINGS, Government of Madras, Revenue Department, 17th January 1898. THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 47 ReAp—again the G.O., No. 1040, Revenue, dated 11th December 1897. Axpstract,—Stating that the Government is unable to render the planters any substantial help in obtain- ing the services of a competent Hutomologist or an Agricultural Chemist, bub that arrangements will be made with the Government of Queensland for the shipment of a consignment of lady birds. Reap—again the following G.O., R. No. 2316, Revenue, dated 14th December 1897 :— fead—the following letter from the Hon’ble Mr. H P Hiepeson, Craigmore Estate, Kullakambay, Nilgiris, to the Secretary to Government, Revenue Depariment dated 23th November 1897 :— As T had no veply to my letter, dated the 21st Sep- tember, regarding the introduction of lady birds, i have the honour to ask if anything further bas been decided in the matter. We are anxious not te lose another season, as the reports of the spreading of scale pests are constantly coming in. Wesnouid like to despatch our Agent to Australia at an early date, as March and April are good months for collecting the lady birds, I should like to know if Government would approve of our sending Mr. Newpozt, and if they will supply him with letters of introduction to the Government of Victoria. Considerable sums have been already subscribed by several planting associations towards this object, and as Government were good enough to promise us some pecuniary support, to the extent to say haif the ex- penses incurred in importing the lady birds, I should be glad to know if I can apply for the money when our subscription list are complete. Reap—also the following letter from the Hon'ble Mr. H. P. Hopeson, Craigmore Estate, Kallakambay, Nilgiris, to the Secretary to Government, Revenue Department, dated 10th January 1898:— Thave the honour to address to you at the request of the Chairman of the United Planters’ Association with a view to ascertain if Government would approve of our sending Mr, Newport to Australia at once to collect and bring over a consignment of lady birds and to arrange for future consignments being sent over to us. The rapid and continue spread of the scale insects both on the Palnis and in the Nilgiri district, ig causing us the gravest apprehension, and we feel that something ought to be done at once to arrest it. Fields of coffee effected by the pest are threatened with extinction, and if they are to be saved something must be done immediately to relieve them. = Mr. Newport is an intelligent man, and has given the subject considerable study, and isin our opinion well fitted to perform the duty we propose to send him on; if he starts at once he will be in time to make collections of lady birds this seascn, otherwise another year will be lost before it can be Gone, and the con- sequences of such delay may be serious. We trust therefore that Government will approve our proposal to send him at once. Subseriptions amounting, so far, to say R5,100, have been already collected by the United Pianters’ Association of Southern India for the purpose of sending him to Australia, and presume 1 way rely upon the promise contained in G.O., No. 634, Press, dated the 27th July 1897, that Government will contribute half the cost of importing the lady birds. Letters of introduction from the Government of Madras will be of the greatest assistance to Mr. Newport, and I have the honour to ask that such letters may be provided, and I will send the names of the persons to whom introductious would be required should Government approve of the sug- gestion. Finally I would urge the importance of something being done as soon as possible, and trust to receive the support and assistance of Government in car- rying out this experiment, which I have every reason to believe will be attended with success, ] 48 THE TROPICAL [Copy of minutes follow stating maximum the contribution of the Madras Government will be R2,000.] Rrav—the following letter from the Hon'ble Mr. H. P. Hopuson, Craigmore Estate, Nilgiris, to the Secretary to Government, R venue Department, dated Kullakumbay, No.-—, September 1897 :— In accordance with the request contained in para- graph 3 of G.O., No. 684, Revenue, dated the 27th July 1897, asking me to ascertain what was the result of Mr. Newport’s attempt to introduce lady birds, I have the honour to enclose a letter from that gentleman which shows that he failed in getting any of the insects sent to him either from Horolulu or Australia, and he is of opinion, in which I quite concur, that, without the assistance of Government, the attempts of private in- dividuals in this direction are not likely to sneceed, _ he subject of the scale pests, and the introductions of their natural enemies, was discussed at the annual meeting of the United Planters’ Association of South- ern India, held at Bangalore last month, and I beg to enclose for information a copy of ‘‘ Planting Opinion” in which the proceedings on this subject appear in yases 503 to 506. It will be noticed that the ravages of green bug, and the increase and rapid spreading of the insect threaten the Lower Pulney coffee estates with extinction, and from my own experience in this district with black bug Ican speak to the danger being in no way ex- aggerated. That whatever isto be done must be done quickly is therefore of paramount importance, and it is with this fact before me that I would beg Government to recon- sider the decision contained in paragraph 1 of the G.O., No. 634, in which it is considered “ unsafe to apply for ox introduce lady birds from Australia except npdet the professional advice and supervision of an expert, can quite understand that Government would agree with the opinion of Mr. Marsden ‘that the work of scearching for and i: troducirg thenatural enemies of insect pests shouid be entrusted only to a skilled ento- mologist,” lest ‘injury instead of benefit might arise.” The principle is a thoroughly sound one as applied to the introduction of unknown insects and in searching for new varieties. I would submit, however, for consideration that the two species of lady birds which I asked Government to assist us in introducing at once, are neither new or unknown, but have been working beneficially for some time past in Honolulu, their history and habits being well-known. The objection on the score of a possible danger woul. not apply tothe introduction of these species, and I would earnestly urge that Government give us their setae in procuring them from Australia without elay. The urgency of the case is so strongly felt that suab- scriptions are already being raised with a view to send- ing over to Australia at once and anticipating the assistance and support of Guvernment in the matter. Should Government, on reconsideration after perusal of the paperssent and the reasons herein set forth, decide on the early introduction of the two varieties named in my letter dated the 23rd June 1897, Mr. New- port would be willing to go to Australia to collect and bring them over, supposing such a course be approved and the planters will defray half the cost of the ex- periment. {Confirmatory letter from Mr, Howard Newport is appended.] Rzav—the following letter from Dryzit Ippnrtson, Erq., ¢.3.1., Secretary to the Government of India, De- partment of Revenue and Agriculture, to the Secret:iy to the Government of Madras, Revenue Department dated Simla, the 18th September 1857, No. 1428/39 In reply to your letter, No. 635, dated the 27th July last, in which you enquire whether the services of the [JuLy 1, 1898. Imperial intomologist can be spared, to conduct in- vestigations in connection with the importation into the Madras Presidency of lady birds and other natural enemies of the insect pests which now infest Indian plantations, lam directed to state that there is at pre- cent no Imperial Entomologist at the disposal of the Government of India, and that the question of enter- taining one is awaiting the propoeals of the Government of Madrason the subject referred to in this depart- ment’s letter, No. 2148/I—11, dated the 5th August 1897, regarding the appointment of a Botanist for that Presidency. 2. Jam, however, to observe that, should such a specialist be appointed, the field for inquiry will be so vast that his first duty will be to enquire into the diseases of the main staples of India that are grown by those who are too poor or too ignorant to help them- eelves inthe matter. Thus, while any assistance that can be given witbout detriment to the wider work will be afforded, the Government of India are of opinion that the cost of investigations connected with such products as tea, coffee, indigo and the like, which are cultivated by persons possessed of both capital and intelligence, must, in the main, be borne by those inte- rested in them. 3. Indeed, under no circumstances would it be pos- sible to depute such a specialist upon a roving commis- sion outside India for an indefinite period. If, there- fore, the scheme under consideration is to be carried out, an independent expert must be engaged for the purpose. 4. Iam toadd that a copy of the present corre- spondence will be forwarded to the Trustees of the Indian Museum who will be asked to place any inform- ation which they may possess on the subject at the dis- posal of the Government of Madras, and to inform them whether they are inany way able to assist in the matter, AGRICULTURIST. —_———_~——_____ PLANTING NOTES. THe Fruit AND FLower SHow.—We are extremely glad to Jearn of the success which has attended the fruit and flower show, which was held at the School of Agriculture on Wed- nesday and Thursday. The result must be ex- tremely gratifying tothe promoters who worked so very hard on behalf of the exhibition and we sincerely trust that the effect will be such as to cause an effort to be made to hold a regular annual show. TEA PLANTING EXTENSION.—The following keen criticism and sensible advice are given in the latest Pioneer to hand, by its Calcutta commercial correspondent :— In face of the bad results tea gardens are show- ing, and especially with the possibility of fresh currency legislation which would affect them still more injuriously, few companies have the temerity even to hint at such a thing as further extension at present. The Phenix Tea Company of Cachar Limited is one of these few however. The accounts for the past year show a loss of R27,742 which was only met by the sale of the Darriagh at grant of the company, which realiced R27,500. There is a balance of R15,364 at the debit of profit and loss account, no dividend has been paid for at least eight years past, and yet on the ‘strong opinion” of the superintendent the agents now propose to consi- der way and means for a further extension, which it is estimated will cost R1,73,000. Unfortunately for the shareholders there is an uncalled capital of R15 a share, which is equal to R90,000, and this is referred to in the report as part of the “ ways and means.” If the shareholders con:ult their own interests, I should think the hest thing they can do is to emphatically protest agiinst good money being thrown away afterbad in this manner. The present is clearly no time for tea garden extension especially in the case of a garden that has given no return to its shareholders for eight years. wep ko} % ee Juty 1, 1898,j THE TROPICAL COFFEE PESTS AND LADY BIRD BEETLES. With less than 15,000 acres of coffee—includ- ing Liberian as well as Arabian varieties--now on the Ceylon plantations, Mr. E. E. Green and the Planters’ Association will agree with us that our interest in the ‘‘ Lady-Bird” experiment is limited, as compared with that of the Madras Presidency where, including Mysore. 290,000 acres of coffee are still reported. We would by no means discourage Ceylon sharing in the experimeat. Quite the reverse. We think it would be the greatest pity in the world if some of the “ lady-birds” were not got to be tried in Pundaluoya under Mr. Green’s direct care, as well asin Haputale, Badulla and other Uva districts. But at the same time, our outiay should be proportioned to our position as a coffee-growing country and our Madras neighbours will, from theabove, be able to judge that our share should hein proportion say to that contributed by Travancore which has close on 5,C00 acres ecffee, while Coorg has over 100,000 acres, and Mysore close on 170,000 acres. We think the fair way would be for the Ceylon proprietors owning coftee, as per Directory, to raise a certain sum; for this to be supplemented by the Planters’ Association as a grant-in-aid ; and then for the Ceylon Government to grant an amount equal to the ageregate of the other two. Altogether if Ceylon gave R2,000—%1,000 from the Government and R1,000 from the P.A. funds and speci! contributions from Uva—we think it would do well. Of course, it may be argued that our interest is greater than the 15,000 acres ; because if the lady birds proved a suc- cess, coffee might once again be planted. But with the present preat depression in the coffee market we scarcely think there is encourage- ment in this direction. Nevertheless, we should feel very great regret if Ceylon took no share in the Lady-bird Experiment of the Madras coffee planters. We feel sure that His Excellency the Governor, with his usual enlightened pro- gressive spirit, has only to have the matter put fairly before him, in order to sanction a moiety of whatever grant it may be proposed to make on behalf of Ceylon Coftee.—It must be remembered that the Government represents native coffee gardens besides the plantations with 15,000 acres — ee eS INDIAN AND CEYLON CURRENCY AND EXCHANGE. One of the very sanest dissertations we have yet read on this subject is contained ina pamphlet written by ‘‘H. F. B.” entitled ‘‘The Indian Finance Ditticulty : a Solution” and published by Effingham Wilson, Royal Exchange. ‘H. F. 8B.” whoever he may be, is a thoroughly sound financier and knowing a gold standard to be impracticable for India, he boldly shows—writing be itremembered some time before Sir Robert Giffen— that the true solution of the difficulty is only to be found in the re-opening of the mints and a retuin to an honest silver currency. The gloomy picture of the state of India previous to closing the mints drawn by Lord George Hamilton is well met by ‘‘H. F. Bb.” when lie states :— To me the situation of the country at that time seemed quite otherwise. The revenue had been rapidly increasing. Debt was amply covered. ‘Ths loss by exchange (as stated by the Government) was to a great extent fictitious, and where real had been easily met. Loss to the Government officials had been compen- AGRICULTURIST. 49 sated, The flow of capital to India had not been checked. Local enterprise was active. Trade was flourishing. The fluctuations of Exchange were not especially embarrassing. The purchasing power of the rupee in India had not diminished, Whence then came the supposed necessity for the closure of the Mints? : The position of the country was perfectly sound but the Government required money for its ever. increasing home and military expenditure. To obtain this, two alternatives presented themselyes—to increase the Customs duties or to tamper with the curreney They chose the line of least (politica!) resistance : they tampered with the currency. : : What has been the resuit of that action? On the general question of success or failure, perhaps the most conclusive answer would bo, the appointinent of the present Committee, But I will tabulate some of the results :—the internal trade sapped of its life- blood; the external trade thrown ont of balance; the opium revenue half lost; the fow.of Enolish capital reversed ; local enterprise checked; monetary crises rendered annual; ordinary banking accommodation unobtainable; fluctuations of exchange more violent. Nor has the Government's object been attained For although there has been an occasional spasmodic clutch of the one-and-fourpenny rupee, this has been reached, not by the closure of the Mints, but by the sus- persion of Couneil drawings and increase of sterling debt ; in other words, by augmenting the evil it sought to cure. ie ““H, F. B.” then proceeds to illustrate the trade effects by various statistics and incidentally he has a passage of special interest to Ceylon readers :— It seems to me that Mr. Leake has every reason for anxiety as to the future of his Ceylon’ tea trade, Fortunately for Ceylon and India they, so far, possess great advantages. They have superior quality, more concentrated and better cultivation, and honester manufacture. But who can say that, in the coming development of China, European methods may not be applied to tea enterprise there, if so, does any tea trader feel confident that—other things being thus equalised —he would be able to compete with his rival shipper in China at the present difference of sterling exchange which is, I make out, about 6d. per rupee in favour of China. The same argument applies to our Indian cotton yarn trade with China, which is now under serious check, Who can say whether, under this immense incumbus of exchange, we may not only have to cease our export to China, but even suffer competition from a reversal of the trade current by imports of Shanghai yarn into India. 3 _ The indigo planters and other growers of produce in India also complain that they are suffering from the artificial rupee; but no doubt this point will be amply elucidated by the present Commission. It is unnecessary to demonstrate it to any practical trader. There is only one way in which India can meet her liabilities—namely, out of the produce of her soil and manufactures—so that the first duty of the State Should be to foster the Export trade, The majority of mercantile opinion in India recognised this, and the Mints were closed against emphatic protest. He then shows the effect of the on the balance ot trade :— Here is the analysis of the Manchester Guardian of 28th April :— EXCESS OF EXPORTS, EXCLUSIVE OF TREASURE. 1895-6 a R316,669,050 1896-7 195,740,640 1897-8 aA . 178 401,940 These are the official trade returns from April to January of the financial years quoted, and upon which that excellent authority comments as follows:— _“ We showed recently that, at the end of the first eight months of the current fiscal year, the decline in the merchandise balance in fayour of India siuce 1894-6 was nearly 40 per cent., and the de line in the net bulance, including treasure, close upon 70 present policy bo THE TROPICAL per cent. At the end of the ten months the posi- tion had become worse, the percentages of decline being about 44 per cont. and 714 per cent. res- pavely. Sir James Westland and Lord George amilton may not unreasonably be invited to give some attention to these impressive figures.” Next he comes to remedies :— If, as is I think generally aliowed, the artificial rnpee has been inimical to India’s prosperity; if the Mints ought to be re-opened, and exchange allowed to fall to its natural level; how, if will be asked, is tne Government to meet the then increased rupee cost of its home remittances? LI fear it may seem pre- sumptuous to say so, but in this I do not see, and havo never seen, ay difficulty. The obvious course is surely that which is resorted to by all civilised Governments when in need—namely, to increase the Customs duties. LI will now endeavour to show that this is perfectly feasible. The Indian Finance Minister has budgeted for £16,000,000 Council Bill drawings for current year, at an exchange of 1s. 3%d. per rupee, On this basis he estimates for a surplns of R8,914,000. Let us now suppose that the Mints were open, and exchange 4d. per rupee below Ludget estimate—that is to say, 112d, instead of 1s 33d. per rupee—the extra rupee cost of the £16,000,000 home remittances would then be R87,826,32). How, then, to provide for this extra cost? Here is a rough estimate of ways and means :— Extra cost of Home Remittances R87,826,320 0) Compensation to the Services (?) py sf hs 2,500,000 R90,326,320 Less Amount budgeted for continuation of the Fronticr War now ended .. R14,815,000 R75,511,320 Net extra Revenue required .. PROVISION Increase of Import Duties to 10 per cent. Duty on imported Yarns at 74 per cent. Increase of Excise Duties on Indian Cotton Goods to 10 per cent. R45,905,000 1,881,525 Excise Duty on Indian Yarn at 74 percent. 7,031,250 Recovery ef Opium Revenue «« 15,000,000 Seignorage on resumed Coining of Silver (as per last return) ce 1,604,000 Import Duty on Goldat 5 percent. .. 2,225 006 R75 960,775 Thus leaving the Budget surplus untouched. If it be argued that my estimate of an 11$d. exchange with open Mints may prove too high, I would reply that the foregoing suggestions of ways and means do not exhaust the possible provision. And we cannot help quoting his defence of the proposed increase in taxation :— Incerase or Import Durius.—The objection taken to this will probably be upon the following grounds :— 1, Its divergence from our modern fiscal principles. 2. Its oppression upon an already overtaxed people. 8. Its injury to home manufacturing interests. None of these objections cam, in my opinion, be made good. (1.) In veply to academical objection on this groand, [ would first of all point out that nearly one-half of the revenue of the United Kingdom is derived from Customs and Hixcise duties. Tea is taxed to the amonnt of about 40 per cent. ef its value and tobacco to the amount of about 200 per cent. In India considerably less than one-fourth of the revenue is so raised. When the import duties on cotton goods and yarn were remitted in 1878 and subsequent years, the sacri- fice of revenue was coimmented upon as follows by that pre-eminent free-trader, Mr, Glafstone :— ‘““ With regard to the remission of import duties, there seems to me to be something distinctly repugnant in the way it has been done in the time of India’s distress and difficulty. . .. . The Governor- AGRICULTURIST. [Jury 1, 1898. Genrral says he cannot see that financial difficulty can in any way be pleaded as a reason against what he calls fiscal reform. If that be a true principle of government, it has been discovered for the first time by the present Viceroy. There has not been a Free Trade Government in this or any country which has not fully admitted that the state of the revenue is an essential element in the consideration of the applica- tion even of the best principles free trade” will cell in one other pi, orrne to my aid, that of a distinguished Indian administrator, whom I am glad to see upon the present Committee. In 1886 Sir Charles Crosthwaite thus wrote in J'he Times:—‘* The [silver] question ie purely one of taxation. The general effect upon the country is good, but the equili- briam of the Budget is upset. If no other remedy can be found, the re-imposition of the duties and taxes remitted in 18582 will probably be effective.” If any Indian precedent be required it is afforded by the legislation of the post-Mutiny period, when the Import duties were raised to 10 per cent. The finan- cial urgency 1s greater now. (2.) If anincrease of import duties were to constitute a proportionate burden, or any burden at all, to the people of India, I would be the last to propose it. I think, however. I can show that, combined with a restoration of the currency to its natural condition, the eff-ct would be not to increase the burden, but to lighten it. Upon this, in fact, myargument stands or falls. To ascertain this we must go back to the period prior to the closing of the Mints, and see what was the condition of the Indian ryot then, for that is the condition to which he wo be restored by the re- opening of the Mints. From this it will be seen that whilst then (as com- pared with fifteen years previously) paying 20 per cent. less for his imported necessaries, fhe Indian ryot was obtaining 30 per cent. more for his produce. It is obvious, therefore, that he could well have afforded to pay the higher Import duties necessary to produce an equilibrium in the Budget; that such duties would have imposed upon him no undue burden, but would have merely taken from him a moderate and equitable portion of his increased earnings, Finally, ‘‘ H.F.B.” feels sure that to save Indian Agriculture from further check, nothing will be efficacious save the re-opening of the Mints :— The temporary stimulus now beiag given to the export cf certain articles by war, and grain scarcity, will postpone, but cannot avert, the evil day. With sterling exchange in China at the equivalent of abont 10d. per rupee, and in the South American Republics at about 1s. to 64d. per rupee, it is impossible to suppose that India (with a 1s. 4d. rnpee) can compete in the export to gold standard countries of those articles which ean be laid down by her rivals at such immense differences of cost in the selling markets. To re-open the Mint:, and thus place India, as an exporting country, on equal terms with its rivals seems therefore not merely an advantage but a neces- sity for the Indian ryot, by which he would be recouped threefold for his contribution, in higher Import duties, to the necessities of the Government. A duty on Imports is the least objectionable form of taxation in India, and, even on a larger scale than I have estimated, would be unnotieed and un- known to the bulk of the population. Moreover, it has the special advantage of bringing uuder coniri- bution the Independent Native States, with a population of about 70 millions, whose pockeis are otherwise so difficult to reach. : (3.) That home manufacturing interests would be injured by the measures I have proposed is, in my belief, a complete delusion. On the contrary, of all those who would be thereby affected none would probably benefit more than the J.aneashire manu- facturers. During the whole period of failing ex- change, down to the closure of the Mints, it wasa particularly noticeable feature that the Import trade on cotton goods increased pari passu with the Export trade. With the currency restored to its natural condition, the Indian consumer would be mnch better ~ eh ear ial Juty 1, 1898.] THE TROPICAL able to buy his clothing at the then necessarily enhanced cost than he is now. Any measure designed to improve the condition of the Indian agricuiturist ought to meet with the hearty support of Lancashire, Upon the other items of my estimate it secms scarcely necessary to comment. An Excise duty on Indian-made cotton goods is already a recognised necessity. A similar, although rather smaller, duty on Indian-spun yarns seems also equitable. The other items speak for themselves. “ H.F.B.” is quite aware that the re-opening of the Indian Mints will have to be accomplished gradually, and without sudden convulsion to trade. This he thinks might be best effected by pre- liminary coining to a sufficient extent on Govern- ment account. As to keeping up silver, he thinks it possible that Cliina may erelong havea silver currency of her own wiih open mints. #s for the varions schemes to keep up the 1upee and in- troduce gold, ‘“‘ H.F.B.” considers that these schemes resemble the attempt to produce sun- shine out of cucumbers, which has never yet been accomplished ! —_—-—_ —_—_ > THE OLDEST INDIA-RUBBER PLAN- TATION IN THE WORLD. For the following translation of a Dutch Report on a Java Kubber plantation, we are indebted to TheIndian Forester for May. Its contents are special'y interesting to Ceylon planters at this time :— ; The oldest Caoutckouc plantation in the world is perhaps ove existing in the west of Java, in the pro- vince of Kranong. A former proprietor of the Pama- nockan Tjiassan Esta’e which is the biggest private property in Jaya, containing 540,000 Dutch acres, had most of his land under coffee until 1872. Finding the cultivation of this plant was no lorger lucrative, he planted some of the land up with Ficus elastica. The coffee plantations had already been more or less cleared of forest growth, so that the planting of Ficus elastica cost less than thirty shillings per acre. The soil of these coffee gardens had become useless for other agricultural purposes; and had not /Hicus elastica, (Karet) been planted in time, would only have become covered with poor forest growth. The trees were planted 84 yards apart, or 72 trees to the acre, The area planted was 724 acres, containing 5,200 stems. The trees were first tapped when the plantation was 14 years old, and the yield for that and the six fol- lowing years was :— Ayerage-oz Value. Year. lb. per stem, £. 1886 ae 5,512 17 600 1887 0 4,954 15 540 1888 oe 1,514 4 165 1890 i> BI807 10 *360 1891 ae 6,113 18 387 1892 O\3 5,992 18 256 1895 ate 3,197 10 411 Total .. 380,589 Averageper 2,719 year per stem = 6 0z. 724 actes thus, it is said, yielded in 7 years a surplus of £2,719, or per acre per annum £5-8-0. The yield was 71 lb. per acre per annum during this period. During the 238 years from the establishment of the plantation in 1872 till 1875 the net yield per acre per annum amouted to £1-12-10, A. H. Brrxuout, late Consr. of Java Forests. Wageningen, Holland, 6th Jan., 1898, _* This note istaken from a report of the Netherland Indian Commercial Bank, in which the money results are called ‘‘ net income,” presumably after deducting the original cost of the planting operations.— Translator, AGRICULTURIST, 51 We cannot regard the above us a favourable yield from trees 14 years old: closer planting would probably give a ke‘ter return per acre. It is noteworthy that the harvest fell off rather than increased during the 7 years recorded above. Far better and earlier returns can be got from Para rubber trees in Ceylon. oS HOW TO° PLANT THE “NUTS OF THE COCO-PALM. A question has been raised in far Fijias to the best mode of planting coconuts. Hitherto the recoo- nised mode has been by laying the nuts on their side or with the eye upwards; but an ex-Ceylon planter Mr. Griffiths(?) has turned up in Fiji who declares that the proper way is with the eye down and that the tree comes into bearing in halt the time if the nuts are put in that way! We never heard of this practice and should like to know what Messrs W. H. Wright and W. Jardine have to say to it? We suspect they will agree with the experienced and shrewd coconut planter who writes :— I always prefer laying the coconut on its side in the nursery, horizontaliy; and should say it is the best method for any district. The water in the nut keeps the eye moist, and facilitates the development of the germ; while if it is placed vertically, eyeup the eye dries and the germ may be sooner scorched in droughty weather. Besides, the nut may have to be planted out, too, erect, and then the base to resist wind &c. is less. Eye down is a system I never heard of, and to which there are obvious objec- tions. The shoot has an unnatural twist, is more liable to submersion (and yot) in wet weather and to attacks of rats, white ants and porcupines ‘from immediate contact with the soil. I don’t believe in it. I am quite content with- the propertions of plants obtained by the horizontal system which eae follows natnre. The dropped nut lies on its side. eee EXCHANGE AND TEA. We direcc attention to Mr. Leake’s latest letter from the Economist given on page 54, While thanking our old friend for his cordial praise of our work as statist, we regret that he did not observe that cur ‘* Handbook and Directory ° of 1896-7 was, so far as the Agricul- tural Review, which he quotes is concerned, only a reproduction of the edition of 1895-6. In other words, the passage he quotes:—‘ 310,000 tisine eventually to 350,000 acres” of tea -for Ceylon was written in September 1895 and he will find it on page 168 of the 1895-6 edition. Our present statistical review of the situation will show that including native gardens and the clearings to be planted during this monsoon season, there are not fewer—probably more— than 370,000 acres of tea in Ceylon. Mr. Leake is, however, quite right in his reply to the ‘Hast India Merchant ” about Java and its coffee crops. Java suffered severely from coffee leaf disease and its crops tumbled down very seriously, although latterly there has been a revival due partly to the planting of the Liberian variety. We need scarcely say how strongly we approve of the latter part of Mr. Leake’s letter and appreciate his cogent demonstrations of the erroneous character of the arguments used by its opponents in The Economist, 52 THE TROPICAL INDIAN vs. CEYLON TEA, Reuter’s Agent in Colombo writes :—‘‘ Reply- ing to our query as to why Indian tea average is above Ceylon, cur Head Office has obtained the following from some of the leading London brokers :— “Messrs. Lloyd and Carter state that the average quality of Indian tea is better, and besides which more common tea is sent from Ceylon, and add, if it was plucked finer doubtless 1¢ would make a difterence.—Messrs. Lloyd Matheson & Co, say thatit is simply a question of supply and demand, Indian tea being naturally stronger than Ceylon, and therefore more suitable for mixing with the weaker kinds, for that reason commands a higher price.—Messrs. Stenning Inskipp & Co. say that the Indian tea has been of better quality and that the low-country teas sent from Ceylon have comprised many of a very poor quality, also adding that Ceylon tea is possibly not plucked fine enough and although they say perhaps the system of manufacture may have somewhat to do with it, yet of course the soil &c. are of great importance.” [There is nothing novel to our planters in the above information, although it is courteous of Renter to collect the various opinions. Ceylon, as we all know, produces some of the finest and some of the poorest teas sent into the London market; and unfortunately rubbish is some- times shipped that ought never to leave the island, if indeed it should not be burnt. Ep, 7.A.] Rie AA she AND. ITS. INSECT (COCCUS) ENEMY. We direct attention to the letter of Mr. Shelton Agar. Travelling by rail the other day between Nawalapitiya and Gampola, we failed to observe any difference in the lantana; but we suppose it requires closer observation and is worse on the Kandy side? We certainly think not a day should’ be lost in asking the Director of the Botanic Gardens with the Hon, Entomologist to examine and report on the pest. A coccus or bug is quite within the purview of Mr. E. E. Green who will no doubt be able to tell us all about the Lantana enemy. We should think if the Chairman, P.A., communicated with His Excellencey’s Private Secretary, that the needful order would at once be given, in a matter so clearly pro bono publico. a 2 el PLANTING AND CATTLE FEEDING IN FlJL. The following information arising out of the enquiry how to plant coconuts, is of interest ;— “©The enclosed from an old friend of mine in Fiji, who has one of the largest and best coce- COCONUT . better prices, or if they do not ie haa / / ’ > [JvLy 1, 1898. nut estates in the group, will Tam sure interest you and you may be able to answer his questions. { am not well up enough in coconut planting to tell him whether Mr, Griffiths (by the e do you know the gentleman and is he an authorit on nuts ?) is right in saying that coconuts chould he planted with the eyes in the ground, but if by doing so they bear 12 months earlier than they would if planted any other way of course it’s a great thing to know. I have generally seen them planted on their sides either flat or slanting, but I cannot remember them being planted as Mr. G says they should be. M friend’s plantation has a large sea fron ins of a gradual slope back. Fine voleanie soil and parts of it full cf seoria. Most of the estate is laid ont in paddocks with stone walls and Mr. —— has a large and fine herd of cat‘le always oa the place. As soon as his stock is three years or so old and fat, he sells them to the butchers. The price a good many years ago was £8 to£l0a head, but now £4 10s to £5 for beasts above 450 to 550 lb. is the price. The biggest butchers there have a cold storage room and get meat from the other Colonies at cheap rates, which has had something to do in reducing price of cattle. Besides this, a great many coconut planters, who could afford to buy cattle have gone in for breeding and the butchers them- selves have leased several places to rum and fatten stock on, so decent, fat cattle are generally readily procurable. ‘The stock all originally came from Australia or New Zealand and thrive well in Fiji, where the climate is good and there are no leeches or ticks. The cattle just roam abow wnd no shelter is provided. Bulls for keeping up and improving the breed are being constantly imported. Sheep thrive fairly well in the drier parts of the group.” The Fiji estate referred to with 2,000 acres more or less, planted with coconut palms is a big concern.—We caunot recall any Mr. Griffiths as a coconut planter or authority in Ceylon. ee Se PLANTING IN VENEZUELA.—In the report of the British Consul at Caracas it is stated that agricul- tare, the principal source of the riches of this Re- public, has hitherto received little or no attention except that which was required to gather the crops. The coffee estates number about 33,000, and those of cocoa 5,000. These two products, coffee and c5coa, were most cultivated because they com- manded good prices during the last fifteen years, but as the prices received in 1897 hardly cover the cost of production, the serious attention of agriculturists has been aroused, and they ‘are beginning to see that if they do not turn to some other products which have greater demand and by improved methods increase the production and lower the ex- penses, their fate is sealed. Numerous agricultural clubs have been founded, and are endeavouring to arouse the planters to a sense of the benefits that would accrue to them by the application of scienti- fic methods in manuring, irrigating, &¢., and in the use of improved machinery in all the processes of prepaing the produce for the market. Lately, a Superior Board of Agriculture has been formed, with the President of the Republic at its head, and its object is tostady and report on agricultural teaching, technical and practical, on agricultural institution immigration, &c., and, in fact, on everything relating to the cultivation of the soil: Beneficial results are expected through this insti- titutar? tution —H. & C. Matl, June3, JULY 1, 1898.} THE TROPICAL TRAVANCORE TEA SALES. Average 7-56. June 10th. let oo 2S ais l~ wa 2 vom) | | | | Pal ate || 1 SO aA : oO wu S sine {| 9° 3) Qe Ort Ss Sem opjuen®! Bll Plas. S | asl 1S a aS Ba ei Tet Arcee > Be voor | | | PSPS let] | Sey | 8 es = ‘ 2 4.2 Ayqyaen?y [Pe Pet Se Pe eo Pale Pes Nn e S} E Ks | Ais Ain | Catt aly | rit 8 aug} Sie a5 low | s | 3 2 | S | : ) Ye) Sp 3 Toe ay Sasi lleaslllasales fiers j coat S © é Terie Cele ect ret] cieaere ae) BY OIG Cre oocnod | errw! & o ; { i Ay i>] CS) ) ORS) = Smee neS | Ha x ro) *AyryVNy SV se LOS ae | ind aa) ats aie min is renin oo, ros 2011 Ra | creo (Dertet aS ee 4 ad HEAD AD 1D + ORKTHSS 20 CO sieirA as SO C~ oo 32 cae ees waa 3 n = ier 1215 2s ak SON | mig wWi9 OO Mor DOr HO 5 < I et ce Bae eon ae ¥ ~ AL S “Ayyurwnh |ENBRaSSRAGZRAAR™” & iS) 3 x ro ee) an Co iS] Loa * = MR PRISE SOG? HARA: = : 9 SYS rs si oe o | (aie miee a & a. a ° A= FI Ss | o I=} Oe —_ wn iS) 848 B98 e265 o_8 oe 3 ° mast aq >) aga Siespis| aYvso> aio .fro.8 fq O8 ~ Peg "es@uong sa ao 0 SHE OH OOS S wH.D CBr Om Aas OH = Haat MOORROOnH a TEA REGULATION IN AMERICA. A modification of the tea regulations has been pro- mulgated at the Treasury Department. Notice is given to collectors and other customs officers that whenever Japan teas sha!l be imported hereafter, so made up as to imitate the green teas of China, examiners shall com- pare such teas with the pan-fired standards for Japan teas. Should such teas be made up so as to imitate Covgous, they will be compared with the North China standards for Congous.— American Grocer. ——— ee ee TEA PLANTING ExXTENSION.—The Pioncer qnotes our words of warning in reference to further tea extensions, based on the unexpectedly wide area already planted in Ceylon,—namely that a halt should be cried in both Nerthern and Southern India to further tea clearings. AGRICULTURIST. 59 MINOR PRODUCTS’ ‘REPORT. June 1}, AwnnAtTro Serp.—Good bright Kast Indian was limited at 5$d per lb. Koua-nurs.—Cheaper. Tair West India sold at 244 per lb. Good washed ditto was limited at 3d. Lrmonerass Oin.—A large parcel was sold without reserve at 3d to 3id per oz, or 25 per cent below market value. VANILLA.—In small supply. Madagascar sold at 17s 6d for 7 inches to 74 inches; slightly crystallised, 64 to 73 inches, 18s; 6 inches to. 6% inches 17s ; foxy, 6 inches to 7 inches 11s to Ids. Only a few Sey- chelles sold; 7 inches 193 6d per lb.—Chemist and Diruggist. eo COFFHE IN B.C. AFRICA. (From B.C. Africa Gazette.) Mr. D. Morris, the Assistant Director of the Royal Gardens, Kew, in a recent letter says:—‘It is evident that planters must adopt some means for manuring their coffee trees if they are to k ‘ep them in a suitable condition for yielding creps, Apparently the soil is not rich enough without some manurial treatment. Aliso, during the dry season, the roots of the trees shoul! be covered with grass ov ~trash, to keep them coo! and moist.” Messrs, Gardiner & Co. have issued theiz circular in regard tothe 1897 crop and the prices obtained :— “We are sorry to have to report no matket in- crease in the 1897 crop over that of 1896. The quality, taking the cropas awhole, was not so good as last year, and was distinctly inferior to that of 1895. There appears to us to bea large increase of defective and light berry. Heated reds and stinkers “were again present in some parcels, more especially in those parcels showing light berry. Some parcels showed a considerable quantity of chipped and bruised berry. On this account werecommend most careful pulping. A few parcels were overdried, and consequently rather foxy; onthe other hand, some arcels were magnificent, and we are of opinion the Fest ever put on the market. It is now’ more important than ever for planters tu do everything in their power to turn out a good even coloury sample in order to maintain the position which we are happy to report the highest grade of Nyassaland cctfee has established for itself’ amongst the high grade coloury coftees sold on the London market. Tn our opinion, the greatest difficulties to —be overcome by Nyassaland planters are in connection with defective and light berries which are now so prevalent, and which, to a somewhat large extent, detract from the values obtained by the different planters in British Central Africa for their crop. We have great hopes that, with the introduction of shade which is now being so extensively planted the above defects will be eradicated. eS CEYLON TEA IN GERMANY,—Mr. Chas. Boéh- ringer, wh? some years ago established a house at Colombo for the purpose of buying cinchona- bark, is now in Stutgart, where he has opened several shops for the sale of Ceylon tea only. Mr Bohringer anticipates a strong demand for this kind of tea in Southern Germany.—Chemist and Druggist. QUARANTINE FOR PLANTS.—Alluding to the steps taken to prevent the intrusion of the San Jose Scale, our contemporary, Mechans’ Monthly, has the following wise remarks :—‘‘ But the truth is, the Scale does not need looking after—not by law, for the Seale will travel in spite of all law and its useless expenditures. Cultivators should be encouraged to look for and destroy the Scale. It is as sensible to make laws that there should be quarantines against weeds as against insects. Like love, they laugh at lock-smiths.” 6) THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST, COFFEE-GROWING IN QUEENSLAND. I am sometimes asked, ‘ Will Coffee pay in Queens- land?” By thi+, of course, is meant not whether coffee is profitabic as an article of trade, but whether it, as a field-crop, will pay the cultivator we would advise all those who are in doubt about the matter to visit the State Nursery, and see for themeelves the crops on the trees here. Mr. Dansy, Manager of the Maskay Coffee Co.'s Estate, says he has not seen a better crop in Ceylon. Most people say coffee must be grown in a scientific manner, and for some thig word scieuce seems to have a fearful significance, but at the nursery they may see a crop grown on non-scientific principles [!). at the outset I planted on scientific lines. Starting At the surface of the ground, it was considered neces- sary to majntain a clear height of stem of 6 or 8 inches without any branches, The single stem was to be continued, and no suckers were to be allowed to grow. Under this system Isoon found that all the plants would require staking. This was all very well fora few mouths, but when the branches began to grow, I saw that the stakes were not strong enough, and they had therefore to be replaced; then, when the usual wet season, with its gales of wind swept over the place, neither stakes nor stems could resist their violence, and the greater part of the Biante were laid flat. I very soon came to the conclusion that the local conditions rendered this method useless, No more pruning, and no more destruction of suckers took place, the single stem soon thickened, the branches began to rest on the ground and formed the necessary support for the trees. Some books recom- mend manuring; and the scientific method recom- mended consists of digging a hole or two round the roots, in which the manure is placed. Now the con- sequence of this is that the roots cut off in digging receive no benefit, and those ata distance from the holes would have to travel if they wanted to share in the good things cupplied in the shape of manure. My method was to spread the manure over the surface of the ground within a radius of some three feet from the stem, and then lightly prick it in with a digging-fork. The result of this was, that as soon as the rain fell, the plants showed dark green foliage in abundance. M It is just possible that when the coffee-expert visits this nursery he may order all these bushes to be dug up, and I would therefore advise anyone who has been lamenting his ignorance of coffee-growing, to come here, and after what he has seen, he will, perhaps, have an easier mind. The other day I had a visit from an intending coffee- grower, who, no doubt, was impressed with fears for his success, after reading a mass of bcoks on the subject. When he had seen several of the bushes, he expressed the opinion that growing coffee by book was not the way to succeed. There is, however a danger, of going to extremes on the other side; but itis plain that hard-and-fast rules must giye way to circumstances. ‘Science hag done muchin the past, and will do much in the future, for agriculture. All I want to impress upon would-be coffee-growers is, not to let, science be the baghear to frighten you out ofthe field. If you want to grow coffee, and you’ possess average common sense, put that common sense to work. If you have not got a farm, then look ont for one—a piece of good land, well sheltered from the wind if possi- ble. Having selected your farm, “look over the hedge”’ and watch the man who is succeeding in the industry. Take his advice, and follow it, as. far as your own particular environments will allow. You are then not likely to fail. Ifa crop ofccffee-berries can be grown such as may be seen here, where the sail is by no means specially congenial to the growth ofthe plant, and where the land is exposed to the fury ot the gales that sweep over the place, it shows there is not s0 much mystery about the matter as is supposed. For land such as that at. this nursery | believe manuring to- be an absolute necessity. (Jery 1, 1898 I notice that some trees bear ‘better than others. Some trees are absolutely barren, although I believe I have none here. In Ceylon these trees are called ‘‘inales,”’ but such nomenclature does not speak well for the botanical knowledge of those who so designate them. The coffee-tree is not dieeions, it isa berma- hrodite. Perhaps the expression merely means a arren tree; but'whatever they may be it would be better to dig them out and lant others in their places. To avoid the risk of raising non-bearing ett Oe “pd as posite seeds would be seleeted, when it can be done, from t i grea ah ana he bushes bearing the test The trees here having strong stems and bei - rooted, the’ branches, 3 Mt aa the pelts Ft gathered, will be thinned, out, thus complying with the conimon sense and scientific instructions as to letting in light and air. There are many people who, even if they have the necessary capitaland knowledge, are phyeically unfit for the laborious work of cane-growing, but they would be perfectly capable of growing coffee. While the price remains at its present figure, coffee-growing will pay better than cane-growing at the present price of sugar; and where there is a family of chi ’ the pickers are ready at hand. I feel sure that a good future is in store for the coffee-growing industry, and it is just those farmere who have 80, 59, or 100 acres of cane who can go in for coffee-growing suc- cessfully, as they have money coming in to ‘lide them over the three years during which they have to wait for a crop. D. Bucwasay. Gardeners’ Chronicle, May 28. SNIPE SHOUTING IN CEYLON. ~ At the turn of the year the thoughts ot shooters at home are Breatly occupied b sbivia and it is the saine in Ceylon. It is from December that snipe- shooting begins to be at its best, it improves up to Stage ot Sanneny, remains stationary throughout february and Mareh, and is out altog: one i 5 altogether by the It has often been said that snipe, like oysters are in season in all months which have an RB in them; and thisis true in Ceylon, although very little is done with them in September and October and it is seldom before the middle of November that they show really good sport, What excitement there is among all Europeans throughout the c»lony as soon as it is known that the ‘‘long-bills” are in! The junior subaltern and civil servant, aud the Colombo merchant who has for the past six months stuck hard at his office rupee-collecting, are all alike bitten with mania to take their guns out to the paddy fields, Different indeed, are the conditions undér wiieh snipe are shot in the trepies from what thev are in Great Britain. Nocrisp rushy marshes, sparkling with frost in the keen morning air, nor snow bound moor- lands, where occasional soft boggy spots afford an almost’ certain ‘‘ find” for the birds; but usu- ally long ranges of green paddy — fields, or perhaps the borders of some ‘remote-lying tank, where you fluunder through. the black mud under a burning sun, until the perspiration pours from you. Nevertheless, very pleasant are the memories of bygone days in pursuit of the sport and such days can be reckoned by me in man ; hundreds. There was the getting up at 4 — if the ground to be shot over was several miles away, and the early meal (by coconut oil lamp) of *‘hoopers”’ (rice cakes), egus, and. coffee Then the native ‘‘ tat” was brought round sad- dled, the horsekeeper, with gun and cartridges having been sent on in advance an honr earlier, and after the spurs had. been bnekled on the shooting boots—for a native puny often needs \ Jory 1 1898.) these stimulants—the brisk ride to the scene of action which was reached near about dawn. Very likely at this time of year (January) tle fields are enveloped in mist, making it difficult to see to shoot at a greater distance than thirty yards, and impossible to follow ‘the flight cf a wounded bird tosee where he falls. But aftera little the sun gains power, and, with the depart- ‘ing mists, all tlhe beauty of the tropical morn- ing begins. The crops of grain and the surrounding jungles look so fresh and cool, and bird life is present everywhere. The fields are alive with cranes, kingfishers, mangobirds, and doves of different scrts—ile little grey dove and the beautiful bronzewing being the most common. But far more attractive to the sportsman’s eye are the snipe, which, with their exciting ‘‘skeep, skeep,” are rising and pitching again in ail directions. There is no deub+ that Ceylon snipe are, as a rule, easier to hit than English ones; but in the early mornings in the mudfields, where there is very little cover, they rise wild and go away with a dash equal to anything ever seen with the home birds. As the morning advances and the sun gets hotter, they become lazier and seek cover, and the great thing is to get them into oung paddy not morethan 2ft. high. The paddy- reeks are divided by small ridges or bunds; and you have to walk along these, and often get a most precarious foothold which, of course, handicaps you heavily, but otherwise the shoot- ing is perfect. The birds lie well, and fly, albeit AWAY» steadily—their brown forms — showing grandly against the green background of paddy ; and, granted decent walking ground, you ought ° then to make the heaviest part of | your bag. Generally, at the end of a range of fields, there is a more or less large bit of untilled ground called a deniya, This kind of place often abounds: in little pools fringed with highflags and rushes, and is very treacherous walking (itis quite easy to sink in upto your middle if not careful), but it is splendid holding ground for snipe, and must somehow or other be thoroughly shot out. Ifit cannot be all walked, the plan is to drive it; and this, to my mind, is the prettiest form of snipe shooting, and the one at which the best bags are often obtained. : There is no difliculty about getting beaters ; one is pestered by Sinhalese boys following to see the spoilt from the moment shooting begins (that is to say, in populous parts ; it does not apply to wild parts of Ceylon, where you are quite undisturbed), and they are only teo glad to be allowed to flounder about in the swamp and scare up the birds. It can be generally as- certained in which direction the snipe mostly break away, and posting yourself wel! forward, they give most beautiful shots of eveiy variety, though chiefly rocketers ; and to see their little twinkling wings cellapse and the binds come down dead from high over head is yery satisfactory. In the course of a day’s shooting one otten comes across painted snipe ; beautifully plumaged birds withont doubt, and attractive to novices, but experienced smipe-shooters vote them worth- less, as having no good qualities to recommend them either for spcrting or gastronomic pur- poses. Jack snipe are so rare that they may be said to be practically unknown in Ceylon. It. hap- pened, however, to a fried and myself to shoot three one morning many years ago on the lake shore at Jafina, the extreme north of the island, They were veritable jacks, THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 61 and we were very much surprized, as neither of us had, in our experience of the colony, ever come across one before. Two ot the birds were stuffed and sent to Capt. Legge, R.A., ihe well-known or- nithologist, whohas referred to them in his work on the birds of Cevlon. Curiously enoueh, some years after this, I heard of another jack being shot in exactly the same place ; bat, to ihe best of my. belicf, no other has Leen met with in any part of Ceylon. The bags of snipe in Ceylon are not equal to those madein India. An account of some heavy begs of snipe near Calentta was given in the Fed in theearly part of 1897--one shooter had since the beginning of the year several times exceeded 100 couple tobis owngun. This is far greater than anything in Ceylon. Thelargest bag, tomy know- ledge, was made some twenty-five years ago for a bet, and 110 couple were bagged by onegun. Kc. ferees were appointed to see that all was fair, and the bet was paid, so there can be no doubt that this bag was actually made; but it stands alone, and cannot be taken as a fair example of Ceylon snipe sport. Fifty couple haveoften been bagged, and thisisa giand bag for one gun. Anything over twenty couple may, nowadays, when guns and shooters are yearly increasing innumbers, be considered an excellent day’s sport.—Cowt Journal. [Capt. Walker, the veteran member of the Forest Department, considers Mr. RKice’s 103 brace shot on thefavourite ground in the Trincomalee district to be the largest bag ever made in Cey- lon ; but then several guns were used by him. To make 40 to 50 brace, with only one gun, and that a muzzle-loader as Capt. Walker has done, ought to be considered very good. Next to the Trin- comalee resort, the neighbourhood. of Horobore- wewa tank in Uva used to have the greatest reputation for big bags among Ceylon snipe shooters. ] : Se NS CEYLON, INDIA AND RUSSIA. For some unexplained reason, or perhaps for no good reason at all, mercantile enterprise in India has greatly neglected the very prom’sing market for Indian preduce which seems to exist at Odessa. Such goods as tea, cofiee, jute are quick to make their way in new markets if properly pushed, but though the more alert merchants of Ceylon export Jarge quantities of tea to the Black Sea, Indian tea exporters have so far left this market unexploited. Freights for Indian produce by the Volunteer Fleet steamers, wlich run to Odessa from the Far East, rule very uw, and the shipowners, we are told, are keen to do more business. Volunteer Fleet steamers call at Colombo regularly, and at ordinary tinies—that is to say when there is no plegue in India to raise quarantine diffieulties—at Coconada also. It cer- tainly seems a pity to see steamers which are capable of carrying thousands of tons of Indian goods to Russia, sail to Odessa with perhaps only a few hundred tons of tea or coffee from Ceylon, and a little eastor-oil seed from Coconada. There is a Jarge jute factery at Odessa, and most of its jute is supplied from India, though a small quantity of the best sorts is sent from Resht in Persia. In this direction, as in many others, there appears to be an opening fer Indian mer- chants. Mr. J. H. Fronimann is the largest dealer at Cdessa in Ceylon and Indian teas, and a British subject, and he may be addressed by anyone in India desiring to make further inquiries. —Indian Agriculturist. 62 THE TROPICAL PLANTING NOTES, “GonontA; Tue ConontaL Cotrech MAcAziNne.”— Spring Session, April, 1898. Contents :—Our Students Column :—Communications from Africa, Australasia, Canada, West Indies and California; “migration : a Plea for State Aid’ The British South African Police ; New Caledonia; Poet’s Corner: A Hint on Manuing ; Laboratory Notes; Weather Report— January to April, 1898; Hstate, Warm and Building Notes; In Memoriam; The Athletic Club Report ; Old Students’ Directory (revised) ; Notice to Corres- pondents. Pranrinc iN New CAruponts.—Sugar is grown but to a very limited extent, there being, in fact, but one plauter. Tapioca is another product, and one which is stated to pay well, the quality being first class. Tea is being tricd by one or two In an experimental form, but it is doubtfal whether it will be found to answer on a large scale on account of labour and deficient rainfall, The latter difficulty could. be overcome by itrigation, but the question of Jabour is more serious ad would, I think, pre- vent competition with India, Ceylon, and other tea- growing countries whero labour is boto cheap and plentiful. Coconu‘s are, of course, most prolific, and ‘all the tropical and semi-tropical fruits, such as bananas, oranges, lemons, citrons, mangroves, guavas “and a host of others grow im profusion.— Colonia lege Magazine. Ca Giawtar THE TIMES: TUE JAPANESE IN Formosa.—A few months ago we had an ac- complished English visitor here looking round some of our planting districts and making many enquiries in the interests of Japanese administration in Formosa. This island is sure to be developed year by year now and as a sign of the times or rather of the future. in that island, we may mention thata recent mail has brought us an order from the Ja- panese Government for a complete set. (17 volumes) of the Dropieal Agriculturist.. The last nquiry of the kind was in the interests of fhe King of Belgium for the Agricultural ‘brary of his Congo State; and so the tropical PAE foreigners in the Far . Bast and West equally with British _ tropical dependencies, look to Ceylon for guidance and instruction. Unfortunately the earlier volumes are getting searce and to reprint them (as Mr. ‘I Christy stgeests) would be a heavy undertaking. Those of onr subscribers who have preserved their sets ot the T.A. may yet find they have a special value. Ceyton RAINFALL. RETURN FOR _ 1897. —The Return of Rainfall in| Ceylon during 1897 and the Means during different periods, prepared by the Survey Department, was issued as a Supplement toa recent - Gazette ; We_are ivine the same (together with the P. W, D. Rain- Fall Return for last year) with our Meteorological Summary, in the ‘‘ Ceylon Handbook and Direc- tory,” where they can be readily referred to. Mean- time we may remark that the highest total rainfall for last year, registered by the Survey Department, was 201:90 inches on Sembawatte, Nawalapitiya, spread over 218 days, the means during 14 5-6 years being 217°32 inches. This was closely followed by Digalla, Awissawella, with 195°86 inches on 173 days, and 179°83 inches means during 11? years; while the lowest total quantity was 38°68 inches falling on 76 days at Puttalam, the means during 27 11-12 years being 46:08. Theguantity registered in amy 24 hours ranged from 2°69 inches (on Nov. 13-14) ‘at T ut: talam to 10-20 inches (on June 17-18) at Hoiekele, Chilaw. Nothing therefore approaching the exce)- tional Nedunkeni fall, came within the purview of any of the Survey Office observers, = [JULY 1, 1898, AGRICULTURIST. COFFEE-GROWING IN QUEEXSLAND,—Some. in- teresting information on this subject will - found on page 60. It is surpriting — that our contemporary of the useful Tropical Culti- vator published at Mackay, Queensland, does not tell us more about coffee. Can he not institute an enquiry and compile a list of all the (neensland coffee gardens in existence with their acreage tor publication in his columps, and also, if porsible, a returo of crops in the aggregate or per acre? CEARA RUBBER IN ZANZIBAR.—The following paragraph from the Zanzibar Gazelle is of interest to us at present :— It may be interesting to note that a thousand Ceara Rubber trees are now beicg planted ont at Dunga, on the adjacent coral. The soil is only a few inches deep but what there is of it is of the very best qnality. By digging holes one and a half to two feet dee with heavy crowbars and filling in with the rie black surface mould plenty of room is afforded for the short tap root of the tree to strikedown. There is a good deal of soil of sorts, chiefly of a red sandy character, mixed up with the coral underneath. It is not by any means all solid rock, The Ceara rubber trees are being placed 17 feet apart which gives 151 trees tothe acre. They stand transplant- ing extremely well and in mogt cases renew their growth the day after being put ont. Then who planted Ceara freely in Ceylon some years ago should look after their trees. A yield of a Ib. of rubber a day per cooly, from trees in Dumbara, is not to be despised, “ PADDY AND WEEVILS.—Our Negombo corre- spondent sent us a packet of paddy affected by weevils which we forwarded to Mr. M. Cochran who kindly reports as follows :—“ With rd to the sample of injured paddy reseived fron you on Saturday, there is no doubt the grain is very rl Weevil-eaten; a great he aaa of the sample consisting of empty husks, thie weevil holes and the weevils theniselves being in evidence. A few days ago in the Observes, yon published’ the manner of using the only two agents which 1 am aware are used as weevil- destroyers. It would be interesting to know if the weevils ere noticed on the grain in the field, or if they only come in the granaries. Bisul- phide of carbon has, as far as I know, been the favourite remedy ; but naphthaline was also meén- tioned in the article I refer to as very effective. These agents could only act as preventitives as well as destructive agents in the grannies, and not if the weevils commence their destructive work in the field.” UNHEALTHY OoTACAMUND.—The talk up here (says the Madras Times) is all absut the unhealthi- ness of Ostacamund. The following are some of the patients:—Sir Frederick Price, Miss Davies, Miss Simpson, Miss Pryce and Mr. Geddes, 4th Pioneers, all of typhoid fever ; Mr. Irwin, rhen- matic fever: Lady Souter, malarial fever. Sir Frederick Price is not improving as might be wished. Tt appears, indeed, that lle has had a relapse. The Misses Davies, Simpson and Pryce are all improving, and the last two are on their fair way to recovery. Mr. Geddes, of the 4th Pioneers, is the latest addition to typhoid fever, while Mr. Irwin is seriously ill of a malady which he caught through exposure during the race week when he was drenched; and Lady Souter is also i!l, having eaught malaria while on her coffee estate up here. There are other cases of typhoid in the p'ace among the Natives and Mahom- medans. The Sisters of the Church and a Jarge number from that icstitution have heen ill. Miss Elwes, who took the contagion from thisjnstitution, and who went to Coonoor, is, { learn, doing well, JuLY 1 18£8.] COLOMBO PRICE CURRENT. (Furnished by the Chamber of Commerce.) Colombo, June 28th, 1898 ExcHanere on Lonpon:—Closing Rates Bank Selling Rates:—On demand 1/3 $ 25 32; 4 months’ sight 1/3 25-32 to 13-16; 6 months’ sight 1/3 27-32. Bank Buying Rates:—Credits 3 months’ sight .}/3 29-32 to 31-32; 6 months’ sight 1/4 ¢ to 1-32. Docts 3 monthts sight 1/3 15-16 to 1/4; 6 months sights 1/4 1-32 to 1/4 1-16. Tndian Bank Minimum Rates % to %. Local Rates 2 o/o to 3 o/o Higher. CorreE:—Parchment cn the spot per bushel 11250 Plantation Estate Cotfee, f.0.b. on the spot per “ewt. R75'00. ry Liberian parchment ov the spot per bus. R350 Native Coffee f.o.b per cwt. None offering. Tya:—Average Prices ruling during the week Broken Pekoe per lb. 42c. Fekoe per lb. 302. Pekoe Sou chong per 1b. 22¢. Broken mixed and Dust, per lb. 19c. Averages of Week's sale. Cincuova Barg;—Per unit of Sulphate of Quinine per lb 4:80c.1 to 4 % Cazpamoms:—Per 1b R2.00 Coconut Osu:—Mill oil per ewt. R13.87 Dealers’ oil per cwt.none Coconut oil in ordinary packages f.o.b. per ton R307.50 Copra:—Per candy of 560 lb. 244.00 Coconut CaKe:— (Poonac) f.0.b. (Mill) per ton, R85:00 Cocoa unpicked and undried, ver cwt. R44.00 rapii& D. f. 0. b. R48,00 Com Yarn.—Nos. 1 to See CinxAmon:—Nos. 1 & 2 only i.o.b. 60¢. Do Ordinary Assortment, per lb 53c. Eipony.—Per ton Nosales : Piumpaco:—Large Lumps per ton, R580 Ordinary Lumps per ton, R550 Chips per ton, R310. Dust per ton, R200 Rice.—Soolye per bushel, { R 3.60 to 3.75 - ju 7 ex bag, | R9.50 to 10.00 Pegu and Calcutta Calunda per bus. R3.70 to 3,80 Coast Calunda per bushel, R3.60 to R3.75 Scarce Muitusamba per busbel, K3.87 to R4.20 Kadappa & Kuruwe Kazala per bus, none Rangoon Raw 3 bushel bag:—R9.50 to 10.00 ——___.>—____—_ LOCAL MARKET. (By Mr. James (#ibson, Baillie St. Fort.) ‘ Colombo, June 28th, 1898. Estate Parchment :—per btishel B10 to 13 Chetty do do R950 to 10°00 Rae epee per ewt R34 to 37 Libérian coffee:—per bush R2'50 to 3°50 do cleaned coffee:—per ewt R27°00 Cocoa unpicked per cwt R48'00 do cleaned do R52°00 Cardamoms Malabar:—per Ib: R1°75 to 1°90 do Mysoore do R1°80 to 2°00 Rice Market List Soolai per bag of 164 lb. nett R950 to 10°00 Slate or 1st quality soolai:— per bushel R3°70 to 3°75 Soolai 2 & 3rd. do do do R3°60 to 3°68 Coast Calunda 3°75 to 3°87 scarce Muttusamba ordinary R3'87 to 4°20 Kazala R3'50 to 355 Coast Kara R3°60 to 3°65 scarce Rangoonraw Rice per bag R950 to 10°00 Ginnamon. per lb No1 to4 dicts do - do 1 to 2 62cts do Chips per candy. R80 to 85 Coconuts. Ordinary per thousand R36 to 37 do Selected do R38 to 40 Coconut Oil per cwt R13°75 to 14°00 do F. O. B. perton R275 to 280 nominal Copra» per candy Kalpitiya do Marawila do R37'50 to 41 Cart Copra do R32°00 to 35 Gingelly. Poonac per ton R97'50 R41 to 44 Coconut Chekku do Rs5 to 90 Mill (@etail) do R76 to 80 Cotton Seed : do R65 to 70 Satinwood per cubic feet R200 to 225 do Flowered do R300 to 6°09 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 63 Halmilla do RL‘90 Palu ao R120 to 1°30 Tuun Pali do R100 to 1712 Ebony per ton R75 to 174 Kitul fibre per cwb R230 Palnyra do do R8 to1s00 Jatina Black Cleaned per cwt R15:00 do mixed do 15-09 to 16°60 Indian do R30 to 14°60 do Cleaned do R16'00 to 16°00 Sapanwood per ton 445 to 59 Kerosine oil American per case R5°25 to 5°50 do Bulk Russian per tin B2°40 to 2°45 do Russian per Case no® in marke’ do Sumatra in Case R475 to 457 Nux Vonrica — per cwt BS to 6 Croton Seed per cwt R37 to 40 Kapock cleaned fob do R2sv0 Rico do unpicked do Large lumps R386 to 54) Plambago per ton, according | do » 2250 to 500 to quality | do Chips R120 to 340 { do dust R108 to 230 so re CEYLON EXPORTS AND DISTRIBUTION. >= 0g 1897-98. RIGGS see 5 & = {bre o Bam Aen m1 ae On A : S12éE a : 2 9 ie z eal Bees SSS in i Ela. LASS S ei RRS SISe Br S Sup Do pare ° oor Se wey “AO = mire o oe 3 ‘ Mesos seo anne caer ra IBomicvo oO -D DD o A848) | SS35 _|£ Stess:3:s TST Bite cic z | = 5 o os we oo — g1E8 ATISH @ 20 SseuS 3 5 Soa F | = peogoon o > 2S Tet= E RB SSeS 2 S5 8 SSeS 1) a A ee ees eee 2883 3 SND C'moms lb. 149945 | Cocoa Len, (ae eee | Bales b Ib BQ28 566 Seeman |gratesets | wp atamc| oes ae ae ~~ Peal Ss > 25° 18 i a AES Sa a es i ee Ph ay eee a Bee = 8.8 a oS a oa = g \5212 5 8 Big Pee sess: zy, SER TSE STi Ee SN) tees iSetete: gceion (euuean re ae ; = S baal = Nes f= 1g S BAS o a) LSJ ef git D 5°78 2 Z4\% ta Gr wane aceon Ree = _ 1S) a | = = Ons & Cn SE an eee 2) > | = et) CNS 6010 f SSSA s2ss es x “ An AN > Oi~ 3D Sig 4 ‘? Tose S ; = idl Bes ee tel. detlia, toe S) td, o3 S533 S 5, 6, SOs ge te 0 Scere SOR Cac Oaiciet) ol 2 Tele oes GS . | gs |3 aS oO & : — ~ e | &s | — et [Peconic ite) milestone ale tee Palins SAODnD pm eid Z| 2 Lal ioe} . = eo Lge =| a |ve2 23% a 8m Bea |2. vA | BeSasSpaest@es ss Sie et ral DoS om OL ae DP |DpeBSSCSSSesyses lee 6a So sme J <—— Q | teRoRRRanead<< Also PSs esis + 905 2 air hoes aS oo =O on a) THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [JULY 1 1898. MARKET RATES FOR OLD AND NEW PRODUCTS. (From Lewis & Peat’s Fortnightly Prices Current, London, June Ist, 1898.) QUALITY. Tair to fine dry Common to good a ALOES, Soccotrine cwt. Zanzibar & Hepatic ,, BHES’ WAX, ay Zanzibar & § White ,, Bombay Yellow,, Madagascar CAMPHOR, China Japan af CARDAMOMS, Malabar lb Geod to fine Ay Fair Be Dark to good palish .. Fair average quality ... ” Lad ” eet ed, bold, bright, fine Middling, stalky & lean Fair to fine plump .. Seeds 3 Good to fine Brownish 5 to good . Ceylon.—M ysore ” Tellicherry,, ” . Long cH eae Fi) Bane atore », |Med brown to good bold CASTOR OIL, Calcutta,, |Ists and 2nds i Madzas ,, CHIULIES, Zanzibar cwt.| Dull to fine bright ° CINCHONA BARK,— on Ib. | Ledgeriana Chips Ceyl cari, Renewed Org. Stem . Red Org. Stem... Renewed .,.. CINNAMON, Ceylon Asts|Ordinaiy to fine quill... quoratioxs | -|448 a 100s 118 a 76s £7 2/6 a £7 10s 90s 38 2d a 3s 6d 48 90d a 3s 38a 4s 3d .. |28 6d a 2s 2d 28 lida 2s (28 6d 28 8d a 8s 10d 38 Oda 4s 5d Bid a 43d 33d 27s a 428 6d . {34da 5d BI dais lld r Ib. 2nds A. igd als &d rel ards s Sf v id a 1s Cd 4ths . 5 . {6d_a 1s 3d rb Dull ¢> fine bright bold eee , Penan .|Dull to fine bright bold/7,d a 1s peOv ase ean ..{Dull to fine .. [eda 53d Zanzibar Good and fine bright .. |4d a 43d and Pemba Common dull to fair .. 3gd a 34a Stems .. | Fair .. lid COCULUS INDICUS ewt. | Fair 8s 6d COFFEE 3 é Plantation ,,}Bold to fine bold colory}110s a 124s Cover . Middling to fine mid .. {103s a 108s éd Low mid. and low grown|90s a 100s Smalls oe | (C8 ne i Good ordinary ...| 258 a 80s Naber x Small to bold - +. |308 @ 45s COCOA, Ceylon », |Bold to fine bold .. {708 a 78s Medium and fair ... {658 a 70s Triage to on tian = aa a COLOMBO ROOT », |Ordinary to goo ..|20s a 20s Jon ton nominal com Ee Srchin » |Ordinary to fair .. |£10 a £16 FIBRE, Brush », | Ord. to tine long straight}£10 a £21 : Cochin ,, |Ordinary to good clean}£15 a £21 Stuffing ,, |Common ie fine — Re ry ae a Ceylon Common to superior . /£12a Is con ee Gouin 3 nF » Very fine ,,.J/£12 a £34 do. ,, |Roping, ae to good .. od ae £15 )S, sift. cwt.| Dull to fair ...|8¢8 & 90s GROTON SEEDS, 8 Fair to fine dry .. |98 8d a 32s 6d CUTCH “4 * GINGER, Bengal, rough ,, Calicut, Cut A ,, , B&C,, Cochin Rough ,, Fair Good to fine bold Common to fine bold ,. Small and D’s Unsvlit a0 Sm. blocky to fine clean Picked fine pale in sorts Part yellow and mixed Bean and Pea size ditto Amber and dk. red bold Med. & bold glassy sorts eee Japan - GUM AMMONIACUM,, ANM, Zanzibar ,, Madagascar as fou ae eee paleh ee ABABICE.1.& Aden ,, {Ordinary to good pale ae en. x Pickings to fine pale... Benrrachee se, Reddish to pale selected rk to fine pale ee assarcempa' ~ |Glean i” tog! anon aiNO : ip fae pe pale {., M\ERH Gl sorts ” |Middling to good OLIBANUM, diop Nothing (ofan oo pee Siehtiy foul to fine INDIARUBBEK, Assam 1 Cee a foul & mxd.|: Mangoo "mg | Cea ee Small and medium ,. |: 30s a 50s £107/6a£13 12/6 £82/6 a £1010s 70s a £7 12/6 £5 10sa £7 10s 80s a 100s 12s 6d a 40s 52s 6d a 57s 6d Is 43d a2s 23d INDIARUBBER, (Contd). Java, Sing. & Penang Ib. ( | Mozambique Py 1 \ Madagascar Ss i INDIGO, E.1. ” MACE, Bombay & Penang per Ib. MY RABOLANES, } ewt Madras Bombay Bengal ,, NUTMEGS— Ib. Bombay & Penang ,, NUTS, ARECA ewt. NUX VOMICA, Bombay per cwt. Madras OIL OF ANISEED Ib CASSIA CINNAMON CITRON ELLE P ORCHELLA WEED—cwt Ceylon Zanzibar. - PEPPER - (Black) Ib. Alleppee & Tellicherry Singapore Acheen & W: C. Penang PLUMBAGO, lump cwt. chips dust SAFFLOWER is “~. SANDAL WOOD— Bombay, Logs ton. Chips Madras, Logs ,, QUALITY QUOTATIONS. — aie Semen — |\Foul to good clean ,,j1s 2ida 3s Good to tine Ball .. (28 lid a 3s 2d Ordinary to fair Ball. |2s6d a 2s Low sandy Ball is ld a 1s 4d Sausage, fair to good. /2s 6d a 2s ld Liver and livery Ball., |2s 6d a 2s 10d Fr. to tine pinky & white}|ss a 3s 1d Fair to good black ,,./28 a ys 4d Niggers, low to good... 1s 4da 2s 43d Bengal-- Shipping mid togd violet/4s a 4s 6d Consuming mid, to gd.jes @d ags 4d Ordinary to mid. Mid. to good Kurpah.. Low to ordinary od Mid. to good Madras. Pale reddish to fine .. Ordinary to fair Pickings a Dark Wo fine pale UG...) Fair Coast a ubblepore Bhimlicy |Rhajpore, &c. x lCalcutta ; 164’s to 67's 110’s to 65's 160’s to 1830's pe Ordinary to fair fresh... Ordinary to middling... Fair to good bold fresh... Small ordinary and fair Fair merchantable... According to analysis.. G flavour & colour... Dingy to White on Ordinary to fair sweet... Bright & good flavour... Mid. to fine not woody.. Picked clean fiat leaf ... » Wiry Mozambique)l(s a lis Fair to bold. heayy Fair 7 Dull to fine <= ona Fair to tine bright bold Middling to good smalj/l5s 4 19s Dull to fine bright —_., |1C8 a 15s Ordinary to fine bright/5s 6d a 10s Good to fine pinky 508 a 85s Middling to fair ~ Inferior and pickings et Fair to fine flavour .,. Fair to good flavour a Chips ,, |Imferior to fine .. (£48 £8 SAPANWOOD Bombay,, |Lean to good « [£4 a £5 Madras ,, |Good average (£48 £5 nom. Manila ,, |) Rough & rooty to good|£4 1084 £5 155 Siam |} bold smooth.,.,|£6 a £ SEEDLAC ewt. Ord. dusty to gd. soluble|®0s 7 SENNA, Tinnevelly Ib Good bol n/3id a 83d Fair middling medium|3d a 33d Common dark and 3d a 23d | SHELLS, M. o’PEARL— Bombay et. Bold ot ’s and B’s anal one £21 5s #6 10s Mussel » |Small to bold ey , TAMARINDS, Calcutta... | Mid.to fine bI’k not stony delet rept per cwt. Madras {Stony and inferior 48 a 6s TCanabae fe Bee Il to bold - anzibar ombay Ib. {Sma old d , 2 mottle part hice { 16s 6d a 238 6d TURMERIC, Bengalewt. | Fair > stage Madras, |Finger fair to fine boid right 1 Do. ” Bulbs oe bes Cochin ,, Hinges ..|138 a 14s Ss i? -, VANILLOES— Db. : --|7S 6d a 7s 9d Mauritius and | 1sts/Gd. crysallized 3h.4 9 E Bourbon «J 2nds/Foxy & reddish FA a 8 Re = a 6a Seychelles 3rds|Lean and inferior —.”"I7s. a 14860 VERMILION Ib./Fine, pure, bright "/2s a 281g aa i a AGRICULTURAL MAGAZINE, G@QEONME ©: Added as a Supplement Monthly to the “TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST,’ ———__— The following pages include the Contents of the Agricultural Magazine for June :— SEASON REPORTS. sl ESTERN Province.—Paddy. Sow- ing for Yala almost completed: early sown paddy looking pro- Destruction of stored mising, f ASS paddy by weevil reported from yarious places: Rainfall abundant. Health of eattle good, except for some outbreaks of foot and mouth disease. Central Provinee.—Paddy. Yala cultivation still going on in most parts, but reaping in Nuwara Eliya district where the results are very satis- factory. There is a want of rain in Matale and Kandy districts. The weevil pest is reported to be doing damage in most districts, but the use of naphthaline is being adopted. Health of cattle generally good. Northern Province.—Paddy. Fields being pre- pared for ensuing cultivation. Rainfall at Jaffna, ‘28; Mannar, 1:78. Murrain still prevails in the province, though not widespread. Southern Province.—Paddy. Yala cultivation still going on, prospect middling in Galle, good in Matara district More rain wanted. Eastern Province.—Paddy. Prospects of Pin- mari crop good: harvest approaching, Tobacco crop has been harvested and cared with good results. Rainfall at Trincomalee, ‘85 in, North-Western Province.—Paddy. Crops pro- gressing fairly, except in Demala Hatpattu where Yain is wanted badly. Rainfall at Puttlam 6:14 in. Cattle murrainin the Chilaw district where the weeyil is also reported. North-Central Province.—Paddy. Maha _ crop being threshed; some field being sown for Yala, Rainfall at Anuradhapura 645 in, Lealth of cattle good. HEY, ——- 1898, [No. 1. : Province of Sabaragamuwa.— Paddy. Yala crops in Ratnapura district satisfactory, but there is suffering from drought. In Kegalle district sow- ing for Yala is in progress. Naphthaline is being used against the paddy weevil, ————@m____ RAINFALL TAKEN AT THE SCHOOL OF AGRICULTURE DURING THE MONTH OF MAY, 1898. Sunday’ >>. 05°17 Tuesday -;; “Nil Monday .. ‘10 18 Wednesday., Nil Tuesday 115 19 Thursday .. Nil Wednesday.. ‘04 20 Thursday .. Nil 21 Friday sop, 204s 22: Saturday .. 65 23 Sunday ome Ona 24 Monday Oe oO 10 Tuesday .. Nil 26 ]1 Wednesday... Nil 27 12 Thursday .. ‘20 28 13 Friday Te Nilee 29 14 Saturday .. ‘04 30 15 Sunday 08s. OL 16° Monday .. Nil I Friday A sini A5 Saturday ,., Nil Sunday Monday ,, ‘24 Tuesday ,, ‘63 Wednesday,, ‘40 Thursday ,, ‘I) Friday egy Saturday ,, Nil Sunday woe Na Monday ., Nil Tuesday ,. ‘Ol Wednesday,, Nil OOIAM WDE Total, .7-14 Greatest amount of rainfall inany 24 hours on the 19th, 1:15 inches. Mean rainfall for the month :19 in. Recorded by A. H. AHAMAT: o> —_—_—___—_ OCCASIONAL NOTES, The Agricultural Journal of Cape Colony, quoting an article by Mr. E, T, Hoole, on Rinderpest in Ceylon, which appeared in the March number of the Agricultural Magazine, says: “This dis- ease has been more or less prevalent in Ceylon from the remotest times. Though it is more general at times when there are special outbreaks, yet “ 66 Supplement to the “ Tropical Agriculturist.” there is we believe never a clean bill of health for the whole Island. It has been said that the dis- case is Jess fatal thanin former times, but the following extract from the Celombo Agricultural Magazine shows it quite bad enough.” A Mr. Griffiths, described as an old Ceylon planters has been recommending the planting of Coconuts upside down in Viji The iden is certainly novel, and as our experience has been that the planting of the nuts upright instead of sideways (as some advocate) is the most satisfactory, we are hardly prepared to endorse Mr. Griffiths’ recommen- dation, nor are we inclined to think tliere is any good grounds for it, though it is averred that trees tlins raised come into bearing a year sooner than under ordinary conditions of planting ! The statements of accounts of the late Fruit and Vlower Exhibition show that it was worked as successfully from a financial point of view as in other respects. ~The total receipts from subserip- tions, sale of tickets, &c. were R2,143°75, and the expenditure was R1,915'54, so that a balance remains of R228'19 to the credit of the Show Com- mittee. - This is certainly a very satisfactory state of affairs, and should give further encourage- ment towards making the Show an annual event. Mheieredit of making the Show a success is in a great measure due to Mrs, Ellis, Miss Vaylor and Mrs. Davidson who rendered invaluable assis- tance to the gentlemen on the working committee. Of these latter we would specially mention Sir Feederick Saunders, Messrs. W. 2: Davidson (Mayor of Colombo), W. Nock, H. MacMillan (both of the Royal Botanic\Gardens), C. H. Pate, and. W. Ebert. Messrs. L. VanDort andjH. de Mell also rendered great help in the office, while the masters and students of the School of Agriculture worked like men. —— ‘A young bull and a heifer were procured by the Manager of the Government Dairy for the Prench Consul’ ‘in Colombo for shipment to Ilongkong, We understand that they are required for breeding experiments by Dr. Jersin of plague fame. “Mr. ‘Alfred Drieberg, an old boy of the School’ of Agriculture, is at ‘present working under “Mr. J. Elliott, on the Walawe Estate, Amblantotte, near Tangaile, where some interest- ing experiments in paddy cultivation are being zarried’ cut. “Wo have had enquiries about the flowering anid seeding of Pisonia (the lettuce tree) so com- monly grown in Colombo gardens, particularly on the sea side. On referring to many growers. of the tree where it is found of the greatest age, we were told that none of them had seen the seeds, or even the blossom. Some two years ago ave saw a tree in flower in a Colpetty garden, and Mr. &. Lewis, to whom we mentioned the fact,said that it was. the second time he had heard of any one who had seen the tree blossom, hebimself, with his large experience, not being so fortunate.. Curiously encugh, Herguson in: his “Timber Tre2s in Ceylon,” referring to Pisonea oleracea says “flowers freely and bears stuninal (JuLy 1, 1898, flowers only.” Trimen in his ‘Ceylon Flora’ referring to the tree as P. Morindifolia, says the male tree has the leaves much darker green, and is therefore not much grown. It rarely flowers here.” Mr. Jas Mullison, Superintendent of Farms inthe Bombay Presidency, who rendered such valuable service in the selection of a herd for the Ceylon Government Dairy, was a visiting to the I-Jand some weeks ago, Iieis much interested iv our indi- genous cattle, and we have promised tosend him photographs and measuremeats to accompiny a descriptive account of Eistern breeds. Regarding Thespesna populnea( the native“Suriya’ or English “tulip tree”) at one time so common as a roadside tre2 in town, we find Dr. Trimen in his “Flora” saying: “It ripens its seed only in the dry region,” We lave, however, had more than one experience of old trees in the neighbourhood of Colombo seeding profusely and found the ground under the trees thickly covered with seedlings. See tS THE “DEMONSTRATIONS” AT THE FRUIT AND FLOWER SHOW. One of the features of the late Show was what was designated the practical demonstrations held on the occasion. These consisted of the processes of budding and grafting, cream-separating, Xe. We hope to see at future Shows a development of this excellent idea, The demonstrstion in budding and grafting was on the first day carried out by Mr. Macmillan, the Curator of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Peradeniya, and, on the second day, by a Sinhalese assistant of the Botanical Staff. This was a commendable arrangement, 2s on the first day the majority of visitors were of the English-speaking classes, while on the second the Sinhalese predominated. Many were the enquirers who wished to be informed as regards a process which to the ordinary horti- culturist is a mysterious operation not tobe at- tempted by him. This particular demonstration proved, for one thing the advantage that may be expected to result from a combination of the botanical and agricultural iuteresis, and the benefit that is to be looked for by utilising the talent of experts available in the Colony for educational ends—though an educational establishment such as the School of Agriculture. As regards this latter cousideration it is a matter for regret that, under existing conditions, the “ talent” should be hid within the circumscribed area of Botanical Gar- dens, while the opportunity offered by making the scheola medium for utilizing expert knowledge to its full advantage should be neglected. It will bea good day both for the school as well as the agri- cultural and horticultural classes in Ceylon when Messrs. Willis, Nock and Macmillan become asso- ciated with the curriculum of the School of Agri- culture. The cream-separating demonstration as conducted by the Manager of the Government Dairy was a decided revelation to many hundreds who visited the Show, and it must have suggested many possibilities. In this connection we might refer tothe advantage derived both. by the fac Juty 1, 1898.] ‘seeing speculator in town and the village cattle- keepers in the Bombay Presidency. The latter residing in remote rural districts is unable to find a market for the milk got from his cows, while he finds it impossible to send his produce to town owing to the peculiarly perishable nature of milk in the tropics. The former, while looking to his Own interests, comes to the rescue of the villagers by investing 1m one or more eream separators. which he sets up at one or more rural ceutres to which mitk is readily brought for sale, as readily purchased and worked out as cream. The cream, which may be said to be less perishable than milk, and indeed isimproved for butter-making purposes by ‘keeping, is carried into town and there con- verted into butter. We are inclined to think that such an industry as is here indicated can, wich the same mutual advantege, be carried on in Ceylon where a good deal of the milk, milk of cows and buffalces are allowed to run to waste in remote villages. Bee-keeping on rational principles ag demon- strated by Mr. Charles Andree was another very Suggestive side-show which must have struck miny as indicating a pessibility of a commen- dable by-industry, not without remuneration eonsidering ils inexpensive character, particularly suitable forthe women in a hiusbandman’s family. Mr. Andree proved to satisfaction in carrying on his demonstration amid an assembly of over 2,000 persons, his dictum that “if you do not hurt the bees they will not hurt you.” Gentle treatment and an improved hive—costing but a few rupees—would seem to be all the necessary conditions forthe production of a pure article of diet—admitted by all authorities tobe amongst the most wholesome food products—for home consumption or disposal, Bee honey, as has to be accepted in Ceylon, is an objectionable substance if it is not in many casesa noxious compound,- it would be out of place to describe its origin here,—and the popularizing of apiculture as a home industry to find occupation for the hus- bandman’s family during their many hours of leisure, between seasons of paddy cultivation, should have a more beneficial and far-reaching in- fluence in the villages than at fivst appears. Among other exhibits to be seen in the same department of the Show were various insecticides and the means of using them. ‘hese should have proved of interest to many who probably had never seen or heard of Paris green or London purple or naphthaline (specially recommended agiinst the paddy weevil), nor were aware that there were convenient and cheap spraying michines that would enable to use certain in- secticides most effectually. “We are inclined to include another exhibit in the class to which we are referring, we mean Mr. George Warr’s excellent show case illustrating the various and numerous uses to which the fibre of the rhea or ramie plant—now grown in many parts of the Island—can be put. There were many who considered this exhibit among the most striking objects in the Show. There are a number of capitalists who are ready to grow ramie extensively if they were only satisfied that the decorticatineg and deguniming processes can be satisfactorily got over, and, if Mr. Warr - saw his way to bring over an efficient machine 2 Supplement to the “Tropical Agriculturist.” G67 for decortication, and also ta show growers how they should set about the after-treatment of the fibre, he wouldhe conferring a boon onthe local planting community. — paddy grower will never secure any permanent benefit to him or bring any good to the country. A properly organized system of safeguarding native agricul- tural interests is what is wanted, and if this be provided there is bound to be a striking improve- ment in the condition of the rural cultivator which is so much to be desired. ee INOCULATION FOR RINDERPEST, The following letter by the Colonial Veterinary Surgeon on the above subject is hereunder published for the information of our readers :— In repiy to numerous inquiries on the above subject, I have the honour to state that cattlecan be salted very readily by an injection of glycerinated bile fellowed by a judicious injection of virulent blood at regulated short intervals. The difficulty is to define the exact dates on which to apply and repeat the blood injection, and this difficulty 15 by nu means easy tu surmount as the strength and length of immunity conferred on different animus by the same bile vary very much, hence the unequal results obtained by the first and sub- sequent injections of virulent blood in different herds and on different animals in the same herd. In our experience with glycerinated bile followed by blood, in a great majority of the herds as treated the loss after the first injection of O'1 ¢.c, virulent blood onthe third day was comparatively small, andin some herds none died, while in a very few herds the losses were somewhit heavy. lt was after the second and third inoculation with blood that the losses varied somuch, and in some herds were very heavy. The cause of this was in my opinion due to the length of time that was allowed to lapse—14 to 17 duys—between the first and second doses of virulent blood, bezause in the case of those animals which did not react to the first injection of blood the immnnity had eom- pletely passed off before the secoud dose was applied. It isa well-recognised fact that the immunity conferred by bile does not pass off gradually but suddenly. Animals which resist effectually a large dose of virulent blood at one time may in a very short time afterwards develop acute rinder- pest from the sarce dose repeated. It has to be borne in mind in justification of the practice that was followed that at the commencement of the bile inceulations all the experts held the opinion that an injection of virulent blood after bile— whether glycerinated or pure—strengthenel and extended the immunity conferred by the bile, whether it produced any fevered reaction or not. Painfnl experience in the field, however, las clearly demonstrated that this was a grave scientific error which led to somewhat serious results in practice, more especially in individual Supplement to the “ Tropical Agriculturist,” 69 herds, in which the bile immunity must have been unusually weak and evanescent. Keeping these experiences in mind I would recommend when using glycerinated bile to increase the dose from 20¢.c. as formerly recommended to 30 e.e, for full-sized cattle, others 20 cc. to 15 cc, according to size. This will ensure a safe immu- nity against the first dose of O-l c.c. of virulent blood to be injected on the 10th day following, then repeat the blood injection every six days until all the auimals have given a decided fever reaction. 1 may mention that animals have been salted and highly fortified by this method in large numbers. The next consideration is the virulent blood itself. There can be very little doubt that other diseases besides rinderpest can be conveyed to a healthy animal by the injection of blocd drawn from a beast affected with rinderpest, Redwater is one. This may not be of much con- sequeace in an area where the cattle are salted against that disease. At any rate, great care should be exercised to obtain virulent blood from cattle which are not liable to suffer from any other blood disease such as redivater or lung- sickness. Another Consideration is to see that the blood is used perfectly fresh and free from any septic germs; the instruments alsc and all vessels used should be boiled for at least fifteen minutes before being used. I have, etc., D. HUTCHEON, Col. Vet. Surgeon, Cape Town, May 4th, 1898. —————-“_—&—-_—— THE PRESERVATION OF EGGS. In Germany systematic experiments have recently been made for the purpose of ascertuin- ing the most rational method of preserving eggs. Twenty methods were selected for these experi- ments. In thefirst days of July 400 fresh eggs were prepared according to the methods (20 eggs for each method) to be opened for use at the end of the month of February. Of course a most essential point for the success of preservation is that only really fresh eggs be employed. When after eight months of preservation the eggs were opened for use, the twenty different methods employel gave the following results :— 1. Eyes placed in salt water weve all bad, not rotten but ungatable, the salt having pene- trated into the egga. 2. Esgs wrapped ia paper, 80 per cent bad. 3. Hires preserved in a solution of salicylic acid and glycerine, 80 per cent bad. 4. Eres rubbed with salt, 70 per cent bad. 5. Wz preserved in bran, 70 per cent bad. 6. Msgs provided with a cover of paraffin, 70 per cent bad. 7. Ezgs varnished with a solution of gly- cerine and salicylic acid, 70 per cent bad. 8. Ezgs put in boiling water for 12 to 16 seconds, 50 per cent bad. 9. Hsgs treated with a solution of alum, 50 per cent bad. 10. HEygs put in a solution of salicylic acid, 50 per cent bad. 11. Eggs varnished with water glass (was- serglas), 40 per cent bad, 70 Supplement to the “ Tropical Agriculturist.” 12. Eggs varnished with collodion, 40 per oent bad. 13. Eggs covered with lac, 40 per cent bad. 14. Eyes varnished with sward, 20 per cent bad. 15. Eggs preserved in woodashes, 20 per cent bad. 16: Eggs treated with basic acid and water glass, 20 per cent bad. 17: Eggs treated with mangunate of potash, 20 per cent bed. 018. Eggs varnished with vaseline, all good. 19. Eggs preserved in lime water, all good. 20. Eygs preserved in a solution of watergliss, all good. It thus apperrs that the last three processes are to be considered the best: The preservaticn in a solution of watergliss is however said to be preferable to the other two, as varnishing with vaseline takes so much time, and the treatment with lime water sometimes communi- cites a disagreeable odour and taste. ‘There is one drawback with waterglass, that is that the eggs burst easily in boiling water; but it is said that this may be avoided by cautiously piercing the egg with a strong needle. For ordinary household purposes vaseline would seem to be the most handy and convenient mediim of preservation. —__ AGRICULTURE IN ZANZIBAR. We have been favoured with a copy of the annual report of the Agricultural Department, Zanzibar, vy the Director of Agriculture, Mr. Rk. N. Lyne. The report is arranged into five parts: Part I. New Products ; Part I]. Local Products; Part 111. Live Stock; Part 1V. Implements ; Part V. Ma- nures, Soils, Labour, Weather of 1897, and pub- lications received. Under the head of new products is mentioned Cocon, of which itis said that great difficulty has been experienced in obtuining seeds and plants, A consignment of 3,000 seeds which went from Ceylon arrived in Zanzibar “in a completely perished condition,” while of 72 plants received from Londonin Wardian cases only 34 surviyed It would appear that there are only two old trees in the Island, but we can hardly endorse the conelusion arrived at in the report that “ their presence is Sufficient evidence that cocoa will thrive on the-e islands.” ‘Under the same head we read that Para Rubber shows every indication of doing well. “Jf para rubber, the most valuable of all varieties will pay to grow at all—a point that has nowhere yee been decided—it ought te pay to grow here.” The Director thinks that Ceara rubber might be found - suitable for the coral wastes which cover about 3 of the Island, though he is not satisfied that the yield of juice from trees he nas tapped is good enough. Kola is recommended as germinating freely, growing well, and easily prepared for the market. We read that ‘The trees may be put down 20 feet apart, and come into bearing in 4 ord years. Prices in London rule from 4d. to6d. perlb. Ifeach tree yields 50 lbs, per annum—a moderate. estimate as. on » [Jury 1, 1898. trees have been known to yield up to 150 lbs. of nuts each—the gross returns, both per tree aud per acre would be much largerthan those uow obtained from clove plantations, which do not average more than 15 Ibs. of produce per tree, worth 2)d.” Kola in 1890 was worth Zs, #d., but the price has steadily gone down owing to the inereased shipments from the West Indies. Among other new products are mentioned vanilla, the rubber, vine, coffee, candlenut, anatto, eucalyptus, cam- phor, safflower, olives and sarsaparilla. » The cultivation of the last four mentioned has been discontinued as unsuccessful. Referring to castor oil under the head of local products, the Direc- tor says “ The oil is worth about £36 per tomain London, which compared well with coconut oil at £23.” : The following report by Messrs. Thomas Christy & Co. of Lime Street is of some local interest :— “Tn reply to your query regarding Papaw we may tell you that we import the dry juice of this plant in large quantities. We believe this way of drying it is to place the juice upon slabs of glass or earthenware, so that it has a smooth surface to dry upon. This is exposed till it is thoroughly dry and the film then flakes off... . opus The price we could pay for the dry juice would be about 5s. to 8». 6d. per lb..... 310 We understand that the juice is taken from all parts of the plant, principally from the stem or trunk of the tree; if you take it from the fruit you will have to be careful to make your incissions in the latter just before the fruit is ripe. You need only make scratches as the juice is found between the skin and the pulp. None is obtainable from the fruit proper. We hardly think it worth your while to take any trouble with this part of the plant. Out of many fruits you will only be able to obtain but a few ounces, whereas, from the trunk of the tree and other parts of the plant, you cap obtain several pounds.” Under the head of “Stock” we read: If there is any tropical country where a cattle-breeding industry might be started with a good prospect of success it is Zanzibar......... The islands ure not subject to serious droughts or ravaging storms; there is good communication both with South- ern and Northern parts; communication which owing to competitionis sure to improve; lastly ourinsular position would, with proper preeuu- tions, always be an effective barrier against contagious epidemics, As regards agricultual labour we are told that women receive RG per month, inciuding food money, and men R§ and R9. Twelve months ago the wages were RIO and R11, and they are still at this figure in the town. The rainfall for the year 1897 was 67°03 in. as compared with the previous five years’ average of 55°29 in. a A REPORT ON “ORTHEZIA INSIGNIS.” The severity of the ravages of Icerya purchasi, the coccid insect commonly known in this country as ‘Australian Bug” and “ Dorthesia,” should tend to interest all fruit growers and gardeners in the discovery of an allied insect in the suburbs of Cape Town. This new pest is a true Dorthesia, or Juny 1, 1898.] mote properly an “ Orthezia”—for such is the proper rendering of this generic name; specifically it is Orthezia insignis. We will speak of it by its generic name. Orthezia has its mouth parts formed for piercing and sucking, and obtains its nourishment by imbi- bition of plant sap as do all the numerous species of scale insects. ‘The youngare very small. They would hardiy be discerned on a plant were it not for the presence of snow-white plates of waxy matter which oecur. on the back and sides, and which contrast strongly wiih the darker back- ground of the body. The plates on the beck are narrow and are arranged in two rows, one on either side cf the middle; those on the sides are broad aud prominent and are in a single series as seen from above. There is a single plate in each series to each segment or joint of the budy, but as the plates develop they become more or less united. The adult female insect measures about ,', inch in levgth and is not much narrower: It resembles the young insect in appearance, but bears in addi- tion to the white plates on the back and sides, a somewhat cylindrical sac of the same substance projecting from the abdomen. In fully matured females the sacis from three to four times the length of the body proper, thus making the com- plete insect measure up to finch in length. The width of the sac is about the same as the width of the body. Its upper surface is fluted and is partially covered in front by the projecting plates for the converging sides of the body, Mie sac is for the jreception of the} eggs as they pass from the body,of the mother, and here they are retained in a mass of cotton-like substance until they hatch. The young escape through an opening at the end or the upper surface. The appearance of the mature female as a whole suggests a miniature extremely slim Australian bug; but any gardener having seen both the insects would never mistake the one for the other. And while the ovisac of. the Australian bug is soft to touch, that of Orthezia is comparatively firm ; and thecolour of the in- sect itself, instead of being reddish, as in the case of the former insect, is dark green. The young insects are quite lively when they emerge from the oyisac and scatter quickly cver the stem and under side of the leaves of the food plant, As they grow older they become some- what sluggish ; but they always retain their power ef locomotion, and even the heavily egg-laden female may often be seen moving slowly and sedately along with her ovisac highly elevated. The appearance of the insect at such times is almost ludicrous. From 125 to 200 eggs are laid, and there ave three, ~perhaps four, generations in the course of a year. The females greatly outnumber the males; in fact, itis probable that several generations may be passe] without any of the male sex being deve- loped. Wehaye seen no males on any of the plants thus far found infested in the Colony. As in other coccids, the male is totally unlike the female in appearance ; it is a tiny, two-winged, flying insect without mouth-parts and therefore short-lived, but with well-developed legs, anteunze and eyes. A characteristic brush of long, slender, fragile. white, thread-like bodies (filuments) projects from near the end of the abdomen, Supplement to the “ Tropical Agriculturist.” vail OCCURRENCE ABrRoAD.— Northern South America is supposed to be the native home of this insect. It also occurs, perhaps as a native, in Mexico and some of the West Indies. In 1887 it was disco- vered in greenhouses in England, and three years later it was reported as a very troublesome pest by American florists in the vicinity of New York. From England it was accidentally introduced into Ceylon, or at least it was supposed that the plants from England carried it to Ceylon, and it was reported in 1895 to be becoming a destruc- tive pest in the vicinity of where it was introduced. How and when it got to theCape is yet unknown to us. It was first discovered a few weeks ago on some colews plants exhibited at the Western Agricultural Show. The plants were traced at once tothe grounds from which they came, and it was there found that a large number of plants of the same kind were much infested. On learning that the insect was new to the country and one liable to prove a dangerous pest, the owner at once promised to have all the in- fested plants destroyed, and to keep a sharp look-out for the insect in the future. But he was unable to say more concerning the insect than that it did not attract his attention till within the last year. He has imported no plants in recent years to which suspicion can be attached, and the pest is not present at the only place from which he bas obtained cuttings of coleus. The various floral establishments about town have since been visited, but no trace of the insect has been found at any one of them. There is a possibility that we have discovered the insect in time to secure its extermination, but the chances are that infested plants have been dis= tributed from the place where we found it, and it seems probable that the plants at this place became infested from some source within. the Colony. It may be well to note that there are specimens of the insect in the South African Museum marked “Durban, Natal,” There is no date on the labels, but it is sup, osed that the speci- mens’ has not yet been traced, and though it is most likely that they are taken froma house plant from which the insees did not escape, there is also the possibility that the inseet has become established in some part of Natal, and that itis from that source that the insect was in- troduced into the Colony. Orthezia appears to be most partial to coleus, and it is only on this plant that it has been found near Cape Town. But the number of plants which the insect attacks in other countries is a long one and includes many of our common garden plants, as well as a number found growing wild in the bush. Next to coleus, lantana is most attacked; its destructiveness to this plant dis- proves the inference somewhat naturally drawn that the insect is one which can only flourish on soft succulent growth. Citrus fruit trees are included among its food plants, and relative to its occurrence on these plants, we quote the following from a personal letter written to us three years ago by Prof T. D. A. Cockerell, the authority in America on the group of insects to which this one belongs :—* Mr, Hart sends it (Orthezia) tadly infesting lime trees in Trinidad, = Sota 72 Supplement to the “ Tropical Agriculturist.” In Mexico Prof. Townsend lately found it bad on oranges and limes. They will have to take care they don’t get it in Vlovida, Louisiana aud California on their Citrus trees.” In Amercian greenhouses we have known the insect to badly infest plants belonging to the following families: Verbenacer, Labiatw, Acanthacezw, Convolvulaceze, and Composite, and have been known to spread to Certicaesx, Lythracew, Geraniacex, Malvaceie, Onagracem, Boraginacee, Apccynacew, Amaranthacew, and Solanacece. KE, i. Geeen states that it is “most accommo- dating in its tastes” in Ceylon, but prefers plants belonging to the Acuntiacer, Rubiacere, and Verbenacex, le found it on Coffee, which is a member of the second of these families. In Mexico and Trinidad as mentioned above, it attacks Citrus fruits, member of the Auran- tracer. This list of technical names is un- interesting to the general reader, we know, but it will serve to impress one that the inseet is, as Mr, Green aptly expresses it, accommodat- ing in its tastes.” There is no telling how important a pest Orthezia may turn out to be. We know of no place where it isa plague such as the Austra- lian Bug was with us a few years ago, but the Australian Bug has had “its day,” and it may well be that “theday” for Orthezia is yet to come. It should be remembered that the Austra- lian Bug was known at the Cape in 1873, now a quarter of a century ago; it did not become a pest of importance at once but spread with ever increasing rapidity for twenty years before the climax was reached. Nowhere was it a pest of importance in 1873, but a dozen years. later it threatened annililation to orange growing’ in several parts of the world. The Orthezin has not more than reached the stage where the Australian Bug wasin 1873. It has been known to science only ten years. Butit has already spread to remote countries and given evi~ dences cf great destructiveness. What may it doin the next decade? Give it a score of years and it may be as widespread and destructive as the now prevalent Red Scale, While the Orthezia does not deposit as many eggs as the Australian Bug, it probably has the advantage of one more brood in the course of the year—together circumstances which would ensure as rapid increase as inthe case of the “ Bug, while at the same time tending to render the des- tructive attentions of predatory lady-birds less eradicative. It may be well to remark here that as yet we know nothing of the natural enemies of the Orthezia. The Australian Bug spread rap- idly through the country. The Orthezia is adapt- ed for an equally rapid dissemination, for the insect possesses even greater power of locomotion and is just as easily transported with nursery yee [Jury 1, 1898. stock. No other scale insect that we know of is s0 free moving, and although, if left entirely to its own locomotive powers, its spread would be slow, this spread would probably be much more rapid than that of any other scale insect under similar circurastances. Happily the insect is one not difficult of detect- ion on plants; and gardeners and fruit growers who heed the oft-given advice to thoroughly examine and clean all plants brought on to their premises, are not likely to become sufferers by it if their gardens are at all separated from their neighbours’, AN ARGUMENT For Nurskny LeGisLarion. —The discovery of the Orthezia was a mere aecident. If infested plants had not been exhibited at the Show, several years might have elapsed before attention was drawn to the pest. It may now occur elsewhere in the Colony and has already become thoroughly established for aught we know. The notorious San Jose Seale was disseminated from several most reputable American nurseries for four or five years before the discovery of theidentity of the insect was made; then many thousands of trees had become so seriously affected that they soon succumbed, and many hundreds of orchards liad become breeding grounds for this most destructive of the armoured scale insects in states where even the name of the insect was previously unknown. Many of these states have since secured nursery inspection laws, the necessity for whiclt had been learned by this bitter experience. Nurseries in this country have played the most important part in tlhe distribution ef destructive scale insects; and this reeognized fact was the raison détre for the bill introduced in the last session of Parliament calling for the regular in- spection of our nurseries and the quarantine of infested stocks Such a measure would preclude the possiblity of a pest like the present one remaining undiscovered. But as matters stand, not only must we remain at a loss what nur- series, if any, are dissemiuating the Orthezia, bat we are even powerless to demand the des- truction of the insect at such places as we may discover it. Happily the florist on whose grounds we have found it, is willing to destroy the Infected plants although he has a perfect legal right to tell them. Our nursery inspection Dill failed to become law last session, and it behove’ fruit growers of the country to come forward and demand its adoption. 1n conclusion of this article it is almost needless to say that we are most anxious to learn from the readers of the Journal the occurrence of this insect anywhere in South Africa. If it is any- where found we would earnestly request that specimens be at once despatched to this office: CHAS, P. LOUNSBURY, Govt, Entomologist, Vol. XVIII] COLOMBO, AUGUST 1st, 1898, : ed MONTHLY. De a [No. 2. [The following paper on Tea production has a good deal of interesting matter in it and of course a deal that doesn’t in any way apply to Ceylon ; but I think it might well go into your Tropical Agriculturist because of its criticism of London charges, and other items of general interest.— Practical Ceylon Planter.} THE PRODUCTION OF TEA, CHEAPENING THE COST. READ BY THE SECRETARY BEFORE THE KANe GRA Trea AssocraTion.) (A Paper HE keynote of the current con- dition of the Indian tea In- dustry is struck in the follow- ing passage excerpted from the commercial article of an Indian daily newspaper :— “The first tea sale of the season was held on the 20th of May, and the result was far from satisfactory to planters. I am told that not one invoice will cover the cost to the grower.” The tea industry of India is entering on a crisis due chiefly to the artificial rate up to which ex- change has been rigged by Government. Had there been uo interference with the Indian currency, our industry would probably at this moment have been in a highly flourishing instead of a critical condi- tion. As matters stand it is simply being ruined by what, is in practice an overwhelming export duty compared to which the likin of China is merely a mild fee. Moreover, her unfettered freedom of ex- change is enabling China to keep up competition with us in the tea market, for she gets the full silver value of her produce, which India does not. Time was, as members of this Association are aware, when we reconed our profits at «0 many pence per pound of tea, and four pence or five pence was a result obtained by several, But now it has come to pass that we estimate our gains (if there are any) by farthings, and five farthings a pound is probably the utmost limit of our profit. Under these completely changed conditions, and facing a market which only makes about 13d. difference between our Broken Pekoes and our Souchongs, and gives us just one-third the price for our tea that it did twenty years age, it is scarcely to be wondered at if planters despair of improving prices. The average value of Kangra Valley tea sold on the public market during the past two seasons has been about 7j}d. per lb, The problem, therefore, for us to solve is how to make tea pay a profit. It can only be done by re- ducing the cost of production, for I take it that after many years of fruitless effort we are persuaded it is beyond our power to appreciably improve the general standard of our teas. Accepting then 74d. as the marked value of the article we produce (and devoutly praying that it may be maintained), to find room for a margin of profit, we must investigate our cost of production, the factors in which are as follows :— 1. Plantation expenditure. 2. Agency and Garden Stores. 3. Interest on advances. 4. The rate of Exchange. 5. Road and rail freight to seaport. 6, Shipping charges and steamer freight. 7. London Dock and Warehouse charges. 8. Sales charges, brokerage and commission. 9. Trade taxes. 1 and 2 plantation Expenditure, Agency and Garden Stores.—These are matters which individuals must deal with for themselves, and we can only start on the assumption—perfectly justified in most instances —that the utmost care and economy have brought down expenditure under these two heads to the lowest level compatible with the proper upkeep of plantations. As a basis to work on we may take this expenditure at 4d. per lb. at the plantation and 3d. per lb. for Agency and Garden Stores—an esti- mate based on actuals. 3. Interest on Advances.—Twelve per cent. is the lowest current rate of interest. This is of coursea usurious rate. The bank rate in London (unusually high at the moment) is 4 per cent. A substantial industry like tea should be able to borrow at 6 per cent. That it cannot do so is due to the dearness of money, occasioned by the currency policy of the Government of India. Nearly all tea gardens want financial assistance: the extent of their necessity may be assessed at one quarter of their annual working expenses. At 12 per cent. interest their advances will probably cost them ‘06d. on each pound of tea produced, which is ‘03d. more than they ought to pay. Of course this is a matter in which the planter is helpless. But he should not suffer in silence. On the contrary, he ought to raise his voice and join loudly in the chorus of protest which all commercial India is sending up against the proposed contraction of the currency of the country which must tend to increase the dearness of money, 74 THE TROPICAL Losses BY ExcHAnceE. 4, The Rate of exchange.—Here, again the planter individually is utterly helpless. ‘lhe currency policy of the Government has raised exchange from 1-} in 1894-95 to 1-4 in 1898. Three years ego an eight- penny tea yielded the planter nearly ten annas: to-day it only yields him eight. ‘Lhe loss, after ad- justments, is at least 1# annas per ib., in short, a andsome profit whistled away on the wind, Aithis critical moment when Government ic seeking to make this adverse rate of exchange permanent, and betore it is too late, the planting body ought to rouse itself from its normal apathy and do something. Hvyery tea Association in India, every tea planter, every tea agency house, and every tea shareholder should cla- mour agaiust the proposed Government currency policy that threatens to wreck the tea industry and may bring ruinin the near fucure to many engaged in it. Jaisser faire folk will try and make believe that in the end prices adjust themselves to exchange, and that all will come right. They will tell you that exchange governs prices and if silver gets dearer so will tea. Butin the last three years we have seen a rise of 3d. in currency silver and a fall of 14d. in tea, both gradually developed during the same period. Low exchange is killing the industry, whose cry should be heard loud in the land catling for an open mint and a shilling rupee. If planters can only get a quarter of this ideal, they will save them- selves from a tall from which many will never rise again. Agitation, prolonged, persistent, is the only way to reach the dull year of Government. What was the Ilbert Bill in its practical bearing on the welfare of the bulk of the planting community com- pared to this bulling of exchange that is going on ? The Indian planters shouted themselves hoarse over a sentiment. Here is a substance, and their protest against it, to be consistent, should be far more fervid and strenuous. 5. Road and Rail Freight to the Seaport.—I do not think the Association can do much more than it has done to minimise these charges. The reductions they have obtained for their members this year are very considerable. In 1897 it cost ‘67 of a penny to get a pound of tea from the factory to the sea- port: this year it is only costing us ‘55d. A railway to Palampur would probably reduce this to -40d., and the Association’s efforts to obtain a Railway, it successful, will greatly benefit the industry. On a crop of 144,000 1b. the above figures work out. Road and Rail freight in 1897 £ 402 do 1895 2805 Probable cost with the railway to district ,, 240 6. Steamer freight and shipping Charges—These are quite beyond the control of planters. Had the Mutual Line of steamers been in existence, the in- dustry might have been enjoying more favourable freights now. But this would not have affected us in Kaugra, where we ship chiefly by Bombay and Karachi. Freights this year have gone up 40 per cent., showing an increase in the cost of carrying one pound of tea of from ‘45d. to “63 of a penny. Shipping charges work out -09 at Karachi and Calcutta and -11 at Bombay, where dock dues are very heavy. I think we should do well, when freights drop, to try and enter into a contract rate for one, two or three years. Last year a contract rate for only half the season worked advantageously for us. 7. Wondon Dock and Warehouse Charges.—In these there is a great scope for saving, though the effort would probably result in 2 battle royal between the tea industry and the bonded warehouse keepers who hold it im their clntches. Vyrior to 1888 the whar- fingers allowed a discount of 20 per cent. on their fixed rates, and sometimes even more to secure business. They made the great dock strike an ex- cuse to enter into acombination and reduce discounts to 10 per cent,, at which ra‘e they stand at present. In the process they incidentally reduced the discount on rent, which was certainly not affected by the dock strike. The present dock and warehouse charges on a 100 lb. chest of tea weighing gross 140 1b., works out ‘50 of a penny per pound; with a AGRICULTURIST. . as well as taring his boxes. [AUGUST 1, 1898. reversion to the 20 per cent. rate of discount, charges would be reduced to “45 of a penny per pound. The tea industry now is in a far more indigent state than the wharfingers were in 1889 when the increased their rates. Their charges are very hig —no less than 425 for a 100\b. chest. Learning a lesson from them, the tea industry should combine, aud endeavour to get a reduction in their charges, and this, I venture to think is a matter worthy of the attention of the Indian Tea Association. Reverting again to the charge for reut, the whar- tingers do what they call “commute it” to 12 weeks. This means a fixed charge of 9d. on each chest of 100 lb. But it sometimes happens that long before the 12 weeks are up the chests have been taken away, and the planter is consequently made to pay rent when no rent ought to be charged. This is another matter the Indian Tea Association might take up. Let us be charged actual and not commuted rent. Let us have value for our money, which at present it is my firm and fired belief we are not having. BuikixG anp Takine. I now turn to another matter which intimately affects every Indian planter. I allude to the charges for London bulking and taring our teas. There is a sliding scale, but for the purposes of this paper I take a chest containing 100 lb, nett amd grossing 140 |b. An immense sum comparatively speaking, can be saved by factory bulking and taring. It can be ac- complished by any planter willing to devote a decent amount of trouble to save his proprietors unnecessary expense, and I take it all planters worthy the name, are willing to do that. There are, I admit, con- siderable difficulties can be overcome as I shall proceed to show, The London Customs regulations require that the tares in a break shall not vary more than 2lb, ‘i hus, for instance, an invoice may consist of three breaks of, say. 20 chests Broken Pekoe net 120 lb. gross 158 & 159 30 » Pekoe =) OD ae » 139 & 140 50 ;, PekoeSouchong,, 90,, » 127 & 198 If any of these breaks gross any other weight than those given (as examples) the whole 20, 30, or 50 chests are tarned out, and the entire parcel tared at the London Warehouse, and I need scarcely say charged for. Now every planter who saws his own planks and makes up his own chests knows the enormous diffi- culty, with the wretched and often kutcha jungle timber that we have available, of getting a given number of empty chests to weigh the same. They dry off when the hot teas are poured into them: they absorb moisture and consequently extra weight in a few hours on a wet day; they apparently in- crease or decrease in weight in a most irrational way. In short they set s manager tearing his hair I may mention as an instance in my own experience that chests made from fire planks, cut and dried for six months, have varied from 241]b. to 361b. each. Wherefore I sub- mit that a margin of 2]b. on the average tares of a break is not sudficient for practical purposes, If that margin were increased to 3 1b. the difficulty of factory taring would be greatly reduced; if it were increased to 4lb. every planter could easily factory tare his own breaks. I cannot see what harm the Customs in London would suffer if they raised the margin of permis- sable variation in tares irom 2lb. to 41b. Planters are not such fools or rogues as to put more into their chests than they stencil on the outside. All that the Customs want is to ensure a correct net weight of tex; and if a variation of tares up to 4b. were permitted, I fail to se> how this would mate- rially interfere with the essential point aimed at. Nor have I ever heen able to fathom the philosophy which deters the Customs from weighing net, instead of weighirg gross and then deduciing the tare. A few nails or snips or Jead tumbled into the tea, may deduct from the tare and increase the net, and Aveust 1, 1898.] perhaps in the aggregate add appreciably to th duty on tea. If so there is more in the pbilosphy of the Customs than I dream of. But I maintain that the process of weighing net for duty is more sensible, more exact, and more expenditious. But since gross and tare the Customs will have, let us endeavour to get them to allow us a _ reasonable margin of 3ib. or, if possible, 4 Jb. in the variation of the tares. This is a matter which I think the Indian Tea Association ought to take up. It is a matter which will enable the Indian Tea Industry to save many thousands of pounds sterling annually, as I wili show in biack and white. Take my illus- trative crop of 144,000 ib. Pack it in 100 Ib. chests, aad send it to London. Now hereis what you will save by bulking and taring at the factory, if you can succeed on getting a tare that will come within the Customs Regulations. _ London balking and taring charges on a crop of 144,000 sent to market in 1,440 chests of 100 Ib. each, aud weighing gross over 129 each. Bulkiug at 5d, per chest less 10 per cent. ... £27-0-0 Taring at 1/3 do do «. £81-0-0 Total expense if balked and tared in London £108-9-0 But, if bulked and tared at Factory, only 10 per cent. of the chests will be tared in London for purposes of Customs’ check, leaving 144 chests at 1/3 per chest less 10 per cent. to be charged, say ws» 8-2-0 Leaving a clear saving of ...£99-18-0 or in round figures £100. My factory taring costs me } anna, or one farthing a chest, which is the extra allowance I make my carpenters for even weights in their work. They are allowed to make chests from 23 lb. to 33 lb, each, and these are stacked separately according to their weight. On 90 per cent of my chests sent to market I can save exactly 1-52 each, and so can every planter who tries. It is nearly 24 per cent. on the average price I get for my tea. At present it gives me a great deal of trouble to achieve this, but if the margin of permissible difference in tares were raised from 2lb. to 41lb. or even 31b., then it would give me practically no trouble at all, to save £100 a year out of hand. With regard to factory bulking this is a most simple and satisfactory operation. My bulking bin cost me Rs. 80. It is made of galvanised iron sheets, bolted together, and holds 4,000 lb. to 5,000 lb. of tea. The bottom is on a slight slope to let the tea run out easily. The top is fed from two superimposed shoots whose mouths deliver at the same point. The tea naturally falls conically and scatters. When full a slide on the lower side of the sloping floor is drawn and the tea runs out, almost of its own accord, on to a surface of zinc-lined flooring. Here two coolies rake it over and over to the end where the packers receive it. In practice the tea is twice bulked, once yertically and then horizontally. The process costs me about four annas for 4,0001b: for the same work the London wharfinger would charge me fifteen shillings. I stencil all my boxes “Chests numbered—to— bulked at Factory, and guaranteed even quality = throughout.” I had not a single complaint last season, except for three chests country damaged, which would of course haye been damaged whether factory bulked or not. EixcussivE CHARGEs. One final word about factory bulking and taring. Brokers and wharfingers are dead against it: the former from trade sympathy I imagine: the latter for obvious reasons, for, as I have shown, it is cal- culated to decrease there revenue from £108-\-0 to £8-0-0. I imagine the wharfingers make the greater part of their profits out of London bulking and tar- THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 75 ing. Fancy a charge of ls. 6d. for bulking and taring 100 lb. of tea sold tor 44. per 1lb.! Why, it is 45 per cent. on the value! The wharfingers are getting this rate of payment for thousands of chests every week, and the work done in return could not be worse performed. I have endured much tribulation through my in- sistence on bulking my teas at factory. ‘“ We would point out to you,” write my brokers pathetically, “that not any of your teas have been bulked in London this season. Had this parcel been bulked at the London warehouse the damage would have been discovered before the tea was sold!” A plain dig against factory bulking and its evils! But the “damage” was country damage, which had not the remotest connection with the factory bulking of my teas. It cost me £1-10-8 to make good; and my factory bulking saved me over £30. Listen to the plaint of the wharfingers:—“* From our experience certain teas, even if bulked at the factory, show a variation when landed, and we know the brokers find it necessary to bulk these teas for the purposes of sale, and in some sale catalogues they are marked ‘ Bulked in London” in order that the sale may not be prejudiced!” To which I felt inclined to reply: ‘“‘From my experience [ do not feel inclined to follow your purely disinterested and kindly advice, because I find by bulking at factory that I have to pay you £30 less than I should if I did not do so.” If teas require re-bulking in London it is because they were not properly bulked or properly fired at factory. A properly bulked and fired tea will of course turn out as even in London as when it left the factory. 8. Sale Charges, Brokerage and Commission.—I find that on my crop of 144,000 lb. brokerage cost me £43-15-8 or ‘07d. per pound of tea, and sale charges (lotting and advertising) £10-8-8 or ‘02 per pound of tea. BothI should hold to be perfectly reasonable and good value for money, if it were not for the expense of discounting the prompt, to which I shall refer later on. Commission cost me, at 13 per cent. on account sales, £64-7-8, or nearly ‘11 per lb. of tea. If my agent had taken the same trouble as Ihave myself to analyse the warehouse charges and shown me how to avoid unnecessary expense [ would not have grudged him a commission which is, I think, at least + per cent. in excess of the value of the work he performs. It was not until I extracted from him the detailed warehouse accounts for the year that I saw what I had saved by bulking and inefficient factory taring, and how much more I could save, and how to save it. In the present state of the tea industry I consider 1+ per cent. selling com- mission too much. The whole of the detail and checking of the selling work can be done by any London clerk at apound a week salary, and for an invoice of 10,0U01b. done in about twenty minutes applied work. The skilled part of the business is done by the broker. The agent merely asks—‘‘ What's your valuation ?’’ The broker says “Seven pence.” The agent rejoins, “Sell at seven pence,’ and the job is done. The best agent in Hugland cannot get you a farthing more for your teas than the mark: t values it at. All he has to do is to sign the war- rants and check the accounts presented to him, and take the money. He is the best paid man in the industry fcr the purely mechanical work he does, and 1 percent is ample remuneration for him. His accounts are no more intricate than the brokers, and he is not required to bring the same skilled technical knowledge to the planters’ assistance. He is merely a necessary conduit for the planters’ money to reach them, and the planter should now insist on his commission being reduced tol percent. Any larger commission is behind the requirement of the iimes. AN UNNEcEssary LEvYe 2 Trade Taxes.—I now come to the last factor in the cost of production, There are two species of 76 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. trade taxes; one is draft and the other the dis- counting of the prompt. Draft, as every planter knows, is a free pound of tea given away with every chest weighing over 28 lb. gross to compensate the buyer for the turn of the scale in weighing off to retail. What can be more ludicrously incongruous than the present system in force? A box containing 20ib. net and weighing 2741b. gross, gives no draft, yet there are twenty turns ot the scale at least. A box containing 25 |b. net is taxed 4 per cent. by the 1lb. draft. On the other hand, a chest containing 150 1b. of fine dust is only taxed 2-3rds per cent. by this trade allowance. This, of course, is simply inverting the ratio of necessity. In my crop of 144,000 the amount deducted for draft was 1,626 lb., which, at Th. per Ib. cost me £19-2-4, But suppose my plantation had been up on the Range, and to enable my coolies to carry my teas to the cart road I had been com- pelled to pack in 40 lb. half-chests. Then I should have been mulct 3,6001b., valued at £108-15-0. This again is, I think a matter whieh the Indian Tea Association should take up. Half a pound of tea extra is ample to compensate for the turn of the scale in weighing off 100lb. If more is required it is the retailer, not the planter, who should suffer for what can only be laxity of work. Heaven alone knows it is the retailer and not the planter who makes the profits. Supposing the scale of 4 percent. draft to have been in force last year I should have been cut on my 144,000 lb. only £23 instead of £49. The last point I have discuss is discounting the prompt. A broker sells your tea, and payment is due three months after date of sale. Well, that is a trade custom, and the planter agrees to give the credit, But here comes in the hardship. Whether he wants it or not, whether he objects or not, the broker can compel the planter to accept payment less 5 per cent. per annum discount, at any moment after the sale. If the bank rate is 2 per cent. as it often is, there is a clear profit of 3 per cent. to the buyer, and I have sometimes suspected to the broker, on this ability to compel the seller to ac- cept a diminished price for his tea. I kicked against it once, but I was told it was the “custom.” This custom cost me last year on my crop of 144,000 lb. the sum of £38-19-2. I had no choice, but to ac- cept money I did not want, to pay 5 per cent. per annum for accepting it, and then to deposit it at my bankers, ei1uher at no interest, or at 2 per cent. If I contracted to leave it with them for three months certain. Another hardship that runs in double harness with discounting the prompt is ware- house rent. I will quote actual figures. Early in September 1 sold 8,380]b. tea for £343-10-5 as per account sales. On the 10th my brokers paid me £100. A week later they paid another £200, and on the last of October the balance of -£39-16-7. I lost by discounting the prompt £3-13-10. That was . bad emough I have reason in this particular case to suspec t that they paid me up so sharp because the buyer paid them, and that the buyer paid up so sharp because he;wanted the teas out of the warehouse. To return to discounting: the prompt against the desire of the seller. As I have said it cost me last year £38-19-2. It added 74 per cent. to brokerage and sale charges ; wherefore I called them moderate, with a reservation as to this point. Brokerage and sale charges alone cost me ‘09 of a penny per lb. on my tea, but when prompt is added the cost works out ‘16 of apenny per pound, or considerakly more than agency; and this is too much. Agent, broker, and prompt discounter got the odd farthing and more of my 7d. tea. It was payment in excess of the work they did for me, I think this is another point that the Indian Tea Association might take up. Jfsellers want their prompts discounted, well and good; let it be done, and let them pay for the convenience. But if they do not want them discounted, then they should nct be compelled to accept a diminished payment for the goods they have sold especially when the rate [AucusT ], 1898, of diminution is 5 per cent., while the Bank rate is often only 2 per cent. Surpitus Payments, That some of the points to which 1 have attempted to draw intelligent attention are important the following figures will show. Taking the amount of Indien tea put through the London warehouses at 144,000,000 lb. per annum, and valning it at 84. per lb., I believe it will be found that :— 1, The decrease in discount from 20 per cent. to 10 per cent. established in 1888 costs the tea industry on warehouse “‘management” £15,000 a year. 2. That the decrease in discount on warehouse rent, which was contemporaneously introduced with- out a shadow of justification, costs £5,000 a year. 3. That ape «ray are charged rent, over and above that due for storage to the extent of about £20,000 annually 4. That London bulking, which can be easily avoided, costs the industry £30,000 a year. 5. ‘That 90 per cent. of the London taring charges, which could be easily avoided if the margin of vari- ation of tares was raised from 2 lb. to 4 lb. or if the teas were weighed net, costs the industry £75,000 and damages their tea into the bargain. 6. That if the draft to the buyer was equalised and reduced to 4 per cent. it would probabiy save the tea industry about £25,000a year. Nearly two million pounds ,are given away annually as draft ! 7. ‘Lhat if brokers and buyers choose to enforce their legal trade rights they could charge the tea industry about £60,000 a year for discounting the prompt: that if prompt was reduced to 30 days instead of 90 days, or if sellers were allowed to discouut it or not as they, and not the buyers chose, it would probably save the industry £20,000 a year. 8. That if by a general combination of tea growers the rate of selling commission was reduced from 14 to 1 per cent. it would save the industry £25,000 a year, Here we have what I venture to think is a@ not unreasonable or impracticable set of Proposals to curtail the expenses of the industry b considerabl over £200,000 a year. ame, en Taking 400 lb. per acre as the average outturn and £32 per acre as the average capital, I estimate the capital invested in Indian tea plantations at £12,000,000, The above saving, if effected, would produce nearly 2 per cent. extra profit on that capital, I have not included the question of steam freights and exchange, both of which might be influenced by combination among planters. Taking the present rate of exchange at Is. 4d. every reduction of 1d. will give planters an extra half anna per Ib. for their teas; and, on the figures of capital and outturn per acre given, every half anna gained means an extra profit of over 2 per cent. The time has now come for planters to take a by the suggestions I have made. But the tea industry is in too desperate a condition for anyone who wishes it well to stand upon ceremony. I conclude by appending a table showing (A) what I might have had to pay for producing od selling my crop of 144,000 1b. on the London market; (B) what I hope to get off with this year,'‘and (C) what I consider is an ideal minimum to aim at, Avcusr 1, 1898. | TABLE. VALUE oF Crop, 144,000 lbs. @7} £4,350. Scale Scale Scale Remarks on Petal Auy eBEGEC! o1Scale.0. Plantation Expen- diture .. 400 400 4:00 Agency and Stores *75 ‘75 ‘75 Interest -» 06 ‘06 ‘U3 Reduced to6 per cent. Road and Rail Freight -. 67. °55 ‘40 Railway to Dis- trict. London W’house Management .. ‘20 ‘20 ‘18 Extra discount of 10 per cent. Do. Rent .. °08 :08 ‘04 ActnalRentonly 3 charged. Do. Bulking .. ‘05 Nil Nil Avoided. Do. Taring .. 16 ‘02 02 Simplified by margin of vari- ation in itares increased to 4 lbs, Selling Commission ‘11 ‘11 ‘07 Reduced to 1 per cent. Brokerage and Sale Charges do HUS)e Os ae) Discounting the Prompt .. 07 ‘07 Nil Made optional to seller. Draft to buyer .. ‘09 ‘09 “05 Reduced tq 4 per cent. Total cost of pro- duction .. 633 6:02 5°63 Profit on Seale A. £544 ” ” B. £738 a) Cc. £984 2 From these profits steamer freight has to be de- ducted: it is too fluctuating to include in the tables. It will be seen that the proposed economies in (1) London Dock and Warehouse charges, (2) sales, charges, brokerage and commissions, and (3) Trade taxes, would reduce them from ‘85 of a penny per pound of tea to “45 of a penny, or @ saving of 4/10ths of a penny per pound. T have not toucded exchadge in the tables. Bat if the protest of all producing and exporting India can help to stay the hand of government, and secure a ls. 3d instead of a 1s. 4d. rate of exchange, it would increase the profit by nearly another half penny per lb. The details and decimal figures I have given may appear confusing and even trivial. They areonly a few hundredths of a penny saved here and there, or so it appears on the surface. Bat in these days of desperate struggle for existence by the tea industry it is the hundredths of the penny that go to make the meagre margin of profit. ‘To adapt an old proverb to the exigencies of the case: “ Look after the decimals, and the dividends will look after themselves.— Planter. aE NEW PRODUCTS IN ZANZIBAR IN 1897. Cacao.—Great difficulty has been experienced in obtaining seeds and plants of Cocoa. Harly in the ear 3000 seeds arrived from Ceylon in a completely perished condition. In June 72 plants were received from London in Wardian cases but only 34 survived. A few pods from Seychelles did well. Kola.—Kola germinates freely and grows well. The ‘seed is cheap and easily procured, while the produce requires little preparation for the market, being merely placed in the sun to dry. Hence, if it cau -be grown at @ profit, Kola is more likely to find fayour with the Arabs than Cocoa, the beans of which have to undergo fermentation before being ready for market, Kola trees may be planted 20 feet apart; THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 97 they come into bearing in 4 or 5 years. London rule from 4d. to 6d. per Ib.’ If each tree yields 50 lb. per annum—a moderate estimate as trees have been known to yield up to 150 1b. of nuts each—the gross returns, both per tree aud per acre, would be much larger that those now obtained from cloves plantations, which do not average more than 15 lb. of produce per tree, worth Qad. per lb Large quantities of Kolas have been shipped from the West Indias, which has had the effect of redu- cing the price considerably. Thus in 1890 Kolas were worth 2/9 perlb: in 1894 1/3 per 1b; oe now they are worth, as above stated, less than 6d The nuts are made into Kola wine, Kolatina and Kola paste, a preparation similar to cocoa paste Chocolates are also adulterated with Kola. ate Vanilla—A small plantation of Vanilla h made at Dunga and preparations are in Bue extending the cultivation of this vine. Of the 600 cuttings planted, 427 survived and are growing fairly well. Many were found going rotten at the bottom from being planted too deeply. and had to be taken up and replanted. ‘The vines have been planted singly between three live supports, placed iu a small circle. The Mbono (Castor oil—Curcas purgans) and Frangipani make good live supports and throw out rapid shade. Six feet has been allowed between each little bed of vanilla. Water is conveyed from the well to the plantation—a distance of 300 yards— through bamboo pipes. Much care is required both in the planting and cultivation of this vine, and some skill in fertilizing the flowers and in harvest: ing and preparing the fruit for market. For these reasons it is doubtful if the industry will take root here among the Arabs. A small plantation of Vi nilla has been made at Tundaua. = _Para Rubber.—Para Rubber shows eve indi tion of doing well here. Though the PUP aHinaet seed which germinated in the nursery appears small (174 out of 988) much of the seed was old and worthless when sown, and not Mxpected to grow Those that came up grew rapidly and with the exception of three, have all been transplanted One hundred and fifty were taken to Pemba and planted 25 feet apart in one of the sandy swampy valleys of Tundaua. Seven out of the 150 (5%) “died but the others came away well. Sixteen “have ‘bee planted out in the rich alluvial valley that divides the Dunga bank from the coral, but some of these have failed. There isa Para rubber tree, 50 feet high and 6 feet in circumferance, growing at Mbweni- on dry sandy ridge. It was planted by Sir John Kink and in September last was observed to be flowering The Busser ce oricbis ue growing so well in an uncongenial locality, justifies 1 think S i that if Para Rubber—the most ealicble: of all veer ere Wa pay to grow at all—a point that has HO wees yet been decided—it ought to pay to grow Ceara Rubber.—TLhe Ceara Rubber is j up and looks extremely healthy. It Teo bebe coene principally from trees growing about the lends ‘The Ceara Rubber trees dont appear to yield mu h juice. I tapped one growing at Mbweni and ae little or nothing from it though it must have Bosh five or six years old. It was afterwards found that wrong methods had been adopted, though at th same time it was quite clear that there was little milk in the tree. This variety of Rubber is zaid to thrive on very barren as well as rich soils, and if this is the case, it ought to do well on th coral wastes of Zanzibar, which cover about 3/5 ‘ the total area of the island, ies Coffee.—About 60 young Arabian coffee trees ar growing in the Nursery from seed Shinincdh fone Nyassaland. They look well and will be planed out, though they can hardly be expected to a ae in Zanzibar as the elevation is too low. Tvenea coffee was sown late in the year and has not vat germinated. Attempts have been made to ScoReee seed of the Maragojipe coffee, Brazilian variety but none has yet been received, wae Prices in 18 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. Anatto.—Anatto grows well hese but the market is too depressed to encourage cultivation. Seedlings are being raised at Dunga for vanilla shade, Camphor, Safflower, Olives, Sarsaparilla.—Camphor, Safflower, Olives and Sarsaparilla have proved un- successful, aud their cultivation will be discontinued. Bois Immortelle (Cocoa Shade trees Ae Bois im- ruelle trees have grown very trecly. : Tucalyptus.—Small success has attended the efforts : um trees. ; LO ee Game experiments have been made with a view to ascertaining whether it were possible to produce 4 sample of cloves here equal to the best Penang aud Amboyna. ‘Lhe experiments leave little doubt that this can be accomplishei. An exami- nation of the table (see next page) shows that tbe buds should be picked when the stems are pink. Tf the stems (calyx tubes) are allowed to get red the flowers are very apt to open during | the pro- cess of drying, and the littleround heads (imbricated petals) will drop off, to the detriment of the sample. his is what happened in sample. No. 2. On the other hand if the stems are green-—too yonng—the dried cloves will be shrivelled. Pink bold heads make the best samples. Arabs probably know this; they also know that selecting the buds in the proper stage of ripeness involves more labour in the picking than they can afford at present. Cloves grow on the trees in bunches and each bunch will generally contain from six to ten buds in different stages of ripeness. The labourers pluck the whole bunch when most of the cloves on it appear to be ready; a much more rapid process than picking singly would be. Whether it is possible to apply a speedy and in- expensive method of sorting afterwards is a question : experiment. aah SEC ER Rone (Messrs, Rainforth and Sons, Lincoln, England) have at my request, been enden- vouring to separate the good cloves by means ofa screening machine and report as under :— ‘We have made several lengthy experiments a but were unsuccessful in making w separation. We submitted the sample to Messrs. Gray Dawes and Co. and they said the chillies were very slightly improved, and the cloves actually damaged. Their opinion is that it will be impossible to get a machine to do the work and we must confess we are of the inion.” ie, JE Garden of Messrs. Gray Dawes & Co. rote as follows :-— aleothey (Messrs. Rainforth and Sons) have sent me samples of chillies which are rather improved, put as so many stalks still adhere it would not appreciably effect the value. ‘he cloves on the other hand are distinctly damaged; the dry bright head has been removed and the cloves which pre- yiously passed as fair would now be one eighth under. TOTAL YIELDS. Frasilaz. Totalfrasilas. _ nee pen care sued 587,845 pe Buea i 949 OBS 361,869 ou aes ae 30 332,521 pean a aa 291498 410,745 lity of the cloves depends also, though to a he eee upon the drying as well as upon the icking. The experiments at Dunga seem to show Phat the cloves should be submitted to « high tem- erature and dried rapidly. I believe that most Ages overdry their cloves. They expose them to the sun till they become black and dried up, and much of the oil evaporated. The stem of a properly dried clove should be tough and shonld yield slightly to the strain before breaking. I think that an effective system of drying cloves under glass could ‘be introduced here with little expense. Some authori- ties ave of opinion that, if all the Zanzibar and Pemba cloves were placed upon the market in the best possible condition, the price would not be in- |Avcusr 1, 1898. creased beyond what it is likely to reach under pre- vailing conditions; low prices being due to over production. The recent sbolitios of the legal status of slavery will, it is acknowledged, withdraw a lot of labour from the Arab shambas, and the yearly yield of cloves suffer in conseqnence. Concurrent improvement in the quality of the product should therefore, if it can be accomplished, tend to lessen the efiect of a declining crop. The short erop of 1897-98 is probably dueto dry weather quite as much as to scarcity of labour. I noticed in October that comparatively few cloves remained upon the trees in the Pemba plantations, and in this respect Pemba compared very favourably with Zanzibar, where a considerable proportion of the cloves were left un- picked. Dr. Charlesworth reports that the rainfall for the second half of the year was ouly 18°51 inches compared with the previous five years’ average of 2432. This @ifference practically amounts to a drought, and is quite enough to explain any eccentri- city in the output of cloves. Chillies—About three acres of coral waste have been cleared of scrub and planted in chillies. The dry weather has hindered the growth of the plants, so that we have as yet no results to reports, Castor Seeds.—Au enquiry was made in London as to the market condition of Castor seeds, and samples of both the large and small varieties of Castor Seeds were, in May, sent home to Messrs. Gray Dawes and Co. to be reported upon. Ou May 8th Mr. Hugh Garden wrote as under:— “From their appearance I did not think they were equal to Madras ccast seeds which are very full ot oil; but I-have had them reported on both jin Marseilles and London. In Marseilles our agent writes that both samples are very clean sound seed and they make very little difference in value between the large and the small. In London they state that most crushers give the preference to the large beans although both are of good quality: the difference in favour of the large being about 2c. 6d. per ton. I have madea rough calculation and make to-day’s price c.i.f. London or Marseilles about £9.10.0 per ton, without allowing for any excessive admixture of non oleaginous seed. In London they charge shippers with anything over 3°/5 and in Marseilles 4°/,. To-day’s prices however are very high, owing to scarcity, and I have known the seed fully £3 per ton under the above price.” Castor oil trees, though they grow wild in Zan- zibar, dont appear to yield much weight of seed. We make a point of collecting the seed from all the trees round about Dunga, but as yet we have got only quite an insiguificant quantity together. The oil is worth about £36 a tou in London which com- pares well with coconnt oil at £23. Papayi.—Enquiries have also been made in London regarding Papain and the following communication from Mr, Hugh Garden was received in April :— “TI have received the following information from one of the first authorities:—The dried price of Papaw fruit is a powertnl digestive agent and dif- fers from Pepsin in begin active in neutral and alkaline solutions. The Papain of commerce is pre- pared from it by solution of the crude juice in water, and precipitation by alcohol, Only small quantities of the crude concentrated juice have hitherto reached this country, and therefore the price at which it has been sold has only been a nominal value. So far as my observation goes, and the matter has been the subject of considerable experiment by my son, the substance is not likely to come into ex- tensive use. and I should think that the import would hardly be worth consideration by you.” Messrs. ‘’homas Christy and Co., of 25 Lime Street were good enough to send out a sample of the dried juice with the fcillowing:— “In reply to your yuery regarding Papaw we may tell you that we import the dry juice of this plant in large quantities. We belive the way of drying it is to place the juice upon slabs of glass or earthen- ware so that it has a smooth surface to dry upon. This is exposed till ig is thoroughly dry and the Aveust 1, 1898.] film then flakes off. . The price we could pay for the dry juice would be about ds. to 7s. 6d. per lb. : |. We understand that the juice is taken from all parts of the plant, principally from the siem or trunk of the tree; if you take it from the fruit you will have to be careful to make your incissions in the latter just before the fruitis ripe. You need only make scratches as the juice is found between the skin and the pulp. Nene is obtainable from the fruit proper. We hardly think it worth your while to take any trouble with this part of the plant. Out of many fruits you will only be able to obtain but a few ounces, whereas, from the trunk of the tree and other parts of the plant, you can obtain several pounds.” I regret having as yet been unable to make any experiments with papayi juice. The report from Messrs. Christy is sufficient encouragement to do s0, especially as the tree grows here most freely, though entirely neglected.—Dunga Zanzibar. — i? A SEYCHELLES PLANTER ON THE PROS- PECTS OF VANILLA IN ZANZIBAR, (b) We lately had an opportunity of discussing the prospects of Vanilla here with a Planter from Sey- chelles who has 25 acres under cultivation, and has been successfully engaged in this industry alone for 13 years. In Seychelles Vanilla grows very much as castor oil and cassava grow here, that is to say almost wild. The soil where the cultivation is carried on is) gravelly, which allows of a most perfect natural drainage. Sticky soils and stagnant water are most harmful. Our sandy soils, especially on the hill sides, should be equally good, probably the coral country as well; while the low flats and swamps where the water accumulates during the rains should be avoided. The hill tops would be pro- bably too dry. It is in the rainfall where we are deficient. In Seychelles they bave 100 inches as against our 60 inches. Our rainfall, though fall- ing short in quantity, is fairly well distributed as a rule, and it is always possible to supplement by watering. But watering, besides being expensive, is at best but an imperfect substitute for rain. In this respect therefore, Seychelles has an advan- tage over us which we can never hope to overcome. Bad years sometimes occur in Seychelles through failure of the dry season. They count upon 9 wet and 3 dry months, but if, as it sometimes happens, rain continues to fall daripg the three usnally dry months the Vanilla will continue to grow, and there will be no period of rest to enable it to produce flowers and seed pods. They have a way of inducing tne vine to throw out buds by nipping back the pendulous growing end, when the sap of the pen- dulous end will be partly absorbed by renewed growth lower down, and flowers will appear upon it. But this does not make up for nature’s short- comings. We can always rely upon a dry time about the months of September and October which is in our fayour though it does not make up for our de- ficiency in rainfall which is a permanent and pere- nial limitation. It was our visitor’s opinion that Seychelles has a more forcing climate, and is thus better adapted to the growth of Vanilla, than Zanzibar, though this by no means implies that it would not thrive here. We are in all respects better off than Bagamoyo where the industry has taken firm root and flourishes. We received some useful impressions as to the methods of the Seychelles Planters. They prefer to plant cuttings 6 or 12 feet in length if they can get them; in fact they cannot be too long. A short cutting of 3 feet may take a year longer to crop than one of 6 feet. Vines are never in any case allowed to crop the first year, as this weakens them. Roots of Vanilla seek the surface. For this reason it must not be planted more than an inch deep, a mere scratch being made in the soil to receive it. If planted too deeply the roots may not have sufli- cient strength to reach the top and the cutting will THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST, 79 4 then rot at the bottom. These superficial roots are very liable to be scorched by the sun and must therefore be kept well covered with grass or leaves to the depth of about 6 inches. ‘his will also prevent the soil from becoming too dry; but on the other hand if the soil is kept in too soppy a con- dition rot will set in, especialiy with young cuttings. Hence the necessity of constaut attention. Hitherto it has been thought that Vanilla is subject to but one disease, but Mr.—————(we regret not being permitted to publish his name), who has made a special study of the subject, de- clared that his investigations have led him to detect many different diseases of a fungoid nature. The roots are the chief point of attack, whence disease may spread to other parts of the plant. Next to the roots the growirg tips and pods are the most vulnerable. Roots begin to rot, and leaves to bleach and wither. 'T’o as far as possible check the spread of disease, creepers should be planted at least 9 feet apart and all diseased plants uprooted and burntas soon as the effects of the fungus are visible. Asa safe precaution cut off and remoye from the planta- tion all withered leaves and unhealthy parts.—Shamba. —E——————— METHOD OF DRYING VANILLA PODS. In the Kew Bulletin (1898, p, 224) a note appeared giving a brief account of a method of drying vanilla pods by means of chloride of lime in course of trial at the French island of Reunion. Fuller particulars are now to hand in a report irom Her Majesty’s Consul, addressed to the Marquess of Salisbury (F. O. No. 1965, Annnal Series. 1897) :— Explanatory Notes as to the Drying of Chloride of Calcium. The object aimed at in the treatment of vanilla, is to endow it with keeping properties, and at the same time to develop the perfume which has not yet come into being at the moment of cropping. Pods of the best quality should be perfectly smooth and without excrescences or holes. ‘fhe longer the pods, and the more perfumed they are, without acidity the more valuable is the vanilla. : The success of the treatment of vanilla depends upon the care bestowed uponit, and especially upon the state of maturity of the pods. If the vanilla is picked too green, its treatment will be difficult and its keeping qualities doubtful the pods will be thinand poor after drying, whilst the perfume will not be properly brought out, and what there is will be lacking in quality. Tf plucked when too ripe, the treatment will be easy, it will be of good size and highly perfumed but it will split and thus lose much ‘of its com. mercial value. On a well-ventilated and properly exposed plantation the pods are ripe when the lower part begins to turn yellowish. The treatment by chloride of calcium, CaCl2, as indeed do all the other methods of treatment, cone sists of several operations ;— 1. Stoppage of vegetation. 2. First drying and colouring. 3. Drying. 4. Watching, 1. The process of drying in a stove b hot water is the one resorted to. On the. ee cropping, or the next day at latest, the pods are put to dry by heat in tin cases of the followine demensions ;—0°220 millimetres by 0-220 metres by 0°350 metres. Old petroleum oil tins are waneenlie used for the purpose. The size may be slightly altered, but the width and breadth of the box shouly not be too large, as the vanilla in the centre should be subjected to the same heat as that which is nearest to the sides of the box. Otherwise the treatment of the pods in the centre would not be assimilated to that of those at the sides, and the resultant colouring would be lightly different, NEW Vanilla by 80 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. These boxes are fitted with lids closing on the outside of the box. They are lined with wool care- fully arranged along the bottom and up the sides, and a little over the top of the sides. The vanilla pods are placed on end close enough to secure pressure without damage by rub- bing; a horizontal layer is placed on top of these, the wollen covering is folded over all aad the lid put on, The boxes thus arranged are put into the halves of wine barrels and hot water emptied in to the barrels up to the lid of the boxes, care being taken that no water gets into the boxes. In order to pre- vent the sudden cooling of the hot water, the barrel is covered with « piece of sacking. It is lefs thus covered during one night. 9, Next morning the pods are withdrawa and exposed in the air for some time to dry; then for two or three days they are kept under wollen cover- ings in full sunlight. For this operation low wooden boxes are used, a single layer of pods being placed in the bottom and covered with a wollen cloth. The boxes are placed in sunlight on trestles to prevent contact with the more or less moist earth. After this opera- tion the colouring of all the pods will be uuiform if the drying by hot water has been properly done. Now is the inoment to proceed to the drying operation. 3. The old methods of preparation, drying in the open air upon screens in an airy situation, or in hot-air stoves, in which the heat is constantly renewed, result in a loss of perfume and at the same time require a large amount of hand labour. These draw- backs are avoided by drying in closed vessels by means of chloride of calcium, CaCl2. This operation is carried on in boxes of galvanised ivon with a hinged door and closing on an india- rubber edging to ensuro airtightness. A drawing of the form and dimensions of the box as used by the Credit Foncier Colonial is given below;— Fach box has eleven drawers or trays; the bottom and the sixth drawer are forthe vessels containing chloride of calcium, the others are for holding the vanilla; in the former are placed 18 kilos. of chloride of calcium, and in the latter 45 kilos. of vanilla, The vanilla is laid upon wooden hurdle-shaped frames resting upon little brackets rivetted into the sides of the box. ‘he tray can thus be drawn out in order to arrange the vanilla properly. Several layers are placed on each tray. The trays should not be made of resinous or strong-smelling woods, as vanilla absorbs and retains odours it comes in contact with; the hurdling is made of split rattans. The vessels containing chloride of calcium should be double bottomed, the inner one being perforated to allow of the escape of the liquid chloride of calcium. Hach time the case is opened the chloride vessels should be looked to, and the chloride renewed ~ or added to as necessary. When the trays are filled with vanilla, and the chloride vessels are in their places, the door is closed and should fit per- fectly into the doorjamb. Tobe quiet sure that the boxes are hermetically closed all rivets in the box should be soldered beforehand, Every two or three days the vanilla is carefully examined, and any pods showing moisture are taken out and put aside to be sunned and prepared by themselves in a special box, where they are all collected. In from 25 to 30 daysthe vanilla will have reached the required degree of dryness. Practice will show the exact moment when they should be withdrawn. Vanilla insufficiently dry will not keep aad breeds small worms; vanilla over-dried keeps well, but it is not supple, itis called ‘‘ broken” (brisee) and has less commercial value. 4, After leaving the box, the vanilla is placed for several days on small frames in a covered and well- ventilated, place uhen it is removed and shut up in tin boxes, each holding from 15 to 20 kilos. of vanilla. (Aucust 1, 1898. There it remains for several weeks, being examined every two or three days and any showing traces of mildew is carefully wiped. When it is thought that the vanilla has reached perfection (rendue a point) and its perfume well developed, the cleaning of the vanilla is taken in hand in order to remove the dust and the germs of mildew which may adhere to it. Vanilla which is not subjected to this process is dull in colour and does not keep well, 25 to 30 litres of water at about 60° Cent. (140° Fahr.) are emptied into a periectly clean receptacle and 15 to 20 kilos. of vanilla are thrown into it and yigorously stirred up in the water by hand. The pods are withdrawn, lightly wiped and pnt to dry in the shade, In a few days when the pods are dry, they are sorted and classed according to length and quality, and made up in bundles. All these operations mast be conducted with the great- est care. The bandles are placed in tin boxes with covers. Each box contains only vanilla of the same length and quality, and holds from 4 to 5 kilos. each, Vanilla should never be sent away immediately after dealiag with it. It must be watched for at least a@ month to be quite sure that it will keep during a Sea voyage. Daring the time it is being watched the boxes should be examined twice a week, and every pod showing the least trace of moisture should be with- drawn. The mildewed pods are worked up by various processes and sold as quite inferior vanilla,—Kew Bulletin. —~<>—-—_—_——_-- PLANTING NOTES. A MetHop or Terappinc ANTs.—We read in one of Mc. Harmsworth’s little magazines the other day of a ready means of catching ante. It is to take a large sponge and sprinkle it well with moist or pounded loaf sugar, and set in the vicinity of the ant’s nest. These little troublesome creatures eat sugar with avidity, and sooa swarm all over and in the interstices of the sponge. When this is noticed throw the sponge into boiling water and let it re- miin for a few minutes. Then wash ont the dead ants, sprinkle the sponge with sugar, and lay it as before. If this be preserved in for a few days every ant will be destroyed.—Gardeners’ Chronicle. How tro Measure AN ACRE.—Farmers would often be glad to know the area of oddly-shaped fields without having recourse to @ surveyor. The following may prove of some use :— 5 yards wide by 988 yards long contains one acre 10 ” 22 ” 7 ” > ” s* 40 ” 39 ”» 121 ” ” ” ” ” 70 ” ” ” 693 ” ” ” ” ” 80 Dd ” ” 603 ” ” ” ” ” 60 ” ” ” 726 ” ” ” ” ” ITO ass Sy aD Ye aeiey 9 ” ' ” 130 ” ” ” 363 ” ” ” ” ” 220) 55 ay, ees ol esse 33 ” ” ” 440 ,, 99 » oe 3 ? , A] ” —Journal of the Jamaica "Agricultural Society. AsHantr Propuce.—The last-issned number of the Kew Bulletin contains some particulars of the botany of Ashanti which Surgson-Captain H. A. Cammins gathered during the 1395 expedition, who brought home with him 299 specimens, which have been classified at Kew. He mentions in his report amongst the plants cultivated in the country are pxp ws, castor oil and chillies, ginger plants grew eighteen inches high in three weeks; palm oil and coconut oil can be producel on a good scale; kola-nuts are obtained and the plant is plantiful; and there is plenty of rubber to be had, The report concludes with a list of the plants of which the surgeon brought specimens home, and one is almost inclined to hope from this that some good may coms ont of Ashanti yet.—Chemist and Druggist, July 9. Avaust if 1898.] COFFEE AND “LADYBIRD” BEETLES. Mr. H. Kirby’s cheery letter about the bright prospects before our old staple this year in Ceylon, ought to prompt the P. A. Coinmittee to immediate action in respect of the ‘‘ Lady- bird” mission. Or, seeing that the Haputale P.A. very nearly represents one-third of all the coffee acreage left in the island, why should its Committee not meet and give the first impulse to a movement for raising funds to enable Ceylon to benefit at the earliest possible day in the South-Indian ‘‘ Lady-bird” importa- tion from Queensland ? —_\————_&-___—_—- LADY-BIRDS AND COFFEE. We call attention to the letter addressed by Mr. Philip to Mr. E. E, Green on this subject. Surely the decision of certain Uva planters to do nothing at this time towards getting the benefit of lady-bird beetles, is not well-adyised ? Mr. Kirby spoke of a levy of 20 cents an acre on coffee; but say that it was only 10 cents and the collection was confined to 12,000 acres (as it would be difficult to levy on small gardens and acreages); yet, in our opinion the resulting R1,200 with a similar amount from Government, or R2,400%n all, should suffice to enable Ceylon coffee planters to share in the importation of the anti- bug beetles now expected for the benefit of Mysore, Coorg, &c. We trust that neither Mr. Green nor Mr. Kirby will let the matter rest where it is now. With our old staple promising so well this year, 16 will be a great shame if nothing is done to try and get rid of its chief enemy when so good an opportunity offers. eee COLOMBO HORTICULTURAL SHOW. SLRAY THOUGHTS ABOUT THE COLOMBO FRUIT AND FLOWER SHOW-* (By One who was Present.) The impetus which has of late been given to Horti- cultural Shows in Ceylon is undoubtedly an indica- tion of progress in the right way. Colombo and Nuwara Eliya seem now imbued with a spirit of emulation, vieing with each other as to which will be the more regular and successfal with Shows of this kind, leaving benighted Kandy with all her floral advantages, to boast only of an annual barbarous procession of Perahera. The last Flower Show held in Kandy was, if I remember rightly, in 1888, and since then the paradisaical town has evi- dently been enjoying a blissful state of lethargy. The success of the Colombo Show just past is a re- newed proof of the interest and wholesome spirit of competition that such Exhibitions are capable of arousing in all lovers of flowers and in all classes of people. That the competition, however, in certain departments was particularly slack is no criterion of what might be the case if Shows were held more regularly and at shorter intervals. Au Agricultural or Horticultural Exhibition held only once in every decade can hardly serve the utilitarian purposes for which its promoters strive so eagerly and a lapse of more than a year is certain to neutralize what- ever good may have resulted from it, making the undertaking of a succeeding Show always as much of a teutative nature as the preceding one. But it is in the wind just now, Lhbear, that before the present energetic Committee disperses an Agri-Horticultural Society is to be organised. * Written, we may mention, before our editorial on page 57,—Ep, 7.4, il THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 81 To return to the and Flower Show, there were several features and object les- sons which must have well repaid a visit from Colombo Fruit those whose attention was not absorbed in stu- dies of fashion and otber diversions. In the classes for native products, coconuts, jak-fruits, and mangces may be said to have been the most striking both in point of size and in number, the last-named especially being more remarkable for size and variety than for eating qualities. The display of tropical edible fruits was very dis- appointing, with the single exception of pineapples, among which were some very fine exhibits, notably the lot from the Royal Botanical Gardens, which was not for competition. Some fruits shown in this class could not possibly be called ‘ edible,” if indeed they were not poisonous, for instance, the “ Kiri-gedi.” The same remark could well be applied to articles included under the head of yams, the show of which was surprisingly poor, As for nfangosteens, the most delicious of fruits and ‘“ the only fruit which the Queen has neyer tasted,’ they looked tempting to any one acquainted with their delicacy, but from some strange cause most of them displayed signs of disease, which was readily noticed on trying to cut open the fruit, the rind being very hard and corky and the inside quite unfit for eating. THE EXHIBITS OF COCONUTS were all good though some were ridiculously large in number, some exhibitors showing over 390. But it must be said that this was not so much the fault of exhibitors, as of those who omitted to put reasonable restrictions on the number to be exhibited. This oversight must have involved some difficulty in the matter of judging, not only in this class but ia several others. The selection of coconuts steged by the veteran coconut planter, Mr. W. H. Wright, was in every way excellent, and that it did not include more than were necessary of each variety was an additional recommendation. Yet with these merits it iailed to draw the well-deserved medal. IN THE CLASS OF MISCELLANEOUS EXHIBITs, there were several objects of special interest, among which may be mentioned Mr. Wright’s handsome specimen of a fruit-climber (monstera deliciosa) bearing fruit, which as the name implies is said to surpass most other fruits in sweetness of flavour, A monster clump of Mysore cardamoms quite 15 feet in height, shown by Mr. Westland of Matale was also of interest. as showing the height, the plant attains when well- grown. Here also were specimens of rubber “bleached” by a new process discovered by Mr. Parkin of the Botanic Gardens, Peradeniya. But whatever may be said of the exhibits generally, it must be admitted that the arrangements reflected great credit on THE MANAGING COMMITTEE and no small share of which is due in particular to Mrs. Ellis and Mrs. Davidson. The “lady correspondent” in the Observer of the 10th instant makes some opportune observations, and the suggestion that Begonias should claim the attention of the country to a special degree sounds very nice and lady-like. But the lady correspondent in ques- tion does not seem to take into account that all plants thrive only within a certain range of tempera- ture ; otherwise why would Nuwara Eliya not compete against Uolombo for coconuts, and Colombo against upcountry for English vegetables ? eet TEA —LANTANA—CREEPERS AND MOSQUITOES. (By @ Cynic). Tea planting like all other Tropical farming gives those interested the “jumps.” We are exercised one day by advice in local papers and brokers’ lists to go in for fine and careful pluck- ng. The next day we read that the Chairman IS a ee eee Pa 89 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. of a Ceylon-London Tea Company congratulated the shareholders on haying sccured as their adviser in Ceylon a gentleman notorious (I don't use this in a bad sense) for his large out-put per acre of poor-priced tea! The fact is that Directors of poor paying Companies are at their wits, ends to prolong their existence* in the face of low tea prices and high exchange. There is a crumb of comfort in the facet that our Ceylon tea per last London cireular May 27th 1898 is averaging 77d against 74d in the same week 1897. What has come over our LANTANA? Yon see large tracts of Lantana dying off or blackened in Dumbara, Kadugannawa, etc. Rumour has it that an imported bug is responsible for this and that we shall have no lantana in Ceylon in two or three years’ time. Ifthe bug then fiadsits wayon to tea, what a treat the tea farmer has in store for himself! A young CREEPER when he arrives in the island finds CEYLON MosquiTors and _ fleas quite willing to feast on his new blood. It appears that new insect pests have no enemies to attack them for some time after their arrival, hence the rate they multiply at. IL would rather be a new bug than a crecper, Se “CEYLON” COFFEE IN CONGO FREE STATE. MR. VANDER POORTEN RESPONSIBLE FOR ITS INTRODUCTION. (From the B. C. Africa Gazette, April 9.) At Uesso experiments have been made on a modest scale both with the Liberian bash, and with what is described by the '‘Mouvement Geographique” as indigenous coffee. The former appears to have been a failure but the latter is said to have afforded the most gratifying results. A specimen of this so called indigenous coffee was transmitted to Belgium with a view to obtuining the opinion of experts upon origin and capabilities, and the following report has been issued by the Vice-President of the Chamber of Com- merce and his colleagues. ‘‘ After a minute analysis we have come to the conclusion that this coffee must have originated in Ceylon. Our decision on this point is to a certain extent confirmed by the fact that, in 1893-94 M. de Porter, formerly Belgian Consul in Ceylon, came to Africa and began to plant, in a tentative fashion, upon the Congo plateau. It is more than probable that he introduced in this way what is known as Ceylon ccffee. The specimens sub- mitted to us though rather smaller than the Ceylon berry resemble it closely in colourand form. Their flavour is decidely superior and rivals that of our choicest varieties. The gathering of the coffee must have been effected at precisely the right moment, for it has retained to perfection its tender bluish green colour and silvery outer skin. The preparation and transport must also have been carried ont in the most careful manner, the specimens being entirely free from bruises and containing no black ur withered bean. We should advise the authorities of the Free State to propagate this variety as widely as possible and to institute experiments with it in every part of the country under their jurisdiction. We have no doubts us to its favourable reception by consumers, nor can it fail to be highly remunerative, being nearly double the value of the varieties known as Liberian, African Mocha, and San Thome of which our export has hitherto consisted, and which are, for the most part weak and of doubtful flavour.’ Experiments are also being made in the cultivation of nutmeg, pepper, and of a species of vanilla peculiar to the Congo from which an excellent cream has been extracted. F * That explains the story current about a circular, letter from one London Chairman to his Superin- tendent, presenting alternatives :—‘‘ Put ‘tuppence- @lb. on your tea, or expect the ‘sack’” !—Ep, 7.4, |Aucusr 1, 1898. 4 THE BUG ON LANTANA: A SERIOUS MATTER, UNLESS DEALT WITH PROMPTLY. We revcived recently a branch of bug-affected Jantana from Mr.8. Agar, which we at once re-des- patched to Mr. E. E. Green, Punduloya, the best authority in the island on any question of En- tomology. Mr. Green had, however, no occasion to see this specimen as the appended letter whieh crossed ours will show. The pest, indeed, 1s not a new one, having been fully deseribed three years ago. It will be observed on con- sideration of Mr. Green's facts and opinions that the matter is now a serious one, calling for immediate action on the part of private individuals as well as of the Government. Mr. Green writes :— 4 June 15,—Referring to your note ani Mr, Shelton Agar’s letter in Observer yp 14th, it may inter- est you to learn that the Bug on Lantana is our old friend (or rather enemy), the Orthezia insignis about which you printed a paper in 1895 (f. A. vol. iv., p. 437), republished as a pamphlet under the title “An Important Insect Enemy.” In this paper, written when the insect first appeared in Peradeniya Gardens, I prophesied extension of the pest over the island by means of lantana, which is one of its favorite foods. M report was con- sidered in some quarters to be 2 unnecessaril alarmist character. The pest has now | throughont a radius of at least 20 miles around Kandy, and it will be almost im ible to pre- vent its further progres. In the hi * jungles, it will find an equally favourable strongho A various species of Strobilanthus (“nilu”). Besides proving an eyesore on waste land, the pest isan intolerable scourge in the flower garden, attacking numbers of ornamental foliage plants, and it is most difficult to ey where once established. I am sorry to say that I have already found it attacking tea plante in the immediate neighbourhood of infected lantana bushes. In the case in question the lantana bush was destroyed, the affected tea heavily pruned, and the prunings burned, which has prevented spread of the disease in this quarter. Unlike most scale insects,’ the orthezia attacks and prefers the young shoots of the plant. On the tea plants, it was found crowded upon the ‘flush.’ It is moreover a very active insect, and wanders freely from one plant to another. “There is no doubt that this pest was introduced into the Botanical Gardens on imported plants,— whether from Kew or some other country remains an open question. This is only one of the many lessons that should turn our attention to the impor- tance of establishing a system for the proper in- spection and disinfection of all imported plants and fruit. All our most serious insect pests are im- ported ones. Situated as we are in Ceylon, with but asingle port of entry, a little outlay in the establish- ment of a quarantine station might ent enormous loss from the ravages of intro need ‘gee. In the first place must we not all as a com- munity—and especially the leading plantersaround Kandy, Ganipola and Matale—take blame for net attending to Mr. Green’s warning in 1895? No doubt it may be said that the Government and its Gardens Staff should have led the way; but their inaction is probably explained by the ill- ness and death of Dr. Trimen, while his suecessor may never have had the description of this estiferous importation, brought specially to his notice. e quite recall Mr. Green’s paper and the resulting pamphlet, copies of which are still available. Fortunately it is not too late to fight this ‘‘ bug” with some prospect of success if the contest is gone into with hearti and unanimity. According to Mr. Green, the teri: o- AvausT 1, 1898.) confined so far to a twenty-mile circuit of Kandy and is there found on lantana chiefly if not alone ? (Have any other planters seen it on their tea in the way described by Mr. Green?) We call theu on every estat: proprietor and manager, — within the prescribed circuit especially—to cutdown and burn the lantana in his immediate neighbour- hood it only for his own protection ; and we call on Government to issue orders through its Agents to every Headman in the districts concerned, that wherever lantana is affected, they are to cut down and burn the same. We quote the in- structions given in Mr. Green’s pam- phlet—which by-the-way includes figures in illus- tration of the bug and twigs affeeted—as to the best mode of procedure. Bad as a visitation of these minute and active little insects can be, it is very different from a well-developed fungus, like hemileia vastatriz, the spores of which were blown about everywhere by the wind in millious, Still, without being in the least alar- mist, the occasion is one to be ‘‘up and doing,” and we think the Planters’ Association and Chamber of Commerce should call on the Go- vernment to lose no time in tasking effective action. ft will be observed that Mr. Green further indicates the necessity for. following the example of other Colonies—frightened by the Ceylon coffee pest—in establishing an _ in- spection (if not quarantine) of all plants and seeds imported. This is certainly proved by the case of the present pest to be most neces- sary: for we see that Dr. Trimen. referred to the insect in 1893, but spoke of it as mainly a ‘garden pest” and made light of it then, Mr. - Green's warning in 1895 was specially distinct and outspoken; but it passed by unheeded. Let there be no mistake and no _ procrastina- tion now, on the part of either the Planting public or the Goverment. A new impoitance too must henceforth be given to the question of importing “ lady-bird beetles” of the species known as the deadly enemy of the coccus or bug tribe. The interest in this im- portation will now extend to our tea, as_ well coffee, planters and to the Goverment itself in a special degree. Meantime we give a few ex- tracts bearing on the subject from Mr. Green’s pamphlet :— AN IMPORTANT INSECT ENEMY : AND THE NEED FOR PLANTERS TO GUARD AGAINST ITS SPREAD. By E. E. Green, Eton, Punpavoya. In Dr. Trimen’s annual report on the Botanical Gardens for 1893, mention was made of the occur- rence in the Peradeniya Gardens of a serious insect- pest which was most destructive to the ornamental shurbs there. As this pest has been increasing very rapidly and has already spread beyond the limits of the Gardens, it is important that general attention should be drawn toit. Within the Peradeniya Gardens efforts are being made to keep it in check, but it -has appeared on lantana in the neighbourhood, and there is no knowing where it will stop. It has for- tunately as yet shown no taste for either of our two most important products—tea and cacao. Coffee, however, does not share this immunity, for trees of Liberian coffee have been observed to be infested with the insect, and we have no reason to suppose that the Arabian species will be less liable to attack. Dr. Trimen is of opinion that this is mainly a garden pest, and does not except thatit wiil spread to estates. It is to be hoped that this prediction will prove correct; but it would bs unwise to ignore the fact that, if unchecked, the pest might spread en- ormously and might possibly develop a taste for THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 83 other plants; as was the case with the “Fluted Scale” (Icerya purchasi) which, at first practically confined to acacia and orange trees, finally beeame almost omnivorous. “ Forewarned is forearmed’’; and, though it would be most imprudent to create a scare, it is still most advisable to point out a possible danger. As mentioned above, the insect has obtained a foothold upon lantana. Should it once become widely and firmly established, it will be extremely difficult to deal with, and wherever lantana flourishes there will be a stronghold of the pest. Though most accom- modating in its tastes this bug at present shows a preference for plants belonging to the natural orders Acanthacew, Rubiacew (which includes coffee and cinchona), and Verbenacew (ot which lantana is a member). ‘To the first of these orders belong our numberous species of “Nelu” (Strobilanthes) which might form another possible breeding-gronnd as extensive and even more impregnable than the lan- tana serub.' The insect is known to Hntomologists by the name ot Orthezia insignis, Douglas, being first described by Mr. J. W. Dongias from specimens found ic Kew Gardens, where it is now said to be doing an enormous amount of damage in the plant-houses. It has more recently been figured and described by Mr, Buckton under the name of Orthezia nacrea, (‘‘ Indian Museum Notes,” Vol. IIT., No. 3, p. 103). The specimens sub- mitted to Mr. Backton were unfortunately damaged in transit; his figures are consequently not very satis. factory. Comparison with specimens from Kew proves the two insects to be specifically identical. Originating as it does in the Peradeniya Botanical Gardens, there is little doubt but that we owe the in- troduction of this pest to plants received from Kew, Its native country has not been determined. Like so many our insect enemies, this is one of the “‘scale-bugs” (Cocctde), but is more active than many of the better known members of that family. The accompanying figures (on our frontispiece) will be of assistance in the recognition of the enemy :— (Then follow descriptions.) REMEDIES. Determined efforts should be made to stamp out the pest upon its first appearance in any locality. Infected plantsshould be treated on the spot, regardless of ex- pense and, if necessary, with complete sacrifice of the plant. Too greatsfress cannot be laid upon the im- portance of ‘‘ Treatment upon the spot ’’”’ inall cases of serious insect-pests. The pruning of affected plants and subsequent carriage of the cuttings to some spot where they might be burnt or buried would only serve to sow the pest broadcast along the route of transport. However much a fixture the adult insect may seem to be, as in the case of many of the scale bugs, if must be remembered that the young are very minute, very active, and usually very numerous. Should a colony cf the insects be dis- covered upon any plant, a good-sized hole might be dug beside it, in which a fire of dry brushwood and grass could be lighted. The plant should then be cut down or pruned to bare poles, the prunings thrown directly on Lo fire, and all dead leaves and rub- bish from below the plantswept into the kole. The hole should afterwards be filled with earth to prevent the escape of any possible survivors. In places where the pest has established itself on lantana or other waste land, such patches should be fired. On culti- vated land such extreme measures will usually be im- practicable. In this case repeated and thorough spraying with insecticides will be the only available course. [Details of emulsion, etc., followed. ] Mr. Green winds up with the following im- portant paragraph :—- “Mr. Albert Keoebele, the celebrated discoverer of the Australian beetle (Vedulia carminalis) which cleared the Californian fruit orchards of the dreaded ‘ Fluted Scale’ is now on a visit to Ceylon. He has seen this Orthezia at work in the Peradeniye Gardens, and has made the acquaintance of the 84 THE TROPICAL AGRICGULTURIST. ‘Green-bug' that killed out our coffee. He asserts- that there are Australian beetls that would as suredly destroy these two pests. It is hoped that a@ consignment of these beetls will shortly be pro- cured, and that they will soon become established in Ceylon.” Mr. Green then appends to his pamphlet, as related very much by Mr. Kebele and sub- stantiated by other authorities,—“the Story of the Fluted-Seale (Icerya purchasi) in Cali- fornia and its Eradication through the intro- duction of a Predaceous Australian Beetle.” 1t is a thousand pities, in the interests of coffee as well as of all our planting operations that when Mr. Keebele was in Ceylon in 1895, the Govern- ment did not engage his services to go to Queensland to bring over a consignment of the celebrated ‘‘ Vedalia”’; but it is not toe late to seenre such consignment either through the South Indian Agent, or independently on our own ac- count. Whatever may be done in destroying the lantana and fighting the bug by fire, burial or kerosine emulsions in the first place, there can be little doubt that the most effective means of keeping in check, if not of clearing off ‘‘ Orthezia insignis” as well as our old friends of the black, white and green bugs—described in Neitner’s ‘Enemies of the Coffee ‘Tree—will be to import the Vedalia or Lady-bird beetles. ‘‘To this com- plexion we must come at last” and the sooner the better. a INDIA RUBBER IN FRENCH CONGO, The “Mouvement Geographique” of January 30th, speaking of the manufacture of rubber in the French Congo, says:—‘' I'he rubber is sold in balls weighing either 120 grammes or about6 grammes. The larger balls contain a superior quality of rubber, which is ob- tained by treating the latex with fresh lime-jnice. The smaller balls are prepared with lime-juice which has already beenused. Thenatives adda certain propor- tion of marine salt which serves to facilitate the precipitation of the rubber. The commercial article is obtained from aspecies of lianacalled by the Bakala ‘Djoumial’ (Landolphia?) This is the only liana capable of producing rubber of a fine quality, though many others, notably the ‘Akounya’ and the ‘Aboundje’ yieid this material; the first named forming asoft rubber devoid of elasticity and strength, while the second gives a substance which, when dried, is possessed of considerable firmness. These three are the only varieties of liana exploited by the natives.’—B. C. African Gazette, April 9, — CEYLON TEA IN CHINA. The following note is from the Westminster Budget. English residests at Shanghai sending to Ceylon and India for their tea is, no doubt, not entirely imaginary; and ‘the Tschang-Tschih- Tung” isexcellent :— ; The Chinese Mandarins, in order to save them- selves pain, appear to be at present hiding their heads in the sand as the ostriches are popularly suppose to do. Oneof them, however, has determined to make the best of the position, and he sees no reason why, if the foreigner cannot be turned out of China, he should not be made of some service. The refusal of the authorities to allow the introduc- tion of modern machinery and modern methods of cultivation into the tea plantatiéns has gone far to rain the once extensive tradein tea that China carried on with Europe. Huglish residents at Shanghai have, it is said, found it cheaper to send to Ceylon and India for their tea than to buy from the Chinese planter at their very door. But the Tschang-Tschih- tung, Governor of the great provinces of Hunan and [Avcrst 1, 1898, Hupeh, decided to overthrow the old prejudices that prevented the employment of modern methods of cultivation, andthere is no reason why the Celestial Enpire should not again become one of the great tea- growing districts of th 1d. i pros @ wor’ It is another proof ** Til Llows the wind th i 7 —N.-C. Herald, Ht $0. hie 5 oh ie ceed KERNELS: A NEW INDUSTRY. The crushing of seeds and nuts for t i i they contain and the preparation of tection og from the residue is, so far ac England is concerned & comperatively new industry. And oneof the most lmportant phases of this busivers is that which cen. tres round the products of the o') palm and plays such a considerable part in the trade between the West Coast of Africa and Liverpool. This palm—a beautiful tree of the umbrella pattern—flowers about September or October, and the fruit ripens about four or five months afterwards, the main crop bein gathered from February to May. The fruit in gathered by natives, who ascend the trees by means of ro —sailor fashion—and detach the masses of alvioe- ters, or “hands” as they are called, with a small axe or cutlass. The nuts are then heaped on the ground, covered with palm leaves, and left for a week in the hot and more or less moist atmosphere to ferment, Daring this process the nuts = loose in their sockets, and are removed by hand and placed in baskets. The next process aims at ‘the separation of the nut proper from the seed vesse) or pericarp, First, huge earthenware pots are taken, with a capacity of abont 12 or 4 gallons, and in these are placed about halfa handred weight - Water is added and the P PA'M fire. of commerce from the Bat the water in the with a mortar i ed pi oe and bei reds value, is thrown aside to be used as fuel West African negroes suppl th with two valuable arti ee ons preci allowed to rot. Thi precious produce are annually - . - to i and it certsinly did not reflect cre labis oerene the major portion of such imports Sie eet ay ra erpool to Conti- Z THE PopPLaR is an excellen a) 4 t conductor of - tricity ; they prove, when pianted near — excellent defesces against lightning, owing to their heicht, and their influence upon -the electric fluid. [The same m: 5 palm.—Ep, 7. A] may be epee = the coconut Avavst 1, 1898.) ARTIFICIAL INDIA RUBBER. WHAT NEXT? One of the most recent important events in the history of chemistry was the discovery by an English professor that a substance corresponding in every respect to India rubber may be produced from oil of turpentine. Dr. W. A. Tilden, Professor of Chemistry in Mason College, Birmingham, began a series of ex- periments with a liquid hydro-carbcon substance, known to chemists as isoprene, which was primarily discovered and named by Greville Williams, a well known English chemist, some years ago, as a product of the destructive distillation of India rubber. In 1884, says the New Vork Sun, Dr. Tilden discovered that an identical substance was among the more yolatile com- pounds obtained by the action of moderate heat upon oil of turpemine and other vegetable oils, such as rape-seed oil, linseed oil and castor oil. Isoprene is a very volatile liquid, boiling ata tempe- rature of about 36 degrees Fahrenheit. Chemical analysis shows it to be composed of carbon and hydro- gen in the proportions of five to eight. In the course of his experiments Dr. Tilden foand that when isoprene is brought into c ntact with strong acids, such as aqueous hydrochloric acid, for example, it is converted into a tough elastic solid, which is, to all appearances, true India rubber. Specimens of isoprene were made from several vegetable oils in the course of Dr. Tilden’s work on those compounds. He preserved several of them and stowed the bottles containing them away upon an unused shelf in his laboratory. After some months had elapsed he was surprised at finding the contents of the bottles containing the substance derived from the terpentinee entirely changed in appearance. In place of a limpid, colourless liquid, the bottles con- tained a densesyrup, in which were floating several large “masses of a solid yellowish colour ; upon examination this turnej out to be India rubber. This is the first - instance on record of the spontaneous change of ISOPRENE INTO INDIA RUBBER. According to the Doctor’s hypothesis, this taneous change can only be accounted for by supposing that a small quantity of acetis or formic acid had been produced by the oxidiz- ing action of the air, and that the presence of this compound had been the means of transforming the rest. Upon inserting the ordinary chemical test paper, the liquid was found to be slightly acid. [t yielded a small portion of unchanged isoprene. The artificial India rnbber found floating in the liquid, upon analysis showed all the constituents of natural rubber. Like the latter, it consisted of two substances, one of which was more soluable in benzine or in carbon bisulphine than the other. A solution of the artificial rubber in benzine left, on evaporation, a residue which agreed in all characteristics with the - residuum of the best Para rubber simiiarly dissolved and evaporated The artificial rubber was found to unite with nattral rubber in the same way as two pieces of ordinary pure rubber, forming a tough, elastic compound. Although the discovery is very interesting from a chemical point of view, it has not as yet any commercial importance. It is from such beginnings as these, however, that cheap chemical substitutes ~for many naturel products have been developed. Few persons outside of those directly connected with spon- RUBBER INDUSTRIES realized the vast quantities imported yearly into this ‘ country. Last year there were bronght into United States ports, ss shown by the reportsof the customs ofti- cers, no less than 34,348,000 pounds of India rubber. The industry has been steadily progressive since the invention of machinery for manufacturing it in‘o the various articles of everyday use. The wonderful growth of the India rubber intevests in this country will be seen from the statistics compiled in the tenth census. In 1870 there were imported 5,122 000 pounds at an average rate of $1 per pound in 1880 the imports were 17,835,000 pounds at an average price of 85 cents per pound, in 1890 3!,949,000 pounds were imported at an average price of 75 cents THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 85 per pound. The present price of India rubber varies from 75 cents per pound fcr fine Para rubber to 45 cents per pound for the cheapest grade. It will be seen that, notwithstanding the increase in importa- tions, the price of the raw material remains at a comparatively high figure. Many experiments have been made to find a substance possessing the same properties as India rubber, but which could be pro- duced at a cheaper rate. Many of the compositiors which have been invented haye been well adapted for use for certain purposes, and have been used to adulterate the pure rubber, but no substance has been produced which could even approach India rubber in several of its important characteristics. There has never been a substance yet recommended as a sub- stitute fer rubber which possessed the extraordinary elasticity which makes it indispensable in the manus facture of so many articles of common use. Great hopes were at one time placed ina product prepared from linseed oil. It was found that a material could be produce? from it which would, to a certain extent, equal India rubber compositions in elasticity and toughness. It was argued that linseed oil varnish, when correctly prepared, shouid be clear and dry in a few hours into a transparent, glossy mass of great tenacity. By changing the mode of preparing linseed oil varnish, in so far as to boil the oil until it becamea vey thick fluid and spun threads, when it was taken from the boiler, a mass was obtained which, in drying, assumed a character resembling that of glue. Resin was added to the mass while hot, in a quantity depend- ing upon the product designed to be made, and requir- ing a greater or less degree of elasticity. Many other recipes have been advocated at different times to make a product resembling caoutchouc out of linseed oil in combination with other substances, but all have failed to give satisfaction, save as an adulte- rant to pure rubber. Amo: g the best compounds in use in RUBBER FACTORIES at present is one made by boiling linseed oil to the consistency of thick glue. Unbleached shellac and a small quantity of lampblack is then stirred ing The mass is boiled and stirred until thoroughly mixed. It isthen placed in flat vessels exposed to the air to congeal. When still warm the blocks formed in the flat vessels are passed between rollers to mix it as closely as possible. This compound was asserted by its inventor to be a perfect substitute for caontchouc, It was also stated that it could be vulcanized. This was found to be an error, however. The compound, upon the addition of from 15 to 25 percent of pwe rubber, may be vulcanized and used as asubstitute for vulcanized rubber. Compounds of coal tar, asphalt, &¢s with caoutchouc have been frequently tested, but they can only be used for very inferior goods, The needs for a SUBSTITUTE FOR GUTTA PERCHA is even more acute than for artificial India 1ubber. A compound usedin its stead for many purposes is known as French gutta percha. This possesses nearly all the properties of gutta percha. It may be frequently used for the same purposes and has the advantage of nct cracking when exposed to the air. Its inventoig claimed that it was a perfect substitute for India rubber and gutta percha, fully as elastic and tough, and not susceptible to injury from great pressure or highd temperature. The composition of this ambitious subs stance is as follows:—One part, by weight, by equal parts of wood tar oil and coal iaroil, or of the laticr alone is heated for several hours at a temperatuie of from 252 to 270 degrees Fahrenheit, with two parts, by weight, of hemp oil, until, the mass can le drawn into thread. Then one-half part, by weight of linseed oil, thickened by boiling, is added. T'6 each 100 parts of the compound, one-twentieth to on- tenth part of ozokerite and the same quanti y of spermaceti are added. The entire mixture is then again heated to 252 degrees Fahrenheit and ones fifteenth to one-twelfth prt of sulphur is added, The substance thus obtained, upon cooling is worked up in a similar manner to natural India rubber. It has not been successfully used, however, withont the a ‘requisite elasticity. 56 addition of a quantity of pure rubber to give it the substitute for gutta percha is obtained by boiling the bark of the birch tree, es- pecially the outer part, in water, over an open fire. his produzes a black fluid mass, which quickly be- comes solid and compact upon exposure to air. Each gutta percha and India rubber factory has a formula of it own for making up substances as nearly identi- cal with the natural product as possible, which are used to adulterate the rubber and gutta percha used in the factory. No one has as yet, however, suc- ceeded in discovering a perfect substitute for either rubber or gutta percha. ‘The history of chemistry contains many instances where natural products have been supplanted by artificial compounds possessing the same properties and characteristics. One of the most notable of those is the substance known as alizarine, the colouring matter extracted from the madder root. ‘This, like India rubber, is a hydro- carbon. Prior to 1869 all calico-printing was done with the colouring matter derived from the madder root, and its cultivation was a leading industry in the eastern and southern portions of Europe. In 1869 alizarine was successfully produced from the refuse coal tar of gas works and the calico-printing business was revolutionized. The esserce of vanilla, made from the vanilla bean, and used asa flayour- ing extract, has been supplanted by the substance christened vanilla by chemists, which possesses the same characteristics and is made from sawdust. Isoprene, from which Dr. Tilden produced India rubber, is comparatively a new product, as derived from oil of turpentine, It yet remains to be seen whether rubber can be synthetically produced cer- tainly and’cheaply, The results of further experiments will be awaited with interest, as the production of artificial rubber at moderate cost would be an event of enormous importance.—Scientific American. oo CEYLON TEA IN AMERICA AND RUSSIA. Tf there is to be any contest on the question raised by a Colombo merchant a few days ago in our columns, we feel that it should be fought out in the ‘‘Conmittee of Thirty”; but mean- time the following deliverance on the other side of the case, .by a leading planter, is worthy of careful consideration in Colombo, and while our ‘ Commissioner 7s at work in America he must, of course, have unanimous and cordial support to secure the fullest measure of success :— “T know Mr. Wm. Mackenzie's letters, and utter- ances, have left a soreness in Colombo, but to mind there never was a more opportune my moment than now for pushing, with increased energy and vigour, our campaign in America, we have still 70,000,000 Ib. of green tea drinkers to win over, and now that our teas have already commanded attention, and those most opposed to us, are compelled to hold them, because they cannot resist the demand from their customers, it would be madness in my opinion to slacken one jot of our energy; for, every pound of tea taken off the J.ondon market is a gain, and helps to maintain prices, and if Mackenzie was _with- drawn, and the work left to go casually on, without anyone to check or watch how the grants-in-aid were applied, we should soon have a falling-off in exports to America, and where would then be our London market? The 114 million ounds of British-grown tea taken in America ast year, was the saving of Ceylon, for with- out that additional market, our prices would have been fully $d lower, which to many estates would have meant a lcss on production. “J quite coneur with you that more should be done in Russia, and I believe the ‘Thirty Com- mittee’ are only awaiting letters from Mr. Chris- tie, who is to look out some reliable man, (vide THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [Avavst 1, 1898, published Report of Thirty Commit 16th Feb, 1898) to vaca can te cbeehbed ane advertising in all the large and important towns, This will help all interested in tea, and I lope be a means to increase direct orders from Colombo. With regard to publication of accounts 1 see from Keport of Thirty Committee meetin of 20th May that members are to have a full aod detailed statement for the past year. Names cannot be given to the public, as youcan easily realize, great jealousies would arise if one man whe was getting a grant-in-aid from the Fund, learnt that another (perliaps in the same town) was getting more, and we must protect onr Commissioner, and trust him. [ contend we must not stop our efiorts in America, financially or otherwise, until we have so securely got hold of the tea-diinking public, that they will not go back to China or Japan teas, which in my opinion they weuld do if left alone now, or at the end of this year. The Committe will require every cent of the Cess when ee really launch into Russia and the Continent, and [ consider it would be a very short-sighted policy to ee to reduce it. We must re- member that in Mackenzie we have a very inde- vendent man, he has no need to work, but I elieve has gone heart and soul into this i- can business for the love of the old Colony.” a COFFEE IN COSTA RICA. A Maskeliya planter writes :—‘ The following extract from a‘ private letter from Mr. R. P. Macfarlane formerly cf Cannavarella, may in- terest some of your readers, He (R. P. tr) is now enjoying gool health.” We are very glad to have good news of this esteemed Uva roprietor and to learn about Costa Rica as ollows :-—‘* The coffee I saw in Costa Rica beats anything I ever saw in Ceylon. The have no leaf disease, and the soil is very ric and deep. Ramasamy would revel in it, as there are few stones, and it is very soft. How- ever the drawbacks are scant and dear labour and awful roads ; they drive laden carts over roads we would have thought a good many times about be- fore attempting to ride over. It is a love: country with vegetation ahead of Ceylon. { never saw such a display of orchids in my life. Everything appears to grow well there; but being a Spanish Republic makes it a very different place from a British Colony.” —_ Oo “Datry FARMING FOR TEA PLANTERS,” is the title of a long article in the Indian Planters’ Gazette of course written with reference to the circumstances of Assain; but we quote the con- clusion :— Apart from the suggestions of prosecuting the indus- try of dairy farming in conjunction or as an adjunct to general factory work, there is the important matter of manure, The manure from cattle well nourished on substantial food will be more valuable than from thore fed upon the scant herbage afforded by their usual grazing grounds; thus, a further incentive is given to planters and all connected with the tea districts, to accord support and encouragement to dairy farming; 10,000 head of cattle would yield about 200 tons of manure daily ; thus the success of the gardens may be said to be secured. Many people have an objection to buffalo milk and butter, but it is seldom the latter can be distinguished from the product of the common cow. All things considered, we are of opinion that a dairy establishment set up, say, at Brahminbarrie or some other equally eligible site on the Assam-Bengal Rail- way, offers as promising an investment as anything in the agricultural line we know of, Avausr 1: 1898.] COCONUT AND TOBACCO PLANTING IN TRINCOMALEE DISTRICT: EARLY PIONEERS. From a Correspondent. ) In this district the only European efforts have been by the late Capt. Maloney of Uganda fame and Lieut. Kirkpatrick, situated by Upaar in Kottiar Bay and by Mr. Lushington at Nilavelly. Why other speculators don’t turn their attention towards Trincomalee seems strange. There are good lands available in Kottiar pattu and consi- dering that water transit costs far less than land carriage, these lands must surely be attrac- tive. Those lying by the mouth of the Kottiar river towards Foul Point and the islands in ‘* Kattaiparichchan dar and off Foul Point in- wards by the South sea shore, are admirably suited for coconut culture. Lands lying beyond the village of Kottiar between the angle where the ‘‘Mahawili Ganga” branches off to the east coast and to Kottiar Bay and such others as are irrigable under the catchment of ‘‘ Allai ” and minor irrigation tanks in the pattu are specially adapted for tobacco cultivation. These are all now jungle lands and not noticed because attention is only given to the spots lying towards Nilavelly. The European capitalist will find tobacco eul- ture a most paying concern, at present the native cultivators speculate un-borrowed money which enriches the lender, but leaves the planter at the end as poor as when he began the undertaking. I am told that this season’s tobacco now safely piled, will not be sold off till by the end of July or August. There are fine Crown land by the Hot wells hillock from whence there are many streamlets of water quite enough to irrigate a large area for a good farm or garden. The climate is humid, soil ex- cellent and elevation fitting, so it seems strange that speculation is not met in this direction. Hot wells is the only site where the Kittul palm flourishes in this Province. I am informed that Pepper culture was in days gone by successfully carried on ; but why abandoned I cannot just now gather. Cotton seenis once to have been tried as some vast acreage ef jungle land bears testimony from their designation as ‘‘ Parathie pullavol” or cotton plantation. All along the Trinco-Anuradhapura road there are vast tracts of estate lands. Captain Colomb, a French Naval officer who _quitted France during the Revolution, and settled with his family at Trincomalee, seems to be the pioneer European planter towards the Anuradhapura side of Trincomalee. Remains of clearings made by him called ‘‘ Franscara thotum” are yet to be seen and he was [ am told the only [uropean who brought labourers from Mosambique whose descendants are now the Caffre settlers of ‘‘ Pal- anttu” a villageskirtiny the Inner Barbour. Re- mains of the Caffre dwellings are yet to be traced at “* Thattaikay” which was the Captain’s nearest clearing.—17th June, oe EE PLANTING NOTES. THE INDIAN TEA ASSOCIATION. -—Could not the Secretary of this body in Caleutta manage to have the Minutes of Proceedings at its Meetings, published within a week in the press, in place of being delayed for a month or so? Even we in Qeylon take enough interest in these pro- ceedings, to prompt this request. THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 87 _TEA PRUNING.—An experienced planter criti- cising ‘1874’s” proposals, says :— ‘*Some of the writer’s suggestions have been carried out by me forsome years and now I do not approve of them, or have found different treatment more successful.”’ Our friend promises us a letter on the subject a little later. , LEGEND OF THE TEA PLANT.—Dhrama, the ascetic priest, was the son of a king ot India. He went into China and for the space of nine years he remained in contemplation in a temple. Later he went to Japan, and he died on Mount Katavka. He imposed upon himself, as the first: rule of his life, privation from sleep. One day indignant at falling asleep, he ent off his eyclids and threw them away as miserable sinners, From the spot where tlie eyelids had fallen sprang up a bush which is the tea plant, affording the perfumed beverage which chases away sleep,— ** Vick’s Magazine.” JAVA QUININE.—We have no desire to super- satiate those who read this report with facts about the Java quinine-factories ; still, we cannot overlook the cireumstance that Mr Consul Dayids in his report to the Foreign Office (No. 2,095, 13d), mentions the matter, stating that the planters have seen that the policy of sending their bark to Europe was ‘‘a mistaken one, and a number of them are now affording the local manufactory good support, and are giving it a considerable share of their bark for manipulation, so that the en- prise is confidently expected to be a success.” There is nothing in this quotation which we have not already reported, but it has the distinction if any, of coming from a British Blne Book.— Chemist and Druggist. EXHIBITION IN WESTERN AUSTRALIA.—We had a call today from Mr. E. T. Scammell who is on his way to England by the ss. “Stuttgart” to act as Commissioner for the Westralian Exhibition to be held in March next. Mr. Scammell, whom we had met on previous visits, enguired what chance there was of Ceylon taking a part. We replied that the firsf step should -be an official invitation from the Westralian Government to that of Ceylon and that then we saw no reason why Ceylon should not send an interesting if limited’ set of exhibits to the Show of its nearest Australian neighbour, —a Colony which through the Coolgardie gold discoveries, has advanced so wonderfully since we visited Perth and the surrounding country in 1875. We think that exhibits of our staple products ought certainly to be sent to the Westralian Exhibition and specially of our staple tea. THE PEARL FISHERIES: INTERESTING BUT DOLEFUL.—An oyster-bed would be a risky thing for anybody to speculate in, seeing that oysters have a disappointing habit at times of suddenly deserting a bank. We are not thinking of oysters for eating purposes, such as the small store of humble molluscs at Ennore, but of the creat oyster-beds connected with the pearl-fisheries down Ceylon. Captain Donnan, the authorita- tive reporter on the pearl banks of Ceylon, has just returned from a serious inspection. As the result Capt. Donnan ‘‘regrets having to report that no oysters were found on any of these banks.” To read of oysters disappearing by the 155 million is an insight into what an oyster bei is like; but it is a regrettable thing that what is a con- siderable industry in Ceylon should be in a bad way. Pearls for the next few years are not likely to be cheap--so far at least as the Ceylon pro- duction is concerned.—Madras Times, 88 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. INDIAN LABOUR FOR EASTERN COLONIES. — We see (says Indian Engineering) that the district of Tanjore furnishes nearly all the free emigration from the South of India to the Straits Settle- ments, where the demand for the ‘* Kling ” coolie is an ever increasing quantity. Ceylon, on the other hand draws its requirements from the dis- tricts of Maduraand Tinnevelly. 1t is noteworthy that the ‘* Caringee” coolie never looks to either of these Colonies asa field for employment. His special preserve appears to be Burina, but it would appear from the returns that that mono- poly will be short-lived, as the *‘* Tamil from the South bids fair to ontran bim ere long. CINCHONA LOoKING-UP.—Is it not time for Ceylon planters who have patches or scattered trees, or even stumps with suckers, of cinchona on their estates, to look them up and down, with a view to cultivation and possible harvest- ing of bark, root and otherwise? There need not be a rush at least in shipments; for bark is an article that can be kept any length of time without much damage, until the market favours shipment. A Ceylon planter who went over to one of the divisions of Travancore lately, was astonished to find 30 acres ot officinalis cinchona on the estate placed under his care. Lucky proprietor with 300 acres of possibly mature cinchona, at a time when the price is undoubtedly looking-up ! > “THE QUEENSLAND AGRICULTURAL JouRNAL.” Vol. II. Part 5. Whe following are the contents for May 1898 :—Co-operation Again; Agriculture—Co-operative Plour Mills; Queensland Agricultural College : The Cockatoo Farmer; Those Summer Crops ; _ Onion Growing on the North Coast ; Jerusalem Artichokes and Crosnes; Old Bones and How to Utilise Them ; Brussels Sprouts; Four Year's Farming in New South Wales; Liability of Nurserymen; The Hot- water Treatment of Seed Wheat; Yield of Wheat in Australasia; Wheat Harvest, 1897-98 ; Pumpkins ; The Economic Feeding of Working Horses; airy- ing; Horse-breeding—Cross-breeding; Poultry ; The Orchard ; Viticulture; Botany ; Economic Botany ; Popular Botany ; Horticulture ; Tropical Industries —Cultivation of Tobacco; Ramie Fibre (Rhea); The Divi-divi; he World’s Cang Sugar Industry ; Chemistry Entomology ; Tick Fever; Forestry— Some Timber Trees of Queensland. No. 2; Trees— Their Benefits to Man; Artesian Wells, &c., &c. Tur Catcurra TrA AucTIon yesterday (June 10)—says the Pioneer correspondent—passed with more spirit, but there is no deubt that there would have been a better demand from home but for the absurdly high estimate of outturn which was telegraphed home by the India Tea Association. A revised estimate will not be pre- pared till August I believe and meanwhile the Committee of the Association for some reason or other appear to think if unnecessary to wire the true state of affairs to the London dealers, Cachar and Sylhet are much behind last season in outturn and will not now be able to catch up to last year’s figures. Assam and Dar eeling are (although to a less extent) also behind the yield of season 1897. There has not been a single transaction in tea shares and this is not to be wondered at. What is wanted in Calcutta is a Planters’ Association, and I hear there is every probability of subscriptions to the present Asso- ciation being discontinued by some of the gardens. The Ceylon Planters’ Association are to be con- gratulated on the energy with which they have taken up the currency question. The Indian Tea Association, on the other hand, have done prac- tically nothing in the matter although I did hear that one of the members, was at length preparing a letter to be sent to the Currency Committee, Wuo 1s M. GUNERATNE’—The followi pears in the Jnvestors’ Guardian of May 28:— Guneratne, Ld. (57,399).—Registered May 18.h, with capital £1,000, in £1 shares, te adopt an agree- ment with M. Guneratne, and to sell and deal in Guneratne’s Curry Powder in the United Kingdom. Table A mainly applies. Registered by E. Goddard & Aldridge, 6 Old Serjeants’ Inn, B.0., LIBERIAN COFFEE IN SUMATRA.—We have had further assurances and evidence given as to the success of coffee in the Serdang division of Sumatra. Whatever may be the case in the solitary instance in apother district, where tea had to be substituted, there can be no question that in Serdang, as Mr, Taring Mackenzie has consistently reported, the growth and prospects are most satisfactory. ARTIFICIAL SUBSTITUTES FOR INDIA-RUEDER AND GUTTA-PERCHA form the not very comfortable theme discussed in an articlein our Tropical Agricul- turist from the Scientific American. Fortunately, there is nothing beyond the experimental stage as yet and we know how long “artificial qui- nine” has been ineubating with the probability that the artificial, if ever attained, would be demer than the natur@ product. PooR CoFFEE !—says the American Grocer, Ma 11th: —The total supply of coffee for the year end- ing June 30th, 1898, is estimated as follows :— Bags. Visible supply, July 1, 1897 ++ 3,975,380 Brazil crop .. - - «11,200,000 Other crops .. >) «+ 4,800,000 Total supply - «19,975,380 Estimated requirements .. - 14,300,000 Visible supply, July 1, 1898 (estimated)... 5,675,380 Visible supply, May 1 (actual). 5,693,758 The above shows that there is no chance for a ‘*bull ’? campaign in coffee to succeed, and that if the law of supply and demand asserts itself, there must be a reaction from present prices.” THE BUGGED LANTANA AND SENDING SPEcr- MENS BY Post.—We have received a well-merited ‘*censure” and warning from Mr. E. E. Green which we must make public for the benefit of all and sundry. It will be remembered that we received a lantana-bugged branch from Mr. Shel- ton Agar which we sent on to Mr. Green in paper cover as it came to hand. Mr. Green rightly declares that this is just one easy wa of spreading the bug, and that it got into his tea through specimens sent in the same way by some one when he was in England. The warn- ing for all and sundry is that specimensof this pest and of all similar pests should only be sent by post or transmitted from one district to another wn tin, or otherwise hermetically closed. We ought to have remembered this faet; because in 1884 when by special request from the Academy of Sciences of California we carried thither speci- ally choice specimens of the coffee fungus (hemt- leia vastatrix) kindly’ provided for us by Mr. Gordon Pyper of Hantane, we had them enclosed in one tin inside the other and Professor Barkness was equally careful in opening and handling, not to give the chance of the spores escaping abroad! Let our readers then be on their guard how they send specimens of anyinsect or fungus pest by post save in tightly fitting tin cases.— We are glad to learn that the Planters’ Associa- tion is likely te call the attention of Government at once to the pest, and to ask for a Report (no doubt from Messrs. Willis and Green) as to the best mode of getting rid of it, Aveust 1, 1898, ] CORNERING WHEAT: AND HIGH PRICES. Corners generally d> not commend themselves to ordinary folk, though some superior persons, who are too fond of expressions like ‘ rant” and ‘‘cant,” and consider betting and gambling natural and legitimate incidents of horse-racing and other forms of sport, may consider every- thing fair in trade and in war. Specially ob- jectionable is the cornering of food stutfis, so that men—generally very rich already—may grow richer on the absolute necessities of orhers. Very few, we fancy, will sympathise with the promoters of the wheat ‘‘corner” in America, Gt the collapse of which we have learnt by wire, even if they are nob among those who lose heavily by what we cannot, but consider an immoral exhibi- tion of cuteness. The worst of it-is that the fallin prices is sure to injure so many more than the greedy adventurers, and to some extent unhinge legitimate trade; but if producers obtain, for some time to come Jess than a fair market price for their corn, they may lave already been, to some extent, compensated by the prices that prevailed under artificial conditions. At the same time consumers must greatly rejoice at the heavy decline in prices which has immediately followed the collapse of the ‘‘corner.” It wonld be a mistake, however, to suppose that the sharp rise in the price of bread in England—and, we fancy, the experience has been the same in most European countries—is due to the outbreak of hostilities between Spain and the United States, though the war has possibly tended somewhat to ag- gravate the situation. We find in a London weekly a very sober and thonghttul considera- tion of the chief cause of the rise in the price of bread which, happily, has led to no distur- bance in the United Kingdom, though in some quarters almost a panie had arisen, from a recollection of the troubles which had to be overcome through dear bread not so very far back, and from the knowledge of what was going on in parts of the Continent, notably in Italy. Our home contemporary points out that the upward tendency in the price of wheat had begun since last harvest, before war was declared or considered to be inevitable. The explanation is that last harvest was deficient in Enrope (including Russia), in India, and in Australia ; and, in the opinion of the best authorities, the world s crop of wheat for 1897 was fully 30,000,600 quarters below the average: and that unfortun- ately meant a good deal below aetua’ requirements. itis only in good years, when the outturn is above the average, that reserves ean be stored; and when these begin to dwindle, prices naturally goup. This result was anticipated at the begin- ning of this year, and even at the end of last year: and although America was able to furnish the United Kingdom with all it wanted, it became a question, two or three months ago, whether she could send enough to Europe to meet requirements till the new crops from India began toarrive. Itiscalenlated that France alone reqnired to import 20 million quarte:s ; and of that she was able to secure only 5 millions during the first four months of the year. Her home supplies being exhausted, France began buying abroad; and the result of nearly all the cargoes available going thither, was the further lowering of British stocks, and the rise in prices, but this began 12 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 89 before there was any alarm of war. When war was declared, it proved ‘‘a nervous shock acting on a feeble constitution,” and the sudden jump in prices was out of proportion to the real need. There was thus no cause for undue anxiety, much less for alarm, in the situation in England, with heavy shipments coming steadily from North and South America and the expect- ation of the new crops from elsewhere, due this month: and the next. But the food supply of the United Kingdom is always a matter of con- cern, seeing how large a pronortion has to come from outside ; and very opportunely are two considerations pressed om public aitention. Lite first sate siecesied | ment of national granaries, which would render possible the storage of something more than provision for a month or two whieh is now the linc of the stocks known in Great Britain There ave ditheulties in the way of earryine ont this suggestion, one of the most obvieus being that the preservation of grain for long period’ is by no means an easy task. The other an chief safeguard, however, must remain the navatl supremacy of Great Britain. Under most conceiv2bi& conditions, there need be no apprehension of actual famine from shortage of the world’sl crop. The highest bidder will always command grain, and Great Britain is better able to pay the highest price than perhaps any other country. It then becomes a question of transport; and that ean be secured only with the full command of the sea. Naval supremacy means something more for Great Britain than commercial supremacy. It means insurance against famine, and even the very existence of the Mother Country and Empire. It is held to be pretty certain that there will be no permanent reversion to low prices for wheat for some time to come; as it takes more than a year for granaries, exhausted by short crops, to be filled, while current consumption is being met from good harvests. But scarcity and high prices have done this great service, They have made more clear than ever that there should be no relaxation in ship-building, that the naval supre- macy of England must be maintained at all costs. Not only has the policy of the Government been abudantly justified, but its hands cannot fail to be strengthened by the experiences throuch which the country has recently gone. — PRODUCE AND PLANTING. A Cuerrrun Stare or Tarncs.—The feeling of sym- pathy with West Indian sugar planters ruined by foreign bounties should be extended to tea planters in the Hast. In India and Ceylon the tea industry is suffering not from the action of foreign govern- ments, but by reason of the financial policy adopted by the Indian Government with the sanction and ape proval of the Government at home. The effect on tea is illustrated by the speech of the chairman at the Lungla meeting, a report of which appears else- where, He referred to the serious effect on the in- dustry of the high quotation of the rupee, and men- tioned that, so far as his company was concerned, every rise of one penny in the exchange meant a loss of £2,000. Seeing that since 1895 there has been an advance of 23d, this means that, as com- pared with three years ago, there is a loss equivalent to £5,000 per annum, which is certeinly very con- siderable in view of the fact that the ordinary capital amounts to £100,000. He also pointed out that to the industry asa whole this appreciation of the exchange has meant a shortage of income of no Jess than £1,000,000. Then again, as regards the lower price of tea, he mentioned that every fall of one penny meant to his company a loss of £8,000. LE tlie establish- oe ee A lie 2 a ea ene 90 Tra PLANYERS AND THE CuRRENCY.—The following leet BeBe as in The Times from Mr. Granville lL. Acworth, late Chairmin, United Planters’ Association of South Iudia :—‘‘ May 1, in behalf not merely of the European planter of India and Ceylon, but also of the millions of producers of the great Indian Empire who are unable to make their voices heard, support the proposal of Mr. Ernest Tye, that two members to represent the huge producing in- terest of India and Ceylon be added to the Tndian Currency Committee? I do not think the public have adequately grasped what the proposals of the Indian Government in regard to the fixing of the rupee at 1s 4d mean to the producer. Taking silver at its present price of 26d per ounce it means that an export dety of some fiity per cent (50 pex cent) is placed on sil Indian products coming into competition with those of other silycr-uzeing OwnNtiries; or fo pub it in other words, countries with @ silver currency competing in India have a bonus of fifty per cent (50 per cent) placed on their goods by the Indian Governmen. seeds &c., will all suffer under this crushing tax, and, so far as the European planter is concerned, if simply spells ruin. We positively cannot on these terms Gompete with China, Brazil, Costa Rien, and the Central States of America. The end for us must surely come, as surely us it has to the sugar industry in the West Indies, for it must never be forgotten that it was bonnty-fed beet and not fair competition that extinguished sugar planting in the West Indies, JAPANESE TkEA PLANTING PrRospects,—The tightness of money in Japan is said to be serionsly erbarras- sing the tea trade there, and the rise in wages and in the prices of general commodities in recent years has likewise been severely felt by the planters. lt is again stated that a considerable decrease in the production of tea in Japan will be a feature of the present year. We have previously pointed out that Japan teas are suffering in reputation in foreign markets as a result of careless and inferior methods of preparation, and attention is being called to this fact as a serious matter affecting the future of Japanese trade and finance, tea being a very impor- tant item in the exports of the country. The question is considered to be the more deserving of attention as Ceylon tea is now said to be steadily taking the place of Japan tea in many directions. The Central Tea Guild of Japan is taking the matter up, and is urging the producers in Japan to improve their methods. The Guild is also establishing tea inspection offices in Yokohama and Kobe, with the odject of preventing the exportation of inferior en, Correr in JaAvA:—The decline in coffee prices, en- couraged as it is by the great fall in the Brozil.an exchange, appears to be having a very aGverse in- fluence on ccffee-planting interests in Java. A slage of depression there, it is reached which justifies fears of the worst. It is re- ported that many estates there are to be “shut dewa.”’ The position is said to be most unsatisfac- tory in Cotie—Dutch Hast Borneo—where the suit- ableness of the soil and climate to the cultivation of Liberian ccffee led planters to open up estates very eagerly. Prices, especially for the Liberian description, have, however, fallen so low, and coffee growing in Brazil has beon so extended, that ail hopes of financial success in Cotie have now, it is stated, been abandoned. Only a year ago nineteen concessions for coffee planting in Cotie were applied for, but the outlook is at present so discouraging that all these applisations will be allowed to fall tirough. Many coffee estates in Java also ave re- ported to be in Cifficulties, and fonr ave mentioned, vilued in 1896 at 1,400,000 guilders, which are now in the hands of mortgagees, who intend to sell them_ by anetion. It is added that the estates have, as a rule, been worked on so unsatisfactory a system that no provision has been made fer bad years such as are now being experienced, planting companies havingj trusted to a continuance of the brilliant re- sults at first attained. WZ. § C. Mail, June 38. ; THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. Tea, coffee, cotton, jute, hides,” stated, has now been - [Avovsr 1, 1898. LADY BIRD BEETLES FROM AUSTRALIA : : MR. NEWPORT’S MISSION. We call attention to the important corres- pondence on the above subject given else- where. It will be observed that both the Director of Kew Gardens (Mr. Thiselton Dyer) and Mr. W. F. H. Blandford (a leading Ente- mological authority) deprecate the mission under- taken by Mr. Newport—who is supposed not to be a scientist,—and point out certain risks that my be incurred. At the same time, the success of Mr. Koebel’s mission on behalf of California is acknowledved, and it will observed thay Mr, Koebel’s authority is meationed with respeet, as also incidentally that of our own Mr. Green— Ithough the Jatter wrongly (%) gets eredit for work dove hy the late Mr. Nietver we think. We know how Mr. Koebel advocated, to Mr. Green, the getting over of certain lady-bird beetles which he was eunlident wonld work beneficially in the ease of Ceylon. Under any circumstances Mr. E. E. Green's authority as a competent Entomologist is fally acknow- ledlyed aud whatever the Ceylon Goverument and Planters may do under his advice, eunnot be wroug. Could lhe not be persuaded to under- take a mission in person on behalf af Ceylon, that is if he thinks an enemy to Orthezia..in- signis as well as to ‘‘ureen bug” could be safely introduced.—It will be curions now to see what the Unite Planters’ Association will do: per- haps it may turn out that Mr, Newport is a qualified Entomologist after all. It will be ob. served that the sum raised for his Mission is only R5,000 all told—half from the planters con- cerned and half from the Madras Government, —___,. THE LADY BIRDS AND COFFEE IN SOUTH INDIA: ADVERSE OPINION ON MR. NEWPORT’S MISSION. (From a Correspondent.) The Madras Government has communicated copies of correspondence received from the Secret- ary of State for India on the subject of the depu- tation of Mr. Newport to India for the purpose of obtaining lady birds. The tollowing is the eorre- spondence referred to in proceedings of the Madras Government :— Read the following despatch from the Right Hon'ble the Secretary of State for India, Revenue Ne. 4 dated 28th April 1893:—I forward herewith a copy of a Jeiter received from the Director of the Royal Gardens, Kew, and of its enclosure from Professor Blanford, offering some precautionery observations which may be useful on the subject of Mr. Newport’s deputation te Australia for the purpose of obtaining a ceonsign- ment of certain species of lady birds. 1 am aware of the circumstances in which Mr. Newport was selected for this dutyin the absence of a skilled ento- mologist. ; Enclosures: Letter from the Director of the Royal Gardens, Kew, dated 17th March, 1898. 1. Ihave before me the proceedings of the Govern- ment of Madras G.O. 35], 18:h May, 1897, and G.O. 28th, 17th January, 1898, of which 1 have received copies through the Secretary of Statein Councii: 2. It appears from these that coffe in the Madras Presidency is’ affected with scale bugs and other. insects. Lo remedy this. state of things it has been’ decided by the Madras Government to pay R240Q)a moiety of the expenses of the delegation of Mr, Newport to Australia, to collect and carry to India, a consigament of ladybirds. = =” nn ae ak fy * Aveusr 1, 1898.j _ 3. The principle of dealing with scale bugs by introducing their appropriate enemy has been worked out by Aierican entomologists and is undoubtedly sound. Butas pointed out in the papers there are 1,700 known kinds of lady birds and for the most part each of these will only feed on one kind of scale insect. The method therefore will obviously hot work unless the appropriate enemy is set to work onits destined prey. ; 4. As it appeared to me doubtful if this point had been adequately considered by the Government of Madras, I obtained the opinion of Mr. W. F. H. Blanford, one of the Secretaries of the Entomological Society. This Ienclose. 5. I may be permitted to observe that it appears to me imaprowable that any attempt to utilise these refined entomological expedients will lead to anything except waste of money and perhaps as Mr. Blandford points out worse mischief unless carried out by a competent expert. LETTER FROM MR. W.F. H. BLANFORD, TO THE DIRECTOR OF THE ROYAI GARDENS, KEW, DATED 15TH MARCH, 1898. With respect to the support which the Government of Madrasis giving to the United Planters’ Associa- tion of Southern India, in order to send Mr. Newport to Australia, for the collection of ladybirds it is clear ‘that the Government and the planters are relying on the success of the Hawaiian and American experi- ments in thesame direction. Ihave looked up as much information as I can find of what has been done in this direction, and it appears that certain Australian ladybirds (of the genera Chilocorus, Orcus and Cryptolaemus) have been found to attack and feed on species of Leca- nium Insect Life, TY., 164-165. Although the official papers are silent on the point, it may be inferred that the destructive coffee-scale of Southern India is Lecantum viride first described by Mr. Green from Ceylon. It is therefore quite within the bounds of possibility that Mr. Newport may provide a return for the R5,000, by bringing back lady-birde that really will be useful in India. At the same time, though not necessarily foredoomed to failure the experiment is being carried out on quite unscientific lines. No study appears to have been made of the Indian parasites of Lecanium viride. Whatever the native home oi this scale may be, it is presumably not Aus- tralian, as was Icerya purchasi; there are plenty of Indian Lady-birds, which perhaps already accomplish all the destruction that imported kinds could do. The success of the ‘‘ Vedalia experiment” has given rise fo a sort of delusion that one must inevitably turn to Australia for coccidiphagous insects; and it is worth pointing out that Icerya ageyptiacum, Dougl, which has been introduced into India, was found in 1894 to be attacked in the compound of the Indian museum, Calcutta, by an indigenous species of Vedalia V. funida reseipennis. In this case the introduction of the Australian V. cardinalis would have been utterly uu- necessary. In considering the chance of success of such experi- ments it is well not to lose sight of considerations thus expressed by Riley ia a paper which lays down authoritatively the principles of such economic methods (Insect Life, 130 et seg.) There is very little to ba hoped irom the miscellaneous introduction of predaceous or parasitic insects for the suppression of w phytophage which they do not suppress in their native home or in the country from which they are brought. All other things being equal, we should expect the species beneficial in Australia to be less so when brought to this country (America) ® deduction which brings out still more clearly the exceptional nature of the case of Vedalia and Lcerya,”’ Whatever good result the present experiment may have, must dependon Mr. Newport’s capacity for carrying it out, and asthe Planters’ Association has vainly asked for the services of askilled Entomologist, he must be presumed not to be one. ' To study and collect suitable predaceous species from among the various Australian Coccimellidae THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 0] appears to me to be no easy task even for an expert and to be probably be eat entomologist y beyond the powers of a non. The selection of the species is only an_ initi difficulty ; possibly injurious forms must Be slitilinntea: & point on which Mr. Koeble, who introduced Icery a into America, was specially cautioned. The examples collected must be brought back alive, and sufficient investigations of their life history &c., made to enable this to be done. Moreover they must be fed during the voyage on Australian scale-insects, unless Mr Newport exports with him a supply of shrubs in. fested with Laecanium Viride on which to test and subsequently to rear the lady-birds. In either case there is a risk that unskilled management might introduce an Australian scale into India, or vice-versa which would be a most lamentable outcome of an ill: considered experiment, Order thereon. Misc. No. 2,294 dated 26th Ma ' sc, 2:9) , 1898, Copies of the Correspondence received with the Fight fon ne the Secretary of State’s despatch read above wi e€ communicated to the Unit rs’ Association of Southern India. BS RIGE BaShigis > INSECTS INJURIOUS TO STORED HADDY. CIRCULAR FROM MESSKS. GREEN AND WILLIS. Much alarm has recently been caused amon cultivators by the appearance in the granaries ire: numbers of destructive insects, the most familiar of which is the paddy weevil. Much damage has been done by these insects; e¢.7,, we have found in one sample of grain from the Kurunegala District 354 per cent of empty grains, and in one from the Salpiti korale75 per cent. The samples were probably taken from the bottom of the bins, where the damage is greatest; but even when allowance ismade for this the injury is still very serious, and if unchecked, the pest will affect the whole mass. Samples of both the “ maha” and “ yala” crops from the samedis- trict have been examined : the latter which has been longer in store shows a much larger proportion of damaged grain. The insects are always found in greatest abundance at the bottom of the bins: the reason for this is possibly that the bins have not been carefully cleaned before the grain was put into them. In Amevicd, where the grain weevil isalso pre- valent, the injury is found to begin at the top. A careful examination was made of a pacticular sample from Kurunegala with a view to ascertain the kinds of insects present and their relative numbers. The result showed that 47 per cent or nearly half consisted of small Hymenopterous parasites, belong: ing to the family Chalcididw. which had presumably been preying upon and destroying the insects actually injurious to the grain. The remaining portion consisted of small beetles of three distinct kinds, in the follow- ing proportions :— per cent. (1) Scolytzd beetles, species undetermined 64 (2) Rice weevils (Calandra oryz) Soe eey (38) Tenebrio sp. Leal. Judging from the numbers represented, by far the greater portion of the damage seems to have been effected by the Scolytid beetles. This particular family of beetles usually attacks wood, but some few species are known to tunnel into hard seeds. There as so far been no record of their attacking food grains, All stages of the insects, from the larva upwards, have been actually obtaincd inside grains of rice in the samples examined on this occasion. Next in importance is the common rice weevil, Calandra oryze, & well known enemy to stored grain, This insect is always present to a small extent, but in the present season, owing togome unrecognized cause, there has been a very considerable increase in its numbers. — The third kind of beetle, Venebrio, occurs in such small numbers as to be practically unimportant. _In other samples of grain examined, and in grana- ries near Kandy, we have also found large numbers of a small Jenewd moth, the larve and pupm of 92 THE TROPICAL which haye been found inside the injured grains, Although the cultivators say that this moth is always present in the granaries,an‘ do not attach much impor- tance to it, there is no doubt that they do a certain roportion of the damage. All these insects can be Feiven out of thegrain, or actually killed by the same method of treatment. The recognized treatment ia America, where most attention has been paid to the subject, 1s by means of the bisulphide or carbon, evaporated in open dishes on the surface of the grain. The vapour formed, being heavier than air, sinks through the mass of grain and destroys the insects. It is impracticable to usathis remedy in Ceylon, on account of its extremely poisonous nature, and also because its importation is dangerous, by reason of its great inflammability. : A simpler and very satisfactory method is the use of ordinary naphthalene powder, which can be used both to drive out the insect already present and to prevent others comingin. It is cheap, and there is no danger in its use. Lt may even be swallowed in quantity without injurious effects. Fears have been expressed that the germinating powers of the seed addy niay be destroyed or injured by its use, but it ae been tried in Burmah without any ill result, and therxe seems no reason to suppose that its use can io any way affect the germination. Considering the fact that the beetles are chiefly at the bottom of the bins, the best results will be Obtained by applying the naphthalene at this level. This can be done by the following method, devised by Mr. F. W. Cabaniss, Assistant Director of Agricul- ture, Burmah (see the “ Agricultaral Magazine,” Colombo, December, 1897) :— “ Take a bamboo about 14 in. in diameter and long enough to reach from the top to the bottom of the bulk of grain. Punch the jo‘nts out of the bamboo, so as to be able to pass a stick through the bamboo, from one end to the other. Have the stick made to fit the cavity in the bamboo. Pass the bamboo, with the stick in it, down through the bulk of grain from the top to the bottom. Withdraw the stick and drop into the top of*the bamboo about half a teaspoon of naphthalene powder. The bamboo can then be drawn out as the naphthalene is safe at the bottom of the bulk of grain. If the bulks are large this should be done once to every 10ft. square of the bulk. Repeat the application every fifteen or twenty days as the powder evaporates, “ The weevils that can leave the grain will do so, and those that cannot leave are killed by the odour of the naphthalene. Ido not believe that naphtha- lene thus used can cause any injury whatever to grain. For seed purposes the germinating powers eee not to be affected in the least. For market- able grain the colour is not affected, and the odour will leave in a short time if fresh naphthalene is not applied to it. The quantity of powder used is infinitely small in proportion to the quantity of grain, and the powder is entirely destroyed by evaporation, so that for food purposes the effect is nil.” This method has already been tried by several Sinhalese proprietors, with satisfactory results. In one case that we examined 6 oz. of naphthalene had thus been applied to a bin containing 530 bushels of paddy ; this had apparently driven away all the beetles, though only ten days before they had been present, in very large numbers. All smell of uaphtha- lene had disappeared from the paddy by this time. Vhis was chiefly due to the fact that the bin was open above to the roof, so that air could freely enter from outside. To produce the best results the bin should be as closely fitting as possible. This will prevent the too rapid evaporation of the naphtha- lene, and will also help to ene out insects. In cases where the grain is stored in wickerwork baskets, or other receptacles which admit the air freely, it will be advisable to render these more airtight before applying the naphthalene. This may be doue by plastering them with cowdung on the outside. Spreading the affected grain out in the sun in thin layers will also have a very useful effect, by killing off the grubs of the beetles before they arrive at AGRICULTURIST. ~ ae ~*~ ' ; [Avcust 1, 1898. maturity; it will also tend to drive away the matare beetles and weevils. The same treatment en- tirely free any grain from the disagreeable smell of naphthalene, if such should be found hanging about it when required for use. What has been said above applies chiefly to cases where the grain is already affeeted by the pest ; the experience of the ravages of these insects should, however, make cultivators and dealers more careful in future to take preventive measures against the repetition of this trouble. A few recommendations on this point will now be given. Tightly fitting granaries are strongly recommended s0.a8 to leave as few apertures as possible for the entry of injurious insects; a closely fitting building is also more convenient when remedial measures have to be applied. Seed grain might with advantage be kept in zinc-lined bins, such as are at present used in tea factories, All refuse grain should be carefully destroyed and the granaries kept as clean as possible; the bins should be carefully cleaned out before the new grain is placed in them, and any remains of the previous crop should be stored separately. The addition of a small quantity of naphthalene powderto the bottom of the bin before the grain is put in is strongly re- commended. The grain should be well dried before storing; avy heating or fermentation is well-known to be a productive source of weevil. The presence of sach large numbers of the parasi- tic Hymenoptera is a very hopeful sign, and points to the probability that the sudden increase of the pest has been met by a corresponding increase in the numbers of these natural enemies, i speedily afford a check to a | further extension of the injury. . Exywest Green, Honorary Government Entomologist. Jonxn C. WrixIs, Director, Royal Botanic Gardens. —— ey RUBBER. There are four different species of rubber-producing plants growing in the station. The most common species are the native rubbers (Landolphia owariensis and L. florida). These abound on the Gambia, but owing to the rathless manner in which the trees are tapped, it is feared they will soon disappear. Yevea brasiliensis (Para rubber).—A few plants of this are at the station, but they do not appear to be growing very well, owing to the long dry season. Castilloa elastica (Central American rubber).— Several plants were brought out by me es alread mentioned from Kew. They are now ing well and are about two feet high. These plants are said to grow well ina deep warm soil, composed of Joam and sandy clay ; a dry or rainy climate seems equall suitable, but a high and equal temperature, whic does not sink below 60° F. at any time is essential. Manihot Glaziovu’ yields the rubber known in commerce by the nameof Ceararubber. This plant grows wellin the Colony. The only difficulty up to the present has been to procure the rubber from the tree. The sample of rubber collected froma tree growing at the station is free from impurity, but, though small, it is quite large enough to show that the method of collecting I have pees is the correct one and the one which should be impressed on the local rubber collectors. . ‘he plant is very hardy, and will grow almost anywhere. Its heathy appearance in this Colony shows that it may prove of great value. —Kew Bulletin. a ‘CocONUT AND ToBACCO PLANTING IN THE TRINCOMALEE DIstRIcT ferms the subject of a communication elsewhere from a resident who gives a good deal of information about the lands available. We fear the Trincomalee dis- trict is, like Jaffna, too dry for coconuts; but alluvial land on the banks of the rivers or near backwaters ought to be well suited for the palm ‘and certainly water-carriage is an attraction. Avcust 1, 1898.] s A GREAT WORLD OF COMMERCE” ‘ Waiting to be opened up, is the description given by the Scotsman, June 1 in reviewing Consui Bourne’s Report on the valley oftheYang-tze which Ma ascended for the first time. We quote as fol- OWS :— As asite ior commerce and manufacturing in- dustries the Lower Yang-tzi Valley is described as being “as perfect as can anywhere he found ;” coal and iron are within easy reach; the climate is temperate; and behind and around it is a magnificent system of water-ways. But, besides the li-kin barriers, comimerce seeking its way to the interior of Cliina has to overcome the obstruc- tion of the hundred miles of rapids that break the course of the Blne River. We have now the treaty right to send steamers up the stream to Chung king, the commercial capital of Ssu-chuan ; and in point of fact the experiment of navigating the gorges in a steamer has been successfully made since Mr. Bourne’s report was written. His own voyage, however, was made by the old- fashioned method of tracking—‘‘ most inhuman work,” he calls it. By this Via Dolorosa, the Mission reached a new and wonderfnl world—the ‘Red Basin” of Ssu-chuan, some 100,000 square miles in extent, and supporting between forty and fifty millions cf souls. The country is won- deriully rich and well-cultivated. And yet its trade, in comparison to its resuvurces, is quite insignificant ; it has not yet foundan outlet for its wealth. The travellers passed on to Cheng-tu, the capital—a place of nearly half-a-miilion of inhabitants :— A few words will describe the country traversed— the same for hundreds of miles—an endless suc- cession of hills of soft red sandstone washed into rounded shapes by the streams that have eaten below, ' and flow at least in winter, through hard grey sandstone, with water of limpid clearness. The hills 4 are terraced from top to bottom, and enough water is lying on most terraces to cover and fertilise the earth. It is astonishing how the Chinese contrive i to refain water at great heights without any ap- 4 pliances—labour, ceaseless and minute, is the secret. ; Here and there are white farm-houses, with black ; gables and beams, and zraves surrounded by cypress— of a variety resembling the trees of a toy Noah’s 7 Ark—and temples embosomed in pines, Cheng-tn was distinguished from the average 1 Chinese city by ‘‘the great display of articles of Chinese luxury ; gergeous silk brocades, delicate pongees, and silver-ware—all products of local . art—musk irom Thibet, and scents. The officials a and literati assume a very grand air; they ride =, * gaily caparisoned steed, or are carried about at great speed in sedans, with poles bent up in the middle, so as to put the rider above the heads ‘of the pedestrians, and with large retinues. as Then there is ihe link with Central Asia, evid- enced by the Thibetans in the streets, and the c authority of the Viceroy, who resides here, over that curious country ; and the historical interest of the place with its memorials in the palace and fh tomb of Lui Pei, the great Emperor who ruled bd Western China from this place in the 3rd century of our era,” Such is Ssu-Chuan—a great world of commerce, waiting to be opened up ; a country “drained by a splendid system of rivers, making water commmnication easy ;” with a soil, ‘‘ culti- vated inthe most careful manner and producing ample food in average years for the teeming peoneten ;” and with a climate remarkably mild or the latitude, in which Europeans enjoy good health. Yet, strange to say, ‘‘there is not at THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 93 present a single Western merchant engaged in the cotton goods import trade in the whole of the Yang-tzi Valley, except in Shanghai; English capital has been withdrawn from Hankow, and has never been invested in the new ports like Chung-king.” eee ee INDIAN PATENTS. Applications for the under specified inventions have been made :-— No. 179.—William Jackson, of Aberdeen, for improve- ments in machines or apparatus for packing tea or other analogous products into chests or boxes. _ No. 1s4.—Samuel Cleland Davidson, of Belfast, for improvements in apparatus for drying tea-or tobacco leaves, coffee, fruits, cloths and other substances, and for the baking of tobacco stems and other substances. —Indian and Eastera Engineer. a OUVAH COFFEE COMPANY, LTD. : CROP 1896-7. The coifee crop as estimated in last year’s Re- port proved to be a very sh-ré one, and it will be seen that the actual,weight soid in London amounted to 405 cwt 1 qr 22 lb. The proceeds amounted to £1,846 9s 10d, giving an average of 9ls Id per cwt, against an average of 92s 2d obtained for the previous crop. Coffee sold in Ceylon realized £44 16s 7d. The tea crop was estimated at 650,000 lb; and the actual weight sold from the company’s own estates was 698,600 Ib being a vield of 457 Ib per acre of the 1,524 acres plucked, and of this area 279 acres were only in partial bearing. - In addition. 135,986 lb of tea manufactured from leaf bought irom neigh- bouring estates were sold. The value of the tea sold in London was £25,075 Qs 1d, at an average of SOSd per Ib, as compared with 9°15d for the previous season. Tea sold in Ceylon r-alized £10 7s 64. Cocoa, weighing 160 cwt 1 qr 101b, realized £276 7s 4d, the average selling price being 55s 1d per cwt, against 465 Jid for the former years crop. Cocoa sold in Ceylon thus realized £16 ils 8d. It will be seen that the total value of all produce sold amounted to £30,274) 2s. The total espenditure for the year in Ceylon and London amounted to £26,039 193 11d, and deducting this from the yalue of the produce, a profit is shown on the season’s working of £4 .230 2s Id. To this has to be added the sumor £16655 94. brought for- ward from last account, giving a total of £4,396 7s 10d at the credit of Profit and Loss Account. An Interim dividend of 2 per cent on the capital of the Company was paid on the 9th November last, which absorbed £2,000 of the above-named sum, and the Directors now recommend that £2,000 be ap- plied to the payment of a further dividend of 2 per cent, making 4 per cent for the year and that fhe balance of £396 7s 10d be carried forward to next account. J The coffee crop suiiced fo cover the expenditure incurred in maintaining the area still under that cultivation, and it is hoped that the coffee will con- tinue to do this antilitis replaced by tea. The favourable anticipations formed regarding the tea producing capabilities of our estates, and the rupee cost of production have been fully realized. The shrinkage i profits is due to the fall in the market price of tea, and to the riso in the value of che rupee. ‘ : 5 : The cost of extensions, and the maintenance of young tea not yet yielding crop, necessarily con- tinues to be a heavy charge on the profits earned by the bearing area. Since the date of last Report a further 133 acrea of Tea have been planted, bringing the total area under that cultivation up to 2,141 acres as de 4 tailed below. TL urther plantings will be limited to replacing Coffee with Tea, as the former has to be abandoned. The Tea crop for 1897-98 is estimated at 722,350 lb, of made Tea, So fac pluckings have been good, aud the estimate of crop is considered safe. THA. Over 5 yearsold .. BP : 1,422 acre® Planted November/December 1893 123° i R 1h) 245. 15, nn o 1895 159 ,, ” 1896 3 or s ~ 1897 188 ,, Area under Tea ola 2,141 «oss Area under Coffee te A1B: --—--—-—— SPRING VALLEY COMPANY, LTD. Direcrors.—Messrs. Alfred Brown (Managing Director), Leon Famin, P. C, Oswald, Norman Stewart. The following annual accounts are now presented to shareholders, viz.:—Profit and Loss Account for Crop 1896-7. Balance Sheet made up to 3lst March, 1898. Crorv 1896-7. As anticipated in last year's report, a yery small crop of coffee was secured for the abeve season, and it will be seen that the actual weight sold in London amounted to 268 cwts. 1 qr. 4dlb. This crop, inclusive of clean and refuse coffee sold in Ceylon, realised £1,182 9s 7d, the average selling price being 87s 10d, as compared with 90s 2d per cwt. obtained for crop 1895-6. The crop of tea amounted to 352,700 lb, the estimate in last report being 311,000 lb, and this, together with 87,086 Ib, bought from neighbouring estates and mauu- factured at Spring Valley, sold for £15,392 14s 0d, or an averageof 8 4(d per lb, the average selling price last year being 9:08d per lb. : The yield from the 611 acresof tea in bearing was 440 lb. per acre, a good return when itis remembered that the tea is all plantedin old cotee land and that the best portions of the estate haveyet tocome into bearing. The total proceeds from the sale of produce amounted to £16,585 3s 7d: The total expenditure in Ceylon and London, including outlay on planting 159 acres tea and maintaining a large area of young tea not yet yielding crop, amounted to £16,049 1s 8d, the result being a yofit on the year’s working of £536 ls 1ld. To this re to be added the sum of £154 19s 5d brought for- ward from Jast year, making a balance at the credit of profit andloss of £691 1s 4d. The Directors regret that owing tothe heavy outlay necessitated by the extension of our tea area they are unable to recommend the payment of a dividend. Expenditure incurred in this connection during the next and following years will be charged against the new preference capital created aud now available for the purpose, and profit earned by the bearing area will thus be set free for the payment of dividends. The Tea Industry in Ceylon and India is snifering from a decline in the value of tea, and from the artificial value thathas been placed upon the rupee by the action of the Indian Government in closing the mints to the coinage of silver It is, however, believed, that the natural advantages possessed by Spring Valley place it ina favourable position to compete success- fully in the profitable cultivation of tea, THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [Aveusr 1, 1898. Every effort is now being made to plant up our remaining area, andto complete the necessary a as rapidly as possible. ince the date of last report, 186 acres of unpro- ductive coffee land have PS gt mt up in tes, and 111 acres of steep and precipitous land have been eae asa@fuel reserve. The acreage now stands ollows :— 6 Tea. ver 5 years old ve oa 811 acres Planted November/December 1693-228 _~,, ” —e 1894 a ” 1895 145 ,, ” 1696 159 ” “s BI 1897 166 ,, Area under Tea » » 08" 5 Area under (‘offee ws 116 Area under Fuel b 167 Forest Patna and Waste 264 ,, Total Area «. 2,263 acres Mr. L. Famin,a member of the Board, retires on this occation, and being eligible, offers himself for re-election. Messrs. Deloitte, Dever, Griffiths & Co., Auditors; also offer themselyes for re-election. dth June, 1898. ‘ Sernetcenyliiechoncnaniae DUTY ON TEA ENTERING RUSSIA. It will be remembered that Mr. T. N. Christie expressed a strong opinion about the differential duties levied on tea entering Kussia from different directions and, we believe, that a representation is being made through the British Kmbassy to get the duty on teas by the overland route equalised with the duty levied on teas. via Odessa or from the West. We had occasion to ask the Russian Consul in Colombo a question as to the new duties proposed for teas received via the Siberian rivers, and in courteously replying Capt. de Frisch touches on the general question in a way so interesting to Ceylon planters that we make no apology for quoting his letter :— Colombo, June 27, 1895.—In reply to your inquiry I am sorry to say that I have no Customs Tariff, but as far as I remember the same duty is levied for tea whichever way it enters Russia, whether by sea or by land, and all the informations given by Mr. Christie is, in my opinion, wrong. The duty for tea is everywhere the same, viz. 1s 11gd per Ib. Brick tea entering via Kiachta and Yenisei in Siberia and for Siberia, comes under a different heading, but this can scarcely be called tea for it is a mixture of tea and lard and only used by the different Mongolian tribes in Siberia ; also there is a reduction for tea of any kind for use in Siberia, I believe. But should such teas enter into Russia-proper, an ad- ditional duty, making it equal to that imported via Odessa, is levied on the Ural frontier. Brick tea as the prepared in Ceylon, that is to say compressed black tea, as used for the troops in Russia, naturally comes under the same heading as ordinary tea. I hope you will see trom this, that there is no preference shown to any nation or country where tea is grown, and that all those stories concerning the differential duty were founded on mistakes. : This leads us to see that the new duties quoted by the St. Petersburg Correspondent of the London Times telegraphing on June 3rd), must be for brick (tea and lard) sorts. Here is the paragraph :— , A Special Commission discussed the subject here several months ago with Mascovite, Siberian, and English representatives. The result, as now deter- mined upon, is that the fo!lowing imports by sea via Siberian rivers are to be free of duty i—Machinery =. = ~~ “ . ' Aveust 1, 1898) for Siberian gold works, salt, coal, agricultural machinery and parts of mactines, to an unlimited extent ; machines for equipping Siberian mills and workshops, fishing nets and twine fer the same, certain chemicals—but only in quantities actually required by works in S:beria—tin, lead and olive oi! in the quantities required in each sepsrate business for preparing fish conserves; and sacks to the extent necessary for the actual export of grain. Duties 4: roubles per pood on Ob and + roubles on Yenisei will be charged on brick tea, so that a Kiakhia tea merchant who pays only 22 roubles, will he protected and the overland trade preserved from ruin. The Minister hes made the above exemptiona for the presen’ year, and hopes to have them picionged for the Pext five years. All machinery for gold mining in Siseria is further more made free of Guts on ell the fron:iers of the Empire. Duties sre Jixewise ren-aled or reduced for five years from September ict rexi Bzehs, variozs | vines are abolished. We work ont 4 to 42 reubles (rouble = 3s 14d) er pood (36lb: English} to mean +d to Sd per b. aud therefore this can only refer to the com- mon brick tea -as Capt. de Frisch points out, and which apparently enters via Kiachta fer 23 reubles per pood, or 23d per English lb. ! —<___——_—____ THE DISTRIBUTION OF CEYLON TEA; ROOM FOR A COMPANY; AND “J. L. 8S.” READY TO PROMOTE ONE, IF DULY ' SUPPORTED FROM CEYLON. We direct the special attention of Ceylon planters to the following letter from one whose initials, as well as his special claim to treat of tea distribution, will at once be recognised. We feel sure that great interest will be felt in the “new departure” J.L.S. has already begun to promote; and if he makes arrangements to enable planters ont here to give their support and take shares in his Distributing Company, we cannot help thinking, that support would at once be forthcoming. Should he not also get some of the big estate proprietors af home—sneh men as H.K.R., W. McK., G.S.D., A.L.C., H.L.F, and others—-to take an interest and shew that they recognised the importance of the movement and the sound business basis on which it stands ? “J.L.S/s ” letter is as follows — 24, Rood Lane, 11th June, E.C. Two or three letters and editorial remarks in your columns lately have pointed at-a way in which every planter in Ceylon might do some- thing to raise the prices of Ceylon tea and that is by bringing his force to bear on the domestic and social circle, which, be it large or small, every one can do something to influence. » Many of the Companies, firms and individuals to whom you are good enough to give a gratuitous advertisement as “ supporters of the Ceylon Tea Industry” have done much to fester the taste for good Ceylon tea and have as a rate, tried and in*many cases very successfully to show that the lowest. priced article is mos necessarliy the cheapest ; that the best tea the world produces eannot be retailed at ls 7d per pound, and by giving good tea and good value for money. have supplied the wants of those who are still ready to pay 2s a pound or upwards for their tea. The enormous profits which can be made by retailing tea area dream of the past; retail prices have so come down that it is only by dealing THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 95 on a large scale that a tea-selling business can be profitably conducted and most of the * supporters of the Ceylon Tea Industry” could tell how much more business they could do without any in- crease of rent or wages, and how crippled they are by heavy expenditure owing to the smallness of their transactions. R Now if we could eapitalize all these Companies at afair price, which would show 19 per cent prefit over a series of years and if we could secure the co-operation of all whose interest it is ty keep up the quality andthe price of good Ceylon ie giving them the opportunity of sharine in ¢], p whieh their good-wi loth weuld be very beneficia! to Ce Piace a LONDON CoMPan refaila million pound, of tez at 2s more (and ibere ere stil the profit created, thie resni: hey = far-reaching, if would af be milion pounds borelt and sold, bat it wonid tel! on every pound of Ceylon tea sold in Mincing Lane and if it had na | believe it wonid have, the effect of creatinz a taste for better tea aud there is strong evidence that this has already set in, the benefit to rowers might be very greac. = = i may mention that before my attention was drawn to the suggestions in your columns, I had been working this matter up and have ar- ranged for the amalgamation of several concerns on the basis I have mentioned, each seller of a busi- ness to the new Company retaining for a period of years, at least half his purchase price in shares to essure the continuity of sood-will. rive us the good-will from Ceylon planters which will dispose of a million pounds of cood Ceylon tea at the prices indicated which means that the proprietors, managers and assistants of each es‘ate should enable us to sell say six chests of Ceylon tea per annum and I will! gnarantee uy S ~ good dividends and what is of more importance to all of us an effect on Mincing Lane prices. J.L.S. P. S.—The time is specially favorable for bring- ing out a Company o° this sort: there is clear evidence of a revolt among all classes of tea- drinkers against the cheap und nasty, and the Tecent reduction in parcel post rates has led largely to the 10 Ib: cansiter, the favourite from of purchasing tea by very many, being sent direet from London to ail parts of the country. ——_— <<} E USEFUL HINTS TO CACAO PLANTERS. With reference to Mr. de Sanctis’ letter and our advice to cacao planters to make ‘“observa- tions,” Mr. Carruthers is yood enough to write : — “When [I first came cnt to Wariapolla carly in December I marked some 30 young leaves—only just out of the bud. After 15 weeks not one of these leaves was still on the tree Of course the production of leaf and its duration is modified by the season of the year and the conditions passed & pans this may give 2 notion of the tims the leaves on the trees. : The plan I wsed was to make with a small pencil poin: pro- tector, a hole in each leaf and make a note of the date.” Mr. Carruthers is I deniya laboratory ; but has still to visit Rambuk- kana and _Monaragala, so that if he is to finish by the middle of August, he has his work cut out for him. at present working at Pera- BRITISIL TEA TABLE. A DIRECTORS’ GOLD MINE. We fully expected that some of the shareholders at the meeting of this company would have drawn atten- tion to the extraordinary scale of liberality on which the directors are paid for their services. ‘The accounts just passed only cover nine months’ work, aud this is how the board are treated. It should be stated, to begin with, that there are tliee ordinary directors and one managing director. TVirst of all we sce in the profit and loss account the item of £1.375 for “‘ directors’ fees.” On the other side the gross profits are shown, “after deducting rents, wager, managing Cirector's salary and commission,” and other expenses. We may perhaps assume, therefore, that the £1,375 is appro- priated by the three other directors, and for nine months’ attendance at board meetings it is not to be sneered at. But the remuneration does not end there. When we come to the halance sheet, theze gentlemen have another turn. he balance of profit and loss is reduced by an item of £1,096, put down as ‘directors’ percentage.’ That makes £2,471 altogether, without counting the managing directors’ “ salary and gommission,” which we believe amounts to over £2,000. Taking at that figure, here is the distribution amongst those interested as the result of nine months trading :— Directors take... se 4,471 Preference shareholders 3,891 Ordinary shareholders... 8,125 Carried forward 1,508 This is not the sort of appropriation that we should approve of if we held ordinary shares in this company. The managing director, Mr John Pearce, is of conrse an expert who can command a high salary ; but the other three directors, Sir Mdward Sullivan, Bart., Mr. J.P. Hurst, and ColonelSir H.H. Oldham have no special knowledge of the light refreshment business, and the fees paid to them are absurdly high. Again, the office salaries and expenses (excluding rent)come to £1 900 for the months, an amount which a shareholder might properly grumble at, It appears to us that the people who found the money for this under- taking do not get the share of the profits which they might reasonably expect.—Investors’ Guardian, June 4. —_——-—- —- ~~ BRITISH NORTH BORNEO COMPANY. ‘The trade returns of British North Borneo for the past year have more than & local interest just now, when the merits and demerits of Chartered companies as colonisers.are being so dercely discussed. It is use- ful to ascertain what one of these much-maligned corporations can do whe unhampered by inter- national politics! and territorial complications. The British North Borneo Company cannot compare with either the British South Africa, or the Royal Niger Company in its capacity for embroiling us in disputes with foreign powers, but ii is doing a considerable work in colonisation and trade development. The statement issued by the Custom Office shows that, not- withstanding the troubles in the interior, the trade of the country has continued to increase during 1897. The gross totals: of imports and exports for the last two years, and also for 1887, compare as follows :— 1887. 1896. 1897. Imports .. $958,642 $1,882,188 $1,887,498 Exports .. 535,267 2,420,234 2.942.293 Totals $1,493,909 $4,302,492 $4,829,791 acco heads the list of principal exports at 1,686173 dols., cutch taking second place with 232,460 dols. ; the other principal exporis were: sago and sago flour 145,670 dols., rattans 127,332 dels., treasure 120,510 dols., timber 117,516 dols., gutta percha 93,639 dols., india-rubber 49,513, dols., and “ birds’ nests’ 57,141 dols. With the exception of rattans 1897 showed a considerably larger trade than in 1896 in all the articles enumerated above, the increase being especi- 96 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST, |Averst ], 1898, ally noticeable in tobacco, cutch, and gntta percha* The principal imports were rice, grain flour 463,357 dols., treasure 257,543 dols., cloth 254,905 dols., pro- visions 96,345 dols., spirits and wines, 87,447 dols., machinery 85,469 dols., opium 89,853 dols., tobacco 72,152 dols., and oils exclusive of kerosine, 57,079 dols. Machinery, rice, and graio and spirits show the largest increases, whilst, on the other hand, there have been considerable fallings-off, in the quantity of cloth, fruit and vegetables, tressnce and ironware imported. During 1897, also, no “ railway material ” was received, against 27,000 dols. worth in 1596 4 allowing for this, and the decrease noted under the heading “‘treasnre,”’ the general iniport trade really increased by 68250 duls, Altogether shereholders in the British North Borneo Company have reagon to feel satisfied with the progress which is being made in the territory under their control.—The /urestors’ Guardian - —e———_--- TEA INDIAN PLANTERS COMBINE. It has often been said, remarks the Znglishiman, that tea planters are incapable of combining to effect a common object, however much in their favour such object may be; bat the Buxa-Daare tea planters have effectively combined and have unanimeusly resolved to effect substantial redue- tions in sirdars’ commissions and eoolie labour from the Ist of January next, This, of course, means a great saving in garden expenditure, and at a time too when the tea trade, is in anything but @ prosperous condition. This reduction, we understand, will not in any way affect labour prospects, The sirdars, who now draw two pice commission ‘i working day foreach coolie, will, in friture, only receive one pice, and, in order to make up for the loss in commission, they will have to double their musters. The example pet by the Buxa-Duars planters is being followed by the Alipur-Duars sub-district planters. —_—_________ PLANTING NOTES. GREVILLEAS IN TEA.—We are able to add to Mr. Fraser’s testimony from Abbotsford that of Mr. Cantlay, Manager of Mt. Vernon, whieh is a property very freely dotted over with grevilleas of amature size for some years back. Mr. Cantlay has always been a firm believer in grevilleas benefitting the tea bush and he considers that the product is also benefitted rather than in- jured. There is this satisfactory evidence in his case, namely that Mr. Vernon gets better prices for its tea than adjacent estates of equal natural adyantages in regard to soil; but which are not dotted over with timber trees, grevilleas or otherwise. : “TEA PLANTING” is the subject of a long constribution to the Pioneer by « Biroeeo.” That, he is, nothing if not original may be judged from: the following specimen :— ; At present the range of dividends is from 50 per. cent to wl; in a few years the zange will be from 20 to 2; later on it will be 10to 5——and there it will stay. There will be no concerns which don’t pry at all, and there will be mone which pay fabulous profits. It is hardly necessary to trace the cause of this ‘steadying,” because it is simply the hnman_ desire to participate in good things, and the demand for shares precludes any private monopolies. More than 20 years ago I heard 2 man say that tea would not be steady until the prices came down toanaverage of 6d per pound, and at that time a rupee average was not considered out of the way, and a rupee was worth two eshillings. That this saying was true can be seen by the course of. events, and ee nearer we come to 6d the better prospects for tea, me Avevsr 1, 1898.] TEA (CEYLON QUALITY- IMPROVED OF RECENT YEARS). FURTHER EVIDENCE IN FAVOUR OF DIRECT DEALINGS. (By a retired Rangalla Planter.) I never take up a Ceylon paper, now-a-days without reading several paragraphs from brokers in the Lane, and other agents for the sale of tea, complaining about the inferior quality of your staple as compared with former years. Then advice is given to the planters, by all and sundry, to pluck finer, cure better and ship more care- fully ; but still, although all this advice has been taken in some cases, the results, so far as the price is concerned, do not improve, in fact everything connected with tea goes down except the commissions paid to agents and brokers,—they keep up all right. [t is not for me, a non- specialist on the subject of tea, to suggest any alteration in the present line of mercantile pro- cedure ; but just, as a happy thought, I would advise that a rule be brought into operation that no commission is, in future, to be paid to brokers on sales effected under ninepence a Ib. I have as good opportunities of tasting Ceylon teas of various brands as most ordinary residents in the British Isles, and, I must confess that, so far from the quality having depreciated, it has improved, in every case, during the past few years, and it would be a very strange thing if all the high grade teas were sent to this remote corner of Scotland, and all the badly cured, coarsely picked and inferior quality brands were reserved for London drinkers. I always pay Is 4d a lb. for my tea, and I prefer it to the 2s 6d Assam tea which I occasionally meet with, and compared with China tea—well I can’t compare the two, because [ never drink China tea. Ceylon planters need not fret, therefore, over the ghastly tales of the London broker; these are all told for the purpose of excusing themselves for getting such bad prices ; what the planters are requiring to do is to try and get their work done without the assistance of a middleman at all, as one can always get a better price by a direct sale than through a broker. I write this feelingly as I find that I can always get a better price for my wool by selling direct to the mill than through a broker, and a better price for cattle and sheep sold at home than by sending them to an auction mart. In a late Observer there appeared a paragraph about ‘atrocious tea” and an illustration was given of a stem, about as large as the pen-holder with which I am writing. No doubt that sample was bad enough to justify the brokers’ outery, and, if it went forward, must have been productive of an out- burst of advice from the distinguished member of the Lane into whose hands it had been placed for sale. It reminded me,—and no doubt your erst-while correspondent, ‘‘ Aberdonensis, would be reminded also,—of the celebrated post and rail brand of China tea which was so commonly in use, at one time, in the back blocks of Australia, the larger stems of which, atter being infused as tea, were kept in reserve, as Christmas logs, in districts where firewood was scarce | 13 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 97 CHINA TEAS—“NEW METHOD.” We are indebted to the planting proprietor who sends usa copy of a London circular of 9th Juneon China teas, and writes:—‘‘You may not have seen the enclosed which evidently refers to the new (modern) methocs of making Tea being ins troduced into China. Even with the very favour: able exchange, I should think, these prices would hardly pay.” We quote as follows :— New-make Congous.—The first New season’s ex ‘Victoria,’ were offered on the 25th April, viz., 518 boxes medium to good medium Macao leaf, which sold from 53d to 9d per lb.—the succeeding import of 703 boxes ranging from about 5d to8d—subsequent small imports, including New Method manufacture, ex periencing a less ready sale the last fortnight or three weeks, especially New Style—the closing range for New Macao leaf, fair common, being 424d fair to good medium 5d to 7d, and 95 mats, each four 5-lb. boxes, 7d per lb. “New Method’”’ Teas.—Auction sales show follow: ing results :— Per lb 54 hf-ch Pekoe Congon ate at 53 55 ,, Pekoe Souchong 56 A 43 83..,, i rc » 43d and 5d 16 ,, Broken leaf Pekoe Congou ,, 34d and £:d 1G Pekoe oh rf} 63d Velie eee e -» y, 34dand 6d 34 ,, Orange Pekoe 56 » 6d and 63d 16 ” ” ” eo ” 53d 38 4, Golden ,, 66 ; 6d 21 ,, Specially prepared Broken Orange Pekoe FF 23d 94 ,, Specially prepared New Season’s Panyong ,, 5d 121 ,, Choicest hand-inade Saryune ,, 6d 10 ,, Keemun Broken Pekoe 3 42d 8 ,, Siftings b 23d a 577 half- chests, which sold at easy rates considering the scarcity of medium to good medium Congous, TEA PLANTING IN ASSAM. (BY SIROCCO). Lhave been a long time “in Tea” and have had little dreams about writing a book on ‘ Tea. [ know the orthodox beginning of a book. You get hold of the Tea Cyclopedia and you start from the beginning of tea, and copy out how Major So-and-So first discovered tea’in Assam, &e., &e. I have a way, when I get a new book to read, of opening it somewhere about the middle, and going on as long as_ interest lasts, and if this lands me at the end, I begin that book and read up to the starting place ; and so I will begin my book on ‘ Tea” about the middle, and see if I can keep up the interest. The readers of the Pionecr are those who have invested, mean to invest, may possibly invest, or take no interest whatever in tea——not even in the drinking of it. I should like to take the seriatim. If you have invested in tea the great question is——will it cortinue to pay? The answer is simple: Tea will continue to pay large percentages until it comes down to a steady and certain ® per cent. At present the range of dividends is from 50 per cent to nil; ina few years the range will be from 20 to 2: later on it ‘will be 10 to 5——and there it will stay. There will be no concerns which don’t pay at all, and there will be none which pay fabulous profits. It is hardly necessary to trace the cause of this “steadying,” because 1t is simply the human desire to par- ticipate in good things and the demand tor shares precludes any private monopolies, More than 20 years ago I heard a man say that tea would not 98 THE be steady until the price came down to an average of 6d per pound, and at that time a rupee average was not considered out of the way, and a rupee was worth two shillings. That this saying was true can be seen by the course of events, and the nearer we come to Gi. the better prospects for tea. ‘‘ Tea” in those days was ‘ planting :” now it is a regular and well founded industry, and a recognised basis for forming companies and dealing in shares, At the present moment there is great faith in those concerns which pay steadily. One company which pays steadily 20 per cent for three years consecutively sells its R100 shares at R875, which means that the pur- chasers are willing to take a return of K5-9-8 per cent, so that they can have little doubt of the stability of that concern. But should it happen that this concein ultimately pays 10 per cent, then the present purchasers of shares will have to be content to get R2-12-6 per cent, and this is not brilliant. Of course it all. depends on whether one invests fora permanent income, or with a view to taking advantage of a rise in the price of shares. For those who want a permanent, or at least a long investment the question comes, ** How long will tea pay 20 per cent? We can see that very many people are against such monstrous profits ; they rush in and open new estates, they struggle for the already insufficient supply of labour; they increase the amount and decrease the price of tea, they are content to get 5 per cent and hope for 10, and this struggle will go on incessantly until a certain 5 percent is assured. This set- tling down will not take very long now, because we have almost reached ourlimit in the way of economy and labour-saving devices, and the output of teaswells rather more rapidly than the markets expand. It is almost a certainty that there will be another boom or two, exchange may go down again, and duties may be taken off in several or all the countries with which we deal. Both of these may give tea another spurt, which will show large dividends from some of the best companies. THE IMPROVEMENT IN MACHINERY, and every year shows very great advance in this di- rection, will be one of our greatest factors of safe- ty. Itis very important to keep one level quality and character in the tea made, so that the buyers may betairly sure that they can get what they want and atthe time they want it. This resultis now attainable by those estates which use the best machinery. ‘This equalising of the quality and .character of tea will enable the buyers to make up bigger lots and they will also be able to keep the pricessteady. We are gradually eliminating the influence of weather on manufacture. Form- erly one of the greatest hindrances to making good tea was the difficulty of ‘‘ withering.” Withering isthe process by which the leat is made ready to be rolled. When the leaf is fresh from the bush itis crisp and any pressure breaks it. If the leaf is placed on a tray for several (from 12 to 48) hours it get withered and it can then stand severe pressure in all direction without breaking. In wet weather the leaf will not wither properly, and so when there is a long spell of rain the tea made is distinctly bad. We are now getting ma- chines which will wither the leaf in all weathers. Withering by the help of heat is feasible, but it is admitted that the best quality of tea is made from leaf withered in cool dry air, but it is also a fact that withering effected by hot air is hetter than insufficient withering, and consequently less bad tea will be placed on the market. I am still TROICAL AGRICULTURIST. al ~ —_ [ Avaver 1, 1898 looking at tea from the investor's point of view, and I have mentioned one process called wither- ing, because it was probably the greatest cause of uncertainty, and of pie-bald prolits (white one year and black the next), and the greatest desire of the investor is to have steadiness. I noted above the probable benetit to tea from THE REMISSION OF “‘DUTIES” and there can be very little doubt that those countries which have the hea- viest ‘ dnties” will Jessen them out of self- interest. Good tea at low prices is sure of favour in all countries from pole topole, It has paid England to Jower the duty to four pence aud other countries will find this out. With a heavy duty it is only possible to supply the very worst kind of tea, and even then the price is prohibitive, so that the consumption cannot in- crease rapidly. People prefer chicory to bad tea at five shillings a pound, but they will cer- tainly give - the stuff which ought to be called *‘coughy” when they can get good tea at one shilling a pound, There is a great argument against the benefits of free tea, that it has not made much way in America; and the answer is that American has as yet had very little good cheap tea. They have had a lot of indifferent cheap tea which could not be disposed of in England, but even this has bee» found better than the stuff obtained from China. In course of time we planters will be able to turn out great bulks of really good tea; it will cost us no more because we improve our appliances for mauu- facture; so that the surplus whiokl we «lump into other countries will be good, honest tea, and it make its way on its own merits. Then each re- mission of duty will enable it to spread further and further until (as in England) it becomes the national drink. ‘These causes of steadiness (bet- ter and more even quality) will increase the eon- sumption of teain England itselt to a very great extent. Altogether our lookout is hopeful and tea should remain a safe investment for those who form companies and start new ventures. But for those who buy at high figures because of the present inflated returns, the prospect is harily so attractive. Looking up and down THE LIST OF TEA COMPANIES I see one of which the closing quotations are four and a_ half times the price of the shares. The last profit was 124 per cent, there- fore the closing purchasers reckon on a dividend of R2? per cent. The dividends for two pre- vious years had been more than double. The capital of this company is R500 per aere. -Another company shows 155 as closing quota- tions and 15 per cent profit, so the purchaser got R9-10-11 per cent, and its capital is R325 per acre, I confess myself a perfect novice as regards investment in tea. I know that people jump at large returns, but I always fancied that when a return of only 5 per cent is required there is usually also a demand that theinvestment shall be steady, and I hardly think that tea has proved itself steady up to now. It is perhaps hard to understand why concerns which pay about 10 to 5 per cent now should remain at that figure while others which now pay from 20 to 50 will (as I stated before) come down to from 10 to 5, but one cause may be that the prices of tea will get more equal. There are roughly three kinds of tea in demand. The lowest is bought in large quantities and brought up to a certain level of quality by mixing in a little of the highest priced tea. This highest tea is in demand, because the lowest requires Avaust 1, 1898.] _to be brought up a peg or two. The medium tea passes into consumption on its own merits. In course of time the lowest grade, which is also the bulk, will improve (from causes ex- plained above), and there will be less necessity to purchase very high priced teas of extraordi- nary strength to raise the quality of the bulk. This will chiefly affect Assam which makes teas for the dealers with which to leaven the tea from Cachar, Sylhet, Dooars, ete. Some estates score by inaking a very large yield per acre of tea at low prices; this class of tea will probably go out of demand and the yield per acre will have to be reduced. THE EXPENSIVE QUALITY OF TEA-PLANTING may be seen from the run of large profits during recent years in spite of the fallin prices. The market fails step by step and the dividends rise, and if tea could remain a sort of private property affair it would continue to give increasing dividends, but the outside world will not allow any section of mankind to become too prosperous. We have risen to the eminence which attracts public at- tention and so we shall be rushed with new ventures until 5 per cent is to be gained only by the greatest care, fullest knowledge and backed by large capital. Beside improvements in machinery, which save labour and make tea manufacture less uncertain, we are tackling the labour problem. We are about to organise a central recruiting agency which will undoubtedly helpto make labour cheaper because any sort of combined effort must be better than catch-who-catch-can game that has been played since tea planting assumed large propor- tions. But all these things only enable us to keep pace with tie falling price of tea. It is like the ship and the wind ; as the breeze fails, one sail . after another is brought out, and when all the regu- lar rig is displayed one sees (from pictures) that odds and ends of sticks are put out at the side with eloth on them; and last of all the men whistle for the wind. It will probably be a long time before we have to whistle, but we are coming to- the re- gular trade wind, and our progress will be steady and safe, There is always a certain amount of risk to any planter who details the scenes behind the purdah, and the planters are right in going for anyone, tooth and nail, who accuses the industry in general for faults of individuals. I don’t intend to make ‘any disclosure, but there is much of interest to be said about. HOW WE GET OUR WORK DONE, Our work people number about half a million. As a rule they come from far-off countries, and they very seldom go back home again. Some coolies stay ten to twenty years in one garden. ‘‘ Garden ” is the technical term for “‘ tea estate.” These are the cream of labour. Some coolies work for periods of five to two years on one garden and move on as soon as the term of contract is finished : these are in search of a ‘‘Klondyke ” and they never find it. Some coolies get knocked up in their first term of contract, they are asked to ‘‘ move on,” and they wander off and come to various ends. The Chief Cominissioner of Assam is now very urgent that some means should be found to support these waifs and strays. A certain amount ef op- probrium is cast on the tea industry because It has not up to now established refuges for those who have served it and failed. It would be a most admirable thing if tea would separate itself from the rest of the hard- hearted world and haye its own poor-house and THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST, UD Triyipad Royat Botanic Garpens.—Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information April, 1898. Contents: Lecture on ‘Minor Industries.”; Fermentation ; Paratism in Scrophularinee ; Botanical Notes. No. 27. —Ustilago Maydis, D. C.; Oranges (the Bitter and the Sweet) and variation from seed: Cacao: An estimation of the characters of three varieties of Cacao; The Agricultural Exhibition, 102 MR. THOS. CHRISTY, COFFEE, CURRENCY AND 7.4 I found Mr, Thos. Christy, the new products expert, and stopped a few minutes. ques- tioning him on different products. His bluff an- conventional manner was not exactly an aid to conversation, but T gained several bits of inform- ation. Amongst these the most startling was this, that the owners of larger COFFER ESTATES IN BRAZIL “have been ordering coffee seed from Ceylon that they may sell it to their smaller rivals. They hope by this means that the disease may be in- troduced into the little estates of the country and that these will thereby be erushed ont of existence. I suggested that the coffee-disease (due to the fungus) had pretty well died out by this time in Ceylon. Mr. Christy was of a dif- ferent opinion, but admitted it was very possible the disease might not flourish along with the plants grown from diseased seed in the new soil. He believes very much in the coffee of Central America, Nicaragua, the beverage made from this transatlantic bean being of a rich deep colour, a tine flavour, and with a powerful aroma. He invited meto visit his hot-housesat Wallington where specimens of this most important rabber- plant Landolphia, in which he does a good deal of trade with Germany, may be seen in various stages of growth. The Z'ropical Aqriculturist was, in his opinion, the paper for tropical products, and the value of its information for all engaged in their cultivation both recently and in the further past, hardly caleulable. Its circulation, he said, ought to be vastly increased. Tropical planters would be more alive to the advantage of taking it, he thought, if the first numbers were gradually reprinted up to within the last few years. Recent subscribers would be more than ready than to make up their sets, and new or possible subseribers seeing reprints of the early numbers, if sent at first as specimens, “would be tempted to get the invaluable inform- ation abounding in every number up to date. These may sound strong words, but the import- ance of the project was emphatically and repeat- edly impressed on me during my talk with Mr. Christy. From thereI went to THE COLONIAL OFFICE a shot time was shown in to a 1 after is He was somewhat busy, but well-known official. gave me a few minutes’ conversation. With regard to the CURRENCY all I could get from him was that he fully realised how strongly the Ceylon Planters individually and collectively in their Association felt in the matter of special representation on the Committee. The Committee, however, had been called together to attend to the wants of India, whose financial outlook was undeniably fav more serious than that of Ceylon, from the very magnitude of its affairs, combined with wide acricultural misfortune and a costly Frontier war. Seeing, nevertheless, that Ceylon and neighbour- ine Colonial Settlements are affected by any re- ri Currency in Iadia, the India Office agreed to hear special evidence on the subject in connection with the island. Moreover two members of the Committee, besides Sir Alfred Dent, were, said Mr. ——, interested in Ceylon. The Colonial Office was expected to attend to everyone’s interest and act accordingly, but form of the THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST, _tallurgists, builders, shipowners, carriers, etc. [Aveust 1, 1898, Ceylon planters forgot that its power in regard to a matter which really concerned the Secre- tary for India was somewhat limited. To finish with the Currency Question for the present I will here mention the opinion Mr. Law- rance holds. He said that Ceylon ought to have a Mint of its own, and coin its own silver. Ceylon was a comparatively prosperous Colony compared with India, and to keep the island perpetually involved in any financial depression on the mainland was like keeping a clever boy at school back and trying to push a dunce for- ward, or more accurately I should say, keeping an advanced student handicapped by a whole form of backward ones. BRAZILIAN importation of CEYLON COFFER SEED Mr, Hughes, from his analytical knowledge of the disease, thought it less than probable that it would flourish under new conditions as the im- porters would wish.—From Fenchureh Street I walked across to Billiver Square buildings and saw Mr. Stretch of Messrs. Darley and Butler. In the course of a brief chat with him he ex- pre-sed the cepinion that Ceylon planters were needlessly alarming themselves concerning the work of THE CURRENCY COMMITTEE ; it was, he thought, most unlikely that the result of their decision would be to raise and fix the value of the rupee.—R. H. F. ee PLANTING NOTES. CeyLon Pianters in SourH Wynaap-—Tea-opening here is going on apace. Over 1,000 acres will be planted this monsoon; and of this, over 600 acres will be put down by Ceylon planters on their own estates, whilet 80 per cent, of the balance will be planted by Ceylon men who are in rat | of Companies’ estates. Messrs. Robinson, Day and Wright are plant- ing from 100 to 200 acres each. 1n spite of exchange and the fall in prices, the estimates for next year's clearings amount to between 1,500 and 2,000 acres. The latter figure will probably be passed, as I hear that one big Ceylon Company and two or three private individuals are coming over to buy estates in time to plant up next years. clearings. Three large pucca factories are being erected, and all the best machinery is being put in. Labour is very plentiful just now, and, being 30 per cent. cheaper than Ceylon labour, we still have a nice margin of profit.— Cor. A SIGN OF THE TIMES: THE OPiNING OF CHINA.—The following appears in the Investors’ Guardian of May 28 :— British and Chinese Corporation, Limited (57,491). —Registered May 24th, with capital £250,000, in £100 share to adopt agreements with the Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation and Jardine, Mathe- son & Co., and to carry on in China or elsewhere the business of contractors for public works, railway, tramway, dock, and harbour proprietors, miners, ae 6 subscriptions are :— Shares. F D Barnes, 122, Leadenhall St. E C, shipowner 1 J W Barry, 23, Delahay St, Westminster, © E KE Cameron, 31, Lombard St. E C, banker 53 EF Dancanson. 5, Whit ington Av, E C mcht.. CC Macrae, 4, Bank Bldgs, E C, barrister a9 W Keswick, 3, Lombard St, E C, mcht a5 J Walter, 31, Lombard St, E C, banker . Sh The numbers of directors is not to be Jess than3 nor more than 5; the first are F D Barnes, E Cameren, Sir A Colvin, W Keswick and C C Macrae; qualn, £1,000 ; remuneration as the Co. may decide., Regis- tered by Harwood & Stephenson, 31, Lombard St. HC, Pee et et et et a | «ee Aveust 1, 1898.] QUARTERLY CINNAMON SALES. The news brought by a recent mail from London confirms and explains the intelligence received by wire three weeks ago, of a slight fall in the price of Cinnamon at the last quarterly sales, held on the 6th inst., on aczount of the Whit- suntide holidays, instead of as usual at the end of May. It is the first check that has been experienced in the gradual rise of the Island spice, year after year, since the turn-set in after a very long period of depression; but the circumstances under which the presen & drop has oceurred do not give cause for much anxiety. Spain has long been known to be, i¢ not exactly our best customer for Cinnamon, at any rate the consumer of the best qualities of Cinnamon; and it is believed that one at least of our best known brands is altogether appro- priated for Spanish needs. That brand has sel- dom, if ever, been purchased except by the FirmS which haye dealings with Spanish houses ; and hence the uniformly high price which Goluapokuna Cinnamon, apart from its intrinsic merits, has always, commanded. It is not surprising that the demand from Spain-—chielly, it is said, for use in confectionery and chocolate and for the prepara- tion of incense—has slackened during the past few months ; but when peace has been restored, as we devoutly hope it soon may be, the demand is certain to revive, if not from Spain, trom other countries which will take up its trade and forms of luxury. But as against the undoubted fact that the fallin prices has not been very serious, must be placed the smallness of the offerings. Had the quantity catalogued not been exceptionally small for the second sale in the year—only 959 bales, against 1,956 in February (which was a heavier quantity than usual) and 1,675 bales at the corresponding auction last year—the drop would probably have been greater. Without, however, speculating on what might have been, we may find contort in the fact that the drop was principally in ‘‘Superior” brands which had, at the February Sales, fetched prices which re- cilled old times. Those brands are well able to bear the fall of ld to 2d per lb.; while the marks which constitute the bulk of our exports Inaintained their prices, or receded but slightly. Another hopeful tactor is that the quantity of unworked Cinnamons which found buyers was move than two-thirds of the quantity disposed of, and that the prices they fetche1 do not com- are unfavourably with the rates which ruled ast February. Indeed, we note in Firsts an advance of ld. Let us hope that when the parcels which arrived too late for the sale come to the hammer next August, there will be a revival of demand for the Spanish market, and that Superior and Fine sorts will recover lost ground, The incidents of this Cinnamon sale show how the interests of others than belligerents are affected by War; but the inconvenience and loss sustained by outsiders are, of course, not to be compared with those which must fall on the trade and the industriesmof the coun- tries engaged in warfare, THE LONDON THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 103 COFFEE-SEED GOING FROM CEYLON TO BRAZIL. We can scarcely credit the story related to “R. H. F.” by our old friend, Mr. Christy of Lime St.,—see page 102 and yet he gaveit as seriously as 1t was afterwards received by Mr. John Huches, to the effect that coffee-seed was being imported into Brazil from Ceylon by parties wlo wished to introduce henwleia vastatriz! We have never be- fore, heard a whisper of such a thing; and what makes it most improbable is that we fully believe our fungus (H. V.) to exist on the South American continent, and even in some parts of Brazil already; while, in districts where it is not known, they have other enemies to contend with. District after district has been opened and partly-abandoned with coffee in Brazil; and yet its cotiee crops have gone on increasing because of the unlimited reserves of rich virgin land and because the railways have kept up their ex- tension with that Coffee. —_— MR. J. L. SHAND ON TEA DISTRIBUTION, We cannot see wherein the mystery lies in “J.L.S.”’s letter which our conteinporary conjures up. We have been loudly calling for some means of getting all the friends of Ceylon throughout the United Kingdom to make sure of drinking a pure and good Ceylon tea and thereby, to some extent, forcing the hands of the big dealers and influencing the Mincing Lane markets, ‘“J.L.S.” shows us one means by which this can be done, No one dreamt of a continuous direct supply of tea from the es- tates. That is impossible business ; but it is not impossible to recommend our friends to deal with a house that sells, pure good Ceylon tea at a moderate profit; and moreover (as we hinted to “‘J.L.S.”) why not turn the business into a Limited Company and make shares avail- able to those in Ceylon who would then more than ever be ready to do their best to secure business in their own direct interest. As cysts nsaid such a Company buying over a million Jb. of good Ceylon tea in Mincing Lane, would have a certain effect on prices, and, of course, so much more effect as the million was doubled and trebled and business extended, oo. OUR TEA EXPORTS: It will be seen that the Chamber’s return gives very close on 59 million lb. of tea as ex- ported up to the 28th June.—an increase of only 720,000 Ib. over the same period last year, Judging by the precedent of the past three seasons in which the first half of the year shews the larger shipments, the indication ‘at present is that our total exports for 1898 are not likel to exceed 118,000,000 Ib., and certainly 120 million Ib. may be regarded as a liberal anticipation—(of which 100 to 102 million Jb. may go to the United Kingdom); but the P.A. Estimate is 126 million lb. It ought at once to be reduced. Cacao shews a large increase, also Plumbago, Coconut Oil and Copra; but Coffee a woeful talling off again this season. ——<—<—<—<$———— EUCALYPTUS GLOBULUS is in flower in the garden at Huntley, Bishops Teignton, as we learn from the gardener, Mr. Best. We lately saw two young trees of this species at Buckland, near Dover. One was suffering if not dead, the other was as well as could be expected in the locality. --Gardeners’ Chronicle, June 4, 104 PRODUCE AND PLANTING. Tra 1N Bonp.—Tea planters know somethin about the treitment of their tea at the bonde warehouses. ‘The general public are.not so well acquainted with the modus operandi, ,and a writer in the Daily Mail tries to enlighten them. He begins by pointing out’ that, “of course, London does not consume all the tea imported. The 200,000 odd re- tailers in the United Kingdom obtain their sup- lies from the gneiropolin, and there are besides 36,000,000 lb. required by tea drinkers abroad. All the tea sent to England is landed at the docks, and sent under lock and key to bonded warehonses, the largest of which, situated near Liverpool Street Station, stands on five acres of ground. Other goods, &c., to the value of £3,000,000 are housed in this six- storied barrack-like building, but tea occupies the bulk of the 610,000- square feet of space, which i3 not surprising, considering that there are seldom less than 100,000 packages in stock, and thet the incom- ings and outgoings average 10,000 packages a week. To finish with statistics, let it be added that there is enough tea at this bonded store to supply every one of the 5,090,000 inhabitants of the metropolis with 12 1b of tea each. ; axe Wanrevousr Metnops.— It would be impossible in the limits of this article to describe the routine of a, bonded tea warehouse,” says the writer. ‘‘ Speak- ing generally, it may be said that, the pack- ages on arrival are hoisted with lightning celerity from the yards below and stacked in piles called beds, damaged cases being repaired by coopers with a rapidity and dexterity quite wonderful to behold; but not more surprising, perhaps, than the speed shown in sorting the packages with due regard to quality, marks, weights, etc. One of the busiest spots is the scales. Innumerable trucks are rushed to this spot at full speed. One overseer will call the shipping mark ; the entering clerk willshout some response. Stento- rian accents will proclaim the desciption of tea, and the person for whom the information is intended will yell something in reply. Infact the noise here is so great that had not the individual who notifies the weights a very penetrating voice he would not be heard at all. The only silent figures in this Babel are the Gov- ernment officer, who is there to see that Her Majesty gets a full 4d on every pound of tea that comes in, and a workman whose duty it is to stencil the date onevery boxas it goes by, The emptying of the chests, which is necessary to ascertain the tare, frequently reveals dead rats and other foreign substan- ces, mostly introduced, it isfeared, toreplace tea which his been abstracted. There is one individual in a bonded tea warehouse whose presence to the commu- nity is a boon anda blessing. Since the Sale of Food and Druggs Act of 1875, which empowered a public officer to select a sample of tea for analysis, adultera- tion has virtually become extinct. Prussian blue, turmeric, aloes, liquorice, and ashyleayes are now things ofthe past. Indian tea being, notwitstanding its splendid properties, alittle variable in quality and make has to undergo, in order to secure uniformity, a pro-— cess knownas “bulking.” It is quite a common thing in this warehouse to see gangs of men armed with shovels mixing mountains of tea of 20,00@ lb. or more, Brokers are allowed to take away samples providing they tender in exchange an equivalent in weight. Blending is an interesting operation, but one quite impossible to describe. The object of blending is to legitimately increase the profits of the trade, and at the same time tickle the palate of the public. Its mysteries ave so intricate and profound that only the ‘ tea mind’ can tackle them. The ‘tea nose’ is even more exclusive than the ‘ tea mind.’ Place before this appendage half a dozen samples, and it will nose you their merits to a nicety. In the tea world, brains of course rank high, but it is questionable whether noses are not more marketable. As evidencing the care taken by the officials to prevent the revenue being defrauded, the sweepings are carefully collected, and when a sufficient stock has been accumulated are taken in barges and emptied into the Thames near the Nore. The bonded tea warehouse packs the tea sent abroad in wrappers THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [AuGuUsT 1], 1898. and canisters, furnished by merchants. Many of these labels are remarkable for the elegance of the pictorial display. ’ Imports oF TEs AND CorreE IN May.—The trade re- turns show that among dutiable articles coffee increased by £106,000, while tea, from Ceylon mostly, fell off by about £100,000.—H. and C. Mail. a PLANTING NOTES. BuRMAH Rice.—A Colombo Estate Agent who ought to know, thinks well of the prospect of Ceylon planters being able to utilise Burmah rice for their coolies and at a cheaper rate than rice from Caleutta. It appears that Burmah will lave about two million toss of rice available for export this year. Onur total requirements for Ceylon are under 300,000 tons. INDIARUBBER.—The market is again firmer with sales in Para spot at 3s. 1ljd. to 3s, 11$d., and Bolivian at 4s. per lb. closing buyers, report Messrs. Henry Kwer & Co. on the 20th ult. In mediume at the sales on the 13th, the quantity offered was only partly sold at extreme rates. 96 bags Mozam- bique offered, aud 50 sold—good green ball at 2s. 114d. to 33., red rather heated 3s. O}d., good read 33. 2d,, mixed Lamu 2s. 114d. to 2s. 113d. Borneo offered, and 30 sold—fine 2s. 2td., good 2s. CeARA RUBBER.—The article on this subject in the last number of the Kew Bulletin, (to be re- rinted in full in the Zvepical Agriculturist) will bs read with much interest by tropical planters, says the Gardeners’ Chronicle, as the tree Mani- hot Glaziouvi is easily propagated by seeds or by cuttings is, very hardy, a fast grower, not subject to insect or fungus attack, and thrives on poor soil. It produces rubber of good quality, for which there is a large demand, and it is, therefore, recommended that the tree be planted over large areas in a dry climate and on poor stony soil. Tue GreEVILLEA Question.—In my letter, I merely expressed my opinion to the effect that Grevilleas were not injurious to tea, which is about all an ordinary unscientific plantermay do, and my object in doing this was with the view of preventing a stranger like Mr. Kelway Bamber, authority though he be, running away with the idea that we gene- rally supposed Grevilleas were at the bottom of all our troubles. I admit I have proved nothing further than that an estate with a plethora of trees (mainly gums, the planting of which throughout the tea, even [I won't attempt to defend) can hoid its own fairly well in the London saleroom. Is the origina- tor of this crusade against one of our most orna- mental and useful trees, an unfledged creeperer a buyer of Grevillea plants? Is he aware that one of the principal reasons given for the coffee-leaf disease was our flying in the face of all the laws of nature, by confining our attention solely to the one prodact, coffee, for miles and miles on end ? Is it not a fact that when the heathen Chinee lays himself out to produce a pound of tea worth for weight in silver, he artificially shades his bushes, and the result is a thingthat Queens and Emperors dream of ? In the face of all this, would it not be very foolish of us to revert to the naked, ugly-look- ing landscapes of old, even if our trees were not all of them beneficial to our tea bushes which, most men of any experience whatever, consider Grevilleas are. Comparison with my neighbours would only end in confusion. Most of them have sufficient sense nowadays to grow Grevilleas or other shelter trees. Some ef them get better prices, some worse, which again proves nothing.—JoHN F'Rasex, Abbotsford, Nanuoya, June 26th. Avéust 1, 1898.] A COFFEE EXPERT FOR QUEENSLAND. CEYLON MEN AT A DISCOUNT. In the face of the wine and the tobacco in- dustries having had their wants looked after, if is not unreasonable that the coffee growers should seize upon recent opportunities to urge their claims. The growing of coffee has not yet attained that importance which it should per- haps have reached, but neither has tobacco. Just what has hindered the one has kept buck the other—want of expert knowledge. Both of these industries have great possibilities before them, and should on that account be duly en- couraged. The new Minister of Agriculture (Mr. J V Chataway) in his late speech to his consti- tuents at Mackay, in speaking on this subject, as good as made a direct promise to appoint a coffee expert, and even went so far as to say that a man had been found. Let us hope the choice may not fali on some of the broken-down gentlemen planters from Ceylon we wot of, A few years unsuccessful struggle at the business in Ceylon, or elsewhere, is not -a_ sufficient re- commendation for appointment to teach the struggling but determined coffee planters of Queensland.— Australian Tropiculturist. (eras ere eee PALMS AND TOBACCO IN MULLAITTIVU. IN MULLAIITIVU DISTRICT. Coconuts.—In the Vavuniya District it is estimated that there are between 7,009 and 8,000 coconut trees. The yield—only five nuts per tree —wonld seem to show either that the soil is not suited for them or that they are not cultivated with proper care. In the Mullaittivu District there are said to be about 89,000 trees, yielding an average of 50 nuts per tree. Nearlyall of them are grow- ing in the maritime pattus, where the soilis well adapted to them. The nuts fetch on an average R350 per J00. i PAtMIRAH.—In the Vavuniya District it is estimated that between 40,000 and 50,060 pal- mirah trees grow. They yield on an average only 10 nuts per tree. In the Mullaittivu District about 110,000 trees are said to be growing. They yield 200 nuts per tree. As in the ease of coconuts, it is in the maritime pattus that they thrive. Tobacco.—Inthe Vavuniya District 88% acres were cultivated, as against 159% acres in 1896, and are said to have yielded 1,255,100 leaves, or 14,142 leaves per acre. The yield in the previous year was estimated at 11,196 leaves per acre. The decrease in acreage planted was due to land suitable for tobacco cultivation being flooded at the end of 1896.—Mr, Lou's Adininis- tration Report for 1897. ee : TOBACCO IN JAFFNA. As pointed out by Mr. Tevers in his Adminis- tration Report for 196, the cultivation of tobacco constitutes one of the most important industries of the Province, and were it possible to encourage the growth and manufacture of a superior article of commerce the greatest boon possible would be conferred on the industrious agriculturists of the North. So far, however, no experiment of this character has sueceeded, though European capital and energy have been freely expended in various parts of the Island under the guidance of experts 14 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 105 in the endeavour to produce tobacco saleable in a foreign market. J fear that it must be admitted that the soil of the Island will not produce anything better than the coarse product now grown. The culti- vation duting 1897 extended over a very large area, but owing to unseasonable weather the crops were not equal in quantity or quality to those obtained in the previous year. The follow- Ing is a comparative statement showing the ex- ports of the last two years, to which must be added a very large quantity sent by road to Anuradhapura and Matale, of which no reliable returns can be obtained. The exports fer 1896 were the largest on record :— RETURN SHOWING EXPORTS OF TOBACCO BEYOND SEA AND COASTWISE Beyond Sea. Coastwise. Total. Quantity. Quantity. Quantity. Cwt. Cwt. Cwt. 1896 .. 61,879 29,592 91,471 1897 ... 44,914 3,857 75,772 —Mr, Fisher's Administration Report for 1897, SERS WA er COCONUT CULTIVATION AT PUTTALAM, It is extraordinary how coconut cultivation has takenon in the Puttalam district. Thou- sands of acres of lands have been within the last few years cleared and the cultivation is rapidly extending. In the fresh clearings, plan- tations are cultivated and a very large quantity sent down to Colombo in padda boats. Putta- lam is one of the busiest towns in the island. The district contributes a very large proportion of the income of the island, but it cannot be said to be well treated. Bullock coaches always full ply between Chilaw aud Puttalam, a dis- tance of thirty-two miles and a whole day is taken up by the journey. There is no proper jetty for loading and unloading goods and every- thing is done in a most primitive style. Saltas everybody knows is the stable export from Put- talam and yields a handsome revenue. After a lapse of three years salt is again being manu- factured and the salt pans are being prepared to receive the sea water. The people in the district seem to be all well off and no beggars of any description are seen anywhere. The coach service between Negombo and Chilaw is abominable, The horses are of the worst possible description and the coaches themselves are bad. It is timesome improvement is made. The boat service is fair, but as the boats start from Grand- pass the public in town find it inconvenient to go all that distance,—Cor. ee PLANTING REPORT FROM S&S. INDIA. NORTH TRAVANCORE NOTES. June 26th 1898. The S. W. Monsoon burst here onthe 5th instant, coming on very mildly at first, but every day in- creising in force, and violence, and lasting for fully a fortnight, since when the weather has moderated. The strong winds, alone with the rains, have done considerable damage ; blowing down a number of jungle trees across roads and block: ing them up fora time. I hear of as much as nine inches of rain having fallen in the twenty-fourhours, but more down towards Munaar ; farther to the N.E. the rains werenot so heavy. We had more 106 squally weather with driving showers, and very cold winds; the poor coolies had a bad time of it, and during the fortnight very little work was done on the estates, it being simply cruel to ask the cooly to go out to work, besides, the roads being pretty well blocked by fallen trees. Tavalams were unable to get along to bring the necessary weekly supply of rice &c., so Ramasamy and Meena- tehy had to go tofetch the necessary weekly sup- plies themselves. THE DEER 2 and other inbabitants of the dense jungles must have had a pretty lively time of it too ; evidently, numbers (to judge by foot-prints inthe clearings) have been frightened from the jungle by more fall- ing trees, and brancbes torn off and tossed about their ears. Hlephants were to be heard trumpeting all day and night long; they evidently haying got a fright as well. Now, however, the weather has changed very much for the better ; today being the best day (to say nothing of its being Sunday) we had since the burst, and we only hope we have seen the worst of it. CLEARING Work from what IT understand is pretty well advanced, and should _the monsoon prove a good one, a lot of tea will be planted out during the next few months. I had an opportunity lately of VISITING SOME COFFEE ESTATES ‘ up in this quarter, the first I have seen since my arrival in the district, The first field we en- tered was a nice sheet of coffee, and judging by the look of it, I should say it was between four and five years old, smallish trees, but they had avery fine crop set on them, just as much, I should say as they can comfortably carry, and in fact I should expect to see a good many of the trees looking shuck towards end of crop, the small berries were looking remarkably healthy, as also the trees themselves, 1 scanned the trees all along the road-sides for our old enemies ereen bug and leaf disease, and was very pleased LT could not find a bug, nor a spot, of the disease, long may they keep away, and let the old ** King ” got up his head again. The next estate we came too had evidently hada good erop the previous year, as there was not much crop on the trees, but a profusion of fine healthy wood, and it ought to do well next seaSon. There are some particu- larly fine coffee fields in the neighbourhood which I hope to have an opportunity of seeing later on, and for which I hope I shali have a good word to say. They certainly look remarkably fine in the distance, and I have no doubt they will prove as good as they look, its to be hoped so at any rate. d a ae I am rather surprised your invaluable 7ropical Agricultural is not better known over this way. It is a periodical which I think ought to be in every bungalow, for.the instruction, information and guidance, of each, and every superintendent, and manager of an estate. Again [ think it is a sort of publication which ought to be supplied | free gratis by every Company, or vrivate Proprietor, to their Superintendents, managers &e,, for lam sure the gain would be theirs, and the cust next to nil. Oh for a Ferguson's Directory as well, it would be like the Pickwick pen a ‘* boon and 4 blessing” tous, but we cannot yet everything in aday. Meantime ROADS AND TELEPHONES seem to be the great rage, the former especially are much required, for what they call roads here, are most execrable, to say nothing of their beivg THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. (Aveust 41, 1898. positively dangerous; if I could only think of a word whieh would define them better I would substitute it for ‘“ dangerons.” Jlowever this will do, and you can imagine the rest, bat ones the road; work on hand just now is finished, thin will be much better. What we want is a light railway transport of all goods ineluding nee &c. is our great drawback at present, and I mustsay it is no child’s play. However ** Nil Des- perancum ” must be our motto, so let us stick to it. Strange, we have not had asingle clap of thunder with the S. W. Monsoon, but I noted we had plenty of it during the last dying kicks of the N,-East Monsoon. Is this usual in Ceylon? Thunder seems to be the dis-connecting link here between the two—more anon. KLONDYKE. —_——— > --- INDIAN CURRENCY: EXTRACTS FROM LETTER BY MR. H. DUNNING MacLEOD. TAK TRUE PRINCIPLES OF OURRENCY. ° * * > The Summary of the Principles declared by (reliable) writers may be stated thus:—(1) That if good full- weighted coin and clipped and degraded coin of the same metal, or base coin, be allowed to circulate together, the good, full-weighted coin disappears from circulation and the degraded and base coin slone remains current, (2) That it is not possible for gold and silver coins issued in unlimited quantities to remain together in circulation at a fixed legal ratio between the coins differing from the market ratio of the metals. (3) ‘'hat the coin which is under- rated invariably disappears from circulation, and the coin which is overrated alone remains current. (4) There cannot be two measures of value in the same system of coinage, however, large any more tban there can be two measures of length, weight, or capacity in thesame country. These principles may be summed up thus: “ The worst form of currency in circulation regulates the value of the whole currency, and drives all other forms of currency out of circulation.” (5) When the legal ratio of the coins remains fixed, and the market ratio of either metal rises above or falls below the legal ratio of the coins, the metals alternately displace each other from circulation, and that one «lone which is overrated remains current, and the one which is under- rated disappears from circulation. These laws have been observed to be TRUE IN ALL AGES AND COUNTRIES, and are as firmly established as the law of gravitation. When it was proved by ex- perience that it was impossible to adapt the legal ratio of the coins to the varying market of the metals, and that they alternately displaced each other from circulation according as the market value of one metal or the other rose above or fell below the legal ratio of the coins, Sir William Petty, one of the most scientific men of the age, demonstrated that the true principle was that one metal should be selected as the standard, aud that coins of other metals should only be used as subsidiary to the standard. This principle was advocated at great length by Locke in 1694 and by Harris in 1750 was, thoroughly explained by Lord Liyerpool in 1805, and was fully considered by the Governor-General of India in Council in 1806, and adopted by them. It was upon these principles that the great recoinage in this country was founded in 1816, and they have now been recognised as true, and adopted by every Government in the world, with only a very few ex- ceptions. When the market value of a metalin bullion ex- eceds its legal ratio in coin it is said to be at a premium, and every tyro in finance knows that when- ever either : METAL GOES TO A PREMIUM it at once disappeazs from circulation by’one or all of three methods: either (1) by being hoarded away, or (2) ‘ age from time immemorial, and that it Avcust 1, 1898.] by being melted downinto bullion, or (3) by being expor- ted to foreigncountries. Thus, suppose that the legal ratio between silver avd gold was 15 to 1 while the market value was 18 to 1, then silver in coin would be worth 15 while in bullion it would only be worth 18. The inevitable consequence would be that it would either be hoarded away, or it would be melted down into bullion, or it would be ex- ported to foreign countries, where it would pass at its market value; and no one would bring silver to be coined, because then 18 oz. of silver would be re- duced in yalue to 15 0z. Now let us apply these considerations to the coinage of India, I must, however, begin by dispelling two PREVALENT ERRORS India has nothing but a silver coin- is not possible to change the inveterate habits of a people; and (2) that India is too poor a country tv have a gold coinage. Both these assertions are erroneous. In the first place, it is certain that gold was the original measure of value throughout all India. India produces large quantities of gold, but no silver. Nevertheless, from pre-historic times vast quantities of silver have been introduced into Northern India to purchase gold. The ratio of gold to silver was 1 to 13 in Persia; but it was 1 to 8 in India. The Phoenicians, before the times of authentic history, brought vast quantities of silver from Tartessus and exchanged it for the gold dust of the Lower Indus, which Sir Alexandez Cunningham, the highest autho- rity on the subject, holds to be Ophir. Sir Alexander thinks that silver was coined in India as early as 1000 B.c. But the gold was not coined; it was kept in dust and tied up in little bags, which passed current as money. But as silver was_ first coined it was considered as the standard, and the gold dust passed atits market value. Darius exacted as tribute from the satropy of the Punjab 360 talents of gold dust, which he coined into Darius. The other 19 satropies paid their tribute in silver. We have no certain information when gold was first coined in India; but though gold and silver were equally current in Northern India, there was never any fixed legal ratio between them. Every petty prince issued his own coinage. The Mahom- medans adopted the silver coinage as they found it existing; but their conquests never extended to Southern India, and gold was the standard in Southern Tndia until 1818, when the Hast India Company for the first time forced the silver rupee as the standard in Southern India. These historical facts refute the two errors I have mentioned above—that silver had been from time immemorial the standard of India and that India is too poor a country for a gold standard. ; The Government of India took no action on its very (1) that weighty and important minute of 1806 till 1818, when~ it issued A NEW SOINAGE OF GOLD AND SILVER and for the first time introduced the silver rupee as legal tender in Southern India, where gold alone had hitherto beenthe standard. In 1835 the Government gave up the attempt to maintain bimetallism as hope- less. ‘They then coined gold and silver rupees of equal weight and fineness. The new silver rupee was declared the sole legal tender throughout India: but the gold rupees were allowed to pass current and be received at the public treasuries at their market value in silver. This state of affairs continued till 1852. The great gold discoveries in 1848 and subsequent years seemed. likely to cause a serious fallin the value of gold. Holland, in a fit of panic, demonetised gold, which she repented of afterwards and retraced her step. Lord Dalhousie took the same panic, andin the last week of 1852 he suddenly issued a notifica- tion that after January, Ist 1853, no gold coin of any sort would bo received at the public treasuries. By this unfortunate action gold was totally demone- ised thronghout India. By this astounding coup de finance, utterly without precedent in the history gf the world, it was estimated that £120,000,000 of THE TROPICAL’ AGRICULTURIST. 107 gold coin at once disappeared from circulation and was hoarded away, and this has been the origin of all our present monetary troubles in India, and for forty- five years we have been repenting at leisure. THE DEMONETISATION OF GOLD by Lord Dalhousie was soon felt to be a dis- astrous error, and a strong feeling grew up in fayour of its restoration. Some minor movements were imade, but in 1864 a most powerful and unanimous effort was made throughout India to procure the restoration of the gold carrency. By this time the gold sovereign had acquired an immense circulation throughout the whole of India. The Chambers of Commerce of Bengal, Bombay, and Madras, and the Bombay Association unanimously pointed out the immense inconveniences and losses by having only asilver currency, which was no longer adequate for the wants of commerce. From time immemorial, until within the last few years, India had an extensive gold currency, and the superior con- venience of it was fully appreciated by the natives. The gold coins in circulation commanded a consider- able premium in the market, and the natives made an attempt tosupply the deficiency by circulating gold bars bearing the stamps of the Bombay banks. The restoration of a gold currency would be most popularly received, both from ancient associations and present convenience. The exclusion of gold from the currency of India could not be justified, or con- sidered as otherwise than barbarous, irrational, and unnatural. ‘These views were supported by a large nuraber of high officials and bankers from all parts of India, and they were unanimous that the gold sovereign should be mad the standard unit, as the people were already well aceustomed to itsuse. A great number of collectors in Southern India reported that large quantities of sovereigns were in circulation in their district, and the natives complained bitterly of the , losses and inconvenience they suffered from their not being received at the public treasuries. This is a very slight epitome of the immense mass of evidence collected from all parts of India of the unanimous desire of the people to have the sovereign made the standard unit. Some persons, indeed, pre- tend that it is an impossible chimera to restore a gold currency to India. But what can persons sit- ting in their studies in England know about the mat- ter if they will not read the unanimous opinion of the people of India themselyes which was published as a parliamentary paper in February, 1865? In consequence of this powerful movementard the vast body of evidence it had collected, the Government of India, on July 14, 1864, addressed a despatch to the Home Government, requesting it to authorise it to declare that British and Australian sovereigns and half-sovereigns should be made legal tender through- out the British dominions in India at the fixed rate of 10 rupees for the sovereign. Sir Charles Wood (the Secretary of State for India) instantly quashed this fatuous proposal, which was PURE BIMETALLISM, and showed that two metals could not cireu- late together at a fixed legal ratio in unlimited quantities different from the market value of the metals, instancing the recent case of France, where a small change in the market ratio of gold and silver had sufficed to displace the whole silver currency of France and to substitute gold forit. Butit appears that neither Sir Charles Wood nor the Indian Govern- ment hac any knowledge of the minute of the Indian Government in 1806. Sir Charles Wood, however, proposed that sovereigns migh be received and paid ont of the Indian treasuries at R10; but this plan equally failed, because at that time sovereigns passed at R10 and several annas. Thus both the plan of the Indian Government and that of Sir Charles Wood failed because they were both tainted with bimerallism, which has ruined every system of coinage it ever touched, and thus the golden opportunity passed away, never to return, when, by adopting a system of coinage similarto the British, the sovereign might have been made the standard unit, with a subsidiary currency of silver at R10 tothe sovereign, by res- tricting the issue of silver, 108 As silver continued to fall in value, the Bengal Chamber of Commerce in 1876 addressed a memorial to the Government of Lord Lytton YO SUSPEND THE COINAGE OF SILVER; but the Government replied that it would be im- possible to suspend the coinage of silver without at the same time opening the mints to the free coinage of gold as unlimited legal tender. The Indian Government being then prohibited from attempting to reintroduce pure bimetallism into India, addressed several memorials to the Home Govern- ment to aid in bringing about an international agree- ment to fix the ratio between gold and silver, and several fatuous international conferences were held to see if anything could be done; but they all ended in smoke, as they were bound to do. For every sound economist knows that it is just as chimerical to secure a fixed ratio between gold and silver by international agreement as for any single State to do so. It would be just as rational to appoint an international conference to square the circle or to discover perpetual motion. Both of these are known impossibilities. In economics it is equally a known impossibility to fix by law a ratio between any two quantities which are produced without limitation, At least, in 1893, when the value of silver continued to fall, and it was expected that the United States would repeal the Bland and Sherman laws, the Indian Government found itself on the verge of bankruptcy. It then closed the mints to the free coinage of silver, and declared its intention to restore the gold currency. But just five years have passed away, and it has never yet taken a single step to carry its purpose into effect, and of course it has found itself sur- rounded with constantly-increasing difficulties. The whole of this unhappy India business for thirty years is an everlasting stigma onthe British economic and financial statesmanship of the nineteenth century. --Hinancial News, May 28. ———————Eeee PLANTING COFFEE IN BRAZIL: DUMONT COFFEE COMPANY, LIMITED, MR. P, R. BUCHANAN GIVES A FULL EXPLANATION. The second annual general meeting of the Dumont Coffee Company, Limited, was held Thursday, at Winchester House, Old Jroad-street, E.C., under the presidency of Mr. P. R. Buchanan (chairman of the company). The Chairman, in moving the adoption of the report and accounts, said that the result which was disclosed in the accounts showed the company had made a profit for the year of £54,495, as against some £93,000 in the year 1896. Thesole cause of this diminution of profit was the continued and persistent fall in the price of coffee. ‘There was no other reason that the directors were able to give. It undoubtedly was a most unfortunate thing that this company bad had to commence its career with the very worst year that had been known in the coffee trade for the past forty years; but such was the case, and they could only accept it and work for better re- sults in the future. There were those who had sug- gested reasons other than he had mentioned for the board’s inability to recommend a dividend, These suggestion’s however unjustifiable they might be, he felt bound to bring before the meeting. They were, first, that the vendors got a great deal too much profit that was that the company paid far too high a price— for the properties ; and, in the second place, that the commission given to the promoter was excessive in the extreme. In regard to the first point, the direc- tors knew nothing of what profits the vendors made. What they did know was that those gentlemen had owned for some time previously the estates which they sold to the company ; they had worked them, added to them, and improved them. They offered them for sale tothe company, and had made a profit onthe sale. In doing so they did nothing they had THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. seg {Avcust 1, 1898. not a perfect right to do. The directors made full investigation, and, being satisfied at that time that the price dasked was not an unreasonable one, they con- cluded the bargain, and, so far as they had been able to judge, the statements made at the time had in no way been discredited. The estates were as good as ever, and as good as they had been stated to be, and if the price of coffee had been maintained at what it was when the company made the purchase the profits would have been quite as pad | as was anticipated, or even better. hat being so, it was not fair to turn round on the vendors and accuse them of having teken anything in an undue or improper manner. It was a truism which was scarcely worth repeating to say that if they had known that coffee was going to take this tremendous drop they would not have given the price they did for the properties. On the other band, if coffee had taken arise the would all have been very pleased at having a g investment. With regard to the other suggestion, that the company conld not pay a dividesd today because the commission paid to the promoter was ex- cessive, under ordinary circumstances if he were eatis- fied, as he had already shown he was, the price given for the properties at the time of their sale was reason- able, heshould hold that for them as a company to go behind that and to claim the right to ascertain what the vendors chose to do withthe money the company paid them was notin order. But the circumstances were a little different; for the promoter in this instance happened to be their chairman. He claimed the right to take advantage of the present opportunity for settling this question once for all. There had never been any secret as to what the terms of the promotion were. As a matter of fact all the gentle- men who were invited to join the board, all who were invited by him to do any underwriting for the company, and all, in fact, who had anything to do with the formation, were not only informed by him exactly the terms that were given, but they also had placed in their hands every document of every kind connected with the whole transfer of the company. What he undertook to do was to have the properties thoroughly inspected, and the whole of the state- ments of the vendors investigated. He placed his services for nearly a year at their disposal in both Brazil and England. He advanced all the money necessary for those investigations, entirely at his ewn risk, and for what might be called the preli- minary expenses, amounting, as they did, to several thousands of pounds. He agreed, on being satisfied, to take all steps to bring out the company, and to get underwritten on behalf of the vendors any amount of capital they required underwritten for the purpose of carrying through this transaction: That was what he carried through. He received for this in cash a little less than the actual amount of cash that he was out of pocket, viz., £7.000 in payment of £7,200 that he had disbursed in cash, and besides that he received a commission of slightly over 2} per cent upon the whole transaction, that commission being payable in shares. He ventured to say there were very few gentlemen in the City of London who would have rendered euch services and undertaken such duties on similar terms. If theshareholders were not satie- fied that he had made out a good case for himself he was glad to think he was one of the directors retiring at that meeting, and they could have an opportunity of showing their opinion with regard to him pretty forcibly a little later on. Reverting to the heavy fall in the price of coffee, the Chairman said it had dropped about 24s a hundredweight during the past year, which meant a difference of £270,000 to the Companyin the year. Their estates were in a@& very much better condition than they had ever been previously and, instead of producing coffee which, as in 1896, sold at 5s. pec hundredweight under the average price of Santos coffee, they had produced coffee which had realised nearly 5s. per hundredweight over the average price, and great credit was due to the manage- ment for that very satisfactory result. There wasa large expenditure on capital account, amounting altg- ow ~ Aveust 1, 1898.] gether to about £35,000; some £10,000 of this was on extensions, £20,000 on machinery, buildings, &c., and £5,000 on the railway. They had opened up during the year some $77 acres of young coffee. This was a much larger area than they had contemplated, and, in- deed,under present circumstances they would far rather have postponed making any extension, but inthis matter they were a little tied upon labour questions, and no doubt that these extensions would come in very use- fully in the course of time. In the meantime. so far as labour would peimit, they hd given instructions that extension should be rigorously cur ailed. As to the capital expenditure during the coming year, the estimate sent to them was that it would possibly amount to some £12,000, of which £7,000 had been already incurred. With regard to the management, they had every cause to be satisfied with the work done, and he was very glad to zay they had bsen able to secure the services as second in command, of Mr. Ham- mond, who had had considerable experience in Brazil not only in coffee growing, but in business matters gen- erally. As to labour they had a good and full force on the estates, and had added to it considerably. The dir- ectors felt that the great hope of the company was to be able to produce a quality of coffee superior to that generally known as Santos coffee, and all the exports they had consulted had been fully satisfied that all that was necessary was certain mechanical alterations in the treatmeat of the coffee. The general character of Brazilian coffee was poor, and the great fall from which they were now suffering was caused by the fact that there had been a very great over- supply of this particular class of coffee. Other grades —medium, fine, and good qualities—had not fallen in the extraordinary manner in which Brazilian coffee had, and therefore the aim of the directorswas to keep Dumont coffee out of the rut of the Brazilian, so that it might be of a superior grade, equal, as they felt it should be, to any Central American high-class coffee. During the past year they had been making every pre- paration they could for the treatment of the 1898 crop, and in that respect they had been very fortunate in securing the services of Mr. Michie, of Ceylon, who was a very capable engineer, and was in every way the right man for this work. The point was—with all these improvements would they be able to earn a dividend for the ordinary share- holders, for they looked upon the debenture holders and preference holders as perfectly safe. The di:eztors stated in their report that they hoped that the improvements they were making would even this year enable them to earn a dividend ; but of course it depended not only upon the improvement in quality, but also upon their gettinga fair quantity. Since the report, however, they had received telegrams from their managing director in which he informed them that the coffee crop would be very short of the estimate, though the quality was considered tobe good. This, of course, rather altered the position from that exi-ting at the time the directors issued their report, and he was not inclined to confirm the hope held out there” in, It was early, of course, to judge, but he felt he must advise patience. In the calculations the directors had made they had never taken into con- sideration the possibility of a rise in the coffee market. Of course they could not predict what the state of the market would be, but if the Brazilian crop was going to be short to the extent of some 20 per cent to 25 per cent, as they were advised, of the previous year's crop, it was clear there must be @ very considerable rise in the market, and that would mean to them a very great deal. Owing to the low prices ruling in the past year, the con- sumption was very materially affected, and he was told by authorities who should know that during the current year the deliveries up to date had been at the rate of an increase of 4,000,000 bags per annum, and if that continued the market for coffee would undoubtedly very soon be in a far more healthy position than at the present time. He could only romise that the board would continue to do its est in the shareholders’ interests. It might be satisfactory to them to know that the board held one. THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 109 fourth of the ordinary capital of the ordinary, and, personally, not only was he a buyer of company shares last year, but since then he had trebled his holding. That would show that he had full confidence in the goodness of his investment. Mr. H. K. Rutherford seconded the motion. Mr. Stratten Buinois said he visited the com. pany’s estates becanse he and his friends were largely interested in them. He was very pleased with all that bad been and was being done by the staff, and by Mr. Michie. Improved methods were being adopted in the gathering of the crop, and the coffee trees themselves seemed to be in a perfectly healthy state. The resolution was carried unanimously. Mr. Rutherford moved the re-election of Mr. Bucha- nan_as director, which was seconded by Mr. G. A. Talbot, and carried unanimously. Mr. C. A. Carlisle was also unatimously re-elected a director, on the motion of the Hon. H. A. Lawrence, seconded by Major F. B. McCrea. Messrs. Jackson, Pixley & Co. were reappointed auditors , and the preceedings closed with a vote of thanks to the chairman and directors.—H. and C. Mail, June 17th. ee gee ee CEARA RUBBER. ‘“ Kew Bulletin” for January-February, lately received, gives thie first place to a resumé of the experiments made in various Countries with Ceara Rubber and winds up with the followine Summary :— % Theresult of experience so far gained in the experi- mental cultivation of the Ceara rubber plant may be summarised as follows :— 1—The plant is readily propagated both from seeds and cuttings. Seeds are abundantly produced in al- most every part of the world where the plant has been introduced. They may be gathered from plants when only three to five years old. There is therefore the great advantage that alarge area could be planted within a comparatively short period. Sowing the seeds in the position where they are to grow perma- nently is universally adopted in Brazil. It is possi- ble, if adopted elsewhere, this plan would greatly reduce the cost of establishing plantations. 2—The Ceara rubber plant is very hardy, a fast grower, free from insect and fungoid attacks, requires little or no attention when onceestablished and thrives in poor, dry and rocky soils unsuited to almost any other crop. It is evident, however, that the yield of a few trees cannot be remunerative and only large areas can hope to make the industry apayingone, ~ 3—It produces a good class of rubber, second only when well prepared to the best Para rubber. For this there is a steady and continuous demard. The yield per tree is apparently small, but a return is obtained earlier than from any other rubber plant. With thick planting and judicious thinning as the trees grow up, itmay be possible to increase the yield hitherto recorded ; while with skilful treatment the permanent trees may be tapped twice yearly and last in a productive state for 15 to 20 years, 4—In spite therefore of the apparent want of suec- cess which so far has attended experiments with Ceara rubber plants in Ceylon and other countries the increasing importance of rubber as an article in large demand in all civilized countries at good prices suggests a reconsideration of the merits of this interest. ing plant. In many of our colonies possessing a dry climate and a poor stony soil, it is possible that large areas could be profitably occupied with Ceara rubber trees so grown as to provide annual crops for tapping. We feel very strongly that more might be done in Ceylon with Ceara Rubber, and that cultivation was not persevered with, ten years azo, because of the “boom” in tea, But now in dry districts not suitable for Para, the Ceara kind might well be planted, 110 TEA CULTURE IN ASSAM, An upcountry planter asked us the other day to say in what relation the various divisions of the great tea country of Assam stood to each other. His immediate object was to show that when a report came affecting crops in Cachar or Sylhet, that meant but a limited division of Assam. That is quite true. Assam alto- gether is made up of 10 divisions and while Cachar includes the largest number (191) of tea gardens, Sibsaghur has the largest area under crop, 70,000 acres or 7,000 acres less than Diim- bula and Dikoya together. Sylhet comes a good second with 70,200 acres. Altogether Assam in- cludes 822 gardens with an area of 310,500 acres of mature and immature plants, the total crop last year being 107,266,334 lb. As to the yield per acre, the average ran from 4741lb. from Sylhet to 132 for Kamrup. As regards total crop, Cachar gave a little over 22 million Ib. ; Sylhet over 26; Lakhimpur nearly 19; Darrang over 11; Nowgong over 4; Kamrup # ; Goapara and Khasi and Jantai Hills under 150,000 1b, -—— SS PICKINGS. Says the Chemist and Druggist:—* A thirty pound case of the concrete JUICH OF THE PAPAW, shipped from Ceylon, was included in the drug sales recently; it consisted of small, irreyular manes of a light-brown colour, having an odour somewhat resembling Para rubber. Papaw juice is obtained by scarification from the unripe fruits and is generally employed med cinally in coun- tries where the tree is found. The active prin- ciple—papain—is readily precipitated by the action of alcohol; it is used in the treatment of dyspepsia, diptheria, and as an anthelmintic, and is also recommended for eczema. The lot in question was sold at five shillings per peund, “subject to approval,’”—It is hardly correct to say that the juice is used medicinally in coun- tries where the tree is found; at any rate this is not the case as regards Ceylon. [t wonld be interesting to kaow who are the shippers of papaw juice from Ceylon at present. It is advised (by Mr. Christy we believe) that the papaw juice for papain should be taken not from the fruit but the tree itselt. Ihis would leave the fruit un- damaged and allow it to ripen properly. The following is an advertisement, writ large, taken from an Australian exchange :—‘‘SUN- LigutT Coconut Oi CaAKns. For cows, calves, working horses, pigs and poultry. It is the richest food known. Coconut oil cake is used on every up-to-date farm in England, Denmark and Germany. It prolongs the milking period of cows, enriches the milk, and increases the quan- tity. It increases the feeding power of grass, hay ensilage, lucerne, oats, maize, bran, &e. Enables more stock to be kept in a given area and returns to the land a rich manure. Pam- phlets ete. on application. Its effects are mar- vellous—just give it a trial. Manufactured by Lever Bros., Ltd,, 65, Pitt Street, Sydney.” Co- conut planters in Ceylon should feel thankful to Lever Bros. for this advertisement. Advocates of the LACTOMETER should read the following :—‘‘ A gallon of water at 60° F. weighs 10 lb.; a gallon of average mill 10°25 lb.; and gallon of cream 1015 1b. Skim milk weighs about 10°36 lb, to the gallon, so that water is THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST, - lighter than either milk or cream. ‘Tiris was the chief reason of the failure of the Jactometer as a testing instrument. Fat being the highest constituents of milk, a low specific gravity would indicate rich milk, but as water was also lighter than milk, the addiction of water produced the same results, [Avausr 1, To treat SEED GRAIN for planting, it is re- commended that each bag of seed should be heaped on a cloth on the ground and a preparation consisting of a wilk dishfull- ot lime and three gal- Jons of boiling water, added. Stir the seed quickly with a shovel. Take care that the water is ina boiling state. Ifit is melted itis said to be superior to treatment with bluestone. It carries earlier germination and an earlier harvest, while pre- senting smut and improving the yield. WEEVIL AMONG STORED GRAIN is from the “Farm and Dairy” (Sydney) :-— There is probably more grain stored in N.-5. Wales at present than at the corresponding period of any other season in its history. xnd it is equally -pro- bable that less is kuown about storing grain in this colony than in any other of the large wheat pro- docing countries, The weevil became domesticated at about the time that Cain—or was it Abel—first planted wheat and offered up some of his stored grain as a sacrifice in the off season when he waen't busy ploughing Perhaps it was because his wheat was weevily that it didn’t ind so much favour as his brother's merinos and shorthorn calves. Later on the weevil did much damage to the wheat that Joseph cornered in Egypt and we have it from authentic records writ on Papyrus iv heiroglyphics found in the Pyramids that in revenge for the bad treatment that he receivedin his youth from his brethern, Joseph gave them weevily grain later on out of his stack and much of it they couldn’t eat. It was about that time that the weevil, finding that it wasn’t safe to fly out of doors and catch one of the seven plagues, forgot the use of its wings and ever since it has been able to fly about as far as a Muscovy duck. Joseph tried all manner of means of extirpation but failed, and if the drought hadn't broken up about that time Pharoh would have had to lynch him, on the top of Cleopatra's needle. We have since then learnt some- what about weevil. The floor, walls and ceilings of all grain sheds shounid be smooth and so leave no lurking place for weevils or their eggs and when the shed is empty all the corners should be played cn with a steam hose. Close all doors and windows and evaporate 1 lb. of bisulphide to every thousand cubic feet of space and the weevils will feel very sick indeed and express a keen desire to go and rest with their ancestors. —___>—___—_—. AUCTION SALE TEAS IN NEW YORK. THE LARGEST PUBLIC OFFERING EVER MADE, A correspondent writes:—New York, June 3. —Possibly the enclosed, from yesterday’s Journal of Convmerce, will interest you. Strikes me that prices are extraordinarily low :— The largest offering of teas ever sold by auction in the United States was disposed of yesterday in this manner by the Montgomery Auction and Com- mission Company “in this city. The sale lasted from -12 o’clock noon to 4 p.m., and attracted one of the largest ga‘herings of buyers ever seen at an auction sale; two aucticneers were required. A noteworthy feature of this sale is that it was the first public offering under the new tea regulations, which, it will be remembered, provi‘e for a higher standard of im- portations than what existed a short time ago. The total amount offered was 32,654 es, consisting of 9,394 half-chests Moyune, including the Avoust 1, 1898, Yeh Hing, Emperor and many other fancy nee. 1,982 half-chests and hoxes Pinsuey; 925 half- chests Japan; 960 half-chests Japan, basket-fired and sundries, including all grades; 282 hali-chests Japan dust; 3,673 packages Congou, every grade and kind; 780 packiges India, Java and Ceylon Pekoe, well selected stock; 3,303 half-chests and boxes Amoy, well selected invoices; 11,350 half-chests and boxes Formosa, including ‘“‘ White Bear,” * Black Bear” and “Swan 3. Eyiade contingent of city and out-of-town buyers were noticed on the floor, but very many were re- presented by brokers, so it is impossible to give the ‘actual number of purchasers at the sale. The lots sold at the following prices: Moyune—346 packages hyson at 22 a 113¢ per poand, 6,135 packages young hysou at 313 a 11z¢ per pound, 907 packages of imperial at 21% a 12z¢ per pound, 2,016 packages gunpowder at 26 a loge per pound. Pingsuey—294 packages imperial at 16 a 144¢ per pound, 1,688 packages gunpowder at 245 a T4sc per LS eiele packages of pan fired at 1s a 144 c per pound, 810 packages basket fired at 16a 144¢ per pound, 150 packages sun-dried at 144 a 14¢ per pound, 982 packages siftings at 9: a 8i¢ per pound, se Congons—3,673 packager at 134 a 9 perypoan - 780 packages India and Ceylon at 185 a 1l:¢ per PoG along —3,308 packages Amoy at lda lle per pound, 11,350 packages of Formosa at 41a 16 ¢ per und. acreallye the unnsual offering of 32,604 packages has had the effect of depressing the market for nog time, and it has been expected that prices would be in buyers’ favour. However, the sale, considered in its totality, has resulted in a large quantity of teas being marketed without a disastrous fluctuation, although, as expected all kinds and grades of teas declined from what they have been when the market was stimulated with the prospect of a duty on tea. In country greens, all extras sold at a decline of fully 2 cents per poand againt last market, low grades declining only abont 1 cent per pound. Pingsueys showed a well sustained market, all grades selling at firm prices. Japaus de- clined abont 1 cent per pound for all grades, including baske: ficed and sun dried. Congous probably suffered the most of any other teas in the sale, low grade teas declining fuily 1} cents per pound from a week ago. Indias and Ceylous were very navy and but little sup- port was given to them, with the result that desirable feas soldas low as 12cents. The offering of Amoys was very attractive, and the prices declined about 1 cent per pound in comparison with the last sale. For- mosas showed quite a sharp decline for teas selling rom 20 to 25 cents, while low grades declined to 165 eents to 17 cents. HOW TO UTILISE CHILLIES AND | PAPAW. In response to inquiries made by various per- sons as to how certain products should be treated when it was desired to prepare them for domestic use, Mr. H. Y. Jackson has furnished the follow- ing information :— = How to MakE USE OF Cmiitins.—Capsicum-Chillies are a variety of shrubs or sub shrubs, natives of tropical countries; Capsicum aunuum the genumion chilli, C. baceatum, the bird pepper. of Chilli, an C. grossam, the bell pepper, being the most goons, rally in use, whether for pickles or ripened, an ground as cayenne pepper. Some of the Verses are exceedingly ornamental, and in most cases the smallest pods have the hottest flavour. i To MAKE CHILLI VINEGAR.—Take say fifty chillies to 1 pint of vinegar, mash the chillies, then place them in a close jar or wide bottle, adding the vinegar, then cover tightly; at the end of four weeks uncover, strain and bottle, . THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 111 To make Curmtr Savce.—Take one dozen large - tomatoes, two large onions, and four green chillies; pe+l the tomatoes and onions, and chop them up fine, also chop the green chillies fine. Keep them all separate until chopped,-then mix and stir all together, aiding two tablespoons of sait, two table- spoons of sugar, one tablespoon of cinnamon, and three teacups of vinegar.. Boil the whole steadily and slowly about an hour anda half, stirring well all the time, and then bottle. To Pickre Curiums.—Take large green capsierms and slit them sufficiently to remove the seeds, then make a brine of salt and water of sufficient density to float an egg. Place the chillies in tuis when the brine is cold and let them remain for twenty-four hours, then make a fresh brine, drain the chillies, and put them in it for another twenty-four hours, drain again, riasing in cold water, then place in wide-mouthed stane or glass jar. Now take vinegar and water in the proportion of 1 quart vinegar ana 1 quart water to every thirty chillies. Heat to boiling point and ponrit over the peppers in the jar ; leave it stand till cold, then drain off this vinegar and water and throw away. Heat fresh vinegar now without water and pour over peppers boiling hot. Cover the jar tightly and set in a cool place. WHat CAN BE DONE WITH THE Papaw Fruit.—Cark papaya, Papaw.—A native of South America, no commonly cultivate! i: most tropical countries. Fruit of an orange colour when ripe, shaped like a melon, the inner flesh being yellowish, like that of rock melon. The fruit and leaves are reputedto possess the remarkable property of rendering the toughest meat tender. Accordiug to Vanguelin the; contain jibrine, a snbstance at one time supposed to be confined to the atimalkingdom. The Cheimast and Diruggist, 23 August 1897. says:—‘ A 30-1b cas«/of the concrete juice of the papaw, shipped from Ceylon, was included in the drug sales recently; it consisted of small irregular misses of a light-brown colour, having an odour somewhat resembling Paras ~ ‘ber, Papaw juice is obtained by sacrification 1=5%' the unripe fruits,.and is generally employed medicinally in countries where tne tree is found. The active principle—papain—is readily precipitated by the action of alcohol; it is usedin the treatment of dyspepsia, diphtheria, and a3 an anthelmintic, and is als») re- commended for eczema. The lot in q-estion was sold at five shillings per lb, ‘suoject to approyal.’” The fruit is used in making chutney, aud _ it also will male excellent jam, for which peel off the outer skin and cut up the flesh in small pieces, much as you would ajammelon. Put half an ounce of green ginger with every pound of fruit, three-quarter of a pound of sugar to every pound of fruit. Mix the sugar through the fruit and allow to stand all night, then boil about an hour. For jam-making take the fruit just turning yellow and nos fully ripe. In the West Indies the ripe fruit is made into sauce, or preserved in sugar, and the unripe fruit is pickled, or boiled and eaten like turnips. The flowers give forth a very powerful aroma, and scent is manufatured from them in the South American States.—Vew -South Wales Agricultural Gazette. PLANTING NOTES. VINES vs. COFFEE.—In the hope of making up the loss Brazil has sustained through the fall in the value of coffee, Dr. Barrets, a well-known agriculturist, has long been urging the eultiva- tion of the grape, 60.) varieties of which from all parts of the world he has been experimenting with upon his own estate in the San Paolo pro- vince. Ata recent exhibition he had on view 300 varieties, and in most eases the produets were superior to those of the parent country, both with respect to table fruit and that more suitable to the wine-press. Dr. Barrets evidently believes it better to get a new steed than to try flogging one lacking in quality.—Planting Opinion. 112 THE TROPICAT LApDY BirD BEETLES FOR SOUTHERN INDIA.— We regret to learn that the first batch of lady- bird beetles obtained in behalf of the United Planters’ Association of India from Australia has proved a failure. Not a single insect had thawed out alive. WeeEvILs IN Psppy.--It will be observed that in the useful circular just issued by Messrs. Willis and Green (see page 91) principal remedy recommended 1s fresh mnapthalene, already so much pressed on the notice of our Sinhalese rice cultivators, and whose virtues is, we believe now welJ-known to them. Corre: IN JAVA.—People in the East of Java are pulling long faces at the bad price of coffee and the sliort crop. An estate at Blitar which last year produced 1,400 pikuls now produces a couple of hundred. Some estates have sold at 424 00474 guilders per piknl, and one hears ot plans to bring all under the hammer. A good way not to meet the famine years stoutly, says the Socrabaya Courant.—S. PF. Press, June 27. JAPANESE TEA.—A large company has been formed in Japan for the purpose of introducing Japanese tea into Russia, depots for its sale are to be opened in Moscow, Warsaw and Odessa. Japanese officials are also visiting in order to find other openings for their goods. Russia, on the other hand, is goingto runa special line of steamers from the Black Sea ports to Yokohama, carrying petroleum to Japan and bringing back \raw iron and camphor,—Pioneer, July 2. - LADY-BIRD BEETLES AND BuG.—We direct at- tention to Mr. E. E, Green’s very instructive letter elsewhere which, we think, is a satisfactory answer tdMr,. Blanford’s objections to the Indian Coffee PI ‘ers’ Mission through Mr. Newport. We were wrog in supposing green-bug had dated back to Nietne’s time: to Mr. Green belongs the honour of describing it. We earnestly trust that an attempt will be made to get the proper lady- bird enemy of the new lantana bug ‘‘ Orthesia insignis.” Tha CULTIVATION.—Manuring and Pruasaing are freely discussed by correspondents elsewhere : as regards the former there is nothing like each planter experimenting for himself. “* Experi- mental plots” are far better guides than chemical analyses. AS regards improved Tea Pruning, “cJ” gives some very cood advice, and no wonder ; for there are few more competent managers than he, in the island. In our Overland Supplement will be found more about grevilleas from another old planter, Mr. J. Fraser; and references to our tea exports. THE LANTANA Buc.— Although we published Mr. E.: E. Green’s full letter and warning on Friday last, our evening contemporary waits till he receives the same news in an extract on Monday, before he votes ‘ urgency.” Mr. Willis in sending on Mr. Green’s statement respecting the bug to our contemporary, adds :— You willsee that this isa rather serious statement, and itis very hard to say what is best to be done. One thing may be recommended to planters—that they should destroy at once any lantana on which they see Orthezia. In this neighbourhood the result of the bug as far as the lantana is concerned, is Lo cause it to give place to the newer invader, the Tithonia or so-called sun flower, which bids fair to r place lantana all over the island. A : We trust that an immediate campaign against bugged lantana may be commenced and that Government will do its full share. AGRICULTURIST, |Aucust ], 1898. Sm WILLIAM AND Sie JosepH Hooxer.—In acknowledging the presentation by the Linnean Society of a special medal as previously reported by us, Sir Joseph Hooker thus seueatully luded to the part that his father had taken in launeh- ing him in his career and supporting him in it :—‘‘ It remains, Sir, to thank you cordially for coupling my father’s name with my own in this award; but for which indeed, [ could not have accepted it without a protest. I inherited from him my love of knowledge fer its own sake, but this would have availed me litthey were it not for the guiding hand of one who had limself attained scientific eminence; who, by example, precept and encouragement, kept me to the paths which [ should follow ; launched me in the fields of exploration and research, liberally aided me daring his lifetime, and paved for me the way to the posi- tion heso long held at Kew with s0 great credit to himself, and benetit specially to our Indian and Colonial possessions.’ ~ Gardeners’ Chronicle. THE CoMING ‘‘CORNER” IN TEA is the heading of an article in the Indian Planters’ Gazette of ‘une 4, from which we quote :— On the 2lst April we pointed to the possibilit of the London Tea Market getting into the hands of the large dealers, and suggested co-operation among all. British Indian growers to check the operation of these people. Since then matters seem to haveintensified. Although the average rice (according to the last mail) in London had allen only to 7d, the miserable results of the sales at Calcutta tend to show that influences are at work to still further depress the market. It would thus seem to beevident that the situation must be grappled with in the promptest manner. Those concerns with good reserve funds can al- ways resort to the extreme measure of abstaining from manufacture in toto, or restricting their operations to very fine plucking ; but those carry- ing on from hand-to-mouth must apparently go to the wall. Atall events a very serious loss on the season’s operations must result, and all must gird up their loins fora struggle that will be long and severe; butif loyal and united action is imme- diately taken, we believe the corner men can be beaten. * * * Thestoppage or restriction of sapplies might force the big men to act more gene- rously, and we suggest that fine plucking should be the order of theday untilsuch time as the re- duction of stocks indicated the prudence of more copious cropping. Weekly meetings of the agents here could be held, and each could compare his visible supply with what was held in the London warchouses, Wiring the different Managers how to act in the matter of plucking. A _ well-digested scheme of this kind would go far to regulate the markets. Stocks ought neyer to be allowed to accumulate in the manner they have heretofore been permitted to. We can pretty accurately judge now of the weekly demand for deliveries, and provide for the winter requirements; for should the depletion justify it, the large yieldiag months of August and September would make good any deficiency that might become apparent towards the end of summer. This is of course, restriction under another guise, bnt it is better to keep our reserves on the bnshes, than boxed up in bond. Once tea is made it must be held or sold, and we can draw upon our plants at discre- tion. We believe that improved prices would re- sult when it beeame known in London that this determination had been universally come to; the tactics of the ring would be rudely shaken, if not shattered altogether. But co-operation on strictly loyal principles is imperative. st ' pansion Aucust 1, 1898.] OUR EXPORTS FOR THE FIRST HALF OF 1898: THE WIDE DISTRIBUTION OF CEYLON TEAS, It will have beenseen from the statistics else- where that even more interesting than the satisfac- tory development of some of our staple products, has been the change inthe destination of some of our more prominent exports. The diversion of trade from one country or from one centre, to another, is of more than academic interest, whether as evidence of the appreciation of our wares by new customers, or of the desire of old consumers to deal directly with the producing country. In either case, the producer must de- rive some benefit from increased competition, or from the removal of at least one middleman and his appropriations: It is in this view we welcome the growth in the Exports of Tea to Germany, to America, Africa, ** China (which means the Pacific Coast of America), and to ‘‘Singapore” (as a_ distributing port) which has nearly doubled its orders; to Australia which is our best customer after the mother-country, and which has already taken nearly a million lb. more than last year—we are, of course, speaking only of the first half of the year—and especially to Russia which, as we saw in our last article, claimed 1,198,555 lb. up to 28th Juue last, against only 176,257 Ib. for the corresponding period of 1897! Most of these coun- tries, especially America and Russia, receive con- siderable quantities of onr teu through London and the Continent, so that the figures before us do not represent anything like all our trade with those countries; but the direct trade is full. of hope; and we regard with special satisfaction ‘the opening of direct communication with Rus- sia. She is a great country, her population is immense, and the people are great tea-drinkers. Much as the Thirty Committee, and thier prede- cessors in pushing the Tea trade into likely markets, have done through Mr. Rogivue and other agencies in making our Teas known in Russia, we feel sure that what they have ac- complished will be as nothing compared with what may be achieved through direct means and from the presence of Russian buyers in our midst. They know their countrymen and _ their»wants ; their countrymen will be naturally more ready to deal with them than with strangers; and altogether we look very hopefully, to the ex- of this branch of our Export trade. We shall deal separately with the question of the tea duty asit affects the Russian trade. Curiously enough, Tea is the only one of our nume- rous Exports which is sent direct to all the nine- teen countries which find a place in our Export tables. Coconut Oil comes next with a list of eleven countries, to which it finds its way direct —though this year, so far, the number is reduced to ten, without any shipments to Italy; while Cinnamon, Plumbago and Coir Yarn are claimed by ten countries. The other Exports are sent to less than half the countries on the list— Ebony finding an outlet in the United Kingdom alone, and Coir Rope in India and Singapore. With apologies to old King Coffee for the omis- sion, we are bound to say that he is still songht in eleven countries ; but of these *weden and Singapore. have taken only one ewt. each! Again, while the United Kingdom has taken away more or less—generally more !—of all our a THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 113 products, save rope, Malta and Mauritius have been content with Tea alone, Turkey with Tea and cardamonis, and Sweeden with Coffee. Tea and Plumbago. But Russia, although she too has put in a bid for only three products, has claimed full quantities of each—standixg — third on the list for Tea, first for Copra, and fourth for Coconuts with 60,000 against her name. Alfogether, Russia is showing herself a customer whose friendship must be specially cultivated. We must add afew lines on some of the products to which we were unable to make special reference in our previous article. Of these Pluinbago is the most considerable and shows a gratifying increase, with a total of 200,922 ewt., on the Exports of previous years. For the whole of last. year the Exports wee 357,257 cwt. and topped the four previous years. Should we send away as much durisg the current half year as during the past, 1885 will show the largest quantity of Plumbago even exported in any year save 1889 when 475.516 cwt. were sent away. America, which was our largest customer in 1896, and the second in order last year, ciaiins first place again with 79,527 ewt. against 62,182 by the United iXingdom, and 37,137 by Ger- many. Coir, in its various forms of Rope Yarn and Fibre seldom shews any remarkable growth or fluctuation; but this-year in both Rope and Fibre, we are well-ahead of the three previous years, while in Yarn there has been a corre- sponding drop. Palmyra fibre shows an increase after two years’ falling-off: bnt that is scarcely matter for congratulation, as young trees are reported to be seriously injured in collecting the fibre. Citronella Oil continues to develop: and Cinnamon Oil too, shews an advance this year: but it 1s noteworthy that Germany has so far made no demand for this Oil: while as regards Cinnamon, in both Quills and Chips she heads the list, distancing even the United Kingdom for the first time. oe eS THE BOGAWANTALAWA DISTRICT TEA COMPANY, LTD. Directors.—Henry Bois, Esq., Charles Fethersion- haugh, Esq., John Geoitrey Fort, Esq., Alfred Tabor, Esq. Ageuts in Colombo.—Messrs. J. M. Robertson & Co. a een and Secretaries.—Messrs. Robertson, Bois z Co. Rerort.—To be presented at the first ordinary an- nual general meeting ot the Company, to be held at the office of the Company on Monday, 27th June, 1898, at 12 o’clock neon. The Directors have the pleasure to submit the balance sheet and accounts of the Comphny for ths vear ending 31st March, i898, duly axdited. The higher rate of exchange and fall in the Bea Market redaced the profits of the estates as compared with the years prior to the formation of the Company. The expen- diture compares favourably with the estimates, and the crops have somewhat exceeded the quantity ex- pected at the beginning of the season. Im accord- ance with the prospecius, the factory on Bogawana is being enlarged co as to take in the leaf from the adjacent Bridwell estate. These alterations will shortly be completed, and the sum expected thereon to the 31st March, 1898, amounting to £1,331 6s 10d, has been charged to capital account. The total yield was 994,413 Ib. tea, plucked off 2,041 acres, of which 141 acres are only in partial bearing, being at the rate of 487 lb. per acre all round, costing free on board Colombo 264 cents, or 422d per lb. The gross average price of the 985,330 Ib. sold in London was 820d per lk, The crops for the current season 114 are estimated at 1,011,570 lb. tea. The gross average yate at which drafts were negotiated was 1s 3 9-16d per rupee. A rise or fall of 1d in the rate of ex- change is approximately equivalent to 1 per cent on the ordinary capital of the Oompany. Tho Profit for the year inclu- sive of interest, and after pro- viding for General Hxpenses &c., amounted to Tnterest in the Mortgage De- bentures has been paid Jess Income ‘Tax Dividends on the 6 per cent Preference Shares for the 12 months were paid on the Ist October 1897, and 13th April 1898, less Tax £5,394 Os Od An interim Dividend of 23 per cent on the Ordinary Shares was paid, less Tax, on the 21st Janu- ary 1898 £2,416 13s 4d It is proposed :— To pay a Final Dividend of 84 per cent on theOrdinary Shares, making 6 per cent for the year, whieh willvequize, less Tax £3,383 6s 8d To write off the whole of the Preliminary expenses £438 19s 1d And to carry forward to next year (out of which Income ax ‘has to be paid) the Balance of £958 lds 4d £12,997 138 5d £406 Os Od £12,997 13s 5d SCHEDULE OF THE COMPANY'S ESTATES. 2 ie = Fat! pce aa . 2 A Histates, fa ag ae 3 Pe “3 yt: g2 e262 8 # £2 38 HS HOH2 & OO Of HA Rirkoswald.. 748 8 .— 109 ,12,,.— 877 Bridwell .. 367 15 — 71 5 _ 15 473 Elbedde .. 559 46 100 27 1b So — 747 Bogawana.. 227 71 44 70 6 18 436 Total ..1,901 140 144 277 388 33 2,533 EMPIRE OF INDIA AND CEYLON COMPANY, LTD. EXTRACTS FROM DIRECTORS’ REPORT. Acres under Tea, A 3 Ma » Acres plant-2 3 : : 3 ed in former 4 5 2S o Oo Seasons. “3 5H : ie) ag 4 gona ay a ) as 7 oO moO ne at es B $6 EEGs ag fa $5 ceo) A a x n n 4 =] Lebanon. 1,641 809 — 10 34 853 Gevlon | Knuckles 950 606 — — — _ 606 Gross Average Name of Division. Outturn Priceon A/c in lb Sale Weight. Ceylon sLebanon « 386,710 6°60 Gardens. { Kuuckles 207,356 6°61 594,066 6 60 The Dooars gardens have not done s0 well as in 1896, but the results for the Ceylon gardens are encouraging. / Prospects for 1898.—Lhe gardens are in a good state of cultivation, advices to date are satisfactory, and the Directors look forward with some confidence to the results of the current year. Profits.—The profit for the year amounts to £32,617 4s 8d, from which £2,576 3s 0d has to be deducted for commission to Managers. Adding the balance of £429 19s 10d, brought forward from last year, there remains the sum of £30,47f 1s 6d ayailable THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. he ‘, 4 . [AUGUST 1, 1898 for distribution. The Preference dividend will absorb £10,950, and the Board recommend a dividend of 9 per cent on the Ordinary Shares. After providing for the remuneration of Directors, the balance of £143 38 9d will be carried forward. ———_—_>—____ PLANTING NOTES: COFFEE. Coffee crop prospects are exceedingly favour- alle, much more so than has been the rule durin the past few years, as both Mareh and Apri blossoms set well. Extensions of tea are being carried on vigorously, despite the lamentable fall in the Tea Market. Estates which in the early quarter of 1896 secured an all round average of 10d per lb. for their produce, have of late sold their breaks for little more than half that price, and unless we get a very high average of made tea per acre, it is difficult to understand how 6d per lb. with exchange at Is 4d can pay. Both tea and coffee estates are lookng exceeding well, and it is a notable fact that one of the bumper coffee crops expected is from a property opened 36 years ago. Increased attention is now being devoted to hybrid Liberian-Arabica coffce, and amongst those who are in a position to form an unbiassed judgment on the subject, the opinion is rapidly gaining ground that this new variety, aud not tea, will prove the salvation of the country. Already rumour is rife that an offer of a rupee per bean, the production of an original hybrid Liberian-Arabica, has been declined, and assuming that a Mysore seer ineasure will hold 1,500 of such beans, and that this original hybrid has, since it came into full bearing, averageda yield of nearly six seers of such coffee annually, the value of such a tree, while the supply of good seed is so far below the probable demand, furnishes an appreciable addition, prospectively, to the fortunate owner’s income. ‘The result of the deliberations of the Currency Commission in England is awaited with much anxiety by Planters’ for with the high ruling rate of ex- change, and the decline in pmces in both coffee and tea markets, it will be a problem for even the most afiluent proprietors to show a profitable margin in the working of their estates, confronted as they all are by alternate good and indifferent coffee crops.—M. Mail, July 5. ~~. SELANGOR PLANTERS’ ASSOCIATION. Minutes of a General Meeting held in the Victoria Hotel, Kuala Lumpur, on Saturday, 15th June, 1898, at 1lla.m. Present:—Messrs. E VY Carey (Chairman), C Meikle, A Walker, A B Lake (Members of Com- WYNAAD HYBRID - mittee), Hardy Inniss, E B Skinner, H M Darby, J D Toynbee, A D Douglas, R C Tollemache, Meikle, G Watson, Logan Tod, F A Harth, JG Glassford, C G Glassford, H Hiittenbach, F Callaway, a Pas Brooke and Tom Gibson (Hon. Secre- ary. _ Read letter from Secretary to Government, forward- ing copy of a letter from the Colonial Secretary, Singapore, to the Singapore Chamber of Commerce, on the subject of the proposed alteration in the currency of the Straits Settlements, and asking for the views of the Association on the subject for the information of Government. The Chairman said you only had to look upon the fatal effects of fixity of rupee exchange in India and Ceylon on the planting interests, to see that a fixed dollar would affect us prejudicially here if its silver value continved to ea - r. W. Merkue agreed with the Chairman th dollar fixed at 2s was not desirable. Mr. Tattenbuct said that although there might be some in the room like himself who in the general interest would like to see a fixed dollar, still, as such might lead to we Avaust 1, 1898.) serious complications, he thought it better to leave the currency question as it now is. After some general discussion the Chairman proposed and Mr. W Meikle seconded the following resolution, which was carried unanimously—viz :—“‘That in the opinion of this Association any action having for its object fixity of exchange is undesirable in the interests of the planting community.” Read letter from Secretary to Government inviting the Assistance of the Association to effect the azcep- tince on the part of Estate Managers in S-langor of the views expressed by the Government of [udia to the effect that coolies should not b> denied susienanc2 in cases of malingering, but that the proper remedy for contumacious refusal to work is punishment as provided by law. Resolved that the Hon. Secretary inform the Government that it is the custom on Hstates to make advances of money and food to coolies who may be without means of subsistence and are in consequence disposed to malinger. Read letter from Messrs. Barlow & Co., in reply to certain queries made by the Association in re- ference to the proposed Curing Mill at Klang, inti- mating that they will keep the queries before them, byt with the immediate future so gloomy they think it wiser to break off negotiations for the present. Coconut TREES PRESERVATION HINAcTM=NT, 1898. The CHarrMan said that now with coffee at such ruinously low figure, planters had to look to other products to make up for the loss, and it behoved Government to give us .all the assistance in its power such as the stringent enforcement of the Hnactment in question. This had been done in Pro- vince Wellesley and Singapore with good effect, and should be done here, where a great deal of capital was being invested in the coconut industry. The Ohairman read a letter from Mr. F. A. Toynbee offering to assist the Association in pushing of our coffee by the sale of packets, and in the opinion of the meeting the offer was well worthy of considera- tion, Tom Gipson, Hon. Secretary, S.P.A. Klang, 20th June, 1898. —< TEA BROKING IN CALCUTTA. We arein receipt of the business circular of Mr. Louis Campbell Baines from 3, Mangoe Lane, Caleusta, 29th June and we quote as follows :— I have this day established myself in business at the above addresss under the style of Baines & Co. as Tea, Indigo, and General Produce_ Brokers, as- sisted by thestafi of the late firm of Messrs. William Moran & Co. I have authorised Messrs. Bertram Stansbury and George Henry Louis Mackenzie to sign my firm, and beg to call your attention to our respective signatures at foot. The late partners in Messrs. William Moran & Co., to whom | have been an assistant for the past eighteen years, share with me the hope that all their friends and constituents will extend to me the same support, as was afforded to them, and every endeavour will be made by me, and the staff, to ensure the efficient conduct of all business entrusted to my firm. ee EXTRACTION OF RuUBBER.—We read that at the Trinidad Agricultural Exhibition—the Botanical Department exhibited a new: form of machine for the extraction of rubber, Mr. Hart directing the operations which were carried out on the spot. The rabber in the space of two minutes is separated from the Jatex, or milk of the Castilloa tree, and is then put to dry. In the space of three hours, sheets or slabs of fine ciear market- able rubber is produced, free from the usual amount of proteidand albuminoid matters which ‘are usually found in rubber produced by the ordi- nary process. Some 22,000 people visited the Ex- hibition, which was a great success, THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. DIRECT PRODUCE SUPPLY ASSOCIATION, We have now received some further informa. tion about the proposal brought under the notice of our readers by our well-known correspondent “J.L.S.” We have been placed in possession of a Cireular which has been addressed to several who have tea businesses and which, we learn has been very favourably received: so much so that the project is certain now to go on and the larger it can be made and the more it embraces, the better for all interested. Some friends of the proposal at home think the promoters should start in competition with the huge cheap, tea- supplying concerns and ent them ont; but to enter into conrpetition with such Houses would only still further lower the price to the consumer and consequently to the producer. If it is decided to raise the price of tea it can only be done by getting people to pay more for it, and the scheme now proposed will—to all appearances, and ‘J.L.S.” is especially confident—have the effect of arresting the steady fall, and possibly in raising the price. Tho:e who have already built up connections for the distribution and sale of Ceylon tea or other produce, can capitalize them according to the information given in the Cir- cular; and those who can buiid up connections and have not already done so can work as commis- sion agents at ten per cent clear profit upon all business introduced. Working as a commission agent, it seems, will only mean sending home a list of names to whom cireulars and price lists may beforwarded. This ready-made machinery will save part of the enormous expenditure on advertizing and employing travellers which otherwise would have to be paid. The promoters are anxious to lose not a moment in putting the project through, so if any of their friends in Ceylon think of join- ing they should write at once. The new Company is likely to have agents in all the large towns to take orders, but not lock up large stocks of tea in the country, supplying as far as possible direct from London. We now reproduce the pre- liminary Cireular referred to above :— This Company is formed te take over and amal- gamate several going concerns, which have made the supplying of Ceylon tea their special object, and also of coffee, cocoa, pepper, curry powder and other articles of common use, which they procure direct from the place of production and can thus offer to the public on exceptionally favourable terms, The going concerns which are now being taken over are all purchased at a price which shows 10 per cent nett profit for the last three years, and itis estimated that the economies in working expenses which will result from the amalgamation will considerably increase this return. In addition to which the introduction of many new shareholdezs largely interested in the cultivation of tea in Ceylon will, it is confidently expected, afford a cheap and valuable advertising medium which will very largely increase the business and consequently the dividends of the Company. The supporters of these businesses are composed chiefly of those who can appreciate a good article and are prepared to pay a fair price for it, who realise that the lowest priced article does not neces- sarily offer the best value, and who are aware that “the finest tea the world prodac2s” cannot be retailed at prices below what it realises in Mincine Lane; and while the object of this Company will be to supply tea at prices which will suit the wants of all, special attention will be given to placing the very best tea at reasonable prices within the reach of everyone. No prom otion money will be paid, and, to ensure continuity of goodwill, the vendors to the Company will in no case take less than half the purchase money in shares. The extra capital which 116 is being raised will enable the Company to purchase such other firms as may from time to time offer, and to provide for the extension of business which is expected.—15th June, 1898. We do not know how far planters in Ceylon are ready to act on the above. Vossibly many ‘may be inclined rather to wait for the Pros- pectus which we understand is to follow very speedily and to then offer to take shares or otherwise extend support by furnishing a list of possible or certain customers. The experi- ment seems to us to be well deserving of plant- ing support and we trust in the interests of all concerned, it will prove a success. — COFFEE LEAF DISEASE AND MANURING. The Queensland Agricultural Gazette for April contains along contribution on cofive leaf disease by Mr, Philip MacMahon, Curator, Botanie Gar- dens. The references to Ceylon are natmally frequent in this anfortuate connection, and the diagrams are ‘‘after Rey. R. Abbay.” Speaking of the abatement of the disease in our Island, the writersays ‘‘ ib is not due to applications of fangi- cides, which on such a scale would be out of the question, but to improved cultivation and to the fact that the fungus in its turn does not now find the same growth conditions that it formerly did. . Tormerly it was now the custom to manure coffee ; it did quite well without it, But for years the crop, a highly special one, was being taken off the land, and no equivalent returned. Wherever this practice is adopted the result will inevitably be failure of the land to produce that crop, and a condi- tion of the plant favourable to the reception of the first wandering fungus spore of a suitable species which floats that way. Manuring is now largely practised in Ceylon, and the custom is increasing.” Mr. MacMahon should know that our coffee area has gone down in 18 years from 280,000 to 12,000 acres, and that even what is left is not free from disease ; and let him further digest this one absolute fact that the fungus henuleia vastatrix first left its jungle habitat and fixed on coffee in one of our youngest coffee districts, Madulsima, where the fields were on virgin soil and not long enough in existence to have given many crops. The tungus, in fact, revelled in our youngest and most vigorous coffee lields. Again, manuring with the highest possible cultivation was very general in Ceylon before the fungus appeared, and yet manured coffee suffered equally with unmanured. Of course, coffee in good heart from cultivation, or being in its prime on good soil, was able to carry and mature its crop, in spite of the fungus, better than poor neglected coffee. But the fungus spared nothing in the shape of coffee. a THE IMPORT OF BURMAH RICE. MESSRS. JACKSON AND SHATTOCK’S REPORT ON BURMAH RICE. The following Report has been made by Mr. Jackson, the present Acting Collector of Cus- tom, and Mr. E. M. Shattock, of Messrs. Lee Hedges and Company, in reterence to their recent visit to Rangoon. ‘Phe Report has also been sub- mitted to the Chamber of Commerce : — TO THE HON. THE COLONIAL SECRETARY. Colombo, 18th June 1898. Sir,—We have the honour to submit our Report on the Commission issued to us to make enquiry into the-conditions of the Burma rice trade, with THE TROPICAL’ AGRICULTURIST. 898, special reference to the supplying of Ceylon with a rice suitable to the needs of her cooly popu- lation. (2). We reached Rangoon on the 27th Ma and remained there a fortnight, during whie time we interviewed all the principal firms of rice exporters, (3). The rice trade is in the hands of three classes :— |Averst 1, 1 (a) The producer, the Burma villager, who sells his crop at the threshing floor to (6) The broker, a Chetty, or other trader, and very frequently the owner of the boats in which the paddy is transported to the market at Kiangoon, (c) The miller, who buys from the broker, to whom he makes advances in order, it is presumed, to ensure a dne supply of poddy, but, as the broker has no time limit and contracts to de- liver at the market rate at time of delivery, the benefit which the miller derives from the advance is problematic, though it is easy enough to. see that the broker can utilise it most profitably, and not infreqnently to the disadvantage of the miller from whom he receives it. Lhe reason for this somewhat extraordinary state of afiairs appears to be in the extremely acute rivalry between leading milling firms. (4.) As to the capabilities of the Burma market it suffices to state that it is estimated that there will be this year a surplus of one million nine hundred and thirty thousand tons of cargo rice available for export. The total requirements of Ceylon average about eight mil- lion bushels equivalent to two hundred and thirty thousand tons of rice, or about twelve per cent of Burma’s estimated surplus for this year. The rice is shipped from ports Rangoon, Akyab, Basscin and Monimein ; Rangoon exporting more- than half, and the other three ports dividing the balance in about equal proportions. (5.) All paddy is milled raw and the opinion is unanimous that, for ‘* parboiling” paddy and then milling, an entirely different type of milling machinery is necessary, as well as “dryers” on a very large scale. (6). Of the milling firms, two alone, Messrs. Steel Brothers, and Messrs. Gillanders, Arbuth- not & Co. gave the question of ‘ parboiling” anything like serious ¢ sideration, while a third, Messrs, Zaletski, Boch and Company also asked us for estimates of cost of the necessary machi- nery and spoke of sending their engineer to inspect the Tanjore mills. - _ The chief difticulty in preparation of rice in this way on a large seale, is the drying of the arboiled paddy before milling. No dessiccators exist in Rangoon and the rains at present render ‘‘ sun drying” out of the ques- tion. Messrs. Steel Brothers areready to make a sample of parboiled rice and try our market with it during the next dry season (January to June.) : Messrs, Gillanders, Arbuthnot & Co., are com. paritively a new firm inthe rice trade, they have space available for putting up new machinery, have not worked into the trade grooves of other firms, and are by no means averse from putting up the requisite machinery, provided the Cham- ber of Commerce, from whom they would like to hear fully and authorite tively on the subject, can shew them that it is worth their while to embark in this new enterprise, by giving them a guarantee — that the rice specially milled for this market will be duly purehased. It, therefore, rests with the Avavst 1, 1898.4 Chamber to push this matter to a _ successful conclusion. As ‘‘enquirers” we had no power to give orders or to bind the rice buyers of Colombo in any way ;it is however now open to them if they think it worth tkeir while to come to terms with this firm. (8) The other millers, though averse from milling other than raw rice, are all prepared to mill, in the raw, samples as near to our Indian rices as practicable. ‘ Kallundai” and ‘* Karai” are the vices that can most nearly approximate to them, and we have brought with us, for distribution amongst merchants and planters, certain samples of rice that may be found to satisfy the tastes of our coolies. 9. In our opinion before any other step is taken a full and patient trial should be given to these qualities of rice. We base these con- siderations on the tollowing grounds :— (a). The rice is immediately available, whereas parboiled rice cannot be at any rate for months to come, owing to the absence of the necessary machinery. (6). We shall have at once, all the millers competing for cur market and get the benefit _ of an exceedingly keen conipetition. (¢). Rice of a similar grade was Jargely ex- ported to Chittagong and Bengal during the late famine, with a result that a steady trade has since developed between Rangoon and Chittagong, hitherto a stronghold of the ‘‘ parboiled” trade. It is stated that the Assam planters are now very largely using araw rice for their coolies, who have apparently quite overcome their former prejudices. (dq) Medical opinion in Rangoon is unanimous that the raw rice is thoroughly wholesome In jails and hospitals alike, not only Tamils, but Sikhs and Punjabis, who have probably never eaten rice in their lives, are at once pnt on a rice diet, and the medical officers in charge assure us that they have never known ill-effects to follow from using the raw rice. (e) Phere are in Rangoon very Jarge number of Yamil coolies of the same class as our estates Jabourers, wiio all live upon raw rice, on account of its cheapness. 10. Paddy is sold in Rangoon by the 100 baskets, each basket holding a bushel—the price varies from R8& to 150 and eyen higher. ‘The average purchasing price this season, according to the in- formation given us by one of the large milling firms, amounted to K94 per 100 baskets, and this is probably above the ordinary, the brokers having combined to keep up the price of paddy in the market. ll, With the existing competition betweeu millers, if it were contemplated to import paddy into Ceylon, it would be necessary to keep a man in Rangoon to make the purchases. From Akyab, however, during the paddy season from _ January to April it is practicable to import paddy through the Akyab Milling Company, at rates which we are informed are nearly al- ways R10 to R15 per 100 bushels below those of Bangoon. At the commencement of the 1899 season, samples with prices will be forwarded by the Akyab Milling Company. 12. Freight on rice averages about R10, and on paddy R11, per ton of twenty ewts, We are, etc., (Signed) EK. M. SHATTOCK, W. H. JACKSON, Commissioners to Rangoon. THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 117 MINOR PRODUCTS REPORT. London, June 17, Lrmon O1.—The London market is quiet, and at least 4s 3d must be paid for reliable oil. An advance is looked for in Messina if orders go forward there to any notable amount, as the stocks are said to be low. Lemonerass Orm,—Dearer. We reported last week the sale of a parcel at 34d per oz ‘‘without reserve,” This was unexpect+dly cheap and had the effect of depressing the mazket, but holders are now firm and want 42d per oz on the spot, and 4id for August- September. Advices from India to hold the oil at these figures have helped to strengthen the position of the article. CITRONELLA OrL.—Quiet, with a little spot business doing at 1s 13d for tins or drums. C:nnamon O1n.—Higher grade oil has been in dis- tinctly better “demand since the publication of the Pharmacopeeia. The new standard requires a 50 per cent content of aldehydes, and consequently better oil hasa higher market value. For stuff answering the B.P. test Is 6d is being obtained, TamaArinDs.—Barbadces -kind week at 13s. _TurRPENTINE.—American spot, 23s.—British and Colo- nial. Druggist. sold at auction this i HYBRID COFFEE IN SOUTH INDIA. As the subject of Liberian-Arabian hybrid coffee has for scme time .past engaged a good deal of at- tention in South India and in Ceylon, a few parti- culars will probably prove of interest, more especially in view of the decline in prcies of tea in India and Ceylon, and the prospect within the next two or three years of the abandonment of unprofitable tea lands, A recent issue of the Kew Bulletin refers to the subject as follows :— “Hybrid Coffee in Mysore. What are regarded as hybyid coffee plants, the result of cross fertilisation between the Liberian _and Arabian kinds, are being cultivated in some Districts in Mysore. The most recont information regarding them is that contained in a Report on the Manje 3 Forsests, prsented last year to the Government of Mysore by Mr. J, Camercn, F.u. s., Superintendent of the Lal Bagh Gardens, Balangore. It is evident that coffee planters in the District believe the plants to be irue hybrids, No specimens, however, which would substantiate the fact, have been received in this country. It is there- fore impossible to express an authoritative opinion on the subject,” Mr. Cameron has already pronounced these to be true hybrids, and his report contains a description of their origin, which briefly summarised, indicates that some seed yielded by Liberian trees ‘which had been planted in or near Arabian, had developed one or two plants of a new type, combining many of the best peculiarities of both varieties, two of the most important points being immunity from leaf disease, and productive powers of a high order. Mr. Cameron, by the way, contributed some interesting articles to Planting Opmion early in the present year on ‘“ Fertilisation of the Coffee Flower,’ from which the following is an excerpt beairing on the question of hybrids: — z ““ Coffee Arabica or Arabian coffee, of which there are several well defined varieties, known by such names as ‘Chick,’ ‘Coorg,’ ‘ Nalknad,’ has been almost exclusively cultivated in this country from the time the industry was sterted, and it is only within recent years that one or two new varieties and species have been introduced and cultivated on estates. This fact will explain the absence of hy- brids over such an extensive area, there being no material to make hybrids from. Yet, within the past few years, some hybrids have made their ap- pearance, shortly jollowirng the introduction of Liberian coffee, a distintly new species. And barring the fact that the two distinct species have been placed in juxta-position to each other the hybrids 118 are the work of nature. But in the instances referred to, man must get the credit of having materially helped Nature by providing a new species for the latter to work upon,” pice An important factor which has tended to minimise the chances of cross-fertilisation between Liberian and Arabian coffee, notwithstanding that many lakhs of the former variety have been planted out in the coffee districts during the past decade, is found in the fact that whereas Liberian coffee blossom opens out within 6% days of the first good shower, it fades and drops off within 36 hours; whereas the Arabian variety requires 9 to 10 days to reach the former stage, and unless displaced by rain usuully retains its position on the branches from 48 to 60 hours. — r ‘ The first hybrid Liberian-Arabian discovered in Wynaad, about which reliable details are forthcoming, was observed amongst some plants grown from seed at stake (raised from Liberian seed) in 1890, This original hybrid tree is now nearly 8 years old. {t has never shown the slightest signs of leaf dicease, although surrounded by Liberian and Arabian, both of which varieties have been severely attacked by the blight ear after year. The rapid growth of this original tree as been phenomenal, though it is on ordinary bamboo Jand, at an elevation of about 2,800 feet above sea level, and with an annual rainfall of about 85 inches. The following figures furnish the crop yielded by this tree:— 1893 at 24 years old 3 seer sound parchment 1894 ,, 35 ay 3 seers do 1998 ii4ah > (Uk BY do 1896 ,, 54 eon do . er nearly 16 seers within the four years, so that omit- ting the “virgin crop,” the yield was 5} seers parch- er annum average, } : rece experience shows that these Liberian-Arabian hybrids should be planted 8 feet apart, which would give abont 660 trees per acre, and assuming that each tree yielded only 4 seers parchment annually, equal 1-7 of an imperial bushel the return works out to about 94} bushels per acre, or approximately to a ton an acre all round, An encouraging feature connected with the plants raised from the seed of this original hybrid is that they have hitherto been found immune from leaf disease, although now over 4 years old, while their productiveness promises to equal that of the parent tree. It is believed that high, light shade is necessary to protect hybird coffee, this advantage insuring inter alia, less risk of injury from bover. One or two noticeable peculia- rities with hybirds are that the spike on this variety is always much more forward in the spring than that of either Liberian or Avrabian. Moreover, the spike opens ineither 7 or 8 days, The crop requires nearly 12 months to mature, and the bean is shorter and bulkier than Liberian, though of course larger than ordinary Arabian coffee. The best original hybrids hitherto observed have all been raised from seed gathered off pure Liberian, while the ensuing generation has also been found fairly true to type, notwithstanding the absence of protective arrange- ments to guard against cross fertilisation during the ring season. ; rane follewing is the history of another hybrid tree, which is, if possible, more encouraging than the instance already quoted. In 1892 a two-leaved seed- ling, rooted in a basket raised from the seed gathered off a pure Liberian, was planted in semi-abandoned Arabian coffee, opened in 1862, together with Liberian seedlings. About a year later, this seedling presented such marked peculiarities that it attracted attention, its foliage differing from the surrounding Liberian plants, while it far outstripped the latter in growth. This land has a South aspect, elevation 3,400 feet above sea-level, and an annual rainfall of about 140 inches, aud so far this hybrid, which in foliage, etc,, closely resembles the original hybrid tree first des- cribed, bids fair to equal the latter in all essential 5 A Pot ig as yet premature to judge whether hybrids grown from the seed of hybrid plants that haye been raised from the produce of the original hybrid tree, will retain all the distinctive pecularities of the latter ; but as the efficient protection of the blossom THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [AvousT 1, 1898, from external influence is believed to insure the re- production of the same strain exactly, the reasonable inference follows that itis merely a question of time, careful selection, both of the teed and plants, to effect the gradual introduction of the Liberian-Arabian variety all over the coffee distriets. We understand that Messrs. Parry & Co. have already initiated the Opening ofan hybrid coffee estate in their Vellera Mulla Forest. Messrs, Arbuthnot & Co., are also plant, ing the same species in their Sonth Wynaad properties while an offer of a rupee per bean from an original hybrid tree, for the ensuing 3 years, has been de- clined by the fortunate owner. Should, therefore, the favourable anticipations now held of Liberian- Arabian hybrids be realised, coffee planters have a fair prospect of profitable returns, year by year in South India, and as coffee paid well in Ceylon prior to the inroads of leaf disease, suitable lands in that Island may also eventually be turned into paying coffee estates-—Jf. Mail. a oe - — PLANTING NOTES. HYBRID COFFEE IN SoUTHERN INpDIA.—We draw attention to an interesting deliverance on this subject from the Madras Mail, referred to in our Tropical Agriculturist, which points to tle possibility of a hybrid coffee between the Liberian and Arabian varieties capable of with- standing disease and yielding better crops than either of the parents, being found perma- nently prolific. It is too soon, however, to make sure of success. In his first Report (for 1896) Mr. Willis referred to the great expecta- tions aroused by a similar hybrid in Java. It would be interesting to know what Dr. Treub has to say about this Java hybrid ? MANGOSTEENS FROM THE WeEsT INDIES.— Plants ot this well-known and delicious tropical jruit have been widely distributed from Kew to the West Indies. The Mangosteen is a native of the Molucea Islands, and is cultivated in the Straits Settlement, Java, and in one or two localities in India and Ceylon. The fruit is regularly shipped from Singapore to the Calcutta market. The first West Indian fruits were pro- duced at the Botanic Gardens, Trinidad, in 1875. In September 1891, the Governor of that island forwarded some West India Mangosteens for prenenpesien to her Majesty the Queen. The langosteen fruited for the first time in the Jamaica Botanic Gardens in 1886 (‘* Kew Bulle- tin,” 1895, page 79). Last year a box was re- ceived at Kew from Mr. J H Hart, F.LS., of Trinidad, containing nine fruits of Mangosteen, which were perhaps the first to reach this coun- try in a condition to allow their merits te be appreciated. Each fruit was separately packed in a compartment wish pine wool. Owing to the firm consistency of the outer wall of the fruit it appears to travel well. The fruits were dis- tributed to the Secretary of State for the Colo- nies and others. The reports received were uniformly favourable. One fruit was sent to Mr. George Munro, one of the leading fruit merchants in Covent Garden, to obtain an opinion as to prospects of shipments of Mongos- teens to this country. Mr. Munro reported :— “Yours to hand. I cut open the fruit and showed it to some of my best customers, and they think with me that, if they camein good condition, and not too many at first, a business could be worked up in them. At any rate I should like to try some, and if sent, will do all I can to get a tradefor them. They appear to be a fruit that would carry well.”—“ Kew Bulletin.” August 1, 1898.] CEYLON TEA IN RUSSIA AND THE RUSSLANS AS A TEA—DRINKING PEOPLE: RUSSIAN TEA CONSUMPTION 43 PER CENT. ABOVE MR. T. N. CHRISTIE'S FIGURES ; THE NEED OF A REFORMED TARIFF ; LETTER TO M. DE WITTE, FINANCE MINISTER ; PROPAGANDA FOR TEA-DRINKING HOUSES IN RUSSIA. ‘‘After all there is nothing which would affect the prospects of our tea industry so bene- ficially as the liberal opening of the Russian market to Ceyl.n teas. The Russians are a great tea-drinking people like ourselves, only they are prevented by a prohibitory customs tariff from obtaining a sufliciency of the beverage they all delight in.” This opinion of a home resident with extensive proprietary interests in Ceylon, is one which is now largeiy shared both here and in the United Kingdom. Indeed, more and more do wefind attention directed to Russia as the great hope of the tea producer and every mail increases the interest felt in the various at- tempts made to foster a taste tor our teas and to place the trade generally on a sound basis. Mutual trade interests and identity of certain social customs, ought to draw differing nationalities rapidly together, and we sincerely trust that the better the Russian people learn to. appreciate Ceylon and Indian teas, and the greater the trade in the same becomes, the more will a tie be created between large bodies of British and Russian subjects with which politicians will have to reckon when they think of disturb- ing good relations between the two countries. We owe a good deal of fresh information about Russia and its tea trade to Mr. T. N. Christie in the Report which he made to the Planters’ Association in February last, including detailed statistics such as had not previously seen the light. But strange to say our first task today will be to sbew that so far as we can see, Mr. Christie understated the present. consumption of tea in Russia by a very large figure. No doubt Mr. Christie got his figures from the best available authorities in Kussia; but we must remember the enormous extent of Empire from the White, Baltic and Black Seas eastward to the Pacific; from the Arctic Ocean to the borders of Thibet and Western China. It will be remembered that Mr. Christie gave the total annual consumption of tea in Russia in 1896 at ‘‘about 52 million lb. of leaf teas and 40 million lb. of brick and slab teas” per annum and this is about the figure usually accepted by our leading London authorities. But we cansee no escape from this being a very serious underestimate to the extent of over 43 per cent; and we think our information when it is considered, will be accepted as reli- able. It is based on a Report of the ‘Tea’ section Sub-Committee of Shanghai dated 21st January 1897 which was signed by the follow- ing :— Alex. Campbell, of Alex. Campbell & Co., Chair- man; J. F. Rodewald, of Rodewald & Heath; J. W. Harding, of Turnbull, Howie & Co; R. S. Freeman, of Barlow & Co.; E. Davis of Wisner & Co., Members. These names will, we have no doubt, carry weight. We are not going to deal with their Re: THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 119 port (already freely noticed in our ¢olumns many months ago), but with some of the valuable statistics appended to that Report. The fullest possible details are appended from 1871 onwards and one strange fact brought out is that. the total volume of the China Tea Trade has not de- creased since that year, if we take into account the brick tea trade via Kiachta, and also an overland trade in leaf teas. The grand total of China exports in 1871 was 236 million Ib. ; in 1896 it was 238,800,000 lb.! In the in- terval there was a falling-off of over 100 million Ib. to the United Kingdom; but there was an increase of no less than 105 million lb. in the export to Russia! Here is the comparison afforded to us ;— Export of Tea from China to Russia : 1871.—Congouand Green Tea—via Odessa 1,984,0001b. Nortnern Ports 2,293,333ib. Leaf Tea via Fanchengt 12,149,6001b. Brick'lea mainly via Kiachte 11,172,0001b. Total 27,598,933 lb. 1896.—Congou and Green Tea—via Odessa *23,285,33310. Northern Ports 21,893,733!b. Leaf Tea via Fanchengt 10,439,600 lb. Brick Tes mainly via Kiachta {76,949,200 1b. Total 132,567,866 lb. * Including 631,733 lb. green tea (Hysons) shipped to Batoum. { Leaf tea via the Han River and Fancheng does not come uuder the cognisance of the Foreign Cus- toms; the statistios are given in a supplementary form, { Including 2,717,733 lb. via Odeasa. We may be told that the brick tea does not count; but Mr. Christie included ‘ brick and slab’ tea in his figures and when it is carefully included by a Committee of Shanghai merchants in their tea tables of exports, we do not think its impor- tance can be denied, and in any case it is well to have the fullest and most reliable figures for Kussian tea consumption before us, To the total of 1324 million lb. exported direct from China, must be added the re-exports from Lendon (perhaps 7 million lb.) to get a proper appreciation of how far the peop'e of Russians have pro- gressed as a tea-drinking people. The census of January 1897 gave the population of the Russian Empire at about 1294 millions of people and so we see the consumption of tea at 140 miilion lb. (in place of Mr. Christie’s 92 million lb.) is equal to 1:08 lb. per head. And now we come to a very practical as well as interesting question, namely, if so much-as 140 million Ib, of tea of all kinds is con- sumed with the present adverse Russian tariff, to what would that consumption reach if gradual reductions were made as in the case of Britain during the past sixty years? For, curiously enough,-—leaving brick tea andits exceptional tariff out of view--the present normal tea duty in Russia is. the same as prevailed in the United King- dom when Queen Victoria came to the throne! In 1837, 24 millions of the British people drank 30 million lb. of tea paying 2s ld duty on the same; in 1897, Britons numbering 40 millions drank 231 million 1b. of tea very much because the duty had been reduced step by step to 4d. ‘The re- form which Mr. Christie thought it his business to take up after visiting Russia is the equali- sation of the duty and the removal of certain differential disadvantages that British teas ‘in- troduced via Odessa, and from the West, seem to lie under. It is the opinion of the Russian Consul just retiring from Colombo, that some mistake has been made and that only brick tea is treated more advantageously than the rest. Be this as it may the action of the Plaaters’ Association at Mr. Christie’s instance through the 120 British Embassy can do no harm and may very likely do good, either in removing an existing injustice to our teas, or in attiacting attention to the new trade with Ceylon springing up and perhaps interesting certain Mussian authorities in the same. We are now very pleased to have Russian merchants in Colombo, buying our teas and shipping them direct to Odessa, and it is of course to their interests as well as to ours, that the Tariff Law of Russia should be im- partially administered. But what struck us, personally,in considering the question how to Promote the Consumption of Tea in Russia was the great pity that the enlightened Russian Minister now at the head of its Finances, should not copy the example of Britain and of the greatest English Finance Minister who has just gone (Mr. Gladstone), in starting a Reform of the Tariff and Reduction of the Duty. That would be a natter of much greater importance to Ceylon planters than even the abolition of differential levies if such exist. Nowhere else in the world does so high a tea duty now exist as in Russia, and nowhere else have we a people more eager to drink tea. Full of this thought we drafted a letter on the subject to the Russian Minister of Finance; we showed a rough copy of this letter to Mr. Christie before he left and it had his approval ; it was sent to be read before the Thirty Committee for any comment that might be afforded, but secured none, although the Chiair- man of the Planters’ Association gave it his cordial approval in a private letter ; and we had further the advantage of learning from the Private Secretary to His Excellency the Governor thau the letter had better be sent on direct to the Minister to whom it was addressed. After this, it was delayed for a reference about statistics and some other reasons; but went forward in French to M. de Witte a few weeks back and must by this time be in his hands. It runs as follows :— : Ministre des Finances 4 Monsieur le Ministre Son Excellence le Seer. d’Etat Cons. pr. S. J. de Witte, St, Petersburg, Russia, Office of the Ceylon Observer, Colombo, Ceylon, June 1898. Your Excellency,— I would very respectfully beg to draw Your Excellency’s attention to the following account of the treatment ot tea under the British Customs Tavritl :— ; In the year 1837—when Queen Victoria came to the throne—the Customs Duty on Tea imported into the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ire- Jand, was two-shillings-and-one-peuny per pound avoidupois; the total consumption for that year * was 30,625,206 lb. (or less than 141b. per head of opulation per annum) and the total of revenue col- jected from the duty was £3,190, 129. Not much change took place until Mr, Gladstone became Chancellor of the Hxchequer (Minister of Finance) ; and then between 1852 and 1865 a series of financial reforms, due to his initiation, tool place, and we find the Customs Duty at one-shilling- and-ten-pence per pound in 1854 ; at one-shilling- and-five-pence in 1858 ; at one shilling in 1863 ; and then it was reduced to six-pence per pound, to take effect from 1st June 1865. The result of this policy was not only a largely in- creased consumption of tea ; but eventually, an in- crease as well of the revenue derived from the duty, THE TROPICAL -AGRICULTURIST, = [Avousr 1, 1898, The progress in Consumption and Revenue may be indicated as follows :— 4 ae = . ] = * oa. (eee 3 Year. Sa Pi b S e:] D 5, = 5 BS ae & Ib Ib s. d. £. 1837 ... 30,625,206 1 2 1 8,190,195 1867 .. 111,061,160 36 0 6 2'776,599 1879 .. 160,432,000 44 0 6 4010-800 1887 .., 183,635,885 5 0 6 4,590/897 The next reduction was on Ist May 1890,* when the Tea Duty was reduced from six-pence to four-pence per lb., and the result is thus » own for last year ;— a we a og sos be : SS) » ie kas : Year. £e 2 £ 5 os 5 Be) 5 Hs os 5 2 lb. lb «8. a £; 1897 .. 231,399,778 528to6 O 4 3,856,662 or £666,537 more of revenue than when the Cus- toms duty was two-shillings-and-one-penny per pound in 1837; while the total consumption of tea is now twice as great, and per head of population, is four times more, I would wish respectfully to point out, to Your Excellency, that the Russian people, like the Eng- lish, are noted as tea-drinkers, and that no more wholesome or refreshing beverage can be used by any people. It isadrink that makes for peace and contentment as well as health. This is evidenced in the case of the population of the Australian Colo- nies who are the greatest drinkers of tea in the world averaging over seven-and-a-half pounds per head, in their tea consumption, per annum; while they (the Australians) are among the healthiest of people, noted tor their activity and athletic powers, capable of defeating the chioieest English players in their own favourite field game of cricket. All this shows that the policy of gradually re- ducing the tariff on tea ought to benefit the Rus- sian people, while by no means causing any loss to the Imperial Revenue; but rather, eventually, bene- fiting it. Thereare some countries indeed—like the United States of America—that consider it advisable to have no Customs levy on tea (except in time of war); and Belgium has just led the way among the Powers of Continental Europe in abolishing the duty on tea. But in the case of Russia, a reduction of duty to the equivalent of one shilling per pound could not fail to be beneficial, and still more a few years later if there were a further reduction to the equivalent of six-pence per lb.—so making this very wholesome and refreshing beverage (tea) accessible to many more millions of the Russian people than it can be at present. cj Mis: “nes Eb! * CONSUMPTION OF TEA IN UNITED KINGDOM, 1887...) ws”) 185j620,800. Ib. 169000. /cie o> 2688 AOL00R dam 1891...) 44 aw / UR ASB OAT 1892\.5 cus) ae SOT 1893-52: eo Jae SORA Re mite 1898 se Stee, AT Cie” 2. 1995... orem day 1896 on ee a7 Tes eae 1897 2. es, bale 9231 990,776 ee [Votal value of tea consumed last year about - £10,400,000. } Aveust 1, 1898, ] In conclusion, I would venture to draw attention to the appended list of the Customs duties imposed by different nations of the world,* and Ihave the honour to be, Your Excelleney’s most obedient, humble servant, | J. FERGUSON, Editor, [Thirty-seven years resident in Ceylon and the Compiler of Books about Tropical Produce and Culture. ]~ We were greatly encouraged in sending on the above by the Russian Consul, Capt. de Frisch, who after reading the French original for the Minister, was good enough to write to us :— “T haveread your letter to our Minister of Finance and my opinion is, that he will take great interest in your communication, He isa very go-ahead man and has done already ® lot to improve the revenue in Russia and possibly the contents of your communica- tion may be new to him and may have the result desired by you and the Ceylon tea planters. Over-leaf the pro- per address of M. de Witte.” But while arranging for the despatch of this letter, further encouragement as to the future of tea in Russix, was afforded by a friend of the Chairman of the Planters’ Association who called his attention from Bombay to a pal- per in ‘‘ Harper’s Magazine” with some interest- ing references to M. De Witte’s interest in a ‘Spirit Monopoly” and also apparently in the encouragement of Temperance workers and the establishment of Tea-drinking rooms to win the people away from intemperance. It is well known that drunkenness is the worst failing of the Russian peasant and of the lower classes generally in the country. We reprint in full all of the paper in ‘‘Harper” for June that bears on our topic. It will be observed that the Temperance Committees which establish tea shops in the villages to counteract drunkenness are as much under official patronage as is the Spirit Monopoly. Indeed M. De Witte is apparently aiming at the Gothenburg system, and wesee that Mr. Stead in the latest Review of Reviews advocates the United Kingdom Alliance sending out a Commissioner to Russia to investigate the working of the new system. Tt is just possible therefore that the lessons offered trom England and Australia as to tea-drink- ing may arrive at an opportune moment. In any case “tea” is evidently a subject much in the thoughts of M. de Witte. One would like to know how the Russian Temperance Committees get their tea and whether it would be possible to supply them direct from Ceylon. Meantime, let us hope that M. de Witte may take the letter sent on to him in good part, giving it some consideration, so that in due season it may bear fruit. From England the suggestion has reached us that a similar letter ought to be sent to the Ministers of Finance in Austria and Ger- many. But the tea duty in Germany is only 61; in Austria it is 9d per lb; and in France 9d to 1l4d. A more useful idea would be to print the letter in English, French and German as a leaflet for distribution with Ceylon tea on the Continent in order to help to form a sound, liberal opinion and a movement for a reform of the tea tariffs generally on the Continent ot Europe, little Belgium having led the way by abolishing its tea duty altogether. * Here was appended the list of Tea Tariffy com- piled for the ‘ Ceylon Directory.’ 16 THE TROPICAI, AGRICULTURIST. 121 “THE RUSSIAN PKOPLE AT HOME” By JULIAN RALPI, HOW THE SPIRITS MONOPOLY AND TEA TEMPERANCE SOCIETIES AFFECT THE PEOPLE, (From Harpers Magazine for June 1898. ) The utter hopelessness of the condition of the great black mass of peasants which underlies the light embroidery of the uniformed class in Russia makes it the drunkenest peasantry in Europe. The fact that Russia is mainly a huge farm brings to that mass a winter of idleness. The shortness of the daylight over the great northern half of the empire in winter tends greatly to increase the drink- ing habits of the muzhik. Corn brandy, or whiskey,- as we would say, is the staple intoxicant. Itis a colorless liquid, as transparent as gin, but with the almost sparkling clearness of distilled water—fire would be a better word for this sparkle, because vodka is a liquid which starts a train of tre at the palate and blazes its way through one’s body to one’s boots. Sodden drunkenness is what I saw most of. The peculiar, hilarious, noisy, exuberant intoxication of the whiskey drunkard which I had expected to see continually, fell under my observa- tion only two or three times in all my journeyings. Among the many important activities of M. Witte, the Finance Minister, none is more extraordinary than his effort to make the vodka trade a govern- ment monopoly. The scheme is attractively subtitled ; one to counteract the evil effects of the original dram-shops. It aims to providea purer grade of whiskey to the masses, and to break the power of the dram-shops which have been so managed in the past as to make the pawn-shops as well as public houses —eren to the degres that it was possible for a muzhik to lose there not only his superfluities and his tools, but even his right to a share of village land—evenhis rofit on his own labor. It was in 1895 that M. itte began the building of the government mono- poly scheme by introducing it in the provinces of amara, Ufa, Perm and Orenburg. Eighteen months later, in July 1896, it was extended to Bessarabia, Volhynia, Ekaterinoslav, Kiev, Podolia, Poltava, the Taurida, the Black Sea, and Kherson provinces. In these places the excise on vodka is abolished, and the government has established central liquor- depots in each province, from which supplies are distributed in sealed bottles and vessels to retail shops set up by the government in the towns and country districts. The little local distilleries, once so numerous and prosperous, are closed, and the drink is supplied to the state (by distilleries oper- ated under government control) in quantities and at prices fixed by the government. It is the law of South Carolina carried out consistently from the root—the purchase of the grain andits distillation —instead of being begun in the middle, as by Gover- nor Tillman. For the public convenience, let us say (of course, not toincrease the sale of the liquor), licenses are issued to tavern and restaurant keepera and grocers to sell the government liquor, the licen- sees being selected for trustworthiness and good repute, and they having to sign an agreement that their licenses are revokable at the government’s pleasure. In connection with the scheme, Temper- ance Committees are formed in each province under the leadership of the Governor, and in the principal towns under the Marshal of Nobility, to prevent drunkenness and establish attractive tea-shops, to wean the people from their taste for liquor—tea, by-the-way, being the commodity which it is said the government means next to monopolize. Wines, beer, and all other intoxicating beverages, as well as the government’s vodka, may be sold by licenses under the same terms as the licenses for vodka-selling are given out. The government’s official announcements, after two years of experimenting with the new law, are to the effect that it is working very satis- factorily. M. Witte made a tour of ten provinces in eastern and southern Russia whore it is in 122 operation, and was confirmed in his plan to extend the scheme all over Jussia. It is declared that the better qualities of the liquor and the decrease of drunkenness have produced a reform whose good isalready apparent. ‘he unofficial newspapers of the empire do not altogether share this admir- ing and hopeful view of the new system. They declare that the government got a profit of fifty per centon the capital invested in the new enter- prise, and argue that this came out of increased ex- Cise rates, so that it is clear that there is the opposite of reform in the drinking habits of the people. Where the new system has been longer in operation it is asserted that the Temperance Committees have failed to appropriate snfficient * money to make the tea-shops attractive, and they are a failure. A serious loss to the unfortunate small farmer has come from the closing of the local dis- tilleries—abandoned because of the advantages se- cured by the large ones under government control. The little distilleries afforded convenient markets for the sale of farm products, and produced a Waste that was utilized to feed cattle and enrich the land. A considerable decline in cattle-breeding has followed the new system, and very small agricul- tural communities have suffered other losses which to them are very severe. The muzhik is still being bled by the liqnor- sellers. Even the Gcvernment admits that under the new system the licensees, though obliged to sell vodka cheaper than under the old plan, sti!l manage to get more from him than the former price of the liquor by charging for tle use of the glasses, cork- screws, and whatever the poor peasants need in con- nection with this liquor, and by exacting high prices for the relishes sold atthe bars. These evils, being understood, are to be dealt with by law. The muzhik, who possesses self or popular Goy- ernment in its purest and simplest form in the man- agement of his village—which is all the world to him—has always shown remarkable skill and moder- ation in the use of this right. He has seen his own and his village rights shorn and invaded from time to time in ways and to an extent which must have seemed monstrous: but then, as always, he has proved himself the patient, amiable, simple, and docile creature that he is. fe believed, for instance, from the beginnings of his nationality that, though he was a chattel of the nobles, yet the land was his irrevocably. But when serfdom was abolished the land was partitioned, and the villagers got only a portion, whichis now seen to be generally less than is actually necessary for the support of the inhabi- tants’ whose numbers have greatly increased. New abuses have crept in, owing to the muzhik’s sim- plicity, his lack of ambition, and the vices of drink, gaming, laziness, and aboriginal disregard fer the morrow, so thatthe nihilist writers declare his pre- sent state asa freeman is worse and more hopeles one than his former serfdom. And the calmest men —even in official life—admit that condition of agri- | culture is desparately bad. With characteristic re- bound into despondency that is a Slav trait, the journals which have recovered from their jubila- tion over the proposed reform of the drinking babits of the people now declare that there is no hope for reform by the Government, and that the muzhik can only be turned from drunkenness by multiplying the primary schcols and spreading education among the masses. Of course this is true, and it is the hostility of the Government to the spread of enlightenment by schooling, by travel, and by the introduction and multiplication of serious literature, that renders impossible a valuation of Russia’s future based upon European comparisons. For myself, I cannot foresee the consequence of a long continuation of present Russian methods in Hurope, because I cannot begin by conceiving their durability; and yet the Russians tell me that these must be maintained, that the self-interest of those who govern Russia demands the maintenance of present conditions, that with enlightenment must come rebellion, un- rest, reforms in the direction of a constitutional THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [Avavsr J, 1898. government—and with this latter alone must come itib tRSOMT up of this huge fendal landlord's estate. His government of his villages suggests the capa- city the Russian peasant possesses, sadly rude and undeveloped as it is, His “artels” prove that this capacity is strong enough for him to govern himself, which we sre tanght is a mightier thing than the taking of a city. They show that he can make himself industrious, bonest, thrifty, far- sighted, responsible, nearly everything, in fact, that he is not—until snch combination gives him the chance to redeem himself. 2 rigs See SEE PLANTING NOTES. AGRICULTURAL STATIONS.—According to some statistics given in the Botanical Gazette there are in the United States fifty-one State Experi- ment-stations, Connectient and New Yerk having two each. On the whole, there are about 50 trained botanists scattered over the land, acting either as botanists, or as entomologists, bacterio- logists, mycologists, &e. Up to recently we had none, but the County Councils have in many cases accomplished that, the necessity for which we so often pointed ont. THE Pappy WEEVIL.—The attention is drawn of our paddy-growing jriends to the correspondence published by the Government Agent for the West- ern Province on damaged paddy. In connection with that report Mr. E. Green, the Government Entomologist recounts some interesting ex- periments, which he has made by placing insects among sound grains of paddy and he says he was surprised to find them after several days remained untouched. It seems to be the opinion of the Mudaliyars in the Western Province that weevil is disappearing, and that it is less frequently found in places free from damp. Commenting on these facts Mr. Willis, of the Peradeniya Gar- dens, thinksthat the pest will disappear until such time as the people again become careless as to drying their grain after a damp season, be- fore storage. Ctoves.—The clove question which was excitin the London market three months ago was stil being discussed in Zanzibar when the last mail left, The Shamba reprints a ©. §& WD, editorial on the subject, and adds. ‘‘ Another view on the clove question ’—viz., its own—andit isa good view on the whole. The opening sentences of the Shamba’s article are soothing; there is no need for excitement, says the writer, there have been short crops of cloves before now, and there will be again. It is difficult—nay, almost impossible—to say what next season’s crop of cloves will be, because travellers rarely visit the clove districts, and native deports are not in the least to be relied upon. Still the Shamba’s inquiries have resulted in the discovery that the new crop promises favourably. Many Arabs say that the rains have made the trees throw out buds even more freely than last year, and that looks well. Then our contemporary proceeds to indulge in spec- ulations as to what the Arabs will doif there happens to be a big crop. Some of them are hopelessly involved with Indian money-lenders, and all haye to conform to the new slave regulations, which give these persons an extra day per week, so that they only work four days now; so that “if the coming season sould produce a 500,000 frasila crop only 400,000 frasilas would be gathered,” but “there are a multitude of small holders who can be relied upon to pick all they can find. Many of the plantations in Pemba are in the hands of small Indian traders, who employ the Wa-pemba to gather in the crop on the co- operative system of one-third to the labourer and two-thirds to the owner, or, in the case of short years, half and half. There are no cloves left cn the trees where this system prevails.”—Chemist and Druggist, June 25, _ Atcust 1, 1898.} SKILFUL ADULTERATION.—In his quarterly report to the Cheshire County Council, the public analyst states that the samples examined by him included a sample of coffee which was found to contain an_ excess of sugar. This, he said, was probably due to a practice of roasting coffee with a certain proportion of sugar, which would increase the weight of coffee from 5 to 10 per cent. This admixture was so_ skilfully done that each berry was coated with the sugar, and anyone buying such coffee in the berry would think -he was obtaining it pure. Some might say that it was an innocent aduitera- tion, but it was, at the same time, a most profitable one, for the sugar, which was not much more than one penny a pound, was sold at the rate of one shilling or more.—British and Colonial Druggist, June 10. “CEYLON TEA-Box Woops”; AND ‘‘ MICA.” — Mr. Frederick Lewis, F.L.S, of our Forests De- partment, contributes a paper under this head- ing to the ‘‘Journal of the Society of Arts” of June 17, There is not much that is new to local readers; but the paper will be useful for refer- ence as reproduced in our Lropical Agriculturist, seeing it gives a full list of all the local timbers in use for tea-boxes. From the introduction the following is of general interest :— Some notion of the volume of wood required yearly may be arrived at from the fact that, assuming all the tea exported from the island to be packed in 100 lb. chests, the total number of chests for one year’s export alone would be over a million, or, roughly speaking, upwards of 18,000,000 superticial feet of planking. In the same number of the Journal there is a brief but very instructive paper on ‘*‘ Mica Mining in the District of Nellore” ly Robert W. Thomp- son, A.M.I.C.E., M.S.A., which we must also give in our monthly, where it can be studied by those interested in mica mines in Ceylon, _ CEYLON’S PERSEVERANCE-—No one can read Mr. W. Mackenzie’s letter of February from New York, which we reproduced in our lasb issue —says the Indian Planters’ Gazette—without ac- knowledging that the Tea Planters’ Committee of the island have secured the services of a man possessing not only energy, but also sound com- mercial views. The Indian Tea Association will do well to bestir themselves in the matter of pro- viding additional travellers to push our teas, es- pecially among that class of French Canadians to which the letter commented onrefers. It is not in the American market alone that Ceylon has ‘displayed more energy than Iudia, but both in Southern Russia and Holland the Islanders are pushing the trade with success, and, in fact, all ‘along the line are leading the way. As has been pointed out, the discovery of gold in the Arctic Circle will give an impetus to farming in British Columbia and the far west of the Domi- nion, the returns showing that an influx of emi- gration from Europe has set in with the summer, so that a vast field is opening for driving a lucra- tive business among a class more than any other that is partial tothe ‘‘cup that cheers.” What is required in the above and similar places is the taking of packet teas to each homestead, persis- tently forcing it into notice, and the establishment “of central depots whence the pedlars and bagmen could replenish their stock to keep up the supply. That all thismeans money we fully admit, and it is the duty of those who have constituted them- selyes the guardians of an industry that may truly ‘pe described as gigantic, to grapple with, THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 123 PRODUCK AND PLANTING. Ture Barre or tHe Tras,—We notice that Mr. Mackenzie, the representative of the Ceylon tea in- dustry in the United States, suggests that an effort scould be made to capture the green tea trade from the Japanese. This tension in the London market has to be relieved somehow, and that fact must be recognised. It is not always pleasant to have to look facts squarely in the face, but the necessity for strain- ing every nerve in the direction of finding new out- lets for teais paramount. and a mildness of the S.-W, monsoon: ‘ Aveust 1, 1898.] CEYLON TEA IN AMERICA—AND THE INDIA CURRENCY QUESTION. “June 2lst.I have been to see Mr. Wm. Mac- © kenzie, Ceylon Tea Commissioner for North America, at the Ceylon Association roonis this morning. I found him looking extremely well after the voyage home. He said he had very little information to give regarding the immediate prospects of tea in America, having unburdened himself to the Committee shortly before leaving the island. The only comparatively new point was the 5d duty on tea which the American Government had imposed as a War Tax. The injury that this will do to the trade in tea is somewhat serious, and for the present its sale will be considerably hampered. Of course America had to create some extra tax to provide revenue for the war which is proving far more costly than the nation had anticipated, £80,000,000 hav- ing been spent already. But a duty of half the amount, say 24d, on coftee would nave produced, in the ordinary course of affairs, more than three times the revenue that will accrue from the or- dinary tea-duty, For coffee is far more of a national diink in America than its later rival. For every 9lb. of coffee consumed by the Yankee, the corresponding quantity of tea does not ex- ceed 14 lb. The only cause for this apparent shortsightedness in American finance must be found in the powerful influence exercised by the large coffee firms in the States, such as the American Sugar Trust and Arbuckle & Co. They practically rule the market and may be said also to control any fiscal measures that may be proposed in Congress, It is doubtless their wire-pulling that has kept the coffee untaxed at a time when the immense revenue that asmall impost would produce would have proved a wel- come addition to the resources of the American War Department. As it is, the very price of coffee, at wholesale rates, i-c., 4d per Ib., is alone less than the duty now imposed on tea. Mr. Mackenzie had however heard this morning from one of Sir John Muir’s men that an agita- tion had been started in America to obtain either a remission of the present tea-tax, or else a similar treatment tor coffee. It would be a -bolder stroke than one feels justified in expecting (provided the influence of the big coffee firms is really as great as Mr. Macxenzie believes) if the American Government were to equalize the ‘circumstances of TEA AND COFFEE by making a tax of 24d oneach. They can hardly, in the case of pressing war-needs, remove the recent imposition, and it is only too probable that tea will have to endure its hardship and make the best of it without hope of change for some time. The tax, taking the tea imports at 90,000,000 Lb. is expected to yield rather more than 1? million sterling; but, as Mr. Mackenzie remarked, the higher prices consequent upon the new duty will reduce the quantity of tea-drinking. Here lies the chief hope of the even-handed justice that those interested in tea would desire. The American Government if they find the tea revenue to be below their estimates may be brought to see the superior importance of coffee to them as a reveuue-producing product and act accordingly with decision and audacity, in spite of the long arm of the millionaire kings of the bean. With referenze to Sir John Muir's doings in the Ameri- can tea market Mr. Mackenzie informed me that je was an error to suppose that that gentleman THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 125 was favouring India at the expense of Ceylon, He had received a considerable number of orders for Ceylon tea, and was serving the interests of both without partiality. Mr. Mackenzie also told me that the Tea Com- missioner for Russia, Mr. Rogivue, isin town just now, so I will interview him in a few days if he has_ leisure. Mr. Leake came in for a few minutes before I left and he had written another letter to Zhe Times yesterday on the Currency questions, prov- ing from the words of Lord George Hamilton, Sir James Westland and Sir Henry Fowler, that the Indian Government had already gained, not lost, by the depreciation of the rupee and that the additional Indian Loan proposed would be an additional to the prosperity it had enjoyed through its borrowings. He was of opinion also that the re-opening of the Mint was bound to come eventually. As 1 was going, Mr. T. N, Christie turned up. He had come to meet a gentleman with a view to discussing the Currency question. I said 1 had hoped to see him before now, but had not found time. He had, however, been away in Scotland till yesterday, having had a bad attack of fever and beenin the doctor’s hands for days past; but today he seemed fairly well. R. H. F. ote a SS TICKS IN CEYLON AND AUSTRALIA. The Queenslander of June 18th mentions that— “‘Ticks have now been received by the Stock Department from India, Ceylon, Batavia, Argentine and the Continent of Europe, which are identical with the true cattle ticks of Queensland, and, with the exception of Natal and Argentine, the ticks have no evil effect one way or another on the cattle.” The specimens from Ceylon referred to are no doubt those sent by the Colonial Veterinary Surgeon. The request for the specimens from Queensland, with specimens of the Australian tick and bottles containing the preserving solu- tion for Ceylon ticks, came to the Superinten- dent of the School of Agriculture through Mr. J. G. Drieberg, D.£., Anuradhapura. The matter having been referred to Mr. Sturgess, that officer undertook to forward the required information, It appears that a tick found on goats which was sent from Ceylon is new to Queensland. The Queenslander who mentions that ** Mr. T. J. Kingsbury, of Town Hall Chambers, has brought before the notice of the Department of Agricul- ture an oil made from the Margosa tree of tndia (Azadirachta —____—_—- THE LOCAL MARKET. (By Mr. James (Gibson, Baillie St. Fort.) Colombo, July 26th, 1898. Estate Parchment :—per bushel R12 00 Chetty do do £19°00 ee per cwt Ri2 to 00 Liberian coffee:—per bush R150 do cleaned coffee:—per cwt Ris‘CU Cozoa unpicked per cwt B33°00. do cleaned do R438°00 Cardamoms Malabar:—per lb. R1°35 to 1°50 do Mysore do R175 to 2°00 Rice Market List Soolai per bag of 164 1b. nett R962 to 10°20 Slate or Ist quality soolai:—- per bushel R390 to 3°95 Soolai 2& 3rd. do do do 3°75 to 3°85 Coast Calunda R3°90 to 3°97 Muttusamba ordinary R400 to 4°12 Kazala R365 te 370 Coast Kara R375 to 3°87 Rangoon raw Rice per bag R950 Cinnamon. per lb No 1 to4 00°52 to 00°56 G) do 1 to 2 00°60 to 00 65 do Chips per candy Rg0°00 Coconuts. Ordinary per thousand R36 to 36°50 do Selected do R3s to 39 Coconut Oil per ewt R325 do F. O. B. per ton R265 to 267°50 Copra per candy Kalpitiya do R5s to 39 Marawila do R37 to 33 Cari Copra do R33 to 34 Gingelly. Poonac per ton R92*50 to 95 05 Coeunut Chekku do ——-R8al0 to 94°00 Mill (retail) deo R74 00 to 80°00 Cotton Seed do R650 Satinwood per cubic feet R200 to 224 do Flowered do Rs'06 to 6°09 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 135 Halmilla do R90 Palau i «o R125 to 1°30 Tuun Pali do R1°00 to 1°12 Ebony per ton Ri to 175 Kitul fibre per ewt R30°09 Palmyra. do do Rs-00 to 17°59 Jatina Black Cleaned perewt R17°50 do mixed do R14-06 to 14°50 Indian do R350 to 16°00 __do Cleaned do R10°00 to 17°00 Sapanwood per ton 45609 Kerosine oil. Americun per case R5‘0u to 5°25 do Bulk Russian per tin R2°49 to 2°45 do Russian per Case do Sumatra in Case F485 to 4°95 Nux Vomica per cwt Rd to 6 Croton Seed per cwt R4500 Kapock cleaned fob do R26‘00 do uncleaned do B3 Large lumps R345 to 6:0 Plumbago per ton, according { do- 5 Pets to 360 to quality } do Chips R130 to 3s0'U0 ( do dust Biv@ to 290-00 CEYLON EXPORTS AND DISTRIBUTION, 1897-98: Loa ——— 1898 Ib 58180543] GOGI8S65 mf 5.3 6) Se og 2 ° Ee} & r4 8{Be | a2 (=) AE io) =z is i | ! A 2583 [oz [232 <1 "a2 ct oe 3| = S #12 3 e|2 ate 5 a= Oo nN 2 5 aS co) = al a/ = S +2) 2 = S 8 = = & ) 5 asl eS) ae | ! | 2 8 Trunk Jb. _—_—_— 1807 Ibs 38 W7544 3 26314 9 OD55 5 Cinchona Branch dd) 8, BL on . ee LA751s i} 7 Plan-|N tive} Total. Cotfee—cwb. tation K. COUNTRIES. To U. —-— 136 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. MARKET RATES FOR OLD AND NEW (From Lewis & Pceat’s Fortnightly Prices Current, London, July 13th, 1698.) [Aveusr 1, 1898. PRODUCTS. ALOES, Scccotrine cwt. Zanzitar & Weyatic ,, BELIS’ WAX, ‘i Zanzibar & { White ,, Bombay Yellow,, Madapascnr 4 CAMPHOR, China uf Japan a CARPAMOMS, » alabarlb Ceylon.—Mysore ,, x Tellicherry,, Long 4 Mangalore ,, L, Calcutta ,, ” CASTOR OI QUALITY. Fair to time dry Ccmmon to good | see 1 G od 1o fine Fair + 4 Dark to good palish . Fair average quality .. a” as ” Clipped, bold, bright, fine Middling, stalky & lean Fair to fine plump Scecs cod 10 fine Brownish Shelly to gocd Med brown to good bol ists and 2nds QUOTATIONS. . |448 a 100s | j/46fisa £6 7s Gd Sés 0s 38 a 8s 2d .|28 8d a dslld , 28 Cd Bid a 4id sd lis a 76s £7 2/6 a £7 108 £6 58a £6 15s 25 28 8d a fd ?e4d 2 ts od ts lida $s os da 2s Iced 38 Gd a 46 5d INDIGO, E.1. MACE, Eombay & Penarg Java, Sing. & Penang lh. “~-~ ” Mozambique Madagascar -_—>- | } Madras ,, eee CRITTIFA. Zanzit ar cwt,|Dull to fine bright » |268 a 4958 €d per Ib. CINCHONA BARK,.— : : Ceylon Ib. |Ledgeriana ¢ hips . (33d a fd MYRABOLANFS, ‘ Crown, Renewed .,/43d a 8d Madras f{ °* Org. Stem. |lida Gjd } Rombey’ | ,, Red Org, Stem.../9da 4ia Renewed ., [23d a b4a C)NNAMON. Ceylon ists/Ordinary to fine quill.../8}d ais 1d Bengal ,, rer lb 21.08 5 Fre ..|izd a 1s Gd INUTMEGS— Ib. | ards 9 ” « Jid a Is 6d 30ombay & Penang ,, 4ihs a oA 6d als 1d j Chirs 9 1» » j2id a Bid NUTS, ARECA _ewt,| CLOVES, Penang Wb.|Dull to fine bright bold|7jd a 1s NUX VOMICA, Beinbay Amboyna ..|Dull to fine . |dda did per ewt. Madras | Zanzibar \ Good and fine bright .. id a 4j4 and Pewha f|Commendull to fair ., eed a ega lOIL OF ANISEED Stems ..| air lid CASSIA r COCULUS INDICUS ewt, | Pair a LEMONGRASS " COFFE : ‘ | NUIMEG * Ceylon Plantation ,, 3old_ to fine bold colery) 110s a 124s | CINNAMON s Middling te fine mid usa 1(8s ed | CITRONELLE is Tow wid. and low giown|SUs a i 00s ORCHELLA WEED-cwt Smalls o {TS a B58 Ceylon . Native », {Good ordinary .. |858 a £08 Zanzibar. | Liberian » |=mall to eld » |cCs°a'46s | COCOA, Ceylon », |Lold to fine hold . |748 a Tes PEPPER- (Black) 1b.! COlOM! O IC OT f COIR ROPE, Ceylen ton Cochin ,, FIBRE, Brush men Cochin ,, Stufting ., COIR YARN, ‘Ceylon ,, Cochin ,, do. ,, CROTON SIELS,sift. ewt. CUTCH Ba 90 GINGER, Bengal, rough,, Calicut, Cut A ,, B&C,, Cochin Rough ,, Japan GUM AMMONJACUM ANIMI, Zanzibar »” ” a) Madagascar ARABIC F.IJ. & Aden Turkey sorts Gl atti Kurrachee Madras ASSAFCETIDA a iN (8) Mi EER, picked Aden sorts OLIBANUM, dzop pickings siftings ,, INDIARUBBEXK, Assam Ib Medium and fair Triage to ordinary Ordinary to good Ordinary to fair Ord. to tine long straigh Ordinary to good clean Common to fine Comnion to superior PS » very fine . Roping, fair te geod .. Pull to fair Fair to fine dry Fair Good to fine hold Small and medium ,, Common to fine bold ., Small and D’s Unsovlit x Sm. blocky to fine clean Picked fine paie in sorts Fart yellow and mixed Bean and Pea size ditto Amber and dk. red bold Med. & bold glassy sorts Fair to good palish oe aa red B Ordinary to good pale Pickings to fine pale ... Goodand fine pale... Reddish to pale selected Dark to fine pale A Clean fr. to gd. almonds Ord. stony and block Fine bright Fair to fine pale Middling to gcod Good to fine white Middling to fair Low to good pale Slightly foul to fine Good to fine eee Rangoon ” Borneo n Common to foul & mxd, . |69s a 73s .. |ooS a C58 .|l7s 6d a £6s Cd 8s 2d a 32s 6d _ 708 a 848 .|15s6dal16s Ga | ..|£4 5s a £9 .. {27s 6d a 35s neminal £10 a £16 £10 a £21 £15 a £21 £7 a£9 £12 a £26 10s £12 a £34 £10708 a £15 dis a L0s 18s Gd 32s 6d a 60s | listda 25s 15s a 17s 27s Gda 55s j £107/Ga£13 12/6 £82/6 a £10 10s 70s a £7 12/6 £5 10sa £7 10s &0s 4 1C0s £48s a £8 40s a 55s €6s a S5s 12s Gd a 40s 52s 6d a d7s 6d 308 a 4s | | i , Aileppee & Tellicherry) Singapore / Acheen & W. C. Penang PLUMBAGO, lump ewt. chips dust SAFFLOWER ” ” SANDAL WOOD— Bombay, Legs ton. Chips ,, Madras, Logs ., Chips ,, SAPANWOOD Bomhay,, Madras ,, Manila ,, Siam ,, cw. Ib SEEDLAC SENNA, ‘Tinneyelly SHELIS, M. o’ PEARL— Bombay ewt. Mussel > TAMARINDS, Calcutta... per cwt. Madras TORTOISESHELL— Fair to good clean (Common to fine 2s 3d a 38s 13 ong hs 4 a28 4d |Mid. to i Pale reddish to fine ...28 4/5 QUALITY ee a eee ee IN DIAKUBLER, (Contd), \QUOTATIONS. | Foul to good clean ., |Is 2ida 28 0d Good to fine Low sandy Ball Sausage, fair to good Liver and livery Ball. ‘Fr to fine pinky & white ‘Fair to good black \Niggers, low to good... Ordinary to fair Pickings Dark to fine pale UG... Fair Ccast Jubblepore Bhimlics ‘Rhajpore, &e. Calcutta 64’s to 57's 110’s to 66's 160’s to 1320's ‘Ordinary to fair fresh,..{128 a 22s 6d |\Oidinary to middling,. |48 4 5s €d Fair to good bold fresh... 88 @ 10s ¢d Small ordinary and fair I» Fair merchantable bF 2 According to analysis., 489d a os 6d Good flavour & colour... 24d a 3gd lingy to white |Ordinary to fair sweet,,.\5d # 1s €d ‘Bright & good flavour. ., Mid. to tine not woody.. 1 clean flat Jeaf .. wiry Mozambique)!ts @ lis Picked ” Fair to bold hea Fair ont Lull to fine Fair - Good to fine pinky Middling to fair Inferior to tine © Lean to good Good average i 1 Good bold Small to bold Zanzibar & Bombay Ib, |Small to told dark mnottle part heayy air ae as TURMERIC, Bengalewt. Fa aan se F aadras inger fair to las Gd a lbs Me ea ear es jis a 82s éd Do. Bulbs 538 a 55s Cochin ?) |Finger 33 345 a 60s ” |Bulbs ze 20s a 31s €d = |VANILLOES— Yb. lis a 12s 6d Mauritius and | 1sts/Gd. crysallized 3}.a 9in.|16s a 26s 6d 9s 6d aids | Bourbon «J 2nds|Foxy & reddish 43.48 ,, j2s 7d a 8s 1d Seychelles 3rds|Lean and inferior 9sa2s 420 VERMILION jp. |Fine, pure, bright ae WAX, Japan, squares cwt Good whitehard Fall lOrdinary to fair Ball vy to tine bright bold/7054 2&s Middling to good smajj/158 4 19s Lull to tine bright Ordinary to fine bright/®5 €d a 10s Inferior and pickings ,,.|508 4 65s Fair to fine flavour Fair to good flavour Rough & rooty to good bold smooth... Ord. dusty to gd. soluble! green. Fair middling medium Common dark and smaljj}3¢ 4 24d Bold and A’s D’s and B’s £215s a £6108 Small os Wid. to fine blk not stony Stony and inferior ‘sa as apd 2s6da 2s 10d . |Isidais4d .. is Wda 3s 1d Zs $d a 2s 2d 23s a 38 1d .. 28 6dais Od [384m 20 414 is fdals0d Isida lsd 4s 6d a 68 ,. 58a 6d 3s * las €4 afés .. 488d a Ys .. (88 2d a 7s 9d » 28 Cd a 5s 6d .. 28 (da 26 ed .. J8 2d a 28 od ‘da is id 8 6d js 8a a Ge Wid Bada dd Is Ojd als 2d 1s a 12s 0d 108 a lds da4jd iy eae 4id da 4ga 1Cs a 15s , £08 a 85s 6Us a 70s . nom. £410sa £5 lbs £6-a £7 COs a 70s Sida sid 3d a 33d | £1 5s a £3 10s 12s 6da lis 6d .. 48a 6s { 16s 6d a 23s 6d 19s 258 a 26s 20s 18s a 19s 9s a 9s 2d me EYE inc taal AGRICULTURAL MAGAZINE, GOLOMESe. Added us a Supplement Monthly to the “TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.” The following pages include the Contents of the Agricultural Magazine for July :— Vol. X.] AUGUST, 1898. ——__> [No. 2, “BARREN SOILS.’ wa N sn article on the sources of plant food, and particularly of nitrogen, written by us for the Magazine some years ago, we drew atten- : tion to the fact of many plants which are characteristic of almost purely silicious soils, thriving with apparently no adequate supply of nitrogenous food, and went on to indicate the likely sources of such plant foodin the case of these plants, In his Report on the Agriculture of Zanzibar for last year, the Director, referring to “ Soils” remarks that the soils over the cultivated portions of the Island are of a very light sandy character, A sample of this kind of soil was sent to Dr. Voelcker, the Consulting Chemist to the Royal Agricultural Society of England, who reported on it as follows:— Dried at 212° F, * Organic matter and loss on heating ... 3°83 Oxide of iron 500 eee 228 Alumina Onc S60 wn OO Lime uae ah Beer Magnesia... ats seo SBE} Potash ae A00 500 1 Is Soda Sod acc Bone a0) 7 Phosphoric acid Bo08 See OD Sulphuric acid ses on. 02 Insoluble silicates and sand ...87°00 100:00 * Containing nitrogen 0°09, “ The Soil is one of a light loamy to sandy nature, “ Judging its composicion by the foregoing analys “tical figures, it will be seen it is one of a miserably “poor character, ana has every evidence of being “a thoroughly exhausted Soil, so that apart from “the objection you meution, as existing in the pan “of hard sand, there is co little fertility in the Soil “that I am-not surprised to hear that the cloves “ grown on it are unproductive. “The Soil has in the first place a deficiency of “ vegetable matier and is very poor in Nitrogen, ‘‘ Next there is very little Lime present, only a “small portion of Potash, while in Phosporic acid “in particular there is a most marked deficiency, “Tn brief, in all the constituents which are needed “to make a Soil fertile, this one is exceptionally “deficient, and the Soil is clearly quite impovers “ished, It seems to me, indeed, a question whether such a soil would bear the cost of any large outlay “in manuring of an artificial nature. The exist- “ence of the ‘pan’ of which you speak must be “ always detrimental and, unless this can be broken “up by cultivation, it would be waste to spend “much in manures upon it. Moreover, what the ‘Soil needs, rather than artificial manuring, is the “liberal application of bulky materials, such as ‘cattle manure ; leaf and similar refuse of a vege- “table nature; wood ashes; anything in short which will give the Soil better texture and more “ substance,” On the Director pointing out that the Soil in question produced, as a rule, vegetation of a luxuriant character, and suggested that this might be accounted for by the abundant and 138 well-balanced supply of sun and rain, Dr. Voelker replied :— “T note with interest what you say with regard “to crop production under favourable climatic con- “ ditions, although a soil may be intrinsically poor. “T was much struck by the same fact when a few “ years ago in India, and it is very evident that “these conditions must have a most marked influ- “ence in enabling crops to provide themselves with “food. There can be no doubt I think that under “such conditions, what food supplies there are in “the soil become more quickly available than where we have such a climate and physical “conditions of soil to deal with as are met with in England.” } These observations of Dr, Voelker are very inter- esting and bear out our own remarks, which have appeared in the pages of the Magazine, with refer- ence to the “Cinnamon sands” of Ceylon and the characteristic—aud comparatively luxuriant—ve- getation found on them, Considering the nature of these soils, which do not even possess the slight loamy character which the Zanzibar soils are said to have, it cannot be doubted, as Dr. Voelker remarks, that our tropical conditions are pecu- liarly favourable to the availability of plant food, a circumstance which would place analyses of tropical soils in a different light from that in which analyses of soils generally, and parti- cularly in the case of soils in temperate climes are read. Indeed, it would appear that we must attach a distinct signification to the analyses of “ tropical soils,” owing to the important part played by sun and rain in the tropics,and any ordinary com- parison between soils in the tropics and in temperate climes cannot be considered a fair one, We have had visitors to the school enquiring in their iunocence what was the “ white stuff” we strewed over our soil in the areas lately reclaimed from cinnamon jungle, so misleading is the appearance of the surface soil, particularly during the dry months, when it is so blanched as to resemble a sheet of snow. And yet we find Cinnamon, Dawata (Carallia integerrina), Dan (Eugenia Jambolana and B. Cary ophyllea) Cashew (Anacar- dium occidentale) and other forms ot vegetation undoubtedly flourishing in this barren waste. There is, however, one point to be noted in the growth found on the Cinnamon sand, and that is, that the vegetation is of a deep-rooted character, while natural surface growth is very sparse and generally found loosely rooted in parts where some organic matter has found a lodgement. : So that although the character of the top soil is such as to make one wonder that the land carries any form of vegetation, the sub-soil in which the deeper roots ramify is apparently of a better character, and with the aid of sun and rain, and particularly, as we ave inclined to think, of the supply of nitrogen compounds (for the formation of which we have specially favourable conditions in the tropics) brought down by the rain, is able to sustain the vitality of the tress found growing on cin- mon sand. ns Sintec oaaicnostrae article on the Barren Soils of Ceylon in the Tropical Agriculturist of Sep- tember, 1890, the Editor considers the possibility f improving their fertility. Supplement to the “ Tropical Agricullurist.” [AuGusr 1, 1898. RAINFALL TAKEN AT THE SCHOOL OF AGRICULTURE DURING THE MONTH OF JUNE, 1898. Tuesday... ‘26 23 Wednesday... ‘54 24 Friday .. 23 Thursday .. ‘O9 25 Saturday .. .05 10. Friday sao Ron 11 Saturday .. Nil 27 12 Sunday ce ie es Thursday .. ‘02 1 Wednesday.. Nil 17 Friday oe 2 Thursday .. Nil 18 Saturday .. +28 3 Friday .. 438 19 Sunday ., -34 4 Saturday .. ‘387 20 Monday .. Nil 5 Sunday po 29.21. Tussday ., Nil 6 Monday .. ‘53 22 Wednesday., - Nil y( te) 9 Sunday ee Monday... Tuesday ,, 13 Monday’... 131 29 Wednesday,, ‘28 14. Tuesday . 204 30 Thursday ., -02 15 Wednesday .. 119 1 Friday ee 16 Thursday .. “70 - Total, .18°17 Greatest amount of rainfall in any 24 hours on the 3rd instant, 4°38 inches. Mean rainfall for the month -43, Recorded by D. L. Dras. ————————.»—_______. OCCASIONAL NOTES, We are indebted to Mr. J. Fergason for a hand- some map on rollers, representing the planting districts of the Island and showing the areas under different forms of cultivation. This up-to-date map will form a valuable addition to the School of Agriculture reading-room, At the request of a correspondent we publish some notes on the cultivation of the Castor Oil plant, for which we are indebted to Dr. Nicholls. We are glad to announce that there is a pros- pect of Annual Agricultural Shows being held, We have always been advocates of such Shows, and we note with pleasure the passing of the following resolutions at the final meeting of the Committee of the late Fruit and Flower Show, held on the 9th of July:—“(1) That the members present do form themselves into a Standing Committee for the purpose of reviving the Agri-Horticultural Society of Colombo, with the object. of holding annual fruit and flower shows, and from time to time larger agri-horticultural shows, at which all products of the Island might be suitably repre- sented. (2) That an invitation be sent to all the members of the late Agri-Horticultural Society, and of the Committee of the late Fruit and Flower Show asking them to join the Society—paying an annual subscription of R500 from 1899—and requesting them to attend a meeting to be held at the School of Agriculture on Saturday, the 6th of August next, at 7-30 a.m., for the purpose of electing a permanent Committee, a President, and other offi bearers, and to make rules.” Those who have Ceara rubber (Mai Glaziovii) growing in their gardens should be e. ful that cattle do not get at the leaves, as we hat seen fatal effects resulting froma cow and L eating the foliage. Another plant we often gs Avaust 1, 1898.] growing as a weed in gardensis the Datura which, as is well known, is also poisonous to stock, We understand that it is intended in future not to sell the Government Dairy calves, as usual, by public auction in Colombo, but to offer them for sale at provincial towns situated in the remoter districts. We doubt if this plan will work suc- cessfully, fcr as far as the Government Dairy is eoncerned it will be a disadvantage. In Colombo the highest values are naturally realized for stock, so that the Dairy as a commercial con- cern will not gain anything by taking the risks of conveying its cattle to great distances and exposing them forsale in places where it is not to be expected that there will be very keen competition, Accord- ing to present arrangements the sales are held in Coloizbo at seasons when most people of any stand- ing in the provinces are in the capital, while those who are unable to be present can always depute the auctioneer or some other agent to make pur- chases for them asis commonly done. It is not to be expected either that the smaller native cattle owners will purchase Sind calves and keep them for a couple of years to be afterwards usec for breed-~ ing purposes. Take Kurunegala, for instance, where it is intended to hold the first sale. The best known stock own-rs in this district have found it convenient to make their pur- chases in Colombo. The new arrangement pro- posed would, we suppose, be welcomed by these gentleman who would get their Sind stock brought to their very doors and made available to them at prices that with no doubt be lower than what they have hitherio paid. As we said before, it is the more wealthy cattle owners who will purchase Dairy cattle, and they can, however far away they may be, arrange to purchase their cattle in Colombo ; indeed, Sind animals are now found in Negombo, Chilaw, Henaratgoda, Kuruuegala, Veyangoda, Matale, Lindula, Ohiya, as well as in the Southern Province, The solution of the problem under present con- ditions in Ceylonis for Government to purchase the calves from the Dairy whenever an auction sale is held, and supply them to the Agents of Provinces to Le used for the benefit of the locality, or Government might authorize the Revenue Officers to purchase one or more bulls, each to be kept for the use of the poorer cattle owner in the provinces. By this plan the Dairy as a commercial concern will not suffer, and the proper parties will be benefitted by having some means of improving their stock provided for them. Referring to an advertisement to supply bread- fruits plants from Ceylon, the Queensland Agricul- tural Journal says: “So it would seem that the bread-fruit has foundits way to the west of us, and is being turned into capital,” as though its introduc- tion is something comparatively new, when indeed the tree is one of the commonest found in gardens and has been long naturalized in the Island. Specimens of the common cattle tick of Ceylon have been sent to Queensland, ana it has been found that the parasite is identical with the Austra- lian tick which causes so much trouble there, A tick Supplement to the * Tropical Agriculturist.” 139 found on Ceylon goats is said to be new to Australia. The ustial treatment for ticks is applying a solution of coconut oil and salt (unre- fined salt being generally used) and washing the cattle afterwards. We have seen an excellent sample of plantain flour made vy the head clerk of the Anuradhapura Kachchert. As the fruit grows well in the N.-C. Province and means of transport is difficult, it would be a good thing if the flour could be manufactured so as to make it a paying business. Spcimens cf the flour have been sent to Hugland, America and the Continent for information as to the market for the product, with reference to which we shall have more to say in a future issue, eed AE gee ree MILKING WXPERIMENTS. Much diversity of opinion exists amongst experts as to the intervals that should elapse between milkings to secure the richest re:ults. 1t is asserted, too, that the hours at which cows are tailked exercise an influence not only on the quantity, but on the quality of the milk—its richness in fat. Same recent experiments made in France show that the longer the interval between the milkings the more the fat in the milk dimin- ishes. When a cow is milked three times a day, the milk of the morning is always less rich in fatty matters than that of the midday and evening milkings. This upsets the idea which many; possess that the longer the interval the richer the milk ; in fact, it is quite the reverse. ‘he result of milking trials almost inyariably indicate that the butter fat ratio is greater in evening milk than it is in the morning supply; and there is always a longer interval between theeveningand the morning operation than between the morning and evening. It seems, also, that the more equal the intervals the better it is. A German breeder has ascer- tained that with two milkings per day 85 lbs. of milk were reqired to make 1 Ib. of butter, but that when the milk was taken from the cow in three operations, extending equally over the day, a similar quantity of butter could be made from 28} lbs, of milk. The difference is found to he less strik- ing, however, with newly-calved cows than those which have been in profit for a more or less longer period. Itis, therefore, advisable to replace the two milkings by three if the best quality milk is required. Of course, it will be necessary to see that the animals haye plenty of good and suitable food if they are expected to yield more and better milk. There is another advantage in frequent milking ; it gives ease to the cows, more especially when they are naturally heavy milkers; and fur- ther, it tends to develop the dairy propensities in young cattle, and predisposes their offspring to a greater secretion of milk and becoming higher class Gairy stock. —__—__-@ GREEN RUBBER. From the Zropenpfiauzer (Organ des Kolonial- wirschaftlichen Komitees, Berlin) we take the following note on “Green Rubber” :—Much has already been written on the extraction of gutta- 140 pércha from the leaves of the tree by the Rigoles method, and only lately this invention was repre- sented in a very bad light by many publications, whilst previously optimistic opinions prevailed on the other sidv. Who is right, time must show. But meanwhile the fact remains that the product by this method is placed on the market in quan- tity and offered to the manufacturers. In the United States shipments made some months ago were favourably received. In Europe, the well-known firm of IL. P. Moor- house, Paris, undertook the sale of green gutta- percha. This firm reports:—Green guttapercha is the extract of the leaves of the Isonandra, a tree which hitherto has yielded the rubber of commerce by tapping or by felling. The product has the advantage :—1. Of guaranteeing a constant equal quality to thepurchaser. 2. The work of cleaning, which increases the price from 15 to 20 per cent, is entirely done away with. In addition, the material combines the same properties of ordinary rubber witn an exceedingly great solidity and elasticity, which must necessarily tend to strengthen and extend the use of the material. The green colour, which results from the chlo- rophyl contained in the leaves, can easily be altered or done away with by ordinary chemical process. As it is very plastic and yet very solid, the green rubber can be bent and twisted at will, without breaking. It can be rolled into very thin plates; it gives the most exact and delicate im- pressions, and withstands the action of water as well as that of the sharpest acids. Even after iit has been used and broken up, if still represents a value of ahout 25 per cent. of the cost price. The French Telegraph Directory, in order te obtain an authoritative opinion on the product, ‘thas employed the new rubber for the repair of deep-sea cables, and experiments made with the most sensitive apparatus have established the fact that, as far as capacity and insulation are con- cerned, the rubber extracted from the leaves gave better results than were obtained with other first- class rubber. The green rubber works up either when pure or mixed, asin the case of the ordinary crude material, with the only difference that, on account of its purity and homogeneity, exceeding care has to be taken in working it, and this has to be done at a somewhat higher temperature—100 degrees to 120 degrees Réxumur (257 I.) ee WHITE-ANTS AS AGRICULTURAL PESTS. The extermination of white-ants as plant pests is still an unsolved problem, the statement fre- quently made that the ants only attack plants after they have been killed by or are very nearly dead from other causes isas proved by the experi- ments referred to below, unwarranted, we and have always taken the opportunity, from our own experience, of contradicting the statement. We have heard of bi-chloride of mercury (corrosive sub- limate) being used with success against the pest, while we have ourselves employed Paris Green with satisfactory results. Both these remedies are of course used in the form of solutions and employed against the pest when not closely associated with plants. Itisa question whether the insecticides re- ferred to can be made of sufficient strength todestroy Supplement to the “ Tropical Agriculturist,’ the pest when found onyoung plants, and atthe same time not to injure the plants themselves, In the Indian Agricultural Ledger, No. 18, of Entomo- logical Series No. 7 appears the following note from the Settlement Officer, Baleghat, to the Commissioner of Agriculture, Central Provinces :— White-ants are specially fond of young mango trees. In some villages repeated efforts to make a mango grove have failed on account of the roots of the young trees being attacked by white- ants. I once doubted this fact and was disposed to believe that in those villages the people were unusually negligent in watering the saplings, and that first the trees died of thirst and then the white-ants devoured the dead wood, as is their ordinary practice. A scientific forester lad told me that white-ants attacked only dead wood, and hence my scepticism as to the statemeuts of the villagers; but I am now convinced that the saplings in many cases die of white-ants and not of other causes, that the attacks of the white-ants on the roots are the cause and not the effect of the trees drying up. The cause that led me to this perception of the truth is that 1 have attempted to raise a row of half a dozen mango trees close behind my bungalow, and I have had a number of the saplings die, they being in most eases attacked by white-ants. I have dug up three of the trees in different stages of the white ant disease. One of the plants was almost dead, and it would have been diflicult to prove that the white-ants were not scavengers, removing useless dry wood. Anode ther tree was half-dead, and the theory that exone- rates the white-ant from the charge of devouring living timber could only be maintained by crediting the termite with a marvellously accurate prophetic instinct that told the scavenger which of the trees were already doomed to die and might be removed as useless, for the tree was not yet dead but only likely to die shortly. In the third case the tree still looked quite green, save for a suspicion of un- healthiness about some of its leaves, and on digging it up I found that its rootsihad been eaten throughin places by white-ants, and that a detachment of the voracious termites was actually pushing its way up the heart ofthe sapling, eating its paththrough perfectly good, juicy wuod. Thesightof a channel about 2th of an inch wide thus eaten out up the very centre of a sapling appeared to me to be conclusive proof that the mango tree was dying from the attacks of white-ants pure and simple, and that the theory I had heard put forth in the name of science by a Forest Officer was untenable. That theory appears to me to confuse two cases: (1) that in which white-ants attack young trees a few feet high, eating out the heart of the tree, full of sap though it is, and doing their work of destruction unseen below the surface, and (2), that in which white-ants ascend the ouwtszde of a tree in search presumably, of dezd branches on top. The attacks of the first of the above kinds are not confined to _ young trees, I have found fields of ta m which a number of the plants have withered owing to the roots being eaten by white-ants, and in grain-fields _ also I have had similar damage pointed ont to me, If, then, it be considered as proved that white- ants do considerable damage to horticulime by — attacking the roots of living trees, the question of © finding some preventative against their ravages Aveust 1, 1898.] becomes one of practicalimportance, Ihave made enquiries as to remedies against the attucks of termites, and found that tle popalar preventatives are numerous aud not usually efficacious. The cultivator starts with the belief that the white-ants have a delicate sense of taste or smell; and exercise their ingenuity in inventing nauseous mixtures with which to water the suffering plant. Water in which fish has been allowed to decompose is believed to be almost as strong in eflicacy as in stench. Solutions of salt or tobacco are about the most popular remedies, The a/dye I have heard of in this connection, but it is not thus used locally. The burying of gur in‘ hole near the tree in the hope that black ants will be attracted thereby and will incidentally eat up the white- ant colony, has been put forward by villagers. I have also been told to utilize the fact that bears are greedy eaters of white-ants, and to soak a bear skin in water and put the termites to fight by applying the iesulting liquor highly -impregnated with the smell or taste of their enemies’ ekin. “None of these proposals are believed in very much by the people. I have myself tried a decoc- ticn of salt and tobacco with some effect, but the young trees are not thriving on the diet any more than the white-ant is. The question of finding a cheap and efficacious remedy is, IT submit, worth an enquiry over a larger area than I have been able to arrange for. —E——E——EE THE TRINIDAD GOVERNMENT DAIRY FARM. The Report on this Establishment which is al- ways interesting to us from the fact that it was the Trinidad Farm which suggested the establish- ment of the local Government Dairy, is as usual a satisfactory one. The manager, Mr. Mexden, states at the outset that the demand for milk from the various institutions has steadily increased dur- ing the past three years and has been well fulfilled. The produce for the year was 131,285 quarts: an average of 360 quarts was issued daily, and 55 cows were milked. ‘This is certainly a satisfuctory record. The losses by death during the year under review (1897) were, an imported Red Poll Bull, a shorthorn bull, two other bulls, 7 calves and 3 cows, making a loss—somewhat larger than usual we are told—of 14 animals in all, The Manager considers that the eating of earth by young calves—a common experience in all dairies—is probably due to an insufficiency of saline matter, but though the animals have calt now placed before them each evening in an open trough, Mr. Meaden is not able to say that this is a preventative. - As an instance of the influence of the sire, itis mentioned that a 3-bred zebu heifer with well-developed hump and ample horns produced a hornless calf to the polied bull. Mr, Menden states that a start has been made in the special treatment of the herd to cullivate the milking qualities of cows or heifers under different conditions of feeding, shelter, &c., a departure that may well be followed in our own dairy, where we should also like to see some trials in crossing with approved Enropean breeds and our Sind stock carried out. Supplement to the “ Tropical Agriculturist.” 141 Mr. Meaden points out that all English stock should be introduced to a tropical Colony such as Trinidad as early as possible, Experieuce has shown that pure-bred Muropean animals do not thrive satisf.ctorily in Colcmbo, but halt- bred animuls from up-country have, when mated with Indian cattle produced excelient milkers and regulur breeders. We should like to see a country-bred shorthorn or Jersey ball in- troduced among the Sind cows for wu shert period as a trial, or ap arrangement by which a number of heifers could be made to visit a pure bred bull upeountry. The progeny cf the half- ioglish sire that as kept bwo. years ugo were, fs uw rule, unsatisfactory animals; no douti from the fact of the buil being breediuyg purposes. Regarding dishorning we read: “ Ail ihe heiter calves born during the year have been dishorned, the process adopted being ulmost painless. The button was scraped, but it assumed an inflamed appearauce, and then was rubbed with stick caustic potash, The operation was generally effectual the first time. The immense horns of our cows ave a@ nuisance and a source of danger to the cows themselves, as they frequently in- flict injury on each other; besides, dishorning makes them more docile, a fact that must weigh a great deal in managing part-bred zebru ecatile, The red poll was introduced with a view to bringing down the horns by a natural process, but this would take years to effect. ficial process is immediate iu its results,” Another method of tieatweut for dishoraing is by muking cross incisions in the button and inserting a smell piece of stick Caustic potash, The stock constituting the duiry herd in Trinidad areas indicated across breed between English and zebu cattle (the humped cattle of India, but of what particular breed or from what part of the Indian Empire we have not been abie to gather), Some weeks ago a good deal of surprise was evinced at the announcement that native Sinhalese cattle were wanted for Trinidad. The inference naturally was that the stock were required in connection with the dairy opera- tious, and that possibly a mistake wus made in arking for Sinhalese cattie instead of those of the sind breed (kept in the Ceylon dairy) whose reputation as dairy stock might have rewched the West Indies. But a letter to the Editor of the Ceylon Observer trom the Manager of the Vrinidud Stock Farm explained the misconception, for the Sinhalese steck were wanted us being small and cheap draught animals suited to the require- ments of the peasants. An enquiry tor these animals for draught purposes in connection with Municipal work came some time ago from Muauri- tius, so that there is a likelihood of these hardy little creatures being found as colonists in other lands in the near future. rather too oid for The arti- > THE VALUE OF ASHES AND CHARCOAL. Ashes are now largely used in connection with the culuivation of coconuts, and the good results attend- ing its use are well known to most coconut planters, but Mr. R. Ilarding, Curator, Boiunic Gardens, Toowoomba, proves so well the value of 142 both ashes and charcoal in an article contributed by him to an Australian exchange, that we quote it for ihe benefit of these who are inclined to look with contempt on these siniple fertilizers :— ong observation and study, together with the intimate practical experience acquired over a loug term of years of close sssociation with plants introduced into this colony will probably give some weight to the remarks here mude on ashes and charcoal, as | have fouud them the most natural, and in all respects the inost economical, manures that can be applied to all plants, especi- ally when they ave so near at hand, but yet are allowed to go to waste. These, wheu used as fertilisers, not infrequently produce a greater in- crease of crop than their chemical composition promised; and this is all the more remarkable becuuse the opposile is usually the case with fertilisers. The ashes contain all the mineral parts of the wood, and, as not much nitrogen is required, the ashes alone ure sufficient. Suppose we were to burn an apple-tree, vhutis left? Ashes certainly; and as 50 1b, of these ashes contain 4 Ib, of potash, this must have been the substance most iargely taken from the soil by the tree, Apparently the potash in the ashes increases the production of available plant food in the soil by iuducing or stimulating chemical action, This potash is a constituent of every plant, although some plants require a great deal more than others, he power of the potash in ashes to liberate nitrogen from humus is well kuown, and this aciion in makivg available the nitrogen in the soil is strikingly sivwn when land recently cleared of timber is pat into crop. Wherever a heap of logs or brush hus been burned, the vegetation is rank and luxuriant. In the raising of trees and shrubs, my seed beds consist cf ashes and charcoal, except a small amovnt of good soil on top for the seeds to ger- migaute in aud for absorbing the water, as it would be impossible to get the water to enter the ashes ; and I notice that immediately the young roots get afirm hold of the ashes they muke tremendous growth, and also find that the application of these ashes to the soil improves its capillarity, and therefore gives to the plants more moisture, increases the woody growth, and in all pot plants it gives the greatest satisfaction. In a ton of ashes there should be about 140 lb. of potash in a form most readily available by the roots of plants, besides sufficient phosphoric acid anda small quantity of nitrogen, and tie inorganic matter in the ash of a plant gives strength to the plants and enables them to give large produce. But some soils have sufficient potash ouly in a dormant stute; then a little lime will make it active. For instunce, receutiy u lucerne crop on Talgai Station beceme less exch year, and at last it was nearly covered with weeds. In the dvy weather the manager decided to burn these off previous to ploughing. After this was done (the burning), rain set in, and in one week aiter the fire the crop showed signs of being as good as it was in the first or second season after sewing. 1 think the ashes did that, because if we were to burn 2 tons of clover hay we would have a large quantity of ashes, and this is what it contains:—Potash, 52 1b.: soda, 7 lb.; magnesia, 35 1b. ; lime, 11 1b. ; phosphoric acid, 20 1b,; silica, 10 1b. ; and common salt, 3 1b, Supplement to the “ Tropical Agriculturist.” CAteurr 1, 1898. To show that the ashes are also good for the orchard, we will take the orange-tree as an example, A ton of oranges removes from the soil 100 lb. of mineral matter, and 80 Ib. of this is potash. We will cay that an average crop of full- grown trees will be ubout 10 tons per acre, and we have thusa removal from the ‘oilof about 1000), . of mineral matter per acre per annum by an oran ge crop. This miy go on for ten yeurs, and pot a- single particle of these ingredients is returned except what Nature returus by an occasional erop of weeds; and still many wonder why their orchards become exhausted. But how many take into ae- count the necessity for their growth? And as the largest proportion of the residue of the orange- tree is phosphate of lime, the value of ashes to this tree cannot be over-estimated. All kinds of fruit abound in potash, more espe- cially in their seeds, und lack of potash in avail- able form for use is probably one reason why fruit does not perfect liseil us 1t used to do. In growing grapes in Europe, they use no fertilisers excepling potash made by barning cliy- pings from vine aud twigs cut in the pruning of trees, and it was part of my duty, when a boy, to assist in Qcing this. In France this is done extensively. It is probably true that a dressing of unleached ashes applied in the spring will make the fruit mpen eurlier and attain higher colour and perfection, It may be a lack of potash that causes truut at midsuxmer to remain several days wit! - out change. This is particularly noticeable in grapes when the vines have set more fruit than they can perfect. In such cuses mildew often seta in, and the !ruit never matures, Potash aids not only in perfecting the seed, but in that myste- rious process which changes the acid astringent green fruit to the wholesome lusciousness that the same fruit attains wheuripe. Whatever of sweet- ness the fruit has, it receives through the leaves, but cannot do so unless there is soluble potash to be taken up by the roots from the soil. The lime in the ashes tends to make the } lant food already in the soil available, and is essential to plant growth, also for decomposing vegetable matter in the soil. , With the ashes there is always a certain amount of charcoal; therefore what the ashes are deficient in, the charcoal provides. Charcoal which is fre- quently used as a manure, does not act as such by changing into carbonic acid. Its effects are solely owing to the property which it has of retaining large quantities of various gasesinits pores. Fresh burnt charcoal will absorb ammonia to ninety timesits own volume. It ulso absorbs hydrochloric acid, sulphuric acid, hydrogen, carbonic acid, oxy- gen, nitrogen. Ammonia, from its being the great source from which plants derive nitrogen, is one of the most important components of manure, and this ammonia is a coiourless gas with a pungent smell, such as we meet with on opening the stable- doors, also when cleaning the manure from the pig-styes. Charcoal forms a valuable auxiliary to ulljmanures, and when applied to the soil alone has great fertilising properties, and it also renders the soil to which it is applied in any considerable quantity lighter and more friable. In using charcoal, 1 make a large quantity of strong liquid manure, and into this is put the dry charcoal. When well soaked, it is taken out and August 1, 1898.] Supplement to the dried. Itcanthen be used as required. In re- potting plants J simply put a little of this in the bottoms of the pots, and as soon as the roots reach it, the effects can be immediately seen, Being in a dry state, there is no smell while using the charcoal. If also use this in a powder to the soil to darken and enrich the flowers of dahlias, petunias, roses and other flowers, and the foliage of all is improved by the use of this, combined with wood ashes. I think it would be advisable for every one to preserve all the ashes they possibly can ina dry condition and distribute them over the roots of the trees in the orchard and also in the garden. If the soil has been roughly dug, the ashes may be scattered on the surface each day they are col- lected. It wuuld not be amiss to utilize the ashes in this direction all the year round, since the trees will be benefitted thereby. They do their work slowly but surely, and this l have proved by experience. ————- > ___—_——- NATURAL INCUBATION AND THE DEVELOP- MENT OF THE CHICK. Thisisa subject which is little understood even by those who make a business of poultry-keeping, and we therefore take over for the benefit of our readers, an extract dealing with the subject from an article on Incubators and Incubation contributed -by Mr. J. McCue to the last number of N.S.W. Agricultural Gazette :— All hens at one time possessed the natural desire to incubate, but a long course of selection by poultry breeders has eradicated it in some breeds, z.¢2.,, Hambrugs, Leghorns, &c., which now rarely huve a desire toincubsate, A hen, if left to itself, will prepare a shallow nest for her eggs, let her be a sitter or non-sitter. The non- sitter will go on laying, but will seldom show the maternal propensities by sitting on her eggs. The sitter, after preparing her nest, will at some time during the laying pericd settle down to “incubate her eggs, When a hen is broody the plexus of the organ of incubation is developed, ‘his consists of a number of arteries ramifying beneath the in- tegument of the abdomen, which form by their union a rich network of vessels which becomes truly extraordinary during hatching. Through theso arteries the worm blood is brought to the surface of the abdomen, nearest the eggs, bringing the temperature of the eggs nearly to that of the fowl. Atter the hen has become properly broody and prepared herself she sits on the eggs, more or less constantly for twenty-one days, turning and moving the eggs from time to time about in the nest, to assist the development of the chick and for herowncomfort. The number of times that ahen leaves her nest depends on the weather, if and she is fed or is compelled to find her own food, If the weather is hot she leaves the nest more often, dusts and cools herself more often; if the weather be very warm during the last three or four days of the hateh many chicks will be found dead in the shell. Just before the chick breaks the shell the “eggs sweat ; after the chick comes into the world it at first sweats profusely—is very sensitive to “Tropical Agriculturist.” 143 cold at this time, and nestles close under the mother for warmth. As most poultry-breeders know, ail fertilised eggs have the germ of life when laid, and it remains ina kind of dormant state if the tem- perature is not allowed to reach 70 or 80 degrees. Dr. W. H. Ransom, who has luvestigated with great care, says: ‘ That the unfertilised ovum or egg continues, for a time, to undergo changes similar to those which the fertilised eg undergoes ; but that these changes, becoming languid and in- complete, are finally arrested by decomposition.” The yolk of an egg is encased with a thin skin called the wtelline membrane, viz., 1 transparent and flimsy membrane. On the wpper surface of the yolk, and immediately under this membrane, will be found a little sem1-opique spot; this is the germ-spot or blastoderm. During the passage of the egg along the oviduct of the fowl, it is in a temperature of 105 to 110 degrees, and the germ undergoes important changes during its passage down the oviduct. From the germ of every egg a narrow passage runs to a small chamber in the centre of the yolk, As the yelk matures, the ovisac becomes thinner, especially around its greatest diameter. Around this diameter, when the yolk is almost matured, a belt—stegma—appears. Then fecundation takes place, the sae ruptures at the stigma, and the fertilised yolk, covered with a thin substance, is received by the funnel-shaped opening of the oviduct, or egg passage. On its way through this passage, the yolk becomes enveloped in a white fluid—albumen, This is secreted by the mucous membrane of the oviduct, and is added layer by layer as the egg passes on. The albumen of the egg forms the chief nourish- ment of the chick, being absorbed very fast by the little embryo; it also gives room to the fast- growing animal. Aibumen, being a bad conductor of heat and cold, guards the gorm-life in the hatching eggs against chills, which may occur when a hen leaves her nest-for food, &e. It also preserves the yolk and germ from sudden shocks orinjury. Besides the ordinary albumen, there are two cords, or strings, of a slightly fibrous albumen found ; these strings, called the chalazce, are spiral- shaped and fastened to the yolk—one at the air- bubble end, the other to the small end of the egg. These two cords act cs balance-weights to the yolk, keeping the germ uppermost, where it can best receive the heat to incubate it. After an-egg has been incubated fora short time, the germ-spot enlarges by the development of small vessels, which spread until they almost cover the yolk. From the germ-spot a flask-shaped tube proceeds to the centre of the yolk. During the growth of the embryo, many chemical and physical changes happen; blood-vessels appear about the third day in the membrane that lines the shell, and this being porous, admits the air necessary to aérate the blood, The air-bubble at the larger end of the egg becomes larger by the evaporation of the water from the albumen through the pores, and the consequent influx of air to tuke its place. The chick, until nearly developed, is encased in a thin skin, or membrane, which is brokeu by the beak of the chick on the nineteenth day. ‘The chick begins to use its lungs for the first time by using the air in the much enlarged air-bubble, At 144 Supplement to the “ Tropical Agriculturist.” this time the chick occupies the smallest space in the egg, the air-bubble taking up about one-third of the egg-space. When the uir-bubble is broken, the chick commences its struggles to leave the shell, and in its efforts gradually works itself up to top of the egg till it fillsthe whole space. This gives it more room, and liberty to move around, After the chick begins to use its lungs, if can be heard (if the egg is held close to the air) “ pufling © and struggling for several minutes. The chipping of the shell is done by the beak, which hasa small, hard, horny tip on it. Owing to the position of the liead and beak, this horny tip comes in direct coutact with the shell. The “clip” at the first is a small star-like fracture; after this the chick works itself round in the shell, at the sume time cutting off the upper portion of the egg. After the chick escapes from the egg he rests for some time, to gain strength and prepare himself to be able to follow his parent. Chicks vary considerably in the time they take to free themselves from the egg. Much depends on the moisture in the egg, strength of chick, and thickness of the shell, ‘Three to twelve hours is about the usual time taken, Just before the chick leaves the shell it should have absorbed into the abdomen all the unused yolk, which i3 its natural food for twenty-four or thirty how's. If chicks leave the shell before the whole of thie yolk is properly absorbed, they will, in nine cases out of ten, die. , Ak Many things cause chicks to die in the shell. Some die from want of stamina or constitution, often hereditary or brought on by impure air. Of course some clicks die in the shell through over- exertion in trying to extricate themselves from the egg. The chick, just before leaving the shell, draws its head from under its wing-—where it had been folded,—stretches out its neck, and rests after its labours, then a few more struggles, andl it lenves the egg. . , The chick comes out of the egg covered with wet downy feathers; these feathers possess in- numerable minute branchlets, eaclosed in delicate tubes. As the chick dries the tubes split, the branchlets open out and spread by their own elasticity, covering the little chick with its first coat of soft down: _ a ee HE USHS OF WOOD. (Continued from page 108, Vol, IX.) 14. Distillation of wood furnishes charcoal to the smithy or furnace, vinegar to the table, alcohol to the artisan, creosote to the wood preserver, gas for fuel and light, tar for roof boards, and pyroligneous oxalic, acetic, and other acids, as well as acetone, parafiin, naphthalin, ete. to the manufacturing chemist, and, by a slight variation of the process, lampblack to the i d painter. De Reale aiers from the metals in several other respects. It is not fusible, it cannot be Cast ; hence, to duplicate a form in wood requires the same amount of effort as aid the original. Changed into pulp, and still more into cellulose, this draw- back is largely overcome. Wood cannot be welded, though, as stated before, this is more than com- pensated by gluing; neverthleess, an end-to-end. (Aveusr 1, 1898 junction of the kind produced in iron cannot- he effected. Wood: cannot be rolled; it must be cub into shape; but owing to its softness and cleayability this requires incomparably less effort and equipment than the rolling of metals. Wood is hygroscopic; it contains water under all ordinary conditions, and the amount so con- tained varies with external conditions and with it the dimension of the piece. Though an advan- tage in a barre] or tube, by making it more secure against leakage, this peculiarity of wood is nevertheless a drawback not belonging to the metals, but corresponding to the drawback in the use of metals occasioned by their annoying expau- sion and cortraction due to change of temperature. Wood decays, iron and steel oxidize or rust. Both are serious drawbacks to the use of these materials, but since decay depends on living or- ganisms, whose multiplicution is sometimes extremely rapid, at other times almost imper- ceptible, varying with the conditions of the wood (moisture, temperature, ete.)., the decay of woods is generally more damaging than the oxidation of metals. Under water wood lasts longer than steel or iron. WHEREIN THE WOODS DIFFER. The properties which directly or indirectly Jead the artisan to prefer a particular kind of wood for a special purpose may be grouped into— (1.) Mechanical properties, such as strength, tougluess, stiffuess, ete. (2.) Physical, such as weight aud behaviour during and after seasuning. (3.) Chemical, such as colour, durability, and value as fuel. (4.) Structural, such as texture, beauty of pattern, and length of fire. (5) Biological, such as size, form and abund- ance. . MECHANICAL PROPERTIES, Of these several groups, the mechanical properties naturally take precedence, and of these again toughness and stiffness are unques- tionably the most important, so that oven the most general classification of woods into “ hard woods” and “ not hard woods” (for.this latter class, though by implication the conifers, has so far no name in this country) depends not at all on hardness as the word might suggest, but on toughness, the tough woods being the hard woods, the others the conifers. Since toughness is a combination of strength in several directions, the various forms of strength should be first con- sidered separately. When in use, wood usually breaks in bending, as in the case of an axe or fork handle, or else in shearing or splitting as seen in planks and boards, whether on the sidewalk or in the wagon body. Wood fails much more rarely in com- pression, though much exposed to this form of strain, and still Jess frequently in tension, since in this direction its resistance is enormous, and can, in ordinary articles, never be brought to fair trial. Fundamentally, all strength of wood depends on four different forms of resistance, namely, the resistance to tension or lengthwise, separ- ation of the fibre, resistance to compression length- Wise, resistance to compression sidewise, or tQ — AucusT 1, 1898.] collapse of fibre, and lateral adhesion of the fibres. Where a stick of wood is tested, more of these forms of resistance can be isolated and tested separately, aud in every kind of failure two or more are represented. Since the strength of the fibres in adhesion is very much less than in tension and compres- sion, adhesion enters into nearly every test as an important factor.. Thus, if a piece of wood consisting of several fibres is tested in tension, the fibre would probably not break at all, but be merely pulled out, the failure, as far as they are concerned, being due to lack of adhesion and not to a lack of tensile strength. Hvery tension test presents numerous cases of this kind, the broken fibres presenting no even fracture, but being splintered and drawn out, especially if the wood is good. In the same way when a piece of wood is compressed lengthwise, some fibres badly situ- ated with regard to the action of the load collapse, or else crush into their neighbours, and immediately a breach develops into which fibre after fibre falls, the breach spreading from this point; and the whole mass of fibres, now uo longer adhering in this plane, behave as a great number of separate fine strands—they “buckle,” and the piece fails. Bending is a compound test of compression on the upper (concave) side of the beam, and tension on the lower (convex), and numerically stands between these two, that is to say, if a stick breaksin bending, whether it break first on the upper side (in compression) or on the lower side (in tension), the bending strength, as commonly stated, is neither equal to the compression strength nor to the tension strength, but lies betwen the two. Here, as in the case cited, adhesion forms one of the factors, since at failure part of the rupture consists in a separation of fibres Shearing along the fibre is simply a test in adhesion, where the force acts in a line parallel to the fibre, and the values in shearing wherever tested agree with those of test in “ transverse tension,” as the test of adhesion may be termed, THE CASTOR OIL PLANT. This plant, known botanically as Ricinus Com- munis, is supposed to be native to India, though somea uthorities make it of African origin, It is now extensively cultivated in India, the southern States of America, and even the warmer parts of Europe. It stands wide ranges of climate, and in the tropics grows from sea-level to a height of 5,000 feet. In temperate climates (where it grows in the summer) it is an annual, but in the tropics it becomes a small perennial tree. The best soil is a rich well-drained sandy or clayey loam; light loose sandy, and wet heavy soils are not suitable. The plant is said to improve the fertility of soils on which it is grown, but this isa mistaken idea as the seeds contain much nitrogen, potash and phosphoric acid, and thus heavy crops would remove considerable quantities of these substances from the soil. The plant has many roots which penetrate deeply, and, therefore, by their decay they would open channels for the penetration of the atmosphere, Supplement to the “ Tropical Agriculturist.” 145 and thus increase the valuable constituents of and add organic matter to the land, thereby temporarily increasing the available quantity of plant food, and so the error of imagining that the plant enriches the soil may be explained in this way, Plants are propagated by seeds which are sown in the fields. The land is cleared and prepared in the usual way; deep tillage and subsequent harrowing being necessary to render the soil open and free, so that the roots can penetrate easily. Before sowing, hot water should be poured over the seeds, and they may, with advantage, be left to soak in the water for twenty-four hours. Then the seeds are planted at distances of six feet by six, or eight feet by eight, in gocd rich land. The best time for sowing is just before the rainy season commences. Four seeds should be planted in each hole, at the distance of six inches from each other; and, when the plants are from six to ten inches high, all but the strongest seedling should be pulled up, The seeds will usually germinate in about ten days, and the plant will grow rapidly, and commence to bear in four months from the time of sowing. The grcund will have to be kept clear of weeds, and the plants may with advantage be moulded up occa- sionally. As the object of the planter is to produce trees with many fruit-bearing branches, it will be necessary to nip back the main stem when it is making too rapid growth, otherwise long lanky stems with few flowering spikes will result. The castor oil plant has few enemies, for most insects shun it; and for this reason it has been recommended in cases of insect blights on other plants, that castor oil bushes should be planted at intervals in the affected fields, In older plants, however, the bark of the stem becomes attacked with various insects, such as the scale blight, Coccus, and the mite, Acarus. Should these pests appear to injure the trees, they may be killed by applying lime wash or kerosine oil emulsion to the affected stems with a brush. There are two principal kinds of castor oil seeds cultivated—the large and the small varieties. The large seeds yield from 25 to 80 per cent. of oil, but the oil is of an inferior quality, and it is used only for lighting and lubricating purposes. The small seeds give from 38 to 40 per cent. oil, which is of a finer quality, and this variety is the one from which the medicinal cold-drawn oil is obtained. The plants commence to bear at the fourth month, and the crops will become larger as the trees increase in size. In India, sometimes a yield of 15 lb: of seed is obtained from single trees; and in the United States it is reckoned that from fifteen to twenty-five bushels are got from an acre of land under castor seed cultivation, There is a ready sale for the cleaned seed in the American and European markets, in the United States, the seeds are sold by the bushel of 46 lb.,, and the produce may be shipped in bags or in barrels, In harvesting, the spikes are gathered as soon as the capsules commence to turn brown; for, if they were left on the trees to ripen thoroughly, the crops would be lost as the capsules burst open suddenly with some force and scatter the seed to wide distances. The spikes, when cut off, are 146 carried to the drying house, or they may he exposed to the sun on barbecues. During the day the spikes are turned over with a rake once or twice, so as to allow the lower layers to receive the rays of the sun. In from three to four days all the capsules will have burst, and then the seeds may be cleaned from the husks and foreign matter by winnowing. Should rain come on whilst the spikes are exposed out of doors, they should be raked into heaps, and covered up with tarpaulinrs or boards. As the seeds “ pop” to somedistance it is usual to confine the drying-place by a board fence four or five feet high; but, if a clear space of twelve feet can be left outside the drying layer of capsules, this fence may be dispensed with. The spikes should be spread in a thin layer of not more than six inches in depth, for the thinner the layer the quicker will be thedrying. The cold- drawn oilis made inEurope and the United States by several rather complicated processes requiring the aid of expensive machinery and skilled labour ; but there is always u ready sale in the great northern markets for crude oil which is sometimes refined, and sometimes sold without further pre- paration for lubricating purposes. In India, the crude oil which is exported in large quantities is made in the following manner:—The seeds are broken between rollers set so that the outer hard covering is cracked off. The whitish kernels are then separated, placed in hempen cloths, and submitted to heavy pressure in powerful screw hydraulic presses. The oil which runs out is then boiled with water to separate the mucilage and albumen. The clean oil is finally drawn off, strained through flannel and put into tins, barrels, hogsheads and dudbers for exportation. A dubber is a globular leather barrel or bottle used by the natives of India tu hold oils aud such like. A common oil is made in the West Indies, where the castor oil plant can scarcely be said to be cultivated, and is practically a weed—on a small scale in asimple way. The seeds are first stacked in an earthenware pan over the fire and then pounded in a mortar; the husks are sometimes removed and sometimes left, but their separation produces a better oil. The broken seeds are then tied ina linen bag and boiled with water in a large pot, and the oil is skrimmed off as it rises to- thesurface. It is then strained and may be bleach- ed by exposing it to the sun in clear glass bottles. In this way the seeds will yield at least a fourth - by their weight of oil. oa GENERAL ITEMS. In an article on ‘“ Dehorning” contributed by Mr. P. R: Gordon to the Queensland Agricultural Gazette, the writer says:—But the most satis- factory and least painful process of dehorning _ is by the use of caustic potash on very young calves, the younger the better. Mr. J.C. Thompson, the late Principal of Hawkesbury Agricultural College, practised this mode of destroying the growth of the horns, and reported it as most successful. If the young horn kas pot made its ‘appearance above the skin, it should be felt for by the fingers. The surrounding surface should be saturated with a little oil or grease to prevent injury from the caustic soda. With a portion Supplement to the ‘ Tropical Agriculturist.” [AvcusT 1, 1898. of a sponge or a piece; of rag’ firmly tied on the end of a smal) stick, the “ butten” should be rubbed with the ceustie soda, which will effectually stop further growth, and the animal grows up a “poley,” a curly lock of hair taking the place of the horn. Complaints have been made as to the failure of this process as tried in this colony, but the failure must have been due to the caustic soda having been exposed to the air. It should be borne in mind that when caustic soda,is exposed to thefatmosphere, it luses its power as anfescharotic, and therefore the air must be curefully excluded from it. The experiments of Mr. H. A, Tardent of the Westbrook Experimental Farm] have been parti- cularly successful as regards tomatoes, some of his specimens (of the crimson cushion variety) turning the scale at 20 oz. and measuring 153 inches in circumference. The variety known as the new Peach is said to be thejfavourite. It is said that a handful of kainit spread round tomutoes when they have been planted out, keeps off the destructive cut. worm. The following comes from an American paper, and we give it for what itis worth: —“John Russell, of Seattle, Washington, is said to have discovered a process for preserving milk that will stagger the condensed milk people. Some samples have been kept fora year, and the milk has proved as fresh as when‘ putup.’ Itis not condensed,’ nor is it pre- served by the use of any additional preservative. It is, however, subjected to a process known only to the discoverer, Milk and cream are both prepared in the sume way, and have the same taste, appear- auce, and properties of the fresh article. Samples have been submitted to Dr. Spencer the well-known bacteriologist, who is reported as haying enthusi- astically endorsed the milk as being pure and healthful, A factory has been erected, and the preserved milk is now being used in San Francisco, California. The possibilities of the discovery are described as being enormous; and while it may injure the business of the milkman near the large cities, it will be of the greatest betiefit to the more remote dairiesand theconsumers. At Poiut Reyes, where the parent factory is located, farmers are offered 25 per cent. more for their milk than they could make by turning it into butter. The new process takes milk out of the list of perishable articles, and it is said that so cheap is the process that it can be practically sold at the same price as fresh milk. A family can get a dozen bottles, or a hundred for that matter, and keep them on hand ready to use at any time, It isexpected that gro- cers will keep it on hand. also, just as they do canned tomatoes or corn, as it can be handled just as safely and easily. Mr. Geo. Warr, who is interesting himself in the cultivation of ramie fibre has contributed an inter- esting series of articles on the subject, bringing up all the latest and most reliable information with reference to the fibre in review. We understand that Mr. Warr intends republishing his account in pamplilet form, and we have no doubt it willbe a valuable brochure which just at this time will be welcomed by local agriculturists. ; anc eR Ago ate Hele ee ee y HR oh a: 1 f rr, > a Ne at A ay J o : . = eg J > > Ge Ey i Rates ny ‘ He . , Sy ee Bie aut : Fescm P a r rm se =, hr 7 ‘ un D i ia: cae eel eee , : { ut - “ a “ =. 7 bye ee) “Ks cones D , Ne = \ ti i . \ f . { Cire wis - au ‘ + . ‘ f i ase ‘ - o 1 « ‘aYuaiavNogvs VM “quaiavNoagvs ‘4 4 ae sP\CAl Vol. XVIII.] COLOMBO, SEPTEMBER Ist, 1898. [No 3. “PIONEERS OF THE PLANTING ENTERPRISE IN CEYLON,” (Third. Series.) FRANCIS RICHARD SABONADIERE, J.P, AND WM, AUGUSTUS SABONADIERE, J.P., PLANTERS AND MERCHANTS :—1839—1891; AND 1845—1896. HE BROTHERS SABONADIERE deserve to be put in the very forefront of the Pioneer Planters of Ceylon. Both be- gan their career in the island at an unprecedentedly early age—as lads of only 16 years ; both (but especially Frank) were among the very earliest batch of planters ; both earned general esteem by indus- trious, persevering and honourable careers ; and both clung to coffee as long as the industry had any return to make in Ceylon; while, in Jamaica, William died, as he had begun life, a coffee planter. We had, personally, no idea until we began to utilise the dates and notes, kindly placed at our disposal by surviving re- latives, that the planting careers of the Messrs. Sabonadiére, offered such uniquely in eresting lessons of self-dependence, perseverance and ster- ling cbaracter from the very beginning—and this beginning, dating from an age when lads are usually sent to a Public School, in place of being shipped off to try their fortune in a new and, then, almost unknown colony like Ceylon. We believe Robert Boyd Tytler was of the same age when he left home for Jamaica, to learn the West Indian. mode of cultivating coffee, before coming to Ceylon; and it is interesting that there is this link of age between Pioneers who formed the advance-guard of so many Ceylon Planters, furnished by the North-Eastern Counties of Scotland and the Channel Islands. How the former came to be connected with Ceylon has often been explained. The influx from the Channel Islands began through the connection of the Bird. (or Byrde) family, or rather of Colonel Byrde with residents in the islands, and this will come out very clearly as we proceed with our account of the Messrs. Sabona- dicre. Certainly, no Pioneers connected with Ceylon had a better right to induce a flow of young planters than the Messrs. Byrde, seeing that. to them belongs the honour of torming the very first coffee plantation in Ceylon. But to return to the subjects of our notice, We may be permitted first of all to say that the Sabonadiéres were a Huguenot family originally from Nismes, inthe South of France, where there are still residents—as a relative found out some years ago—spelling the name as Sabonadier without the final ‘*e,” but who belong tothe Roman Catholic 148 THE TROPICAL Church, and whose relationship to the descendants of the Huguenot branch is probably too distant to trace. Curiously enough, we may mention that the family (Durands) of the mother of the Messrs. Sabonadiére, as also that of the wife (Portals) of Mr. Wm. Sabonadiére, were of Huguenot descent. The father of the subjects of our paper was the Rey. C.C. A. M. L. J. A. Sabonadiere, ordained of the Church of England, and a Pasteur in tle Reformed Church ot France, residentin the town of Meanx inthe De- partinent of Seine & Marne.* His wife was Sophia, daughter of the Very Reverend Dean Durand of Peter Port, Guernsey. Here, in Meaux, were born Francis Richard Sabonadiére, on 8th Veb, 1823 and (six years Jater almost to a day) William Augustus Sabonadiére on 9th February 1829. Soon after the latter year, their father was transferred to Paris, and there Francis was educated at the Lysee, until his father’s further transference to St. (Quentin, where the latter died in 1838. Their mother then returned with her family to her old home, Guernsey, and her elder son, F. R., a lad of 15 atthe time, could hardly speak a word of English. A notable physical defect in IF. R, Sabonadi¢re (big powerful fraine as he eventually developed) was the absence of the right eye, and many in Ceylon, during h’s lifelong residence, thought this had occurred through some sporting accident But it really dates from his early childhood, when during an attack of measles (at the age of 4) a nurse wrongly treated the inflammation of the eyes in poulticing, and this proved fatal to the right one» The incident is worth recording as showing under what disadvantages school work, and still more a Colonial and Planting life was begun. Mrs. Sabonadiére, unable to make further provision for her son, bethought of her relative Capt. Bird (afterwards Colonel H. C. Byrde) in Ceylon, and it was to his care, young F. R. Sabonadiére was consigned in 1839; and under whom he began his planting career, a lad. of 16 years, on Black S*orest Estate, Pussellawa, the property at the time of Capt. Cobbe, of the Ceylon Ritle Regiment. The salary allowed to the “‘ sinna durai” (Assistant Superintendent) of that day was not more than a good native * From a memorandum in the late Mr. F. R. Sabonadiére’s writing the following private family reminiscence is transcribed :— My grandfather John Scipio Sabonadiére married Louisa Barbauld (a sister of the well-knownauthoress) at the Parish Church of St. James, Westminster, on 7th April 1789, and hai issue Adelaide Henrietta born 1st January 1790 and my father Carey Oharles Alfred Mary Louisa Jean Antoine, born 25th January 1791 in the Parish of St. Luke’s, Chelsea, and baptised in the Church of the said Parish 25th February 1791, also John Richemont born 25th March 1792, baptieed in St Luke’s, Chelsea, and died at Caen June 13th 1609, ee AGRICULTURIST. (Serr. 1, 1898. or Eurasian tea-maker now receives ; but on this, F. R. Sabonadigre managed to Jive without incurring debt, by denying himself any stimu- lant or tobacco. We usually date the beginning of the regular Cofiee Planting Enterprise in Ceylon from 1837, so that Mr. F. R. S.ibonadiére was here almost from the outset by arriving in 1839. This arrival thenwas interesting from another cause ; for he saw the first crop of coffee—and a very remarkable one—taken from the earliest clearing on Black Forest. The estate got this name from the Pussellawa jungle being all peculiarly heavy and of dark foliage and this being the first estate opened in the district. It was begun on a sma'l scale in 1836, as an experiment in planting coffee at a comparatively high eleyation—that is above 3,000 feet—for the only estates previously opened—namely Gangarouwa, Wariagalla, Konda salle and Rajawella—were from 1,500 to 1,700 feet above the sea. The unopened district o Pussellawa must have presented a grand expanse of forest and patana in 1836, and even so three years afterwards when young Sabonadiére arrived. The experiment ot Colonel Byrde—(or as he was then Lieut. Bird)—at first was only over 8 acres, but from this in three years was gathered the heaviest crop of coffee per acre perhaps ever harvested in Ceylon, and F. R. Sabonadiére must have helped to gather it in. The return was 167 cwt. or nearly 21 ewt. (105 bushels) per acre. This result was due to the land being grubbed up, and all the roots aud stumps of trees being burnt and the ashes spread over the surface; but this work was found far too ex- pensive to be continued. The success of Black Forest clearing, however, soon caused a rush into Pussellawa; but, indeed, the larger and finer blocks had been taken up in 1836, owing not only to the fine forest and soil of the district ; but to the fact that the main road from Kandy to Nuwara Eliya ran tirough its midst. We have in our possession a sketch in red pencil made for us by Mr. F. R. Sabonadiére of the various blocks and the dates of most of them being taken up. The first on the road (nearest Gampola) though not the earliest taken up is Old Kaloogalla (C. R. Buller); next Melfort (Brook); Black Forest (Bird); Delta on the right 1836 Archdeacon Glenie with Glenloch and Whyddon behind all making 2,299 acres; on the left of the road Rothschild (Major Murvy, 1836—we take it that the name was given by the Messrs. Worms when they purchased this block of the black forest of Pussellawa three or four ycars later at £5 an acre); further on the road we have Helbodde bought in1836 by Col. Macpherson 2,200 acres; Karagastalawa, Capt. Fisher; Tavalamtenne Srpr. 1, 1898.} THE TROPICAL Darley ; Wavendon, Tattersall and Lang ; Ram- boda, Smith; Bluefields and Rangboda, Col. Fraser ; Pallagolla, Kelson and Garstin; Kande- galle, E. R. Bower. Some of these ovwnerships must date from well on in the ‘ forties”; for next to Colonel Fraser, we find entered Bird and Sabonadiére 1845. Then away to the East of Delta, beyond the Attabage-oya, Mr. Sabonailiére pencilled in a block belonging to “ Rev. Owen Glenie”; Pooprassie, a large block bought by Gray & Co., Bombay, and which included Torring, ton, 1810-41 ” (we take it, however, the name Torrington was applied after the Governor Lord Torrington in 1847); ‘* Hannagalla, Geddes ; Galloway-Knowe, *‘ Miller, the Bombay Dentist,” both datiny from 1843-4. ‘ Beyond this, MacCulloch’s Land, now the Le Vallon Group.” Farther South, there ran ‘* Newmarket and Stellen- berg originally Kandalawewa, the two Armands, representing an English “ Kandelaweva, Alston; Poodjagodde, Fisher ; Eyrie, W. Keir; Balleywan, Lyon Fraser and Sheriff.’ We cannotresist reprinting the contentsof arrival of house in Paris;” this sketch of the district propert:es as they were from 53 to 60 years ago, first, because it is in Mr. Sabonadiére’s own pencilling; secondly, because of the many old names recalled ; but chiefly because it indicates the early development of what was long regarded as the Premier Coffee-planting Division of Ceylon and with whose fortune the names of the Messrs. Sabonadiére were so long and so creditably connected. To return to the career of the young planter- pioneer : five years of steady hard work followed, and then Mr. F’. R. Sabonadiere went home ; and at the age of 21 married Miss Emily Murray, daughter of General Murray. On his return to the islandin 1844, he took charge of Wahagapitiya estate, Pussellawa, and here he continued, until, in 1852, he was appointed to the management of Delta estate. In the interval, Mr. Sabonadiére lost his wife who died of consumption at Jaffna, whither she had been removed to try and check the fell disease. Soon after entering on the management of Delta, Mr, Sabonadiére built the fine large iesidence which has ever since marked the property. This, at first, he shared with Mr.Straube, the then Agent of Baron Delmar, proprietor of the estate; but the latter soon after retired leaving Mr. F. RK. Sabonadiére in full charge. Itis time now that we said something of the startin life of the younger brother. Only nine years old when his mother returned to Guernsey» William was sent toa private school, and after- wards to Elizabeth College. Just six yearsyounger than Frank, he started for Ceylon (no doubt en- AGRICULTURIST. 149 couraged by the success of his elder brother) exactly at the same age and arrived in 1845 a lad of sixteen to begin a planting career. Our local in- formation went toshew that the first employment of Mr. W. A. Srabonadiére was under the Messrs. Rudd on Bowlana estate, Hewaleta; but we have in our possession the last letter he wrote to us froin Jamaica in 1895, in which he alludes to the start of his planting career in Ceylon, 51 years before as on “‘Imbulpitiya and Wahagapitiya in July 1845.” The Jatter meant that he got some of his first lessons and start under his elder brother as was natural. Probably he went to Bowlana when qualified to take charge and continued somes yeus in Hewaheta, until called to the manage- ment of Glenloch, and Ramboda where, in Choisy, he and his brother acquired Pussellawa proprietary interests. There is in fact only the usnal planting routine of opening and managing estates to record up till 1858-9, when Mr. Wm. Sabonadiére returned home, and met Miss Sarah Portal his future wife, with whose family le passed a summer in Guernsey ; they were married n 1860 and returned to Ceylon to reside on Glenloch which Mr. Wim. Sabonadiére continued to manage, while developing Choisy. More than one trip home occurred in the “sixties” and he England in 1869, when he got the appointment of Manager of Delta in succession to his brother. He returned at once with his wife and two children and continued in charge till 1875. 4 In the early “ sixties,” the district of Pussellawa may be described as flourishing exceedingly. Our first visit was in 1865 on our way to Nuwara Eliya and we had for our companion through the district old Geo. Sheriff of Helbodde on his way to visit John Lewis Gordon on Wavendon who had not been very well. Full of reminis- eences, Mr. Sheriff pointed out to us the different properties, so well known by name: Melfort so well cared for by the “ Rev. John” (Martin) lately passed away. Rothschild with its hedges of roses, so long Was in the property of the Messrs. Worms who always cultivated highly, as indeed did their successors, the Ceylon Company, Limited, under the guidance of Mr. Wm. Rollo. Delta Store stood out as if commanding the whole district, and Mr. F. R. Sabonadiére was clearly recognised as not only the most experienced, but the leading planter in the countryside. A more delightful residential district there could not be than Pussellawa, with its healthy climate, average temperature of 65 degrees, its wide outlook of country and beauti- ful and varied scenery: abundance of pasturage for cattle, good roads—Delta alone having some 15 miles of cartroad and 20 miles of good bridle- paths within its bounds, affording delighttul and 150 extensive rides with fine scenery. Such,was the home and scene of labours for 17 years of Mr. F. R. Sabonadiére and afterwards for 6 years of Mr. W. A. Sabonadigre—one of the largest. and for many years) most prosperous coffee planta- tions, Ceylon, or even the world, has ever seen. Meantime, Mr. F.. R. Sabonadiére married a second time on August 19th, 1854, Miss Mary (Minnie) Layard—sister of Sir C. P. Layard, so long Government Agent of the Western Province— and they continued to reside on Delta till her death which occurred on January 4th, 1864, leaving two daughters, Sophia who was married to Mr. Alex. Crabbe, merchant, Gracechurch Street, and died in 1895 ; and Emily Antoinette, now Mrs. A. M. Hurst. After 23 years; uninterrupted residence in Pussel- lawa (15 of which were on Delta), Mr. Ff. KR. Sabonadiére took a trip home in 1867 aud in 1869 retired from Delta (in favour of his brother) to begin a mercantile life in Colombo as the head of the new firm of Sabonaditre & Co.; having for his partner Mr. John Northmore, both being joined later by Mr. Wm. Bowden Smith. Asa Planting Proprietary and Agency Hoase, Messrs. Sabonadiére & Co. (having secured the sup- ‘port of Mr. G. 8. Duff, Messrs. Crabbe & Co., and other home proprietors) quickly took a leading posi ‘ tion—indeed in our Directory for 1883 they stuod ‘atthe top of our Agency list—having the produce of some 28,564 cultivated acres from 113 estates to ‘attend to. All was prosperous in the ‘‘ seventies ”’ ‘and until the gradual decay of coffee through the fungus hemileia vastatriz, and then a struggle set in ‘for the partners (as for nearly all Ceylon) which culminated in the failure of the old Oriental Bank, ‘and Sabonaditre & Co. closed on 4th September °1884. It was at once succeeded by Messrs. Cumberbatch & Co., Mr. Cumberbatch having been a trusted assistant in the old house, and in ‘due ‘season (March 1885). Mr. F. R. Sabonadiére ‘in due time, becanie a partner in the new firm and ' watched the transition from coffee to tea, while cin- _chona, in many cases, affording the means to enable the new product to be started. My. Sabonadiére _ could never beidle, even in his old-age, and he was “always chatty and cheerful ; but his life-work was drawing toacloseand the end came on 18th July, - 1891. All that was mortal of Francis Richard Sa- pbonadiére was next day committed to the grave in the General Cemetery, Colombo, amid*a large assemblage of all races and classes, many ot whom felt they had lost a true friend; while all realized that the island was poorer through the ~ death of as honorable, true-hearted and upright © a colonist as ever helped to develop its prosperity. No one in the. long list of Ceylon planters and THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. ‘Ramboda and Sobo in Badulla. ‘ characteristically dedicated as follows :— , . (Serr. 1, 1898, merchants was ever more deservedly loved and respected than the subject of our memoir whese whole life practically was given to Ceylon since he arrived a lad of 16 and never left it till he died in his 68th DEATH OF MR, F, R. SABONADIERE, (From the Ceylon Observer” 20th July 1891.) _Another of the ancient landmarks is gone. Mr, F. R. Sabonadiere died on Saturday night, and last evening his remains were interred in the General Cemetery in the presence ofa large number of those who knew and respected him when living, as an honest man and an amiable gentleman. As the manager of the great Delta coffee property of Baron Delmar, in Pussellawa, in “the forties" and “ fifties,” and subsequently as estate proprietor and head of a mercantile firm, Mr. Sabonadiere has been for a period in excess of half a century connected with the planting enterprise in Ceylon. The collapse of coffee brought misfortune to him as to so many others, and amidst trying physical suffering the closing years of his life were devoted to the task of enabling him tosay “I, ‘owe nomananything.’” In his death European society in Ceylon has lost one of its most worthy members, while his departure will be mourned by the community generally. Much sympathy is due to his family, especially to Miss Sabonadiere, who was deeply attached to one whose death leaves heran orphan. The deceased gentleman was connected by marriage with the Layard family, having married a sister of Sir Charles Peter Layard. His brother, Mr, William Sabonadiere, author of a standard work on coffee cultivation, will, in far-off Jamaica, receive with grief the news that the elder brother whom he esteemed so much and loved so well has been taken away while he is left to fight the battle of life. On that battle-field but few remain of the generation, who were connected with the early days of coffee, who experienced its vicissitudes, and lived to see it finally superseded by tea as the staple rroduct of Ceylon. THE FUNERAL, The funeral took place last evening, the procession - leaving Nethercourt at-5-30 p. m., the first carriage being occupied by Miss Layard and Mr. and Mrs. Bowden Smith. At the cemetery the funeral service was conducted by the Archdeacon. The pall-bearers were the Hon, I’. R. Sanniers, Dr. Kynsey and Messrs. Henry Bois, Staniforth Green, P. C. Oswald, and F. J. de Saram. There.was a large and representative gathering at the funeral. ; On the 18th July, 1891, at Netherconrt, Colombo, FRANCIS RICHARD SABONADIERE, aged 68. We must now return to Mr. William Savo- nadiére who after six years’ management of Delta, determined to retire to the old country in 1875, selling out of his properties, Choisy in Before this, however, we should notice the preparation by Mr. Sabonadiére and the publication of “The Coffee Planter of Ceylon” at the time by far ‘the best and most practical book published on the subject. It first appeared in 1866 and was Dedsicaied to — F. R. SABONADIERE, Esa@., OF DELTA, PUSSILAVA, CEYLON, BY HIS AFFECTIONATE BROTHFR, ~ - TRE AUTHOR. SEPT, :, 1898.] The Preface we quote as follows:— PREFACE. As planters, like doctors, often disagree, it may be thought presumption on my part to come forward with a work on the subject of Coffee-planting, as at present practised in Ceylon; yet I think that’ my twenty years’ experience in the districts of Pussellawa, Hewahette, and Rambodde justify me in the desire to employ usefully the leisure time at my disposal for the benefit of beginners, in writing a work which may hereafter be useful as a book of reference. I trust I need not say that I have no wish, neither do I pretend, to teach men who are as old and experienced planters as myself; for had I not felt confident, before I commenced this book, that a modern work or manual for young coffze-planters was required (the want of which has often been deplored), I would not have undertaken the task. bes I have appended numerous extracts from Laborie's. work, which, though written many years since, is still in some respects excellent of its kind, though not fully equal to present requirements—so much that is new having been learnt since Laborie wrote. I have also availed myself of various letters, published either by the Planters’ Association or in the local papers, all of which I gratefully acknow- ledge. They will, I am certain, add to the value of my book, as affording corroborative professional authority. I also acknowledge, with thanks, much staistical information derived from Ferguson’s ‘Ceylon Directory,’ 1864—5, a compilation very useful to anyone who has interests in that island. In conclusion, [trust my fellow-planters will excuse the many deficiencies that may be found in my work, and rely upon their kind and friendly criticism. WILLIAM SABONADIERE. Guernsey, February, 1866. There was a new edition published in 1870. In selling out of coffee estates before the crash overtoox coffee, Mr. Wm. Sabonadiére may have been deemed fortunate; bunt on settling in London he went into partnership with Mr. Davil Smith (afterwards Mayor of Brighton and a well-known Cinnamon and Coconut estate proprietor in Ceylon), the firm being Runciman and Smith, and so maintained business relations with coffee proprietors in Ceylon. In this way he suffered, like many more merchants, when the ravages of leaf-disease ruined the colfee properties of constituents. But for some years after 1875 prosperity ruled and Mr. Sabonadiére livel in Delta House, Worcester Park, Surrey, the lower garden gate of which Was immortalized by Millais in his picture of the “Black Brunswicker.” Finally, Mr. Sabonadiére retired from the firm and from mercantile life in 1882, and, although now in his 54th year, be- gan to casé about for a new field of labour and enterprise. Tea at that time had begun to at- tract attention in Ceylon as a substitute for coffee; but at his age, Mr. Sabonadicére did not think it well to take up with a new product. He received good accounts of coffee in Jamaica where the fungus disease was unknown, and at the beginniue of 1884 he went ont to Jamaica and took up the Arntully coffee plantation on the Blue Mountains, finding, however, that labour and means of transport and other conveniences THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 151 were very different and more trying than in Ceylon. Mrs. Sabonadiére and his only daughter, Miss Mary Sabonadiére, accom- panied him; but the former died in December 1885. Still Mr. Sabonadiére, cheered by his daughter's society, stuck with marvellous’ tena- city for more than another decade to the by no means encouraging work to which he had thus put his hands. Of his varying fortunes and of. his experience of coffee and other products and lifs generally in Jamaica, the readers of the Ceylon Observer and the Tropical Agriculturist learned a great deal from his series of graphic letters sent to us at intervals betweea 1885 and 1896. He was cheered at times by good crop prospects and still more by the success of his only son, Mr. Alfred Sabonadiére, who won his way into the Indian Civil Service to the great satisfaction of both the old Ceylon Colonists (father and uncle) who well koew the possibilities for good and notable work and the advantages offered by the finest Service in the world, At length, early in1896, Mr. Sabonadiére began to feel the time had come when he should wind up in Jamaica and retire finally to the mother country, In May, his daughter left for England to be with her brother invalided home from India; and it was arranged that he (the father) should follow ina couple of months. In our last letter, already alluded to, Mr. Sabonadiére dating from “ Arn- tully, .Cedar Valley P. O., Jamaica, 17th May,” intimated that he would ‘be leaving Jamaica for good on or about 21st July.” and he gave us; his London address for papers, ete., and promised to write occasionally after he had settled down, thoueh he added, ‘‘my notes may not be so amusing asdnel Tyndall’s.” Alas, it was not to be! He wound up his letter in the following interesting fashion ;—- “ Crops on the Blue Mountain estate!lection of revena3 froin ealtivated lanid,—the fixares for the volumes of British Lalia for well-nigh different erop3 are fav more reliable thiua any- tiins of the kinl in the Ceyioa Bluae-books ; troweh they eannof approveh ove still more ae- Crate record for the tea, eaer., coffee, ecarda- moms, cinchona, rubber, Gs. plantation strbisties of this Colony. To give an idea of the enor- mous areas with which the Tfadian Directer- General of Statistics has to deal, we give a few of the results, leaving eut odd fizures. First, there is the total net area of territory by professional survey, «dle lneting feadatory and tributary States and areas foe which no returns exist, and we get 537 millions ofaeres! Ua ler forests, 6! millions ; not available for eultivation 154 miliion’s > cul: turable waste 95 millions; fallow laul 47 mil- lions ; area from whieh crops were taken 1774 inillions ; area irrigated 29 millions aeras, Nexs we have the differe it crops: Rice covers 65 millions acres; wheat over 16 millions ; and the total under food-grains was no less than 16) millions acres! Uniler oilseeds 105 millions; cotton 95; jute 24; other fibres 6)1,099 acres; sugar 2% millions; indigo 1} million ; tob veeo 1 million; folder crops 2 million ; opinin 691,000 acres ; Colfee 147,158 acres; Tea 423,732 aares. It is with reference to Coffee and Tea that we wish to offer remarks aad eorreetions on the official statistics just published. In the cage of coffee there is not anh to correct, because the volume before us credits Mysore as an indepen- dent State with nearly as much coffee as all “India but ignores Travancore. A‘lding in for the last the figures compilel for our own Hund-book, we eet the following :— Coffze cultivated in ‘India”’ = 147,158 acres FF i » Mysore a 145,550, i 6 » Leavancore ., 4253 ,, Motal ... 20609). ,, But inasmuch as we feel sure the official return is too high for the Wynaad and Nilgiris districts, we are inclined to reduce the figures and estimate to 290,000 aeres as the approximate area now under colfee in all [utia against not more than 18,00) acres in Ceylon for plantations, Liberian ant native gardens. Much of the areain Todia muss be bearing VERY, littl: ; for the total ex- portin 1897-3 was oaly 225,U03 ews. Lt is surmised, however, that there is a far larger loval con- sumption of coffee in Tadia than has hitherto been erelitel. Weareinclined to put it down at 159,090 ewt.; but even then we should not get an average yield over all the colfee area of 14 ewt per acre, 20 AGRICULTURIST. 155 Turning to TEA, the Director-General ia Calcutta has evidently failel to get returns from Travancore which, with the large area being openel up by Sie John” Muir's Companies- in North Travancore, has now becom? quite aa important tea-growing divi- sion. Oar resurms inlicat2 no less than 23,00) acres in tea in Travancore, more than half of which is yonne or immature. , do. do. Coyloa .. 153 000,09) 12),9)) 09) Totvl xe we 273,099,0)) Alloying locxl coasimption .. 6,9)9,0-0 For Export a6 2,909,099 Say 233 million Lb. t> Unital Kee ‘wal 3! mile lioa 1b. to other coantries. In our calculations of area for Coyloa, we in- claule 7,0)0 acres in native tea gwdeas—2,V00) young and 5,099 acres in bearing. We tak2 be- tween 4 and 5 years as the limis betwee young and mature tar. Jet ib be further notel tuat the Assam tea planters have a reserve of land not yet plantel equal to nearly 70J,00) acres ; while the reserve in private hands on Ceyloa plantations equals 367, OP acres, of which 12),09) acres may be fit for planting. In round figures we my now say that in all India, there are 470,099 acces panted with tea; and in Cey lov 370,00) acres ; so that our biy neighbour is only 10),00) acres in advance ofus. ‘The time has, hosvever, Cones ror suspending further plant- ing operatioas until it is sean what is t» be- come of the additional crop (say 59 million lb. at least) which the young tea is capable of producing, If crops agerexating 272 million |b. can with diffic salty be disposed of ata profitab-e rate, low, within the next four years or so, cal 50 millions more Ib. be taken off? Taat is the problen ; and one tht cau only to be solved with the aid of Rassia and the United Ssates. May these countries respond by demands in- ereasiae by leaps and bounds, year by year, 156 DR, MORRIS, C.M.G., AND MR. JOHN HUGHES ON THE WEST INDIES. INDIAN CURRENCY, AND CEYLON TEA. With Dr. Morris at Kew this afternoon (15th June) I had along conversation. Explaining the reasons for the WEST INDIAN COMMISSION to inquire iuto the disastrous condition of the sugar trade, Dr; Morris stated that French Colonies send home their sugar to any French port where it receives a bounty of £5 per ton; thence it is sent over to the English market and sold at the cost price of £10 per ton. English Colonies re- ceive no bounty and therefore have practically to sell against Frenchmen at less than cost price. A rich mother-country, owing to her stubborn, and yet far from blameworthy, principles of free trale, thus allows a bounty-fed fore'gn supply of sugar to oust from the English market that sent hom2 by its owa colonies, Dr. Morris did not approve of the creation of a bounty system of our own, seeing that it tended to weaken the iidependence of planters and led them to rely less upon their own resources. He would advo- cate very strongly, nevertheless, that some assist- ance should be given in the West Indies to those Colonies, which have been ruined by the free-trade principles at bome, in the shave of Joans at a moderate rate of interest to help them put their estates in order and renew their machinery. Even after this has been done, it seems to me that French sugar will still hold the field in England, unless its quality is inferior to that of the Enetisi and the charges for freight con- siderably greater. The only resource of the West Indian planters would seem to be to con- fine their supplies to and develop those markets nearest to them namely the American and Cana- dian. It will be interesting to see what assist- ance Mr. Chamberlain will eventually propose should be give1, for he has already agreed that something shall be done for the West Indian sugar estates. With regard to THE CURRENCY Dr. Morris admired the wholly justifiable energy with which the Ceylon Association had acted ia - view of noa-representation on the Indian Committee. But, he said, it would be unwise on the yart of Cey- lon planters to ofr any opposition to the Indian Government when once it had decided on the step which to it seemed necessary-—and this was evideatly the fixing of the value of the rapee at Js 4d. If the whole question were looked at from a wider point of view, the importance of Ceylon was small compared with that of the dollar-using Colonies. The ‘‘almighty”’ coin which rarely fluctuated much from 4321 in America, was there worth only 23 31. Nevertheless the injury that would result to Ceylon planters from the measure they fear, coupled with the recent fall in the prices of tea (now happily less marked), would unloubtedly add to their difficulties. {It is what may shortly occur through British acencies, in the Yang-tse-kiang Valley in develop- ing properly grown and prepared teas, with the dollar at 2s 3d or less, that brings a cloud over the prospect of the Indian and Ceylon tea planters THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. (Serr. 1, 18 . and makes them anxious about the Currency settlement.—ED. 7.4.] Mr. Hughes said the other day that it would be a point of interest to discover whether the DETERIORATION IN TEA of late (of which he felt assured) was due to careless manufacture, or the affection of the tea-bush by «decay, or exhaustion of the soil. On this question Dr. Morris's views were as follows:—The tea plant was too haidy to be quickly affected by any deterioration in the soil. ‘lhe latter was always a slow process, and seeing how short a time the industry had been established in the island it could even if ascer- tained for a fact, which it is not, hardly account for the reported Joss of quality in the manufae- tured tea. It was more probable that, as usual with all products that come to be manufactured on a large seale, less careful attention had been given to each of the various processes involved in the work of the factory and the field. Com- petition, in the shape of Companies, was largely answerable for the depreciation in the quality of the mannfacture. Dr. Morris reealled how in the days of hand-made teas, when tea was 3s 6d ver Ib., he used to receive 2lb. packets from r. James Taylor of Loolecondera, and sent them to various people sich as Mr. Thiseltcn Dyer, Sir Joseph Hooker and Professor Huxley. It usually led to their writing fot more of the article, and in the case of Sir Joseph Hooker to the throwing up of China teas throngh preference for the Ceylon. Dat in these days unless the pristine excellence of teas exported from Ceylon were restored, their advance in the home markets woald be a slow and tedious business. If the planters would strive rather to improve the product than accelerate its production, the outlook for tie tea industry was by no mean disappointing. Visitors to Ceylon were struck with the vitality of the work going on and the hopeful look of the estates, Only the other day Dr. Morris had had a visit from Mr. Freeman-Mitford, ¢.B., late M P. for South Warwickshire, and of Batsford Park, Glou- cestershire. While on a trip to Ceylon recently, this gentleman gained so high an opinion of the prosperity of plantations he visited in Dikoya that, before he left the island, he had invested in a share of an estate at Hatton, Dr. Morris invited me to visit Kew again before I sail, and he would then show me round many things of interest. Rk. H, F. CARDAMOM CULTIVATION IN CEYLON—is well- known to be very prosperous, where it does sueceed, although a good many fields in unsuit- able districts have had to be given up. Bat can any cardamom planter beat this return cour- teously sent to us for our Handbook by a well- known Ceylon V A. :—a field of about 80 acres 4 to 5 years old last season gave 480 lb. dry cardamoms per acre. At a gross return of 4s per 1b. or £96 per acre, this ought to pay well! Oae-hundred and-fifty-years agu, the Dutch had to get most of their cardamoms trom the Han- wella and Matara districts—is the cultivation quite given up there by the natives? Altogether _we now get 5,153 acres plauted with cardamoms on plantations, chiefly in the Medemahanuwara, Rangalla and Matale East districts with less in Nitre Cave, Knuckles, Kelebokka, Hewahette, Kurunegala and Badulla. Oar last export of 540,040 1b. should be added to as young fields - ; come into: bearing. Serr, 1, 1898] THE TROPICAL COFFEE AND RUBBER IN MEXICO. ~ A recent mail brought us trom America a very handsome volume on the above subject, accom- panied by the following note from the author, Mr. M. Romero:—‘‘ Washington, June 11.—I have the pleasure of sending to you by this mail, at the request of Mr. Hawthorne Hill, editor of the ‘India Rubber World,’ ot New York, a copy of the book I have just published in New York entitlel ‘Coffee and India Rubber in Mexico,’ which contains two papers that I wr te several years ago on the culture in Mexico of both staples, which may be of some interest to you. Jn my paper on ‘Coffe2 Culture’ I make frequent reference to its cuiture in Ceylon.” The full title of the work is ‘‘Coffee and India Rubber Culture in Mexico preceded by Geographi- cal and Statistical notes on Mexico, by Metras Romero—G. P. Putnam’s Sons, New York and Lon- don, 1898.” We cannot more tersely or exactly ex- plain how Mr. Romere came to write this book or how he gained the necessary experience than by quoting the first portion of his introduction as follows :— When, after serving five years, from 1853 to 1871 as Secretary of the Treasury in Mexico under Pre- sident Juarez’s administration, I was obliged to re- sign, my health being so greatly broken down as to make it impossible for me to continue discharging the duties of thit responsible, and at the time, very difficult office, feeling that if I remained in the City of Mexico, I could not regain my health as I would be subject to continual mental excitement, I made up my mind to live in the country and occupy my tim in agricultural pursuits. cfore deciding what branch of agriculture I should follow, I made a tour of inspection to the most favored regions of Mexico and found that india-rubber and coff3e raising seemed to be the most promising and profitable uadertakings. Vhe place which I thought best adapted to both of these products was the district of Soconusco, one of the counties of the State of Chiapas, in southeastern Mexico, bordering on Guatemala, and I concluded to settle there and apply myself to coffee and india- rubber culture. In the meanwhile, coffee raising had attained con- siderable development in Guatemala, the Guatemilan coffee being very highly esteemed in foreign markets, and I determined to make a tour of inspection in Guatemala aud examine the principal coffee plant- ations, in order to learn what was the be3t way to mike a plantation and keep it productive. I, of course, tried, during this time, to collect all the in- formation I possibly could about these two branches of agricuitural industry. : Finally I undertook to mike a coffe2 planta‘ion in the high lands of Soconusco—located from four to five thousand feet above the level of the sea—as, in my opinion, a temperate zone is the proper one for that tree; and another for india-rubber ia the lower lands of the district, which are warm, damp and marshy. I acquired some experience by these experi- ments and I made a study of the subject, not only in coffee plantations in Mexico and Guatemala, but in other countries where I understood coffee raising was also very prosperous, like the Isiand of Ceylon, in the East Indies, and Brazil which is now and has been for miny years, the largest producer of coffee in the world. Mr. Romero eventually visited every coffee dis- trict of Mexico, so that he ought to write with a tull knowledge of his subject. The first edi- tion of his book—a small manual—came out 25 years ago and it ran afterwards through several editions. When the price of cotfee began to rise rapidly in 1890, great attention began to be given to Mexico with its grand advantage of proximity to the United States, the greatest gofies consuming country in the world, Mr AGRICULTURIST. 157 Romero mentions that the maximum. price ob- tained was 35 centsin silver; but that the price fell rapidly in 1897 uatil 12 cents was reached and yet even that proved remunerative. Still we think the Ceylon planters who recently visitel Mexico did quite right to hold off pur- chasing coffee property there until they saw what the course of the market was likely tobe. The total production of coffee for M2xico in 1896 is given as follows :— lb. Cordoba produces 0 +» 10,00),00) Huatusco and Coatepec.. 10,090,009 Oxxaca .. ooo : » 6,000,000 Tabasco ste ve +» 5,000,009 Chiapas.. we ae +» 3,000,000 Other Districts .. ae +» 26,000,000 60,000,000 Ib. Or nearly 536,00) ewt. The only chance of maintaining the remunerativeness of the industry we should say, must lie, in introducing the Cey- lon system of careful pickings of rip2 cherries only, pulping, drying, separating, We., in fact that careful ‘‘preparation” which gave ‘* plantation Ceylon” so high a reputation. But the strange fact is that the recent Ceylon visitors to Mexico dil not pay a little more attention to *‘ Rubber,” the coming product and one so much in demand at handsome prices. Here is what Mr. Romero has to say witha quotation from a Report by the British Minister :— India-Rubber.—The lowlands of Mexico, especially those adjoining the Pacific cean which have a very warm and moist climvte, are very well adapted for the india-rubber tree, which attaius a large size and yields a considerable amount of india-rubber. We used to have whole forests of them, which fact shows that they were in their proper conditions of soil and climate, as they could outgrow the rank vegetation of the tropics, and prevent the growth of most of the other large trees in the forests; but india-rubber gatherers have destroyed most of them, and I imagine that there is a comparatively small number left. I have always thought that the production of india rubb2r would before long ceasa t) b3 sufficient to supply the demand, aud that, therefore, the value of that article would increase with the lapse of time. Now it is to b3 expected that the enormous expansion ducing the last few years of th cycle-tire, electrical mo tor-car, cab, and kindred industries will lead to the bestowal of increased attention on the world’s rubber supply, which is so intimately associated with the ex- istence of these industries. Thinking that a plantation of india-rubbar trees would be very remunerative, I devoted considerable attention to that subject, and in 1872 started one of 109,099 trees iu a place admirably located for the purpose, bordering on the Pacific Osean and between two large rivers, in the same district of S»conusco. In an article published in 1872, under the title “Tndia-Rubber Culture in Mexico,’ I compiled all the information ou th2 subject that I could obtain, supplementing it with the experience that I had ac- quired. Unfortunately, for reasons of a political nature, IT had toabandon that plantation, and when the trees that I had planted grew large enough to yield rubber, they were tapped by the natives and entirely destroyed, but my work gave m3 an experience which I consicerad of great valde. The india-rubber trees that grow in Mexico are not the Jluevea guianensis that grows in Brazil, but the Castilloa elastica, and if we have any of the MHuevea guwianensis I have not seen them. Enough has been written lately on rubber culti- vation to show that the profits, in Mexico at least, would be very great; indeed, 300 per cent. on the capital invested is a possible return, after five years from cultivating Castilloa elastica in that Republic, This isa return which provides plenty of margin {9 § 158 THE TROPICAL contingencies: Rubber-growing is no Jonger in the experimental stage, as witness the plantation of lia Viameralda, in Oaxaca, to which further reference is mide below. Cultivated india-rubber plantations are few, for the reason that, in some degrce like the coffee plant, the india-rubber tree requires a long pe‘iod of continuous cultivation before making any yeturn to the cultivator, Mexico affords excellent opportunities for the development of this admittedly profitable indus‘ry. On this point the anthority of Sir Henry Nevil Dering, the British Minister to Mexico, who, in a recent report to the Foreign Office onthe cultivation of india-rubber, says :—* The regions most favorable for the growth of this inyportant, yet yarely cultivated, indiainbber tree are the plains of Pochutla, Oaxaca, and also along the banks of the Oopalita River where the tree is found in astonishing numbers. I’ew are the plantations of india-rabber trees existing in the Republic of Mexico, The prin- cipal one is ua Esmeralta, in Jaquila, Oaxaca, which has over 200,000 trees eight years old.’ According to the same report the total expense for five years’ cultivation of a ‘‘rubber plantation ef 100,000 trees will not exceed $25,000 in silver and the yield of 190,000 tree at the first year’s harvest will bring the planter $120,000, besides the product obtained fiom the corn, vanilla beans, cacao, and bananas raised, from side planting. The net profit on the invest- ment, after deducting the entire cost of the land end all expenses up to the first year of harvesting, will be $95,000, and cach of the succeeding harvests, for twenty-five or thirty years, will bring a steady in- come of over $100,000." This is 490 per cent. per annum net profit on the investment. These caleu- Jations are based upon the production of a five year old tree, but the report adds that “this product will bo gradually increased every year for the next four or five years,” Leaving aside the wonderful estimate of profits —and neither Sir Henry Dering nor Mr, Komero gives much practical information as to labour (o back it up,—we would observe that the favourite rubber is that so well spoken of by Mr. Hart in Trinidad (as quoted by us the other day) and which for several years received a good deal of attention from Dr. Trimen in his annual Reports, although the growth and yield of mill did not answer his expectations, Possibly the situation was not favourable to either. We shonld like to know if any trees of this kind (Panama rubber) have been tried in the Kalutara or Katna- pura districts and with what results. Here we must close for the present. —— --@& ——_—_ -———- PROGRESS IN THE FAR WEST: 'OBAGO--THE FINEST OF WEST INDIAN ISLES. The beautiful little island of Tobago is to be the scene of some agricultural life and enterprise at Jast.. A gentleman of ample means, abuity and en- thusiasm, having one day, last autumn, come across the little book ‘‘In Tropical Lands,” was srnek with the idea of selecting an interesting winter resort in the Tropics, and after consulta- tion with the writer, left in November Jast for the West Indies. Visiting Barbados, Dominica, Antigua, St. Thomas, St. Kitts, ete., he spent a month in Trinidad and another month in Tobago. This, he thinks, the finest little island in the West Indies: splendid soil, rich vegetation, abundance of clear sparkiing water and pretty scenery—little changed since the day of Robinson Crusoe, Here my friend has invested in 1,600 acres of excel- Jent Jand eminently suited for, and intended tor, cacac, coconuts, nutmegs, rubber, ete. He was not much enamoured with Port of Spain, Lut greatly enjoyed a ride through the mountain gorges, where Sav Arthur Gordon took his friend s te ’ AGRICULTURIST. me © ih ate ala os - _— (Supr. 1, 1898. Chas. Kingsley; purchosed two fire caca estates in TVrinidad, the steamy climate of which exactly suits the carao though the reverse of invigorating for the European, There: will soon Le openings in that quarter for s me of your spare ‘ dorays.” The great advant- age of the West Indian islands over Mexico or Peru is the stable Governient and ———! 1 do not like Drazil for the same reason. Nothing will thrive through a Spanish extraction and the eld proverb holds good :— Pump out of a Spaniard every particle of good and the remainder will make. a pretty fair Portuguese.” No, no: stick to the old flag under which there is still ample reom, and as regards the Crown Colonies, at least, some feeling ot safety and justice. 0. C. a CEYLON PLANTERS’ ASSOCIATION, Metracts from Minutes of Proceedings of a Meeting held at Kandy, on Friday, the 8th day of July, 1898 OFFICIAL ESTIMATE OF TRA CROP FOR 1898. Discussed the Official Estimate of the Tea crop for 1898 as compared with actual shipments as at date, Resolved :—* That as the first half year has shewn no increase over the ‘J'‘ea yield to end of June 1897, the Committee is of opinion that the estimeted increase of 10,000,000 (ten million) lb. of Tea f.r 1898 will not be secured.” CACAO DISEASE AND THE SERVICES OF A CRYPTOGAMIST. liead letters from Government in reference to remit- tance of the equivalent of £'50 stg. LADYBIRD BEETLYS. Read letters from the Director, Roval RBo*anic Gardens, Peradeniya, and fiom Mr. E. Brnest Green the latier stating that in his opinion the introduction of various kinds of foreign “‘ Lady- bird beetles’’ would prove beneficial not only to coffee or tea but, to all cultivated plante in Cey- Jon, each of which has one or more species of eexle insect or apbis that must more or less affect its pro- ductive power; furthermentioning that he had been promised a consignment of living Ladybird beetles from the Oape, where they have several epecies likely to be useful in Ceylon. Resolved: —* That a grant of R200 be votedto Mr. E.E. Green towards his ex- penses In bripging a coneignment of * Ladybird bee- tles’ from the Cape.” Read letter {rom the Secretary United Planters’ As- sociation of Southern India. LANTANA BUG. Read letter from the Direetor, Royal Botanic Gar- dens, Peradeniya stating that in regard to the Lantana insect it has been common about Kandy for years and that the Director now does not see any chance of exterminating it; adding that the area affected by it is too largeand it is too omnivorous iu its ap- petites. Lhe Director further mentions that the only feasible thing is he thivks for plan- ters to keep it off the tea by burning b:ck the Lan- tana and other weeds upon the boundaries of estates. If the insect is once allowed to live on tea fora ge- neration or two, the progeny may acquire the taste for this plant and thus become a most dangerous enemy; at present the insect prefers other plants and seems to have but little relish for tea. In this connection the chief danger is likely to atise from the insect getting upon abandoned tea estates and plan- ters who have any such land in the neighbourhood should keep careful watch upon it for the appear- ance of this or other pests. Resolyed :—“ That Go- vernment be asked to appoint an entomologist who could devote the whole of his time to iny stigation of the many important problems in connection with insect pests the Committee being of opinion that the time has come when in the agricultural interests of the island Government should at once take preven- tive measures which can only be done by a scientist in the early stages: such entomologist would work out the life history and habits of obseure insect pests which are at present not thoroughly understegd,’’ 3 = Sepr. 1, 1898.J THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURAL CHEMIST. : Submitting the following report received from the sub-committee appointed to consider the advisability of securing the services of an Agricultural Chemist with instructions to confer with representatives the Chamber of Commerce and Managers of Companies, yiz.: “The sub-committee in conference with repre- sentatives of the Chamber of Commerce and Managers of Companies uanimously recommend that the Thirty Committee should approach Government for ganction to the necessary disbursements at the rate of a thousand pounds stg. per annum in securing the services of an analytical Agricultural Chemist for the purpose of investigating Ceylon Tea and in finding out all information as to various chemical changes which occur in the process of Tea cultivation and manufacture with an enalysis cf soils the sub- committee being of opinion that this step is of para- mount importance at this critical time in order to safeguard tke position Ceylon Tea has held in the past and to ascertain how strength and fiavour can be maintained.”’ Resolved:—That the report be adopted and that it be forwarded to the Thirty Committee for approyal and action thereunder. Read letter from Mr. A. Baur, and submitted the chairman’s memorandum on the subject appended, MEMORANDUM REGARDING THE ANNEXED COPY OF MINUTE AND RESOLUTION PASSED BY THE COMMITTEE OF THE PLANTERS’ ASSOCIATION ON THE SUBJECT OF AN AGRICULTURAL CHEMIST. With regard to the resolution I proposed relative to ‘the appointment cf a Sub-Committee of the Planters’ Association and Chamber of Commerce to consider ‘the question of secuiing the services of an Analy- ‘tical Agricultural Chemist.—I would suggest that a ‘Guarantee Fund should be started of R20 per Estate, Which would raise a sufficient capital sum to pay a really good Scientist, who weuld (sayfor six to nine months) devote his entire time to finding out all informaticn as to the various ckemical changes which occur in the process of tea cultivation and manu- facture. I would suggest his first findirg out the Bpecial chemical advantages which exist on those “Estates which are known to command high prices in the London or Colombo Markets, and when once he has fully ascertained what particular chemical con- stituents exist on these Estates, he will then be able to compare with analyses of the teas and soils of those Estates, which only command medium and lew prices. Sour ; My contention is that Hstates in the same dis- ‘tricts, equally found in Factory and Machinery, shew such divergence in price, that it is seli-evident, that nu great deficiency exists in some very essential chemi- cal ingredient, which only a Scientist can find ont — —and at this present critical position of Tea culti- vation it is very important that an Agricultural Chemist should be secured, who must go thoroughly into the matter and help in maintaining the posi- - tion Ceylon Tea has heldin the past, by endeavour- ing to find how strength and flavour can be maintained. The Guarantee Fund would thus be utilized in paying for the Agricultural Chemist during the early stages of his investigations, and after he wasin a position to explain the difficulties which exists, his services would then be available to those wno wish individual Hstates visited, and analyses taken. A table of fees would then have to be arranged for by the Sub-Committee, which would he paid by the states visited by the Scientist. EF. G A. Lane, Kandy, 31st May, 189s. Minute and Resolution referred to. The question of an Agvicultural Chemist was in- troduced by the Chairman. Resolved :—That a Sub-Committee be appointed to consider the advisability of securing the services of an Agricultural Ghemist with instructions to confer with representatives of the Chamber of Commerce, and Managers of Companies, and that the following mem- bers be requested to serve.—The Hon. Mr. J. N. Campbell, Messrs. John H Starey, H V Masefield, T Huxley George Greig, the Chairman, _Planterg’ Fagciation, the Secretary, Planters’ Association, AGRICULTURIST. 159 « THE EADELLA ESTATES -CO., LD. The annual ordinary general meeting of the Shareholders of the Fadella Estates Co., Ltd., was held recently at Kandy, when report of the Directors (Messrs. W. D. Gibbon, A. Melville Waite and Frank M. Laurie) for the year ending 30th June and the statement of accounts were submitted aad passed. REPORT. Trea.—The estates have yiclded 73.924 Ib. made tea against an estimate of 110,000 1b. There has been leaf purchased 11,893 Ib , and the average price of the tea sold has been 39-48 cents per Ib. Cocoa.—149 cwt. O qr. 1835 lb. were secured against an estimate of 150 cwt. CoFFEE.—37 bushels of Liberian parchment coffee was obtained against an estimate of 100 bushels. The balance of protit and loss account is R6,168°18. The new branch road involved a heavy contribution which was not included in the original estimate. When completed, as expected in afew months time this road will be of very great advantage to the es- tates, besides velieving the labour force from ail heavy t.anspo~t and making the carriage between factory and railway stations much easier and cheaper. Coconut Nurserirs are very fine and are ample to supply both clearings and to plant up some of Les- moir estate. Trea Nurseries for supplies are also successful: The cucoa clearings are beginning to bear and may be expected to yield a little crop in 1898-99. They are reported upon as being perfectly healthy and without any appearance of disease at all, ard pro- mise to be very shortly a most valuable addition to the Company’s property. ApvancEes.—It has been necessary to increase the amount. The Visiting Agent reports the question cf labour (at the root of all the difficulties upon these estates, and now that this is ona better footing and prvnipg can be efiected at proper period there is every season to expect a much increased yield of tea in the coming season. Area. 221 Tea approximate 98 Cocoa and coffee approximate 102 Cocoa ard ccoconnis oa. 4 years old and 52a. 3 years old 151 Forest Total 572 acres. Tur Dmecrorate.—Mr. -W. D. Gibbon was re- elected a Director. Aupiror.—Mr. Jokn Guthrie was re-elected Anditor for the Company. eee THE [MPoRT DUTY on quinine and its salts in Portugal is now 8,060 reis (about 36s) per kilo. (2.1-5th 1b !—British and Colonial Druggist, July 1. LADY-BIRD BEETLES.—In the face of what he has told us of the lantana bug attacking his own tea and the dificulty attending its destrue- tion, we are surprised at the modest and moder- ate tone of. Mr. E. E. Green’s latest communi- cation to the Planters’ Association in regard to the intrecduction of Lady-bird beetles.. The intro- duction to onr mind should be regarded as “urgent.” Perhaps though, this may arise from there being a doubt as to whether Orth cia invignis would be dealt with by the Lady-bird beetles? Even if there besucha doubt, we should say the case is one for immediate action. It is absurd to talk of the expense—at most a very few thcusand rupees—when the interests at stake are considered. We shall be much disappointed if the P.A. leaders do not decide to share in Mr. Newton’s mission or to start an independent one, looking to Government fora moiety of the yequired outlay, 160 RULES FOR PLANTING PADI IN THE MATANG DISTRICT. No. 361.—The clearing ofall fields to be commenced not later than the 20th June. Nurseries to be com- menced not later than the 4th July, and completed by the 14th July. The planting of padi to be com- menced not later than the 24th August,and completed by the 30th September. It shall be lawful for the Dis- trict Magistrate to alter, at any time, the dates on which any of the above operations chall take place if, owing to drought and other causes, it is found expedient to do so, due notice being published in the Government Gazette and given to planters and all others concerned of such alteration being made. : Any person who shall commit a breach of any of these rules shall be liable, on conviction before a Magistrate or Penghulu, to a fine not exceeding $5, and in case of a continuing offence to a fine not exceeding $1 for each day during which such offence is continued. 13th June, 1898. —————— THE CINCHONA COMBINE. The three cinchona bark auctions in Holland, which were to be an experimenting ground for an attempt by importers of the bark at .a combina- tion, are now things of the past, and yet the association whicl promoted these attempts has had little or nothing to say as to the success or non-success of its plans, Our market reports have, of course, shown the main fact that the effort to maintain cinchona bark at the unit ruling at the time the project was started has failed, and we have also thought it was only fair to place considerations before our readers which to an extent excused the failure of the importers. No official explanation has, however, _been given in Amsterdam, but in Java a criticism of the cir- cumstances surrounding these three auctions has appeared from Mr. E A Van Winning, one of the Java growers of cinchona bark. This gentleman, writing from Bandoeng, deals very fully with the case. He recognises that the attempt to keep up rices has failed, but, as is to be expected, he does not put this down to any fault _of the . cultivators. Indeed, he surprises one by insinuating that there was muchmore real combination amongst the grow- ers in Javathan there was amongst the importers jn Amsterdam. The’principal growers, he says, had made some kind of working arrangement which was frustrated by the action of their agents, the importers. In Amsterdam the whole thing became acomedy, and he lays a great deal of the blame for what has happened on those who were not loyal in helping the combination and on specu- lators.—B. & C. Druggist, June 17. peas PLANTING IN NEGRI SEMBILAN STRAITS. (From Report on Land Department, Coast Dis triet, 1897.) > s ‘Eerares.—Harly in the year the Port Dickson Ae aR Agnlleisrl the planting of the 700 acres previously cleared by them. Mr. Robert. Engler obtained a concession of 640 acres of land for plant- ing coconuts adjacent to the 800 acres already planted up by him at Pasir Puteh, and has already begun operations. A small coconut plantation was begun by Mr. ©. Malcolm Cumming on the Lukut Road, the land selected being deserted kampong land, grown up in lalang and blukar. The owners of tapioca es- tates are year by year planting less and iess, and in my opinion, it will be a blessing to the district when this form of cultivation ceases altogether. To judge from the customs returns, the cultivation of gambier and pepper is on the increase, 59,290 pikuls of the former having keen exported during the year. The largest of the gambier and pepper estates is owned by a Chinese firm in Canton, which is repre- agnied by Loh Cheng Keng, and is situated hetwesy THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. ’ here. (Serr. 1, 1898, the Lukut and Sepang Rivers. It would be tedious in a report of thie kind to go into detail with re- gard to the way in which these estates are managed and worked, and also superfiuous, as I am led to believe a report on the working of them will shortly emanate from another quarter. When the Sengkang Gambier and Pepper Concession fell in, about 6,000 acres of it was applied for by the executors of the origina ownerl, Toh Eng Siew. The survey is now cemplete and I am led to to believe that the amount alienate will reach nearer 8,000 than 6,000 acres. $e MR. W. MACKENZIE AND TEA: AN INTERESTING LETTER. Kandy, Ay 12, Sin,—I enclose copy of aletter received by Mr. Lane fron Mr, Mackenzie, together with the newspaper cutting referred to. I am, sir, yours faithfully, A. PHILIP, Secretary tothe ‘‘ Thirty Committee.” London, June 24. Dear Lane,—I arrived home this day Jast week. Thanks for your letter of the 3lst inst. Tha China blacks we have been displacing, were quite 2d nearer {4d cheaperthan our black tea, Japans are at present dearer than our teas in America. By the new tea Jaw Japan inferior tea is ex- cluded and the average price has gone up con- siderably. I enclose a cutting from the “Canadian Grocer,” of 10th June, which, while it shows Japans were being quoted at 4 tols 54d, speaks of the very poor quality of Ceylons! See bright flavory pekoes are practically unobtainable in Ceylon. This week’s mail has broaght me depressing re- ports of the result to tea of a duty of 5d per Jb. while coffee, already so absurdly cheaper, gets off free. Ihave heard today, that a strong agitation was being got upto have both articles treated equally, but with what success remains to be seen. [ am arranging for the effort we are to make in Canada. I am glad to say a strong Colombo and London firm are contemplating action (in Canada. I had an interview with them today. I can learn nothing of the ‘‘Nirvana” Company here, althongh they are described as of Colombo, London, New York and Vancouver. I have written to New York and Canada about them, Rogivue is in London, I hope to meet him. Large quantities of Ceylonshave been bought for him recently. I was given a sample yesterday of a very rubbishy Ceylon Tea, which was senthere to be sieteleon. lt is reported too poor to be matched Yet the Committee has helped the men in- troducing this rubbish toa new country. I am not allowed to disclose the name. Since such tea is made, it is well it should find a market elsewhere han in London.—Yours faithfully, (Signed) M. MACKENZIE. (Extract referred to from the Canadian Grocer, June 10th. The one or two wholesale houses which brought on Japan teas by the first steamer are quoting 28c. to 35c. (14d. to 173d) perlb. There have been a good many transactions in Ceylon teas of low and medium grades during the past week, and there has been a little doing in Indian growths, but other descriptions are neglected. The Ceylon teas arriving this week are not showing nearly as good quality as those which arrived a month ago, and advices from Colomboand London say that fine teas are becoming scarce. Bright, flavory pekoes are practically unobtainable in Ceylon, A few China green teas were shipped to the United States this week, while someteas of the same description, which had been rejected by the tea inspectors in the United States, are being offered this werk in Toronty . a Sppz, 1, 1898.] DAMAGED PADDY. The tollowing has been handed to us for publica- tion :— To the Director, Royal Botanic Gardens. S1r,—I have the honour to return the enclosures, relating to samples of injured paddy from Bata- aliy in the Hapitigam Korale. 2 Ihave earefnily examined the samples sub- mitted. In addition to the insects noticed in previous samples, I now find a considerably larger betle, apparently allied to the genus, Tenebrio: also Jarge numbers of the larvae of another grain beetle—Tencbrides Mawrtanicus—a_ species that is found in stored grain all over the world. While itself feeding upon the grain it is partly carnivorous and will attack and destroy the grubs of other grain-feeding insects. Ihe pre- sence of a iew small earwigs was probably acci- dental. 3. With a view to testing the relative amount of injury caused by the several species cf beetles occurring in damaged paddy, [have confined liv- ing examples of the insects in separate boxes, and supplied them with sound uninjured grains of paddy. I have been considerably surprised to find that after several days (in one instance eight days) the grain has been absolute:y untouched. In one instance only a discoloured and defective grain had been perforated. J¢ would appear there- fore that well developed and properly dried grain are impervious to attack. 4. A question therefore arises as to the real ajuse of the excessive injury to stored grain and the sudden inerease in grain-feeding insects noticeable in Ceylon at this time. It should be ascertained if any difference in the quality of the grain was noticeable at the time of harvest, whether a larger amount of defective grains were pres ent ; whether there had been any disease (fungal or otherwise) in the growing paddy ; or whether any circumstances occurred at the time of harvesting to prevent the proper drying of the grain before it was stored.—I am, ete., (Signed.) E. ERNEST GREEN, : Hon. Government Entomologist, Eton, Pundaluoya, June 21, 1898. The Director of the Royal Botanic Gardens re- perts as follows on the above:— The insects appear to be beetles and earwigs. There appear to be more insects than in the revious samples, but the napthalene treatment is equally efficacious with all. I would call attention to paragraphs 3and 4 of the report, which seem to indicatethat the pest is largely due tobad drying of the grain before storage | Would it be possible to find ont through the headmen, if any of the causes suggested in para 4 by Mr. Green have been at work? (Signed) J. C, WiLuIs, Director, Royal Botanical Gardens. © The Kachcheri, Colombo, July 1. WEEVILS. Sir,—I have the honour to inform you that, from reports received fromthe Mudaliyars, it ap- pears that the weevils are largely decreasing. Thedrying of the paddy in the sun and mixing it with certain leaves seems to be effective. 2. Some of the Mudaliyars attribute the disease tothe fact that there wereheavy rainsat harvest time, and that the paddy was not properly dried. It has now been noticed that paddy stocked in houses or near fire places has not been attacked, and it seems probable that the existence of the THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 161 animals is due to the dampness of the paddy when stocked.—I am, ete. F. R. Eis, Government Agent, W. P. J. S. DRIf£BERG, Office Assistant. The Hon. the Colonial Secretary. Mr. Willis reports on the above :— This confirms the statement made by Mr. Green in Report referred to. I think the weevil will probably soon die out, but appear in numbers again at seme future season, when people have once more become careless about drying.—lam, ete, (Signed) Joun C. WILUIs, Director R.B.G. Peradeniya, July 8th 1898. —\_—_———e__ —__ -— THE DIRECTOR OF THE JAVA BOTANI- CAL GARDENS IN CEYLON. HIS IMPRESSIONS. We briefly referred, the other day, to the visit of a distinguished scientist to our shores in the person of Dr. Treub, the Director of the Botanical Gardens of Java. Dr. Treub arrived in Ceylon, on the 23rd of June, and since then has been visiting several places of interest in Ceylon, accompanied by his curator, Mr. Wignam. He has come in his official capacity, but the doctor’s visit has no special aims, he informed the reporter of a contemporary that beyond collecting information of interest to him- self. The first place he visited in Ceylon was the Peradeniya Gardens, and then he went on to Hakgala- Badulla, and Anuradhapura, to all of which places he was accompanied by Mr. Willis, our Director. Dr. Treub also went on to Galle, whence he returned and then went to Henreratgoda to imspect the gardens there. Questioned first as to THE PERADENIYA GARDENS the doctor said that what struck him most in con- nection with it was its extremely fine situation. It was the best situated Botanical Garden he knew of, what made it so being the beautiful river that skirted the gardens, which with such an advantage HAD NO EQUAL. What they had ip Java was only a mountain stream, and nothing like the Mahaweli Ganga of Peradeniya. The gardens besides had excellent slopes and the general scenery was very striking, while the place, he thought, was very well laid out iudeed. As to the botanical specimens in the gardens, he wag much struck with them, and particularly with the giant bamboos. The rubber trees near the entrance he considered ve:y fine specimens indeed; while the banyan trees were also striking, Dr. Treub spent some time in Peradeniya collecting information, and he is loud in his praise of Mr. Willis for his unre- mitting attention and hospitality. HAKGALA PAAISED, From the Peradeniya gardens, Dr. Treub went on to Hakgala, and when asked what he thought of the garden there, he started with the exclamation “Oh!” and said he never saw anything like it in the topics. In fact he never saw sucha grand garden in Europe; and he was much struck with the splendid display of European flowers. They were excellent specimens, and the garden was well laid out and apparently well cared for. The advantage was that it was near Nuwara Eliya, which gave many people an opportunity of visiting it. In Java, they had mountain gardens at an altitude of 5,900 feet; but they were isolated aud were seldom visiced. Dr, Treub also spoke very well of the orchard at Hakgala, and specially mentioned the luxurious growth of the papaua fruit. In regard to THE GARDENS AT BADULLA AND ANURADHAPURA Dr. Treub, of course, had not much to say, but he considered them very profitable things, and thought they should be kept up, though he did not think much of the soil at Anuradhapura, as he thought it too sandy. In speakirg of his visit to Badulla and Anuradhapura, the doctor, referring to the scenery generally, enthusiastically praised it, 162 THE TROPICAL THY REMARKABLY EXVENT OF OUR TEA ARPA, H3 was struck with the Reza foliage wherever he went, and the stretches of tea beeween Peradeniya and Badulla were magnificent. He never saw @ more extensive area of tea, and he thought it remark- able. The flush, as far as he was able to see, Was splendid and he thought tea ought to thrive well always in the mountain districts of Ceylon, and in this connection he particularly mentioned Serubs estate in Nuwara Eliya. A VISIT TO THE MUSEUM. a Dr. Treub though going to Galle, only visited the Southern capital to see the place, and he did not visit Matara, where, as most of our readers are aware, there is a thriving Botanical Garden of some interest, The doctor puid a visit to the Musenm where he was taken round by Mr. Haly. Dr. Treub thinks Colombo must congratulate liself on the valuable collection at its museum. The speci- mens were remarkably well-kept for a tropical country, and as he knew the difficcity there was himself he must confess that the cullection at the Museum was in very good condition indeed. Dr. Treub also went round the Library, and he was mach interested in the books to be found there. DR. TREUB'S NEX'T ANNUAL REFORT. At Heneratgoda gardens the Doctor was met by n' ig Willis, and he returned to Colombo in time to catch the German Lloyd steamer, on _his way to Java through Singapore. This is Dr. Treub's first visit to Ceylon, and lie said he would carry back very favourable impressions of Ceylon and the hospitality meted out to him here. His notes on his visit will probab!y appear in his next annual report in the same way ashe referred to his visit last year to Singapore and Penang, —_-+--—-}- ----—-— CACAO—AN ESTIMATION OF THE CHAk- ACTERS OF PHREE VARIETIES. ishing to ascertain for ourselves whether there ee eauential difference in the character of yari- ous samples of cacao when worked up or manufactured for consumption, I obtained three sumples through tho kindness of the well known firm of Messrs. Gor- don, Grant & Co. of Port-ofSpain, our chief town. These samples were »ccurately weighed to 101b cach, and were then roasted and ground and the fat extracted by an ordinary press, The percentage of fat is not so large as might have been taken, but as in each case the means used was identical, the results are directly comparable as to the relative proportion shown in the tables of results. The cha- racter of each cacao is exhibited most distinctly by the colour and flavour of the dry powder, and by the colour, character and flavour of the iat extracted, The cocao powder, cocoatina cocoa or essence, which we produced, is an article which ean be used in the same manner as ordinary cacao powder of the larger manufacturers, and is of course a perfectly pure article. he value of the powder can be estimated if weallow @ certain per cent for process of manu- facture. Our own experience is too limited to fix this with accuracy, but it may be for our present purpose taken as twenty per cent. f The cacao powder produced is seen to averagesome 55 per cent of the total weight of cacao operated upon, and therefore we have a saleable article at a loss of 45 per cent of the original weight. Now the value of cacao at the time of the operation was averaged at 14 cents per lb, and therefore the cost of the powder not allowing for value, of fat, and sale of waste—and not admitting cost of manufac- ture, is more than double the cost of raw material —or some 30 cents per Jb. When, however, some 15 pet cent or 20 per cent fat is sold at ls 3d per Ib and the husk at lower value, it will greatly reduce the cost of manufacture, and it can be clearly seen that Pure Cacao Powder can be produced at reasonable rates, leaving a good margin of profit, and also that the admixture of starch and sugar is not in any (Smpr. 1, 1898, way required, either for the perpose of making it palatable or as an improvement to the keeping quali- ties of the article. The public should therefore put down adulteration by demanding nothing but a pure cacao powder, whichisin every Way a palatable and nourishing beverage. One of the facts to be noted is, that the mild flayoured and light colored Venezuelan cacao is rated at the same velue as, ordinary Trinidad, although it is evident it produces & cacao powder in every respect superior to “ Ordi- nary” ‘I'rinidad cacao. The following experiment :— NO. 1.—VENEZUELAN FINE CLAYED CACAO, VALUED AT 14C. PER LB.—Messps, G. G. & Co, AGRICULTURIST, are the tables of results of our late lb Weight received from G. G. & Co.. 1000 1 2 Weight when roasted and cleaned 745 3 Weight of Husk Nr -- 168 4 Weight dry, Cacao after"fut was ro- moved we Le -» 5S 5 Weight of Fat extracted from 7°55 Ib... 1°23 6 Loss during roasting and cleaning “77 Ib 7 Loss during grinding and expression of fat -82 Ib 8 Total loss of manufacture .. «- 159 Per cent, Loss roasting, and exlracting cleaning fatand husk ae a7 Dry Powder w en. O50) *Fat aa ce os oo 193 1000 Notes.—The loss is larger than it would be with larger quantities. Comp:ring samples Nos. 2 and 3, it is seen that clay isto be estimated at about 14 pee cent. NO. 2.——TRINIDAD “FINE ESTATES” VALUED Il4he. PER LB.—MESSRs. G. G. & CO. 1 Weight received from G. G. & Co. 2 Weight when roasted and cleaned +. 7°86 3 Weightofhusk .. ey She & 4 Weight of Cacao after removal of Fat +. 560 5 Weight of Fat from 7-86 lb. -. 164 6 Loss roasting and cleaning “51 Ib 7 Loss daring grinding and expression of fat “62 8 Total loss “5 a oe 2°13 (Dry Cacao Powder ., 56°0 per cent 10 Ib J Fat se “5 164 = do } Loss ¥ are | 113. do | Husk an “1163 do 100°0 NO. 3.—TRINIDAD “ORDINARY” CACAO, 14C PER LB. MESSRS. G. G. & CO. Weight received from G. G. & Sore are Weight when roasted and Cleaned .. 7:80 Weight of husk .. “J oe Oe Weight of ‘acaoafter removal of Fat... 548 Weight of Fat from 7:80 Ib. ; <1 wt Loss during roasting and cleaning-67 Ib Loss during grinding and expressing fat, -71 lb 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 == 45 a too. {Dry Cacao Powder ss 54°8 per cent 10 Ib J Fat *- ae 1671 do )) Loss os 291 13°38 do (Husk o. 153. do 8 100-0 —Trinidad Royal Botanic Gardens Bulletin, _* Fat shoald be slightly more, owing to absorp- tion during extraction of first samples, possibly 13. per cent. F : Serr. 1, 1898.) THE IMPERIAL TEA DUTY. From the letters and hints, which reach us from planters in different parts of the country, there is evidently a good deal of difference of opinion on the subject of abolishing the duty of 4d a lb. on tea entering the United Kingdom. The argument is used in some quarters that good sound tea is now sold, notwithstanding the duty, at a price well within the means of the British labouring-classes ; and this is clinched by the turther argument that the abolition of the duty would tell all in favour of the lower grade teas. The fear indeed is, that with no duty to pay, inferior Chinas would be rushed in and by their extreme cheapness tend to deprave the taste and destroy the market, among a cer- tain proportion of the people, for good and sound teas. The answer to this is that a people once won over from China to Ceylon and Indian teas, are never likely to go back ; and that among the lower classes in the United Kingdom there is often a keen appreciation of good tea and a determined intolerance of anything cheap and nasty—‘ fusionless ” as many old wives de- scribe tasteless infusions. There is much truth in allthis, and much encouragement to hope for an increased consumption of Ceylon and Indian teas, were the duty reduced, if not removed altogether. Nevertheless, there is no denying the fact that at this moment, even with the barrier of a four-penny duty, there are shippers enterprising, or reckless enough, to send to England from Ceyion (and we suppose from India) teas which are described as “rubbishy ” and 2 libel on the good name of the country whence they are exported, Now, again, with this object-lesson before us,—-asks a planter who is all for the maintenance of the duty,—what may we fairly expect if there isno duty? And he goes on to insist that one result will be a large in- erease in the shipment from Caleutta and Co- lombo of the very cheapest and in many cases of ‘‘rubbishy ” teas, to the great detriment of lezitimate trade and of good well-made teas, There is always a residue of the British people, he thinks, wlo cannot resist the attraction of great cheapness and the evil will spread among the rising generation around them. So that, the typical Ceylon proprietor of whom we speak, would vote for the maintenance of the: present imperial tea duty, as a protection against a greatly increased export of cheap and even rubbishy teas. Now this is a ‘planting ” view of the case which never strikes the reformer in love with the policy of ‘‘a free breakfast table” or rather on the principles of free and unrestricted trade the latter would welcome the increased influx of all sorts of tea: “people will soon find out what they like and-want, and that they ought to have, “however cheap or even rubbishy in. some persons _estimation.” There are also among the great tea-tralers and Mincing Lane authorities those who welcome any change that brings a larger volume of trade; although, we presume the leading brok- ers in the India and Ceylon tea trade would hesitate to approve of any step that affected the consump- tion of the better class of teas. Probably, the carefully weighed opinions of such experts on the questions which we have summarized and for- mulated in the foregoing remarks would be of more value, and carry greater authority, than any other utterances available, 21 ‘THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 163 Tor ourselves, we have lone been incline advocata a medium course on the Sein a Ree of prudence, expediency and feasibleness. We do not believe for one moment that the total abolition of the tea duty will be sanctioned or voted b the present House of Commons. In this time of war, and rumours of war, there are stronger reasons than usual for resisting such a proposal The Chanceller of the Exchequer has shown that each penny of the tea duty means very nearl a million pounds sterling in revenue. Even all were ‘‘ peace” with no warlike cloud on the horizon, to sweep away in one year four millions sterling of revenue, would be well nigh impossible Sir Michael Hicks-Beach shewed that in his last budget, the surplus would not permit of the 2d reduction in the tea-duty which Sir Wm. Harcourt preferred to the amelioration of tobacco levies, and the latter on learning the fact, at once withdrew his opposition. It is difficult to surmise whether the current fiscal year’s surplus will be equal to, or greater than the last; but to our mind the wise course to advocate is one of evadual reduction of the duty, and so the nearer we get to total ‘‘ abolition,” the better able shall we be to judge of the effect as regards the export of, and market for, cheap and rubbishy teas It may be argued that ‘‘ abolition” ought to be memorialised for, evenif the petitioners would be content with a reduction of the duty by one-half. We scarcely think so, and for this reason. There must be a large number of men on both sides in the House of Commons who would absolutely refuse to support a movemert for “ abolition” ; but who might well be won over to support a movement for gradual reduc- tion, and by their aid in speaking here and there during the recess, it could be made clear to the Chancellor of Exchequer that ‘£ some- thing must be done.” If the Ceylon and Indian planters with their friends at home press for a reduction of the duty to two-pence, they would we think, meet with far wider parliamentary and general support, and they might well hope that if Sir Michael Hicks-Beach did not see his way to sacrifice two millions sterling of revenue in 1899, he might, at the least, consent to spread the loss over two or three years—reducing the tea-duty to 3d trom May 1899 and to 2d from May 1900 or 1901. By this means the effect of a policy leading to abolition could be fairly and folly judged by the tea planters and their riends. eee RANGOON RICH FOR CEYLON, Mr. Owen De Run, who was interviewed by one of our representatives recently stated that Ran- goon rice had been imported by Messrs. Lee Hedges & Co., and distributed through the Chamber of Commerce, to several merchants in Colombo, who had sent it out to various estates in small lots of from five to fifteen bags, where it had been issued to the coolies. The superin- tendents had not had time yet to make any definite report, but it appeared that the coolies do not show any dislike to it, neither do they take to it readily. The rice appears to be sound, and considering the great difference in price betiveen it and the Caleutta articleit was in quality satis- factory. It would be an inducement for the coolies to take it if they had to actually pay forit: and if only the planters could reason with the coolies and induce them to accept it. The quantity sent however, was not large enough to give a fair 164 THE TROPICAL trial, and: they should have further supplies so that each estate could have a run of it for a ortnight at least. ; 4 My own impression is, continued Mr. de Kun, that the Calcutta rice will revert to satisfactory prices in the first week in August, and will be able to compete with Rangoon rice. The shipping difficulties are over and the plague restrictions are not so stringent. The reason why the prices are firm in Calcutta is because a large per- centage of paddy in the dealers’ hands is not turned into rice., until they are satisfied that the incoming crop will be a good one. The latest reports received by local dealers show that the crop will be a good one, and therefore this old paddy, with a large percentage of the new, will be turned into the market. In another column we publish a very in- teresting Report by Mr. Jackson, Acting Col- lector of Customs, Colombo, and Mr. E M Shattock, of Messrs Lee Hedges and Company on their recent visit to Rangoon to make en- quiries into the conditions of the Burma rice trade with special reference to the supplying of Ceylon with a rice suitable to the needs of her cooly population. There was. recently a boom among the Colombo Chetties in broken rice from Burma, but the coolies refused to purchase it and planters would not taken ib at a gift. The schemes put forward in the Report under re- ference seem to be thoroughly practical and business-like and there is probably a great future for Burma rice in Ceylon—M, Mail. i MINOR PRODUCTS REPORT. Carpamoms.—Offered, 434 cases. Sold 846. The following rates were obtained :—Ceylon-Mysore, fine bold 3s 9d to 33 11d; fine medium bold 3s 3d to 38s 4d; fine medium 3s; fine small 2s 3d_ to 93 5a; good medium bold 2s (9d; good medinm 9s 5d; good small 2s 1d; brownish and splits 1s 11d to 23 1d; seeds 2s (low) 28 9d. Ceylon—Malabar, fine bold %s 9d; fairsmall to medium, 28 3d. Native, long 28 9a. foe ret Utorad, 19 packages. Sold, 19. An unusual clearance was made from the catalogues in the case of this article ; bold West Indian and Ceylon nuts each fetched 23d, and fair washed nuts offered without reserve 8d.—Bvitish and Colonial Drucgist, June 24. Crncrona.—The monthly auctions were held on Tues- day, when only a small quantity of bark was offered. A fairly animated tone prevailed throughout, and the buik of bark offered was sold at fully previous London sales’ prices, and rather better than at the last Amsterdam auctions. The unit averaged jd to Zd per lb. he ten catalogues comprised 2,724 pack- ages (against 4,145 in May), which were. divided as follows :— Packages. Packages. Fast Indian cinchona .. 1,898 of which 1,766 were sold uth American cin- Perea (Calisaya) .. 349 do 152 do Java cinchona.. oh 20050 dosolomeado Ceylon cinchona DOAS edo! ai S0i edo American Cinchona.. 27 do’ 27 do "9,794 9,347 —ledgeriana, natural stem chips, Deal 5 ean ond: Poeeed stem chips 42d ; and xoot, 5a per lb. Succirubra, poor to fair stem chips and sha- -yings, 1Zd to 22d; ditto, renewed, 2d to 23d. : CocoA-BUTTER.—The next cocoa-butter auctions will be held at Amsterdam on July 5th, and will consist of 60 tons Van Houten’s and 10 tons Helm trand. On the same date 40 tons Cadbury’s brand will be offered, in London. AGRICUL TURIST. [Sepr. 1, 1898. Cocaine.—The official quotations for muriate are $s bd and 9s 6d, but a small amount of business has been passing ata few pence less per oz. CrrroneLLa Or.,—Business has been done this week at 12 1-16thd per lb, c.if., for October shipment. Coca-LnAves.—Ceylons sold at 74d per lb for good bright pale. Truxillos were offered and bought in at 6d Pe lb. Privately Huanoco leaves are 10d per Ib, c.f. Croton Sreps.—In better supply, and s'ightly cheaper for second quality, which sold at 65s to 71s for medium sizes, slightly dull; 85s to 87s 6d was refused for fine bright, and from 90s to 95s per ewt. is wanted. Lemonorass O1r—Quiet. An attempt on the part of speculators to “ bull” the market had no effect upon it, and there is plenty oil available in London at 4d to 44d per oz. on the spot, while there are sellers for- ward at 3$d, and buyers at 33d. In auction a parcel was offered “‘without reserve,” and sold at 3fd per oz. Another lot was bonght in at 5d. Vanitis.—Easier. Only Manritiussold. They were mostly good beans, well-frosted or chocolate, and the following were the rates realised:—53 to 6 inch,17s to 17s 6d; 64 to 7 inch 19s, 18s 64, l6s, 20s 6d; 74 to 8 inch 208; 7 to 74 inch 17s. Small brownish beans: 3) to 5 inch 16s; 44 to 5 inch 14s 6d, 13s; 4 to 5 inch 13s; 5 to 53 inch 15s; 54 to 6 inch 15s 6d; 6 to 64 inch 14s 15s; 8 to 85 inch 16s 6d; slightly mouldy 5s 6d. The exports from Tahiti in 1897 were 75,740 lb (£35,408) against 59,134 lb (£16,057) in 1896 and 50,628 lb (£7,209) in 1895. In 1897 the value of the vanilla sent to the United States was £20,236; Great Britain £2,249; New Zealand £6,281; and France £6,642, In January 1897, vanilla at Tahiti, was worth £1 per kilo. and it gradually rose in value to £1 16s per kilo. in April, after which it gradually declined to163s.—Chemist and Druggist, June 25. _ TEA SEED. A writer on “ Tea Seed, its Varieties and Capa- bilities,” discusses the subject of how many different kinds exist at present. He states that “‘ there are two varieties of Manipuri that exiet in what is known as the small Llack one, and the yellow one.”’ Hun- dreds of maunds of this seed have passed through my hands, but I have never noticed that there existed the two varieties named. Weall live and learn. I should like to know if any of my brother planters have noticed that Manipuri seed is of two kinds, black and yellow. Jacobson in his ‘‘ Handbook for the Culti- vation and Mannfacture of tea in Java” writes:—‘*A change in the plant takes place, by changing the seeds in different lands. A difference in the colour of the fruit becomes also perceptible,” I have consulted several works on tea but can find no other allusion to differ- ences in colour of seed. Bad seeds, those which have kernels and are merely shells, are of a sickly yellow colour, but I doubt if good, sound seeds vary in colonr. Dr. Watt distinguishes different varieties of tea by the number of veins in the leaf but we want to know more. A small pamphlet before me gives the following infor- mation :—‘‘ There are several varieties of the tea-plant, each of which is called after the country in which it is found growing wild or to which it is indigenous. The principal of these being the following, viz :—The China variety is a small bush, growing under fayour- able circumstances to 8ft. or 10ft. in height. The Assam variety is a free growing shrub, growing to 20ft, or 25ft. in its wild state. The Cachar variety is a very strong growing plant, and is found wild in the jungles asa tree from 40ft, to 50ft. in height. The Manipur variety also grows asa tree, but is notso strong growing as the Cachar variety, and has more lanceolate shaped leaves. There are numerous hybrids between these, the best yielding of which, are found to be the hybrids between the indigenous Indian varieties and the China plants.” Such is the meagre information supplied. he chapter on tea seed has yet tu be writ- ten, for none of our present works on tea exhibit any _ really definite knowledge of the subject.—Zke Planter. Sept. 1, 1898] -PRODUCE AND PLANTING. A Lance Orprr.—The Ceylon Observer modestly puts forward a suggestion for improving the position of the Ceylon tea industry. This is to be done by bringing about the humiliation of the great tea dis- tribution houses who haye failed to do justice to Cey- lon tea, and the establishment of a system of direct trading. As this savours somewhat ofa large order, it isas well we should quote our Ceylon contemporary on the subject. (Quotations follow.) A Danesrous Movr.—We do not wish to damp the ardour of the writer of the above. Ceylon planters we know are, enterprising enough for anything, and if 1,600 planters were to supply their friends with samples of superior tea the effect might be electrical. Itis well to point out, however, in justiceto the distributing firms, that they, or at leastsome ofthem, have spent large sums in advertising and pushing tea. It is quite true that in the first instance they were apathe- tic on the subject of Indian and Ceylon tea, andso longas China held the field they were content to ignore British-grown tea, leaving planters to do the pioneer work, and when the public began to recog- nise the merits of Indian and Ceylon tea the dealers, wholesale and retail, took advantage of the new de- parture. All thistrue. It cannot be denied, how- ever, that when once the public taste for tea had been tickled in the right direction, the dealers helped things along very considerably. If the work of popularising these teas had been left to direct supply associations the work of supplanting China would have made but slow progress. J'armers and froit growers have tried the direct supply system, but the consumer is a queer customer, and it takes him a very long time to think out new methods. The large tea dealers or distributing firms may be all that the Observer thinks they are and more, but they too have the bug bear—keen competition—to contend with, and although large profits are made by suc- cessful tea-dealing, an extensive knowledge of the business isrequired. These terrible distributing houses may be great sinners, but they have their uses, and we think that were theadvice of the Ceylon Observer followed some regret would also follow in its wake.—A. and C. Mail, July 1. ae RICE GROWING IN THE TRINCOMALEE DISTRICT, Having had the opportunity of visiting the village grounds of T'ampalagampattu, and spending a few days in the vast rice growing plains there, I trust some notes on the mode of cultivating paddy in that part of the TRINCOMALEE DISTRICT will be of interest. To begin with—the measures of capacity in vogue as regards buying and selling paddy, are as follows:—120 nalies make 1 amonam ; 1 amonam equals 104 bushels. The size of the ‘“nalies”’ or baskets vary in different ‘‘pattus” or divisions. ‘‘Pinmari” is the only cultivation carried on under the catchment area of the “ Kanthalai”’ tank, and the fields are not manured. The cultvation of paddy is pursued as follows :— The seeds are steeped in water and left covered, to germinate, as they do in four days’ time, then washed in water and spread under shelter, and on the sixth day to the fifteenth day they are scattered in the different beds or pans prepared. This commences in the beginning of April and the grown crop is reaped in four months’ time. The method followed is in this manner:—After letting in water for about two weeks, the fields are trampled by buffaloes in February and March, and the dams are banked and then, after one or two weeks, retrampled, and any mending or patching work is done to the embank- ments—the pans are afterwards trodden over by foot so that whatever tufts of grass or any vegetable matter lying on the surface may be pressed into the earth and buried. The surface of the beds are then made even and smooth to be perfectly level. This process js done by foot in ankle deep water, and afterwards THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 165 a small supply of water is let into each bed for a week or two, to imbue sourness, or tart, or taint the soil and keep it moist (to idiomatically express it as explained in Tamil) and then the fields are sown. In beds of poor soil, fresh water is let in two or three days after the seeds are scattered for growth, and in rich soil five or six days after; but drained cff. This process is repeated two or three times or days. In eight days’ time the paddy will have sprouted and then a little water should be caught in to rot or destroy the grass and herbage. The following descriptions of paddy are usually sown :—‘‘ Ottayalen,’ ‘“ Sempa,” ‘‘Sellakadha” and “Peru nellu.” The first two shoots into ears in 80 or 90 days, and can be reaped in four months’ time, and the others in lesser time by 15 days or so. The following show the income of a field eight acres in extent, which is equal to twelve ‘‘chundus :’— Calculated 9 amonams Land share 6 baskets equals } amonams for a chundu. Seed paddy 2 amonams with in- terest at $ per one. Do 3 Hy Do 4 . Butfalo hire, lamonam each pair, Do 6 ” Consumption paddy, with ins tecest at 4 per one. Do 3 sa 5 Expenses incurred, ree ay) Chargeable against cul- vances in money = ivation and are repaid in paddy taken over r at RS per amonam, bone much more in Vatti Vidhan value the market rate Repairing fence : of paddy may ‘be. 25 amonams at R10 per amonam amounts to R250 equal to R750 in one year. : It requires two cultivators and four pairs of buffaloes to cultivate such an area. Consumption paddy is estimated at two amonams for each culti- vator. You and your readers canjust imagine what the income is, without failure or damage or insect destruction. Wages of hired sower Wages of bird drivers Watcher PETES SS PLANTING NOTES. Cacao ANALYsES.—Mr. Cochran has now sent in his Report on this subject to the Planters’ Asso- ciation: it will be looked for with jinterest in due course. JAVA CINCHONA,—The cinchona of Java, which produces about two-thirds of the world’s supply, has for years been regularly shipped to Holland, where it has been sold at public auction. The large quinine manufactories, mostly situated in Germany, who supply themselves with the raw material in the Dutch market, have, however, during the last five or six years combined to keep prices at sucha low level as to render the cinchona cultivation unprofitable, notwithstanding the fact that large dividends have been derived from these manufactories, part of which should rightly have found their way into planters’ pockets. In order to counterbalance the influence of this ring of quinine manufacturersit was decided to establish a manufactory in Java. This quinine manufactory has since been erected at Bandoeng, in the Preangar Regencies, and delivered last year its first product, which is said to be of first-rate quality, and in all respects equal to the best European brands. Some large shipments of the Bandoeng manufactory’s product have, towards the end of 1897, been made to London, and smaller ones to various other parts of the world, and much will depend upon the result of these ventures. The crop ot cinchona for 1897 was 7,901,502 Ib. from private, and 597,2241b. from Government lands, against 9,440,855 Ib. and 631,177 lb. respectively in 1896.—H. & C, Mail. [There are now three quinine factories in Java we believe. —Ep, 7',4.] - 166 THE TROPICAL AN AGRICULTURAL-SCIENTIFIC DEPARTMENT. —A planter writes :—‘‘I quite agree with your editorial ; but if the Colony can throw away R2,500,000, why not an extra lac? The whole Administration wants over-hauling, and the sooner the better.” SCIENTISTS AND Exrrrrs are all very well in their way, says a correspondent of the Calentta Planter ; they can, undoubtedly, afford us great assistance, but the real backbone of the industry is the practical planter. Without his co-operation and assistence little hope can be entertained of the tea enterprise making much headway. “THE InpIAN Forester.’ —Edited by J. 8. Gamble, M.A., F.L.8., Conservator of Forests, and Director of the Forest Schools, Dehra Din. Contents. No. 6— for June 1898 :—Original Articles and Translations; Correspondence; Official Papers and Intelligence— How rubber trees are grown in Assam, by D. P. Copeland.—_[We give this in 7’ropical Agriculturist. —Ep. C.0.| Reviews; Shikar and Travel; Tim- ber and Produce Trade; Extracts from Official Gazettes. CEYLON TEA IN AMERICA.—Mr. J. C. Larkin, of the far-famed Salada,Ceylon ‘Tea Company of America, is indeed a sanguine individual ; but, although we cannot go all the way with him in his predictions, still it is very cheering to get so hopeful a letter as he sends us in regard to Ceylon Tea Prospects on the North American continent. It is noteworthy, too, that he regards the new American Tea duty as distinctly telling in favour of Ceylon and other high-grade teas—another warning, perhaps, that the absence of a duty favours cheap in- ferior teas? Porto RIco is an extremely rich little island —not quite so big as Jamaica, 3530 square miles or 200 miles less than the aggregate of our Western and Sabaragamuwa _ provinces, though with fess population. Hills rise to 3,600 feet : itis extremely well watered, 1,300 streams being enumerated and that it shonld grow and ship 500,000 ewt. of coffee; 100,000 tons of sugar; large quantities of tubacco, &c., is mar- vellous for its population of 800,000 with their own food to grow. But there are nearly 300 miles of railway made or under _ construction. Under American auspices, Porto Rico will at once spring into a new aud splendid develop- ment and Jamaica may sufferfrom its rivalry. CASTILLOA, OR CENTRAL AMERICA rubber, —said Mr. Hart of Trinidad in his lecture on Minor Products—is worth today from 1s 6d to 38s 7d per pound. We have trees in the Garden which will give a yield of from four pounds per tree per annum. Two gentlemen, who were lately here, declared on trial that our trees not only prosuced a fine quality of rubber, bat that the yield at one bleeding was greater than any they had previously seen, and the milk itself gave a return of twenty-five per cent. of the best transparent rubber, and His Excellency the Governor has been told on good authority that rubber is a gold mine to Trinidad, if we can only work it. Returning to rubber, a Castilloa forest, if it existed today, would be a valuable property. A single tree of eight yearsis capable of giving at one tapping six to eight onnces of rubber, and such a tree can be tapped many times a year without injury, the number of times varying 1m accordance with the season. This means that an acre of 200 trees would give a gross return of some £90 per annum, while the expendi- ture for upkeep is much less than for any other grop generally grown, AGRICULTURIST. to six: (Serr. 1, 1898, ! “THE CEYLON HANDBOOK AND DIRECTORY FOR 1898-9."—In answer to numerous enquiries, we may mention that the compilation of this work is now completed ; the printing should be finished within a week; and the binder begin to supply volumes a week later on. Copies will be issued according to the registered list of subscribers, A Hint TO THE ‘ TwrRTy COMMITTEE.”—--In view of what Mr. J. R. W. Pigott—as an old Ceylon planter—has been able to do in making Cey- lon tea known in Sicily—he got a supply fein direct from Abbotsford estate—would it not be a good plan for the ‘ Thirty Committee ” to send agiftin the form of a sample chest of Cey- lon Tea to each on a selected list of British Consuls all over the world? The recipients would be certain to take it as a complimentary bit of attention ; and in return would hs sure to make the tea known to their friends and probably refer to it in their Reports, THE CEYLON AND ORIENTAL COMPANY AND Coorrr, Cooper & Co.—We call attention to the full report of the extraordinary general meeting of the shareholders in Cooper, Cooper & Co. elsewhere, where much information of interest was given res- pecting the terms of amalgamation aud the start- ing of a new Company with a capital of £500,000. So long as they induce increased rivalry in the tea market, the more new Com- panies of this kind the better. Jn this case, however, it will be seen the promoters talk of supplying consumers direct after the fashion of ‘* butter and eggs from our own farm”! And also of atpyine from Colombo direct to foreign markets. It will be seen that Pallakelle and other estates are likely to be included in the new Company. GROWING TEA IN SOUTH CAROLINA AND THE War-TAX.—Our friend Mr. Charles U. Shepard, of the Pinehurst tea plantations, Summerville, South Carolina, is well satisfied with the war-duty on tea. He writes to us under date June 7th in the following complimentary way :— “Thanks to the information which the highly prized Tropical Agriculturist affords and to the probable duty on tea in the U. S., the Pinehurst tea experiments are going to prove a success in spite of cheap oriental labor and the jeers of my friends.” That Mr. Shepard should feel indebted to the Ceylon monthly is only natural, tea being so entirely our staple of late years. It appears, hewever, that Mr. Shepard has taken an active partin inducing the U.S Government to tax tea, using the following arguments in a letter to the Secretary of Agriculture ;— Ist. Asa source of revenue; 2nd. As inducing an improvement in the quality of commercial tea; 3rd. As an encouragement to the establishment of a tea- industry in the United States, And then he explains about his Pinehurst ex- periment, adding in a subsequent letter :-— As you have expressed an interest in the “ Pine- hurst” work as a means of employing poor children who have otherwise no lucrative employment. I would beg to add to my letter of yesterday that nineteen coloured pupils from the “ Pinehurst School” picked today from five or six acres 190 pounds of green leaf, for which they shall receive $5, or more than 25 cents each. Some of the better workers have earned over 40 cents. This lot of leaf will make over 45 pounds of cured tea, at an outlay of about 14 cents for leaf-picking, ‘children’s lnonch and super- vision. As if costs about 2 cents in the Orient, the difference between us is about 12 cents. The same fields in the height of the season should afford mg — 60 per cent more, a Sept. 1, 1898.} GRAPE GROWING.—An interesting experiment is being made in Brazil, with a view of making up the loss sustained by the fall inthe value of coffee. This is the cultivation of the grape. An exhibition was held last month at Rio de Janeiro, at which specimens of about 300 varieties were on yiew, including grapes for table and wine making. —From “The Journal of the Jamaica Agricultural Society ” for June. Curtmnc Goat Sxin.—To cure a goat’s skin, trim it en the fiesh side with a sharp knife, and then well brush with a solution of 24 lb. of alum and 1 lb. of common salt in 1 gal. of warm water; the skin should be treated two or three times with this solution on successive days. Now sprinkle bran_all over the skin, brush out, and nail theskin to a board and dryit. As a preservative against insects; the flesh side may be treated with a mixture of arsenic and biack preped previous to drying.—From Work for July. THE PROFITS FROM CARDAMOMS.—A_ planter writes :—‘‘ The figures in your Saturday’s issue, of a yield of 480 lb. per acre over 89 acres of cardanioms, are, surely, phenomenal, and must make the mouths of planters water. At 4s a lb., that would represent £7,680 for the year—or, say, nett £7,000! Deducting this acre- age and yield from the 5,153 acres under the product and the 592,830 lb. cardamoms exported Jast year, we have an average of only 97 Ib. per acre, Is not that too low? Though even with that, if an average of 4s can be ob- tained, the spice must be regarded as one of our most payivg products.” THE THREATENED TEA CRIsIS.—At the meeting of the Jokai (Assam) Tea Company on June 24th Surgeon-General A. C, C. De Renzy, c.b. (chairman of the company) in the course of his address said :— The figures given in the report showed how grie- yously the rise in exchange was effecting the cost of production in India, but that was not the end of the matter. The establishment of a gold standard in India would have the effect of lowering the price of tea in this market by raising the value of gold, and asit would confer a bounty of 30 per centon China, they could hardly expect to be able to continue thestruggle with that country for the supply of foreign markets, in which for the last few years, they had been finding so large an outlet for their surplus produce. If China were to continue under its present corrupt and impotent Government they might be able to con- tinue the struggle. But how long would that Govern- ment live? Was it notalmost certain that that country would shortly be opened to European enterprise, capi- tal, and skill, and that they must look forward to plan- ters of foreign nationality, as well as Enslishmen, en- gaging in the teaindustry in China? Favoured by a bounty of 30 per cent China grown tea wouldsurely be able to retain its positionin the foreign market, from which they had been lately so rapidly displacing it, It was greatly to be regretted that the Indian tea in- dustry was not represented on the Commission which Was now examining the currency proposals of the indian Government. The question, in his opinion, yitally affected the safety of the Indian tea industry, and a common standard of value between Indiaand the other countries where tea could be produced com- mercially was essential to its existence for any long period. Such a bounty as it was proposed to confer on China would as certainly destroy the Indian and Ceylon tea industries as the beetroot sugar bounties had destroyed the West Indian sugar industry. In conclu- sion, he stated that instructions had been sent to the company’s superintendents to reduce expenses to the lowest possible point. The directors had also decided to stop all extensions, except such as might be calculated to reduce the cost of production on those gardens which were too small togive profitable occupation to a first- _classimanager. As regarded buildings, they woulddo the _best they could with the old ones, only completing the permanent ones under construction, THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 167 THE FUTURE OF CEYLON.—A_ correspondents writing as a merchant and owner of tea property in Ceylon, calls attention to the adverse effects on the prosperity of the island of the closing of the Indian mints. Ceylon since 1872 has hada rupee currency, but it is quite independent of India in its financial relations, and is in no way interested in the Indian dett. Yet, whenever a scarcity of money occurs in India it seriously affects Ceylon, as the Indian banks which have agencies in the Colony are instructed to remit rupees to Bombay or Calcutta, as the case may be, sometimes even selling high-class secnrities to obtain cash. The result is that it is diffienlt, and sometimes eyren impossible, to borrow at 15 or_as much as 20 per cent. The Ceylon Government has a note issue based upon a reserve of 5 millions of rupees, abont half of which is in silver in the Government vaults. Our correspondent asks whetber it is not possible to use this silver in times of great pressure in the Colony for the re- lief of trade. And he goes on to ask how India is to compete with China if she is to have a gold staudard, supposing China continues the silver standard and is opened up by means of railways. All the European nations are row interesting them- selves in China. Is it not likely that China will soon become an exporter of wheat, indigo, and jute, as she has long been of tea? And if she does, with European capital and» European skill to develop her resources, what is to become of India and Ceylon? The question is undonbtedly yery serious, and we would commend it to the careful attention of the Committee that is now considering the Indian Government’s currency pro- posals.—Statist, June 25. WANTED: AN AGRICULTURAL (SCIENTIFIC) DEPARTMENT.—A well-known planter pnts the question to us—“Has not the time arrived for a public agitation for a Government Scientific Department? What with weevil, cacao aisease, lantana bug, ete. and the colony dependent on ‘agriculture?’ Surely there should be a depart- ment to look after the various interests involved.” We most heartily agree. We have been press- ing for reformsin this direction for a quarters of a century back, Never was there a more press- ing need than now; but then never was there a more unfavourable time for asking for a new De- pertment | With R2,500,000 of our revenue to be appropriated for a non-paying Railway (in utter defiance of the ‘* Will-it-pay ” test), where is the chance of getting money voted for the perma- nent establishment of Scientific and Agricultural investigators so much needed in the country ? It will even, perhaps, come to be asked if we ean afford the boon of imperial Penny Postage, although the disgrace and discredit of refusing to join in this great reform will, we hope, deter obstruction or delay. With Ceylon leading, the Straits must follow and also India we are told.—At the same time how extraordinary that a Colony so entirely dependent on its agri- culture should be far behind Dependencies like British Guiana, not nearly so important, in its provision for the scientific investigation of agri- cultural pests. The fact is that every Civil Servant Cadet for Ceylon should go through an agricultural course after the pattern of the Civil Servants sent out to Java; and then their Interest in the needs of cultivators and plans ters, would speedily secure the , appointment of Specialists. The way, in which the local Agricultural School is allowed to drag on, is simply a disgrace to the present Ceylon Adminis« tration, 168 Tes Duty AGAIN.—-‘' The proprietor of asmall totum making good teas’ asks us in a private letter to state editorially whether in the matter of the abolition of the home duty on tea, the interests of Colombo merchants and of upcountry planters are identical. He adds that in his opi- nion, a merchant cares only for more business and commissions with no special interest in the quality of the produce shipped; whereas the planter would wish to see cheap and nasty teas discouraged even if business were restricted.— There is, of course, some truth in this; but a “Proprietor” should also be fair in recalling the tact that the large majority of Colombo mer- cantile houses are as Closely identified with the Planting Industry of the island as the planters themselves. Many firms in view of their long list of responsible agencies are, we believe, ready to put the interests of their con- stituents before their own—that is if the latter could be shewn to be different; many houses again own plantations ; and altogether we do not think it can be fairly said there is a diversity of interests, although it is true that in a matter primarily affecting producers, the vote of the latter should carry most weight. But ‘ Pro- prietor” and any others opposed to total aboli- tion—if that is the reason of the above enquiry —can ‘possess their souls in patience” and take this consolation, namely, that there is not the remotest possibility of £3,800,000 sterling of im- perial revenue being sacrificed in one year: one million or two millions may be managed, but that is the most a Chancellor of the Exchequer can look for in a surplus now-a-days. Mr. M. KetwAy BAMBER IN CEYLON.—Mr. Bamber returned to Colombo last evening with Mr. John Roger, who is sailing for Eng- land on Thursday. While up-country they did not go further than Kotmale and the Hatton distrits, Mr. Bamber preferring to wait until the Planters’ Association have decided on the question of appointing a scientific analyst. He will defer his visit to Calcutta for the present, but was unfortunate in not being able to pre- vent his chemical apparatus trom going there. It was shipped from London by P. and O. steamer with instructions that it might be wanted in Colombo; and he _ subsequently wrote for it to be put out hereon arrival. He could not get down to Colombo to meet the steamer, however, three days ago the ss. ** Sunda” carried the apparatus away for Cal- cutta. It will probably be three weeks before it can be got back to Ceylon, and although. there is much that Mr. Bamber can do in the meantime, the circumstance is annoying. He is not bound to time as regards his return to England. Mr. Bamber has already received in- atructions to visit several estates to make in- vestigations and analyses, and should Government approve of the expenditure of the necessary amount of the Thirty Committee funas, he will no doubt receive the official appointment already referred to, and will be able to commence work without furtherdelay. The idea, we believe, is that for the special retaining fee Mr. Bamber shouid de- vote special attention to twelve typical estates at different elevations, and in different localities, mal- ing exhaustive experiments and accumulating data of all kinds. At present nothing of this sort exists, and the opinions of hardly two planters are alike as to the various causes which effect quality and price, There can be no doubt that methodical investigation and their scientific classification will be eminently yseful.—Local ‘ Times,” THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST, (Serr. 1, 1898. Parmyrau Fipre.—The industry in this product is now dying out. Less demand in the Colombo market has limited the purchase of the fibre, which is now bought at 7 to 10 centsa pound. A Colombo trader has been carrying on his trade for some time past at a godown on the Ist Cross street, Jafiua. He pro- poses towind up his business, for want of encourage- ment, by the end of this month. [t is no doubt a matter for rejoicing, that the iojury to our palmyrah trees once so mercilessly committed, hasto be aban- doned, The craze for the fibre was then so alarming, that a continuance of thesame demand, it was feared, would have caused a wholesale destruction of the trees, and starvation tothe people, a large majority of whom Jook tothe pa!myrah palm for their substenavee during several months of the year.—Jaffua “‘ Morning Star,” July 14. _ Ceara Rupper.—Near to the carriage drive is a tree of Ceara rubber, Monihot Glaziovii, easily recognized by its papery bark like that of the common birch. Some years ago this tree was largely planted in Ceylon for rubber, but although it grew very well indeed, the yield of rubber was not sufficiently large, and the market price was too small, to render the cultivation profitable. The rubber is obtained by scraping off the outer bark and making numerous small incisions in the stem. From these there flows a milky juice, which hardens into rubber. This species is a native of the Province of Cerea in Brazil, where a large part of the world’s supply of rubber is obtained from the wild trees of Manihot Glaziovii. With the rise in the price of rabber and the improved methods of cultivation and tapping, &c., that are being perfected, it is possible that the cultivation ofthis species may again be- come an important industry in Ceylon, though per- haps rather in native than in European hand—Mr. Willis’ Circular in'the Badulla Gardens. THE REPORT OF THE RoyaAL BoTANIC GARDEN, Calcutta, for the year 1897-98 is not a very ela- borate affair. From the order of Government thereon we quote as fellows :— Plants of an economic value received especial at- tention. In she cold weather Dr. Prain commenced the study of the various kinds of pulses and other leguminous crops cultivated in Bengal, but as the subject is a large one, it could not be brought to completion in one season. The results of a series of experiments on the cultivation of rhea-seed were inconclusive, but they tended to show that seed derived from plants grown in Lower Bengal is very often infertile. Atthe request of the Reporter on Economic Products to the Government of India, certain of the varieties of cotton were experimentally cultivated, and the same officer supplied a number of tubers, bulbs, and seeds of plants of economic interest to be ~ cultivated and determined, after they had flowered and-fruited. In this way, Dr. Prain reports, the sources of a considerable number of economic pro- ducts, the origin of which was unknown or doubtful, have been definitely ascertained, and this branch of study is about to be developed. The chief work of the year was the completion of an account of the Orchids of Sikkim by Sir George King and Mr. Pantling. This constitutes one of the finest contributions to systematic and regional botany that bas recently appeared, Some valuable paperson botanical subjects were also published by Sir George King and Dr. Prain, the contributions of the latter officer including a “Note on the mustards in Bengal,’ to which reference was made in the Resolution on last year’s report. Sir George King, the Superintendent of-the Garden, was compelled by ill-health to retiie at the end of February last. He had been in charge of the Garden since July 1871, and his brilliant services have been acknowledged by Goy- ernment in a separate Resolution. The Lieutenant- Governor desires also to thank Sir George King’s suc- cessor, Surgeon-Major Prain, for his efficient manage- ment of the departments under his care, and for the ins teresting report submitted by him, oe, SEpr, 1, 1898.] THE TROPICAL THe Frorwa Vervrt Bran.—‘ I was induced to plant about two acres of them [velvet beans] last Spring upon thin land. The beans grew nicely, and made a large amount of forage. As they were recom- mended as good food—hoth vines and beans for stock, and also regarded by some as edible table food—we cooked and ate a lot’ as green shelled beans. Quite a number were made sick, some before leaving the table, others later—even to twelve hours afterwards. Two who were not affected, and doubting that the beans were the cause of the trouble experienced by others, ate some cold the next day, which ‘ fetched ‘em.’ Some were seriously affected, but all recovered after two or three days. Symptoms were nausea, purging of the bowels, headache, and violent action of the heart. Afterwards, some were fed to chickens, both cooked and raw ; some of the chickens died, and the beans were found, on examination, to be still undigested. Horses refuse to eat the ripe beans in the pods, and, in view of our experience, we do not care to urge them by grinding and mixing with other food. Will not our ex- periment station test and analyse them for poison, and tell us what is its extent, and how to overcome it ?”— The Datil Pepper. TEA AND AUSTRALIAN TREES.—We think it is generally acknowledged that Abbotsford is among the estates in the island, most fully supplied, with introduced timber, as well as ornamental trees. The penchant of the late Mr. A. M. Ferguson was, it possible, to give a trial to every tree he could hear of in India, Australia or élsewhere that might be useful or interesting to grow on the hills of Ceylon. He and his son backed up by their experienced Manager, Mr. Fraser, have certainly succeeded in giving Abbotsford a jead- ing place in the island, so far as introduced trees go. Among these the Australian eucalypti and Queensland grevilleas occupy a prominent place and being dotted through the estate from the very beginning of tea, no one is better qualified perhaps than the Abbotsford Manager to give an answer to the question said to be started by Mr, Kelway-Bamber.—Do grevilleas on estates affect the quality of the tea? Hitherto there has been unanimity in the opinion that grevillea leaves dropping on the soil did good to tne teaplant ; and now as regards the quality of the product, if due consideration be given to his long observation and experience, we think the letter we publish today from Mr. John Fraser should be deemed re-assuring. We have no doubt Mr. Kelway- Bamber will be much interested in reading ic. TAHITI: EXPORTS OF VANILLA. —In a report on the trade of Tahiti for 1897 our Consul says that vanilla, which had been rapidly increasing in value during the early months of the year, suddenly dropped to half the price previously obtained, and the Chilian and Peruvian silver dollar—the currency in which most of the trade of the island is conducted—fell to the compara- tive value of Is 9d sterling. Accordingly, their expectations not having been realised, importers found themselves at the end ot the year with abnor- mal stocks on hand and in bond, and with by no means promising out-look for the ensuing 12 months. Our Consul goes on tosay that the greater care exercised in the cultivation of vanilla during 1897, stimulated, doubtless, by the continued demand and high prices ruling at the end of the year preceding, led to an increase in the export of this article of 16,606 1b, valued at £19,351. Start- ing in January at about £1 per kilo, it gradually rose in value until £1 16s per kilo. was reached in April, when its price declined to 16s, with little pro- spect of an immediate improvement in that figure. During 1897 75,740 1b of the value of £35,408, were exported, against 59,134 lb. of the value of £16,057, in 1896.—British and Colonial Druggist, July 1. AGRICULTURIST. 169 Tue “JouRNAL oF THE Janay A U Society,’ for June 1898 has the rllowing eee —Illustration of Dexer Cow “Red Rose,” Frontis- piece ; Board of Management ; Special and Anndel General Meeting; How to Work an Incubator « Vegetable Growing ; Notes from Apiary; War on th Banana; Sheep Breeding; Bad Results from the Cross-Bred Rams; Poultry Notes: Hoeine Tobace % Grape Growing in France; Methods of Diawine Irish Potatoes; Odds and Ends ; War! Its Effect da the Fruit Trade; The Right Way to Set Fruit meas TG Orange ; Cheese ; Recipes; The Agricultural Ont. ae Sue vions and Answers, Prices of Meat, Vege- THE NATURE oF FuNGUS DISEASES.—Mr, W C. Sturgis contributes to the Twenty-first Annual Report of the Connecticut Agricultural Station (New Haven, Conn.), a valuable list of the publications relating to. plant diseases, issued b the U.S. Department of Agcriculture and the several experiment station during the ten years 1887-1897, inelusive. The list will be so valuable that we may express the hope that it may be circulated separately. The author has adopted popular names where they are iisleadine and has endeavoured to systematise them thus “black. rot, rust, leaf-blight, leaf-spot, stem-rot, mild leaf-seab.— Gardeners’ Chronicle, July 2. VERA CRUZ:—EXpPORTS oF VANILL Cacao.—In a Foreign Office report on the tte ct Vera Cruz for 1897 our Consul says that there has been a considerable decrease in the exports of vanilla, The curing of it is very difficult, and cultivators generally sell their crops to profes- sional curers. In 1896-97 the exports amounted to 16 tons, of the value of £47,316, against in 1895-96, 56 tons, of the value of £10101. 7 » mildeyy, ; Niet ee The exports of cacao have been Insignificant, and our Consul says that it is even imported into the country, although it produces abundantly coast. In the States of Tobacco and eee cacao gives four crops a year, The principal harvest is from March to April, though harvest. ing continues all the year round. The price ae very variable. being from 18 to 33 dollars Mexi- can per 60 Ib. Cacao ,could be advantageous cultivated both for home consumption and tee export.— British and Colonial Druggist July 1 THE BOTANIC GARUEN, BADULLA.—The area, of the Garden being only eleven acres it is impossible to grow more than one or two's eci- mens of each kind ef plant, and trials hi a commercial scale must necessarily be made else- where in the neighbourhood. ‘The function of the Garden is to grow as many kinds of useful plants as possible with a view to determining their suitability to the climate of Uva and. should they prove thus suitable, to supply seeds or cuttings in small quantity to residents who may be desirous of giving them further trial The Garden was opened in 1886 on some old paddy land near the racecourse; a driving road passes throngh it, and there are several foot- paths. Badulla stands on the eastern side of the Main mountain mass of the Islands, at an eleva. tion of 2,220 ft. It depends for its rainfall more on the north-east than the South-west monsoon and has a distinetly drier climate than that of the western side of the hills, The mean annual temperature is about 73°9. The average rainfall is given in the following table :— 5 ‘ Janaary, 991 in., February, 3:75 in. 4:24in., April, 8-46 in., May, 5°57 in.. June, July, 1:54 in., August, 3°61 in., September, October, 10:11 in., November,’ 19:01 ‘ 14°61 in, Total, 79:92 in., falling Mr, Willis’s Circular. March, 2°96 in. 1 2°95 in., in., December, on 106 days.— 170 A FORTUNE IN VANILLA? No wonder though our friend Mr. Hamilton Traill of Victoria expressed himself well satisfied with his ‘Vanilla property im Seychelles when the Administrator Mr. Cockburn Stewart-—who will be remembered by old residents as Private Secretary to Sir Hereules Robinson and for a time, to Sir William Gregory—reports an “estate” there (none are of large extent) as yieldiny £5,000 worth of vanilla. He further adds that ‘t some of the Seychelles vanilla sent home last year was pronounced by experts to be the finest ever seen in the London market.” Mr. Chamberlain sends the letter and samples to Kew, and Mr, Thistleton-Dyer gets an expert's opinion as follows :— Report by Mr. A. C. Meyjes, of the Chemist and Diuggist, on a sample of vanilla grown in Seychelles, and received through the Colonial Office, December 7, 1897 :—'‘ The pod you have sent is an unusually fine and long one. Vanilla of this character would probably realise about 26s or 27s per lb. gross in the London market at the present time. From that figure must be deducted certain trade allowances brokerage, &c. amounting altogether to about 10 per cent. Bvt your friends should be careful to tie the vanilla together in bundles containing pods all ot the same length, or at least not varying more than 4-inch, because the pods are paid by length as well as by appearance. And further, I am afraid that the prices of vanilla are on the decline. They have been unusually high this year, and after Christmas the trade demand is apt to drop. Moreover, vanilla- growing must have been a very profitable business during the past few seasons and the usual result, viz., over-production is sure to follow. Strange to say, vanillin (the coal-tar product) has never been so cheap as now. The consumption of vanilla pods, however, is increasing every year and likely to continue to do so for a long time.” Then the pursuit looks very attractive when described by the Administrator in his Annual Report :— “The Mexican system of allowing the vines to grow under trees nearly wild is almost universally adopted at present, and isa decided improvement on the old system of training the yine on artificial supports. Nothing pays better than vanilla. Its production costs the planter R3 per pound, and as prices vary from R8 to Rl6 the pound, a net profit of feom Rd to R13 is the result. This year the average price was R15 the pound. The yield may be taken to be 200 1b: an acre. ‘Taking, therefore, an average of R10, an acre of vanilla should produce R2,000. Most of the land in Seychelles is in the hauds of private owners, and it is difficult to estimate its cost, but it may be’ taken that land can be bought at from R100 to R200 the acre. it has been stated that landowners are reluctant to part with their land, but not much difficulty need be apprehended on this score provided that purchasers are prepared to pay ready money. There is some land belonging to the Government well adapted for vanilla cultivation which can be leased for eriods varying from nine to 21 years. Seychelles is, unfortunately, almost a terra incognita, but there is little doubt that if the scores of young Englishmen who leave the Mother Country year after year for other lands knew of it, they would give the preference to an English colony which offers advantages not to be met with elsewhere for the investment of small capital, say £1,000.” But there is the prospect of further extensions of planting in the Seychelles (only these islands are out-of-the-way) and the possibility of over-produc- tion ; for Mr. Stewart further tells us in his Annual Report for 1896 :-— “The vanilla crop of last year is the largest that has ever been grown in Seychelles—63,000]b. The prices THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. ‘nutwood or mahogany colour, after drying.— 2 Ree (Spr. 1, -1898. ruling during the year on the London and Paris Markets have also been most favourable, and the value of the crop has been declared at R936,000.” “The large output of vanilla has given a fresh impetus to its cultivation and a very large quantity has been planted during the past year. When the country is opened up by means of roads, as will shortly be the case, many acres of vanilla land will no doubt be taken up which at present are uncultivated, owing to the difficulty of transport. In one district alone, the Mare aux Cochons, to which a new road will be opered, there are about 5,000 acres of virgin soil well suited to vanilla. Whe cultivation of vanilla only dates back to about 20 years ago, and is only now beginning to be thoroughly understood.” Still, there ought to be room in Ceylon—in Dumbara, around Kandy or in the low-country and even near to Colombo—for producing some of the precious pods, Mr, W. H. Wright of Mirigama is indisputably the oldest cultivator of vanilla in Ceylon and he has always been very successful. His experience and that of some other cultivators will be found recorded in our planting review in the forthcoming ‘‘ Hand-book and Directory” and we really think there is room for several thousand pounds sterling worth of vanilla pods being added to our Ceylon exports without disturbing the European markets: Weare glad to learn that Mr. Wright has recently had a demand for vanilla cuttings. a Be PROGRESS OF CEYLON TEA: ADVICE TO PLANTERS. An absent proprietor, writing to us by last mail, offers the following remarks for local con- sideration, and we think they deserve to be thought over :— - ‘With regard to tea matters I am hopeful that the Currency Commission will do us some good. Mean- time, we shonld do all we can to improve matters ourselves. We should keep down expenditure on the estates as low as possible. The superintendents should give increased attention to the plucking and the factory, in order to improve the quality of tea. By combination, coast advances may be greatly re- duced and crimping may be stopped. “We should pluck a little finer and — down the output of tea to something like 100 million lb. I think Mr. Mackenzies’s advice, to make a certain proportion of our crop green tea for the American market, is excellent, as it will take so much tea off the London market. Planters should not send home so much inferior tea,—Dust, fannings, etc., fetching 2d to 3d per lb. It should be sold locally. If we were to act on these lines, we would soon again be paying 10 to 15 per cent dividends.” ——— — PAPER JT'Loors.—Paper floors are enjoying a steadily increasing popularity, whichis readily ex- plained by the many advantages they possess over wooden flooring. An important advantage consists in the absence of joints, whereby accumulations of dust, vermin and fungi dangerons to health are done away with. The new paper floors are bad con- ductors of heat and sound, and, in spite of their hardness, have a linoleum-like soft feel to the foot. Their cost is considerably lower than that of floors made of hard wood. The paper mass receives a small addition of cement as binder, and is shipped in bags, in powder form. The mass is stirred into a stiff paste, spread out on the floor, pressed down by means of rollers, and painted with oakwood, Scventific American. Serr. 1, 1898.] THE BOMBAY TEA ASSOCIATION, CIMITED., This Company has just been formed with a capi- tal of R1,00,000, divided into 1,000 shares of R100 each. In the prospec’ us it is stated that the annual production of Ceylon and Indian tea is about fifteen crores of lb., but the consumption in India is very small, only forty lakhs with a population of twenty-eight crores, whereas with a population of about four croresin Great Britain, the annual consumption is fourteen crores, so there is a great future for introducing tea amoung the masses in India. Hundreds of tea Companies and Agents in Calcutta it issaid realize a good profit and pay handsome dividends. Tea merchants, agents and owners of tea estates are flourishing and making large fortunes, but it is surprising that such a well-known conimercial city like Bombay has not a single tea Company, and people have no idea of the large and extensive tea industry and profits acerning therefrom. There is a vast field for such a Company in Bombay to extend sales of Indian teas in Indian and foreign markets. it is not generally known that teas ‘from different districts in India vary in strength, quality, and flavor; some draw strong liquor, but less flavor ;some have high flavor, but draw very thin light liquor ;some teas are of very fine leaf, whilst others are coarse ; some have tips and flowers, and others havenone. Different varieties of choice teas can be prepared, by importing teas from different districts in India, suchas Darjeeling, Kanera, Kumaon, Assam, Dehra Dhoon and the Nilgherries, &c., and blending them. It is neees- sary to open a factory where different varieties of teas can besorted, blended and seasoned scienti- fically, so as not only to give good strength and flavour, but to secure perfect tea of uniform quality, and also to remove the injurious proper- ties of teas, such as tanninand to give a stimu- lating as well as a nourishing drink. All these require practical knowledge and care, anditisa secret art to blend and season teas to perfec- tion, to suit the tastes of different nations. These teas may have to be refired and packed into cheap wooden, lead and tin boxes, as well as in superior class fancy boxes, also in a variety of tin foil and Jead packets of different sizes, in such a way as to suit the climate of different countries. It is also advisable to open agencies in India, and export teas to Europe, America, Australia, South Africa, and such Mahomedan countries as Persia, Asia Minor, and other markets, where: Indian teas are appreciated and largely consumed. To carry out, amongst others, the above objects, the Bombay Tea Association, Limi- ted, has been formed and registered as a Joint- Stock Company, and to start this Association on a firm and profitable footing, and to ensure success in this enterprise, it is arranged to purchase the ood-will and stock of the well-known and oldest firm of Messrs. Morton, Maju & Company who have done so much for the teaindustry, and were the first to introduce Indian tea into the Bombay Presidency. The business of this Association will be conducted under the immediate supervision of the experienced and enterprising proprietor of this firm, who is a well-known expert in teas. If there is a good opportunity, tea estates will be purchased which will considerably add to the pro- fits of the company. The company will also have the power to deal in coffee, sugar, We., and other profitable articles. The payment of a dividend at the rate of 6 per cent at least for the first three years is guaran- o2 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST, ae teed, and the shareholders will have the further advantage of a right to purchase from the com- pany any cf the articles in which the company shall deal at 10 percent less than the fixed prices therefor. ———_—__.—_______. PLANTING IN STRAITS SETTLEMENTS. (From Report on Tampin District, 1897.) Padi planting was begun simultaneously, for probs ably, the first time, in obedience to the regulations issued early in the year, and, | believe, that there has never before been such a large area under padi nor, for some years, so good a promise of a fine harvest. It is impossible to speak too highly of the good derived from the issue of a few simple rales. Tapioca planting was, during the first five or six months of the year, in a very depressed state owing to low prices, wet weather, and the bad state of the Malacca country roads; with the advent of dry weather and a slight rise in the market, however, tha export quickly increased and large quantities of tapioca Were taken out of Negri Sembilan-during the latter part of the year. ‘Tapioca ruins the soil, and is, nearly always, replaced by lalang of which there are now large expanses in this district. Could fires in the small scrub and lalang be prevented, there is no doubt that in many places the jungle would grow again and yradually kill the lalang, but these coustant fires mean death to the young trees, whilst the lalang seems to thrive all the better after burning. z About 1,000 pikuls of jungle produce were exported during the year, and the sum of $1,436'73 was col- lected as duty thereon. Four thousand pigs reared on or near the tapioca estates were also exported, bringing in duty of $1 per head. Steady progress was made on the coffee estates owned by Europeans, and a considerable amount of new land was cleared. No coffee was exported, none of the estates being yet in bearing. ae es Castint0oA Rupser.—Read the following letter froy Mr. T. J. Ferguson, Calicut, dated Sth eae 1898, about Castilloa rubber:—‘«I am anxious § propagate plants of Castilloa elastica Central Ameri” can rubber from cuttings as my trees seldom or ever seed and I have never been able to save any seed from these trees while the Heveas, Para Rubber seeds freely. When these Rubbers were first intro- duced here I undertook to experiment on the best plan_of propagating the plants rapidly from cuttings but I failed. The late Mv. Lawson, at the request of Government, came here to look into this matter and to advise me on the subject and my opinion being that we could not propagate by cuttings except by having a propagating house with bottom heat : but this Mr. Lawson, stated was unnecessary : he spent several days with me here and planted many hundreds of cuttings of the Castilloa in small pots in much the same manner as I had previously done. I took the greatest personal care of the cuttings bat all died, not one catting had formed a callus and an expenditure of R784 and much valuable time were lost, as Government would not sanction my building, a small propagating house with hot-bed to start the cuttings. If youcan give me any sugges- tion or information in this connection I will be greatly obliged. In the case of planting cuttings here, it appears to me the sap is drawn up and no callus is formed. I find this with Roses and many other plants, bet 1 think the use of bottom heat would overcome this difficulty? If so what would be the best form of applying bottom heat here or in Wynaad for propagating purposes? a stove or a hot bed? and with a suitable propagating house and a trained man to attend to it, could the work be carried on at all seasons of the year? Mr. Fereuson has been asked to send some cultings of Castilloa elastica—they will be tried in the gardens here and the results communicated to him.— oe a 7 _-+ _ — +l “ Dil OD weir -=Iovoo ol LASAH SHAM HANSEN [oon EDR ae DPRAGRSSBMASNSS Hie Dn ascaanio = FOWNWOK- Ome nit Iincacinwne a be * an Baer eI [eS Ste cole aa ~= —eise | an Len} ino. ite) a ih. FAARKSCRE Gre! [FERSOLSSS =o nr De ~ nia = as Oro Se ror oraor Div. on Ord. Price perlb. Net profit. ad Epa AS! - ° oni ~~ ors a Fam) wR AAN-CSoSME 2SRe_grsocen 7 ae S we SOs astASsscasow sa laenom em nun ia on SAO 14 sn Se on <7 iS = < § Audi VSS Se SSRECSS BASES ESTs oa ete ies aed Scigla lace eee As FSeSgdagogisz easgeasesls A i a a = w women eek BR FSOREACE Sees Rane sase PR ee eg ad al i aI hG e"s AOeaeesootrs DArHDDao a Qy -_* * i“ * * wo ‘an Seeeoseeooeocsesools St S88sess — = 3222 5 £3. =SSSsSSSSSE5|5 [BSSZEESS |S rPOwowrsceonses|2 lo~-nasosce SH Dsnanhota Ss — =ZSi'S On eg oS & pote aa (8 VZRSZSE = a SOs Ceeatigesag as Sere GS ORS ae “51g = ° 2 2 o Ae 2 = Se as 23_8 © Se) 3 ee xe Me al ie a - goss ae § 2-A O'ses eee | MESSE‘ "lh Zz co ai a) | a\= ie Jee ey Be 82,5 oH e-ake le Be Ba ae BA =2 Six Song om aoe e< ZE3°2 LARS Ss a ap ae has eaoQk8s = 8S is) oreoaem ese Sseeacee| [22922822 aeas Soak isss elagassé <0A AARRRRAS oO B4enon It will be seen that in every one of the above twenty companies the profit for 1897 was less than that the previous year, The Empire of India and Ceylon * These capitals were increased duri ps the following amounts Doom Doors, 7 600 Raa India and Ceylon, £15,000 ; Jokai, £50,000; Alliance £15,000; Ceylon Land and Produce, £5,200; and u Bee so that " abe 3 . + The profits were made on an é penlials larger ey 2 ee than that ripest neta e table, viz. :—Indian com i : companies, £1,086,198. panien 22 catipale Conanl ¢ Loss of £5,340 on ri to revenue. ce Gebited to reserve, not. § Sold in Calcutta, z planted. Sepr. 1, 1898.] shows best, the reduction in this case being only £5. The Cachar and Dooars gave £505 less, the Imperial Estates £340 less and the Ouvah £785 less; all the others have decreased more than £1,000. The falling-off in the profit of the Jokaiis shown above as £1,161, but this figure is arrived at by debitting a loss of £5,340 on rice to reserve, instead of to revenue, as in the other companies: In only one case (the astern Produce and Estates) has the dividend on the ordinary shares been increased (from 64 per cent. to 7 per cent.); the rate of 1896 is maintained in six of the companies; the reduction in the remaining thirteen ranges from 1 per cent. (Darjeeling) to 5 per cent. (Majuli.) The additional 4 per cent. in the case of the Hastern Produce and Estates, despite a falling- off in the net profit, was owing to only £7,500 of debentures being redeemed out of revenue, as against £12,500 in the previous year. The teas of three of the companies, two Indian and one Ceylon, realised a higher price per lb. in 1897 than in 1896; Jhanzie ‘17 per Ib., Lungla *12 per lb., and Sunnygama ‘31 per lb. Taken collectively the figures tabled above give the following comparisons:—In the case of the twelve Indian companies the profits of 1897 were 23°81 per cent. less than those of 1896. The aggregate net profits of 1896 represented an average of 10°15 per cent. on the share capital employed; those of 1897 give just under 74 per cent. Ceylon companies have had fewer difficulties to contend with than Indian, and, conse- quently, they show considerably better. The net profits of 1897 were 16°48 per cent. less than those of 1896. The aggregate profits of 1896 gave an average of 12°42 per cent. on the share capital concerned; those for 1897, 10:09 per cent.—/mvestors’ Guardian, June 25, 3 Same East a Atos NUTMEG TREES COMING INTO BEARING IN THE LOWCOUNTRY OF CEYLON IN FIVE YEARS. Nutmegs form another minor product with which a great deal more, we are convinced, might be done in Ceylon and we dare say the news we are going to report of trees coming into tearing in alowcountry district insjive years will cause a rush after this handsome and _ profitable tree. Hitherto, 10 to 15 years have been given as the term required to come into bearing. In the West Indies—Grenada especially, now called “the sland of spices” of the West—nutmegs are freely cultivated with cacao and Liberian coffee. There used to be very fine trees in Nilambe, 25 acres of nntmegs having being planted by Sir John Wilson, K.c.B., General Commanding 1831-1838 ; and there are very fine treesin front of Ratna- pura resthouse from seed put in by Charles Shand in the ‘‘forties”; also we believe there is a nice grove of nutmegs on Roseneath and Mr, Dewar should tell us about the crops and how utilised ? Clearly if nutmegs can be got to bear in Kurunegala and perhaps Kegalla (Kelani Valley) and other loweountry districts in five years, there ought to be a great deal more The late Dr. Trimen was a firm believer in nutmegs and cloves paying well ; but Zanzibar too often swamps the European ~market with cloves. So far, Ceylon exports from 4,000 to 7,090 lb. of nutmegs a year. Se ——— GAME PROTECTION. The last issue of the Ceylon Vorester has a paper dealing with this subject and _ criti- cising certain views put forward by Mr. Wace, in which the belief is expressed that as “The forests in Ceylon are reserved, it is the policy of Government to hand them all over to the THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST, 173 control of the Odnservator of Forests, if such is the case as wehave reason to believe, the appointment of Forest Guards by the Government Agents, over whom the Conservator would have no control is certainly to be deprecated ; in fact, we should simply be reverting to that system of dual control which has caused endless trouble in the past.” Our proposal would be to put the money avail- able in the hands of the Conservator of Forests (both Mr. Broun and Mr. Fisher who is acting for him are well-known as keen sportsmen), and let them epend the money available in consultation with the President and Secretary of the Game Protection Socisty. In this way the Society would know in what way their money was being spent, and it would lead to homogeneous work throughout the island. If the money was placed at the disposal of the different Government Agents, our opinion is that there would not te a similarity of policy, and this is very desirable if game protection is to be thoroughly carried out. Another important point we would desire to impress on the Secretary of the Game Protection Society is the necessity of framing rules under the Forest Ordi- nance, giving Forest Otficers power to seize any one found shooting game. In the close season both forest oflicers and surveyors are more constantly employed in the jangles than any other Government officers, and they would most certainly be able to do more to protect game than any others. At present they have no power to arrest, even when they catch an offender redhanded in the act of killing a deer in the close season. We are also inclined to join issue with Mr. Wace on his ivstructions to Mr. Hopkins to only allow two stags and one hind to be killed on each license, as Mr. Davidson said at the meeting the limit is a small one, sportsmen going all the way from upcountry to places like Hambantota, have to go to very considerable expense, and would expect to be allowed to shoot move than three deer: if is, besides, very hard on forest and other officers, who spend their lives in the lowcountry, to be only allowed three deer in the year.” The article then refers to the question of close season and proceeds :— “At present what is the use of the close season. We maintain that the only result of it, is to prevent a few Europeans from shooting deer, while the native still shoots indiscriminately, and that such is the case will be admitted we are convinced by the vast majority of Europeans who live in the dry low- country, and who being mostly officials are compelled to travel about on duty all over their provinces and districts as the case may be. ‘Let the Game Protection Society move for the abolition of the close season for deer, and ask for the proclamation of sanctuaries. In these sanctuaries, no one should be allowed to go with a gun or rifle, unless he has a special license, for which a large fee should be demanded, a clause being put in, es- pecially prohibiting the shooting of does or their young, and a penalty clause being inserted entailing the confiscation of the license and gun if the con. ditions of the license are infringed, and the possi- bility of a criminal action as well. Should this be done, we have little doubt that does in young would soon learn that these sanctuaries were safe places to breed in, and would resort to them in large numbers with every prospect of bringing up their young in safety.” It is contended that if the villagers had at one time the right of hunting in Crown forests, that right has terminated, and the editor of the Forester fails to see why the Government Agent of any province cannot act under the Forest Ordi- nance and préeclaim any forest not a reserved or village sanctuary. Another important step in the better protection of game will undoubtedly be achieved it is said if Government can be induced to compel traders in deer to take out a license for removal. Finally our contemporary says :—A small annual tax on guns would yield a fair reyenue, There 174 are, we believe, something over 200,000 guns in the island, and a yearly tax of Kl per gun would enable the Government to go a good deal further in protecting game, and at the same time to obtain revenue from a tax which would not entail any hardship on the people who have to pay, while it would enable Government to know in whose possession most of the guns are, and a 10% commission to the headmen for collect- ing this tax would doubtless induce them to take some trouble in collecting it. poly Wins So eee “GOOD BUSINESS.” (To the Editor of the 77. and C. Mail, July 1st.) Sir,—In your issue of June 24th, you comment on the report of Brooke, Bond & Co., Limited, under the heading as above, ‘‘Good Business.” Allow me asa looker on, to point out that the report of the sume Company for the previous year showed ‘* Bet- ter business still,” inasmuch as the Company then eined a total of £48,001 17s 6d, out of which sum they redeemed debentures at a cost of £10,558, leaving a nett disposable profit of £37,443 17s 6d. This, I would point out, is very different to the re- sults of this year's operations, as no debentures have been redeemed, and it would thus appear, as the profits are stated at £32,000, that there is a falling away of about £16,600, Wholesale tea blenders like this Company who, by the way, carry onextensive retail business at Leeds, Bradford, and Manchester, have no insect pests such as ‘ red spider,” ‘green fly,” and blight to contend with, but are subject to excessive competition, low prices, ete,; for example ‘‘ true tea” at tenpence retail. It is possible for any dealer to sell ‘ true” thatis clean, pure Indian and Ceylon tea at such a_ price and maintain profits ?—Iam, sir, yours, ete. §. London, June 27th, 1898, ———_—_—_—_. 2 —____—_ RUSSIAN TEA. It is always interesting to note what may be the beginnings of a big industry. Last year the first crop of tea that has ever been grown in Russia was secured by Mr. Popoff, a Russian tea merchant. On March 14th he was received in audience by the Czar, and he gave him a sample of the new crop. As tea is largely con- sumed in Russia, and cost just twice as much as it does in England, 1t is possible that there is as great an opening for the tea planters as there was for the vine-grower in that country.— Westminster Budget, July 1. -—_ --—_—-—. MIcA IN QuEBEC.—In a paper on ‘“ Mining in Quebec,” read before the lederated Canadian Mining Institute, 16 was stated that several pro- spects for mica were made in the Gatineau district, but that they were of smail importance. In the vicinity ef Perkins mill, in Templeton, three im- portant companies have worked regulaily, and taken out alarge quantity of mica, well adapted for electric purposes, of which a good part has been sold in Canada and in the United States. It is very (difficult to give exact figures regarding this mineral, on account of the numerous qualities and sizes, representing as many different prices, but according to the best information it is estimated that about 200 short tons of thumb-trimmed mica have been taken out, 90 men beg employed. The demand has diminished, on account of the high duty in the United States, and only the best grade of electrical nica is wanted. No mine of white mica was worked last summer.—Zhe Electrical Engineer. THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. ‘ ~ s- ~*~ [Serr. 1, 1898. A RECORD SALE IN “‘RED TEA LEAF” AND THE HISTORY THEREOF. A planter writes:—‘‘ You are a steady de- nouncer of the shipper of ‘rubbishy teas,’ and in that I agree with you. Yet I have humbly to confess that I have been in the London market with rubbish, and come out in a way that has surprised me. My ‘ fiutter’ was forced upon me, for I had shipped good Broken Pekoe, aud while it was in Colombo--presumedly between the store and the wharf—some of the chests were tam- pered with, emptied of their contents, and a vile sample of red leaf and dirt was substituted, I was not the only sufferer ; other marks were treated in the same way, and the thing was done so neatly that it was only by very careful ex- amination that it externally became evident that the chests had been opened. The lead inside was cut, and left unsoldered. A sample of the ‘muck’ was forwarded to me from London, and instructions asked for: Would they sell it, or what? 1 naturally grumbled a good deal, for I made sure that the loss would have been less had the chests been walked off with for good, but to be filled up with a kind of no quality tea, and on which I would have to pay the usual shipping charges, ete., was like adding insult to injury. What to do with it? That was a question, and I expected to see my estate mark with a sale of Broken Mixed at 14d or 2d alb. and to read again a burst of indigna- tion from various quariers, on the iniquitous cut-throat policy of shipping rubbish and ‘spoil- ing the face’ of Ceylon teas. So I replicd to my London friends, that I left the problem with them; they conld self it or abandon it if they liked, but they were to take no course that would Jand me in any extra expenses, ani there 1 left it. Faney my astonishinent to get by the mail just in, a memo of sale for this unique thing in teas—and 44d landed! I am sorry I threw away the samples which were sent me, for I am sure the a!l-seeing editorial eye if it had seen them would have admitted that here was (and at the price) something if had never seen before. Four-pence-farthing for such stuft is surely a thing only to be dreamt of !! Who could be the buyers of this undrinkable stuff and how could it be utilized?” ‘“P.S.—I find that my tea maker has kept back a sample of the ‘Broken mixed’ which I told him to throw oat. So I send it for inspection,” Messrs. Somerville & Co, have been good enough to report on the sample sent us as follows :—“‘ Brownish flaky mixed dusty ; liquor very common. London value 2d; Colombo eqni- valent at exchange ls 44d=6 cents.” This in- creases the mystery of tie London Sale at 44d? We trust this will not be taken as an encourage- ment to go in for the shipment of ‘ rubbish tea” worth 14d to 2d in the hope of ‘ landing” 4d to 44d !—a trade which undoubtedly the full abolition of the tea duty would be apt to foster. There is, however, no chance of getting rid of this duty save by gradual steps—the first proba- bly being a reduction from 4d to 3d ; then another year from 3d to 2d ; and then, after an interval, total abolition. ; a Ta Sept. 1, 1898.j THE TROPICAL THE AGRICULTURAL MAGAZINE. The following are the contents of the July nnmber to hand :— I.—Ourselves ; I1.—Season Reports; III.—Rainfall taken at the School of Agriculture during the month; IV.—Occasional Notes; VY.—I'he Demonstrations at the Fruit and Flower show; VI,—The Colombo Fruit and Flower Show, 1898 ; VII.—The Paddy Weevil; VIII.—Seed Paddy; IX.—Inoculation for Rinderpest ; X.—The Preservation of Eggs : XI.—Agri- culture in Zanzibar ; XII.—A Report on ‘‘ Orthezia Insignis” ; XIII.—The Utilisation of Town Refuse ; X1IV.—General Items. As will be seen from the above table there is a good deal of interesting reading, both of a local and general character. The present issue, which begins a new volume, furnishes an index to the 1Xth volume, July 1897 to June]898. We wish the Magazine all success in the future. a MINOR PRODUCTS REPORTS. JAvA Qurnine.—On the 12th instant 26 cases, total- ling 306 klogrammes (10,710 ounces) of quinine sul- phate from the Bandoeng factory will be put up for auction in Amsterdam. THe BuLGaRiaAN RoOsE-crop will yield 60,000 T. oz of otto. A Kezaulik correspondent does not think the price will rise. Cinnamon.—Ceylon chip fetehed at this weck’s auctions 4%d I6 bags being sold. Quils are firm, but quiet at 1s 03d for firsts 10d for second, 93d for thirds, and 8$d for fourths. Coca Leaves.—Rather firmer and searcer, though little business is passing: good green Truxillo leaves have sc 1 at 8d. -CarDAMoms.—There have been a fair enquiry, bub actual business has been small, though prices are steady. Mysore splits have fetched 2s, and good medium bold at 2s 11d. Eucatyptrus O1n —Ceylon Coconut oil ‘243 to 24s 6d in pipes, and Cochin 29s on the spot. Fine Lagos Palm oil is lower on the week at 23s per cwt. ‘Lemonerass O1n.—Little business doing; but if anything the oil is firmer, at 43d per oz on the spot, and 382d to 3%d, c.if. or new oil. Quinine.—Dearer in second hand, and manufacturers are firm, without inclination to sell other than small lots for consumption. As a matter of fact, makers’ stocks are low, and they appear to be supplying as they make. The general opinion is that the recent reduc- tion in price by manufacturers was not justified by the condition of the bark market, and that it is fear of Java competition which keeps the price low. In that con- nection we may note that at Amsterdam, on Tuesday July 12th, there will be offered 26 cases, each con- taining twelve 1-kilo. tins of the Bandoeng sulphate of quinine. The total amounts to nearly 11,000 oz. Oxtve Ort yn Oarirornia.-—A great increase has lately been made in the olive acreage of Southern California. Reports say that there is more than enough olive oil roduct to supply the Pacific Coast, and unless an Rivatern demand can be created ruin stares the olive growers in the face. A single packing company in Angeles, which has just completed its season’s work, has manufactured 3,000 gals. of olive oil and pickled 1,000 barrels of olives. ——______@—. Royan Garvens, Kew Butuerin of Miscellaneous Information, June, 1898.—Contents:—Tea Blights, Fungi Exotici, I. Miscellaneous Notes :—Mr. H. B. Lloyd—Mr. H. Holley—Botanical Magazine—Hoo- ker’s Icones Plantarum—Rosa Gigantea—Totem Pole from British Columbia—Kola in the Lagos Hinter- land—Guttwu Percha—The Toonu or Tunu—Brunfelsia Calycina—Praguay Tea—Malingering in Hgypt—A Chinese Prescription, ; AGRICULTURIST. 17 OU PLANTING IN PERAK: COFFEE, COCONUTS, RUBBER, SUGAR, RAMIE, PEPPER, RICE (From Annual Administration Report for 1897.) It is not generally realized how large is the area of land held by Europeans and Chinese in Perak, and I have appended to this report a special return shewing the number and area of estates exceeding 100 acres, from which it will be seen that the number of estates is 75, comprising a total area of 68,138 acres. The total area of agricultural land alienated in Perak amounts to 230,691 acres. During the time I have been in acting charge of the State I have visited every district, and have been specially struck by the extent and excellent management of the sugar estates in Krian, and of the coffee and coconut plantations in Kuala Kangsar, Larut, Matang, Kinta and Lower Perak. The planting of eco- nuts and Para rubber is being rapidly extended, and experiments are being made with ramie, anew fibre somewhat difficult of treatment. The high price of pepper is very encouraging to the few planters of this agricultural product in Perak. The Malay cultivator is mainly depended on his rice crops, and the rice harvest partially failed in every district during the year under review. The chief district in which swamp padi is grown at present are Krian and Kuala Kangsar, but the areais being extended throughout the State, and, if opened up by means of roads and drains, theze is no reason why the extent of land under rice cultivation in Lower Perak should not soon equal or exceed that of either of the districts named above. I hope that a rice mill will soon be established in Krian, as it would be of great xssistance to the local cultivators. Large tracts of good planting land are still available, and there ig every reason for confidence in the planting future of the State. At Kuala Kangsar there is a Govern- ment garden, planted chiefly with limes, coconuts, nutmegs and other fruit trees, from which good crops have been obtained, and about 35,000 Para rubber seeds have been supplied to intending planters. A scheme fer establishing a Federal experimental garden is now under consideration. The prices of Liberian coffee were much lower at the end than at the beginning of the year, and I fear that plauters must have suffered severely. The check to this promising industry is much to be re- gretted, but I hope that itis merely temporary and that the ability and energy of European planters in the Federated Malay States will successfully cope with the bad times through which they are now passing, as t).eir fellow planters have done, on former occasions, in Ceylon and elsewhere. It is probable that the conditions of soil, climate and labour pre- vailing in these States compare favourably with those of other countries in which Liberian coffee is grown, and no one visiting the estates can fail to be im- pressed by the excellence of the crops. Possibly, howeyer, improved methods of curing, sorting and packing the beans can be devised, and more general advertisement may enable Malayan coffee to com- mand higher quotations in the EHuropean market. a ee — ROYAL BOTANIC GARDENS, CEYLON. INSTUCTIONS FOR COLLECTING AND SENDING SPECIMENS OF PLANTS AND INSECT'S FOR REPORT. 1.—Dimections ron PAckiInG AND TRANSMITTING IN- sect Pest ror Report.—Packets, said to contain “Insects for Report,” are frequently received by the Government Entomologist with the contents quite unrecognizable. The chief consideration is that the specimens should reach their destination in as fresh a condition as possible. As a general rule this can be best ensured by putting them into a close-fitting tin box. In this way leaves, and the insects feedi: ¢ upon them, can be kept quite fresh for several days, or even a week. Lut do not spoil the effect by punch- ing atr-holes in the lid of the box. Insects do not require much air, and the supply that enclosed with them willin all cases be ample for their needs, The 176 THE TROPICAL free admission of air will only result in the drying up of the leaves and the possible escape of the insects; or the specimens may be injured by the edges of the tin where the holes have been punched. Tf the objects consist of blighted leayes it is parti- cularly important that they should arrive in per- fectly fresh condition. When withered aud dried up, many leaves, "aoe ay pe those of the tea plant, become quite black, and any peculiar spots or charac- teristic markings are obliterated or rendered indis- tinct, Leaves and shoots of plants will keep fresh a longer time if gathered early in the morning. For small parcels an ordinary tea sample box will answer the purpose as wellas anything. For larger specimens, or a larger supply of them, an empty tobacco box or small biscuit tin will be found usefal. If it should be necessary to send large pieces of stem3 or branches that cinnot be conveniently packed in a tin box, they should be nailed up in a close case in such a manner as to preveat the possible escape of any of the insects or the spread of the disease. 4 An ample supply of the material should always be sent and this should include examples in as many different stages as can be found. It is not always possible to indentify theinsects locally ; in such cases a duplicate set of specimens has to be forwarded to some specialist in Europe, where lavge collections and good zoological libraries are available for refer- ence. It is also intended to make up a collection of Economist Insects for exhibition in the Museum of the Peradeniya Gardens. It is therefore parti- cnlarly requested that ample material of any insect pests, as they occur, may be sent in. Care must be taken that the specimens shall not rattle about loosely within the package during transit, which would resnlt in their being bruised or other- wise injured, This can be prevented by including a sufficient number of leaves and twigs to support them. The opposite extreme—the overcrowding and consequent crushing of the contents—should be equally avoided, Cardboard boxes or empty match boxes are not recommended, as leaves and young shoots soon be- come dried up in them; bnt if they should be used a separate label should be attached for the stamps and to bear the brunt of the postmark. Packages sometimes arrive completely crushed for want of this precaution. It should be remembered that a broken package, or one that permits the escape of any of the con- tents, is a source of considerable danger. A most serious pest or disease may be Widely distributed by this means. Careful notes should be made and sent with each parcel, giving— (1) Locality and elevation at which the pest occurs ; (2) Date of first appearance and particulars of progress ; (3) Nature and extent of the injury. To prevent any possible confusion between packetS arriving by the same post, the name and address of the sender should be written on a corner of the label. In conclusion, stress should be laid upon the following important points:— _ : (1) Send the specimens in as fresh a condition as possible. 3 (2) lo not make holes in the boxes for ventilation. (3) Send an ample supply of material. (4) Do not risk the spread of a perhaps dangerons est by sending au insecure package. (5) Send full wnd precise particulars of the disease. HK. ERNEST GREEN, Honorary Government Entomologist. 2.—SENDING PLANTS FoR IDENTIFICATION.—lIt is very ditticult to recognize many of the specimens of plants sent for identification, as the most important parts —the flower and fruit—are omitted. ‘The specimen should always include, if possible, flowers, fruits (ripe, or Nearly so by preference), and a branch with both AGRICULTURIST. (Sept. 1, 1898, — young and old leaves in the case of a tree or shrub, or the whole plant in the case of a herb. A small portion of the surface bark is also useful in the case of trees. If the journey is longer than twelve hours, and always by preference, the specimens should be sent in a tin box, tightly closed, and the name of the sender should be written outside. In the case of pleat found growing wild in Ceylon, notes should e sent of the locality in which they were found and of any other points of interest. If the plants are from abroad, the country from which they came should be mentioned if known, as the labour of indentifiea- tion is lightened if this is known. 3.—SENDING Funcus Pests ror Reporr.—Specimens of plants with fungus pests upon them should be most carefully packed in tin boxes or tea lead to kee them fresh, and to prevent the disease being spre by means of the packages. They should be despatched as soon as gathered, and if the journey be long other samples may be eent in alcohol (dilute whisky or arrack will do). Full notes should be sent of the time of appearance of the disease, its ravages, what parts it attacks, the causes to which its appearance is supposed to be due, the results of any preventive or curative measures tried,and soon. If the pest attack the leaf or bud, send fresh specimens showing as many stages as possible, with the necessary explana- tory notes ; also send a few healthy specimens of the same variety of plant from the same neighbonrhood if possible. If it attack the stem, cut out diseased pieces in as many stages as possible, to whatever depth the fungus penetrates, = send also some healthy pieces. JOHN C. WILLIS, Director, Royal Botanic Gardens. a SCARCE TROPICAL PRODUCTS, There js little likelihood that at the price ruling this year for Tonka beans, or ‘l’onquin beans as they are incorrectly called, snuffmakers willran the risk of © a £300 penalty and forfeiture of the snuff by using an illegal qeantity of the bean for scenting purposes. The limit fixed by law is three per cent. ast year the price of this Tonka or Tonga bean was4s per pound; this year it is8s, or more than twice the price of ordinary snuff. The cropis only gathered once in three years, and as the tree bearing the fruit grows to a great height, and as each fruit contains only one seed or bean, it isa troublesome one to save, but at the pre- sent price ise very profitable one. Those engaged in it have, Iam told, cleared cent percent on last year’s crop, Which was put on the market a week ago. An- other tropical product, has rearhed the highest price known tothe trade. I refer to indiarubber, the de- mand for which appears to beas greatas ever despite the paragraphs about overstocking and depression in the Midland cycle trade which have been appearing in the London papers lately. As to whether the Bir- mingham cycle manufacturers have been obliged to discharge their hands in thousands because dealers are overstocked and are trying to clear at a sacrifice, I have no trustworthy information—my own experience of the past week is that machines are as dear now as at any time duringthe past five years—but I can say that although since Monday last buyers have been offering 4s 1d per lb.—an extraordinary price—for Para, rubber sellers decline to trade until they obtain another halfpenny, and practically no business has been done in the best rubber.—Glasgow Herald. PLANTING IN SERDANG, SUMATRA.—Mr. Vander- poorten writes:—“I called on my return, but missed you. When in Serdang, Mr. Mackenzie wrote that he was anxious to meet me. So was I, but luck willed it otherwise. It is a grand country; it may well be ealled the stoneless land; there is not even gravel for the roads and the ballast for the railway has to be brought from Penang. No part of Ceylon comes any- where near it and Serdang is not the most favoured district.” ; Serr, 1, 1898] THE TROPICAL UGANDA: CURATOR OF THE NEW BOTANICAL GARDENS. Lonvon, July 8. Mr. Alex. Whyte, having been appointed Curator of the Botanical Gardens, Uganda, as was mentioned in my last letter, left London on Wednesday per s.s. ‘‘Shannon” to take up his work. Before he left, I was fortunate enough to meet him, and learn from himself some cetails of this fresh work he has taken up. “JT had some expectation of being sent to Rhodesia,’ Mr. Whyte told me, ‘‘ where a de- partment of Agriculture has been talked of for some time, but when Mr. Rhodes was home the other day it was decided to postpone that pro- ject in the meantime, though it’s what they want out there. With their own food grown in the Colony, a good part of their difficulties wonld disappear. However as I say, the scheme is put off, for the present and so IL immediately closed with this other offer.” “7 didn’t know,” said J, so far advanced in Uganda as to have Bota- nic Gardens. I thought the railway was about as much as they had managed in that part of the world.” Mr. Whyte laughed. ‘To tell you the trnth,” said he, ‘* the Gardens so far exist only in imagi- nation. I am going out to make them. ” “Make them! Youll have your work cut out, then for you?’ “Well, yes, I suppose so; but then you know I am used to pioneering, and | don’t anticipate much trouble once I get started. 1 sail by the ‘Shannon’ as far as Aden, and then leaving her make for Mombasa, after which 1 go on up the country to my destination. Altogether I shall have a march of about five hundred and fifty miles. The entire distance is seven hun- dred, but on the first part I shall have the bene- fit of the railway. I am taking out all the im- plements, seeds, and other things with me that I require to make a start.” ’ “That will give you a lot of baggage, I should be) say. “A large quantity. Two hundred loads I reckon at least which will all have to be taken by native carriers of course. Howeverl am allow- ing myself three months for the march.” *€So long as that” ? ‘One can’t travel very rapidly in Africa you see at any time and besides I have instructions to ex- amine and report on the country as I goalong, with a view to the opening up of other publie seed gardens. I shall also be making new collec- tions of plants. To the botanist, Africa is an intensely interesting place. There are any amount of flora and fauna there new to Europeans, as no doubt you know. From British Central Africa, I brought back upwards of three hundred new specimens.” “Do many of these exotic plants survive their ‘that they were transportation to a colder climate”? I en- quired. “Yes. Many of them do very well. Of course they must be looked after. But for instance on my last African visit, I was fortunate enough to find a new variety of the : WIDDRINGTONKEA, that is a description of cedar first discovered by Widdrington and called after his name, It is AGRICULTURIST. 177 an extremely rare plant, bet some of the seeds of the variety I brought home have done very well. I had the honor of presenting six plants to the Queen, which are to be grown in the open at Osborne. 1 believe they will flourish in the Isle of Wight, where the climate is ex- tremely mild. Some have been grown up in Inverness, though they can’t get them to do in Kew, by-the-bye. Another couple I sent to the Marquis of Salisbury. The species I brought home is called the ‘ Widdringtonea Whytei’’ or ‘Whyte’s Cedar’ and was found in Nyassaland.” “Then you have a name child, Mr. Whyte.” “Oh not one only. Over ninety different specimens are called after me, and if I live to have another good spell of the tropics, I daresay IT shall add to their number when I come back.” “What sort of tropical industries do you sup- pose Uganda will be favourable for, Mr. Whyte”? I enquired, ““Not tea. The climate is not suitable for that, but coffee. I should say Uganda would be a grand place for coffee, and all products that grow under similar conditions. However I'll be better able to tell you that, when I have been there a little time.” “And big game. thing of that’? “T had a letter last week from a friend who has just gone out, and he tells me that in the march up, nineteen elephants were shot among the party of eight Europeans, That wasn’t a bad bag eh ?” * And lions” ? ‘There are lions galore, but of course it does not follow that I shall fallin with any. Deer too aboundin that part of Africa. There will be plenty ot shooting, no fear of that.” ‘* You are a silver medalist, Mr. Whyte, aren’t you?” “Yes, of the Royal Zoological Society. Would you like to see the medal? I am just on my way to leave it at the Bank, for I prize it too highly tocarry it into Africa. There are only six other people living who hold a similar one to mine” he added with pardonable pride as he opened the velvet case and showed the large solid disk covered with engraved figures of ele- phants, giraffes and such like awesome creatures on the one side, and with representations of tro- pical birds on the other. I observed it was a handsome heir looin. ‘© Yes, but I have another which, at the present time at least, would perhaps be considered of quite as much interest, though it has of course no con- nection with African exploration. See here,” con- tinued Mr. Whytedrawing out his watch, and show- ing me the inscription on the back, “‘this gold watch as you see was presented to my father by Mr. Gladstone’s father on his death-bed, Sir John Gladstone was one of the principal heritors in my father’s parish in Scotland, and when he was dying he gave the minister his watch asa yemembrance of him. For the sake of his son, that great man, William Gladstone, my father’s son prizes it, as well as for other reasons,” “You won’t take that into Africa either, I dare- say,” I remarked as Ishook hands. * Notlikely. Well good-bye. I’m glad enough to get away from all this.’ Mr. Whyte con- eluded pointing to the men and women hurrying along,—for we stood in the street nov—* ’m spoi- lea for civilized life now, but when L come back in two years time, I'll be able to tell you something again, Tve always agood side to Ceylon,” 8 I suppose you'll have some- 178 THE TROPICAL THE AMERICAN DUTY ON TEA. (Omaha Bee.) As to the expediency of the duty, it has been ques- tioned on the ground that it will impose a con- siderable tax upon American consumers, but or the other hand, it has been urged that it will give them a better quality of tea. But at all events, the duty is one which can be easily collected and which will yield a considerable revenue, and in the present exi- gency this is what is needed, (Providence Kt. I., Journal.) We now have one more honest tax, entirely uncon- nected with any unfair attempt to ‘ protect” a favoured class of home producers at the expense of their fellow-citizens. It 1s distinctly a free-trade tax— the only kind of tax that ever ought to be levied by a well-established country on imported goods. ‘I'hat Congress has been forced to resort to this method of raising revenue at a time when an increase of national income has become imperatively necessary, is a rather striking proof of the comparative worthlessness of the “ protective taxes as revenue producers ; and it is perhaps not too much to hope that, having once started ona more rational taxation plan, our national legis- lators will hereafter extend it as occasion arises, gradu- ally abandoning the less satisfactory and less eqnitable plan that has been applied for many years at the wholly unnecessary cost of many millious of dollars to their constituents. To collect import duties on non- competing products only is an essential part of a wise and effective tax system; and if the Spanish war teaches us that great truth it may, for that reason alone, be worth all its costs.— American Grocer, June 29. -——_-——_—_ &——__----——- AN AMERICAN VIEW OF INDIA AND CHYLON TEA. Twenty-three years ago Ceylon exported 282 pounds of tea; last season, 116,000,000 pounds. At present Ceylon and India can be counted upon to furnish the world 240,000,000 pounds or more of tea for the season of 1898-99. ‘his vast quantity displaces an equal amount of China and Japan tea, which displacement has been going on for 23 years, and has been most marked in the United Kingdom. In England the average price of India and Ceylon teas for eight months ranged from 64d to 93d, or from 13 to 20 cents American currency. The averagefor Assams was 103d, or 204 cents. These low prices are likely to continue until there isa heavy shrinkage inthe world’s total pro- duction. ; The future in this country is regarded as very promising for Ceylon and India tea. The fashion of blending and selling in bulk has been growing, and also the demand for blended packet teas, and this has increased the demand for India and Ceylon for blending purposes. It is tobe regretted that so few American consumers have acquired the habit of drink- ing high grade tea, the flavor of whichis incomparably better than the low grades. The majority of tea drink- ers seem satisfied if they have a warm and palatable drink. Their indifference to the niceties of flavor and the art of brewing robs them of much of the pleasure of the cup, for the highest grades of China, Japan, India and Ceylon tea afford the greatest delight to a . Sensitive palate. If tea planting is to be profitable, we believe it must come through greater attention to quality and less regard for quantity on the part of grow- ers all over the world.— American Grocer, June 29. eee RoyAL BoTANic GARDENS.—Three more of Mr. Willis’s useful Circulars have come to hand : —No. V, The Botanic Garden, Badulla (a brief Guide to the Garden): No. VI, Insects Injurious to Stored Paddy (by Mr. Green and Mr. Willis); and No. VII, Instructions for collecting and sending specimens of Plants and Insects for Re- port (also by Messrs, Green and Willis), AGRICULTURIST. [Sepr. 1, 1898. THE INDIAN TEA ASSOCIATION, LONDON. The following is an abstract of the Proceedings of a Meeting of the Committee held on Tuesday, July 5. Present:—Mr. D Cruickshank, chairman; Messrs. A Bryans, JR Bovle,G W Chrirtison, R Lyell, J N Stuart, RG Shaw, J Stewart, A G Stanton, W H Verner, and C W Wallace. It was noted that two meetings of the Special Sub Committee on Currency appointed at the last meeting had been held under the residency of Mr. D Cruick- shank, and that a letter dated the 24th nit. had been addressed by the secretary to the Right Hon. Sir Henry Fowler, MP, expressing the views of the As- sociation on the proposals of the Government of India and tendering the evidence of Mr, D Ceuickshank, Mr. RB Major, Mr. J N Stuart, and Mr. W H Verner. Inpian Tea Funp.—It was noted that the subscrip- tions promised t+ the new levy were reported by the secretary of the Iadian Tea’ Association, Calcutta, on June 16 to amount to 59,913 12a 6p. It was noted that Mr. R. Biechynden left New York on the 2nd inst for London. Estimates or Cror.—It was resolved that with a view to ensure greater accuracy in estimating the amount of the crop, the Indian Tea Association, Calcutta, should be asked to procure special estimates from managers to be submitted by the end of June and published immediately afterwards, and that no estimate be published before that time. Proposep CENTRAL Recrurtinc AGENCY.—A letter dated the Ist inst. from Mr. J. Stewart was read, and it was decided to ask Mr. H. C. Begy if he would be good enough te reply te the questions put by Mr. Stewart, and that his answer be submitted to the committee. INLAND SrvAMER AGREEMENT.—-A telegram from Calcutta as follows, ‘‘ Steamer agreement companies intimated expiration agreement rates June 13. Speed settlement desirable,” was read, and it was resolve that the agents of the two steamer companies be asked whether they were prepared to consider and settle the terms for a new agreement on this side, or if the matter must be settled in Calcutta, and in case the question is to be considered here that Messrs. Hyell, Boyle, and Wallace be appointed a sub-committee to meet the representatives of the steamer companies. Copies of the report of Government on “ Tea Culture in Assam for 1897,” and copy of aletter from the secretary, Bengal Chamber of Commerce, to the secre- tary of the Indian Currency Committee, dated June 16, 1898, were laid upon the table. It was noted that the Calcutta Customs daily entries for the second half of June were 5,040,000 Ib, making the total from April 1to June 30 11,497,000, against 9,948,000 lb in 1897, AnnuaL Rerort.—Draft of the annual report was: read, revised, and ordered to be printed. The date of the annual meeting was fixed for Tuesday, the 26th inst., at 11 a.m,—Ernest Tye, Secretary.—Z. and C. Mail, July 8. I Mr. KELWAY-BAMBER looks Wonderfully fresh and vigorous, considering his seven years of scientific work in India. He came out to Ceylon this time on a special mission for private pro- prietors; but is free to stay on—after perhaps a week’s visit to Caleutta—should the proposal formulated by the P.A. Committee to Govern- ment be accepted, as, of course, it ought. Mr, Kelway-Bamber’s book showed that as a scientist, he is specially qualified to help the tea planter and moreover that his whole heart is in his work, We sincerely trust he may be engaged for several years to work for the benefit of Ceylon planters.—His full name and designation are:—Mr. M. Kelway-Bamber, M.R.A.C., M.R.A.S, ENG., F.C. Analytical and Consulting Chemist, _ to those Seer. 1, 1898.] THE TROPICAL THE INDIA CURRENCY COMMITTEE: MR. T. N. CHRISTIE'S MEMORANDUM. Being much more interested in Ceylon than in India, I should premise my statement by explain- ing the relevancy of Ceylon evidence to the pre- sent enquiry. Although the Indian Government in their recent Despatch (3rd March, 1898) claim for their Currency policy Imperial importance and Imperial aid, and so open the question to the consideration of other than purely Indian views, there is not on the part of Ceylon any expecta- tion that its interests could in the very least be al- lowed to interfere with those of India. The at- titude of the Colony in this matter is, that its 1893 Currency Commission (of which Iwas a member) cleared’ up issues and elicited facts which had not previously—nor have they subsequently— been investigated by any authoritative body, and that Ceylon affords a most valuable object lesson who desire to see what the effect of currency changes has been, and is likely to be, on the real prosperity of the people in a producing country, There is practically no difterence between Ceylon and India in this particular ; the prosperity of the people in both countries depends on the remunerativeness of their agriculture, and the ability of each country to meet its home (English) charges for debt, &c., entirely hinges on a favour- able balance of trade being maintained. It is true, however, that in the matter of sterling payments, the position of the Government of India is not such an easy oneas that of the Government of Ceylon, - and that the anxieties of the former have not been shared by the latter owing to its relatively smaller gold obligations. In the investigation by the Committee of the probable effects of the propesed changes upon the internal trade of India, the issue of most far- reaching importance is whether on the whole a high or alow rate of exchange is beneficial, and the finding as regards Ceylon, after most careful investigation, was :— “Our opinion is that up to the present time a bullion silver currency, coupled with a falling rate of exchange, has been for the benefit of the greatest number—in other words, the sum of the advantages has preponderated over the sum of the disadvantages, and, as far as we can see, the action of the Government of India is not advantageous to the general interests of Ceylon, provided— ‘““(a) That the re-adjustment of all local salaries, wages, and prices to the altered value of the rupee could be deferred for an indefinitely long time; “(b) That the future rise in the general revenue would be sufficient to keep pace with the increase in the obligations of the Government consequent on the altered value of silver, such rise being secured either by the revenue naturally rising pari passu with the increased demands on it, or by additional con- tributions frem the producing interests specially favoured by a bullion silver currency and low ex- change. “With reference to the possible re-adjustment of local wages and prices measured in silver, while ws find that there is in Ceylon a slight tendency towards Increasing wages, and a more general tendency towards increasing prices (after taking duly into account local exceptions and certain prices which have decreased), such increase bears no actual pro- portion to the progressive decline in the gold price of silver, and it can hardly be attributed thereto, “Tt is our opinion that the date of such a general adjustment of wages and prices is uncertain : that it will probably be remote, and that it may be post- poned for an indefinite period of time.” This, be it remembered, was during a period when India, Ceylon, the Straits, China, Japan, &c., were all sharing the fall, but when, as at present, the 23 AGRICULTURIST, 179 high rate of exchange “isi’‘an artificial one, and partial only to India, Ceylon and Mauritius, the crushing disadvantage to these countries where they now, or may hereafter, come in competition with silver-using countries, cannot be lightly thought of, and claims the most careful consideration. There is one rather convincing example of the benefit which a silver currency is to an industry competing against gold currency rivals, and that is the sugar production in Province Wellesley. It is the only one of England’s sugar Colonies which is proa- perous and not on the verge of ruin—it is the only one with a bullion silver currency. I would most especially direct the attention of the Committee to the necessity of their examining the only attempt (so far as I know) of the Government of India to rebut the producer’s belief that low ex- change benefits him, It is contained in the letter of the Government to the Darjeeling Planters’ Association, dated 12th October 1892, and on that document the Government of India evidently still rely, for it is referred to in their despatch of 17th March last. The entirely erroneous premises on which the reasoning in that document is founded, were exposed by the Geylon Currency Commission, (quotation). Even had the position of India’s trade been as was (wrongly) assumed, the reasoning would still be unsound, for it takes no heed of the benefit which accrues by a producer exporting more and spending the full amount of his increased income onimports. Further, the reasoning that any bene- fit derived by anyone from a mere currency change can only be at the expense of another member of the same community, would, if true, apply equally to the benefit which the Government of India expected to get by their currency manceuvre. And still further, the argument that the gain is not permanent and is counterbalanced by a ten- dency to overproduction and consequent re-action would apply with equal force to a rise in market prices, and would condemn as illusory the benefits which the credulous producer has hitherto imagined he derived from many of the devices of mankind to cheapen production and land and sea transport. Additional profit of course means additional pro- duction, and that, in its turn, means lower prices, but it is the action of an all-round law and not one singular to exchange benefits. The value of Ceylon as an object lesson in this matter is that it presents, in a compact and reli- able form, an index of the results of high and low, natural and artificial, exchanges, undisturbed by war, famine or plague. The prosperity of all classes in Ceylon steadily advanced with falling exchange, and with the artificial rise and scarcity of currency came a great check; the margin of profit has most. seriously gone down, in some cases disappeared, and the Bank rate has stood for months at 12 to 15 per cent. The price of tea, its staple product, has gone down, and veri- fied the prediction of the 1893 Currency Commission: “The effect of this exchange premium in China’s favour would therefore be manifested less by any remarkable increase in the export of China tea or displacement of Ceylon tea, than by a prolonged reduction in the price ef tea to a figure which was so low as to prevent Chinese growers, even with a premium of say 14d or 2d per lb. in their favonr, exporting with profit.” Had Ceylon been competing during the last few years on even currency terms with China and Japan, it would undoubtedly have displaced the teas of these rival countries to the extent of a good many millions of lb. in the American, Rus- sian and other markets, and, as a consequence, the English market would have been relieved of the over supply which has depressed it. Up to the time when the artificial value of the rupee 180 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. rose considerably above the lowest point which it had reached when a bullion zoin, and the scarcity of Currency became acute, every index of a people’s prosperity unmistakeably showed the advancing welfare of all classes in tle Colony : since then the turn has taken place, prosperity has waned, and Kuropeans and natives alike feel the baneful effects of the present Currency posi- tion. I draw precisely the same deduction from the Indian statistics—they showed a steady and great increase in the prosperity of the people, in their purchasing power and in their ac« cumulating capital. The later figures tell a different tale, but, distorted as they must have been by the influences of plague and famine, it is impossible to attribute the decline solely to the state of the Currency, although it must have been a potent adverse factor. Not only do the statistics re- lating more particularly to the people tell of the steady advance under low exchange, but the facts and figures connected with the Govern- ment’s finances bear witness to the same con- clusion. In spite of the great decline in the opium revenue, and the much increased rupee charge for sterling payments, the Finance Minister in his last statement was able to show that during the 20 years (1878-1898) the revenue had exceeded the ordinary expenditure by Rx.50,988,294 and he declared “The record of 20 years fin- ance which I have displayed in the above figures is a better oné than can be shown by almost any country in the world but the United Kingdom. The prosperity of the people was reflected in the expansion of Revenue, for there has practically been no inerease in the rates of taxation except those imposed after 1886 to make up for the remissions of 1882. It is evident, too, from the above statement that the embarrassments of the Government of India, due to low BEx- change had been greatly exaggerated. In this connection, it may be well to draw at- tention to the erroneous way in which the Government of India’s loss by exchange is com- monly thought and talked of. The par value of a remittance is taken, and the difference besween it and the rupee sum actually required is ‘‘ loss by ex- change,’ or the rupee cost of India’s sterling re- mittances in a given year is contrasted with the rupee cost in a subsequent year and the difference is ‘tinereased loss by exchange.” India has of course ofteu increased its debt, and with increased debt, apart from exchange, larger payments have to be made. I notice that the permanent debt in England which was £73,000,009 in 1886, has gone up to £113,000,000 in 1896, and the difference has been raised at an average probably under I/4*per. rupee. The gain on capital on such portions of the debt is quite equal to the proportionate loss on the annual interesc, and enabled a smaller loan to construct a given railway or irrigation work. I notice that Sir J. WESTLAND quotes the extra ex- change loss on the railway debt as it stood in 1878 at only Rx 1,000,000. ~» Stability of exchange has had very great impor- tance attached to it, and the Secretary of State for India said lately. _ “If we could ever establish a gold standard in India, fixing the stable exchange of the rnpee at 164., subject only to the fluctuations of trade the advantage to India would be enornious. At the present moment the great industries of tea, and indigo, and jute, are carried onto a large extent by borrowed money, and in India money can only be borrowed at from 6 to 10 per cent. On the other hand, if you can secure anything like a stable ex- change, you would haye all the hoarded capital in (Serr. 1, 1898, this country waiting for employment, ready to he used in developing the resources of India.” But [submit there isin this utterance a misapprehension of what is the real magnet that attracts capital. It is the reasonable prospect of pen whieh causes the flow of capital, and sta- ility of exchange per se comes as a very minor factor. Vor instance, we have perfect stability of exchange with the West Indies, but po British capital—other than the Goveroment doles —is going there; nor has the stable exchange with Australia, Newfoundland, or Fiji, sent British capital to these countries for some time past; on the other hand the unstable exchange with Ceylon has not in the least checked the flow of capital to it. After examining witnesses of all classes, the Ceylon Currency Commission reported: “The evidence we have is conclusive that that fall has not prevented the introduction of all necessary English capital, and it is stated that there is more capital offering for investment on reasonable terme than has ever been the case before. There is no practical or legal difficulty in securing the repayment of sterling loans in sterling value, and the loans of English capital almort entirely made to Europeans, are so secured (see appendix D, 13). Native borrowers and lenders deal entirely in rupees, and have been in this respect unaffected by the fluctuations of exchange.” Stable exchange, if other things remained equal, is an encouragement to the free movement of capital, but it is not a condition that is worth achieving at the cost of restricted currency and diminished prosperity. It would be a convenience to many, and tend to assure profit to those financial houses—private firms and public companies —who can borrow money at low rates in England and lend it at high rates in the East. The increase of local capital, to which the mints were so favourable, and the maintenance of whatever ex change conditions are found to be best for the producers, would seem preferable to driving the people to borrow from foreign lenders. lt must always be remembered that many of those whose voices are heard loudest in expatiating on the advantages of a stable exchange, care, in reality, nothing for stable exchange per se; but re- gard it solely as a hopeful means towards securing their end, which is’ an artificial rate very much above the natural rate. Similarly, with those who, like myself, oppose it, it is not the abstract stable rate which is opposed, but the knowledge that behind it comes what at present would probably be a 50 or 60 per cent artificial appreciation, and the possibi- lity that this erushing handicap on Indian and Ceylon products in competition with those of the far East might be further increasd. On the merits of the scheme, as a sound or unsound currency proposal, now before the Commttee, I can only offer a mere amateur opinion, but it seems to be a reversal of the ustally accepted duties of a Government to its people in curreney matters ; and a denial of a sufficiency for local trade requirements of the only legal tender, in order that if may acqnire an outside scarcity value, is_a sad come-down from the stand-point of the Indian Government as disclosed in a state paper bearing date, October, 1876 in which it was laid down that to evade the consequences of lower exchange by raising the value of the standard unit of value, would be ‘‘an especially vicious form of class taxation,’ and ‘an ex- pedient quite inadmissible.” ; The present scheme is apparently that of Sir David Barbour, as laid down in his minute of - » ay! \ Serr. 1, 1898.] THE TROPICAL 2ist June, 1895; but it omits one essential of the scheme then propounded, viz., that ‘‘they (the rupees) must be convertible into gold coins either wivhout payment of premium or on payment ofa trifling premium whenever any person wishes for gold coins in exchange for silver coins.” Ii an effective gold standard can be introduced into an Empire like that of India in such a simple manner as is now suggested at almost no cost at all, it is strange that other countries, Russia for instance, should have required many millions to achieve the same end. Tf achieved in India in the manner now sug- gested, the real cost would 1 believe soon be ap- parent in the strangulation of trade and diminution, if not extinction, of the favourable balance. I do not question that, as the Indian Government states, *‘ redundancy is a relative term,” but L submit that the standard should be the needs of the people, and not that necessary to give a coin a scarcity value in foreign eyes. So far as the needs of commerce and the people go, there is far from being a redundancy even at present, before tle destruction of the currency medium has commenced. It is n:nch more easy to criticise than to sug- gest, and I am unable to propose any alter- native scheme which I consider satisfactory. The least unsatisfactory plan would be, I think, to re-open the miats with a rather heavy seignor- age and the imposition of an import duty on silver to about the same amount per rupee. If the whole of the artificial value be placed on the seignorage the temptations. toillicit coining will remain. very great, and, on the other hand, if it were all placed in an import duty, the value of silver in the country would be raised too much, and probably for some time to come there would be little outside silver imported, and consequently the revenue to Government would be small. The unqualified re-opening of the mints is what one would like to be able to recommend, but although strongly opposed to their closure, I consider that a sudden drop in the rupee to bullion yalue, even allowing that silver would at once rise somewhat, would be too revolutionary, and it would leave the Government in a position of anxiety as regards their sterling payments. I may say, however, that I would prefer to see the mints re-opened withou’ qualifications, and bear the cyclonic disturbance which would result, rather than continue the present wholly intolerable position. — THOS. NORTH CHRISTIE. 18th June, 1898. ee “Tea Prospects IN INDIA.—The following is from the Calcutta correspondent of the Pioneer (July 19th) :— In tea shares there has beens strong demand for Central Cachars at 59 and 60. Dehing at 44 and Singell at 80 and 81. The prices obtained at Friday’s tea auction were again very satisfactory and high prices were paid for quality. Prices in most cases were overlast year’s rates in spite of the adverse exchange, which makes fully 1} annas difference. The falling-off in outturn of Cachar anc Sylhet gardens is becoming serious, as the gardens do not seem to be making up leeway. The reduction in out- turn in this direction helps the other districts con- siderably and there ought to be a stronger market for tea when London fully realises the extent of the deficiency in crops. A very encouraging feature is . the active demand for Bombay and the Persian Gulf— two markets which have just opened to Indian teas but which promise tu take offa very large part of what London calls the surplus outturn. ‘period covered by the report was 417. AGRICULTURIST. 181 THE MAYFIELD (DIMBULA! TEA COM- -PANY OF CEYLON, LIMITED. The following is irom tbe report of the directors, submitted at the first annual ordinary general meeting :— 5 The yield of tea from the three estat during the ib. of Which 398,268 lb were sold in London, and 1$,055in Colombo, at an average of 6°92d gross for the combined sales. The yield of cardamoms was satisfactory, and 2-mell quantity of cinchona was also produced and sold During the season 2 sma!i exte sion of six acres of tea was made, the total area, now under that product being 1,159 acres. Yo provid for some further planting out a supply of high-class Indian tea seed, Jetinga Valley, was purchased, sufficient for abcut 30 acres extension, and this will be planted up during the next three months, as well as an additional clearing of 25 acres cardamoms. The estates have lately been visited by the chairman, who went over each most carefaliy, and reported on the prospects as being highly satis- factory, although some extraneous outlay will be necessary to bricg Chalmers into the same condition as the others. Inthe transfer of the estates to the company a large amount of labour was lost, and the crop corsequently suffered, but as that is now re- medied and full supply is working. a very much in- creased yield is estimated for the current season After taking over the gardens certain improvements were found to be necessary, and this was represented to the vendor, who agreed to bear a portion of the cost, to the extent shown in the revenue account. The profit and loss account, after providirg for general expenses and writing off one-third of the preliminary expenses, shows 2 gain ci £2,215 14s 2d out of which £1,204 13s 1d has already been paid as dividend on the preference shares up to December 31, 1897. Out of the balance £:,0111s Id, the directors recommend the payment ofa dividend on the ordinary shares at the rate of 5 percent. per annum, to be calculated from the date of the payment ofthe final call, which will absorb £965 7s 5d; and that the balance of £45 13s 8d be carried forward to next account. Thecom- pany’s along with ali other tea estates have suffered severely financially during the past year irom the higher rate of excharge, high priceof rice and thefall in the price of tea, 2 combination your directors could not avoid. The estimate for this year is445,0001b of tea, 5,000 lb cardamoms.—H. and C. Mail, July 8. cae Ss TEA AND CACAO ESTATES COMPANY, LD, CoopEeR, CooPpeR & JOHNSON, LIMITED. Share capital ... Se £349,009 (Incorporated under the Companies Acts, 1862 to 1893.) Being an Amalgamation of Cooper, Cooper & Co Limited, Johnson, Dodds & Co. (Manchester and Lon- don), the Ceyion and Oriental Hstates, Co., Limited, the Pallikelle Ceylon Estates, Limited, and other valuable Estates in Ceylon. Divided into 170,000 six per cent preference shares and 170,000 ordinary shares of £1 each. The preier- ence shares rank in pricrity to the ordinary shares, both as regards dividends and the repayment of capi- tal. Of the above shares, 20,000 preference shares, and 50,000 ordinary shares are reserved for allotment in part payment oi purchase money. Subscriptiors are now invited for the balance of tke preference and Ordinary shares, viz., 150,000 preference shares & 120,000 ordinary shares, and for £250,000 £5 per cent First Morigage Debenture Stock. TRUSTEES FOR THE DEBENIURE STOCK HOLDERS. William Howard, 21 Lombard Street, E.C. Thomas Ohandler, 7, Angel Court, Tarogmorton Street, E.C. DIRECTORS. Matthew P. Evans, 39, Lime Street, E.C., Director of the London CommercialSale Rooms, Limited. Count Max Hollender, 97, Westbourne Terrace, London, W. Oharles Brook Dobson, 72, West Cromwell Road, S.W, Director of theWenlock Brewery Company, Limited. _ Alfred A. Clark, Director of Wilkinson, Heywood, & Clark, Limited, of London, Bombay, Hong Kong, ang 182 Melbourne. Hamilton A. Hancock, Director of the Ceylon and Oriental Estates Company, Limited. John Young, 71 and 73, Tooley Street, 8.E., Managing Director of Cooper Cooper and Company, Limited. William Johnson (Johnson, Dodds & Co.), 29, Miveing Lane, E.C.. Director of the Pallikelle Ceylon Estates, Limited. Clive Harding Meares, 71 and 73, Tooley Street, S.E., Managing Director of Cooper, Cooper & Co., Limited, PROSPECTUS. This Oompany is formed for the purpose of ac- quiring as going concerns the well-known buriness and assets of Cooper Cooper & Co., Limited, the Manchester and London business of Messrs Johnson, Dodds & Co., the Ceylon and Oriental Estates Com- pany, Limited, the Pallikelle Ceylon Estates, Limited, and other producing estates in Ceylon, whereby it is believed that one of the most important amal- gamations of cocoa and tea producing and distri- buting business will be effected: (a) The business of Messrs. Cooper Cooper and Co. was founded in the year 1866, and was con- verted into a limited liability company in October 1895. As wholesale and retail dealers in tea, coffee and cocoa this concern enjoys a high reputation, and has over 100,000 customers at its various es- tablishments in London, Belfast, Dublin, Glasgow, New York, Brussels, and the chief Continental cities. (b) Messrs. Johnson, Dodds & Uo have recently established at Manchester and London a wholesale Tea distributing business, and have at the present time a large number of accounts on their books, they have also a general grocery business at Newcastle-on- Tyne, which will not be acguired by the Company, but they will purchase the ‘lea required in connec- tion with such business from the gardens acquired by the Company. Messrs. Johnson, Dodds & Co. take the whole of their purchase consideration in shares of the Company, and guarantee that the pro- fits from that branch of the Company’s business shall, during the next three years, amount to at least 5,000 p er annum. (c) The Ceylon and Oriental Estates Company, Limited, was formed in the year 1892 to acquire numerous valuable plantations and estates jin Ceylon. The Company has been very successful, substantial dividends having been paid, and for some time past the shares have been regarded as a safe and pro- fitable investment. (dq) The Pallikelle Ceylon Estates, Limited, was formed in June, 1896, and ownsome of the most valu- able Cocoa estates in the Island. The first year’s Operations were sufficient to allow ofa dividend of 12 per cent. on the Ordinary Shares, and the latest reports show a large increase of profits. (e) This Company acquires, in addition to the foregoing, ten privately owned estates in Ceylon, which are being worked at a profit by their respective owners, and which will add an additional source of strength to the present amalgamation. The estates above mentioned represent a total ap- proximate acreage of 19,670 acres, of which 10,580 acres are already under cultivation—6,860 acres being in Tea, 3,548 Cocoa, and 177 Ceffee and Crotons. Tea. Cocoa. The output of Estates forthe Ib. Ib. season 1896-7 was . 1,985,680 590,128 For 1897-8 the output was ..2,046,502 604,240 The estimate of crops for 1898-9 is a0 . .2,210,000 708,960 The directors reserve to themselves the right to eliminate any of the privately owned estates, should they deem it advisable, on the grounds of defec- tive title, delay in transfer, or otherwise, in which case the purchase price and proportionately the De- benture Stock issue would be reduced, or other ’ estates substituted, They think it right, however, to state that they do not anticipate any such occur- rence, but have taken the precaution referred to in the interests of the company. The various businesses, estates, &c., will be taken over from the dates mentioned in the several con- tracts. Further particulars of the estates, will be found on the sheet accompanying this prospectus: THE -TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. a - [Serr. 1, 1898. ADVANTAGES OF THE AMaLGAMATION.—The directors do not think it necessary to point ont atany length the various advantages that are practically assured by the combination of interests, as they must be apparent to investors and the public generally. Con- siderable economy will be effected in connection with the cost of administration, whilst the combination of production and distribution, by diminishing the intermediate charges, must ensure increased profits. The company acquires the various businesses and estates as golng concerns, the existing arraugemeots as to management so far as requisite, being con- tinued, whilst it will be noted that the Board is composed of practical men, mostly intimately asso- ciated with the trade, who will have a considerable financial interest in the concern. Vaxuations.—Mr. E.H. Hancock (of the firm of Messrs, Hancock Brothers & Co., 28, Mincing Lane, E.C.), who has recently returned from Ceylon, has valued the estates, including factories, machinery, growing crops, &c., whilst Messrs. Izard, French, & Izard, of Gracechurch Street, E.U., have valued the premises, fixtures, horses, vans, &c., of ‘ Cooper & Co., Limited, and Messrs. Johnson, Dodds & Co. The foregeing valuations are set out in full in the sheet accompanying the Prospectus, and amount exclusive of goodwill, to ee £414,500 0 0 To this must be added the stock-in- trade, cash balances at the Bankers, and the guaranteed book debts of Cooper Cooper & Co., Limited, and “Messrs. Johnson, Dodds & Uo., amount- ing to 7 Bes Tee F Farther working capital to be provided by this issue .. es ae Making a total value, exclusive of goodwill, of .. oe +» £507,727 8 7 CertiricaTe oF Prorrrs.—Messrs. Arthur Goddard & Co,, Chartered Accountants, of St. George's House, Eastcheap, E.C., have furnished the Directors with a detailed certificate as to the profits of the various businesses to be taken over, This certificate is set out in full on the sheet accompanying the Prospectus, and shovs the annual net profits to be..£42,699 7 11 With a probable further annual profit in connection with one of the busi- nesses of .. ae ss Re 1,500 0 0 ———s «£44,199 7 11 Taking, however, the profits at £42,699 7s. 11d. only, it will be seen that after paying interest on the Debenture Stock (£12,500 per annum) and the dividend on the Preference Shares (£10,200 per annum) there would remain.. » £19,999 7 11 Which is sufficient to pay 10 per cent. on the Ordinary Shares, leaving a balance of over £3,000 for administra- tion expences, &c. The Managing Directors have ex- pressed the greatest confidence as to an increase in future profits of the cp panetaniy businesses; whilst the estimate of the 1898-9 crops shows a considerable in- crease on the output of the preceding season. Worxmnc Carirayt.—With the additional £20,000 cash provided by this issue, the Company will have, besides the growing crops, liquid assets available as working capital, amounting to about £120,000, which ig ample for all present requirements and developments. Purcuass Pricr.—The Vendor, who has contracted to purchase the various properties, and is reselling at a profit, has fixed the purchase price of the various properties and assets, including the goodwill, at £570,000, payable as to £70,000 by the allotment to him or his nominees of 20.000 fully paid-up Preference shares, and 50,000 ordinary shares of the Company ; and as to the balance, in cash, shares, or debenture © stock, at the option of the directors of the Company, — The Vendor pays all expenses in connection with | this issue up to and including the first general allot- ment of shares, Making in all .. oe Sept. 1, 1898.] THE TROPICAL Contracts.—The following contracts have been entered into. namely :—(1) dated 29th April, 1898, be- tween the Ceylon and Oriental Estates Company, Limited, and Theodore Jermyn Ford; (2) dated 14th March, ‘898, between the Pallikelle Ceylon Estates, Limited, and Marshall Harcourt Paine; (3) dated 18th May, 1898, between -Marshall Harcourt Paine and T. J. Ford; (4) dated 18th May, 1898, between George Vanderspar and T. J. Ford; (5) dated 28th May, 1898, between William Johnson and William Henry Dodds and T. J. Ford; (6) dated Ist June, 1898, between Alexander Charles Pirie, Martin Lind- say Hadden, Martin Henry Pirie and T. J. Ford; 7) dated 3rd June, 1898, made between Cooper Cooper and Co., Limited, and T. J. Ford; (8) dated June 27th, 1898, between The Right Honourable Frederick Augustus Baron Chelmsford, G.C.B., Charles Montagu Buckworth, Charles George Inglis and T. J. Ford; (9) dated June Ist, 1898, between Clive Harding Meares and I’. J. Ford; (10) dated ath July, 1898, between T, J. Ford (the Vendor) and the Company. London, 9th July, 1898. VALUATIONS. 28, Mincing Lare, London, June 8th, 1898. To the Dir-ctors of Gooper, Cooper & Johnson, Limited. Gentlemen,—Having lately returned from Ceylon from visiting Tea and Cacao properties, and havinz visited most of the Estates tobe acquired by your Company, and being we'l acquainted with the w_rbking of the others, I have carefully considered the acreages under cultivation on the various Estates (as more particulurly set forth in the Schedule au- nexed) and considering the elevation ‘quantity and quality of crops and other points, I value the pro- perties including forest land, factories, machinery, bungalows, buildings &c., at Three Hundred and Ninety-one Thousand Five Hundred Pounis sterling (£391,500).— Yours fa thfully. E. H. Hancocx, Sworn Broker, City of London. SCHEDULE OF ESTATES. roar 38 ci nel Sige ee nee ¢ : Bee Soleig Wes es ee So sH7 NameofEstate. District © OF & &: 5 EB 7S Oo! & Sih tey | Got patie toe Sa Oe S ao C2570 mw Ons 3) o YF on S&S ESS oo me EL Oe ae aad S 5 6% 6&9 © BFn <<40 & H < Pallikelle - Dumbara 980 1,329 - 427 1,836 1,500 Ambacotia Gangawatte ” . 600 - 282 €82 ,, Boriwcla, No. 2 Narekettia, - Kilmarnock } ” QA Eos FO SI Meee : . 244 + 328 yp a ajawelle, No. 1 5 > = . Ralawelle, No. 3 127 647 +. 476 1,250 ,, Roseberry - Haputale 60 100 51 457 668 Bogahawattee - Dimbula 54l =» 77 ~=618 4,300 Teas } Fusselawa 1,218 + 5 2,356 3,579 3,500 Denegama - Balangode 318 e e« I3L: 449 -3,F00 Peacock Hill - Pusselawa 300 = « 192 492 3,500 Keenakelle \ Keenakisheene }Badulla 558 140 116 756 1,570 3,000 Serendib Peradenia - Hantane 424 » «= 747 1,171 2,500 Oodew = eo ee eee 817 = -1,027 1,844 2,500 Suan { Matale 272 65 + 517 844 2,500 Wangie Oya - Dimbula 445 - = 122 6567 4,700 pee bye! 7} Kelani Valley 334 - + 121 455 500 Pathragalla - Kurunegala 100 306 - 348 754 700 Shannon - Dikoya 310 - = 29: 339 4,509 Ambatene - Kalutara 447 - 5 256 708 300 Densworth - Kelani Valley 344 - ~- 202 546 300 Paterajah - Ambalangoda 165 + + 10 275 300 —_— — —— El Total acres,---6,860 3,543 177 9,090 19670 AGRICULTURIST, 18 TEA BLIGHTS. (‘* Kew Bulletin” for June.) The field of nature is one of incessant struggle. Every plant has to hold its own in the face of foes bent continuously and relentlessly on its destruction, If it succeeds it is only because its defensive re- sources are on the average superior to the attacks made upon it, The final result is one of equilibrium, in which foe and victim each manage to survive. This is arrived at through the interaction of condi- tions usually difficult to trace, but brought into adjustment after a long period of struggle, When man appears on the scene and for his own purposes destroys the adjustment, the struggle begins anew with increased severity. He grows some one plant in wide stretches after clearing the ground of its competitors. But in so doing he relaxes the res- traint of all its foes and often gives them a chance they have never possessed before. Plants and their parasites have to live in nature as best they may. The host can do without the parasite, but the parasite cannot do without the host. A plant may exist alone in a forest and the parasite which kills it will find its own fate sealed if it cannot trans- fer its attacks to a neighbouring individua]. The straits to which a parasite in consequence is put to con- tinue its existence, andthe varied means by which this is effected, form one of the most fascinating sub- jects of biological study. But the net result is that under natural conditions the parasite 1s kept in check, When any crop is grown on a large scale it is obvious that the conditions are changed. A parasite having by accident fastened on an individual plant in a plantation and done its fatal work, can then ex- tend, usually with little difficulty, to contiguous plants. Under such circumstances the spread of a fungoid disease can only be compared to a conflagration, which beginning on a small scale may increase to disastrous dimensions. Such troubles are part of the price which man has to pay for disturbing the order of nature. The only way to treat them is to endeavour either to restore the natural checks which man has abolished, or, as this can from the circumstances of the case rarely be done, to substitute artificial ones in their place. And as a matter of practice, an attentive study of the habits of the parasite, this can generally be effected and the injury it inflicts circumvented. The difficulties which best tea-culture in Assam are only an illustration of these general principles, But the Government of India does not possess any trained mycologist in its service, and no one wag available forthe study of the ‘‘ Blights” which affect Indian tea-culture, but Dr. Watt, its Reporter on Economic Products. When a similar investigation was needed for the poppy crop, it was entrusted to a gardening member of the staff of the Royal Botanic Garden, Calcutta. Dr. Watt, was obliged to have recourse to Kew for the technical investiga. tion of the most serious maladies with which the tea-planters have to contend. The following report has been drawn up, from material transmitted by Dr. Watt, by Mr. Massee, a Principal Assistant in the Herbarium of the Royal Gardens. GREY BLIGHT. (Pestalozzia Guepint, Desmaz.) The amount of injury caused to the tea plantas tions by this fungus is estimated by Dr. Watt as follows:—‘I regard the ‘Grey Blight’ as very alarming, a disease that if not checked may easily reduce the productiveness of gardens by fifty per cent. It might, in fact, convert Assam from the prosperous province the planters have made it, to one of extreme distress.” An examination of the fungus sent from Assam on leaves of the tea plant, showed it to be identical with the parasite common on leaves of cultivated species of Camellia in Enrope. The fungus first appears under the form of small grey spots, more or less circular in shape; these spots gradually increase in size and not infrequently run into each other, forming large, irre- eo 184 gular blotches which often eventually cover the greater portion of the surface of the leaf. During increase in size, the spots are often bordered by a narrow dark line. he grey or sometimes white colour of the spots is equally evident on both surfaces of the leaf, and is due to the disappearance of the chlorophyll, and the subsequent death of the cells composing the tissue of the leaf. Themycelium of the fungus is very deli- cate, rarely exceeding 2, in diameter, hayline, and sparingly transversely septate; it at first occupies the intercellular spaces and runs between the cells, which eventually become separated from each other by a dense weft of mycelium. Finally the mycelium enters the cells and vessels in considerable quantity, causing the death of the invaded patches, the uu- attacked portion of the leaf remaining quite un- changed. When the leaf tissue of the diseased patches is quite dead and brittle tae mycelium of the fungus becomes aggregated in numerous dense tufts just beneath the cuticle, more especially on the upper surface of the leaf. On the tips of these aggrega- tions of slender, erect hyphue, or conidiophores, which spring from a basal pseudoparenchymatous stroma, the conidia are borne. As these clusters of conidia increase in size they raise the cuticle of the leaf into 4 series of minute warts, until finally the tension is too great, and the cuticle ruptures, usually in a triangular slit through which the mature conidia protrude and soon become free on .he surface of the leaf, from which they are removed by wind or rain. Such of those as happen to alight on the moist surface of the leaf of a suitable host-plant, germinate at once, enter the tissues of the leaf, and form a new centre of disease, which in course of time produces conidia. By this rapid method of conidia-formation and distribution, it can be readily understood how possible and certain it is for tue disease to spread rapidly when once intro- duced into a tea garden. The conidia are produced at the apex of slender hyphae or conidiopnores, and are very beautiful objects when seen under the microscope, being nar- rowly elliptic with somewhat pointed ends, and usually three-sepuate; the two end cells are colourless, while the two median cells are olive-brown, the terminal colourless cell being surmounted by four very slender, colouriess, spine-like processes longer than the condium itself. The above-described is the typical and most abundant form of condium; varia- tions occur in the number of septa, which range fiom two to four; the hair-like appendages also vary from one to four, or are sometimes entirely absent. The life-history ot the fungus was ascertained from a series of cultures; living conidia being obtained from the fungus growing on “ Camellias” cultivated at Kew. Conidia germinated freely within eighteen hours in hanging-drop cultures in ordinary tap water, ‘The median dark-coloured cells of the conidia are alone capable of germination, each cellas a rule producing a single germ-tube ; in rare instances two germ-tubes spring from a cell, one of which remains rudimentary. On sterilised bread a dense white superficial mycelium soon appears, on the surface of which very minute dark points, consisting of groups of conidia are visible about the third day. Five days after sowing, the conidia are mature and capable of germimation, but bread does not appear to be a very suitable medium for the cultivation of this fungus, the characteristic terminal, fitorm appendages of the conidia being almost constautly below the number normally present, and in certain tufts entirely absent. ‘he spineless condition of conidium agrees exactly with the fungus described by Cooke as “ Hendersonia theicola,” parasitic on living tea leaves from Cachar, which is in reality nothing more than an abnormal form of “ Pestal zzia Guepini,” and has also been observed on ‘‘ Camellia” leaves at Kew. Examples of these abnormal spine- less conidia, sown on plum-juice gelatine, gave origin to perfectly normal conidia within a week, in fact only normal conidia were produced onthe last men- tioned nutrient solution, whether normal or excep- tional conidia (in so far as the number of apical THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. * (Serr. I, 1898, spines were concerned) were sown, It is quite an easy matter to inoculate living uninjured “ Camellia” leaves by placing conidia on the damp under surface of the leaf, and keeping it moist for two or three days, No result was obtained when the conidia were placed on the upper surface of the leaf. Pestalozzia Guepini is not known to possess any other form of fruit or mode of reproduction than the condition described above. The disease under consi‘eration is by no means new; specimen of tea leaves attacked by the “ Pes- talozzia,” now in the Kew Herbarium, are accom- panied by the following note. ‘' Tea leaves (blighted). Cachar, 1872 growth, A.H. Blechynden.” A second lot of tea leaves, suffering from the same disease, is accompanied by a uote as follows. “ Leaves from a tea tree recovering from ‘red spider.’ Sap just beginning to run through them. ‘This tree like many thousands has not given any leaf for three months. T. B. Curtis. Received from Mr Blechynden, Calcutta, by IT’. B. C., October, 1878.” The fungus occurs as a parasite on leaves of lants belonging to the following genera :—* Camel- ia,” “‘ Rhododendron,” “ Citrus,”’ ** Magnolia,’’ * Al- phitonia,” “ Niphoboius,” and “ Lagerstreemia.” Owing to its wide distribution at the present day, the original home of the fuugus is difficult to deter- mine with certainty, but the amount of evidence at hand suggests an Hele origin. In India it oceurs on ‘‘ Camellia ” and “ Rhododendron " ; in Europe it is by no means uncommon, but alwayson introduced plants belonging ts the two above-named gevera, In the United States it occurs on introduced species of ‘* Camellia "’ and “ Citrus,” from which it may possibly have passed on to the native ** Magnolia.” On the other hand, it occurs on indigenous plants (Niphobolus) in New Zealand,and on “ Alphitonia” in Queensland, PKEVENTIVE MEASURES.—I{ the diseased leaves were collected with the amount of careand intelligence exercised in collecting sound leaves,and burned at once after being collected, the disease would soon be stamped out, as the mycelium of the fungusis not perennial inthe tea plant; consequently infection, and a recurrence of the parasite, depends entirely on inoculation by the numerous conidia or reproductive bodies of the fungus present on deceased leaves. Remembering the very different kinds of plants on which the fungus is known to be parastic, itis very probable that it also occurs on wild plants growing in the vicinity of the tea gardens; if such proves to be the case, all such plants should be removed if practicable, as the conidia of fungi are carried considerable distances by wind, birds, and insects, and no amount of attention in the way of removing the parasitefrom the tea plants would avail, if the supply of conidia requisite fo: inoculating the tea plants were formed on other plants growing in the neighbourhood. . The nameof the fungus, together with the syno- nymy, is as follows :—Pestalozzia Guepini, ‘‘ Desmaz.,”’ Aun. Sci. Nat., Ser. 2, XIII., 182, tab. 4, figs. 1-3 (1840). Syn. “ Pestalozzia inquinans,” Karst., Hedw., 1891, p.301. ‘‘ Pestalozzia Camelliw,’ Passer., Rev. Myc., 1887, p. 146. ‘“ Coryneum Camellizw,’’ Massee, Grey., XX., 8 (1891). “ Hendersonia theicola,’’ Cooke in Sace. Syll., IV., No. 2,334 (1884). , Fig. 1, Leaf of tea plant showing the pale patches formed by ‘ grey blight” (Pestalozzia Guepini) ; nat. size. Fig. 2, Section through a pustule of the fruit of the fungus; « 100. Figs. 3 & 4, Conidia of the fungus ; ~400. Fig. 5, Conidia germinating ; « 400. BLISTER BLIGHT. (‘ Exobasidium vexans,’’ Massee). The amount of injury caused by this parasite, along with an interesting account of its general appearance and mode of life, will be gathered. from the follow- ing account by Dr. Watt:—‘‘ One of the very worst blights on tea is known to the planters as “ Blister Blight. Atfirst it seemed to me as if this might prove a species of blister mite (Phytoptus), but I am now disposed to regard it as a fungus, and possibly a species of “‘ Hxoascus ” or “ Taphrina. In tube No. 257 IT have sent specimens of the disease in Sepr, 1, 1898] THE TROPICAL Bil stages, from young leaves showing translucent spots, to pieces of leaves showing well-formed circular blisters, also the further siages of the blisters appearing hairy (under thelens), and others turned quiteblack. The history of the disease is somewhat striking. Ié invariably appears on tea that has not been proned inthe autumn. About April it extends to the pruned tea, which has by then come into leaf. At first it looks like a minute pink spot, which, on being viewed through the leaf, is seen to be surrounded by apale margin. This widens, and the upper sur- face of the leaf at this point becomes depressed into a circular pitthat appears shining and moist. The un- der surface looks like a wart of a white, woolly appear- ance. These warts, as they enlarge, unite together and invade the shoots until the whole of the aifected parts shrivel up. The woolly surface of the warts thus seems to be covered with white filaments, but I could never deéect these as bearing spores. Shortly after this the leaves and shoots turn quite black, and fallto the ground. At this stage the tea planta- tion looks as if it had been barned. I have seen hundreds of acres completely ruined in this manner. Bat in two months or so, new shoots appear, and the blight is not seen again, as a tule, till next spring. and even then spasmodi- cally, and where unpraned tea exists. It was very bad in-the spring of 1895, and in 1897 I could not discover a bush with this blight in the very gardens where, at the time of my first visit, all operations had been completely stopped by it.” The view entertained by Dr. Watt as tc the fungus nature cf the parasite proved to be correct. micros- copic examination showing it to be an undescribed- species of ““Exobasidium,”’ possessing features of interest from the mycologicsl standpoint, more especially in the production of a dense layer of conidia which covers _ the surface subsequently occupied by the hymenium. The earliest indication of the disease is the appearance of translucent spots in the leaf, due to the disappearance of the chlorophyll and starch grains; this is followed by a rapid increase in the number of cells constituting the spongy paren- chyma of the leaf and situated within the area occnpied by the mycelium of the fungus. ‘The conspicuous blisters present on leaves that have been attacked for some time, are caused by the secon- dary increase in the number of leaf-cells over a limited area of the surface being resisted by the healthy un- yielding tissnes of the leaf; hence the abnormal growth, stimulated by the action. of the parasite, as- sumes the form of a blister, being concave on the upper, and convex on the under surface of the leaf. When the points of infection are numerous ona leaf, the originally distinct blisters grow into each other during their development. The mycelium is very slender, not exceeding 2, in thickness, sparingly trans- versely ceptate, and tinged saith yellow when seen in the mass. It runs between the cells, Which finally become much distorted and separated from each other, After becoming concentrated in elusters between the epidermal cells of the convex surface of the blister, on the under suriace of the leaf, the mycelinm ruptures the cuticle and appears on the surface ofthe blister underihe form of minute, densely crowded clusters of hyphae. When the growth of the parasite is very vigorous the hymenium is not infrequently formed on both surfaces of the blister. Some of these hyphae run out into long, sterile filaments, giving a minutely downy or velvety _ appearance to the blister, when seen under a lens; the greater majority of the hyphae, however, remain short, and produce asingle conidium at theapex. The conidia are hyaline, or with a tings of yellow when seen in the mass, elliptic with somewhat pointed ends 1-septate, slightly constricted at the septum. straight, or sometimes very slightly curved, measuring 14— 16 *5—6n It isnot unusual to find conidia germi- nating in sifu,each cell of the conidium producing oneslender germ-tube. Mixed withthe conidiophores are numerous hasidia, but these are not sufiiciently crowded and compact to form a typical hymenium, the surface of the tuft constantly remaining loose in AGRICULTURIST. 185 texture, resembling the faceofa brush rather than a waxy, compact surface. The basldia are subcylindric, andso far as observed, constantly produce two slender spine like sterigmata, although the presenceof four daughter nuclei in some preparations of basidia stained with iodine green, would seem to suggest the probability of four sterigmata being found in some Instances. The spores are hyaline, continuous, glabrous ovate-oblong,often slightly naequilateral,5~ 34. When old, the tufts of hyphae appear to contract a little, thus becoming more isolated and distant from each other, and giving the hymenium a cracked ap- pearance. The branches do no& appear to be disfigured to the same extent as the leaves by the parasite. PREVENTIVE MEASURES.—Remembering the statement by Dr. Watiithat the disease “invariably appears on tea that has not been pruned in the autumn,’ ifseems almost superfluous to suggest that autumn pruning should be carried out, unless there is some yery strong reason for not doing so. The removal of diseased portions before the spores are mature would go far towards preventing a recurrence of the disease. Such infected parts should be burned, and not allowed to remain on the ground. Spraying would not, in all probability, be permissible, other- wise a solution of potassium sulphide (one ounce to three gallons of water) would prevent to a great extent the spread of the disease, if applied at the time when it first appears. All known species of * Exobasidinm are parasites, formisg blisters or galls on the leaves and branches of the host plant: the flowers and fruits are sometimes also attacked. Species belonging to the following generaare known _ to serve as host plants :—“* Rhododendron, Vacci- nium, Andromeda, Cassandra, Arctostaphylos, Ledum, Saxifraga, Laurus, Symplocos, Arrhenatherum, and Bromus.” The above list of genera belonging to widely separated orders of plants, suggests the possi- bility of some ally of the tea plant also serving as a host for the “blister blight,” and if such exist in the forest adjoining the tea plantations, there is but little hope of eradicating the dis-ase until such nurse-planits are removed from the vicinity. The following is a diagnosis of the species :— Exobaaidium vexans, “ Massee.” “ Hymenophora ” innata, effusa, forma varia, vulgo orbicularia vel oblonga, in foliis infestatis builas supra concavas infra conyexas 4.12 mm. diam. interdam confluentes formantia. ‘‘ Hymenium” lere. siccitate rimosum, initio pallidum, dein «tate albo-pruinosum. “ Basi- dia’ cylindracea 30-35 x 5 6d, 2-sterigmatifera ; ste- rigmata aculeata, 3 x05 y. “Spore *’ ovate-oblonga, continnz, hyaline, glabre, tepe inequilaterales, 5 x 3p. Conidia fusiformia, hyalina, 1-septata, ad septum leviter constricta, 14-16 x 5-6 p. On living leaves and branches of ** Camellia Thesa.’j Assam. Fig. 6, Leaf of tea p’ant, with blisters formed by lister blight (‘‘Hxobasidium vexans’”’); nat. size. - Fig. 7, Section through a blister; x 100. Fig.8, Por- tion of hymenium of same, showing numerous conidia, a, and basidia, 6, bearing two sporeseach; x 400. Fig. 9 Free spores ; X 400. Fig. 10, Conidia; x 400. THREAD BLIGHT. (** Stilbum nanum,”’ Massee). This very remarkable fungus, while agreeing tech- nically with the genus ‘‘ Stilbum” in the structure of the covidiophore, differs very materially in the presence of an elaborately branched, sterile stroma composed of densely interwoven, slender, sparsely septate, vaguely branched hyphae, 2-3 , in diameter, combined to form a thin, white membrane, which is inseparable from the bark or leaf on which it grows. This sterile felted mycelium often forms white patches several iaches in length on the bark of living branches, and then breaks up into irre- gularly-branched slender strands, many of which are 186 THE TROPICAL not thicker than thread, hence the planter’s name “thread blight.” The delicate white strands of mycelium run along the surface of the bark to the tips of the young shoots, branching and anasto- mosing irregularly; thence they not infrequently pass on to the leaves, where they form a yet more delicate, irregularly branched pattern. Microscopic examinationjof a deceased branch shows that theslender mycelium is at first most abundant in the cambium zone, and extends to the young wood, the vessels of which soon become chocked with a dense weft of mycelium. A slight browning of the tissues indicates the progress of the mycelium. This internal mycelium passes through the substance of the bark, and gives origin to the superficial strands of mycelium described above, The branches are even- tually killed owing to the destruction of the cambiom zone and choking of the vessels of the wood by my- celium. So far as can be observed from an exami- nation of the ample supply of material forwarded by Dr. Watt, the fruit of the fungus is only produced after the branch on which it occurs is dead, when it appears on thesurface of the bark under the form of miniature pins about half a line high, and of a pale yellow colour. These fruits gererally occur in large numbers, giving to the branch a miuutely velvety or hairy appearance as seen with the naked eye. In the absence of living material it is im- possible to state definitely in what manner the fungus first gains access to the interior of the living plant; but the general habi suggests the idea of its being a voot-fungus, first attacking the slender rootlets, and afterwards extending into the above-ground portions of the plant. If mycelium is found in quantity on the thicker root-branches and about the base of the trunk, the above supposition would doubtless be correct, and would imply the presence of strands of mycelium in the soil; such strands probably traversing the soil and extending from one plant to another, as is knuwn to be the case in other root-parasites, as “ Dematophora Ne- catrix’’ and ‘ Rosellinia radiciperda.” The fungus described above is in all probability only the conidial phase of some higher form, which, as is usually the case, only forms its fruit on thoroaghly decayed portions of the host plant. PREVENTIVE MEASURES.—If examination, as indicated above, shows the fungus to bea root-parasite, a trench should be made round the base of the stem, a8 deep as practicable without injuring the roots, and filled with lime, or failing this, with wood ashes. Deep narrow trenches should be made enclosing batches of diseased trees, for the purpose of checking the spread of underground mycelium from diseased to healthy trees. Under any circum- stances branches killed by the disease should be collected and burned, otherwise the conidia formed on‘ such branches will be carried by wind and other agencies, and infect healthy plants. Care should be t»ken to ascertain whether fungus is present on wild plants growing in the vicinity of the plantations, as no amount of care exercised on the tea plants to prevent the disease will avail if the fungus is present on other plants that grow near at hand. The following diagnosis will enable the fungus to be recognized by a mycolegist :— Stilbum nanum, ‘ Massee ”’ (sp. nov.). “ Gonidiophora ”’ minutissima, vix 05 mm. alta, gregaria, flavida. “ Stipites ”’ equales, tenues, “ Capitula ” globosa vel obovata. ‘ Conidia” nume- yosissima, minuta, hyalina, continua, elliptica, muco primitus obvoluta, 5 x 2'5y. On living branches and leaves of “‘ Camellia Thea,” ° ssam, oe 11, Branch of tea plant attacked by “‘ thread blight ” (“Stilbum nanum), showing the white sterile mycelium running over the bark, also the fruit of the fungus ; nat. size. Fig. 12, Fruit of the same; ~ 100. Fig. 18, Section through a head of fruit, showing the conidia borne at the tips fo the hyphae which form the head ; x 400: AGRICULTURIST. {Sepr. 1, 1898. PLANTING NOTES. SINGAPORE which has been taking so much of our coconut oil this year is to have an Oil Mill on abig seale of itsown. A former mem- ber of Messrs. Volkart’s firm here, is getting the Mill erected at Singapore and it is expected to be in working order by the end of the year. Nortit BoRNEO.—We (L. & C. Express) are pleased to note that the directors of the British North Borneo Company are again able to recom- meni a dividend of 1 per cent. It is true the shareholders have had to wait a long time for aby returo upon their capital, but the fact that for two years in succession the directors have been able to pay even a small dividend shews that a better financial position is being gradually brought about, and thatthe time is arriving when those who have for so long put their faith in North Borneo may look for substantial results. The company has a magnificent territory, and the shareholders, we think, may rest content that it is being administered under the present manage- ment Span a thoroughly sound and statesmanlike basis. uch, of course, remains to be accom. plished yet, for it is impossible to transform such a conntry all at once, but in pursuing a cautions policy the directors are without doubt acting wisely. A 1 per cent dividend is not handsome but it is better than nothing at all, and must be taken by the shareholders as an earnest of better things to come. Timk MAURITIUS CHAMBER OF AGRICULTURE.— A series of 20 resolutions in answer to Mr. Cham- berlain’s refusal of the £500,000 loan have been adopted. We quote a few :— That the Chamber regrets to see that the Secretary of State considers that part of the money raised under the Hurricane loan Ordinance of 1892 has been lent for purposes for which it was not intended. That the Chamber submits that, if the law has been misinterpreted. which it is not ready to concede neither the Planters of the Colony nor the Losm Commission, which was parely an advising board, can be held responsible for it, nor can the Commis. sion be reproached with having overlooked the in- structions of the Secretary of State, contained in » despatch which only reached Mauritius when nearly all the applications made by the Planters for loans had been disposed of. That the Chamber firmly hopes that, on recon- sidering the matter, the Secretary of State will ad- mit that the appeal made for the aid of the credit of the Imperial Government is justified by the cir- cumstances of the Colony. : That though the Colony may not be at its last extremity, yet it is a fact that the Sugar industry of Maurtius is in imminent danger of extinction because the sale price of its produce does not cover the costs of production. That our sugar, which is unprotected, cannot com- pete on foreign markets with bounty fed beet sugara or home grown sugars. ; That we have thus been driven from the English and the Australian markets and we are graduall losing the Indian markets. 7 That, to be beneficial, the aid of the Government must be given in time before the position becomes worse, That unless the production of the island is increased by a larger extraction of the sugar contained in the cane, the Colony will ultimately become a burden on the Imperial Government. That the best proof that we are declining is that our public revenue is now insufficient to meet our public expenditure. That with improved methods and machinery the cost price .f sugar may be reduced so as to render competition possible. Surr. 1, 1898. | THE TROPICAL Borvespondence —_—-—_—--e—-——- —_—- fy eH Fditoe. THE CHERRY TREE AT NUWARA ELIYA. Ss. Denis, Island of Reunion, May 30, 1898. Sir,—I hope you will excuse the liberty [ take in asking you some botanical questions, to which I hope you will deign to grant a_ reply. It is concerning the Cherry Tree of Europe (Prunus Cerasus and Prunus Avium). Professor W. Detmer (University of Jena) asserts, in a treatise of Vegetable Physiology that this tree, introduced from Europe into Ceylen by English colonists, at first lost its leares onee only every year, as it does in temperate climates at the end of the autumn. Then, gradually, the tree be- came an evergreen never completely losing all its leaves. Is this correct? 1 should be keenly anxious to know the answers to the few questions which I venture to put to you on the opposite page. If you could fill them in and send the half sheet to me, I should owe you a thousand thanks. Not only do these points interest mc, but they have been asked for by a French horticulturist. —I am, We., EDMOND BORDAGE, Director of Museum, St. Denis. [We thought the quickest way of answering Mr. Bordage’s questions would be to refer to Mr. Nock of Hakgalla Gardens and publish the result in the answers given below, Mr. Nock tells us that he has had to answer similar questions from scientists more than once of late. —ED. 7.4. ] Questions and Answers 1. Has the European cherry tree introduced iuto Ceylon become an everyreen?—No. It loses its leaves at the end of every year and for a short time is quite bare. 2. Does it flower abundantly in Ceylon ?—It flowers abundantly in the locality of Nuwara Eliya. [6,200 feet above sea-level ; average temperature 57°7 degree:. Ep. 2A. 3. Does it bear fruit there?—It sets but little fruit, and that generally falls off before the stoning stage. Occasionally I have seen fruit colouring, but neyer saw one quite ripe. 4, Is it sometimes reproduced from seed or kernel in Ceylon?—Never, tomy knowledge, by seeds, but plentifully by cuttings and suckers. 5. Is it exclusively reproduced from cuttings or from grafting ?--Yes, from cuttings and suckers, not grafting. TEA PRUNING IN CEYLON: CRITICISM BY A SUCCESSFUL PLANTER ON ‘1874 ”s TEA-PRUNING LETTER. Sir,—Nothing is said in this very interesting letter of elevation, soil, jat or cost; so I will merely say that with us, ab some 4,000 feet, I have found the greatest success with good jat tea (which is naturally a one-stem tree) instead of en- couraging the straight stems, in the way the writer describes, in removing them all and keep- ing the tree perfectly clear of them in pruning, and afterwards as much as possible in plucking. On such tea [ look upon them as simply and purely gormandizers. The rest of the treatment in pruning, I quite agree with, and that each branch be treated on its own merits, and not merely left up to the one level, Also that the ed AGRICULTURIST. 187 ‘‘trame” of the tree should as a rule always be preserved. In Ceylon I think most planters adopt the up-pruning system as far as possible and few go down very low except for reasons given in a letter signed ‘* Audi Alteram Partem” in ‘*Times of Ceylon” with witich I entirely agree. To leave such tea as ‘'1874” sugvests, would be very liberal treatment; but few wonldallow it with present unfavourable exchange atid com- parativety low prices, and I am not at all sure that where tea has been badly planted at first and has all else against it, that even this would be as successful as cutting down, manuring and re-training in the right way—but it should never be cut down again lower than the 2 fees when once up to that. Instead of always cutting wp the one inch when pruning (above the 2 feet) I have found that oceasionally one can cut down between the pre- vious cuts and then go up again the one inch; or it can be 2 inch cutting for 2 or 3 prunings and then down 14 or even 3 inches, and let up again. This keeps the tree low and does not necessitate the cutting down to 2 feet at all even aiter the 1 foot, or ‘‘12 upward cuts.” Of course in Ceylon at this elevation we let our tea run from 2 to 3 years between prunings and at a higher elevation even much longer. In place of ‘‘surface prunirg” advocated by “1874” [ have found that cutting down (some 3 inches or so below level) the high branches only, and heavy bangying, or plucking down to fish leaf and then letting it up again, answer best, and ié does not stop plucking altogether, though if may reduce the average for a time. There is no doubt about the importance of eetting all the tea to one height and I have been trying to do this for years, but have found the most successful pian is to leave the smaller trees up to height ot the larger ones when tip- ping by stick measurement and not when pruning. The wood produced is superior. These trees too ought to be treated lightly for a time or left to grow up if they show any distress from pluckiug. In any case, however, it will take years to train all the trees to the one size; for though one may get height it is not so easy to get bulk. Sup- plying also has a lot to say in keeping up a regular cover of tea, and can, as I have preved, be successfully done under proper conditions. With this treatment, and manuring such tea as requires to be kept up to the general stand- ard, { can get large yields (for Ceylon at this elevation) and good prices and realize a good profit per acre; but when it comes to doubling 800 1h, per acre all round even with the best possible cultivation, I must either doubt the possibility of any such thing, or we are altogether out of the running in Ceylon as far as I know anything about it! J. GOURDS, LOCAL PRODUCTIONS, Simr,—In Ceylon the cultivation of gourds is very much neglected, it is entirely in the hands of natives and they seem to be quite satisfied with the few varieties they have, viz. Lagenaria Vulgaris and Cue curbita Moschata ; the Diya and Hata Labu of the Siuhas loso, Yot tho number of these fruit taken on board of steamers and ships is something enormous—there must therefore bo a brisk trade in these and it is a pity that its cultivation is not taken up on a large seale. On looking over Sutton’s or Carter's monthly catalogues, the most attractiveand luscious pictures of fruit are the different varieties of gourds and melons. Is this not a subject worthy of our School of Agriculture ? 188 THE TROPICAL Whilst on this subject it strikes one forcibly that with our favourable climate, rainfall, and other advantageous resources, Why we should so entirely depend upon Southeru India for our chillies, ouions and saffron ? This ig a point on which the public would very much like to have the opinion and advice of the intelligent principal of our Agricu‘tural School. Many yeurs ago we also depended apon India for onr ginger, but all our wants in that direction now, is met with locally, for the Sinhalese haye now taken to planting it largely and they supply the market. C. FLOWERING OF THE GIANT ORCHID. July 12. DEAR Sir,—It may interest some of your readers to know that the largest orchid known (Gram- matophyllum Speciosum) may now be seen in flower in these gardens, this being, so far as is known, the first time it has been induced to bloom in Ceylon. Thatthis Malayan plant, which was introduced into Ceylon probably about 1850, merits the title of ‘‘ Queen of Orchids” will be conceded trom the dimensions of the Pera- deniya specimen above referred to: viz:—Length of stems or pseudo-bulbs (24 in number) 5 to 10it., the sheathing leaves being about 2 ft. long and closely arranged in tworows on the stem ; height of flowering-scapes (six) at present 5 to 6ft.; thus the height from base of mound containing the plant to top of inflorescence is about 10 ft.; cir- cumsference of the plant approximately 40 ft. Of individual flowers, nearly 500 can now be counted (not including the smaller in bud), each measuring 54 to 6 inches across. The period of flowering promises to be prolonged fora few weeks yet, though the expansion of the first flower occurred a month ago. It is hoped, now this interesting plant has got into flowering trim, ib will blossom annually in future.—Yours faithfully, HA. F. MACMILLAN. Curator, Royal Rotanic Gardens, Peradeniya. THE FOUR-PENNY DUTY ON TEA. 4,500 feet, July 15. S1r,—No getting over this argument, | think, If, with the barrier of a four-penny duty, “ rub- bishy ” teas are now sent from Colombo to London, paying Freight and CHARGES (1407) and DUTY 4d a lb.,—how much more would the game process go on and increase, if there were no Duty at all? I for one, say to my brethren who are abolitionists, BEWARE! COFFEE IN QUEENSLAND, &C. Department of Agriculture, Brisbane, June 22nd, 1898. DEAR Sir,—I quite forget whether I wrote to thank you ior the back nuinbers of the Agricul- turist. Should I have failed to do so, I beg that you will now accept my thanks for acceding to my request so promptly. i now write to ask if you can give me any further information on the trade in coffee husk refuse between Colombo and the Per- sian Gulf Ports, to which you alluded in the early part of the year. I have promised to get further statistics on the trade, and I hope that you will be able to furnish me with same. I shall be always happy to reciprecate with any information in my power concerning matters agricultural in Queensland. I am publishing a series of articles on coffee in Queensland by Mr. Dausey, who is manager of the Mackay Coffee Company in Northern Queensland, AGRICULTURIST, |Supr. 1, 1898. He seems to have mastered the work of coffee-plant- ing here where the conditions of climate, soil and seusons are different to those in Ceylon, We have gieat hope of this industry for ray No disease has as yet appeared and heavy crops have been obtained on smail plots—np to 7 Ib. of clean coffee per tree (6 years old) and 34 1b. from 3 years old wees. A fair price also is obtained locally (94 per Ib). I am afraid however, that when we come to big plantations, picking will be a source of trouble as far as labor is concerned. You will find in the next number of the Journal (August 1) a capital paper on coflee-growing ona small scale on the coast of Queensland by a farmer who read his paper at the late Agncultural Con- ference at Kockhampton. It is worth reading, Wishing you all success with your work.—Yours het truely, A. H. BOYD. _ (The papers referred to will be read by us with Interest : Coffee growers on a limited scale in Northern Queensland have the grand advaut of a local market, and if Federation nie, this market, free of every border duty, will extend all over the Continent, if not to Tasmania and perhaps eventually to New Zealand.—We can give no further information about a trade in coilee husks, save that it is reported to prevail largely in Arabia where, in some parts, a decoction from the husks only is drunk, the beans (Mocha coffee) being all exported.—Ep. 7.4.] ae te tiie ee CULI'URE OF VANILLA. Sirx,—The report of the vanilla crop i - chelles is very interesting. The was ieee ot allowing the vines to grow wild on trees is good as the trees afford the required shade and moisture; but it has its disadvantages, as it is diffi- cult to fructify the flowers, when the vines go up too high and on their branches, unless the natural operators Cry can be depended upon to do what is necessary. In Ceylon there are so many other flowere that yield larger quantities of honey, that the flowers of the vanilla are quite neglected by bees and arti- ficial means have to be devised to tructify them, Many years ago I purchased a few cuttings of vanilla for a few pence from the Botanical Gardens at Peradeniya and planted them in a garden at Ovclombo; the vines were allowed to g° up some maugo trees growing thick and affording good shade - they grew up luxuriantly and formed a regular net- work. One morning, my friend, Mr. Wright, the Veteran planter, who was then a resident in Colombo called en me, accompanied by a young European gentleman, and asked if I would part with the vines and at what price? I left itto them, they paid me one shilling for every two knots, a little more than a ioot in length. ‘Che vines were pulled down and Measured and & cheque was written out in my favour for R56! The cuttings were taken and planted on an estate in the Galle district and I afterwards Pearned with regret that the venture proved a total ailuze. That vanilla requires both light and shade i from ‘the fact that I grew ae on = Opehin Pe (Garcinia Xanthochymus) tree, every alternate branch being removed to admit light, very successfully and this yielded a fair crop of beans. The difficulty I had to contend with in the preparation of the bean was that they split at the ends: this had to be avoided by tieing them up with thread. C.A.0. VANILLA CULTIVATION, Bentota, July 23. DEAR SiR,—I note with much meee “a extension in vanilla cultivation, which is at pre- sent taking place. The Seychelles’ report certainly presented a very roseate account of the industry. As you rightly remark, there seems no Treason Sepr. 1, 1898,] why Ceylon should not put a few thousand pounds’ worth on the London market. Intending cultivators should bear in mind chat, while the actual growing of the plant and the fertilising of the flowers are quite simple, the proper ‘‘ curing” of the fruit is by no means simple or easy; in tact, it is a very ticklish operation, especially in our climate, which seems to favour the development of ‘‘ mouldiness” on the surface of the ‘cured ” fruits. Vanilla tainted by mould fetches quite nominal prices—3s or so per |b. Much eare is required also to bring out the aroma to its fullest extent, and to s» conduct the ‘* sweating” stage as to produce the ‘ frosted” appearance, which is taken, to agreat extent as the criterion of quality. Vanilla has undergone a serious drop in prices within the last year. Last July the finest long-frosted beans fetched some 32s per lb.; while the same quality beans now bring from 19s to 22s per Jb. Other grades have dropped proportionately. Vanilla cultiva- tion could be easily overdone, as there is but a certain limited demand for the spice.—I am, dear sir, yours truly, ORCHID. July 26. Dear Sir,—Your correspondent “C.A.C.’ records the total failure of the planting of over 100 vanilla cuttings on an estate in the Southern Province. The cause of feilure, or at least one good reason for it, was evidently the smal! size of the cuttings plauted. To be successful, these should be atleast four joints in length; five leaved catiings are even better. They should be planted with two eyes below the surface andthe third just level with if, the soil being well mixed with dead leaves and litter. An essential to good growth is permanent moisture without damp, that is to say, without stagnation: good drainsge is necessary. The vines grow well up many soft-wooded trees such as the indigenous Hrythrina (£. indica) and the writer has seen plants growing, With a profusion of fine pods on them, over old stone walls of dismantled buildings and even over moderate sized rocky boulders, of course under shade. When grown-up trees the vines should be turned down over the lowest branch and led down to the ground to root again: in this way the flowers are all within easy reach for artificial fertilisation. The pods, if gathered before they are ripe, will always split just as cardamom capsules do: they should be gathered as soon as they begin to turn yellowish at the tips.—Yours faithfully, ; GAME PRESERVATION. July 25. DEAR Sir,—The article you quote from the ‘Ceylon Forester” (see page 173) raises an important point. If the close season, as is suggested, is abolished and sanctuaries for game are established, who is going to look after them? They would have to be very numerous, if not very large, so as to be close together, or a large proportion of game would have no refuge in the breeding season, Would the headmen be sufficient to protect them? ‘The value of the proposal is considerably re- duced in the very next sentence, in whic! it is suggested that special licenses, with large fees, might be issued for shocting within these sane- tuaries, penalties being inflicted for shooting dloes or young ! The question of gun licenses is dealt with in an airy way, but owners of guns used merely for protection of property would naturally object to be taxed at the same rate as sportsmen, If the Game Asscejation is in want of funds to THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST, 189 MAXIMS, THE SALE OF RUBBISH AS TEA. July 25, DESR Srr,-—You have on many occasions called attention to the numerous instances in which vil- lainous trash has been sold as Ceylon tea, but we seem tobe no nearer asolution of the dift- culty of suppressin this malpractice. A corre- spondent suggest=d in your columns some six months ago, that the names otf all local buyers of teas below 12 cts., should be published with the weekly sale lists. Why not? _The Commissioner who is spending large sums of money in pushing the sale of Ceylon tea in America, lately called attention to a consignment of tea valued at 24d, but stated that he was not at liberty to disclose the estate’s name! Again, why not ? Tf the tea had been worth two shillings instezd of two-pence, American dictionaries would have been ransacked for terms to proclaim its. virtues: the Commissioner's false modesty will prove expensive to the Ceylon tea enterprise. Can we do nothing in Ceylon to check the shipping of worthless teas? Have our Colombo tea-testers no fixed limits to separate tea from rubbish ? At last week’s sale over 21,000 lb of dried tea leaves in some form or other were sold at 12 ctsper1b., and over 24,000 1b at still lower prices. Uf all this was fit for human con- sumption, the producers are being robbed : if not, the Public Analyst shou'd interfere and order its destruction.— Yours faithfully, DUST-BIN. THE FLORIDA VELVET BEAN, July, 27. DEAR Sir,—I should be greatly obliged if you or any of your agricultural readers could tell me whether the much-talked-of velvet Bean of Flo- rida has yet been grown in Ceylon. From all accounts it is a plant deserving of cultivation, in at least all sub-tropical countries, being wonder- fully productive asa forage plant, handsome as an ornamental climber, and the bean useful as a table vegetable. Its nutritive properties have apparently not attracted attention until within the last two years, and now it seems to be booming in America, Australia, and Southern Europe. Stock of all kind feed greedily upon it--the foliage, vines, and beans; and _ belong- ing to the pea family, its merits as a soil ferti- liser are said to be very~ prominent. —Yours faithfully, INQUIRER. Colombo, July 29, DEAR SiR,—If your correspondent ‘ Inquirer” is aman who wishes to try the Florida Velvet Bean, let him have the enclosed seeds of it which I brought with me from Melbourne. b. [Our correspondent, we feel sure, will do fuil justice to the seeds which we send on to him, Diol Pheelall eo “FIRE EXTINGUISHER ”: WANTED. DEAR Sir,—In the 7.A. for May is given a ‘recipe’ (taken from che ‘ Diecesan Gazette’’) A CORRECTION 190 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. for a fire extinguisher. The ingredients are given as common salt and sal ammoniac (nitrate of soda). As sal ammoniacis not nitrate of soda but ammonium chloride, one is unable to make out whether sal ammoniac or nitrate of soda is the second ingredient. As the correct recipe will be a useful one, and as mixed chemicals are not always safe, it would be an advantage to have the point cleared up.—Yours, ec. C. D HIGHEST RAINFALL IN 24 HOURS. 27th July, 1898. DEAR Sim, —The following correspondence on the above subject is interesting now that Ceylon is competing with Queensland and India for the high- est record rainfall in 24 hours,—Yours traly, G,.-D. A RemarkasLe Rarnrary.—! send a few particulars of the recent remarkable rainfall at Crohamhurst, situated on the western slope of Mont Blane, a peak on @ spur of the D’Aguilar Range, an offset from the Blackall Ranges, South Hastern Queensland. Ihe whole of this district is watered by the Stanley river:, a tributary of the Brisbane viver, and hence the values given below were prominent factors in producing the terrible floods from which we have suffered. I may mention that the observer at Oro- hamhurst is Mr. Inigo Owen Jones, one of my speci- ally trained assistants, and that implicit reliance can be placed on his figures. The following are the more remarkable falls of the flood period at Croham- hurst :—For 24 hours ending 9 a.m. _ February iL, 10°775 inches; ditfito February 2, 20 056 inches ; ditto February 3, 35°714 inches; ditto February 4, 10:760 inches. The gauge is a standard of the “eight inch” pattern, standing one foot above the ground at an altitude of about 1,400 feet above mean sea level. ‘I'he approximate latitude and longi- tude of Crohamhurat are 26° 50'S. 152° 55’R. ‘The gauge was emptied every three hours, night and day, on the occasion ofthe greatest fall. I think meteoro- logists willagree that for a 24 honrs fall we have beaten the world’s record. Clement L. Wragge, Go- vernment Meteorologist of Queensland. (Late of Ben Nevis). Brisbane, March 22. —WNature, May 4, 1893. Tun Gruarest RAINFALL IN Twenty-rour Hours.— In Nuture, May 4, Mr. Clement Wragge, of Brisbane, confidently asserts that Queensland has beaten the world’s record in the extraordinary amount recorded on February 3, viz., 35°7 inches. Iam sorry to have to take away such an unenviable palm from Queens: land, by recalling a fact well-known to every Indian Meteorolosist that the highest record extent belongs to Chirapunji, in the Mhisia hills, where on June 14, 1876, 40'S inches were recorded in the twenty-four © . Not only so, but on the 12th 30 inches fell, Beal ae hae days, from the 12th, to the 15th inclusive, as much a3 102 inches. Of course the effects were not so disastrous. in this case, as indeed such a state of things is little removed from the normal at China in th> early part of June, but T have a very clear recollection of if as IT was at Chirapunji on the 12th and 13th, and not far from it on the memorable 14th The conditions which have occurred in Queensland and the North Islands of New Zealand during the last six months have been a remarkable example of persistent abnormals, and though the total number cf rational causes m y still be wanting to explain everything, one cr two ware evidently in operation when I wae there from October to January, and I am confident that from the empirical law of persistency. coupled with a few rational inferences, a forecast of impending floods could have been made and can be made for the future, much in the same way as the general character of the monsoon can be foretold in India,— (Nature, ;May 13 1893.) With regard to the stateme (Serr. 1, 16¢8. nt made by Mr. &, Douglas Archibald in our issue of May 25th, that the highest rainfall in tweity-four hours was 408 inches, registered at Chirapuyji in the Khasi hills, a correspondent writes to the Ceylon Observer as fol- lows :—‘ If the Indian Planters’ Gazette of 28th Jan. 1893, is correct, the following paragraph establishes a still higher record. On page 59 onereads: Onr Dehra Doon correspondent writes on January 24th 1893, “ Last night we had 48inches of rain, and all the hills are covered with snow. It is still raining.” For this to have any scientific value, however, it must be known who were the observers, and by what means the rainfall was gauged,—Na/ure, July 27th, 1893 Hicuesr Rarneaty ww Tweryry-rour Hovrs.— With reference to the parsgraph quoted in your notes of this week's “‘ Natare" from the Judian Planters’ Gazette of Jan, 28th 1893, the most elementary knowledge of Indian meteorology would suffice to show that the remarkable figure, 48 inch es, supposed to repre- sent the fall ofa single night in January at Dehra Dann, is simply a misprint for fall of the winter seascn in exceeds one-half this amount, tation in decluring such a tig 4.58 The entire rain- no part of India and I have no hesi- ure as 45 inches in twenty four hours to be absolutely without precedent, and in my opinion, so extraordi that, if it really were 48, it nary at such a season, would reqnire us to regard allexisting Indian meteorological data with suspicion. Thirty ioches in twenty four hours has often been recorded at Chirapunji in June and July. Can any one show a single instance of even 20 inches in twenty-four hours at Dehra Dann ? Morever, the whole annual sapply at Dehra Dann is only 75 inches, while that of Chirapnnji is 600 inches, E. DOUGLAS ARCHIBALD. —_——-————____ CEYLON TEA IN GERMANY: AN URGENT APPEAL. Gammadna, Jul » 30, DEAR Str,—It seems an age sinee [ lifted my pen to open my mind to you, bat having just returned from A very enjoyal le trip of nine days, [ cannot let the impressions received from my journeying be altogether lost. sent attempt to describe I shall not at pre- individual estates, factories or the hospitalities I met with in Badulla, Udapussellawa and Dolosbage, but rash to the subjects I feel most deeply coneern the great industry we are all so heartily endeavouring to keep aflvat. I was greatly pleased to papers had given favourable see, that so man notices of the Plan- ters’ Association Commemoration present to the Emperor of Austria, and think that now is a fitting opportunity for the Thirty Cominittee, to show their appreciation of the notices, by send- ing each of the Edicors of those papers a 50 Ib. box of the best household tea the country can produce. In sending these presents the Committee might also advocate the red netion of the import duty on tea in Austria pointing out some of the alvaniages the reduction bring to the people indivi of the duty would dually, and’ to the great increase of revenue their country would receive. Comparing England’s consminption of tea under the high rate of duty sent day. with that of the pre- The Ceyion Government should also approach th: German Governmeat on 1 behalf of the great industry which is so often spoken ofan} truly con- sidered the backbone of this country. Withont the tea planting indastry, Ceylon would be in a very bad way. It is therefore to my mind the daty of the Government to in every possible lesitimate w 18 no way more likely to be help that industry ay it can, and ther — productive of goo” Serr. 1, 1898,] THE TROPICAL results, than this of His Excellency, (either with or without his Legislative Council) at once ap- pealing to the Emperor of Germany on the mavier of reduction of the duty on teas into that great country. It is needless to point out in a letter to the press the vast benefits a couutry hke Germany would derive from the greatly increased importation of good pure sound teas, at prices within the means of the poorest inhabitant At present our teas are said to be beyond their means owing to the prohibitive duty, and the difficulty in obtaining it. Tea in Germany is still an article found in few but chemist’s shops, I believe, not that the Germans who knows its good properties wish it to be so, bub tat so few of the people who know good tea cen afford to pay the price charged for it. Im a country like Germany this onght not to be and our Thirty Committee might, and ought to do far more towards spreading a knowledge of our teas there; than they are doing. Why should they wait for agents to come forward and ask: aid ? Are there no more men of the Rogivue type to be found to pioneer Ceylon tea throughout Germany ? Cannot the Thirty Committee ad- vertise for men thoroughly qualified to do the work in Germany as Rogivue has done in Russia ! Or must we all wait in the hopeful expectation of such persons presenting themselves? I appeal to you Mr. Editor to stir up the planters and the Government to do more for the country’s great industry and not to go on in the old track we have quietly been following in the vain hope of times improving. My letter is already too long or I should urge the latest reports from London in proof of the great need there is for immediate action.—Your faithfully, ~JAMES WESTLAND. [The duty in Austria is 94; in Germany 61 per lb.—Ep. 7.A.] GREEN TEA. Sir,—I am very glad to see that Mr. Mackenzie has at last spoken plainly about the advisability of making Green Tea for America. He has hinted it all along, but now that times are so very hard he has had the courage to advocate it openly. You will not grudge me the pleasure of saying “©T told you so.” You will see by my letters in 1894 that I said a good deal about making green tea for America. I was looking ahead. To do any real good we must all look ahead In 1894 our prices were not low enough to en- courage any change in our programine but now the time has come when something must be done. If we had only had a few men in 1894 who were looking ahead, we might by this time have had a large market for green tea, It is all right now, and weshall begin, and we shall succeed be- cause we have the material ready in the shape of good leaf, and we shall very soon find out how to aequire the Jost art of making green tea as good as any that comes from China, I believe that in course of time we shall destroy the taste for green tea because it is unfermented and in- jurions. The Americans will first demand un- fermented tea, eradnally they will take (and like) very lishtiy fermented teas; later on they will ask for fully fermented (or oxydized) tea. The change will not be noticeable from year to year, but we shall succeed by Aumouring the taste of the consumers, and we shall be able to follow their taste as it gradually changes from flavonred dish water to the liquor of our noble fer- mented teas, AGRICULTURIST, 191 The Americans are absolutely blind to the merits of our teas. Bat you dou't restore sight to weal eyes bv showing an electric light in front of them. You siade the weak eyes with green shades, and remove them gradually, and increase the light little by little. That is what we are now going to do to the American ‘‘tea eye.” But now that we intend to imitate the character of China tea, it will be the vastest miustake if we do not also imitate their methods of dealing in tea. 1 presume that we shail (until taught by severe experience) as is now our custom send off smail breaks of 20 chests, and that each garden will send teas differ- ing from the rest, so that no deaier can know wha will become of his venture, and whether he can ever vet the same tea again if the venture proves profi abie. cane Sone a Fiz We must send large ‘el ae OL hops”? of tea and we must be prepared to repeat them «as often as required. Gaoe hundred estates from different districts should send, each, a contribution of 500 |b. of green tea each month to a common bulking house, and risk getting much or little for the tea. This bulk of 50,600 1b. should be forced on the American market month by month. Let them have the lot at 2d per pound as an ad- vertisemment and then let it take its- chance in their market. Whatever we are, let usbe ‘‘big.” The spirit of the day requires big things. Big estates, big factories, no peddling in smail plots of land, and tiny breaks of tea. The Americans require big things, irrespective of quality. ie We don’t want to upset the system of tea deaiing ; we want only to replace the China tea with British tea. So we must copy as closely as possible the ways and customs of the China trade even to the shape and appearance of our boxes, to the size and quality of the breaks, to the giving of the usual trade eredits, &e. &e. And all this can be attempted by a Syndi- eate of Tea Estates. The syndicated estates would steal a march on China by takine the place of both grower and mer hant. Lookine at recent tea sales from Syihet, Cachar, Ceylon, &e., it is not rash to say that the same leaf which sold at 4 to 5 aunas as black tea would have got the same (and possibly more) price if it had been made into unfermented tea and sent to America. 1874. WHITE ANTS AN® THE TEA-BUSH, Veyangoda, August 3rd, 1898. Dear Sir,—Wiil you please give your opinion on the point involved in the following discussion 2 A maintains that white ants attack a per- fectiy healthy living tea-bush. B denies this and holds that the white’ ant only attacks the tea-bush when the bush is* un- healthy—suffering in some mysterious way from fungus growth or poochies, ete. In a word Bs argument is that the white ant finishes the deadly work ecominenced by some other enemy of the bush.—Yours faithfully, WHIST, [This is a revival of a controversy quently ocenpied our eolnmus in ‘* days. of old.” Undoubtedly, the weight of opinion is that white ants cannot touch a living healthy plant of any kind, and we do not see why a tea- bush—regarded as exceptionally hardy—should be an exception. But we must confess that in days gone by, evidence was afforded of appar- vhich fre- 192 THE TROPICAL ently vigorous plants (not tea) being occasionally overcome, e-pecially iu the loweountry ; and therefore we should not Jike to be positive. Since writing the above, we have referred to the “7, A.’—what a blessing to every estate manager if he had a set within reach !—aud in the very first volume we take up, on refer- ence to the index, we find the following letver showing that in North India at least, white ants are a recognised enemy of Tea :— WHITE ANTS IN TEA. To the Editor of “ The Planter.” J Siz,—In reply to ‘“‘ Chunder’’ I am please? to in- form him that when I was an assistant in one of the Jurgest concerns in Cachar we used buttermilk and kerosine oil against this pest, in proportion of about 10 to 1, with very fair suecess, the bushes thus treated not being attacked again for several years, in no case a, ain in the same year, Before applying the remedy, the branches and trunk of the affected bushes were well scraped, and the roots opened to about 12 inches round the stem with a forked hoe. The branches were then washed with a piece of cloth soaked in the fuid and an onnce or two sprinkled round the roots, aftera day or two fresh manure was applied and covered up again with soil. ‘his work has to be done immedi- ately after pruning, CACHAR., —Kp. 7.4.] > -- PLANTING NOTES. Tan AMERICAN THA TAX.—Habit is so strong with most people—says the American Grocer—that a 10 cent duty on a favorite article of drink will not prove a barrier to its use. Gurra Purcna.—The series of Cantor lectures on Gutta Percha delivered befove the Society of Arts by Dz. Eugene Obach in November and December last has now been published in a separate volume with numerous illustrations. It forms an exhaustive sum- mary of all that pertains to the gutta percha industry and contains numerous appendices with analytical and statistical tables. he assistance afforded by Kew is fully acknowledged.—Zoyal Gardens Kew Bulletin, Tra BuicguTs.—We reproduce verbatim from the ‘Kew Bulletin” for June, the full account given of certain fungoid enemies of teain Assam —popularly knownasGrey, Biisteraud Thread Biights—together with recommendations as to preventive measures. Although we have not heard of these blights troub- ling Ceylon planters, the latter ought to be prepared and should therefore carefully study the descriptions, and the proposed remedies. RuBBER AND THE 7.A.—A Burmah resident writing to a friend who was able to lend hin our monthly, says :—‘‘ Many thanks for the Tropical Agriculturist, which I return herewith. I have just copied out the article containing the two Government Reports on Para rubber, and have wriften to the Director at Peradeniya for | a copy of the Circular he quotes giving data for a profit and joss calculation on working a rubber farm. That is a good jonrnal—I am going to take it in regniarly. I had no idea Para rubber cultivation was trken up so extensiveiy in Ceylon. ‘Curious to note bow much at variwuc2 the two reports are as regards planting. Ceylon pats down the success of the trees he reports on to wide intervals—the Straits man insists on the value of close planting.”—It is all too soon yet to dogmatize in either direction : further expert- ence is wanted before settling a good many oints connected with Rubber planting, culture and especially the tapping and harvesting. AGRICULTURIST. (Serr. 1, 1898, PLANTING IN SERDANG, SUMATRA.—Mr. Van- der Poorten gives (on another page) a glowing account of the richness of the Serdang district of Sumatra. He had heard a good deal about it; but the half was not teld him. He compares the fertile soil to that which he saw in the little island of Fernando Po where cacao groves yield 20 cwt. per acre. He also sends a very fine photograph representing young Liberian coffee with Malays picking crop, certainly much finer trees than we have ever seen in Ceylon at same age. CopRA TRADE FROM ‘THE PHILIPPINES STOPPED : CocoNuT OiL SHOULD RISE IN PRICE ?—The following information of interest to ali coconut producers (ior export) in Ceylon is froma New York trade journal of May 30th :— It seems not unlikely that the warlike conditions prevailing at the Philippines may have a material effect upon the supply of zoconut oil should they be long continued. It is not generally known that the exportation of copra constitutes a very important element in the commerce of the islands, Formerly coconut oil was made quite largely in different parts of the territory, as it doubtless still is for domestic consumption, put efforts to export the surplus pro- duct proved unsuccessful, by reason of the lack of containers in which could be transported to the coast without too great expense of carriage or excessive waste. This led to the precnas of copra as an industry which bas existed for about 15 years, with steadily increasing importance. The exports of copra from the Philippines annually for the t thre> or four years, have ranged from 40,000 to 50; tons. Of this amount the statistics we have indicate that about 90 per cent. went to Europe, more than half going to Frauce, and the remainder being divided about equally between England and Spain, the latter et Aig ial the small receiver. Just what percentage of oil the average crop of copra will yield, we have no means of ascei taining, but the undried coconut meat is estimated tocontain 50 per cent. of fat which, it is obvious, must constitute a still larger percentage of the copra, as the meat would lose nothing but water ao of drying. We may therefore assume the supply of coco- nut oil derived trom the Philippines as + 25,000 tons, orabout two-tlirds of the entire exportation from Jeylon and Cochin, Of the Indian oil it must be remembered, not more than 12,000 tons go to Europe and America, hence the importance of the Philippine supplies to these countries is very great. To be sure, none of the copra comes here, but it supplies European markets, which compete with our own Fe coconut oil, and these, it deprived of the material by means of which they are now able to obtain oil made by their lucal pressers, must fall back upon the Cochin and - Cejlon oils, The present advancing tendency in all of the soapfats has notleft somuchof a margin between coconnt oil and the other greases as to greatly — encourage the substitution of the latter, although at a price they woald, of course, very largely supplant the oil. But on its merits with the sup;ly even measurably diminished, coconut oils are in a position which ie very favorable to holders, and points to a further advance in cost. We had no idea the copra exports trom the Philippines were so large as 40,000 to 50,000 tons, a maximum of 1 million ewt per annum. Our New York contemporary is however too high whea he thinks the eopra would produce half its weight in oil Oar reckoaing is 500 coco- nuts to a ewt. of oil and 170 to 180 to a ewt of copra. The maximum copra export from the Philippines wonld therefore not be equal to more than 18,090 tons or 360,000 ewt of coco- nut oil, close on an average year’s export from Ceylon? This quantity lost to the markets of the world for a time, should certainly make a difference. 5 ; Sept. 1, 1898. } THE TEA IN NATAL.—In an article entitled ‘‘ The Imperial Heritage ”—(in which by-the-way the Crown Colonies, included Ceylon, are passed over in three lines) —there is a brief summary of the position of tea in Natal. The writer of the article is Mr. Ernest E. Williams, the author of ‘* Made in Germany ” and he says:— Natal also means entering the world’s market as a tea planter. Already some 2,500 acres have been planted, and the estimated return on the proportion of them bearing was, tor the year 1894-5, 800,0001h, This industry should have a good future. he tea planters at present under way appear to be thriviug, and the industry is particularly well worth the atten- tion of men whose capital is not large. Formosa CaMPHoR.—The fall in the price of camphor this week gives point to two consular reports, which have been published since our last issue, regarding the trade of Formosa. In one of these, from ‘Tainan, it is reported that the danger of camphor-distillation increased dur- ing the past year owing to continued brigand- age, which the Japanese authorities appear not to have been able to overcome or minimise in the least. The net result is that several of the merchants who have provided the capital for camphor-distillation have lost it all, and in view of that there is no disposition to invest more in ‘the same direction. The exports from Tainan since the trade commenced in South Formosa as are follows :—1892, 4,315 piculs ; 1893, 6,691 : 1894, 12,157 ; 1895, 10,145; 1896, 8,001 (value £44,888); 1897, £3,057) (value £12,525). The present out-look is far from bright. The Consul in North Foimosa_ states that at present no British firm in North Formosa seems to interest itself in this important product, the handling of which isin the hands of German and Chinese merchants, acting probably in com- bination. The value of the camphor exported decreased from £194,221 in 1896 to £121,988 in 1897.—Chenust and Druggist, July 16. Paraguay Tra.—Notes on the botany of the tea plants yeilding Paraguay tea or Maté were published in the Kew Bulletin (1892 pp. 132-137). In the following year it was noted (K. B. 1893, p. 367) that seeds of what was believed to be true Jlex paraquensis had been received through the kindness of Senor Glaziou, Director de Passeio publico, Rio de Janeiro. After retaining a few the others were distributed to various Botanical Institutions in the Colonies. Unfortunately none of the seeds sown at Kew germinated. The fol- lowing interesting information respecting the tea made irom the leaves, so largely usedin South America is taken from a report issued by the Foreigs Office (No. 1,963, 1897) :—‘‘ Yerba-mate, or Paraguayan tea, is the most valuable article of export. ‘here are two classes sold, but it is only in the manner of preparation that they differ. The kind known as ‘Mborovire’ is merely dried over a furnace, and then beaten iuto small pieces with sticks. The ‘Molida’ goes through the same process, but it is afterwards ground ina mill, The export duty on the former was increased in 1895 from 30c. paper to10c. gold, and on the latter from 25c. paper to 9c. gold per 10 killos. The revenue derived trom this source in 1895 amounted to 471,668 dol, (16,8457). The yerba forests, called yerbales, were formerly the property of the State, but most of them have been sold, and are now in the hands of a few capitalists and companies. The Industrial Paraguaya Company which owns about half of the yerbales known to exist in the country, exports annually about 400,000 arrobas (4,512 tons), The toval quantity of yerba ex- ported during the past year is estimated at about 9,024 tons, and the average price per arroba (25 Ib.) was 11 dol. 50 c. paper (7s 8d). Paraguay tea is now advertised for sale in this country aud appears to be in moderate demand; possibly, as a curiosity more than as a regular article of food.—oyal Gardens Kew Bullety for June 1898, TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 193 “TEA PLANTING BY Strocco.”—This paper by an Indian Tea Planter as given by the Pioneer, may now be read in iull in our Vropical Agricultur- ist. It contains some novel and amusing passages ; but it is sad to learn how discharged coolies are neglected in Assam, and how a scheme jor their ‘‘ re-patriation ” is required. We are cer- tainly better of in our cooly dealings in Ceylon, both for cooly and employer. VANILLA “CULTIVATION EXTENDING.—Vie2 are glad to learn with reference to our recent notice, irom the Mirigama veteran, Mr. W. H. Wright, that he continues to have numerous applications for Vanilla cuttings. He writes: —‘‘I have al- ready sold 12,000 euttings 18 inches long at R15 per 1,000 cuitings, and [ think I have still 8,uu0 euttings, but of these 4,400 are already booked and the balance will soon be gone. To give you an idea of the quantity of Vanilla which I have sold 12,600 cuttings i8 inches long each will make in all 18,000 running feet. I have sold cheaply and chiefly to Kelani Valley and Kandy planters.” We would also direct attention to correspondence on page 188 et seq. “THE FUTURE OF COFFEE IN NORTHERN INDIA AND BURMAH.”—Such is the title of a “* commu- nicated article to the J. P. Gazette which opens out as follows :— With the persistant high exchange and low prices prevailing in tea, addea to the immediate intention of the United States to add a 10 cent per pound duty on tea, it behoves the firms interested in tea to supplement it as soon as possible with a second known staple, coffee ; jus asa similar step was found necessary when, by mismanageinent alcove, Ceylon coffee planters turned the grand old fruit tree cctfee inte a simple evergreen bush, which actually ceased to ear. Thewriter “O.P.Q.” makes out that he discovered in the ‘‘ seventies” how Ceylon cotfee cou:d be restored to its pristine vigour and leaf disease got rid of. There is no need for further comment. Our advice to any one thinking of following ‘O.P.Q.’s” advice ust be like Punch’s to those about to marry—‘ Don’t.” We have no belief in coffee flourishing North of 15° to 18° N, latitude in India. THE ‘‘ LANTANA BUG” IN SourH ArFrica.— Mr. E, E. Green writes ;~‘* The enciosed may be of interest, as showing that we are not the only sufferers from the ‘ Lantana Bug’ (Orthezia insignis). The insect has recently attracted cun- siderable attention at the Cape asa garden pest. It seems,to be particularly fond oi the ornamental foliage plant (Coleus)—a trait which is equally noticeable with the pest here. Ihave had many Coleus plants killed out in iy own garden.” Mr. Green encloses a brief paper by the Govern- ment Entomologist, Cape Colony, showing that the bug is prevalent in Natal and has been known there for the past 15 years. Some think it is a native of Natal and altogether there is less fear of its proving a destructive pest from the experience gained in that Colony. This leads us again to mention that a full Keport on this bug, by the same Entomologist Mr. Louns- bury, is reproduced in the local ‘* Acricultaral Magazine” (included in July 7.4.) from which a good deal of information can be gained.— Since writing this, Mr. Willis’s latest letter on the subject has come to hand and will be read with interest in another column. Clearly Orthezia insignis flourishes in Ceylon as it never did in Natal and it ought to be fought, in our opinion, by Government as well as by private individuals, 194 THE ‘TROPICAL Mr. ALEX. WityTE—remembered in Ceylon by old Kandy residents, innst be quite a veteran now—not uniler 55 to 60 years, we should think --vet liere he is starting off to Africa to begin Botanical Garileus at Uganda! He writes :— ‘* Leaving for Uganda via Aden per ss. * Shan: non’ on 6th July. Gooi-bye and best wishes. It will be interesting work in a very interest- ing country, and I trust, 1 shall be able to stand another spell of the topics and be of much use in developing the iesourvces of the country. My destination is Mengo, buo 1 shall liave to report on likely stations on the way up.”—Uur London Corre- spondent gives resulis oi an interview with Mr. Whyte. . PERADENIYA GARDENS.—On another page will be found a very instructive account by ‘* W.H.W.” of a recent visit to the Gardens with which he was so closely connected in years gone by and in which he has always taken a deep interest. The immediate object of the veteran’s visit was the flowering of the giant orchid; but he does not confine his description to it, nor to other special flowers, but gives us a general survey of the Gardens which he considers much improved under the present reguné. Coming from so ex- perienced, and practical an observer as “* W.H.W. this may be aeceptei as_a compliment of some value, especially by the Curator who is in imime- diate charge of the Gardens. EUROPEANS AND COCONUT CULTIVATION IN TH EASTERN PROVINCE.—We recently stated that a large block ot forest land in the Eastern Province had been sold to Mr. Jemmett Brown, but it was not stated at the time that the land-—in extent some 1,400 acres —was purchased by him on behalf of others for coconut cultivation. ilie land is silu- ated in Tirukovil and Komavi, in the Batticaloa dis- trict, and skirts the seashore. ‘Ihe land between the lots sold and the road, are also, we hear, avail- able for purchase. On the 13th instant Mr. brown purchased another 175 acres at Maiiar, Which, ib is said, he wil! clear of timber for sale to the Steam- poat Company and others. We are also toid that inore Jani for coconut cnllivation has been applied for at Pottuvil by Europeans, so that there promises to bea large extension of the area under this pro- duct in that part of the worid, and, as the new pro- prietors are Huropeans, the ultimate benefit to the surrounding district cannot tail to be great.—Local ‘Times. [The Tirukovil Division of the Eastern Province will make quite a show in our Coco- nut Estates Directory.—Ep. 7.4,] Coorrr, Coorrr & JoHNson, LIMItED.—On page 181 we reproduce in full the pros- pectus of this Company with the list of estates taken over in Ceylon. These are more numerous and extensive than we had anticipated, including not only the plantations of the Ceylon and Oriental Company and Pallekelly Company ; but also the well-known Rajawellas belonging to the Messrs. Pirie and Hadden; Mr. Beacheroft’s two Dumbara places; the Kalutara and Kelani Valley properties of Lord Chelmsford and Messrs, Inglis and Buckworth ;and Patirajah belonging to the heirs of A, I. Broadhurst. Altogether the new Company are to hold 19,670 acres in Ceylon, of which 1,580 acres are in cultivation (6,860 in tea; 3,543 in cacao and 177 in coffee and crotons) with 9,090 acres of forest, chena and grass. The Company will therefore take a first-class position as proprietors with almost ex- actly the same cultivated acreage as the Ceylon Plantations CUo., Ld.—Only the latter has tea gnd coconuts; the new Company tea and cacao, Th aT AGRICULTURIST, [Sepr. 1, 1898, Correr GrowinG iy GUATEMALA.—From the Consular report on the trade of Guatemala we gather that at the preseut time the cultivation of coffee absorbs the atteution of almost all the landowners, for until the past year the bigh-price at which Guatemala coff-e was quoted abroad stimulated the planting of many large cofiee plantations. The principal dis- tricts of the coffee-growing industry are fourd in the departments of Quezalteuango, San Marcos, Chi- maltenango, Santa Rosa, Retalhulen, Zacapa, and Alta Vera Paz. The conditions essential jor the growth of coffee are, ix this latitude, au allitude of from 2,600 feet to 4,500 feet above the sea level, a considerable depth of vegetable soil, and a clay eub- soil. Lands of this description are fonnd in almost every department of the Republic. The coffee tree is easily cultivated. ‘Lhe young trees are planted in little pits about fifty centims. deep, and at a distance of 14 metres from each other. Every three months the plantation needs thinning out, and the first harvest is obtained the third or fourth year after planting the trees. The cost of a coffee pan- tation and the profits which it yields are not eaay to state accurately, and are estimated very differently by different persons. There has not been much change in the cost of raising coffee or its yield in the last twenty yeas. . THE IMPORTANCE OF BACTERIOLOGY, both at home and in the tropics, is every day—says the London 7imes of July 11th--receiving fresh illus- trations; and the latest of these comes to us trom German East Africa, where, as was mentioned by our Berlin Correspondent on Saturday, Professor Koch has discovered a new and previously unsus- pected plague centie, among a race of people who live almost entirely upon bananas, and whose diet may, he thinks, have something to do with their proneness to the disease. At alleveuts, he has shown its character by isolating its bacillus, and it has pursued its usual course by first producing an extra- ordinary mortality among fats, and next by at- tacking human beings. The tendency of recent in- vestigation seems to be to show that certain disease producing bacilli may be indigenous to certain loca- lities, like other special forms of vegetable life, and that they may be transplanted to new soils along the ordinary lines of human intercourse. It would seem probable, therefore, that the soil must be con- gemialif the imported bacillus is to thrive ; and it can hardly be doubted that tie condition most con- genial to the plague bacillus is supplied by the pre- tence of large qnantities of decomposing animal and vegetable matter. If this beso, Dr, Koch is prob- ably justified in his anticipation that plague can- not survive the spread of civilization, and that within a measurable time it may be expected to disappear. In the mexnwhile he confirms the ac- counts which we have already published of the ex- cellent results that have been obtained from inoen- lations for the production of artificial immunity, and he also points out the dangers which, until civilization hasdone its work, most occasionally fol- low from the passage of caravans, and, still more, of railway trains. Sir John Simon told us, many years ago, that a time might come when the cure rent infections of India would be current also in Europe, as a result of the increased activity of man- kind and of the increased rapidity of travelling. It is comforting to reflect that the conditions which produce the evil may be expected also to provide the remedy ; and it may be hoped that the step now taken by the Colonial Office will shortly furnish our tropical dependencies with medical officers who will enter upon their duties not only prepared to grap- . ple with the diseases which they will be called upon to encounter, but also to unravel their nature and the sources from whica they spring, and so to render important service in preventing them, Sept, 1, 1898.] THE TRGPICAL CACAO CULTIVATION: MR. COCHRAN’S ANALYSES AND REPORT, To the Editor of the *‘ Ceylon Observer.” : Kandy, 29th July 1898. Srr,—I enclose for publication copy of Mr. M, Cochran’s report to the Planters’ Association of his agricultural analysis of the cacao tree.—I am, sir, yours faithfully, A. PHILIP: Seeretary to the Planters’ Association of Ceylon. City Analyst’s Office, Col:mbo, 9th July, 1898, The Secretary, Ceylou Planters’ Association, Kandy. Sir,—I have now the pleasure to hand you the results of my agricultural ana'ysis of the Cacao tree, samples of which were sent to me by Mr. H.de Sanctis of Path- ragalla Iistate on behalf of the Planters’ Association. At the request of Mr. de Sanctis, I have added to the analysessome deductions therefrom with refer- enca to the manuring of the Cacao iree, suggesting pro portions in which fertilis:rs may be advantageously ap- plied. Thess, planters will be able to modify according to the special conditions of th:ir. estates as regards shade trees, in the direction indicated by the Chemical and Botanical authorit es of British Guiana, 2 e., re- ducing nitrogenous manure and increasing the amounts of Potaeh and Phosphates, as the deve!opment of the shade trees may render advisable. I trust this investigaticn may be of some service to memb:rs of the Association. I am, cir, your obedient seryanl, M. COCHRAN, City Analyst. ANALYST’S REPORT. AGRICULTURAL ANALYSIS OF THE THroBROMA CACAO TREE,—VARinTY ‘ fORESTERO,’’ City. Analyst’s Office, Colombo, 9th July, 1898. The foilowing analysis shows the composition of the Cacao tree, only so far as is required to assist the agriculturist in the cultivation cf the. tree. The tree analysed was grown on Pathragalla estate, near Potuhera, and the samples were forwarded to me by Mr. H. de Sanctis, who made what may be termed the physical analysis of the tree on the estato. As come of my calculations ere based upon the data supplied by Mr. de Sanctis, I shall quote from his. letter of 28th April, advising mo of the despatch of the samples. He wrote as follows: “I am sending you by reil to-day two kag; containing :— ~ *©§ lbs. Stem and primary branch ... (one analysis) 6 ,, eafand twigs... see, (OUQh = 5h een) “6 ,, Roots, large and small we. (One ste) “6 ,, Pod-husk- cco +. (one Fang) ‘©3 ,, Merchantable unsized Uocca (one ,, ) for analysis, (five in all.) “The proportions are as fol'owsa :— “Stem and primary branches ... ve» 68% Ibz, ** 3 ay 2, 3 D 3 a 2a Bp imgyeae oo Be es ‘ ; Gees 63-3 os 64 na Ha D iv *Organic Matter 91:086 9491 86°523 96514 89-9 tAsh we S8:914 5:09) 13:477 —3-466 101 109:000 100-00 100:090 100°000 100°0 *Containing Nitrogen... 7640, ‘554¢- 1458 °. 2°307 1-401 tContaining 2 Sand & Silica "720 «029-8818. 0°82 "245 Lime cot 2:040 1:492 3:453 237 ‘876 Magnesia ... “787 = -°504 +746 685 “699 Potash «- «©2468 «17489. -2°581 =«1:275. 4991 Phosphoric Acid tee 268 4=°216 «6°449 1074. “447 Cther corsti- tuents ... 2°631 1360 2°435 233 2-842 The pere:ntage cf ash in each ease was the percen‘age of residue obtained by incinerating the substance, after deducting the proportion of unburned Carbon, but without recarbonating any of the alk»line earth thas may have been rendered caustic by the heat of iccinera- tion. In the next table I give the pere ntage compozi- tion of the ashas thus defined. TasLe B. Percentage C-mposition of tha Ash of the differeit parts of the Cacao-tree, a) Bl at eae: TBs 3 ni Aco Bg AS g Be 2a “a ' es © g a a ie 4a Sgrty aes 3 ° a o 2 Oo em n 4 n a Silica and Sand 8:07 062 28°29 285-243 Lime «. 22°89 29°317 25°62. 680. 8:67 Magnesia $83 9°910° 554. .16°77.- 6:92 Potash ~ 27°68 29:287: 19°15 36°56 49°41 Phospheric Acid me 3:01 4237 333 80°80- 4:43 Other Oonsti- tuents we §29°52 26-717 18°07 6:72 23:14 100:00 1¢0:000 100:00 100°60 100-00 The ash of all parts of the tree is particularly rich in Potash; while, in the case of the pod-husks, practi- cally one-half of the ssh is Potash. The ash of the pod-husks is thus about as rich in. Potash as is the Salt Salphate of Potash imported for manorial purposes. - When compared with the wood ashes producel on Estates from jungle woods, the ashes of all parts of the Cacao tree are relatively rich in Phosphoric acid, while,in the ash of the Cacao seeds, there is nearly one thir]. more Phosphoric acid thao there is in bore meal. My results, as regards the Phosphoric acid in the ash of the seeds, are, moreover, lower than those obtained by some other analysts for differeat varieties of Cacao seeds. I may state that I did not makea selection of the best seeds, but took tle flatter ones, a3 wellas (hore that were filled out, for the analysis, 196 Of the “other constituents” referred to in the analysis, the chief one is Carbonic acid. Small quan- tities of Chlorine and Sulphuric acid alo ce urred in all the samples, Tha presence of Oxive of iron was also detect(d in all the samples. In the leay.s and pods the pesence of Oxide of Manganese was distinctly evident. From the presence of Chlorine the presenie of Sodium in small proport'on may also be inferred in all the samples. From the data in the foregoing tables may be cal- culated, first, the amount of the more important plant food ingredients, from the agriculturist’s point of view which go to buill up a cacao tree of four and a half years old; and, second, tha amoun's of the same constituents required for a crop of seeds and pods. Estimate of the amount of the more important plant-food ingre diexts in a cacao tree of four and a half years old ;— TABLE C. Stem and Leaves & Root, primary branch. branches. Ib. lb. 1b. Ib, Nitrogen iso 0385 “1266 "2424 “A075 Lime .. aye 1226 “3410 "5754 1:0390 Magnesia on 0473 1152 1243 2868 Potash ose "1484 *3403 "4301 “9188 Phosphoric acid ... 0161 0494 0748 1403 As the trees were planted 12 feet by 12 feet apart, by multiplying the results in the last table by 302, the amounts of plant food required for an acre of such trees is obtained. Estimate of the amount of the more im- portant plant-food ingredients in 302 trees, planted on one acre: TasbLte D. Stem & Lvaves & Root. primary emaller Total branch, branches. lbs, lbs. lbs. lbs. Nitrogen per IEG QT 38'233 73°205 123°065 Lime es 987025 102°982 173:771 213778 Magn¢sia eo 14:285 384:790 37'539 86°614 Potash .» 44816 102:°771 129899 277°477 Phosphoric acid 4°862 14919 22°590 42-371 In buildiog up the tree, lime ‘s thus the dominant ingredieot, amongst those of which the agricultucist has to take account; then come, ia order, Potash, Ni- trogen, Magnesia, and Phosphoric acid. In like manner may be calculated the amounts of the more important plaut-food ingredients assimilated hy a year’s crop of seeds and pods. The Cacao jlanter looks for a crop of from 24 to 3 cwts, of cured Cacao beans. For this eslimate I shall take a year’s crop a+ 1 lb. perfectly dry Cacao beans per tree, and 1.26 lb. dry pods, or 302 lbs. beans per acre, and 380 lbs. pods per acre. Estimate of the amounts of the more important plant-food constituents in a crop of 3802 1bs, dry Cacao beans, and 380 lbs. dry Cacao pods grown upon one acre ;— TasLp E. Seeds. Pods, Total. Ib lb lb Nitrogen .. oe 6:97 5:32 12°29 Lime « ano 72 3°33 4:05 Magnesia ons 1 eGo 4:43 Potash ... 580 8°85 18°97 22:82 Phosphoricacid . 3°24 1-70 4:94 The total amounts of the five ingredients of plant-food in the tree, and in the fruit respectively, may now be get side by side for comparison. Inthe case of the former, I do not take into account that the leafage is renewed from two to three times each year, as appears from some observations made by Mr. J. B. Carruthers. The leaves are returned to the eoil, and I understand yon cacao planters that there is very little absolute toss of leaf to the estate by wind and wash, Comparison of the amount of the more important elements of plant-food in 302 Cacao trees, 43 years old, and in one year’s crop of fruit (seeds and pods.) THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. smaller Total. ; (Serr. 1, 1898. TABLE F. Tree, Fruit. Total. ' Ib. Ib. ib. Nitrezen soe «-- 123°07 12°29 125 36 Lime “Ay oe vw» 9813°78 405 317°83 Magnesia X, 86°61 4°43 910t Potash .,., are .» 277748 22°82 300-30 Phosphor e acid oe 42°37 494 47°31 There is, still, one more interestiog «stimate and comparison to make. An etimate of the amoant «f plant-to:d removed from the sol by the annual in- crement to tie tubstance of the tree will enable a comparison to be made with the amount of plavt-‘ood removed by crop ai per table BE. andthe two amounts addei tozetber will give an approximation to the amount of plant-feod rem*ved from the soil annually, In the estimate of the anuual iacrenent to the tree, I have no data of an exact nature; indee*, the in- crement will not be the same for any tvo y:ars; but for this caleula‘ion I shall assume that a four and a half year old tree may double its w-ight by a1 addi- tional 5 years of growth. If, then, the weight given in column No. 1 of table F be divided by 5, th: quotients will be an appruximation to the average amounts of plant-food removed per annum during the next five years, in building un 302 Cacao trees. In the followirg table. No. 1 is an estimate of the amoun‘s of plant-food removed from sn acre of soil, by the annual incre- ment to the trees only No. 2 is an estimate of the amounts o‘ plart-foods removed from one acre anvually, both by the incre- ment to the trees, and by a crop of Cacao seeds only. Th pods are supposed to have been returned to the soil. No.3 is an estimate of the amounts of plant-food removed from one acre annually by the increment to tha trees, and by a crop of Cacao seeds and pods. TABLE G, No. 1 No. 2 No. 3 Ib. per acre, lb. per acre, lb. per acre, Nitrogen 24°61 31°58 36°90 Lime .. -- 62-76 63°48 66°81 Magnesia 17°32 19:09 21°75 Potash ee =—55'50 59°35 78°32 Phosphoric acid 8:47 1171 13°41 In the cas: in which the pod-husks are burned, and the ashes only returned to the soil, the total Nitrogen rem-ved a nually from the soil by tree and crop will be as in No. 3, the other items as in No. 2. The Cic vo tre> is usually cultivated under shide trees, which act as Nitrogen collectors, and which, of course, store up a c-rtain amount of plant-food in their tissues, which is, therefore, removed from the roil. Both the shade trees and the Cacao trees require after a time to b3 pruned. The application of the above calculations to the manuring o: the Cacao tree can, therefore, only be on gener:! lines, subject te modific« ation by experience, ae to inc:eased knowledge of the ‘wants of the shade trees. MANURING. In the West Indies, the good Cacao soils appear, from published analyses, to be markedly richer than Ceylon soils in respect of Lime and Magnesia. in respect of Potash, the average is also higher than in Ceylon; but in respect of Nitrogen and Phos< phoric acid, the soils of the West Indies haye no Superiority. It is regarded as essential to a good Cacao soil that it should be well drained. Tha dampness, due to an undrained condition of the soil, or to overshading or overcrowding, is regarded in the West Indies as conducive to a diseased cons dition of the pods. i The Cacao tree, we have seen, has a very! good proportion of Phosphoric acid, distributed through the tree with a concentration of it in the seed. Any deficiency in this constituent in the soil will, there fore, affect more especially the fruit-bearing power of the tree. We have seen, further, that all parts of the Cacao tree are rich in Potash, with coneens tration in pods and seeds, that Lime is the predomiy ee Sept. 1, 1898.) nant constituent in root, stem, branch and leaves and that Magnesia is distributed in considerable pro- portion through all parts with concentration in the seed. A soil, therefore, deficient in Potash, Lime or Magvesia is likely to produce sickly trees, and euch are usuilly Jess able to res‘st attacks of pirasitic blights, even if a sickly condit’on does not induce an attack. The Botaricil d pirtment of British Guiara in the Proc edings of thy Agricultural Society’’* make re- commenditicns for the manuring of Cacao, bazed more especially on the unavoidable los3 of plant-food in the bsans and pulp of ihe Caeso. The crop of cured Cal. bacillo is taken at 2501b. and cf Forastero at 150 lb. per acre; whils the Cacao grows in Guade- loupe is assured ‘o give a retorn of 450 lb. per acre, I quote as follows:—‘'The unavoidable loss in this Colony, as compared with that in Venezuela, given by Marcano, and with that in Guadeloupe, reported ty Boname, is as follows in lb. rer acre per annum:— Demerara. Venezuela. Guadeloure. Varieties not Calab:cillo, Forestero, stated. Nitrogen ... 11:30 7:26 8:7 73 Phosphorio Auhydrids 5°32 4:19 4:5 2:8 Pctash bo GB 3°20 37, 43 Lime cea OD “AT 14 “4 Magnes‘a ... 2°69 1:95 1:0 “4 ‘There is a gene-al conc:rdance in thee 1e3n'ta, showing the low amounts of constituents necessarily re- moy: d from the soil by the production of a crop of Cacao, “In the alsence of direct experiments cn the manuring of Cacio, we have formed cur opinion that, when Brythri:ae are used as shade trees, menur- ing should be directed 'arge'y towar?s the upkeep of the potash end phosphates nec*rsary t» erable the stade trees todo tkeir part a3 Nitrogen collectors ; and that, when no sla’e trees are usd, the mine-al manuring ought to be more Jarge'y supplemented by Nitreg n. Thus, the folloaing mixture cr mix!ures of other matcrial, y’elding the seme proporticns of Nitrog¢n, Po‘ask, and Phosphates per acre, might be adviselly tried in Cacao plantations. Erythrinae used for shade. Not shaded. Nitrate of Soda 1 ecwt. 2 owt. Superphcsphate of lime 36 percent Soluble ¢? ,, Potash Snlpba‘e es i) 9p “ The materials should be we 1 mixed and applied in quantity, aceordi*g to the number of trees planted per acre around each tree, ata distance of about two to three feet from the stem.’ Whether the foregoing are intended as annual or biennial application is not stated. In the above recipe, if Nitrate of Potash, which would supply both the Nitr: gen and the Potash, were substituted for Nitrate of Soda and Sulphate of Po'ash, the equivalent would bs approximately :— Shaved. Not shaded, PIN ” Nitrate of Potash dec 140 lb. 280 lb. Superphosp! ate of Lime 36 per cent soluble : 84 56 In the ca:e of Phosphoric acid supplied in less solu- ble forms than Superphospkate, the quantity would have to be much greater, I should say not less than, double. While th: unavoidable lcss of Nitrozen, Po- tash, and Phosphates in the b ans and pulpis small, yet, when the amounts of these constituents which are requir d for the annual increment to the tree are also regarded as so much plan‘-food removed from the soil. it puts a different complexion on the mater. If a calezlation of the manures required for ca- cao cultivation be b eed on table G, and the ashes only of the pod-hrsks be supposed to be returaed to the oil, the following data may be taken as a guice ia preparing suitable mix:ures. For one manu- * For a yerusal of this Tam indeb'ed to Mr. John Ferguson of the Cerlon Observer, THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 197 ring, tha effects of which last for two years, tha whole of the Nitrogen in column 3 may b3 returned to the soil, say about 37 lbs. This would be avsist- lag nature to th) ex ent of one half of the Ni:rogen required for two years: and, if the Cacao is grown under good shade tres, which act as Nitrogen collect- ors,th2 amount of Nit-ogen may be greatly reduced. The qu ntity of Potash woull be deduced from columa No, 2 cf tabl3G, and, say 60 1b. might be al'owed, thus assisting nature, in this ca‘e, also, to the extent of ong half of the requirements for two years. In the cise of Phosphoric acid, tha tabular number is 11-71, say 12 Ib. When a seed crop is to be ra‘sed, it is advissble to be libsral with the Phosphoric acid, s0 a3 to enrich the soil with it. If adid in the soluble sate, not less than 30 Ib. equal to 181 lb. Superphosphate, would probably be a sufficient quantity; ard us'nz less solubla miterials, such es thomas Phosphate powder or bone meal, 60 to 76 Ib~. would not be too much: The fol!owirg would be an example of & manuree mixtur?, using soluble m:terials:— Per acre, Superphosphate of Lime 36 % solubla ... 182 Ibs, Sulphate of Potash 60 % Potash sl 20h, Nitrate of S.da B00 ita vee 23T- yy or (Sulphate of Ammon‘a. sre Olt With gooi shade trees to act as Nitrogen-collectors, the Nitrogenous manure might be reduced by as much as ahalf,and this i’em, whether as Nitrate of Soda or Sulphate of Ammonia, being in such a very soluble form, might, with advantag2, in any case, be halved and applied avnually instead of bienvially, or the whole receipt might be balved and applied annually. Ths following weuld be a few typical examples of mixtures in which the Phosphates are in less soluble forms than Superphosphate :— Per acre. Bone meal ay ate 390 lbs. Sulpbate of Potash ... oes L208; Castor Cake tee See 4060 ,, With g:0d shade trees the Castor Cake might be re- duced to 100 lbs. Per acre. Thomas Phosphate Powder oo 360 lbs. Sulphate of Potash soe 120 ,, Castor Cake... ae coc 570 55 With good shade trees the last item mizht be reduced a3 low a3 289 lbs. Per acre. Thomas Phcsphat3 Powder eve 360 Ibs: Sulphate of Potash vee wee 120 ,, Blood meal oes ose 000 300 ,, With gvod shade of trees the last item might be re duced as low as 150 lbs. Fish Manure uae Bee b56 500 lbs. Bone meal Mee tH eee 200 ,, Sulphate of potash eee ove 1201s With good shade trees the fish manure might be reduced as low as 200 lbs., adding 50 lbs. to the bone meal. The foregoing will suffics ay examples repectively of the more soluble and ofthe more slowly available manures; while the following might be taken as an ex- ample of a judicious mixture of the above per biennial application :— Per acre, Nitrate of Soda on a 119 Ib. or (Sulphate cf Ammonia oct 93 fb) Blood meal ... see oe 100 Ib or (Castor Cake on os 200 th) Superphosphate of Lime 36 % soluble Phosphate ... 255 80 91 Ib, Bone meal .., cee 200 150 tb Sulphate of Potash is see 120 tb It will be observed that, in the manure mixtures, no special axcouut has been taken of Magnesia, In all the common Phosphatie manures, Lime is supplied in con- siderably larger proportion than the Phosphoric acid ; but, in most manures other than the cruder Stassfart salts, Magnesia is present in Very small proportion. In Thomas’ Phosphate powder, however, Sor 6 per cent may be looked for, which in 360 lb. represents half of the Maenesia required by the Cacao tree for two years. In BES: os. THE TROPICAL Foil, shewn by analysis to be deficient in Magnesia, this substance may te supplied as Sulphate of Maz- nesia, as Sulphate of Pot:sn-Magneria, or as dolomi- tic Lime or limestone. I wonld not desire to lay too much stress on the propriety of using Magnesia in manures Many agricultnrists consider it unneces- sary, taking it for granted that soils can always supply all the Magnesia that is reqnired for ¢rops; but when the analysis of a Cacao soi] shows the Lime end Magnesia to bs very low, the following con- sider.tions would justify the Cacao planter in giving the so:la dressing of Lime or ground |ime-stone, coutaining a fair amount of Magueria. In the prokaae analysis of good Cacao soilsin the West Indies, the amount of Lime ranges from °356 to 4.98 per cent, «nd cf Magnes a from ‘217 to 3367 per cent. Icaonot pive the corres- puding figures for Ceylon Cacao scils, but our up- country soils generally have Lime ranging from about ‘05 to about *75 per cent,and Magnesia from about +02 to about ‘55 per cent: The Cacao tree makes a much greater demand on the Lime of the soil than on the Magresia; but, on the othrr hand, the seed of the Cacao, like most seeds, makes a considerably greater demand on the Magnesia of the sg il than on the Lime of the soil. Both of these substances, Lime and Magnesia, have, moreover, ® value ia the soil beyond heir plantfood vsiue. In the case of Lime, this is so weil known as not to require further ref rence here, Asan example of good effeot attributed to Magnesia M. Dajardin states that Magnesia forms a very im- portant constituent in all goi's, ia whieh the French viae regis.s the attack of Phylloxera vastatrix, and according to Dr. A. B. Criftiths, the American vive flourishes best on those soils containing a high per- centage of Magnesia. The Magnesia in the ash of the Styrian Vine, ascordivg to en old asalyss, is 655 per cent; While in the ash of the ( acao tree, the proportion of Magnesia is decidedly higher thon this. As a source of Potash, I have cho es the Sulphate in prefererce to the Muriate, as, in the absence of much direct experience on the subject, the Sulphate is the safer salt to use. Chlo;:ides, however, have been sa‘d not to derange the* Cacao tree, in which case the Muriate, as the cheaper sl‘, may be used instead of the Suipha'e. M. COCHRAN, M.A., E.c. 8.5 City Analyst, eH SERDANG* AND THE LIBERIAN COEFEE ENTERPRISE. (By a Ceylon Planting Visitor.) The description ofthe soil and rainfall sent to me some time back by the managing partner of one of the plantations there, had given me a hich idea of sa Ae ala the reality I found P ond anything told me. bee ataaeanioes I visited are situated at about 55 miles from Belawan, the shipping place, 40 ‘of which are covered by rail to Loboeq Pakam and the extension of it is being considered and will soon impose itself. i a T must not forget, however, to mention Keboen coffee, the first plantation I saw on the main road at about 7 miles from the rail and where the oldest trees exist. These I did not see, but a field of eight years old, bordering the cart road was very luxuriant: topped at 8 ft. they were touching at 10ft., without vacancies, under the shade of young cotton trees (kapok), which J would not recommend. Some young Arabica did not seem sv promising owing, I think, to the too retentive flat drained land. On Begerpang, the largest plantation of Serdang, with 300,000 trees planted within the 25 last years, the growth is all what can be desired; for 1) Cee ee See eee *A Dutch-protected State of N.-W. Sumatra, ~ 10 gulden per bouw. AGRICULTURIST, —_[Sepr. 1, 1898, even on the St. Paul’s river (Monrovia), in the best cultivated gardens, 1 have not seen better. Tt is bearing heavily from after the 2od year (which does not seeui to injare the trees later on). In other plantations I have seen fields of trees up to four years which all came up to the highest standard Hemileia Vastatrir is not unknown, but does not affect the trees in any way, on which it is but sparse. GREEN BUG also is there but only on trees fron: one to two and half-years old. It then seems to cease reproduction.* The distance adopted is 10 by 10 which is fully necessary and I am convineed that the returns at fonr years will be from 10 to 12 ewt. per acre (about 3 1b. per tree). A jew cacao trees raised from seed obtained from Peradeniya (a forestero variety) planted on the edge of a ridge and uneared-for had given an average of 40 pods at 3k years. The altitude of the Serdang plantations is about 390 ft. aud the rainfall averages 100 inches well- distributed through the year. ‘here is a heavy dew at night, clothes in’ the bungalow felt damp in the morning. The temperature is the satne as in Ceylon at the same elevation, but the nights are cooler. Cyclones are unknown. There is less Jever than in the Ceylon loweountry and living is cheap and comfortable. The lay of land is generally undulating at such a gradient that roads have seldom to be diverted from the straight line, high f rest covers the main part of it, with much good timber, nud lalang (illuck grass) those parts which have been cultivated by the natives and being burned yearly, forest growth is prevented. THE SOIL in the forest is a thick layer of humus covering a silicious brown loam of great depth. Thousands of square miles are in the same con- dition between the sea and the dividing range on the N.-E. coast. I have seen nowhere in Ceylon anythiug to compare to that part of Sumatra as to general conditions required for loweountry pro- duets, and Dutch and German planters have assured me that the S.E. part (Palembang) and the Padeng west coast is even more fertile. Deli and Serdang might well be called the stoneless country ; the ballast for the railway has to be imported from Penang and there is no gravel for the roads. The land in Sumatra is leased for 75 years. In Serdang the Sultan reqnires at present 85 per bouw (1{ acres) and a yearly rent of 1$; besides the Government survey costs 1, THE JAVANESE LABOURis unlimited and the cost is cheaper in the end than our decayed Tamil labor. It is indented for three years. A premium of 30 guldens (it gulden 1s 8 1-3d) free passage 10G. advanee 30G. Monthly wages, men 6$ (15 = 1s 113d) women 38: work 6 to 11-3) am. —~ andl to Gp.m. Only two free days per month, periods of sickness deducted, no kanganies, mandares or overseers appointed by the manager. #e crimping nor bolting possible by good rezula- ions. THE FELLING AND CLEARING is generally done i by Battacks, the aborigines of the country, and * This would be in favor of my theory that another mysterious (root) disease was in Ceylon in conjane- tion with these two and was the main cause of the destruction of the coffee. A roo: disease also affected — the cacao for several years (1834-91) and was the reason of § e abaudvument of one-third of the acre: age then in cultivation, | , a vA Serr. 1, 1898.) cost 10$ per acre. They also contract for the buildings, such as sheds and lines at a more moderate cost than in Ceylon. A certain amount of Tamils (called Klings there) are also employed, more specially as cartmen. The Malays have many privileges and only few of them care to serve as house servants. They have their own lands that they cultivate, but nowhere have I seen a wet paddy field, They -have groves of nutmeg trees; but the pro- duce is all consumed in the country for no ex- port is reported, so are the coconuts and the arecanuts, the former being sold at $5 per 1,000. Nearly all the rice is imported from Singapore, ‘or Penang being raw rice from Siam and Burma. The Chinese work on the tobacco estates where their more skilled Jabour is more remunerated or have holdings of their own, particularly in the tobacco country where they produce large quan- tities of sweet potatoes, manioca, beans and vegetables. They do nearly all the trade of sup- plies, none being given to the coolies by the managers of plantations. Nearly all the artisans belong to that race. The universal language is Malay. The interior of Sumatra is practically unknown. Exploration requires the special permission of the Resident on account of the danger, It is in- habited by the Battaks, a warlike race of good physique. They have no racial connection with the Malays, who came over from the Straits some centuries ago and repulsed them. Their features have much affinity with those ot the Tamils, but of a paler hue, probably due to the more cloudy sky. They have their own writing and make their own weapons ; but, nevertheless, are canni- bals. One of them working on the plantations admitted in my presence having ecaten human flesh. They cultivate dry paddy and other grains, sweet potatoes, manioca, tobacco, ete. They are very jealous of their females. I was toll that they were not fetiches but could obtain no details as to their. religions. eS PRODUCE AND PLANTING. Tea Bricur.—A report appears in the ‘ Bulletin of Kew Gardens,” on the subject of the diseases and parasites which attack the tea plant in Assam. It is by Mr. Massee, who deals with these maladies, The first isthe “grey blight.” It is a disease that, if not checked, may easily reduce the productiveness of gardens by 50 percent. It might,in fact, convert Assam from the prosperous province the planters have made it to one of extreme distress. Mr. Massee states that this fungus is identical with the parasite com- mon on leaves of cultivated species of camellia in Europe. He believes that if the diseased leaves were collected and burned at once the disease would soon be stamped out, as the mycelium of the tungus is not perennial in-the tea plant. One of the very worst blights on tea is the second malady known as “blister blight,” another kind of fungus. The earliest indication of the disease is the appearance of translucent spots in the leaf, dte to the disappear- ance of the chlorophyll and starch grains. In his advice to the tea planters Mr. Massee says that the removal of diseased portions before the spores are mature would go far towards preventing a recurrence of the disease, The third malady is ‘ thread blight.” Delicate white strands of mycelium run along the surface of the bark to the tips of the young shoots, branching irregularly: thence they not infrequently pass on to the leayes, where they form a yet more delicate, irregularly branched pattern. Microscopie examination of the diseased branch shows that the slender mycelium extends to the young wood, the vessels of which soon become choked with a dense THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 199 weft of it. Mr. Massee, however, is confident that even the spread of this disease can be checked by proper precautions. The best remedy, he thinks, is to make a trench round the base of the stem ard fill it with lime or wood ashes. A SueeEstep New Source oF Prorir.—Planters can- not complain of a lack of ccunsellors in view of a continuance of bad times. The Jndian Planters’ Gazette advises tea planters to turn their attention to—in con- junction with or as an adjunct to general factory work —dairy farming. Tairty Yrars Aco.—The task to be performed on behalf of the Celestial Empire if the tea of the United Kingdom is to be recaptured will be a tall one. The Indian and Ceylon positicn is a strong one, and the victory over China tea is complete, while the con- sumption of tea has increased enormously during the last thirty years. In 1868 the total consumption of tea in the United Kingdom was 107,085,000 lb., giving an average of 3°52 lb. per head of the pvupulation. Ot this 93 per cent. was Chinese tea and 7 per cent. Indian. Since that date the consumption has increased to 227,785,509 lb., an average of 5°73 lb, per head of the population. But at the present moment 1] per cent. only of the entire corsimption is Chinese whilst India supplies 54 and Ceylon 35 per cent.— HH. and C. Mail, July 8. —_—_—_—— 7? A VISIT TO THE PERADENIYA GARDENS, I was induced by Mr. M——~—’s let'er in the Observer of the 12th instant to pay one of my periodical visits to the Royal Botanical Gardens, Peradeviya rather earlier than usual, but that dit not in any way detract from the interest the old place alivays affords tome. The Giant Orchid, which is here now displaying for the first time in the history of Ceylon talland gracious tusses of flowers, is itself worth a visit by all who are interestei in this most beautiful and wonderful class of plants. It is certainly entitled to be called : THE ‘f QUEEN OF ORCHIDS” as the proportions of both foliage and flowers are at once pre-eminent among its kind. But it is the size of the monster orchid that is remarkable, rather than the attractiveness of the flowers, and people who expect to find it bearing huge masses of cattleca- like flowers will be somewhat disappointed on seeing it. There are however very many interesting and unique plants to be seen both in the immediate neighbourhood of the giant orchid and elsewhere. Efforts are being made to get together in the Orna- mental Lake an interesting and useful collection of WATER PLANTS, among which are shortly to be planted several plants of the giant water-lily (Victoria Regia) which are now being carefully nursed in a tank with other aquatics. This very handsome plant with huge tray- like leaves which are sometimes 25 to 30 feet in circumference and Sto 9 feet in diameter. has been found within the last 2 or 3 years to succeed at Pera- deniya with careful treatment, The general appearance of the garden struck me as having greatly enhanced in beauty within the last few years. What have only recently been uncared-for quarters, are now made to assume an appearance that is more in keeping with the best kept parts. Of course it is impossible for a large botanical establishment like this to be properly judged by a person who is otherwise than a botanist, so that these few lines do not pretend to touch on the scientific character of the Department; but that the Peradeniya Gardens combine the func. tions of a botanic garden and the features of a magni- ficent Public Park to a dégree not elsewhere equalled in the world, is a well known and undeniable fact. This is toa great extent due to the naturally favourable position of the Garden, the large river almost surrounding it, and the beautiful undulating character of the land. Yet notwithstanding this, the greatest drawback the Curator particularly de- plores is THE MEAGRE SUPPLY OF WATER, the river Leing too much below the level of the Garden to be availed of by ordinary means. This is a de- 200 sideratum that must be seriously felt, especially when the labour force is not over strong, and any extensive improvement must obviously be thus considerably retarded. A long and intimate acquaintance with these Gardens, however, enabled me to notice evidences of indomitable energy and ambition possessed by those at present in charge of them. The work of beautifying and utilising the grounds by thinning out ungainly and common trees and by the judicious replanting of only useful and handsome kinds, goes on apace with important though limited agricultural experiments, to which numerous plots are now being devoted. The extensive lawrs never seemed to me finer than they are at present ; and fresh acres are now gradually having their rough surfaces cleared and made even. A new avenue of MRoval Palms has just been planted in a position with a commanding aspect. tare and beautiful plants are being gradually planted along frequented drives, and some of the latter also are now undergoing a great improvement in being made wider where necessary. Additional flower borders planted with the newest varities of cannas have just been completed, and their design is in good taste. ‘lhe nurseries too are well worth a visit, being full of young stock of every des- cription, but with economic plants predominating. NY schn wy —>—__—__———_- THE TEA, COFFEE, &c., TRADE. TO TIE EDITOR, ‘ PIONEER.” : Sir,—-dpropos of your recent articles on the India tea industry, it may be of interest, to give some figures (taken from the latest, the 1895, edition of Dr. Paul Langhans’ “M/einer Landelsatalus ; Gotha, Justus Perthes), showing the annual importation per head of population, in kilogrammes, of tea, coffee, sugar and tobacco by the principal nations of the world. he figures are very instructive, those for sugar, more especially, as'they show what a boon to our country, upon the whole, is the free entry of sugar, as affecting manufactures in which sugar is largely used, and its domestic consumption. TEA. Great Britain -. 240 Holland sie ODO Australia -. 150 Russia -. C40 United States 100 Austria-Hungary.. 015 France 092 Germany =) OD COFFEE. Holland -. 500 Sweden oe) OT Belgium -. 414 France Bie) oS. Norway | -. 3:96 Austria-Hungary... 1:00 United States 3°75 Italy 2 OAT Cape Colony - 350 Great Britain .. 0°45 Switzerland -. 3:02 Portugal a. 0°34 Denmark -. (2°37 Spain «>» OG Germany e- 2°32 Rassia se OO SUGAR. England -. 380°5C Switzerland -» 800 United States -- 2550 France -- §00 Canada -- 22550 Sweden Soere/a7s Denmark -- 1500 Norway 5°50 Holland -- 11°25 Russia -- 400 Belgium -- 1050 Brazil 4-00 Germany -» 800 Portugal. 4:00 Austria-Hungary .. 800 Greece -- 3 00 TOBACCO. United States «. 310 Sweden ne ge Holland -. 2:80 Norway 1:40 Belgium -. 250 Russia 0:90 Switzerland -. 230 France 0:80 Germany -. 190° Italy, 0:70 Austria-Hungary .. 190 Great Britain 0:60 Denmark .. 150 Spain sa Oa ALDOBRAND OLDENBUCK, ———__ _ »_ MINOR PRODUCTS REPORT. Coca Liavrs:—Offered, 13 packages; sold 5. Some Truxillo leaves, offered withont reserve, were dis- posed of at 4d, a low price considering the quality, THE TROPICAL AGRICULTORIST. [Sept. 1, 1898, part of the leaves being of fair green colour, though the rest were faded; nice pale brownish green Ceylon leaves fetched 7d. Kora Nuots.—Offered, 79 packages. Sold 0. Nothing was sold, pale brown medium nuts being bought in at 4d,and ordinary dark small at 34. Nuimecs.—West Indian kind fetched at auction from 1s lld for 6's to lld; for 30’s for ordinary to good nut. CrrronELLA O1L.—Quiet. The spot value is 1s 1d for drums, and Is 1d fortins. The last business for arrival was done at 1s Od c.i.f., but now there are no sellers under1s O}d, whilst there are buyers at 1s. Lemoncras} Ort.—Quiet, and lower since the end of last week. For arrival it is now offered at 34d c.i.f, —British and Colonial Druggist, July 8. Lemon O1L.—Tending dearer. For oil of guarans teed citral content, 4s 6d, per lb f.o.b. Messina, is wanted, and holders are not disposed to part with it at that, as they expect higher rates. Fair quality may be had at 4s perlb, c.if. terms. Cocoa Luaves.—The exports from Java during April amounted to 85 bales, and from July Ist 1879 to April 30th 1898, the total exports were 948 bales. In 1894 only 12 bales were exported, in the following year 9(1, and fenr more in 1895-96, but in 1896-97 the exports fell to 825 bales. Fine bright Ceylons sold at 7d per lb and Huanoco (pnt up without reserve) realised 4d. The later was partly broken, but of fair colour. Croron Seeps are still high, 70s per cwt being refused for a fair medium seed. Kora Nots.—Very flat, the demand having lately gone off considerably. Sales of West Indian have been made privately at 14d to 2d perlb. Vanriua.—The following are some of the prices obtained:—For Mauritius fine 45 to 65 inches, 15s 6d to i6s fair frosty. From 6 to 7 inches part frosty, 14s 6d to 16s. Fine frosted 8 to 83 inches 22364. Short sizes 123 to 14s. For Madagascar we noted the following: 44 to 54 inches 138; 6 to 7 inches 15.—Chemist and Druggist, July 9. —_—_——_-~>_—___--—- INDIAN TEA ASSOCIATION. Duty—TEAS For THiner—Crop ESTIMATES. The following is an abstract of proceedings of a meeting of the General Committee, held on 6th June 1898 :— The General Committee noted the London Secre- tary’s remarks with reference to the Budget State- ment and the duty on tea, and regretted that the Chancellor of the Exchequer, although admitting that the tax on tea was oppressively heavy in re- lation to its prime cost, and that India supplies more than half the consumption of the United . Kingdom, could not see his way to reduce this tax. — Wis argument was that the Government at home should “settle their system of taxation rather with regard to the necessities and advantage of those who have to bear the taxation than anybody else.” This was recognised to be right in principle, if it were strictly adhered to, as taxes had been imposed upon India against the wishes of Indian taxpayers and purely in the interests of English industries, it was thought that this principle need not have been so strictly adhered to in the case of the tea industry. The London Secretary suggested as a possible outlet for Indian tea that the Bengal Chamber of Commerce might be able to move the Government of India to obtain an “ open door” for our teas on the Frontier of Thibet. Vhe General Com- mittee noted this suggestion, bat considered that at present the difficulties appeared to be in- superable. 2 A number of letters were read by the Chairman on the subject of Tea Crop Estimates. After a full discussion, in which the proposition was madethat a revised estimate should be made up, now, or at — we Serr. 1, 1898.] latest early in August, it was decided that the Secretary should write to the London Secretary to ask his Committee whether they desired the estimate to be continued under the present system, and to point out that these early estimates had been kept up at the request of the London Association. It was further decided that it was undesirable to make up fresh estimates now, anticipating those published in September, and the Secretary was instructed to advice the firms whose letters were now under discussion to this effect.—Indian Planters’ Gazette, July 2. PLANTING NOTES New GUINEA.—There can be now no doubt that Sir Hugh Nelson had known all about the New Guinea syndicate affair long ago, (says the Sydney Mail, July 9) and he appears to have at least failed to adequately impress upon the other Australian Premiers. He says he mentioned it to Mr. Reid and Sir George Turner, but the latter has no recollection of it, and Mr. Reid did not consider it at a discussable stage then, while both deny that it was brought up at the Premiers’ con- ference. Mr. Chamberlain explained last week that Sir William M’Gregor considered that unless encouragement was given to such a company as the New Guinea Land Syndicate there was no apparent prospect of early. development of the agricultural resources of the protectorate, and the Queensland Government were responsible for the agreement with the syndicate. 1t is not only the undueconcealment that Australians object to in this matter, but the conditions, some of which were certainly objectionable. If there was to be such a syndicate there should have been equality of opportunity. There was no need to go to English company proioters. Australians should have at least been permitted to know that such chances wereopen. CocoNUT PLANTERS AND THE PLAGUE:—The Bombay Gazette writes :—Amongst the numerous classes who fled from Bombay in large numbers when the first epidemie of plague was at its height eighteen months ago, were the Bhandaris whose hereditary occupation is the tapping of coconut trees for the extraction of toddy. The number of persons thus employed in the town and island is about ten thousand, and their operations are carried on at the head of about double that number of trees. When the large majority of these sure- footed climbers left the city, they were in such hurry that they did not stop to pay the dues receivable from them as licensed Bhandaris; many of the trees remained untapped, and distilling operations were greatly interrupted. As other work-people had fled besides the Bhandaris this did not lead to any marked restriction of supply available for the reduced number of toddy-drinkeis left behind. But there is one class of the com. munity to whom the disappearance of the Bhan- daris bas been a serious matter. The fazandars or owners of the coconut plantations are liable, under_Section 21 of the Abkari Act of 1878, to make good to Government the amounts due from detaulting toddy-drawers, and the Collector of Bombay has served them with notices requiring them to so. They are thus brought face to face with a heavy burden, and as the Commissioner of Abkari has rejected the appeal preferred against the order of the Collector they have resolved to petition the Governor-in-Council. His Excellency is to be asked to direct withdrawal of the order com- pelling the owners to pay the sums due by reason of the disappearance of the Bhandaris, especially as their absence was caused not by any act of the fazandars but by fear of the plague,—Pioncery THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. — 201 4 JAVA QUININE. —The resulé of the auction which we anounced in our issue of July Ist and at which 26 cases of Java quinine from the Bandoeng factory were to be put up in Amster- dam, has been that only one case was sold at 15 florins per kilo (84d per ounce), while the rest were bought in at 154 flourins.—British and Colonial Druggist, July 15, _ TrA-DRINKING IN AssAM.—It is quite refresh- ing to hear that the natives of Upper and Northern India, especially Mahomedans, are taking to drinking tea in large quantity in the cold weather :— Thos- who know India—native India—have noticed of recent years aremarkable change coming over the habits, at least as regards eating and drinking, of vast masses of the population, except the orthodox Hindus of Bengal and Southern India. Itis a com- mon fallacy to suppose that English rule and English civilisation has made no impression on the multitude Nothing could be further from the truth, Every- where may be seen a breaking loose from old ties and traditions, an upheaval of creeds, and relax- ation of the rules of custom and caste. With especial reference to the matter in hand, there do not seem to be any reliable statistics available as to the con- sumption of tea among natives, but personal observers have noted that it is steadily increasing, the Moha- medan community especially growing year by year more partial to the beverage. About 7,000,000. 1b. of China and Ceylon tea are annually imported into India, “It would appear that the consumption is, as might be expected, larger in the cold weather than in the hot. In Upper and Northern India the morn- ings are bitterly cold in the winter, and those who have to be abroad early generally if they can afford it fortify themseives with a dish of tea. In Calentta itself the Mohamedans are supplied by a large number of tea shops located in every part of the town Twenty years ago, we have reason to believe there was not a single one. In the cold weather here men may be seen parading the streets every evening with large cans supplying tea to passers-by at the rate of only a pice a cup, and they do a thriving business Quite a little trade has sprung up in the capital in the sale of once-used tea-leaves. But, of course, thig is not the chief source wnence natives obtain their tea. It comes chiefly from China and Ceylon as noted above. Here then is a chance for planters The demand is boundto grow enormously, and ste a should be taken to learn the methods which wea obtzin among native merchants for distribution Planters, however, must not be above selling noite dust in small quantities to retail dealers, Indeed there is no reason why pound packets should not be sold by gardens out of Assam direct to the con- sumer, The attempt, we know, has been made, but it should be persevered in. 4 In Central Asia, Afghanistan, Russian and Chinese Turkestan, and Vibet are to be found, one might almost say, the most profitable markets in the world In these regions everybody drinks large quantities of tea. So far Chinese brick-tea enjoys an absolute monopoly, not thatitis better than Indian tea but because it is the ouly sort procurable. For many years Chinese growers jealously guarded the secret of the manufacture of tea in bricks, but recent travellers have published full particulars of their methods, The tea, it appears, is gathered in June and July after the opening of the summer rains After being rolled by hand into large balls, it is put away tillit ferments. When in this state the tea is putinto wooden moulds and slowly dried over a charcoal.fire till baked intoa solid mass in the form ofa brick. Inthe countries west of Lhassa the best quality of brick-tea is soldat a rate averacine about four shillings and six-pence per pound. When absolutely pure the tea -is really drinkable, but generally speaking it is so mixed with mnd, twigs, and zice-water as to be absolutely abhorrent ta Europeans. One traveller hag shortly described it as ‘all briok and no tea," a 202 AMSTERDAM BARK AND QUININE MARKET. —Our Amsterdam representative wires us this afternoon that the resulc of the bark auctions in Amster- dam today was an advance in the unit of ‘LU Dutch cents per half kilo the average unit work- ing out today at 4:20 about 7-9d per lb) against 4:10 at the last auctions. The lowest price for Manufacturers’ bark was 74 cents, and the highest 38 cents, and the lowest for Druggists’ was 1 cent and the highest 604 cents. The tone of the market was firmer. Out of 6,559 packages olfered 6,113 sold.—B. and GC. Druggist, July 15. THE FLORIDA VELVET BEANS, you so kindly sent me, for trial, look almost the same as our Vanduruma. The description given in the 7. A. comes so very near if. But the Vanduruma of Ceylon, is not much relished for human consump- tion as the consumer is often put into a sort of giddiness, just after it is taken. I shall report on florida beans later on.—Sinhalese Planter. FLORIDA AND LIMA BgrANs.—A_ well-known planter writes :— “T shall ba very glad if you can spare me a few Florida Velvet Gewns to try: and I promise to do the best I can for them, and to report results. I have tried the famous ‘Lima’ Bean here with some success; but the crop seems only seasonal, and I shall not have any more for a few months. It is a very fine bean, and I shall be glad to send you a dish when the next supply comes on.” : “From the Gardeners’ Chronicle of July 16, we quote :— Tur FroripA VeLtvet Bran.—We had occasion to refer to this ina preceding number. We now haye to make mention of an article with an illustration in the Queensland Agricultural Journal for May last. The plant is named as Mucuna pruriens var. utilis, and it is thought it may prove a valuable fodder plant in warm climates, and useful for green manuring. CoMPR’SSING FLOUR: A New INDUSTRY FOR INDIA.—We find the following interesting state- ment in the Zriend of India :— “« Considerable interest is being taken in the system of compressing flourin England. It is now found to be quite feasible to make blocks sufficiently hard and coherent to bear the handling necessary for packing, etc. Compressed flour occupies two-fifths the spare of the loose flour, or one half the space reqnired for flour stored in the ordinary manner in sacks. The quality of the flour when compressed is not injured in any way.’ The foregoing quotation, which is taken from an -Ivish agricultural journal—the Jrish Homestead—ought to be a sufficient hint to Indian milling companies. There are now flour mills at work in Calcutta, the Punjab, and elsewhere, producing as fine flour as any English or American mill could turn out. he whole of the present ontput of these mills is, we believe, consumed locally. The important question is whether the output might not be increased for the sake of establishing an export trade, or whether it would not be profitable to start further mills: of the same character. Hitherto the main objection to sending Indian flour instead of Indian wheat to. England has been the transport difficulty. Wheat is obviously less delicate as a traveller than fine fiour, and therefore suffers less by the trying’ journey through the steaming atmosphere of the Judian Ocean and the Red Sea. Butif it be possible to compress flour as above described, there seems to be no reason why it should not travel as well as: wheat. Ifso, India can retain for herself that portion of the milling industry which she now gives to Great Britain. 1t is along these lines, as we have often before urged, that Indian industries should be de- veloped. Wherever a trade in raw materials is: established, the object of mannfacturers should be to convert that manufactured, or partially manufactured, products. The wheat trade should, jfpossible, be converted into a flour trade, just as the trade in xaw jute has heen, THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. THE Bic TEA Distrisutinc Finms—de not enjoy the criticism which our columns tor some back have contained; but there is no get- ting over the harm done by fixing their prices too low ani so shutting out best quality teas, ULU LANGAT, STRAITS SETTLEMENTS, for June 1398.—The durian-crop, now ripening, will not be a large one, though there is promise of a better crop than was experienced at the end of last year.—Selangor Government Gazette. CEYLON TEA IN RusslA.—Writes a tea estate proprietor :—-** You of the Observer certainly have done well for the Ceylon Tea interest, by directly interesting the Russian Finance Minister in the subject of reducing the heavy duty on tea, and in the information yon elicited fromthe late Rus- sian Consul Capt. de Frisch as to the tea customs duty in Russia, I heartily trust that we may see some good come of this and a growing tea tr: de between Colombo and Odessa.” TkA IN Sictty.—This is how our old friend Mr. J. R. W. Pigott (formerly of Matale) re- orts on the prospect in Sicily, where he has een Consul :— A taste for tea is increasing among the upper classes in Palermo, and with a little judicions education the demand would rapidly grow. At pre- sent teacan be obtained at only one or two places, and that of a very inferior quality, while the price is very high, being about 8 lire, or 6s per lb. The duty on teais about 1s per lb. if in bulk, and the cases are included in this rate. Taking everything into consideration, the Consul is of opinion that high- class Ceylon and Indian teas could be sold ata fair profit at from 3:lire 50c to 4 lire 50c per lb, During the past year the total amount of the commodity imported was, according to the Customs returns, only 1,000 Ib., so that Palermo, and, in fact, the whole islands, present virgin soil for the propagandists of the cup that cheers and does not inebriate. A CuRE FoR TypHotp Fryer.— A Planter | writes to Indian Gardening :—1 desire to record the virtues of the Eucalyptus oil in typhold fevers. The remedy is well known in Australia: and Mr. Maiden, F. L. 8., and Curator of the Tech. nological Museum, New South Wales, in his works on the useful plants native to Australia and Tasmania in the chapter on oils, records that a Doctor Kesteven, in two hundred and twenty cases. treated in eighteen months for typhoid fever had only four deaths ; his success was due to the use of Eucalyptus oil. Tt is a pity that India cannot show the like results. For instance, they have had some fatal cases of typhoid fever in Oota- camund quite lately, and though the Blue Gum ‘abounds and the oil is common, we do not hear of its use as a cure; if given with olive oil it is said to produce astonishing results, more especi- ally if the diet is confined to milk and plantains, Some thirty years ago a lady treated her son suffering from typhoid fever to a milk and plan- tain diet, and he recovered; this was betore the virtues of Blue Gum oil were known. As an an- tisepetic in the treatment of sores and wounds it is unrivalled, being three times more power: ful in the destruction of bacteria than carbolie acid. It is mentioned that an Australian native suffering from a fearful wound over the intestines to which a person treated in the ordinary man- ner would lave succumbed, was cured by a poul- ‘tice of Eucalyptus leaves applied by his gin. In influenza the inhalation of steamed Enealyptus leaves has cured many; the remedy is also y useful in attacks of bronchitis. In intermitten malarial fevers the oil has been found in a doses of five drops every three coun, ig Sepr. 1, 1898.] CACAO ANALYSES AND MANURING. There can be no question of the great value to the Cacao cultivator of the Report furnished to the Planters’ Association by Mr. Cochran, on the suggestion of Mr. de Sanctis of the Kurune- gala district. The several analyses aud the re- commendations as to manuring are very clearly put, so that the cacao planter should make no mistake over the practical advice offered. Of course, properly speaking, each district, if not each estate, should have its own soil analyses ; but Mr. Cochran gives enough of information to shew in whaé directions manuring experiments can safely and profitably be made, even without further analyses. A special vote of thanks should be passed to Mr. Cochran for this Report.—See page 195 for full report. ——_—___4—_______ : CRAIGHEAD TEA COMPANY, LIMITED. Registered July 1, by Allen and Son, 17, Car- lisle-street, Soho-square, W., with a capital of £50,000 in £10 shares (1,650 six per cent cumula- tive preference). Object to acquire, by purchase or otherwise, certain lands, buildings, and other property in Ceylon or elsewhere or any interest therein, and in particular the Craighead and Cholankander Estates, Dolosbage District, Central Province of Ceylon, with a view to the above objects, to adopt aud carry into effect an agree- ment expressed to be made between G Alston, E Ear lton, and EK B Hay of the first part and this company of the other part, and generally to carry on in all or any of their respective branches the businesses of timber growers, timber merchants, tea, coffee, and cocoa merchants with the necessary plant, machinery, apparatus which may be consi- dered necessary or useful for tle said businesses, or any of them ; as coaland coke merchants, brick and tile manufacturers, carriers by land and sea of goods, passengers, live stoek, munitions of war, &c.; to acquire and turn to account any patents, patent rights and inventions ; to acquire and turn to ac- count any real or personal property ; to establish and maintain telephone and telegraph systems, &c. ; ‘to acquire any mines, mining, water, and other rights, grants, leases, claims, concessions, options of purchase, metalliferous land, alluvial ground, mineral deposits, &c.; and to carry on the business of a mining, smelting, and trading company in all its branches ; and, further, to acquire any lands and estates, and to develop, deal with, and turn to account the same ; also to carry on the business of an electric light and power company in all its branches. The signatories are :— Shares. G Alston, Nawalapitiya, Ceylon .. Soaaal J H Alston, 60, Watling-street, H.C. .. 1 C M Robertson, 12, Fenchurch-street, H.C, .. 1 N D Alston, 147, Minories, E.C. be Aer | BR O Smith, 73, Haton-square, S.W. .. werd F G Hopkins, 21, Old-square, Lincoln’s-inn, W.0. 1 E Bois, 12, Fenchurch-street, H.C. .. 30 The first directors—of whom there shall be not less than two nor more than five—are G Alston, R H Wallace, and C M Robertson. Qualification, £500. Remuneration, £250 per annum, divisible. Registered office: 12, Fenchurelh-street, E.0.—Fi- nancial News, July 12. WANTED: FIBRE TO MAKE UP FOR MANILA _Heme.—There is 2 great want of hempin England just new as “R.H.F,” shows on the authority of Mr. T. Christy; but, alas! Ceylon is not ready - to supply the deficiency, although the island in several districts is most favourable to the growth of fibre plants. BG THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 902, EP: FAR THE ANGLO-CEYLON AND -GENERAL ESTATES COMPANY. The Report given on page 204 appears to be a very satisfactory document so far as Ceylon is concerned, but specially unsatis- factory as regards Mauritius. It is the old experience of the Ceylon Company, Limited, over azain. We suppose the reason that there is no dividend is en- tirely due to the losses in Mauritius; for the Ceylon estates, under the general nanagement of the Hon. J. N. Campbell, did better last year than in 1896 in respect of crops both of tea and cacao, and the average prices in both cases were dis- tinctly better. It is very disheartening under these circumstances to find no margin for dividend. However, let us do Mauritius jnstice, apart from a less sugar crop for which it is responsible, there was the plague in Bombay ruining the best market for its sugars, which it could not help. There is hope, therefore, for better times, especially if the Currency Committee respect the producing interests, and honest silver, in India, Ceylon and Mauritius. In Ceylon the Conrpany owns 12 tea estates and two cacao and coconut estates; in Selangor one coffee estate with 490 acres under coffee, and 711 reserve; in Mauri- tius two fully owned sugar estates and four others in which the Company is interested. We con- fess we should like to see the Mauritius pre- perties handed over to another Company to work, and that Ceylon interests stood on their own basis. ee ee CEYLON ESTATES INVESTMENT COMPANY, LIMITED. The fourteenth general meeting of Ceylon Estates Investment Association, Limited, was held in the office of the secretaries, Messrs. Brown, Fleming, and Murray, 163, West George-street, Glasgow. Mr. Rotert King presided. The directors, in their report, stated that owing to unfavourable weather the crop of tea harvested was 17,973 lb. below that of last year. The lower prices and the higher rate of exchange have also prejudicially affected the result. The balance at the credit of profit and loss account, including £359 8s 9d brought for- ward from last year, is £1,389 1s 6d. From this the directors have already paid on January Ist, 1898, an interim dividend at the rate of 5 per cent per annum, free of tax, amounting to £775, leaving a balance of £614 Is 6d, which the directors propose should be applied in pay- ment of a dividend for the half-year of 21, per cent per annum, free of tax, £389 10s. making 38% per cent. for the year, and that the balance of £226 lls. 6d. be carried forward to next year. Depreciation at the rate of 10 per cent. has, as usual, been written off tea machinery and factories. During the year there has been expended on the factories and machinery the sun of £903 2s 8d. The CHAIRMAN said the directors regretted that they had to submit a disappointing report. The crop had been very nearly 18,000 Ib less than in the previous year. This falling off was due to the unfavourable weather. The smallness of the crop was a matter of considerable disap- pointment to the directors, expecially as the estimate for the year was 5,000 lb. in excess of that of the previous year. Although the small crop was the principal cause of the disap- pointment, the result kad also be prejudicially Ane 03 affected ly the lower prices obtained for the teas and by the higher rate of exchange. In 1896 the average price of Ceylon tea was 8°25, while in 1897 ib was 7°79, showing a difference of about 4d per |b. The rise in the exchange value had caused an in- crease in the cost of working the estates of £424 2s 8.—The report was adopted, and Mr. Bobert King and Rey. Dr. Grant, Dundee, were reap- pcinted directors.—The Grocers’ Journal, July 9. ee SS THE DIMBULLA VALLEY (CEYLON) TEA CO., LTD. Direcsors :—James Sinclair, Chairman and Manag- ing Director; Wm. Forbes Laurie, Keith F. Arbuth- not, Atneas R. McDonell and C. J. Rowe. Directors’ Report.—Lo be submitted to the share- holders at the second annual ordinary general meeting, to be held at the office of the Com- pany on Tuesday, the 19th day of July at 12 o'clock noon. The directors beg to submit the general balance Sheet and profit and loss account for the year end- ing 31st March last. ‘he net amount at credit of profit and loss ac- count, brjnging forward £375 6s 2d from last account, after providing for general expenses, for depreciation, and for directors’ fees, and after writing off the whole of the preliminary expenses, is £11,693 98 9d. : Dividends aggregating 6 per cent, less Income Tax, have been paid for & eds 1897 on the Preference shares, These dividends amounted to 46 3,440 2 0 Interim dividends aggregating 5 per cent, less Income Tax, have been paid, and amount to ia < oa AED 3 3S = AY i=) a=} lb. lb. Syl, £ 1897 .. 231,399,778 53 to 0 4 3,856,662" It was evident, he argued, that these periodical reductions of the tea duty lad in all instances had the effect of stimulating con- sumption and, therefore, he thought they could not do better than press it on these grounds alone for the abolition, or at all events the re- duction meanwhile of the duty on tea as affect- ing their staple. But it had been urged in some quarters that this reduction in the price of tea to the consumer might stimulate the consumption of low grade China tea. which would displace a corresponding quantity of Ceylon and Indiantea. That was, ofcourse,amatter of opinion, and he would like to hear what anyone — Sept. 1, 1898.] had to say on the subject, but he did not think apy of the figures before them would lead them to sup- pose that that would be the case, and he thought moreover from all independent accounts that they had before them that the tea trade of China was on its last legs, Great Britain and the Continent were beginning to acquire a taste for Tadia and Ceylon teas, and he did not think this movement was likely to be damage: by a reduction of the duty —a reduction in which they would have an ad- vantage as well as China. Under these cireum- stances he begged to propose —‘* That in the opi- nion of this Chamber it is desirable that action should be taken with a view to secure the abolition of Import Duty on tea in the United Kingdom.” Mr. CUMBERBATCH seconded the resolution. Mr. MAcKwoop thought that it was very desir- able that the Chamber should approach the Secre- tary of State with the view of inducing him to use his influence in order to get—he did not think it likely they should secure abolition—but in erder to get probably a reduction of the duty. He thought that with the present claims on the revenue, due to political troubles, it was impossible to expect abolition, but a reduction might be agreed to. On the other hand, strictly, it seemed to him, the request should come more from the people at home who were the drinkers of the tea as they were the people likely to benefit most by the change. He did not think that they in Ceylon could expect to benefit very much. The figures quoted by Mr. Bois included figures which represented the dis- placement of China tea to a very large percent- age. He had not had time to work out those figures, but they did not show merely an increase of consumption, but were largely due to the dis- placement of China tea. They must remember that in the bartle they had been fighting with China they had been fighting with that duty before them and it was another matter how far the altered conditions of abolition, might affect the fight. As regarded China being on its last legs—it did not sound very sympathetic, but from their point of view one would be glad to think this was so; but he(the speaker) had friends in China, and he understood from them that they did not intend to sit and take their chance with their bands folded: They intended to do their best to resuscitate their trade and, among other things, they in Ceylon had been accustomed to speak of China tea as being cultivated from the China bush, but they would have to meet in future with tea manufactured from the same description of tea-seed, that they had been usingin Ceylon. They were getting the same sort of seed that we had planted, and he did not suppose the climatic con- ditions were very different in China from what they were here, and it was an unknown question as to what China would do with these conditions ; but one thing he was quite certain of was this, that they should bear in mind that if there was any public agitation of the tea enterprise in Ceylon brought to bear upon the authorities in Eng- land, after January or February next it would leave such astate of uncertainty in the tea trade as would have a disascrous effect on prices, and they would probably have a serious crisis to go through even if their expectation in regard to extension of consumption held good. Nothing was sail last year about the increase there had been, in the revenue got from tea, and it came as a surprise this year when the Chancellor of the Exchequer said:—‘* Will you have a reduction off tea or tobacco?” And there was no public agitation for the free breakfast table last year. The real hope he had in the change was that THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 207 a they might gain a great advantage over the countries that produced cocoa and coffee if the could induce people by giving them Sneapened tea to drink tea by preference. He was not opposing the motion, but simply putting torward these views to help on the discussion. (Applause) The Hon. Mr. MrrcHEct said that when at home last year he talked over this matter with several people and found a great difference of opinion He drew attention, however, to the fact that in Australia the average number of lb. of tea con- sumed per head was 7$ 1b. and thought there was some reason for thinking that reduction might raise the English average from its present point—5% Ib. Mr. MACINDOE thought this was rather a serious matter tor the Chamber to discuss as it was at present with so many members away. He advo- cated the matter being sent to a Committee, and he would bring that suggestion forward as an amendment. : Mr. HORSFALL seconded. The CHAIRMAN said, before he put the amend- ment he would not detain them by saying mueh but he thought it a pity they should defer it. Mr. Renron:—We have not a quorum. : The CHAIRMAN said that though they had not so many members as when they came in that was really the fault of the members who retired They had had a week’s notice of this resolution and if they took such little interest in the ques- tion that they did not remain to discuss it, it rested with the members who remained to give their opinion as to whether they were in favour of the resolution or the amendment. He, as in dut bound, should put the amendment first, and thet was to the effect that the matter should be deferred. Personally he was not inclined to take that view, He suggested the Standing Com- mittee might put themselves in communication with the Planters’ Association, and, if they saw fit, there might be a general meeting to see how far they agreed. The mere fact of their asking the Chamber to take action did not mean that they were going to apply at once to the Secre- tary of State. There would be, he could guarantee, no hasty action in the matter. He would put the amendment. Mr. HorsrALu wished to make his position clear. When he seconded the amendment he did so on the understanding that the matter was to be taken up at once. If there was going to be any delay and the matter stood a chance of being shelved for six months he desired to with- draw his seconding. The CHAIRMAN (To Mr. Macindoe) : Witl any- one else second your amendment. Mr. RENTON: [ second it. _ The CHAIRMAN then pnt the amendment and it was lost by 10 votes to 7. Mr. HorsFauu said he would like to propose aaother amendment. The CHAIRMAN: You are too late. The reso- lution must now be put. 3 He then put the resolution, and it was carried by 9 votes to 8. : oe CEYLON TEA IN GERMANY.—Mr. Westland writes :—‘‘ The more I think of the great field there is before us, the more I feel assured that we ought to have far more suecess in Germany than in Americs, and I hope to see and learn of a large share of the funds of the ‘ Thirty Committee’ being wisely diverted into this new channel,” 208 SUGAR IN MAURITIUS AND TEA AND CACAO IN CEYLON. tLO-CEYLON AND GENERAL ESTATES ponder COMPANY, LIMITED. The twelfth annual ordinary General meeting of ‘the Anglo-Ceylon and General Estates Company, Limited, was held yesterday at the effices, 20, Bast cheap, E.C., Mr. Alec W. Crichton (managing director) presiding. , The Secretary ain, Finy, Grecy) having read the i ning the meeting mothe RCTS said: I must “explain that I have been asked to take the chair at this meeting in the absence of Mr. Quintin Hogg. He has gone, as per- haps some of you have already been informed, to the East on a tour, principally to visit our estates. He is first going to the Straits and to Ceylon, and when he has finished his inspection there he will go on to Mauritius, where he will arrive in September— that is, shortly after the beginning of the crop. I believe that this latter visit of his—to Mauritius, I mean—will be a matter of particular satisfaction to ou, because his long acquaintance with sugar machi- ‘ aor and manufacture and with the economical ma- nagement and the capital values of © sugar estates make him an excellent judge of their position, and ou will be glad to hear his views at the next meet- He and to have the benefit of his knowledge of the arc present state of affairs which he will gather during his visit, which can thus hardly fail to be of advantage to the Company. He will arrive in Mauritius at a time rather critical in the his- tory of the Colony, when they have just passed through one of the very worst years on record, and when we feel, as I know that he does, that we should ct with great caution, and strengthen the resources of the company so as to be able to meet all contin- angie You will have seen from a paragraph in Bin yeport the series of misfortunes which we have hadi to encounter in the course of the year in Mauritius, ‘ i F i was the very s=#vere rought, an Binal. meee of the Eehts of that I will take Bia estate of Beau Sejonr, a large and important roperty, which was lately cited, at a public meeting f ht in Port Louis, as one of the best-managed estates f ithe island. The drought there was so severe that thé failed to harvest half a crop, and that realised es indifferent prices. If we compare the position £ This estate at the close of cur financial year in March 1897, with its position at the close of this financial year in March, 1898, you will find that by March, 1897, we had received 36,000 bage of sugar from it, of which 27,000 bags were actual y delivered d in the hands of purchasers who had paid us over RB 93.000 for them, whereas by March, 1898, we had ; received only 17,000 bags of sugar, and 8,000 bags were in the hands of purchasers, and we had only . i’ 2,000. If you will consider those ood are Pan against R92,000—you will see the anmous gjiffereuce, especially to us who have to fuanee the estate, and who have to provide, in the interest of this company, that the machinery and culti- vation should be thoroughly well kept up. In addition to the difficulties presented by the small crop, and therefore the small income, and the expendi- Reet catite that, of course, must always go on— there was hardly any demand for sugar in Bombay, our principal market, owing tothe prevalence of the lague there, and there arose, and not unnaturally, a Reaapial crisis in Port Louis of great severity, which tasted for a long time, wheu the rates of money lent for ordinary commercial business rose to 15 per cent., and even over that rate, and they are very high now. Hence you willsee that what has been suggested to us by several shareholders—that we should eall in the toages on those estates in which we are interested ae a solutely impossible. Far from that, we had Siren in order to continue the liquidation of the Highlands Estate, to pay off the mortgage there. But THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. (Serr. 1, 1898. you will say, as,in fact, it has been said, “‘ Notwith« standing all these complaints of yours, by looking at the balance-sheet we see that yon hada y. substautial sum of ready cash in band, which at the end of March amounted to over £30,000.” That was 80, but a great part of that consisted of moneys arising from sales of land in Ceylon belonging to the debenture-holders, which were not available or the purposes of finance in Mauritius, or for the distriba- tion of dividends. As for the remainder of the £30,000, if you will consider the course of our busi- ness in Mauritius yon will remember that March is five or six months from the time when we can expect any money to come in from the sales of the new crop, and it is in March that we have to make provisions, especially in times of financial difficulty such as this, for cash for the fd poe of carrying on our estate, and this, in fact, does not represent the whole amount necessary. I think that under those circumstances you will see that the paragraphs in onr report are clearly justified. It is as unpleasant to us as it can possibly be to you that we should have to recommend you not to divide these rofits at present, and not to declare a dividend; tbat it is our plain duty to do so, having regard to the circumstances hich I have referred to, and also to the somewhat uncertain futnre of cane sugar. principal element of uncertainty in that respect is the question of whether the continental bounties, which cause such an over-production of beet sugar, and a glut in the market here, and sometimes in Bombay, shall be allowed to continue. It is admitted that one word from this country would be sufficient to procure their abolition; bat if that is to be a determined or decisive word, who knows whether it will ever be pronounced. Other countries are mak- ing considerable sacrifices for their colonies and for the futore of their trade, but it is impossible to say what we are going to do in that respect. One thing is certain, that if we had made up our minds long ago to preserve the freedom of our trade in our own markets for all—for the producers as well as con- sumers—against those bounties by means of which any trade whatever can be attacked and ruined, we should not have been in our present difficulty, and if we fail to seize the opportuvity now of discrediting these bounties we may have to fight them under circam- stances which may be much more dangerous to our- selves and our trade. These Mauritius properties are good onesin their present condition, aud capable of giving us good returns, provided we have natural, and not unnatural, competition to contend with. Before I leave the subject of Mauritius I should direct your attention to an item in the balance sheet, “Mauritius Sugar Estates, including lands under realisation,” which hag increased to £101,414 in the present balance-sheet, After what I have said you will doubtless wish for an explanation; and itis very simple. In the 1897 balance-sheet the item of MavRIvIvus sUGAR ESTATES contained nothing in respect of onr interests ‘in the Highlands property. That was then represented and considered, as it was, a debt from the estate, and was included in the sundry accounts receivable ; but a large amount of the Highlands lands has now been sold under registered contracts, the terms of which are for payment to us of the purchase money spread over five years by yearly instalments, and under the advice of our auditor we have taken the amount of the registered sales, and placed it under the head of Mauritius Sugar Estates, inclading lands under realisation; because we either recoy t the moneys from the purchasers or wa recover the lands themselves as unpaid vendors. I may mention that in most cases the first instalment has actually been paid. Proceeding with the list cf estates, the next one I will refer to is the Selangor Estate, the culti- vation of which estate is being duly proceeded with, - We have a most excellent report as to the lie and capabilities of the land. We have planted it not only with coffee, but with coconuts and indiarubber, and the coconuts and indiarubber particularly are — likely to become very yaluable Products, andit igs The Serr. 1, 1898.] reported to us on every hand that the estate will consti- tute a very remunerative asset. I may mention that IN SELANGOR we are not troubled with the Indianrupee but we have the advantage of a coinagemore in accordance with the natural price of silver. With regard to the upkeep of the estate the general profits of the company will not be bur- dened, because we shall keep it up out of the sales of land in Mauritius which would not be applicable in any case to the payment of a dividend. With regard to the sales you will see from our report that we have sold our tea during the year at an average price of a little under 8id., as against an average price of something under 8d, last year, and an average market price for the year under consideration of 73d., and our profit rose from £15,800 to about £16,700 in Ceylon. In fact, there are two circumstances which I think will afford you satisfaction with regard To CEYLON. In the first place, whereas most peeple have been com- of the plaining low price they have obtained for their tea, and the high rates for rice and the high exchange, and that consequently the profits had declined, we have been enabled to increase our profit; and, secondly, that whereas, as is within your knowledge, we have in the course of the past. two years sold estates in Ceylon of a total acreage of 800 acres of tea in bearing, we have now—that is, in the current year—as large an acreage of tea in bearing as ever. This is owing to the policy that we have pursued during the past few years of extending the cultivation of tea rapidly on the better estates, and of getting rid of those that were less remunerative. There can be no doubt, for instance, that the extensions of tea on the estate of Delmar, though rapidly made, have been thoroughly well done, and that as they increase in productiveness, as they naturally will do, the estate will become very much more valuable. You will see, also, that at Loolecondera we have 1,200 acres of tea planted, of which over 1,000is actually in bearing. On two of the estates we have planted since 1893 a considerable acreage of coconuts, and although those trees are somewhat slow in coming into bearing, yet the expense of keeping them up after they are first planted is quite trifling and every year they will increase in value. With regard to the expenditure, I have not gone into the figures of the cost of sugar per ton in Mauritius, as usual, because, as I have just explained, the year has been so very exceptional in Mauritius that no general rule could be deduced, and nothing was to be said usefully on that point, although I shall be happy to discuss the question with any gentlemen who will come here to see the figures in regard to our estates. The expenditure in Mauri- tius generally has been reduced from £69,000 to a little over £66,000. Every effort has been made to keep down the expenditure, and the same thing may be said with regard to Ceylon, where you will see that there is a slight decline, but in both these cases you must remember the effect of the high rate of exchange which prevailed during this year, and through which it may easily be that an expenditure which was really less than in the previous year when measured in rupees, will appear greater if measured in pounds sterling. As a great many shareholders appear, from their communications with us, not to understand the operation of the exchange, perhaps I might usefully say a few words on the subject to those of you who are not acquainted with it, in order to show how it works and why it is so important to us. All Indian and Ceylon pro- ducers who send home their produce to Eng- land receive, of course, gold for it as the result of their operations, and out of that gold they have to pay for the rupees which are necessary for keeping up their East Indian estate, and when the rupees are dear the expenses of the estateare higher than they are when the rupees are cheap. That seems very elementary, but the application of it is striking. Sup- ose you have a group of estates costing £30,000 to Been up with the rupee at 1s it will cost £45,000 to keep them up gwith the rupee at 1s 6d and £60,000 with the rupee af 23; and, if under the former cir: THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 209 cumstances, with the rupee at Is the profits were £15,000 a year, then, roughly speaking, of course there would be no profits with the rupee at Is 6d. Now, the higher rate of exchange which now prevails is not due to any natural causes. Si!veris as cheap as it ever was. Itisdue to the contrivance of the Indian Go- vernment. That Government wishes to pay off its debts ina manner advantageous to itself, and for that pur- pose. It bas put in practice a plan for raising the price of its rupees in comparison to gold in order that it may pay offa greater proportion of its gold debts with them. It has closed the mints, and thus made the rupees scar- cer and dearer. Now, that is a new plan of tampering with the coinage—if I may use the phrase, without of- fence, with regard to persons who are, of course, only acting up to the bestof their lights; but the principle— that, I mean, of trying to get the coinage taken for a much higher value than that of the metal of which it is composed—is a very old_ principle indeed, andI believe has never been found adyan- tageous to the trade of the countries which have em- ployed it. In this case the Indian Government, of . course, has raised the gold value rupee; but other people have to pay for that, and one of those persons is | THE CEYLON PRODUCER, who ought properly, to have nothing to do with the diffi- culties of the ladian Government; and you must remem- ber that the welfare of Ceylon is almost entirely depen- dent. upon the welfare of the tea producer. A commis- sion has been appointed to consider this question, and I presume that some regard will be had to the interests . of the producer, because, otherwise, if the conditions are made too adverse, large branches of trade will be affected, and there can be no question that the trade of India has flourished under a low exchanze. I have kept you for a long time I fear, on this subject; but it is really of great importance to us and to our profits and that is my excuse for doing so. I think I need only say, in conclusion, that we have done our best in a year of difficulties to promote the welfare of the company, and to procure for it brighter prospects. While the profits of other Ceylon companies have been shrinking we have increased ours, and in Mauritius, amidst great difficulties, we have avoided actual loss, and in both cases I think that our thanks are due to the managers. With regardto Mauritius, we are con- tinuing the scales of land there, and I hope that gradually we may be able to accumulate a fund which- will materially lessen the burden of the debentme debt. I will now ask Mr. Rutherford to address a few words to youon the subject of Ceylon. (Applanse:) Mr. RutTHerrorp: As the chiiiman has asked me to say a few words relative to your bus ness in Cey- lon, I have great pleasure in doing so, more esye- cially as thereare a great number here who have no intimate knowledge of tea cultivation aud mane agement. There may be a few who do know ins timately about it, so that in any remarks that I may make I will only touch upon the fundamental part which may interest both classes of shareholders. Well, it will be within your recollection that about four years ago, when I was electedon the board of this company I went to Ceylon and paid a visit to all the company’s estates, and I found then that the man- agement was not as it ought to be, and I made very drastic changes in the management. I am happy to state that after four years of that management I would not undo a single thing that I did when I went to Ceylon and madethatchange. (Hear, hear.) With regard to the management, there are many companies in Ceylon that have better estates than we have; but I make bold to say that thereis not a company—and I have aknowledge of a good few—that is better managed than the Anglo-Ceylon and General Estates Company, (Applause.) You have in the Hon. Mr, Campbell, perhaps, without exaggeration, the best man that youcould have, or that could be got in Ceylon. As a preof of that, and of the view the planters take of him, they have elected him to be the chairman of the Planters’ Association, and they have lately elected himto be their Member in the Legislative Council. That shows clearly that the planters themselves look upon him as their leading 210 THE TROPICAL man. We know, of course, intimately, what he has done for us. You have only to read his annual reports ov our various estates to see in every line the care, trouble, and anxiety that this company gives him out there; so that yon may rest as- sured that your interests are cared for not only by Mr. Campbell but the whole of the staff, who, I ‘believe, are well selected, and are doing all they can in the interests of the company. I think that is satisfactory on that point. With regard to what has happened in four years, I may say that in 1894 you had something like 5,000 acres under tea cultivation, and when I was out there I drafted a scheme for the further extension of the tea on the estates and the development of the forest and other lands. Practically that programme has been carried out, and we are now at about the end of those ex- tensions. Although we have sold nearly 1,000 acres of tea land, at the present moment we hold as large a quantity of tea land in bearing as we held in 1894, aga we have 1,600 acres not in bearing; so that alto- gether we have 1,500 acres more than we had in 1894. But not only that. We have added in that time, I think, 280 ACRES OF CACAO, ABOUT 80 ACRES OF CARDAMOMS, AND 1,000 ACRES OF CocoNUTs, nae Thatis agreat work todo in that short time, and it is a great work to do without a large sum todo it with. You have not felt it further than not getting a dividend this year. Ivalue those extensions at between £70,000 and £g0,000,and ycu have been quite nnaware during these four years that that hasbeen done. — ‘ The profit of 1894was £12,700, while this year it has amounted to £16.700, practically over the same acreage of tea. Since, as has been mentioned, we have sold 1,000 acres. Well,I think that when you consider that this year which we have just passed was the very worst year that Ceylon has ever experienced in the tea enterprise, you cannot but say that we have done extremely well. (Applause.) And we should haye done a great deal better if the conditions of 1894 had ob- tained in 1897-98. We would have made nearly £12,000 profit with the exchange ruling then and the price of tea ruling then. These are matters, however, over which we have no control; but as to those matters over which we have control—good cultivation and good ma- nagement—I say we have done extremely well. If that is the true position of affairs, although you may not feel inclined to give any credit to this board for it, still, Lhope you will give full credit to the management in Ceylon for what they have done. (Applause.) Now, those who do not know about our estatessay: ‘It is all very well talking like that; Isee that other estates are making 400 lb. or 5001lb. tea an acre, whereas we only get 340 1b. tea per acre.” In answer to that, I may say that we cannot control a yield. The estates We haye to manage were not of our selection; they were handeddown tous. They are some very excel- lent ‘estates and some very indifferent estates, and you cannot increase the yield more than the nature of the soil and climate will permit, except by further manuring. There was a certain amount of manuring done in 1894, but I say the funds of the company would not allow us to expend a larg2 sum in -manur- ing, and I thought it better to stop mavuring and extend the tea cultivation. Now that has been done we will revert to manuring. We have 700 acres to manure, and the yield will increase; but we could not face that expenditure previously, and I think it was better that we do not attempt nay manuring, because in the four years we have been able to get the benefit of all the various experiments made by others, and we shall be able to arrive at a better system than was in vogue four years ago. That, I think, explains the question of yield; and now I will say a few words with regard to the future. Twill not say what we are going to get next year, or the year after, or any year, as I cannot predict what the exchange will be or the price of tea will be. But I think it will be a great satisfaction to you to take away the following, namely, that if the present conditions as to the price of tea and exchange, if those two conditiuns prevail, and if the whole of our tea is in bearing, and we get the like amount of cocoa from our estates, which have AGRICULTURIST. [Sepr. 1, 1898, done exceedingly well this year the Ceylon portion of the company onght to pay 10 per cent on the capital value of the estates as they stand in the books, that is to say, ought to pay £23,000 or £24,000. That is, I think, a very fair prospect, and it is a prospect we cannot grumble at. ou must remem- ber that these were not selected estates, or they might yield 20 per cent or 30 per cent, but under the conditions in which this company was formed I thick if we do that we shall do extremely well.—W. and C. Mail, July 22, oo EUCALAPTUS PILULARIS, Sm.—We think we have heard of this tree upcountry. It is the “Blackbutt” of Queenslaud and is thus dis- cribed :— The Blackbutt is a very large tree, general] growing straight and tall, and attaining a general hapight of from 60 to 150 feet, with a circumference varyiug from 8 to 15 feetor more. On good soils it attains a height of as much as 200 feet, with a diameter of as much as 15 feet It igi perhaps the biggest bulk of any treein Aus- tralia. And of its uses we are told :— It is close and very straight in the grain. It is much used for house carpentry (especially as flooring- boards), in shipbuilding (decking and planking), for wharves, piles, bridges, and culverts, and any purpose where strength and durability are required. ft is ex- tensively used for fencing purposes, splitting into posts, rails, and even palings very easily. It is also used for telegraph poles and ships’ masts, and to some extent for railway sleepers. It is useful for wheelwright'e work, and is one of the best timbers for woodpaving. It also - furnishes one of the best of charcoals. Its liability to gum-veins has prejudiced the timber of the Blackbutt in public favour. When free from them, it is second in point of durability, hardness, and strength only tolronbark. From observations of the timbec of this tree, I think the veins exist only in the butt portion of each tree (that part covered with the rough bark), and are found chietly in old trees. Ex- cept when thoroughly dry, it furnishes but an indiff- erent fuel. In seasoning it shrinks a good deal, but warps very little. Fencing posts have been known to last for fifteen and twenty years, and rails for a much longer period. It is very liable to the attack of white ants; indeed, many trees are hollow, or “pipey,” and infested with these insects. Trees growing on dry oper ridges furnish the best timber. The bark, though inferior to stringybark, is useful for roofing and flooring bush buildings. When exposed, however, it does not last long, but whenunder cover it hardens and lasts a long time. The tree yields a kind of a ruby colour, quite trans- parent, and entirely soluble in spirit or water. It con- tains abont 64:00 per cent. of kino-tannic acid. The Blackbutt is a tree of very rapid growth, and the leaves of the young saplings are opposite, sessile, and of a lanceolate shape. It commences to flower at from about five yearsof age. A ship’s most 60 feet in length and 14 inches square has been obtained from a tree twenty-one years ofage. It attains the biggest bulk of any tree in Australia, and in the sister colony — (New South Wales) there are some giant specimens of - this tree. The following are three of the largest :— _l. The “Bulli Big ‘lree,” situated on the Bulli Mountains, a little below the ‘‘ Elbow,” forty-two miles south of Sydney, said to be the largest treein New _ South Wales. Girth, from buttress to buttress, at ground 57 feet 6 inches girth at 3 feet above the ground, 45 feet; girth at 6 feet above tne ground, 40 feet; estimated height, 90 feet (the head is broken off). Measured March, 1891, by J. H. Maiden, Consult- ing Botanist, Sydney. 2. A tree in the Illawarra district, Girth, 45 feet; height about 300 feet. Measured by Messrs, Camara and Kirton. qi 3. A tree at Gosford. Girth, 25 feet at 6ft, from the ground; height, 156 feet, . : i’ Super. 1, 1898. ] THE TROPICAL BETTER PRICES FOR TEA WITH INCREASED PLUCKING. DIMBULA VALLEY (CEYLON) TEA COMPANY, LIMITED. The second ordinary general meeting of the share- holders of tbe Dimbula Valley (Ceylon) Tea Company, Limited, was held on Tuesday at the offices of the company, 16, Philpot fine, E.C. Mr. James Sinclair (chairman and managing director) presided. The Secretary (Mr. Bertram F. White) read the notice conyveuing the meeting. The CHataman said: Gentlemen,—The report and balunce-sheet for the year just passed, having been in your hands for some time, may be taken as read. (Hear, hear.) But in moving their adoption I should like to tell you a little more than a report usually discloses. You will be all the more anxious to have this in the face of the reduction of our dividend. Looking at the class of properties you own, and the quality of tea they will always produce, 7 per cent is not a bad return, yet lam bound to confess the re- sult of the year’s working has been a great disappoint- ment to your directors. If £ could have stood here today and only echoed that the complaint of most tea com- panies—viz., that the poor result was all owing to high ex- change and the cost of rice—I could have done so with a certain amount of complacency. No doubt we were handicapped to some extent by high exchange. If exchage had been all, whilst you might have seen a sum carried forward some £800 less than if exchange had ruled as during our first year, your dividend need not have been reduced. If our crop had been gathered and produced at what it should, the less by exchange (some £800) would not have brought our dividend down. Gentlemen, almost every tyro knows what it should cost in any given district to put a pound of tea free on board ship in Colombo. About that there is no mystery, but when [I tell you that the Dimbula Valley tea cost 84 cents per lb it will be apparent that it can only be attributed to mismanagement onthe other side. For the previous year, when our staff of Huropean supervision and labourers was not thoroughly organ- ised, and when in the nature of things, work must have been more costly, it cost but 29 cent. What was under different management, however. The Dimbula Valley teas should run to, at the outside, not over 28 cents per pound, free ou board ship. But gentle- men, this was not our only loss. Our crop should haye been nearer a million pounds than 833,010. Most of this loss was caused by under-pluck- ing, for it was perfectly apparent on my visit to the estatesin February that the bushes had been underplucked. Langdale estate, which we purchased last year, was a disappointment as regards prices realised for the tea. Prior to ouracquiring this estate, the teas had been sold lccally, and were bought entirely for the Russian market, realising a high average, but when we shipped to London we could not get over 64d perpound. Attempts on the estate to improve prices by varying the style of manufac- ture proved abortive until my visit last February, when certain changes were made, and the teas are now selling at prices satisfactory for the season of the year. To these causes, gentlemen, more than to loss by exchange, or even low prices (only 4d below ‘the previous year), is to be attributed the falling off individend., Of course,it is but temporary, and with the management now engaged we shall soon return to our original dividend. Gentlemen, I am quite sure ifwe are to have a hard time in Ceylon in regard to tex that the Ceylon planter will rise to the occasion, I can remember very wellinthe old days when we thought that coffee could not be produced under £10 per acre, and to our surprise a few years after, when we were compelled to do so, we found that we could place our coffee in Colombo at £5 an acre. I have no doubt, although not to sucha large extent, some reduction can be made in the cost of the production of tea. In London, so far as expenses go, the compan is on the most favourable terms, When it was formed we were 27 AGRICULTURIST, 211 careful to keep our hands perfectly free. We are bound to no agents inany shape or form on this side or in Ceylon hence we can command the easiest terms. That I think, is a matter the shareholders may be con- gratulated upon. Well, gentlemen, besides visiting Ceylon three times at practically no expense to the company, Ihave this year, in view of the losses we have sustained, waived my managing director's fee, and my colleagues their remuneration as far as commission on profits go. Wedo not mean to make this a precedent and we have only done so because we feel satisfied that not only will there be no need for us to do it again, but that one day in the not far distant future you will reimburse us. You will observe that all preliminary expenses have now been paid, and that a mortgage for | £5,000 which felldue January 1st last has been paid off. This mortgage carvied interest at 6 per cent, snd to this extent the company has been relieved. You will notice that over £5,900 has been spent on capital account, some explanation of which you will except, .The whole of this ontlay has been made to enable us to produce our teas at the minimum of cost, so that if Ceylon is to-have a pinch for a period, we shall be in the best position for taking the last cent of value pos- sible out of our green leaf at the lowest possible cost. One of the most serious questions for many districts in Ceylon is;that of fuel. Well, by removing factories to centres where there is a plentiful supply of water for power by which steam power is superseded, the ques- tion of fuel has been with us reduced to infinitesimal proportions. For our seven estates we have now but three factories, all worked with water power. Another very important point, namely, that of superintendents, has been put cn a proper footing, for I know nothing that handicaps profit-making more than continual changes of European supervision, This can only be obviated by making each charge large enough to justify | goodsalaries, and sobe in a position to retain good men when you haye proved them to be so. Our estates were happily so situated that we have been able to combine four of the smaller gardens into two charges under two superintendents, instead of under four as formerly. These combinations, besides the ad- vantages named, tend towards greater eco- nomy all round. With a further outlay of some £500, to complete Belgravia factory we shall have three of the most substantial factories in Ceylon, equipped with the very best machinery and competent to turn out 14 millions of tea, a quantity which I hope in the not very remote future Imay be able to tell you we have secured. Our crop this year shonld run weli over 1,000,000 unJess we have a return to the somewhat untoward weather which prevailed thig year up to May 15th. We are, however, already for the first quarter 30,000 lb. ahead of last yearat same time and our prices so far are somewhat better ; hence [ thinkI am safein predicting a better result altogether. T donot think I have anything more to add, andI now beg to move the adoption of the report and acs counts. Mr, Aineas R. McDonnett seconded the motion. Mr. W. F. Laurin said he had visited some of the company’s estates with the chairman, and he found them in perfect order as regarded all general workman- ship aud maintenance, and that the prospects for the coming year were exceedingly good, certainly more promising than they hadbeen before. He agreed with all the chairman had stated with reference to the posis tion of the different estates, aN ee nee EY PRODUCE AND PLANTING. Naran Tua.—Mr. Hulett, who is the pioneer of tea- planting in Natal, does not intend to confine the supply to South Africa apparently, There is a London office at 34, Great St. Helens, for the supply of Halett’s Anti-Dyspeptic Natal tea in packets. It is probable that the Natal Government will further pro- tect tea by increasing the duty to 6d perlb, and in the case the Natal fea enterprise will receive ay impetus, 212 THE TROPICAL BIG TEA FIRMS AND THE TRADE } IN LONDON. Healthy competition cannot be expected if there sliould be anything like an understanding not to oppose each other's interests, among a certain number of the leading buyers; and this is the conclusion now forced on business and tea men in Ceylon. A letter froma ‘Colombo merchant now athome,” to our evening contemporary, has an intimate bearing on this question. He says:—_ The reasofis advanced do not altogether, however, account for the serious decline in prices which has been taking place during the last few years, and whilst the rise in exchange, inferior quality and in- crease in production (particularly in India) is un- doubtedly responsible to a large extent for having brought too many Ceylon estates into the bad way they are at present in, yet these reasons do not altogether, I venture to think, fully account for it, and sincel haye been in London some other reasons have been apparent to me. One of the most noticeable causes is the contraction of the trade. By this I mean that the large distributing firms have by sheer weight of capital and by cutting prices to the lowest possible level driven a very large number of their smajler competitors out of the field altogether, and so reduced competition in the public sale-room. ‘This coupled with the instructions given by a large number of merchants to whom tea is consigned for sale tothe selling brokers “to setl” at valuations (which may or may not mean the value of the article!), means on a bad market simply ruinous results. This auc- tion business appears to me to be the curse of the tea trade from a producer's point of view, and if tea could be sold privately as was the case in the old China tea trade days results would not beso disase trous. Alas! however, I fear that this is no longer possible, as the weight of Indian and Ceylon tea to be dealt with is too great, and merchants will not com- bine, whilst buyers will. Auother important reason not to be lost sight of is that the export trade, once held by London, is now being done directly from Colombo,—witness the large shipments direct from Colombo to America and Russia. One comfort to the Ceylon producer must be that his produce is more readily saleable in foreign markets than Indian tea _ is, and that, by judiciously supporting the Colombo market, a great deal may yet be done to renew the prosperity of the industry, Prices realized in Colombo during the past twelve months have, undoubtedly, on an average, been much above London rates; un- fortunately for the industry, however, a very large acreage has passed into the hands of London Com- panies so much mixed up with the selling brokers, that it is much to be feared that the interests of shareholders will not be altogether con- sidered, as, indeed, the living of both agents and brokers depend upon their commissions, so that no movement will be made in the direction of sell- ing in Oolombo, witout considerable pressure is brought to bear by the shareholders themselves. There is a feeling in city circles that the Commission now sitting will not accomplish much in our interests, It is certainly most unfair that we should have to bear, in addition to our own burdens, those of India, too. —<—$—$—$<—$——$——_—__— —$_—______ CINCHONA IN INDIA. The Resolution of the Government of Bengal sums up the contents of Sir George King’s Annual Report on the Go- vernment Cinchona Plantation and Factory in Bengal for the year 1896-97. ‘The number of trees uprooted at the plantations for their bark was 1.064,200, against 453,000 uprooted in 1895-96, The result of the year’s operations was that the total number of cinchona trees in the plantation at tlie close of the year (excluding the nursery stock, which amounted to 79,000) was 2,6§$3,451, AGRICULTURIST. (Supr. 1, 1898, all being of the quinine-producing sort, with the exception of 185,000 trees of the red bark for the manufacture of cinchona febrifage. he policy steadily observed for several years past has been to reduce the number of the trees which yield the febrituge, and to plant out only the quinine- producing varieties. The crop of the year amonn- ted to 629,222 lb. of dry bark, of which 251,468 Ib. were obtained from the trees uprooted in the Go- vernment plantations in Sikkim, and 377,754 Ib. were collected from the trees in the plantation purchased at Nimbong. The bulk of the bark was of the quinine-producing sort, and with theex- ception of 1,642 Ib. supplied to a medical depot and sold to the public, the whole crop was, as usual, made over to the Cinchona Factory for disposal, Besides the bark obtained by croppiug, 122,571 Ib. were purchased from private plantations in Sikkim and Travancore. The outturn of the faetory, which was strengthened by a new turbine, was 10,672 lb. of sulphate of quinine, and 3,452 Ib. of cinchona febrifuge, against 9,004 Ib. and 3.124 Jb. respectively, in 1395-96, the total increase being 1,996. The stock of quinine in hand at the close of the year was 4,548 lb. and of febrifuge, 1,205 Ib. The revenue derived from the sale of sulphate of quinine, cinchona febrifuge, cinchona bark, and other products of the plantation, amounted to R171,779, against R189,53U in the previous year. The expenditure on the plantation amounted to R82,143, against K79,865 in the previous year, The amount spent on account of the factory rose from R62,982 to K79,867, which included the price paid for the bark purchased from private plan- tations, and the cost of a new turbine. The net profit on the working of the plantations amounted to 9,767, against K4,598 in the previous year. The result is satisfactory. The amount of quinine delivered to the Jail Departinent, for conversion into pice-packets for sale to the pnblie through the Postal Department, was 3,330 Ib. or only 130 lb. more than the quantity supplied in 1895-96. It appears that the small. ness of the increase was dne to the inability of the Printing Departmest to supply to the Jail Department, in sufficient quantity, the envelopes in which the quinine is wrapped up, Measures have since been taken to remedy this defect. At the same time, all restrictions on the supply of quinine, either in pice-packets or in bulk, to other Governments and Admioistrations, referred to in the last year’s Resulution, have been with- drawn, and Dr. King has been instructed te comply with any demands he may receive. The Lieutenant-Governor desires to thank Dr. King and also Mr. Gammie, the Deputy Superintendent for the Cinchona Plantations, who has since re- tired from service, for their efficient management of the Department during the year. a INDIAN TEA ASSOCIATION, LONDON, ANNUAL REPORT, The following is from the annual report of the Association :— The general committee have the pleasure to submit their report for the eighteenth year of the operations of the Indian Tea Association in London, NEW MARKETS. Mr. Blechynden’s work in America continued to receive the attention of the committee during the whole of the year. The two Commissioners—Mr, Blechynden for India, and Mr. Mackenzie for Ceylon —have continued to work together satisfactorily with no inconsiderable measure of success in making British grqwn teas known to the American consumers, The _ Supt. 1, 1898,] THE TROPICAL various modes of advertisements have been detailed in previous reports, and these were combined with subsidies to persons and firms who interested them- selves strongly in the movement. It may be safely said that facilities for obtaining British-grown teas are now offered in nearly every important district in New York, Brooklyn, Boston, &c. The namber of firms dealing with Indian tea has largely increased, and of these firms nine out of every ten, store our teas and offer them for saleto consumers, Hfforts are being made in many quarters to take advantage of the trade in green tea, which is the predominant tea in the United States, by mixing with it a proportion of Indian and Ceylon growths, and in this direction an increasing consumption is looked for. In response to the appeal made in Calcutta, subscriptions amount- ing to R102,039 were received in 1897, as compared with R103,674 inl896,and R92,575 in 1895,and in addition the sum of £200 was subscribed in London. The planters of Southern India contributed liberally. ‘he committee issued on February 15 aninterim report on the opere ations in America, a copy of which will be found in the appendix, together with Mr. Blechynden’s report to date. As will be seen from the interim report, the committee in view of the increased crops ex- pected yearly both from India and Ceylon, recom- mended a fresh Jevy to enable them to continue their special work in America. This recommendation has been supported by the General Committee of the Indian Tea Association, Calcutta, and it is hoped that subscriptions will not fall short of those of last year. The imposition of a duty of 10 cents per pound as a war tax is unfortunately likely to curtail considerably the consumption of tea in the States, as it will add appreciably to its cost and tend to make coffee the more popular beverage, It is hoped, however, that the tax will be only a temporary one, Our advertisements now point out, that owing to the strength and purity of our teas, buyers will not feel the tax so much as those who drink the weaker Japan and China tea. In view of the in- creased prcduction expected from the large area of new extensions to come into bearing, the Committee recognise the importance of giving attention to other markets beside that of America, especially to that of Russia, and will at the ficst opportunity, appro- priate a portion of the funds at their disposal towards that object. INDIAN TEA CROP, The first estimate of the crop for last year was 1563 millions. The actual crop gathered was only 148 millions, climatic conditions having been un- favourable tor yield and quality. The actual quan- tity shipped to the United Kingdom was 134 millions, For the current season the total crop is estimated at 1583 millions of which 1404 millions will, it is estimated, be available for the United Kingdom. Unseasonable weather, however, in Cachar and Syllhet, experienced since the above estimates were framed, will considerably reduce the crop. Travan- core is not included in the above estimate, and about 3 million lb. may be expected from that district, making a gross total of 1613 million lb—H. and C. Hail, July 22. ————_—_ > - MANAGING AGENTS’ SHORTER CATECHISM, THE DISTORTED VIEWS OF A MUCH-MANAGED MANAGER. (Contributed. ) What are Managing Agents ? We are the middlemen between the Board of Directors in London and the Mauagers of the Tea Estate. What is a Board of Directors ? A small body of kindly disposed elderly gentlemen, who, knowing nothing about the working of tea estates, and believing all planters are unbusiness-like and pores wisely leave the control of the gardens 0 us, AGRICULTURIST. 213 What is a Tea Tstate ? In the eyes of Government Tea Estates are farms started by wealthy philanthropists for the redistribu- tion of population and the comfort and happiness of the labouring classes ; in the eyes of the Directors they are tea plantations where planters will persist, in spite of instructions to the contrary, in growing more Pekoe than Orange Pekoe bushes; but we look upon them as forming a most reliable and lucrative source of income, What is a Manager ? He is a planter appointed by the Board to work and look after the gardens, but whose whole time is much better employed in supplying us with information and statistics. What is the chief aim of Managing Agents ? Our chief aim, after taking care of Dowb, is ta impress the Board with the enormous amount of skil- ful supervising we bring to bear on the Manager ? How is this best accomplished ? By constantly inventing new forms of elaborate statistics to be supplied by the Manager, which, republished and sent home in neat typewritten columns, causes the Board to feel how fortunate the company is to posses such able and zealous Agents. What is the great secret of successful management by an Agent? It is to keep the Manager well under control, Is this easily done? Yes, it is very simple. Can you give an example? Yes, if a Manager in the middle of the season wires us: ‘£150 Cacharees offering, can I employ?” we do not wire back ‘“‘ yes”’ or ‘‘no.”’ What do you reply in snch a case ? We reply thus: “ Estimated expenditure must not be exceeded, but cultivation and efficiency of garden must be maintained.” What is the result of this ? The result of this is, that if the Manager employs the Cacharees, we send him a set of statistics to show he is exceeding his estimate ; while if he does not employ the Cacharees, we send him another set of statistics to show the cultivation is falling off. Ts it desirable that Managing Agents should under. stand the working of a T'ea Hstate ? No;it is most undesirable. Why ? Because such knowledge would seriously hamper the freedom of our criticising. Without such knowledge can the Managing Agents with confidence instruct a M:nager as to how he is to work his garden ? Yes, certainly ; we do so with the greatest confi- dence. Do such instructions given at the beginning of a season ever produce a disastrous failure at the end of it ? Yes, frequently. What do Managing Agents then ? We express to the Board our great disappointment in the Manager; and recommend, reluctantly, that in the interest of the company he be dismissed. What effect has this systemon the Managers ? The eftect is distinctly good, for we have every reason to believe that the Manager frequently rises up (from his statistics) and calls us Blessed ! What is a Shareholder ? He isa man of no importance.— Indian Planters’ Gazette, July 23. —_——_ SANITATION IN ASSAM.—The death-rate on tea gardens in Asssam of 6°82 per 1,000 from cholera is serious. Fever also claimed a terrible amount of victims. Deaths in Cachar increased from 3,691 to 12,974; and in Sylhet from 33,850 to 66,550-—as the Englishman truly remarks; ‘With cholera, fever, and a destructive earth- quake, Assam passed through what appropriately may be called ‘a record year of tribulation.’” 214 THE TROPICAL NUTMEG CULTURE NEAR KANDY. M. J. L. Dewar has replied to our enquiry regarding nutmegs as follows :—* 1 don’t think that there is a fortunein nutmegs, unless perhaps the culture were tackled on a big scale. ‘‘Here, there 1s perhaps a quarter to one-third of an acre planted, but a considerable proportions are male trees. A well-cared-for nutmeg grove would have had only a few males; bub as you have to wait till the tree flowers before the sex can be determined, people who are only playing with the product, dislike the rooting out and re-planting process. Once the nutmeg tree is up, the cost of cultivation is almost nil. The shade becomes so dense, that a run over once in six months would fulfil all that was wanted in the way of weeding. The trees are very subject to parasites, which if not regularly seen to—a& cleaning ont twice a year—spread with consider- able rapidity and ruin the trees; but except that, a nutmeg estate would cost little besides superintendence, gathering and drying. Is does not do to have them growing where there is much wind, not that the tree suffers to speak of, but the erop is so heavy that inthe swaying it snaps off, long before it is ripe. “From my experience, about 759 lb. of nutmegs --the weight includes the shell—and 120 Ib ot mace, might be got from an acre, and as the price of nutmegs is locally from 20 to 30 cents a lb.—-and at times a little more—and mace about Rl per lb., this would work out, taking the nutmegs at 25 cents, and the mace at Kl a lb. = R307'50 an acre for the gross earnings. There is this to be 1emembered before jumping to the conclusion that here is a promising minor product, that the tees here are old and well- aot and besides this there is the well-known eception of basing a calculation on the outturn of a small patch. We can all remember the kind of calculations which were indulged in when cin- chona was the vogue. ‘That cinchona tree gave so_ much, there are so many trees to the acre, which at that rate works out a goodly sum, add the selling price and what a handsome return—a fortune in fact! But all the same it was not- there. Still all said and done, granted a shel- tered piece of good: land, it would seem as if there was a possibility of ‘striking’ile’ Beside the nutmeg grower on a big scale would ship to- London, which might pay better than the local” market; but of that I have no experience, ‘If the culture be taken up, no doult the best_ will be done for it. In the old days of the East India Company, when, among other things dabbled in, there was shipped home, nutmess and mace, the Court of Directors turned their’ attention to these spices; and the result of their- deliberations was, that an order was issued, directing that for the future, they were to grow, less nutmegs and more mace! Ceylon wien it. tackles a new product in earnest, generally ‘gives it fits’. and everybody counected with it; and although to follow the instructions of the Court, of Directors may be beyond the Ceylon planter even at his best, I have no doubt that both mace and nutmegs could be piled in to the amazement of the world. It would be wise perhaps if nutmeg culture is to become a favourite, that too many should nob rush in all at once, | for not only is the market for spices a limited one, and the. tree can easily be grown in many parts of the East; but even if we did manage to. take first place in the Orient, what about the American variety—the wooden one?” _ raphy ee AGRICULTURIST. (Serr. 1, 1898. We do not think there is much chanee of a rush after a tree that at least takes five years to bear and from that up to ten years, aceord- ing to the soil, climate, &e. The best situations for nutmegs are said to be about Avisawella and in the Kurnnegala district. ————E—E—E PLUMBAGO: A FURTUNE IN CEYLON’S ONE MINERAL OF COMMERCIAL IMPORTANCE. We can recall the day when plumbago was R100 per ton and when R140 was considered a handsome figure. A year ago the price stood at R35u and today it is R709 per ton! Plumbago is in fact more valuable per lb. than a great deal of tea. The foregoing price works out to over 31 cents per Ib. for plumbago, and so the fortunate owners of ‘‘ pits” —includ- ing our old friend Mr. W. A. Fernando, Messrs. N. D. P. De Silva & Co. and others— must be making Jarge fortunes. The great demand, too, is not a temporary one, merely caused by the War—though that has given an impetus—but is connected with the activity in Electrical Engineering and _ electric business generally ; and so far as we can judge “ plum- bago” and ‘‘rabber” are going to be two articles tor which there will be a fnll market demand for many years to come, We can now judge low far-seeing Mr. Tet- tenham was in bringing out his Mining friend, Capt. Tregay, when he did. The Plumbago Mine on Monerakande is now, we learn, turning out 5 tons of the valuable mineral every week. Our exhortation today is to tea-planters in suit- able districts, such as, Kalutara Kurunegala, Kegalla and in some divisions even in the Cen- tral Provinee, if they have labour to spare, to go in for alittle ‘ Pinmbago” prospecting. There may bea ‘‘fortune” in it—or at any rate a very profitable return. But we more especially write today, in order to appeal to His Excellency the Governorto do all he can to get the Indian Government to lend us a Geologist, or failing that, to telegraph to England for a competent Scientist who will aid us at this crisis in deciding which are likely to be lands with plumbago deposits. America and Enrope are clanouring for ‘* more plumbago.” Ceylon is one of the very few countries in the world with a large reserve—how extensive no oneas yet knows ; and, if Governor Ridgeway makes the most of his opportunity, no one can say how important ‘may be the results :— There is a tide in the affairs of States Which taken at the flood, leads on to fortune! —<___——_—_—_ PLANTING NOTES. “Tae QUEENSLAND AGRICULTURAL JOURNAL.” — Vol. IIL. Part 1, for July has the following contents:— Argicultural and Pastoral Conference; Agriculture— Liquid Manure, R&R Harding ; The Food of Horses; Dairying ; Horse- Breeding—Cross-breeding, ‘* Arab"; Viticulture— Maladies of Vine, H H Hainsford ; Treat- ment for Anthracnose; Tropical Industries—Sugar- cane from Childers; Preparation of Meat Extracts; Forestry—Some Timber Trees of Queensland, No. 4. J W Fawcett; General Notes; List.cf Agricultaral, He r titural and Pastoral Associations in Queensland ; The Markets—Average Prices for May; Enoggera Sales; Farm and Garden Notes for July; Orchard Notes for July; Oultural Notes for Tropical Queensland ; Public-Aunouncements, bai ro Smpr. 1, 1898.) _ CeYLON TEA IN AMERICA AND IN MINCING LANr.—The P. A. correspondence published on another page is chiefly remarkable for the buoyant spirit displayed by Mr. Larkin as to the future of our teas in North America. He feel certain thatthe day is not far distant when the people of the States will drink move tea than the population ; of England! In other words, 500,000,030 lb of tea will be required for North American alone when Mr. Larkin’s prophecy comes trae! Mr. Mackenzie informs us that the Indian Tea Committee in London favour British prepared “ oreen” tea being tried in America. He also gives us very clear evidence of the system adopted by big buying houses in. the Lane in order to keep down prices of tea. What can be done to check such powerful combinations ? Tre Russer [Npusty or Para —In his report on the trade of the Consular district of Para for the year 1897, Mr. Consul Churchill gives some particulars of the rubber industry, which is the ‘principal one of the province of Grao-Para. ‘There are numerous varieties of elastic gum produced in all tropical countries of the world which are chemically allied, but which are ob- tained from many varieties of several orders of plants, and are used for different purposes in commerce. These gums are commonly divided into two classes—india- rubber and guttapercha, the chief commercial difference being that indiarubber is elastic whereas gutta percha becomes hard and inelastic when kept in a cool temperature. Jor this reason guttapercha is used for the insulation of submarine cables, ‘The world’s pro- duction of rubber in 1896 reached 31,541 tons, towards which South America (mainly the Para district) con- tributed 19,264 tons. Last year the exports from this particular part amounted to 22,216 tons. Rubber, it appears was first introduced into Hurope from South America in 1736, but its virtues were not generally appreciated until the close of the eighteenth century, when it was first employed in the manufacture of waterproofs. he localities where rubber trees thrive the best are on islands and low ground near rivers where the banks ave periodically inundated. -Ground that is above water at all times or that has no drainage is not suitable to the tree. ; Sec USEFUL ORIGINAL WorK is being done since July 1896, at the Technological Museum, New South Wales, by R. T. Baker, F.Ls., who besides a great ‘deal of original botanical Work has discussed the presence of a. true manna on an Australian grass (jointly with Mr. H. G. Smith, F.c.s.) (As Manniteis worth’ 5s per lb. we have here a pharmaceutical product new for the Austrlian Continent, and obtained from what was previously supposed to be an objec- tionable fungus). He has had a note on anew variety of Acacia decuriens, Willd. (On two new species of Acacia from N.S. W.) (One species was found to yield in quantity a good gum arabic worth 16s to 20s per ewt.) On the Cinnamomums of N. 8. W., witha chemical’ research on oliverian oil. (Apart fro:n the bota- nical discovery, it is shown that in the bark alone there is a valuable oil tobe obtained and in good quantity). On the essential oil of Euca- lyptus piperita, Sm, and the occurrence therein of a solid camphor or stearoptene. (In the finding of this new camphor they add aaother prodnet for the consideration of the commercial world.) in regard toits essentile oil (Jointly with Mr. H. G. Smith, F.c.s.) (‘le economic side ot this species is very fully treated and its oil is shown to be superior inquality andequal in quantity to that of Lucalyp- tus globulus), Organic chemistry—By H. G. Smith, F.C s. Silky oak, (gravillea yvobusta), R. Br; presence of butyric acid therein, On KEuealyptus punctata, DC. especially” On the constituents of the sap of the and the THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 215 _ CorrEn PLANTING IN THE MALAY PENINSULA is Just now on the verge of a gravé crisis. Latest ac- counts from the Straits through the Singapore Free Press telloftheannualreport of the Malay Peninsula Coffee Company showing a deficit of £1,975 on last year’s working, due to bad weather and the fall in prices.—/riend of India, July 28. Kew BOLUETIN.”—The June number contains articles on Tea Blights, and an account of various fungi injurious to lea in India, drawn up by Mr. Massee; who also contributes descriptions ot varions exotic fungi. ‘* Miscellaneous notes ” justify their title. The acquisition of a Totem Pole made from the wood Thuya plicata—gigantea is evry interesting.—Gardeners’ Ch ronicle, July 23. IMPROVED PRUNING or TEA AND Heavy Crops.—Our correspondent “1874” complains that we interpreted his previous letter wrongly; and that he meant a maximum, not an average, crop of 1,690 lb of made tea per acre as the result of improved pruning. There is certainly reason for criticising the practice of “ cutting- down” and a Dimbula planter the other day coademmned it unsparingly. Tus AGRI-HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY oF INDIA —The report of this Society for the past year shows tht the organization is now ina much healthier and more active state thanit has been for inany years. The finances of the Society are however we regret to note, not ina satisfactory state, the year closing with a deficit of over R2/000 The work of the past year was interesting and varied. Large additions of plants, rare, beautiful and -of economie value were made during the g year, while anew glass house—believed to be the finest structure of the kind in India—and a very fine specimen house, were among the new addt- tions, Another important addition is the aermo: tor, presented by the Maharaja of Hutwa, which is now in fall working order. It is acknowledoed to be a most valuable aid for irrigation purposes, RINDERPEST exists in Colombo and Govern- ment Veterinary Surgeon Sturgess recominends the following measures for suppression and the treat- ment of affected animals ;— I. “On the earliest indication of i ani should at once be isolated. ° of ilinesstn animal II. Tacks soaked in Carbolic acid and water (x * tea cupful of acid to a bucketfal of water) should be hung up in the sheds and about the yard, for pur poses of disinfection. : een III. Waste food, letter animals should be burned. i UN Treatment: I have found the following pre- scription answer well and I strongly recommend ee in the present outbreak most of the cases treated in this way from the earliest indication of illness are recovering :—Quinine 1 to 2 drams, accordine to oe of animal; arrack 4 bottle, rice congee ae bot:]les mixed together and given every morning or morning andidevening in bad cases. 7 an e eyesand nostrils when gumme}? rit discharged should be cleaned ith a Ba ais bad cae ee of potash in water, (or Jeyes fluid Good nutritious food in the way of congee, and soft grass should be given-until the animal recasting ipa ee : ; % or the last day anda half I have hear res oat y ave heard of no fresh Cattle owners will greatly assist in su at once reporting cases Imay add for their euid- ance that one of the earliest symptoms I haye ob- served during the present ‘outbreak jg that the belly becomes putfed up accompanied by a little pain fol. lowedin about 12 hours by diarrhea: a and dung from the sick ppression by THE TROPICAL SHARE LIST, ISSUED BY THE COLOMBO SHARE BROKERS’ ASSOCIATION, CEYLON PRODUCE COMPANIES, Amount Name of Company. aid Pershare. Buyers, Sellers, Agra Ouvah E-tates Co., Ltd 500 600" Ceylon T3a and Coconut Estates 500 500nm Castlereagh Tea Co., Ltd. 100 90 Ceylon Hills Estates Co., Ltd 100 50 Ceylon Provincial Kistates Co. 600 460 Claremont Estates Co., Ltd. 100 pe Ciunes Tea Co., Ltd. 100 90 Clyde Estates Co., Ltd. 100 40 by Delgolla Estates Co., Ltd. 400 170 Dvomoo.,'Tea Co., of Ceylon, Ltd. 100 65 Drayton Estate Co., Ltd. 100 160 EKiadella Estate Co., Ltd. 500 250) Kila Tea Co., of Ceylon, Ltd. 100 50 Estates Co., of Uva, Ltd. £00 300 Gangawatia 106 ans Glasgow Estate Co., Ltd. 600 930 Great Western ‘Tea Co., of Ceylon, Ltd. 500 600 8 Bapugahalande Tea Estate Co, = a Ltd. 2 ms igh Forests Estates Co., Ltd, 500 850 mas Do __—purt paid 850 250 Horekelly Estates Co., Ltd, 10u 90 95 Kalutara Co., Ltd. 600 300 Kandyan Hills Co., Ltd. 100 o Kanapedawatte Ltd. 100 80 Kelani Tea Garden Co., Ltd. 100 90 Kirklees Estates Co., Ltd. 100 ¥ 160 Knavesmire Estates Co., Ltd. 100 574 ze Maha Uva Estates Co , Ltd 60U 700 Mocha TeaCo. of Ceylon, Ltd. 600 875 Nahavilla Estate Co. Ltd. 600 500 Nyassaland Coffee Co., Ltd 100 $0nm Ottery state Co., Ltd. 100 190 Palmerston Tea Co., Ltd. 500 450 Penrhos Estates Co., Ltd. 100 £0 Pine Hill Estate Co., Ltd 60 30 35 Putupaula Tea Co., Ltd. 160 100 nm Ratwatte Cocoa Co., Lt, BOD 350) Rayigam ‘Tea Co., Ltd. 100 40 <0 Boeberry ‘lea Co., Ltd. 160 4u* Ruanwella Tea Co., Ltd. 100 50 — St. Heliers Tea Co., Ltd. 6c 800 Talgaswela Tea Co., Ltd. 100 5 at, M0 7 per cent. Prefs. 100 90 Tonacombe Estate Co., Ltd. 500 B75 Udabage Estate Co., Ltd. 100 65 nm Udugama Tea & ‘limber Co., Ld. {0 25 Union eda ce ae nbs ae Buu 350 askeliya state Oe, ware y ae soo : bis ellie Tea Co., of Ceylon, Ld. ee ere Tea Co., Ltd. 100 55* Wanarajah Tea Co., Ltd. 600 1200 Yataderiya Tea Co., Ltd. 110 240 Or:LoN ComMMERCIAL ComPANIEs. m’s Peak Hotel Co., Ltd. 100 x ie aeetol Hotel Cc., Itd. 190 72h 75% Do 7 per cant Delt 100 101 . Steam Navgt. a oe HEE G 100 125* Ceylon Spinning and Wving. Co, Ltd.+ 100 10 Do 7 o/o Debts. 100 90 Colombo Apothecaries Co. Ltd. 100 112 50* Colombo Assembly Rooms Co., . Ltd. 20 12°50 = ~ Do prefs. wre 2u 17 Colombo Fort Land and Building Co., Ltd. 100 50 ep Colombo Hotels Company 100 Galle FaceHote)] Co., Ltd. 100 Bo Kandy Hotels Co., Ltd. 100 6 Kandy Stations Hotels Co. 160 fe Mount Lavinia Hotels Co., Ld. s 0 7 Part pai é = New Colombo Ice Co., Ltd. 100 165 185* Nuwara Eliya Hotels Co., Ltd. sup 25 ao Public Hall Co., Lid. 20 = u Petroleum Storage Co., 100 ee = Do 10 X pref 09 a Wharf and Warehouse Co., Ltd. NS * Transacticn. + In Liquidation, a vor AEN ig ¢ ed s AGRICULTURIST, (Serr, 1, 1898, Lonpon Companirs. Amount Name of Company. paid pershare, Buyers. Sellers. Alliance Tea Co., of Ceylon, Ld. 10 6;—-8 Associated Estates Co., of Ceylon Ltd, 0 7-8 Do. 6 per cent prefs, 10 10—103 Ceylon Proprietory Co. 1 3-1 Ceylon Tea Plantation Co., Ltd. 10 22-9 = Dimbula Valley Co., Ld. 6 45-5 oe Eastern Produce andEstates Co. Ltd. 5 54-6 Ederapolla Tea Co., Ltd. 10 9s—-10 oe Umpertal Tea Estates Ltd, 10 7-8 Kelani Valley Tea Axsson. Ltd. 5 6-7 Kintyre Estates Co,, Ltd. 10) «6889 “-- Lanka Plantation Co., Ltd, 0 5} 6 Nahalma Estates Co., Ltd. 1 43-1 -- New Dimbula Co., Ltd. A 10 23-25 Do B 10 21—23 Do Cc 10 15-20 _- Nuwara Eliya Tea Ext. Co » Ltd, 10 10-104 Ouvah Coffee Co.Ltd. 10 6-1 _ Ragalla Tea Estates Co., Ltd, 10 10—105 Scottish Ceylon Tes Co., Ltd. 10 6-1 - Spring Valley Tea Co., Ltd. 19 7 Standard Tea Co., Ltd. 6 i Vativantota Ceylon Tea Co., Ltd. lu 6—7 _- Yatiyantota pref 6 o/o 10 9 10 BY ORDER OF THE COMMITTER. C.lombo, 2nd Sept., 1898. i eo PLANIING NOTES, Tur Famous Vink at Hampton Court Palace, which is now 130 years old, is bearing 1,200 bunches of grapes. The fruit is beginning to ripen, (August 12th) and will shortly be sens for nse on Her Majesty’s table, says a home contemporary. COFFEE AND CARDAMOMS.—Writes a Matale planter :—‘* What a grand coffee year this would have been, had we been growing it as in by- gone days. These long spells of dry weather would have ripened the wood for the big blossom in September on the Uva side. Should this weather continue the cardamom crop will be very short this year, and some of us trust to the cardamoms paying for the loss on the tea.” Dr. MORRIS, M.A., C.M.G.,—hss been promoted to a very important and responsible post—as may be seen from paragraphs on our third and seventh puges—and it may be said that the future prosperity of the West Indies is intimately bound up with the “ Agricultural and Botanical Department” which Dr. Morris is to establish and direct. There could not possibly be a better officer for the post. The planters of Ceylon know . something of the energy, ability and- varied knowledge of Dr. Morris; and since he left us, his experience has been greatly increased, not only through his position at Kew, but also in the West Indies itself, to which—apart from his Botanical Directorship in Jamaiea-he has had more than one special mission. His compilation respecting the prodncts, conditions, resources, Xc., of the different British Dependencies in the Western Tropics, as the outcome of his connection with the recent Commission, is one of the most practical and useful little works we have ever come across —a most complete agricultural guide for each of the Colonies concerned. We wish Dr. Morris all success and prosperity in his new position. — The question will be asked who is to succeed Dr. Morris at Kew, and it may have some interest for Ceylon should Mr. Thistleton Dyer recommend Mr. Willis for the post. We hope not, for the sake of Ceylon; but stranger things have happened, y Sepw. 1, 1898.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 217 i 5 Cotton Seed do —-R70:00 COLOMBO PRICE CURRENT. Selawcoilt per cubic feet 12-00 to 2°25 c= nt 0 owere fo) R500 to 6°09 (Furnished by the Chamber cf Commerce.) Halmilla do ; Sa Gn Colombo, Aug 30th, 1898 Palu : ao R25 to 1°30 ExcHAaNnce on Lonpon :—Closing Rates Bank Selling ae Pali do R100 to 1°12 Rates:—On demand 1/3 15-16 to 31-32; 4 months’ Kita foes rong sale aCe to 175 sight 1/3 31-32 to1/4; 6 months’ sight 1/4 to 1/41-32. Palmyra do P do R675 to 18°50 Bank Buying HS Fore 3 months’ sight 1/45 ae Black Cleaned per cwt R18°50 to 5-32; 6 months’ sight 1/4 7-82 to 7. do mixed do K14:00 to 15°50 Docts 3 monhts’ sight 1/4 5-32 to 3-16; 6 months’ Indian do R675 to L7*5u sight 1/1} to 9-32. Sepa Clea d do H8'90 to 17°50 ; 4 we apanwood per ton 169°0) Indian Bank Minimum Rates 4 %. Kerosine oi] American per case R5‘00 to 5°25 Local Rates 2 0/o to 3 o/o Higher. do Bulk Russian per tin R2°40 to 2°45 Cae en on the spot per bushel R1250 a a Sumatra in vase R4°85 to 5°00 ominal. ux Vormica per cwt Rd to 6 Plantation Estate Coffee, f.o.b. on the spot per Croton Seed per cwt R45-00 ewt. R73'00. Nominal. Kapock cleaned fob do R26‘00 Liberian parchment on the spot per bus. R3'87 do uncleaned do R300 : : Neniinal i Large lumps R250 to 620 OB a": Gans t R47.50 Nominal Plumbago per ton, according do, R25 to 600 Native Coffee f.o.b per cwt. R47.50 Nominal. to quality | do Chips Riso to 350 Tpa:——Average Prices ruling during the week Broken do dust . RSO to 210 Pekoe per lb. 47c. Fekoe per lb. 35c._ VPekoe Sou chong per lb. 30c. Broken mixed and Dust, per lb. 20c. Averages of Week's sale. Cincnova Barg;—Per unit of Sulphate of Quinine per lb Vic CArpamoms:—Per lb R2.00 Coconut Ow:—Mill oil per ewt. R13.75 Dealers’ oil per cwt.none Coconut oil packages f.o.b. per ton R307.50 Copra:—Per candy of 560 lb. 45.00 Coconut Caxz:—- (Poonac) f.o.b. (Mill) per ton, R77'50 Cocoa unpicked & undried, per cwt none offering. Picked & Dried f. 0. b. Kogalla R17.25 Cor Yarn.—Nos. 1 to Bist eabS R16.00 Crxnamon:—Nos. 1 & 2 only f.0.b. 60c. Nominal Do Ordinary Assortment, per |b 53c. do Exony.—Per ton. no sales Piumpaco:—Large {Lumps per ton, K700 Nominal Ordinary Lumps per ton, R60) d> Chips per ton, R450. Dust per ton, R300 do Ricr.—Soolye per bushel, { R 3.30 to 3.65 » per bag, .| R 8.00 to 9.25 Pegu and Calcutta Calunda per bus. R3.7C to 3.80 Coast Calanda per bushel, R3.75 to R3.94 Kadappa and Kuruwe, none 3 bushel bag R9.50 to 9.98 bushel R3.50 THE LOCAL MARKET. in ordinary Rangoon Raw (By Mr. James (ribson, Baallie St. Fort.) Colombo, August 30th, 1898- Estate Parchment :—per bushel R12 to 13 Chetty do do Rs to 10 Ae Oe} rer ewt R3t to 37 Liberian coffee:—per bush R3 to 3°50 do cleaned coffee:—per cwt R20 to 25°00 Cocoa unpicked:—per ewt R40 to 45°00 do cleaned do 45 to 52°00 Cardamoms Malabar per lb. R1‘15 to 1°35 do Mysore do R1'65 to 2°10 Rice Market List Soolai per bag of 164 lb. nett R875 to 9°25 Slate or 1st quality :—per bushel R360 to 3°75 Soolai 2& 38rd. do do do R3°45 to 3°60 Coast Calunda R3'75 to 3°94 Muttusamba ordinary R3°87 to 4°12 Kazala R3°40 to 3°45 Coast Kara R3‘62 to 3°75 Rangoon Mice per bag R9 50 Cinnamon. per Ib No 1 to 4 00°44 to 00°49 do do 1 to 2 00 48 to 00°55 do Chips per candy RS2°50 to 85°00 Coconuts. Ordinary per thuusand R34 to 36 do Selected do R36 to 39 Coconut Oil per ewt R13°37 to 13°62 do do F., O. B, per ton R280 to 233 Copra per candy Kalpitiya do Marawila do R10 to 42°50 Cart Gopra do R33 to 37°00 Gingelly. Poonae per ton R92°50 to 95 00 Coconut Chekky do -Rs0-00 Mill (retail) ; do 7a'd0 to 80:09 R43 to 45°09 ‘ CEYLON EXPORTS AND DISTRIBUTION, 1897-98: NND oH OG & Sesoec B35 5 $8 8 FE525R _ ey San be) an Oo 9OW on = S Qo Br) “ANG a io) oe 1D oS * or) 2 1918 G3 a1 3 rea | Sese% ~ Onno nr wom S12, SESE B aus ANE 00 60. x ols RaAAaAAa Xn eres ont iy HOO ola oo wo: te SY mH ONS 2 Aaa oOo\nme o se @ od = . U o ° coon Nn OO E =3S5s $6 = $s 2328 a AS BWIOON WD 22 emt SGiat + 8 ew Ascona Pe i ee ee - . Oi 2s OHO alis2 BERoeao = a) 1 +#S50On 6:'o™ | | 1I- Rae | Ya) Secoule or cs ra) > lig 8 S2Ss 2 S00 SS Re2zR SNtSa mo Ox aSonhn = aa oA Groen ea Ss a is Bor) iF) CR GUO o1a- St HEN dees : ARE aes : aBaAS 5 lt onl onl onl a] Pn ro Oem iro ace stay > 5 h i) vice own SSSR SESS § : 3 as Qs SUos =SnND St I TS ool) etal cas E n sins axsiate . co NT 12) oe z nines Cy eC) MiG Of 5 mY 6 G6 .As aw Sa ReES8 5 z eS Oo OA0 NA . MRI~S i=) I~ e ee . owe io) ° n aAagag nS WH OnoS ZSRRSSHS=HRDS S O10 HI OD SO te OI Die ret ODD OAS HI Ot Sted os toe OAR SCnm 4D ' a] io) co] ra) ow |2 # 5 No ¢ Toile tas a) a SIE SISRISa i e n ior) IS aN OM ea) fore} in) —-SmHSRRrO s ne ax NDEXDH Bt coal 1S SONY ane | =) Con ' i) cal | = I) =| hanna OaToso ee | liz ee) | rt _ oo 4 a ra) a oO =) I> to o = oLZinr a - | n2 : : ses ate Ee |—- : 3 aa sheesh fee sie 29 44 SERB i AN Ww 25 1a =D a) NSSS —} i=) ao ran Rewen on OO ra) ona a a oO tes o | Cy Ra De N+ 5 © © ge oe ew ees Bia: nutestemreiistie: celle) iter ere s oe Oana A So Wa HD mm 4200 Oo R = in) at ASO MO SRSRAY Sess gs Qe st . . son a so: Down | } Ke 9 ° | os AQnr~ oo ai i= mew E OD 7 = The following statement gives the rainfall recorded at the School of Agriculture during each Supplement to the “ Tropical Agriculturist.” GaP ee ; a». j 2 iss } - 3 ‘ te ul a ee oy (Serr 1, 1898 month in 1897 :— January fea = Se 3°51 February... wee re 2°80 March F 2°35 April ; » A162 May ; -. {bo June ise 2280 July oo tes 5°87 August aes ram LSD September ... « 6°32 October ie 4°32 November “s 10-56 December... aa — 841 The total rainfall for the year was thus 89°58 inches. The greatest amount of rainfall fell on Thursday, the 15th May, and measured 4°70 inches. We have to thank Mr. J. P. Williams, the well- known seedsman of Henaratgoda, for a parcel of 28 varieties of\vegetable seeds from America for trial and report, and also for seeds of the Florida Velvet bean. His Excellency the Governor has been pleased to become patron of the Colombo Agri-Horticultural — Society, and H.E. the Lieut:-Governor has consented to be President. The following form the Committee elected at a meeting held on the 6th August :— — The Hon: the Government Agent, Western Province (Chairman), Sir F, R. Saunders, the Hons. J. N. Campbell, H. L, Wendt, Abdul Rahiman, and Giles F. Walker, Mr Ellis, Sir Harry Dias, Messrs. C. E. H, Symons, J. C. Willis, P. Coomaraswamy, J. C. Huxley, F.C. Loos, the Mayor of Colombo, Mr. Davidson, Messrs. J. Ferguson, James Pieris, H. VanCuylenberg, W. Nock, H. A. Perera, G: H. Perera, Jacob de Mel, W. A. de Silva, P, D. Siebel, T. Kurunaratne, J. Clovis de Silva, G. W. Sturgess, Dr. Vandort, Mahawalatenne R.M,, and C, Drieberg, (Hon. Secretary). ? We would draw attention to the important points brought forward in the article on “The Relation cf Water to Soil Fertility,” which is based on an exhaustive paper by Edmond Gain, Professor of Agricultural Physiology and Chemistry, Uni- versity of Nancy, France, on the Physiological Role of Water in Plants. eee 4 SERUM INOCULATION AGAINST RINDERPEST IN INDIA, It is to be hoped now that the initiative has been taken in India that Ceylon will follow sui in utilizing the means at the disposal of veterinary officers to minimize the ravages of Rinderpest by the method of inoculation introduced by Dr. Koch The last number of the Indian Agriculturis refers to the trials made with Koch’s serum 4s ver encovraging, and goes on to say that in Noi Behar where a herd was inoculated, none of | animals subsequently developed the disease wit was raging amongst the vilage cattle around The operation of inoculation is said to be 60 simple, and inexpensive, that, with the increas number of trained veterinary students, would seem to be reason to hope that the ti approaching when it can be employed upon @ Srp, 1, 1898.) sufficiently| large scale to check an epidemic in any particular area. Itis hoped that the Bacteriological - Laboratory under Dr, Lingard will ultimately be able to manufacture the serum in any quantity, We would suggest that the veterinary scholar now undergoing his course of training in Bombay should be instructed by Government to thoroughly acquaint himself with the details of serum inocu- lation, so that on his return to the Cclony he may be in a position to operate on local stock and make a beginning in stamjing out a disease which at present is admitted to be amenable tono curative treatment {that Hnglish veterinary science is able to bring to bear upon it. > REPORT ON THE GOVERNMENT DAIRY FARM, 1897, At the beginning of 1897 the dairy stock con- sisted of 127 head, made up as follows: 65 cows, 58 calves, 2 stud bulls, and 2 draught bulls, In January a batch of 25 cows was imported from Sind (brought over by the Colonial Veterinary Surgeon) at a cost of R2,999. Three other half- bred Durham cows were purchased for R400, while two extra draught bulls were also added. In February and June 22 cows, 18 calves, and 2 stud bulls were sold by public auction and realized, after paying all incidental charges, B1,047°85. The cows were such as could not have been profitably retained any longer, the calves were male animals that would have served no useful purpose in the dairy, while the stud bulls, which had been in use for over three years, had to be disposed off to prevent in-and-in breeding among the stock. These latter were replaced by younger - animals bred on the farm. Some of the heifers born in the dairy were transferred to the herd of milch cows. _ For the twelve months there were 5 deaths among the cows and ten among the calves. The cows were nearly all old and debilitated animals, while the calves succumbed to ordinary calf | ailments. There was thus a total absence of any form of epizootic disease. In December, however, _ there were apprehensions of an outbreak of cattle plague, which arose from the fact that a number | of animals became feverish, 4 calves dying rather suddenly, while colour was lent to our suspicions by the fact that rinderpest was prevailing in more than one part of the Island. Precautionary measures were at once adopted, but the fears that had been entertained fortunately proved to be unfounded, é There were 40 calves born during the year, at the end-of which the dairy herd was constituted as follows: 71 cows, 62 calves, 3 stud bulls, and 4 draught bulls, and numbered in all 140 head. In the latter part of the year the supply of milk was a good deal short of what was demanded from the hospitals, owing to the increase of the demand | as well as the running down of some of the milkers. Of necessity a part of the supply to the hospitals had to be supplemented with milk pur- chased from outside. As the price paid for dairy milk is only 18 cents per bottle (26 0z.), it was found extremely diflicult to get pure mill for that value,|the market rate for pure dairy milk tanging from 22 to 25 cents, Much trouble arose | | | Supplement ta the * Tropical Agriculturist.” 221 owing to the inferior quality of the purchased milk, and it is tobe hoped that in future the dairy will-be so stocked as to obviate the necessity of milk being purchased in the open market. Of the 137,156 pints of milk supplied 34,195 pints had to be purchased from outside, The quantity pro- duced in the dairy was thus about 102,961 pints, or 12,870 gallons, ‘he largest quantity supplied in any month was 12,710 pints in July, and the smallest, 9,586 pints, in February. A new wing, 52 ft, by 42 ft., has been added to the dairy building, principally for the aecom- modation of the growing heifers, which are an exceptionally fine lot. The new structure cost R300, The quarantine shed, which is a thatched build- ing, had to be repaired, and this cost another R151:05. a It is to be hoped that from next year the Medical Department will see its way to give 20 cents for a bottle of dairy milk instead of 18 cents hitherto allowed. The enhanced price would be nearer the intrinsic value of the milk, and also meet the complaint of other dairy keepers that the Government dairy is underselling them and inter- fering with private enterprise, The Model Farm revenue has steadily increased during the year under review. The income, after deducting all expeuses connected with the farm, was R4,004°30. From this a furtier sum of R1,350, payable to the Govermment Agent of the Western Province as rent, must be deducted, when a clear profit is left of R2,655-30. Adding to this a sum of R121 per annum paid by the Colombo Golf Club (R10 per mensem for the use of the farm bungalow and 25 cents per mensem peppercorn rent for the use of the grounds), the total revenue for 1897 will be found to be R2,778°30. Since the month of June no dairy cattle} were kept on the Model Farm, as it was found con- venient and more economical to have all the cattle in one centre, while the acquisition of the Havelock Racecourse as a grazing ground met the difficulty as regards pasture. At the end of the year, on the application of the Mayor of Colombo, a block of about 3 acres of land lying at the bick of the infectious diseases hospital was given over to the Health Department of the Colombo Municipality as a site for the erection of an incinerator. The grass farm attached to the daity was worked departmentally during the year, and this resulted in an increased revenue. In 1896 the net profits from this source was R776; in 1897, in spite of purchases of carts and bulls for working the lands, the net income was R1,414-65. To give some details the value of grass taken off the land was R3,331-02, the value of carts and bulls was R192, and the expenses were R1,724:37, and the net profit R1,414°65, The Havelock Racecourse has proved an econo- mical investment, though as mach as R60 per mensem is paid to the Ceylon Turf Club for the right of grazing dairy cattle. AsI stated in my previous report, it is particularly valuable as an exercising ground for the stock. C. DRIEBERG, B.A,, F.HLA.S., Superintendent. 222 Supplement to the “ Tropical Agriculturist,’ A.—Financial Statement of the Government Dairy and Grass Farm for the Year 1897. RECEIPYs, January «» To amount realized by sale of milk February do A999 March na do F April 359 do May do June SA do July do August do September do October do November do December do For the services of stud bull For extra milk delivery .., By sale of grass Total... EXPENDITURE. Paid to the Manager as part salary Paid to Mr. Kuruppu_—.... e Paid as rent of the Havelock Racecourse Expended in transportitng milk Expended in feeding cattle during the year Cop 450 Expended for medicines ... ee Expended in the purchase of carts, bulls, implements, Xe: ... oH Expended for repairs to utensils, water service, &e. 908 Repairs and additions to buildings Expended in the purchase of milk ... Paid to Dairy coolies ose Paid to grass land coolies sac For the manure purchased for grass ] nds Cart hire for transporting grass Expended in keeping cattle at the Model Farm S05 Paid as rent of the meter eee Net profit ae 00 Total ... Amount. R. CG; 1,485 : 1,343 2 1,401 1,446 30 1,566 1,597 1,790 5 1,738 1,582 1,791 1,766 1,763 55 53 148 19,529 78 300 0 180 0 720,. 0 210 97 6,287 29 17 ll 199 25 19 431 4,644 1,390 1,564 103 56 30 5 pet 00 83 54 00 47 00 72 19%529) 7 es B.—Financial Statement of the Model Farm for the Year 1897. RECEIPTS. To receipts of the Model Farm Total ... EXPENDITURE. ¥xpenses of the farm Rent paid to Government... Net profits Total oro R. c. 4,368 30 4,368 £0 240 00 1,350 00 2,778 30 4,263 30 (Serr. 1, 1898, . C.—Financial Statement of the Dairy Farm, including the Government Dairy and Grass Farm and Model Farm for the Year 1897. 1697. Dec. 31... RECEIPTS. R e. To purchase of stock in 1897 3,399 00 To amount paid to the Hon. the Treasurer , -» 4,175 10 To amount paid to the Mana- ger for 1897: 6 per cent. commission on R3,011-72... 18070 To balance cash in hand .,, 4,076 51 11,831 31 Total ... 1896, Dec. 31 ... EXPENDIZURE. By balance at credit, Dairy Farm, 1896... --» 4,964 84 By net profit working the Government Dairy, 1897 ... 3,01) 72 By net profit working the ~ Model Farm, 1897 By sale of stock, 1897 By interest allowed by Bank 1897. Dec. 31... 11,831 31 Total ... D.—Assets and Liabilities of the Government Dairy Farm. 1897. Dec. 31... To amount due to Gorern- ment, balance as per account * «- 10,648 61 To assets over liabilities... 5,727 90 16,876 51 —_—_ —_— ASSETS. R. C LIABILITIES. Total ... 1897. Dec. 31... By cash in hand By value of stock, buildings, utensils, &e. - 12,300 00 Total ... 16,3876 51 ——.- ————<—_—_@______. THE FLORIDA VELVET BEAN. We have to thank Mr. J. Ferguson for a fom ; seeds of this much-talked-of plunt. Agricultural Journals have of late contained frequent reference to it, and seedsmen have not been behind-hand in It is seid that when planted 4 feet apart in rows it may be ex- pected to yield a crop of leaf, vine and fruit — issuing circulars about the bean, aggregating 4 to 5 tons to the acre, and of dry beans 20 to 80 bushels. * The total amount voted and advanced b Governmeat was R31,€39-12, ‘ .. 4,076 61 | Z J Stock of «ll kinds 2 said to like the green forage including pods and do _ > ~ Spr. 1, 1898.) specially wellonit. The beans ground up make an excellent fertilizer for fruit trees, but are also fit for table use. The vine is however specially re- commended as a renovater of the soil when turned in as green manures. Prof. Person, Chemist of the Florida Station, gives the following analysis of the bean: ash, 2°29; albuminoids, 21°36; fat, 7-14; fibre, 846; carbo- hydrates, 60°75. The florida bean is said to be specially adapted to sandy soils as has been repeatedly tested in Florida. Plots in which the bean has been grown and the vines allowed to wither on the land are described as being covered with a mulch fully 4 inches deep, leaving the soil on their decay ofa rich alluvial character. One writer graphically describes his experience of the velvet bean as “ the boss for making humus, and gathering the most expensive of fertilizers—ammonia. I would ad- vice every one to shade their land from the hot sun and provide a fertilizer and humus for future use by planting their beans wherever possible.” IS is pointed out in the Queensland Agricultural Journal that the velvet beans has been wrongly named Dolichos multiflores, and tat Mr, F. M, Bailey identifiesit as Mucuna pruriens var. utils, a variety of Cowitch. Other names for itare “ Pea banana,” “field pea,” ‘‘ Banana stock pea.” + --_ COCONUT OIL CAKE. To judge from the pamphlet issued by Lever Bros. of Sunlight Soap fame, the refuse cake in the extraction of coconut oil for making Sunlight Soap is bearing an exceedingly popular food for dairy stock. There are cf course many kinds of oil cakes of which linseed, groundnut, gingelly, coconut, and kekuna are used as cattle food. In Ceylon the two best known are gingelly and coconut oil cake or “ poonac” as they are gener- ally called. The former is a by-product in the manufacture of gingelly (sesamum) oil, and is of far higher value than coconut poonac as a food for milch cows. In fact it is the exception to use coconut poonac for milking stock, though it is the common food for working bulls. Horses, too, are never fed on coconut cake in Ceylon, the usual diet being crushed paddy (rice in the husk) and gram (the legumes of Cicer arietinum). The recognised foods for dairy stock are gingelly poo- nac and crushed cotton seed, which are often supplemented with bran and sometimes with “black gram” (Phaseolus mungo, var. radiatus), avery rich milch-producing food. A full daily diet for a good milker might thus be made up of 5 lbs. gingelly poonac, 2 lbs. cotton seed, 2 lbs. bran and 1 1b, black gram. Both the cotton seed and gram, which have to be used in moderation, and mixed with poonac and bran, are considered to “improve the quality” of milk, while again rice “conjee” or gruel is sometimes given to “inerease the quantity ” as it is said. Coconut cake or poonae is generally classified as “chekku” and “mill” poonac, the former being the product of the Native oil mill worked by cattle, and containing a larger percentage of oil than the latter, which is the by-product from machine-made oil, and is considered to be consider- ably inferior to the other as cattle food, Supplement to the “ Tropical Agriculturist.”’ £23 For pigs, poonac is considered to be an excel- lent food for fatteuing purposes. Though coconut cake is looked down on locally as food for milch cows, we are glad to see that it is very popular abread, as this fact should go to still further ensure the stability of what is alsa: considered one of the safest agricultural enterpris in the Island, viz., coconut cultivation, 7g ys es ——_ —_ s—______ THE ANALYSIS OF SOIL AS A GUIDE TO ITS FERTILITY. By Brrnarp Dye, D.sc., F.LC., LONDON, ——_—_—_— The request that I should contribute t is no doubt due to the fact that, in 1894, [| had the honour of contributing to the Ce ayn re of the Chemical Society, a paper of some ania able dimensions, “ On the Analytica] Detseaingic: of probably available Mineral Plant-Food in ei which paper embodied the results of some 3 A work on the subject, and involved an SECT OENT: approach if on somewhat new lines. The e k then recorded has been extended since its. ublior tion: but although some reference will i a to newly-obtaineJd and hitherto mapablished.., : sults, it is nevertheless difficult to Seathse aa present article mich more than a popular fe mary of the more extensive Paper to whic! ie ence has been made. peg lt is exactly five and twenty years ago that I began to analyse soils, under the guidance of tI late Dr. Augustus Voelcker, whose pupil I] re privileged to be. The late Dr, Voelcker’s ine is not specially connected with any brilliant Scientific discovery, but it is a name that vill last in the history of agricultural chemittnet the many essentially practical investigations ih which it is associated. He did not introd se agricultural chemistry into England, but he we from Germany to Edinburgh, as aseistant en late Professor Johnston, at a time when the val ‘4 of agricultural chemistry appealed to eee = tively few farmers; and it is not too mt ae say, without loss cf respect to the anes Be Johnston, or even of Liebig, whose lecture: He . 2 lated by Playfair, had already attracted’ meee tion, that it was Voelcker who ‘acted as the hiet pioneer of agricultural chemistry in the United Kingdom, dealing as he did, one after anothe with so many interesting problems of RENT and always in so practical a fashion, that ae atmosphere of the laboratcry never seamed ; " him to vitiate that of the open country O ae the subjects I well recollect on which hoe : never satisfied, although dogmatic scieutific Hae doxy claimed to have said its last word ther eo was that of the world’s maintenance of its ane of vegetable nitrogen. It was impossible % giinsay the negative experimenis of Boussing a and of Lawes and Gilbert as to the Saher his paper lability of atmospheric nitrogen by certair plants under certain conditions, ‘Too ae chemists held these xperiments domplete demonstration of the non-assimilability of atmospheric nitrogen; aud no little etfo t ak made to adopt the theory of the TOnAeSeTne bility of atmospheric nitrogen to the existing fa a of soil condition and productiveness, Tihienee as a general and 294 one approached this nitrogen question conversa- tionally, Voelcker’s brow assumed the knotted expression well-known to his friends, and a short discourse would ensue, ending always in the reiteration that there was something or other which we had not yet taken into account, and without which the balance was incomplete ; and among the lasting regrets of his sons, his old pupils, and other survivors among his chemical friends, is the fact that he did not live to learn the discoveries of Hellriegel and Wilfarth on the mode of nitrogen assimilation by the legumin- ous family of plants, in which discoveries he would have keenly delighted. — During my pupilage with him a large propor- tion of my time was devoted, under his direction, to the analysis of soils, an operation then much more in vogue than it now is; and a constant lament poured into my youthful ear was that of the limited utility of the analysis which we were called upon to make, Under some circumstances an analysis of soil—as then and as now ordinarily conducted—viz., by determining the constituents soluble in strong mineral acids—was useful enough, as, for example, inshowing that asoil requir- ed liming, in showing the presence of imperfectly oxidised iron, and, inferentially, the existence of imperfect drainage; or as indicating a deficiency of phosphoric acid, of potash, or of nitrogen, so great as to obviously remove the soil from the category of ordinary land, and to proclaim a glaringly unusual degree of poverty. But under most circumstances it was unsatisfactory. In an excellent paper, ‘On the Influence of Chemical Discoveries on the Progress of English Agricul- ture,” published in 1878, Dr, Voelcker wrote :— At one time both farmers and chemists thought analysis would solve all the difficulties which practical men meet in cultivating soils of low fertility, the occupier of which experiences much disappointment by his frequent failure to raise yemunerative crops upon them. “ Purther experience, however, has proved that in many cases mere numerical analytical results are not calculated to assist the farmer in improving his land, or to inform him of the cause of non-success in growing certain crops— why, for instance, he cannot grow clover on Spme soils. There are many apparently similar soils— that is to say, soils in which analysis shows like quantities of the same constituents—such as po- tash, soda, lime, magnesia, phosphoric, sulphuric, and silicic acids—and in which, notwithstanding, the same kind of manure produced a good result in one case and an unfavourable one in another. This plainly shows that the analysis of soils, as usually performed by chemists, does not afford in all cases a sufficient guide to an estimate of their agricultural capabilities, nor to point ot the kind of manure which is particularly wel adopted for the special crops intended to be grown. Even the detailed analysis of asoil usually gives only the proportions of its different consti- tueats, and generally without reference to the cpotes of combination in which they exist in the soil; and it is altogether silent on the property no-sessed by all soils in a higher or lower degree, of effecting striking and important changes in the manures which are incorporated rt the land, Analyses of soils, therefore, it must be Supplement to the “ Tropical Agriculturist.” hd (Snr, 1, 1898. confessed, are often disappointing in their practi- cal bearings.” During the time that I worked at my bench in Dr. Voelcker’s laboratory, some years before this, he had not only frequently talked in the same strain, but had urged that any one wishing to make a useful contribution to the chemistry of agriculture could best do it by devoting himself to devising some more subtle and more satis- factory means of chemically gauging the plant- food in a soil than was afforded by the ordinary process of determining the totul percentages of phosphates, potash, and the like, without refer- ence to the degree of assimilability they might happen to possess. As he often pointed out, a soil containing only 1 per cent of phosphoric acid is poor rather than rich in that constituent, as average soils go, yet such a soil, measured over an acre to a depth of from 6 to 9 inches, would contain 1 ton of phosphoric acid, which is about as much as would be contained in7 or & toas of ordinary superphosphate. And yet on such a soil experience shows that a few hundred weights of superphosphate, applied at the proper time, make all the difference between a good aud a bad turnip crop. Ifermann Von Liebig (son of Justus Von Liebig) had then recently published a paper in which he gave the results of some attempts to distinguish between total and available potash in certain of the Rothamsted wheat-soils, He extracted the potash with “dilute acetic acid” (the use of which was also tried by E. Peters) and also with “dilute nitric acid,” but the strengths of acid used are not recorded. Although the scope of the investigation was not sufliciently complete to render the details of much practical value, the™ results, nevertheless, afforded indications that the euquiry might have proved of considerable interest had it been systematically worked out, Some preliminary work on the subject was actually started in Dr. Voelcker’s laboratory and under his advice, about the year 1875, beginning with the determination of the water-solubility of the constituents of a given soil, the next step in view being the determination of the carbonic-acid solubility; but circumstances took me away from his laboratory before any substantial pro- gress was made in the matter, and it was not for some years that I again began to work at it, although the subject gradually attracted the attention of many chemists, some’ of whose successive contribuiions to it I have mentioned in the paper which appeared in the Chemical Society’s Journal, and these I may be allowed still more briefly to refer to here. (To be continued.) re INTERESTING REPORT ON IN OCULATIGN AGAINST RINDERPEST. Since writing about Serum inoculation in India, we have been favoured with a copy of the Report on Prof. Koch’s method of immuisin cattle against rinderpest, issued by the Governmeht of India, and embodying reports by Dr. Lingard, Imperial Bacteriologist tothe Government, of India a ae Veterinary Lieut. Baldrey, Assistant Principali Sepr. i, 1898. ] Bombay Veterinary College; Veterinary Capt. Haggers, Principal, Ajmere Veterinary School: Veterinary Capt: Pease, Principal, Veterinary College, Lahore; Veterinary Capt. Raymond, Superintendent, Civil Medical Department, Bengal; and Veteriuary Capt. Evans, Superintendent, Civil Medical Department, Burma. We are specially interested in Veterinary Capt. Raymond’s experiments which point to great pos- sibilities, and make the following short extracts from that officer's report for the benefit of our readers :— “On the 25th June a bullock belonging to the Chitpore Municipality was admitted at Belgatchia suffering from cattle plague and died. From this animal two calves were inoculated and proved to be immune, and as the outbreak was sporadic, my material came to an end. But from the bile obtained from the bullock I inoculated four calves, four bulls and three bullocks. The dose was 10 c, cm. each, The result went to prove that the operation was perfectly harmless. The animals had a slight swelling at the seat of inoculation, but this showed no sign of any kind of disease and fed and worked as usual. On the 15th of August I received an urgent telegram trom Muzaffarpur. Upon my arrival L found Mr. G. R. Toomey of the Kanti Indigo Con- cern, who, whilst driving me to his place, told me that cattle plague had been raging on the estate since the 3rd August, and that he had lost 86 head of cattle. I ascertained that some 400 or 500 head of cattle had died inthe neighbour- ing villages. Mr. Toomey had heard that I was desirous of experimenting with rinderpest, and in the most public-spirited manner expressed his willingness to assist me, undeterred by some hostile criticisms of the method which it was my duty to send him, It should therefore be noted that Mr. Toomey is the pioneer in India in what may possibly become a very important public benefit. Having decided upon inoculation, the next thing was to procure suitable materials. It was obviously out of the question to kill any of the cattle owing to the religious opinions of the people. On the other hand, observations upon cases that had succumbed were often unsuitable in cases that had died in the usual way. Unless the bilo can be removed at once, it isnearly always useless: Hence there was an element of uncertainty over the work which it was desirable toremove, There is fortunately no prejudice against killing buffaloes. I therefore recommended Mr. Toomey to procure some buffaloes. I there obtained a typical case of cattle plague wherewith to infect the buffaloes, This case (Buffalo A.) showed all the symptoms ina marked degree and soon died. Buffalo No. 1, besides receiving materials from Bullock A., was also treated with material from a young calf that had died without showing all the typical symptoms of cattle plague. Four other buffaloes (Nos, 2, 3, 4 and 5) were also treated with material from Bullock A. Having prepared the way for further work, I returned to Calcutta tomy other duties, leaving my assistant to report by wire when the temperatures of the buffaloes were rising. I returned to Kanti, aud On the 3rd September Buffalo No, 1 was shot, Supplement to the “Tropical Agriculturist.” mo bo wr The bile was extracted and placed in ice, On com- pletion of the post-mortem examination, I examined the bile under the microscope, moreever the colour and odour were satisfactory. In the afternoon [ injected 10c. cm. of the bile into each of 12 head of cattle, which were thea branded ss 1-12. On the 5th September, Buffaloes Nos. 2 and 3 were shot, Bile was extracted from both animals, found to be good, and placedinice, The bile from Buffalo No. 2 was used the same afternoon to inject 28 head of cattle which were branded ss 1-28. On the 6th September I injected 32 head cf cattle with bile from Buffalo No.3, which had been kept in ice. This batch was branded K 1—82, On the morning of the 7th September, Buffalo No. No. 4 was shot. I extracted the bile which was good, and placed it in ice. In the afternoon, | injected 21 head of catle, which were branded K J—21. On the 9th September, Buffalo No. 5 was shot From this animal I obtained a quantity of Dile but on the remaining cattle of the herd I only inoculated 14, because some were too wild to catch and others were cows in calf. This batch was branded LK 1—14. From the same animal I secured a quantity of virulent blood for testing experiments. This was placed in ice. Some of the blood and the remainder of the bile was also placed inice and taken to Belgatchia, I wish here to mention that Mr. Toomey told me that cattle plague had not been known on the estate nor in the neighbour- hood for at least eight years and probably more; Mr. Toomey breeds his own cattle. This points to the probability that none of the animals on the estate had been rendered immune against cattle plague by suffering from a previous attack. It was foundimprecticuble to take the temper- arure of the 108 cattle that had been treated with bile, but they were all repeatedly inspected by Mr. Tocmey, his assistant, my assistant and myself, and i was surprised to see how little swelling was to be seen; only in two cases did it interfere with the gait of the animals, Con- stitutionally none of the animals appear to suffer in the slightest degree. Professor Koch states that the bile injection confers immunity not later than the tenth day. in order to test the immunity of the animals after the bile treatment 6 bullocks were selected simply because they were blind or Jame. (a) Bullocks is 2and 10 each received sub- cutaneously 20 c.cem. of virwent blood from Buffalo No. 5 on the 10th September, that is to say, seven days after the bile inoculations. (6) Bullock i 15 received subcutaneously 10¢. em. of virulent blood from Buffalo No, 5 on the 12th September, that is to say, after seven days after bile inoculation. (ec) Bullock HS 16 received 20c. cm. at the same time under the same circumstances. (d) a 1 received 10 c. cm. of virulent blood from a case of Belgatchia on the 16th September, 226 that is, eleven days after inoculation with bile: (e) L K 2 received 20 ¢. cm, of the same blood on the same date and under the same conditions. All these animals proved to be immune. The dose of virulent blood used in these test cases ig said by Koch to be respectively 5,000 and 10,000 times greater than a fatal dose. The experiments above recorded go to show that Professor Koch’s preventive treatment with bile promises to be successful in Bengal. The exact amount of success can only be determined by future experiment. Here again Mr. G. R, Toomey has rendered great assistance by permitting the inoculated bullocks to be branded, so that each animal might be identified later. I have performed another experiment to ascertain if by any chance bile in this province would confer immunity quicker than in other climates. For this purpose I injected calves with 10 c, cm, of bile and five days later tested them with virulent blood from Buffalo No.5. They have all re- acted in temperature, three developed genuine rinderpest, and one died. Experiments ave proceeding.” ———— THE RELATION OF WATER TO SOIL FERTILITY. It is evident that as regards fertilizers there is an opportunity for selection with reference to special conditions which will greatly influence the profit frum their use, Declaux has said that “the meteorology of a * region influences the vegetation more than the geology,” and under different climatic conditions it is to be expected that fertilizers will give different results, so that the results of fertilizer experiments in one place cannot be expected to be the same in another. The life of a plant is in effect the resultant of a number of physical conditions acting in con- junction. For example, the action of water will not be the same during a hot and a cold season nor in a moderately cold temperature and a tropical region. The exact knowledge of the influence of water on the phenomena of vegetation, therefore, requires a comparative study of this influence as affected by such factors as temperature, light, fertility of soil, &e. The fertilizing substances are partially abserbed and retained by the soil and partially dissolved. Tt is known that drainage water carries off only a small portion of potash, the quantity thus removed being least in well manured soil. The potash is retained not only by the humus but also by the clay colloids. With an excess of water in the soil the solvent action is largely increased as shown by the experiments of Gasparin and Berthelot and Andre. While the soil, therefore, may contain large quantities of goluble potash, it is retained with such energy that enormous quantities of water are necessary to dissolve it, ‘The solubility of the potash is greatly increased if some sulphate such as gypsum is added to the soil. Way has shown that the quantity of ammonia absorbed by a soil Supplement to the Tropical Agriculturist.” ‘ y > res ‘¢ (Serr. 1, 1898, is nearly constant when the solutions present have the same concentration, but that the force with which the soil absorbs alkalies varies with the concentration of the solution. Brustlein has shown that soils are not able to remove alkali completely from its solution in water. Tuese solutions circ ulate to a considerable extent in the soils with- out undergoing decomposition. This explains how water brings to the plant the chemicals needed in very great dilution. Potash and ammonia are easily retained as carbonates by the soil, but less readily in the form of sulphates. When a solution of acid phophate of lime comes in contact with sand, a portion of the phosphate is rapidly absorbed ; but absorption is not complete for at least twenty-five days. Still it is believed that there is little serious loss of phosphates by drainage following a heavy rain even in sandy soils, while with lime and clay soils the absorption is naturally more rapid and complete. The influence of the water of the soil upon the micro-organisms which play a part in the fertility of the soil remains to be mentioned. The experi- ments of Berthelot show that the nitrogen of the air is fixed through bacteria in non-sterilised soil ; and Hellriegel and Wilfarth, Breal, Schlossing, and Laurent have shown that the bacteroids in the root tubercles of leguminous plants are able to fix free nitrogen. It isknown that the phenomena of nitrification takes place in three steps—formation of ammonia, nitrites and nitrates—under the influence of bacteria, yeasts, algce and the ferments of Winogradsky. Bacillus Mycoidesis aerobic, and able to produce ammoniain the presence of organic nitrogen, but it becomes a denitrifier and ariaerobic when there exists in the soil rapidly reducible substances, such as nitrates. These investigations show that the lower organisms play an important role in the fertility of the soil. Water in varying quantity has an influence on the biology of all these organisms, Schléssing and Miintz have shown that nitrification requires a certain amount of moisture, and the writer’s investigations have shown that the vitality of Ehizolium leguminosarum is influenced by the water content of the soil. Foreach soil there is an optimum humidity, Too great dryness checks or entirely prevents the formation of tubercles. Excessive moisture produces an analogous effect though less marked. The writer has shown that the formation of the tubercles begins soon after the development of the plants, and it is therefore of the highest importance to furnish the young leguminous plant with sufficient water. As regards the variations in ammonia formation with varying proportions of water, it would appear a priort that the results should be analogous to those cited in the case of nitrates. We think the time has arrived to study with greater care the absolute value of the different optima which are recognized in biology. Itis well known that there are optima of temperature, of light, of plant-food, and of humidity with which to realise the best possible growth of the plant, but only in tare instances have the values of these optima been definitely fixed. It has been considered sufficient if we knew the optimum temperative for germination of our cultivated plants, Sepr. 1, 1898.] INOCULATION OF PLANTS AGAINST DISEASE. The June number of the Queensland Agricul- tural Journal contains an interesting contribution from the pen of Mr. Henry Tryon, the Entomo- logist, on Preventive Treatment in Plant Diseases. The writer first refers to Hybridisation as a means of warding off plant diseases, and cites as examples of the successful employment of this method, the production of a rust-resisting wheat and phylloxera-proof vines. Success has even been attained in preventing “chlorosis” and “mildew” in grapes, and a kind of leaf disease in the strawberry by hybridisation, and Dr. Von Tubeuf, the eminent German authority on Plant Pathology, has stated that he considers the method ag available in preventing many diseases in cultivated plants generally. Mr. Tryon considers that it might be possible to keep off the woolly aphis or American blight from apples, the fruit maggot fly from plums, and “black spot” from pears and apples by the same means. As regards inoculation against plant diseases, we shall quote Mr. Tryon’s remarks in extenso ;— With ‘regard to this procedure little beyond general considerations can be adduced in support of its employment as a means for preventing the occurrence of disease in plants. Many maladies that they exhibit present. this feature—viz., their active agents, whether germs or other bodies, are restricted ia the first instance to the vessels or to the tissues with which these are immediately in connection. As instances of this may be mentioned the gumming disease of sugar cane caused by a microbe, Bacillus vascu- lorum, Cobb, in the vessels thereof; and the new and most destructive disease of the potato, dis- covered by the writer and found to be occasioned by the presence of Bacillus vasculorum-solani, Tryon, similarly related to it; and the same obtains in other diseases with regard to the tissues. Again, it is possible to introduce small dosages of chemicals or other reagents into the vessels and tissues of plants without prejudically affecting the vigour and health of the latter. As an instance cf this may be mentioned the Hydrangea, the flowers of which are pink or blue, in correspondence with the plentiful or comparatively pauce occurrence of available iron in the soil in which it is grown. Moreover, it has been found that when vines have been sprayed with Bordeaux mixture their leaves absorb into their tissues an appreciable amount of copper from the copper sulphate that this fungi- cide contains. Again, a permeability of plant vessels and tissues to bodies of various kinds, as well as the general translation of these when once introduced, is shown by well-known physiological experiments. Chemicals or other reagents may therefore be brought into contact with the germs or other bodies originating disease, and either destroy them or counteract or inhibit their action. Thus an Italian investigator, Pichi, has alleged that experimental evidence is forthcoming to prove that the absorption by the foliage of the vine of copper sulphate is preventive of the occurrence of mildew occasioned by the growth of the parasitic fungus, Peronospora viticola, in the tissue. A. N. Berlese, however, in commenting on this finding by P. Pichi, alleges that in using a solution of copper Supplement to the “ Tropical Agriculturist.” 227 sulphate as weak as that mentioned by the latter there would be no deposit of copper sulphate in the tissue, and therefore no such action manifest- ed as that implied. It may, however, be pointed out that this objection would appeiw to lack soundness, for, as has been subsequently demon- strated by Dr. Meade Bolton, pieces of metal that are absolutely pure, and not only such as are commercial and marked chemically pure, will, when placed in pure cultivations of different micro-organisms, notwithstanding they are practi- cally insoluble in the media of these cultivations, inhibit or preveut the growth of these organisms in a very marked manner; and in the absence of any suggested explanation of this phenomenon it may be presumed that a germicidal action by infinitesimal quantities is being displayed. The introduction of metallic salts into the tissue of plants, moreever, forms the special feature in a treatment employed in France, with—in some instances—marked success, in obviating the pre- viously mentioned vine disease chlorosis, and known as “ Badigeonnage Rassiguier.” This treat- ment consists in applying to all the fresh surfaces exposed by the pruning scissors or “ secateur” a strong solution of sulphate of iron, at a time when there is free movement of the sap (7.e., in October, in France). The absorption (states Rassi- guier) in this case takes place rapidly; and, after some days have elapsed on cutting a ‘‘courson” or a ‘bras de souche,” it is easy to detect traces of sulphate of iron by following up the tissue of the plant, In fuct, according to L, Degrully, this solution can be observed to penetrate into the body of the branch from 10-12 centimetres below the point of insertion of the shoot through which the solution has entered. The benefit following the adoption of this process of inoculation has been fully deelt with by the last-mentioned futhority, and would appear to be very pro- nounced. From the foregoing statements it would seem likely also that there may, after all, be some grounds for concluding that the observed freedom from disease, said in some instances to follow the act of driving metallic nails into the wood of fruit trees, may stand in the relation of cause and effect. With regard to other forms of inoculation for preventing disease in plants it may be remarked that, though those maladies that might be attri- butable to the presence and action of bacteria have been little studied, “there are (to quote Dr. Erwin F. Smith} in all probability as many bacterial diseases of plants as cf animals,” More- over, with regard to the bacteria that procueed maladies in plants, it may be further affirmed that they are closely related, beth biclogically and morphologically, to bacteria that produce muladies in animals. Again, in the course of their growth they both may produce acids, alikalies, enzymes, or other bodies. ‘Thus, whereas in the ease of animals immunity may be secured by inoculating into their systems products derived in the cowrse of their developmené from pathogenetic bacteria, so also the same may happen when similar inocula- tion is performed on plants, and this seems especially probable since it has been demonstrated that the disease itself, with its casual agents, can be communicated to them by this procedure. 228 As to the employment of any method of inocu- lation related to that which consists in the use of serum, as in dealing with avimal diseases occa- sioned by micro-organisms, it may be stated that, although Dr. Russell has concluded from experi- mental evidence that “ vegetable cell juices, aside from their acid reaction, are entirely powerless against bacteria, and do not possess any germi- cidal properties like the blood serum of animals,” the experiments that he conducted were ‘too limited in number to afford any basis for a general conclusion”; aud there are grounds for concluding that “it is not improbable that a great variety of bactericidal and protective substance; occur in plants,” just as there are bodies contained in them, such as “the various essential oils and other vegetable products—e.g., thymol, salicylic acid, benzoic acid, tannin, quinine, oil of peppermint,” &c,, that are known to “exert a powerful res- training influence on bacterial growth.” - Again, there are organisms that are met with in the tissues of plants in a condition referred to by German writers under van Beneden’s term “ Mutu- alismus” that exert, as far as has been observed, no apparent influence upon either the vigour or development of their hosts, or if otherwise only after a comparatively long period has _ elapsed, although it has been suggested that the advantages of this “ Mutualismus”’ may be only distinctly manifested when the plant is in need of a large amount of nitrogenous matter—for instance, during the ripening of the fruit, These may yet prove to be destroyers of the true parasitic organisms occurring in plants, and therefore competent to prevent the maladies that these orginate in them; and if so, seeing that plants previously free from their presence may be artificially infected by them, as shown by Janse and other investigators, they may be available for inoculation haying for its end the prevention of disease. = GENERAL ITEMS. There are two simple ways of ascertaining the height of trees. The first is well-known and depends on the shadows thrown, thus requiring the aid of the sun. The shadow of a stick fixed in the ground is to the Jength of the stick as the shadow thrown by the tree is to the height of the tree. The calculation is easily made according to- ordinary rule of three. Another simple way is given in the Journal of Horticulture. Take three laths and nail them in the shape of a triangle, so that a right angle may be formed by two laths of equal length. Now let the triangle stand with one equal side along the ground and the other parallel with ihe tree to be measured, Next move the triangle into such a position that, as far as can be judged by the eye, the line opposite the right angle, if continued upwards will strike the top of the tree. it will then be seen, by the help of a diagram, that the height of the tree will be the same as the length of the line measured from the foot of the tree to the farther end of the lathe laid on the ground that is to the end away from the right angle. Supplement to the “ Tropical Agriculturist.” [Sepr. 1, 1898. An experienced cultivator of tobacco states that the best fertilizer for the crop is crushed cotton seed and cotton seed meal. ‘The latter to give the plants a quick start, the former by its slow action to feed the plants at a later poriod and sustain them during the important crisis of leaf formation. About 80 to 100 bushels of crushed seed, and 500 to 800 lbs. of the meal should be applied per acre. Mr. E, Cowley writing to the Queensland Agri- cultural Gazette says, referring to ceara rubber “ the idea published in Ceylon thas seeds planted in fresh horse-dung will germinate rapidly ” hason trial been quite exploded. Ouly six out of 100 seeds thus planted germinated after along|period . though every care was taken, Reference is also made to the ‘fallacy that the seeds take twelve . months to germinate, and itis stated that seed obtained for Messrs. Christy, London; germinated | within two months ia the open ground without any preparation of seed. The writer draws atten- tion to the fact that half-ripened wood {grows readily though older wood will not grow at all except in isolated instances. The younger wood if freshly planted is said to grow to a height of 20 feet and bear flowers and fruit within 12 months. He believes that if rubber growing is to be established in Queensland, Ceara will yield the best results. In the Straits rubber is got from the following trees:—Dichopsis gutta, D. polyantha, D. pustu- lata, and D. Maingayi; also from Payena leerii In Java, Palagnium borneensis and P. gutta are among the rubber-producing trees, A species of rubber plant peculiar to Colombia, and which grows at an elevation of 6,000 to 8,000 ft. has been named Sapium biglandulosum by the Kew autharities. Ficus rigo is a rubber tree of British New Guinea, said to be hardy and a fast grower coming into “ bearing” in about 4 years. : Prof. Raulin of the University of Lyons has demonstrated that the chemical nature of the soil influences the seed of plants gtown upon it,. and this difference may be felt for many genera- tions. In this way scme of the widely-different results of experiments may be explained. Gaston Bounier of the University of Paris has proved that in the process of acclimatization — certain secondary characters are developed which are often retained by the plant in its struggle to adapt itself to its surroundings, this being seen in the convergence of morphological types under the — influence of cold, due either to latitude or altitude and the analogous structure of plants upon moun- i tain tops nnd polar regiors. 3 Vesque has established the fact that inherited characterestics have little to do with the adaptation of plants to drought, and that there is no genus, Ha eal all the species of. which “are adapted in the same degree t i ical | environment. ee ee si tet (Ab ACRCDL py, «| MONTHLY. be COLOMBO, OCTOBER Ist, 1898. Vol. XVIII.] Usp [No. 4. “PIONEERS OF THE PLANTING ENTERPRISE IN CEYLON.” (Third Series.) CAPT. FIRST CHAIRMAN War regret being unable to pre- sent a portrait of CAPTAIN JOLLY, one of our earliest and most esteemed Planting Pioneers and the first Chair- man of the Planters’ Associ- ation. In view of his holding the latter position Captain Jolly would have appear- ed as one of the earliest in our list, were it not fo. the abserce of a portrait. Application was duly made to surviving relatives for such photograph or other portrait as would enable us to reproduce a col- lotype print ; but Lady nynsey, the only surviving daughter (Capt. Jolly had no son) could not help us, and we quote as follows from the courteous answer received :—‘* Fain would 1 send you one, but Captain Jolly was unfortunately never photo- graphed ; and the only miniature we have of him is in such youth that it would convey nothing of himself to the very few who now remember him and could not interest others: so that, as I feel on the subject, it would be better to have no portrait than one of so distant a date. So will you be so kind as to put in a word that no w orthy picture of him was to be had or I, his daughter, would most gladly have supplied it.” We must, JOHN KEITH JOLLY, OF THE PLANTERS’ PROPRIETARY PLANTER, ASSOCIATION OF CEYLON; 1843—1865. therefore, content ourselves with a brief biogra- phical notice of the veteran Captain and Planter, based mainly on notes kindly placed at our service by his nephew, Mr. Stewart Jolly—himself one of our early, but still surviving, and much-esteemed planters. We find then that CAPTAIN JOHN KriTH JOLLY was the son of Stewart Jolly, Justice of the Peace and Deputy-Lieutenant of the Shires of Stirling and Dumbarton, by his wife Catherine Douglas. He was born in 1807 and at an early age entered the Maritime Service of the Hon. East India Company. In it he remained till the Company’s Charter was withdrawn and the Eastern ports thrown open to free trade. o his service came to an end and with other officers he was pensioned off. He commuted his pension, married, and in 1843 decided to settle and plant coffee in Ceylon. He had before that been offered the command of an ‘‘opium clipper” by Messrs. Jardine, Matheson & Co. of China, which would have brought him an almost certain and speedy but we are glad to learn that, for conscientious reasons, he felt bound to decline the offer. So in 1843, Captain Jolly and his wife arrived in Ceylon and settled at Katugastota near Kandy. Mrs. Jolly was sister of Mys, Swan, wife of Mr. James fortune ; 230 Swan of Morankanda, a leading Colombo merchant and sometime member of the Legislative Council, and of Doveton Greentree, Lieutenant in the Ceylon Rifles. Her father, who was a pensioned member of the Hon. Hast India Company’s Civil Service, bought Katugastota House, and it only passed out of the family about 1866. Captain Jolly successively bought the lands which became the estates of Farieland, opened by Archibald Millie* ; Vicarton, The Borders and The Glen, opened by the well-known and worthy Mr. Abercrombie Swan (so long known as “‘ B. W.”—‘BackWoodsman” of the Observer); Atherton opened by that most admirable of managers Mr. W, B. Lamont—still we are happy to think to the fore; and Zhe Bwin opened by Jack Sutherland, afterwards of the Public Works Department and of Pussellawa where he owned Karagassalawa. When he first arrived in Ceylon Captain Jolly was asked by Lady Oliphant if he, like all those who were going into coflee, expected to make a rapid fortune? He said, ‘“‘ No”’, but that he hoped by industry and perseverance to achieve a modest independence in perhaps twenty years. As coffee estates Farieland (above Kandy) and the three Matale estates—Vicarton, The Borders and The Glen—paid very fairly well; but by Atherton in Ambagamuwa and The Burn in Yakdessa, through the almost never-ceasing rain preventing the ripen- ing of crops and encouraging the growth of weeds, some £20,000 were lost. In 1853 Captain Jolly joined the firm of Messrs. George Wall & Co- which, after some years’ existence in Kandy, in that year set up what grew to be an influential mercantile house in Colombo; and in this firm he remained a partner—latterly only a sleeping one —till he died in 1865. From that date, as a coincidence, the prosperity of the firm, we have heard, began to decline. But the fact was that a time of depression generally set in during 1866, beginning from ‘‘Black Hriday” when Messrs. Overend, Gurney & Co. collapsed in London. Captain Jolly’s partnership in the estates with friends at home, who were unknown in Ceylon, was broken up about 1860 and so, selling out of the other properties, he was left sole owner of Farieland only. On that model and delightfully situated plantation he had in 1847 built a bun- galow at a cost of some £2,000 and there, as soon as the work was finished, he took up his residence finally, quitting Katugastota. We believe Captain Jolly was, if not the first, among the very earliest to keep coffee estates free from weeds by constant weeding ; and Mr. Louis Byrde, *Mr. A. Millie was a brother of the better-known Mr. P. D. Millie who still survives. The former left Farieland in 1848 to take charge of Patam- pshai estate in Hunasgiriya, but returned home a year later to his uative Kirkaldy. \ THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. (Oct. 1, 1898, a good judge, on visiting Farieland in 1855, decla that although the soil was by no means rich indeed over a great part comparatively poor, yet the estate and vigorous coffee were a per- fect triumph of good management. Of Capt. Jolly’s life as a public man there is not much to be said, though he worked fait- fully and well both in the Planters’ Association and as Member of the Legislative Council. He was, as we have said, the first Chairman of the Association—1854-55—and gave general satisfaction by his upright, straightforward guidance in the public questions of the day dealt with. The two great rivals in the Association at its commencement were R. B. Tytler and Geo, Wall: the latter did most work, and indeed drew up the “ consti- tution” &., but Tytler with his bonhemic and wide liberal views was far more popular among his brother planters. It shows how much esteemed and liked was Capt. Jolly, when both leaders and rivals readily agreed to sink al! differences and to serve underhim as firstChairman. The first Secretary was the redoubtable “Sandy Brown” who was inde- fatigable and in love with his work, so that he be- came almost as indispensable to the Association as Mr. Alexander Philip has proved since he took Mr. Brown's place in 1876. (Of course the work has increased ten-fold since the early days.) On Capt. Jolly’s retirement after two years’ service, Mr. Tytler took his place, but for a few months only, as he was leaving for home, and then Mr. Wall succeeded. Meantime, Capt. Jolly was not idle; and so long as health permitted, he ever continued loyal and assiduous in attendance at Committee and General Meetings of the Association. No European Colonist, too, was more respected and trusted by the natives— whether we take the Kandyan aristocracy with whom he came in contact,* the minor headmen * Tue REBELLION In 1848,—Mr. 8. Joll i the following interesting note :—“T neil ceestiiee I was ‘out’ one day as a special Constable—the . day when Sir Emerson Tennent made a speech to the people from the steps of the Pavilion, (and “* Goompane could make no reply”!) Another day I saw the anointed King (Denis the bandyman)— a fair man with blue eyes—brought in a prisoner from Matale. George Elphinstone Dalrymple (Logie’s uncle) and I, who were at the time living at Katu- gastota, went to the ferry to await his arrival in charge of our friend “ Twig” Wilkinson, Lieut. of the 15th Regt., and w small escort of men. I heard the volley when he was shot, after trial by court-martial. One evening my uncle, Capt. Jolly, andI rode down to Kandy. We met Lord Torrington also on horse- back in front of the O.B.C. house. He Stopped and talked to us. Parsons the Fiscal passed on horseback. Lord Torrington called him to stop and said to him -— “Be sure you hang that Buddhist priest in his uniform tomorrow morning.” I think the doing of that and recording it in a despatch had much to do with Lord Torrington’s recall. Whereas if he had said and writ- ten nothing at all, the man would have been hanged in his yellow robe all the same. He had nothing elwe to wear!” ' realized. Oct. 1, 1898.] THE TROPICAL and villagers, or the Tamil coolies on his own estates—than was Capt. Jolly. His chief aim in public life was ever the public gool—to do all he could for the progress of the Colony, for the good of the land and of the people of Ceylon and the Indian immigrants whose labour did so much to develope the hill country. Capt. Jolly was the soul of honour, ever generous and kindhearted, and one who knew him well, declares he cannot recall a single action in his Ceylon career which the worthy proprietor of Farieland had to recall with regret. No doubt Capt. Jolly himself, if he saw such testimony, would, in modest sincerity, deprecate it as exaggerated ; but of how few of us Colonists _ of the present day—God help us!—can we expect neighbours and onlookers to say ‘‘ He never .did _ anything he had to recall with regret.” Capt. Jolly’s solid judgment and prescience were illustrated in the fact that his forecast in answer to Lady Oliphant was as nearly as_ possible, In about twenty years, he had from his work and investments in coffee (though some turned out heavy losses) realized the competency he had aimed at. No great fortune as some people would count it, but enough to satisfy the ambition of a worthy man. Capt. Jolly, however, did not live long to enjoy the otium cum dignitate. We have already mentioned the large sum Capt. Jolly had spent on his bungalow, and the extremely careful cultivation he directed in his home estate, making it one of the most com- fortable and delightful residential properties in the island. Within a few miles of Kandy which it overlooked, from the grassy hills rising above the property, extensive and varied views were obtained over the Kandyan country, especially from the summit of the celebrated Mattana-patana (Mutton-Button) hill. * Capt.and Mrs. Jolly clung to their delightful Farieland home which had been brightened for some years by the presence of their two daughters, soon, however, to leave them—the one to become Mrs. Steele, the wife of the Poet-Magistrate of Kandy (who retired from the Service eventually as Assistant Agent, Hambantota), and the other to marry the then young bright Military Assistant Surgeon, Dr. William Raymond Kynsey (afterwards to return to Ceylon as P.C.M.O., and to retire * Mutron-Burron (the hill above Kandy). In 1848 Lokn Banda (then Inspector of Police, Kandy, and the brother of Tikiri Banda, the famous rebel, and of James Alex. Dunuwila) told Mr, 8S. Jolly that the proper name of this hill is ‘“‘ Motta ” (the ‘l’amil word tor bald) and “patana” (the Sinhalese word for a natural grassland)—Motta-patana. We believe he was right: nothing could be more apt or truly des- criptive. It is exactly like a bald crown surrounded by a fringe of hair (jungle), "as Sir Wm. Kynsey, Kt., C.M.G.*). AGRICULTURIST. 231 Through a painful and lingering illness, Capt. Jolly was most devotedly nursed, and being brought for a change to the seaside at Mount Lavinia, the veteran East Indiaman and Colonist expired there on the 27th day of February, 1865, at the comparatively early age of 58 years. In the following year, his widow passed peacefully away at Farieland, and the poor and natives ofall degrees, about Kandy, knew they. had lost true friends. (From “Overland Ceylon Observer,” March 3, 1865.) On the 27th February, at Mount Lavinia, John Keith Jolly, Esq., of Farieland Estate, aged 58 years. It becomes our sad duty to record the death of Captain John Keith Jolly which occurred on Monday, the 27th February. The deceased was well known as one of our earliest and most enterprising Planters, and at one time filled, with much credit to himself, the post of Chair- man of the Planters’ Association and represent- ative of the Planters in the Legislative Council. One by one, the links connecting the present with the commencement of our great coffee enterprise, are dropping off, > THE HOME OF “PARA” (HEVEA) RUBBER, Condensed from a recent report on the trade of the consular district of Par4, Brazil, by Mr. Consul W. A. Churchill, to the British foreign office. The Hevea tree is not conspicuous, and resembles many other forest trees. People have travelled for thousands of miles through the rubber region and have lived for years in the centers of the industry without even noticing it. The newcomer invariably expects to see the familiar glossy dark- green leaves of the Ficus, andis disappointed with the insigni- ficant appearance of the Hevea. In appearauce it is more like the English ash than anything else, It grows to a height of upwards of 60 feet. The blossoming season isin August, and the fruit ripens in December and January. The seeds should be planted as soon as possible after ripening, as they speedily lose their vitality. The localities where rubber-trees thrive the best are on islands and low grounds near rivers where the banks are periodically inundated. Ground that is above water at all times or that has no drainage is not suitable to the tree. A peculiarity of this rubber-tree is that it will not grow satis- factorily on cleared and open ground. It requires the shade of other trees, and still air, from the time that its growth begins until it becomes an adult tree, Without these conditions the supply of milk is very much affected. In fact, the tree has been known to die-soon after the clearing of ground around it. No cultivation worth mentioning has been at- tempted in the Amazon region. It is considered useless to invest capital in cultivation so long at the Amazonian forest shows no signs of exhaustion, The Hevea repuires about fifteen years to mature— that is too long for the ordinary investor to wait. The most competent authorities maintain that the * Though Sir William and Lady Kynsey have left Ceylon, there is still a family tie through the presence of Mr.and Mrs. Buckworth (Dimbula)—Mrs. Buckworth (nee Miss Kynsey) being a grand-danghter of Capt Jolly, 932 Supply is inexhaustible, because the Hevea is cons tinually being reproduced by nature. Certainly Bome areas become exhausted when overworked, but when left alone for some time they recover, The district of Cameté, on the river Tocantins, gave an excellent quality of rubber, for which there was a special quotation in foreign markets. This strict, however, is now exhausted, because, for about forty years, thousands of men have tapped its trees. All newcomers flocked to Oameta to make their fortunes. But there are many districts that have not been tapped. The area that is known to produce Para rubber amounts to at least 1,000,000 equare miler. Further exploration will no doubt show that this area is underestimated. The richest zones as at present known are along the banks of all the southern tributaries of the river Amazon, and on the islands in the main stream and near Parad. ‘The most prolific part is on the river Aquiry or Acré, one of the tributaries of the river Puris. Here a hun- dred trees yield as much as one ton of rubber per annum. The northern tributaries of the Amazon do not produce much rubber. Of these, the river Negro produces the most, but the quality is soft. The river Branco yields very little rubber, and the upper part runs through pasture lands and high round which is not suitable for good rubber. Some oF the other northern tributaries have not been ex- lored, and may yet reveal large stores of rubber. ad Hevea is known to exist on the banks of Japura, but that district has not yet been opened up. Tt was at one time imagined that the excellence f Para rubber was greatly due to the kind of fuel i alm-nuts) used in curing it. The palms that fur- (P h this fuel were accordingly transplanted to ‘fries with a view of making ‘‘ Para rubber” there the experiment, however, has not succeeded, The A son why these nuts are selected is because they ani 4 continuous dense smoke, and are more port- “ae than other fuel obtainable. However, when ae of the palms are prosent, bark and twigs of other trees are used as fuel. d ree When the accumulation of rubber is sufficient— sually the collection of three or four days—the 2 Vector lights a fire im his hut, places an inverted fe el over the fire, and ladles a thin coat of milk bei a paddle and holds it over the smoke to co- oat - the process is repeated until a large cake nem Heen formed. To release the paddle from the ee it is,necessary to make a slit on one side. TT < addle mold makes a cake of uniform and even phos The paddle is in general use in the state of ae in other districts a spit is placed on two up- right forked sticks, and given a rotary motion. by hig means the rubber is cured with greater ease, 5 + paddle-smoked rubber is preferred, as it is drier al Soe carefully cured. Attempts to introduce in roved curing apparatus have not been received vale opular favor, because the primitive process ye ie the advantages of being simple and inex- eee Sawn sa of curing rubber is in- F e process of curing rubberis very i BENG oil Te ost Many cases of total blindness result from it collector gathers 7 pounds of rubber in an exrere lower Amazon, but three times this a day on : i lected on the upper Amazon, in the Saar arte, | Re collecting season on the lower ins when the waters have subsided— ate ee ends in January or February. The e llectors employed are principally Brizalians, im- oni nts frorom Ceara and other neighbouring states ae ‘om Portugal, together with half castes. The ait ‘sont American Indian is of very little use as aa rer, Nor are the West Indian negroes suit- Oe ee “the Amazonian rubber estates, as they Geiitiot stand the melirial climate. : The insufficient amount of labor is $ serious difficulties im the rubber industry. It a a 4 of much use to own rich rubber estates if Aven ner cannot obtain sufficient laborers to collect ie BHne: for him. Whe exploitation of rubber THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. is one of the _ [Ocr. 1, 1898. forests is entirely in the hands of the Brazilians and Portuguese. Foreigners to the country have on several occasions attempted to engage in the same enterprise, but without success. It was tried some years ago on a large scale by am American syndi- cate, but the experiment failed.—Jndia Rubber World. a os MICA MINING IN THE DISTRICT OF NELLORE, INDIA. By Robert W. Tompson. A.M.LC.E.. M.S. A. Nellore is one of the maritime Gistricts of the Madras Presidency. It is bonnded on the North by the dis- trict of Kistna, on the south by the districts of Chingleput and North Arcot, on the east by the Bay of Bengal, and on the west by the district of Cuddapah, from which it is seperated by the Eastern Ghats—a range of hills from 2,000 to 3,000 feet in height, running roughly paralled to the cost from fifty to sixty miles inland, The length of the dis- trict is about 180 miles, and the area about 10,000 square miles. The Great Northern Road from Madras to Calcutta passes through the district south to north keeping at an average distance of ten miles from the sea. Various other roads branch east and west from this trunk to populous and important villages. The chief town is Nellore, on the Pennar river, 1£0 miles from Madras by the Great Northern road; the next in importance are Ongole, 182 miles from Madras and Gudur, 85 miles from Madras, both of which are also on the Great Northern road. Venca- taghiri and Calastry are also important places, both being in the south-west of the district. There 18 railway communication with Madras, but the ronte is circuitous, and a break of gauge occurs at a place called Rennigunta where passengers tranship from the Madras railway, broad gauge, to the South Indian Railway, parrow gauge, the journey taking over six- teen hours; but the new Bezwade-Madras State Railway, which will probably be opened for traffic this year will give direct broad-gauge communication between Madras and Nellore, the journey taking not more than six hours. The district is salubrions and populous, the population being approximately 200,000. There is not sufficient employment for the lower, or cooly, class of the people, so that labour is plentiful and cheap, a man’s wages (reduced to English mone being from 3d. to 4d. aday,and a woman’s or boy’s from 2d. to 3d.—nothing more. The district is in- terested by numerous streams having their origin in the Eastern Ghats, and one river—the pennar— which, rising in the tableland of Mysore, flows through the district of Cuddapah (receiving there the waters of the Chittravutty, the Paupugni, and the Cheyair) and then through a rift in tbe Eastern Ghats past the town of Nellore into the Bay of Bengal, after a course of 355 miles. East of the Great Northern road, and for a few miles to the west of it, the country is generally low and flat and the soil alluvial, and rice is largely cultivated upon it; to the west of this the ground begins to rise and becomes undulating and rocky, and is only fit for the cultivation of fey grains in some parts, the rest being barren or covered with jungle. The geological formation of this portion may be described as being generally a bed of matamorphic rock on which is superimposed a layer of laterite, which is a soft argillaceous stone of a reddish-brown colour, and of aqueous formation. The metamorphic rocks are represented by gneiss, mica schist, horn- blends schist, and quartzite; these, though forming the bed rock of this part of the district, very often crop out about the surface and stand exposed. In- stances of igneous rock are also met with in trap, felspar, and granite, the former occuring in dykes, and the two latter as isolated intrusions through the bed of metamorphic rock. This is the genera] aspect of the district: but laterite is occasionally met with in_ places nearer to the sea than above - indicated, and alluvial land farther inland; this is Oct. 1, 1898.] naturally the case along the valleys through which streams flow. Mica exists in the western parts of the district where the land begins to rise to the ghats. The surface indication of it is the outcrop of quartz and felspar, with which minerals it is usually asso- ciated, being sometimes integrated with them so as to form a coarsegrained granite, or else occuring in large separate masses. It is not unusual to find distinct masses of mica, of quartz. and of felspar, lying contigeous to each other; the idea which they convey being that Nature intended mannfacturing granite on the spot, but after collecting the neces- sary materials had changed her mind about it. But the syrface indication, above mentioned, is not always present: in some cases mica occurs in isola- ted blocks. There are mica minesin operation at Inikurti, Utukur, Chaganum, Sydapuram, and Khan- dali, all lying from W.S.W to S.S.W. of the town of Nellore, at from twenty to thirty miles distance. Indications of mica are met with further north, but no mines have yet been started: the industry isin fact in its infancy, the first mine, the one at Utukur- having only been started in 1888. The mineral it found near the surface, and those hitherto engaged upon the getting of it not being professional miners, but mere diggers, the only method of working yet adopted has been that of quarrying—no subterraneous mining has yet been attempted. The mica occurs in masses of from 100 to 200 cubic feet; these masses have been found from near the surface to a depth of 70 feet, the method employed for detaching the stuff being blasting with gunpowder or dynamite. The cutting and sorting of the mica after it is won from the quarry isa very important part of the industry: the value depends not only on the sizes of the sheets, but also upon their freedom from flaws and their clearness and transparency. Slabs of clear mica have been obtained of a superficial area exceed- ing twosquare feet; such pieces are however rare. But pieces of no more than 4 square inches find a ready market. All clear mica is cut into rectangu- lar pieces of certain sizes. ‘he clippings, or waste, have hitherto been thrown aside as useless; but inquiries have recently been made for tbis waste also, as the mineral is said to be useful as a lu- bricant when powdered. Some of the mines recent- ly started have had their whole output bespoken by firms in Madras. New uses are continually being found for the m-neral. A patent has recently been taken out in Iudia for a composition, in which it is the principal ingredient, for the covering of boi- lers, steam-pipes, and the like, as it is a capital non-conductor of heat. A cartridge has also been recently invented in which, instead of paper or metal for the wrapping, mica is used, the advantages of the material for this purpose being manifold. It is not easy to ascertain the actual cost of get- ting the material, the mine owners being naturally reticent on the subject; and, in fact, the cost must yary in different mines according to the quantity and quality of the mica obtained, and the depth at which it is found. That it is a very paying indus- try is clear from the eagerness with which both Europeans and natives are taking up land for mining, From statistics obtained from the Sea Customs Department, it appears that during the first half of the year 1895 the quantity of mica exported from the port of Madras was 66,815 lbs., which increased to 71,030 lbs. in the second half, and to 89,330 lbs. in the first half of 1896. During last year (1896), no less than 30 mining leases were taken out for 64 acres of land, fora total assessment of 3,192 rupees. The industry has hitherto been worked by men of small means, who have each taken up from one to two acres of land to opperate upon. But recently some firms in Madras have been applying for large blocks of land for the purpose. In consequence of these applications Government have been reconsideing the questlon of their attitude towards the industry. Hitherto the rule has been a charge of arupee an acre for the right of prospecting, and an annual recent of 50rupeesan acre for land taken up on lease for THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. bo ~ 33 mining upon. But the term “ prospecting” has not been clearly defined, nor have any maximum or minimum limits been laid down as to the sizes of blocks which may be taken up or the distances which must seperate rival blocks. In consequence of this difficul- ties have arisen at times. Government have hi- therto taken no interest in the outturn of the mines or the status of the lessees; they are inclined now to take an interest in both; they desire to eneour- age firms or companies to take up large blocks of lands say of about half a square mile in area and while reducimg the ground-reat to charge a royalty of 5 per cent. ad valorem on the outturn. The idea is that such firms or companies, by introducing improved methods of mining, would get better re. sults than have yet been achived and so earn a higher profit, in which profit Government desire to participate. The difficulty of accurately valuing the mica obtained is to be gotten over by ultimately accepting a brokers’s certificate as to what it realised on sale in London, or wherever it was disposed of ; Government in the first instance exacting a royalty calculated upon the highest price it is likely to realise. A deposit of 500 rupees is to be made with each application for a lease of land ora license to prospect. The new rules have not yet been promul- gated, but it is believed that the above is a pretty accurate forecast of what is coming. These rales will. of course, apply only to mining on Government land. ; Where it is desired to mine on land belonging to private parties, an arrangement must be come to with the owners. The Rajah of Vencataghiri owns much mica bearing land in the district; his rates at present, are a rupee an acre for prospecting etal an_annual rent of 50 rupees an acre for mining : Tt must not be supposed that all who have gone in for mica mining have been successful; there have been failures as well as successes; but the success- es have so far outnumbered the failures that, as has already been said, there is a considerable boom in the industry just now—as booms in India go The failures have generally been due to ea ae men have started mining where there was no mica. ln some cases failures have been due to want of capital and spirit. One of the most successful mines in the district was abandoned by the original owner as unprofitable. Besides mica, the district contains iron, copper gypsum, kaolin, and garnets. The iron ore is of TOea quality and is worked by the natives to a small extent for supplying local wants. The copper ore was worked formerly, but the ore procurable near the surface being exhausted, the industry has been abandoned. Jt is not known to what extent these minerals exist. Gypsum, kaolin and garnets are found, but are not worked. The kaolin. which is disintegrated felspar, is white, and appears to be of good quality. The garnets hitherto found hay been poor.—Journal of the Socvety of Arts. : —————__________ HOW RUBBER TREES (FICUS ELASTICA) ARE GROWN IN ASSAM; By D. P. Copenranp, Deputy ConsERVATOR F Forests, DARRANG Division. Ficus Exastica—l The india rubber fio oy outchouc tree is indigenous in ArrpaN eRe eee found a dominant tree in the evergreen forests lt requires an exceedingly damp atmosphere and this best natural rubber trees are met with in the for ts at the foot of the hills, or on the hills them 12 - ee an elevation of 2,500 feet. at ATURAL GERMINATION.—2. In its natural < the rubber starts from seed ansueed cis ae the forks of other trees, often 20 or 30 feet or Ra more from the ground, where it germinates Br altive young plant remains an epiphyte for years til its aerial roots touch the ground; as soon as tbi takes place, the little epiphyte changes rapidl ae a vigorous tree, throwing out numerous aariatie St which radually envelope the tree on which it fit t began life and often kill it out, é 2a 934. Tuk TROPICAL Having started life so high up, it soon throws out branches which overtop the surrounding trees, and the numerous aerial roots, which fall from these and establish connection with the ground, ina few years enable it to dominate the forest growth around it. Srerp.—3. The seed of this tree is contained in fig-shaped fruit, about 75 seeds being found in one good sound fig. The fruit first begins to form on the trees in March and ripens from May onward to December. On some trees the whole crop ripens and falls off by June, but, as a rule, the rubber tree has fruit on it from April right up to December, the figs forming, ripening and falling off, the whole of the rains. After collection the figs have to be carefully dried and mixed with pounded charcoal, which preserves the seed for several months. Srrp Beps.—4, In the Charduar rubber plantation nursery, for a seed bed 40’x3', two to three seers of pulverized rabber seed, 10 seers ash and 20 seers of vegetable loam or good soil, is well mixed in a half cask and spread evenly over the bed, and then lightly stamped down and water2d. Such a bed should yield, with good germination, 2,000 seedlings and should be sufficient for putting out 100 acres of rubber planted 70'x35’. The beds must be well-raised and drained, the soil being prepared in the same way as for vegetable or flower seed. If sown in boxes, these should be put under the eaves of a house; if in beds, light removable shades must be put up to keep off the direct rays of the sun. The shades should be removed during rainy or cloudy weather and at night. Light sandy loam is most suitable for seed beds; if the soil is stiff, charcoal dust should be mixed with it to make it porous and prevent caking. The bed or boxes must never be allowed to get dry. Sowine.—5. This should be done exactly in the same way as for vegetable or flower seed which requires transplanting after germination. The figs are broken between the hand. As the seed is very minute, the particles of the fruit are left with the seed and sown with it, no attempt being made to clean or Papeete the pulverized figs. In order to distribute these minute seeds evenly over the seed beds, or boxes, a certain quantity of ash and soil is mixed with them. GeRMINATION.—6. Germination takes place from the end of April to the end of the rains. Seed sown between October and January, requires daily water- ing and screening from the sun, and will not ger- minate before the end of April or the beginning of May, but seed sown any time during the rains will germinate in a few days (from five days to a fort- night). It follows that the best time for sowing seed is during the rains—that is from June to September. The embryo appears on the germination of the seed as aseedling having a pair of opposite cotyledons with an entire margin destitute of appendage of any kind, with the exception of the notched or emarginate apex, oval in general outline, green in colour and of a glassy smoothness. The second pair of leaves shows a tendency to the al- ternate arrangement on the stem but appears at the same time. Their shape and venation are very different from those of the primary leaves for they have a central midrib and a distinctly coarsely- crenated margin. The third pair of leaves do not appear simultaneously, and are distinctly alternate, with a marked reddish colour: after this the plant is easily recognized . Prickine our.—7. When the seedlings are one to two inches high in the seed beds or boxes, they should be transplanted into nursery beds, and put out in lines about a foot from each other, The nursery beds should be well-raised and drained, but the soil need not be so carefully prepared as for the seed beds. Here the plants are kept till the fol- lowing rains, when they are dug up and taken to stockaded nurseries in the forest, and put out 5x5! on raised well-drained beds, where they remain for incisions or * AGRICULTURIST. [Ocr. 1, 1898, two years till they are required for planting operations. Forrst NuRSERIS.—8. Almost ever phe toe will e young ' plants; it is, therefore, im- @ to} t out small seedlings in the forest, s to the destruction by the wild elephants and game, unless each individual plant is carefully fenced in, As this is too costly, and the rubber after it is 1—2 feet in height is very hardy and can be transplanted, with ordinary care, at any time of the year (the best time in Assam is between May and July), the seedlings are kept in stockaded nur- series in the forest where planting operations are to take place, and remain there till they are 10 that is, about three years after or 12 feet high, germination, when they are dug out ant the roots are cut back 18 inches right around the plant and planted on the mounds in the forests, PuaNTING opekations.—9. In artificial planting it is found that the rabber grows best on monnds, Lines are cut through the forest 20 feet wide and 70 feet apart from centre to centre; in these lines 15 feet stakes are put up 35 feet apart. Round each stake a mound is thrown up four feet high. The base of the mound is about ten feet in diameter and they taper to four feet on the top; on this mound the rubber tree is planted, care being taken that the roots are carefully spread out before they are covered up with earth. To prevent animals pulling the plants and wird blowing them down, they are tied to the stakes. Curtincs.—10. The rubber tree can readily be propagated from the cuttings, if only perfectly ripe young branches or shoots are used, but the tree raised from cuttings does not appear to throw out aerial roots, and, as the future yield of the tree probably depends on its aerial root system, it is questionable whether trees raised from cuttings ought to be used except where required only as shade givers, such as inanayenne. In the Charduar rubber plantation, propagation by cuttings was given up very early, that is about 1876, the plantation having been commenced in 1873. The best time to take cuttings is May and June. GENERAL.—11. The rubber grows equally well on high land or low land, in forest land or grass land, so long as it is plantedon a mound and its roots are not exposed to the sun. It is a surface feeder, but, as «coon as its roots appear above ground, they must be covered with fresh earth until such time as the tree has formed a sufficient leaf eanopy to protect itself{—(Assam Forest Report 1896-97).— {Indian Forester. $s PLANTING IN SELANGOR: LIBERIAN COFFEE—COFFEE CURING— RAMIE—RUBBER—COCO. NUTS—PADI. The year 1897 was not a prosperous period for the European owners of coffee estates. ‘The price of Liberian coffee, which stood at $3150 a pikul in January, 1597, declined so low as $2250 a pilul, rendering it almost impossible for those planters with estates in bearing to put their produce upon the market except at a loss. Notwithstanding this ad- verse outlook, however, the estate owners have con- tinued to extend their clearings; and the area under cultivation was very considerably increased dari the year. There is now coffee in Selangor of all ages up to fifteen years old under the management ot European planters. The appearance of the plants, of whatever growth, is almost uniformly flourishing, whether on the low lands of the coast districts or the more elevated situations in the inland divisions. Many additional acres come into bearing every year, the amount of produce inereases in proportion, and nothing but a more fayourable market appears to be now wanting to ensure a fortunate future for the estates of Selangor. Allusion was made in the last Annual Re to the existence of a small coffee curing establishment Oct. 1, 1898. at Klang. I am glad to say that this factory is now about to besupplemented by a store and curing establishment of large dimensions now in course of erection by Mr. W. W. Bailey, on his estate of Lowlands, near Klang. Constructed under the supe- rintendence of this most experienced planter there can be no doubt that this building will be replete with all the necessary plant, and Mr. Bailey will, in all probability, be able to render assistance in curing to his planting neighbours as well as to provide for the requirements of his own produce. The decline in market rates has exercised a very visible effect upon the condition of the Malay coffee gardens. The natives, naturally, never anticipated that the value of the produ ld drop to- its present figure, and now that it has dene so, and shows no immediate sign of a veiurn to former quotations, they are generaily convinced that the trees are not worth looking after, and have withdrawn much of the little attention which they previously paid to the growing plants. Their gardens, for the most part, present a-neglected and uncared for appearance. The cultivation of coffee isnot an in- dustry which is well suited to Malays, because the trees require careful handling throughout the time of their growth, and the Malay understands planting, but does not realise what cultivation means. He likes to put something in the ground and then to sit down and watch it grow, until if is time to gather the fruit, leaving the cultivation to nature. He therefore succeeds with coconuts, betelnuts and plantains, and it may be that he will be well ad- vised to leave coffee alone. I again desire to express to the Selangor Planters’ Association the sense of this Government of the valuable work done by their body in 1897. It is, in my opinion, a matter of much import that all matters affecting the planting interest should be freely ventilated and suitably and concisely repre- sented to the Government. This is precisely what has been done by the Association, whose continued effects on behalf of all that affects the agricultural development of the State will always be warmly seconded and fully appreciated by the officers of the administration. The attention of planters ha: been directed to other products besides Liberiaa cotfec—ramie gr iss, rubber, and coconuts, having each receive notice. I am not aware that the cultivation of ramie has yet assumed a practical form, but experiments are being made with Para rubber (Hevea Braziliensis), which appears to be the species best adopted for cultivation in this part of the world, and excep- tionally favourable terms fer the acquisition of land for this purpose were sanctioned during the year. Coconut cultivation has received much stimulus from the establishment of the Oil Company’s Factory at Kuala Selangor, under the management of Mr. H. C. Holmes. The natives on the coast, attracted by the creation of an assured market, are seriously interesting themselves in this form of cultivation, and the demand for seed coconuts became so great as to cause a noticeable Mr, E. V. Carey is now negotiating with Government for a large area of land at Kuala Langat, which it is proposed shall be utilised for the same pur- pos? by an English company. The cultivation of wet padi has never yet been undertaken on any important scale in Selangor, and there is no doubt that rice is not being grown to the extent which it should be. ‘here is plenty of _land on the coast which is suitable for that parpose and for very little else, but it requires draining in some cases and irrigation in others, and the people are not generally prepared to make the attempt unless assisted by Government in the undertaking of the preliminary works, aud afterwards directed and encouraged by the personal influence of an officer interested in the task. It is therefore satis- factory to record that Mr. A. Hale, the newly ap- pointed District Officer of Kuala Selangor, is de- voting himself enthusiastically to the development of this industry. With the small amount of money at his disposal last year he succeeded in getting the THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST 235 people of Jeram to open up and plant the land lying between Bukit Panjang and the Klang Road, and the work will be much extended with the ad- ditional resources available in the current year. I visited the land and found the people hopeful and industrious, and their work thoroughly well done. I am glad to hear, since, that they have been favoured with a good harvest. The abnormally high price of padi which prevailed during the year caused an unusually large amount to be planted last season. The harvest is reported to have been generally excellent, and the circumstances of the people are improved in proportion.—hrom Mr. Belfield’s Admi- nistration Report for 1897. NEW AND OLD PRODUCTS IN ZANZIBAR. Cocoa.—Great difficulty has been experienced in obtaining seeds and plants of Cocoa. Nearly in the year 3000 seeds arrived from Ceylon in a completely perished condition. In June, 72 plants were received from London in Wardian cases but only 34 survived. A few pods from Seychelles did well. Kola.—Kola germinates freely and grows well. The seed is cheap and easily procured, while the produce requires little preparation for the market, being merely placed in the sun to dry. Hence, if it can be grown at a profit, Kola is more likely to find favour with the Arabs than Cocoa, the beans of which have to undergo fermentation before being ready for market. Kola trees may be planted 20 feet apart; they come into bearing in 4 or 5 years. Price in London rule from 4d. to 6d. per lb. If each tree yields 501b. per annum—a moderate estimate as trees have been known to yield up to 150 lb. of nats each—the gross returns, both per tree and per acre, would be mach larger that those now obtained from clove plantations, which do not average more than 151b. of produce per tree, worth 23d. per lb. Vanilla.—A sraall plantation of Vanilla has been made at Dunga and preparations are in course for extending the cultivation of this vine. Of the 600 cutting, planted. 427 survived and are growing fairly well. Many were found going rotten at the bottom fron being planted too deeply, and had to be taken up and replanted. The vines have been planted singly between three live supports, placed in a small circle. The Mbono (Castor oil—Curcas purgans) and Frangipani make good live supports and throw out rapid shade. Six feet has been allowed between each little bed of vanilla. Water is conveyed from the well to the plantation—a distance of 300 yards —through bemboo pipes. Much care is required both in the planting and cultivation of this vine, and some skill in fertilizing the flowers and iu harvesting and preparing the fruit for market. For these reasovs it is doubtful if the industry will take root here among the Arabs. A small plantations of Vanilla has been made at Tundaua. Para Rubber.—Para Rubber shows every indication of doing well here. Though the proportion of seed which germinated in the nursery appears small (174 out of 988) much of the seed was old and worthless when sown, and not excepted to grow. Those that came up grew rapidly and. with the exception of three, have all been transplanted. One hundred and fifty were taken to Pemba and planted 25 feet apart in one of the sandy swampy valleys of Tundaua Seven out of she 150 (5%). died, but the others came away well. Sixteen have beon planted out in the rich alluvial valley that divides the Dunga bank from the coral, but some of these have failed, There is a Para rubber tree, 50 fect high and 6 feet in circumference, vrowing at Mbweni on a dry sandy ridge. It was planted by Sir John Kirk and in September lust was observed to be flowering. The presence of this tree growing so well in an uncon- genial locality, justifies I think, the assumption that if Para Rubber—the most valuable of all varieties —will pay to grow at all—a point that has no where yot boeu decided—it ought to pay to grow here. Ceara Rubber.—The Ceara Rubber is just coming up and looks extremely healthy. It has been grown 236 THE TROPICAL principally from trees growing about the island. The Ceara Rubber trees dont appear to yield much uice. I tapped one growing at Mbweni and got little or nothing from it though it must have been five or six years old. It was afterwards found that wropg methods had been adopted, though at the same time it was quite clear that there was little milk in the tree. ‘his variety of Rubber is said to thrive on very barren as well as rich soils, and if this is the case, it ought to do well on the coral wastes of Zanzibar, which cover about 3/5 of the total area of the island. Landolphia Kirkit.—In October I went to Pemba and investigated the local Rubber vine (Landolphia Kirkii) and reported thereon. Coffee.—About 60 young Arabian coffee trees are growing in the Nursery from seed obtained from Nyassaland. They look well and will be planted out, though they can hardly be excepted to prosper in Zanzibar as the elevation is too low. Liberian coffee was sown late in the year and has not yet germinated. Attempts have been made to procure seed of the Muragojipe coffee, Brazilian variety, but none has yet been received. Anatto.—Anatto grows well here but the market is too depressed to encourage cultivation. Seedlings are being raised at Dunga for vanilla shade. Camphor, Safflower, Olives, Sarsaparilla.—Camphor, Safflower, Olives and Sarsaparilla have proved un- successful, and their cultivation will be discontinued. Loca Propvucts. Cloves.—Some experiments have been made with a view to ascertaining whether it were possible to roduce a sample of cloves here equal to the best enang and Amboyna. The experiments leave little doubt that this can co accomplished. On the other hand if the stems are green—too young—the dried cloves will be shrivelled. Vink bold heads make the best samples. The quality of the cloves depends also, though to a less extent, upon the drying as well as upon the picking. The experiments at Dunga seem to show that the cloves should be submitted to a high tem- perature and dried rapidly. I believe that most Arabs overdry their cloves. They expose them to the sun till they become black and dried up and much of the oil evaporated. The stem of a properly dried clove should be tough and should yield slight- ly to the strain before breaking. I think that an effactive system of drying cloves under glass could be introduced here with little expense. Some au- thorities are of opinion that, if all the Zanzibar and Pemba cloves were placed upon the market in the best possible condition, the price would not be increased beyond what it is likely to reach under prevailing conditions; low prices being dus to over- production. The recent abolition of the legal status of slavery will, it is acknowledge, withdraw a lot of labour from the Arab shambas and the yearly yield of cloves suffer in consequence. Conquerrent impro- vement in the quality of the product should there- fore, if it can be accomplished, tend to lessen the effect of u declining crop. The sbort crop of 1897-98 is probably due to dry weather quite as much as to scarcity of labour. jf noticed in October that comparatively few cloves remained upon the trees in the Pemba plantations, and in this respect Pemba compared very favourable with Zanzibar, where a considerable proportion of the cloves were lef: un- picked, Dz Ghavleswonth reports that the rainfall for the second half of the ye:r was only 18:5] inches compared with the previous five years’ average of 24°32. This difference practically amounts to a drought and is quite enough to explain any eccentri- city in the output of cloves. Chillics. -About three acres of coral waste have been cleared of scrub and planted in chillies. The dry weather has hindered the growth of the piants, so that we have as ye! no results to reports. Castor Secds.—An enquiry was made in London as to the market condition of Castor seeds, and samples of both the large and small varieties of Castor Seeds were, in May,sent home to Messrs. Gray Dawes and AGRICULTURIST. (Oct. 1, 1898. Co. to be reported upon. On May 8th Mr. Hugh Garden wrote as under:—“From their appearance I did not think they were equal to Madras coast seeds which are very fall of oii, but I have had then reported on both in Marseilles and London. In Mar- peilles eur agent writes that both samples are very clean sound seed, and they make very little difference in value between the large and the small. In London they state that most crushers give the preierence to the large beans although both are of good quality; the difference in favour of the large being about 28.64. per, ton. [have made a roguh calculation and make to-day's price c.i.f. LonJon or Marseilles about £9.100 per ton, without allowing for any excessive admixture of none oleaginous seed. In London they charge shippers with anything over 3% andin Marseilles 4%. To-day’s prices however are very high, owing to scarcity, and I haye known the seed fully £3 per ton under the above price.” Castor oil trees, though they grow wild in Zanzibar, dont appear to yield much weight of seed. We make a point of collect- ing, the seed from all the trees round about Dunga. bat as yet we have got only quite an insignificant quantity together. The oil is worth about £36 a ton in London which compares well with cocoanut oil at £23. Papayi.—Enquiries have aleo been made in London ph Inca Pepain and the following communi- cation from Mr. Hugh Garden was received in April:—“I have received the following information from one of the first authorities:—The dried price of Papaw fruit is a powerfull digestive agent and differs from Pepsin in being active in neutral and alkaline solutions. The Papain of commerce is prepared from it by solution of the crude juice in water, and pre- cipitation by alchohol. Only small quantities of the crade conceutrated juice have hitherto reached this country, aud therefore the price at which it has been sold has only been a nominal value. So far as my observation goes, and the matter haa been the subject of considerable experiment by my son the substance is not likely to come into extensive use, andI should think that the import would hardly be worth consideration by you.’ Messre. Thomas Christy and Co., of 25 Line Street were good enough to send out a sample of the dried juice with the following :—“ In reply to your query regarding Papaw we may tell you that we import the dry juice ef this piant in large quantities. We believe ths way of drying it is to place the jnice upon slabs of glass or earthenware so that it has & smooth surface to dry upon. This is exposed till it is throughly dry and the film then flakes off. . . . . The price we could pay for the dry juice would be about 5s. to 7s. 6d. DerAD.. Gy Ge We understand that the juice is taken from all partsof the plant, principally from the stem or trunk of the tree; if you take it from the fruit you will have to be careful to make your incissions in the latter just before the fruit is ripe. You need only make scratches as the juice is found beeween the skin and the pulp. None is obtainable from the fruit proper. We hardly think it worth your while to take any trouble with this part of the plast. Oat of many fruits you will only be able to obtain but a few ounces, whereas, from the tronk of the tree and other parts of the plant, you can obtain several pound.” ——__}- —_ ——— A CRisis IN THE INDIAN TEA INDUSTRY.— “Any one at all conversant with the subject says the Planter’'s Gazette—knows that the Indian Tea Industry is at the present moment passing — through the most critical stage of its existence”; and elsewhere our contemporary adds :—“It is useless dallying with the subject, and the sooner proprietors realise that they are manufacturing an article uasaleable under present conditions inin- creasing quantites, the better. To our mind the — apathy of shareholders is inexplicable. Producers all over the world have shown a determination to get rid of the middlemen, and why should the British tea-grower foster them 2” seh — Fa oa — Qor. 1, 1898.] FOREST CONS R ANCY IN CEYLON. Mr. F.C. Fisher supplies the Report for 1897. He disarms criticism inhis first sentence by stating that he wishes it to be understood that his Report is merely a resumé of the reports sent in by the Assistant Conservators of each Proviace.”’ There is nothing novel or oricival, therefore, in the Mr. Fisher gives the total pages before vs. Revenue of the Department at R488 ,956 Expenditure R465,385 Balance to the good R23,573 So that, at least, the Forest Denartment pays its way. We have then details of the work done under ** Area and Boundaries” (reserve forests) : ‘Surveys and Working Plans” ; Protection and Improvement ”; ‘Yield and Working ” ; “Financial Results” (already summarized) and ‘ General Remarks.” The only chapter that contains in- formation of general interest is ‘‘ Protection and Improvement” which covers nearly five pages. But the arrangement is so bad that ip is not easy to pick out what is of importance. Chena cultivation seems generally dying ont save in the Uvaand Eastern Provinces, ‘Forest fires” are reported to do damage in the same two provinees, The branches of the Assistants’ work that are of most interest to planters and others, are given under the headings of “natural” and ‘artificial’ reproduction. In regard to the former we learn :— Western Province.—Mendora Barawa forest, Cenrrat Provincr.—In Nuwaya Bliya District the Forester reports that keenn flowered very vientifully all over the district, the flowering on the Kanda- nola side being a month later thanon tho Nuwara Bliya side of the Pedro Range. Sanu (Michelia ailagirica) and mihiriya (Gordonia ze,lanica) flowered freely all through the vear, but there were no signs of reproduction from the year’s fruit. The red flowered mihiriya (Gordonia speciosa) blossomed to- wards the end of the year in the Pundelu-oya forests. Madol, damba, and kndudawla reproduced freely. In the Nanuova clearings different species of Myrtacea with mihiriya are reproducing them- selves well. In the Hatton District, den. damba, and kududawla seeded freely, and natural reproduction has talcen place in the Kotagala, forest, the seedlings heing favourable. 1n Nawalapitiva District the follow- ing species have flowered, seeded, and germinated freely in forests:— Homalinm xeylanicum (livan) flowered and seeded fairly. Vateria acenminata (hal) flowored and seeded well. and Filiciwn decipiens (pehimbiya), pepilis (Aparsia latifolia). dambs (Hugenia operculata), hora (Dipterocarpus zolanicus) flowered and sseded heavily. Wal sapu (Michelia alauca) and porawamara (Canthium didymum) have flowered and seeded copiously. Marare Disrrict.—Halmilla, satinwood. wewarana, palu, pihimbiya. and hulanhik have seeded and ger- mainated favourably where improvement fellings were made. and in the forests where fellings have been oarried ent numerons seedlings are springing up. In fret, where light is let into the forest seedlings at once apvaar ina most remarkable manner. Satinwood did not as a rnleseed well this year, and ebony does not appear to have seedad at all. Nortaern Province.—Mos! of the snecies flowered freely, there having been no dronght, In some cases seedlings were abundant. Eastern Province.—The weather was on the whole very fayonrable for the seeding of the forest trees and growth of seedlings, as the rainfall was well dis- geeded fraely in _ tributed throughout {the year, and there were no long THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 937 periods of drought. Ebony fruited well in the Bintenna, Koralai, and Porativu fovests, but ag usual the aeced- ling ersps ate ceported to have beea bad. Satinwood seeded largely usual. 5 In forests containing this tree every open spot almost bad seedlings. Halmilla seeded well in the Panawa and WNadukadn pattus, palai seeded abundantly. The stunted palai trees in the coast forests were #5 usual stripped of their branches by people collecting the edible fruit. Milla is reported to have seeded only moderately and the germination to have been ba!, Ranai seeded freely in the south part of the Province, and even hetter in the Koralai pattu. Wumbuk, itumpalai, margosa, and naval all seeded well. Norru-Western Provinen.—Satin, halmilla, palu, kumbuk, milla, mi, and hora are the principal spacies that seeded abundantly during the year. It has nai been a good year for seedlings excepting in the case of satin, lunumidella and hora. aiies Norra-Centrat, Proviner.—The vear has been a good one for seedlings, but a great part of the blossom this year was partially a failure, having been damaged by heavy rains. 5 Province or Uva.—Owing ther the seed and seedling ae as to the unusual wet wea- crops were only partially successiul, Then as regards the “plantations” formed by the Department, everything connected with “rubber” is of interest ;— WerstTERN Province,—During the. year 75 acres of land were surveyed opposite the rubber plantation at Midellana for the purpose of extension. Care was taken to select lavd well above the high water mark left. by last year’s exceptional floods. The land was cleared of forest and the firewood sold on the gpot but unfortunately, owing to an unfavourable seed Crops both at Henaratgoda Government Gardens as well as at the Forest Department plantations at Edangoda in Sabaragamuwa, sufficient seed was not procurable to plant up the land opened. A small nursery was made with all the available seed, but it cannot be denied that by this circumstance a whole season has been lost, andthe work will have to be done over againin 1898. The great difficulty of ob- taining seed will for some time prevent our extending rubber on any large scale, even assuming that suite able landis available, butin thislast particular it is very doubtful that any large connected area can be found in Western Province. The Midellana plantation of rubber has been care= fully looked after, and some of the vacancies supplied. It is too early yet to report as to the prospects of this plantation, which has already had to contend against many drawbacks. Province oF SABARAGAMUWA.—No further addition was made to the rubber plantations at Edangoda or at Yattipowa during the year. The crop of seed from there (and the majority came from EAangsda) smounted to 11,500 seeds, snd was sent to tha Wes- tern Province for the plantation at Midelluna in the Pusdun Korale, This crop wag very munch below the Assistant Conservator’s estimute, and the defi- ciency was due to the loss of much seed through gales of wind that destroy the young fruit. Obviousiy’ no seed was available for sale. If the public are to ba supplied with rubber seed the existing planta- tions will have to be added to, but it is diffioult to find any large block of suitable soil. No tapping of the rubber trees at Edangoda was attempted in 1897, the oldest plantation being only eight years old. As to other plantations here are the reports ;—- Ths jakwocd plantation at the Model farm at Kalutara, has been kept cleared and fees froin weeds. The jak plants are already from 6 to 5 feet high and look healthy und regular, giving a promise of future success. A few lunumidella plants were put in, aud at long distances apart, by the sides of roads and drains. They are progressing, but their growth is slow. The 34-acre not selected for calamander and planted with ingasaman for shade has not proved a success 938 The plants have for some reason, contrary to all experience, assumed a semi-creeping habit, necesst- tating interplanting cf the whole again in 1898 with jak, which will supersede the ingasaman. ‘The Assis- tent Government Agent at Kalutara is desirous that more of the Model Farm may be plautedup with jakwood in view of the success of the existing plantations. The teak garden at Hanwelle had a number of thin and weskly poles cut out in order to secure greater freedom of growth for the remaining trees— a work that the plantation was much in need of. The teak plantation at Kotadeniya was not weeded again this year, but should be next. The Mngurugampola and Pohannoruwa plantations appear to be considerably improved by the weeding they had in 1896, but itis to be regretted that sickly plants were not thinned out in 1897. The domba has self-sown itself freely, and young plants are looking healthy. CENTRAL Province.—No addition was made to ex- isting plantations during the year. The acreage of plantations is as follows, viz., Galboda 337, Kotagala 14, Nanu-oya 118, and Nuwara Eliya 36; total 545 acres, At Galboda the 377 acres have been kept up by rooting out scrub lantana, mana grass, and weeds. A few plants wore also put in bare places and seed at stake dibbled in. The total cost for these works waa 31,700'55, averaging R451 per acre. This sam thas been disbursed as follows :— BuackwaTER.—This clearimg is still very poor, and very little improvement can be seen except the new clearing of 9 acres planted in 1894, which is coming on well. Tho Acacia melanoxylon and jak continue to die out where the soil is poorest and gravelly. The Eucalyptus and Qrevilleas ave the only species growing fairly well, and that only in sheltered places. The seeds which were dibbled in last year, and which came ‘up well, have died off on account of drought. Ont of the whole 69 acres in this clearing only about 12 gores can be said to be of any use. This clearing ‘shonld be left to take care of itself, except that the few acres of what is good should be kept clear of weeds. DexinpA Nos. 1 and 2.—Leaf canopy has formed well in several places on these two clearings, and the general appearance of the two blocks of 60 acres may be considered promising. Mapraxanpa.— This clearing of 192 acres though look- ing bare inmany places has been thoroughly stocked with plants. Last year 2,096 plants were supplied. The indigenous plants, though slow growers, have sprung up considerably more than the previous year, and agreat improvement in the general appearance ‘of this clearing is observable. Prnuros.—This clearing of 56 acres is fairly wooded, particulariy the portion below the railway line. Kortacaua.—The plantation iu Kotagala forest, Hatton District, has shown improvement in the ‘prowth of the Hucalyptus robusta piants, and the trees have atinined considerable dimensions, ‘The new clearing of 4 acres planted with Grevilleas Mast year was dameged by wild animals. In conse- quence of this some replanting wil! have to be done during the next rainy scason, as there are a good ‘many vacancies on the clearing to be supplied. Nuwara Exrya —The plantation in Galway’s land was slightly thinned out during the early part of the “year. The Forests reports a great deal of damage was done by the high wiuds, necessitating the lopping of broken branches and the coppicing of damaged trees. The plantations on the whole are doing well, with the exception of some of the blue gum clearings at Coni- cal Hill. Wherever Acacia has been planted in places expozed to incursions of elephants end pigs, it has been severely browsed down. In one or two Gearings, such as the one near Mahagastota tea estate, where ‘s thorny undergrowth has been allowed to spring up round the plants, they have shown the benefits of this protection and grow weil anid _healthiiy. Of all the exotic species planted, the red gam (Z. robusta) shows itself the one which has best adapted itself to the soil and climate. The plantations at Nanuoya were cleared of weeds and undergrowth ~ 18 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. — a ae | Tere (Ocr, 1, 1898, during the year. Beyond this, the present system of working the Nanuoya compartment, which is re- ally an improvement felling, no improvement fellings were carried out. It is interasting to note in con- ‘nection with this system how rapidly the leaf canopy . has assumed the previous natural condition. . Eastern Province.—No additions were mede to the teak plantations, but in the latter part of the year 46 acres of grass land were planted up with gallouts obtained trom the Province of Uva for the purposes of experimental re-afforestation. Norra-WrsterRn Province. SvunDAPoLA PLawra- Tiox.—This plantation has made very considerable progress during the year, and the growth of nearly all the species is most marked. This improve- ment is due to more attention having been paid to weeding aud thinnings. The Conservator of For- ests again this year brought the forestry class to this plantation, and the students did a great deal of work in thinnings and marking trees to be felled, &c. This plantation was planted in the north-east monsoon of 1890, and the following we the mean girth increments for seven years:—Teak 12°02, jak 14°40, na 3°87, mahogany 14°04, satin 661, and kumbuk 19°62. The expenditure for the year was R47435, and the re- ceipts from date, of thinnings, faggots, and firewood, R500. The expenditure since the beginning has been 3%8,832°16 and the receipts R6,214°59. Kunpacrora Pranrarion.—No work was carried out at this plantation beyond keeping the place clear at « cost of R90 for the year. The trees have made some considerable progress. The mean aunual increment for seven years of 50 teak is 13°08, 50 juk 18-14, and 30 halmilla het PuttaLam Teax PLANTATION.—Praningand coppicin were the chief operations carried out ia the omen 270 posts were sold to the Telegraph Department during the year. The receipts for the year are R1,162 and the expenditure R249. Teak and satin show the following increment for the year :—Teak 1°47, satin “87. NortTu-CentkaL Provincsk.—No plantations carried on in 1897. Province or Uva. Juper's Hin Pxianration.— Thinning operations, which were commenced in this plantation at the latter end of 1896, were continued, All the suppressed and inferior trees were taken out and the stools carefully coppiced with satisfac results. Grevilleas are doing fairly well, especially in the hollows. But they do not stand coppic- ing as well as the sapu, the stool shoots being weedy-looking as compared with those of the latter. ELLaDALUwA PLANTATION.—The 18-acre field of thie plantation, too, was gone over during the year, but the thinnings were only slight, but notwi anding they have had a beneficial effect. The 28-acre field plantedin 1892 is coming on well in parts, but there are siill many vacancies, owing chiefly to the damage done by buffaloes at night. Mepiniya—The broad-leafed mahogany is not doingat all well here, it would seem that the soil and probably the climate isnot suitable to it. Moratora.—In November and December, 1895. twelve acres were planted up. In the hollows the growth has ‘been good and canopy has-been for- med. But the soilon about a quarter of this field is poor, as shown by the stunted appearance of the plants, BanparaweLa.—Thie plantation has proved a failure. The soil isso extremely bad-that it will be many years before the trees will form cover. It was this year supplied with seeds of forest trees. Haputaty Pran?ation.—This has certainly proved a grand success, and it is rather a pity it has not been further extended. Adjoining it there is'a large piece ‘oi forest land, from which all valuable timber has been removed, and it were t> make a complete clearance of the remaining noprofitable: jungle growth and substitute for it a continnition of the existing plantation. The experimental coppice was not cortinued this year, as if was thongh advisable to make sure o” the ane cess of previous experiments. The growth of the stool shoots has been extremely satisfactory, and this worl Ocr. 1, 1898.) THE TROPICAL should be again taken in hand next year, as it is doubtful whether better results would be ob‘ained by waiting longer. The measurements of stool shoots appear elsewhere, the average height being 19 ft. 6 in. and the average girth 3 ft. from the ground 7:26, in. The total expenditure on this plantation amounted to R169°94 for the year. The quarry situated in this plantation was handed over to the Public Works Department by order of Government. p OurvA Puantation.—The damsge caused to this plantation this year by the wind was very great. Large numbers of trees in eyery field were either broken or destroyed entirely, especially so in the field opposite the railway station, where numbers «f piants were broken downand others, especially Grevilleas, were almost twisted out of the ground. The total number of trees that had to be coppiced owing to the damage were 2,748 Hucalyptus robusta, 276 Grevilleas, 125 A. Melanoryfon and Toona. Some of our planting friends hive been accus- tomed to smile over the ‘‘ plantation ” efforts of the Forest Department: what have they to say to the above? Wesuppose Mr. Fisher has done the best he could with his material; but surely an Acting Conservator with liberty to travel about could have inspected the plantations and given the Government and public his own general impres- sions of the same, in criticism or corroboration of the Assistants more immediately responsible? —_—- oS PLANTAIN MEAL OR FLOUR. - From the Government Agent, the Hon. the Colonial Secretary. No. 199/74. Anuradhapaora Kechcheri, Jaly 11th, 1898. Sir,—In forwarding a sample of Plantain meal or flour prepared by my head clerk, Mr. Stouter, Ihave the honour to request that you will be good enough to obtain the opinion of an expert as to whether the flour as prepared will keep for any time, and whether it is fit for food, and how it should be packed for transport to Colombo or beyond the island. Plantaings grow well in this Province, 2nd I am anxious to know whether it would be as well to encourage the making of this flour or meaal.— I am, &., (Signed) E. M. Byrpe, Government Agent. (Signed) T, R, E. Lortus, Office Assistant, Copy of Report referred to. No. 333. 4 Since W. H. Stanley drew attention to banana meal as an article of diet, a good deal has been done to bring the fruit into convenient form for export. A Committee to inquire into this matter Was some years ago appointed in Jamaica, with the Director of the Botanic Gardens as Chairman. I have not seen any report on the result of the inquiry, but have written for information to Jamaica and also to Trinidad. Ina report on the Trinidad Experi- mental Farm reference is made to plantain meal. A sample sent from there to London was quoted at 6d perlb. The same report states that a 15-lb. bunch of plain plantains yielded 3 1b. of flour. Dr. Watt (Economic Reporter to the Indian Goverment) mentions that the fresh core should yield 40 per cent meal, and that an acre of average quantity will pro- duce 1 ton, In Australia it has been found part cable to prepare dried bananas and ship on board at a costof 3d per lb., the fruit fetching 6d per lb.in London. Shen All authorities agree that as a flour it is an ex- cellent food, and more nutritious than any of the ordinary starch flours in the market, If properly dried it will keep well for a long time. It is the opinion of some, however, that the dried fruit will keep better than the flour, and will probably find a better sale than the latter. As labour would be saved by simple drying, farther information on this point Anuradhapura, fo AGRICULTURIST, 239 is desirable, Dried fruit could be packed in boxeg like figs, but the flour will need to be pus into sealed tins for transport. I have already given over one sample to be sent to America for an opinion as regards price and market, and another sample will go to London. I shall be glad if a similar quantity to that sent could be forwarded to me, as well as a specimen of the dried fruit, In sending these may I ask to be sup- plied with some figures; e”., what weight of fresh fruit (say without stalk) will produce 1 1b. of flour; the cost of producing 1 lb. and delivering it in Colomb> (valuation being placed on the fruit accord- ing to local market rates); and the approximate quantity of flour that might be expected to be pro- duced (if the industry was taken up in the district) per month.—I am, &e., (Signed) C. Drreserc, School of Agriculture, Superintendent, July 27, 1898. -__2 VANILLA AND PEPPER. We have received some weill-grown and well- prepared pods as a sample of his Vanilla from Mr. Vanderpoorten, who has been for many years paying attention to this product : his first shipment having been made eleven years ago. Mr. Vander- poorten enquires if the present sample zan be valued locally ; we fear not. Few, if any of our merchants have experience of Vanilla and the market in London and Europe generally is rather uncertain and changeable. But we should say the sample is nearly as fine as the Seychelles Vanilla which some time ago was selling at 20s per lb. and upwards. Still, it would not do to count on such a return for any quantity. If there is any deficiency in Mr. Vanderpoorten’s pods, it is the absence of the slight, frosted covering or appearance of the pods, to which some attach importance in the present day. Those interested in the culture will note that Mr. Vanderpoorten advertises Vanilla cuttings for sale, and these ought te be specially reliable as being from properly- matured vines and supplied of a full length. It is encouraging to hear of the increased at- tention given to Vanilla: a Hangwella corre- spendent says there is a demand for cuttings in his neighbourhood. We would next ask, what about Pepper?—a product that deserves very general attention all through the Kegalla and. adjacent districts, in- cluding that of Kalutara. In the Areca Palm, Rubber, Nutmegs, Pepper and Vanilla, planters (Europeans and natives) have a choice of minor products to add to their tea or coconut gardens, eS GUATEMALA AND COFFEE. Guatemala is the largest of the independent States of Central America; and, sitting astride of the con- tinent ina narrow part, it has a sea-board both on the Atlantic and on the Pacific. Beyond this, owing to the altitude above sea-level to which the interior of the Republic rises, it enjoys a remarkable variety of climate and productions, with the result, as we are informed in the excellent report on the trade and finance of Guatemala during 1997, prepared by Mr. Consal Trayner, that its agricultural capabilities are “equal to any in the world,’ and that “every kind of crop, from those of the tropical coast regions to those of the cold highlands, the latter having a climate corresponding with that of Northern Europe in summer, may be raised.’’ Still Guatemala is lacking in many conditions essential to an Earthly Paradise; It knows not political stability ; it is poor and in debt, and of the plagues that vex it the incurable laziness of its labouring populatiou is not the least. Of the 195 miles of line between the capital and Puerto Barriog, on the Atlantic coast, only 134 qpiles have 240 been constructed, although the works were begun in 1834. ‘The remaining sections are the most costly and difficult from the engineering point of view; and Guatemala has no money to spare for railway con- struction. Public opinion and official inclination appear to be in favour of resigning the work to foreign capitalists, who have the money and energy in which Guatemala finds itself sadly lacking. Foreign capital rather hangs back, and not without reason. Consi- dering, however, the extent to which British commerce is interested in the trade of the Republic, it is to be hoped thot the money may be found; for, says Mr. Trayner, ‘the country is practically waiting for this road to be completed for its full development, and its commerce and prosperity will undoubtedly increase immensely when it is in working order under good and independent management.”’ : Theye were other reasons, besides revolution and the ‘hopeless condition” of the Guatemalan railway rojects, why, in 1897, money was scarce and credit bard to obtain—why banks were shaky, and the national revenues fell off by over two million silver dollars. The staple product—indeed, ‘ the sole source of wealth which the country possesses ’'—is Corren ; and while the export of coffee last year was larger than usual, there was astill more marked drop in prices, so that while Guatemala gave to its customers 150,000 quintals more coffee than in 1896, it drew about four millions of gold dojlars less from the transaction. This, it must be admitted, was bad business. Whether an improvement will be made by the lowering of the export dues which the Guatemalan Government makes on its coffee from 3 dollars 65 cents to one dollar silver per quintal, it will be for a future report to say coffee growers in the Republic have had another evil to content against—the incursion of a destructive bug, known as the “chinche”—a kind «f “ coffee phylloxera,” which attacks not the reots, but the branches and other overground parts of the planis. To check this plague an attempt was made fo in- troduce the Austialian ‘‘lady-bug,”’ which has the great merit of devoting itself to the extermination of the destroying ‘‘chinche.” Bat the “lady-bug” is costly and difficult to obtain; aud the Guatemalan planter has been fain to put up with a native bug— the ‘‘tortolitas;’’ and this, it seems is ‘ fairly etfica- cious,” in chawing up the intrusive “ chinches,” which are further being blasted by a convenient Fungus. Between revolutions, floods, bugs and sus- pended banks and railways, Guatemala cannot be said to have been in 2 very hopeful state commercially. But business, having reached the lowest ebb, has begun to improve ; and all classes in the Republic have lately become more hopeful. Lhe labour question is perhaps the most deep-seated and stubborn of the causes that tell against Gustemalan prosperity. There are three classes of farm-workers or ‘* mozos” in the Republic; and all begin by geiting in debt to theit employer, The first class, according to Mr. ‘Trayner, work well until the debt is paid, and then get another advance; the second keep joggivg on in a state of chronic indebtedness, rendering the while tolerably faithful service, until they die in debt. The third class is an “interesting and very numerous one, composed of those who ask advances as long as they can get them, and when they know that they can get nothing more, desert with what money they have and anything more can beg or steal.” The Guatemalan moze” is admirable as an actor, if not as a worker; he may labour well and obediently for a week, and then ‘the begins to play his part; either he or his wife turns ill, and he is unable to work, but must needs buy broth.’ The game may be carried on for five or eix months;and then one fine day the ‘“‘mozo’’ disappears; nine-five ‘per cent, of these rogues “ simply evaporate, and turn up at the opposite eud of the country, and there find another victim;’’ and against the evil the unfortunate agriculturist and capitalist has no resource.— Scotsman. a PLANTING IN NORTIL FORMOSA. CAMPHOR.—With regard to camphor at present no British firnmin North Formosa seems to in- terest itself in this important product, the handling THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. of which is in the hands of German and Chinese ) merchants, acting probably in combination. There ' is a slight decrease in the quanticy exported and 7 alarge decrease ia value from £194,221 in 1896 to £121,938 in 1597. TkA.—There was a short export in Formosa ovlongs amounting to 17,857,438 lb., as against 19,286,281 Ib. in 1896. The value, however, was £654,583 in 1897, as against £592,326 in 1896. To prevent the adulteration of Formosa oolongs by mixture with old local leaf or China teas, foreign merchants co-operated with the Chinese Tea Guild under the auspices of the Japanese authorities. A committee, consisting of three foreign and four Chinese inerchants, was appointed to deal with the questions of adulteration of tea, having the power to impose fines and confiseate adulterated teas. It is doubtful whether deci- sions given by that committee may not yet be- come the subject of litigation. The inland tax on tea collected last year amounted to some £40,000. The export of hemp and other fibre becomes noticeable this year, amounting to some £7,000, The special perts each cpa a lesser or greater quantity. The authorities are taking great interest in the development of this product. For many years Twatutia, the centre of the ~— tea trade and the distributing centre of North Formosa. has been the home of the foreign mer- chants, who have quite forsaken the port Tam- sui, called Hobe in former times. Their right to reside and irade in that town seems never to have been questioned by the Chinese Government, though the latter would never allow foreigners to lease lands in their own names. A most satis- factory arrangement, however, was made with the Japanese Government whereby lands and buildings acquired previons to the end of April, 1897, and hitherto held in Chinese compradores’ names, could 1espectively be leased perpetually and owned absolutely by foreign merchants within the limits of ‘‘ mixed residence” which were made to include the whole of Twatutia and several large vacant spaces. It was a pity that British mer- chants did not avail themselves more largely ot the opportunity ef acquiring land at that moment. for leases made after May 8th could not be made for alonger term than twenty-five years. The British merchant in Formosa is rather a pes- simist in his viewsas to the future of the island, but if high prices for land and exorbitant rents are a guide the owners of property in Twatutia should have eveiy reason to congratulate them- selves. That the natives of the cities have never en- joyed so much prosperity as at present, and that commercially they have benefited much by the altered circumstances of the island, are facts that cannot be denied. Ss The want of road and perhaps the most serious obstacle to expansion of trade, and what is of greater importance, the pacification of outlying districts. It is most re- grettable that the projected railway between north — and south is no nearer a commencement than it — was a year ago. It is indispensable for the Gov- ernment to undertake its construction ; a private company like the ‘* Formosa Railway Company” formed in Japan, asd having no support in the island is bound to be a failure. Roads leave the capital in every direction, but ihe method of cons- truction makes them unsuitable for permanent traffic—L. & C, Express, July 22, - rail communitation is h pe : Oct. 1, 1898.| THE TROPICAL FIBRE SPECIMENS. The Principal of the School of Agriculture writes :—‘‘I am sending some fibre specimens tor you to see :— 1, Ramie ribbons extracted by Mr, Warr from sticks supplied by me and grown on thie pre- mises. The growth I did not consider by any means good, and that is to be expected consider- ing the nature of our soil. The following figures will be useful :— 100 fresh stalks with leaves were taken and found to weigh 40 ib. The same without leaves weighed 27 lb. Average height of stalks, 5 ft, Weight of stalks without fibre, 20 Ib. Weight of dry ribbons—2 lb., i.e, 5 per cent of the sticks with leaves. Mr. Warr reports ‘quality of fibre fair, growth medium.’ 2. Fibre extracted at the School from leaves of Sisal hemp, a few plants of which, supplied by Dr. Trimen, are growing here. 3. Fibre of Niyanda (Sanseviera Zeylanica) ex- tracted by Mr. Warr, 4. Fibre of Sanseviera Cylindrica, extracted at the School, The plants were supplied by Dr. Trimen as one of the best of the Sansevieras for fibre. I send specimens of leaves also.” The eollection is a very interesting one and may be seen at our oflice by anyone who wishes, aud we must send it round the Fort after the mail leaves, a PLANTING NOTES, IceD TEA.—There is no more refreshing sum- mer beverage than iced-cold tea served with lemon. One pound of tea will make from five to fifteen gallons of beverage, as to the sort used. What better advertisement for a store than to serve on a hot day iced-cold tea? It would tend to increase the popularity of the s‘ore and the sales of the tea, cracker, and fruit sections. Make the experiment.—American Grocer, July 6. CHINA TEA IN AMoy.—According to some par- ticulars given by our Consul at Amoy, once an im- portant tea growing and exporting district in China, the competition of Indian and Ceylon teas -is very far from being, as is sometimes sup- posed, the chief cause of the decline and ruin of the tea-growing industry says the Iinancial News of July 12th. Its extinction is due to the ruinons system of taxation. Mr. Gardner tells of the sad sight to be seen in the district, of tea-gardens run to waste and of once comfortable homesteads of prosperous teagrowers fallen into ruins—a sight which rouses, in addition to sympathy for the sufferings of the natives, a not illegitimate feel- ing of annoyance, for our own sakes, that our hoped-for customers should be thus prevented from purchasing our wares. Of reform in taxation— the only thing which could have saved the in- dustry—there is no inaication, the only idea the authorities seem to have been to increase the strin- geney with which the likin is collected. Mr. Gardner apperds a report by Mr. Frank Cass on the Amoy tea season of 1897-98, in which it is ehown that the crop for the season was only 7,000 half-chests, compared with 26,000 hialf-chests, in the previous season and with 178,000 half-chests twenty years ago. Mr. Cass caustically adds that natives and foreigners alike, whose trade likin and duty have ruined, have the consolation of knowing that for those to whose ignorance and rapacity the present state of affairs is due there iS now no trade left for them to blackmail, AGRICULTURIST, 241 BOTANIC GARDENS AND DoMAINs, N.S. WALES —Mr. J. H. Maiden’s Report for 1897 is an elaborate document, for he has a very varied and extensive charge in all its departments Our old friend Mr. Chailes Moore after forty-eight years’ service retired from the Sydney Directorship in 1895 and we are giad to cather that he is still in good health, his successor ex- pressing the hope chat there remains to Mr Moore *‘a lozg period ot leisure after his excep: tional services to ihe Colony.” My, Maiden is euidenely a well-qualified successor and we con- gratulate him on the exhaustiy e its Se austive Report just THE HAwat IstANps being annexed, there is sure to be a rapid development of coffee culture there, through the influence of American capi tatists. The American Consul-General at Honolu! : has issued a very full Report on the subject, an early copy of whici has been sent to us and from this we gather that out of 76,009 acres Be land well fitted for coffee, not more than fotos have been taken up, or 4,000 acres planted ae highest elevation being 2.300 feet. The lise a plantation so tar opened is one of 200 cee longing to a Company, with the bushes plante ig by S feet. The labourers (Japanese) are paid af dollars a month, Some Japanese cet 16 ade Chinese labourers get 16 to 17 dollars a Months _ESSENTIAL OILS.—The adulteration of ess tial oils has been for a long time one af thie most lamentable practices in commercial Gen + extending as it does from the time that tie cil leaves the natural source to the point at el it reaches the wholesale drug trade ; after ce we think we may safely say there js litel a fear of such practice being followed. The 2 trustworthy British firms in the drys post have set their face strongly against this made and weare glad to see that the Essentia] Oil te porters and Exporters, Limited, of 62 63. tes 66, Basinghall Street, London, EC, : ; all they can to assist dealers in essenti. © J % 2 Ssen tie ils by laying it down as a first principle a on best articles only, and undertaking to Rasa customers a warranty that all essen: A c a sse 7 delivered by them are pure.—Z7 itis), reason ous Druggist, July 22. caeaeser raat CONSUMPTION OF COFFEE.—The fo taken from the Economist, and Bourd. of Trade Sournal, shows ti sumption of coffee for the last f United States and the principa llowing table quoted in the & annual con. ve years in the 1 countries of Europe: =~ Europe U.S.A Tons. Tons 1893 oe e- 271,498 9 : oo 248,117 1894 ae oo 272,191 é 258 aa 1895 hd Bere 270- 400 ns ft 260,880 1896 be ERE Wog liege. 967 239 1897 Sle ee Baer Acre a Mh be seen from the above tl of coffee in the United States ‘in 1897 tates 897 éxcea that of the whole of Enrope, The has countries which consumed the most ART Germany (136,390 tons) and France (77 310 % ne i The United Kingdom consumed only 1.4909 ae and Italy 12,500 tons.— Journal of the So Prine Aris, July S$. [Other authorities show the totai y of sumption for Europe to be over 400 000 tone: North America 340,000 tons.—Ep. L.A.) a re copsnniption 949 PLANTING IN S. INDIA. The following are extracts from the U.P.S.L Report :— GOVERNMENT CINCHONA BARK.—ltepresenta- tions made to Government haye been so far suc- cessful that tenders for the supply of bark were called for during the year by the Director of the Goverament Cinchona Plantation. In reply to your Seeretary’s enqniry as to the resuit, the Director wrote :—‘‘ It was estimated that about 1v0,000 1b of crown bark would be required, and the enquiry for tenders resulted in 246,018 lb being offered to Government, at the unit rate ruling in the London market. The total amount purchased during the official year 1897-98 was 108.934 Ib. and payment was made at the unit rate ruling in the London market at the tinie of purchase, based on the actualoutturn of Sniphate of Quinine after the batk had been worked up in the Nedivattam factory. The percentage of Sulphate of Quinine in the barks ranged from 3°2 to 640, the average for the whole quantity puchased being 3°94. and the amount paid for the 108,934 lb of bark being 23,999°6'5, or an average of annas 3-6°29 per Ib.” He observed that the system of purchasing bark to supplement the yield on the plantations had so far been a success from the Government’s poine of view, and as there was a considerable saving effected in freight and Home charges, by the opening of a market at Nedivattam it was presumed that the planters whose bark was accepted had benefited. SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATION.—There was no strong feeling in favour ofthe employment of an Agricultural Chemist, and a month ago the pro- position put forward last year appeared to have fallen through. ‘The Government of Mysore then submitted a suggestion that gave fresh life to that proposal. A cireular issued on the 23rd July gave details, and the matter was also brought to the notice of the Governments of India, Madras, Travancore, and Cochin, whose replies are awaited. The Mysore suggestion comes up for consideration at the present mecting. ScALE PEsts.—Mr. Newport proceeded to Aus- tralia in quest of ladybirds for the extermination of certain scale pests on coffee. His report giving full details is laid on the table; and the accounts are also before you. CHEMICAL MANURES.—Owing to the active personal interest the Madras Government took in this matter, ithas been decided that the Import Duties levied on certain chemical manures be abolished. The Government of India has now under consideration what manures, in addition to ~ Nitrate of Soda shall be allowed to enter the country duty free. oN ee _ CHILLIES. It is estimated about 100 tons of dried chillies are annually received in this country from the West Indies and the Kast and West Coast of Africa. The price at which they are sold appears to be liable to considerable fluctua- tion. In May 1898, “50 bags dull Zanzibar sold without reserve at 29s to 29s 6d; while 58 bags good Japan sold at 39s to 41s per ewt.” Asample of capsicums grown at St. Lucia in the West Indies, dull and uneven in colour, were valued (in February last), in limited de- mand, at 20s per ewt. What is evidently re- quired is an article bright in colour even in quality, and possessing great pungency.—Kew Bulletin THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [Ocr. 1, 1898 PLANTING NOTES, WHITE ANTS AND TkA.—We attract attention to the very useful letter (page 250) on this subjeet from the ILon. Government Entomologist, Mr, E. E, Green. It settles the dispute betwen A and B very satisfac- torily, since both are shown tobe right ! “Tue AGxicuLTURAL Macazine,”” Conompo, for August 1898, bas the following contents :—* Barren Soils’; Raiofall taken at the School of rienlvure Guring the Month of June, 1896; Oceasional Notes ; Milking Experiments; Grcen Rubber; White-Acts as Agriculiora! Pests; The Trinidad Government Dairy Farm; The Value of Ashes and Charcoal; Natura! Incubation and the Development of the Chick ; = Uses of Wood; The Castor Oil Plant; General tems. “Tue JourNAL OF THE JAMAICA AGRICULTURAL Socigery.’—Illustration of Hackney Mare “ Vivan- diere,” Frontispiece; Board of Management; Annual Report; Corn Preservation; A Cup of Coffee; Jamaica Hay; Hints before Starting’ Bee-Keeping ; Pouliry Notes; Wheat Crops of the World; Sheep Breeding ; Condensed Milk; The Kerry Breed; A Trip to the Ginger District; Notes from the Apiary ; A New Way to Tell a Good Cow; Tobacco; An Experiment with Irish Potatoes; Odds and Ends Cuba’s Extremity ; Ladies’ Corner; The Agricultural Outlook; Questions and Auswers; Prices of Meat, Vegetables, Ke. PLANTING IN SUMATRA.—The annual report of the company for woiking the Pamanoekan and Tjiassam lands refers to the bad coffee crop, but, on the other hand, to better resuits obtained with rice and cinchona. Plans for the establishment of a tea undertaking on the Jands are being considered by an able expert. Concerning petro- leum nothing can be said as yet, as a further exploration is necessary. The Djati wood work- ing is regularly continued. Of rice 58,581 picnls were received, against 59,059 in 1896. The account closes with a credit balance of f1262,2u5 against f1196,661 in 1896 .The total proceeds of the coffee crop was 415,347, and the cost of production 413,299, and further £177,065 was spent to begin and maintain cultivations. The crop of cinchona was 130,382 kilos and afforded a profit of f1103,267, against 1112,002 in 1896. The profit and loss account opens» with a deficit of 111,225,541, and cleses again with a debit of 154,273, so that the total loss sustained from 1887 to 1897 amounts to fl1,279,815.——Z. & C. Express, July 22. THE FLORIDA VELVET BEAN.—This vegetable has been very much landed as a valuable food and fodder crop,—says Indian Gardening, August 4. The Gardeners’ Chronicle, we see, has identified it as Mucuna pruriens var. utilis. We hada sus- picion that, like the much-lauded Soy Bean, we had its counterpart in India, and our suspicions are confirmed. We have here the ucuna nivea, a very common Indian vegetable, known to— the Natiyes under the name of Kamach. The following description of it by Dr. Roxburgh (vide Firminger’s Manual of Gardening for Gage 4th edition, p: 156) is quite cormect. He says: “By removing tlie exterior velvet skin of the large fleshy tender pods, they are, when dressed, a most excellent vegetable for the table, and the full- grown beans are scarcely inferior to the large garden beans of Europe.” We have in India -many valuable food and fodder plants, the pro- perties of which are either not known or not appreciated, until some one discevers the pro: — duct in some other country, and raves about its value. Then we inthis country-wake up to the fact that we have had it with us all along! — Our Mucuna nivea is probably identical with the Mueuna previens vax, utilis F Florida, Oer, 1, 1898] THE TROPICAL “Pye InpiaAN Forester.’ —Edited by J. S. Gamble, M.A., F-L.8., Conservator of Forests, and Director of the Forest School, Dehra Dun, for July has the following contents :—Original Articles and Tvanela- tions.—The Belgian Sorest Exhibition aad the Forest Service; Equilibrium between the crown aud the roots @f trees, by F, Gleadow. Correspondenc:—‘n- come T'ax in England, Official Papers and Intelli- gence—Hstimate of Forest Revenue and Expendi- ture for 1888-99; Report on some Indisn Gums. Reviews—Forest Ad:inistration Report of the North- Western Provinces for 1896-97 ; Forest Administration Report for Berar for 1896-97. Shikar and Travel— A yee on the Beas, by ‘X’; On the Choice of Rifles for the use of Forest Officers, by ‘0. C.’ Extracts, Notes and Queries; Timber and Produce Trade; Extracts from Official Gazettes. WANTED A GEOLOGIST.—It may be supposed that our oft-repeated call for a Geological Survey of the island is of recent date. But we first put it forward in 1884, and the late Mr. A. M. Ferguson in his paper on Plumbago for the Royal Asiatic Society in 1885, distinctly pressed the matter on public and official attention. Here is one passage from his paper :— To set this and other like questions at rest, I submit that this Society would do well to use its influence with Government to induce them to borrow an officer, if his services could be spared, from the Gevlogical Survey Staff of the Government of India, to examine and report, ouce for al and with authority, on the Geology and Mineralogy of our island. A COMPLIMENT TO PLANTERS.—Mr. J. D. Rees in his ** Nineteenth Century” paper on “Among the Elephants ” in Travancore has the following :— How much better the planter often kaows the native than the honourable member wo maixes speeches in the Legislative Coucil, and how untrue it is to represent him as au oppressor! I who have known innumerable instances of kind treztment wiil here mention two, becaue they are amusing. Au old woman and a young boy were treated by their employer’s wife for months for a serious complaint, and finally com- letely recovered their health. Whey were then esired to resume work, when both plaintively asked whether it was 1eally possible that the sahib and his wife, after treating them like their own children for so long, could intend them to work like coolies again! Onanother occasion an old woman asked her employer for 10 rupees, which she had vowed as an offering at the shrine of a neighbouring goddess whose festival was just then being celebrated. The next day she was seen picking weeds as usual, and when her master said, ‘Why! I thought you were going to make your offering,’ she said, ‘I made it over to another cooly who was going.’ But, asked the master, ‘ How do you know he will give it to the goddess?’ ‘Oh!’ said she, ‘I don’t. AN I know is, I vowed 10 rupees, and I paid 10 rupees; and if the goddess cannot lookafter the money her- self, what can be expected from a poor old woman like me?’ Of the hundreds of millions of India the vast majority are more like the cooly than the smart lawyers, who pretend to represent them and their feelings in the Legislative Councils. The hononrable gentlemen represent a microscopical mino- rity, and see far less of the masses than the European, who, a8 a planter, a sportsman, or an official of the older school, mixes with the people, talks to them in their own languages, and recognises the stage of development which they have actually reached, and their real capacity for the absorptioa cf the benefits of highly elaborate and scientific administration. Indeed, the busy lawyer of the towns sees nothing of the people. I venture to say so last year during the Budgst debate in the Viceroy’s Council, and though taken to task by Indian friends whose opi- nions I respect and value. I will repeat the state- ment. The yoice of the people does not thus pene- trate into the Council Chamber, AGRICULTURIST. 248 CEYLON TEA IN AMERICA.—More correspond: ence from our indefatigable Commissioner ; and he is hopeful of waking a push with green teas and so relieving pressure by a few million Ib. He also shews how Messrs. Finlay, Muir & Co. are making way with their ‘‘ Mon- soon tea’—all pure Ceylon—in Canada. But very hard is the intelligence he gives us of the trouble cause }y the new duty and of an American tea liouse repudiating an order given by them, in what strikes us as a dishonourable way. Along with the letter we have received several specimens of attractive advertisements and a long list of the newspapers in which it was intended to advertise during July and August : PLUMBAGO—now R70 per ton in Colombo—-was, in 1858, valued at K80 per ton. Even in 1873 the price fell from R200 a ton a few years be- fore to R90, ai which price there was no profit in digging. The highest price ever paid up to 1885 for the best Plumbago in the home market was £48 per ton. In the palmy days of ‘the plumbago mines” of the North of England, the blacklead obtained from them was valued at 30s per lb. or over £3,000 per ton! Ceylon plum- bago is now frequently mixed with Cumberland blacklead in pencil-making.—Mr. Jacob de Mel drew £2,000 a year prolit for eleven years from a Kurunegala plumvago mine.—As a general rule, pumbago shows itself not far from the surface, although the superior qualities are got dvep down, These are but a few (ont of a host of interest- ine) facts eulled from the late Mr. A. M. ¥er- euson’s Monograph on cur one mineral of com- mercial importance. : MR ALEXANDER WHy'TE has been appointed by the Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, Cura tor of the Botanie Garden. Uganda, about to ba estabtished “for the better examination and devel- opment of the agricultural resources of the Pro- tectorate.” Mr Whyte had previously started a similar enterprise in British Central Atriea, in which he was from 1891-7 Head of the Scien- tifie Department. An interesting report of his work is given in the Mew Bulletin for 1895 (pp. 186-191). He made animportant collection in North Nyasaland, a cointry which had never been previously explored botanically. A portion of the novelties was described in the Kew Bulletin tor last year (pp. 243-300) and a further one is published in the present uumber.—Kew Bulletin for July. LUBBER —-The Governor ({’ Brien) and the Fijian uthorities under the stimulus of itew are endea- vouring to get tae natives to revive rubber collecting froin different rubber-producing trees in the forest ; but so far the samples sent home are nob very satisfactory. Here is the most promising: — With the absve was enclosed a sample of rubber from a tree kuown as ‘“ Baka” Ficus Olliqua, Forest f.). According to Mr. Joske, this ‘ yields quantities of rubber.” Tucther, ‘it is vsed by the natives of the interior as birdlime with whioh at c rtain seasons of the year they catch wild pigeons; it is very easily procured. Incisions are made in the bark and underneath are placed bamboos which receive the sip as it pours out. It is coagn- lated by the means of hea',.... ths natives say they could get immense quantities of this without much trouble. Were it discovered that the rubber was of commercial va'ue, is would prove anes imuble Boon to the natives of these isixnds.” although the spe- cimeus of ‘ Baka" rubber received at Mew had not been sufficiently coagulated it was regarded by Messrs. Hecht, Levis and Kahn as suitable for mixing purpesses, andits value today was placed at 1s to 1s 3d per pound, 244 PLANTING IN JAMAICA. (From Report Jamaica Agricultural Society. ) Exesrimentan Farms.—These Farms, devoted to the cultivation of Coffee, Kola, Cocoa, Nutmeg, and many other minor products, continue in operation, aad notwithstanding the protracted drought and other adverse circumstances, the crops give evidence of good promise. White this Society cannot, at this stage, regard these Farms as vemunerative or even self-supporting ventures, there is good reason for the belief, that their primary purpose of affording object leasons to the neighbouring peaeuntry is being fal- filled, noticeable improvements having taken place in the adjacent holdings, due, to a certain extent, to the more enlighteued methods of tillage employed ou these farms, ApicuLTurE.—The interesting and remunerative nature of this occupation brings it daily into wider popularity. he flora of our island holds ont ex- cellent inducements to our people to engage in bee culture, and this fact is being brought to their notice through the medium of the Journal. Already in the parishes, notably in Manchester, Clarendon, St. Catherine, and St, Anns, apiaries have been estab- lished with satisfactory results. Crude ideas have given place to the latest scientific knowledge on the subject. The Society has been approached on the question of employing a competent apiarist to deliver lectures on bee culture to the peasantry, and circum- stances point to the development of a very important ndustry to the colony. Ramiez Frsre.—The Society has interested itself in the question of Ramie cultivation in Jamaica. A machine for the Gecoiticution of the Ramie Fibre, known as the ‘ McDonald Boyle” Process, which appeared to fulfil the requisite conditions, was ex- hibited by Mr. L. Bernstein in Kingston, and was reported upon favourably by a committee appointed by the Society to inspect it. Efforts are being made to establish a company for the cultivation of this plant in the island, on on extensive scale, samples of the fibre having been pronounced by experts in England of excellent quality. Rossen Witue.—In view of the remuuerative prices of Rubber in the American markets and the fact of a quantity of rubber producing plants growing wild in the colony, a committee has been appointed for prosecuting enquiries inte the possibility of develop- ing rubber industry, and a grant of £20 has been made for experimental purposes by the Society. Small samples of Jamaica Rubber have been submitted to the American market and are said to be of a desirable quality and investigations are being made in Jamaica concerning this product, by parties interested in the rubber trade. Gincer ExprrertmMents.—This product has received considerable attention at the hands of the Society during the past year. In the Christiana district, Mr. R. J. Miller, on behalf of the Society has very energetically carried out experiments on exhausted ginger lands, with manures, with gratifying results, and ginger cultivation in this fertile district is being widely extended on improved methods, due, in no little measure, to the active operations of the Christiana Branch Society. Similar experiments have been con- ducted at Mannings Hiil, in St. Andrew, and at Lamb’s River in Westmoreland, by the respective Bratch Socie- ties, aud in these excelient ginger-producing di-tricts, there is a growing belief that the industry, conducted on proper lines, is likely to prove very remunerative. The primitive, tedious and costly process of peeling ginger prompted the Society ta address communica- tious to the editor of “ Inveution.”’ England, and the editor of the ‘Scientific Ameyican,” pointing out the advantages that might accrue to the inventor of a machine for this purpose. In response to enquiries from Canada and the Straits, samples of unpeeled and peeled ginger have been forwarded, but so tar no machine has yet : een devised. Topacco.—Of all the industries which this Society is striving to encourage, perhaps, none deserves, at THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. Snel - - (Oor, 1, 1 this juncture, to be brought into greater prominence than tobacco. With the Cuban product no longer in the market, the opportunities of Jamaica are most hopefal, and the Society, recoguizing this fact. has distributed large quantities of seed for cxperimente, in districts where favourable conditious for ite culti- vation ere apparent. AnaLysts or Soms snp Manukes.—The Society has lost no opportunity in urging upon cultivators, the use of fertilizers for their crops. Satisfactory experi- ments have been carried out on coffee lands, orange groves, ginger plots and other cultivations, and there is reason to believe that the valuable properties of these chemical preparations, are being extensively recognized and in this connection, the Board has pleasure in reporting that after a somewhat protrac- ted delay the hopes of securing the appointment of and Agricultural Chemist is likely to be realized. ——} - ——_— RAMIE FIBRE IN JAVA. An experiment is reported in the Java and Straits papers with a new machine ealled the ‘Faure ” for the preparation of rameh. It was conducted on Tyitrap Estate near Buitenzorg by Mr. du Perron the manager, and it is confidently said to lave been a complete success. Mr. Ben- nett. Chief of the Engineering firm of Taylor and Lawson in Batavia, is credited with the praise for this triumph, for he introduced the machine into Java, — The machine was driven by a Pelton wheel of 35 h.p. The results summarised are :—2 coolies in 10 minutes can work 25 catties of stem. This yields 14 cattie wet fibre from cultivated rameh, Parcels of rameh were shown :— (a)—Rough rameh fibre from the machine, after- Wards worked in water and dried in the sun. (b)—Rameh soaked after washing for some hours in a lye (merang-water) bath of Le strength. (c) -Rameh after a lye bathof 1so (d)—Rameh after a lye bath of 2o. It appears plainly from experiment that the fibre lost strength from the lye bath but as the mannfacturer does not require fibre treated with lye, seeing that this hinders the further handliag (treasing) of it, the preparer need not bother abont this chemical process. The Faure machine answers entirely to what is required of it—the rameh fibre is prepared out of the stalk. — — - BAHMEEN FISHING IN CEYLON. K.G D.B. writes to the (London) Field as follows frou Slave Island :—In hopes that this may catch the eye of Colonel Osborn, who writes on the above and on nair fishing in ‘‘the Rod in India,” I would venture to ask him if bis remarks apply equally to Ceylon? At page 211 he says that thick water and evening fishing are snitable for nair fishing. Here in Ceylon I have observed large fish in the estuary of the Kelani river, but directly the monsoon burst these fish cease to frequent the river. I had a try or two of them, bnt the fisher- men assured me it was useless after the burst of the monsoon. Can Colonel Osborn, or any other gentleman who has had experience of this fishing, kindiy inform me whether any is to be had during the monsoon, and in what localities? Native fishermen here do uot help one much, and look with contempt onarod and line. Should the fish ve spun for, or will it do to troll only; and is it — of any use fishing until the nair are seen to be on Po the feed ? ‘ Ocr. 3, 1898.] THE TROPICAL TEA AND COFFEE IN THE NILGIRIS DISTRICT - A CEYLON PLANTER INVESTING IN TEA AND CINOHONA PROPERTY AT 6,500 FEET. SPLENDID COFFEE AT 3,000 FEET. : Mr. T. C. ANDERSON of Maskeliya has just teturned after a prolonged tour of inspection through the Nilgiris, where he was on a pre- liminary visit some months ago. The result of the present trip is that Mr. Anderson has purchased from, or through, Messrs. Arbuthnot & Co., the Glen Morgan Tea and Cinchona property of 400 acres at an elevation of 6,500 _ feet on the Nilgiris. The tea is Assam Hybrid and promises well, although hitherto neglected according to Ceylon notions—while the pre- paration with a hand roller and no proper Factory, has been a farce. In fact, though there have been tea gardens for many years in the Nilgiris District, tea ‘‘ preparation” is in its infancy. A sample of the leaf prepared by Mr. Anderson with — primitive appliances, has been valued very highly for flayour and liquor by Messrs. Somerville & Co. That Messrs. Arbuthnot & Co. have not lost faith in Nilgiris tea—though, for some (perhaps family) reasons, they had to sell Glen Morgan—is shown by their now arranging to open 1,000 acres in tea adjoining Mr. Anderson. We have no doubt the advent of Ceylon-trained planters will work -a change ; for, though labour is fairly abundant, the coolies do not understand plucking, pruning and other work as done in Ceylon. They simply would not believe that cooies in Ceylon could get through so many trees a day, and as for Factory work, they know little or nothing about it. Mr. Anderson’s Superintendent—Mr. G. B. Tringham, late of Deltota—greatly admires the Nilgiris tea, and when a proper Factory is equipped and some Ceylon coolies got to show the way, he has no doubt of fine tea being turned out. Besides tea, Mr. Anderson includes in his purchase nearly 100,000 well-grown cinchona trees, most of them ready for barking whenever the market suits, and samples sent home lately realized upto 7dalb. We have not learned the price paid tor the property by Mr. Anderson ; but evidently he is well-satisfied with his bargain, theugh no doubt he will have a good deal of factory and other outlay at the conmencement. Coming down from Glen Morgan to Pykara, Mr. Anderson passed through a renovated coffee property which astonished him: 200 acres ef our old staple (at about 3,000 feet elevation) were laden with a splendid crop, the bushes all look- ing healthy and vigorous, with little or no signs of hemileia vastatriz, The renovation consisted of liberal manuring and irrigation and planting with shade trees. There can be no doubt of the good effect of shade; for, where not available, the disease takes hold. Several descriptions of trees—dadap, ‘potatoe’ trees, &c.—are used for shade and all seem to do well. Is it too late for some of the owners of coffee fields in Uva to ory the eftect of a quick- grewing shade tree? Mr. Anderson is delighted with the climate and Scenery of the Nilgiris at the present time, though the season has been an unhealthy one, owing to an outbreak of typhoid, due to bad waster. The dwarf nilloo (strobilanthes) is in flower on the rolling patenas around Utacamund, and the flowers give a lavender-coloured tinge to the downs and the general outlook. Game being preserved, the number of deer and other AGRICULTURIST. 245 animals encountered in travelling is very large. When the railway is open to Coonoor, the journey from Ceylon will be shortened. For tbe present Mr. Anderson left Ooty on 15th August, landed at Colombo within 48 hours, via Tuticorin, TEA, AND COOLIES, AND PREPARATION ON THE NILGIRIS :—IN CORRECTION, Colombo, Aug. 17 1898, DEAR Mr. Epiror,—Just a line foe cpluin that my remarks about the Nilgiri Coolies knowing nothing of tea manufacture, referred only to Glen Morgan. There are several Ceylon planters over there and some estates turn out very fair teas—see the London reports. In your remarks, it reads ag if planters and coolies on the Nilgiris generally knew little of manufacture. [| spoke only of the one estate ‘Glen Morgan.”—Yours truly, T. C. ANDERSON, [We stand corrected and give prominence to Mr, Anderson’s letter. --Ep, TRA. ———<@—_____. THE INDIAN TEA ASSOCIATION (LONDON.) i ANNUAL MEETING, 1e eighteenth annual meeting was held at the offi. ces,St, Mary’s Chambers, 14, St, Mary Axe, on Daseage last. Mr. W H Verner the senior vice chairman, wag called upon to preside, : The Secretary (Mr. Ernest Tye) read the notice convening the meeting, The Chairman moved the adoption of th ere and accounts, and observed that one or two mates mentioned therein were in an inchoate State, uot definite views as to that, the result of the examination now being made into the matter by the Currency Committee. The question of inland river freights was also still under con sideration. This was a matter of very great im- portance to the Assam tea industry, and it was hoped that the very able sub-committee which had sentatives of the shipping companies 80 the matter placed on a satistactocy Bathe pee planters, He might mention that he had been approached privately, not as a member of this Asso- clation, to consider the possibility of forming some satisfactory arrangements, The one gr i which the report brought home to eee oneen them was the necessity for new markets. Day by day it was being brought home to them that ‘they must not sit still. They must try to extend their markets not only across the water, but also on this side of the water. Operations were being commenced b private enterprise with a view to extending markets but hitherto the great and powerful conneciion of Sir John Muirand Messrs. Finlay and Company had been the only producers who had been also engaged in push- ing their teas as ordinary merchants in foreign countries. For that, he thought, the tea interest was very much indebted to them. Of course they were proceeding on a business basis and seeking ta make a profit, and were not doing it simply for benevolent reasons, but that made their chances of nected with it for ten years, and though the A sociation had not done all that it might have done, 246 nor all that it was hoped it would have done, it haé Still been of some use, and he thought that by degrees it would gain a larger and greater import- ance in the eyes ofthe public. The feeling of those who had conducted the work of the Association for years past was that it was time almost for some of them to stand by, and to allow new and younger blood to come in with fresher ideas. Mr. J. N. Stuart seconded the resolution, and speaking with xegard to the Ourrency Committee, &c., said that unfortunately the committee was unable t» take any evidence from the Indian representatives this month, but the Indian representatives hoped that they eis be beard in October. The point that he had endeavoured to put forward in the memo- randum he had sent in to the committee was that they could not expect to get any great benefit from a low exchange, but that unless they were put on a footisg with other silvyer-using countries such as China, they would be severely haodicapped in opening out foreign markets. A low exchange would of course have the effect of reducing the cost of tea to themselves, but on the other hand it would have the effect of opening out new tea to a still greater extent than had already been done, and that would be a very seri- ous matter to the existing tea gardens. A letter in the Calcutta Englishman of July 7 pointed that there were only two ways of meeting the difficultier before tea growers arising from the large supplies of tea— one by the curtailing of supplies, and the other by the opening out of new markets, As regarded the curtailing of supplies, all connected with Indian tea were not likely to agree to reduce their output and to stop extensions. He noticed from the report of two large companies that during the years 1897-98 they hac put out or had contemplated putting out over 10,000 acres of tea, and if people would keep on extending to this enormous extent the markets could not hope for any relief. As regarded the open- ing out of new markets there were certain suggestions made in the latter of the Calcutta English- man which would no doubt be considered by all con- nected with the teatrade. One of them was as to the consumption in India itself, a very important fact being that 7,000,0001b. of China and Ceylon tea are imported into India and consumed there. There were no doubt many present who had endeavoured to dispose off—tea among the natives of India, and the great difficulty they had always met with was how to sell it to them cheap enough, for although the natives were very glad to drink tea if it was given to them, they did not like to have to buy it. Within the last year or two (as the article pointed ont), although the individual quantities of tea sold were small, the aggregate consumption had been increasing, - A good many of the members of the Asseciation once invested in the Indian Tea Supply Company, which had capital of one lac of rupees. That com- pany went on losing money every year, but had 35,000 rupees still to lose in its mission tor the dis- posal of Indisn tea to the natives, and if they could replace the 7,000,000 lb. of tea imported from China and Ceylon by Indian tea, that would bes»>me he!p. With regard to Russia, they would, perhaps, have noticed in Messrs. Gow, Wilson, and Stanton’s circular that the direct exports from Colombo to Russia had increased from 178,000 Ib. last year to 1,195,000 lb. during the first six months of the pre- sent year. ‘This was an increase which they would do well to follow up if they could see their way. Ano her suggestion was that Thibet might be opened out. In’that country brick tea was used, and the Calcutls LHnglishman quoted the opinion of one traveller to the effect that it swvas nearly all brick and very little tea ; still, the consumption would help the trade in disposing of some of their lowest quanti- ties, if the country could be opened out. Five or six years ago, whon he was in Calcutta, he was con- sulted by the Government with reference toa treaty which was then being made with China for the open- ing out of Thibet, and it was finally agreed that for five years the Government of India would not press é THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. ‘question was further raised. = 3 eA ee eee [Ocr. 1, 1898. forthe Import of Indian tea into Thibet, but thet at the eud of that time they should be free to send tea into that coustry. The attention of the Calcntia Association should be called to the fact that that time had now about errived. They wanted, of course, also to open markets in other parts of the world, for while Ceylon exported 20 per cent. of her produce to foreign countries, India only exported 10 per cent. If they could establish the “ open door ” with surrounding countries and press forward exten- s10n3 as successfully as was being done by the mission } which was now being directed to America, they might — by degrees carry through that very important part 0 rica work, which consisted io opening out of new markets, - TBE USE OF METAL CHESTs. Mr. Leckie asked if the Association had got any farther with the steamship owners in the matter of ate chests, The Chairman said they had heard nothi abont it, but the Association was quite prepared to maintain the rights of any members of the Asso- ciation to use the metal. chests. J The Secretary; that the Association had protested against the assumed right of the shipowners to decline to pay ullage on metal chests, and the ship- owners had never replied to the protest, Mr. Leckie: How do we stand in the matter of ullage ? ¥ The Chairman said they were waiti specific case came up before taking npr eat Mr. Leckie said that when he saw Mr. Westray some time back, that gentleman explained that the difficulty with the ship-owners was that they were afraid that there were a great many claims held back, and that if they met any claims. their posi- tion would be very much prejudiced in the future The Chairman said he understood that the shi \- owners were finding that the use of metal chests did not increase their liabilities at all. The Association had told the shipowners that they conld not their view, and they were now waiting until the Mr. Leckie said that his own claims were trifling amounting to only 301 1b. on 1,093,582 Ib. Therefore, so far as he was concerned, as he had told Mr. Westray, the pretension put forward by the shipowners was a moustrous one. The position of the Association ahonld Be J ative defined. r. Wallace said that if Mr. Leckie would sendi his claim to the committee of the FP og they would go into it. CROP ESTIMATES.—THE OPENING OUT OF THE RUSSIAN MARKET, Mr. Seton called attention to the report crop estimates, which he believed was ments ing the attention of a good many members of the Assuciation both here and on the other side, and asked the Chairman to state what were the ideas of’ the committee with regard to the future. There was an idea that the original estima’ which was wired home was rather a useless thing, and it had been suggested that it would be a good thing if the Association in Calcutta were to revise the estimates received from the managers and com-. municate a reliable estimate to the Association here somewhere about the month of Angust. With regard to the opening out of new markets in Russia, it was’ stated in the report that the committee proposed to devote a certain proportion of their surplus funds to that purpose. For a great many yearshe had yen- tured to urge that this Association should devote TOE ct its margeéundabeyidae development of Russia, which he regarded as an equally im market by AmEESa, if ew more ~ a een e Chairman said that with regard esti- mates of the crops it had been Road ag Pisr i a view to ensuring greater accuracy, the Indian Association should arrange to procure special estima- tes from managers, to be submitted by the end June, end published immediately afterwards. and ths no estimate should be published before that tim Oor. 1, 1898.) THE TROPICAL i rd to Russia, what was stated in te ae was that ‘the committee recognzied the importance of giyiDg attention to o het markets besides that cf America—especiatly to that of Russia—and wiil, at the ficst opportunity appropriate a portion of the funds at-their disposal towards that object.” Personally he very much.agceed with what had fallen from Nir. Seton, and that the sooner they made a beginuing—however smali—in Russia the better. At the same time every great commander had recognized that it was sometimes a mistake to divide one’s forces ; it was not always a case of divide et impera ; sometimes there was a failure “ They had not a great deal of funds, and it might be found impossible—certainly during the current eee divert anything away from America. But it was quite evident from what Ceylon had done that there was an“ open door’’ in Russia. ' Mr. Arthur Thompson observed that he was quite satisfied that the Russian market was being properly worked both here and in Russia by the buyers them- gelves. There was no doubt that after a short time Russia would take a large quantity of tea, especially fine tea, and thet a large and increasing trade would be done with the country. Whether it would be worth while to spend there the small funds at the disposal of the Association, or whether it would be better to continue the work in America, which bad shown such large progress, was a question iar consl- deration, THE AMERICAN TEA MARKET. rs. Blechynden, the Association’s American Com- pana aH being called upon by the Chairman, said he had very little to add to his reports, but one or two matters had come up since he had submitted his anaual report, and about these the members of the Association would perhaps like to hear something. One was with reference to the duty on tea which affected America considerably, a duty of 10 cents per lo. having been imposed a3 a wat measure. It was looked upon as a temporary measure to tide over their present financial difii- culties, and it was also thought that this being a tax which affected the poor man it would bs used as a party cry and would therefore be removed before October. Hither it would be removed at that time or a duty on coffee would also be imposed. As soon as this matter of the taxation took tangi- ble shape buyers, by way of precaution, bought large quantities of tea, and for the present the market was practically paralyzed. There would be very little done in the way of purchases by grocers and other retailers for the next two xr three months, and possibly until something more definite was lmown about the future of the tax. Statistics show- ing the increase in the sales of Ceylon and Lindia had been prepared by the Association, but it wes rather difficult to separate the proportions. Taking the two countries together there had been an in- creased export to America of 3,000,0001b over last year, and the tea consumption of America had increased in no other direction. The imports from China and Japan had fallen off somewhat. The osition in America at present was very different Foi whatit was even two years ago- It was then a very difficult thing to find retailers stocking Indian teas, 1t wasonly where teas were being advertized by the funds ofthis Association that retailers found it worth there while to stock them. But now it wasa common thing to see Ceylon and Indian teas adver- tised by the grocers themselves. There were two channels through which their teas reached the con- sumer. One was the package firms and one the grocer’s ordinary bulk tea, such as was sold over the counter in this country. Indian tea was now being largely substituted for the so-called English breakfast tea. Oolong tea, mixed wih green tea, and sold as mixed tea was being largely cousumed by the poorer classes. In the last few years attempts had been made to prepare a tea suitable for the American market, known as Namuuna tea, The earlier samples sold in America were not very tavour- ably reported upon, but recently he had seen some 4 AGRICULTURIST. 247 samples of tea which were not only favourably reported upon but were quoted at a price at which snbstan- tial orders were immediately forthcoming. The c's culty was that this tea wa: nt prepared upon any scale in India, as it had only deen prepared in aa experi- mental way in «a few places, and at a meeting held in Ceylon Mr. Mackenzie, the Ceylon commissioner, suggested thet some support might be given tothe producers of this green tea inthe form of 2 guarantee against loss in its experiments! preparation. It was not, perh a matter to be brought before a general mecting, but -he would wish, With the permission of ithe Association. to prepare a short letter in reply inqul: he had received through the Gf this particn’ar His changed, and he f deal was to be said green tea, and he thought it w should be brought permanently before the attention of planters, There was one point which he did not think the Association had placed before it, and that was that since last year there had been a con- siderable change in the position of the American market. Abont this time last year an agitation was started by the importers of tea into America for the improvement of the quality of the tea. But it was a matter which rested absolutely in their own hands, The Americans sought the support of their Government, and instituted certain standards, and the matter was very fully discussed, with the net resuit that a higher class of tea was now going into America. It was a littie more expensive, and could be quoted perhaps 24 a ib. dearer, For tunately for the India and Ceylon tea industry the Indian teas were of sucha character that there ro icar of adulteration, and chat betug so, the q¢ 3 of the tea to be sent there need not recessariiy be raised. India was, tnerefore, in a better condition fo compete as regards price with the teas coming feom China or Japan, inasmuch as very low grade teas used formerly to be sent from those countries. The average price of the teas landed in America previous to last season was 13 cents per lb. Mr. Arthur Thompson asked what price was put on the Namunna teas. Mr. Blechynden said from 18 cents to 23 cents. If he might throw out a suggestion it would be that the growers ofgreen teas should have an understand- ing among themselves. In the case ofa very high- class tea coming from Ceylon and knownas the “Norwood” tea, when first sent to America it was found to be very suitable for the market, and fetched the extraordinary price of 80 cents per lb. Other firms were enabled to purchase those teas, and the popularity of the “ Norwood” tea sso g that more ‘“ Norwood”’ tea bedbzen sola in America than was grown in Ceylon. It seemed to him that it would se a very easy matter for those sentlemen who were proposirg to experiment in the manu- facture of these unccloured green teas and Na- munna teas to arrive at some understanding whereby they would not he competing egainst each other and run their tea to grcund. At present they could get very reasonable piices, bat if two or three shipments were offered in different parts of the conn- try their “ drummers’ wonid be competing against each other, and the result would be in accordance with the usual experience in the country that no pro- fit conld be got ont of the tea. A vote of thanks to the Chairman brought the pro- ceediugstoa termination.—F. and C. Vail, July 29. a CLUNES ESTATES COMPANY, LIMITED. . THE REPORT was as follows :— __ Cuusns Divitston.—Sup2rintendent : Mr. T. S. Lace. res; N y clearings 5: avres; Braacar Divistoxn.— rinsendent: Mr. ©, F. 8S. Shaw. Tea in bearing 345 acres; Tea planted 1S94— $48 20 acres; 1896-7—50 acres; 1898—92 acres; Forest and Waste Land 246 acres; Total 753 acres, Grand Total 1,317 acres. The Directors now beg to submit to the Shareholders the Accounts and Balance Sheet of the Company, duly audited, for the year ending 30th June, 1898. After providing for Depreciation of Buildings and Machinery, tne result of the year’s working shews a nett profit of R29,121°50, to which has to be added a balance of R1,852°37 brought forward from last year, making the total at credit of Profit and Loss Account R30,973'87. The crops secured amounted to 395,535 lb. Tea, as against 388,542 lb. last year, being 24,465 lb. short of the estimate, due to unfavourable weather in the early part of this year. The nett average sale price was 32°22 cents per lb., the cost laid down in Colombe being 21°60 cents per lb., both of which figures under the circumstances nay be deemed satisfactory. With reference to the Coast Advances and Doubtful Debts Reserve Account, the Directors have carried to the credit of this account R700, the preminm on 90 shares issued during the year; R86-98 Profit on Rice, and asum of R468'83 out of this year’s profits, and have written off R275°36 for Coast Advances irrecoverable. The balance now remaining at credit of this account the Directors consider will provide for all bad and doubtful debts due to the Company. During the year another 50 acresof jungle have been opened up and planted on Clunes Division, and 92 acres on Drracht Division. The estimate for the 1898-99 season is 400,000 1b. Tea against an expenditure on working acconnt of R86,540, In accordance with a notice already circulated to the shareholders, their sanction will be asked for permission to alter the memorandum and articles of Association, to enable the Compavy to borrow on mortgage. This has been necessitated by the sub- soribed capital being insufficient to cover the capital expenditure incurred on the properties, the cost of brivging the 200 acres of young tea into bearing, and providing the additions to factory and machinery necessary to cope with increase in crops. The required amount is estimated at R50,000. The Directors recommend that, should the arrange- ments for the mortgage be carried out, a dividend at the rate of 8 per cent be paid on the paid up capital. In terms of the articles of Association Mr. W. H. Figg now retiresfrom the Board, but is eligible for re-election. , The appointment of an auditor for the current year rests with the meeting. THE TROPICAL ———__>—___ PLANTING NOTES. PiumssaGo.—Hitherto the Kurunegala District in the North.Western Province has been the chief scene of the plumbago mining indnstry. But we learn with some surprise that for some time past a larger quantity has been obtained from the Kalntara District in the Pasdun Korale than even from the North-Western Province. We believe also that natives are hard at work in the surrounding country sinking pits; and many plots, as we know, have recently bsen pur- chased from Government for Plumbago mining. In other parts of the Pasdun Korale weare told many Plumbago pits are now in full work, and although it is, we believe, almost impossible to discover what quantity arrivesin Colombo from Kalutara, Kurune- gala, and other districts of the island, it is well-known that a very Jarge proportion, if not the largest portion, and certainly some of the very best quality, comes from the Kalutara District; which seems to have a prosperous future before it, as the scene of Plumbago mining. Favourable indications of the existence of the valuable mineral have also been found on Ancoombra estate, Matale, where Mr. Webster is about to collect coolies and sink shafts; and in many parts of the country inquiries are now being made as to what may be considered likely indications of the existence of the mineral. (Ocr. 1, 1898, PLUMBAGO Deposits.—It is very interesting to noie how closely allied widely differing forms of carbon, are in the geologist’s list. First comes the Diamond, next Amber, then Plum- bago, next Coal, Peat and Petroleum —all having their common basis in carbon. The diamond is pure carbon in a crystallized form; amber has 79 per cent of carbon; and plumbago has been described as “simply an impure form of native carbon”; while we need scarcely say how much carbon enters into the composition of coal, peat and petroleum. Our PLUMBAGO EXPORT AND WHERE IT COMES FROM.—Our contemporary reminds us that some of the plumbago carried by rail comes from the Southern Province and part from Mirigama (W.P.) as well as Kegalla (Sabaragamuwa).—It is a striking fact that there appears to have been very little working or export of plumbago AGRICULTURIST. until about the beginning of the “coffee” era. Dr. Davy, Scientist thongh he was, has only the scantiest reference to graphite or Plumbago and strangely enongh, the neighbourhood of Balangoda is the place where he found it. Here is the passage :— Belonging to the inflammable class of minerals, I know of two only that occur in Ceylon, viz. graphite and sulphur. Graphite in minute scales is very commonly disseminated through gneiss, and it occasionally occurs imbedded in this rockin smallmasses. In the latter form, it is ap: abundant in the neighbourhood of Balangodde, in the upper part of Saffragam. it ie highly probable, it may be found in sufficient quantity to be collected and exported with profit. That was in 1821. In 1837 there was an export 3,700 ewt.; in 1847=9,249; in 1857=33,497 ewt.; in 1867—45,836 ewt.; 1877=96,792 ewt. ; 1887 =238,600 cwt.; 1897=379,415 ewt.; and we expect that the year 1898, both in quantity and money value will, far excel all its predecessors. A Fixe Sate or Hick Grown Tea.—High Forest comes egain to the front. A fine invoice of tea from High Forest estate was sold in the sale on Wednesday, and realised the following prices :— 81 half-chests Broken Pekoe .. 85 cts. 25 a Orange Pekoe .. 65 ,, 21 chests Pekoe F 48 Average 70 cts. This tea was, we believe, bought for the Russian- market. Tue New Rancoon Rice is gradually finding favour with the labourers up-country, if one is to judge by the large and regular parcels which arrive from Rangoon by almost every steamer. The Bibby bost “Shropshire” expected today is bringing another consignment. Rumour has it that the coolies a thie rice for Indian with the boutique keepers by giving them something extra for every measure they buy. There is more than one kind of Rangoon rice, end I am sure if the best quality is imported and sent to the Estates, it will have a better reception than that effordei to the stuff sent up now. PouisHinc Trak To ImrtateE Rosewoop.—The first coat of polish should be coloured red with sanders or Bismarck te give a red undercoat and to kill the oil with which the frames are treated. The tone required may then be gained by the aid of brush polish; a small quantity of lampblack or gas black may be mixed with the red polish, and perchance a little rose pink in order to gain the exact tone required. Thin ont with spirits, if mnevessary, and aim‘at gaining the result by severa! applications rather than by one. Apply with a camel-hair brush. When dry, apply a thin coat of spirit varnish with a trace of red in. When the varnish is dry it is ready for finishing either by polishing or several coats of varnish. Take care not to rub off any col ur at the edges. Keep the face of the rubber perfectly flat yet pliable when used for levelling the varnish or for the flat portions.—From “ Worf.” for August. : Oct 1, 1898,] THE TROPICAL Borrespondence i Lage “ao the Editor. ANALYSIS OF COCOA TREE. Pathregalla, Potuhera, June 24. DEAR Sir,—Mr. Cochran has asked me the following question :— “Have you ever made an estimate of how long a leaf lasts? In other words by what number would you multiply 29 Ib. leaves to get the whole leafage for one year?’ 27 lb. was the green weight of leaves from the tree I sent him for analysis. Would you mind looking up your files to see if you can find the necessary information, and send it to Mr. Cochran.—Yonrs faithfully. H, DE SANCTIS, [Very sorry we cannot oblige; but Mr. Cochran is such a regular reader of our Tropical Agri- cdturist that if the information had been already published, in our monthly files since 1881, he -would be sure to know, ‘The ‘‘fact” wanted is just one never yet verified by cacao planters and they should now take observations in different districts in regard to this particular enquiry and also others of equal importance to the Chemist and Fungologist.—Ep. 7.4.] INSECT PESTS, Sir,—At a time when attention is being directed to insect pests, we think that the enclosed copy letter received from the Chiswick Soap Co. together with the article from the Planters’ Gazette has been more than mere trade interest, and that you may care to publish it. We may add that we havea small quantity of the Chiswick Compound which we would be pre- pared to issue to Planters’ free of charge ex our Godowns here on the understanding that they would experiment with it on cocoa or tea, &c, and report results.— Yours faithfully, A. PHILIP & Co. Chiswick, London, July 6, 1898. Messrs. Alexander Philip & Co., Kandy, Ceylon. Dear Sirs,—No doubt you will have heard of and very probably have seen the book recently published by Mr, Watt as to the result of his visit to some of the Tea Gardens and he mentioned in same that he is of opinion that insecticides are of little or no use, an opinion which is entirely at variance with what is done in all other countries and opposed to the opinion of many of the principle planters who are using Chiswick Com- pound with very excellent results. We enclose you copy of an article inan old Planters’ Gazette recommending the use of the Chiswick Compound, evidently written by some planter who is row using the wash although we do not knowin the least who the writer is. We make these few remarks for your guidance.—Yours truly, (Signed) CHISWICK SOAP Co. It is asomewhat extraordinary circumstance that so little ie known about this pest. It has baffled the skill of all the scientists at home. If would appear to be established that any extreme climate condition roduces it, and that is about all that is abso- utely ascertained. Indeed, it would seem that atmospheric charges have more control over it than AGRICULTURIST. 249 anything that man can devise to counteract it. We do not agree that insecticides are no use, for there is little doubt that considerable advance has been made in this, and that the Chiswick Compound miti- gates its ravages toa great extent; and although we do not imagine that this, or any other compound, will thoroughly eradicate it, still the amount often saved is very considerable; and a perseverance with it is to be recommended to those whose gardens suffer from the pest. So long as no control can be obtained over the elements, so long will red spider reign supreme. The extreme drought, now in some of the Tea districts, fosters it; and the same will hold good if we have continuous downpour after the drought breaks. The cases of cholera, which one so often sees, are excellent examples of what red spider is to the tea bush; and every doctor one has ever heard on the subject, will tell you that unless the patient’s blood is in a certain state fit to receive the poison, cholera is harmless ; that some subjects=weakly ones—are more prone to be attacked, no one will deny, so it is with the tea bush. The weakly ones fall victims first, and every annual attack leaves its victim more susceptible to attack as the constitution, so tc speak, is weakened ; andin addition to using Chiswick Compound freely, attention should also be paid to the bush by manuring or top-dressing, which are the equivalents to the course of soups, essences, etc., supplied to the human subject. We consider that those who follow the course wil] have no cause for regret, and we confidently assert will be well rewarded for their trouble. The application of dry sulphur has for years been recommended as a cure by some of our oldest planters, and if our memory serves us rightly, by none more strongly thau by Mr. Christison, when a tea-planter in Darjeeling. Now it stands to reason if sulphur applied in a dry state, was to a certain extent beneficialin checking the ravages of red spider, it must be much more so if applied in a soluble state, and although we are not possessed of the secret of the preparation of the Chiswick com- pound, one’s olfactory nerves are not long in dis- covering the fact that sulphur is one of the principal ingredients. Many may not be aware of it, but it is a fact that sulphur is not soluble in ordinary water, except by the aid of lime; and the application of dry sulphur must be more expensive and, we should say, less likely to give out those gases which are necessary to act as insecticides. We notice Dr. Watt says he does not believe in insecticides, but we fail to grasp what he would have the planter to do. Ishe to sit down and fold his hands, and say, it is ‘* kismut,” or to try some remedy? If the planter does try some remedy, even if it fails, he has the satisfaction of knowing he has done his best in his proprietor’s interests; but we venture to express an opinion that the Chiswick Compound has gone beyond the experi- mental stage ; and, if it is not a cure, (and we don’t say itis), it certainly mitigates the ravages of the red spider, and it remains to be seen whether a series of applications of, say, 3to 4 years will not eradicate the disease, or, at any rate, leave so little behind it that it would not enter into a planter’s calculations. The Chiswick Compound Co. should keep statistics of the factories that have been sup- plied with their Compound, and how many years in successicn the same portion of a garden has been treated ; and the information now wanting could be obtained for the benefit of future generations.—/ndian Planters’ Gazette. EUCALYPTUS: A CURE FOR FEVER. TYPHOID Aug. 2nd. DEAR SirR,—The planting correspondent of “Indian Gardening,’ whose letter you quote on ‘page 202, is quite rigbt in calling at. tention to the general neglect of the Huecalyptus by the medical profession in India and his re- marks apply perhaps with greater force to Ceylon. Being only anamateur medical practitioner, un- Se eee ee eeeeEeoerEEereeeee 250 biassed by any profound reading for competitive examinations, I have made use of Hucalyptus in many forms and always with excellent results. The oil is a specific for malarialfever and ague. A decoction of the young succulent leaves of the blue gam makes a good fomentation for sprains anil rheamatism : for lung complaints the inhala- tion of steam from the boiled leaves is very eth- eacious, and for cold in the head and the feverish headache of influenza, the young leaves dried and powdered and used as snuff make a very simple and pleasant remedy.—Yours faithfully, A CEYLON PLANTER. GREEN TEAS AND CARDAMOMS. Aucust 4 " DEAR Siz, —ft was with mueh interest T read the letter from ‘*1574” (sve page 191) re green tea. The proposals of the writer are very good, some but one must begin and why doesnot ‘* 1874” take up alead and show the way by sending some green tea to America ? The prices at present are most disheartening and the position of many estates is clearly shown in Mr, Westland’s letter and it would be well to have a try in green teas. Would it not meet requirements if you Mr. Eilitor gave us some articles on ‘‘ Manufacture and packing of green teas ” and then if a few of Jue teading plasters who have free hands would fake the ‘ead, we oneht be able betrer to get intG® Aimertea, How Miauters are uuable to do tush being employed by Companies which do not seew to like experiments. I am asvonished at your note in July 16th re Cardamoms did not bring in letters from cardamom planters. Consideration must be taken co the fact that cardamoms will only crop for a limited number of years and that in the 4th and 5th year from planting, one gets the largest and finest crop. Thereafter both the amount realised per acre diminishes considerably and the fruit gets smaller in size. The market is fully 50 cents lower this year than last per Ib. and with the very big acreages now being planted up there is every likelihood that the price will go down very much more.— Yours faithfully, Kf V ak ai [We have called on ‘‘ 1874 ”—who is an Indian Tea Planter and perhaps not at liberty to do as he writes—to send us some letters on the mann- facture of ‘“‘ green teas.”—We took it for granted that the limitations of cardamom planting were understood; and the figures referred to were civen as maximum and very exceptional ones, —Ep. T A.] WHITE ANTS AND THE TEA BUSH: THE SOLUTION OF THE MYSTERY Eton, Pundaluoya, Anet. 6. DEAR Sir,—With reference to the letter, under above heading, in your issue of 8rd inst, the fact of the matter is that both disputants (A and B) are right—in their several statements. The confusion arises from the fact that many people are under the impression that there is only one kind of ‘white ant’ in Ceylon: whereas we have many different species—all with different [ gallery-iorm- habits. There is the common ing white ant (Termes Taprobanes) that at- THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST, ‘ Jacobson about 45 years ago. ee at ae (Oct. 1, 1898, tacks dead but apparently sound woed, including sawn timber: another species that lives only in soft decayed wood : others whose habits lave not yet been studied; and finally a species that certainly does feed upon the living wood of what are to all interests and purposes healthy plants. It is the latter species that 1 described and figured in my little work on, Insect Pests of the Tea Plants’ p. 93. This insect is quite distinct from the common species, It makes its entrance into the plant underground, often by the tap root, works upwards through the stem and branches, and eventually leaves little but the shell of the plant. As the sap continnes to cir- cuJate in the outer parts for sometime, the plaut does not show signs of the damage until it is past remedy, The only thing to be done then ia to carefully destroy that colony of the termites, vo pre- ventany further attack, The stem of the injared stem will be full of the insects and others will be found in extensions of the galleries under ground, —The ‘ queen’ of this species has not yet been found. If any of your readers are afflicted with this pest, Ishould be greatly obliged if they would send me a supply of living speciemens (properly packed in tin) of the different stages of the inseer.- Dr. Watt gives a large amount of interesting and valuable information about different species of ‘ White Ants,’ in his recent elaborate work on “the Pests and Blights of the Yea Plant.” Yours truly, E. ERNEST GREEN. “IMPROVED PRUNING OF TEA”—AND BETTER CROP. Sir,—I have been very munch misunderstood j my letter published in the TZvopical Agri- culturist. At the end of a letter I said, that with pruning as detailed by me and liberal manuring every year, the yield of a whole. estate should not stop short of 1,600 lb. of tea per acre. The comment on this sentence (see page 46) is as follows: 1874 has startled our local community by his exposition of an improved system of pruning and manuring, which he says, ought to raise the yield of AVERAGE estates to 1,600 Ib. an acre. Please note that I said ‘the yield of a whole estate” and not the yield of average estates. I imagined that the average planting mind would know that I meant the maximum and noé the average. : This system which I have advocated is probably the oldest of all, and was recommended by Dr. The Indian Tea Cyclopedia of 1881 will also show any one who troubles to read it, that the cutting down of bushes is strongly forbidden except only in the ease of individual bushes which are evidently dying. 1 have not got any dnproved system, bus I have reverted in practice to what all will ae- knowledge as common sense in theory. And as far as I know I am the only Planter who has tested the theory over a series of years, and found it to succeed in the main object, which is to im- prove the bushes. I ask to be informed if any- one has tested the plan of not entting down and fonnd it to fail? I believe any planter who reads my letter to mean that I expected ‘1,600 1b. of tea from average estates” is either deficient in common sense himself, or did not give the matter suffi- cient thought. There is nothing in the buik of my letter to show that I expect the system of pruning to work like a patent manure—could such Ocr. 1, 1898.j THE TROPICAL aman imagine the amount of labour required to make 1,6U0 lb. of tea per acre? 1,600 Ib. of tea=6,400 lb. of leaf. Say that each pluck- ing of the estate takes 5 days, then there will be 6 pluckings in the month and in &4 months there will be 50 pluckings. Divide 6,400 by 50 and we have 128 1b. of leaf for each plucking per acre. Three pluckers would have to pluck 42% Ib. of leaf to get in 128 lb. And this means that the bushes must yield sufficient leat to take the best work of 3 pluckers per acre, at times 2 per acre and in heavy flushes 4 or 5 per acre. I believe the tea bush capable of this ; but I doubt whether any estate can afford to keep up the enormous labour force required, even if it had command of local labour when required. In time to come no estate will be able to keep up any, but the best plots of tea; there must be no waste for cultivating vacancies, the whole area must be covered with leaf—and when times become really hard for good estates, the periodical cutting down which is now universal will become a thing of the past. Planters will find out means of keeping the yielding area intact from year to year, and I have only tried to suggest the means. [ am looking ahead. It is no use to merely keep level with the times and allow each improvement to be discounted by the fallin prices. One must go ahead by careful trial, and from actual ex- perience I find that a certain system of pruning is the best. 1874. fiYBRIDIZING COFFEE. Dear Sir,—Judging from what [haveread about the Coffee hybridin the 7.4. and from some experiments of my own 15 to 18 yeurs ago, [am inclined to think that this new hybrid is worth trying, and therefore I am anxious to procure some seeds. So if you can assist me by informing me of the name and address of the Wynaad planter who claims to have discovered the hybrid, when you, as you probably will, come ‘across them, I shall feel very much obliged. My ex- periments were not made with a view to find a H.V.-resisting type of coffee by hybridising, but to find one among the coffee then existing, and I be- lieve I succeeded; bnt through misfortune there has been no resnlt, all my plants having been killed by green bug. I would go more into details, but there is no use in writing about what has been practically a failure. If circumstances had permitted, the result might have been different as I might have been able to save a few of the plants.—Yours truly, OLD PLANTER. THE FLORIDA VELVET BEAN. DEAR Srir,—It has more than once occurred that a so-called new product” coming with a great reputation from abroad has proved to be a familiar plant with a new name. It will be remembered that the famous ‘‘ cow-pea” turned out to be Vigna Catians which is represented in Ceylon by the legumes well known to the Sin- halese as Gas-me, Li-me, Nil-ine, &e., and of which the common Me-karal is only another variety. The Florida velvet bean which was originally wrongly named Dolichos Multiflores, has now been identified as Mucuna pruricns, var. utilis, a eul- tivated variety of the plant commonly known as cawhage or cowitch. Mucune pruriens is known locally by the Sin- halese name Achariya-pala. Dr. Trimen says that it is found in the ‘‘dry and intermediate regions; rather common.” The Queensland Agricultural Journal for May last has a good plate illustrat- ing a description of the plant.—Yours truly. . . AGRICULTURIST. 25] [See the extract from Indian Gardening on page 242 where it isidentified with ‘“Mucuna Nivea” known to natives in India as ‘‘ Kamach.” A very high character is given to the bean and fresh seed from a new land may be of special adyantage.—Ep. 7.A.] Gy PLANTING IN -STRAITS SETTLEMENTS KLANG.—Notwithstanding the decrease in the demand for land, and the depressed condition of the coffee market, the European estate owners exhibit continued confidence in the future, and have not ceased to open and plant up new land. The natives on the coast are exhibiting interest in the new copra factory now being established at Kuala Selangor, and it may be anticipated that the work to be carried on there, and the certain market thus established, will materially stimulate the people to plant their land with coconuts. It has not been possible to obtain complete infor- mation regarding the amount of land newly opened by the European planters of the district durine the year, but these figures which are to hand are evidence of substantial advance. In cight estates from which returns are available the total addi- tional area opeusd up appears to he fourteen hundred acres. Principal among these are the Anglo-Ceylon Company, who have adided about five hundred acres ; the Kapar Estate, with three huadred and twenty acres ; Mr. Christie’s Uaman- sara Ustate, one hundred and ten acres ; and Mr Bailey’s estate at Sungei Rengan, one hundred acres. Mr. Bailey is now erecting a complete and capacious colfee store and curing establishinent whieh will be of the utmost beuetit to the neich. bourbood. Up to the present there has been only one coifee curing establishment worked bs steam, and the objections to a monopoly have been rather severely felt. : KUALA LANGAT.—Rent was paid on 3.560 acres of land taken up by European planters, for whieh grants had not yet been issued at the close of the year. The area of these estates is therefore not included in the total amount of land alie- nated, which is returned at 18,631 acres. ‘There is included in this total 1,492 acres of land newly oecupied by native cultivators in 344 holdings, The land in the oeeupation of Malays is mos ly devoted to the planting of ecconuts and coflee regarding which latter cultivation the District Officer makes some pertinent remarks. He con- siders, and I think he has gool ground for his views, that the cultivation of coffee is emi- nently unsuited to Malays, who will not devote the labour and time required to brine the trees into bearing. They seem to have been mostly imbued with the idea that the coffee trees, once stuck in the ground, would take care of them- selves, so having done this they went and sat down t9 wait for the profits, which naturally have not fulftHed their somewhat elastic expectations. The fall in market prices has strencthened their recently formed conclusion that coffee erowine is not what they once imagined, and efforts will now be made to attract their attention to. coco- nuts as an alternative. The Scpang gambier and pepper estates are not being iookeid after as well as they ought to be, and consequently the amount of pepper and gambier exported was considerably less than in 1896. ; U.u LAnGA?’.—Eleven grants, including an area of avout 2,600 acres were issued to European planters. All the permits previously issued for coffee estates were replaced by grants, and no 252 arrears of survey work remained in respect ef large agricultural areas. Twenty-eight of the o ~ agreements for leases were cancelled, mire twenty only remaining to be dealt with, most o which will come in avileny the titles for the Ulu gat village are issued, ween SuEancon—The starting at Kuala Selan- gor of the business of the Coconut OU Mills Company ofwhich Mr. H. C. Holmesis manager has given a great lnpetus to coconut planting in the district ; so much so, indeed, that the number of nuts saved for seed has had an effect on the price, which has risen considerably, Where pas has proved a failure, as at Bukit ae te 1¢€ people are now putting in coconuts instead. = is a good work, for coconut planting is mvch more in the Malay’s line than coffee enltivation. It is when planting ends and cultivation begins that the Malay fails. See CEYLON TEA AND PROSPECTS. An interesting commentary on the opinions recently expressed that Ceylon tea, when justice is done to it in plucking and manufaccure, has not deteriorated in quality, is afforded in a com- munication received by us today from London. Our Jetter is froma tea expert and a gentleman deeply interested in Ceylon, but it was mrieben for our personal information rather than for pub- lication. We cannot refrain, however, trom quoting one or two sentences with a special bearing on the current discussion. W riting on the 26th ultimo, our friend says:—‘ The market continues low in all conscience, and in spite of the stronger statistical positioa there seems to be no indication of an upward move. { often and often hear from the trade that finer teas, or rather teas of distinct quality and character are wanted, such as your island used to send kome, not so very long ago either—but the mania for quantity is, in my opinion, ina great measure, at the bottom of the deterioration of your teas. Of course there are individual estates where the old characteristics are main- tained, but they are few in number. Quantity invariably leads to less care in inanufacture, and quantity also means working with coarser leaf, which it goes without saying, cannot possibly give the same flavour and quality as the younger and more succulent leaf.” Now it will be observed here that our critic just saves himself from absolute oppo- sition to Messrs. Bagot, Metcalfe and Roberts by admitting that there are individual — estates where the old characteristics are main- tained ; but clearly he indicates they are in a decided minority. If so, the proprietors, who have to face deterioration, ought at once to en- quire as to their withering space, machinery and ratio of plucking; for, our present London critic is at one with local authorities in urging that the quantity of leaf harvested (in proportion to means of preparing, including skilled supervi- sion) lies at the bottom of the mischief —that is fully explains any deterioration. Apparently therefore it is the Factory-builder and Machinist, rather than Mr. Kelway-Bamber, who will have - he evils which have caused a falling-off in reais ‘At any rate no proprietor has a right to grumble until he makes sure that his skilled, adequately-paid Factory supervisor has space and machinery adequate to the leaf plucked. And what the Planters’ Association Committee will have to find for Mr, Kelway-Bamber are THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. (Oct. I 1898. estates on which, in spite of all Factory ments being fully met, with moderate plucking, the teas have deteriorated? Weadhere to our state- ment nade on the authority of Mr. T. C. Owen —Compiler of the ‘* Ceylon Tea Planters’ Manual” —that he founlin the early days of the indus- try here, an aroma appertaining to the teas of the first three or four years from bushes grown on virgin soil, which cou!d not be securei—do What he would in careful preparation—after that eriod. This, at any rate is a matter Mr. elway-Bamber might look into; although even Mr. Owen may be challenged as to whether the difference in flavour was not partly owing to the larger quantity of tea operated on? TEA IN CHINA Meantime, in another direction, here is discom- forting news for Ceylon and Indian planters. We quote from The Economist of July 23rd :— Improvements in the Production of Uhinese Teas.— In his report upon the trade of Shanghai during 1897, Mr. Acting-Consul Mansfield has something to say in regard to efforts that are being made to improve the production of Chinese teas, which will be of special interest to the British investors who have embarked many millions of capital in the competing tea indus- tries of India and Ceylon. As an incident of the ast season, he records “ the experimental use at We: w of a machine roller, which proved beyond doubt that the most ordinary China tea is capable of astonishing improvement if made by modern methods. Wenchow tea made by the old native process is of the most in- ferior Gosia but by being carefully made and machine rolled, a very fair drinkable tea resulted.” He adds that a company under the auspices of Mr. A.B. Moorhead, the Commissioner of Customs at Hankow, is being formed to experiment in this line in the Hupeh tea district, the safety of the men and machines being guaranteed by Imperial edict, and that “a some- what similar company is already working in Foochow, and has, I understand, had some measures of success, It is now enlarging its operations.” There are signs, he further states, that the Chinese Government are at last awakening to the fact that the tea trade is rapidly slipping away from their country, and will be willing to make some concessions to encourage measures for the improvement of the tea produced. And to this end a very feasible and efficient way would, Mr. Mansfield suggests, be for the Government “to grant facilities to foreigners to take aE land in the tea districts, so as to introduce more careful cultivation of the plant, and to offer a premium in the shape of a large reduction of duty on tea prepared by modern methods.” —_— > RUBBER. BRAz1L.—Some people suppose that the supply of Amazonian rubber may become exhausted in the near future. The most competent authorities are not at all of this opinion, but maintain that the supply is inexhaustible, because the ““hevea” is continually being reproduced by nature. Certainly some areas become exhausted when overworked, but when lett alone for some time they recover. The district of Cameta, on the River Tocantins, gave an excellent quality of rubber. There was a special quotation for it in the foreign markets. This district, how- ever, is now exhausted, because, for about forty years, thousands of men have tapped its trees. All new-comers flocked to Cameta to make their fortunes, There are many districts that have not been tapped. The area that is known to produce Para rubber amounts to at least 1,000,000 square miles. Further exploration will no doubt show that this area is under estimated, —British Consul at Para Ocr. 1, 1898.] THE TROPICAL COCONUTS AND COFFEE. A new settlement has been started by one of the most energetic Malays on the Perak river, Pawang Jais by name, who is planting coconuts and Liberian coffee, and has about twenty-five other settlers round him. The land is high, the natives say it is rich and suitable for coconuts.—Perak Government Gazette, July 29. ee THE MOCHA TEA COMPANY. A general meeting of the Mocha Tea Com- any, Limited, was held at the office of Messrs. J. . Robertson & Co., the Agents and Secretaries, Prince Street, on the 19th Aug. The Hon. J. N. Campbell was in the chair and there were also present the Hon. Giles IF. Walker, Mr. H. G. ois, Mr. W. E. Mitchell, and Mr. A. Bethune. The following were represented by attorney :— Mr, H. Bois by Mr. H. G. Bois, and Mrs, E, EF. Walker by Mr. G. F. Walker. The CHAIRMAN moved the adoption of the re- port and accounts. They would remember, he sid, that at the last half yearly meeting they decided not to declare an interim dividend, and now the accounts showed that the profit earned was equal to 14 per cent of the capital of the Compauy. He did not know if there was any other item in the report which need be dealt with. They would notice that the loan for the urchase of the Lanka and Craighill estates had een reduced from R60,000 to R40,000 during the year. He begged to move the adoption of the report and accounts. Mr. BrrauNnr asked for information as to the working of the estates, which some of the shareholders thought was high. The CHAIRMAN said that the expense at Mochia estate was 26°47 per cent, which, less manure “76, made 25°7L per cent; at Glentilt it was 32°58, less manure 4°48 making 28°10 per cent and at the Lanka estate 36:99, less manure 6:52, which made 30°47 per cent. Last year Lanka estate was only worked nine months, ~ and this year if; had been worked twelve. The cause of tle increase was in the manure, which had been applied, and they had not felt the effect from it they hoped they would. There was no otlier increase in the working of the estates, as they would get from the estate report. At Mocha it was a little less than it was before. Mr. Bois:—The report for Mocha last year was 181,000 1b., and now it was 188,000 1b. At Lanka the crop for the nine months last year was 47,0001b. as against 53,000 lb. for the past twelve months, not much increase for the extra three months. After further conversation Mr BETHUNE seconded the motion for the adoption of the report, which was carried. The report was as follows :-— The Directors have now to submit their report and accounts for the season ending 30th June, 1898. Tho total quantity of Tea made on the Company’s Estates was 378,052 lb. which cost 31°34-100 cts. per lb. delivered in Colombo whilst the net average price realized was 45 45-100 cts. per lb. as compared with 46 68-100 cts per lb. last season. The net profit for the year after writing off R1,670°48 for vost of tea extensions is R55,961:79 which is equal to nearly 14 per cent on the capital of the Company. To this must be added the balance of R1,343'58 brought forward from last season less the shortfall on the old crop after deducting the value of Coffee sold, 63 AGRICULTURIST, bo or Co There has been transferred to Depreciation account a sum of.. a . 1010,147 60 A bonus has been paid to the Superinten- dents of Mocha and Glentilt of . 2 2,000 00 Leaving a balance still to be dealt with of Rd4,683'59. Out of this it is proposed to pay a dividend of 11 per cent ab- sorbing.. 50 . R44,440 00 and to carry forward R243 59 The Company’s properties now consist of :— 1,055 acres tea in bearing 22 ,, ,, wnder 2 years 56 ,, Grass land 101 ,, Forest and fuel trees 21 ,, Buildings, roade, &e, 1,255 acres. The estimated crops for season, 1898-99 amount to 889,000 lb. to ccst R116,280:00 in Colombo from which must be deducted the receipts from the Glentilt bazaars. Mr. F. W. Bois having left the Island, Mr. G. F, Walker was appointed to the vacancy on the Board. Mr. G. G. Bois retires in accordance with the articles of Association, but being eligible, offers him- self for re-election. The meeting will have also to elect an auditor for season, 1898-79. THE DIVIDEND. Mr. W. E. Mircue.n proposed that a divi- dend of 11 per cent for the season, 1897-8, be deslared forthwith. The Hon. G. I. WALKER seconded.-—Cazried, THE DIRECTORATE. The CMAIRMAN had much pleasure in propos: ing that Mr. H, G. Bois be re-elected a director, Mr. MiIrcuEeLL seconded the motion, which was carried, THE AUDITOR, Mr. BETILUNE proposed the election of Mr. Hercules J. Scott as auditor. Mr. MircHmeLn seconded.— Carried, A vote of thanks to the chair concluded the business. core ee ee PLANTING IN THE STRAITS. (An Administration Report on Negri Sambilan for 1897.) The returns, in the Appendix, of land already alienated, only give the surveyed area which is per- manently occupied; they take no account of over 86,000 acres of land that are owned by tapioca planters in the Negri Sembilan (old) ; they do not include the gardens and padi fields of some 30,000 Malays in those States, the measurement of which has only now been commenced; and they overlook numberless holdings which are cultivated without the knowledge of land officers. The most noticeable of land matters in 1897 (other than the cultivation of rico and coffee, with which I will deal on) hav e been the great impetus to the cultivation of coconuts and the influx of Chinese settlers in the Coast District; the activity in the manufacture of bricks and lime at Port Dickson, Seremban and Kuala Pilah; the improving protection of our forests and the better tillage of land in the State generally. Exclusive of small areas there are more than 25,000 acres of land held under coffee and coconut leases, of which about 6,000 acres haye now been planted with an expenditure of over a million of dollars. Depressed prices ruled for the greater part of the year, but, as the estates are mostly young, only those will suffer which are already in bearing. ‘The outlook, however, is not bright, for the opinion expressed in the London market on the quality of the coffee are far from encouragivg. In these untoward circumstances the planters deserye and have the sym: IE ae THE TROPICAL athy of everyone interested in the development of the Malay States. In this, as in other States, they are agitated by the question of howto caye their coffee 50 as to put is upon the London muket under the moss favourable conditions. Only a very few, who have formed companies with large capital would be able to incur any extensive outlay in preparing their own coffee, and may appear to favour the constrac- tion of a coffee-curing establishment at Port Dickson. Some such centralising scheme will, I trust, meet with general evconragement, since it is to be feared that in many cases planters have opened areas for which their capital and labour force are inadequate. The scheme for assisted immigration will prove a boon, but it is co-operation rather than external help that seems to be required. It is often remarked of onr Planters that, notwithstanding their Associations an1 United Asscciation, their motto is rather guot homines, tot scntentiw. a THE CONSOLIDATED TEA AND LANDS COMPANY, LIMITED. The second annual ordinary general mecting of the shareholders of this company was held at the office of the compaay, 22, West Nile Street, Glasgow, on Friday last, Sir John Muir, Bart, presiding. The Chairman, in moving the adoption of the report, said: We have now the pleasure to sub- mit the accounts and directors’ report for the year ending November 30th, 1897. You will be pleased to see that the result is very satisfactory, disclosing a profit of £108,340 3s 94. This, with the amount of £14,236 53 4d brought forward from Jast year, enubles us to pay fnll dividends on the first and second preference shares, a 10 per cent dividend on the ordinary shares, and to carry for- wad a balance of £26,905 4s 3d to the next year. This result has been obtained in a year which has been a most trying one to the tea industry, as ex- plained in the report, and it is a matter of congratulation to us all that our company has ‘stood the test so well—a result which cannot but give us even greater confidence than_be- fore in future. On the whole, our staff in India has worked well ; and it is particularly gratifying to report that, in several important instances, a distinctly superior quality of tea has been attained. This, as youare aware, has been the constant atm of the directors, and it wil! b2 kept prominently before our managers. There is an im- pression in the London market that there is a possi-. bility of too large aquantity of low-quality tea being produced. The obvious remedy i:, toa considerable extent, in planters’ hands. By closer attention to the details of manufacture, by improved factories and withering accommodation, by up-to-date machinery, and a full labour force, a great deal may be done to secure improved quality, and vour directors will not relax their efforts in this direction, as the matter is one of the first importance. You will notice that we have opened up further land during the year, to the extent of 3,472 acres, of which 726 acres are planted with coconuts and cocoa, It is the policy of the board to. encourage, wherever possible, the profitable growth on the company’s estates of these and other products, as well as tea. This, we are confident, is a wise policy, and one which will greatly strengthen the company. We have arranged to ex- tend a further area of 3,179 acres during the current year. A great portion of these extensions will beonland , capable of producing high-quality teas, for which, we believe, there will be an increasing demand, You will be glad to hear our extensions in Upper Assam have been most successful, and we have an exceptionally fine property there, from which we ex- pect very satisfactory results. The extensions made in the Dooars are on the finest lands, and are reported to be even better than the best parts of the older cnl- tivation. The extensions to the Nakhatiand Runga- muttee Divisions haye been specially satisfactory. Therma !extension of 880 acre: in progressin Sylhet ye ee , on ‘A ~~ Pe ke ee. ee ey OO ae r 3 AGRICULTURIST. sy floes] to (Ocr, 1, 1898. is witha view of improving the health of the work- ing force, Itis not our intenticn, in the meantime, to add materially to the existing area of cnilivation in that district. Our present aim is racher to in- crease our plantations in Assam, as we thi k this will secure betier average results for the company, addition to the estates the company possesses. you are aware we have a _ ecnnriderable inveert- ment in the Kanan Devan Hills Produce Company, Limited. We continue to have most encouraging reports of this large property, which will greatly increase in value when the necessary connecting roads now in progress are completed. The Kanan Devan Hilis Compiny has given us this year the satisfactory profit of £5,283 Is. 14. ‘This was mainly derived from the company’s Assam property. It will be two years yet before the Travancore Estates begin to earn dividends, as they are at present young, but after that time we confidently expect large - profits fromthem. It is necessary to provide funds for the Kanan Devar Company, and also for our Assam extensions, and as contemplated in the prospectns, and stated inthe present report, itis now our intention to issue the remainder of the ordinary capital—viz., 20,000 shares of £10 each. This will be called up gradually, as required, and within a period probably not exceeding four years from date of this new isene,in the same manner as the original issue of ordinary capital. Some shareholders have already applied for allotments, but it is the directors’ inten- tion to give all shareholders an equal opportunity of taking an interest in this issue, and they will endeavour, so far as is possible, to give effect to the wishes of applicants. A prospectus will be issued to shareholders tomorrow. The shares will be offered to them at par. You will observe with satisfaction that our efforts in opening up new markets continue to be snecesefn]. We are combin- ing wih the Amulgamated and Kavan Devan Com- panies in this work, which will be prosecuted with vigour and energy wherever in our jadgment suitable openings occur. In addition to having materially increased our connections in the United States, of America and Canada, we have made arrangements for pushing the trade in Russia, and more recently still in Turkey and Persia. We have every confid- ence that our primary object—vyiz., the introduction cf our teas to new markets—will be suecessfully at- tained. But, in addition to this, we anticipate that we shall succeed in establishing profitable businesses in the countries where we operate, which will be a strength to the company, and an important factor in adding to our dividends. Of course, the estab- lishment of such businesses takes time, bat we think it well worth our while to excourage them in every way, and yon may depend upon them receiving our constant attention. I do not think I need not de- tain you any longer. I will conclude by expressing — a hope that we may have an equally satisfactory — report to give you next year. y beg to move: * — That the balance-sheet and profit and loss account for the year ending November 30th, 1897, with the Auditors’ certificate and the Direc- — tors’ report thereon, be and the same are hereby — approved and adopted; that the dividend of 5 per — ceat, less income tax, paid for the year to November ~ 30th, 1897, on the first preference shares of the company, and the dividend of 7 per cent, lesa — income tax, paid for the year to November 30th, — 1897, on the second preference shares of the company, — he and the same are hereby confirmed ; that the interim dividend at the rate of 10 per cent per — annum, less income tax, for the six months to May 31, 1897, paid December 23, 1897, on. the amount paid up on the ordinary shares of the company, be — and the same is hereby confirmed; and that a final Be dividend at the rate of 10 per cent. per annum, less — income tax, payable August 12, for the six months — to November 30, 1897, be now sanctioned and declared out of the balance of the profits for the year on the amount paid up on the ordinary shares _of the Company, and the balance of £26,905 4s 3d carried forward to next year, ‘8 ¢ , Vv t Oer 1; 18987] THE TROPICAL Sir Robert D. Moncereiff>, Bart., seconded the motion, and the report was adopted. The retiring directors—Sir Robert D. Moncreiffe, Bart., and Mr. P. R. Buchanan—were re-elected on the motion ct the Chairman, seconded by Mr. A. W. Coats. E The auditors were also reanpointed, and a vote ot thanks having been passed to the Chairman for presiding, the “meeting separated.—J/. and CU. Mail, Aug. 5. eee Se .1, THE AMALGAMATED TEA ESTATES COMPANY, LIMITED ‘The second annual ordinary general meeting of the sharehoiders of this Company was held at the office of tha Company, 22, West Nile Street, Glas- gow, on Friday, the 22nd ult., Sir John Muir, Bart., presiding. Aft r the usual preliminary business, the Chairman said :— We have th pleasure in submitting for your adoption the accounts and directors’ report for the “year ended November 30, 1897. You will all, doubt- less, have®perused these documents, which, therefore, “T assume, may be taken as read. Altoyether, the year under review has been avery trying one. The crops’ ia Darjeeling and Assam were below the avelave, both in quantity and quality, and, owing to ' the rise in exchange and the famine, our expenses were necessamily heavier; nevertheless the result of the year is very satisfaciory, and we are able to pay a dividend of 10 per cent per annum on the ordin- "ary shares, and carry over a balance of £20,708 33 10d to next year, against a balance brought forward from last year of £16,519 103 81. During the year 1,8404 acres of new plant have been added to the eultivation, which, together with the expense of up- ‘keep, of all our non-bearing plant, has cost us £52,165 5s 1d, and we propose to plant a further area ‘of 2,647 acres during the current year. You will be ‘pleased to learn that mostof these extensions are in Assam and Darjeeling, andshould be capable of produc- ing teas of. the highest quality, for whicb, in our opinion, there will always be a good demand. You will notice by the report that we have sold two small estates. These we were originally bound to take over from the Land Mortgage Bank, as we pure!ased the whole of that company’s assets; but, at the time of purchise, wo atiached no value to these particular pioperties, and we are very glad to have been able to dispsse of them so favourably, as they were not likely to be a source of profit to ‘this company. We are glad to be able to report that the company’s investment in the Kanan Devait Company has given us a good return for ' the past year, and we have full confidence that it will -yvealiss our expectations in the future. ~ We have mide as investment, in conjunction with the Consolidated and Kanan Devan Companies, in tea distribating businesses in the United States of _ America, Canada, and Russia. This we consider the “most practical way of opening up new markets, and, whiist this is the first object of cur investment, we haye no doubt these businesses will yearly become ‘mo1e important and remunerative. In response to “the wishes of many shareholders, we propose shortly ' to take steps to secure a Stock Exchange quotation for the Company. To do this it will be necessary to mrake soime alterations in our articles of associa- tion, and formal meetings will be duly called for this purpose. With a view of providing funds to meet calls for the Kanan Devan Company, and also for the purpose of opening up the exceptionally fine land we have in Darjeeling and Assam, the directors propose to issue the remainder of the nominal capital. The works for which these funds will be required will greatly add to the strength of the Company, and will, in our opinion, eusure even greater pros- »perity in the future. You will bo glad to know that the latest reports from the estates are, satisfactory. They are all ingood order, and yielding well, and wo haye eyery reason to believe that the estimated AGRICULTURIST. 20H crop will be secured—in fact, we have nothing that is not of a satisfactory rature to report to you today. I will not detain yon any longer, but big to move: “That the balance-shect and profit and loss account for the year ending November 30, 1897, with the audi- tor’s certificate and directors’ report thereon, be, and {he same are, hereby approved and adopted; that the dividend on the preference shares of 5 per cent., less income tax, paid for the year to Novem- ber 30, 1897, and the interim dividend at the rate of 16 percent. per annum, lessincome tax, for tke six months to May 31, 1897, paid December 23, to the amount paid up on the ordinary shares of the Company, be, and the same are, hereby confirmed ; and that a dividend at the rate of 10 per cent. per annum, less income tax, payable August 5, for the six months to November 80, 1897, be now sanctioned and declared ont of the balance of the yrofits of the year on the amount paid up on the ordinary shares of the company, and the balance of £20,708 3s 10d carried forward to next year.” Mr. P. R. Buchanan seconded the motion, and the report was adopted. The retiring director, Mr, A. M. Brown, was re- elected on the meticn of Sir Robert D. Moxcrieffe, seconded by Mr. A. B. Murray. The auditor was also reappointed, and a vote of thanks having been passed to the chainnan for presiding, the meeting s¢parated.—J/. and C, Mail, Aug. 5. pals see NEI Seed MICA ..MINING IN. BENGAL. It is not general’y known that more than one- half the world’s consumption of mica comes froma small district in Western Bengal. Mica—better known under the name ot tale—is much used by the natives for ornamental purposes. The thin silverly plates are made into banners, tassels, fringes so much used by the poorer classes of Hindus avd Mohame- dans on all festive occasicns. Large sheets form a most durable material, admirably suited for painting on, as being at once impervious to the attacks of ipsect pests and the weather. Scraps and waste mica are ground into a coarse powder, mixed with starch and applied to thin cotton cloths to give them a glistening aypearance. It is said that as much as 10,000 maunds (S20.000 lb.) were extracted aunually and carried to Delhi and Patna for sale. The mica from this district, known to commerce as Behar mica, is the ficest in the world. It is hard and tough and: of a clear ruby colour, and answers best for iurnace work where intense heat has to be withstood. . Through apertures closed with sheets of mica, the workmen are abl3 to seo the reactions that are going on within the furnance without occasioning loss cf heat by open- ing the furnance door. Tne ruby tint of the mica also protects the eyes of the workmen from the in- tensely brighs light of the incandescent mineral being treated within the furnace. There are some 300 mines at work in the districts of Hazaribagh, Gaya and Monghyr. The out-put last year amounted to nearly 2,050,0001b., of which about one-half was exported from Calcutta chiefly to the British Isles and the United States of America. ‘The exported mica was yalued at R10,00,000: that retained for home consump- tion, chiefly inferior kinds, at R1,00,000. Mica is found in veins of granite (pegmatite) from three to ten feet wide running through the gneissose rocks which make np the hills of this district.. The mica occurs in large crystals sometimes as much as two feet long eighteen inches wide, and nine inches thick. These crystals readily split into sheets along their length. In many places as much as a third of the bulk of the vein-matter is mica, the other constituents being quartz and feldspar. Although Wuropeans have lately taken up the mica industry and the bulk of the ininés are in their hands, yet the mining ts conducted under purely native methods. The out-crops of veins are opened out by cuttings to a depth of from twenty to fifty feet, the bottom of the cutting being reached by inclines, up 256 which the vein-stuff is carried in baskets, These inclines follow down the rich parts of the vein, and branch off and zigzag ina most intricate manner, In order to give light and air to those tortuous passages, perpendicular shafts two and-a-half feet in diameter are sunk at intervals to meet the inclines. Where water is met with, double rows of women side by side extend along the incline from bottom to surface. Jiarthen gurrahs holding about four gallons are filled at the bottom, and pass from hand to hand along one row to the surface: the empties coming down the other row. Only the softer portions of the vein are removed, and the crystals of mica loosened ont by means of a steel chisel and haminer, A coarse pee manufactured locally, is sometimes used for blasting out hard pieces of rock. Latterly dynamite has been introduced by Fuvropean proprietors. Not the least attempt at regular mining after European methods has been attempted even by the largest mine-owners, although as much as R5,00,000 a year is spent by one _ gentleman on wages, transport, up-keep, etc. When the mica crystals are brought to surface, . they are split into sheets of about one-eighth of an inch in thickness and all the frayed and loose layers ' peeled off. The edges ars now trimmed with a sickle to remove all imperfections, and the plates sorted according to their size. The sheets are not squared or cut into any particular shape. Seven sizes are recognised in the trade, Specials, having au area of more than 50 square juches. No. 1 .. 82 to 59 Sq. inches. Fst? 4 o. 24 to 32 ~ Pahit 2) See oe mies geen sik Ox ydie JU eae Te 3 KE GAO: Dn ae 6 anything between 4 and 6 square inches. Micvis sold by weight. Specials fetch from 8 to 20 shillings a pound. Bote as No. $9 ” ”» Med ” ” ” aounwNDre coornroe wnreoooceon ” ° 4 , Four classes of micx are also recognised. ‘Hard, tough, ruby mica .. First class, White transparent mica -. Second ,, Other colour oe* Rhird s. 4; Stained and discoloured .. Fourth ,, The first class would sell twice as much as the second, four times as much as the third, and eight times as much as the fourth class. -Thus if a pound of first class would fetch eight shillings,-second would sell for four shillings; third for two shillings; and fourths for one shilling. Large sheets of ruby mica fetch fancy prices, as they are admirably adapted for painting on. The smaller sheets are used for electrical purposes in secondary batteries, chimneys of incandes- - cent gas lamps, fire, screens, stoves, etc. With the growth of the use of electricity in the arts, the demand tor mica increasing. The amount of mica available in the district is practically inexhaustible. The pegmatite veins from which the mineral is obtained, are numerous and of large size.—Pioncer. 4 ————————— ODDS AND ENDS. (By Cosmopolite. ) LOOLECONDURA TEA. I was glad to read that the oldest field of tea, in Ceylon, on Loolecondura estate, is still looking well, and yielding 400 to 500 lb. per acre. I can remember its being planted in the sixties, when I was in K. PD. & Co.’s office in Kandy, and after the produce got into the market for local consumption, I drank no other tea but it, unless, perchance, my supply ran short and I THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. (ocr, 1, 1 had to send my beef coolie to the Mincing Lane of Oodispattu to buy a ‘ break’ of about a pound of pnure China chop stick tea. MEXICAN RUBBER. And writing abont that country affords me an opportunity of enclosing the following cutting from a paper :— “Last year the output of rubber from Mexico was 1,000010 lb. Hundreds of thousands of rubber trees are being planted, and in a few years most of the supply of rubber will come from that country." This will badly affect the good prospects of the fine Para trees on Culloden estate, although I doubt not rubber will yet prove a capital string to the planter’s bow. [We are not disposed to accept as reliable some of the statistical fore- casts connected with Mexico, and this is one of them—Ep. 7.A.] CHEAP TEA. Tea at 2)d a Jb. reads cheap, but I daresay it was the dearest tea sold, in the Lane, that month. And just think of the jay of those VY. A.’s., who made a_ profit of one cent. per Ib. on such a sale, regardless of the injury they are doing to your chief industry. But what do they care for a hereafter, absolutely nothing ; economy at any price is what they aim at, and which is culminated in that company’s orders to vheir down-trodden superintendents, —“ Raise your tea 2d, or expect to be sacked.” No wonder then the poor but honest planter is complaining that bad Inck is being dropped on him like a ton of coals, LANTANA. f In the days of king coffee, had any one dis-— covered a poochie that would kill off Jantana, he would have been considered a saviour of our industry, and probably been made a K.M.G. But now that a poochie—a foreigner too—has taken a contract to eradicate Jantana in two or three years, a howl has got np to spare their old friend who was once their enemy. ‘an a) COCONUTS IN While coconut property in Ceylon has been regarded as a valuable possession amongst its ine — habitants for the past century or more, command- ing its figure in the market, its creation as an industry is a comparatively new one in Fiji, and, at the outside, it is not more than 25 years since the regular planting of coconuts was first entered — upon by Europeans. It is therefore only of later years the coconut property has grown to be © looked upon as areal live asset, aud that it doe not today cominand a large figure on the exchange than it does is owing principally to tlie fact that very little new capital has, for some undefined reason, found its way to this country. That there will be a change in these conditions presently there can be very little doubt, and coecuut pre- perty will then realise its proper value in the , market. In Ceylon papers we frequently reall of i coconut estates realising £30 per acre for very small patches, and the larger ones must intri cally be worth a great deal more per acre. Inf the question may be asked: How is it coconut property in Ceylo: realises three or +. times more than it dees in Fiji, where climate ar soil are a long way superior? I[t may be Ceylon is on the high road to more numerons an nearer markets than Fiji is, and that consequen the industry here is handicapped with addit freight charges. However this may have b FLL. of, © hat Oct, 1, 1898.) ease in the past it can hardly hold good today in face of the starting of a considerable enterprise in Sydney for reducing copra into those oleaginous articles of commerce which the manufactures of the world are open to receive. The colony will have to consider whether it will be best to erect a manufactory on its own account or accord a bonus tosome European firm for the establishment of a concern. The idea is not an original one, and was first suggested by our last Governor, Sir John Thurston. With copra however at £10 per ton— the highest price we have known it to realise in Fijiis fifteen guineas— the industry should be an exceedingly remunerative one, and there is nothing like fair market values to stimulate an industry. The following data as regards acreage in coconut estate properties owned by Europeans will be interesting. It is only a rough estimate, but it is ~ approximately a correct one. Kanacia, the pro- perty of Messrs. Miller, Headdey and Co., heads the list with something over 2,000 acres. Mango Island and the island of Rabi come next with something like2,000 acres each, Cicia, one property, 1,200 acres: Naitaba, 800 acres ; two properties on Taviuni belonging to Mr. Coubrough of 800 and 600 acres each ; Messrs. J V Tarte and Co., Vuna, Taviuni—a specially fine area—S0@ acres and arrangements in course of progress for the putting in of 900 additional acres; the island of Jancala, 700 acres; Mr. W. Peckham, Wairiki, Taviuni, 500 acres; and Mr. Rennie’s property at North Taviuni, some 490 acres. There are many other coconut estate properties in Viji ranging .down- wards, but it is difficult to arrive at their acreage. —fiji Times, June 11. eee TEA BULKING AND TARING CHARGES. We have received the following from the Secretary of the Kangra Tea Association :— Your correspondent, who on page 96 of your issue of 23rd Jnly, takes exception to my remarks on Mr, Buckingham’s circular about bulking and taring charges, has been misledat the outset by a printers’ error. ‘“ Infracted 5d per 10Clb” was originally hiero- glyphiced by me “in practice 5d per 1001b.” It is perfectly true that the charge for (1) bulking, (2) or taring, (3) or weighing net variesfrom 3d to 1s 6d per package, as may beseen on page 46 of thatuseful hand book, ‘‘ The Tea Planters’ Compendium,” which gives fulldetails about these charges. But it is im- possible to suppose that any one who can get a tare to pass customs would knowingly incur a charge of 1s to Is 3:d per chest for such a simple operation as buiking. The taring is the lion in the path, and as at present all breaks are “in practice” tared, so ‘in practice” the bulking charge is ‘the difference in the rates for taring and bulking and saring only, and 5d a chestisa fair average to take. I do not get at the £100,000 (in the second para- graph) by the same process as your correspondent does, but as there is only a difference of £5,000 between his figures and mine, the pointis immaterial. I reckoned - £75,CCO could be saved by the industry on taring and £30,000 on bulking charges. The question of whether 1s 5d or 1s 8d per chest is saved is a question of timber. It is my misfortune to have to use a wood which tares about 35lb (with lead) for a hundred pound chest. A lighter wood would save me 3d per chest, but the saving would be swallowed up in the extra costof the timber. It would be interesting tohear from some of your readers how much these average chests, holding 100lb tea, tare. It requires a good deal of dodging to shave under the present warchouse scale. Ican do it best with a 95lb. chest, which I can gross to 128lb by selecting boxes. And 120 lb chests work out nicely to155lb or there- abouts. But chests holding intermediate quantities are charged relatively higher, THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 257 Your correspondent’s last paragraph is open to criticism. He says: ‘‘10 per cent. only of the break is weighed, and 1s charged for each chest, or a little over 1d perchest.’’ This is a specious but spurious argu- ment, Why debit the nine chests with a charge they have not incurred? As a fact (granted the gross is under 29]b.) the charge for weighing 100 lb of teanet is a shilling less 10 percent. Will your correspondent defend that charge? I doubt if it costs the whar- fingers2d. They have excellent scales, and labour at 6d per hour per docker. ‘hey do not re-solder the lead after shovelling the tea back into the box. Say, two menand aclerk are employed at an outside cost of 1s 6d an hour (fcr you may be sure the poor devil of aclerk does not getsomuch as the horny-handed son of toil, and I allow the extra 1d or 2d for pro- portion of foreman’s wages). Well, how many boxes ought three to weiyh net in an hour? Shall we put itatalow estimate at 12, that is, one in five minutes? (They shovel and tramp expertly, those same dockers, and I think 20 would be nearer the mark.) Taking 12 as a fair number, the ware- house gets 12s less 10 per cent. for 1s 6d paid on wages. For you must remember ‘ management’ has already been charged at 1s 10d a chest, and rent at 64 a chest remains to be charged. With these figures before, him, I ask your correspondent, is one shilling less 10 per cent. a chest an excessive charge for the simple process of net weighing 100 b of tea, or isit not? My opinion is, it is, in view of the rudimentary operation performed and the other charges made for tbe samechest. And ifwe are able to obtain facilities that will enable us to factory tare or teas, leaving the wharfingers only the net- weighing of tea chests in the hundred to do, unless they considerably reduce their present scale, I should consider weare being charged three times as much for the work as we ought to be. Another incidental point that is worth consider- ation is the waste or loss by weighing (in addition to the 1lb draft) which the planter suffers. Most fae- tories use packing machines now-a-days to avoid breaking the tea. But when the tea is tared or net- weighed in London, and has to be got back into the same chest without a packing machine, then the slaughter begins. Ramming and grinding and break. ing and smashing inis part of the process, and the balance that ‘‘ can’t be got in no how, sir’—that, I fancy, is ‘‘loss by weighing.”—Planters’ Gazette, Aug. 6. ion THE NORTH-WEST PROVINCE. POUDRETTE: BARREN SOILS. Manrawina, Aug. 23. In continuation of the treatment of night soil dis- cussed in my last communication and its use as a manure, I read that in the Straits the treatment of night soil by incineration has been found successful, but its sale as a fertilizer has nct taken place as yet. By the way, has the incineration of the Colombo night soil been given up as a failure? It seems a sinful waste that while thousands and tens of thousands of rupees are annually sent out of the island for manures, we allow to go to waste what ought to be, or can be made, a valnable fertilizer. { am not forgetful of the failures of the attempts of Sir John Grinlinton in Colombo, and of C:l. Byrde in Kandy to manufacture and sell poudrette. If I am not mistaken, these failures were chiefly owing to the bulk of the substances. Cost of carriage is a very important corsideration in manuring. People do not wish to pay for the carriage of a ton of manure which has only a few Ib. of valuable stuff in it. If it be possible to prepare Poudrette in a more concentrated form by the addition of artificial fer- tilizers, there is the possibility of people living not far from the seat of manufacture purchasing and using it. Somewhere at Kelani will be good as trans- port will be possible both by rail and river. Barren soils are discussed iu the current number of the Agricultural Magazine, especially with refer- ence tothe white sand of our cinnamon gardens’ soils, 258 THE TROPICAL There are portions of cinnamon estates where the pure white sand prevails and which are devoid of surface vegetation and where cinnamon bushes are stunted in growth. Such places in native parlance are said to have ‘‘maradang valle.” I leave to philologist the question whether the “dang” in the first word has any reference to the Mugenia jambolana, and whether the word Maradah is ® corruption or an Anglicized form of “mavadang.’’ What is noticeable in these soils is that while surface vege- tation refuses to grow on them owing to the entire absence of vegetable matter or mould in their com- position, yet trees grow fairly well on them. It will é noticed that the particles of sand are coarser here than clsewhere, aud consequently the spaces between the particies are greater. This allows of the free passage downwards of any acenmulation of mould lying on the snriace. "he decay of the leaves’ of trees forms a monld which, after a shower of rain, is to be found on the surface in depressions. This gradually finds it w:y below the surface by the ac- tion of the feet of man or cattle. A little observa- ‘tion will show that though the soil on the surface is bleached perfectly white, « little below the surface “particles of black can be seen which flow to the ‘surface of the soil be placed in water. My idea is’ that all the elements of fertility in these “Parren soils” are, owing to their open composition, ‘to be found in the soil below the surface, and in “the water always to be found not far from the sur- face. This explains the apparent paradox of fertility to’ be found in these chemically infertile soils. The subsoi! and the water in it ought to be analysed for an explanation of what now is regarded as a riddle. “Most of these soils have a kind of frame a few feet below the surface formed by particles of sand closely packed. It is probably here that all the fertility im the soil is to be fonnd, and becomes available to the roots of deep-feeding trees. . THE FRENCH TEA TRADE. BY EDWARD CORNER. ed j (Special. ) “Although the usage of tea in France does not “progress by leaps anid bounds, it is making its way slowly but surely. Coflee has hada good half century of a notoriety start upon tea, and was only first ‘used in Paris in 1669, though known in the country fifteen years previously. Both beverages were bitterly opposed when they appeared. Coffee, declared the docters, was ‘a _ dangerous drink,” and Gui Patin fulminated against tea, as an ‘‘impertinent novelty.” Both produets have lived down their detractors. The customs and »manners of France are against any rapid growtno in a taste for tea. The first breakfast in France “when not soup, is cafe au lait; after the second “breakfast or dejewner blacix coffee, the latter also “succeeding the dinner in the evening. Hence “there 1s mo room for a tea to come in, True _ there is the very modern institition called ‘Vive | “o'clock tea,” but that is a mere social bagatelle - for exhibiting toilettes and indulging in gossip. It is not a ‘meal.’ Another cause for the non- - consumption of tea in Vrance, resides in the repu- sitation it has enjoyed as ‘a “medicament” since “sits introduction: into’ the country. ‘The French “do nob dispute the refreshing qualities of tea, “put do not lose sight either cf the comforting - “effects of a cup of black coffee, or a glass of » generous wine. While the French faculty de- _clared their hostility to tea Cardinal Mazarin, abont 1660, asserted it cured him of his gout. That was the year when Samuel Pepys took _‘Shis’ first eup of. tea,” and when the leaf sold at £6 to £10 per Ib. neil wan wd * 2 AGRICULTURIST. |Ocr. 1, 189% Withont going the length of Boutekoe, a Duteh enthusiast, who proclaimed thas tea could eure every hoaman ill; and that 200 cups of the in- fusion miclt be taken daily, ip is an exeellent stomachi¢; it slightly excites the cireulatior; stimulates the work of digestion, acts om the nervous system by imparting to it more physical and intellectual energy, while at the same time keeping it nore healthily active. Tea is exeel- lent for travellers, it assnages thirst, aud dimi- nishes fatigue as ‘the Itussian army ‘testifies, The active principle of tea, cafeine, is sold b French pharimaciens or chensists; it is the san prifticiple as is in coffee, only the percentage is higher in'tea, It is that principle and tannin which impart to tea its sti:anlating aml dinretic properties; while ils stomachic aml gently heat- ing ‘qualities are due’ to its essential of. The acrid flavour of green, as compared with black tea, is due to the preater presence of tannin, Vrenech commerce handles the two chief varieties of tea, green and black: Among the greens most in demand are fyson, Perle and Poudre a canon, so nimed from its large grains reealling gun- powder. In the black’ teas, the favourites are ‘Souchong and Pekoe. Viavour, colour and perfume are left to the judement of the tea-tasters,who a’ Sernpnionsiy and minutely test: the teas as do the wine’ tasters of the wine brauds of Bordeanx anil Burgundy. Bohea is thie most common of black teas, and is ‘the! variety oa which adulteration is most practised. The Caravan teas had purchasers ainong the wealthy till some years ago, when the demand’ died away. It was too dear, and» ats legendary qualities asserted to be aequired) by overland carriage on camels’ backs, were in time found not to be superior to the tea conveyed in the bold of a’ship. Caravan tea will never be more than a Russian importation, for Russian markeis and will so continue till ousted . by British teas. Adulteration is not much practised; tea bein better known, there is no demand for sloe ash leaves; it is only the lowest grades of tea that are dectored, and for which the buyer is prepared. But tea is relatively good and cheap, and exch impoiter has his own laboratory, in additior. to that organized bythe Municipal Council. The litter’s laboratory iw 1890, analysed 182 samples ot coffee, chicory and tea; separate results are not given: “ Only 9 saniples were handed in’ by private individuals; the others — were, collected by the Food Inspectors. Of the™ 182,examined, 115 were pronounced te be ‘* good.” The. remainder contained. ‘ foreign. matters.” — Franee-imports the greater part—er two-thirds — ‘sof het tea direct from China, paying for it_either- $n “éash or in merchandise. «Iv is: Kngland, and in a very minor measure Ressia that furnishes — “the rest. The liistory “of herimportations is+as follows ; the average in_ the decennial perivd, — ” 1827-1836, 355 tons; 1847-1856, 237 tons; and im the year 1859, 469 tons; now England. in 1858. -imported 34,000 tons of tea. . The mean decennial consumption, 1327-1836 was 119 tons, while for the “year 1859, it was 284... _In 1894, France imported — 1477 tons of tea, of a. value:for 44 millions’ of francs. Of the total imported; 702 tons were — consumed; being 418 tons: more than in the year “18959. Of the 1477 tons inrported in -189£,-900 ~ _ came from China; 36% from Englind; 69 from ~ ~ British India; 21 Japan; 40 Turkey; 7 Egypt5— 47, Belgium ; and the remainder from sun countries. In 1894, France exported tea to, amount of 862 tons, valued at 22 fr. millio of this total 51 tons were sent to the Ri Oor. 1, 1898.] Black Sea ports; 446 to England; 47 to Spain; | 92 to Switzerland ; and the remainder to other places. At the close of 1894, the principal depots had in bond, the following quantities. Paris 351 tons; Marseilles 165; Havre 16) ; Bordeaux 9; the rest in other Customs Stores. At the same date there were 121 tons of tea in trausit, chiefly for Switzerland, Italy, and Spain ; of this total, 4§ tons were froin English stocks. The present import duty on tea is 3 fr. 5 cen- times per kilogramme; sey 1s 13d. per Ib. It is free of octroi dues at Paris. In 1806, Napoleon I. decreed the import duty on tea at 3. francs the kilogramme, nearly its present rate; 1n 1810, he raised it to 9 frances. In 1814, after the Restoration, the duty was lowered to 3 franes, with fractional differences in favour of tea imported in French bottoms. — In 1826, in order to encourage direct commercial re- lations with China, the French Government reduced the duty to 14 fr. per Ib., if ecarvied in French ships, but if transported by foreign bottoms and the tea, of other origin but Chinese, the duty was 6 francs. English tea agencies con- tinue to be established in Paris, evidence that business is to be done. Some have shops, that dea! also in coffee, others vend liqueurs and very many supply tea male by the cup. By the bye, in 1639, tea in England was ‘‘brewed” and so sold ; further it was taxed eight pence per gallon. The larger agencies lave simply offices, employ local travellers, and inundate the public with circulars. It must be a keen competition. The lowest price, for the lowest grade of tea, is 2 fr. 40 cen- times. ‘The scale of prices is then graduated up to 10 and 12 francs per Ib. About 6 to 7 francs per Ib. is the average price paid by the middle class consumer. ‘the members of the English colony in Paris generally club and order a chest of tea from: London or Liverpool, and subdivide as agreed upon, Trench grocers who sell tea, now do so invariably in packets varying from ene quarter of a pound to one pound, they are not eyuipped to sell it direct from the canister, they have no scoop scales to commence with. The quality which Irench grocers push is Souchong which sells at6 franes per lb. ‘Tea possesses the seduction that once tasted, the initiated likes to return to the temptation. But the masses are - gtrangers to tea in France ; they can buy their favourite one pound of coffee roasted for a little over 2 francs, while the most superior coffee costs 3 fr. 50 centimes per 1b. These quotations are to be pitted against “tea-dust? which costs 2 fr. 50centimes, and Souchong 6 fr. per lb. ‘Therein lies the whole problem of the French tea trade. Tne French Colonies produce no tea. Daring the 1°89 Exhibition, a real John Chinaman, bat evidently “smart,” opened a pagoda-shop, in the Rue des nations. France was then deeply inter- ested in her Congo colony. The Celestial im- proved the occasion, he displayed on his sign board an appeal tothe irench, to support their Colonies, avd try his celebrated ‘| Congo” tea. He made ‘money. Mr. Leftvre Pontalis, who was a mem- ber of the Pavia Mission in 1890-91 has studied the hill-slopes round the Delta of Tonkin, and pronounces them to be a region suitable for the culture of tea, as practised in Java, and Ceylon. Already, it produces a coarse tea, much in de- mand by the natives. There is an excellent tea, patronized by the Chinese residents, sold in Tonkin, that «rows in the vicinity of the rivers Noire and Mékong. The Ipang brand is much in re- quest, The tea imported from Canton and Fo- THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 259 kiew, arrives in the junks by the Red River. It is in the form of galettes, or cakes wrapped up ia dry banana leaves; it is tea coagulated by vapour. “The cakes are enclosed in packets: of seven, and twelve paquets or $4 cakes net 10 pia- stres or 40 to 50 franes. These packages are stored in ILanoi, and other large towns in ‘Yonkin. There is also another form of coagulated tea sold in ‘* Cubes,” 150 of the latter cost 12 piastres. M. Pontalisrecommends to purchase Ipang teas, where they are grown, and to sell them very dear at Hanoi, the Chinese would arrive to buy them, and Hanoi weuld thus become an important centre for the Indo-China tea trade, THE FUTURE OF TEA IN CEYLON. A planter of much experience and who, as Inspector of estates, travels a great deal over the country, reminds us of a possible result of better prices and low exchange whicli is apt to be forgotten. He writes:— i “JT do not at all share the hope that exchange will go down and prices of tea advance ; fer if either the one or the other were to happen, it would lead to further planting and we should beno better off. I would rather see things remain as they are until the flow of capital has been diverted into other channels; and once this happens it will take some time to bring it back again. Zhen, our Ceylon tea prospects will improve. ‘* The doctrine that Ceylon tea has deteriorated, I regard as a most dangerous one, as likely to stili further cheapen our produce and give it a bad naine, which, of course, all should try and avoid. Nor do 1 believe that there are any good grounds for thinking that Ceylon tea is any worse than it was. ‘Lhe yield on a great number of estates has no doubt increased, and quality suffers as a matter of course if a maxi- mum output is secured; but this is not deterior- ation as I understand the term.” This puts the matter ina very practical light as regards the danger attending further extensions of tea planting, and certainly the larger the present area under tea in India and Ceylon is found to be, the stronger, surely, the discouragement to further planting. This is a view which may well be commended to the attention of certain shor$-sighted critics. Again, our correspondent’s deliverance against the theory of “deterioration,” preached chiefly in Mincing Lane, is compatible with the fact that increased crops and insufficient withering room or deficient power for machinery must inevitably mean unsatis- factory preparation and inferior tea. It must be very easy for each proprietor to find out whether his factory and arrangements are up to the proper standard, and, it not, improvement in that direction should be the first object kept in view. Especially may this be pressed on any who are anxious to add, less or more to their planted acreage; are they doing full justice to what they have already planted, shou'!d be the first question, ——_- -)} —- —— WANARAJAH TEA COMPANY. The sixth ordinary general meeting of the Wana. rajah Tea Company of Ceylon. Ltd., was held on the 26th Aug. in the oflices of the Agents and Secre- taries, Messrs. Baker and Hall.. Mr. A, Cantlay cecupied the chair and the others present were :— Messrs. J. W. Vanderstraaten, J. FE. Baker, F. W. Burt, Keith Rollo, H. Creasy, and J. Pater- son, Those represented by proxy were Mrs, J, 260 F. Baker, and Messrs. C. A. Hutson and T, W. Hall. Mr. F. J. de Saram was present as attorney for Messrs. Taylor and Noble. | The notice calling the meeting having been read by Mr. Baker and the minutes of the pre- vious meeting confirmed, THE REPORT was submitted as follows :— Directors :—Messrs. Thomas Mackie, A. Cantlay, and Mr. J. W. Vanderstraaten. ACREAGE, Tea in bearing over 6 years old acres 541 planted 1892 .. » 291 ;punder leaf 1897-8 vies, 1693 oso oring it is by Sir Andrew Clark’s recipe for ‘‘ dyspeptic’s tea.” The simplest way to prepare it is as follows :—Filla breakfast-cup with milk, to which a small quantity of water (hot or cold) has been added, and pour into a sauce pan. Put two teaspoonfuls of tea into one of the tiny strainers (sold for a few pence for making single cups of tea), and as soon as the milk is boiling pour it through the strainer straight into the cup. This makes both a palatable and a nourishing drink, and is taken with relish by many who would not touch plain mik, and with whom tea made in the ordinary way does not agree. According to Sir Andrew, the boil- ing milk precipitates the tannin, and thus the the stimulating properties of the tea are secured without the deleterious results from which dys- peptics are apt to suffer. —_———.-___—— HAPUGAHALANDE TEA COMPANY. The fourth annual general meeting of the shareho'ders of the Hapugahalande Tea Co., Ltd., was held on the 27th Aue. at the offices of the Com- pany, Messrs. Lewis Brown & Co., tle chair being taken by Mr. W. Milne. The notice convening the meeting having been read, the minutes of the last general meeting were confirmed; and the chairman then moved the adop- tion of the report and accounts, which was daly seconded and carried unanimously. On the proposal of Mr. Robt. Davidson, seconded by Mr. Thos, Mackie’s attorney, a final dividend of 4 per cent was declared and carried nem con: Mr, Cantlay was re-elected Director and Mr. John Guthrie Anditor of the Co.’s accounts for the season 1898-99. With a vote of thanks to the Chairman the meeting closed. The following is the REPORT. ACREAGE Ke Ree e Tea in full bearing .. .. 235 0 0 New clearings te » £50 0 0 Jurgle, &c. bie .. 3869 1 3 Total Estate .. 754 1 3 Your Directors beg to submit their Annual Report and Accounts for the twelve months ending 30th June, 1898, which they regret show as compared with those previously issued a falling cff in profit due mainly to the fall in value of Tea and high rate of exchange. The quantity of Tea manufactured during the season (including estate and bought leaf) was 188,455lb. Estimating the unsold Tea at a safe valuation and excluding a surplus of R528°50 on last year’s crop, the nett amount realised for this product totals R6!,057-74, which is equal to 32°39 cents per lb. An interim dividend for the season of 5 per cent amounting to R8,500 was paid on Ist March last, and the sum now available for distribution (including R466'66 brought forward from last account) after setting aside R2,367:09 for depreciation on buildings and machinery is R6,923'61. From this sum the Directors recommeud payment of a final dividend of 4 per cent absorbing R6,800'00 and leaving R123°61 to be sae forward, AGRICULTURIST. 261 The opening of Uralindatenne in Tea has steadily progressed, 100 acres having been planted during the season, bringing the total at date to 150 acres, which it is intended to slightly increase before the close of this year. To meet the expenditure thus incurred, the Directors in preference to issuing debentures or fresh capital, propose negotiating a loan, and will take an early opportunity of consulting the Shareholders on the subject. Mr. Keith Rollo has accepted a seat on the Board. In terms of the Articles of Association, Mr. Alexander Cantlay retires from the office of Director, but being eligible offers himself for re-election. The appointment of an Auditor for the current season will rest with the meeting. EXTRAORDINARY MEETING, An extraordinary general meeting of the shareholders of the above Company was held after- wards, the chair being taken by Mr. W. Milne. The notice convening the meeting having been read the following resolution was put and carried unani. mously: ‘*That the Directors be and are thereby authorized and empowered to borrow or raise from time to time for the purposes of the Company, any sum or sums of money not exceeding in all £2,000 sterling of lawful money of Great Bri- tain at such rate or rates of interest, and gene- rally upon such terms and conditions in all respects as to repayment or otherwise as they may determine or think proper, and to mortgage all or any of the Company’s estates and pro- perties as security for every and all the sum or sums of money so to be raised and borrowed and the interest thereon. The meeting then closed with the usual vote of thanks to the Chairman.” —————————— MR. QUINTIN HOGG ON THE CEYLON PLANTERS. In an_ interesting interview between a re- presentative of the Iinancial News and Mr. Quintin Hogg—at one time of Ceylon—we find the reporter asking with reference to tledepression in the West Indies, whether the planters there could not try to produce something else more preitable than sugar, and Mr. Hogg replying that he had grown sugar and several other things In various parts of the world, but he did not see what could be done in the West Indies, A little coffee could be grown, a little cacao perhaps, and some cotton in some parts but, asks Mr. Hogg, who could do it ? and points to the enormous amount of capital that will be lost if sugar fails. Who, he asks, is going to make any further effort? To which the reporter rejoined : “But when Ceylon planters failed they took to tea and made big profits. Surely you could vhange from sugar to something else.” _ ‘*Yes, but it is necessary to bear in mind that it costs little to change from coffee to tea. There were not big amonnts of capital to be abandoned, You talk of energy. The Ceylon Planter never showed anything like the energy of the West Indians. We used to grow sugar at £23 to £24 aton. We have fought all the way down to £10 and we have done it by improved methods and so forth. We have not stood still I can assure you.” ‘How about indiarubber as an alternative product ?” “* Well, we tried it in Ceylon and it was ae failure. It is a difficult the to grow and Stee some time to establish. The,;planters; will not throw away money, in wild speculation of this 262 THE TROPICAL kind. You might as well talk of establishing oak forests in England to start a new industry with. Tea gave profits in three years to the Ceylon planters. Indiarubber would take many years before success was assured.” ———__—_—_- NILGIRI GAME AND FISH PRESERVATION ASSOCIATION. The following are extracts from the report of this Association for the past year :— j DESTRUCTION OF VERMIN. The following are a detailed statistics of the above for the past five years :—1893-94, 6 eagles, 13 wild cats, 5 mongooses; 1894-95, 23 cagles, 48 wild cats, 20 mongooses, 14 crow pheasants, 1 wild dog, 1 otter; * 1895-96, 58 eagles, 42 wild cats, 31 mongooses, 6 crow pheasants, 6 wild dogs, 10 otters ; 1896 97, 263 eagles, . 96 wild cats, 52 mongooses, 24 crow pheasants, 8 wild dogs, 6 otters; 1897-98, 45 eagles, 108 wild cats, 37 mongooses, 52 crow pheasants, and 2 wild dogs. INCREASE OF GAME AND RESULTS OF PROTECTION, As remarked last year, it is impossible to pronounce definitely on this subject. ‘There are plenty of sambur in various parts of the district. In Kodanad there “has been a marked increase of late years. In the South-East Wynaad forest sambur are this year particularly numerous. On the other hand bison seem to be diminishing in Mudumali. In the Mayar and adjacent reserves there are a goodly number of spotted deer. hing) ins Seegur Range is he amount of poaching in the Se re is, gota Aonlaanle Every salt-lick is watched from machans or screens, and a great rar animals must be done to death by these means. The Forest De- artment ought to be more on the alert, but is short- tage as usual. RAIDING SAMBURS. Special measures have been taken to prevent the raiding of smbur by Kurumburs during the monsoon, when no Europeans are about. The success of these measures cannot be judged by the number of ‘‘cases"’ . detected, for the Kurumbur is too smart to be caught, ‘ but in the year or two the result may be evident in oa large number of deer on the grounds. IBEX SHOOTING has been thrown open, and some very good heads have been bagged, some small ones, too, and a doe or two by mischance. Sportsmen, must for their own sake; look to 16 that the shooting is not overdone and try to detect any case of immature bucks or of does being killed, whether by accident or otherwise. With- out such care another long period of closure must be enforced, A REGISTER OF THE NAMES OF SIHKARIES. While dealing with the protection of game, another register which has been opened in the District Forest office may be mentioned, for, if successful, it may have very important results. This registeris to con- tain the names of all shikaries recommended by reli- able sportsmen of experience. It will take some time- to work properly, perhaps, but if, as is hoped, license- holders will give the preference to the men on the Association register, the best men will readily look themselves and think twice before they do anything to forfeit their privilege, while the loafing, poaching Kandal scoundrel, and who is anything by turns and nothing long will find his chief occupation gone. ‘These are the men who get hold of young hands and induce them to kill game not worth the powder, but for the sake of the meat which falls to their own share, and do not hesitate to break bounds in the pursuit, of game ‘into reserves closed against shooting. TROUT CULTURE. ; Major Grant reports with regret that all efforts to obtain a consignment of trout ova this season have failed, through the Director of the German Government Fish Farm at Kensington being unable to arrange for the proper shipment of the ova. In future Major Grant thinks the Association should Statement that ‘ hitherto fortunately for Indiar AGRICULTURIST. (Ocr. 1, 1898 always arrange for the shipment of the ova, and suggests that the Madras Chamber of Commerce might be willing to assist. The bad effects on the ova and fry of the swamp water, which supplied the old hatching honse at “Snowdon,” was told in Jast year’s report. Accordingly a new hatch bouse has een built on the etream in Glenrock, near the Rifle Butt there. It is hoped that much better results will be obtained with hatching work in the future. The trout in the Khenda river are doing very well, and Major Grant has reason to believe that there are many more of these than was previously supposed, and that this river is sufficiently choked to allow fishing to be opened. INDIAN AND CEYLON TEA COMPANIES. About a couple of months ago we dealt with the results for the year 1897 of a number of Indian and Ceylon tea companies. For the most part these were disappointing, nearly all of the undertakings showing, as compared with the pre- vious year, a decline in profits, entailing the payroant of reduced dividends, and accompanied a considerable decline in the market value of their shares, And now, from the analytical table published annually by Mr, George Seton, which covers the operations of a much larger number of companies, it appears that the results then brought out were not exceptional, but were characteristic of the experience of the industry as a whole. Mr, Seton’s table embraces 45 com- panies registered in London, with an aggregate paid-up capital of #£7,216,000. That is the same number as was dealt with in his state- ment of last year; but the composition of the Jist is not the same, some companies which were then included being now omitted, and others sabsti- tuted in their place. For this reason any com- parison of the amount of capital, acreage, and yeele of crops shown in the two statements would e fallacious. A comparison of average results, however, holds good, and in nearly every respect that is unfavourable. The one satisfactory feature is a very trifling reduction in the cost of pro- duction. That averged 7-13d per Ib. as compared with 716d in 1896. On the other hand, however, the receipts, which in 1896 averaged 931d per Ib., fell “last year to an average of 871d per Ib. As a consequence, the margin of profit, which in 1896 was 2.15d per Ib. was reduced to 158d. And as the profits had to be spread over a bigger amount of capital, the roportion of pro- fits to capital showed a still larger decrease, falling from 9°48 per cent to 5:98 per cent while the dividends on the ordinary and preference share — capital, which worked out in 1896 to an average — of 9 per cent dropped to 7% per cent there being also a proportionate reduction in the balances carried forward. For this reduction in profits the main causes were a fallin the selling price of tea and a shortage of the crop, the yield per mature acre having fallen from an average of 496 1b. in 1896 to 470 |b, in 1897. — But in a circular issued this week, Messrs Gow, Wii- son and Stanton seek to lay the blame for the less _ profitable condition of the industry at the door of the Indian Government. ‘The artificial value recently given to the rupee by the closing of the — mints by the Government of India handicaps,” — they say, “ the growers of India and Ceylon in their competition with their rivals in other tea- producing countries whese currency is ruled. by natural laws. The foree ofthis assertion, how-- ever, is obviously weakened by their further traders, the Chines2have not been able toayail tilems- Ocr. 1, 1898.] selyes of the [currency] advantage they have over their Indian competitors.” For an alleged drawback that is not yet existent cannot be held account- able for past results. Thus far, indeed, it is confessed that the Chinese producer has been at adisadvantage, for we are told that ‘‘China tea has to bear certain internal and export duties, besides which there is some slight loss in con- yerting silver into copper cash, in which part of the producing charges are paid in that country. And further, when it is argued that in the interest of tea producers and others, the Government of India should cease to endeavour to maintain the excliange value of the rupee, the fact is oyer- looked that if that were done then there would be a heavy deficit of revenue, wich would necessitate the imposition of new taxes, of which the tea-producing companies must expect to be made to bear their full share. Besides the fall in the prices of Indian tea is largely due to the excessive influx of capital into tne industry, which has caused production to increase more rapidly than demand, and this state of things a sharp drop in exchange would tend to inten- sify and perpetuate. Thus there is great ex- aggeration both as to the effect that the rise in exchange has had upon the Indian tea-producing industry and the advantages which a low ex- change might be expected to bring to it. And when shareholders in the various undertakings are asked to pin their faith to currency legisla- tion as asovereign remedy for all their troubles they will do well to be sceptical.— Zconomuist. eee THE INDIAN TEA ASSOCIATION. (From the Financial Times.) In our last issue we published a summary of a highly-interesting report on the industries of India and Ceylon, presented by the well- known firm of Messrs. Gow, Wilson and Stanton, whose opinions on this subject naturally carry considerable weight ; and, in view of the peculiar circumstances which exist at the present moment, the document is caleulated to attract a great amount of attention on the part of the numer- ous class of investors who have put money into tea plantations in our great Dependency. The outlook has for some time past been clouded by fears of increased production outrunning increased consumption, and, as recent reports have shown only too plainly the effect of the advance in ex- change on undertakings which have to remit funds to India has been very unfortunate. ‘To this latter point Messrs. Gow, Wilson and Stanton devote the bulk of their attention, and it is not surprising to find that that they are labour- ing under a strong sense of grievance. They . point out that the gold which the Chinese trader ‘obtains in Europe by the sale of his goods re- turns in silver coin about 50 per cent in excess of what it does in India and Ceylon. This is, of course, an indisputable fact, and there is no denying the deduction that the Chinese trader is thus placed at an enormous advantage. From ‘the merchant’s point of view, the margin is looked upon as a differential tax on British- ‘grown tea; an advance of a penny in the ex- change now means a loss of £400,000 sterling to the tea producers, and we are told that ‘* the artificial value recently given to the rupee by the closing of the Mints handicaps the growers of Indian and Ceylon in their competition with ‘their rivals in other tea-producing countries “whose currency is ruled by natural laws,” The “THE TROPICAL. AGRICULTURIST. 263 attitude is a perfectly natural one, but, to our mind, it illustrates very forcibly the danger of approaching a problem so complex as that of {Indian currency from the standpoint of one in: dustry, or even of a group of industries. That the value of the rupee has been hoisted to the neighbourhood of 1s 4d by artificial means is @ well-knowa fact; that these means were delibe. rately alopted with the object of bringing about a stable rate of exchange is a matter of common knowledge, and that the prosramm2 which has been entered upon will be persisted in may be regarded as an absolute certainty. We are told that this policy means a differential tax on British-growa tea; would it not be more correct to say that the depreciation of the rupee had previously constituted a bounty, which is now withdrawn? Producers in other countries, ‘‘whose currency is ruled by natural laws,’” have the whip hand for the time being, but can it be seriously argued that a volatile exchange, such as that which ruled in China last year, is anything but a standing menace to general commerce? A whole- sale disorganisation of import trade is hardly a desirable occurrence, but this, as events have prov- ed, is a danger worth keeping in mind. When the subject was under discussion in the House of Commons last spring, Lord George Hamilton, in speaking of the proposal to appoint a com- mittee to consider the problem, remarked that ‘it is desirable that, while we get gentlemen associated with banking and commereial interests, we should try and not put gentlemen on with too direct a personal interest in the exchange one way or the other.” In other words, interest warps jucgment, and individual persons and individual industries must adjust themselves to the conditions which ave imposed for the general welfare. During thefew years prior to 1896 the steady and continuous decline in the prices for Indian and Ceylon tea in London was counteracted by the fall- ing exchange; since the closing of the mints both factors have operated in an adverse manner, Means while land which has been planted of late is ap- proaching the stage of maturity, and the in- creased supplies will therefore be coming on the market under mos& unpropitious circumstances. China has, of course, been letting her old mono- poly slip through her fingers, and the flavour of Indian and Ceylon descriptions has become a strongly-acquired taste. But a vital change has come over the situation. As Messrs. Gow, Wil- son and Stanton point out, the scramble for con- cessions, territorial acquisitions, and trading privi- leges that has been taking place in China re- cently brings into the range of possibilities the application ot European skill and capital to the creation in China of the industries which have made such remarkable strides in India. Our Con- sular representative in Shanghai, in the course of a report received only the other day, remarked that the Chinese Government appeared at last to be awakening to the fact that the tea trade was rapidly leaving the country, and he perceived signs that it would be willing to make some concessions to encourage measures for the improve- ment of the tea produced, At Wenchow a machine- roller had been experimentally used, and the effect had been to prove ‘‘ beyond doubt that the most ordinary China tea is capable of astonishing im- provements if treated by modern methods. Wen- chow tea made by the old native process is of the most inferior description, but by being care- fully made and machine rolled, a very fair drink- able tea resulted.” The displacement of China -tea in the past, as the circular under discussiog $$ 264 THE TROPICATI, reminds us, was largely due to its inferior quality, and if this objection be removed the position may be partially regained, although the process is not at all likely to be a rapid one. But the culti- vation of new markets must be taxen in hand vigorously without loss of time. It may be assumed that in our own country there is ver little room for further expansion beyond what is provided by the increase of population and the raising of the standard of comfort. Foreign markets present unlimited possibilities, but in respect of these the Indian planter stands simply on merits, and derives no assistance from patrio- tic impulses. If China do awaken in real earn- est, andif by reason of varying exchanges its produce can be delivered at a lower figure than that quoted by its competitors, the question of restricting the areas under cultivation may easily become one of great urgency. But it is certainly to be hoped that the Indian and Ceylon Tea Asso- ciations will carry on their excellent campaign, and that the assistance they require from plan- ters will be readily forthcoming. Passive resig- nation to the prospects of an acute crisis would be a most disastrous policy to adopt at the pre- sent time. ‘The elaborate table compiled by Mr. Gregory Seton, showing the ‘‘ results of working of forty- five Jadian tea companies registered*in London” during the 1897 season, comes at a timely mo- ment, and affords an opportunity to take a bird's. eye view of the general position. In 1896 the profits per pound came to 24d, yielding in the aggregate the sum of £45,000. Last year—owing to influences with which all our readers are familiar—the figures were 14d and £430,000 re- spectively. The statistics relating to the culti- vated area make a somewhat remarkable show- ing :— . Young Mature. Plant, Total. 1896 .., 102,397 ... 14,613 ... 117,010 1897 ... 140,029 ... 33,045 ... 173,074 The bulk of the advance, it should be ex- ‘plained, is accounted for by the omission of seme seven comparatively unimportant concerns, and the insertion of an equal number of fresh ‘enterprises in their stead. But this, of course, ‘does not detract from the significance of the ex- ‘pansion to which the figures bear witness. The ‘paid-up capital represented by the whole group as ‘it now stands is not far short of seven and a ‘quarter millions, and their produce last year came ‘to the imposing total of 65,726,000 1b. The crop per mature acre worked out less satisfactorily than ‘in the previous year, but the cost per lb. remained practically unaltered. The average dividends “distributed work out at just under 6 per cent ‘(inelnding those on preference issues), absorbing £420,000, as compared with 72 per cent. requir- ‘ing £360,000, and the amounts carried forward “and the reserves totalled £559,000, or 7°75 per “cent, as against £413,000, or 8°74 per cent: It ‘will be seen, therefore, that, despite the unfavour- ‘able developments which have occurred to check the prosperity of the industry, the most_recent “results hardly afford sufficient reasons for despair, ‘Progress may be temporarily arrested, but the fruits of the past few years’ labour are not ‘likely to disappear at a moment’s warning. We ‘showed in a recent issue the extent to which ‘securities of this description had depreciated “during the past twelve months, the decline aver- aging about 20 per cent. There is surely, there< ' AGRICUL.TURIST. ’ oceasion on which this fuel has been tried in a -degrees (Fahrenheit) in the stokehold. | Tb was [Ocr. 1, 1898, fore, some justification for hoping that have now reached bed rock, even if no decided rally can be looked for until the outlook assumes a more promising aspect. Di. MORRIS, C.M.G, While all who know Dr. Morris, the assis- tant director of Kew Gardens, will join in eon- gratulating him upon the important appointment conferred upon him by the Government, e ° body in tlis neighbourhood will regret that it involves his removal from our widst. Mr. Cham- berlain, Sir Edward Grey, and Sir John Lubbock bore the highest testimony, in the House of Commons, on Tuesday, to the ability ef Dr. Morris and his fitness for the important post to which he has been called, and there seems to be no donbt that an excellent selection has been made, for, apart from his high position in the world of science, Dr. Morris has a special ac- quaintance with the West Indies. But forall that, many will regret the loss of an excellent neigh- bour, and one whose good work in this district will not soon be forgotten. To the Richmond Atheneum especially he has rendered services of the highest importance. A couple of years ago, when that institution was not so flonrish- ing as it is now, Dr. Morris came torward with fresh suggestions and help which seemed to put new life into the concern. Now that he is abont to leave us we shall all think of his good work, and wish him all happiness and prosperity in his os career.- -tichmond and Twickenham Times, ug. 6. rr TEA IN AMERICA, New York, Ang. 9. The anction sale of today, by the Montgomera Auction and Commission Co. of 14,022 pkgs., will bea ood test of the market, which has ruled firm since our ast. Demand has bzen light. The sale includes new crop teas, including Formosa. Medium to good medium Japan, 25 to 27c. The Appraiser’s office rejected during July 802 pkzs. tea, or 32,846 pounds, of which 629 pkgs. were Pingsney. There were passed 33,045 pkgs, or 2,043,850 pounds. Not a package of Formosa, Foochow, India, Ceylon or Japan tea was rejected.— American (Grocer. pa a BS ee OIL FUEL A very interesting experiment was recently made at Portsmouth, when oil fuel was tried on board the torpedo-boat destroyer ‘* Surly,” the first British warship at sea. The system which the © Admiralty have permitted to be fitted up on board the ‘‘ Surly” is that invented by Mr. Holden, of the Great Eastern Railway. The apparatus has been adapted to two out of her four boilers. Coal — fires are first lighted in the furnaces, but as soon — as sufficient heat has been generated bricks take the place of the coal, and oil is fed to them in a spray from an overhead tank the difficulty of furnishing a regular and adequate supply of oil having been overcome by the last mentioned pro- — vision. The trial, which was made over the mile in Stokes Bay, appears to have been fairly success- ful, a sufficient spray being obtained as well as heat, the thermometer indicating as much as 150 hoped to obtain a speed of sixteen knots but three runs over the mile gave a mean of only fon knots, results which seem to be sufficiently couraging to induce the authorities to con the experiment.—London and China Exoress, Oct. 1, 1898.] THE TROPICAL CONSUMPTION OF CHINA TEA IN RUSSIA. We direct attention to Mr. T. N. Christie’s letter elsewhere on this subject. He does not do justice to our authority which was a Com- mittee of leading Shanghai Merchants expressly appointed to consider the position of China tea and collate all the statistics referring to its export. These yentlemen published a very valu- able Report and full tables of exports for a series of years and the figures they gave under “Russia” are apart from ‘‘other countries.” Mr. Christie, as we gather, supposes that * Russia” in the case of the Shanghai figures includes tea for, or re-exported to ‘‘ Asia.” But to what part of ‘‘ Asia” would Mr. Christie send the 37 million lb. of brick tea which were sent from China in excess of the figures he gave for consumption, and which tea was shown in the Shanghai Report, to be mainly imported into kussia “via Kiachta”? Is there any part of « Asia” (outside China and Tibet) using brick tea not under the rule or protection of Russia ? However, the readiest means of settling the point will be to refer Mr. Christie’s Statement and the present letter to the Shanghai merchants who drew up the official Report of January 1897. The point at issue is:—Mr. Christie (on Russian official authority, of course) gave the total consumption of tea in Kussia in 1896 as foilows ;— Leaf teas 52 million lb, Brick and Slab teas 40 paper Total 92 million lb. The Shanghai Committee of merchants gave the total exports of China tea to Russia in 1896 :— Green and Leaf tea 55,618,666 lb. Brick tea 76,949,200 ,, 132,567,866 Ib. Of course, there must always be an allowance for stocks and for tea in transit, &c.; and we only dwell on the great difference in the case of “brick tea” ani for this reason: of the total, only 2,717,283 lb. ‘‘ brick ” tea went via Odessa ; the rest apparently via Kiachta. Now we do not think the Shanghai Chamber would take cogni- zance of tea sent from one part of China to another ; we understand that bonafide exports - into Russian territory are meant by the heading ‘© Russia” in their tables. Of course, if it can - pe shown that Russia re-exported so mucli as 37 million lb. of ‘‘ brick ” tea, there would be an end of the matter; but that, as at presen advised, we cannot consider probable. However, - a reference will be made to Shanghai. —_—___.——_—___—_——_ “F[ELD-NUTES ON THE LAND-BIRDS OF SABARAGAMUWA PROVINCE, CEYLON.” BY FREDERICK LEWIS, A.C.F., CEYLON, F.L.S. We have already acknowledged the receipt of a copy of this paper. Mr. Lewis does not tell us that his Notes add to the information in Legges’ “Ceylon Birds”—to which he bears the highest testimony—but his introduction is interesting in itselt as the following extracts will show :— Briefly, the province contains very nearly the greatest range of altitude in Ceylon, andif Pidurn- talagalia, our most lofty mountain, excluded, this AGRICULTURIST. 265 general statement is more nearly correct, as Sabara- gamuwa extends from about 50 feet above sea-level to close on 7,250 feet. In this wide variation of altitude there is, naturally, wide variation in tempera- ture. Not only does the thermal variation show wide differences, but the rainfall is still more veriable, for it ranges from, roughly speaking, 40 inches at Embelipitiyé in the dry zone, in the east, to close on 300 inches in the valley of the Kuruganga, within the influence of Adam’s Peak. Amid such rapid variations, both of temperature, altitude, and humidity, a still more:changeable state of soil and vegetation is met with. In the hot and dry flat country—The Bintenna of the Sinhalese—a rich soil is found. In the wet steaming forests, within the limit of high rainfall, the soil is sandy, poor, and usually shallow, while up in the high altitudes the forest-clad hill-ranges are frequently broken by long open stretches of grass-or “‘ patina’’- land. The presence of these patina-lands is not clearly accounted for, and various theories have been put forward to explain why there should be a hard- and-fast line between high forest and short grass; but though some of the explanations are distinctly plausible, they do not answer a!l the conditions of the problem. I may here state that patina-land is not the exclusive characteristic of the hill-country, but its occurrence has an undoubted effect on the distribution of the birds, and as such forms an im- portant factor. Not only so, but the conditions of forest distribution are also to some extent affected, Taking the general physical conformity of Sabara- gamuwa as a whole, it may be regarded as very mountainous over two-thirds of its entire area, the flat country being mostly to the south and nearest the sea, while the hill-ranges begin rapidly to rise from Ratnapura, the chief town of the province, both to the east, north, and north-west; but in making this general statement it must not be supposed that all the hill-ranges radiate from the spot mentioned. The great mountain-zone that divides the Sabara- gamuwa Province from the Cevtral Province may be said to take its rise from the bottom of the valley through which the Kalani river forces its way into the lower plains, and rapidly rises until it reaches Adam’s Peak, comprising with that area the. wettest part of - Ceylon. From Adam’s Peaka continuous high altitude is maintained towards the east, where vast precipices are found, around which some of the most curious variations of vegetable life occur. The hills then undulate alittle to the north, when the Horton- Plain country is reached, and the basin of the Beli- huloya stream terminates the province-boundary to the east, after which the Uva Province takes up the continuation of the great hill zone. The high rainfall already referred to of necessity gives rise to a greatnumber of streams that in turn formrivers of considerable magnitude. None of these rivers are, within the province under description, subject to tidal action, but all of them, during the period of high rainfall, overflow their banks, causing (except in the case of the Wallawey river that flows for the greatest part ofits entire length through the ‘“‘Bintenna,” or dry zone) floods over large portions of the country. The wet forests, or areas in which the mean humi- dity is high, contain by far the largest proportion of vegetable life, and itis here that the greatest profusion of birds may naturally be expected to occur, but such is not the case as regards species. Numerically the individuals in the wet forests may be abundant, but for variety of species the dry zone has the preponderance in its favour. Thus, taking two extreme points, at Kittulgalla, where the rain- fall is over 200 inches, it is unusual to find more than five species of Hawks; on the other side ef the province, at Embelipitiyé, more than a dozen kinds will be found in a day. Another very important factor in bird-distribution is the influence of the monsoons. During the south- west monsoon months, that extend from the early part of May to the early part of September, most of our migratory species are absent, High winds prevail, and in parts of the province, especially to the north: iy | _which we have no doubt they will be. _new flooring does not crack as cement often does. 266 THE TROPICAL east, the whole of the vegetation of the country is passing through a continuous period of unrest. Insects are blown away to more shieltered spots, flowers are few, and when formed are rudely torn off and lost, and those birds that remain are forced to a state of comparative privation. When on the other hand, the north-east monsoon comes in, with its sharp local thunderstorm, a still air, and a burning sun, then bird-life is found in profusion. The firet of the migratory species to appear is generally Motacilla melanope. his beautiful little Wagtail will be found often on the Ist of September, and in a few days, from the banks of the cold bubbling streamsin the heart of the “wilderness of the Peak,’ down to silent rivers of the “ Bintenna” country, this ever active little bird will be found in restless movement in search of its food. Soon after and often ‘together with this Wagtail, will be found Merops plilippensis und Hirundo rustica, while more to the south, ia the swamplands and rice-fields (paddi-fields), the sportsman of the country hopes to record his bag of the ‘‘first Snipe of the season.” The Snipe ‘(Gallinago stenura) arrives about the 2nd of September and departs at the end of April, though it is not uncommon to find individual specimens so late as the 10th of May. In the hills, as well as in the low country, migratory species begin to increase in number, counting among them such species as -Cerchners tinnunculus, Hierococcyx varius, Lanius cri- status, Terpsiphone paradisi, Phylloscopus nitidus, and Pitta coronata, not to mention many others that are less noticeable. The stream of migration is difficult to follow, a3 it has never been regularly observed at different points at right angles to its course simultaneously; but the impression I have gathered from my own observations is that in this ‘province the incoming stream strikes well to the south of the main mountain-ranges, while the ont- going may be taken at first as a gradnal thinning of . Species in the hills and increase in the plains, after which the departure takes place, probably in the course of a few nights. I have not been able to find any special places or points at which birds of any one species congregate previous to departure, and I ‘receive with doubt the statement insisted on by some observers that this association does take place, as it has not been supported by my own direct experience, beyond a few occasions on which I have found large . assemblages of birds of one species within one isolated area. 2 peniols when the outward migration was commenced, These occasions,: however, were not those ut rather on the contrary. I will, in its proper _ place, again refer to this fact in its relation to migratory as well as endemic speeies. ees A NEW FLOORING. Has been invented and patented by a House _ (for which Messrs. Whittall & Co. are local Agents) which is likely to prove more economical, dur- _able and efficient than either cement or concrete. © Generally speaking it is a mixture of iron sla “ground down and cement and many HHckand yards are likely to be used by our Railway “authorities and also possibly at Hultsdorf Mills, if the tests now being applied are satisfactory, his ——_—_—___—_ BAMBOO BASKETS: A HINT FOR PLANTERS. A “WRINKLE,” Dimbula, 5th Sept., 1898. Dear Sir,—It may be not generally known, orat all, that the giant bamboo—of which there “are magnificent specimens in the Royal Botanic es * Gardens, Peradeniya—makes a yery good basket, AGRICULTURIST. [Ocr. 1, I have tried it for roll baskets in the tea house, _ and for mannre, and ivis likely to be good for pluck- ing and carrying baskets. Indeed, it may turn out better than cane which is often bad. The canes of the big bamboo when ripe, split easily, esper cially when steeped in water for some time—and with the thin “splittings” the baskels are made. These bend sufficiently, withont breaking, for the work. It would still, be an improvement to boil the ‘‘ splittings” in a cauldron, as basket- makers do at home. The big bamboo (which, by the way, is not botanically speaking a bam- boo, but beloags to an allied genus), will grow at any elevation, from sea level to 5,000 ft. It thrives best in moist sandy soil, and leasbso in stiff clay, and does not live in bogs or where there is stagnation. The bamboo is easily propagated, by division of roots, or in hot climates by cuttings of the bamboo : canes laid in the ground ete. Yours ‘siialis, 2 —~)_-—- COCONUT IN NORTH-WEST PROVINCE. Whether the white ant attacks live wood is a uestion that periodically is discusssed in the press. ivery observant agriculturist or horticulturist knows that it does. They have evidence of it always. There is an article on ‘“‘ White Ants as Agricultural Pests” in the August number of the “ Agricultural Maga- zine.”’. Pests they undoubtedly are, but under certain circumstances they, prove to be friends to the agricultu- rist. In seasons like the present the planter will observe that the ground is alive with white ants attacking every bit of dry wood lying on the ground and converting it into soil. That is benefit number one. Number two is that that the soil is literally honey-combed by the tiny termites and is thus being thoroughly wrated now and all will render the passage of water through it easy when the rains do come. So like the humble earth worm it answers avery useful purpose inthe economy of nature and under certain cir- cumstances is a very useful friend to the agriculturist. —— + —__ THE INDIAN TEA INDUSTRY. he cooly ‘‘ bonuses” given by the Cachar and Sylhet Gardens, the Lnglistman informs us, are very heavy and Jiable to abuse. It is calculated that if the Planters there did away with the system, an annual average saving ot R7,000 per estate would be effected. Ceylon Coast Ad- vances are bad enough, but there appears to be a much lower sink of principal as well as of inter- est in Indian Gardens. London and Ceylon Brokers always hold. up the average of Indian Tea to their Ceylon con- stituents. In India, however, there are Dis- tricts and ——— Districts. The average for Assam, where there is a large area of young tea coming nowinto bearing, is 7 annas and 8 pice. ThesSurma Valley, however, gives ouly an average — of 5 annas and 11 pice. The area of the former is 6 annas to 4 annas of the latter.» The Indian Tea Association seems to be divided on the subject of telegraphing estimates of tea grops early in the year to Londonas they are not tobe — depended on, but the Association intends to dis- cuss the matter fully at its next meeting. The following remarkable passage appears inthe Indian Tea Association’s report, and we trust ourcontem- porary of the “‘ Times” will not have a fit when — he reads it ;—“the total planted area represented by the Association during the year is 308,92] acres. Tes. (ae ete ~ . Ocr. 1, 1898.] This shows a SATISFACTORY increase of 34,470 acres on the former year,” This beats Ceylon with a vengeance! We only put out 55,009 acres in 24 years. The following pertinent remarks from the Pioneer of September lst, are very applicable to Ceylon :— The anuual report of the Indian Tea Association recently published offers some food for reflection to the many shareholders in tea companies resident in this country. Within the limits to which it has confined itself the Association has done good work, and the recent resuscitation of local branches in districts, such as Sylhet, where they had disappeared, is a healthy sign of its influence. A strange omission in the report is the absence of any reference to the present condition of the tea industry. ‘We search in vain for some indications of the serious troubles under which, we so constantly hear, tea planters are labouring. So far as this document, published under such distinguished authority, is con- cerned, the industry might be sailing in smoothest seas. And yet only ashort time ago, Mr.Buckingham, the Chairman of the Assam branch of the Associ- ation, publicly statedjin his speech before that body that the tea industry is passing through a crisis probably worse thin that which was experienced In the sixties, when tea shares, it will be remem- bered, were begging buyers at a few annas each oa the stock exchange. If it to be true the industry is in this pavlous state, it seems passing strange that the Indian Tea Association’s annual report should completely ignore so grave a matter: the more so as tho existing depression might have been legitimately urged to give weight to the argument that union is strengh, and tosummon all interested in tea to marshal their powers and combine their forces to meet the difficulties ahead. Unfortunately comb‘nation is not a characteristic of tea planters, wherefore it is «all more the important to encourage it, and if necessary compel it. In the matter of exploiting America as a new market for Indian teas, the Association in alliance with Ceylon has a good record to point to. We think it is wise inits decision to continue the campaign for ancther yew, notwithstanding the demand already established, which absorbed over five million pounds of Indian tea in 1897. But we could wish the Asso- ciation had exhibited equal interest in other markets for Indian tea, and corresponding energy in invading them. Tne greatest market of all is India itself. If such impoverished countries as the Central Asian Khanates, Persia, Afghanistan and Kashmir can afford to drink Indian tea and pay highly for it too, it is strange there should be so little consumption of the avtic'e inIndia proper. An industry that spends over a lakh of rupees yearly in establishing a trade of five million pounds in so distant a country as America, may reasonably be asked why it does not capture the market at its very doors. Tea is almost universally drunk in China, but the qualitiesin com- mon local consumption consist chiefly if not entirely of dust andcoarse leaf. We observe from week to week the sale of hundreds of chests of dust tea at the Calcutta and London auctions at values which create wonder, In a recent sale, for instance, 300 packages fell tothe hammer at prices ranging from ten pies, ortwoand a half annas per pound. Ave not these the very teas with which to tempt the thrifty native of this country to make a start and squander his anna on what is at first a luxury, but speedily becomes a necessity? A direct benefit would ensue by the relief afforded the London market if three million pounds of dust tea were taken off it, and that amount is probably a fair estimate cf the annual production of this quality. Itis obvious that atthe prices guoted it cannot pay the planter to pack suchteas in lead and sell them on the public market. It ia also obvious from the Association’s report that many plantations shirk contributing their quota tothe American market fund. A planter who may be a miser with his money, is often prodigal with his tea, as missionaries and charitable institutions THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 267 are aware. Why not start an Indian market fund, and in lien of monetary subscriptions assess con- tributions in the shape of dust tea, packed-lined boxes or even bags, and to be sold for what it will fetch in the chief cities of the Empire? It is hardly possible there could be any loss on such Operations; for carriage and sale expenses from one end of India to the other would not exceed one anna per pound. Force the article on the natives by putting it in their midst and leaving it there. They are bound to try it, and the taste once acquired would probably lead to tea becoming as necessary to the people of this country a3 if is to those of Central Asia and Persia. The Indian tea industry is made up of three com- ponent paris: the shareholder, the planter, and the middieman. Inthe latter category must be included every individual or corporation which deals into the tea from the time it leaves the factory until it reaches the consumer. Of such are railway, river, and ocean steamship companies, agents, directors, brokers exchange banks, bonded warehouse keepers, whole- sale buyers, retail sellers. All these exact their utter- most dues with unfailing punctuality from every pound of tea before it is sold over the counter to the consumer. Agency houses reap as much profit for the work done asany other folk. They and the brokers charge the same percentage for their services pow that tea is selling ata loss. as they used to do’ when itsold at ahandsome profit; and we certainly have not hitherto observed any reductions in the Calcutta ov London cost of administration of tea companies We are creditably informed of companies prying their directors and agents the same remuneration now that they are working at a loss, asthey did when their operatious resulted in handsome profits. The value of the hundred million pounds of tea produced in As3am and Cachar in 1897 is given at about 6 annas 10 pies per pound in the Association’s report. After deducting the tribute demanded when runnine the gauntlet of the various middlemen, the bare balance that remains to the shareholder or planter in the majority of cases does not in many cases repay the cost of production. This the scores of tex companies’ reports for 1897 that we have looked into, show to be a@ proven fact. The time has come when further economy cannot be enforced at the plantations by the barbarous method of dismissing manager after manager who cannot pay a profitas wellas his Calcatta or London expenses The economy of the future must be extended to a re. duction of the charges and taxes levied on teas in Cal- entta and London. Butwho is to enforce this ? The Chairman of the Indian Tea Association, in hig - speech dealing with the report, let drop a pr remark. Alluding to a deetaild matter ihe Hisatat vg ought to have the attention of “ our managers.” That puts the pesition in a nut shell. The planter, whose whole stake isin the teaindustry, is to the members of the Indian Tea Association merely “ our manager” —not our confrere. How shall the subordinate control the master? Itis too much to expect the Indian Tea Association to reform itself. Thereis no dismissal for its members if Calcutta expenses are too high And yet, in order to place the industry in a health , condition, it is the m2mbers who control it, who should , a3 acommunity, subjected to criticism and control If they will not take up crying abuses to which their attention has been publicly directed, then some one else must. There is still room for a modicum of profit intea planting if the same economyis enforced at Calcutta and London as has been achieved under pressure at the plantations. Unfortunately the Indian Tea Association in its reports displays but a quarter-hearted interest in the reduction of the excessive charges which are known to every tea planter, and should be made known to every share- holder. We fear the Association isnot the oreanis- ation to deal withthe evils indicated. [tis the plan- ter whose voice should be heard nowat the council table of the Association, and he should be backed and supported by the shareholder. It is the planter who has made the Indian tea industry, not the Gal- cutta or London agent, who has merely passed on 268 THE TROPICAL him the money subscribed by the public. The plan- ter and the shareholder are the people whom the shoe is pinching—the middlemen are in velyet slippers still. Economy is wanted all down the line which only begins at the plantation gate, and extends through carrier companies, directors, agents, bro- kers, exchange banks, and wharfingers right away to Mincing Lane. A trades union or alliance of planters and shareholders is the tonic the Indian tea industry requires to pull it round. pote See POULTRY FARMS. The subject of poultry breeding ou an exten- sive scale is just now occupying the attention af many Durbanites who think there is money in the business. Messrs. Munger and Aarons have started a farm at Malvern, and it has been fitted up with patent incubators capable of turning out 1,000 chickens per month. Tneubators have also been erected at Umgeni, in connection with the Queen’s Rridge Hotel, for duck-breeding.— Natal Mercury, Aug. 12. ——__----~> - AN INDUSTRY OF QUININE. Professor Koch has published a severe indictment of quinine, in which he urges, that the extent to which the alkaloid is used in tropical and malarial countries not ouly does not effect the object for which it is taken, but is open to a fur graver charge. According to the eminent professor quinine is given in such excessive doses in the treatment of malarial fever that in many cases the more dangerous black- water fever is induced. One of the causes which is no doubt responsible for the consumption of such enormous quantities of the alkaloid is the immense cheapening in price which has taken place in recent ears. Residents in tropical countries are accustomed not only to take the drug in large doses intermittently, but also regularly, with the object of impregnating the system and rendering it proof against malaria. Many persons who have lived in the tropics aver that quinine does not effect the object of rendering the consumer immune against malarial fever, and that its excessive use tends to debilitate the system and cause the fever, when it does attack the subject, “to be far more dangerous. It is also said that antipyrin and antifebrin have similar effects, In support of this theory it is stuted that the mortality in certain ortions of West Africa is increasing, in spite of the act that conditions of life are rapidly improving. Whether there is any ground for this belief in the injury caused by the continued consumption of quinine we do not know, but there is no doubt that the use of it has increased enormously of recent years, this being portly dre, leaving out of the question the present price of the drug, to the fact thut it is now presented in such palatable forms as sugar-coated tablets. It is asserted, too, that women are unable to take quinine to the extent that men do, and that, therefore, the mortality of women on the West Coast of Africa is much less in proportion to that of males. It must, however, be borne in mind, in this connection, that European women at any rate, in such regions as we are now dealing with, are not exposed to such trying circumstances as are men. In ordinary cases of fever on the West Coast of Africa doses of 70 grains or more in 24 hours are said to be by no means uncommon. Professor Koch also advances the argument that cases of black-water fever occur almost exclusively among white men, and the disease only exceptionally attacks women and natives. This he ascribes to the fact that the consumption of quinine is far greater among the European male population than among any other class of the community. Professor Koch concludes his article by saying that the treatment of black- water fever with quinine must cease, and that malarial atients, who have had one attack of black-water ever, must Have quinine given them with extreme caution, and it is far better to give some other remedy instead. These are weighty words from a man like Dr. Koch, and we are waiting wit considerable interest to hear what eminent autho- rities will have to say in favour of a drug like quinine, the reputation of which has been so long established, and which reputation we cannot think will be swept aside without some very strong arguments being ad- vanced in opposition to those we ee summarised above.—British and Colonial Drugyist, Aug. 19. —_—___.@ QUININE IN SOUTHERN INDIA. The report on the administration of the Govern- ment cinchona department during 1897-98 is very satisfactory and shows that the amount of quinine distribute t during the year was the highest on record and exceeded the previous year’s issues by 428 lb. The sales of quinine packets by postal agency continued to show an inerease, having amounted to 6585 lb, against 628 lb. in 1896-97, On the other hand, sales by the Revenne Officers necessarily showed a further decrease. The de- mand of the Government medical depots for tebrifuge fell cousiderably. The total receipts and charges amounted to R98,464 and R95,300, respectively against 1%147,310 and R82,549 in 1896- 97. The fall in receipts was mainly due to the fact that the price of quinine supplied to Go- vernment medical depots was reduced from R18 in 1896-97 to Rll in the year under review. From the balance sheet it appears that the profit on the year’s working amounted to R32,852-15 10. Mr, Standen, the Director has richly deserved the — thanks of the Government for his efficient work- ing of the plantations and factory during the year.—M. Standard. ee THE SEYCHELLES. One writing enthusiastically in a contem on the various advantages and delights of the Seyclielles, especially asa recruitinz place for worn Anglo-Indians who have not the time or money to run home, says that apart from their attractive- ness as a health resort the Seychelles afford a very fair opening for an energetic man witha little capital. It is claimed for this little British colony that it offers advantages fora young man witha ‘thousand pounds to spare not to be found elsewhere. Some planters from Behar who recently visited Mahé were so favourably impressed with its possibilities that they have decided to give up indigo planting and try their fortunes in the For- tunate Isles.—M. Times, Sept. 4. _~ —— NORTH BORNEO ITEMS. There is a strong feeling in British North Borneo that a large amount of trade will soon take place — between that Colony and the Philippines, now that an up-to-date Power has the control. Previously squeezes of the same character as exists in China handicapped commerce. There will now be a doing away with discriminative duties and res- trictions, and there will be the opening of new ports. The Bakow Company exported lately 22 eases of Cutch. This is now one of the most flourishing industries in Sandakan. : A sale of Pearls took place at Marudu Bay auction and $2,563 were realised, one pearl fetch $150. A survey of the banks is likely to be ma soas to regulate the fishing. A new bank has j been discovered, : Ocr. 1, 1898.] THE TROPICAL MR. R. E. PINEO ON MEXICO. Wecallattention to an interesting letter from (see next page) this well-known Uva planter on coffee planting in Mexico. The picture he draws is very different from the highly-coloured ones of the pro- moters of Companies in America or of Syndicates in London. Mr. Pineo shows very plainly the difficulties with Inbour. He does not, however, refer to the present low prices of coffee. He gives us news of Mr. E. ©. Daricy and also of the Observer's correspondent, Mr. W. J. Forsyth : both are evidently very busy. It is more 1n- teresting, however, to learn of Mr. Pineo himself : he is now established in the capital of Texas as agent for Mr. Elwood May’s ‘ Bhud and Tiffin tea” and “Lanka Coffee.’ We may as well quote what Mr. Pineo says in a separate note, for it will be of interest to his old friends out here :— “T am now here in the interest of Mr. May en- deayouring to sell his brands of Ceylon pure Tea, and J see that one of the stores has a packet tea styled ‘ Holyrood’ on salo and two places have bulk Ceylon’s on exhibit. Ibis a pity, I think, that the Ceylon planter is going in for quantity, and not quality, as the markets of the world have a suffi- ciency of rubbish already to take care of. “Jp has grieved me to see the notices of so many deaths among the old residents of Ceylon who helped much to make its history. The late Mr. Byers was among the many good friends who helped me in Ceylon, and the late Major Skinner was one of the mea who gaye me a helping hand when most I needed assistance.” We trust Mr. Pineo will be very successful in his Texas mission both for his sake and that of old Lanka where, he must now understand, the tea planters are especially set on quality during the present season. —_—_<__—}j~@_—_—__—_—_ “PROGRESS IN CEYLON.” Under this heading, the London Vimes of 19th August—the day the last Mail left London—con.- tains a letter trom cour pen covering neany a column-and-a-half of leaded type: We did not ex- pect to find it inserted in full ; long letters being so often cut down. The subject we need scarcely say is a review ot tlie latest statistics connected with the P.anting Enterprise not only in Tea and Cacao plantations, but also connected with Coco- nuts and other products more especial y in native hands. Were produce the Jatter on page 274, so that our readers may see what has been published in the leading metropolitan journal. The parts that are of most local interest are where we emphasize the benefit that may result from the stoppage put on planting extensions, through the large area now under tea and the big crops in prospect, if all continues to be eul- tivated. We are strongly of opinion that nothing is more likely to deter Sir John Muir anil other big capitalists from opening more land for tea, than to put before them the enormous extent now covered with the product in Ceylon as well as in India. Next we point out that Ceylon has a full supply of planters and no young men should come here “seeking.” But of fav more importanee is the possible effect of the Currency Cominittee’s decision on our tea planting and other export industries, and to this we refer more than onee, and in the end we venture to leave the follow- ing expression of opinion with the home publie, official and otherwise :— “J would just mention that, should the decision of the Indian Currency Committee prove unfavour- able, the Ceylon tea planters and produce exporters B4 AGRICULTURIST. 269 generally are likely to press Mr, Chamberlain for an amelioration of fiscal burdens in two directions, namely —(1) a reduction (with a view to eventual abolition) of the import duty on rice; and (2) a reduction in the Government railway traffic rates, which are out of all proportion higher than those charged on any Government railways in India.” Before this, we had shown the utter failure of the policy of abolishing the Paddy rents and protecting” the local industry, so far as lessen- ing the imports of rice which have, instead, yisen from 7,282,411 to 8,723,750 bushels between 1892—the year before abolition—and 1897. We refer, further, to the importance of Rus sia as a tea consuming country and to the wisdom of reducing the prohibitory import duty which we trust the present finance Minister, M. Witte, may take in hand and lessen gradu- ally. Finally, we close with a reference to the Colombo Harbour Works and the great futuré before the trade of our Port, especially if con- nected by railway with Southern India, and if gradually relived of the obstruction offered by a long and troublesome Customs tariff. —_—_—_>—- MINING PLUMBAGO! In our reference to this subject yesterday we were thinking only of the ‘‘royalty” (now an export duty) and forgot all about the obligations of the ‘‘ Mining and Machinery ” Ordinance No. 2 of 1896. We quote an obligatory clause as follows for the information of planting and other friends :— (1) 1f any person intends to open, work, or use any mine, he shall, one week at least before coms mencing to open, work, or use such mine, furnish the government agent of the province within which such mire is situate with a declaration in writing containing the following particulars : (a) The name and boundaries of the Jand in which the mine is to be opened, worked, or used ; (b) The nature of the right of the applicant td opes, work, or use the mine on such land; and (c) The name or names and residence or residen- ces of himself andof the person or persons under whose management or superiiitendence the thine id intended to be opened, worked, or used, i (2) If such person ceases to have an interest itt such mine, or if any person or persons other than those named in the declaration shall be entrusted with the management or superintendence of such miné, such person shall forthwith make a further declaration thereof to the government agent. Si PLANTING IN SUMATRA: A PARTNER WANTED. With reference to an advertisement sent ts and which appears elsewhere, Mr. Turing Mag- kenzie writes :—‘‘ Soengey Poetitie is the finest young Liberian coffee [ have ever secn, and Daisydale is a good second, For this espes cially I wanted Mr. Vander Poorten to come to me. Bnt it was not to be. He confined his attention to coffee planting in ‘Switzerland’ and could not spare a day to come to Serdang East or the more cosmopolitan end of the District. At the time, I was in the agonies of ‘ flitting,’ in fact movings myself, from Cosmopolitania (Serdang E.) to Switzerland (Serdang W.), so I could not get to meet Mr. Vander Poorten. The coffee in Switzerland is very tine, but I think Cosmopolitania is even better. More power ta your elbow. You will surely get relief on the Currency Question, and prosperity will return once more. It is not as if planters only raised the outery. Importers and Exporters in Ceylog ancl India combine against the Gevernment,” 270 Goursspondenee. me ses ee —_—_—_—_—_ PLANTING NOTES. CryLon TkA IN AMERICA.—Mr. Warr. sends us the kind of letter that Ceylon planters will like to read as coming from an American geutleman, resident in Colombo. What a bond of union we should have between this ‘ Fden of the Eastern Wave” and “the great American Republic” if we converted her 89 millions of people to drink Ceylon ‘Tea in preference to Brazilian Coffee! Mr, Warr must help us in the battle! THE Wesr INDIES assume a new interest for us now that Dr. Morris of Kew at one time of _ Peradeniya (who will be his successor may be asked ?) is going to the l’ar West, to establish an “* Agricultural and Botanical Department,” on which £17,000 a year (or, say 255,000) is to be expended. This is what Ceylon ought to have. It remains to be seen where Dr. Morris is to fix his headquarters. Meantime if any one wisties to visit the West Indies, it may be interesting to learn that heshould fix on ‘‘ Trinidad as the cen. tre and headquarters of a visit tothe West Indies. Tt is accessible, not expensive, and makes an admirable centre for further voyages. There are good lines of steamers direct from Europe, and a first-class return fare is only $175. The island has the best hotel in the West Indies, with charges of from $2 to $3 perday. For a further $15) the visitor can make a eruise to St. Thomas Santa Cruz, Antigua, St. Lucia; Barbadoes, and. Demerara, and make a trip up the Orinoco. For four months he can wander among the islands, living on comfortable steamers at a cost of $2°50 per day; and we (Spectator) agree with Mr. Stark that he will probably never regret the experiment.” é FLORIDA VELVET BEAN.—The Director of the Florida Agricultural Experiment Station, in his Bulletin 43 for September, 1897, on page 637, gives the name of this Bean as above instead of Mucuna pruriens, as given in a recent issue of the Gardener's Chronicle, and speaks of it as follows :—** Another legume that has lately come iato proniinence, and that promises to bé avalu- abie agent in reclaiming the worn-out soils of Florida, and also a most excellent food for stock is the Vetvet Bean. During the past two years this station has been conducting experiments with this plant, aud the resuits have been very promising. It is now known that the plant will grow lux- uriantly all over the State, and stock of all kinds are exceedingly fond of it. ‘The practical results of feeding have been all that could be desired, and we believe it to be equal to the best legumes in feeding value. In the near fature it is pro- posed to make a complete chemical study of this plant in different stages of growth, and’ to pub. lish the information for the benefit of farmers. There is scarcely a doubt that it will yet play an important part, not only in solving the forage problem in Viorida, but in improving both the mechanical coudition and productive capacity of our thin sandy lands, by increasing their stores ef both nitrogen and humus, and exerting various other bezeficial effects.’ The present retail price of the Beans is abont 24 dollars per bushel. JV. 2. G. in Gardeners’ Chronicle of Aug. 20. . ee aa pe ay c 274 PROGRESS IN CEYLON: PLANTING STATISTICS :—TEA, CACAO, COFFEF, RUBBER, COCONUTS, Ke. To tue Epiror or tHE [Lonpon] ‘‘ Tres,” Sir,—At intervals during the past 30 years I have at the cost of much time and trouble compiled, statistics of the planting enterprise of this colony and have periodically sent you the results for publication. No agricultural industry in the world probably has a fuller or move reliable record than is obtained through the inqniry thus zonducted. My lastreport to you was dated August, 1895, so that nearly three years have elapsed, and all interested in the first of Crown colonies and its most notable industry will be glad to have the following figures :— Acres. Total area of 1,938 plantations and planting properties oe Hoe ser oi 1,534 p'antations in eu tivation with 1,564 superintendents and as- sistants ... fae ao a a, l approximate extent under Tea as, $US, Hr pa Coffee (Arabica) 11,988 807,079 ” ny) 3 Coffee (Liberica) 2,428 ¥, “4 Cacao sap Lebo Pa ‘3 Cardamoms ... 5,153 * » Cinchona (5 to 6 million trees) equivalent ... 41,178 fi Rubber bas 1,071 Grass (cultivated) 4,413 ; iw of Annotto, ° Coca, Kola, Rumie, Vanilla, Pepper, Cloves, Citronella grass, Divi-Divi, Croton, Castor- oil, Aloes, Cinnamon, Tobacco, Cotton—in our plantations’ list — + 6,242 Coconuts, Arecas, Nutmegs, Fruit trees (on the cacao, tea, or coffee plantations) va» 20,603 Of Fuel, Timber, Sapan, and Kapok (on the tea, cacao, or coffee plantations) eae BDDD Without entering into any elaborate comparison, I may mention that in the three years over 5,000 acres “have been added to the total area under cultiva‘ion; but the increased extent under “tea” in the same period is over 59,000 acres (indeed 66,000 acres if native gardens ave counted), the difference being obtained by a further supersession of coffee (Arabica), due to the persistency of its several enemies, and of cinchona (no longer a profituble product). While there are 9,600 acres fewer under ordinary coffee, the cultivation of the hardier Liberian species has not increased, the fall in price having discou-aged plant- ing; but if an experiment now being made to import ladybird beetles from Queensland to clear off the bug (ecoceus) which is troubling coffee in Mysore and Coorg be successful, Ceylon is sure to profit by the © example and it is possible that there might then be a fresh departure with our old staple. The area under cacao (chocolate plant) has, Iam glad to say, censiderably increased over 3,000 acres having been added in the past thiee years, while our export is fastrising. So also with the cultivation of rubber trees a considera!le advance has been made, and great interest is now being taken in the culture of Para rubber by planters in our lowcountry districts, © [I am thus particular in specifying certain minor industries before touching on the present over- shadowing staple, tea, be -ause it has been my constant endeavour, in writing for the planters in our daily Press, as well asin the monthly Zvopzcal Agriculturist, to impress upon them the great advantage, wherever possible, of having tw> or more striugs to theic bow, and my hope is to see the cultivation of cac.o, rabber, ramie, and other fibre-yielding plants, and useful and iis il ike sk re A ad fe = TE aie a YS * This is apart from some 7,000 acres at least in native tea gardens of small extent, so that the grand total under tea in Ceylon at the middle of 1898 cannot be less than (more likely over) 370,000 acres, THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. ' has been largely due to the advent of wealthy capita- a 1 (Ocr. 1, 1898. é ornamental timber trees freely extended during the next few years in the Ceylon plantiug districts, : Sierriclan I am hound to confess that so far tea has proved the most profitable culture. Although we have now got far beyond the warimum area ever planted with coffee (280,000 acres eoffse in 1878-79, against 370,009 acres in tea in 1698), yet the tea plant is reported everywhere healthy and vigorona, and crops fairly satisfactory. Nowhere, apparently, can tea be grown more economically than in the favoured divisions of Ceylon, and any enemies of tea can be much more easily fought and conquered than those of coffee. Shortness of the labour supply is occasionally in some parts a difficulty, dearness of rice (all imported from India for the coolies) and cost of transport are further drawbacks; but these have been overshadowed since the beginning of this year by the great check which adverse exchange—the artificial raising of the rapee toils 4d by the Indian financial anthorites—and scarcity of money has given to the tea planter. Lower prices for his product ia the London market he cannot help, although ever effort is being made to conquer new markets in No America and Russia, and to create a direct trade through advertising distribution of simples, demon- strations at focd exhibitions, &c., the funds being provided by aself-imposed cesson the planters’ crops as exported. In common wi h all producers (for ex- port) in India and Ceylon, the tea planters haves special stake in the issue of the Indian Ourrency Commission, and the future of a proportion of cur tea plantations must hangin the balauce, until the result is known. Meantime good has been done in the check given to further planting. Itis felt that Ceylon has quite enough area under this one product. The Crown for the present will sell little or no land for tea. But it may ba of interest to mention that durin the administration of Sir Arthur Gordon (now Lord Stanmore), 1883-90, the area planted with tea rose from 32,000 to 220,000 acres, while 641,000 acres were added in the time of Governcr Sir Arthar Flavelock, against vo less than 66,000 acres in the 2} years of Sir West Ridgeway’s energetic aduiinistration. ‘This, lists hitherto interested in Assam, but who, through — several powerful limited companies, have added greatly of late to the area planted with tea both in Ceylon and North Travancore. The The large number of plant- ations sold by private individuals to limited companies, formed either in London or Colombo, is elso a spi feature of the experience of the past three years. I may further mention that the ranks of Ceylon planters are very full at present, and that there is no room for additions in young men who hope fora carser here, although our plantations continue, in my opinion to be the best tropical agricultural schoel for young men who are prepared alter their training to pioneer — with rubber, cacao. coconuts, coffee, &., in the Malayan Peninsula, Somatra, North Borneo, tropical Australia, Uganda or Nyassalacd in Central Aferica. — The export of Ceylon tea, which was only abont 1} million 1b. in 1883, will for this year probably reach 120 million lb. and I see no reason why this — should not be maintained (if not exceeded) for many years to come, provided there is sufficient encourage- meut in prices and the effect of the new Indian cur- — rency does not prove seriously detrimental to the indu-try. As an evidence of the shrinkage in value of Ceylon tea investments which has alresdy taken place, I may mention that the shares in onr local limited (ctupse tea companies, almost entirely held in Ceylon, show a less aggregate valnein July, 1898, than in January, 1897, of no less than 7,236,8 rupees. Of course, muchof this difference is due undue inflation and speculation which prevailed months ago, but even since January 1898, there h been a shrinkage from a total value of 16.485. rupees to 15,617,490 rupees. A word ortwo many be permitted as to the m purely native agricultual industry in Ceylon. Le culate that there are some 50 million of coco-pa growing in regular plantations or small native g: in Ceylon, covering about 700,000 acres and yi ai Oor. 1, 1898.] a0 annual harvest approximating in value to that gathered from the area beaving with our tea plant. A ¢ riain proportion of the ‘‘haryest”’ is exported—in cocoant oil, up to 508,000 cwt.; copra” and “‘poonae’”’ (she dried kernels), up to 200,000 cwt. coir fibr>, rope, and yarn up to 139,003 ewt.; in coconuts (14,000,000), as pulled cr with the husk off; and in a new and fast-expandisg in’ustry in ‘ desic- cated coconut,” 12 to 14 million lb. But a large perhaps the larger, proportion of our coconut crop, is consumed for food and domestic use by the people of the island, apart from the lazge aud, unfortunately, growing quantity of arrack (the whisky or brandy of Ceylon), prepared from the sap of a numbir of palms set apart for that purpose. Of other palms (palmyra, kitul, and areca chiefly) and fruit trees in great variety, I count the Cirgalese and Yamils of Ceylon haye over 330,000 acres planted, and most of this yielding crops, as additions to the food supply aud, in some cases, exports. Of our famous ancient spice, ciunamon (which was carried from G2ylon and sold in Rome in the time of Augustus Czsar for the equivalent of £8 sterling per ]b.), there are still about 35.000 acres plantedin “eyion, the anuual exports of the quills and chips keeping in excess of 3} million lb. ‘his industry is in Ceylonese (chiefly Singalese) hands. Cardamoms, pepper, cloves, nut- megs, and some other spices claim more attention from the European planters; but the cultivation of citronella and lemon grass for essential oils is solely done by the natives, as also, of course, the great paddy or rice-growing industry in Ceylon. “Since the abolition of paddy rents from January 1], 1893, this industry is now “ protected” (the Cobden Club Committee consenting) to the extent of a Customs duty of 29 cents per bushel on allrice imported from India; but the xesu't so far has not affected our imports, which are as follows :— Bashels. 1892 .. Impo:ted from India ba 7,232,411 1893... do do pe 7,447,376 1894 .. do do te 7,556,505 1895 .. do do 600 8,722,737 1396 .. do do ul 7,594,413 ROGdo Mase do do 8,723,750 a es Tf it should be eaid that the imports are forim- migrant coolies it must be answered that the total consumption by them cannot exceed three million bushels, while local and imported rice competes in every bazaar in the towns and throughout ihe island; nud the poorest classes in our towns are solely depen- dent on imported rice. Finally I may mention that the trade in our only mineral of commercial importance, plumbago, is in- creasing in importance and we now export close on 400,000 cwt. of it, largely to the United States, London coming next, while Germany and France have begun to take increasing quantities in direct shipments. But in regard to direct shipments to the Continent, our greatest satisfaction restsin the establishment of Russian merchants in Colombo and their increasing shipments of our tea and coconut palm produce direct thence to Odessa. The Russian people next to the English are the best judges of good tea, and, if only the heavy duty of 23 1d per lb. were reduced, a great increase of tea consumption might be expected in the Russian Empire. I have ventured to address the Russian Minister of Finance, M. Witte, on the subject, pointing out how teain the United Kingdom had to pay a duty of 2s 1d when Queen Victoria came to the throne, and how mainly through Mr. Gladstone, the duty now stands at 4d, with the re- sult that the consumption has increased from 30 to 237 million pounds (or from 1} lb. to 5 lb. per head of population) while the revenue last year was £3,856,662 against £3,190,125 in 1837. Ceylon has from time immemorial been famous for its precious stones—rubies, sapphires, cat’s-eyes, and moonstones—and these continue to be freely found, the digging and selling being in native hands and the proceeds largely carried away by visitors or des- patched in registered postal packets. An Hogiish syndicate with patent machinery is now endeavouring to develop a steady industry, THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 2 =~ sii Coincident with the rise of the tea industry, the revenue of the colony—which had fallen to 12.396,580 rupe2s in 1893, the year of Sir Arthur Gordon’s (Lord Stanmore’s) arrival, and only recovered, under his very able Adminstration, to 16,288,769 rupees the year he left us (1890)—rose to 20,982,809 rupees for 1895 (the last year of Sir Arthur Havelock, who came in for a good time), andis estimated at 23,411,000 rupees for this, the third year of Sir West Ridgeway’s energetic Administration. But clearly this, like everything else connected with our prosperity, must receive a check should the present cloud over the tea industry not be dispelled. I would just mention that, should the decision of the Indian Currency Committee prove unfavourable the Ceylon tea planters and produce exporters generally are likely to press Mr. Chamberlain for an ameliora- tion of fiscal burdens in two directions, namely—(1) a reduction (with a view to eventual abolition) of the import duty on rice; and (2) a reduction in the Goy- ernment railway traific rates, which are out of all proportion higher than those charged on any Govern- ment railways in India. Apologising for the great length of this Istter, may I wind up by saying that the two notable material facts in the history of Ceylon during the past 18 years are—(1) the rise of the tea growing industry from 9.000 acres planted in 1880 to over 370,000 acres in 1898 ; (2) the imniense growth and ever-increasing ex- pansion in the tonnage and trade of the capital, Col- ombo. The total tonnage of the port in 1880 was 1,300,000; while last year the aggregate (inwards and outwards as before) had reached 6,704,747 tons, If, in place of being shackled with a long lisc of Customs burdens and restrictions, Colombo were to get some of the fiscal advantages of Singapore, or even Bombay, it would more and more rapidly become the great port of Southern Asia(and especially of Southern India); and such increase of prosperity for the port and city would be further confirmed and extended if it were directly connected by an Indo-Ceylon railway with Southern India, as originally projected by the late Duke of Buckingham and Sir William Gregory, and towards which result the present policy of Mr. Cham- berlain and Governor Ridgeway, to a certain extent is directed.—I am, sir, yours respectfully, , J. FERGUSON, of the Ceylon Observer and Tropical Agriculturtst. C.lombo, Ceylon, July 7. —London Times, Aug. 19. ee THE PLANTING INDUSTRY OF INDIA AND CEYLON. _ The following supplementary letter appeared in the London Times of August 20th, the day after our long report on Ceylon was inserted. We think it will be allowed that the case for tea in India and Ceylon is pnt in such a lieht as at any rate to discourage capitalists from specu- lating in a further extension of cultivation. It will be seen that, writing in July, we put the probable total export of Ceylon tea this year at 120 miilion 1b. (against 119 just fixed by the Planters’ Committee); but the export to the United Kingdom was only counted at about 100 million lb. The large area of young tea—larger in Ceylon apparently than in India—cannot fail to attract attention. Finally, we urge aredue- tion of the imperial duty on tea as well. as the pushing of our teasinthe American and Russian markets :— To the Editor of “The Times.? Sir,—May I be allowed to supplement the planting statistics referring to Ceylon in my last communication by adding now the fieures for tea and coffee for ail India as well. For these I depend chiefly on the oflicial returns (which, in view of the universal ‘‘land revenue,” are far more rel'able than any figures in the Ceylon Bluge 276 THE TROPICAL books); but I am able to offer certain correc- tions, more especially as regards Travancore, which is fast becoming an important tea growing division and which has always maintained a close connexion with Ceylon, being occupied chiefiy by planters trained here: Hvidently, returns for Travancore had not reached Caleutta, and alto- gether I arrive at a total extent ot tea through- out India, including newly-planted fields, of 468,751 acres, or 45,000 acres in advance of the Director- General’s return. It is only fair, however, to add that the latter does not cone beyond 1897, whereas my reckoning is, as far as possible, to the middle of the present year. Here are the combined tea statis tics for India and Ceylon :— THA In Bearing Young Acres Acres Assam WA cit 263,213 4/,337 Bengal (Dirjiling, Chittagong &e) 95,000 14,000 Kumaon, Dehra Dan, &e ., 8,000 Kungra Valley + 10,000 Burma be 1,200 Bombay Presidency 1 Nilgiris, Wynaad, & 1,000 5,000 Travancore ae ag 10,000 13,000 TotalforIndia .. 389,414 79,337 Add Ceylon oe 278,030 93,009 Grand total bia 667,414 172,387 Acres _ Total of tea planted in India = 463,751 Total of tea plantedin Ceylon= 871,030 Grand total, acres af 839,751 Lb. 1898—Estimated crop—India 158,000,000 Ditto Ceylon 120,000,000 Total - 27,000,000 Allowing local consumption in both countries By 6,000,000 For export 272 000,000 Say 233,000,0001b. to United Kingdom and 34,000,000]b. to other countries. In my calculations of area for Ceylon Linclude 7,000 acres native tea gardens—2,000 young and 5,000 in bearing, and I take between four and five years as the limit between young aud mature tea. Letit be further noted that the Assam tea planters have a reserve of land not yet planted equal to nearly 700,000 acres, while the reserve in private hands on Ceylon plantations equals 367,000 acres, of which 120,000 acres may be fit for planting. ‘ ‘In round figures we may now say thatin all India there are 470,000 acres planted with tea, and in Ceylon 370,000 acres, so that our big neighbour is only 100,000 acres inadvance of us, The time has, however, come for suspending further planting operations until it is seen what. is to become o the additional crop (say, 50,000,000 lb. at least) which the young tea is capable of producing. If crops aggregating 272 million lb. can, with difti- culty this year, be disposed of at a profitable rate, how, within the next four yeas or so, can 50 million more lb, be taken off? That is the problem ; and one that can only besolved, probably through a reduction of the Luperial duty on tea oye consequently increased consumption in the nited Kingdom,and also with the aid of Russia and AGRICULTURIST. [Ocr. 1, 1898.) the United States, It is the earnest hope of Ceylon planters that these latter countries may increase their demands for British-grown teas, hy leaps and bounds, year by year. Turning to coffee, the record isa very poor one comparatively : — : Ccffee cultivated in India ” 147,153 acres ” ” » Mysore 146,550 ,, ” ” » Travancore 4283 ., Total oo 296,991. ., Bat, inasmuch as 1 frelsure the official return is too high tor the Wynaad and Nilgiris districts, I aip inclined to reduce the figures and estimate 290,000 acres as the approximate area now under coffee iz all India, apainst not more than 18,000 acres in Ceylon for plantations, Liberian and native gardens. Much of the area in India must be bearing very little; fur the total export in 1897-98 was ouly 225,008 ewt. It is surmised however, that there is a far larger local consump tion of coffee in India than has hitherto been credited perhaps as much as 159,000ewst. ; but even then we should not get an average yield over all the coffee area of 14 ewt. per acre. [ an, Sir, yours obediently, J. FERGUSON, Etitor of the Tropical Agri- culturist and Ceylon Handbook and Directory. Colombo, Ceylon, July 21. —_—-_———_q—-_-—______ TEA IN SICILY. From the Diplomatic and Consular reports issued by the Italian Government we take the following ia regard to Sicily ;— The total amount of tea imported daring the year was, according to the customs returns, under 1,000 tb. The taste for tea among the upper classes in Palermo is increasing, and there is no doubt that with a little judicious education the demand would increase rapidly.. At present tea can only be ob- tained at one or two places, and this is of on inferior quality, and very expensive, about 8 lire (63 per |b. The duty on tea is about ls per 1b. if in bulk the cases being included in this rate. High clas Ceylon and Indian teas could be sold at a fair profit at from 3 lire 50 c. to 4 lire 50 c, per Ib. ARTIFICIAL INDIA-RUBBER. The demand for India-rubber has led to an at- tempt being made, with partial success, to manu- facture artificial india-rubber in France and Germany, The french products is a very come plex composition; the Gernian preparation cone sists mainly of oxidised linseed oil and jute ree fuse. The first has for its foundation a sub- stance called resinoline which itself is made of oil treated with three or four times of its bluk of metallie carbonates, and thea with uitrie acil. After undergeiog numerous chemical proe cesses, this compound is mixed with oxide of manganese, Xinc,and methylated sprit, the whole mass, when kneaded and compressed, being found to possess some of the properties of fine india- rubber.—H. € C. Mail. Se ~ Royant GARDENS, Krw.—We have received Miseellaneous In‘ormatien” for July, the contents are: Diagnoses, African, XI: Fiji India Rubbers. a San Jose Scale; Chillies; Miscellaneous notes, : ¥ from the Secretariat a copy of the ‘‘ Bulletin of = ty Oc. 1, 1898.4 THE TROPICAL MR. CHRISTY ON FIBRES—THE NEW MONTHLY JOURNAL AND CEYLON— DR. MORRIS AND THE WEST INDIAN AGRICULTURAL DEPARTMENT. T called again on MR. T. CHRISTY the Produce Export, to get his opinion on the fine fibre you sent me (from the Agricultural Schoo)). He did not consider it of high quality ; not of suilicient strengh and endurance or rope-making, but might be serviceable for weaving or some such purposeas that. There was an abundance of fibres to be had, Mr. Christy said ; the only difficulty was to discover a good process for ex tract- ing them. He was just then engaged in experiments tor a new process of extraction that seemed to promise well. Details of this were naturally not forthcoming. Before leaving 1 made arrangements to visit the firm’s Seedling Houses at Wallington next week. As anevidence of the success of Para Rub- ber Mr. Christy stated that he had lately exported thousands of young plants for plantations. A NEW MONTHLY JOURNAL. Before returning home I had the good fortune to catch the Editor of the new ‘nonthly journal, British Indian Commerce, which made a_ good start in July and of which I had seen a notice in the Daily Chronicle. He was really holiday-making he said, but just happened to be in town that morning. ‘ If you will call again at the end of the month” he said ‘‘ perhaps we might knock up something mutual.” ‘They were not at present includirg Ceylon in the Journal. I said we were so close to India and so largely connected with it that we ought to be brought in. He said that Ceylon had come so much before his notice since the Journal wasstarted that he foresaw its inclusion was inevitable. After further personal conversation hesaidsome years since he used to know Bishop Copleston intimately,and the latter was accustomed to call him by tne playful sobriquet ‘‘ My little schoolfellow.” B.I. Commerce is published at the same office as the Mercantile World. In the afternoon [I rode over from Ealing to Kew to sce DR. MORRIS again, before he retires from his present post of Assistant-Director at Kew Gardens on the 27th inst. Though very busy just now, he was able to favour me with a long walk round the Gardens. Tasked his views on the “ Jantana bug.” He thought that a needless fuss was being made over it, and that by taking effective measures with the bushes affected by it the spread of the disease might easily be prevented. It was not likely that ib would ever attack tea he thought. _ With regard to his departure to the West Indies, I enclose a cutting from the Daily News, which gives a good account of the Agricultural Scheme of which he will be in charge.” Dr. *PLANTING IN WHST INDIES: “HOW THE WEST INDIAN GRANT WILL BE SPENT, THE SCHEME AND Tile WAY IT WILL WORK, (From the Daily News.) I had an interesting talk an afternoon or two ago with Dr. Morris, the gentleman whom the Government has just appointed to be the head of the Agricul- tural Department to be established in the West Indies. Upon the success of this venture will largely depend the future of those delightful islands which stud the Caribbean Sea like so many gems over an area which stretches through seven degrees of lati- 35 AGRICULTURIST. bo -I ~I Morris showed me twoor three Museums, besides Miss Marianne North’s wonderful Gallery of Botanical Paintings ; also the Mexican and Aus- ralian houses, where from around the high gallery, tone obtained beautiful sights of tropical foliage the tree fern flourishing in great perfection. These latter houses were designed under the patronage of the Prince Consort many years ago ; but the tude. The bounty-fed sugars of France and Germany have nearly ruined the industry upon which they have mainly depended for generations. It wiil be uhe business of the new office to do what it caz to improve the cultivation of the cane when only cane can be profitably grown, andto promote the develop- ment of a hundred other resources which undonbt- edly exist, but for one reason and another have hitherto been largely neglected: To do this the House of Commons has just voted a grant of 6,000/..a year, to be increased latex to £17,000, which Dr, Morris willad- minister; and a further 10,0007. a year to subsidise a special line of steamers for trading amongst the islands. It is obviouslya big business, the progresa of which will be closely watched; in the islands themselves, by whites and blacks ; in Hngland, which owus them, finds the money, and has plenty more if a decent interest on its gold is forthcoming ; in Ame- rica, which has been pushing trade with them for a long time. The newscheme, then, is the direct out- come of the Commission which Mr, Chamber- lain sent out to investigate the. condition of our oldest colonies, and the man who is appointed to work it out sails in a few weeks to begin his arduous duties. It was concerning these that he talked ia his office at Kew Gardens, of which he has been the Assistant Director for twelve years. Most of those who visit our famous gardens think of them only as pleasure grounds, but as a matter of fact it is the centre to which those who cultivate the soil in all parts of the world come or send for advice. It will easily be understood, then, why one of its heads is going out as the chief of the new department. Nor are the West Indies new ground to him. Dr. Morris, after serving in the Ceylon Gardens, went to take charge of the Gardens at Jamaica, and aiter- wards came to Kew. He accompanied the West Indian Commission as expert, and is now returning to put his advice into practice. With this little introduc- tion I will now repeat the gist of what he told me as to his immediate operations, and the organization which he is preparing. It is not often that a man has such a field for an experiment of such far-reaching importance. But he expresses every confidence in the results which will follow in a few years’ time. Let it be quite understood that it is not to bolster up the sngar, but the development of new industries which the infinite prodigality of Nature has made possible, that is the main object of the mission. In the first place Dr. Morris will establish his headquarters at Barbadoes, which he calls the Clapham Junction of the West Indies, by reason of the number of inter- island steamboats which call there. Krom this con- venient base he will be able to journey from one island to the other with the least delay, forming as they Co achain, the component parts of which are divided by intervals of sea varying from 20 to 100 miles across. Let us now givein precise detail the exact duties which the department will set itself to perform. They will be as follows: THE WORK OF THE DEPARTMENT. 1. Tosupervise and extend the work of the present botanic stations. 2. Tostart industrial schools for training boys in agricultural pursuits. 3. To encourage the theoretical (and ts some slight extent the practical) teaching of agriculture in ele- mentary schools. 4. Lo promote the teaching of scientific agriculture in colleges and schools. 5. ‘Lo organize horticultural shows and exhibitions, implemeuts and machinery snitable for cultivating and curing tropical products, 278 plans lay idle antil Mr. Chamberlain, one day visited Kew and, coming acrossthem, asked their purpose. Being told they were designs for houses which they required money to build, he obtained @ promise fromSir William Harcourt, then Chan- cellor of the Exchequer, to attend to this need at Kew Gardens. Sir William Harcourt demurred at the figure required, but gave the promise and was kept to his word by Mr. Chamberlain when at one time shewing an inclination to lay the matter aside. The houses, of which the third is now being completed will, when the interior doors 6. 'To prepare bulletins, leaflets, and other literature on subjects suitable for cultivation in the West Indies. So much for the skeleton scheme, the bones, the fabric as it were. Now to enter into details: THE WORKS OF THE BOTANIC STATIONS. These are already in existence on a good many islands. It is proposed to extend the work which they are at present doing. They are to devote themselves in a systematic manner to the work of introducting, propagating, and distributing all the promising economic plants of the tropics; they are to initiate the experimental cultivation of new or little known plants, and assist in the efforts made in the larger colonies to secure improved varieties of the sugar cane. They are to act as centres for diffusing accurate information, and as teaining institutions for the practical teaching of tropical agriculture; also as the headquarters from which agricultural in- strnctors could be sent to give lectures and demons- trations bearing upon the selection of land for tropical economic plants, their suitable cultivation, and the best method for curing and packing the produce. Such, roughly, then, is the outline of Dr. Morris's work. It must be understood that blacks as well as whites are to participate in the benefits which may arise from the work of the new Department. Their numbers are vastly in excess of the whites, and itis to their efforts largely that we must look for the future prosperity of the islands. It will be the busi- ness of Dr. Morris’s instructors to help them to help themselves. They will be taught how to get the most out oftheir patches of ground ; they will be told what produce it is best fitted for; seeds and plants will be given or sold tothem., This will all be a slow busi- ness, and Dr. Morris says plainly that the experiment must take ten years before we shall see its full result. The aid given by such botanic stations as are at present in existence, though much under-manned, we may repeat here a few of Dr. Morris’s figures, showing the number of plants distributed in Dominica (for ‘example) during six years :— 1891.... 9,000 plants. | 1894..... 30,000 plants. 1892.... 17,000 ,, 1895... 36,009 ,, 1893...... 22,000 ,, 1896.... 42,000 ,, These are, of course, all economic plants. The great demand has been for Liberian coffee, of which over 75,000 plants have been sent out. chiefly limes, cacao, oranges, kola, nutmegs, and vanilla. The cost of a cacao plant in a pot is a farthing, of coffee plants less than a farthing, whilst nutmegs cost a penny. The distribution of seeds was also large, no less than 2,233 cacao- pods of good varieties, capable of yielding 44,660 plants, having been sent out to local planters in three years. At present the most flourishing industry is the production of lime juice. And yet fifty years ago it exported 6 000,009 pounds of coffee in one year. These are suggestive figures. Today the people are emigrating to Cayenne and Venezuela, and those who remain areinimmediate need of assistance. The working of the Government’s scheine is well i!lus- trated by Dr. Morris’s plan for dealing with it when he reaches the Islands. Dominica, he thinks, may be saved by establishing at once a trade in bananas and other fruit with New York or London. He pro- poses to employ two agricultural instructors at the Botanic Station, to have six students, and start an industrial school for training 25 boys. The result, says the Doctor, will soon show itself. And the cost THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. The others were © eo a A ie « & \Ocr. 1, 18 are open, afford an immense vista from end to end, the entire length being 60v ft. or that of an Atlantic liner. Deseription of the numerons plants I saw would take a great deal of space, more than their interest demands. An insect- devouring plant, discovered by Dr. Morris in the West Indies, and named after him Threnasi Morrisii was most strange in appearance, Its many mouths resemble minute green purses with © | J se a single opening, toothed round its edges, The newest plant was one from New Guinea ef which the flowers were long woolly-looking tassels. The beautifal Victoria Regia was in fine blossom, its huge tea-tray-like leaves resting calmly on the surface of a hothouse pond. Isaw alsothe paper mulberry (Bronsone- tia Papyrifera) the fibre of which is put to innam- erable nses. From it are manufactured Japanese table napkins, paper, cloths, rope &e. Kolls of *‘tapa” cloth made from it are handed down in 7. is interesting, as it gives an idea is to be cree th , er is a Curator ve os £200 Two agricultural instructors at 1601. 300 Travelling allowance ., Foremen Twelve labourers, 15/. .. a a Six students, 10/, os ee 60 Tools and manure ca via 50 Industrial School + ne a Total Oy 1,500 The following figures give the totals: . Head office aie -. £2,200 Nine botanic stations and four indus- : trial schools Pn a 9,700 Sugar-cane experiments in British ; Guiana st ad 1,000 Horticultural Show, exhibition of implements oe 500 Literature oe “8 500 Elementry school teaching and school garden 500 Colleges and schools ‘for teaching scientific agriculture .. of 2,600 One of the great difficulties which has Bitucath stood in the way of the small cultivator has been t absence of markets. It is to help him to ship his produce, fruit, or whatever it may , the moment it is ready, that the subsidy for the establishment of es special line of coasting steamers has been granted And the masters of these must not only carry but buy. The sugar mills, which are to be erected with, bonne money, of which the Government guarantees the interest, scarcely comes within Dr. Morris's province ; and for the present it is too ear) i ; y to discuss the | proposed purchase of estates upon which to place small proprietors. 5; : A heavy burden of responsibility obvi the head of the new office, which Syill sales pen 3 plodding, indifference to difficulties an opposition, oid ee ea The sugar planters are still rying loudly for bount ae pele nen y or duty as the only hope for _ Those who are fearful of scientifi : : ting a country on to its legs deat hat cc oy ie ce ed utes oe products which economic — sotan:cal Departments have ji y distributed within a tien gees ee ye ~ Ginger. Bourbon cane. _ Camphor Nutmeg. Coffee. t ’ Clove. Mango. bao em, Bleck pepper Logwood. Lime. Shaddoc uinea grass Cinnamon. i 7 Sago palm. Pantin | aes Temas And ever so many more. tc Ocr. 1, 1898.] THE TROPICAL Japan from father to son as valuable legacies. In one ofthe Museums was one roll two miles long by 120 ft. wide, and also a copy of the Polynesian Times printed on it, besides many other Specimens of its use. I must close now for the mail. I suppose you have seen Dr. Morris’ four _ lectures on =Rubber before the Society of Arts, aud will make use of them for the Tropical Agriculturist as also inthe forthcoming newedition of your ‘‘ Rubber Manual ” ? R.H F. EALInG, August 19. —___-__-.—__-— ——- AGRICULTURE AND PROGRESS IN MADAGASCAR: MADAGASCAR ALREADY A MopeL CoLony; GREAT SUCCESS OF GENERAL GALLIENIS OPER- ATIONS; (A SIR EDWARD BARNES AND SIR HENRY WARD COMBINED). (Translated from the Figaro of August 15th, We still continue to receive excellent accounts of Madagascar. Our youngest Colony hay made a good start, whichis a timely consolation for what is taking place in the others. I wish to cite the example of Madagascar not only as a source of consolation, but also aud above all as a ground for further hope. Why should not Feench- men doin other places waat they are doing there ? There they are showing themselves to bs men of initiative and action; soldiers and civil servants are working as hard as the colonist ; these three classes of men, wkom one would have expected to be naturally hostile to one another, are there living side by side in perfect understanding, and what is still more wonderful, the native complains of none of them. All forces are workingin harmony united in- quest of thecommon welfare. It is an organic asso- ciation such as is dreamed of by the philosopher, And yet these public servants, these officers, these colonists, are all of the same race, have received the same education, and have been turned out of the same mill as those men in the other Colonies of whom we have only too often good reason to complain. What next? Why this, that at Madagascar there is a guiding head, a leader; and that this leader not only is prepared for his task by long years of colonial apprenticeship, but possesses in the highest degree all the qualities of a leader, We could hardly expect the Government to place men of this stamp in al/ our colonies. Nature, alas, produces too few. But what one can demand is that the principles, methods and systems which are responsible for the pacification, organisation, and administration of Madagascar shall not remain the monopoly of this colony; but shall be employed throughout all, with racial and local adaptations, of course, wherever necessary. A “Colonial Code ’’ has yet toba made. For this we must look to General Gallieni. He is the only man of the present day qualified to render this service to bis country. Meanwhile, he continues out there to astonish us by, his prodigious activity. Youcall to mind the good oldfable alout the eye of the master. He is living ig out in his capacity of Governor. The bad season he spends at Antananarivo looking ahead, making preparations, organising everything; he appoints for each man his task. But directly the season arrives when roads become practicable and the sea negotia- ble, he is off. He must see everything himself. With his presence heencouragesthe good feeling in eyery district. And all that he orders is thus per- formed by its appointed time. His subordinates take a pride in imitating the example of their leader, whom they trustimplicitly. They dotheir work. No task seems too difficult when the General has commanded it. Lf he orders a thing to be done, it is in their eyes, @ proof that if can be done, AGRICULTURIST. 279 and so it must be carried through. In this order and discipline, the true history of Madagascar pre- sents the elements of an exceedingly interesting stu ly for professors of physiology. In the Sakalava districts for instance on tha Tsiribina and Manambaho, it was, with their weak resources, an almost superhaman task which was impozed on our officers who were charged with the “nacification’’ of these immense new tracts of territory. Whe general demanded it. They performed the work. Aud when the leader congvatalates them on their success, they reply ‘‘ We followed out your instructions.” Insiructions which we can truss ! That ia everything. Our France possesses for colonizing purpo- ses the most wonderful instruments one can desire ; we have soldiers, civil servants; we have colonists, we have all necessary specialists ; when these instru- ments are united under sound administration as they are in Madagascar today, there comes a suc- cess so brilliant that all similar successes of other nations, including the Anglo-Saxon, grow pale besides it. (!—Transiator). In places where we have occasion to complain of the result, it is simply and solely because the Ada- ministration is bad. We kaow now what is required to render it sound. AGRICULTURE IN MADAGASCAR. Next to the pacification of the country, General Gallieni makes it his chief business to assist towards the * prosperity of agriculture. Moreover he encourages by all the means in his power the utilisation of the soil, To all the Agricultural Colonists which are capable of working it, he gives a grant of land. Wherever it is necessary and his ‘‘ budget ’’ admits of it, he gives a start tothe Trial Gardens, where work is done, not for the Museum, but for practical colonisation. Around the military stations he causes ‘‘ Plantations ’’ to be started. In Emyrna which the Hovas had stripped of its timber-each station supports a ‘‘nursery for the forest restoration” entrusted to the soldiers. In every village he favours the cultivators by special measures, For this purpose he has revived old customs which had fallen out of use. He organises *‘ Rustic Shows.” The Oficial Journal gives regular reports of these festivities. I have just read the account of the last one, held not far from Antananarivo. All the grandees of the city were present. Numerous prizes were awarded to the native gardeners and cultivators. And let no one imagine a show, like what one sees in an operetta. No. The natives had brought thither 3,000 fatted oxen. The rest I will speak of later. Andit is like this in every Province.—R, H. F, pe ee TEA, SUGAR AND FRUIT IN NATAL. (By an ex-Ceylon Flanter.) MR. JOHN FRASER AT SUGAR AND FRUIT PLANTING AS WELL AS TEA. Natal, 17th Aug, 1898. IT am sending you by this post papers with reference to our Natal Shows in which the writer has taken part with a certain amonnt of suscess; showing that his early Ceylon training has not been altogether lost ! Our colony has sustained a very heavy loss just now in the retirement of Sir Walter Wrage. The whole colony appears grieve very much over its loss. {£ am sending you papers reviewing his past life in Ceylon as well as Natal, which may interest some of your older readers at least. He was from all ac- counts a splendid type of a judge. I had a letter from Mr. Leonard Acutt, of Tongaat, Victoria County to whom I had sent a copy of your Zropical Agriculturist and with which he was very pleased, and intends ordering it. Send him copies containing letters or paragraphs on 280 THE TROPICAL manure or manuring. I send specimen copy of the Natal Advertiser enclosed with the other papers showing quotations from the 7A, and with many useful hints onsugar in the euitiva- tion of which I am now largely interested having almost completed the planting up of 400 acres since I took charge about eighteen months ago with 700 acres of tea. Roughly the estates are 2,400 acres: cultivated sugar 500 ; tea 300; fruit 180 acres equal to 900 acres under cultivation or will be by end of Dee. 1898. THE COST OF LABOUR in Natalis very heavy and handicaps all industries very much—ineluding everything. Our coolies cost over 1s aday on the average—a day’s work here is much the same as in Ceylon, our 4d ‘‘pro- tection duty” keeps us on about a level with Ceylon as regards the cost per lb. made tea. We will have a wider field for our produce, when the new Customs Convention between the Cape Colony and Natal goes through, which it is likely to do eventually although at present there is a strong opposition by the “ working man” especially in Durban. CEYLON’S ‘' GO” WANTED. If Natal had only half the go of Ceylon, it would bea grand Colony. As it is we have no poor, but with equal truth I may say we have few fled, Money seems to come lightly and go as ightly. With regard to the ‘‘Show” that dur cor- respondent refers to we quote the following :— “The Barrow Green Estates, Limited, received gold medal for best teas in the ordinary grades— three firsts, and first prize for navel oranges, as as highly. commended for 50 small Spanish lemons in the fruit section. ‘ I think (writes Mr. John Fraser) the judge of the teas will bear me out when I say the whole of the teas on show this year (first and second as well as special prize teas) have never been equalled before on any show in South Africa, in either appearance or quality.” ” With regard to the teas the ‘* Witness” says :— “ The exhibits of tea were exceedingly disappoint- ing, numerically ; but the quality was really magni- ficent. The Barrow Green Estates’ display was beyond comparison for -Colonial tea, and inspired judges of good tea with ecstatic eulogistic comments. In the higher grades, a wonderful improvement over last year’s exhibits was noticeable, and the fancy teas were the finest ever shown in Durban The Barrow Green’s Pekoe tips were a very valu- able collection, one sample tin, containing about a pound of tips, being estimated to be worth £5. It was essentially exhibition tea, of course. Mr. Me- Millan secured all the prizes in the second grade. Mr. McMillan deserves a word of praise for assist—- - ing in the tea disply. It is a pity the samecannot be said of other large growers.” We congratulate our correspondent, Mr. John Fraser, (the well-known planter formerly of La- galla and Lower Dikoya) on the good work he has already done, and for the ‘*'T.A.” specially his experience as a Sugar and Fruit Planter will be very welcome. There is alsoa vety appreciative notice of Sir Walter in Zhe Natal Advertiser. In the same paper we notice allusion to the article in the Tropical Agriculturalist pointing out the great difference between the most approved prepara- tion of artificial manure and that recom- mended by well-known analytical chemists. It is added :—‘‘ That -such difference should exist is another proof, if one were wanted, that experiment is the only thing upon which we can rely in our selection of a formula for ‘ artificials.” ’ a” AGRICULTURIST. (Ocr. 1, 1898. TEA AND COFFEE AND CEYLON PLAN- TEKS IN COIMBATORE. Mi. E. J. Martin, of Avisawella, who has pur- chased 1,500 acres of land at Annamalais,Coimbatore —North of Travancore and under the British flag— started from Colombo on Monday for his new siun. He travels via Tuticorin—although Calient will eventually be bis point of export—and takes with him about thirty Sinhalese, and thirty to forty Tamil estate labourers. He could not obtain any unopened !and in Ceylon, and says he is obliged to go out of the island to get Govern- ment land. We think the local authorities are right in restricting the opening of any fresh land, in the low country at any rate; butin the meantime we lose Mr. Martin, who says there will always be a market for high grown-teas, and his land is from 3,500 feet to 5, feet in elevation. Mr. A. O. Bannatyne has also purchased 2,500 acres adjoining Mr. Martin's block ; aud the latter, while clearing 100 arcres annually of his own Jand, has to open up 200 acres of his triend’s pro- erty. Mr Martin’s estate, when made, he will call onica, and he will cultivate both tea and coffee, In explanation of why he is taking away estate labourers from this island, the new pioneer said that Ceylon could spare them very well just now ; and the reason why he was taking a gang of Sinha- lese was that they were to be employed in felling the jungle. The natives of the locality, Mr Martin says, cut down one tree at atime, and work terri- bly slowly, cutting all round the trunk, and some- times felling only one tree aday. Sinhalese will, of course, work all right, removed far away from their villages and paddy fields. Mr, Martin’s nearest neighbours will be representatives of Messrs Finlay, Muir & Co., one of whom is supposed to s a former Ceylon planter. ——————ss INDIAN TEA COMPANIES IN 1896 and 1897. Last year must be considered to have been a thoroughly bad one for Indian tea-growing, and with all allowance for the sanguine tempera- ments of those connected with the business, it may be presumed that the industry is not likely to meet such an experience again for some time to come. Not only was the season poor in regard to the quality, but the earthquake in Assam seriously upset the working of many gardens, and the famine Jed to high prices for rice, which the Indian Government compels the planter to supply to his coolies at a fixed price of 3 rupees per maund, or, roughly, 4s per 801b. In times of good harvests the natives can obtain their grain on cheaper terms than this, and so do not trouble the planter, but in a famine they all take advantage of the law and, consequently, the companies were last year at times supplying the grain at 3 rupees per maund when it cost them six, They almost all, therefore, sustained a considerable loss on this account. Furthermore, even at this fixed tariff, food was dear, and the coolies suffered in health, fhe amount of work done by each la- bourer was below the average, whilesickness was more prevalent, To these bad conditions, of an exceptional nature, the standing troubles of the — higher exchange and overproduction must be added, — and result in a combination of untoward condi- tions which has filled the cup of the poor Indian — planter with bitterness to the brim. a ‘The rise in the exchange is, as we have explained in previous articles, a serious” Oct. 1, 1898.] THE TROPICAL matter to the tea planter, and more par- ticularly to the Indian as compared with the Ceylon planter. The Indian average price of tea is distinetly higher than that of Ceylon, as is also the cost of production. To raise the value of the rupee means a compulsory increase in the cost ; forthe tea sold in London produces a less number of rupees when the sterling receipts are exchanged into Indian currency, and, at tle same time, the expenditure on the estates is pretty well ata uniform level, with a disposition to expand. The currency policy of the Indian Government has caused the value of therupee in the lust two years to rise 1d each year to an average price last year of 1s 34d per rupee, and the consequent reduction in the number of rupees obtained for the £1, as compared with the preceding year, was about 7 per cent. Of course, this does not mean an increase in expenses to that extent, for certain charges are met in gold but on the whole, the change has led to a reduction in profits of at Jeast 4 to 5 per cent. each year. In many industries such a reduction would have been followed by less of the product being thrown upon the market, but unfortunately the output of tea cannot be thus regulated. To produce tea means the planting of shrubs which have to grow for at least four years tefore they can be stripped of their leaves. In the seasons prior to 1897 the tea planter had been adding heavily to the area under plants, and consequently there was bound to be artomatic addition to the output, as the following | table will show :— INDIA; Acreage Average Price of Year. Crop. under Tea. Indian Tea. Lb. Acres. Per lb. 1886. 82,425,812 298,219 12d 1887 92,252,082 312,803 114d. 1888 99,792,544 324,327 102d. 1889 107,042,875 333,701 104d. 1890 112,036,000 344,827 103d. 1891 123,867,000 362,437 10#d. 1892 121,994,000 374,869 10d. 1893 132,247,000 395,839 93d. 1894 134,713,000 422,551 93d. 1895 135,500,000 436,000 9a. 1896 146,500,000 450,000 82d, 1897 148,250,000 47,000 8id. Owing to last bad season, the increase in the output is much less than the addition to the plucking area might have led us to expect, and possibly animprovement might have been seen in the price had it not been for the poor quality of much of the tea turned out, and the heavy stocks that were on the market at times. In these circumstances a heavy reduction in profit was only to be expected, and the following tables show how severely the companies have suffered. In these tables we have endeavoured to show the results of the important companies, but it will be noted that two large concerns—the Consolidated Tea and Lands and Amalgamated LEstates—are not ineluded, They have been purposely omitted, as the manner of drawing ap profits pursued by those two companies is so peculiar that we believe it would mislead rather than inform the public if they were treated in the same way as the rest. We dealt pretty fully with these concerns in our issue of four weeks ago. AGRICULTURIST. 281 1897. Adted Sum to + or paid taken from away Net Div. —Reserve in Crop. Profit. on or amount Divi- Ord. forward. dends. Allynugger .. 943,709 4,965 3 +100 4,930 Company. Assam .. 3,960,480 31,288 174 —1,464 32,753 Assam Frontier 3,229,146 11,174 4 +5,189 5,750 Attaree Khat.. 852,250 2,678 5 —659 = 3,336 Balijan .. 805,686 2,572 10 —727 3,100 Borelli -. 583,484 2,901 —660 3,460 4 Brahmapootra 2,254,616 17,202 15 +28 17,175 British Indian 811,446 2685 5 —1,383 3,866 Chargola .. 2,095,711. 8,602 5 —448 9,270 8 5 Chubwa .. 937,944 4,042 —908 4,950 Darjeeling .. 617,016 5,563 —1,207 6,771 Dejoo Pe 0B e eileenh +6790 Dooars .. 8,526,473 24,487 124 +37 24,900 Doom-Dooma 1,812,990 18,588 124 —2,067 20,625 East India and Ceylon .. 1,710,929 7,134 3 —697 7,765 EmpireofIndia 594,066 30,041 9 —286. 29,985 Jhanzie .. $25,091 38,933 8 -—2,747 6,680 Jokai «. 8,691,159 22,484 8 —2,598 25,033 Jorehant .. 1,562,959 12,302 13 —2,689 13,000 Lebong -» 501,000 8,444 124 —134 8,206 Lungla .. 1,710,984 7,608 3 —1,391 9,000 Majali .. 899,690 3,574 + — oe ScottishAssam 485,366 2,009 5 -—1,970 38.979 Singlo .. 1,465,089 7,233 1 4116 6.200 * Loss. + No dividend, but one may be’ paid later on. + 4 per cent. dividend on 6 per cent, preference shares. 1896, Added to + Sum or taken paid Div. from— away Company. Crop. Net on Reserveor in Profit. Ord. Amount Divi- Forward. dends. Ib. £ pyc. 23 £ Allynugger .. 935,977 5,339 3 { 3839 5,000 Assam «. 3,429,510 43,294 20 ! 5,862 37,432 ‘Assam Frontr. 3,312,761 27,834 6 | 5,047 22.300 Attaree Khat 874,171 4,823 8 | 5,191 5,340 Balijan -. 804,085 5,793 124 | 1,918 3,875 Borelli .. 586,804 4,153 544 73 4075 Brahmapootra 2,282,431 26,831 20 | 3,932 22.900 British Indian 874,711 5,361 5 1275 §=8,918 Chargola .. 2,002,367 15,556 10 | 248. 12,871 Chubwa -» 968,093 7,445 10 | 1,335 5,610 Darjeeling .. 603,550 9,601 6 (1,559 8,195 Dejoo oh 4491085». 8;510;,. (8 ore -.b54, 3.486 Dooars .. 3,025,366 29,954 123+ (5,04 24,000 Doom-Dooma 1,851,364 31,332 12h } 11,6 4 19.687 East India & Ceylon .. 1,529,334 19,703 7 4 1,364 11,118 Empire ofIndia2,984,619 30,046 10 | 15,429 11,409 Jhanzie «s 967,907 9:521 10 (1,171 8,350 Jokai -. 3,466,609 27,403 10 — 597 28,000 Jorehaut ». 1,803,446 18,522 20 — 1,477 20,000 Lebong .. 554.563 12,682 15 ( 2,469 9.847 Lungla —.. 1,865,792 13217 6 | 1,217 12.000 Majuli -. 875,162 4976 5 +4 178 4,798 Scottish Assam 510,120 6,761 7 | 1,150 5,571 Singlo ~» 1,635,224 9,624 5. |. 74. 91395 From the above it will be seen that a reduction in dividend was almost the rule, and even then the actual rate of distribution was usually only made possible by trenching on the reserve or balance forward. ‘Two companies in the list mImanaged to maintain their distributions, but in 1896 they had put large sums to reserve, and, of course, nothing of the kind was done this time, whilst one of the two hail to draw freely from the balance torward. There has been much discussion about the policy ofthe boards of the better com- panies in reducing their dividends so freely when, In many cases, they had considerable reserves ap their disposal. But, after all, these good com. 282 panies now pay dividends of 8 to 124 per cent,, and such high distributions ought to imply great caution on the part of their directors. It was only by being cautious in tlis respect during the past that dividends at present rates are possible, and we have seldom come across a board of directors which, when all the prosand cons are taken into consideration, deliberately vote for an unnecessary reduction in dividend, And if one board were so dis- posed, the feeling of terror is not likely to have pad a deterrent effect upon those in control of half-a-dozen of the best-managed concerns in the industry. Taking into account the attitude of boards of companies that have witnessed the ups and downs of Indian tea-growing for twenty or thirty years and the general position of affairs, we fear that tea companies in general have yet many anxieties to go through. Presumably there will be no loss in the near future from another earthquake, and as harvests have been bonntiful this year, the companies ought not to lose much from cost of rice, although this will be a little dearer than the average, and of course the coolies ought to work better this season than last. On the other hand, the ex- change will probably be screwed further up against the planter, for wha-ever the Currency Committee may agree upon, its deliberatious are not likely to interfere with the determina- tion of-the bureaueracy to force and keep the rupee up at all costs. Then the effects of over- production, which were not experienced to any material extent last year, are bound to be moie pronounced this, so that we should not be surprised if the year works out with a further decline in the average price of tea in spite of the reduction in the crop estimates recently cabled. On the whole, therefore, the current twelve months is not likely to produce much improvement in profits, although the exceptional loss in rice will be almost eliminated. Preseat conditions are working towards good in the end, for, barring a few flagrant exceptions, where companies are carrying the whole cost of extensions and their upkeep to capital account, tbe policy of expansion has well-nigh stopped. Then, the sudden rise in working expenses, ciused by the advance in exchange, must lead to econo- mies in management, and we do not suppose that exchange can rise much above Is. 4d. per rupee, the now ideal standard, The industry has been in an unhealthy condition through the ‘‘ boom” which was partly the result of the decline in - exchange, and the present period of adversity— due to the propped rupee more than aught else— will bring it back to a sounder financial state. The preposterously capitalised companies of this time of iaflation have yet to exhibit their true character, and when such concerns as the Con- solidated Tea and lands, the Lungla, and the Amalgamated Estates have been put thoroughly to the proof, and their dangerous policy of extending and maintaining extensions entirely out-of capital has proved to be bad for all con- cerned, there may be reason to expect that soundly-managed properties will see an improye- ment in. their profits; but until this policy of _extension blindfold is stopped there can be no safety for the industry from the attacks of unscrupulous company promoters. We have not entered into the question of the danger of a revival of Chinese: tea-growing. It must not, howeyer, be forgotten that the rise THE TROPICAL . AGRICULTURIST. in the Indian exchange has placed the planter there ata disadvantage of 30 per cent. with his Chinese competitor. The difference in currency indeed shows 50 per cent. of a handicap, but a considerable proportion of the ex has to be met by both Indian and Chinese planters in gold. Improvement in treatment is also being applied to China teas, and undoubtedly such teas on the whole seem far less injurious te the human constitution than those of India oreven Ceylon But taste goes for a great deal, and we believe it is impossible to grow tea in China to any extent possessing the distinction and now popular qualities of Indian tea. So long as this proves to be the case there is little danger of China teas regaining their lost ground. To endeavour to replace a strongly astringent and highly- flavoured article by one less pronounced, when once the former has become acceptable to people’s tastes, is no light task, and so we think there need not be any immediate fears of areturn tothe milder leaf of China. At the sume time, au improvement in China teas will render turther attempts to dislodge that article from its own markets all the more diflieult, and upon sach dislodgment in the near future from the markets of Russia and America the British tea planter in India and Ceylon has placed a great deal of hope. From various as , therefore, the prospect is not without clouds.—Jiwestors’ Review, Aug, 26. ——- -->. CARDAMOMS—CHENAS —-AND TOBACCO. (From a Planter ) I think the Cardamom crop generally in this North-Eastern district will be short this year. We had too little rainin August. Weare now getting slight showers every day, and still from the $.-W. _ At present the villagers are busy Chena fell- ing. These lands round here contain a lot of young satin, hora, mililla and other valuable woods. It is a pity Gevernment does not con- serve them, and besides it is hopeless to expect the ordinary Kandyan to improve generally and be more industrious as long as the is given a free hand to indulge yearly in this ruinous system of cultivation. The planting of Tobacco—principally by Moors and Tamils—is largely on the increase round Teldeniya. Jaffna merchants come here and buy it very often in its green state. These traders like the planters feel the want of a telegraph station at Teldeniya very much. a —______ T&A PROSPECTS.—Much dissatisfaction I hear —says the Calcutta correspondent of Pioneer—is expressed among tea garden sliareholders at the present low prices obtaining for tea in the Cal- cutta auction room, and in view of the strong position of tea as shown by the London August figures, there is evidently some cause for com- plaint. While imports to London of all deserip- tions—Indian, Ceylon and China-—amount. to practically the same weight as in 1897 and 1896, deliveries to consumers are 2 million lb. more in 1898 than in the two previous. years, while stocks held are 3 millions less than in 1897 and nearly 6 millions under 1896 figures. Stocks in London have not been so low as they are now for many years. Direct shipments to London will probably be made by garden proprietors in pre- ference to selling here, and = ieee. this payee proper course to follow until ; buyers make up their minds to. Day iii cosine “ a Oct, 1, 1898.} THE TROPICAL COFFEE-PLANTING ON THE NILGIRIS. The following further particulars regarding tle coffee alluded to, on the Nilgiris, by Mr. 'T. C. Anderson, have been furnished us_ by the pro- prietor :—‘‘ The estates are the Leighwood ard Northern Hay estates. In the good old coftce days they yielded two or three times one ton per acre, and on an average of several years 13 ewbt. an acre. On the advent of Jeat-disease they were semi-abandoned and the present pro- prictor, Mr. L. W. Grey, bought them for a song. By manuring (with cattle manure) wvi- gation and shade, he has brought them round to their present high state of cultivation, and the present crop now being picked is estimated at 7 ewt. per acre all round—a safe estimate. The irrigation is secured by tapping the Pykara River below the falls, 3,000 feet above the estates, and diverting the water into their own Valley. During the blossoming season the water is turned on to the coffee and field after field irrigated, By judicious management this allows the coffee to ripen gradually, so that there is no danger of a rush of crop and loss, for want of labour. The greatest enemy of the coffee and shade trees are the wild elephants, which do a certain amoung of damage at night. There is splendid shooting on and near the estates—present area about 300 acres planted, and another 400 to be opened out. Estate always open to inspection.” This is all very interesting. The late Mr. Tytler and his partners spent £20,000 on_ irriga- tion works for their Dumbara Valley coffee estates and yet could not make irrigation pay. Will Mr, Grey tell us if his coffee has always been, and is now, free of the leaf fungus? Were it not for our pests of the fungus and green bug, we should say that the experiment of growing coffee under shade, in Ceylon, with manure and irri- gation, would be worth a trial, wherever such trial could be given under favourable circumstances, say on a small area with good soil and a con- venient stream. —__~»_—_ — CEYLON PLANTERS IN MEXICO; We are glad to have a long letter from Mr. E. O. Darley on life in Mexico and treating of its coffee, cacao, rubber, tobacco, and which ap- pears on page 285. Mr. Darley kindly adds :— “Twill be glad tosend you any information you wish ; and whilst I am no scribe and the rifle or pruning knife feel more at home in my hands than the pen, you may rely on any statements being facts and not hearsay.” He also adds that Mr. W. L. Malcolmson is at present in London, but thathe and another ex- Ceylon man much enjoy the Odserver and Ceylon news. A LABORATORY FARM. Mr. John Mills supplies the Hwmanitmian for August with a highly instructive account of the laboratory farm founded and endowed by Sir John Lawes, under the heading ‘ Scientific Agri- culture at Rothamsted,” near St. Albans. For more than fifty years careful experiments in agri- culture and avricultural chemistry have been car- ried on there. The rainfall is carefully studied. Results prove that the ‘‘fertilising rain” is an_ incorrect phrase, for the rain washes ont the nitrogen which is the fertilising element from the soil! Nitro- gen is the principal element, it appears, in the fertility of land. Arable land treated only with mineral manures without nitrogen becomes im- AGRICULTURIST. 283 poverished. Conversion to permanent grass is needed to restore the nitrogen, which is, however, also restored by its fixation from the atmosphere by growing leguminous crops. Even when nitro- gen 1s present in manures, the plant cannot assi- milate 1t except the soil be “ infeeted ” with the power to do so; and this power jis supposed to be the work of bacteria. These bacteria flourish in the roots of leguminous plants, and once pre- sent enable the plants to take up nitrogen freely from the air. Hales, two hundced years ago, found that a plant growing in a pot of soil in- ereased in weight out of all proportion to the very slight diminution in weight of the soil. The Rothamsted chemists have shown that 95 per cent. of the weight of the plant comes from the air, not the soil. Experiments with and without manures have yielded the following results, which Mr. Mill put in this tabalar form :— 14 Tons Farmyard Without Mixed Ammo- Averages, Manure Manure Mineral nium every every Manure Salts year. year. alone. alone. Bushels, Bushels. Bushels. Bushels., 8 years, 1852-59 ... 343 16% 19 323 Sree 1860-67 «... 35% 134 154 314 Cine 1868-75 .«. 33% 123 14 28% 8 ,, 1876-83 .. 288 104 128 272 8 ,, 1884-91 .. 394 123 13-393 20 4, 1852-71 « 352 143 17 312 20h 1872-91 ... 334 114 123 293 40, - 1859-91... “saz 13 15 303 50. 5, 184d93° 20335 133 15 z The average without manure for fifty years is above the average of the United States, and about the average for the whole world. A DRUGGIST’S GARDEN : MR. T. N. CHRISTY AT WALLINGTON, About twelve months ago did the Manor House Wallington, pass into the hands of Mr. Thos. Christy, who is exceedingly busy in an endeavour to brine if and the gardens into good condition. The Manor House and grounds occupy nearly 20 acres, and the lind is situated between two roads, one of which leads to Hackbridge, the other two Croydon. ‘The residence is a famous house, and parts of it are very old. Almost underneath the drawing-room even is an old Norman chapel, and quaint steps leading thereto. It is said that the first Italian roof put upon a residence in this country was that used in the case of the Manor House. There is evidence that at one time the gardens were the subject of intelligent interest, as, for instance, in the selection of the trees and shrubs, which according to report, was the work of an Italian. Everything has since been neglected. The trees have overgrown each other, the fine, extra large, variegated Hollies and other ornamental species are eitherin unsuitable positions, or are hidden by less worthy specimens. A year ago there were no laws, unlessa meadowlike greensward may be described as such; there was no kitchen- garden, and the Rockery, which, in spite of its neglected condition, may be capable of improvement, was utterly overgrown with undesirabie plants. Mr. Chr.sty has done much in the direction of improye- ment, by attacking the most needed reformations first. There is now, therefore, a kitchen-garden, with good crops of vegetables, and young fruit-trees have been planted. There is a conventional but pretty flower-garden close to the house, and the sur- rounding lawn has been brought into as good a con- dition as the time would permit. Walking with Mr. Christy through the vegetable- garden, we were made aware of a fact that we aurpect gardens in rural districts may not know so well as their suburban confiéves. The Cabbages were 284 Protected by nets, just as were the Strawberries; and it was affirmed it is difhcult to preserve the Brassicas from the voracious appetities of the wood- pigeon. Mr. Christy has for many years been a zealous Heilow of the Linnean Society, he is also the head of «large firm of wholesale City druggist, and one department of his garden indicates that his greatest interest lies in the cultivation and distribu. tion of economic plants. There is a good collection of these interesting plants, which hie special know- ledge of the value of drugs has led him to acquire. Mr. Chiisty disposes of the plants commercially over the whole world. He must have a wide correspon- dence, for as we pass along the house, this plant is described as having been sent from the Vest Indies, that from Queensland, the other from Columbia or Japan, others from east and west Africa, and eo on, TROPICAL PLANTS. { is way Mr. Christy acquires plants without ee but mith wonderful descriptions, They fre- quently turn out to be unimportant, no doubt, but now and again quite a rew plantis flowered. ‘Thus we were shown a new ornamental Begonia, several important Rubber-plants, and other species that may turn out to be valuable. But there is no doubt in respect of such we!l-known plants as the Coffeas, Vanillas, Cocas *(Hrythroxylon Coca, and Theobroma Coca), which we noticed in some quantity, nor as to the Ginger (Zingi- ber officinale), the Pepper (Piper nigrum), the Arrow- root, &c. Piper nigrum produces the Pepper of commerce, though there are many other sorts of Pepper that are obtained from other genera, All Pepper-corns are black, and the white form is obtained by fermenting the sceds. Black Pepper has always the best flavonr. The Nutmeg-tree too, is here. It is Myristica moschata, or officinalis, and grows to 25 or 30 feet in height, being cultivated extensively in the Banda Isles, Sumatra, Java, and the Moliucca Isles. There is also a large Camphor tree 9 feet high. Close to the plants which furnish all these tasteful articles was the deadly poisonous Strychnos (S nux vomica), a member of the Loganiaceous group, almost all of which are more or less poisonous. The Strychnos is a native of India, grows toa moderate size, and its fruits somewhat resemble Oranges. Besides being a deadly poison, Nux -vomica is also a valuable drug. There were many varieties ofthe Strophanthus that yieid the heart tonic. Next we notice the Mahogany-tree (Swietenia Maho- gani), but there are many kinds of Mahogany from various countries, and obtained from different species oftrees. Passing a species of Hibiscus in bloom in the stove, Mr. Christy observed that by a new process, yet in an experimental stage, it may be possible to utilise the full length of the fibre contained in this plant. We next notice the Cassia in bloom, the origin of the school: boy’s medicine—‘‘ senna’ It is a yellow- flowered leguminous plant, of quite ornamental appear- ance. One species, C. occidentalis, of the Indies fur- nishes a Coffee in use by the negroes. Next is the -Guaiacum officinale, which yields the Gum Guaiacum of commerce, and a very heavy wood also; Eucalyptus in several species; and the Cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum). This Laura- ceous plant furnishes the best Cinnamon, and is eulti- vated extensively for the purposein Ceylon. Cecropia peltata, the Trumpet-tree of the West Indies and tropical America, said Mr. Christy, will supersede the Bamboo for many purposes; its hollow, light wood grows very quickly. A friend sent the plants from Columbia, advising that they be planted out- of-doors, stating that in that country the tie> grows to a height of 60 feet. Passiflora edulis, and many other economically interesting plants we saw, but must refrain from enumerating them. As we looked at a plant of Ilex psraguayensis, Mr. Ghristy sur- prised us by remarking that it is in great demand, and that even in England there are thousands of people now taking the Paraguay Tea as a beverage. We tasted it, a long time ago, but our memory of the liquid ig still vivid, and we have no intention of repeating the experience. On the roof of one of the houses were Cissus discolor and C. albonitens, the latter with aézial roots 8 feet long. A variety THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. : oy of purple-leaved Coleus was noteworthy too, th leaves being larger in all respects than is usual. Near to the southern entrance to the residence is a very old plant of Wistaria sinensis, 1t has been slang across to a variegated Holly-tree, and now covers the top of this. An iron chain from one to the other has become embedded at either end, throu Ss the growth made by the Wistaria and the Holly. Before taking lewe of Mr. Christy, our attention was drawn to a Wardian-case, then being filled with young rubber plants (Castilloa elastica) for exporta- tion, The plants were dibbled into a compost in rows, and a flat lath placed over ihe surface between each, ‘hen two laths were placed longitudinally along the sides of the case, and over the ends of those between the rows, thus secnring the soil and plants from becoming loosened,—Gardeners’ Chronicle. BE at te a PLANTING IN THE STRAITS. (Extract from Report on the State of Pahang for the Months of June and July, 1898.) British Residency, Pahang, 81st July, 1898, In company with Mr. Owen, the Superintendent of Ulu Pahang, I travelled over the whole length of the Trunk Road during July, and made the selection of the reserves which I think will be needed in the future in the event of applications being niale for large areas for planting. ‘Tite aspect which the district presents is one of ever increasing prosperity and activity, in very marked contrast to its condition a very few years ago. Land is bein eagerly taken up all along the length of the Tran Road, and the coffee and other plantations look ex- ceedingly prosperous. T'he number of foreign Malays now settled permanently in the district is very con- siderable, oa the price of land is still rising. et RvuBBER IN MeExico.—A Colombo merchant sends us the following extract froma letter he has received ;— , Tepic, Mexico, 28th July.—‘ As to rubber there is only one kind known here, and we have not found out for sure, the botanical name of the tree. We believe it to be ‘Siphonia Elastica.’ The tree begins to yield after 5 to 7 years, 6 to 8 years 10 pounds, if properly treated, and soil and climate agree, Up to now there are only wild growing trees; we only began to plant some 3 or 4 years ago, The seed we sow in nursery beds, covered about 3 to 4 inches distance about 4 inches, when about 6 inches high every second plant is transplanted to 8 inches distance. Later on, when plants begin to develop they are left at about 16 inches distance. At the beginin deep shade is necessary; we lessen shade gradua ly till plants, at a height of about 2 feet are left in the full sun, This is to make them hard. The soil has to be worked before about 2 feet deep, so that the roots get not burt when you take out the plants. If the soil is not moist, in the beginning a light daily irrigation is necessary, but if kept too moist the seeds will rot. We have found out that therefore it is more convenient to sow with. irrigation, because you have in hand the degree of moisture. Later on, in order to harden the plants, and make the roots go deep, a weekly irrigation will be sufficient, but, of course this depends entirely on local circumstances and the look of the plants will tell. You plant in more or less deep shade, at a distance which will depend on the shade trees, and on land with natural moistness, (or which is to be irrigated). Tse tree also grows on pretty dry land, but you get consider- ably less rubber out of them. Some people talk here about 15 to 20 pounds of rubber toa tree, but we will not assure this. We get out quite a lot of rubber every year, but do not know the exact num- ber. of trees. The time for seed is the June.” : The ‘‘Siphonia Elastica” is nothing more nor less than Para rubber ; learn in Mexico, about rubber. but they have much to _ as in so many. other places, — | | | Oct. 1, 1898.] COFFEE IN QUEENSLAND. At 6 feet by 6 feet apart an acre will contain 1,201 trees. “Allowing 3 Ib of clean marketable coffee to each tree, we get 3,603 Ib per acre. At the above calculation of about 5 Ib of berry to 1 ib of clean coffee, this would mean that 18,015 tb of berry would have to be picked. The cost of the labour for picking at $d per Ib, would reach £37 10s 74d, and the value of the com- mercial bean produced £135 2s 3d; from which we deduct picking expense, leaving £97 lls 7a, from whieh all the above-mentioned items have to be deducted. As, however, paper calculations rarely are borne ont by practical results, a con- siderable reduction may doubtless be made on the figures denoting returns.—Mr. E. Cowley, Manager of Kamerunga State Nursery, Cairns, in Q. 4. Journal. eee SE CACAO IN TRINIDAD. Cacao Buicut.—Correspondence published in the Grenada Government Gazette respecting a blight belong- ing to the genus Thrips affecting Cacao pods, forwarded by the Acting Governor for the information of The Society was read. Mr. Hart said that Thrips are best treated with plenty of cold water or soap suds, They generally occur and do damage in very dry seasons, poe otherwise. Documents ordered to lie on the table. CacAo-AnAtysis or Soru.—A letter was read from Dr. W. H. Ince, dated 28th May, expressing-his wil- lingness to undertake further analyses of cacao soils or to otherwise assist the Agricultural Society —Mr. Hart exhibited two pods of aligator cacao. JAVA QUININE. Trouble looms ahead for the maker of it. We hear that a meeting of the shareholders of the Bandoeng quinine-factory is to be held in Samarang on December 14, 1898, to consider the following pro- positions of the directors:—(1) To dismiss Mr. H. J. Yan Prehn, technical director; (2) to determine the conditions of his dismissal; (3) to alter the articles of association so that in future the manageme will consist of one managing director and three— or, at most, four—ordinary directors. The immediate cause of the friction between Mr. Van Prehn and his co-directors seem to be the failure of the former’s scheme of co-operation between the quiaine- works and the planters. Full details of the agree- ment, on the basis of which co-operation was deisred, were published in our issue of May 21. In practice the scheme is found to be unworkable, a good many planters objecting to the condition that the quinine should be consigned to a firm appointed solely by the works, without consulting the planters. The almost general opinion is that the bark should be purchased for cash by the works, instead of paying a fixed manufacturing charge and a percentage of the net proceeds of the quinine. It has also been found more profitable to sell the bark at the Ams- terdam-auctions than to forward it to the Bandoeng works. The result is that not one single planter has accepted the terms of the agreement. Under these conditions, and threatened by the erection of competing quinine-works in Java, Mr. Van Prehno devised other means for successful co-operation be- tween the planters and the Bandoeng works, and formalated the proposals that three-fourths of the usual annual production of Java bark should be ex- ported to Enrope, and the remaining fourth be manufactured in Java for consumption in Asia and Australia. This would necessitate the extension of the Bandoeng works, as one-fourth of the ordinary yearly production represents double the quantity of quinine that can be manufactured at present at 36 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURISTS 285 Bandoeng. Unfortunately Mr. Van Prehn did not succeed; had he done so, he would have established a monopoly which, on the basis of co-oneration, would have been profitabie both to the Bandoeng factory and the planters. ‘The object of European manu- factures is cousidered to be the extinction of Java competition,and they may succeed iu this by temporarily increasing the price of the bark, so that the planters will find it more profitable to export their produce, when naturally the Bandceng works would stand idle and soon come to grief. Myr. Van Prehn, who is at present in Hurope,is fighting against this, and for what he believes to be the mutual interest of planter and manufacturer in Java;and that, in his absence, his colleagues should have made arrangements for the meeting indicates as wellas anything how happy a family they are outin Java, and how effectually they will kill the govse ifthey do not take care.—Chemist and Druggist. —— PLANTING IN MEXICO. COFFEE, CACAO, RUBBER, SUGAR, FIBRE, TOBACCO, VANILLA, &c. (By an ex-Ceylon Planter.) Mexico, 30th July 1898. DEAR Srr,—I have seen your paper of May 22nd and read with much interest your remarks on Mexico. I thank you for your kind wishes and will endeavour to give you the information asked for. I have not got your paper by me anil my quotations are from memory, so subject to correction. Messrs. Clarke and Fort, whom you quote as saying ; COFFEE did not pay in Mexico, on account of present low prices, can hardly have looked very closely into the matter—in fact I heard that they were never off the rail road and only saw the poorest part of Mexico, and the one coffee district of Carcdoba, the oldest certainly, but having the thinnest soil and sinallest crops, though the dearest land because being easy of access to Mexico city and Vera Cruz. On the Isthmus of Tekuantepee, in Oaxa and in Chiapas, as fertile land as any in the world, suitable for every tropical product, can be bought in small blocks of 2u0 to 1,000 acres, with good transport facilities, for from $15 to $25 silver per acre, large tracts at a much cheaper price, and I will guarantee to plant coffee and bring to bearing for $120 (one hundred and twenty dollars) per acre. Coffee can be pro- duced for from $5 to $8 per 1001b., the former dried in cherry and peeled, the latter pulped, washed, peeled and classified ready for market. The former is quoted today at $20 per 100 1b., and the latter in New York at $30 and $32; and as coffee bears here some crop at pre years old and one lb. per tree at three years old and at least two Ib. per tree at five years old, with 1,000 trees per acre, there is still a very handsome profit even at the present low prices. Mexican coffee when properly cured will always bring a good price in New York for mixing with the inferior South American, so much used in the United States, to give it a flavor. Since Messrs, Clarke and Fort were in Mexico, eight American Companies have bought 250,000 ACRES OF COFFEE LAND on the Isthmus alone, which does not look as if the Americans“feared for the future of Mexican coffee. The soil “here is so ‘rich that crops have to be seen to be believed and coffee if grown under high moderate shade only needs pruning once and weeding four times a year; if grown without shade 286 the crops are heavier, but the owth of weeds is tremendous and the extra cost of weeding counter- balances the extra crop. WhenI came to this district some three years ago, my neighbour, who has gone in for sugarcane, had near his house about 25 coffee trees that had been planted by the Indians at least 20 years ago. They had never had any attention at all and he was about to cut them down as they were unsightly, having three orfour stems and a mass of old wood. They yielded that year three lb. on an average ot clean coffee. I asked to be allowed to prune a few of them to demonstrate what pruning would do. I pruned four of them and was informed by four embyro American coffee planters that they certainly would give no crop next season. The next crop was carefully gathered from three of them (the fourth was so heavily laden with crop that two-thirds of it broke down), dried and cleaned and they averaged 134 Jb. per tree. Last year Mexico produced 14,817,662 kilos coffee, value $9,876,032. J have secn no leaf-disease or heard of any. CACAO. L have seen no regular cacao grove here. The Mexi- cans plant cacao, coffee end rubber all together ; and except a casual chopping down of weeds give them no attention, but gather what crops Provid- ence sends them in a contented spirit. I have seen a number of trees under these circumstances 20 to 25 feet in height, bearing 5 lb. to 7 |b. per tree. The local value is 60 to 70 cents per lb. for the cacao nigra and 70 to 80 cents for the cacao colorado ; the Jatter has the very finest flavonr and if wellcured should sell as high as the best in_the European markets. The only eneny is the squirrel and a beetle—both easily destroyed. RUBBER grows wild all over this district and is tapped by the Mexicans in the most barbarous manner, the trees being hacked with a machate as high as they can reach; and the only wonder to me is that they do not bleed to death long before they do. It grows readily from seed and the cost of forming a grove is small, The under- bush and smaller trees only need cutting down at a cost of some $2 to $2.50 per acre. The ground is chopped with a hoe and three or four seeds are dropped at whatever distance apart it is proposed to have your trees. I intend myself planting seed at stake 6 ft. x 6 ft., and when three years old, bleeding to death from root every alternate tree which will Jeave the permanent grove for regular tapping. The rubber produced from the trees destroyed will pay all the cost of grove. Rubber sells locally from 75 to 85 cents per lb. as crudely prepared by the natives and at that price a grove will yield $200 to $300 annually per acre. SUGARCANE. On account of the import duty, the manufacture of sugar and white rum pays well in Mexico, but of course the capital required is very much larger than for coffee, cacao, rubber, ete. The cost of clearing the land so as to be cultivated, by ploughs, alone costs $50 to $60 per hectare (24 acres), but it willif properly cultivated yiel@ profitably for 5 to 7 years without replanting. On these rich lands a hectare will produce 80 tons of cane, which yields 90 per cent of juice, or of white sugar 300 to 400 1b. or of panela (dark sugar) 600 to 800 1b. or aguardiente (rum) 15 to 20 gallons per ton, The local price fcx white sugar per 25 lb. is $2, panela $175, aguagdiente (rum) 60 to 80 cents per gallon. The cost of producing being about the same as any West Indian Colony. THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [Ocr. 1, 1898. ; TOBACCO is largely grown in this canton and brings a good price. A hectare (24 acres) produces from 22 to 30 arobas (per aroba=25 Jb.) of the finer kinds of Jeaf worth in the local market $8 to $12 per aroba which leaves a good margin of profit; the coarser kinds produce much larger crops, but the value of course is lower which equalizes matters. I may here say that some Dutch tobacco growers from Sumatra, after looking all over Mexico, have just bought 1,800 acres of land adjoining mine on which to grow tobacco for the Auster- dam market. VANILLA grows well and is in great demand and might be grown on the shade trees amongst the coffee, cacao or rubber as a sidecrop. The large num- ber of humming-birds here render the Jabor of artificial fertilizing of the flowers unnecessary to avery great extent. FIBRE PLANTS. There are many in Mexico : last year henequen to the value of $7,500,000 was exported. Iv is said a machine for the extraction of fibre from ramie bas just been perfected; if such is the case there should be money in that. CARDAMOMS AND GINGER both should pay here, every condition of soil and climate being suitable. OF FOOD STUFFS, maize, rice and beans all produce large crops with little cultivation; and fruits, the banana, orange, lime, avocate, mango, popoa, melons, pine apple and many others. Vegetables I have grown every kind except Irish potatoes. So much for tropical Mexico on the high plateaus. The MAGURY (Agave Airicana) plant is the chief product : it is planted 10 by 10 or 12 by 12 ft. and at eight years old each plant yields $10 worth of pulque, the drink of Mexico. Pure, it is a refreshing and wholesome drink, but assoldin the Mexican drink shops forti- fied with a plantcalled ‘“ datu stramonum.” A few drinks will make the most peaceful n “fighting drank.” Some of the large haciendas have 300,000 plants tapping from 20,000 to 30,000 a year, barley and wheat are sown between the rows of maguey. The value of the maguey pro- duced in 1896 was $6,768,002 and Mexico city alone daily consumes 280,U00 litres of pulque. 2 rl pikes aes 1ere is good, June an uly have averaged 78° at mid-day and 68° night. The hottest day in three years was 96° and the coldest night 58°. The average rainfall 87 inchesis well distributed over eight months, and showers and exceedingly heavy dews_ during the other four months. But Mexico has all kinds of climates (that of Guadalajara being simply per- fect) and all kinds of lands. In faet the large or small capitalist can hardly go wrong in tropical agriculture here if he has a knowledge of the bu- siness. Onur rivers afford easy and cheap trans- port, and arefull of fish, turtles and ro lr Game is plentiful, but on account of the dense un- dergrowth HUNTING AN® SHOOTING are somewhat difficult. There are tapirs, three two kinds of pheasant and kinds of deer, of peecari h two kinds - = lagoons and marshes. Jaguars pumas, ~ panthers can be got by looking them up: four of the latter made calls on my live stock at various (from Nov. to Feb.) ducks and geese without number in the there are — ets; i eM 7. a. Oor, 1, 1898.] times, all of which I shot. My best jaguar skin is 9 ft. 3in. Of course we have OUR DISAGREEABLES m like other tropical countries. The festive mosquito in the rainy season and sand-flies and ticks in the dry season make their presence felt ; and I often hunger for my old Sinhalese cook and_a good eurry when tackling a chili-con-carne. The low price of silver has not affected us planters at al! to our detriment, for excepting machinery and some tools everything we need is produced in Mexico and we sell our produce for gold. With our Banks declaring annual dividends of from 16 to 20 per cent and cotton mills from 20 to 55 per cent, and other enterprises equally as good, I hardly think that either the planter or the manufacturer has much to complain of in this country.—I_ am, yours truly, E. 0. DARLEY. P. S.—The Mexican dollar is worth two shillings, £) sterling exchanging for $10°50 at present rate. ————_—__——__—_—_—_ BRAZIL COFFEE NOTES, --A phenomenal blossoming appeared on thie coffee trees throughout a great part of the state of Sio Paulo during the last half of July. What the result will be, no one seems to know. The blossoms are due in Sep- tember, bat they appear some five or six weeks earlier. It is predicted by many that the blossoms will not adhere, and that they betray weakness in the trees. —A project has been presented to the estate legis- lature of Sio Paulo, authorizing the state executive to acquire a pavilion atthe Paris exposition of 1,900 where the agricultural products of Sao Paulo, prin- cipally coffee, can be favorably exhibited. The pur- pose is to make a propaganda in favour of coffee, and for this purpose coffee will be placed on exhi- bition in every conceivable way, and cups of the beverage will be distributed to the public. All machinery for preparing coffee for the market, to- gether with machinery and apparatus for roasting, grinding and preparing the beverage, will also be exhibited. It isa practical idea, but why should not the planters bear the expense, instead of the state treasury 2? Why should a Pindamonhangsba_ shoe- maker pay fora propaganda calculated to benefit the coffee planters alone ?—/iio News Qad. —————_}>--_——_ IMPORTS OF COFFEE INTO UNITED STATES, THE TROPICAL The full report of the U.S. Bureau of Statis- - tics shows coffee to be the most important article, measured by value; in the imports of 1898. The total net imports compare with five preceding years as tollows: Year ending June 30— Pounds. Value. 1898 du oe 851,691,346 $62,674,241 1897 oe a 724,559,536 79,893,943 1896 oe we 572,671,840 83,534,366 1895 . oe 643,234,766 94,599,880 1894 oe 5 547,068,994 89,600,572 1893 ee 551,395,250 78,444,496 ‘Total a -. 3,890,621,732 $488,747,498 Average per year 648,436,955 $81,457,916 It is apparent from the above that the very large imports of 1898 were due to coffee imported in excess of :equirements and in anticipation of the imposition of a duty. Stocks out of licensed ware- houses are known to be heavy and variously esti- mated from 100,000,000 to 150,000,000 pounds. It allowance is made for increased consumption, du2 to growth of population and to the decline in price, we find that the imports in 1898 were too far above the yearly average to warrant the state- Y AGRICULTURIST. 287 ment that the increase was due to enlarged use of the bean. It is fair to assume that dealers and roasters are carrying from J,000,000 to 1,500,000 bags more coffee than was held at this time last season. The following table shows the average import price for the past six years: Year. Price perlb.—cts. Year. Price per lb.—cts. 1898 73 | 1895 ore 147 1897 11-0 | 1894 16-4 1896 14°6 | 1898 14:0 The large imports at low prices show that a duty of three cents per pound might have been levied on coffee and still left the average cost for the year nearly one cent per pound below the cost in 1897. The coffee imported was received from the following countries : * United Kingdom Se ve 1,796,985 France ae oC te 859,419 Germany . te : 7.334,801 Netherlands 23 of He 2,409,967 Other Europe .. . 2,427,834 Central America ; che 35,862,385 Mexico ae ie ge 34,511,168 West Indies i aC C9 6,412,209 Brazil Se ‘fe ab 661,008,372 Other South America ae ne 90,113,241 East Indies Si as ae 21,311,159 Other Asia and Oceanica eh 3,947,018 Africa ee oe ae 42,305 Other countries MH Pa 1,477,353 Total ae ae 870,514,215 —American Grocer. ~+~— -—-——— > -—- COFFE-PLANTING IN COSTA RICA: AN OPENING FOR YOUNG MEN OF CAPITAL. Writing from London on 2nd Sept., “J.L.S.” thus gives his views about Uosta Rica :— ““Some energetic young fellows of the right sort should go out to Costa Rica and open land for themselves. A man must have the command of not less than £3,000 and be not afraid to do a bit of work himself. There is magnificent coffee land in an excellent climate where even a sunhat is unnecessary, and good shooting and fishing. A young man could go to work very gradually perhaps with half-a-dozen or a dozen labourers and plant say 50 acres, that is at 300 trees an acre, 15,000 trees, which in four years would give him a clear ineome of £500 to £1,000 a year and go on doing so longer than he required an income. “Tf LT were twenty years younger I would go and plant most of those 15,000 trees myself ({ wish I had a shilling for every cinchona tree I have planted with my own hands in Ceylon). Labour is dear, but you don’t want much of it. Trans- port is at present bad, but by the time Jand now planted comes into bearing, it will certainly be much better. I do not say there are no such openings anywhere; but I say I know ot no such opening. ‘The Serapiqui Company would deal liber- ally in selling land, supp!ving plents, and in time euring the coffee. Mr. R. P. Macfarlane said after his return :—‘If I were a young man again I would not hesitate to vo aff to Costa Rica at once.’ Mr. Huntley Thring has been the means of two young men already going ont. £3,000 is the least I should recommend a man to go with the command of ; but of course he does not want it all at once, and he must not be afraid of 088 THE TROPICAL work and of roughing it at first. Every coffee plant he puts in with his own hands or any other hands will, four years atter it is put in, bring him in a clear income of a shilling per annum for life. Surely it is worth doing where there is no risk of clizaatie danger.” But surely cacao and rubber may be planted as well as coffee? A‘ this moment, coffee does not stand high, although the price of properly grown and prepared coffee has not fallen much, and we see reports of Brazil being likely to fall off in its crops. Still, the fine soil of Costa Rica may well be utilised for cacao, and rubber as well as coffee, so as to have several strings to one’s bow. ee THE WEST INDIES DEVASTATED. Very terrible is the burden of Renter’s message recently as to the destruction in life and pro- perty, wrought throughout the Windward and Leeward Islands, by one of those awful hurricanes with which this region is periodically visited. The groups of islands named, range over nearly 8 degrees of latitude -from Tobago very near to Trinidad in the South to the Virgin Islands in the North or North-West. It would scem as if the storm took most effect about the 14th degree North Latitude, in the line of St. Vincent and the Barbadoes; and while 300 persons were killed and 20,000 rendered homeless in the former, we are told of 200 being killed and the whole of the sugar estates being ruined in the latter. This is far more awfnl destruction than in tlie recent battles of the Spanish and Americans. St. Vincent is a tiny is!and 18 miles by 1l1—not much larger than the area of the Colombo Muni- cipality—with a population not much oyer 40,000, Barbadoes. has always been regarded as about the best cultivated of the West Indian islands: it covers 166 square miles with a population of about 190,000. Strangely enough, here Dr. Morris was to establish his headquarters because of its central position, taking british Guiana as well as Jamaica into account. There are both European and Ceylonese officers in the West Indies, about whomrelatives and friends in Ceylon willbe anxious until further details are got. Dominica has -several such including Mr. Templer and family ; in Trinidad there is Mr. Wrightson and family ; in St. Vincent we see Drs. Bruce-Austin and M. G. Pereira among Medical Officers and Mr C. Messervy, Director of Public Works. Doubt- less there are more in the several islands affected ; bat we trust there has been no casnalty amongst them. Once again how thankful residents in Ceylon ought to be at its immunity from burri- cane, cyclone or voleanie disturbances. We do not want to preach; but if such exemption does ‘not. find acknowledgment in more than mere words of thankfulness, there will assuredly be visitations in another form,—plague, pestilence or depression. itis ‘‘righteousness that exalteth a nation.” Oe AUSTRALIANS AS TEA DRINKERS. The following very clear and interesting state- ment is from the Melbourne Leader :— The people of Australasia, as frequently remarked, ave well in advance of the rest of the human race with regard to theix consumption ci tea. Lhe Chinese, how- ever, are omitied from the comparison, a8 owing £0 the Jack of Celestial Hmpire statistics, there is no means of assertaining what position it occupies (cr. 1, per capita in the list of the world's drinkers, Anstralian average consumption per head is a over7 lb. a year. The United Kingdom comes next in the list with an average of 53 lb. The following are the Australian tea statisties for 1897 :— wads AGRICULTURIST. Colony. Population. Tea Consnmed Victoria +» 1,170,000 West Australia -- 157,781 1,414,993 South Australia +» 856,877 2,734,897 - New South Wales -. 1,811,440 9,594,198 Queensland -. 480,079 3,074,080 Tasmania & 167,062 901,670 New Zealand +» 719,292 4,564,840 4,362,531 31,570,893 The value of the 31,570,893 lb. of tea is given approxi- mately as £975,000. It is interesting to note that the quantities of tea consumed per head in the several colonies exhibit considerable variations, West Anstra- lia, with a consumption of about 94 1b., is an easy first. Next comes Victoria with 83 lb., whilst the other colonies, in order, are South Australia, 8 lb.. New South Wales, 74 1b.; Queensland, 6% 1b.; New Zealand, 64 lb.; aud Tasmania, 6Jb, As coffee drinkers the Australians stand on ‘a much lower scale, their average per capita consumption being about 4 |b. per annum. Would that in Europe and North America tea was drunk up to 7 lb. a head per annum! It will be observed that Westralia is the la con- sumer per head—no less than 9} lb. !—while New Zealand, Queensland and Tasmania are below the average, only 6 to 63 1b.:—the latter three mar- kets should be worked up by Ceylon merchants. > ___——~— PLANTING NOTES, To Lay OFF AN ACRE with approximate aceu- rrcy, you can measure 16] yards by 30 yards; 121 yards by 40 yards; 103 yards by 47 yards ; 97 yards by 50 yards; 83 yarils by 55 yards ; 82 yards by 59 yards; 69 “yards 5 inches ‘by 70 yards, An English enstom used to be” to take 70 by 70 yards, but this makes 4.000 square yards, and is therefore too much jy 99 square yards.—Journal of the Jamaica A gricuitu- ral Society, : _|sesehee = 85 =2 aaa a) Seoecor 1D oo om rma ie) Slee |2°Saes5 .! ©2 .S BASS o- a -s ar) . fol aD Olga (=) * 23 Nee ae REIS reseed a] ~~ S Onwmor 3 ‘=| * o1m SSSssSse Baris 3 Q aS HINWBSARS SSN in. o onl ~ a A 2 R Oss “om ac Sono iB 2 OTN oJ = x oD ao OOa2 Of ie 5 o Ss 6 AD ar So rSes ry E (2 CU Rel-witintis espenie sale N -ON 1D WS 8i. 2° 18 E hak SRAR COSONMUIHAOD SSRSSSsetRraeSe2nSsea > MAHA MOMSCOMWe AE Oi Or org Dio DAARADEGMAKBRADATANND on ‘on roid ih on) Xn oF ACC ONS? re ior} re ” I~rNOKsD Ne) fo) | Sate A = ADAM € C203 Lit= s a ~ AMi2S eI |& a7 Ook n a +NES 25 |= Slax 2a s Fore est N 1s Sig] [2 p= S 5) 1 s Sonia Ee jn aes O14 SISS i= = =Slh $5 1s Ae DS Sa x e ~cwWn a i) g (22/8 Sues * = * lz (|Z 7.3) Bees eS, Ee SSSR S| = mee 5 U ' o o conpr | = OA bane Om oodia-olens Sas 2 S Gb Ret ers ais : : OVor & a : UJ So Teer =) of nr oR Ir} aa Do io) g§ Qa ao 7m sw SBS8S85 B23Bas 1 oc) boul ° . or i>) alas oy | _ <2 Ree . . | 5 comm as er a Jt ee ee SASS SES ea sei ollis ised clic) a) cute’ | i pemememics wb CORDA g Rm Ae = 2 Es AS on Cae) Db, s eo rs -ag8.se =8 o-5 Ea Z wESSHE e Sm 62.2 a8 en Pp BGeaseparesshsegks le. Beeb Ca sae ae senaeas | SE oy BoD S35 Resssone er Wecle Setslal A<<4<0044 /=8 Ripeiaicictestaicic) secicions) ais a aif oss a ’ i — 399 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. {Ocr, i, 1898 MARKET RATES FOR OLD AND NEW PRODUCTS. — (From Lewis & Peat’s Fortnightly Priccs Current, London, September 7th, 1898.) CUALITY. QUOTATIONS, QUALITY QUOTATIONS. ALOES, Soccotrine ewt. Zanzibar & Heyatic ,, BEES’ WAX, ¥ Zanzibar & { White ,, Bombay Yellow,, Madagascar CAMPHOR, China Japan 0 CARDAMOMS, Malabarlb Ceylon.— Mysore ” rs Yellicherry,, nf) Long Ah oh Mangalore ,, CASTOR OIL, Calcutta,, Madras ,, CHITLIER, Zanzibny cwt, CINCHONA oh ie Fair to tine dry Cummon to good G od to fine Fair BS Dark to good palish Fair average quality Clipped, bold, briglit,fine viddling, stalky & lean Fair to tine plump Sceis Good to fine Brownish Shelly to good ')Med brown to good bold ists and 2nds Dull to fine bright + (448 a 1008 lis a 768 P «| £7 2/6 a £7 108) -|£658a £6 78 ll - |£6 a £6 10s 85s \908 a 100s 38 a 8s 2d °s 8d a 23 60 .|28 9d a 481d . |?8 4d a 2s 9d + |28 11d & 38 ../28 6d .../28 8d a 2s 10d 3s 0d a 4s 5d .. |31-16d a 4d Bhd . |26s a 428 6d Ceylon . | Ledgeriana Chips .. (3jd a 5d Crown, Renewed ../44d a 8d Org. Stem |lida 6jd Red Org. Stem...)3da 4h Renewed ...|/3ida 54d CINNAMON, Ceylon Ists|Ordinary to fine quill...|84d a 1s 11d per lb 2nds aA + ..|74d a 1s Gd 3rds As lid a 1s 5d 4ths ‘fi % . 6d a is 1d Chits “A 2y . {27d a Bhd CLOVES, Penang Wb.|Dull to fine bright bold|7jd a 1s Amboyna, --|Dull to tine . |4da 53d Zanzibar } Good and tine bright .. |4jd a 44d and Pemba Common dull to fair ida 4ga Stems -- | Fair . |2d COCULUS INDICUS ewt. | Fair . [DS COFFEE : Ceylon Plantation ,, Native Liberian COCOA, Ceylon COLOM!O ROOT 0 COIR ROPE, Ceylon ton Cochin ,, FIBRE, Brush x COIR YARN, 0. 55 CROTON SEEDS,sift. ewt. CUICH ‘ 5) GINGE), Bengal, rough,, calicut, Cut A ,, B y ” Cochin Rough ,, Japan A GUM AMMONIACUM,, ANIMI, Zanzibar ,, Madagascar ARABIC F.J. & Aden Turkey sorts Ghatti Kurrachee ” ” Madras ASSAFG:TIDA aiNoO M\KREH, picked Aden sorts OLIBANUM, diop pickings ‘siftings ,, INDIARUBBER, Assam lb ” Rangoon y J orneo FA Middling to fine mid Smalls Good ordinary Small to bold Bold to fine bold Medium and fair Triage to ordinary Ordinary to good Ordinary to fair Common to fine Common to superior “6 »» very fine Roping, Dull to fair Fair to fine dry Fair Good to fine bold Small and medium Common to fine bold Small and D’s . Unsovlit Fair to good palish red Pickings to fine pale Good and fine pale Bold to fine bold colory Low mid. and low grown 110s a 1208 103s a 108s 6d 90s a 100s 7isa 848 ... |B58 a £08 .. [288 a 37s . |758 a 77s . |728 a 748 . |658 a 70s .|98 a 17s nominal £10 a £16 Ord, to tine long straight|/£10 a £21 Ordinary to good clean|£15 a £21 . |£7a £9 £12 a £26 10s (£12 a £84 fair to good ,, |£1010s a £15 ... (878 a 90s .. 9S 3d a 32s Gd ...|18s 6d . |708 a 84s 3¥s 6d a 60s .. |19s €d a 2s ...{15s a 18s ...| 15s 6d a 16s 6d Sm. blocky to fine clean|27s 6d a 45s Picked fine pale in sorts|£107/Ga£1312/ Part yellow and mixed/£82/6 a £10 10s Bean and Pea size ditto}70s a £7 12/6 Amber and dk. red bold}/£5 10s a £7 108 Med. & bold glassy sorts|80s 4 100s .. [£4 8s a £8 ..|£4 5s a £9 Ordinary “to good pale/40s a 55s 65s a 85s ... {128 6d a-40s ... (928 6d a 57s 6d” Reddish to pale selected|3Us a 4s Dark to fine pale Clean fr to gd. almonds/40s a 80s Ord. stony and blocky|30s a 37s Fine bright Fair to fine pale Middling to good Good to fine white Middling to fair Low to good pale Slightly foul to fine Good to fine Common to foul & mxd. Fair to good clean Common to fine .. 27s 6d a 35s .. {10s .../708 a 828 6d .. (338 & 55s ..|34s a 60s ‘S)20s a 31s 6d ',../lIs a 12s 6d ...|98 6d a 14s 28a 2s 33d se (239d a 3s 3kd «(18 a9s 4d - |TURMERIC, Bengalewt. Madras 2s 10d a 8s 33d | ((\Good te fine Ball Mozambique | \|Liver and livery Ball. és Madagascar ie to good black INDIGO, EL ” | Bengal aay “ | [Shipping mid togd violet 3s L0d a 4s 6d ‘Consuming mid. to gd.j28 3d a 8s 4d \Ordinary to mid. Is 3d a 1s 10d Mid. to good Kurpah,..jls 7d Low to ordinary [sa Mid, to good Madras., |1s 2d MACE, Bombay & Penang | Pale reddish to fine ., 2s a? per Ib. Ordinary to fair .. Is 6d Pickings Is MYRABOLANES, =: Dark to fine pale UG...|4 Madras { ©“*!Fair Coast 0/8 Bombay __ ,, |Jubblepore las } Bhimlies «48 | |Rhajpore, &e. . 88 od Bengal ,, |Calcutta 3s 6d NUTMEGS— Ib. |64’s to 57's 2s 6d Bombay & Penang ,, |110's to 65's 1s 3d 160's to 1830's a Ordinary to fair fresh... Ordinary to middling... INUTS, ARECA —_ ewt. NUX VOMICA, Bombay se per cwt. Madras | Fair to good bold fresh... 10s | Small ordinary and fair 55 6d OIL OF ANISEED 1) |Fair merchantable — .../05 14d | CASSIA According to analysis. 58 4 6s | LEMONGRASS ,, Good flavour & © Sh | NUTMEG ., |Dingy to white a» Od & BS CINNAMON *" |Ordinary to fair sweet..,jo4 4 1 CITRON ELLE ’ [Bright & good flavour...|18 Ota ORCHELLA WEED—cwt ‘ Ceylon ., |Mid. to fine not woody...|108a@ 1286d Zanzibar. Picked clean flat leaf .,,/108 @ 15s wiry Mozambique)10* 4 lis — Fair to bold heavy _.../48da4id Fair one . - gts ied : Dull to fine .. .,.S4a4id Fair to tine bright bold 2084 28s Middling to good smal] 158 @ 18s PEPPER - (Black) Ib. Alleppee & Tellicherry Singapore : Acheen & W. °C. Penang PLUMBAGO, lump ewt. chips ,, |Pull to tine bright dust ,, {Ordinary to fine bright SAFFLOWER ., |Good to fine pinky wee Middling to fair |, |608 @ 70s Inferior and pickings ...|908 #555 __|£20 a £35 (28a £30 “£30 a £00» ., |\£4a £8 £48 £5 “- a5 now. SANDAL WOOD— Bombay, Logs ton, Chips eee Logs ., Fair to fine flavour Fair to good flavour Inferior to fine Lean to good ips SAPAN WOOD Bombay,, Madras ,, |Good average ex Manila ,, | | Rough & rooty to good £4108a.£5 1 : Siam ,, |} bold smooth ‘ SEEDLAC ewe SENNA, Tinnevelly Fair middling mi Common dark and small/*+ SHELLS, M. o’PEARL— Bombay ewt. Bold and A’s D’s and B’s Small .../£1 58 a £3 10s 7 Mussel ,, |Small to bold TAMARINDS, Calcntta.,,|Mid.to fine bI’k not stony|12s 6d a lis 6d — per ewt. Madras |Stonyand inferior /4sats TORTOISESHELL— ; . Zanzibar & Bombay Ib, [Small to bold dark : a 4 ate part heavy — { 15s 6d a 238 6d alr e ” Do. - Cochin VANILLOES— tb. Mauritius and) . Ists ; Bourbon ds P - Seychelles 8rds|Lean and inferior eS VERMILION Ib, |Fine, pure, bright =e WAX, Japan, squares ewt /Good whitehard cor 124 JBM kaa AGRICGOLTORAL MAGAZINE, COLONMESO. Added as a Supplement Monthly to the “TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.” The following pages include the Contents of tke Agricultural for October :— Mazazine es SEASON REPORTS FOR AUGUST. ESTERN Province.—Paddy. Yala harvest time, Maha fields begin- ning to be cultivated. Rainfall light. Crop prospects good or fair. Cattle suffered to some ex- tent from murrain, but the disease has disappeared. Central Province—Paddy. Yula crops ripening or being reaped. Maha cultivation commenced, Rainfall deficient, ‘84in. in Matale, none in Nuwara Eliya. Health of cattle good, except for sore foot and mouth disease Northern Province.—Paddy. Fields in prepar- ation. Rainfall 4°52 in. in Jaffna, none in Mannar, Health of cattle good, Southern Province.—Paddy. Yala harvest on, crops fair. Rainfall 147 in. in Galle, in Hambantota cattle are dying for want of water. astern Province.—Paddy. Harvest time, crops fair. Rainfall, ‘93 in. in Batticaloa, 3°08 in, in Trincomalee. No reports of cattle disease. North-Western Province.—Paddy. Yala harvest time, crops backward for want of rain. Nil 28 Sunday “2 “Nil 18 Saturday .. Nil 29 Monday” +. ‘05 14 Sunday Nil_ 80 Tuesday Nil 15 Monday .. Nil 81 Wednesday... ‘07 16, Muesday er) Nib Thursday .. 1d Total,, 1:12 Greatest amount of rainfall in any 24 eae on the 27th instant, ‘43 inches. Mean rainfallfor the month -03 inches. Recorded by A. M. AMAMAT. 294 KEKUNA OIL, The demand that comes from abroad for Kekuna oil is one that should be widely made known throughout the villages where this tree, which is so known in certain parts of the Island, occurs. It is curious that the Kekuna tree fr¢m which the oil is got (botanically known as Adeurites triloba) is an introduced plant, while another tree also known as “ Kekuna” (botanically Canaritum Zeylanicun) though indigenous to the Island is much less commonly met with, The two trees, of course, belong to distinct orders, and it is better to distinguish the former by calling it “‘tel- kekuna,” or oil-kekuna, The orl as is well known is prepared by villagers for burning purposes, but we have sven a good deal of the nuts running to waste on the ground, If the fact were made known to the Natives that both nuts and oil have a marked value, there would be a possibility of our mveting the large demands from abroad, and the villagers would at the same time be able to benefit themselves. Mr. Frederick Lewis, of the Forest Department, who must be looked upon as an authority in_ these matters, has given it as his opinion that if a sufficient demand for the oil sprang up it is possible that it would pay to plant the tree which grows so well and so freoly, and which niso affords a wood used for tea-boxes. The oil is very suitable for soap making and cloth dyeing as well as purposes connected ith the arts, A large order—no less than a ton or oser 200 gallons—has been received through the Imperial Institute, with the prospect of further orders, while enquiries have also come from America, so that native dealers would do well to encourage villagers to extract Keluna oil, i OCCASIONAL NOTES. Dr. Bernard Dyer’s paper on ‘The Analysis of Soil asa Guide toits Fertility,” which we take from the last volume of the Royal Agricultural Society's Journal, will prove inters'ing reading to many. It shows how arbitrary are the standards that have been so long used in chemical analyses of soils, and also how unreliable, not to mince words, must have been many of the sc-ca’'e | com- plete (and expensive) analyses of soils as a guide to their fertility. : We acknowledge with thanks the receipt of the Reports of the Rothamstead Field Experiments for 1897, and also for 1898, with plans and summary tables, also a number of pamphlets by Sir John Lawes and Sir Henry Gilbert reprinted from the Royal Agricultural Society’s Journal. These papers will be valuable for reference in the School Reading Room. Referringto the distinction between plantains and bananas, Dr. Watt says:—The fruic of the cultivated varieties of the plantain are :ometimes popularly distinguished by the names of banana and plantain, according to whether they are eating raw or codked. These names are, however, very loosely applied, some calling any round und Supplement to the “ Tropical Agriculturist.” Se Se (Ocr. 1, 1898, plump fruit “ banana,” others making a distinction in size only, the smaller being “ banana,” the large plantain, It is, however, advisable to reject the arbitrary distinction which has arisen between the names, aud to call all alike by the commoner name, plantein. This opinion of an accepted authority should settle the much-yexed question about the two names and the grounds for the distinction. It would appear that distinction is one without a difference, and the sooner it is done away with the better. Among the exhibits at the last renkt ard wer Show, held at the School of Agvicaltufe; was a sample of paddy, labelled “Tulup Samba, a kind that weevils do not bore.” We ure unfortunately unable to identify the exhibitor (K. A. Perera), but have not given up hopes of finding ont hisaddress, so as to be able to elicit farther particulars regard- ing his exhibit. It would be interesting to dis- cover any reason thut is assignable for this immu- nity of a particular variety of paddy against wee- vil, if it be really the case that the-inseets avoid’ the paddy. It may possibly be the case that there are other varieties of paddy which are also inherently immune against weevil pests; and if so, it would be useful to have a jist of them all, The selection of weevil proof paddies may be one solution to the difficulty, which has cau 80 much trouble of late, in keeping off weevil from stored grain. It is well-known that certain varieties of crops are more Jiuble to upon by pests than others ; (his is at orn ia case as regards fungus pests, and we now rust proof wheats and phyloxera-proof Bed instances of plants that areimmune. § ° % hybridisation ak, < oo = ied, —_ r may. yet give us a w paddy! We have already referred to the new branding medium, and the following is an extract of a letter received from the Secretary to the ‘Gibson Patent Brand Company, Limited,” to whom ae wrote some. - time ago:—‘ The Company have, pending | the arrival “of supplies of the patent brand, been giving © demonstrations before farmers in different patts ~ of the Colony (Queensland), » Arrangements»are | being made for imtroducing the brand into all cattle-producing countries, ‘and will very shortly be given effect to. The brand is being taken up by «© the Government officials, and it is expected that it © will supercede fire brangling. The cost is about 1jd. per head.” 1B hu We welcome the announcement of the appoiat-_ ment of Mr. Kelway Bamber as Agricultural Chemist. to the Ceylon Planters’ Association. - Though his duties are limited, we do not ——a ‘4 that much benefit to the Colony must result fro our being able to count amog our residents for some time to come so distinguished an authority — ‘on tropical soils as Mr, Bamber, nal The Colony is about to lose the Services, tem-— porarily in the one case and permanently in‘the other, of two able and useful public servants ett the depature from Ceylon of Mr. W. 8. Dav the Mayor of Colombo, and Mr, -E. O. Wa Director-General of Telegraphs. Mr. Davidson, ;_ since his advent to the capital, has been using his Ocr. 1, 1898.] influence for the good of the community outside his official area, where it is acknowledged he has done more for the sanitation of the city ia the short time he has been in office that any or all of his predecessors. In social circles both Mir. Davidson and Mr. Walker will be sorely missed, as both have gone out of their way to provide instruction and recreation for the masses, whose esteem and respect they have thus deservedly won. Philanthropic sentiments are rare now-a-days, particularly in officials, and we can therefore ill- afford to lose two such men as Messrs. Davidson and Walker. The Schooljof Agiculture hs reascn to remember them both for their help. We heartily welcome back Mr. A. EF. Broun, Conseryator of Forests, after an absence of some length from the Island. TREE AND ITS THE PLANTAIN PRODUCTS, The late Mr. George Wall, writing about the Plantain tree in 1894, remarks that as regards varieties the Phillipines and the Indian Archi- pelago are richest, and; according to Moon, Ceylon comes next, with 47 varieties. He goes on to say that rich as the Island is in varieties, ind though ‘the list comprises some of the most delicious in flavour, and mcst productive and nourishing, Ceylon is far behind in the economic uses to which the fruit is applied, as compared with several other countries: His object in writing, says Mr. “Wall, is to draw attention, in the interests of Ceylon and its people, to several important pur- " poses to which the fruit has not yet been applied here, and to the great extension its present known uses might, with great advantage, be applied. He remarks that Ceylon is not over-abundantly sup- plied with either quantity or variety of food, and that it may be said, as an additional supply, and as an agreeable variety of wholesome food, the bananas and plantains offer the greatest scope. Mr. Wall then goes on to refer to the opinion of Dr. Stanley and other authorities in the Indian Archipelago, British Guiana, and India, bearing testimony to the value of banana and plantain meal, and concludes with these words: ‘Such a variety of testimony leaves no doubt of the fact that in Ceylon we possess in the bananas and plan- tains, so abundant in supply, so cheap in price, and so delicious in flavour, not only a most remark- ably wholesome focd, but a singularly effective cure for indigestion, and a specially suitable food for infants and invalids.” As regards keeping qualities Dr, Shier refers to the great superiority of the dried plantain over figs in keeping qualities and in immunity from insect ravages. Comparing dried applies and bananas, it was found that while apples yielded only 12 per cent of thier original weight, bananas with the skins removed, give within a fraction of 25 per cent of thoroughly desiccated fruit, Prof. Church, with fruit grown at Kew, obtained 3l'7 per cent of dry matter from ripe fruit, We were not aware when referring to the sample of plantain flour lately submitted to us as having been prepared by the chief clerk of the Anuradha- pura Kachcheri, that this officer was identical with the late Secretary of the Grama Rakshaha Sama- gama of Valugama, in which, curiously enough, Supplement to the * Tropical Agriculturist.” 595 Mr. George Wall took such a interest. We recall to mind a moss interesting village show of agri- cultural produce, which Mr. Wall himself patro= nised, some years ago, a:d which was an excellent model of what villege shows should be. The sample referred to above has already been despatched toNew York, and we await with interést the opinion which the trade in America have to pronounce upon if. In the meantime we are anxiously looking forward to other samples of dried plantains and flour from Anuradhapura, enti 2 =— = CITRONELLA OIL. A subscriber has kindly placed the following information regarding Citronella grass at our dis« posal for the benefit of a correspondent from the Straits:—After Citronella grass is planted it usually takes one year for the first crop, but in good soil the first crop comes in in 9 months, In some districts, especially Weligama and Matara, where the grass is extensively grown, four crops can be counted on in one year, but three is the usual number. Iam unable to say exactly what quautity of oil is got from 100 lbs, of leaf, but 100 bundles, of about 3 ft. circumference size each, will give 7 to 10 bottles of 22 ounces. In this distillery we get 8 bottles per 100 bundles, The grass is planted 1 te 1} ft. apart, and an acre, when fully planted, yields from 20 to 25 bottles oil, After extracting the oil the leaves are spread on the land between the bushes to serve as manure, and this is generally the only return given to the land. When firewood is scarce, the exe hausted leaves are used as fuel for heating the boiler of the distillery, in which case the leaves are lost to the land. There are two kinds of Citronella grass, viz.; “Maha pangiri” and “Lenabatu pangiri.” The first has somewhat broad leaves and the bushes formed are larger than the second, but it has been found that this variety dies off after 10 or 15 years’ cultivation. On this account it is hardly grown at all now, but some twenty-five years ago was the only cultivated variety, and “ Lenabatu” was not known then: Maha pangiri, however, yields a larger percentage of oil. Lenabatu grass produces large crops under manure. The price of Citronella oil was R10 to R15 some twenty years ago, but it has been gradually decreasing and was brought very low by the adulteration of the oil with kerosine. Its value per bottle, of 22 oz., is now 80 to 90 cts. There is always a good demand for Citronella oil, and during the month (September) we have sold at 86 cts. per bottle. Even now the price varies a good deal, going as low as 70 cts. and rising again to R2 or R250. We shall be glad for any further information which growers of Citronella will supply us with, for the benefit vf our correspondent. eee OEE THE CULTIVATION OF CIL{ILLIES. We are induced to refer to this subject after having watched the result of chilli cultivation by a planter, as a catch crop in land planted with 296 Coconuts. The returns in this particular instance, where the laud was but lately reclaimed from forest were so Jarge, {hat to mention figures would be to test the credulity of most people. The game enormous profits cannot of course be expect ed from all soils, but it at least implies the certainty that chillies can be made to yield a very substan- tial return on almost any soil. While travelling from Madras to Tuticorin alter.a trip across the Deccan some five years ego, we were ratcnished to sce the extent of land Jaid uncer this crop, and the enormous loads of dried chillies that were being shipped from Tuticorin suggested the question, why cannot also Ceylon carry on. an export trade in this commodity? The fect, of course, is that so far from Ceylon exporting, it draws practically the whole of its supply of chillies from India. This is all the more astonishing, considering the great possibilities that exist in Ceylon for raising the crop in question, and the facilities for marketing it. Indeed it strikes us that the chilli plant is perhaps more than any other adapted to the conditions of rural cultivation in Ceylon, It is a crop that requires little attention after haying once: settled in the soil. 1t has no enemies to spenk of, and the peripatetic Moorman is always at hand to take over the produce without any after-treatment on the spot. All these circum- stances greatly favour the adoption of the chilli asa crop for native cultivation. We are aware that chillies are grown to some e* = ‘tent by the Sinhalese and particularly by the Tamils ofthe North, but such local preduce is chiefly con- sumed in the fresh state. The largest demand for chillies is in the dry and not the fresh condition, for the preparation of a “curry stuff” by grinding into a paste, and in this connection local produce is of filtle if any account. Why is it that the plant is not grown more extensively for supplying our markets with the dry chilli. of commence ? Vhe Kew Bulletin for July last contuins a paper on chillies which contains some interesting . facts and figures. We learn that about, 100 tons of dried chillies are imported every year into England from the West Indies and the East and West coast of Africa: The. prices fetched eecording to colour and _ pungency varies from 20/- to 40/- per ewt. Mr, Consul Cave reporting on the Trade and Commerce of Zanzibar for 1897, say that the~ production in that Island was over 276 tons. ~The variety cultivated in Zanzibar for export is .said to be Capsicum minimum, Bird’s eye pepper, the Sinhalese nayi-miris, which forms the basis of -Cayenne pepper: _ From Natal the chillies exported are a variety of Capscium annum, which is also used for Cayennepepper. The Nepsul chillies, also a variety of C. annum, are the moss esteemed for Cayenne _owing to their violet odour when ground to powder. The Saturday Reviewrefers to two preparations of chillies in vogue in South America, In the case of the one, the podsare freed from seeds, ground to a paste, and in this condition packed in well- dried gourds about the size of an orange (or would it be the Calabash fruit) prepared for the purpore. The gourds are sealed over with clay and put in the sun to “ripen,” When 1eady fer Supplement to the “Tropical Agriculturist,” [Ocr. 1, 1898, use there “spurious fruit” are said to hare ao s. “exquisite flavour and refired taste.” In the second method of preparation the seeds are also taken, so that the paste is more pungent and is eooked asa condiment with other foods such as Indian corn, These preparations cf chilli, called “aji,” when specially made with an admixture of delicately- scented bark or other substance, is said to be looked upon as a most acceptable gift in the country of the Incas. Apart from its use for Cayenne pepper, chilli is also employed in medicines and as a food for birds to improve their plumage, for which purpose there is a very large demand. Dr. Watt remarks that there is great confusion in the nomenclature of the chillies. He names four species: C. annum, C. frutescens, Capsicum grossum, and C. minimum (C. fastigiatum). All these species, of which there are many Vatleties, are represented in Ceylon, The first by the superior full fruits found in our markets, the second by the long, pointed (generally) curved chilli, the third by the largest variety, with thick fleshy skin and little pungency, generally spoken of as “ Cupsicums,” and the fourth by the Sinhalese payi-wiris. Dr. Morris, in his Catalogue of Ceylon Plants published in Ceylon, gives the following with refer ence to Chillies: (1) Capsicum frutescens var rubrum, red chilli (ratu-miris), var, luteum, yellow chilli (gas or kaha-miris) var. atrum, black chilli (kalu-miris). (2) C. annum, Guinea pepper. Rata-miris, a variety (clive chillies) being called ka]n-miris. a Nearly Rs. 1,000,000 work of “curry stofis” are Imported annually from India, and a good part of this in the shape of dry chillies, the production of which should be encouraged in every way in Ceylon. We trust the newly-formed Agri-Horticultural Society will see its way to offer, or induce Government to offer, rewards for the largest acreages of cultivated chillies, and for the best commercial samples of dried chillies, ——S gee Ss THE ANALYSIS OF SOIL AS A GUIDE TO _ ITS FERTILITY, rs BY DR. BERNARD DYER, F.I.C. ( Continued.) Ste ‘ In 1880 Prof. K. Schmidt of Dorpat published a series of analyses of Russian soils, im which ke had determined uot only the total potash and phospho- ric acid, but also the proportions of.these consti- tuents soluble in hydrochloric acid solutions of various strengths, such as hot 10 per cent acid, | cold 5 per cent acid, and cold 1 percent acid. __ In 1881 P. P, Deherain found some soils at Grignon on which phosphatic manures produced no effect, but which did not contain more than an average quantity of phosphoric acid. He ascer- tained that from 3 to 3 of the total phosphoric acid was soluble in acetic acid (a relatively. x acid), and he suggested that probably soils whi contained phosphoric acid removable by aceti might be independent of phosphatic manu These soils were cropped without manure for eleven years, after which time he found tha moderate dressing of phosphatie manure, s J < sta Oct, 1, 1898.] in earlier days produced no effect, now sufliced to treble the yield of wheat. On analysis by means of acetic acid he found that these phosphate- exhausted scils now yieldedonly insignificant traces of phosphoric acid, and, although formerly, when they were independent of phosphatic manure, they yielded as much as ‘03 per cent of phosphoric acid soluble in acetic acid. A. Vogel in 1882 made a similar suggeetion with regard to acetic acid, and in 1894 Dugast published the results of an investigation into the composition of three soils of different degrees of fertility, on which he investigated the solvent action of acetic acid, ammonium oxalate, ammonium citrate, dis- tilled water, and water saturated with carbonic acid. In the same year G. Lechartier suggested the use of a 2 per cent solution of ammonium oxalate as a means of gauging the available mineral contents of the soil. in 1889 Eggertz and Nilson extracted a soil with a 2 per cent solution of hydrochloric acid, and after washing it, found that the available plant- food had been so far removed from it that barley would not grow in it, while, when the exhaustion wus carried out with acid of double this strength, it was sterile to oats. Wiklund in 1892 published some work in the game direction, criticising the work of the last men- tioned authors, but dealing chiefly with the dis- tinction between inorganic and organic phosphorus and sulphur in the soil. Various papers by Berthelot and André appeared in the ‘Comptes Rendus” on the subject of the condition of the mineral ingredients of the soil, without, however, suggesting any satisfactory conclusion as to the best mode of distinguishing between available and non-available plant-food. Petermann had long used alkaline ammonium citrate tor the purpose, and Schloesing had sug- gested the use of dilute mineral acids only just atrong enough to leave an acid reaction alter neutralising the bases of the soil. From this brief summary, which, though imper- fect, illustrates sufficiently the general position, it will be seen that the difficulty which was early recognised in soil analysis has_ still persisted, although most chemists seem to have recognised that some very much weaker solvent than strong mineral acid must be used if the analyses were to indicate the proportion of actually availab.e plant- food, The difficulty felt throughout, however, was that of arriving at any Cefinite standard of weak- ness or strength in the solvent to be used. All that was clearly recognised was that it should be very much weaker than the acids used for deter- mining the total ingredients of the soul. The attention of agricultural analysts had been for some years engaged in a matter of more immediately pressing interest—namely, the deter- mination of the degree of availability of the con- stituents of manures. It was no doubt interesting to determine how much available phosphoric acid might exist ina soil; but the rent of land is not fixed by the proportion of phosphoric acid that it contains, while the price of phosphatic manure is. It was recognised as essentially important for the farmer to know whether the whole—or at any rate a fuir proportion—of the phosphates which he might purchase in a manure existed in a condition in which he might reasonably expect them to be Supplement to the * Tropical Agriculturist.” 297 a available for early utilisation by plants. In thé case of manures in which the phosphates were soluble in water, no serious difficulty arose. The difficult cases were those in which the phosphates were not actually soluble in water, although experience showed that, to a larger or smaller extent, as the case might be, they were manu- rially available. Various processes were devised, and are still in vogue—chiefly in the various Coutinental countries and in America—for deter- mining what is called “available” phosphate in manures. Most of these processes take the form of ascertaining the proportion of phosphate soluble, under certain arbitrary conditions, in solutions of ammonium citrate of various arbitrary strengths, containing in some cases an excess of free ammonia, and in other cases an excess of free citric acid, The varying results obtained by the different processes are, it may be observed, constant sources of annoyance to manufacturers, dealers, and consumers, especially in international trade. In 1884 Professor Stutzer of Bonn_ protested emphatically, but Iam sorry to say, vainly, against the use of ammoninm citrate, although granting its utility within certain limitations. He endorsed an ealier suggestion of Tollens to use dilute citric acid as a means of gauging the availability of the phosphates in fertilisers, and fixed the strength of the solvent at a solution containing | per cent. of citric acid. Both Stutzerand A. Thomson showed that the results obtained by acting on various fertilisers with a one percent solution of citric acid were in fair correspondence with the comparative efficacy accorded to the fertilisers by practical experience. The strength of the solution—namely 1 per cent—appears to have been arrived at more or less arbitrarily; but as it appeared to give fairly rational results when applied to fertilizers, it struck me forcibly that the same or some similar solution might very probably give useful results when applied to soils. A large number of ex- periments had been made in my laboratory on the solvent action on soils of water, carbonic- acid-saturated water, and ammonium citrate solu- tions of very various strengths, without leading to any definite conclusions. It was then decided to try the effect of dilute citric acid solution, in strength varying from 0°125 per cent up to 5 per cent on the same soil. It was found that when the proportion of solvent to soil was ample, there was not much difference as regards phosphorie acid at any rate, between the quanti- ties extracted by the weaker solutions of citric acid employed, up toa strength of 1 per cent; bus when the strength was increased to 22 per cent the proportion dissolved was very much higher, and certainly indicated far more phos- phoric acid than could be accounted readily available. There was, in fact, nothing to indi- cate what particular strength was preferable, and the problem seemed to me not much more nearer solution than before. The 1 per cent solution of Tollens and Stutzer was very tempting, but, as applied to the soil, its use lacked justification, whether regarded form a practical or a scientific point of view. Sei @ that what was required. was a means of di tinguishing between matter that a plant could take 1p and mafter that a plant could not take 998 up, the possibility suggested itself that a key to the solution of the problem might be found in an appeal to the plant itself, namely, in a further study of the means by which it collected its mineral food, That a plant takes up some of its food (most of ‘its nitrogen, for example) in a state of solution, or by a mere process of diffusion, is very probable; but from what we know of the solubility of most mineral cousti- tuents, the mere solvent action of water, even if saturated with carbonic acid—that is to say, of the very limited quantity of water that exists in even a wet soil—is wholly insuflicient to account for the solution of the mineral plant food taken up by a crop. It had, indeed, long been recognized that plants help themselves to at least a part of their mineral food by means of the solvent action of their root sap, the acidity of which had been noticed so far back as 1733 by Philip Miller Gardener to the Society of Apothecaries, who wrote that “when the juice enters the root it is earthy, watery, poor, and acid,’ while he also drew attention to “that tart liquor oozing from the root of the walnut tree when cut off in the month of May.” In more recent kinds the German vegetable physiologist, Saciis, had shewn that when polished marble was buried in the soi! in which plants ‘were growing, the action of the root-sap was ‘sufficiently corrosive to etch on the surface of the marble the pattern corresponding with the paths of contact between the roots and the -marble. ' In 1889 Sir John Lawes and Sir Henry Gilbert, in a paper “On the Present Position of the ‘Question of the Sources of Nitrogen of Vege- tation.” described some experiments made with -‘a-view to ascertaining how far the acidity of ‘the root-sap might enable plants to dissolve and assimilate nitrogenous organic matter in the soil. In ‘the course of that investigation the authors experimented on the acidity of the root-sap of a large number of plants, although their quanti- tative determinations of acidity were not pub- lished. Few;if any, other attempts appear to have been made to determine the degree of acidity ‘possessed by root-sap, although the fact of its acidity was well recognised. It therefore appeared desirable to undertake some investigation into this acidity in the fine - roots or rootlets of a number of plants. —_>__—_—— THE USES OF WOOD. (Continued from page 19, Vol. X.) in splitting and cleaving, the case is, like shear- ‘ing, aliiiost entirely one of transverse tension ; with this difference, however, that the force is applied to a small area and acts on a lever (the side of “the cleft); it acts, therefore, the more effectually the longer the cleft and the stiffer the wood. From what has preceded, it is evident that the adhesion of the fibres, or, better, the resistance to transverse tension, is of great importance. Examining the structure, it is quite apparent that this resistance is greatly influenced by the shape and relative. position of the fibres, In hard woods the cells do not arrange themselves in rows; hence, there Supplement to the “ Tropical Agriculturist.” (Oct. 1, 1896. " is no natural cleavage planes (except at the pith rays). A knife will thus not merely’ have’ to separate two layers of fibres, but has to eut through the cells themselves, while, if passing throagh coniferous wood it finds a natural plane of contact of two sheets of fibres, and thus has easy work. Moreover, the course of the fibres in hard woods is rarely straight, the fibres are generally in oblique positions, they interlace, and if a piece of wood is split the surface is “fuzzy” with the myrinds of fibres which are not merely separated, but were torn in tension, the very way in which they offer greatest resistance, For these reasons hard woods have generally a much greater strength in trans- verse section than conifers. Where tliis greater resistance to tension is accompanied by greater flexibility, by more “give,” as is always'the ease with hard woods, the wood becomes tough; a blow may indent but does not shatter. This tough- ness is a combination of relatively great strength in transverse longitudinal tension together with a fair amount of flexibility or capacity to endure distortion, That toughness varies widely is well- known. Naturally the hard woods exhibit it'to a much greater degree than conifers. Ilardness in wood means the resistance which any surface, but particularly the sides (longitudi- nal faces), offers to the entrance of a blunt body suchas a hammer, ‘The test in hardness is one of transverse compression of the fibres, and therefore depends on the resistanee to collapse. In a single fibre this resistance depends on thutof the material (presumably about alike in all wood), on the shape of the fibre, and the relative ‘thickness of its walls. Fibres like those of hard «woods ‘with a hexagonal cross section and commonly scarcely any cell lumen or hollow, naturally behave’ like solid wood substance. They offer great resistance, so that if the outer surface of a stick is formed by such fibres its hardness is very great. If, on the other hand, the surface layer is composed of thin-walled vessels or tracheids, like those of the spring wood in conifers, tle wood is soft. In the usual test the indentation extends but a short distance ahead of the instrument (as, for instance, when timber is struck with a hammer) ; but if the test is continued long enough, the compression results in destruction of all the thin-walled and much of the thick-walled tissue of the wood, so that timbers, such has have been buried under ground, are destroyed throughout, Sucha crushed — stick continues to resist further crushing, becomes compacted, dense and heavy, and lores nearly — all its bending strength &c.; it takes up water rapidly, and when soaked crumbles like wood in the later stages of decay. Closer examination shows that all the thin-walled fibres have collapsed just like crushed pastebonard tubes, the break — running along two or more lines the length of the — fibre, the form of the cross section being changed — froma hexagon to an S shape, or an approach to this form. 0 =e The hardness of wood in the sense as noted is — quite variable, even in wood of the same species, varying on different sides and also according to — the portion of the annual ring exposed at the surface, the extent of compression and other = circumstances: ip In nearly all wood used for construction, wh “bridge timber, the studding or joist of a hoitse, cree Bette « Oct. 1, 1898.] merely a table or chair leg, the stiffness of wood is an essential quality, and in many if not most cases if is far more important than the ultimate strength. Thus a rafter or joist need not be very strong, but it must bend but little under its assigned load, and even in furniture and smaller objects the piece must not only be sufficiently large to hold up its weight without breaking, but to hold it without being distorted to an unsightly or troublesome degree. In this case ultimate strength is not considered, but stiffness or elasticity rather, and in the majority of cases a “strong wood” is, with the artisan, really a stiff wood, The stiffness of a piece of wood depends on its Weight andits structure. Single fibres of differeat woods may be found to be alike in stiffness, strength and degree of extensibility, both being practically alike chemically and physicality, and yet there may be a great difference between the two woods. Tis difference must therefore be in the combinations in which the fibres occur in the wood structure, which is a ready and plausible explanation for such differences. For instance, to contrast a typical hard wood with a coniferous wood: we find 1. The elements of structure are alike in coni- fers, unlike in hard wood. 2. hey are all large (comparatively) in coni- fers, while in hard wood extremely small elements (fibres proper) form seattered bodies among larger ones (parmchyma) and very large ones (the vessels). 8. These bodies of small fibres, the strongest part of the wood, have extremely thick walls, compared to their size, in the hard woods, but much Jess so in the conifers. 4, The fibres in conifers are arranged in per- fact rows (or really sheets, for the cells of each row are practically conterminous), those of hard woods are found in divided bodies, and appear like separate strands of specially strong materials. In addition, the fibres, (tracheids) in conifers are usually much longer than those in hard woods. On account of these structural con iions the fibres in the conifers act much more peifectly together and allow less “give” than the heterogeneous elements, and especially the separated strands of fibres in hard woods, which arrangement permits more “give,” and this “give” lessens the stiffness or elasticity of the hard wood. for if we re urn to our sing’e cells we would have the upper part com- pressed when the fibre is bent, the lower ex- tended, and the behaviour would simply depend on the shape of the fibre and the material of its wall, but if we have a set of fibres and vessels grown together and tested, the behaviour depends not only on their shape and _ the material, but also on the relative position of the fibres and other elements. Those which are crooked or oblique on the upper side of the stick will have their unfavourable attitude increased, those on the lower side will merely be straightened or but partly strained, while the main part of the load applied at first is borne vy only a part of the fibres, that is, those straightest in their position. Here the large fibres of the conifer with their regularity of arrangement all fall in line at one, they are “staight grain,” the “give” is small, and the timber is stiff, Moreover, when the load is removed the case is exactly reversed. he fibres Supplement to the “Tropical Agriculturist.” 299 bo of coniferous wood, all being strained, exert the same power to return, while many 0: the fibres in the hard wood, on the other hand, are really under but little strain, they make little effort to return, the timber does not “ spring back,” and thus is neither very stiff nor springy or resilient; it is not very elustic. ‘Thus it is that conifers are, as far a+ is known at present, generally stiffer than hard woods of the same weight, the difference of en being very considerable. The finer and th: more even the structure of the hard wood, the straighter the grain, the greater the weight cf any wood, and the more perfectly it is seasoned, the stiffer it is. In conifers this quality seems to vary directly with their weight. In hard woods the matter is too little known to warrant any general statement, though here, tco, heavy woods like oak and ash are stiffer than light woods, such as poplar, es A DISEASE OF THE PLANTAIN TREE. We find in the Kew Bulletin of August, 1894, the following remarksreferring to plantains ;:—* Taking into consideration the immense area over which these plants have been cultivated, the lengthened period during which they have been subject to the control of man, it is remarkable that no chronic disense has manifested itself amcng them except in one or two 1 :calities.” in Ceylon, so far as we are aware, no atten- tion has been drawn to any form of disease of the plantain tree, but we have heard of such in Tiji, and the following is a reference to it :-— A short account of the disease affecting banana plants in Fiji was published in the Kew Bulletin, December 1890, p, 272. Specimens of stools were received at Kew list year, but the results of an investigation of them were purely negative. Mr, Arthur E. Shipley, F.L.S., to whom they were submitted, was unable to detect anything abnormal in the roots, stems, and leaves, There appeared to be no trace in the specimens, as received in this country, of nematode worms, of insects, or of uny fungoid pest. As indicated in the letter addressed by this establishment to the Colonial Office, dated 18th November, 1890, Sir Ferdinand Von Mueller, adopting the view that the disease was possibly produced by a nematode worm, recommended, failing success with various in- secticides, ploughing the land, leaving it fallow, and alternating some other crop. The ground could then be re-planted with banana “stools” from an unaffected locality, The view that the disease was caused, in part at least, by nematode wormg, is apparently con- firmed by an investigation with fresh material undertaken by Mr. N. A. Cobb, at Sydney, New South Wales. The results are published in the Agricultural Gazette of New South Wales, October, 1831, p. 622. The Fiji plants were found to be affected with aphides, which, however, could not be proved to have done much damage. In the root-stock a fungus was found, and the fact that this does some damage has been established. The presence was shown by a brown discolouration of the interior of the root-stock and roots, Mee a 300° “Yt is rather remarkable” (the report con- tinues) {that in the soil about the roots of these plants, nearly 30 species of nematodes should be found, about 25 of which are new species. Two of these species have been shown to be injurious tothe plants, one of them attacking the roots, and being found living parasitically on certain brown, rotten cavities, and the other being found between the sheathes of the leaves of the plant, and in some cases even at the very core, where the tissues appeared to be quite sound and white, It will therefore be seen that there are four separate causes for the diseases of these plants, viz., aphides or plant, lice, a fungus causing rot in the root-stock, and two different species of nematodes. , “The remedies that are suggested in the present state of our knowledge, which, of course, is in- complete, are tivese :— «i, That where the bananas are cultivated, a system of rotation should be adopted; that no attempt should be made to grow banana plants on the same ground continuously for a long series of years hac ; “i, Judging from the specimens sent, the soil about the banana plants is infested to an extraordinary degree with nematodes, therefore, it is best, in cultivating, to plough deeply, or to occasionally subsoil the Jand. These nematodes attack the roots of plants, and exist largely within eight inches of the surface. As they be- come rarer as the depth of the soil increases, it follows that if the land be ploughed deep and thoroughly so as to turn the soil exactly bottom cide up, @ soil comparatively free from nematodes will be brought to the surface, and, af the same time, the nematodes which were near the surface ave buried so deep that they can do much less damage than they could if left at the surface. seaig, chor * La ade main difficulty in dealing with these plants is thought to be due to the attacks of the fungus mentioned above, and here the best remedy to recommend is great care In setting the new suckers, ?.¢., 1n making new plania- tions. As pointed out, the presence of the fungus is indicated by discolouration in the root-stock. Now, when suckers are cut off from: the cld plant with a spade. they should be inspected, and all brown and rotten portions should be carefully removed, and all suckers from which 1 discoloured portions cannot be these brown ant ) removed without destroying the chances of grow- ” ing, should be discarded. We regret that we have not access to the number of the Bulletin referred to in the above extract, which describes the disease as it exists in Fiji. Our altention was drawn to this subject by the fact of our observing the result of an apparently diseased co dition of a tree growing in the grounds of the School of Agriculture. This particular tree though apparently healthy, robust, and fruitful does not mature its fruit, which, after setting, gradually shrivel up and assume & blackened colour. The parent tree from the present one grew was raised on which I the grounds of the Model Farm where the soil is a pretty stiff clayey loam. There the same the non-development of the fruit The tree in the School of Agri- soil, peculiarity in was abserved. j ; culture is growing in a very poor sandy ee oe Ah err re Te a OSS ecm | Supplement to the “ Tropical Agricultur % 2: eee re - ae eae (oor 1, 18 and at its last fruiting a few weeks! ago the results were as before disappointing. It should be remarked that the diseased tree both at the Model Farm and at the School grew among 4 number ee other plantain trees which produced excellent ruit. lt would be interesting to know whether the disease in the tree referred to is anything Mike that which occurs in Fiji, and we are taking steps to ascertain this fact, —_——_—_—____——__ HOW INDIA HAS SAVED HER FORESTS. [This is the subject of a paper by Mr. E. Kay Robinson in the August number of The Century. The paper opens with an account of the origin of the Forest Department, which is said to owe its existence to the pinch which was experienced just fifty years ago, in providing timber for building warships in Bombay. Major-General Michael, still alive, made a beginning of Forest Conservation in the Madras Presideney, and he wus followed by Dr. LL Cleghorn and Sir D. Brandis. These three, the authors of Indian Forestry, succeeded in establishing a department which now exercises complete control over one- eighth of the entire Peninsula, producing a revenus 4f about £1,000,000 a gear. This sum, says Mr. Robinson, may be regarded as the lowest possible interest from a growing capital created entirely for the benefit of posterity by the Forest Department of India, whose guiding principle is still the same asit ever was, viz., the subordination of current profits to the improvement of State property for the benefit of the people. The writer refers tothe timidity of Government in incurring expenditure as the bane of successful undertakings, and how even the evidence of the mischief wrought by past neglect of forest pre- servation will not teach the lesson it should tesch. The history of the Indian Forest Department is of particular interest just at this juncture, when it is reported that Forest Conservancy in . Ceylon is to be reported on by a Commission. We quote the latter part of the paper referred to.} The three great difliculties in the way have been, first, the neglect of forests in the past, causing the denudation of land whose reafforestation has become a Sisyphean task ; secondly, the traditions of © the villagers who had assumed a right of user in the matter of timber, fuel, and grazing to all forest land; and, thirdly, the habits of the people, who conceive that the best way of paying off a grudge against the Government, of securing a tender. crop of fdder for their cattle next season, or in the case of jungle tribes, of pre- paring the ground for agriculture, is to set fire to a forest. Consequeatly, the preservation of reserved forests from injury by fice hascome to be regarded, due allowance being made fur the nature of the inhabitants, as the criterion by which successful forest work in India is judged, even mo-:e than by the maintenance of seed-bearing | a trees, the reproduction of valuable timber, or the — d pecuniary profit accruing to the State. 1 Jt is, however, the curse of forestry in India that its large domain of remunerative, scien ifie, and philanthropic public work should be dragged — ‘ at the tail of the procession of political functions — oe ‘Ocr. 1, 1898. ] -appertaining to the Home Department. Yet, in spite of this, the Indian forest officers do splendid work over the vast area committed to their charge, in every extreme of climate, from the moist, impenetrable forests of Assam covering three-fourths of the province, to the arid hillsides of Beluchistan Enumeration of the timber wealth of India would give no idea of the variety of factors with which forest cflicers have to deal. In Sind, for instance, it so no unusual detail of a year’s forest work that an officer in charge of a district should report, as in 1894, the acquisition of ten thousand acres of treeless waste, and the loss of six thousand acres of forest, through the vagaries of the river Indus, which annually shifts i's bed to right or lett, often wiping out villages «nd threatening cities in its course. It all comes in the day’s work of the forest officer in the Punjab, also, that he should ride for miles over the coarse pasturage of treeless rukh land (coarse pasturage classified as “ forest”), and personally impound the herds of half-wild buffa- lces of neighboring villagers trespassing thereon. If he should have to encounter villagers sallying out with iron-shod bamboo staves, and offering forcible resistarce—why, that comes into the day’s work, too. The task of the forest officer naturally divides itself under these heads: Settlement, by the adjustment of legal sights to the ground; de- muarcation, by the definition of boundaries to the land apprepriated as “ forest” by the State; survey, to determine the suitability of the land for the pro- duce of timber, fuel, fodder, pasturage, ete., for the neighbouring population or for export ; preparation of working-plans, whereby the resources of the land in these severul respects may be best developed ; provision of communications whereby the produce of the foiests may be brought within reach of the people, and of. buildings for the accommodation of the staff and establishment; of protection of the forests from fire, trespass, encroachment, and injury, and improvement by means of felling, reproduction, and other operations of forestry; working, whereby the largest annual output of forest produce compatible with the preservation of the undiminished fertility of the forest area may be secured; finance, whereby the working of the department in each of its subsections, whether divided latitudinally as regards operations; or longitudinally as regards locality, may be shown to possess a satisfactory balance sheet; main- tanance of establishment, to secure efficiency in every detail of the work; conduct of experiments in the utilization of indigenous resources, and the acclimatization of exotic methods or material ; regulation of the export of forest produce to other provinces or foreign lands; technical education and recruitment of men and subordinate officers suitable for forest work; and lastly, record of work done. From this brief and imperfect sum- mary it will be seen that the work of the Forest Department demands legal ability, gecmetric skill, botanical knowledge, administrative talent, engi- neering faculty, scientific experience, police ability, and economic science, besides all the qualities required for success in the financial, educational, commercial, organizing, and record work. Supplement to the “ Tropical Agriculturist,” 301 In spite of its limitations and its difficulties, the agregate work of the Forest Department of India has produced a result which has been rightly described by Sir Richard Temple as one of the greatest achievements of the Victorian era; and it has been a work, too, which, as another authority, Sir George Birdwood, has shown, was begun only in the nick of time. “A few more years’ delay,” he says, “would have resulted in the total loss of half the forest of India,’ of which now the “reserved” portions alone, where the State declares and maintains its right to the entire produce, cover more than seventy thousand square miles, a total to which large additions have yet to be made in Madras and Burma. These reserves, however, increase annually in value. Land which was once denuded of trees by the unrestricted grazing of cattle, especially of goats, which browse by choice upon the topmost-growing shoots of young saplings, is covered once more with forests which annually yield a richer output of timber and fuel. Valuable trees have replaced more worthless kinds. Carefully guarded, the rubber- tree grows more numerous and more productive, and ina country like India, where the mortality from fever largely exceeds that from all other causes combined, the cheap supply of quinine, dispensed in pice packets throughout the villages by Government agency, would alone more than repay the labors of the Forest Department. Yet its most striking and important achievement has been the acclimatization of valuable foreign trees. Already many Indian landscapes have been completely altered by the Casuirina and Eucalyp-~ tus (beef-wood and blue-gum) of Australia, while the intreduction of the apple and chestnut in the Himalayas has brought new and important food- supplies within reach of the people. The Buddhists, the Arabs, and the Portuguese each added somewhat to the flora of lndia, partly from religious motives, and partly fer luxnry. To the British has been reserved the honor of surpassing their combined efforts by the exercise of a statesmunlike philan- thropy which preserves and enriches the vegetable wealth of the lana for the good of its population, oe CATTLE AND THEIR MANAGEMENT IN THE INTERIOR. Want of proper management is responsible to a great extent for the pcor condition of cattle and the great loss by rinderpest and other diseases. Sufficient fodder is not raised or preserved, and they suffer severely during prolonged drought as they ar® doing now in most parts of the Northern, North-Central and North-Western Provinces. Some die of sheer starvation, while others are rendered more predisposed to disease, These become too weak to resist infection and mostly succumb to disease when attacked. Many villagers keep more cattle then they can properly feed and take care of. The poor animals are allowed to shift for themselves and to feed as best as they can. No man ought to keep more cattle than he can look after, if he wants to be free from the charge of cruelty toanimals. A few may be slaughtered for meat, if the owner has no prejudice against beef-eating, and the other SL DR a aaa Lt elt ON ae CAR? a ini mthe . a a bp we — ea : ae oe 302 Supplement to the “ Tropical Agriculturist.” {Ocr. A LBs surplus cattle should be sold off. This is being thing like a fair mileh cow here. As no exten done to a certain extent now. Cattle traders from the lowcountry come and purchase a good number of them, especially black cattle in this Province, Eppawela Korle being one of their favourite resorts. The sale of cattle from infected districts, is, however, prohibited. Cattle cured of rinderpest (or “salted” cattle as they are termed at the Cape) are generally not sold; but whenever they are, it is obvious that, being proof against future attacks of the disease, they ought to fetch a much higher price than others, in a country where rinderpest is socommon. Some special mark should, therefore, be placed on “salted” cattle to indicate their immunity from this dire disease, and a certificate to that effect issued by the headman of the place to the owner, who could make use of it while selling the animal, The proper domestication of cattle is a great step towards their preseryation and improvement. So long as they are in a semi-wila condition, it is extremely difficult to keep them in check when sick and to nurse and give them medicines. The housing of cattle combined with a little handfeed- ing would be an important factor in domesticating them. In addition to such treatment, it is worth- while trying what dishorning and the use of the nose-string would do as regards the taming of buffaloes. When thoroughly tame and properly trained they are capable of more work than they are usually given credit for. Itis nota rare thing in certain parts of the N.-W. Province to use buffaloes for drawing carts. With regard to the usefulness of buffaloes, Dr. Shortt writes as follows in his Manual cf Indian Cattle :—“ The sporting buffalo is much prized by their owners; when the guns are fired close to their ears or even resting on their heads, they never flinch at the report and often display aston- ishing intelligence by seeming to know what is required of them. They are trained to carry the pack, draw the plough and cart, the latter often containing a load of grain approaching 2,000 pounds, The buffalo is supposed to be a stupid, obstinate animal, and it is the more surprising that they can beso well trained: I have doubts of the reports till I had occular demonstrations of their practical training and doings,” Cattle-owners must be taught how to make the most of their cattle and to get the greatest possible use and profit out of them. Neat cows must be milked. To farmers in civilized quarters this would appear rather a superfluous statement; but it is a strange fact that, in by far the greater part of this Province, no milk is drawn from them, and the consequence is that it is difficult to buy any- e the latter method is within reach of the poorest extra demand is made upon the cow's milk, the yielding property remains undeveloped, "and nature provides her with only as much milk as is barely sufficient for the calf. The following extract from the Government Agent's Report for 1896 might be quoted in this connection :—* Villagers lave more cattle than they can look after, and in a great many instances I fail to see the value of black cattle, for they are not used in this Province for ploughing, nor are the cows milked; the animals run wild and com- mit trespass.” Breeding is another point that deserves the earnest attention of cattle-owners: Here and there some very good specimens both of buffaloes and black cattle are met with. But no effort is made to pepetuate good species by discreet selection and careful breeding and rearing. In India, where the conditions of climate and soil are very much like our own, distinet indigenous - breeds are produced and typical specimens of good | breeds fetch very high prices. Why should not attempts be made in Ceylon too to raise several distinct and superior types of country cattle for different purposes, e g., a draught breed and a milk breed both among buffaloes and neat cattle? A good trotting breed of bullocks can also be easily established in Ceylon. The rystematic improve- ment of our native breeds by selecting among indi- genous stock will most likely redound to greater and more permanent good than spasmodic attempts cross-breeding by imported animals. Besides, in cross-breeding there is the danger of “ violent crossing” which is often overlooked by cattle- owners. Animals of entirely distinct breeds having very few points or none at all in common do not produce good results when crossed. Mr. Mollison says in his notes on breeding :—‘‘ Male and female different in type should not be mated, as the off- spring would very often be a mongrel, e.g., that of an Aden cow by a Gir bull.” The introduction of foreign elements in breeding is at best an experiment, and, like other experi- ments, may be either a success ora failure; but this uncertainty does not attach to breeding «by means of well-sorted native specimens. Further, cattle-owners, and there is no reason why he should not avail himself of it: The castration of the “ weeds” and prevention of immature animals from breeding are also essential to the improvement of the native breed of cattle, E. T. HOOLE. Anuradhapura, 6th September, 1898. WILLIAM BOWDEN-SMITH. : wt CAL AGRICH; Up, ; «| MONTHLY. be 7h Vol. XVIII, COLOMBO, NOVEMBER Isr, 1898. [No. 5. “PIONEERS OF THE PLANTING ENTERPRISE IN CEYLON.” (Third Series.) WM. PLANTER, VISITING AGENT AND born in 1839—and spent the early years of his life at Brockenhurst, New Forest, Hants. From 1853 to 1857 he was at Rugby, Dr. Goul- bourn being headmaster. In 1857 he was offered a eadetship in a Bengal Cavalry Regiment, which he declined, not liking the idea of such a long banishment from England. In 1858 he was preparing for Woolwich ex- amination, when he received glowing accounts of Ceylon and of the fortunes to be made there in coffee, from one of his brothers who was at that time on the East India Station in H.M.S. “Pury.” Accordingly Mr. Wm. Bowden Smith decided to give up Woolwich and cry his luck in Ceylon. He travelled by the old P. & O. steamer ** Colombo” from Southampton to Alexandria and §.8. ‘‘Nubia” trom Suez to Galle. At that time the Egyptian Railway was only completed as far as Zag-a-zig, a short distance beyond Cairo, and from thence to Suez passengers were conveyed in two-wheeled vans, drawn by two mules and two ponies, into which six people were crammed sitting face to face. It was a very hot and BOWDEN SMITH, MERCHANT, M.L.C., J.P., 1858—1897, trying journey. Passengers were usually detained two days or more at either Cairo or Suez whilst their baggage was being brought across the desert on camels. The two days at Cairo enabled passengers to visit the Pyramids, but it was somewhat risky work in those days. The voyage out from Southampton to Galle took about 34 days and cost over £110 first-class, or nearly twice as lone and double as much as it does now. Mr. Bowden Smith landed at Galle in July 1858. On arrival at Galle, he received a hospitable welcome from Mr. Sonnenkalb, then a well-known merchant there, who has long since joined the majority and probably there are now few in Ceylon who remember him. Galle, with its numerous hotels and with the mail steamers constantly calling there, was a much more im- portant and lively place than it is now. The journey from Galle to Colombo was performed by coach, which was always more or less ex- citing, as after each change of horses one of the pair usually refused to start and all the ingenuity of the driver had to be used to get the beast to move. Mr. F. B. Templer was at that time District Judge of Kalutara and with him Mr. Bowden Smith stayed three days on his way to Colombo, His old friend, Mr. James Murray Robert- 304 son, the founder of the firm of J. M, Robertson & Co., was then living at ‘‘The Priory,” Slave Island, and under his hospitable roof he spent a pleasant month before proceeding upcountry and made the acquaintance of many kind friends, amongst them being Mr. and Mrs. Saunders (father and mother of Sir F. R. Saunders), Bishop Chapman, KR. Tatham, Captain Evatt, Dr. Willisford and Mr. Charles Shand. Most of the Civil Servants and merchants lived either in Slave Island or Kol- lupitiya. More than one pleasant evening was spent at the old Ceylon Rifle Mess, now oceu- pied by the Colombo Commercial Company. There were few roads through the Cinnamon Gardens and scarcely any houses, while packs of jackals used to run howling through the main road in Slave Island at night. The old Fort was guarded at night and no one could enter without the password. From Colombo Mr. Bowden Smith went direct to Delta estate, Pussellawa, to learn coffee planting under Mr. F. R. Sabonadiére, to whose able instiuction and kind advice he owed more than to anyone else. He stayed a week as his guest at the big Delta bungalow before beginning work, and whilst there made the acquaintance of Mr. George Sherriff of Hellebodde, than whom a truer friend and kinder host never breathed. Many were those who spent the night under his hospitable roof on their way to and from Nuwara Eliya during the season; or if they wished to push on to Ramboda or Pussellawa, he would meet them on the read-side with a large basket of refreshments under a little strip of jungle he had christened the ‘‘ Retreat.” Pussellawa was then the crack coffee district in the island:—F. R. Sabonaditre on Delta whose hospitality at the big bungalow was un- bounded and whom all who knew loved; ‘‘ Jack ” Tyndall at Glenloch where Sir Henry Ward usually broke the journey when he went to reside at his house, “ Rosebank,” Nuwavra Eliya, now owned by Miss Barbara Layard; Maurice Worms at Rothschild, a “chow” dog chained to each verandah post of the bungalow and a bull-dog at one end near the iron safe, kept guard—a glass of good old port wine was offered to each guest who called to see him; Col, Lilley with F. Kelson as his manager on Nayapane ; Jack Gordon on Wavendon ; General Fraser on Rangbodde ; Havilland Durand on Choisy; Capt. ‘‘Gilks” Wilkinson on Newmarket ; J. M. Sutherland on Stellenberg; A. J. Le Mesurier on East Delta; Walter Agar on Hanna- galla and C. J. Mais on Black Forest. So Mr. Bowden Smith had the good fortune to be sur- rounded by men of culture and high standing on his first arrival in Ceylon, and though junior THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. (Nov. 1, 1898. to most of them had the privilege of their friend- ship. Alas! nearly all of them have “ crossed the bar.” ‘* Jack’ Tyndall was a frequent visitor at Le Mesurier’s and Mr. Bowden Smith’s bungalows on East and North Delta and many a practical joke did he play on each of the young planters. Delta estate was then in its prime and from 1859 to 1863 it yielded average annual crops of over 11 ecwt. of coffee per acre all ronnd, in addition to which a great deal of crop was lost each year for want of labour to gather it. During crop months all hands had to be employed pick- ing and by the end of December the weeds were as high as the coffee. But thongh the yield was large the price of coffee was low and any proprietor who obtained 60s. a ewt. all round for his crop was considered very fortunate. Trans- port was also a matter of considerable difficulty and carts were sometimes as long as two months on the road between Colombo and Pussellawa. Rice was always issued to coolies at 7s. 6d. per bushel and the loss under this head amounted to about £1 an acre. The currency was altered to rnpees and cents under Sir Hercules Robinson’s rule. Before the bridge over the Mahaweliganga was completed in 1860, communication between Pussellawa and Gampola was occasionally cut off altogether as the river was so rapid after heavy rains that the old ferry-boat could not cross. On these occasions the arrival of the beef and bread cooly from Gampola was anxiously looked for. Shingles for covering the roofs of bungalows and lines were first used on Delta in 1858, having been introduced into the planting districts by Mr. F. BR. Sabonadiére. In 1859 Mr. Bowden Smith accompanied Mr. J. Murray Robertson on a tour of inspection through Kotmale and Dimbula. Nearly the whole of the latter district was at that time a dense forest with- out even a bridle road beyond Mount Vernon estate. The old bridle road from Kotmale to Nuwara Eliya passed under the Great Western and through Hunugalla, Wattegodde, Lonisa and Radella estates and was much frequented by elephants. The coffee on Louisa was at that time covered with ‘‘ black bug” which caused the berries to drop off and the crops secured scarcely covered working expenses. Most of the high estates in Pussellawa and Ramboda snffered more or less at this time trom “ black bug.” Mr. Bowden Smith then had the pleasure of making the acquaintance of R. J. Corbet, Keith Mace- Lellan, ‘‘Col.” Hood, Andrew Hunter, “ Plum” Dutt, James MacDonald and J, F. McLeod all good men and true and thorough sportsmen— all of whom he met frequently afterwards and greatly valued their friendship. Nov. 1, 1898. | THE TROPICAL In 1861 Mr. Bowden Sinith paid his first visit to the Dikoya district. Only three coffee estates had then been opened there, viz, Dikoya, of which old Squatter Davidson was manager and with whom he stayed; Darrawella and a small part of Dunbar. The first 50-acre clearing of Hatton had just been felled. All the rest of the district was dense forest: no road beyond Dickoya estate and only the old pilgrims’ foot-path through Maskeliya to Adam’s Peak. There were numbers of elephants in these forests, and some of them used to come out on the estates in the evening and feed on the grass in the ravines. It was unsafe to travel ou foot along the road between Watawala and Dikoya after 4 p.m., aboub which hour, elephants usually come out to feed. On his return journey from Dikoya he stayed a night at W. Grant’s bunglow, Agrawatta, and sturted the following morning intending to ride on to Pussellawa through Ambagamuwa and Kotmale ; but he got benighted on the Tyspane patanas owing to his watch having stopped and missed the track. It was pitch dark and raining hard and he had to spend the night out, wet through and covered with leeches. He dil ot reach the Rothschild ferry till daylight the ing morning and for some years after suffered from frequent attacks of feverand ague. Mr. Bowden Smith had several other rough experiences of travelling in the olden days, but the night on the Tyspane patanas was the worst. In1861, Mr. Bowden Smith went to reside on his own estate, New Forest, on _the borders between Pussellawa and Nilambe, 10 acres of which he had cleared and planted the previous year. During this and the next two years, he cleared and planted another 400 acres for himself and others and was also given the general management of four neighbouring estates: so he had hishands full. After the planting season was over in 1862, he paid his first visit to Badulla where he stayed three weeks with F. Kelson who was at that time residing on Kottagodda, Mr. Bowden Smith was greatly struck with the wonderful productiveness of the coffee trees in the Badulla district as compared with the coffee on the Western side of the Island, the trees, in spite of weeds and neglect, being completely covered with berries. Bread was then an unknown Iuxury in Uva and biscuits or ‘‘rotties” were used instead. Here Mr. Bowden Smith first met E. C. Byers and John Brown, two of the well- known pioneers of coffee planting in Badulla. In November 1863 Mr. Bowden Smith paid his first visit to England ; and on his return to Ceylon went to reside in Kandy with one of his brothers, who had been looking after his work during his absence. The two brothers commenced business as Estate Agents and soon AGRICULTURIST. 305 secured the general management and visiting of a considerable number of properties. But as the work and the climate did not suit his brother, he returned to England and Mr. Wm. Bowden Smith carried on the business alone and went 40 live with his old friend, R. Beauchamp Downall, at Peradeniya. Mr. Bowden Smith’s work at this time, took him to every coffee district in the island, in- cluding Madulsima aud the Morowakkorale which had then been recently opened; so he obtained a thorough knowledge of all the planting districts, and during the last two years that he remained in Kandy had over 80 estates to visit and inspect. On the occasion of one of his visits to Doomoogaha- lande estate in Madulsimain 1869, he received a note from Keith McLellan, who happened to be Visiting the adjoining property, Galoola, which belonged to him, saying that the leaves of a few of his coffee trees were attacked by some kind of blight and he wanted to know if Mr. Bowden Smith had seen anything like it. Mr. Bowden Smith went over and, after examining the leaves, told him the disease was quite new to him. This is believed to have been the first ap- pearance of the terrible blight, afterwards known as ‘‘leaf disease” and which ruined so many planters. The following year Hantanne and some of the other old estates near Kandy,* as well as one or two of the. young estates in the Morowakkorale, were severely attacked by “leaf disease,” whereas the intermediate dis- tricts were comparatively free from it till later on. There are many who assert that ‘leaf disease” was produced by over-cultivation. But as the fungus first appeared in young coffee giving its maiden crop in the isolated and new district of Madulsima and in the following year on young coffee in the Morowakkorale, that had only just come into bearing, it would appear quite clear that over-cultivation could not be the origin of the disease. On the other hand, un- doubtedly after the blight once made its appearance, the coffee trees on old estates that had been highly cultivated for years and had a great deal taken out of them, succumbed much more rapidly than the younger and stronger coffee trees on estates more recently planted. As there was no railway at this time beyond Kandy and cart roads were not nearly so numerous as they are now, the visiting of estates was much rougher and harder work than it is now and Mr. Bowden Smith, at this time, was obliged to keep four or five horses to enable him to get through his work. During Sir Henry Ward’s rule the three large bridges over the Mahaweliganga, at Katugastota, ® Mr, Keith McLellan lived on Amblamana (Hantane) and may have carried the fungus on his tweed suit of clothes from Madulsima to this estate —Ep, 7’. 4. 306 THE TROPICAL CGampola and Nawalapitiya were constructed— an immense boon, as the river was abt times impassable after heavy rains. The Branch toads Ordinance was also introduced by the same Governor on the grant-in-aid principle which has done so much towards developing the country and opening up the planting districts. It wasin his time also that a deputation of several of the leading planters and merchants offered to con- tribute ls. a cwt. on all coffee exported from Ceylon towards the construction of a railway from Colombo to Kandy, the proposal being accepted with the remark that it was the first time he (the Governor) had ever heard of anyone asking to be taxed. In the interval between Sir Henry Ward and Sir Hercules Robinson’s rule, when Sir Charles MacCarthy was Governor, public works were neglected and many of the roads got into ex- ceedingly bad order. But under Sir Hercules Robinson’s able administration these evils were soon remedied and Grant-in-Aid roads were carried into the heart of the extensive districts of Dimbula and Dikoya where a large number of acres were being cleared each year and planted with coffee. During Sir Hercules Robinson’s term of Government the districts of Madulsima and Morawak Korale were opened out and the latter was then supposed to contain such suitable land for coffee that the Government raised the upset price of the land to R20 per acre. The Morawak Korale, however, proved a complete failure as far as coffee was concerned and much good money was sunk there. Mr. 8, LeCocq, a good planter and good man, pioneered there for some years. Before the railway was opened, KANDY was 2 much more important place than it is now ; and most planters transacted their business there instead of undertaking the tedicus coach journey to Colombo. Several business firms had their head offices in Kandy, of which Keir, Dundas & Co. were the most influential. George Wall also had a branch in Kandy and he, Harrison and Leake spared no pains nor trouble to promote the plantiag enterprise in which they themselves were so deeply interested. The annual Planters’ Association meetings were largely attended with generally a good fight for the Chairmanship. In 1871, Mr. Bowden Smith joined the firm of Sabonadiére & Co. On the 4th April 1872, Mr. Bowden Smith married Louisa 8S. Prinsep- daughter of Mr. Justice Prinsep of Indian fame— at Freshwater Bay, Isle of Wight. She was then living there with Mrs. Cameron from whose house they were married. Mr. Bowden Smith first met Mr. C. Hay Cameron senior, at Rahatun- godde, Upper Hewaheta in 1860. Rahatungodde AGRICULTURIST. [Nov. 1, 1898. then belonged to Mr. Camtron and he was living there for a short time with his son Ewen, then a boy. Mr. Bowden Smith walked over from Delta via the Gonavy Gap with J. Murray tobertson senior and Jack Tyndall to call on Mr. Cameron. ‘They stayed the night with him and returned to Pussellawa the following day. He did not meet Mr. Cameron again till the autumn of 1871 at Freshwater Bay when he was . living at his pretty house “ Dimbula” named after the well-known district in Ceylon where he owned a large tract of forest known as ‘‘Cameron’s Land.” Mr. Cameron always loved Ceylon and often expressed a longing to spend the closing years of his life there. This wish was gratified later on and the remains of both Mr. and Mrs. C. Hay Cameron rest in the peaceful and pretty little churchyard at Boga- wantalawa. Mr. Bowden Smith returned to Ceylon in July 1872, with his wife and went to reside at Darley House, Colombo. In September 1873 Mr. Bowden Smith was unanimously elected by the Planters’ Association as their representative in THE LEGISLATIVE COUNCIL, an honour quite unexpected, as he did not even know that his name was to be preposed at the meeting, and the first intimation he received was a cougratulatory message from Sir W. Gregory, then Gevernor. In 1874 he induced the Government to ainend the Branch Road Ordinauce which required several alterations to meet altered circumstances. That this ordinance was carefully considered is proved by the fact that it worked well for 22 years and only had to be altered last year to meet fresh requirements. He resigned his seat in Council when he went to England in 1876 and was suc- ceeded by old friend, R. B. Downall. Twice during Sir James Longden’s rule and twice during Sir Arthur Gordon’s (Lord Stanmore’s) Government he was requested to take a seat in the Legislative Council, but declined the honour as he felt he could not devote sufficient time to the extra work of the Legislative Council without neglecting his other duties, though always ready to do anything in his power to further the interests of the Colony especially in respect to roads and railways. After 1873 he served on the different Railway ~ Commissions appointed to report on the Nawala- pitiya-Haputale extension, Nanu Oya-Haputale extension and the Northern Railway extension; and although he was in the first instance strongly in favour of a metre gauge he was converted by the vast amount of evidence he had heard and read against break of gauge if it can possibly be avoided and unless it can be shown that a very great saving can be effected both in construc- tion and subsequent working expenses. Nov. 1, 1898.] Mr. Bowden Smith took a prominent part in startiog the Planters’ Wards at the General Hospital, Colombo. When the Government took over the working of the Cooly Medical Aid Ordinance from the District Committees in 1874 or 1875, he was largely interested in the Pus- sellawa and Ramboda Districts and was able to induce the Committee of those two districts to pay the balance they had in hand, which amounted to a good large sum, towards starting the Planters’ Wards instead of returning the money to pro- prietors of the estates interested pro rata. This formed the nucleus of the fund out of which the Planters’ Wards were constructed. A few other districts followed suit, but not nearly all. He had several interviews with Sir W. H. Gregory and Sir W. Kynsey about starting the Planters’ Wards and met with sume opposition at first. He always took a deepinterest in the Planters’ Wards and they have undoubtedly proved a boon to all planters requiring careful medical treatment. On 5th December, 1897, Mr. Bowden Smith (accompanied by Mrs. and Miss Bowden Smith) left Ceylon with great regret after the many happy years spent amongst the kindest of friends, several of whom, however, he hoped to mee again in England; where he was sure to take the deepest interest in the country in which he laboured for so many years. Alas! his hope of some years of usefulness in a business in the City of London was not to be fulfilled. He went home to succeed the late Mr. Thos. Dicksonas London Manager for the Scottish Trust and Loan Company, 52, Gracechurech Street ; but he had not been long at work when the great change came. Up to the time we go to press, full parti- culars have not been received, but a telegram received by Mr. Cumberbatch announced the death of Mr. Bowden Smith which seems to have taken place on Sunday, October 16th, at his brother’s residence in the country where he had been out shooting the previous day. ‘The brief fatal attack, it is said, was due to heart-disease. So passed away in his 60th year tie hale and hearty merchant and planter who left Ceylon only ten months previously, apparently in good health. Widespread and sincere sympathy has been felt for Mrs. Bowden Smith and family under this sad and sudden bereavement, and all who knew the deceased in Ceylon feel that a truly good man, and an excellent, hard-working pioneer colonist, has departed this life. Peace to the memory of of a man of worth. Sm —_— JAVA QUININE.—Our Amsterdam representa- tive writes us on the 6th instant that another 600 kilos of quinine from tbe Bandeeng factory are on their way to his city,—British and Colonial Druggist, THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. CEYLON THA-BOX WOODS. By FREDRICK LEWIS, F.LS , Assistant Conservator of Forests, Ceylon. The increasing export of tea from Ceylon, which must now be regarded as having more than fully taken the place of the island’s former staple—coffee, has developed a correspondingly large trade in woods suitable for the manufacture of boxes for the pack- ing and transport of the prepared article. Some notion of the volume of wood required yearly may be arrived at from the fact that, assuming all the tea exported from the island to be packed in 100lb. chests, the total number of chests for one year’s export alone would be over a million, or, roughly speaking, upwards of 18,000,000 superficial feet of planking. Of this vast quantity, for some years past a great proportion of the wood has come from Japan, as both planters and merchants found by experience that the Japanese tea box was not only very neat, but it bad the superior advantage over the locaily made article, in possessing great equality of weight. The importance of the last consideration cannot be too highly valued by the planter, as fluctuation of weight would in all cases lead to the contents of the box being emptied out and re-weighed, for ob- vious reasons; entailing not only additional cost and delay, but a serious loss by waste. 7‘ London importers also raised objections to certain Ceylon wood packages on the grounds of “tainted teas,” implying thereby that the teas themselve had acquired a taint from the smell of the oute wood package, notwithstanding the fact that between the wood and the tea itself Is an air-tight envelope of lead. A still further objection was raised, thta certain woods corroded the lead lining, an introduced poisonous matter. It is, perhaps, foreign to the purpose of this paper to enter into any discussion as to the merits of the above objections, as, unfortunately, those most in- terested accept as final what is told them by their London constituents. Now that the importation of tea-box wood has declined from Japan. Owing to the lite Chino- Japanese war, the demand in Ceylon for local woods for cases at once increased, and the demand for soft light woods rapidly began to manifest itself, The trade is practically in native hands, and for this reason the planter is often placed at a serious dis- advantage, as he is absolutely ignorant of the extent of seasoning his packages have received, and very frequently is equally ignorant as to the mate- rials themselves. The trader is interested chiefly in obtaini y that are light, and these he Bue from raselene have wood for sale; and so long as these will float the log dealer will invariably find a ready sale for his produce, no matter if it is composed of all sorts or of wood; green or dry. It will be further under- stood that the log dealer—for so he is—buys his wood wherever he can get it near navigable streams and as these are very subject to periods of flood, as well as periods of non-navigability, it follows that he must often be for months unable to move his wood, during which time it has either stranded in the stream, or in the forest just as it was felled Such conditions are not conducive to improved sea- soning; and, natmally, wood exposed ln this manner to tropical atmospheric changes cannot but suffer in turn. It is, moreover, remarkable that tropical soft woods are much more easily affected than woods imported from temperate zones. Finally, in Ceylon the forests cannot be regarded as possessing any large extent of gregarious woods; in other words, pure forests do not exist, so that the long dealer can only adopt his standard of lightness as his rule for selection, and not that of species only. It is not to be wondered at, therefore, that our locally made tea boxes are mixed as regards their composition, and equally mixed as regards their specific weights, 308 THE TROPICAL That much could be done to remedy this state of affairs goes without saying, and it is to be deplored that so large an industry snffers from want of systematic arrangement, which would go far to re- duce the evils complained of, if not to absolutely eliminate it altogether. It is proposed to give a short list of local timbers in nse in Ceylon, with their local names added, as in that country the Dative name is more generally applied than the scientific, MAGNOLIACEZ. ; N.1. Michelia nitayirica, Zenk. “Flora Brit. India,” vol. i., p. 44. Singalese—Wal-Sapu. This is a purely hill species, and is rarely found below 4,000 feet altitude, and not over abundant. It is demand owing to the neatness of package it affords and beauty of wood, : : No. 2, Michelia.Champaca, L. ‘ Flora Brit. India,’ vol. i, p. 42. Singalese—Sapu. : : An introduced species, found chiefly in gardens, where it was probabily introduced many years ago for the sake of its highly scented flowers which are used as offertories at Budhist:c shrines, The wood is greatly prized, and only occasionally foand in use for tea-boxes, for which it is far too good. ANONACEZ. No. 3. Cyathocalyx xeylanicus, Ohamp. “Flor. Brit. India,” vol. 1, p. 53. Singalese —Jppatta. Fairly abundant plant, and found through most of the wet forests in the western and Sabaragamuwa rovinces, from practically sea level to 2,000 feet, Tt is a favourite wood, as it grows very straight, and only branches high up, so that it is easily worked. a No. 4. Xylopia parvifolia, Hook f. and Thoma, “ Flora Brit. India,’’ vol. i., p. 84. Singalese—Netawu, Like the last, is a wet forest plant; common, but not particularly abundant. It is, perhaps, more common in the Gillimali country, at the base of Adam’s Peak, than further to the east. It affords a nice, clean-looking wood, but is not in very high demand, as it is said to be too heavy. GUTTIFER. No. 5. Oalophyllum tomentosum, Wight “ Flora Brit. India,” vol. i, p. 274. Singalese—Kina. _ A hill species, and a favourite wood for building purposes in general, and occasionally used for tea boxes, but unsuitable on account of weight. A beautifully marked wood and very durable. DirreROCARPACER. No. 6. Doona congestifora, Thw. ‘Flora India,” vol. 1., p. 312. Singalese—Tiniya. . A large tree, and found growing gregariously in many of the wet forests of the island. It affords a timber much like cedar in appearance, light, and easily worked, and, therefore, is in great demand. No. 7. Vateria acuminata, Hayne. “Flora Brit. India,” vol. i., p. 313, Singalese—Hal. J A large handsome tree, widely distributed in the western, southern, and Sabaragamuwa provinces, but rarely found above 3,000 feet altitude or out of the very wet limits. The wood is in great demand as it is very easily worked, light, and lasting. ‘This tree runs some risk of becoming destroyed altogether, as the natives strip off the bark from young and old trees, to assist in stopping fermentation in toddy, for which purpose it is freely used, to the destruct- tion of the tree. Whe fruit is also eaten, so that the tree has many vital enemies to its existence. MALVACER. Rare ld at .§. Bombax malabaricun, . ‘ Flora Brit, ae vol. i., p. 349. Singalese—Katu-vmbul. An enormous tree, scattered over the greater part of the west of Ceylon, up to 2,500 feet, above which it becomes very scare. It is found in the dry districts towards the south, where it attains a stem circumference of 15 to 18 feet. Owing to its great lightness and the neatness of box turned out from the wild cotton tree, it is a great favourite and commands a good price. The natural repro- duction of the tree is not good, so that in its wild state the tree stands some risk of being very much over-worked, Brit. AGRICULTURIST. (Nov. 1, 1898, No. 9. Cullenia excelsa, Wight. “Flora Brit. India,” vol. i., p. 350. Singalese—Katu-boda A common tree in all the wet forests up to 4,000 feet, and occasionally a gregarious plant. It has ouly of late years come into favour as a tea-chest wood, and bids fair to become opular, as the timber is light and easily worked, te rather pretty, SIMARUBACEZ, No. 10. Ailantus malabarica, DC. “Flora Brit. India,” vol. i, p. 518. Singalese—Wal-billin or Kumbalu. A large lofty tree, but found in no great abun- dance. It yields a very soft wood, and is easily worked. In parts of the Kegalla district the local carpenters pass off a gooi deal of this wood as wild cotton, so as to secure a sale for it, owing to the popularity of the latter species. BurseRacex, No. 11. Canarium zeylanicum, BI. India,’ vol. i., p. 532. Singalese—Aekuna. A very large forest tree, and found chiefly on rocky ground on the wet zone, up abont 2,000 feet. Very common in suitable places in the western province, especially in the Pasdun Korah. The wood is very light, and easily worked, but is so soft that it decays very quickly. The bark contains a pun- gent, balsamic resin that is said by the natives to be a valnable specific against snakes, if burned in “Flora Brit. a house. The seeds are eaten, and in flavour are not unlike walnuts. MELIACE2. No. 12. Melia dubia, Cav. “ Flora Brit. India,” vol. i., p. 545. Singalese—Lunu-middella. A large and conspicuons tree, with crowded bi- pinnate leaves that form tnft-like terminations to the long thin branches. 1t is not a tree of very general distribution in Ceylon, as it seems to prefer certain soils, out of which it does not flourish. It is cultivated in the Kegalla district both by natives and Europeans, and, owing to its rapid growth, it is a favourite. The wood is in very great demand, both for its suitability for the making of out-riggers for native boats and for ceiling boards, and also tea boxes. It is light in weight, easily worked, and durable. This wood has been tried for fuel pur- poses, but is not found to be a success as ae The cultivation of Lunu-midella is profitable, as in eight years the tree attains sufficient size as to be saleable. No. 13. Chickrassia tabularis. A. Juss. “ Flora Brit. India,” vol. i., p. 568. Singalese—Hulan-hick, A moderately large tree, but not common. It has been used a tea-box wood, but is not adapted to this purpose, for which it is much too good, owin to its weight. It is a very ornamental wood, an suitable for carving. No. 14. Cedrela serrata, Royle. ‘‘ Flora Brit, India,’’ vol. i., p- 561. This is an introduced timber tree, and is known as *‘Red Toon.” Its introduction has been quite of recent years, and its success has been somewhat questionable, owing to the young planks being sub- ject to the attacks of a “borer” that quite destroys the part attacked, and often the whole tree. The wood is a favourite for tea chests, and at one time was largely imported into Ceylon for ‘this special purpose. OLACINES. No 15. Lasianthera apicalis, Thw. “Flora Brit. India,” vol. i., p. 584. Singalese—Urukannu. A large handsome tree, the young leaves of which have a conspicuous coppery hue, and highly polished upper surface. It is abundant in parts of the western province, and ascends to a considerable altitude in the wet zone. The wood is not in great favour, chiefly because of its weight, but while it can be obtained easily, carpenters readily buy it for local use. Trimen gives Uruhouda, Urueta, and Kosvenua as further native names, but it is more generally known by the name given above. Nov. 1, 1898.] CELASTRACER, No. 16. Kokoona zeylanica, Thw. ‘Flora Brit. India,” vol. i., p. 616. Singalese—Nokoon or Kokoon- pottu. ; A yery common tree in the very wet forests near the foot Adam’s Peak, and in the districts ex- tending towards the west coast. : The wood is not very favourable, because of its splitting so freely, but is suitable for small cases, ANACARDIACER. No. 17. Mangifera zeylanica, Hook. f. “ Flora Brit, India,” vol. ii., p. 16. Singalese—Walamba, Etamba (Amba, lit. a kidney). A large and handsome tree of wide distribution, extending from the confines of the dry country in the south-west. all over the wet forests upto 2,500 feet, after which it becomes scarce. The tree at- tains a very large size with a long clean stem. The wood is a pale white, soft, and easily worked, and is in large demand for cases. No. 18. Semecarpus subpeltata, Thw. ‘‘Flcra Brit. India.” vol. ii, p. 33. Singalese—Maha-hadulla. A moderately large straight tree, found in all the very wet forests of the Western Province and Sabara- amuwa, particularly within the water-shed of the halide anew river. This wood is in particular demand for tea chests, though it is said to be one of the woods that cor- rode tea with lead or the lining used between the tea and the wood. No. 19. Semecarpus cortacea, Thw. ‘Flora Brit, India,” vol. ii. p., 32. Singalese—Badulla, A common tree, found over most of the hill country above 4,000 feet. This wood is sometimes used, but it is considered too bad owing to the risk there is of getting any of the “milk”’ (Sing., Badulla-kiri,) on the skin, as it at once sets up a violent infla- mation. It is possible that two or more than those mentioned of this genus are used, as the Singalese name Badulla extends to both the large as well as small forms of Semecarpus, and the word coming within the “light” class would be accepted for the purpose intended. No, 20. Campnosperma zeylanicum, Thw. ‘ Flora Brit. India,” vol. ii., p. 41. Singalese—Arridda. A large dark-leaved tree, and in many of the wet forests in the vicinity of Adam’s Peak itis a gre- garious species. In Gillimali—at the foot of Adam’s Peak, eight miles from Ratnapura—these trees are found in great abundance, attaining a girth of seven feet. It is in’ very high favour for tea-chests manufacture, as it affords a light, easily worked, clean-looking good, possessing all the qualifications necessary to commend it to the planter. RHIZOPHORACER. No. 21. Anisophyllea zeylanica, Benth. “ Flora Brit. India,” vol. ii., p. 442. Singalese— Wellipenna. A tree attaining considerable size, and found in moderate abundance in all the wet forests of the western half of the island, up to 2,500 feet, after which it becomes scarce. It is occasionally used for tea boxes, but is not a favourite for that purpose, aa it is too heavy. DATISCACER. No. 22. Tetrameles nudiflora, R. Br. “ Flora Brit India,” vol. ii., p. 657. Singalese—Mugunu. A very large tree, distributed mostly through the country having the intermediate rainfall between the wet and dry zones. ‘The wood is very soft and light, and occasionally mixed up with harder kinds n the manufacture of chests. CoRNACEZ. No. 28. Mastixia tetrandra? Clarke. * Flora Brit. India,’ vol. ii. p. 745. Singalese—Diya-taliya. A large wet-zoned tree, and found in abundance in the valleys of the Kaluganga water-shed. The wood is much sought after, and is suitable owing to lightness. THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 309 RvuBIACER, No. 24. Sarcocephalus cordatus, Miq. ‘ Flora Brit. India,” vol. ili, p. 22, Singalese—Bakmi. A rather common tree in the wet ground, with exceedingly laige stipules. The wood is light and soft. but not in great fayour. SAPOTACER, No. 25. Chrysophyllum Roxburghii, @. Don. “ Flora Brit. India,” vol. iii, p. 535. Singalese—Ldwulu. A moderately large tree, scattered sparingly over the wet zone, and occasionally used for tea-box manufacture, but not in great favour, as trees of sufficient size are difticult to procure. No. 26. Palaquiwm grande (2), Engler. “Flora Brit. India,’ vol. iii, p. 540, Singalese—Mthiria Kirthimbilia, Kirthiria. : A very large, thick, brown-barked tree, of wide distribution in all the moist forests of the country up to about 4,000 feet altitude. It is a favourite building wood on estates, and is often used for tea cases, ‘The wood is reddish in colour, dark and close. APOCYNACEE. No. 27, AGRICULTURIST. © and is to boss their Desiccating Mills here. The buildings are already up and with the Engineer on the spot it willnot be long before the machinery will be up and the millsa going concern. ‘ COCONUT BUITER: A NEW COMPANY. Coconut butter has been before the public for some years now, at least in name. A Com connected with Ceylon has been formed, said, for its manufacture. If white butter be wanted, white oil will be necessary and for white oil, white, sun-dried co must be used. The oil from colored copra will be colored. It can be clarified and purified, but its color cannot be altered. It was said that tne great drawback to the use of coconut oil by the Price Candle Compan was its color. 9 secure white copra it will be more economical to establish mille some- where here on the banks of the canal, than at Colombo, Herc in the dug gone, most of the copra manufactured is of necessity white. Once it is known that only white copra will be purchased and good prices will be paid for it, most of the copra from Calpentyn, Putta- am and Chilaw, not to speak of the Di of the latter place, will flow into the new mille, I make this suggestion gratis—for nothing. “THE PURCHASING PRICE OF THE RUPEE,” Writing on this subject in Capital (Calcutta, Sept. 8th) a correspondent ‘‘X” puts forward some very striking figures as follows :— Now take a typical staple like common rice, and look for a moment at the annual average price in Bengal from 1861 to 1897. Seers sold. Seers sold for Re. 1. for Re. 1. 1861 os, ae 1880 -. 20°61 1862 59 2987 1881 -. 26°4 1863 -» 2894 1882 «. 2485 1864 26°17 1883 .. 2049 1865 .- 18°87 1884 ~- 155. 1866 >», 13°82 1885 «. 15°84 1867 .. S167 1886 -- s9g2 1868 237 1887 ow» “2108 1869 »b» 2Lb2 1858 «- 1901 1870 oe =2h'6 1889 -» 1498 1871 oO ee 1890 «>» 16°90 1872 -. 23°86 1891 »» i584 1873 e- 20°97 1892 se. AOL 1874 «. 15°24 1893 -- 12°86 1875 -» 20OT 1894 ss 18°92 1876 col ouea 1895 a», 169 1877 -- 18°69 1896 -. 33°41 1878 ae AD 1897 pe 1879 -- 1402 : : 7 If we talk the aggregate for these decennial psriods as the index, they work out as follows:— 1861-1870. 1871-1880. 1881-1890. __237°86 an 194°15 ve 19441 but if we take the aggregate for the last 10 years, t.c., from 1888—1897, we get the extraordinary low index figure of 14811 Nor turn back to our exchange. We find the aggre- gates of the decennial periods areas follows :— 1861-1870. 1871-1889. 1831-1890. 243 41-48 ». 216 23-32 -. 185 45 96 but if we take the aggregate for the past 10 years, t,e., from 1888-1897, we get the extraordinary low index figure of 156 7-64. Arrange the statement in this way— Ageregate Aggregate Aggregate Ageregate Decennial Decennial Decennial Decennial Index. Index. Index. Index. 1861-1870. 1871-1880. 1881-1890. 1838-1897. Price oi ae. Sire ' Rice 23736 19415 194-41 143-11 Rate of : b Bie sacred Exchange 243 41-48 216 23-32 185 45-96 156 7-64 Nov. 1, 1898.j Just think for a moment what this means. One rupee exchanged every year for the first 10 years ‘would have produced £1-0-4: one rupee exchanged every year for the last 10 years would have produced 13s. One rupee spent in rice every year for the first 10 years would have purchased nearly 238 seers of rice; one rupee spent in rice for the last 10 years would have purchased 148 seers of rice, and yet writers of weight like Mr. T. Lloyd come forward and airily assert that 1é¢al prices in India have not Tisen. he inclusion of 1897 in my_ calculations “cannot be objected to on the score of being a famine year, for there have been frightful famines in the other years that areincluded. At the same time it is worth noting that in 1897 a rupee would purchase far less rice in Bengal than in any former year. *The average price of rice in Bengal may be com- pared by those interested with the following table of cost of rice per bushel on a typical Ceylon upeountry plantation :— PRICES OF RICE ON ST. JOHN DEL REY ' ESTATE, BOGAWANTALAWA, FROM 1866 To 1898, (Supplied from 1866 to 1893 to the Currency Commission ; after that by request for ‘Ferguson's Directory.” ) yea Beas ae Average © Year. Beog Se.2 Price for the 2 6-38 coe Year m sg 8 Hem . s. d. Ss ds 3. d. 18°6 5 25 0 9 9 11 5 - 1867 ae Pr 0 Bi 0 10 9 * 1868 8 6 Pes 7 102 “1869 nen 8 3 iii) (eel - 1870 | ; em) 7 9 7 9 clsd aC 7 11 7 8 7 94 ‘shite, R. ec. R. c. R c. _ 1872 oie 4 40 413 4 20 1873 alot 4 25 3 88 4 2 ~ 1874. ad 4 50 4 25 4 44 1875 _— — _ * 1876 4 4 58 4 45 4 50 1377 cat 6 83 5 6 5 Al * 1878 ce 5 80 5 12 5 49 “1879 ae 5 50 4 75 Ope a * 1880 AG 4 62 3 80 4 14 . 1881 , 3 90 anevds 3 668 . 1882 ‘a 3 75 By) 3. 646 » 1883 3 70 3 37 aed) » 1884 te 3 88 3 70 SS » 1885: ed 4 00 3 75 3 86 © 1836 nae 3 80 3 75 SG, * 1887 aes 3 70 3 35 Seal * 1888 See 3 60 3 45 a 02 _ 1889 opr 4 25 3 65 3 «689 . 1890 ise 4 00 3 85 3) 5 OL 1891 ats 3 82 3 82 3... 82 ~ 1892 whe 4 40 3 80 4 O04 1893 Ray 4 40 4 20 Aina 29 , 1894 a08 _ = 4 02 *-1895 eee — ma 3 6S 1895 ds — — 3. 82 1897 ts _— — 4 44 1898* coe _ _— 4 24 : Gites F, Waker. y * 6 months.—a.r.w. ——_»——_____—_—. ~ THE PINEAPPLE Crop oF FLORIDA this yearis ‘estimated at 150,000 to 160,000 crates. Last year - the crop amounted to 220,000 crates. Frost is to blanie tor there being less this year.--Jowrnal ¥ of the Ji A, 8, THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURINT. 313 THE PINE HILL ESTATES COMPANY, LIMITED. THE DIRECTORS’ REPORT is as follows :— The Directors have pleasure in submitting their Fifth Annual Report and Accounts audited for the season ended 30th June, 1898, The amount earned on Profit and Loss Account including the balance brought for- ward was Sig HH a: 36 R9,521°47 Out of which an Interim Dividend of two per cent was paid absorbing BF 4,174:80 R5,346'67 From the balance the Directors propose to pay a final dividend of 24 per cent ab- sorbing Oo aie +6 SG 5,218'50 ~ And to carry forward the remainder .. Ri23°17 It willbe seen that although the Dividend for the year is less than that paid in the previous year, the Hstate has really done better than before, the Working Account showing a balance of R10,256-51 against FP8,975'18 last year. Last year, however, the profit on the sale of Nahakettia was included in the Profit and Loss Account and increased the Dividend. During the past year part of the uninvested Capi- tal has been spent in buying a further 101¢ acres of land and in clearing part of it. To clear and plant the whole will cost a further R10,000, making with the present Capital cost (R163,790'60) a total cost of say R174,000:00. The Company will then own 381 acres of Tea, and the cost per acre will only be R460°00, a fairly low cost for the property. Mr, J. Roydon Hughes having left the Island, the Directors have temporarily appointed Mr. H. St.’ G, Bowle Evans to act in his place as Visiting Agent and Inspecting Director, and they ask the Share- holders’ approval of this arrangement. There are two vacancies among the Directors, one caused by Mr. Hughes’ depariure and one by Mr. T, B. Campbell’s retirement in terms of the Articles of Association. Mr. Campbell being eligible, offers him- self for re-election. An Auditor will also have to be elected. Macxwoop & Co., Avents & Socretaries ee SS MR. T. CHRISTY’S HOT-HOUSES AND NURSERIES, After one or two postponements, I went down to Wallington, near Croydon, to see over the hot-houses and seed-nurseries at Manor House, the residence of Mr. T. Christy, the Produce expert. His son. Mr. Gilbert Christy, met me at the gate where for a moment we watched a hot chaseafter a runaway cock pursued by two stable-boys. Proceeding through the greenhouses and grounds, which were spacious and contained a number of grand old trees, I was shown many plants of interes§ of which I will men- tion only a few. First I saw the family patent, called Christia, a sort of substitute for oil-silk, of which a long roll half-finished was hanging loosely out to dry in ashed that we passed through, This material is spevially prepared for the tropics, for bandages, poultices &c., as preferable to oil silk which becomes affected by the heat. In the green-houses we saw a great many seed- lings ; one box of cacao-plants had been a great disappointment, the beans seeming to rot and not producing healthy plants, though successive Jost had been watched and tended for nearly 2 years. African and Mexican coffee plants looked flourish- ing, numbers of these being exported annually. Fibre plants including ramie and a good specimey 314 of Manilla hemp, various rubbers, and one or two kinds of Eucalyptus, amongst them being the sweet-smelling ‘species, were also to be seen. Mediciual plants such as Sérychnos nuw vomicn (of a miniature size), the Camphor plant, from which a heart medicine is prepared, (one of the two plants we saw being worth £10); and food plants, such as the aérial potato, @ climbing plant, which has long fibrous tendrils often used for twine and the fruit of which grows along its stem at points where the leaves sprout, the edible yellow Passion fruit (Passiflorus edulus) the flavour of which Mr, Christy said was the best in the world, the coca plant, the Paraguay tea (Mattei), and the American chickle or chew- gum,—these oecupied the major portion of the hot liouses. There were also luxuriant growths of maiden-hair, and two varieties of cissus, the one with delicately marked finely coloured leaves and the other with long straggling tendrils; and some food begonias, one being a new variety only ately discovered and introduced from a small island off the coast of Brazil. Coming ont into the open we inspecteda large bed of violets containing every conceivable variety from the Neapolitan, the red and the white, down to the common scentless blue single violet, and one violet only brought there a year before and called the Princess of Wales having a stalk a foot long and a flower as large as a pansy but without smell; a double sunflower seemingly all petals and no centre ;a French raspberry (of rich flavour) obtained from Belgium ; and a_ large bed of the yarer sorts of roses, Madame de Wateville, Docteur Grill, &e., many of which took prizes at the Belgian Exhibition last year. ee ee MINOR PRODUCTS REPORT. Crrtonenta Orn.—Quiet, cases at 1s 4d, and drums at 1s 2d spot. At today’s drug auctions 15 drums were offered and bought in. Cinnamon O1L.—Offered 7 cases. Sold 0. Good bark oil was bought in today at 1s 6d to Is 8d. Bucatyprus Ort.—Offered 18 cases. Sold0. Cyg- net brand was bought in at 2s. Good Portuguese globulous oil was sold before the auctions; it is selling privately at 1s 9d. Australian Amygdaltna oil was bought in at 1s 6d; it is offering at 94d,— British and Colonial Druggist, Sept. 2. CanELtA.—There is great scarcity of this bark, for which there has been some demand here; but the principal holder wants 50s per cwt for the few bales he has, and we hear of nothing less than that. CixcuonA —The sales in Amsterdam on Thursday, August 25th, went off quietly, and as reported by cablegram in onr issue of last week, the unit de- clined to 4:06c. A portion of the manufacturing bark sold as low as 33c per unit, and the highest touched was 44c per unit. The richest bark was a parcel of 20 bales Ledgeriana, which assayed 9:32, per cent of quinine sulphate, and the poorest was a Succirubra root-bark, which yielded 148 per cent. Of. the 7,503 packages offered, 5,658 sold. Cocoa Burrver.—The next auctions at Amsterdam will be held on September 13th, and will consist of 75 tons Van Houten; 10 tons Helm, and 18 tons Suchard brand. On September 6th 45 tons Cad- pury’s brand will be offered by auction in London. Cincuons,—South American crown and grey bark sold fairly well, good clean Huanoco quill fetching 9d to 10d per tb, and Loxa varieties 7Tkd to 83d, according to condition. Thin cultivated yellow bark sold at3d to 43d, and 1d for dark and damaged stuff. Coca Lavus.—The only variety offered today was Ceylon, which sold at 11d to 113d for good bright green. Privately, good green ‘ruxillo leaves are offercd at 53d to 6d, and dark green Huanoco at THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. - in the tea trade, who have gardens both in India and 10d per theif. There is reported tobe an abundant stock of the former in New York, Kota.—Negiected. The only sale in suction was bags of African quarters at 1s per th, eubject approral. ANILLA.—Only a poor assortment offered and — mostly cold at easier rates. Bold Bourbon beans, of fine chocolate colour, realised 1s 6d to 2is per th; foxy Bouibon, of various Nogths, 5s to 13s ergs | crystalised ; various mouldy lote 2s 6d and $s 9d. Seychelles, fine frosted 6 inches 193,—Chemist and Druggist, Sept 3. _———E TEA PROSPECTS. No one put the case for Indian and Ceylon versus China Tea and the influence, of Exchange more clearly to the Currency Commission than Mr. S. A. Ralli of Kalli Brothers, Here is a passage from his evidence :-- Do you consider that the closing of the mints places the Iudian and Ceylon produce at a great disadvavtage in competition with similar produce from China and Japan ?—Undoubtedly, but not immediately, o you think at present the tea trade is suffering from the high rate of exchange?—Those who are Ceylon, tell me so, certainly. I am asking your opivnion?—]l have not been into tea gardens; I wish { had been, because they have paid very well in late years, but now they do not pay so well. . Ido not know whether you have seen a prospectus that has come ont this morning. There is a very large set of tea gardens for sale, and it is stated that the output of tle estates for the season of 1896-97 was 1,985,680 Ib.; in 1897-98 the output was 2,045,502 lv,; and the estimate of crops for 1598-99 is 2,210,000 Jb. It is also stated, as to the principal estate which was formed in June 1896, which was after the closing of the mints and after the high rate of exchange, the first year's operations were sufficient to allow of a dividend of 12 percent. on the ordinary shares, and the latest reports show a large increase of fits. Now if that prospectus is correct, about which I know nothing, it would imply that there is a very large prospect ?—There was. But this is money asked today in London for the property ?—There was, but now there is not much profit. I wanted to tell you what is the reason of the great development of the tea trade during late ears. They have been favoured by a low exchange, ut that is not the principal reason. It is because tea is manufactured in India and Ceylon by scientific process. The Chinaman, who produces his tea as it was produced 4,000 years ago, has no chance whatever to compete with India and Ceylon. But immediate] you have the central genes of China under Englis control with English administrators, and there is safety for money and property, and the exactions of the mandarins cease, if China ison the 10d. basis, the tea industry in India will certainly be killed, and it is for that very reason that a great many ofthe tea planters of India instead of cultivating their gardens on their own account are turning them into companies. And Sir F, F. Adam later on spoke out after this fashion :— vil Do you think the development of China will be rapid ?—I think, from the signs that ‘we now see that it is going to be rapid. Of course, we ' that Obina is a marvellous country. It has @ most industrious population and splencid resources, and I think that in the course of the next 10 years China will develop more than she has done in the last 200 years—or 800 years for the matter of that, Hare you anything to say about wages in Ohina ? —I think in China, as in India, wages move very slowly. The first effect ‘of any development is of course on the price the landlord gets for his produce and the effect of any great stimulus of. preduction takes a long time to make itself felt by he clase 794 a call the wage-earping class, e Noy. 1, 1898. THE CRISIS IN TEA is the heading of an article in the Indian Planters’ Gazette, in which we are told that as an average to cover expenses alone, the Indian tea crop would require to realize 6} annas for Calcutta-sold teas and 64 annas for London ones. Then comes an estimate of average prices gob :— Annas. Pie. Assam ,. 50 7 8 Darjeeling we 9 3 Cachar and Sylhet Sc 6 0 Doars and Terai ac GraraG Thus we say that even with last year’s prices, the margin of profit in. the case of the Dooars, Sylhet, Cachar and Terai gardens is very small and thisis fully borne out by the printed reports of many of the com- panies of these districts, and what is it likely to be with the prices ruling in 1898? Have our agents and lanters yet brought themselves to face thegrim facts? ‘he market this year is, we should say, quite an anna worse than last year, an that means an average price of 5 annas. To convince our readers we might arrive at the results here foreshadowed in another way. The average yield put down in the official paper refer- red to above, is— Per Acre. lb. Brahtnaputra Valley OF 388 Surma Valley 5 435 For the whole province 403 which isjust over 5 maunds per acre, or, if turned into rupees, Rs. 137.8-0 per acre for the Surma Valley and Rs, 157-8 for the Brahmaputra. In this calculation, of course, we haye taken into consideration the fall of one annaper pound in price this year, Now it is quite pretty well-known axiom, that bushes will not yield unless liberal cultivation is given, more especially in the poorer soils of the Surma Valley, so that it is impossible to econorise in this direction ; and given this ordinary cultivation, we do not think we are erring on the side | of extravagance if we put local expenditure on gardens inthe Surma Valley at Rs. 110 per acre, and in the Brahmaputra we require to enhance that to Rs. 125. We are not very sure if there are many gardens that work to the above figures. ‘That ifcan be done is in- stanced by more than one company’s published ac- counts and those who cannot do it, will have to make room for those who can; but that is beside the question at present, although we may avert to it at some future date. Deducting then Rs. 110 from the result of tea sold inthe Surma Valley, we finda balance of Rs.27-8-0 left per acre to meet Calcutta, or Calcutta and Lon- don, charges, as the case may be; and, in the case of the Brahmaputra Valley, a balance of the same. In our preliminary examination we said that 25 to 3@ per cent was considered a fair calculation for the item, and this is exactly what is left in the case of both Valleys, but what is the shareholder to get? With regard to the Dooars, Terai and Darjeeling, the conditions are so different, that we cannot well compare them with these Assam tea-producing districts. The labour question is quite on a different footing. Inthe case of the Dooars, the average pay of coolies is so much higher, that prob- ably the increased yield is swallowed up in meeting this item, while the same may be said of the Terai. In Darjeeling the yield is very much smaller, and the labour conditions so different that comparison is hardly possible, although we believe the results will work out pretty much the same. We have purposely kept our figures of expenditure very low, and have, we think, erred on the side of caution, but let us hope we are wrong and haye exaggerated these; for in this case there might be a bone to throw to the poor shareholder, although an extremely small one, Meantime, let us lance through the weekly sales and see how many gure in the four-anna column. As shown above, this is bound toleave a heavy less behind it. We do not wish to take too pessimistic a view of teaasan industry, but itis at present in the throes of a crisis that will shake it to its foundation, and it behoves those inte- rested to try and put their housesin order. Heonomy gaust ke enforced, hoth in Calouttia and in the districts THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 315 generally, and there must be no sentimental feeling allowed tostop the process. The days of rupee or even eight-anna averages are gone never to return we are afraid, and the only thing todo is to look round and see where economy can be introduced without sacrific- ing efficiency. pbs EE ees eile THE EILA. TEA COMPANY. THE DIRECYORS’ REPORT is as follows :— The Directors have to submit their Report and Ac- counts for the yearending 30th June 1898. The Crops on both Kanangama and Hila Estates were considerably short of the estimate, partly on ac- count of the unfavourable season which has been gene- rally experienced since the beginning of the year, and on Wila Estate partly owing to an easier treatment of the bushes being adopted than that which had hitherto prevailed. During the past year the remaining debentures were paid oftand a sterling loan of £7,000 carrying interest at 6 per cent per annum was negociated with the Standard Life Assurance Company on the primary mortgage of the property of the Eila Company. This loan was negotiated in order to pay off the debentures and provide funds for the working of the Estates, Itis to be repaid in yearly instalments of £500. The average price realized for the Tea after estimat- ing the value of that unsold was for the two Estates 28°58 cents per lb, as against 32°66 cents for last season. Every efforts has beenandis being made to improve the quality of the Tea and it is hoped that more success will be attained in the coming season than has been the caseso far. The net profit for the past season after writing off depreciation on buildings and machinery was only R3,038:77, to which must be added R2,443°09 the balance from last season making up a total of R5,481 86. In view of the fact that the Company has to pay off £500 of the Sterling loan on 1st April 1899 the Directors regret that they are unable to recommend the payment of a dividend and they propose that the balance of R5,481'86 be carried forward to season 1898-99. The Estates on June 30th 1898 consisted of :— Hila—459 acres Tea 5 years old and upwards, 195 do 4 do do 62 do 2 do do 99 da under 2 years, 240 do forest. 956 acres Kanangama—215 acres Tea 5 years old and upwards, 108 acres forest, etc. 823 acres, During the year Mr. H. G. Bois was elected to the Board of Directors in the place of Mr. F. W. Bois who has left the island, Mr. P. Bois retires in accordance with the Articles of Association, but being eligible offers himself for re- election. The Shareholders will also have to appoint an Auditor for season 1898-99. - By order of the Board of Directors, J. M. Rozertson & Co., Agents and Secretaries. Colombo, Sept. 3rd, 1893, er QUININE MANUFACTURE IN JAVA is the subject of an interesting report by Mr. Van Prehn, who seems to have been the founder of the first manufactory in Java, that of Bandeeng. The trouble and disappointment attending its inauguration ave forcibly related—see page 303. Now the pros posal is to enlarge and improve the Factory, so as to make it turn outa better article and so prove financially successful, 516 THE TROPICAL TEA MAKING IN CEYLON. The Special Commissioner of The Engineer con- tinues his article on Ceylon in the issue of the 9th September. Afterdealing with the question of railways and incidentally with the strong feeling cf the industrial population that narrow gauge lines should be run throughout the planting dis- tricts he ‘says it is only natural that some con- sideration should be given to the staple product for the transportation of which such a line would be used. The article is accompanied with a num- ber of very interesting photographs which serve to give a clear idea of the processes to which tea is submitted in Ceylon. The first of the photographs represents a characteristic tea plan- tation ; the second gives an outside view of & large factory, and the others interior views showing the leaf being withered, rolled, dried, and packed. In concluding his deserip- tion of the various processes the writer says -:— “The expense of tea manufacture _ mainly lies in the enormous amount of handling that is required. The laying ont on trays in the withering sheds in itself entails a very great amount of labour, and although certain ingenious inventions have been brought out with a view to obviating this, they have not met with very great success, or at all events, not with Automatic the general approval of the planters. oma withering has also been tried, but the objection urged against this is that it damages the leaf to some extent by rolling it prematurely, that is to say, before it is fully withered. These difficulties will, no doubt, be ultimately overcome, in which case the price of Ceylon tea which I understand is extremely low, may possibly be reduced still further,” an PRODUCE AND PLANTING. AtLEGED ADULTERATION OF CurnA TEA.—A case of alleged adulteration of “caper ” tea was recently heard at Manchester, when a grocer was charged with the offence. A sample of tea retailed by the defendant was certified by the City Analyst to con- tain 24 per cent of foreign mineral matter, princi- pally sand and feruginous earth. It was not alleged that the foreign matter was injurious. The defendant denied all knowledge on his part that the tea was adulterated. He suggested that the analyst had made a, mistake, and asked that a sample might be sent to Somerset House for analysis by the authorities there. The magistrates acceded to this application, and adjourned the case for a month. Tue Drarr ALLowANcs on CocoA.—In the cocoa axle room of the Commercial Sale Rooms, Mincing Lane, E.C., a buyer, before Tuesday week's sale commenced, proposed a resolution to the effect that in future, on all bagsof cocoa exceeding 1g cwt, 3 lb of draft should be allowed instead of 2lb. Mr. T L Devitt, who was selling, asked whether anyone would second the proposition, but no seconder being forthcoming the resolution fell to the ground. Mr, Devitt in a few remarks expressed the opinion that any attempt toimpose more draft or allowance on cocoa coming into London would be about the worst thing the trade could do. They at present suffered in London from excessive and old-fashioned allow- ances, which in many trades were being done away with, because they could not compete with Conti- nental markets. He felt sure, therefore, that and propesal to increase the draft would not be favourably received either by “the room” éy the importers. He imagined that the ex- tessively weighty bags were a very, very small per- gentage of the cocoa which came to London, and to i ae Oe ase a er me - AGRICULTURIST. (Noy. 1, 1898, meet buyers’ views it would be a good thing when bags were over the usual weight that the broker shoald either announce it or print it in bis cata- logue. No further reference to the matter was PLANTING IN THE West Inpres.—Steps are being taken in some of the West Indies to replace the sugar industry. In St. Vincent cocoa planting is making steady headway, tobacco is grown with success, and there is a local market for the beginners; coffee cultivation is gradually increasing, and arrowroot caseaya starch are grown with profit. In some parts of the Colony of Grenada cocoa and coffee promise well._—H. and C. Mail, Sept. 9. = eee INDIAN TEA ASSOCIATION (LONDON). The following is an abstract of the proceedings of a meeting of the committee held on Tuesday, the 6th inst, :— * * * » Indian Tea Fund.—Mr. Blechynden laid before the committee a specimen of a Japanese fan which was being distributed in the United States as an advertisment for Japan tea, and also submitted a letter containing his views and suggestions om the important question of preparing Oolong tea for the American markets. This object will have the further attention of the committee. Mr. Blechynden received final instructions from the committee ou his approaching return of America, the chief point being that he was to speud a larger portion of the Indian Tea Fund this year in sub- sidies than last year, and before leaving he was de- sired to interview the chief firms whom he proposes to subsidise and to endeavour to form a plan of campaign that would meet their views. A remittance of £500 was ordered to be sent to the Bank of British North America. - Ernest Tre, Secretary. —H and C Mail, Sept. 9. Se PLANTING IN FIJI AND OTHER NEWS. (Extracts from the letter of a resident to a friend in Ceylon.) I am asked to remain on—at Holmbhurst—till 30th Sept. I want to get away just to have a look at the new place ‘‘ Wai Ni Koro”—12 or 14 miles from Labasa—where the Colonial Sugar Ke- finery Co. have taken up 2,000 acres of land. Gemmel Smith (manager of the Company) does not feel inclined to let fellows lease lan from them (the Company). He told me that if it paid us to grow cane for their mills, they (the Co.) might as well have these pickings. How- ever, if I can’t come to terms with him I must cast about for something else—go into business perhaps. As for rubber, seven years for returns, sobu, sobu (too slow)! And coconut, with all our unfortunate experiences of tropical atmospheric outbursts, makes me pause. Fine place Ceylon, where you don’t get these kind of things in so severe a form. . I think O’Brien (the Governor) has the malua (wait-a-bit) fully developed in his system, other- wise he would have struck long ago. Iam sorry that the Federal vote in New South Wales was lost. For there was some hope held out that Fiji would have been included in the Common wealth after a reasonable time. Price of labour kills Fiji. And no one with capital will ever attempt anything here till the native policy is done away with entirely or modified, + Dies ss ~ Nov. 1, 1898.] THE TROPICAL “MR, BENJAMIN KIDD ON THE CONTROL OF THE TROPICS. We are indebted to Mr. Benjamin Kidd for an exhaustive analysis of one of the most vital of contemporary questions. In the three articles which he has contributed to the Zimes he has re- viewed the various aspects which the relations of Europe to the tropics have successively worn, and has sought to draw from the survey the lesson needed for our own guidancein the matter. ‘‘ The first principle of the situation,” he tells us, is ‘‘the utter futility of any policy based on the con- ception that it will be possible in the future to hold our hands and stand aloof from the tropics.” There are two reasons which make such an atti- tude impossible. The first is the extent to which our civilisation rests on the products of the tropics. _ The second is that the very unlikeliness between _ these products and those of temperate countries makes trade between the two regions mutually and increasingly profitable. The wants of civilised man are constantly growing, and the machinery for supplying them includes in its sweep a cons- tantly increasing area. Whatever may be the future of the native inhabitants of the tropics, ‘ there is no question as to their present inability to meet these wants, except under the control of the white man. All that remains doubtful is the part that the several nations of Europe are to play im providing that control and the best method of applying it. Mr. Kidd enumerates three such methods. There is first the ‘‘ plantation ” theory. According to this, tropical territory is simply an estate ‘‘ to be worked for the largest profitit will * bring in.” Native interests are not considered, except so far as attention to them is likely to promote the interests of the occupying Power. _ The second method rests on the assumption that what England has done in the way of colonising the temperate regions of the earth other countries may do in the tropical regions. Mr. Kidd re- gards this method as a ‘‘ blunder of the first mag- nitude,” since it involves the acclimatisation of the white man to tropical conditions,—an idea which has probably led to ‘‘more physical and moral suffering and degradation ”’ than any other which can be named. In the end, however, this second method is simply a return to the first. The land waits for the white colonists who never come, and in the meantime it 1s worked on the ‘plantation’ system. The third method is the English plan, which differs from the first in that it dismisses altogether the idea of working the territory for the exclusive benefit of its white possessors, and from the second in that it con- templates the development of the tropical colonies under native direction, the Power which represents civilisation being there only temporarily. This was the conception of the tropics which prevailed in England ia the middle of this century. Of late we have come to see thab this too is a mistake. _ The tropics and the tropical races are no field for democratic experiments. But we have had no other conception ready to put in its place, and we have “had therefore to witness the strange spectacle of the revival of the oldest, the most indefensible, and in theory the most reprehensible of all forms ot government in the tropics,—government by Chartered Company. It was as if successive Go- yernments in England had shirked the national res- ponsibitity, —as if they had said: We admit the error of the old idea about the tropics, but we do not know where we are. Let any authority undertake the work. Only take the responsibility off our hands’ !” With Mr. Kidd’s historical survey we are in com- AGRICULTURIST. 317 plete agreement; when we turn to the practical eon- clusions deduced from them they may seem to re- quire a eertain amount of criticism, though here too, we are in the main entirely with him. To go to India for life, and to go to India for a term of years, even a long term of years, are different things, and though the latter may, on the whole and in the great majority of instances, be far the better thing, it is not the same thing, and so may not have someof the advantages which the former system possessed. But, having in view this creat majority of instances, we do not question the superiority of the newer method, or feet any doubt that “the one underlying principle of success in any future relationship to the tropics is to keep those who administer the government which re- presents cur civilisation in direct and intimate contact with the standards of that civilisation at its best.” No desire to give natives a larger share in administration should be allowed even for a moment to obscure this cardinal maxim. —Spectator. PLANTING NOTES. AMSTERDAM BARK AND QUININE MARKET. ~— Our Amsterdam representative wires us on August 25th that the result of the bark auctions in Amsterdam on that date was a decline in the unit of -14 Dutch cents per half kilo, the aver- age unit working out at 4:06 (rather over 7-10d per 1b.) against 4:20 at the last auctions.— British and Colonial Druggist, Aug. 26. CorreeE.—-If the talesfrom the Brazils be true, and not the work of speculators, the recent move- ment in coffee will ripen into a substantial ad- vance—says the Grocers’ Journal, Sept. 10. Frost destroying the bulk of the crop would be a serions thing, and result in a great diminution of supply, and a consequent heightening of values. Prices have now got down ridiculously low, and it would not do much harm if a reasonable rise did take place, at any rate in the lower grades. LEMON GRASS OIL.—Andropogon Nardus L., has been largely cultivated in Ceylon and Singa- pore for the production of this volatile oil, which has an ‘odour strongly resembling the sweet scented verbena or lemon plant of our gardens.” It has some reputation in India for medicinal purposes. According to the following information its production and that of similar oi!s seems to have fallen into some neglect in the Straits Settlements :—Extracts from letter from Direc- tor, Gardens and Forest Department, Singapore, to Royal Gardens, Kew, dated February 16, 1898, “The decay of the Lemon-grass oil trade in Singapore has attracted my notice, and I am writing a few lines to try and stir up the eul- tivation again. It was chiefly, I believe, pro- duced by one man, who had a distillery for citronella, lemon-grass, &¢.. a little way. out- side Singapore. He died a few years ago, and I fear the whole business is diminishing. I hope it may revive and that others will take these oils up. There is nothing more in the industry than ordinary distillation of anything procurable that will produce a_ saleable oil. With citro- nella, lemon grass, vetiver, pathouli, (pepper oil, a supposed native specific for cholera, had a great run during the cholera scare, i: was a perfectly awful beverage I believe), Cajuput, Cananga, Blumea balsamifera, Cassia, clove, nut- meg, Ocimum, camphor, Artabotrys and a lot of other things might also be tried by an energetic distiller. The natives would buy them it no one else did.” —Kew Bulletin. 318 “TA PRNUING.”—A veteran tea planter writes that on this subject,—‘ opinions now are just as diverse as they were 20 to 30 years ayo.” FLORIDA VELVET BEANS—A Veyangoda plan- ter, to whom we sent a few seeds, has been more successful than the correspondents whiose complaints we published en Saturday. He writes, “T firet put down three seeds in a bed in the flower garden, two of which failed to sprout ; the third is getting on vigorously as a healthy lant, but does not grow at the rate of three inches a day ! The remaining four seeds I put down about a week after. Of these, three ger- minated ; but one plant was nipped, evidently by a ‘* bloodsucker,” and died. ‘The other two are flourishing.” “Tue AGRICULTORAL GAzeTre”’ of New Sonth Wales, Vol. IX. Part 7th. Contents for July, 1898; —Wheat Testing—A Description of the Mill; The Caterpillar Plagne; The Flora of Mount Kosciusko: Botanical Notes—Supposed poisoning of Sheep by Native Fuschia; White Cedar Berries; Methods of Common-Sense Iarming; British Miller's Requirements in Wheat; The Importance of Drainage to Agricul- ture ; Highland Oattle; Pure Water for Farmers and Dairymen ; Economical Feeding; Fruit Inspection ; Poultry Notes; Bees, and How to Manage them. VII.; The Production of Honey; Improvement of NS.W Live Stock; Bee Calendar for Angust ; Orchard Notes for August; Notes for Northern Rivers District; Practical Vegetable and Flower Growing for August; General Notes; Keplies to Correspondents ; List of Agricultural Societies’ Shows; Label for Specimen. “ Tue QUEENSLAND AGRICULTURAL JounNaAL,’’—Vol. TIl. Part 2. The following are the contents for August, 1898 :—Agricultural and Pastoral Confer- ence; Maize-growing ou the Darling Down; Wheat- rowing; Cow-pea, the Coming Orop for Central Gucengland : Coffee; Noxious Weeds and the Ne- cessity for their Eradication; Agriculture—The Queensland Agricultural College! The Sweet Po- tato; Panicum in the Bundaberg District, J. W. Fawcett; Silos; A.:Labour-saving Too], P. Mac- Mahon; Purchase of Cane by Density, R. Dupont; The Black Mauritius,).A. A. Benson; Darying; Viticulture; The Orchard; Botany: Popular Bo- tany; ‘Tropical Industries—Coffee in Queensland and other Parts; Coffee-picking at Cairns ; Pis- ciculture; General Notes; List of Agricultral, Hor- ticultural, and Pastoral Association in Quensland ; The Markets; Orchard Notes for August; Farm and Garden Notes for August; Cultural Notes for ~ Tropical Queensland; Publications Received; Public Announcements. CEYLON AND CHINA TEA Soms.—Mr. Jobn Hughes of Mark Lane has been telling our Lon- don Correspondent that never before has he had so many orders for the Analyses of Ceylon tea- soils, and that the cause is found in the ‘ poorer teas”? now produced, Mr. Hughes has yet te see the indignant remonstrance against the sup- posed deterioration of Ceylon teas put torth by Messrs. Bagot, Metcalfe, Roberts and other _ planters in Upper Dimbula ‘and Dikoya. It is noteworthy, however, that we have not seen letters to the same effect from = districts which grew coffee for 20 or more years on their soils before tea was put in. It is probably from old coffee districts that Mr. Hughes has chiefly got his orders? And there can be little doubt of the need and value of manures in such cases. We do not see any advantage for the present in getting samples of China tea soils or analyses, to compare with oursin Ceylon. Unless the different climatic conditions, the difference of jat, and the varying modes of cultivation were fully taken into account, any comparison would be almost useless, THE TROPICAL AGRICUL .to the River Plate produce coffee; _thing is absurd {_ URIST, COFFEE IN BRAZIL AND THE |W SuppLy.—The Americans as the Jargest con- sumets, are naturally mnech interested in coffee and Consul Frank Hill of Santos fur- niches a very elaborate Neport dealing with Brazil cluefly, but also with nearly all eofles- growing countries, of which early proof sheets are sent us under date June 28th, 1898. The most interesting part to us is the inuro- duction which is concise and well put ;— Vanretins or Corree anp Correr Tuens.—Of the twenty-two varieties of coffee plants (a rabiaceous pane whose original habitat was Abyssinia), seven elong to Asia, eleven to the west coast of Africa two in Central and East Africa, and two in Mauri. tius. Among the different varieties, the following may be enumerated: Arabia, Mocha, Myrtle, Aden and Bastard, Moorish; Marrou, of Reunion; Monrovian, coffee of Gaboon; Saurine, yellow coffee (cafe ame- rello), red coffee (cafe vermelho); and the common coffee of Mexico and Central and South America. All these varieties are variously subdivided, taking name from the districts where they are produced.or from ports whence they are shipped. For example, Brazil coffees are Rio, Santos, Bahia, Ceara, etc. The ordinary coffee shrub is an evergreen plant that grows to a height of about 20 feet, with oblong, ovate leaves. The frait is a fleshy berry, having the appearance and size of a emall cherry, Each fruit contains two seeds, embedded in a yel- lowizh pulp; the seeds being enclosed in a thin mem- branous endocarp. Recions SurrasLe to Corrre Currune.—The regions best adapted to the cultivation of coffee are well- watered mountain slopes, at an elevation of from 1,000 to 4,000 feet above sea level ; in latitudes lyin, between 15° north and 15° south, although it 1s cult vated with success from 25° north to 30% south of the Equator, where the temperature does not fall below 55° F. Frost is a deadly enemy of the plant, and excessive heat hinders its normal growth. ‘The low, hot lands of Mexico, the Caribbean Sea jion— which produces the best cocoa in the world—and the South Atlantic are not adapted to its culture, the coffee lands in all these regions being found on the highlands that rise from the sea. On the American continent, coffee is produced all the way from Para- guay to Mexico; the Argentine Republic, while, the United States, and Capen being either too far north or south for its growth. The shape, size, and color of the seeds are the points that determine the com- mercial value of coffee. The shape depends npon the particular part of the plant upon which the seed grows, the size upon the nature of the locality of the growth; and the color on the degree of maturity of the fruit at the period of gather- ing the crop. Brazil is the great coffee country of the world being credited with 66 per cent of the total product. Nearly all the twenty States that form this yast mesopotamis extending from the Amazon but the trne coffee zone is confined to the States of Rio de Janeiro, Sao Paulo, Espirito Santo, and Minas Geraes, Sao Paulo being the banner coffee State, This coffee finds its outlet at the ports of Santos, Rio de Janeiro, and Victoria. The most astonishing statement made is that Venezuela has now about 404,000 acres of coffee yielding 304,800,000 Ib. (2,721,428 7. ewt.) of crop, of which two-thirds are con- sumed in the country! This part of the Report we are not prepared to accept as correct, especially as a good deal of the coffee is said to be young. Hitherto, the maximum estimate for the Venezuelan crop was one mil- lion ewt.; -but nothing was said about home consumption. Still, we cannot believe that 9} million Venezuelans consunie 80 Ib. of coffee per annuin per head (man, woman and child). The ee 5 Melia Nov. 1, 1898} THE TROPICAL Gorrsspondencse. ——< Ij p fu the Editor WEIGHING CEYLON TEAS IN LONDON, Kandy, 13th Sept. 1898. Str,—I enclose for publication copy of a letter with enclosure, received from the Metropolitan Bonded Warehouse, Limited, London.—I am, sir, yours faithfully, A. PHILIP, Secretary to the Planters’ Association of Ceylon. The Metropolitan Bonded Warehouses, Limited, 9 cay Street, Crutched Friars, London, 9th August, Dear Sir,—-We invite your attention to the en- closed piper, copies of which we are mailing you under separate cover, which we put forth as con- taining, in our opinion, instructions in weighing on the Ceylon Gardens, which, if carried out, would show the minimum loss in conformity with the English Customs House Bonded Regulations. ‘However carefully we, or others, may carry out the weighing-in the face of these Regulations—there may frequently be a larger loss shown than is neces- sary unless the planter understands the same, and makes his weights accordingly. Of course it will be for kim to decide as to whether le jeu vantla chandelle that wll depend upon the value of his tea no doubt. It is evident that the Warehouse keeper can in no Way guarantee weights, we can only deal with the packages as they reach us, and very often indeed have to record a quit@ unnecessary ‘‘Shortage’’ upon invoice weights, owing to the want of a system on the gardens, Of course superintendents can ascertain from their Colombo “Agents whether their teas are generally rebulked in London or not. We must add that our reason for thus coming tefore you and our only interest in the matter is the hope of being of some service to our planting friends in Ceylon, and we would ask you kindly to distribute the circular amceng the members of your Association at your next general meeting, and we shall be glad to have the consensus of opinion upon the subject.—We are, dear sir, yours faithfully, Tue MerropotrrAN Bonpup Warenovets, Lr. (Signed) Lest Marerrri, Secretary. A. Philip Esqre, the Secretary, Ceylon Planters’ Association, Ceylon. THE LONDON CUSTOMS’ SYSTEM OF WEIGHING CEYLON TEAS. CUnstructions showing how to veduce the Loss to a minimum) In order to avoid the loss nsually experienced in Oeylon from the system of weighing in vogue by the London Customs authorities, viz., to give the turn of the scale against the importer, both on gross and tare, the following hints will prove of value to Pro- prietors and Superintendents of Estates. t. The Tare (that is the weight of the empty pack- age, complete with lid, lead, hoop-iron and_ nails) dhotild in all cases weigh two to four ounces under the pound, whether the package be chest, half-chest, or box, 2. The gross weight of a package must in all cases weigh three ouncesover the pound, whether the pack- age be chest, half chest or box. A 3. Whenashipment of teais not to be “Rebalked” in London, the Customs’ authorities ‘ Average Tare ” the break, that is to say a small percentage of the packages are opened and their tares ascertained, and from these an ‘‘ayerage tare’’ for the whole break is struck. In this ease it is imperative that the tare of each package weighs alike. 4. When a shipment of tea has to be ‘' Rebulked ”’ in London, the tare of each package in the break may Sen, PRONE the tare of each package is 2 oz. under the lb. 39 AGRICULTURIST. 319 Subjoined is an example of the correct method of weighing two packages said to contain 100 lb. tea each, which have to be rebulked in London. GARDEN WEIGHT3, CEYLON Tare. Tea Nett. Gross Weight. No. 1. 271b., 140z3. 1001b., 5 ozs. 1281b., 3 ozs. NOM Oy Ose eater NODE en tr eo sg 738 Customs WEIGHTS, CEYLON. Gross Weight. Tare. Tea Nett. No. 1. 128 lb. 28 lb. 100 Ib. No.2. 129. ,, 25) 100 ,, The to examples above will demonstrate the point, inasmuch asin No, 1 the lossis 5 oz. only, which is the least possible, while No. 2 shows aloss of 7 oz., owing to the slightly lighter tare. 5. The following is a very usual but incorrect way of weighing teas, possibly through faulty scales or weights, GarpEn WeicHTs, Cryion. Tare. Tea Nett. Gross Weight, No.1. 27lbs. 802s. 99lbs. 12073. 1261bs 150z3s, No. 2. 28 ” 1,, 100 ,, 13 ”y 128 4 14 ” Cusrvoms Weicurs, Lonpon, Gross Weight. Tare. Tea Nett. No.1, 126 lbs. 28 lbs. 98 lbs, INO 2 an LORI 29), SB) be The Customs do not recognize ounces. With re- gard to fixample 1, this package. the gross weight of which the Superintendent makes 1261b. 15 oz, would only be called 1261b. in London, the tare, according to the Superintendent, is 27 1b.30z, over here the 30z. would be called lib, and the tare is called 28lb. The 28 lb. tare is deducted from the gross weight of 126 1b. with the result that the amount of tea in this packege is said to be 96., the owner of the estate losing the 1lb. 12 0z tea, which may quite possibly bein the package. -A still larger loss is to be seen in Example 2, in which the Superintendent bas packed 100 1b. 13 oz. of tea, but only gets paid over 991b., the difference going into the pocket of the retailer. 6. A most important pointis to have the weights of the weighing machine, used on the estate con- stantly checked, and for this purpose a set of test weights should be kept. A beam scale ig to be pre- ferred to a platform one, asthe former is the more accurate. 7. When a Superintendent, to equalize the taves of his vackages, adds pieces of lead or wood for that purpose, the material so added would be fixed inside the package, so as to prevent it falling out when the package is opened in London. 8. A Superintendent may “tare”? and pack his teas with the greatest care, bit if he afterwards permits his carpenter to plane away from the top of the package before nailing down, all his careful work will be wasted. The Metropolitan Bonded Warehouce, Ltd., Crutchej Friars, Jiondon, June, 189s. CEYLON TEA 1N AMERICA: FAVOU2- ABLE REPORT. Ebor House, Colpetty, Colombo, Sept. 16, 1898 DEAR Sir,—I am in receipt of the tabular state- ment from the United States Department of Agri- culture sections of foreign markets, Washington D. C. showing the tea consumption in the United States for each fiscal year from 1860 to 1897. Knowing the vital interest that tea is to the people of the island in general and many in particular, the appended statement cannot he but of interest to such, showing the ever-increasing demand for tea, particularly from 1895 to 1897, and indications poinb to a more surprising state- ment for 1898. Information gleaned from private parties who have used Ceylon teas is very en- couraging. The habit of afternoon tea is not con- fined to the wealthy class asin former years, but $90 THE TROPICAL is becoming an established custom among the poorer class. Although the nature of the Aimeri- can will not permit of stopping factories for afternoon tea (asin England), the employees have the privilege of taking their beverage while at work, and what is more cooling on a hot day, and if in winter time they can readily heat their tea on the steam pipes (used for heating pur- poses) to be found in all factories. I think the future of Ceylon tea in the United States most promising, and that Ceylon planters have a great market to compete for.-—I remain, yours truly, G. C. WARR. Untrep States DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, SECTION or Forrien Markets, Wasuincton, D.C CONSUMPTION OF TEA IN THI UNITED STATES. Years ended Consumption Jung 30th. Nett Imports. per capital. Pounds. Pounds. 1860 oe 26,326,928 os “84 1861 Me 21,016,667 : 66 1862 aie 23,336,777 a “71 1863 sis 27,021,040 an *80 1864 b 85,851,022 . 1:04 1865 16.849,189 A! “49 1866 ole 41,511,448 Noy, 1, 1898] THE TROPICAL THE GOLOMBO TEA SHARE RULES. The second Resolution proposed at the recent meeting of the Tea Trader's Association (for report see page 333) had, we think, only to be mentioned to commend itself to all practical men, and ib was accordingly earried unanimously. There is also, it is evident, a grievance to be removed hy Mr. Mackwood’s Resolution as he fully showel in his speech: The 100 chests of tea packed on the estate for export to London may be eontrasted with 100 chests inteuded for sale in the Colombo market. We are not sure that planters make the allowance of a few ounees extra in the latter case ; but anyhow when 3 lb. or 4 1b. for samples are taken out of the usual proportion of chests in Colombo, and such nailed dowa again, ready for shipment,*there must be the risk of tbe Metbourne (or some other) Custom-house coming across one of such short-weight chests, and classifying the whole as under weight. To prevent such risk, it is well, we think, there should be a dis- tinguishing mark on the “sample” cases. i AMERICA, GERMANY AND FRANCE. Mr. WM. MACKENZIK, in sending us some papers, writes :-— “Note. particularly the letter in American Grocer showing the difficulty in getting in packet teas, The tea dealers don't like these. Nor would. the. wholesale iniporters. in the STATES touch ow teas, were they not compelled by Tetley, Lipton, Larkin, &e. With the exchange in their favour, they can get -China teas 3d cheaper; aud in Ciina they have capital snuk in establishments. “@anada is different, and there we are doing well. Ceylon tea especially has increased largely this year, but unfortunately India has lost ground. “Tell. Westland, it-is France not Germany we should attack. German coffee and beer habits have been our greatest enemies in the States. In a German town of 60,000 people, in Pennsyl- vania, not a pound of tea is drunk. . When made for them in Colombo, Germans very politely say they like it, but they won't drink 16. Tn France, there is to be the grand opportunity of the great Exhibition, bere are tea drinking English families everywhere economisiny, and the French are not beer-sodden like the Germans.” This reminds us of what we learned from Dr. MacAll—the founder of the MacAll Mission— when with him in Paris in 1878. He told us that ab one of his earliest meetings Sir Edward Baines of Peels gave an address and concluded with ‘a regular teetotal exhortation. Dr. MacAll did not like to pull his coat-tails ; but he said the Parisians thought the British visitor had sud- denly become erazy, in asking them to give up their light wines as drunk at meals. ** But?—said Dr. MacAll —‘‘seven years have elapsed, and now a tenperance or teetotal address would be perfectly understood ~and appreciated by the Parisians at) our meetings, so terribly has the ‘absinthe? aud even ‘beer’ habit grown on the French? ; and the venerible evangelist pointed out as we walked along, establishment after establisument which he had know. as flonrish- ing cafés for coffee and chocolate, turned into dyinking bars for beer, absinthe, &e. So much for the change in Paris since the Iranco-German War. At the same time, Dr. MacAll said in 1878:—*1f IT were a young man nothing would please me better than to open a wholesale tea- substantial TEA IN AGRICULTURIST. 331 selling firm in Paris and to subsidize tea rooms with a full belief in financial success.” On the other hand, our Commissioner who depreciates the German nation, has to learn that there is a growing trade with Germany and that the British Consul at Stettin says Indian and Ceylon teas are mueh wanted. And how does. he account fur the fact thas at the eveatest Germau wateriny place—Carlsbad—only tex is drunk ; while at the next principal European watering place, Vichy, in Trance, not a cup of tea o- = 5 To sve ne = is scen ? Very opportunely, we receive J.’’s letter (see our last page) showiny, g certainly, how great is the consumption of coffee and beer in Berlin; but then Mr. Hagenbeck is attacking that capital; and in auswer even to the ery of the British Consul at Stettin, we learn trom a Colombo merenant the following interesting particulars :— ig “* Northern Germany and that part of it known as East Prussia have for some years past taken a great deal of tea. Beine close to the Russian frontier the inhabitants follow to some extent the customs of their neighbours, and drink tea, There is a big business donein Konigsberg, but rumour says a lof of the tea thas goes in there is snuggled across the Knussian frontier. ‘The bulk of the tea used was China; but now Ceylon and Indian tea if not pushed is at any rate well- known in the Eastern German Provinces. It is ail bought ia London. Many London Houses send hundreds of samp'es of Ceylon tea up for auction and buy on order for Germany. The big Bremen and Hamburg Houses all told me they can buy Ceylon tea much cheaper in London than in Colombo, and they. buy pre- cious little Crina nowin Loadon. You may putthe import into Germany as one-half China, and the balanee is divided between Ceylon, India and Java. I fearJava has the preponderance: the teas are cheap2y than ours and their app arance beats Ceylon hollow. Several Mincing Lane Fivins are engaged exclusively in the Continental tea trade. These people (mentioninga long list-of firms) are all pushing tea in Germany.” 3 Tie exports of tea direct to Germany from Co- lombo up to Sept. 2th this year equal 249,474 Ib. against 189,503 lb. up to same date last year. To France the comparison is 59,714 this year and 39,403 Ib. last. SSS TEA SWARES.—Says the Calentta correspondent of the Pioneer Ist Oetober: —A propos of tea, I recently mentioned that Pheenix ‘Tea shares had changed hands as low as R2 per RSs paid = share. This week a fnrther call of R5 per hides has. been made. I now understand that another of Messrs. Barry and Company’s gardens, the Bhootan Dooars Tea Company, is rapidly follow- ing in the tootsteps of Phenix, and not onl need shareholders expect no dividend, but it Hine come to be a question whether it is worth while BEEBE the garden in cultivation. Uniike the Phenix, this is a new garden only about three years old. ‘Phe company’s capital is three or four lakhs of rupees, for which there is apparently not going to be much to show. Now this is a company which from its inception has had the advantage (7%) of a rising exchange and of the con- sequent reduction in ule rupee outlay for its stores. Tt lias even had a year of couparative fixity cf exchange at one and four pence. What have the unfortunate sharebolders got to say as to the result ? [And what haye certain local quid-nunes to say 7—- Ep. 7.4.) 332 THE TROPICAL A COMPANY, CEYLON, LTD. The annual meeting of the Doomoo Tea Company of Ceylon, Ltd., was held on the 30th September in the offices of the Agents and Secretaries, Messis. J M Robertson & Co. Mr. W D Gibbon occupied the chair and the others present were Messrs. W B Kingsbury, A Cantlay, H G Bois, Herbert Bois; Henry and F W Bois by their Attorney Mr. H G Bois; H J Vollar and Capt. Deane by their Attorney Mr. W D Gibbon. , The notice calling the meeting having been read and the minutes of the previous meeting confirmed. THE DIRECTORS’ REPORT. The report was submitted as follows :— Directors.—W D Gibbon, W B Kingsbury, HG Bois. The Directors have now the pleasure to submit their Report and Accounts for the year ending 30th cre raaaitiy of Tea received from the two Estates was 205,902 lb. against 170,000 lb. estimated, and the price realized for that sold was 43:13 cts. per Ib. against 49°43 cts. last year, The Directors regret the fall in pute and hope ae the Teas yet un- i ill sell to more advantage. nal the year an interim dividend of 3 per cent. was paid, absorbing R12,000, and after writing off R1,745°82 for the remaining balance of preliminary expenses and transferring R2,500 to depreciation account there is a sum of R14,400:01 available. This amount the Directors recommend being dis- posed of as follows:— That a final dividend of 3 per cent. (making 6 per cent. for the year) be paid on the capital of the Company, i oe an -- R12,000 00 et that A balenee becarried forwardof ,, 2,400°01 R14,400 01 “The estimated of crop for the currentseason is 220,000 lb. tea and the estimated expenditure is R72.946 00 which includes a sum of R6,500°00 allowed for cost of new machinery and factory alterations on Verallapatna. The acreage of the two Estates now stands as follows :— ea rene acres Tea 5 years old and upwards. 3 ” 2 ” ”» 98 ;, Timber. 68 ,, Grass Land. 299 acres. —— = Napatna— hg 310 acres Tea 5 years old and upwards. 35 ” ” 3 ” ” 120 ” ” ” ” 35 ” ” ” 94 ,, under 1 year. 10 ,, Grass Land. — 154. ,, Waste and Chena. ——-—< 688 acres. ing the year-Mr. F. W. Bois having left the RTP H. é. Bois was elected to the vacant seat Board. cb ae eecdures with the Articles of Association Mr. W. D. Gibbon retires from the Board, but, being eligible, offers himself for re-election. _ 5 + will also be necessary to appoint an Anditor for season 1898-99. By order of the Board of Directors, J. M. Roprrtson & Co., Colombo, Sept. 13. Agents and Secretaries. (Nov. 1, 1898 The CHAIRMAN said the report had heen in the hands of the shareholders for some time and if hal any questions to ask or if they wished for any explanation he would be happy to give it. Mr. HG Bots thought an explanation might be given as to the difference in the cost of working between Verallapatna and Doomoo as there was a large discrepancy. The CHAIRMAN said the two estates were supposed to be worked separately, but there was a great deal of work done at Verallapatna which would usually be done at Doomoo in the way of manufacturing tea. If they looked carefully into the accounts they would find that the expenditure on Doomoo tea landed in Colombo was about 23-48 and on Verallapatna 31°98 and putting both together the average would be about Y8°21. These figures include profit on manufacturing teas for outside estates and receipts from renta. Mr. CANTLAY referring to Verallapatna estate said he noticed the entry “ profit on manufactur- ing tea.” Mr. H G Bots said that was a mistake. The word should be ‘‘receipts.” The CHAIRMAN added that it had always to be remembered too that expenditure in ey, was much heavier in Uva thanin Dimbula. They had about poe miles of a cart road to Banda- rawella. Another thing they had to bear in mind was that on Verallapatna there were 200 acres of tea not in bearing. Replying to Mr. Cantlay hesaid that the tea in the young clear- ings was a very fine jat. Ot the old tea he would say that 100 acres was poor and the rest very fair. Doomoo wasa beautiful jat and the yield was over 400 lb an acre. Mr. KinGsgury said Verallapatna had done much better than they thought it would. The report was then adopted on the motion of the Chairman seconded by Mr. CANTLAY. On the motion of Mr. Bors seconded by Mr. KINGSBURY a final dividend of 3 per cent (making 6 per cent for the year) was declared. Mr. CANTLAY proposed and Mr. Henry Bots seconded the re-election of Mr. Gibbon as director. Carried nem con. ; On the motion of Mr. Cantlay seconded Capt. DEANE, Mr. John Guthrie was appoi auditor for the season 1898-99. The proceedings terminated with a vote of thanke to the Chairman proposed by Mr. Kinas- BURY. AGRICULTURIST, —__—__¢—__ “THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.” A planter writes that he has always found our Monthly exceedingly useful for reference in respect of all Tea (and other Produce) Sales in Colombo and London, as well as for practical lots of information in planting, ‘ There is another matter,” he adds, “in which its usefulness tor reference has often been found by me, namely, for the Annual Reports of our Planting Companies ; but I wish to point out that you occasionally miss some of these. 1 was disappointed the other day in turning back for a particular Company’s Report, not to find it in the 7. A. pages.”—This very defi- ciency, curiously enough, was remarked on by a mercantile subseriber some weeks ago, and we took steps at once to secure that henceforward every Annual Report of the Directors of Plant- ing Companies should find a place in our T. A. pages, and be available by means of the Index, for ready reference, Sugal A ~ Nov. i, 1898.] THE TROPICAL THE CEYLON TEA TRADERS’ ASSOCIATION. SELLERS AND BUYERS. A special general meeting of the Colombo Tea Traders’ Association was held at 3-30 p.m. on Ist Oct. at the Chamber of Commerce rooms :— Jhairman, Mr. W. H. Figz, presided, and aaa aot were Messrs. F M Mackwood, H Tarrant, Geo. Thomson, GH Alston, F Macindoe, ¥ Street, C E H Symons (secretary), W E Drury Wright, WE Mitchell, Gordon Frazer, 5S P Jeffrey, A H Barber, Davies, and representatives of Bathgate Pim & Co, and of Crossfield Lam- pard & Co. he SECRETARY read the notice calling the D P . . . mithe CHAIRMAN (Mr. W. H. Figg) in opening the proceedings said it was a_ special. general meeting to consider two resolutions which Bere in themselves very simple and would be amply explained by the movers, and doubtless would receive their support. Before calling upon those gentlemen to speak to the resolutions standing in their names he would like to make a few remarks upon the subject of the 3 lbs. alfon ance resolution which was passed ai their last genera meeting. In regard to that there was some cor- respondence between the Chamber of Commerce and the Planters’ Association in Kandy, and the Committee of the latter body passed a resolution to the effect “‘that it regrets the want of cour- tesy shown to the Planters’ Association by thie action of the Tea Traders’ Association in en- tirely ignoring the interests of the sellers. Had these remarks been simply made in the course of a meeting in Kandy by one particular mem- ber it might have been advisable perhaps to take no notice of them, but inas much as they were contained in a resolution standing on the books of the Planters’ Association he thought he would be distinctly wanting in his duty if he did not controvert them and show how utterly wrong and, in his opinion, how unwarranted were these statements (hear, hear). Perhaps it might be as well tostate that before that resolution was passed, in fact as far back as March last, the Planters’ Association, in his opinion, somewhat peremptorily wired down to him as Chairman of the Chamber asking him to use his influence to stop THE 3 LBS. ALLOWANCE RESOLUTION i assed by the Tea Traders’ Association, oad that was followed up by a deputationof three of the leading members of the Planters’ Associa- tion who pressed upon him the views of that, body and hidked! him to do what he could to induce the Tea Traders’ Association not to pass the resolution or bring it into force. He explained to them the reasons for the resolution and assured them that in his opinion it was ab- solutely necessary to pass such a resolution. fle did all he could to persuade them that it was a resolution that should be passed and that they should recognise it and give it their support. They would not, however, take his view— in fact they rather took umbrage at his remarks —and this resolution was the outcome. Mr. GEO. THOMSON :—When was that resolu- i ssed in Committee. a othe CHATRMAN said it was passed on the 8th of July and this was the first time they had the opportunity in general meeting of refuting ib. They were charged with a want of courtesy and AGRICULTURIST 333 entirely ignoring the interests of the sellers, Well as to the want of courtesy they came to him as Chairman and he did all he could to show them that in the opinion of the Association the resolution was IN EVERY WAY NECESSARY. Unfortunately they did not accept the Associa- tion’s views and although it was passed almost unanimously at the meeting of the Traders’ As- sociation at which the sellers were represented, they yet said that they were not shown courtesy. As to ignoring the interests of the sellers he repeated that the sellers were represented at the general meeting and he was quite sure he was right in saying that in the opinion of the majority of the sellers the 3 lbs. allow- ance was a just and proper one. Having said that in defence of the resolution passedat their last general meeting perhaps it might be as well to explain further with regard to the 3 Ibs. allowance which seemed to be utterly misunder- stood by the majority of planters and those interested in the matter upcountry. For years past the trade had been gradually growing and up to the present time the 31bs. were found absolutely necessary to supply the trade with sufficient samples in order that they might fairly judge the tea, and he claimed that if the buyers were to be properly treated it was absolutely necessary that they should have sufficient tea whereby they could judge what was submitted for sale. The number of buyers on this market was considerably over 30, and he learned that atleast 30 samples were sent out by the brokers weighing anything up to 1% ounces which could not be considered an excessive allowance. Besides that it was also hecessary for the broker to have a certain amount of tea in hand in order that the buyers might afterwards compare it. He thought that sufficiently explained the necessity for the resolution that had been passed. They did not ask the seller to put more tea into the chest, and they did not at all wish to go into comparisons between this and the London market. The conditions here did not com- pare with those in London, and if they tried to impose the London conditions they would have further trouble. They were content te make their own conditions and to change them as they saw necessary as had been done in this case. He merely mentioned these facts because he thought it was necessary that some public explanation should be made as to why the 3]b. allowance had been passed. He also thought it right that they should take this public opportunity of absolutely refut- ing what he called not merely an unnecessary but an unwaranted and misleading resolution by the Planters’ Association. He trusted that in making this statement he had their approval. (Hear, hear and Joud applause). THE MARKING OF PACKAGES, The resolution standing in the name of Mr. F. M. Mackwood was then brought up for econ- sideration. Mr. MAckwoop said that in speaking to the resolution he proposed with their consent to draw attention to other points connected with their tea weights which required consideration from the various interests concerned before a specific resolution thereon could be brought forward. As all present knew THE CHIEF TROUBLE in tea shipments was that of out-turn of weight, and the satisfactory solution of it would go far 534 Tus TROPICAL 0 increase the import of tea into the colonies and foreign countries, and to stop the prejn- dices and complaints constantly arising from shortage in weiehts. He sawno reason why the difficulty should not be overcome. One cause could be at once removed if his resolution in regard to factory: bulked tea was adopted. For the unbulked tea he thought that if the local market was always treated by those asirg it in the same way that the majority of estates treated thie London market when shipping on garden account the trouble would be ended except in such cases as that of weighing machines in factories getting out of order. His resolution was as follows :— “That the Selling Brokers when drawing Sam- ples of Tea from Factory bulked packages of Tea shall mark the packages froin which the Samples are drawn in such manner that they can be identilied by the luyers. The rules of the Tea Traders’ Association stipn- Jated that ten percent of such invoices sronid be inspected and the number of packages was never to be less than three. The result, taking A TYPICAL LINE of 15 chests of 1,500 lb., would be that they had 3 Ib. of tea drawn from three chest out of the 1f, and the invo’ce to the buyer would be 1,497 Ib. At present there was no ontward or visible signs—unless they found three chests more knocked about than the others—to show from which three chests the 3 Ib. of tea—1 Ib each —had been drawn, Supposing for arguments’ sake that they shipped the 1,497 lb. of tea down to Australia the Customs authorities, following the plan obtaining in England,—and as far as he conld make out the colonies had adopted that plan,—woulld take a certain number of pickages and average the contents of those drawn. Now it had happened strangely enough, and, of conrse, there was no reason why it should not, that in some of these smaller lines one of the sample drawn chests in Ceylon, and in other instances two but one would be sunfficient,) was selected and the vre- sult had been that the whole invoice had been classed as containing 99 Ib, of tea per package making on the whole a loss of 7 Ib., that was, in addition to the three allowed for here, the total weight thus being 1,490. This aggravated both the shipyfer and the importer and there was cor. respondence and claims, 4 THE MAN. WHO SCORED was probably the grocer or blender or whoever bought the tea. to him to be perfectly simple, viz., that when the brokers were sampling the tea they should pub some such mark as the letter ‘‘S” in red on the package so that the buyer could at once identify it. ‘the weight might be filled up to 100 Ib. or perhaps easier still the 100 Ib. might be erased and 99 lb. substitnted. The Customs authorities in the country of import would get their fulk duty, the shippers of the tea the full tea paid for, and the importer would receive the 1,497 lb. assuming that the factory marked weights were correet. his was a matter so Obviously simple and so entirely within their control that ,he presumed ithere could be no possible objection. Coming now to unbulked tea every package had to be opened and if they followed up the example he had given of 15 packages of 100 lb. they had three Ib. drawn from :these which was equal to 48 ounces or something over three ounces a_ package. Ship the tea as they liked it was impossible to The remedy for that seemed — ae tve 2 ¥ ape teins - r Cy eee ie AGRICULTURIST. get more than 99 Jb. given in any country where the English rule prevailved. The first argument might be that they should have the tea opened up and five ounces put in every package. That might apply in a county, with a nice dry eli- mate byt it was not applicable in this country, and the depreciation in the quality of the tea would be greater than whe loss that might eccur in the weight, Here came in his argu- ment, that this difficulty could be solved if the local market was treated in the same considerate way that the London market was treated. In this matter he spoke from both sides of the question. His firm sold tea in the Jocal maiket and also shipped on garden ac- count, and he made no difference in all estates over which he had the control or influence. In every package of tea whether for the Joeal or London market, when the weight was ascertained they put an extra four ounces of tea in, but he had heard of others doing more and putting in as uch as Gounces and of local proprietors also putting in an extraanount. He could rcimetmber the timewhen the local sales were very small, when all the'tea they produced practically went home, and itwas no uncommon thing to find that the difference in weight between that accounted for in the ac- connt sales and that shipped in Colombe was fully 3 per cent. The result of experience Nad been to show that it conld be reduced to a mini- wun of 1 or 14 per cent by taking care of the packages, by being careful in their weights, and by putting In this extra quantity of tea. ‘Tliat had been his experience, and he had asked a great many both in Colombo and upeountry and they were qnite contenct to aceept 14 or 1% per cent. ‘Taking a typical line again of 15 chests of 1001b. each and putting 4 ounces into each that was 60 onnces, anil when the account sales came back the owner of the tern was quite content if he got the tea paid for less 1} per cent. That ot course covered the trade allowance and various other things. If they took 1} per cent on 15 pack- ages tliat gave about 19 1b of tea the loss of which in addition to the 4 1b put in originally the seller in London was quite content to yas Against that the 31b given here was practically insigni- ficant. He maintained that the interests of the sellers in Ceylon would be furthered if they all would in addition give to the local ‘market that which many firms and many individual proprietors gave viz 4 ounces per chestextra. If the seller would give that to the local market he would be in the position of having the unbulked invoices of tea pas- sed down at the original weights. From a seller’s voint of view he objected to the 3 lb sample at first and wanted to be satisfied. He was satisfied on the point and contrasting with that what he was perfectly willing to aceept iu London, found the 31b was insignificant. He used the local market because be thonght it was a more advantageous market. All sellers expected to get more money for their tea.in the local market and they got paid very much quicker. He thought it was alittle unreasonable and unfair to the local market to shorten it of the privileges that they accorded to the English market where they were content with much worse’ results. He offered these remarks because he thought it was to the sellers’ interest to keep up this market, and that — they believed in the local market was proved by the fact that whenever they heard of a new buyer coming in they cordially welcomed him, In fighting the battle of introducing their tea and probably with much, keeuer competition than they had it was incumbent upon them to Noy. 1, 1898.] THE TROPICAL do their best in every possible way. Many of the countries must be exploited from Ceylon. Various parts such as the American continent might perhaps be better exploited from London but un- doubtedly there were parts which could oniy be exploited from Ceylon, and it would be very bad for them if instead of trying to improve their system of weights, they shut their eyes and did nothing. ADVANTAGES TO PRODUCER AND SHIPPER. Mr. H. TARRANT had tmuch_ pleasure in seconding the resolution which had been moved by Mr. Mackwood. It was manifestly to the advantage of every one that buyers should get exactly what they paid for and that there should be no uncertainty about the weights of the packages that were delivered. He thought this was to the advantage of both the producer and the shipper. As Mr. Mackwood had pointed out in the case especially of breaks of 30 packages or under, there must, under the present system be acertain number of packages short by 1 Ib., and if the buyer happened to open one of these packages, he would possibly conclude that he had been swindled and probably that Ceylon teas were generally packed short, and, as in the case of China teas, the weights were nearly always over rather than short, this would tend to the disadvantage of Ceylon tea as against China specially thongh to a certain extent Indian also. As Mr. Mackwood had spoken very fully on the subject he did not think he need say anything morein seconding the resolution. The CHAIRMAN, replying toa question by Mr. Drury, said Mr. Mackwood had simply suggested that the packages should be marked. “Mr. Drury said that if this resolution was carried would it be settled how the packages were to be marked. He understood that the selling brokers would mark them. The CHAIRMAN :—Yes with the letter ‘S.” Mr. MAcKWOOD said it had struck him that this was & detail to be secrtled subsequent to the passing of the resolution, but in his speech he had mex- tioned marking with the letter ‘‘S.” Mr. THOMSON said it was a simple thing when the selling broker had drawn a sample, for the peon who went round with him to mark the letter “S” in red. Mr. W. E. MiIrcHELL suggested that packages from which samples were drawn should be marked with achalk mark, and then the buyers could mark the package with the correct weight when they came to ship it. Mr. MAckwoopD said that with the leave of the meeting he would make aslight addition to his resolution so as to make it read :-— : “That the selling brokers when drawing samples of tea from the factory-bulked packages of tea shall mark the packages with the letter ‘S’ in red from which the samples are drawn, so that they can be identified by the buyers.” Mr. Drury thought the letter ‘‘S” was rather indefinite, and he was understood to suggest that the short mark be put on the package. Was the letter ““S” to be put on in red paint or what? In London the mark was generally put on in white chaltk. The CHAIRMAN ;—We prefer Colombo. Mr. Drury :—-Red what ? The CHAIRMAN :—Stencil ink. The resolution was then put and carried. A conversation took place as to when the resolution should come into force and it was 41 if in red in AGRICULTURIST. agreed on the suggestion of the Chairman that it should be as from the 19th of October, that was the third Wednesday’s sale. THE QUANTITY IN PACKAGES, Mr. Geo. THOMSON then moved the _ resolu- tion standing in the name of Messrs. Finlay, Muir & Co., as follows:-- ‘That the attention of Planters be drawn to the fact, that paciting more than 100 1b. in a chest, when the Teas are for sale on the Colombo Market, is prejudicial to the Sale of such Teas. This is owing to the action of the Mail Steamship Com- panies Stamping all Bills of Lading tor the Colonies, with the Clause ‘no package to con- tain more than 100 1b. nett’ and their declining to pay claims, when packages contain more than this amount.” The resoiution he said, spoke for itself. It more particularly referred to packages contain- ine broken pekoe or broken orange pekoe (a voice -—and dust) and dust. With regard to big lines of broken pekoes there was a very serious loss very often incurred on shipments to the colonies. With regard to dust he did not think that any packages should contain more than 75 1b. at the outside. Mr. DRURY in seconding said they had had prae- tical experience of some of the disadvantages of packages containing over 100 lb. and he hoped the Planters’ Association and other bodies would take notice of the resolution and do something practical in the way of seeing that the packages were not over 100 Ib. On the suggestion of Mr. G H Alston Mr. Thomson altered his resolutien so as to read :— “That the attention of Planters and Agents be drawa to the fact &., (as in the original resolution) and ‘‘that a copy of this resolution be sent to the Planters’ Association.” Mr, Mackwoop supported the resolution. He had to do with one or two places vpcountry in which there was joint authority, The other ex- ercising authority with him thought that he packing of 105 and 110 lb. in a chest was.a distinct gain and seemed to think that the argument advanced by him was an academic one. However he did take his (Mr. Mackwoods) advice and the result was that he brought into competition other buyers for the Australian market who had stood ont in consequence of the Steamship Company clause, with the result that they got an average, he thought, of 4 ets, a lb. over. He merely mentioned this to show the planters the advantage of the proposal. Mr. W E MITcHELL was understood to ask whether the Steamship Companies could legally maintain the position they had taken up. The CHAIRMAN.—I am not a lawyer. The resolution was then put and carried. This was all the business. 6S ess SE See TEA ev SIBERIA.—We (Chemist and Druggist) mentioned recently that Russia had an eye on the tea-trade. Matters have got to such a point that a continental official paper says that the com- pletion of the Siberian Railway will take the exportation out of the hands of the English and give it to Russian merchants, who will place it on the market at fifty to sixty per cent less cost:. The tea will go to Irkutsh (South Siberia) by land carriage, thence by the Sibe- rian Railway, and Eastern and Central European goods will be taken as return treight. 336 THE TROPICAL LIQUID FUEL: FOR STEAMERS, LOCOMOTIVES, GAS- WORKS, FACTORIES (THA AND OTHERWISE), &c. We are on the eve, in this progressive Colombo of ours, of a notable revolution in respect of the fuel required for steaniers, locomotives and factories, which cannot fail to have a great and henelicial influence on the amenities, if not health, of the city, and on the progress of trade and local manu- factures. We refer to the substitution of petroleum residuum, the liquid fuel known to the Russians as ‘‘astaki” or ‘ mazot” for ordinary coal. Lhis substitution is mnch nearer practical realiza- tion at this port than the public are generally aware of. Wej have become accustomed to the bulk petroleum installation of the great London Company with its £1,800,000 of capital (owners of the ‘‘Shell” line of steamers, as well as of deposits of petroleum, in Europe and the East, and of installations at every Eastern Port) for whom Messrs. Delmege, Vor- syth & Co. are the local representatives, But it ig not known that this same Company, having secured a Concession of 200 square miles at Koti in Dutch Borneo, with an inexhaustible supply of petroleum and especially of the residuum, now proved to be so valuable for liquid fuel, are making arrangements for separate installations on account of this new article of trade to be supplied at every port of any note between Yokohama and Suez. At Singapore, the installation is already complete, and a vessel has arrived with 1,000 tons of the residuum. Colombo is not so far ahead, owing perhaps to the puzziement of the Gevernment as to how this new product of petroleum should be treated. It took some time to show that it cannot possibly be used as an illuminant; but only as a fuel and substitute for coal or wood. Consequently, it has been properly jdecided that no Custons duty can be charged onit any more than on coal, and that there is not the slightest need to guard against the risk ofaccident with the fuel, as there is with kerosine oil. This having been now fully realised, legislation to new fuel to be readily dealt with at Colombo will shortly be passed. Meantime Messrs. Delmege, Forsyth & Co. have had waiting for erection, two enormous tanks each capable of holding 4,000 tons of this material, one of which tanks now about to be erected is ex- pected to be finished by January next. (The largest petroleum oil tank as Colombo does not exceed 1,560 tons.) When this is done a supply from Borneo will be available to be pumped into the tank and thence distri- buted for local as for steamer purposes. Before the close of the present year we shall probably find steamers coming into our harbour using this new fuel,—although they cannot be supplied here before February 1§99—but an experiment is to be made on a locomotive in Colombo before the end of this year and this may lead to its adoption all along our railway lines. It1s torsoon to speak of price ; but supplied to us from Borneo, itis very likely that Ceylon can be exceptionally dealt enable the - present in - AGRICULTURIST. (Now! 1, 1898. with as to cost and that the Dimbula planters may be rendered independent of the Elgin forest supply! The home caleulation at present is that 1 ton of this new fuel is equal to 14 to 24 of coal according to circumstances; while among cther great advantages is its far less bulk and room required, and strange to say, the mueh Jess risk of accident,efrom combustion, &e. In the case of steamers with the machinery fitted on to spray the liquid fuel from the tanks into the furnace, no stokers are required; while nearly all the space pow required for coal can be used for paying cargo. Inthe ease of locomotives no tenders for coal will be required. To get rid of coal-dus¢ alone should be an advantage to Colombo as well as to our engine-drivers ; while all humane persons will rejoice that there is to be no further need of **stoking” in the Red Sea or Tropics. What is to be done with our Colombo Coal Sheds on their new sites is a point that can be settled a little later on! Sir Marcus Samnel stated at the trial that the ‘* Trigonia,” which had already started on her Fastern voyage, was really the pioneer of the Shell fleet in using fuel. The intention is to save Canal dues, by supplying installations from North Borneo atall ports up to and ineluding Suez, and on the other side of the Canal to havesupplies at the usual ‘‘ coaling” ports from Russia. In the Fast. Sir Mareus said his Company aimed at de- livering the liquid fuel at a rate to successfully compete with coal and he believed the supply from their field in Borneo to be practieal)y in- exhaustible. Five of the “ Shell” steamers had now been adapted for liquid fuel. The following extract is of- local interest—Sir John Durston, K C.B., being Engineer-in-Chief of tie Navy :— Mr. E. ‘I’ Delmege proposed the health of the di- rectors of the “ Shell’’ Co., on whose bebalf Mr. Samuel Samuel briefly responded. Sir John Durston in proposing the toast ef “The Builders of the Haliolis,’ said that to his mind what had kept back the qnestion of liquid fuel in the past was the diffienlty of supply, but after what Sir Marcus Samuel had told them it wonld appear that the supply was assured, andthat theonly question became one of the experience. Throughout the entire ron not a hitch of any kind occurred. Steam wasreadily maintained and smoke entirely absent. ‘Fair Play’s” shipbuilding anthority stated in July last that this new fuel may compete with coal wherever the latter exceeds 30s per ton. But this does not allow for a number of savings trom using the former :—in space, in expense of stokers, in time of loading, the “mascot” being - pumped into its tanks (no coal dust again for passengers, saloon, cabins or deck—what a blessing!) The Shell fleet to ‘be devoted to this liquid fuel distribution, is reckoned to earry one million tonsa year—so Indian and Austra- lian as well as Japanese and British coal mine owners must look out for competition. The use Of liquid fuel is expected to add enor- mously to the speed of vessels, and the com- fort, from getting rid of stokers and coal-holds cn men-of-war, torpedo-boats, &c., will be very great. Land fer oil-tanks for the new fuel has been obtained at Suez, Colombo and Singapore, and at other ports arrangements are in a more or less advanced state, so that as Sir James Laing said in July last, “coal consumption, and especially so far as the Eastern trade was con- cerned, was: doomed io a very sudden death, because the advantages of liqnid fuel were so preponderating that it must supersede coal as a motive power.” e ” ~yemaining almost unknown. Nov. 1, 1898.] THE RUBBER SOURCES OF BRAZIL, We have been asked ‘“‘ How many rubber trees are actually known to exist within any given area ?’’ The number varies very much, as the trees ave not planted artificially but are on the spot where nature has put them. Generally speaking each workman has about 100 trees under his control, a greater number not being advisable as a3 the work would then probably not be done with the proper care. A narrow way cr path leads from one tree to another. Sometimes it takes three or five minutes to get from one tree to the next, while in other instances a large number of trees is found within asmall space. If the distance between the trees is too large, the work of gathering rubber cannot be dove profitably since the laborer is obliged to make each day a certain quantity of rubber in order to be able to meet his expenses. Besides the milk remains liquid foronly acertain space of time, so that the workman is bound to limit his work of tapping within a certain distance from the hut where the smok- ing or curing of the milkis performed On the upper rivers the result of a man’s work during the season— from March to October—varies between 400 and 800 kilograms of rubber, 600 kilograms being a fair aver- age. Wethink that a certain number of rubber trees die annually in the Islands district, but these probably are succeeded by new plants as nature continues pro- ducing them. The production of Islands rubber has been increasing on a moderate scale from the beginuing. Some rubber estates are exhausted to such an extent that people are more or less obliged to abandon the work, but other plantations, which wereabandoned some years ago and which have had time to rest, are now giving satisfactory results. On the upper rivers, espe- cially on the Madeira, the owners of the rubber plantations take great care of their property, most of them giving the trees a rest of a full year aiter having tapped them during a season.. There is undoubtedly still a large number of virgin rubber forests, especially in the Amazonas district, even in those districts already privately controlled. It happens often that on a sudden a large plantation is discovered quite close to a place where rubber-gather- ers have been living for many years Besides, the terms ‘“‘exploded”’ cr ‘discovered’ refer simply to a small belt of land along t he rivers, the interior The cost of acquiring such land differs very much, due especially to its posi_ tion. —India Rubber World, Sept. 1. ———_—_—__-____—__- COAGULATION OF RUBBER-MILK. he extensive use of India-rubber in the arts and manufactures, renders the production of this sub- stance a matter of general interest. One of the most important problems that awaits solation is a simple and effective meaus for coagulating the rub- ber-milk and producing an article free from im- purities and capable of being worked wita as little preparation as possible. In the following paper, Which has recently appeared in the Annals of Botany (Vol. xii., pp. 165—171), Mr. R. H. Biffen, 3.a., De- monstrator in Botany at the University of Cam- bridge, has given an admirabie summary of what is already knownon the subject. Mr. Biffen accom- paned Mr. E me Howard last yoar on a tour through the rubber-yielding countries of Tropical America. They visited Mexico, Central America, Brazil and some of the West India Islands. Mr, Biffen has therefore had a favourable opportunity for becoming acquainted with the conditions under which rubber is at present prepared, and isin a position to suggest scientific methods for the improvement of the industry. * * ‘The summary is very scientific, but ends as follows:—To theso must be ascribed the well-known ‘ fermentative change’ which causes a considerable loss by converting the solid blocks of rubber into a foul-smelling spongy substante. In the Para rubber the creosote absorbed from the smoke of the burning nuts acts as an anti- septic and prevents this proteid decomposition. To THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 337 test for the coagulated proteid is not an easy matter; continued boiling with a concentvated solu- tion of caustic potash will, however, extract small quantities of alkali-albumin. ‘ Balata’ gives good results most readily. On extraction with caustic potash a flocculent precipitate is obtained, which is readily soluble in dilute nitric acid, and is re- precipisated on the addition of alkalies. Boiling precipitates it either in acid or alkaline solutio.s, aud it gives no precipitate with acetic acid and potassium ferro.cyanide. The proteid is thus indentical with the albumose, described by Green, from the latex of Minuszops globosa.—R. H. Breren, Botanical Labo- ratory, Cambridge February, 1893, in Kew Bubetin for August. Se PRODUCE AND PLANTING. Tra Sour.—Apparentiy there is still some slight misapprehension about the right method of tea infasion In an answer to a correspondent which appears in the columns of an evening paper we note the following : Stewing tea for sixteen or eighteen minutes is to utterly spoil the finest tea, and the surest way to cultivate dyspepsia.” Tea planters may struggle to produce high quality teas, and grocers may advertise the “finest tea the world produces,” but ‘if the con- sumer indifferent to the labour wasted on his behalf will continue to make soup from the leaf, and thus untimely perish of dyspepsia, what is to be done? Printed instructions are of no use; lectures fail of their purpose ; the warning voice of the medical journals is in vain. Hconomy is the great idea, and as long as the brew, once made, will bear the addition of hot water and keep some sort of colour the popular Oe ale believes that it is both healthful and Invigorating any time during the day or night, even though the leaf be stewed to ponstbing aperonehing a pulp in the process. In this connection it may be pointed out that tea drinkers not only have a difficulty in procuring drinkable tea at railway refreshment rooms, tut in some cases they cannot get it at all. We notice the complaint of a Colonel who writes to the papers from the Army and Navy Club stating that although he wired to Basingstoke station that tea might be ready on the arriva! of his party by a certain train, none was forthcoming. The Colonel adds pathetically: “A little boy was wandering up and down the platform with a pile of trays, each containing a diminutive plate of bread and butter, a teacup or so, and a teapot; but the latter, on inspection, contained only dried leaves, and these tuwatered, are hardly calculated to allay a thirst 2 Ii the Colonel had been in need cf beer or whisky he would certainly have had no difficulty: These matters may be of small importance in themselves, but they ave factors in the problem how to in mand for tea, crease the de- ELeEcTRICITY AND THE GRowrH oF PLants.— the most attractive papers read on the sane: of the British Association related to the effects ot electricity upon the growth of plants. Some strikin experiments were described, showing how plectricite hastened the development of plants. Under aleatrie influence, for instance, strawberries yielded a crop 75 cr cent better than that grown under normal nae utions; whilst the time necessary for maturing the fruit was lessened by one-third. Some of the Fiots mentioned were not new, but the novel theory was advanced that electricity helped the growth of plants by enabling them to absorb water in greater pro- portions; and in the water, of course, there contains im solntioh, the mineral matter that goes to form the structure of the plant. The whole question however, does not seem to have passed beyond the experimental stage, and it is noteworthy that Lord Kelvin, who took part in the discussion on the sub- ject, did not appear convinced of the soundness of some of the arguments used to show the favourable influence of electricity upon plant growth, —H, ag 0, Mail, Sept, 16, 338 COFFEE ‘‘HYBRIDS” AND ‘‘ DISEASE.” A rather curious discussion took place in Com- mittee during the last annual meeting of the United Planters’ Association of Southern India on the subject cf Leat Disease and Hybrids. As regards the former, it is a pity that all concerned do nob take Mr. Marshall Ward’s Report as final, in regard to the life-history and action of hemilcia vastatriz, and save themselves the trouble of describing appeayances and attacks, But certainly there must be a wonderful difference between Mysore coffee and the best left in Ceylon in view of what Mr. Graham Anderson states :— I should like here to give it as my opinion that little ifauy deterioration has set in with regard to our coffee. We bave coffee in Mysore on some oi the old estates opened as much as 50 years ago, which is as healthy and productive now as ever. In addition to this, I believe all the original Babubuden temple trees, which are about 150 years’ old, are still to the front. Far from being anxious aboat the matter, there is nothing in the world that I can think of which is more hopeful than coffee. There has not been a single horticultural arrangement applied to it, and et we can regard it with entire confidence. We should be happy that it is an industry that involves a certain amount of trouble. Otherwise it would be taken out of ourhands altogether. (Cheers.) One would like to know whether Mr. Anderson’s crops per acre over his estates for 1893-8 as compared with those of 1883-8 justity his cheeriulness. The coffee crops in Mysore as a whole have, we suppose it will be admitted, fallen off greatly in the period named. Mr. J. Cameron of the Mysore Governmeut Gardens was very enthusiastic at the meeting about the importance of changing seed, and culti- vating hybrids. Here is one passage :— Mr. Parsons :—Mr. Cameron has told us one thing which is indeed serious, and thatis thatif we go on as weare doing now, it isquite possible our coffee may become altogether sterile. : Mr. Camunon .—Yes, if you are going on as youdo now. We have -in India about 165 varieties of rice plantedin different parts of the country, which would indicate that the natives havefound out the benefit introducing new varieties. eae nee about coffee? We never goin for rotation of crops; but we dogo on feeding the aie Cameron :—Thatis whitlsay. Going on that principle, a time will come when the soil will get exhausted and you will gradually get less crop. It is notonly the soilwe bave to consider, but the water and atmosphere generally, You have also certain » factors which you can neyer change. As to hybridisation, Mr. Brooke-Mockett is the most advanced and Mr, Cameron was so much impressed with what he saw on his estate, that he started a small experiment of his own :— ve about 130 bushes, in_ three different kinds uy ae under irrigation. When these begifi to flower, I shall at once begin to fertilise, and when, after being fertilised, these plants come into fruit Ishall bo able tocullivate and judge the results of hybridisation. In this case it would not take more than three or four years. Idon’t mean to say the most favourable results will come from these young lants. I think, perhaps, that the experiments should be made with older plants and not with young seed- jings. Of course, there may be xesults from seedlings giving their maiden crop; but it is a good deal more probable that better results would ensue from plants of ten to fiiteen years. et Grauam ANDERSON:—With regard to Mr. Brooke-Mockett’s hybr.d3, Imay say that the experi- ment has now entered upon its second phase. He THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. (Nov. 1, 1898. has got now trees which he has named the I Nak Nadand others the Improved Coorg. It is reall wonderful what sports these hybrids have feck os § By a system of careful management, he has pi the fruit of all the second generation of a promising nature and has planted the seed separately iu marked baskets, and so this very useful experiment is pro- ceeding. In regardto a number of trees, some are true to the parent stock, and others are sports or diff- erent strains altogether. He had an idea that if he kept the different strains separate aud planted them out under auspicious conditions,it would be possible to perpetuate them. Mr. Brooke-Mockett's manager is aa extremely clever man and has taken a great interest in this experiment. He has now got to the stage that when the young seedlings have grown to a certain extent, he is able to discriminate between them and say thatthey will bein accordance with one type or another. Mr. J. W. Hocxin:—As we have had considerable experience of h)brids in Wynaad, the meeting may like to hear of it. About half-a-dozen hybrids, dis- covered accidentally, are now large trees bearing crop. Two are, I believe, no good, as the crop gene- rally fails. The others are grand trees fillinga space about nine feet cube at five or six years re fog and bearing heavily without any signs of leaf-disease. They have, of course, been taken every care of and manured heavily, but even so, the growth and vigour is very remarkable. ‘Their seed has been used for plauting out. Some gentlemen tellme about 15 to 25 er cent of the second generation come true to type; bat one gentleman has a clearing in which he says all but asmall percentage are good vigorous trees free from leaf-disease, though not all, 1 take it, of the same type as the first generation. It will pro- bably take a long course of careful selection to estab- lish a fixed type. I myself had Liberian nurseries for five years without finding a hybrid. Last year I found three hybrids, which were easily distinguished, as they were two feet high when the Uibacian plants were only one foot high. The rapidity of the growth of the hybrids is very remarkable; At two years from seed my plants have the following measurements: one 64 feet high by 5 feet high by 5} feet high by 6 feet across ; one 5 feet high by 54 feet across one ; the second tree has a few berries on it. All hybridsof whatever generation will grow when it is quite impos- sible to get Arabicasnpplies to grow. I had another experiment which promised well, but turned out a failure. In the parchment coffee, picked from Ara- bica with Liberian coffee growing in it, I founda considerable number of very large canoe-shaped beans. These from their extraordinary size I concluded must be hybrids of which Liberian was the father and Arabica the mother plant. I thoaght this an extraordinarily good disco- very, as I had a very large bold seed with a good Arabica colour and appearanee. Unfortunately, the plants raised frem these seeds got leaf-disease as badly or worse than ordinary Arabica, and turned out ofno value. This would seem to prove that the vigour to resist leaf-disease only belongs to hybrids of which Liberian is the mother plant. Mr. H G Parsons:—Are we quite right in selecting Liberian as a means of improving our strains, or would you suggest any other varieties ? Mr. J. Cameron :—It is difficult to say. I do not know that we have had enough experience in the matter. Mr. H. G. Parsons :—Are there any otherstrains ? Mr. J. Cameron :—Oh yes, these are the varieties that can be got from Jamaica, Johore, Mocha, and West Africa. Mr. H. G. Parsons:—But these must all have come frem Arabia orginally. — Mr. J. Cameron :—Possibly in most cases; but it must have been so long ago that they are bound to “have incurred some sort of change from the original ype. : Mr. E.G. WinpLz :—In Jamaica, as ar as I know, coffee does not suffer from leaf-disease; but withus — Jamaica coffee suffers almost as badly if not worse than the other varieties, C Nov 1, 1898.] The best hybrids so far obtained seem to be between Maragogipe coffee and Arabica. —Later on, Mr. Cameron said :-— In addition to the work of hybridisation you could do a good deal by selecting the seed. Thatisa time- honoured practice at home, not only by seedsmen and nurserymen, but also by farmers and agricultur- ists of all sorts. In selecting seed you will find the farmer is very particular only to have the heaviest, finest andbest. And itshould be the same with the planter in this country. He should not be satisfied with mixed seed; but should make sure that hehas the heaviest, largest and finest in every respect. He should exchange his seed by sending it to other parts of the country to friends and asking them to send him back their specimens of seed equaily carefully selected. He should also try and introduce seed from other countries, such as West Africa, Brazil, Jamaica and all places where coffee is largely grown. Idon’t know that I can add anything to these re- marks ; butas you seem very keen on fertilisation and seed selection, I think it right to tell you that by means of these two methods a man can doa great deal. Of course, high cultivation you thoroughly understand, and it is needless for me to say mach abort it. I believe, however, that you are going to bring up a proposal concerning the appointment of an Agricuitural Chemist. In this connection will you allow me to say that there are chemists and chemists. (Hear, hear). If youare going in for the services of a chemist, I strongly advise you to get the very best man available. You will have to pay a heavy salary for sucha man, but do that ungrudgingly, and your money will be returned to you twenty-fold. It is no use going toacheap man, who will make you believe this, that, and the other thing till eventually you find nothing good. Istrongly advise you to get the best man possible, andif the Mysore Government or any other Government can help you in the matter, take their help and be thankful. There can, of course, be no doubt about the importance of tlie principles laid down. Ceylon planters were very careful about their coffee seel aud planting between 1835 and 1865; bus many of them got recklessly careless in reterence to nurseries and planting when the districts between Great Western and Adam’s Peak were rushed into coffee. In our Leaf Disease era, fresh seed from Mocha, East and West Africa, Jamaica, &e., were tried again and again without advantage; but no experiment in hybridisation “6: made or at any rate perseveredin, It will be interesting to watch cottee developments in Mysore, Coorg and Wynaad. —— MANUAL OF NEW SOUTH WALES GRASSES. We have received from the author acopy of this useful work* which must be invaluable to the agriculturist and stock-owner in great pas- toral Colonies such as are most, if not all, the divisions of Australia, and which contains infor- mation of value to botanists and cultivators all the world over. The illustrations which are numerous and well-executed, enable the different grasses to be readily-identilied and the informa- is both scientifically and popularly full and instiuctive, the order usually being to give the botanical name and explanation ; botanical des- * A “Manual of the Grasses’? of New South Wales, By J. WH. Maiden, Government Botanist and Director of the Botanic Gardens, Sydney. (With Illustrations.) By Authority of the Minister for Mines and Agti- culture, Sydney: William Applegate Gullick, Goyern- ment Printer, 1898,—[4s 6d.) THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST 339 cription ; and notes, Synonym and vernacular name where possible; where figured ; value as a fodder ; other uses; (sometimes ‘< fungus found oii this grass”); habitat and range—of each pirti- cular grass. The contents of the Manual are as follows :— Contents.—Introductory page iii.; Cultivation of Native Grasses 1; Conservation of Native Grasses 2; Analyses of Grasses 3 ; Plan of the Work 4: List of Works consulted 5; Grasses for Special Purposes and Situations 7; Key to the Genera 8; List of Grasses ee Descriptive Account of each ‘Grass 18; Index Jo. Besides a brief introductory chapter, we have concise deliverances on the Cultivation and Con- servation of Native Grasses, also on Analyses of Grasses ; Plan of the Work ; List of Works con- sulted ; a list of Grasses for special purposes or situations ; Key to the Genera and then the main work, with a full index at the end. One pas- sage we must quote from the ** Conservation of Native Grasses ”':— Mr. Thomas A. Williams giyes the following sommar of his recommendations for the renewing of waite out pastures of native grasses :—‘ (1,) Avoid over- stocking ; (11.) When the soil begins to get baked and packed stir it up with a harrow; (mr.) Give an Occasional light top-dressing of well-rotted stable inanure; (tv.) Fill in thin with hardy tame or wild grasses before the weeds get a start; (v.) Keep the weeds mowed off so that the grasses may get the benefit of all the plant-food there ig in the soil.” And in conclusion we guote a specimen of Mr Maiden’s method of Imparting usetul information. taking the perennial “ Kricehloa punctata,” ** Early Spring grass” of Australia, ‘ Everlast. ing grass” of some parts of America ;— VALUE AS A FoppER.—One of the be grasses of the Colony, particularly of feee een tricts, though it will endure considerable drought It grows freely, is succulent, and much esteemed by stock. A good account of New South Wales experi- ence with this grass is by Mr. Sececombe, who experi- mented with it on the Richmond River. He reported : “Mhis perennial grass is fairly plentiful, and in sheltered situations in this district it maintains some growth all the winter. It grows rapidly from yer early spring to late summer, and, if andisturbed, reaches a length of 2 or 3 feet. It grows on various kinds of soil. Under cultivation its growth is wonder- ful, as well as its power of seed-producing. I took as much as six cuttings for seed off my plot during the season 1894 10 1895, This grass has been intro. dneed to our district, no doubt through the agence of travelling stock, for it can be found more or teen on the old, much-used highways. It is seldom seen to any satisfaction in open situations, as stock and padamelons keep it cropped very close, This close clipping has given rise to frequently-expressed ideas that Hrvockloa punctate banishes Muilumbimby Couch [Kyllingia monocephala, a great pest.—J.H.M.]. It is a grass, I feel confident, our dairy-farmers should introduce to their holdings; it has great vitalit unquestionable milk and butter qualities, as well at the invaluable property of rapid reproduction.” Mr. Maiden’s ambition has been to supply a Manual that would meet a twofold demand— that of the farmer and pastoralist, and that of the botanist ; and we think he has fully succeeded and deserves the thanks of both classes, > TEA SHIPMENTS.—Through the courtesy of the Secretary of the Chamber of Comnierce, we are enabled to state that the shipments of tea to London during September were 74% mil- lions, the estimate for October being 7 to 74 millicus, 7 340 THE AVAILLABLENESS OF ATMOSPHERIC NITROGEN FOR AGRICULTURAL PURPOSES. lt is generally known that plants owe their nitrogenons food to the circulating nitrogen amony plants, animals, and the soil, and that with this circulation the nitrogen of the atmos- phere has very little connection: in other words, that it is the decomposition of organic matter and the nitrification of the organic uitrogen con- tained in it that furnish the soil with the nitrates which are ultimately available for ab- sorption by the roots in the small proportion of ammonia and nitric acid which are held to be directly absorbed by the leaves. | ¢ The comparatively small contributions which are made by atmospheric nitrogen to the stock of nitrogenous food are due to the combination of the nitrogen and oxygen through natural electric dis- ‘ charges, and to the fixation of nitrogen by the bacteroids (root bacteria) found in the root tuber- cles in certain plants. These phenomena are recognized as the only two oiginal sources of combined nitrogen to the plant, imparting, as they do, compounds directly derived from the elementary nitrogen of the atmosphere into the general cirenlation of nitrogen through soil, plant and animal. The possibility of making use of these two natural processes, or artilicially repro- ducing their results, 80 as 10 render the agri- culturist altogether independent of the mitroge- nous fertilizers now in demand, is an important speculative problem. — Indeed, in the case of the action of root bacteria in storing up atmospheric nitrogen in the tissues of certain plants, the process has been practically applied for fertilizing the soil by using nitrogen-collecting plants either in rotation in the case of annuals, or as a mixed crop in the case ol perennials, so as to secure the results of their action on crops that follow or grow evntemporaneously with them. ‘The attempt to facilitate this action by means of pure cultures of root-bacteria (* nitragin”) has so far not produced sutliciently reliable resulta warranted to make the use of inoculating media of any practical value. =a As regards the other original source of combined nitrogen to the plant, it has remained for Sir William Crookes, in his address before the British Association, to declare his belief in the possi- bility of artifically producing the combined nitrogen for which we are now indebted to the action of natural electric discharges, whenever they occur, in the atmosphere. to do by utilizing water power to ivgocd am electric. current for bringing about the oxi - tion of nitrogen and thereby -the productionmila SE ce tell us that the process of assimili- tion in plants, whereby they exhaust the ca ponte acid of the atmosphere and replace it with oxygen, is necessary for preserving the air ne breathe, in a condition suitable for the req = remen of animal life, which would otherwise be rend- ered intolerable if no euch? connter-action went on, anid if the process of animal respiration can tinued to exhaust the oxygen and replace it wit ny carbonic acid gas. Chemists also refer to minpoRen as an eminently inert substance, whose amie as a constituent of the atmosphere is as a dilutent of the oxygen (the two gases existing me spectively in the practically constant proportion of 4 to 1) since an atmosphere of pure eayern gas, or even one in which oryer2 predomi- nated would be unsuitable for animal respiration, THETROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. This he proposes ~ (ae LNov, 1, 1898, If “e may be permitted to speculate with Sir William Crookes, how, we would ask, is the constant ratio of nitrogen and oxygen to be maintained in the atmosphere, and the composi- tion of the air preserved in the most suitable condition, if agriculture all the world over is to flourish by the exhaustion of atmospheric nitro- gen? Where would be the counteraction by which the supply of the dilutent is to be kept up, and the composition of the air remain un- changed, if it is to be drawn into the general circulation of combined nitrogen and never drawn out again in the elementary condition ? So far, as we have stated, the nitrogen of the air has been looked upon as a neatral element, and it appears strange to the student of nature to think of such a character, for so valuable a substance, taking part as it does in the constitution of the highest organie ecom- pounds. But who can say what diseoveries have yet to be made through seientifie research in the future, after we have seen “ argon” eluding the search light of Chemistry all these many years since the first chemist entered his laboratory ? Who knows but that there will yet be an explanation of the apparently anomalous char- acter with which scientific men invest nitrogen, and that we shall Jearn what would seem to be Jess inconsistent with the designing power of Nature, that atmospheric nitrogen also plays its part in the general economy of the world, or at least as Sir William Crookes predicts, that it is destined to do so, while still subserving its purpose in maintaining a suitable atmosphere for the benefit of mankind and the inferior animals, if its presence is indeed really necessary for this end ?—c.D, ott gee INDIAN TSA ASSOCIATION. TEA FOR PERSIA—GREEN THEA, The Committee considered the question of the local consumption of tea referred to in the London Secretary’s letter of 5th August and the sugges- tion put forward by a memoper of the London Association that tea should be packed in small 2-oz. tins and disseminated throughout every bazaar in India. ‘Tie Committee believed that the im- ports of China and Ceylon teas into India for use in the country were not nearly as extensive as was apparently believed in London, as a large proportion of tea thus imported is re-exported to the Persian Gulf and other foreign markets. The Secretary was instructed to write to the Bombay Chamber of Commerce for particulars of the im- ports of tea from China and Ceylon and also for the exports of tea from Bombay to Persian Gulf ports. The general question of the sale of Indian tea in this country was to be fully taken up at the next meeting of the Committee after consideration of the papers now in circulation. Considered letters of the 13th, 23rd, and 29th July and 5th August from the Secretary, Indian Tex. Association, London, in connection with the American Market Fund.. Thereference made by Mr. Blechynden at a meeting of the London Com- mittee to samples of Green and Oolong teas sent from India and highly appreciated in America was considered by the Committee. Information was afforded by the members of the Committee as to their own experience with manufacture of Green tea — andit was stated that experiments recently made proved that it was almost impossible to produce tea at all equal to samples sent out, even with panning and hand-rolling, In addition to this the cost of manufacture was very high, — - Nov. 1, 1898.] THE TROPICAL REVISED ESTIMATE OF INDIAN TEA CROP, 1898. The General Committee regret to state that they are unable to present a revised estimate of the whole of the crop, as they have failed to obtain completed figures from five firms of Tea Garden Agents who submitted a total original estimate of 10,830,780 lb., and they have also been unable to revise the estimates for Dehra Dun and Ku- maon, and for private and native gardens amount- ing to 6,000,000 1b. The Committee are conse- quently in a position to present only a revised estimate of the crop of such gardens as have now sent in completed ligures, as der following parti- culars : — Manufacture to Balance to be made. 15th August 1896. Season 1898. ‘Total. lb. lb. lb. Assam -. 30,690,557 31,895,276 62,586,133 Cachar . 8,321,434 11,386,949 19,708,383 Sylhet we 8,012.971 14,221,269 22,234,940 Darjeeling .- 3,609,647 2,237,007 5,846,654 Terai -. 1,884,505 1,059,327 - 2,943,832 Dooars -. 10,051,444 1! 375,876 21,427,320 Chittagong .. 305,119 616 441 921,560 Chota-Nagpore. 94,049 100,551 194.600 Kangra .. 1,302,000 651,030 1,953,000 64,272,026 73,543,696 137,815,722 The above revised estimate must therefore be taken in comparison With the original estimace of the crop of 1898, viz. :— lbs. 158,681,312 Less as psr para. 2 .» 16,830,780 141,850,532 If from this be deducted 137 815, 7221b the result shows a deficit of 4,034,810 lb on the ori- ginal estimate of the gardensthat have submitted completed returns, or say about 2°8444 per cent on their crop, and applying this percentage of deficiency to the 165,832,7891b above referred to, the total revised estimate would be 154,167,877 lb Estimating shipments to America, the Colonies and other Ports with local consumption at 18,909,000 lb there willremain about 136,090,000 1b for export to Great Britain. Actual shipments to 15th September to Great Britain are 58,204,109 Ib as against 58,139,550 Ib to the same date last year.—Indian Planters’ Gazette, Sept. 24. : —_ > PLANTING NOTES. GINGER.— Good prices are prevailing in London market for Jamaica Ginger. Parcels of very fine quality may realize over 100s per ewt and even better results may be expected where good ship- ments are made direct.—Produce World. THE COMMERCIAL ASPECT of the West African problem, Mr. Freeman, in a new book, deals with in some detail. He is convinced that the trade of the far interior has been oyer-estimated, while the possibilities of Ashantiland itself have not been suiliciently recognised. The kola nut was the real wealth of the kingdom. “It was to the kola nut,” he says, ‘‘ that Ashanti was in- debted for nearly the whole of its great caravan trade wich the Mohammedan countries of the north and east—a trade that had supplied it with articles of use and luxury, and had even aug- mented its stock of gold.” But with the passing away of the powertul Ashanti kingdom the cultivation of the kola pluntations has been much neglected, and the country has consequently declined in prosperity. AGRICULTURIST. 341 ** RUBBER Forests.”—Henri Condreau, who bas discovered so many rubber forests, says the India Rubber World of September Ist, has again ascended the river Curapuhy to the cachocira yrande, and terminated his investigation in the Tuéré, ” This year he intends to explore the region between the rubber-bearing rivers Tocantins and Xisgu, return- ing to Para in December. It had been intended by one of M. Condreav’s comparicns, who died of fever oa the upper Anapa, to establish a model rubber plantation at Pars. MicA.—The tests as to whether the mica is gool for anything, or whether, as the natives say, “‘ itis alive,” are its firmness, specific gravity aud the power of refiecting the countenance free of contortions. The latter test shows the perfec’ parailelisin of its individual plates and consequent likelihood to split well. The beavierthe mineral and the more perfect the reflection, the more valuable is the mineral considered. All the plates not standing the necessary test are of a soft and flinisy nature, without any of the brilliant sparkle of the better sort, and are called by the natives “dead mica.”—Jnvention. ‘* GREEN OR UNFERMENTED TEA FOR AMERICA.” —On page 323 wiil be fonnd a paper on this sub- ject by an Indian Tea Planter. ‘ A.C.” opens well but he rather loses himself in wordy reiteration later on and makes impracticable suggestions about a special Association organizing the business. So far as Ceylon is concerned, the ‘‘ ‘Thirty Committee? have done the right thing in their offer of a bonus for a limited period to give the new teas a good start. However in the following part of his manuscript ‘* A.C.” becomes more practical, as will be seen later. NYASSALAND COFFEE CoMPANY.—We regcret to learn from the report published on page 126 that owing to scarcity of labour and an unusual rainfall causing heavy erowth of weeds snecess has not attended the work of clearine aad planting 383 acres accomplished during the past year. No further Jand will be opened ‘this sea- son and the energies of the Superintendent will be directed towards fully supplying last year’s clearings. It is gratitying to know that no fur- ther diificulty is anticipated in regard to labour and that the prices of Nyassaland coffee have been well maintained. FisH AS MANURE.—An illustration of the in- tensity of the heat in London is found in the con- demination of fish at Billingsvate Market, 221 tons having been destroyed in the first 25 days of the present month, against 135 tons in the 31 days of August, 1897. The quantity so treated last month was only $3 tons, and in June 78 tons. Last Mon- day was the hottest day of the current month and the result was that no fewer than 34 tons of fish were found to be unfit for consumption. This wasted food is hermetically sealed in tanks with earbolic acid, taken to Belvedere down the Thames and made into fish guano, excellent for land.— Home paper. ; THE YANGTSE VALLEY.—In the September Contemporary Review a solid and valuable article is Mr. Archiba'd Little’s description of the Yangtse Valley. Frankly disclaimine his ability to discuss general English policy “in China in spite (or because) of forty years’ residence in the Celestial Empire, he gives a most valuable account of the marvellous river with its 3,000 milesof navie- able water (including its tributaries), serving & population of 180,000,000 all ready to multiply their expenditure on foreign commodities ten fold, In spite of his«isclaimer, he concludes with a plea for securing it as our ‘‘sphere of influence,” 349 BAMBOOS AND ARCHITECTURAL FEATURES. — The monopoly enjoyed by the Weeping Wiilow threatens to be broken down. We have lately seen some Bamboos in association with monu- mental urns and similar constructions; and the effect was excellent.—Gardeners’ Chronicle. TA CoMPANY Prosrects: A HINT TO THE “ THIRTY COMMITTEE,’—One interested, writing from home by this mail, makes rather an ori- ginal suggestion for the benefit of that much- talked-of body, the ‘‘ Thirty Committee.” He writes :— * T hope Ceylon Tea Com panies will shew up bet ter at the end of this year than they did at the end of last ; but all round for the year, so far, the market has been no better, and exchange is higher : so great things caunot be looked for. It is places like ——— in the loweountry that feel it mosi, i.e. among the good places—for, of course, there are a lot of poor properties at mid-elevation which must simply be struggling to keep alive. The Tea Cess Fund Committee might do worse than buy up a lot of worthless property and abandon it for the general good !’ “ Kew BULLETIN.” —The contents of the Angust nuniber consist of articles upon the Coagulation of Rubber-milk ; Kendir Fibre (Apocynum yenetum, Lin.), a fibre plant suecessfally used in the manu- facture of Russian piper-money ; Carob-tree (Cera- tonia siliqua, L.), including a report on the cultiva- tion of the Carob as a shade-tree, and its seeds as forage for horses when on long journeys; Shinia in Cyprus (Pistacia Lentiseus), used in the adultera- tion of Sumach (Khus coriaria). Shinia is the Cy- prian name of theplant. The number contains de- scriptions of a number of new Orchids, and short notices of Bamboo vulgaris, Artemesia pallans, Lemon grass-oil, hybrid Coffee, Florida Velvet Beans, now identified by Mr. I’. M. Bailey, F.L.s., the Colonial Botanist, Queensland, as Mucuna pru= riens var. utilis. It is probably M. utilis of Wal- lich, described in the Zora of British India, vol. i., t. 280, “a cultivated variety,” with velvety not hairy pods.—G@ardeners’ Chronicle, Sept. 3. HYBRID COFFEE.—A note en hybrid coffee in Mysore was recently published in the Kew Bulletin (1898 p. 30). According to the Z're- penpflanzer (1898, p. 164), Dr. Burk has recorded a similar hybridization of Arabian and Liberian coffee in Java. The iesults in that island are, however, not considered so favourable as in Mysore. In Java the hybrid plants are said to yield very sparingly, while some are quite barren.. Herr I. von Braun is quoted as stating that ‘‘ of the many hundred hybrid plants in the experimental gardens at Tjikeumeuh, near Bui- tenzorg, a few only produce fruits.” On the other hand, grafted plant (Arabian coffee on Liberian coffee) are said to be very promising. Hybrid coffee plants appear to have been also produced in the West Indies, but nothing is stated as to their productiveness. Extract from letter trom Curator, Botanic Station, Dominica, to Royal Gardens, Kew, dated June 8th 1898. “T noticed in the Kew Bulletin a note on hybrid coffee in Mysore. It will interest you to hear that there is acoffee grown in Martin- ique which is said to be a hybrid between the Arabian and Liberian kinds. A gentleman here obtained a small plant of it for me, and I am now growing it at this Station. The leaves of my small plant are as large as the leaves of ILiberan coffee, but in apearance they are similar to the leaves of Arabian coftee, and like the latter are badly attacked by the coffee tly.” —From Kew Bulletin for August, THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST, _ [Nov. 1, 1898. ~ PpoBABLE ScARciry or CacAo?—It is an ill wind that vlows nobody any good, Ceylon Cacao planters may be inclined to say when they read the details of the terrible cyclonic visitation to the West Indies. Many cacao estates in both St. Lucia and Grenada are said to be ruined, and it is a question if Trinidad has eseaped, and it will be remembered that these are the islands which yield the larger proportion of cacao sent to Europe from the West Indies. Our reckoning. in our World’s Produce review is 250,000 cwt from Trinidad, 100,000 ewt. from Grenada and 3,000 cwt. from St. Lucia,—to- gether about ten times the export so far obtained for Ceylon. THK YANG-TSE VALLEY AND ITs TRADE.—Mr, Archibald Little, who has lived forty years in China, describes—in the Contemporary Review —the region that is supposed to be the sphere of British interest. The river is about three thou- sand miles long, and two thousand of these are navigable. Another thousand miles of its principal afiluents are also navigable, so that we have a waterway of three thousand miles in length flowing through the most populous regions on the earth’s surface. Great Britain and ner colonies do about two-thirds of the ten millions sterling imports and exports in this region, but Mr. Little says that our proportion is steadily waning owing to the competition of Germany and the United States :— It is no exaggeration to say that, given a stable and progressive Government, affording encouragement to capitalists with security for their investments— resulting in improved means of communication and a corresponding development of its natural resources —the Yang-tse valley will increase its trade by leaps and bounds, and the £30,000,000 of today will be £300,000,000 to-morrow. TEA AND ECONOMIES. —Hitherto—says the India Planters’ Gazette—too much time, money and labour has been devoted to extensions and too little attention paid to improvements on existing cultivation. It should be renembered that every acre of extension adds to the expenditure under which the garden may be groaning perhaps ; whilst if one can add a maund, or part of it, per acre to any portion of his existing enltivation, he receives at once some return for his expendi- ture. There is at the same time no extra outlay in cultivation so Jong as his attention to im- provement is directed to old areas; it costs the same to hoe an acre yielding three :naunds, as it does to hoe one giving six or eight mannds, but . the result in the one acre is very different from the result in the other. We briefly pointed out before, that a planter cannot work his garden under an expenditure of R100 per acre locally, and if we allow R39 more for Calcutta, it should do; so that R130 must be realised tefore the share- holder can expect any profit. At this caleulation, a garden must yield all round over five marnds per acre of five-anna tea, and we don’t think it is safe to caleulate higher than this; in tact, we imagine we are taking an outside figure when we allow this. However, let this stand, and the conclusion is, that by studying economy in every way, a small margin can be got for the share- holder if the planter can raise his yield all round to six maunds (504 1b.) per acre, and this should be his aim and object. Some will ask how this is to be done. We reply by cutting down all unnecessary — expenses, more especially relating to the native establishment, line chowkidars, ete.—a very large reduction in which could be made, provided planters would only form themselves into an association to protect mutual interests, ulleg Nov. 1, 1898,] PLANTING IN THE STRAITS. MR. DONALD MACKAY ON_COCON UTS, PEPPER, COFFEE (LIBERIAN AND ARABIAN) AND RUBBER. Mr. Mackay is enthusiastic over the prospect before coconut planters in certain divisions of the Straits Settlements and from actual ex- perience already gained, we confess, he has some reason for his strong faith. He expects, now that Liberian coffee has turned out a comparative failure (in price even more than cropping), that there will be a ‘‘rush” to plant up_ the palin instead. The great advantages of the Perak State, for instanee,—where the property in which Mr. Mackay is interested, is situated —- over even the South-West coast of Ceylon for the coconut, are better soil and better-distri- buted rainfail, In no month of the year is an appreciable fall of rain wanting in Perak and the total is about 120 inches a year, As tothe soil, a good deal is alluvial for a certain depth with a loose sandy subsoil if which the palm gets on well, especially with its feeding roots in thealluvial, The particular property referred to—on which 500 acres ave now planted with coconuts—is some distance inland, and between 100 and 200 feet above sea-level. Tt is favoured with a detached limestone hill on one of ita boundaries, in the base of which are a number of caves, frequented by bats, so that there are deposits of natural guano ready for future use, a very important matter--since the most experienced palm planter in Ceylon has declared that no cultivation responds so readily and handsomely to manure as that of the coconut. Tor transport, the estate uses a road 12 miles to Taipeng, the capital of the State and thence there is a railway 8 miles to the seacoast at Port Weld ; but in acouple of years the rail- way will be up to the plantation, Now for actual experience: the first 100 acres planted are 5 years old, and although the trees were put in only 5) to the acre, already the branches cover the soil and the lateral roots are found to meet! Still more convincing is the actual crop of nuts. Wedo not say that coconut palms bearing in five years are unknown in Ceylon ; but we scarcely think 100 acres here can be pointed to, yielding an average of 20 to 30 fully formed nuts per tree at that age. A limited number of trees with 100 nuts we do not make much of; because such exceptions in particularly favourable spots, or where great attention has been given, are not un- known wherever the palm has been tried. But, in Ceylon, we consider seven to eight years quite time enough to look for such returns as apparently this Perak plantation gives two years earlier. Another profitable product is PEPPER, and Mr. Maekay has brought us two interesting samples well worth the attention of any in Ceylon thinking of going in for pepper. We have more than once urged—and we do so with renewel force after hearing Mr. Mackay’s experience—- that every estate in the Kelani Valley, Kegalla and Labugama districts ought to have same pepper and areca (if not coconut) palms added to its cultivation. The first sample is of or- dinary pepper to shew the effect of the system adopted to clean and whiten it. The pepper is put in bags and then placed in the river (which runs by the estate) ; when taken out, the skin of the peppereorn is so softened and loosened as to be readily removable and then some drying in the sun finishes the process, 42 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST, 343 we this pepper as much as 200 piculs (about 235 cwt.) have been shipped from a crop and realizes 9d a lb. But there is another finer and smaller pepper, which is £0 per cent more valuable when prepared by a process of “hulling” and the result is a tiny seed, less than half the size of the ordinary peppercorn. The mucilage and skins in both eases, ‘amount to about 40 per cent. and are not altogether useless— indeed may be shipped sometimes at a prefit. As to the growing of the pepper vine, not much tronble has been experienced, although four years have to elapse before a crop worth “gather- ing arrives. Mr. Mackay’s experience is over some 29 acres planted first with Dadap trees as supports, but latterly with areca palms inter- spersed in sone parts with hard-wocd posts. Tie white ants, though common, have never been fouad to interfere. .The usua! distance is 8 by 8 feet for the arecas; but this has been found ‘too close (as to shade) for the pepper. . An areca palm and post alternating do well, giving all the light necessary forthe pepper. Then, recalling the fact that the Dutch 160 years ago got up to an annual export of nearly 500,003 1b. of Pepper —chiefly gathered in the Kegalla, andsome in the Matara, district, is it nob a shame that Ceylon should do so little now with this valuable pro- duct, which at present is rising in price in “ine home markets ?. How the Sinhalese came to give up the cultivation is very clear: the British soon after assuming the administration removed the Crown levies from all but Paddy, and looked after besides, only cinnamon which remained a monopoly ; and the Kandyans (and others) find- ing that they were no longer compelled through their headmen to collect and deliver so much pepper, as in the time of the Dutch, soon neglected the culture altogether. We tinst, how- ever, the time has now come ender European direction for a revival of pepper cultivation on a considerable seale in the districts favourable to it. As regards RupBer, Mr. Mackay hasnot mueh to tell us: a certain number of ‘*Para” plants ob- tained from Government Gardens has been planted out, and alittle done with native 1ubber trees. As regard’ COFFEE, Mr. Mackay has seen a good deal of Liberian doing very well at the Straits where interspersed withcoconuts. Sir Graeme Elphinstone, who accompanied Mr, Mackay to Penang, and who speaks of going home shortly, has a large extent of Arabian as well as some Liberian coffee on his pro- perty which runs from 1,800 to 2,560 feet altitude. * Logie” has indeed planted 390 acres since he came out three years ago. He has several of his old Cey- lon condctors or kanganies (including ‘‘Cyclops”) ; and although the fungusis not absent, it if not virn- lent and is especially light on the Liberian. We sinecrely trust that Sir Greme may get a due return for his bard work, continued at a time of life when most men avoid anything like clearing and planting. _ To return to Mr. Mackay, the estate with the 500 acres of coconuts (to yield 4,090 nuts per acre at 10 years old--price at Singapore just now about R4e per 1,090!) with a certain proportion of Liberian coffee, areca palms and pepper vines,—is called Gapis and the pro- prietorship has just been resolved into a Limited Company, “the Kwala MKwangsa Plantations Company, Limited,” whose fortunes we shall fol- low with interest and whose success will be hoped for on account of the plucky promoter. Mr. Mackay has still plantiyg interests in our Kelani Valley and we hope he will encourage the culture of Pepper of the best type in that district. 344 FUNGUS PESTS ON PRODUCTS OTHER THAN CACAO, We have already urged that Mr, Carruthers’ services should not be lost at this time in the interest of Cacao planters. But there are otliers who should be quite as much interested in the retention of the Cryptogamist. Wedo not wish to raise any alarm; but no one can read the several works published in India on tea pests, without realizing that our staple has its fangus enemies quite as much as Cacao. It will be remembered that a recent number of the ‘‘ Kew Bulletin” was devoted to the consideration of several of these, and in Dr. George Watt’s large volume on the ‘‘ Pests and Blights of the Tea Plant,” there is very plain speaking as to the serious effect which the “‘grey blight” and the “blister blight ”— both fungi—may have on tea in Assam, if the beginnings of their attacks are not watched and promptly dealt with. For this reason alone, is it not indispensable to have a Cryptogamist on the spot to be ready to deal with any fungus pest on Ceylon tea. Even now such is not unknown at certain seasons of the year and it would be wilful blindness not to take the needful preeautions when the right man for the work is already in the island. a eet THE BACTERIOLOGY OF PLAGUE. We have nodonbt that our local medicos are keeping abreast of the knowledge which is avail- able to them from professional sources, on the terrible disease which has taken such a fatal hold of portions of the adjoining continent, and are treasuring the information with which their bre- thren are able to supply them through the medi- cal journals. The subject, however, is of sur- passing interest to lay folk as well; and what- ever information can be placed within their reach in a popular form, is sure to be useful in one or more of two ways—in inducing due precautions, and in protecting against groundless apprelen- sions. Dr, E. L. Marsh is a specialist who has been sent to India from home to assist Professor Haffkine in his investigations ; and his Lecture, delivered in the Hall of the Wilson College Liter- ary Society, Bombay, is of the simple and in- forming character, which the general public should weleome. ‘The lecture was delivered under the presideney of Surgeon-Lieut.-Col. Hatch, the Principal of the Grant Medical College ; and we are sure a brief summary of parts of it, as pub- lished by an Indian contemporary, may be read with profit by our readers, at a time when plague is so much in the air, and when we are living in constant apprehension of its introduction into the izland, notwithstanding the vigilance of the Gov- ernment and medical authorities here and in India. In tracing the development of bacteriological research through, and since, the labours of Pasteur, Dr. Marsh points ont that the establishment of the connection between living germs and the causes of disease has led to the discovery that many diseases are traceable to parasites ; and further to the adoption of treatment which can check their activity. Thus, Pasteur found that the germs of decomposition could be controlled by parboiling the foods containing them, or by excluding the air in which they abounded. Hence the use of re- frigerating chambers, and of certain chemicals which destroy germs; hence, too, the filtration or boiling of water, or preferably both, which it is so difficult to make most people to practise. The importance of seeking the aid of science is proved ‘destructive cacao fungus. a * Nov. 1, 18 ag tt 8 by the ascertained possibility of rrp | mischief by injudicious applications of 3 disinfectants, or by disturbance of the soil. Thus, the bacillus of enteric or typhoid fever is said to be greatly benefited, instead of being destroyed, by the application of a weak solution of carbolic acid to the material nourishing it. Next, the various well-established methods of protecting against infectious diseases are diseussed, such as those of Jenner and Pasteur, whieh artificially weaken the infection and produce a less virulent form of the disease which protects against virulent disease; that of Haffkine, who inoculates extinct cultures of the micro-organism and its products, with similar results; the method of Belring which confers temporary pro- tection against virulent disease by inoculating blood or serum endowed with immunizing proper- ties—as in the case of tetanus and diptheria. The extent of the protection which each of these methods confers is next considered ; and then we ~ ave told that Dr. Haffkine’s method of protecting against plague has established confidence in the resources of bacteriology. Speaking of the results of inoculation, Dr. Marsh concludes thus :— The inoculations have been applied tomany thousands of persons exposed, less or more, to the infection of plague, I make use of the records of 5,655 persone in whom the circumstances of exposure were exactly similar, the only differentiation being that 2,709 of these persons were struggling toescape the disease secundum naluram, While 2,946 were aided against the disease secundum artem. Of the 2 946 inoculated persons, 114, or 3°8 per cent, suffered from plague, and of these 45 or 39°4 per cent died. But of the 2,709 uninoculated persons 367, or 13°5 per cent were attacked with plague and of these 264, or 71°9 per cent died: Had the incidence of attack and the cases of mortality of the inoculated persons eqnalled that of the uninoculated then 255 more cases of plague and 242 more deaths from plague would have resulted. Inoculated persons, therefore, even when their armour of protection is put onin the presence of the enemy, have an immense advantage over the uninoculated in respect of the number killed and wounded. It is not difficult to understand how an inoculated population would attain a still greater resistance to the disease if inoculation preventive was established early instead of being relegated to the position of an expedient when the disease had already caused frightful mortality. Thus, more and more, the practice of preventive medicine is having to adapt itself to the experience and study of the natural history of bacteria ; and whatever Nature teaches of the limitations she imposes upon these lowly forms of life must form the basis of proce- dures which purport to prevent bacterial distase. The advances made in recent bacteriology, as a science of disease causes, entitle this science to an important position in preventive measures. In proportion, as it occupies the position its consequence demands, will it be contributive of real service. It would be easy to elaborate the argument as to the importance of protec- tive inoculations in plague, but I must content myself with the plea that the statement I have given, imperfect as it is, of the principles of disease prevention when the disease is of bacterial origin, will sufficiently imply what more might be said for a “ Science which is becoming more and more able to preserve and strengthen to men their gift of life.” B26 +60 Reckoning that an aere of paddy land be worth R150, an income of R25 a year shews that the work brings an interest of nearly 16 p. ¢. on the investment. I have, of course, taken into con- sideration only the average yield in this district “15 fold) but some of the best lands yield from 25 to 30 fold, but the expenses seldom exceed the figures I have given. The length of time a crop takes to ripen varies from two to seven months according to the variety of paddy sown and those ‘kinds of paddy that takefrom two to four months are generally known as bd/d wiand in the paddy lands in the North-Central Province are usually sown twice a year yielding as a rule a much higher fuld than in the poor soil in the low- country fields.—Yours faithfully, A NATIVE PADDY CULTIVATOR. | IMPROVING. THE .TEA , MARKET. Agras, Jan. 24, _( Srn,—Every. little helps at a time like the pre- gent, when many estates are existing on a bare margin of profit, and some.even working at a loss. My suggestion. which would relieve the market of a certain amount of low-class tea has no doubt been consideied. by the greater number of Estate Inspectors, and the obstacle to carrying it into effect is probably the disinclination of the Companies to prepose to their shareholders ‘a re- duetion,of acreage, and, perhaps, the feeling of private owners. that to cut off acreage is to lessen the amount to be obtained by a possible sale, but, if this be the case, it is, more or less a delu- sion as purchasers now-a-days have the figures AGRICULTURIST. - pretty closely looked into by e venture their capital. My suggest 1 i is not ap- jlieable to the high-lying and young coffee districts, ut to the old districts where I know for a fact that there are many hundreds of acres producing ouly 200 lb, per aere, and under. Such acreage should, I hold, be abanidoned forthwith; it can- not hope to make a profit with the most scien- tific manuring. The method of calenlation ean be applied to each individual estate, and a study of the sale lists will show that there are a very large number of estates whose average price is below 35 cents per pound net, at which IT have made my caleulations. Every million pounds of tea taken off the market at the present time probably adds a cent to the value of the remain- der, and it is the low-grade teas which want most relief, and will I think, most quickly find it in any lessening of the quantity, Reduction of quantity by working for quality does not pay below 3,000 feet, but, at the same time, lessening the quantity in many cases means more roonrfor withering, and, therefore, the best quality ob- tainable. I take as typical example an estate of 350 acres, in which it is supposed that 50 acres give only 200 Jb, and the remainder 4001b. per acre, and by abandoning the 50 acres it is scen that the profits are not lessened, and will pro- bably be increased by the rise im the market und the better wither. ; 22 =o ‘ aeons: aes « S e S HI ry £ ee 9 ee 3 s oS oo fat Superintendence at Riper RB. R, R. acre, and a Conductor.. 4,320 3,720 500 Allowances <= 240 240 = Weeding at Rl peracre.. 4,200 3,600 600 General Transport 5 50 50 - Contingencies ob 600 550 60 Roads and Drains 350 ° 300 50 Bungalow, Lines, &c., up- keep a. 500 500 Factory and Machinery at a“, 4 ct. per lb. ‘e 650 600 50 Tools and Baskets, &c. .. 150 150 o£ Pruning at R6 -. 2,100 1,£00 300 Piucking -. 12,500 10,800 1,700 Manufacture at 2: cts. .. ‘3,250 3,000 "950 Packages at 23 cts -. 2,600 2,400 200 Carriage at 1 ct. «. 1,300 1,200 100 Sundry Expenses, Insvr- - ance, &e. A 500 500 new or in Colombo at i rH et. os "4,800 Visiting - 500 ihe = Total .. 35,010 81,110 8,900 250 acres produce 130,0001b. at 35 6t) net; equal R45,500, Profit R10,490. ior ee ae 300 acres produce 12(,000lb. at 35 cts. net R42,000, Profit 10,800. sign ta It costs in fact 39 cents per lb. to produce the 200 lb. per acre, which is sold at 35 emia, W.D.B, THE DrREcTOR OF THE Kew Botanic Gar- DENS has jnst been knighted, and we beg to congratulate Sir William Turner Thistleton-Dyer K.C.M.G.,. F-R.S., LL.D., on his well-earned “ad. vancement. Son-in-law to Sir Joseph Hooker. the present Director began his useful scientific and economic earecr at Kew under’ the happiest auspices, and his work hitherto (and, we trust for many years to come) has been most beneficial to British Dependencies all over the world, as well as to science at home, = Fes, 1, 1899.] USEFUL NOTES. CinnAMON.— Quills are dearer, the price of the usual sort toarrive being now 8 13-16d. c.i-f,, January- March shipment, A fair business has been dore cn the epot since our last.— British and Colonial Druggist. Outs, EssentrrAu.—All East Indian Oils are quiet, Jepan Cemeniholised O7l of Peppermint is sellirg at 8s. $d. spot, and @s. 73d. cif. Lemongrass Qil is obtainable at 3d. epot. Star Anise Oil is Gs. 1d. to 6s. 2d. spot. Oil of Cassia is unchanged.—Ibid. VANILLOES.—A special auction was held of these te-day at which 1,095 tins were cffered and 1,017 sold. The auction began quietly. but the demand increased afterwards, prices being irregular; but, on the whole, steady. The following shows the rates obtained :—Seychelles: Good beans sold at 28s. for 8 + 8% ins., 26s. for 8 ins., 25s. 6d. for 72 + 8 ins., 22s. 6d. to 25s. for 7 + 7d ins., 21s. to 238s. for 64 + 7 ins., 21s to 22s. 6d. for 6 + 6% ins., and emaller sizes ranged from 19s. for 3 + 44 ins, to 91s. for 54 + 61ns. Bourbon: Fair beans sold at 19s ‘6d. for 5 + 6 ins., and 18s. for 44 + 5 ins. No Mawitisu or Mudagascay beans were put up, and the offerings of Tahiti and Ceylon begin con- fined to a few tins.—Ibid. TRANSMISSICN OF HLEcTRIC Power.—Professor GEORGE Forers writes:—‘‘Referring to the suggestion made in my recent lecture to the Society of Arts that the copper used in electric works should be morigaged, I find that the mention I made of Mr. Thwaite’s name in a subsequent notice in the Jourral (see ante. p. 103), led some people to believe that he ~ was the originator of the scheme. This is not the case ; my attention has been drawn to the facts that his paper was read on the 12th November, 1892 and that in my Cantor Lecture to Society «f Arts on the 25th January, 1892, I had said “That far more copper would be put down in mains if people realised the low rates at which money could be raised in debentures on them.’—Journal of the Society of Arts. Pure Warer as A Potson—H. Koeppe has made a very interesting contribution of a recent number of the Deutsch Medicinishe Wochenschrift (1898,624) upon the subject of water, and has arrived at the conclusion that absolutely pure water is a poison, a sentiment long since adopted in Kentucky. Isolated living elements and single-celled organisms die in distilled water, since this deprives the cells by osmosis of the salts which are essential to life. The epithelial cells of the stomach are destroyed’ by free ingestion of distilled water, and eventually threwn off. This locs poisoning is indicated by the nausea and vomiting which follows the ingestion of distilled water. In support of this singular view Dr. Koeppe cites the fact that the very pure water which results from the melting of glaciers and of snow upon mountains is very unwholesome. Another link in the chain -of evidence in thefact thatacertain spring known for hundreds of years as the ‘poison spring’’ yields water which, on chemical analysis, appears to be absolutely pure.— American Druggist. GENERAL Resvutrs.—l.. The alkaloid is not contained in the sieve vessels, but in the parenchyma. 2. It is present in the green cells. 3. The alkaloid ap- pears as a constituent of living parenchymacells or cells of a kindred nature, 4. Cells containing oxa- late of lime contain no alkaloid. 5. Generally speaking (there are exceptions) we find in the case of young organic matter at the growing point the alkaloid dissolved in the ceil sap, but in older organic matter, as in the secondary bark, we find it in an amorphous solid qondition. 6. Sometimes the alkaloid is present in the form of the tannate, whether it occurs combined with other acids wos not investigated. 7. Very active organic mutter, such as a cambinm, at the farthest portion from the growing point contains no alkaloid as a rule; but close to this centre. of activity it is found in considerable quantities. 8. In the neighbourhood of the growing peint of the stem much mote is found to be present than in the neighbourhood of the growing - point of the root,—British and Colonial Druggist. THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 583 Axomattc Cop Lrvzr O1n.—According to Duquesne the addition of two drops of oil of eucalyptus to each 150 gms. of cod liver oil is sufficent to com- pletely mask the taste and odour of the oil.— American Druggist. THe BoranrcaL Localisation’ oF THE CINCHONA AtxsLoiws.—Dr. JP. Lotsij. Government Botanist in Java, has made a very exhaustiye report on the localisation of the alkaloids in the cinchona plant. We give below a translation of this report, omitting portions which are of an elementary botanical nature: Report upon the Localisation of the Alkaloid in the Cinchona Plant, issued by the Laboratory of the Government Cinchona Plantations.—Lritish and Colonial Druggist. In an Internstinc Paper Enmtitiep “Cacao Leaves.’’—Contributed to the Western Diuggist (Chi- cago) for December by A. Schneider M.D., Ph.D., the author enters into a consideration of the com- parative merit of the several varieties of cacao leaves placed upon the market, and arriyes af the following conclusions :—(1). The gross differences between the leaves of Bolivian, Peruvian, and Brazilian cacao ave quite marked. (2). To observe the essential differences in the ridge along the upper surface of the midrib it is best to examine cross-sections under a medium power. (3), It is practically im- possible to distinguish the powders of Bolivian and Peruvian cacao. Powder of Brazilian cacao may be recognised by the prominent globose papille on the cells of lower epidermis. Vanwra Auctions.—The yanille auctions to-day were very lengthy, and six: catalogues. took four hours to go through. Altogether j1,095 tins were offered, of which 1,017 sold.’ Mr. W. W. Green (Brookes and Green), while Mr. Dalton (Dalton and young) was in the rostrum, said that the course adopted by some of the brokers of offering single- tin lots which cnly weighed a few pounds was not an advantage to either buyers or sellers, and. it was the desire of the trade that the lots should be made as large as possible by grouping the same lengths together wherever practicable. Mr. Heideman said that the offering of small lots was conveniene for those who did not reqaire large quantities, but he agreed with Mr. Green’s remarks. Mr. Dalton said that he would see into the matter. As the sales were so long, Messrs. Brookes and Green conceived the happy idea of offering the buyers some light refreshment in the shape of tea and sandwiches, and therefore, at about two o'clock the unusual sound of the rattling of cups and saucors was heard in the sale room, Particulars of the prices of vanilloes are giver in our detailed items below.—British and Colonial Druggist. ACETYLENE.—Gloser’s Anna/en,in a recent number has a paper by Dr. H. Gerdes, giving an account of a series of experiments by Herr J. Pintsch, of Berlin, undertaken to ascertain the true position of acetylene as regards safety, in view of the common opinion as to its highly dangerous character. He explodes many fallacies, and puts the gas in its true place. The sins laid at its door were that it Was very poisonous, that it formed dangerously ex- plosive compounds with copper and copper alloys, and that in its pure state it was as explosive as ordinary coal gas was when mixed with air. The pcisonous properties were shown to ‘be. non-existent. No acetylides possessing explosive properties were found. It was found possible to prepare an explosive copper acetylide, but only by keeping pure copper exposed for a long time to large quantities of the acetylene. It is now well known that the pure gat does not explode when at ordinary pressure, asd that, if heat is applied, the decomposition does not spread catalytically through the mass, but only occurs at the point where heat is applied. When cylinders of gas have exploded upon the application of heat, it has only been when enough heat bas been applied to produce an explosive pressure, which, itis needless to stite, would be dangerous under any circumstances.—British Journal of Photography. 584 SHARE LIST. ISSUED BY THE COLOMBO SHARE BROKERS’ ASSOCIATION. CEYLON PRODOCE COMPANIES. ae ta any. ai i pete ce peat per share. Buyers. pin) ra Ouvah Estates Co., Ltd. 600 925 950 ex div Con Tsa and Coconut Estates 600 500 nom. Castlereagh Tea Co., Ltd. 100 — 80 Ceylon Hills Estates Co., Led. 100 25 Ceylon Provincia] Estates Co. 600 440 Claremont Estates Co., Ltd, 100 = Clunes Tea Co., Ltd. 100 72 Clyde Estates Co., Ltd. 100 = Delgolla Estates Co., Ltd. 400 170 Dcomoo Tea Co., of Ceylon, es Ltd 100 4 Drayton Estate Co., 2 } fadella Estate Co., Ltd. 600 200 Eila Tea Co., of Ceylon, Ltd. 100 40 Estates Co., of Uva, Ltd. i 300 Gangawatta = Gisgow Estate Co., Ltd. 500 900 Great Western Tea Co., of 3 Ceylon, Sa a hs 600 675 e Tea Es A Sapugeh ean - eb ot ‘orests Estates Co , Ltd. 600 45 as Blah? purt paid 850 250, = Horekelly Extates Co., Ltd. 100 95, 100 Kalutara Co., Ltd. 600 280 300 Kandyan Hills Co., Ltd. 100 15 20 Kanapediwatte Ltd. 100 80 85 Kelani Tea Garden Co., Ltd. 100 90 nom Kirklees Estates Co., Ltd. 100 150 Knavesmire Estates Co., Itd. 100 70 Maha Uva Hstates Co., Ltd 600 68) Mocha Tea Co., of Ceylon, Ltd. 600 650 - Nahavilla Fstace Co , Ltd. 500 500 Nyassaland Coffee Co., Ltd. 100 90 nom Ottery Estate Co., Ltd. 100 120 Palmerston ‘ea Co., Ltd. 500 450 Penrhos Estates Co., Ltd. 100 25, a Pine Hill Estate Co., Ltd. 60 85 a Putupaula Tea Co., ltd. 100 100 nom Batwatte Cocea Co., Ltd. 600 350 Rayigam Tea Co., Ltd. 100 10 Roeberry Tea Co., Ltd. 100 45 = Evanwells Tea, Co., Ltd. 100 52 St. Heliers Tea Co., Ltd. : 50 50u Talgaswela ‘'ea Co., Ltd. 10u 36 Do 7 percent. Prefs. 100 90 Tonacombe Estate Co., Ltd. fait) 400 = Udabage Estate Co., Ltd. 100 65 nom Jdugama Tea & Timber Co., 1 ta. 50 oe 25 Onion ae ae Li Lad ade 600 175 — skeliya sta Ges Upper : 500 500, Uvakellie Tea Co., of Ceylon, Ltd. 100 70 Vogan Tea Co., Ltd. 100 70, Wanarajah Tea Co., Ltd. 500 1100 Yataderiya Tea Co., Ltd. 110 248 % OxryLon ComMERCIAL ComPpaniEs am's Peak Hotel Co., Ltd. 100 774 te Hotel Cc., Ltd. 190 75% Do 7 per cane Oe 100 101 — 7 n. Steam Navgt. cere td ‘ 100 155 = Ceylon Spinning and Weaving. Co.,, Ltd. 160 10 Do 7 olo Debts. 100 : 90 Colombo Apothecaries Co., Ktd. 100 12S fea 2S Colombo Assewbly Rooms Ce., Ltd. 20 12°50 Do prefs. feds 20 i Colombo Fort Land and Building at & 0.5 5 60 ombo Hotels Company 100 250 Galle FaceHotel Co., Ltd. 100 147i, = Kandy Hotels Co., Ltd. 100 57% 60 Kandy Stations Hotels Co. 100 — MountLavinia Hotels Co., Ltd. 0 : 450 New Colombo Ice Co., Ltd. 100 163 Nuwara Eliya Hotels Co., Ltd. 100 2 Public Hall Co., Lid. 20 15 = Petroleum Storage Co. ang. iT 10 % pref:. Whar and Eta Co., Ltd. 4u 60 60* —<—<—<———_—_—————————————— * Tyansac tions. THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. so (Fer. 1, 1899. LONDON COMPANIES. Amount Name of Company. paid . pershare, Buyers. Sellers. Alliance Tea Co., of Ceylon, Lid, 10 es Associated Estates Co., of Ceylon Ltd. 0 68 Do, 6 ver cent prefs. 1 10—10} Ceylon Proprietory Co, i 3-1 Ceylon Tea Plantation Co., Lid. j0 23°24 Dimbula Valley Co., Ltd. 5 4}5. Eastern Preduce and Estates Co., Ltd. 5 5 bes Ederapolla Tea Co., Ltd. 10 $s—10 {niperial Tea Estates Ltd. 10 6 Kelani Valley Tea Asson., Ltd. 5 6—7 Kintyre Estates Co , Ltd. 10 8-9 Lanka Plaatatien Co , Ltd. i. th Nahalma Estates Co , Ltd, 1 | New Dimbula Co., Ltd. A 10 22-23 Do B lw 20°21 Do Cc le 1lé—2u Nuwara Eliya Tea Est. Co., Lid. 10 54 lo Ouvah Coffee Co.,Ltd 10 68 Ragalla Tea Estates Co., Ltd 10 10} Scottish Ceylon Tea Co., Ltd. 10 14 16 Spring Valiey Tea Ce., Lid. 10 70 nom. Standard Tea Co., Ltd. 6 i2 Vatiyantota Ceylon Tea Co., Ltd lu 6—7 Yatiyantota pref. 6 o/o 10 9-1 KY ORDER OF THE COMMITTEF, Colombo, 2rd Feb. 1899. : er heard “SALTBUSH "—the Australian “ Atriplex nummularia”—is to be tried in Ceylon, we are glad to hear. Jt thrives as a fodder iv rainkcss districts and sheep eat it readily. Mr. E B Creasy is sending a small quantity of seed be has, to be tried by Sir Wm. Twynam in Jaffna and by Mr. Byrde at Anuradhapura. We quote from the ‘‘ Treasury of Botany’’ :— ArniLex. Orache. Agennus of Chenopodiacee, with the foliage covered with a granular mealiness. The Oraches are chiefly distinguished by the two bracts or small leaves, enclosing the fruit, and enlarging after flowering; they are frequently dotted with large- coloured warts, which give them @ peculiar appearance. They genus possesses several species, which are very variable in form, according to soil and situation. The inhabit waste places or mud banks by the sea shore, rarely occurring inland, with the exception of the Atriplex patula, which accompanies arable culti- vation, especially in wet sandy clays. There are five British species :—A. patula, of which several more or less distinct forms are described; A littoralis and A laciniata, seacoast plants, the latter silvery-white all over, as if frosted; A portulacoides, a shrabby much- branched species called Sea Parslame; and A. pedunculata, distinguished by its pedicellate fruit. TEA PRUNING,—The following from a letter in the Planter from East Cachar, has a bearing on local discussion :—I notice ‘‘ South Darjeeling” alludes ~to the one-inch pruning practised in lis district, and although we have not yet descended quite so far in Cachar, much less wood is left on the bushes now than was the case even only a few years ago. One does not require a long experi- ence in tea to call to mind che four and six inches pruning that was almost the universal dustur a few years back ; and as far as the Surma Valley is concerned, South Sylhet leads the wa in adopting a more scientific style. The well- known Mr. Thomas McMeekin usually gets the credit of having introduced two-inch pruning in this valley, and such pruning is still sometime alluded to as ‘‘ McMeekin’s system,” but whether he was really the frst to adopt this plan I cannot say with certainty. T fear that in Cachar we are rather a conservative lotof people, and not partial to innovations; and when a few years since one ortwo managers started this style of pruning some of our older men were full of gloomy forebodings asto the result. But within the past year or two tae system has been very generally adopted,and we shallaccordingly see a little less of “‘cutting down” in tuture years than has been common in the past, - Fup, 1, 1899.] THE TROPICAL COLOMBO PRICE CURRENT. (Furnished by the Chamber of Commerce.) Colombo, Jan 31st, 1899 EXxcHANGE on Lonpon :—Closing Rates Bank Selling Rates :—On demand 1/44; 4 month’s sight 1/4 5 32; 6 month’s sight 1/4 3-16. Bank Buying Rates:—Credits 3 monthg’ sight 1/4 9-32, to 5-16; 6 months’ sight 1/43 to 13-32; Docts 3 months’sight 1/4 5-16 to 11-32; 6 months’ sight 1/4 13-32 to 7-16. Indian Bank Minimum Rates 7 % Local Rates 2 o/o to 3 o/o digher- CorFEE :— Plantation Estate R13.00 Plantation Estate Coffee, f.o.b. on the spot per cwt R75'00 Liberian Parchment on the spot per bus. none Native Coffee f.o.b per cwt. R43.50 Tpa:—Average Prices ruling during the week—Broken Pekoe per Ib. 43c. Fekoe per Ib. 33c. Pekoe Sou- ehong per lb. 32c. Broken Mixed and Dust, per lb. 2ic.—Averages of Week’s sale. CincHoxA Barx:—Per unit of Sulphate of Quinine per lb 06c. CarpAmoms:—Per lb R1.95 Coconut Ozn:—Mill oil per cwt. none Dealers’ oi! per cwt. R14.25 Coconut oil in ordinary packages f.o.b. per ton R322.50 Gorra:—Per candy of 560 lb. R45.00 Coconut CaxE:— (Poonac) f.o.b. (Mill) per ton, Rs0.C0 Gocoa unpicked & undried, per cwt. R42. Picked & Dried f. o. b. Pe owt R47. ee egalla R17.25 Com Yarn.—Nos. 1 to 8{ Colombo R16.00 Grnnamon:—Nos. 1 & 2 only f.0.b. 62c. Do Ordinary Assortment, per lb 53c. Exsony.—Per ton. no sales PrumpAco:—Large Lumps per ton, R700 Ordinary Lumps per ton, R650 Chips per ton, 500 Dust per ton, R300 Rice.—Soolye per bushel, { R 2.85 to 3.10 5, per bag, { R 7.25 to 8.00 Pegu & Calcutta Calunda per bag. R8‘50 to 8°75 Coast Calonda per bushel, R3.60 to R3.7é Mutusamba per bushel R3.25 to 4.00 Kadapa and Kuruwe, per bushel 2.75 to 3,00 Rangoon, raw Estate Do ‘9.25 to 9.50 —_—_—______—___ THE LOCAL MARKET. (By Mr. James Gibson, Baillie St., Fort.) Colombo, February 7th, 1899. Estate Parchment ;—per bushel R9'09 Chetty do do R7:00 Bi ewt. R410-00 to 44°00 Liberian coffee:—per bush R400 do cleaned coffee:—per cwt R21'00 Cocoa unpicked:—per ecwt R40°09 to 42'00 do cleaned do R44°00 to 46°00 Cardamoms Malabar per lb. R125 to 1°35 do Mysore do R175 to 2°10 Rice Market List Soolai per bag of 164 Ib. nett Slate or 1st quality :—per bushel Parchment on the spot per bushel e R7 50 to 7°87 R300 to 3710 Soolai 2& 3rd. do do do R2'85 to 3°00 Coast Calunda R335 to 3°62 Coast Kara R335 to 3°50 Kazala R2°75 to 2°80 R300 to 4°00 R924 to 9°50 00°60 to 00°65 1 4Muttusamba Ordinary Rangoon Rice per bag Cinnamon. per lb Nol to4 do do ltoz R00'70 to 00°72 Chips per candy R95 "CO Ordinary per thousand R35 to 37°60 do R36 to 40°CO R14°59 to 14°87 B, per ton R290°00 to R292'50 cut do Selected Coconut Oil per ewt do do F. 0. Copra per candy Kalpitiya do Marawila do Cart Copra do Gingelly Poonac per Qoconut Chekku dg R42 to 43°00 Ral to 42°00 R37 to 38°00 ton Rs5 to 90°00 KGa bo 70°99 AGRICULTURIST. 585 do Mill (retail) do R70 to 75 00 Cotton Seed do R55 to 60°00 Satinwood per cubic foot R200 to 2:25 do Flowered do R500 to 6:00 Halmilla do R190 Palu do R1°60 to 1°12 Ebony per ton R75 to 17500 Kitul fibre per cwt R28 to 30°00 Palmyra do do R70 to 17°50 Jaffna Black Clean percwt none in market do mixed do R11L°60 to 13°50 Indian ° R7‘50 to 13°50 do Cleaned do RS'50 to 17°50 Sapanwood per ton R45:00 Werosine oil American per case R6 00 to 6°25 do bulk Russian per tin R2°60 to 2°65 do Sumatra per Case R540 to 5°60 Nux Vomica per cwt R6'00 to 6°60 Croton Seed per ewt 38°00 to 40°50 Kapok cleaned fob do R22°50 to 23°50 do uncleaned do R700 to 7°75 Large lumps 25 345" Plumbago per ton, according do z Foso = 570-00 to quality | Chips R200 to 800700 Dust R70 to 295°vo CEYLON EXPORTS AND DISTRIBUTION. 1898-99: x o 1D Blo iiptttete: Barer ne sate s fo) SE : Pate} ° om e o - mo ih} r=] =] =) on sles |s8 S R38 85 i E ee) 5 Ro. 29 DB 6 a5 c : Re CO eS Or = | Mf tearsiee 3 oo 5 =, ao eé 3 a) 2 ona “190 °"*O 2 = ee coal (|}Ba@ |S icaisgii::is 2 Sybesae cl52 on Ge) SY ie 3 Co} a a | | . a 7 (>) oO oO n co o Selec = Ss S ea = g ca eee Ne 8 S nS s BA © WSSinilttea ? sosmerd: eeesshsish eget noes || oS 5 srs a) on = === Fa cient cS 8 2B 3 5 th = = ) S 8 mh ol Sanaa 5 ay 5 ac 5 Lon! Sven ‘sist ene 2 . > shoe oO 5 : a 5 my ST yh eS i 8 B 5 Bi (6 08) Rr BaBRE Se 3 ro) On 3] |3 =a eres a rte) at ‘ I 2 aai> a S$ z -|n02 ails Ce : . . ae |a5 ub d BeBe Gee 8. Aar see eaa & : SSE Sf os) -Shi0 ad 5 =i #2 hes = sej.. |5 3 a Sala: eoees erate. stele © 5 oe mipvelb qu) oheie: weer s; 23 . = PY r-1S | 8 re = aS 6 Sarees seve Lsylesey: aa A Tek Se) Oo Eee EB OB ae Filo = / 3 : z 203 = E | H 2 o | Pi Siete : ? s owe ales Ren wideni ote sapcdiers Reins el ! J o 5 Bee ar) on ra) 3.2 On ee v aq mS ee! waite birt, 0) 2 © 6 0 8 snide : > Ae 4 eo anno = oO ane Coan cand a SSSaSeSzeQF = i~ oe, 191.0 69 byl Cw aw 16 SHS 0 Sa (ex? 2 S2°sssse & 2 sar! UME Sri StF Ol sS'S Ler ij [= = Fete | @ no i) ~o co oconm~-NoOoOaA i) oxy Bs ot ost SPgseess & % ag |S5 8" § S°SSR5SR 71 5 HR =i nN . wmawm . 1 & a a ° Da S =) S Oo Saas EERO Re RAS TTerrae ciraar ete = z ty 29 28 . “re @ 8)-4r@u8 Gye za "8 EI BN 3 a >, 3 £3 |s- Z, . g cc Pt =¢4 es = 5 Mize848 Selo akisastg ez + BBS ha wae ine bn = SR ASR ESTMIS SSE SS | KS 2 pegescs sas aesesesss oo |<" SmkRanaa<<__ FRUIT EVAPORATOR. Among the many makes of evaporators in the market, it may be said that with the exception of one or two they all come under three heads: the vertical type with the trays placed directly above one another, the horizontal type, and the inclined ‘type. The vertical sorts were first introduced, but it seems as though they were now falling into ~ disuse, owing to better results being uniformly obtained from those which work on the horizontal and inclined system respectively. In all evaporators of the vertical and horizontal patterns the trays are necessarily placed one above the other, so that the steam form the lower trays ‘ascends, and in so doing passes through and around all the trays above them. The danger from this is cooking or soddening the fruit. These results when they occur are most disastrous, because the - -yapours expand, and finally burn the cells of the fruit, causing, by exposure of the contents, acidifi- cation and oxidisation, also dispelling the essential oils, to the retention of which aroma and fiavour are due. Inother words, the product is deprived of the attributes upon which excellence of quality depends. in evaporating fruit, one thing that must always ' ‘be remembered is that the object. to be attained is pot only to make the fruit keep, but also to retain --* Supplement to the “ Tropical Agriculturist.” ey 5" the properties for which itis valued. This can only be attained by withdrawing the water con- tents, and at the same time converting a portion of the starch into sugar in as short a time os possible without boiling the fruit. The quicker the watery portion is removed from the fruit the richer and the more durable its taste will be. Another important point to be remebered is that the more completely the oxygen cf the air is ex- cluded during the process, the more perfectly will the fruit retain its colour, Rapidity of the drying process sometimes increases the content of sugar by 25 per cent, and this increase is in exact proportion to a slower or quicker evaporation of the content of water. This is why evaporated fruit yields better results in weight than can be obtained by sun drying, because in the process of evaporation a portion of the contained water, which otherwise would be lost, is retained by combining with the starch to form glucose, while the carbonic acid, which is always lost in the sun-dried fruit, is retained in its natural combination with the other substances composing the fruit. Hence it is heavier, and those profitable and healthful chemical changes being all in accordance with the laws of Nature will certainly take place if the necessary conditions of heat and air are properly applied. Otherwise the operator will have quite a different product, and no matter how good the fruit may be,or how perfectly bleached, true evaporation will not be obtained, and no matter how deceptive the fruit may be in its colour or fancy packing, it will not stand the test of long keeping in various warm or damp climates. The natural starch, gluten, and albumen of the fruit, instead of having been cured and made indestruc- tible by the chemical changes which constitute the difference between the evaporated aud the dried fruit, will absorb moisture and additional oxygen from the air; willincrease in bulk, and be attacked by mould; finally ending in sourness and decay. O_o TELEGONY OR ATAVISM. Telegony may be defined as the science of remote influence in the reproduction of species. The question it involves may be said to be: Does the first impregnation of the ovaries influence several or all the subsequent progeny of the female? This knotty problem Prof, Cossar Ewart of Edinburgh set himself to solve single-handed. It is needless to state that the experiments conducted by him are of the highest importance to stock- breeders of every class, while as may be imagined they involve considerable difficulty and expense. The influence of the first impregnation so faras - colour was concerned hus been more or less apparent, but whether similar results followed with regard to other and more important. charac- teristics has never been demonstrated. It was with horses that Professor Cossar Ewart decided to experiment, and to find a clear issue he secured a Burchell zebra stallion to mate with mares, as the stripes of the zebra would form the best groundwork. The stripping, if it occurred in subsequent progeny, would be the characteristic to first exhibit itself, and the easiest to detect. It ‘Fes. 1, 1899.] will be readily believed that even to start the experiment was in itself no easy task, but all difficulties were overcome by the acquisition of the Burchell zebra stallion Matopo, 12°23, from the Antwerp Zovlogical Gardens. This animal’s stripes are clearly defined. There are five upright bars behind the shoulder, and then an equal num- ber of oblique bars behind that. The legs are beautifully marked with alternate stripes, choco- late colour and yellow. The face is also barred, He is still quite wild, considering his long captivity, and careers round the paddock at a great rate with a vey light action. Having secured mares the profrsor mated them with the zebra, and the woresof experimenting has now been going on for abouk five years, and has almost reached that stage whent a final pronouncement may be looked for from his pen at an early date. Speaking, how- ever, to aclass of agricultural students who visited the scene of his experiments, Prof. Ewart was good enough to give a short account of his method of work. He explained to them the science of atavism, or, as he preferred to call it, regression or reversion. Many years ago a number of people believed in reversion. Darwin especially pointed out that when two extreme types were crossed reversion undoubtedly occurred. When his first hybrids appeared he had very great difficulty in understanding the peculiar markings on them, and this led him to study reversion. He proposed to show them some results of these reversion experiments. First, he showed an ordinary-looking Angora rabbit with the cha- racteristically fluffy hair. The father of it was perfectly smooth-haired and white, and the doe was the same. He showed a second one with a little dark hair about the snout and ears, showing the presence of Himalayan blood, while the third had practically all the markings of a Himalayan, These three were of the same litter, yet one was an Angora, one practically a Himalayan, and the other about a third Himalayan. This variation he accounted for by the mother of the father of the three being an Angora. Here was a case of reversion straight back to the grandmother. One of the aunts of the litter was a Himalayan, and although these have none of the aunt’s blood in them, one was an exact copy of her. They might account for that by saying that they were both descended from a Himalayan ancester at least three generations removed. He ulso bred a large number of white doe rabbits with wild rabbits. it was very difficult to tell the progeny from wild rabbits, He did not consider this a case of reversion to the wild rabbit, but of prepotency. He showed a live cockerel alongside a stuffed jungle fowl, and pointed out that it bore a striking resemblance to this common ancestor. It hada red breast at first, but as it got older it got dark like the jungle fowls. It, however, had a double comb, unlike the jungle fowl. It was a cross between an Indian Game Dorking cock and u very dark-coloured bantam, These were two extreme varieties, and they might call the result a reversion towards the jungle fowl. The cross between a Dalmatian dog and a collie was extremely like a pointer or foxhound. It was believed by all fanciers that the Dalmatian had come from a pointer ancestor. Well, if this were true, they had a reversion to the ancestors of the sire, but no Supplement to the “Tropical Agriculturist.” 595 indication of the ancestors of thedam. Referring to pigeons, he pointed out that all the 150 varieties which existed had descended from the Blue Rock, of which there were three kinds—the Shetland, the Indian, and the Madeira Blue Rock pigeons. Darwin had also experimented with pigeons, but he had failed to point out that his reverted bird resem- bled the pure Rock pigeon in anything but colour. It was necessary to repeat these experimenrs to see if there was complete reversion. He bred two Blue Fantails (one with some white feathers) from a white and a blue coloured bird, and he got a perfectly white bird. Now, that seemed to be an utterly impossible result, for fanciers told them that when they had got a little blue into the blood they would not be likely to get itout. Now, there was a case of reversion to the grandparents just as in the case of the rabbit. He crossed a White Fantail and a Blue Pouter. According to fanciers he should have had a blue bird like a pouter, but he had an almost white bird shaped very likea pouter. That was no case of reversion, as both of the-e birds were mre or less in-bred. He also exhibited a Blue Rock pigeon, which was a better bird of the kind than could be bought in Edinburgh or Glasgow. It carried itself well, aud behaved like a Blue Rock, It was obtained by a eross between an Archangel and a White Fantail. The professor considered it a most wonderful result. They might say that it was not reversion. He did not see how they would find a simpler explanation. _ This was all leading up to the telegony experiments, We reserve Prof. Ewart’s account of these experiments for our next issue, SSS GENERAL ITEMS. Mr. A. H. Benson, Fruit Expert, Queensland, referring to the mango, says:— For really good mangoes I believe there will be a steady and in- creasing demand once the public of the other Colonies get to kuow what a first-class mingo is. I believe a market could be found for high- class preserevd maugoes put up in glass, provided the sume were got up in an attractive manner, and if so this should provide a good market for the fruit.” The latest method of destroying mice and flying foxes, both agricultural pests, is by inocculating some of them with the bacillus typhi murium and leaving the rest to be infected by the inoculated. For warts on cattle a correspondent to the Cape Agricultural Journal recommends the following simple but effectual remedy: Dissolve ordinary washing soda in water. Make the mixture strong but do not use caustic soda. Dab this on the warts twice every day and let it dry on, and the warts will soon disappear, The Agricultural Journal of N.S. Wales for November contains a paper on the Ramie Fibre plant and supplies many interesting particulars. The following is a description of the way in which the “ribbons” ure got without machinery: ‘ The freeh stems are steeped for a short period in boil- ing water ina tank 6 ft. 43 ft. 45 ft.; about 2 lbs. 596 of crude ‘soda is added to the water. minutes; at the end of that time they are hooked out and stripped of the bark. These strips (ribbons) are then passed through wooden rollers to squeeze out the superabundant mixture and are then hung upto dry inthesun. After being very thoroughly dried, the ribbons are packed all the one way, &e., longitudinally, in bales about 5 ewt. in weight. Great care has to be taken to keep the material clean when in # wet state, and it must never be heaped but hung in strands right away ;if heaped, fermentation is set up and the fibre is deteriorated if not destroyed. F. B. Guthrie, writing on Soil Mixture, in the N.S. Wales Gazette, says that the presence of humus is of special importance in reference to the problem we are discussing, namely, the best way to retain the mixture in the soil. He points to the tendency of humus to be deficient in cul- tivated soil, and remarks that the best way of sup- plying humus is undoubtedly by green manur- ing, which, he observes, is of benefit to the soil in other ways, particularly in promoting bacterial activity and increasing the production of nitrates. The following figures are given by Poultry In- dustry 18 being taken from an American Ceusus return showing the revenue-producing interests in that country :— Value of eggs and poultry dols. produced in one year... 290,000,000 » 9) Silver production ... 72,000,000 Pass | VOOUCIIDI vase 38,146,459 » 9» All sheep 65,167,725 1. 186,529,745 . 500,140,186 yy, swine », horses 3 se » » Letroleum products ... 62,383,403 » » Potato erop... 78,984,901 » x Lobaeco crop we. 89,074,220 » », Cotton crop . 259,164,640 » 9, Wheat crop... ... 237,938,998 Imports of Coffee, one year... 84,793,124 Toval of School expenditures ... 178,215,550 Net earnings of railroads ee 320,016,404 ‘Supplement to the “ Tropical Agriculturist.” Green stems _ are thrown into this and steeped for about 16 ’ [Fee. 1, 1899. Mr. Guthrie, ¥.c.s,, of the Department of Agriculture, Sydney, made the following analysis of Guinea grass examined when rather dry :— Per cent. Water = 11°26 Ether extract (fats, &c.) (65 Albuminoids ... by MAST Carbohydrates 40°54 Woody fibre ... 26°08 Ash oie 9°50 100°00 Nutrient value = 53}. Nutrient ratio = 1 to 4- The injury done to hides and the reduction in their value by branding cattle on the rump or sides is well-known, It is suggested that animals should be branded on the neck, close behind the ear, us this does least injury to the hides, which, as a result, fetch much higher prices in the murket. In the Cape Agricultural Journal for November is a description of a plank race and eatch-pit for trapping locusts, which in some respecte is similar to the method which was found so successfu) in Cyprus. The Government Entomelogist at the Cape suggests the cultivation of a scale insect for the extermination of the Thorn tree (Acacta horrida.) The botanical name of the plantain is suffi- cient to show its” antiquity, for the word musa is the old Sanskrit word mocha, while sapientum “of or belonging to the wi-emen id has reference to the old Hindu sages or Rishis, whose chief food plantains were re- ported to be, SAD ORS : «| MONTHLY. Pe COLOMBO, MARCH Vol. XVIII. Ist, 1899. iNo, Q. VANILLA: THE SPECIES, DISTRIBUTION AND HABITS OF VANILLA PLANTS, AND THE CULTIVATION AND CURING OF VANILLA. By H. H. RusuHy, M.D. (From the Journal of Pharmacology, New York, February, 1898.) HE genus Vanilla was estab- lished by Plumier in Miller’s Garderer’s Dictionary, Edi- tion 6, in the year 1752, The genus has been enlarged from time to time, until we find the Index Kewensis, in 1896) recognizing 33 species. Besides these recog- nized species, the Index cites 23 additional names which it regards as synonyms. Asin the case of most large genera, there is a wide difference of opinion as to the limitations of the species, their number being thus greater or less according to different authorities, Engler and Prantl, in the ‘‘Pflanzenfamilien,’’ allow but 20, which is also the number allowed by Bentham ant Hooker in the ‘‘Genera Plantarum.” This doubt as to specific boundaries extends even to those of the improved and cultivated species V. planifolia, there being a wide difference of opinion regardirg half a dozen forms, as to whether they are distinct species or mere varieties of this one. The genus is peculiar among flowering plants for its exceedingly wide distribution, nearly all parts of uhe tropical world possessing their representatives, In the New World we have 18 species; 3 from Mexico, 5 from the West Indies, 2 from Guiana, 3 from Brazil, 1 each from New Granada and Equador and 3 from Peru. This list may have to be extended by the addition of one which I have collected in Bolivia, or this may turn out to be one of those already known in Peru. In the Old World there are 15 species, 4 trom Tropical Africa, 3 from the East Indies, 2 from Java, and 1 each from Ceylon, Sumatra, Bourbon, the Seychelles, the Philipines and the Malay Peninsula, There seems to be no precise record as to whether or not all of these species yield fragrant - fruits, capable of use as Vanillas, but it is certain that the larger part of them doso. Neither is it certain that there is not among them some other one or more species, which, by cultivation and improvement, might be made to yield a vanilla equal or superior to that now yielded by the VY. planifolia and its varieties. The fact that the use of vanilla dates back to prehistoric times leaves us in doubt as to whether the quality of this fruit, as known at present, may not have been the result of improvement by methods of cultivation of a product which in a wild state was more or less inferior. Certainly, the field for experiment in the way of cultivation and hybridization of species at present uncultivated is most attractive. Although vanilla is not obtained for economic purposes, so far as known, trom any other orchids than those of the genus Vanilla, we are by no means certain that this may not result in the. future. I have collected in the Andes repre- sentative of a distinct genus, Sobralia, very closely reiated to Vanilla, the pod of which develops a strong vanilla-like odor upon maturity. The flowers of an orchid growing in Switzerland have a strong odor of vanilla, and have been found to yield considerable vanillin. i As regards the production of fruits for com- mercial purposes from the wild plants, it may be said that it reaches very considerable pro- portions. Even among the Indians of Bolivia, it have seen the fruit, of a species unknown to me, collected and traded in, each fruit bringing about 6 reals, equal to some ‘35 of our money. I have also collected vanilla in a wild state in Venezuela, but there was no one of whom I could inquire as to whether it yielded auseful fruit. Passing out of the reach of such uncivilized districts, we find that considerable quantities are produced without cultivation, and presumably from native species, in various tropical countries. . It is, however, the V. planifolia which is chiefly concerned in collection. This species is very widely cultivated, the principal regions being in Mexico and Bourbon, or Reunion Island. The West Indies, Java, Mauritius, Ceylon, the Fijis and the Straits Settlements also yield important supplies. Good scented fruits have been produced in European hothouses, but, of course, not upon a commercial scale. The methods of cultivation differ widely in the different regions, but are all based upon certain principles deduced from the study of the habits 598 of the plant in its wild state. Its history in a state of nature is as follows:—It inhabits the richest fourm of forest land, always completely protected from salt sea breezes, the crevices on a rocky hillside being one of its favorite haunts. It is of terrestrial growth, quickly climbing some adjacent tree trunk. Althoug it commonly makes a few turns around the trunk, its chief support is derived from the numerous roots which it aflixes to the trunk. It ascendsto the height of many yards, and then spreads out to a considerable distance over such horizontal supports as it may encounter. The presence of these fixation roots and the fact that it survives for a considerable period after its earth connection has been severed have suggested the idea that it is parastie or epiphytic, or both. It is not clear just what are the relative degrees of importance of its aérial and terrestrial nutrition, but it is pretty clearly established, especially by the observations of Mr. Charles E, Hires, of Philadelphia, that it cannot long survive after its earth-connection is severed, unless it is able, as is usually the case, to drop down secondary aérial roots, and by this means to establish again a terrestrial support. At the same time we are not entirely without testimony to the continued existence of plants after the decay of their basal portions, and with no other attachment than to the supporting tree. Like most plants of its class, it is fleshy and succulent, and well able to resist accidents of this kind. Its branches readily take root if brought into contact with the soil and this habit is taken advantage ofinitsartificial propagations by cutings. Its stemis as thick as the finger, and its leaves are large, oblong, thick and fleshy and very numerous upen the horizontal branches, which are exposed to the light and air. [It is these ex- posed leafy branches, the growth of that year, which constitute the sole flower and truit-producing ortion. There appears to be a very narrowly imited admixture of light and shade which affords the most favorable conditions for flowering, pollination and perfection of the fruit. PLANTAIN OR BANANA MEAL OR FLOUR. In contiuuation of my report No. 333 of July 27, 1898. I have the honour to state that I have been in communication with the Superintendent of the Botanical Department, Trinidad, and the Director of Public Gardens and Plantations, Jamaica, on the subject of Plantain Flour Meal. The reports received by me from Trinidad and Jamaica (copies of which I annex) are undoubtedly discouraging. I have been delaying this report in the hope of being able to add some further information on the subject which I have been expecting from those to whom I have forwarded samples of plantain flour, but up till now I have not received reports on the samples sent- In the meantime it is reassuring to find that Dr. Tibbles, who isreferred toin Mr, Hart's letter, is now advertising ‘‘Malted Banana Food.” This new departure should improve the prospects of a trade in plantain flour. It would appear that desic- cated ripe fruit is difficult to handle as a trade article, owing to its liability to fermentation. I might here refer to the experiment lately carried out in North-West India by the Director of the Saharunpore Botanic Gardens in drying plantains— among other fruits—by means of Dr. Ryder’s American Fruit and Vegetable Evaporator. The following are the particulars regarding plantains in this experiment :— Unripe. Ripe, Number of fruit used 376 251 Weight of fresh fruit 88 Ib. 88 Ib. Cost of fruit per 100 R165-12a. Rl65-12 a, Wood used for drying 2 maunds 3 maunds Value of wood at R3 perm. 10% annas R1 Time occupied in drying 24 hours 74 hours ' Weight of dried produce 10 |b. 2o0z. 16 1b. Oost of dry produce per lb. 9% annas 45 annas Adding to these further items of cost given, viz. :— Preparation of fruit for evaporation and attendance during drying % anna per lb. Interest on evaporator and premises 4 oF General supervision cor 1 ” 2 annas we get the cost of producing 1 1b. of dried unripe plantains as 114 annas, and of dried ripe plantains 64 annas. It will thus be seen from the above statement that it takes 8°7 lb. of fresh fruit to produce 11b. of dried wnripe fruit at a cost of 11} annas, or 69 cents, and 54 1b. fresh fruit to produce 11lb. of dried ripe fruit at 6; annas, or 39 cents. It is interesting to compare with these figures the details of cost, &c., supplied by the Chief Clerk of the Anuradhapura Kachcheri, who makes out that about 6 1b. of peeled unripe fruit yield 1 lb. of flour and 1$1b. dried chips, while the approximate cost of producing a pound of flour is given as follows :— 6 lb. peeled fruit at 2 cents per lb. 12 cents Cost of labour for drying and pounding, &c, 4 ,, 16 cents The fruit here used is, as stated, unripe (but not far from becoming mature) and the cost—16 cents per lb. inclading pounding—by this sun-drying pro- cess compares very favourably with the cost of dried unripe fruits desiccated by the American eyaporator, yiz,, 69 cents per lb, AGRICULTURIST. 603 It must be borne in mind, however, that the price of plantains in places like Anuradhapura is infinitely less than in Saharunpore, where they are - quoted at Re. 165-12 annas per 100, equivalent to Re. 1:38 of our money. The Indian report makes out that about 4 fresh unripe fruits go to make up a pound, which, at the rate of Re. 1°38 per 100 would be 5: cents; while, according to the figures given by the Chief Clerk of the Anuradhapura Kachcheri, a pound of peeled fruit costs only 2 cents. So that there is an im- portant difference in the cost of fresh fruit at Anu- radhapura and Saharunpore. But even calculating the cost of fresh fruit at 2 cents in the Indian Experiment, the cost of producing one pound of dried unripe plantains with the American evaporator would not be much less than 25 cents, as against 16 cent given as the cost of 1 lb. of flour—using the heat of the sun for desiccation. Still, it would not be fair to come to any decision by calculating on paper and if the American evaporator could be tested for plantains in Anuraphapura under conditions very diffirent from those at Saharanpore—with possibly cheaper fuel and labour—it will probably be found as the Chief Clerk is led to expect, that the use of machinery will tend to reduce the cost of pro- duction. But, of course, in that case the manufacture of plaintain four must be on a large enough scale to fully test the capacity of desiccating and grinding apparatus, the initial cost of which isso large Details of initial of working cost ofa fruit dryer (I saw one of hese nn American patent—on trial on an up-country estate some years a obtained ieealiyee z Sua. bs Mr. Waters of Hawkesbury Agricultural College recommends a simple and cheap arrangement for or yine pal when eur heat is not available. The ollowing diagram and descriptio i defendants removed the goats on GIVING SECURITY T ¥ plaintiff any damage which he might be declared en- titled to. The Commissioner then held thas the defendants’ proctor did not contest the amount of damage, and the trial was on the legal issues. On the first issue he held that the superintendent could maintain this action. He had an undoubted richt to detain the goats till the damage was pid, but he prudently sent the animals to the Police Siati m whence they were removed by the defendaiits h his consent. tad On the second issue also he he the action could be maintained against the fs jointly. Judgment was therefore entered for ‘th: plaintiff as claimed. Onan appeal against this j argued at length on the poi Bawa appearing for the ay; Jayewardena appearing for the p on both sides addressed the Cou point of law raised, as to whe: maintain this action as sup several authorities being ¢ After argument, judgment was res. The counsel length on the Scott could ee [BRE.—At length, A New INDUSTRY: Aton Fr a full and fair trial is to be ven to the utilisation of aloe fibre in Ceylon, ‘throuch a machine, the patent for which has been secured in South Africa and India las Ceylon. The patentee has granted certain ‘ivileses toa local, Syndicate who, with some public spirit, have had a machine const ed at the Colombo Works and an adequ: trial is. to be made shortly at Matakuliya. But firss a due supply of the leaves of Fowrcroyn guganten ( emerly known as Agave fetida) wus obtained and Mr. Jenkins, of Cargills, Limited, is advertising for any one who wiil undertake to cut and supply ‘‘leaves of the large ; ickly aloe.” They ought to be found near to a railway station and for their carriage thence to Colombo, we should. expect the Governm with the cordial approval ot the General Manager to give This is a very small moment to the Colony. Considering all the expenditure that Mr. Chimberlain has sanctioned in Fibre and other industries in the West Indies, the Ceylon Government may well do all in its power to aid the presen! experiment, and perhaps to the length of su leaves reqnired for the first | ides of their railway line. At ¢ , carriage may well be claimed.—-To- make » initial ex- periment, about 25 tons of : ves wre required. stripped of thorns and 16) i bundles, These will probably be iV juantities of one or more tons at different railway stations. 616 Pnhilenaragam Bros .. Oryzial Hill hes J W © de Soysa, Esq 3, Lene THE ‘TROPIC ‘COOLGARDIE EXHIBITION. Particulars of Exhibits for the Coolgardie Exhi- bition shipped per ss. ** Prinz Regent Luitpold.” Kellisbedde Hila Concordia es Lebanon Group’ .. Do ? Brookside $; sae Temple .. ry) Shrubs Hill Templostowe : Hornsey = Sutton 4 Delta * ry Exce]sior : Walpita Maskeliya Ae Minna oe Pitakanda Group .. Hifindale 44 Tonacombe Ormidale Bogawantalawa Gorthie Mahadowa . Moray > Cron An South Wanarajah ... Middleton ree Dotale ais Demodera 7 Brunswick mad Lethenty St. Clive Doragalla Knuuckles 10 Diyanilakela S Newton 4 Poiston 46 Kadu-O a an Narangalla eee Fernlands Di) agama Fairlawn aa Allagalla ai St.John De Rey .. Atgalla aia Dambatenne Stockholm a4 Gikiyanakanda .. Sonnyeroft oe Agra Ilbedde Scrubs big Brunswick 35 Mousakande 365 Kaloogalla A Rothschild AO Holmwood ae Nugawella Oliphant ob Ccolbawno 5 Blair Athol an Alnwick 35 Rothes if ™Ke'le Toa Estates Co KAW, * if AP Waldock,Hsq. .. 69 Goonambil Gronp .. 70 Do Theodoris & Co.. Crates No or Tea cases. lb. 1 1 60 D 1 60 3 1 60 4 1 40 5 1 20 6 1 60 7 1 40 8 1 20 9 | 60 10 1 60 11 1 80 12 1 60 13 1 60 14 : 60 15 1 30 16 1 60 17 1 60 18 1 20 19 1 60 20 1 60 21 1 60 22 1 60 24 L 60 23 1 60 25 1 60 26 1 60 27 1 40 28 a 60 29 1 80 30 eb 60 BL 1 10 32 1 63 33 1 60 34 pl 60 35 if 60 36 1 60 37 i 60 38 1 60 39 uh 60 40 1 60 41 1 50 42 1 80 43 it 60 44 1 60 45 1 60 46 1 60 47 1 60 48 1 60 49 1 60 50 1 60 51 1 60 52 1 60 53 1 60 54 1 60 55 1 60 56 1 60 57 1 60 58 1 60 59 1 60 60 1 60 61 1 60 62, 1 60 63 1 15 64 1 30 65 1 60 Ccffee powder Cocoa and seed &a* 10 1b Cinnamon Gallantscne C’dmoms 40 ib Cocoa Curiosities * Cocon, Black and White Pepper, Arecanut, Ananto Seed, Annatto Paste, and Kapok. Liberian Coffee, Silk Cotten "Dive © AL, me, R ~ ro) . No. 38 Sie 0. i]s ae I o Don Theodoris& Co. 72 1 Curiosities AW A Plate & Co 73 1 Photos AJ Waldock 74 1 — Cards: Fern- J W C de Soysa 75 1 Desicated Coconuts, Coconut Oil and Citronella Oil G & WLeechman 76 1 Ceylon coconut oil Vavassenr & Co i7 1 Rug Mousakande 78 1 Cardamoms Leechman & Co 79 1 Polished Teakwood & C'nut poonac samples TJ Lipton, Ltd 80 1 811b Tea, Cocoa and NL Juan de Silva 81 1 Plambago sam From Fort Godowns 82 1 Tea Pots voy ‘* Ceylon Observer "’ and “Times of Ceylon” 83 1 Printed Pamphlets Mocha 84 1 60 ib. Tea The Orient Company 85 1 Bristle fibre, coir yarn, dc. Do 86 1 icated Coconuts Do 87 1 do Clark ~ &C : Co = ark, Spence & Co, 89 1 ir yarn samples Apothecaries Co. 90 1 Photos J Do 91 1 do H W Cave & Co 92 1 View books of Ceylon Do 93 1 Tes Cartoons Do 94 1 do ve + 95 1 do A P Waldock Esq. 1 Plumbago samples Do 1 aged Cocoa, on re, Cinnamon, An- nato and Curios SJ Pellery & Co. 1 Curtainsand Brassware Don Carolis 19 Forniture and Do 8 Curios —_—__».—___ BRAZIL COFFEE NOTES. The Governor of the state of Rio de Janeiro has been authorized to reduce the export duty on coffee if he deems it advisable to do so. The respective law fixed no limit to the reduction authorized. A planter recently shipped from Botucatu to his commission merchant at Santos 21 bags of coffce, which were sold for 381$200. The expenses on this coffee were as follows:—Freight, 1739800, 10$160; 3 per cent commission, 119440; other e ses 1849800; total, 3805200. The planter consequently received for his 21 bags of coffee the sum of 1. The Journal do Commercio says that several planters offer to bind themselves to pay to Messrs. Holeworthy Ellis & Co., the sum of 10C,000§ if the present coffee crop reaches the estimate of 6,250,000 bags, provided that firm will agree to pay the same sum if the crop proves to be less than that estimate. It is affirmed that this firm has cabled its estimate of the crop at this figure. Messrs. Holworthy Ellis & Co. will be justified in our opinion, in treating this “ bluff” with silence, There ought to be no restriction of any description put on these eatimates.—Zio News, IMPORTED FrvuIt.—We are very pleased to re- ceive and publish the letters from Messrs, W. Thompson & Co. which, we think, so far as Melbourne and Victoria are concerned, shew that Ceylon is safe in respect of all the fruit im- ported from that Anstralian Colony. The only question is whether assurance should not be made doubly sure by adding fumigation at this port. But, for ourselves, we fee! we are safe with Vie- torian fruit ; for we know how careful the Goy- ernment there is to conserve the reputation of the Colony and its fruit-growers. _ ass “Marcu 1, 1899.| THE TROPICAL BRITISH NEW GUINEA. TEN YEARS’ PROGRE-S—LAND FOR COFFEE, &c. Sir Wm. Macgregor’s final Report on his Ad- ministration of British New Guinea is a very full and interesting document. He first gives as ketch of the Legislation of 1897-98, and one ordinance passed to regulate the collecting of wild birds ought to be of interest to the local Game Pro- tection Society. A collector of birds has now to take out a license of £5 and one of £1 for each native shooting assistant, Sir Williara considers, however, that very soon it will be necessary to limit the number of birds of certain species that any one collector may kill, as otherwise the rare birds of the paradise family will become ex- tinct. The final ordinance was one to enable certain persons to acquire and occupy Crown lands up to 250,000 acres. This measure has not yet been sanctioned in view of the protest made against the syndicate by certain Australian colonies, Siy Wilham next deals with the administra- tion of justice and finds it very satisfactory that no European has been charged with murder, although lamenting that 128 natives have been convicted of this crime during the ten years that the Colony has existed. He regards the manner in which the Papuans are falling into the use of courts of law as very grailiying. A great part of the Report is taken up with visits of inspection which really mean exploration tours, for much of the country traversed, including elevations of 7,000 to 9,000 feet, has been surveyed and filled in for the first time for geographers. Frequent reference is made to good forestland with rich soil, often on the banks of a river or in hilly districts, suitable for growing tea and coffee. The coast carriers were found useless on account of the cold when an altitude of 9,000 feet was attained. More than once a stubborn fight had to be offered to opposing warriers of inland tribes who refused to be conciliated, and had long been 2 menace to the peace of the surrounding country. But the native constabulary with their rifles speedily disposed of any enemy. The follow- ing refers to one trip thus dealt with:— They lived on the ordinary forms of native food, but withovt any coconuts. The place of this latter article was taken by a species of pandanns, cultivated and fenced in on the fase of the mountains, at alti- tudes of 3,000 to 4,000 feet. The seeds are smoke- dried and strung on strirgs. ‘They seem to contain a large quantity of oil. This district consists of deeply excavated glens, the sides of which are covered by grass to analtitude of 4,000 to 6,000 feet. They are steep and narrow. Villages are generality oot far below the edge of the forest that covers the tops of the great mouptain ranges. At an altitude of about 5,000 feet the temperature in the early morning was as low as 55 degrees Fah. At midday it rose to 84 degrees. Atanaltitude of 6,500 feet the early morning tempera- ture was 58, the noon temperature 78, degrees. The lesser temperature at the lower camp was probably eansed by the damp fog that rose from the river there, and was not present at the uppercamp. It seemed @ yery healthy country, and might be used by Europeans, were 16 not so inaccessible. No doubt many of the products of tenrperate climates could be grovn there. In other cases we are told of gold prospectors beine at work and getting a fair show of the precious inetal, of good coffee being growa, of coconuts vrowing well, ef imported fruit trees eovering 25 aeres, ‘so that tice had not been used at the stations for six months ” One gen- tleman is planting coconuts on the Conflict group of islands, which are without people, and the farms are doing remarkably well, so belying the AGRICULTURIST. 617 old proverb about the coconut and the human voice. The most advanced island is Samarai, which is all planted in cozonuts and is the seat of a good deal of business. The Government will soon have a plantation of about 7,000 palms on Gesila island. The armed constabulary, ail Papuans, number 110 men, paid 10 shillings a month the first year and £1 afterwards ; a very valuable body of men. In one case where a European official, Mr. Green, was treacherously murdered, a native corporal who had got clear and could have escaped, returned to die with bis officer rather than desert him. Besides the constabulary, a large body of village policemen is gradually being created. They already number 202 ard are cons tent with £1 a yearand suitable uniform. Ten years ago there was not a single native in the employment of the Government; in the next ten years the number is likely to be quadrupled. In fact, the Ceylon village Vidana system is likely to be spread all over New Guinea. Sir William bears full testimony to the splendid work done by the Missionaries, more especially by the London Missionary Seciety, which began there in 1871, the two great Missionaries béing the Rev. Dr. W. G. Lawes, typically a man of thought and a great linguist, and the Rey. Jas, Chalmers, a man of action. Both are still at work and the Mission has 10,000 native adherents, with 3,690 native boys and girls at school. Next came the Roman Catholic Sacred Heart Mis- sion, in 1885, and the Wesleyan and Anglican Missions, followed in 1891. ‘Phe lady werkers of the Missions also come in for great praise. Here is a paragraph of special value from a man of Sir Wm. Macgregor’s standing and experience :— The lapse of time has steadily strengthened the con- viction that mission labour is of immense value and impertance in the possession. It has been pointed out that the constabulary and the prisons are effec- tive training institutions. This applies, however, al- most exclusively to adults. The training and educa- ting of children and of youth is practically entirely in the hands of the missions. The figures given above will give a fair idea ofthe extent to which this very important task is attended to. The example of the regular and upright life of the missionary is of itself an cbjecié lesson of great significance. The humanity they practise in regard to the sick, the castaway, and the abandoned child; the moral force by which they exercise restraint overimany bad characters, and their sympathy with the weak and suffering, are allsoften- ing and amelicrating influences that could not other- wise be supplied to the natives. As regard the climate the following paragraph speaks volumes :— With the exercise of reasonable care tbere is no doubt that a healthy person may remain in the Pos- session for an indefinite time in active employment. For example, the oldest missionaries in the country, the Rey. Dr. Lawes and the Rev. James Chalmers, will, as regards physique, compare favoursbly with men of the same age in any country, and they have each performed a vast amount of work. The total trade of the Colony has developed from £17,000 in 1S8SS8-9 to close on £100,000 in 1897-8. The exports make rather more than half, and the gold value is one half of the export total. Next come pearl shells, over 100 tons value at £8,000; 300 to 400 tons of copra valuedat £8 a ton; 15 tons of Indinrubber, £240 a ton; 60) tons sandalwood, £9 per ton ; 37 tons beche-de-mer at less than £100 per ton, ‘The total reveone of the Colony is absu. £10,000, with an expenditure of £15,000, the difference being made up by Queens- land, New South Wales and Victoria, 618 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. Finally, as to the prospects, Sir. Wm. Mac- gregor has following remarks :— ; The colony is in tne condition of being ready for considerable agricultural development, This is not yossible without the intervention of Europeans. With the exception of coconuts, rubber from forest trees, and a few other article, natives are not likely alone t» ever add much to the exports of the colony. The iime has come when agricultural development should be pushed in the Possession with as much perseverance a8 has been employed in forcing peace on the different hostile tribes to prepare for it. The conditions under which land has been offered for some years for settlement have beeu very easy, but they have failed to attract settlers. There will be no help, for this condition of matters, except to grant such facilities and inducements asmay attract settlement of the kind now required. Where is already undoubtedly as much land known and s«yail- able for occupation as, if utilised, would suffice to make the colony self-supporting. The mining industry is better started than the agricultural, probably because for surface mining it requires much less capital. The fishing industry is capable of fuller development. This will probably proceed gradually by its own efforts. Unless new industries, such asthe manufacture of sago, the export of cane, and such like, are established, there does not seem to be room for any considerable addition to the number of small traders already in the Pos- gession. The fishing industry, in some scale or other, will be permanent, The agricultural expansion, co far as directed to coconut-trees and rubber-producing trees, will also be permanent; and the cultivation of such crops as tea, sugar, vanilla, tobacco, &c., would, if once begun, probably continue, as there wonld always be plenty of virgin land to fall back on. The mining population, on the other hand, is not permanent, and the miner has shown no disposition to settle on the l.nds of the colony. As soon as a rospector becsmes wealthy he leayes for Australia. ‘euebantate mining would, of course, be more abiting, and the surface mising may lead up to this. Agri- culture, however, will be, inall likelihood, the largest and surest industry of the colony. it is by far the most difficult to start. F A massfof appendices include some valuable re- ports. From one of these by the Governinent Agent for the Rigo district, we copy a picture of the Papuan under peaceful rule .— The coast tribes need little comment. They are an orderly and law-abiding people, but in many villages they are becoming very lazy. For years past they have enjoyed the benefit of peace, whereas in former years they were always on the alert, expecting an attack from the hilltribes. It is drawing near the time that they should be compelled to assist the Government financially; this would also force them out of the grooves inherited from their forefathers. It isregrettable tosee the numbers of fine, young, able men in the coast villages who sleep half the day and employ the other half with a looking-glass and a comb admiring their person and dancing all night. While so employed, their wives are labouring in the heat of the sun in their gardens, and toiling under heavy burdens from the hills. So longas a native has plenty of food, there is no need for him to work for the foreigner for any lengthy period; all he wants ig sufficient trade to purchase a wife, then he is quite independent. Clothiug is a luxury, and nota necessity. In some of the coast villages it is almost impossible to obtain any labour, although high wages ' may be offered. $ : Something like the poll-tax of Ceylon is required to teach the dignity and necessity of Jabour. Thast of all, we have a series of interesting detailed sketches of exploration and maps :— Sketeh map showing ‘racks followed and _cut by A. Glunas and Party on trip from Clarke’s Fort to the Yodda Valley. ; Sketch maps by Mr. WE Armit, r..s.,F.B.G.s., of District lying to Hastward of Port Moresby. ad [Maren 1, | Fishing Kite used by Natives of Dobu. Kiriwina Emblazoned Shield. Map of the Eastern Part of British New Guinea (in four sheets) from the most recent astronomical observations, surveys aud explorations. And then follow no fewer than 47 illustrations, admirably rendered, quite an album of typical Papuan chiefs and men of different tribes, women, girls and cluldren, native dancers, carving, pottery arms, tools, canoes, ornaments, instruments, im- plements, constabulary, &e. Mount Vietory (a volcano) with Mount Trafalgar, &¢.—altogether a most instructive selection giving a wonderiull goud idea of what is to be seen in the youngest Bricish Colonies. We have no doubt that there is a great future before the Colonial *‘baby” ; and the historian cannot fail todo justice to the wise laying of foundations, in exploration, administra- tion, judicial courts, organisation of native corps and the beginning of European settlement in Bri- Tish New GUINEA BY LI£UT.-GOVERNOR SIR WM. MAcGREGOR. es Te PLANTING NOTES. TreA Prosprcts.—It is very reassuring to learn that so far as he has gone in his investigations, Mr. Kelway-Bamber is confident of being able to do much for the improvement of Ceylon tea on many plantations, if not over many districts. It is too soon to expect reports; but no doubt very interesting papers may be anticipated from his expert pen a little later on. CASTILLOA RUBBER.—We have an enquiry from Burma for seed of this kind ef rubber to try on a coffee plantation (up to 3,000 feeb eleva- tion) on the Toungoo range in Burma. For fifteen years coffee was grown profitably without the leaf fungus; but at last the disease reached this out-of-the-way solitary estate. The owners however write:—‘‘ln the first instance, we have decided to try and resuscitate coffee, but it will be necessary to introduce a new strain of seed before doingso. Do you know of a good seed which you could recommend? [We have recom- mended Blne Mountain, Jamaica seed.] I should also like your opinion on the suitabilivy of growing Castilloa rubber. I find Ceara does very well here, but imagine the price isnot nearly so renmunerative as the former. The highest portion of the estate is barely 3,000 feet above sea-level and most of the land a good friable soil.” Castilloa seed may well be tried. KELANI VALLEY PLANTERS’ ASSOCIATION.— The annual meeting is reported elsewhere and we see that the Estimate of Tea Crop for 1899 is 161,000 Ib. below that for 1898, and is given as follows :—1899’s estimate 13,014,000 1b. from 24,817 acres in bearing ; not in bearing 7,747 acres— total 32,564 including clearings. Yield equals 525 lb. per acre for bearing tea.—Naturally the Committee are not pleased at the great delay in starting the Kelani Valley Railway with its ample financial guarantee. Roads are beginning to show signs of improvement, we are glad to learn. Here again the Railway will be an un- mitigated blessing in preventing cruelty to animals. The testimony borne to the memory of the late Mr. H.L. Ingles was cordial and in good taste.— A discussion over Mr. Harcourt Skrine and his personal charges led to some heated language ; and eventually to a vote of confidence in the Planting M.L.C. We heartily congratulate the members on getting Messrs. Forsythe and Gawan Jones for their Chairman and Secretary once more—better men there could not be for the posts. THE TROPICAL THE KALUTARA CO., LTD. Maron 1, 1899.] The notice calling the meeting having been read and the minutes of the previous meeting having been read and confirmed, the following report was laid on the table :— ACREAGE : Tea in bearing .. ate 426 acres. Tea in partial bearing .. TAR Tea not in bearing A IAS) ee Arecanuts, Grass, Ravines, &%c. 10 ,, 668 Forest .. a6 dc 416 Total wegel O84 55 The Directors now submit to the Shareholders the accounts for the year 1898. The crop amounted to 255,130 lb. Tea including purchased leaf, which realized a nett average of 83°08 cents per lb, against 36°87 cents per lb in 1897, on an expenditure on the estate of 155,382°65, equal to 21°71 cents per lb of tea, which included a sum of R3,038°38 spent on manuring 100 acres, and R1,124:21 for the purchase of 27,887 lb leaf. The new withering shed, which was urgently re- quired for the efficient manufacture of the teas, should have been completed in April, but owing to delay on the part ofthe contractor it was not finished till well into October. Since its completion the quality of the teas has improved, and the Directors think they may fairly anticipate better prices during the current year. : About 10,000 rubber plants have been put out in suitable places on the estate and their growth shews promise. The Directors also considered it advisable to prospect for plumbago, and with this object a sum of 96167 was spent on this work, of which R206°58 was recovered by sale of the plumbago mined. For the past two months the heavy rainfall has stopped the work, but when the weather settles it is hoped that arrangements can be made with natives to work the pits on the share system. ; After making ample provision for depreciation of Buildings and Machinery, writing off the balance of expenditure on plumbago, and a sum of R500 toa Coast Advance Reserve account, there remains a balance at credit of profit and loss account on the year’s working of R15,325'83 after payment of the dividerd on the preference shares, To this has to be added the balance of R20,448°83 brought forward from last year, making a total of R35,77466. Of the R50,000 which the Directors were authorized to issue in Cumulative Preference Shares of R500 each, only 35 shares have been subscribed for during the cur- rent year, and the Directors therefore recommend that, in order to provide part of the further capital required to balance the expenditure already incurred, the sum of R20,000 be transferred from profit and loss account to an Extension Fand account, and that a dividend of 3 per cent on the ordinary shares be declared for the past year. This will absorb R32,000, leaving R3,774:66 to be carried forward to next year. The estimate of crop for this year from the Com- any’s estates is 285,000 lb. tea on an expenditure of R64,411'86, which includes the cost of manuring 150 acres. During 1898 R23,913-15 was spent on capital account on the erection of a withering shed, additions to Machinery, a cart road between the two estates, the planting of rubber and upkeep of acreage not in bearing, and theestimate for 1899 is R8,538-41, chiefly for a new set of lines, balance of withering shed account, planting of rubber, further expenditure on cart road, and upkeep of tea not in bearing. In terms of the Articles of Association Mr. W. H. Figg retires from the Board, but is eligible for re- election. The appointment of an Anditor for year will rest with the meeting. the current AGRICULTURIST. 619 HIGH FORESTS ESTATES CO., LTD. The notice calling the meeting was. read by the SECRETARY at the request of the CHAIRMAN, after which the minutes of the previous general meeting were read and confirmed. The following Report was laid on the table and taken as read :— ACREAGE. Tea in bearing 432 Acres », in partial bearing T56e"*;, » planted in 1896 246 =, s do 1897 Lise bs do 1898 1897 5" 1,140 Forest and Patana 49210 7) Total 1,632 ’ The Directors have now to submit to the Share- holders the accounts of the Company for the past ear. ; he total crop harvested during 1898 was 221,028 lb Tea, which realized a nett average price of 50:72 cents per pound compared with a nett average price of 4469 cents in 1897. The improvement in price may be considered very satisfactory, in view of the state of the tea market during the year. After. making the usual provision for depreciation of Buildings and Machinery the result of the year’s working shews a profit of R37,416-17 to which has to be added the balance of R2.73930 brought forward from 1897. The Directors now recommend a dividend of 4 per cent per annum on the capital R875,000 at 31st December, 1898, and at the rate of 4 per cent per annum on the capital of R50,000 called up during the year and made payable on 15th March, 1898, which will leave a balance of R3,560°47 to be carried forward to the current year’s account, During 1898 a sum of R26,969'03 was expended on capital account, viz., R24,535'74 on the opening of 132 acres and the upkeep of 420 acres not then in bearing, R2,223:10 on Buildings and R21019 on Machinery. Daring 1899 the expenditure on capital account is estimated at R21,226, which includes the cost of 30 maunds of tea seed and nurseries, of open- ing up 25 acres tea, aud of the upkeep of the acreage not yet in bearing. Itis not anticipated that it will be necessary to make any call during this year on the holders of part-paid shares, but in 1,900 it will be necessary to make a call to cover the cost of increased factory accommodation which will then be required to deal with the increasing quantity of tea coming in from the acreage planted 1896-97. Referring to the remarks ve transport in the last annual report, owing to the abundance ot labor in the Island there has been during the past year no diffi- culty in this work. The Directors have not however lost sight of this question. As Government have again under consideration the construction of a light railway from Nanuoya to Udapussellawa which, by means of a connecting road from Maturata, would be of gieat service to the estates in that district, the Directors consider it inadvis-ble at present to com- mit the Company to the cost of constructing an expensive tramway, The yield of tea in 1899 is estimated at 230,000 Ib or an expenditure of R64,132°62 on the estate. During the year Mr. F. W. Bois resigned his seat on the Board and the Directors appointed in his place Mr. E. J. Young, who now retires in rotation from office in accordance with the Articles of Asso- ciation, but is eligible for re-election. The appointment of an Auditor for the current year wili rest with the Meeting. $$ > _______. GROUND-NUT Crop.—The Madras Government review the question of the alleged deterioration of this cropand authorise the Board of Kevenne, as desired by the Chamber of Commerce, Madras, to import trom America and Japan a supply of new ground-nut seeds vf the best oil-yielding yarieties, = > a oe ee ] a 620 JOINT STOCK ENTERPRISE, 1898. No. of Com- Total panies Capital. regis.exred, 1898 4,653 240,853,504 ENGLISH COMPANIES. Lyst 6 Description of 1366 mths. mths. of Total for Companies Re- _of 1898. 1898. 1898. gistered. 2,544 Cos, 2,109 Cos. 4,653 Cos. x. £i x. Cycling and Motor 1,372,500 693,350 2,065,550 Tea An 353,000 505,500 858,500 Newspaper and ‘ = ah Printing 2,481,857 3,743,910 6,225,767 Total ..£145,889,428 £94,904,076 £240,853,50 t ENGLISH. sexiption of ‘Total for Total for Total for Bee taniae 1896. 1897. 1898. Registered. Bee ld Cos. ea Cos. eer F a x ree ik 94,547 315 14,782,254 2,065,850 Tea 5,408,500 6,627,500 858,500 d / roe Nanda ms , 8,746,750 8,056,446 6,225,767 £285,261,077 £269,391,715 £240,853, 504 SCOTCH COMPANIES. wth j : for tion ef 1st6 months Last 6months Total Seni of 1898. of 1898. Re Registered. hia ai 173 ie bs os. Cycling and ? nase be 115.000 52,500 167.500 ae a a = 1,250,000 1,230,000 d eae Be. = 3,250 547,500 550,750 £12,130,800 £8,394,908 £20,525,758 TRISH COMPANIES. iption of 1st6 months Last 6 months Total for Leer patties of 1898. ae noo is 7 Cos. 3 os. Registered. 7 ee : if i d vist Bik! tt 3,000 3,000 Tea as — _— == spaper an 5 Ae cane 7,000 45,000 52.000 £2,141,800 £1,744,100 £3,885,900 —Investors’ Guardian. _—— 3 + nN CALCUTTA.—Tea shares are steady, but AReeaer Ho further advance in prices to record, and transactions during tne week have been few and unimportant, says the Pioneer correspondent on 4th January. With stocks of tea in London 4,000,000 lb. less at the close of 1898 than in 1897, and the increasing demand from America owing to the growing fashion among all classes to drink tea if they can get it good, there would appear to be justification for the faith in improved re- sults for 1899. The Singell Tea Companys report is among the first of the 1893 reports we have seen, and it discloses a profit enough to pay a dividend of 4 per cent. I understand the Kornafuli Tea Association’s position has improved. Two non- paying gardens which hitherto formed a drag upon ‘the company have been sold for a figure sufficient to wipe out all losses in the accounts, so that this year a fair and square start can be made with the remaining gardens which are likely to yield a profit. THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. ey, OLS es ee ae re ie . Fuk $ : Ys a “THE INDIARUBBER WORLD.” [Wet pone the Editor and Publishers we say.— Ep. 7.A.] ‘ New Youk, Jan. 9th. The substance of what follows is this: On Friday afternoon, December 30th, the Promoters of the Rubber Trnst charged the Publishers of The Indian Rubber World with an attempt to extort mon from them—the charge being based on evidence secured through a hidden stencgrapher! But they were prudent enough to say that they did not believe we were aware of having committed that crime. No arrests ! : On Saturday morning, December 31st, at 9-30, there came to our offices an intermediary whose avowed @pject was to patch upa peace. He was told that we must insist upon the unqualified withdrawal, in writing, of the infamous charge. No arrests! Sunday and Monday, Javnary lst and 2nd, were holidays, On the morning of Tuesday, January 3rd, at 9-15 o’clock, the friendly intermediary egain appeared at our offices, to say that the charge would not be with- drawn, but we would certainly never be prosecuted if we would publish articles in Zhe Indian Rubber World favourable to the Trust. To encourage us to adopt that policy, he left an order for advertising in The Indian Rubber World amounting to $600. Later in the day he left another order amounting to $1,200; we received through the mail a third order inereasing a half-page advertisement to a fall page; he gave us assurance of many more orders of like character and kind; and promised to send us an article which he asked that we publish in the interest of the Trust. Ne arrests ! On Wednesday, January 4th, the promised article came duly to hand. On Thursday, Jannary 6th, no developments. On Friday, January 6th, the orders for advertising were declined, because they had been given in the hope that our editorial policy would be favorable to the Trust. No arrests! Saturday, January 7th, Zhe India Rubber World for January was published, and it contained all the alleged libellous articles upon which the Promoters had based their charge of attempted extortion. No arrests ! ; t is a waiting game! But the publishers of The India Rubber World will wait no longer, We give the facts. And we are full ready for the theatrical arrest, the publication of the questionable evidence, and the whole parade of wretched pretense. If it deceives others, it shal] neither frighten nor deceive us, Stand up, Charles R. Flint, and explain yourself! Stand in the open, Mr. Flint, and let us have your story in cold print over your ownname. ‘Ihe commercial honor of New York demands it. The moral sense of a great, free people, will have notbin less. No Codging behind a charge of crime devi for the plain purpose of suppressing facts. No dodging behind anonymous publications and authorized“ inter- No dodging behind a pretense that you thought us guilty. For your attorney was instructed to say that you believed us innocent and now we mean to prove it. And, Gentlemen of the Press, see to it that the fighting is fair. We ask no favours, We court in- vestigation. The methods have been made plain. Now search for the motives. “ Thriceishe armed who hath his quarrel just.” views” in their daily press. a : ? p ae, . ARTIFICIAL RUBBER.—Just now this article is -receiving much attention, several persons (says - the Chemist and Druggist) claiming to be able to produce a substance closely resembling the genuine thing. The P. Carter Bell Company,’ is making a so-called substitute for rubver. ‘he process is a secret which is not known to any of the employes, the principals keeping it to “themselves. —The Rubber Trust is inquiring into the merits of a process for producing mock rnbber, invented by a Mr. McCullum. oe Poo eA re AND OTHERS: 4 SEEDS AND PLANTS 7 OF COMMERCIAL PRODUCTS. Hevea Brasiliensis (Para Rubber) -—Seeds aad Plants supplied, immediate delivery, quantity limited, good arrival guaranteed, packed to stand 4 to 6 months’ transit well, five hundred plants in each Wardian case. Out of a supply of Para Rubber seed collected in July, 1897, and preserved by us, a quantity was forwarded to Hammond Island in December of the same year, and the gentle- man who ordered the seeds in ordering a further supply wrote us on the 30th April, 1898 :— ‘« All the seeds done well, and now some of the plants from them are 18 inches high.’’ This seed was put in nursery eight months after gathering. A Mercantile firm who ordered 30,000 Para Rubber plants in 60 Wardian cases, 500 plants in each, wrote 5th April, 1898:—I note that you accept delivery of 60 cases. We shall probably require further supply of seeds and plants.” - For price, instructions and particulars, see our Circular No. 30, post free on application. Manihot Glaziovii (Ceara Rubber).—Fresh seeds available all the year round for shipment at any time, guarantced to stand good 8 to 12 months. For price, instructions and particulars, see our Circular No, 31, post free on application. Castilloa Elastica (Panama or Central American Rubber).—Seeds and Plants supplied See our Circular No. 32 for price, instructions and particulars, post free on application. Urceola Esculenta (Burma Rubber).—A creeper Seed aud Plants. Landolphia Kirkii (African Rubber).—A creeper Seed and Plants. Seeds and Plants of Cinnamon, Nutmeg, Clove, Kolanut and different varieties of Coffee, Cacao, Tea, Coca, Fibre, Medicinal and Fruit trees, Shade and Timber trees, also Palms, Bulbs and Orchids, &e. Professor MacOwan writes :— DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, Messrs. WILLIAM Bros. CAPE Town, 271H JULY, 1898. GENTLEMEN,—I have this morning received your letter of 21lst June covering parcel of Catalogues, It will give me pleasure to fulfil your wishes in regard to their distribution among likely purchasers. You will be glad to learn that we have very good reports of the success of the seml-tropical things sent by you to the little Eastern Coast-strip of this Colony, particularly about the mouth of the Buffalo Rum at East London, Pine Apples are now grown there far superior to the stuff sent half ripe by sea from Natal. Always yours faithfully, (Signed) P. MACOWAN, Government Botanist Our enlarged Descriptive Price List of Tropical Seeds and Plants of Commercial Products for 1899-1900 nowin the press, post free on application. Agents in London :—Messrs. P. W. WOOLLEY & Co., 33, Basinghall Streets Agent in Colombo, Ceylon:—E. B, CREASY, Esq. Telegraphic Address ; J. P. WILLIAM & BROTHERS, WILLIAM, VEYANGODA, CEYLON. Tropical Seed Merchants, A.J. and A.B.C. Codes used. HENARATGODA, CEYLON 78 GOOD PROSPECTS FOR QUININE. The first two cinchona bark anctions of the new year have been held, and quinine stands as it did at the end of 1898. Bark itself dropped scarcely appreciably at the auction in Amsterdain a fort- night ago, almost, but not quite, losing the gain of December over November ; whilst in London this week it sold at rather over the Amsterdam average price. There is, therefore, as yeb no change in the features of the market in either the crude or refined product, and nevertheless most interested persons feel that present rates are not by any means so permanent as they look. That quinine makers are doing their best to keep prices from flactuation, and maintain even values for bark and alkaloid, becomes more and more evident. This might almost be called a common base for their tripartite policy. Their aim isto discourage quinine manufacture in Java; en- courage bark cultivators in that island to send supplies to Amsterdam (but not at too rapid a rate) and not to work it on the spot; and, thirdly, to demoralise the second-hand quinine market in London. It is hard to carry out all these objects, but they have managed it pretty successfully, and the common means is revealed in their steady buying of supplies and steady selling at a figure only moved with reluctance. But the question is how long they can go on in this way. During 1898 nearly 6,590 tons of bark were offered at the Amsterdam auctions, which is over 700 tons more than what was offered in the highest previows year. In the twelve months of 1898 considerably over 1,000,090 lb. more bark were shipped from Java than in any year previously, and nearly two and half million pousds over what was shipped in 1897. ‘These large shipments and ofterings caus:d some to take a gloomy view of the future prospects of quinine. If it is seen that buyers are trking pretty well all the extra supply that is coming along, and, moreover (and this is important), mot accummulating stocks themselves, the increased shipments are a goo: sign for the future, not a bad one. I[t is true that only.(!) 264 tons of quinine in bark form were sold in Amsterdam in 1898 against 2704 tons in 1897, but the latter year showed an excess of six anda half tons over 1893, which, in tura, exhibi- ted a heavier increise over 1895. Despite the heavy shipmentz, the aumber of packages in first-hands on December 3lst, waslower than it has been in any of the last seven years, except last year (when the shipments, as see, were con- siderably less) anil in 1892, which is too long ago to talk about in a question of this kind. The stozks in second-hands are also believed to be small, and in the 12,090 packages in first-hands on December 3lst, are inciuded the $8,009 offered at arction on the 13ch instant of which 7,340 solid. The signs from Amsterdam, therefore, are s vtisfa + tory, and this being so we hardly need notice what is indicated by the London bark market. There were on D e¢. 31st fifty tons of quinine in the London. public waiehonses, an increase of seven tons over last yearsstock atthe same date. Put this vay the excess seems too ridiculously small to make any fuss about, and the entire London stock appears of small account wh n we remember that at a single Amsterdam anction sixty per cent® of such amount is regular'y offered. If we take the last ten years we see that Ger- many has used up or returned in her own terri. tory 44,000 tons of bark, and she has sent ont over her borders about 1,990 tons of quinine. Supposing all this bark had a five per cent qui- 629 _ THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [Manou 1, 1 nine content, which is too high an estimate, she would have had at the end of last year about 6,000 tons of bark (or ifs quinine equivalent) in stock if her pecple had never used an onnee,of quinine themselves and had never bouwsht af ounce of bark or bark preparations from an apo- thecary. Buth these suppositioos are, of course, merely theorctieal. What the German pablie has consumed during the last ten years in the way of bark and quinine cannot be stated with anything like precision, bat it certainly cannot be munch short of the 6,000 tons excess over what iv has bought and sold outside its borders, This means that the German manufacturers must have been working from hand to mouth recently, and this fact is bourne ont by the way they have been taking delivery of their bark as soon as they could. Altogether, then, the signs point as distinetly as they can do to an advance iu the prices of einchona bark and quinine. We know the all- powerful “combination” do not want, for the time being, any serions advances of this kind, but it looks as if circuinstances were going to be too strong for them.—British and Colonial Drag- gist, Jan. 27. -_---—_- +>—_ -——_——-- SALES OF ESTATES AND HOUSE PKO- PERTY,—AND NEW COMPANIES FORMED,—DURING 1898 IN CEYLON. We direct attention to the annual tabular lists under the above headings, given on another page. ‘Lheir publication has been delayed beyond the usual time; but they are none the less useful for reference on thataccouat. The transactions in estate property have shrunk greatly from the imposing array pre- sented for 1897; and were it not for certain Com- panies which had been practically arranged forsome time before, last year’s return would tave been still poorer. As it is we lave transactions aflect- ing some 62 properties or groups aud involving the payment of £674,966 and R444,480 or a total of a little over £700,000 against, for 1897, trans- actions totalling £1,517,702 and R3,382,311 or say £1,750,0)0. Tne «difference tu the Stamps revenue of the Colony and to the local notaries’ fees must be very considerable, between the two years. The largest transactions were those effected tor the General Ceylon ‘Tea Estates, Limited, involving payments of close on £250 000; while next came the tracsfer of Lipton’s properties for £187,000—an immense advance on what fortun- ate Sir Thomas had to pay for the same during our time of depression. The Hopewell fea Company represents some £60,000 of transactions. Turning to sales of House Property and build- ing sites, we have 21 transactions recorded and the total amount R741,900 does not compare badly with R625,900 and £10,800 for i897. The most striking purchase was that of a two-aere building los in Mackenzie Place, Cinnamon Garders, for which about R11,000 an acre was paid. This is an immense «advance on the old orthodox 5,000 an acre for Cinnamon Gardens building sites, and should indicate a still higher value for. land and houses in the more accessible and favourite parts of the city. Finally, we have a list of five Limited Com- panies incorporated during 1898 with a total capital of R2,425,000 against R3,165,000 in 1897. Three of these only ave Estates Companies, the other two being trading Companies—one for Batti- caloa, and one of a native firm in Colombo, © Marcu 1, 1899.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. €23 List of Principal Sales of Estates (Tea, Cacao and Coconuts) District. Matucata Pundaluoya Matale Anibegamuwa Siyane Korale Dolosvage Udugama (Galle) Maskeliya Dimbula Pussellawa Kotmalie Kaudy Haputale Dolosbage Matale Dikoya Badulla Elkaduwa Do Madawaletenne Udugama (Galle) Kandy during 1898. Name of Estate, Marguerita Harrow 3 Longville 4 Woodstock Heyantuduwa* Bossward Doon Vale Strathspey Holbrook Nynaike 3 Atherton Watarantenne Lyburn Meddegodde & Jak Tree Hill Mousagalle (including Bean- fort and Galacotuwa) Shannon % Wattegedere Weyzalle ro Hlkaduwa Group Allaweva* Pathi Rajah Dodangalle Dolosbage Craighead } Do Cholankandie Alagala Ormondale Chilaw Wallehena+ Udugama Galindekande Dumbara Upper & Lower Rajawella Do Pallekelle, Victoria and Raja- wella Wattegama Flowerdewt Dolosbage Meddegodde Ratnapura Hapugastenne Do Bamberabotuwa Do Alupola Do Bamberallekande Do Hopewell Do Balakotennekande Do Wellewelletenre Do Wevwelwatte Haputale Dambetenne Group } Pussellawa Pooprassie Group | Haputaie Nahakettia Group } Duinbara Karandegolle | Haputale Oakfield Greup J Do Gonamotawa and Berrag wl’e Kalutara Gleneagles and Eagles Lud Gampola Attabage Kelani Valley Penrith Do Stinsford Do Sirisanda Do Alnoor Do Logan Do Verelupitiya Kalutara Clontarf Wattegama Hatale Do Benveula 2 ee) ae eS eee * Coconuts, ~ Coconuts (313 acres.) Name of Purchaser. Mr. John Robson » H. EB. Daunt » A. A. Bowie oe Ge H- Baird » FF. Beven » HH. L. I. de Soysa tay) Hi. Wats Davies » N.S. Brown Messrs. N, B. & L. B. Wyse Amount. £6,000 £14,000 R24,000 £1,066 R5,280 R2,700 £1,600 ~ £5,500 £20,000 The South Wana Rajah Tea Estates, Lid. £650 Mr. M. Pascoe », James Forbes Messrs. Orchard & Bateson Mr. W.S. Blackett sy W. W, Sevier », E.H. A. Vanderspar Messrs. Sampayo and Bawa Mr. E. G. Beilby » A.M. Hurst oe Dak Peris » Alex. Bremner ,, A. Vanrenen The Craighead Tea Company, Limited Messrs. Vollar & H. J. Gavin 3 Dornhorst & Pieris Mr. J. W. Erskine Cooper Cooper & Johnson, Limited Do Do Mrs. A. G. MacLeod » Robt. Wilson Hopewell Tea Company, Limited 0 Lipton Limited General Geytba Tea Estates, Limited ~* 0 R64,000 £10,000 R10,500 £8,400 £7,500 £6,000 R12;000 £6,500 £3,000 R3,500 £5,000 R22,500 £4,500 £7,800 Rs0,000 R135,000 R18,;000 £13,000 £65,000 7,000 £4,500 £12,000 £18,000 50,000 £1,250 £15,000 £2,000 £4,000 £3,900 £187,000 £90,000 £17,500 £25,000 £24,000 £17,000 £7,250 £12,800 £11,500 £10,500 £11,250 £18,000 £7,000 £674,966 and (R444,480 [In 1897 the total was £1,517,702 and R3,382,31 1, } Cacao and Coconuts, at 4 bee Tet ~4 4 624 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. +? [Maren 1 <= Companies Incorporated locally during 1898. The Hatton Estate Company of Ceylon, Limited, capital 500,000 divided into 5,000 shares of R1C0 each. The Batticaloa Trading Company, Limited, capital R300,000 divided into 3,000 shares of R100 each. The ‘Templestowe Estate Company, Limited, capital 400,000, divided into 2.000 shares of Kivd each (6 per cent cumulative) and 2,000 ordinary of R100 each. Andris Coorey & Company, «imited, capital R25,000, divided into 25 shares of 181,000 each. Bambrakelle Tea Company of Ceylon, Limited, eapital K1,200,000, divided into 12,000 shares of R100 each. [Total Capital R2,425,000, against R3,165,000 in 1897.) —___——______—_- List of House Property and Building Sites sold in 1898. SITUATION. DESCRIPTION OF HOUSE. PURCHASER. AMOUNT. Colombo (Uolpetty) Police Barracks and Inspector's R Quarters Ceylon Government 26,500 Nuwara Eliya Bird’s Nest Mr. M. Deen 12,000 Do found Bungalow do 13,000 Colombo (Cotta) Rajagiriya H. Don Carolis _ 25,000 Cinnamon Gardens Greylands Mrs. Pieris 20,000 ‘Fort No. 1, Chatham Street S. L. Naina Markar 40,000 Maradana (3rd division) House No. 19 Mr. H. P. Fernando, Mu- { handiram 25,100 ‘Fort (York Street) Stores occupied by the Commis- sariat* Mr. Wavies $4,100 Cinnamon Gardens (Mac- ‘ kenzie Place) Building lot (2a 0r 24p) T Slema Lebbe 23,300 Pettah No. 12, Fourth Cross Street and G. Simon Andris and B. No. 76, Fifth Cross Street Joseph Peries 49,500 Cinnamon Gardens Building lot (Oa 3r 2°25p) A. de Silva 7,900 Nawara Eliya Ivy Cottage M. Deen 9,000 Slave Island No, 42, Chureh Street T. N. Cooray, 4,000 Hatton Hatton House Mr. L. P. Fisher 15,0u0 Bambalapitiya Block of Buildings Attygalle Muhandiram 80,000 Kandy West Cliff Dr. F. Keyt 17,500 Cinnamon Gardens Donegal H. J. Pieris =1)'000 Main Street, Pettah House No. 36 N. 8. Fernando 80,000 Canal how, House No. 6 Charles Matthew 30,090 Slave Island Block of buildings Mis. Maria Pate 30,000 Pettah Houses Nos, 36 & 36A I. L. M. Noordeen & &. L. Mohideen 120,000 Total... 741,900 In 1897 the total was £10,800 and R625,900 * Oa. lr, 5p. T Average per acre R10,830. a eA di ew ae COCONUTS: NOTES FROM. THE NORTH- _ itself, rain was sure to follow. WhereI am, Ehave noticed that the tiny white-ant is Nature’s b ter. WESTERN PROVINCE. If they show unwonted activity rain folipaie Fr Marawita, 11th Feb. : EE ct ES had most extraordinary weather this year. ; Pe ee ree months of a ie are Bouerally ROUNDABOUT UVA. drought. In January, we ha : 1 Gees ee o as The latter half of the month We must answer an enquiry as to the where- (Doiles Sean stand cloudy. Fine drizzles and abouts of ** R.H.F.” by saying that he has heen Crsin Ee ee ericee in the hill-country during =“ doing” a great part of Uva very thoroughly, the §.-W. months, prevailed, The opening days of penetrating to the remotest corner of Madulsima this month were Gry, but on the evening of the 6th, and Hewa Elliya, the first journalist who was ominous thunder was heard and the North-eastern ever on ‘‘ Uva” estate and many more estates in sky became clouded. The next evening we had ® that ‘Ultima Thule’ of planting. Cycling “slight drizzle. It threatened ean EE aie pe wherever practicable has not shut out a great deal ‘and for the last three evenings the pouthe Y of riding and walking and each day has brouzht Frans ; sct flashes of lightning. z ee ee caunagie eee a1 and aa apne of it So much of one or other as to Jeave ne time for ceeehE Js ” which is tocomenow. F Madulsi | atur Then L. was elsewhere, observation led copy’ W rs rom Madulsima a eeeeain pe ebidianls barometer, the cinnamon to Passara, Namunukula and the Badulla estates i oghes, Howover dry the weather was and however on to Haputale and there some of the finest unpromising was the sky, if a cinnamon bud showed estatesin Nayabedde, Craig, Kelburne, Wihare- Marcu 1, 1899.] THE TROPICAL « lla, Batgoda, &c., he ve been included in the trip. Finaily, a rau by rail bas veen made fron: Hapu- tale back to Kandy :— “How magnificent the scenery ison each side summit level—no railway in Englnnd can show the like of that piece. Only bits I have seen to compare are on the St. Gotthard and Arlberg Railways—Swiizer- land and Tyrol.” —_ —_—_—~___——_ TEA-GROWING IN THE CAUCASUS. The tea plantations in the neighbourhood of Batoum continue to occupy the serious a’tention of a few Russian tea planters, who appear to be more or less sanguine as to the ultimate results that are likely to be attained. Messrs. Popoff have erected a factory for manipulating tea on one of their estates near Batoum, and have gathered their first crop this year, but I regret to say that, owing to the mystery with which they attempt to surround their industry, and the secrecy which they maintain in respect to all matters concerning their plantations and the culti- vation of tea on them, it is quite impossible to procure information of a reliable nature in regard to them. Although the tea ercp from these gardens was all forwarded to Moscow and St, Petersburg, it does not, according to the St. Petersburg papers, appear to bear comparison with the imported article in general use in the Russian Empire. The Imperial Domain authorities expect to obtain & crop next season, and are making preparations for the erection of a factory on their estates, and 1 am given to understand that the order for the buildings and plant has been placed in the United Kingdom. It seems probable that the results of tea-growing on tbe last-mentioned estates stand a better chance of success than those obtained on the other es‘ates, thanks to the fact that they have not confined their sowings to one quality only, but have laid out plantations of several kinds, of Indian teas as well as Chinese and Ceylon hybrids. By adopting. this rational course they will be able to judge which quality is more especially adapted to the prevailing climate and other local conditions. Their acreage under tea has been largely increased during the present year. I may here mention that, according to the opinion of persons who have had a wide experience in tea- planting in other parts of the world, the only fayour- able portion of the Caucasus for tea-planting is the coast land situated between Soukhoum and the Turkish frontier, the general aspect of the land being southerly, and, therefore, sheltered by the hills from the very cold winds that strike their northern slopes. The rainfall is fairly evenly distributed throughout the year, the driest months of the year being, I Should think, a3 arule, May and June. The heat is never too excessive for tea-growing. Labour, I believe, is exp2nsive as compared with prices paid in India and Ceylon, and the hands available axe of course entirely jgnorant of the principles of gardening; but I am of opinion that this difficulty could easily be over- come if tea-planting in this district became general, as labourers, being sure of obtaining permanent work on the plantations, would be sure to flock to this district from the surrounding country, which only grows a poor quality of maize, andis not very remuverative. Up to the present diseases among the tea plants have been nil.—British Consular Report, 1398, ——e ee Se eee FLORIDA BEANS. Through the kindness of Mr. Lyford we have some more seed to distribute of this usefal bean, We are sending some to Mr. E. J. Martin for trial in Coimbatore district, and also some to the Kelani Valley. very easily overdone, if planters rush away and plnck anything and any how. An increased outturn of even one or two million pounds early in the season, would be attended by disastrous results, and we cannot too strongly impress upon our readers the necessity for sticking strictly to fine plucking, and careful mannfacture, and attention fo economy in every way. A slight boom in prices in the beginning must not allow our planters to at all relax their efforts towards excellence of quality, and economy along with it; for the industry is far from being ont ofthe wood, andit will take at least two or three years before it can be positively said that tea investments are on a sound bisis, and although it seems rather a gloomy prospces, we are not at all certain that another year or two of bad prices might not be an unmixed blessing in the end. Alveady we hewr some whispers, certainly not lond, but stillindicative of what might, happen, were even another slight boom to occur, and it is on this, that we are principally writing. Most of those con- cerns that are nov wading indeep waters, have a heavy carry in the lurge area of unproductive tea, which must be a severe tax, and, doubtless, when this comes into baaring the outlook for these will be brighter, and when it comes, we trust Divectors, or Managing Agents, will not allow themselves to be TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 627 carried away by a slight rift in the present heavy cloud that hangs over the industry. There saem3 little chance of cheap silver doing much towards re- viving the present high rates, for we believe thut Government has quite mide up its mind that tha ideal is 1s 41 and we believe it will remain there ov thereabout; so that it is no us2 speculating on what arrangements or what exchange will do for tea ; far better to set one’s house in order, to try and work out a certain revenne at a 1341 exthimg2. That this can be done we do not doubt, for if one could calculate on aa all round return of say six miunds per acre, there should be a fair return even at five apnas. The local working of a gwdea should be done for R99 to R100 per acre, and if we aliow R35 for Calcutta expenditure it should suffice and more pro- vided there is no block debt to hamper the garden with a big interest bill; 6 maunds of tea, at 5 annas, reads Rl50 an acre. So, if we add Calcutta and local at R35 and ROO respectively, we find a balance left of R15 peracre. Most gardens are pretty heavily capitalised v.e. the public Vompanies; and this would not read much to those, but there are a large number of private coacerns that are only standing at R300 to R400 per acre, so that KL5 per acre, wuld mean 4 to 5 percent to the proprietors. Wedo not think this is by any m2ansa handsome return in an agri- cultural undertaking like tea, which is liable to fluctuations in more ways than one; at the same time we are trying to show that there is no reason why gardens ordinarily capitalise], should not do a little more than cover expenses; which will be the case in but too many instances of last year. S ConsuUMPTION or IN TEA INDIA.—It would be interesting to obtain statistics of the locvl consumption of Indian; tea, and information as to th3 progress it is making. Soms of our Calcutta firm3 may be ina position to enlighten uz and, further, supply us with intelli- gence as to whut steps are being taken to make Indian te. better known to the nutives. There is a large annual consumption of China tea among the poorer Christian and native population in this city. ‘fhe reason for this is that it is put up in small packets of two and four ounces and sold for two and four annas per packet, respectively—a price which the poorer classes can only just afford to pay. They are too-needy to be able to Jay in a stock for a week at a time. It is more convenient for {them to resort to the moodves (small native grocers), who as well as the Chinese, realise a handsome ‘profit on the transaction. The so-called tea is stuff of the worst description. Surely our own low grades of teas (which, at any rate, are unadulterated) would readily be taken instead of tha Chinese articles, if we would but supply it in similar small packets. Considering the prices realised at the local sales for our inferior grades, they could be sold retail in small quantities at very low figures, and yet be made ‘to return a profit. Such action would have the effect of relieving the home market of a certain quantity of low qualities, which would prove of decided ad- vantage to all parties concerned. What is wanted is any agency, pure and simple, started with the bond yide intention of stimulating the sale of Indian tea and not for the sake of any big immediate profit The agency might, for example, be composed of three, four, or more leading° tea firms in Calcutta who might be found willing to back up such a scheme with advances of tea, as likewise the necessary funds and to appoint agents for the sale of small packets of tea. Let Indian tea be found for sale in every huckster’s shop where China tea is sold, and where it is not found forsale. Letit be peddled from house to house--start a man with astrack round the streets to sell it. Obtain the services of x rea!ly good man to supervise things generally and to travel up-country when it becomes necessary to work the Mofussil which would, of course, be afler the Calcutta business had been firm!y established. In three years the results would show whata market we had left uncared for at our very doors, and would in the end be certain to turn out a profitable speculation.—/ndian Planters’ Gazette, Feb. 4, pa 628 THE TROPICAL PLANTING NOTES. Tur “SAN Jose SCALE” continues to give trouble in the orchards of New South Wales as we learn froin the A. Gazette last to hand. We might quote much respecting the work of this most pernicious ei bus we prefer to repeat our warning to the Ceylon Government and ibs Customs Department as to the absolute nevessity for the fumigation of imported fruit. Tur CEYLON Hitts Tea Estates COMPANY had a short crop from its estates last year: the difference altogether with bought leaf equalling 82,351 lb., while the average selling price was a traction. better than in 1897. But the total result was a dead loss on the year’s working of 9,963; and this although Directors, Agents and Secretaries have drawn no fees, and uo interest has been paid on debentures since 30th Sept. 1897. This is a truly unfortunate ex- perience and the more so as the estates concerned cannot be said to be oll coffee estates or situated in the Joweountry. : Tra In’ N. AMERICA.—Jas. andJno, RK. Montgo- mery of New York—says the American Grocer — report the statistical position of China and Japan tea for Unite’ States and Canada on Jnanuary 1, as follows (in pounds): Totalafloat to Jun 1, 1899.. 7,539 635 Receipts toJu. 1,189) .. .. 57,328,605 Totai shipment advised by mail.. 64,853,299 TLeavinztobeshipped.. .. .. «. «- 16,181,710 Batimated supply, seasons 1898 and 189) — 8L,000),000 Sapply, seasons 18)7 and 1893... .. «. 87)711,789 TAO mts Jato, LC oBy tele ge mpiey mints ) tes 3,995,301 Receipts to Jan, 1, 1893 oe emt», e7A008,003 Total shipments advised by muil to Jan. 75,298 904 ee ee oe 1, 1898. . Diy Mn Bae de TeA IN Norta America —The year 1898, says the American Grozr—c'osed with tea showing an advance about equivalent to the duty impsoed. On somegrades prices are not more than 8 cents a pound higher than when the tax was imposed, It is somewhat singular that the importatious for 1898 are very much lighter than for the pre- ceding year, being for the year ending June 30, 1898, 67,696,339 pounds, against 112,907,548 pounds in 1897, a decrease of 45,211,209 pounds. For the ten months ending October 31, they were 25,423,119 pounds lighter than for the corresponding period of 1897. Jamesand John R, Montgomery report that the estimated supply for the season of 1898-99 is 80,000,090 pounds, of which 57,327,605 pounds were received to Jannary lst, at which date 7,539,685 pounds were afloat, leaving to be shipped 16,131,710 pounds. The effect of the tea exclusion act has been toimprove the geueral character of the supp'y, to send into distribution considerable quantities of low grade tei, which had been held here for years, and to give the market a munch healthier and better tone. The year closed with prices firm. The following table shows the quota- tions of standard grades of Japan and Formosa Oolong tea :— Japan. Formosa. Good to Medium. Superior. Cents. Cent-. 24.89 at 25.97 Yearly average, 1898 .. 21.47 at 22.63 .. 29.42 at 21.47 1897 .. 17.71 at 18.83 .. » ” if ” -- 1896... 148 at 198 .. 198 . at 202 = -1895...13 at l7é. ..20 at 23 1994..13 at18s ..19 at 22 «1893... 144 at 25$ .. 228 ab 249 . " 1992 ...141-6ab21% .. 224 at 25h AGRICULTURIST. [Maron 1, DESTRUCTION OF LOCUSTS IN ARGENTINA.— The central commission for the extinetion of the langosta or \ocusts in Argentina has made a very luteresting report to the Minister of Agricalture in that country. The commission was appointed for the purpose of obtaining all the information possible regarding the locust, its habitat, pro- creation, wigration, &e¢,, and to inaugurate concerted efforts for its extinction, ‘To this end the commission organised many local commis- sioners, and these again formed a sub-commission, and all investigated and adopted such means of destruction as seemed most effective. The results are that the habits of the locust have been well studied, enormous quantities of eggs and saltonas (locusts before they have wings) were destroyed, aud the destruction of crops greatly lessened. The means of extinction employed were, a prepara- tion ot zine, various liquid extirpators, the plough and fire. The quantities thus destroyed in 1898 are estimated in thousands of tons weight, and the area of crops saved at hundreds of thousands of ucres; and it is believed that if, with what has been learned, those organised efforts be assiduously continued, the locust may be controlled, or its ravages greatly restricted. The arrest of the ravages of the locust, whether through the efforts mentioned or other causes, has greatly encouraged the agriculturists of Argentina, and laproved the general condition of the country.--Journal of the Society of Arts, Jan. 31. Evectric: Mr, C. C. F. Monexton.—The mail last in brought a contemporary a letter from the above gentleman—who will be remembered as on the electrical staff of Messrs. Boustead Bros.—in the ecurse of which he says that he is quite fit and well once more. Atter arriving in Kngland, he was, it seems, lucky to get work, within a weck of starting to look out for it, with the Brush Electrical Engineering Company, the firin he was with before he came to Geyion. He s‘arted work in September, and at first came across quite a number of Ceylon men, but, as winter approached he met fewer and fewer, and at the time of writing, he had not seen anybody for some litt'e time. About a month after he joined the Brush Company, he was offered a partnership by an old friend which, after due consideration, lie accepted, and he has now joined Mr. Wardrop, in his office at the Army and Navy Mansions, two doors from the Army and Navy Stores. Mr. Wardrop’s chief experience has been with railways and waterworks, bnt he has had electrical experience as well. When Mr. Monckton got to know him he was designing central elecric light stations from the Brush Company. There are several places in Ceylon, Mr Monckton goes on to say, where there is sufficient water-power for light railways, if only the Government. allowed private enter- prise a look in but, as it is, that power will soon be required tor driving the tea machinery within say, a radius of from five to ten miles of the source of power. Mr Monckton also says:— I wonder if the planters will wait till all the forests are used up before they think of the power run- ning to wasse in une or two localities that I could name. Strangely enough I found that Wardrop isa couzin to Mrs. C. W. Tytler, with whom everybody in Ceylon sympathised in her sad loss lately. Mrs. Tytler started a type-writing office at 54, Whitehall, West- minster, with a friend of her's, last month, and she has now five typists at work. I am enclosing one of her cards, as I know a larze number of Ceylon men will be only too glad to put work in her way. I can speak for the work done at the office, as we get all our typewriting done there. — e- Marcu 1, 1899.] THE TROPICAL SUB-TROPICAL CROPS IN NEW SOUTH WALES. (From latest Official Report to the Agricultural Department. ) Coffee (Coffea arabica).—The small number of trees planted upwards of two years ago are still thriving, some of them showing premise of an early crop of berries. Some of them during last winter were somewhat injured by frost, but protection will this scason be afforded them. Ib is intended to plant an acre at least to cofiee-trees when the land is ready for the purpose, Turmeric (Curcuma longa).—This erop has so far proved-saccessinl, the plot harvested since last re- port having‘yie!ded green roots al the rate of 4 tons per acre, valued af £7 per ton. The growing crop now approaching wnaturity wil, in all probability, give an improved return. : Ginger (Zingiber officinaic) —The last season’s crop proved a comparative failure, but owing to better soil being available the plot now growing promises payable results. : Arrowroot.—A heavy erop of the purple variety (Canna edulis) is almost ready for harvest, while a fair yield shonld be obtained froma plot of the Bermuda or White Arrowroot (Waranta arundi- nacea). oth of these products will be prepared at a local mill, as the process of prepzration with the appliances available at the farm is tedious and ex- pensive. Samples and further reports will be fur- nished later. Cassuva.—The sweet variety (Manihot Alp2) only is cultivated, the yield of tubers being over 1U tous per acre. Manihot utililissima was applied tor from Fiji, but AW. Alpi, whieh liad previously been In enltivation here, was forwarded in error. Ktice.—One variety (Japanese) has been grown this season, but owing to lack otf moisture and the attacks of rust it has proved a complete failure. : +e ee THE “VENEER-ACME” TEA, CHEST. Our snb-heacings are not at all too strong if ‘the new ‘‘ Veneer-Acme”’ tea chest is to main- tain among Ceylon planters, the reputation already won elsewhere among Indian planters who have ssen aud tried it, and among the home tea trade that have had it put before them. When in Glasgow in 1896, learning all about the ‘* Acme” steel chest, we ventured to say that we could not help pinning our faith to the men of the Clyde beating the world when they took up a manufacture in their own line in downright earnest. The Acme Syndicate were at the time extending their Works and were full of faich in their steel boxes and not without Warrant ; because they are at this moment manu- facturing the same not at 10,000 ‘‘a month’s (as -we said last evening); but at 10,000 a week! he out-turn Jast year being not under 400,000 boxes. And their Agent, Mr. H JS Brown, reports that he found very great satisfaction expressed by Indian planters. who have been using them, They save so much trouble: no waste of material, no temptation to steal loose lead, nails, &e.; noehips flying about the factory, &e. Why then—it may be asked— should the Aeme Company go in for a new chest? Well, undoubtedly, their steel one is heavier than some others in the market: some think it not flexible and handy enough and there is some- thing tobe desired oa the score of price. So the Clyde machinists set themselves to combine light- 79 : AGRICULTURIST, ness, flexibility, strength and chi utilising “veneer” with specially pre Vor the veneer they goto Canadian which are sliced round by a peeuliar’ American machine adapted and impro respeets on the Clyde. These <« cemented together having the grain ¢rosseq anu the “cement ” is the special inyention and the property of tie Company and is so admirable that the veneer sides and ends of the chests thus manutactured, have been tested both for heat and wet and have stood both tests admirably. Then the veneer siles are bound together with steel bands firmly fixed, but so ‘flexible that the four sides flatten out in packing as two thin boards might. To stiffen them out into a four-sided chest, slips of hardwood, ingeniously grooved, are used, and nothing can be more satisfactory than the way in which these answer their purpose and. are slipped ont or in, so far as we can jadge by the models Then the ends —7eneer bounl with steel—slip into their places and are clasped with steel bands after the fahion with which the Acme chests has made us familiar— nothing more than two screws being required to fix them, over which a thin steel band is drawn and soldered down, so sealing the chest A lining of lead-foii is duly attached tg the veneer, We are assured that an ordinary cooly can put such chests together in fonr minutes with the greatest ease; that the tare weight is 161b acainst 20ib for the Aeme’s, while some other chests come between at 18lb or so. Further that each chest can take 110!b of tea which the tare makes 126lb, or well within the 129ib alloweil under London regulations. Lastly it is claimed that the new chest saves up to 15 per cent in freicht and altogether in cost as much as Is 5d per. maund (St, 1b.) of tea. Then we have been shewn letters from leading representatives of the home tea buying trade, saying they are well pleased with what they have seen of the ** Veneer-Acme” boxes aml would give preference to them over any others so far seen.” The ease with whieh they ean be opened for samples and shut again, is ec pecially realized. BREE pecan _ There is nothing like competition to set inven- tion ayoing. Tea planters have certainly no cause to complain of the amount of ingenuity used in their interests and not. the least in devisine im. proved and economical tea boxes; and we shall be mueh surprised if this latest invention the Veneer-Acme” does not meet with full measure of approval. ee eee Manco Srancu. - As the mango season has now com- menced, many will be at a loss what to do with the superabundance of fruit, which, of late, has been @iffi- cult of sale, and in many eases not worth the expense of gathering, packing, freight, &e. It is not generally known that the mango contains a quantity of starch which Is scarecly distinguishable from arrowroot. Whea used in the game manner and boiled with water the jelly is very similar to that of the latter. Mr. Watts, a chemist in Jamaica, reported lately on a sample of ‘mango starch submitted to him by the Jamaica Agricultural Society, and he pronoanced it almost pure starch of fairly good colour, though capabl- of being washed to a whiter condition. As an article of diet or of commerce, it will compare very favour- ably with arrowroot; this being so, he expresses some doubt whether it can be produced at a price sufticiently low to compete with arrowroot, of which the ordinary brands are selling in the wholesale markets at prizes rapging from 2d. to 4d. per lb. We think the matter worth a trial, at all events,—Qucensland Agricultural Journal, January 1st, y 630 CEYLON TFA IN AUSTRALIA, MR. ROWBOTHAM’S VIEWS. Among the passengers, who returned by the “ Himalaya”? from Australia on Wednesday were Mr. aud Mrs. Rowbotham, the latter of whom, we are glad to state, has considerably benefited by the chanze. Mr. Rowbotham has stated to a morning contemporary that, as far as Australia is concerned, we must cry halt, because Ceylon tea does not require any extran- eous effort whatscever; no more pnffing or “log rolling,” as it would be termed in Australia. Mr, Rowbotham declares that the mistake has lain in the indiscriminate and injudicious shipments of tex to Australia, a fact which is considerably damaging the Ceylon tea trade in the Southern Colonies. “ Do you know,” said Mr, Rowbotham, “it was these in- discriminate shipments which wrecked the China trade years ago, and if they are continued mnch longer I have no doubt that Ceylon is bound to suffer in the same wey.” “ Arguing then from your point of view the Cool- gardie Exhibition will not benefit us as far as tea goes?” Mr. Rowbotham:—“ Certainly not. It has been money thrown away, by the planters, which will not do him a bit of good.* Ceylon tea, I assure you has the largest proportion of business in Australia, though it will surprise you to know that there has been a decrease in the drinking of tea. We are drinking less tea in 1899 than we did in 1890; any why ? you ask. Because, sir, the country is being rapidly opened up and the people are able to drink wine and beer cheaper than they did some years ago, both these commodities being procurable at a very cheap rate in the different Colonies. However, as I say, Ceylon tea is well-known in the Colonies and requiries no more advertising.” Mr. Rowbotham earnestly advocates the sale of tea in Colombo, the justification for which has been urged in more quarters than one of late. It may not be generally known, but it is nevertheless true, that the attention of Australian tea bayers has been drawn to the fact that it is absolutely cheaper to import tea direct from London than it is to do so from Colombo. And we have a lesson of cause and effect in the fact that at the present moment there is a shipment on the water from London to Australia. Mr. Rowbotham contends that not only can tea be purchased at a cheaper price in London, but that freights are also less, so that, unless a movement is made to sell on the spot, London will command the Australian market, though 6,000 miles further removed froin Australia, “Tt is no use mincing matters,” observed Mr. Row- botham ‘‘for I say that, from the facts above stated, there is no doubt that both Ceylon and the Ceylon planter are being imposed upon, and the sooner the remedy is devised the better for all concerned.” ————— POLISHING SMALL STONES.—The principal thing in polishing stones is to grade the hardness of the polishing material with the stone to be polished. For cutting a suriace level, use various grades of emery on lead laps, with a separate lap for each grade of emery. See that all seratches aie iemoved. For the polishing, on hard wood that will not warp glue a_ piece of bnifleather. On this place a little putty powder, which, like the emery, must be used wet. The following has becn given as best for soft stones:—Take, say, 31b of putty powder, put it in a jar, cover it with nitric acid, and place it in the open air, as the fumes are noxious ; let it stand for a day, then pour off acid and water repeatedly until the water ceases to be acid. Polish with the residue.— Frem ‘‘ Work” for Feb. *This is going too far, more especially seeing that Western Australia has been getting no tea direct from Ceylon, although steamers run from Colombo to Freemantle.—Ep. 7.4, THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [Marcu 1, | MINOR PRODUCTS REPORT. CrtroneLte O1.—This article is firm at a pace of 113d indrums, whilst the price to arrive is 114d cif. Kora Nuts.—Recent arrivals of fresh nats bave been sold at 10d, and in dried nuts there appears to be practically nothing doing. In auction last week 19 packages were suld, fair Grenada puts at 44, boldish but dark nots at 34 to 3}4, medium quatity at 23d, and dark Ouylonjat 21.—British and Colonia; Druggqist, Jan. 27. CincHons,—at the first London auctions of the year, held on Tuesday, nine brokers offered sup- lies amounting to 1,911 packages, made op as ollows :— Packages offered. Packages. East Indian cinchoua.1,015 of which 541 were sold. Java cinchona -. 273.,..do. .@78.:..d0 African cinchona .. 267 do 224 do Ceylon ciuchona .. 235 do 166 do South American cin- chonua te |) do 121 = do L911 1,325 There was a moderate demand, as instanced by the above table, but some of the bought-in lots were after- wards disposed of by private treaty at sale-rates. Tho average unit obtained was almost equivalent to that of he last Amsterdam auctions—viz,, 15-l6d to ld per |b. The following figures represent the approximate amount of bark purchased by the principal buyers :— Agents for the American and Italian Ib. works es 72,279 Agents for the Brunswick factory .. 57,518 Agents for the Frankfort and Stuttgart factories * *s +« 49,809 Messrs. Howards & Sons .. +. 23,244 Agents for the Manuheim and Amster- dam factories .. eS «+ 17,818 Agevts for the Imperial Quinine fac- tory. * a «+ 3,150 Druggists, &c. .. oe «+ 44,949 268,767 Bought in or withdrawn .. 141,121 Total quantity offered +» 49,883 Prices realised were as under :— Cryton.—Fair to good Succirubra stem chips and shivings, 23d to 3d perlb. Ledgeriana chips 4id. Java.—Ledgeriava natural stem chips at 324 to 4535 ay at 23d to 3d; and root bark at 334 to 45d per lb. East Invran.—Ledgeriana natural stem chips and shavings 23d to 33d; ditto branch 14d; rot : (‘rown original stem 2d to 33d; renewed 274 to 48d; Succirubra renewed chips 2id to 281; original chips 28d ; broken quill 33d; and root 2gd. Hybr.d natural stem chips 3d per lb. Quinine.—Best German brauds are without alter- ation, and a dull tone prevails. B. and S. Bruns- wick is quoted nominally at 103d per oz.- Chemist and Drugyist, Jan. 28. —————_ SS PLANTING IN THE SOUTHERN PRoyince.—Tea culti- vation is now at a stand still, and the S.-W. clearings this year will not exceed 200 acres. The natives received a shock thrcugh the whole of 1898, owing to the low prices, and are now going back to cin- namon. I see the Udegama Company did badly last year; but can they expect to make a profit oat of 500 acres yielding less than 200 lb. per acre? The tea-box-making concern seems to have been also worked at a loss, besides the loss of thousands of trees cut out of the jungle. The Talgaswella Com- pany will shortly hold its annnal meeting. I believe they have made a small profit on last year’s wotking. Bei: sie ae Ries companies, and do not adveriiss the district, but we have good ing wll the same.—Co.. Siesiseck saw) Marcu 1, 1899.) THE TROPICAL CLAREMONT ESTATE COMPANY, LIMITED. The report is as follows :— ACREAGE. Tea in baaring 6 200 acres. ‘ea planted, 1895 .- 46, Forest, Ravines, &c. SONNE: Total -.. Bh tay seg, The directors submit herewith the balance sheet and profit and loss account, duly audited, for the year ending 3tst December, 1898. The yield for the year was 80,022 lb. against an estimate of 80,000 1b., or just over 400 lb. per acre, costing in Colombo 23°38 cents per lb., after deducting R1i,500 on capital account. The tea was all sold locally, realising per lb. nett. The estimate fer 1899 is 85,000 lb. During the year Mr. J F Baker resigned his seat on the board and Mr. J G Russell was elected to fill the vacancy. Messrs. J G Russell and R Huyshe BHliot retire from the board by rotation, and are eligible for re- election. The election of an auditor rests with the meeting, and Mr. J Guthrie again cffers his services. 33°10 cents poe MAHA UVA ESTATE COMPANY, LD. THE REPORT, The report was as follows :— ACREAGE, Tea in full bearing 499 acres Tea in partial bearing .. 100 ,, Tea not in bearing ean DOL Y Cardamoms gad £585. NR Grass 15 ,, Total Cultivated 1240 53 Jungle aud Wasteland, &e. 234 ,, Total of Mstates .. 958 ,, The Directors now beg to place before the Share- holders the accounts of the Company for the past ear. y The crop secured amounted to 198,383 lb ten as against 179,263 lb in 1897, beivg 32,000 lb be!ow the estimate for the year; this deficiency is accounted for by the short rainfall during the first eight months of the year. The nett average price realized was 42 cents perlb as compared with 43 cents in 1897. Of the cardamom crop 3,751 1b were sold for R6,435°53, or about R1‘71 per lb., leaving aboat 460 1b yet to be realized, which has been estimated at R1‘50 per lb. There was also asmall quantity of coffee, 285 bushels, which fetched R1,545:20, but very little more of this prodact may be expected. : After making the usual ample provision for depreci- ation of Buildings and Machinery the amount at credit of Profit and Loss account for the year’s working is R18,806:19, equal to 6°27 per cent on the capital of the Company; this with the balance of R5,789:20 brought forward from the previous year makes a total balance at the credit of Profit and Loss account of R24,595:39, The Directors recommend the payment of a dividend of 6 per cent for the year, and that the balance of R6,595°39 be carried forward to the cur- rent year’s acco nt. The estimates for this year are 230,009 lb tea, 100 bushels of cherry coffee and 6,0001b cardamoms, on an expenditure on the estate of R65,838°89, The outlay on capital account during the past year amounted to R17,03601, nearly all of which was expended ou additions to Buildings and Machinery. It is anticipated that there will only be a small ex- ponditure of R1,773 on capital account daring 1599, AGRICULTURIST. 631 During the year Mr. W.H. Figg resigned his seat on the Board, and Mr. Edward J. Young was ap- pointed in his place. In terms of the Articles of Association Mr. G. H. Alston now retires from the office of Director, but is eligible for re-election. The appointment of an Avditor for the current year will rest with the meeting. THE DIVIDEND. The CHAIRMAN said they would see in the re- port that the Directors proposed a dividend of six per cent per annum and this he thought they could do quite freely. It disposed of R18,000 and left R24,500 to the credit of the profit and loss account. He proposed that a dividend of six per cent be declared and paid forthwith. Mr. Forbes seconded,—Carried. TS KIRKLEES ESTATE COMPANY, LIMITED. THE REPORT. ACREAGE 31st DECEMBER, 1698. Tea in full bearing 327 acres. Tea in partial bearing went DOn (2). Tea not in bearing 28) 155 New Clearings eae aD) te Timber and Cardamoms, about 105 ,, Uncultivated Land cio tO ice 5 Total.. 717 acres, The Directors now submit to the Shareholders the accounts of the Company for the past year. The crops secured during the year were 106,852 lb tea and about 1,108lb. cardamoms, and in addition 4,564 lb. tea were manufactured from bought leaf. The average net prices. realized were 39°33 cents per lb. for the tea and R162 for the cardamoms. In addition to this 448 bushels cherry coffee were harvested, which sold for R213 and R1,680°60 was received for the manufacture of outside leaf. After making ample provision for depreciation of Buildings and Machinery and setting aside a sum of R500 to cover possible Joss of coast advances, for which the Directors consider it advisable to make provision, the profits for the .past year amount to RR1,867'37, to which his to be added R3,617°37, the balance brought forward from 1897, making a total of R5,484'84 available for dividend. The Directors now recommend the paymeut of a dividend of 4 per cent for the year, leaving a balance of R1,484:84 to be carried forward to the current season’s account. The crop secured fell very short of the estimate of 130,0001b. This shortfall was caused by the abnormal dryness of the season, and may also be attributable partly to its having been considered advisable during the year to prune nearly the whole of the older tea, The crop for the current year is estimated at 125,000 lb. tea and 2,500 lb. cardamoms, on an expenditure on the estate of K38,911:73. During 1893 a net sum of R6,899°53 was expended oncapital account in opening up 45 acres tea and planting fuel trees, the upkeep of the acreage noi yet in bearing and the erection of a cardamom bouse for preparing the increasing crops of this product. Daring 1899 the capital expenditure is estimated to amount to only R2,860. fn terms of the Articles of Association Mr. W H Figg retires from the office of Director, but is eligible for re-election. The appointment of an Anditor for the current year willrest with the meoting. << -——-_ — YATADERIA TEA COMPANY OF CEYLON, LTD. The Directors have the pleasure to submit the balance sheet and profit and loss account for the year ending 31st December, 1898, duly andited. After providing R3,277°73 for depreciation of builds ings and machinery, the profit for the year is R49,294°77 _=—”~.) ae 632 t> which must be added R6,187 07 balance from 1897. An interim dividend of 10 per cent absorbing 219,000 was paid last August, and ihe Directors propose that a further dividend at the rate of 15 per cent absorbing 128,500 be declared and made payable on 20th instant, that R2,500 be transferred to the reserve fund to bring this fund up to R47,500, equal to 25 per cent of the share capital, leaving a remainder of R5,481°34 to be carried forward. ‘ - It will be seen that the property representing capital stands in the balance sheet at approximately 200 per acre cultivated, as compared with about 1204 in the previous year's accounts, and that the profit is R61 per acre in bearing, and 25 94 per cent on the capital. The total tea crop was 548,306 lb. or 12,806 1b, more than estimated in the last report (though 46,314 lb. less than was estimate’ when the balf- yearly meeting was held—the latter part of the year having been unfavourable.) The plucking area was 805 acres, ‘The total auantity of tea for disposal was 551,829 lb. including 3,523 lb. made from pur- chased Jeaf, of which 638,493 lb were sold locally, averaging 26°78 cents per lb., and 483,336 lb, were shipped to Londow, of which 85,153 lb. had still to be accounted for; but the average obtained for the 463,676 lb. as yet accounted for is 29°32 cents per lb. The cost of the tea delivered to buyers or put on board ship, including all charges and depreciation of buildings and machinery, was 20°20 cents per lb. (being 1°80 cents less than in 1897.)The net value realised from sales)a portion being estimated) was 29°81 cents per lb, (being ‘13 of a cent less thon for the previous crop.) he sum written off for deprecia‘ion represents 59 of a cent per lb, of thecost. Lhe Company’s property consisted on the 31st December 1898, of :— Planted Yielded 1b. in in teaper acre. ( 172 acres tea 1885 1898 670) Bg 208 do 1887 do 607, £5 100 do 1888 do 620] 2 42 do 1839 do sulg~ 988 6 do 1890 do 761} woe 52 ~~ do 1891 do P2142 8 ime acceler 0 1892 do 830} S15 pin Helge ey Oe ek 1894 do 682! SF | 37 do 1895 do 537) < 75 do 1896 do not in bearing | 31 do 1597 do do Ving dy do 1898 do Jo 22 acres cocoa and Factory site 293 do Forest, &c. Total 1,253 acres, as per last report. During the year 13,000 more para rubber trees ana 38,860 more coconut trees haye been planted at an expenditure of 1,326 borne upon the year’s revenue account. Whe directors propose an extension of 10 acres tea io 1899. The estimated crop for 1899 is 555,000 Ib. tea, Mr, D Fairweather retires fromthe Board iu terms of the articles of Association, and, being eligible, offers himself for re-election. The shareholders will be requested to elect an Auditor for the current year. _ Planting Opinion UNDERSTANDS that a Madras fivm is about to plant an acre or two otf Wynaad Jand with roses, witha view to the manufacture of attar. BarLy Suow.—The Madras Government agree with the Board cf Revenue in considering aatat another year may show an improvement in the ‘asults of the show to be held in the Nilgivis and that one at least of the judges should have an experience in brewing, . ; v Le ee eee THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. . pointed to obtain further details as to the (Marcu PLANTING AND PRODUCTS: — (From the Udapussellawa Planters’ Association Annual Report for 1898-9 ) There have been five general meetings held daring the year and the number of estates registered 26, the same #s Jast year. Tva.—This has not been a very favourable season for yield except in some cases uear to Kandapola, the drought having been too severe for the middle and lower divisions of the district. The prices also have not been so good, but they still maintain about the r former value in excess of the London average, The acreage in bearing is 7,985 acres. Estimated to yield in 1890 3,169,000 lb, which is equal co 396 Ib. per acre against 421 lb. per acre in 1898. ‘he area in beaving will be con- siderably increased during the next two or three years. Correr.—This product is now almost # thing of the past. ‘he existing patches have beenall planted with tea, and when the present crop is picked, which isa good one, the most of the bashes will be cutout. JARDAMOMS.—These are being planted at the lower end of the district under grevilleas asa trial. Roaps.—The district cart road has been lately much improved by widening out some of the sharp corners, but a good deal inore has to be done in thia direction, and railway is badly wantedin many places. This Association has approached the Colonial Secretary en the subject. The permanent way has been kept in very fair order thronghout the year, but an insufficient supply of wetal has been laidon the last three miles from Amberst to St. Margarets to last for 12 miles, , Minor Roaps.—l’ was suggested to continue the cart road from the P. W.D. Bung:lowon Delmar to the Hospital, however Government preferred to widen the existing path and they have made very fair rond of it. With the exception of the Kandapola-Brook-sije portion which is ina dirgraceful state, all the minor roads in the district are iu fair order considering very little has been spent on them since this timelast year PostaL.—The Receiving Office at Ragalla has been so well supported that the district is still of the opinion that a Postand Telegraph Office should be established there and the P.M.G. has been asked to include the cost of this in his estimate for the current year, During the present year the Nawara Bliya Coach ng establishment has been running a coach daily each way from Ragaila to Ninnoya which has been a great convenience to the upper end of the district, but it has been of little use to the lower end owing to the fact that it leaves Ragalla at 6-15 a.m. and returns at 7 p.m, The P.M.G. was approached to give a mail subsidy to this coach, but the sum the proprietors asked was more than Government are prepared to give: however it is to be hoped some arrangement will be arrived at to obtain this end, Lieut Raltway.—Thisis egain under the consider- ation of Government and a Commission has been-ap- up and down traffic. “ Lazour.—Most estates haye been working short time for months on account of having too many coolies dnring the slack season and there will be quite sufficient for the busy months. Coast advances are being reduced considerably wherever large sums are outstanding. ; Lanour Frprnation.—Ont ofa total of 26 estates, 23 have joined aud it is to be hoped that the others will do soshortly. Influenza was at one time rather bad, but with the exception of this the health of the coolies bas been fair. ; PxLAcuE.—Sites for camps haye been chosen by the Medical Officer for the Estates and most Superin« tendents are prepared to carry out the Government. instructions if necessary, : ; Finances.—The funds are sufficient for all require. ments. ; AGRICULTURAL CHewist.—The estate selected ‘tor’ Mr. Kelway Bamber to yisit is St. Leonards. _ , PLANtERS’ BunevoLENt Funp.—This fund has not been so well supported as it might have been: however, | it is to be hoped that more subscriptions from the dise _ trict will be sentin during the next twelyemonths, Marcu 1, 1899.) THE TROPICAL PHOTOGRAPHS OF CEYLON PLANTS IN THE HAARLEM COLONIAL MUSEUM. The Indische Mercuur of 28 Jan. says ;— In the Colonial Museum at Haarlem are ex- hibited 151 photographic views from Hast India, which the Museum has received as a gift from the Society of Amateur Photographers established in Batavia. Beside this very interesting colles- tion, there are also to be seen 24 views from virious places in Neth. India, and last not least 51 photos of plants from. Ceylon. These last attracs especial attention by the photos being surprisingly fine, and the softuess of the plants and flowers being strikingly reproduced. The deserving Association in Batavia before- mentioned will perhaps find the opportunity, on reading this short notice, to try to equal the professional photographers established in Ceylon, who ‘‘take’ the flora so excellently in that de- partment. =e GROWING POPULARITY OF TEA IN FRANCE AND AMONG PARISIANS. DURING THE LAST TWELVE YEARS THE SALE OF THE BEVERAGE “THAT CHEERS BUT NOT INEBRLATES ” HAS TRIPLED IN THE FRENCH CAPITAL. How far the consumption of tea had entered into Parisian customs was the object of inter- views on the part of a H®RALD correspondent yesterday. “ Qur experience,” said a representative of the Compagnie Anglaise, place Vendome, is that the cunsumption of tea in Paris is on the increase, “With regard to our establishment, the increase in purchases by French customers is very marked, aud they have outstripped other nationalities in this respect.” On the other hand, the manager of the English Tea Conipany, rue Royale, said ; ‘‘ Parisians are becoming fonder of tea than in past years, but certainly not to the extent that is commonly be- heved. rom my experience in Paris, I should say that the mainstry of the tea trade is to be found in the Knelish, American and Swiss clien- tele. With these nationalities the taste is fixed, and the demand is steady, for atea drinking, as everyone knows, is not a fad or a question of fashion. On the contrary, tea is considered as part and parcel of the requirements of a home. — “As a means of making tea popular in Paris I think tea rooms haye been yery useful. French ladies hike to take a cup when shopping, and little by little the advantages of tea drinking have become known.” M. Kastor, of the Royalty House, rue Royale, said: ‘‘krench people ave using much more tea than formerly, and from my experience I am in a position tu say that within the last ten years its consumption has at least doubled in Payis. HOW THE TASTE HAS GROWN. *“The reason for this growing taste in French families no doubt takes its rise in making calls, AGRICULTURIST. 633 Formerly the sale of Spamish wines and ‘ sirops’ was much greater than if is now, and special pains were exercised to support such classes of wines as were particularly suitable to a lady’s palate. ‘‘In some way, however, the question was pro- nounced on by medical men, and the use of these wines and cordials was severely condemned. More than that, it was alleged that the quantity of aleohol contained in what appeared to be harm- Jess beverages was minuch greater than could be recommended. “Also, it was said that sweet, syrupy beverages produced disorders of the digestive organs. No one pretended that a glass of Malaga, for iustance, would be objectiouable. But, suppose in the course of an afternoon several glasses of wine or cordials or ‘ sirops’ were taken, then it is easy to see that the cease is different. Atall events, the decline infavor of these refreshments was contemporaneous with the increase of tea consumption, and tea-dealers attribute the increase in the sale of tea to this cause. “{ do not think the sympathies for Russia in connection with the alliance had anything to do with the importation into France of the Kussian custoin of drinking tea. Not that it proves my reasoning to be correct ; but it is interesting to note that so far as the sale of Russian samova:s is concerned in Paris, our coustoimers seem to re- gard them rather as ornaments than for practi- cal use. PARISIANS PREFER OVERLAND TEAS. ‘© Howeyer, the French taste is like the Russian in this respect, viz., that they prefer China tea to any other. When we speak of ‘ Huglish’ tea (in the trade), we refer to tea whicn comes from English colonies, such as India or Ceylon, or China tea brought by sea. *“ Now, French people do not, as a rule, care for these classes of tea, preferring that which is brought overland to Russia. So that in this res- pect French and Russian tastes are more or less identical. “Tam aware that much tea is imported into Russia by English houses, but I think no one could controvert the general statements that I have mace,” “Are these ‘caravan’ teas superior to China tea brought over by sea?” “They are commonly supposed to be, but I am not sure that the belief is well founded.” LITTLE GREEN TEA USED. ‘‘Js green tea used in Paris?” ‘““ Yes, but very lictle of it. Parisians never, so far as 1 am aware, use it. Ihave never sold nor heard of its being sold to French people. Russians, however, have a taste for it, and we keep green tea in stock for them.” At Colombin’s Tea Rooms, in the rue Cambon, the proprietor said: ‘‘ Speaking in connection with the Parisian trade alone, 1 am sure that Within the last twelve years the sale of tea has tripled. French ladies stop for a cup on their way home from shopping as a regular thing now. Cer- tainly as aretreshment tea has replaced ‘ sirops’ and liqueurs very largely. We always have the latter on hand, but they are not often asked for. “In the summer cold tea is used to some ex- tent but Varisians seem to prefer tea with milk and moderately strong. With their tea they ask for * woust,’ in twosyilables, tor the English word has crept into the French vocabulary, and also watlles and rusks,”"—New York Herald, Jan: 31, 634 A MOTH-DESTROYING PLANT. A plant is cultivated in New Zealand with great care and on a great scale, which has the singular property of destroying the moths that infest vege- tation. This valuable plantis the Awragia alb ns. It is a native of South Africa, but is easily ac- climated wherever there is no frost. It produces a large number of whitish flowers of an agreeable odour, which attracts insects. On asaummer even- ing may be seen bushes of Auragia covered with moths, which by the following morning have quite disappeared. ‘Ihe action of the flower is entirely mechanic]. The calyx is deep and the nectar is placed at its base. Attracted by the sight and powerful perfume of this nectar, the moth pene- tratesinto the calyx and pushes forward its pro- boscis to get the precious food, but before it is able todo this, it is seized between two solid jaws that guard the passage, and that keeps the insect a prisoner until it dies.—N. Z. Exchange.— Sydney Mail, Jan, 21. —-—_-___- —#> ——— --- THA PROSPECTS. To the Editor, “H & C Mail” Sin,—ln the “Scotsman” article the profits of twenty-five representative companies from 1897 are contrasted unfavourably with those of 1896, and I fear those from 1893 must again to some extent contrast unfavourably with 1897; and to enable satis- factory dividends to be pee for 1898, the withdrawals from ‘‘Reserves’’ wiil have to be on a still more liberal scale than those referred to. The concerns that will cone out as well for last season as they did for 1897 will be very few indeed, and confined chiefly to the favoured districts of Assam. I am entirely in accord as to the advantages for the future. (1) Extensions have had a check, (2) markets are expanding, and (3) it is to be hoped that in all directions unnecessary ‘expenses are to be strenuously kept down.” The evil of over-production m:y not prove so serious as is generally dreaded from the area statistics (probably overdrawn generally), because (1) the oldest tea will not yield so well as it should have done under different treatment, and more of it and other poor tea will be forced out of cultivation, and (2) though the yield from recent vast extensions must increase rapidly annually, the increase of crop will not be quite what is no doubt expected, owing to the Boil,and preparation of it not having been ail that coald be desired in all instances, and as is natural under all the circumstances, the areas are likely to have been over than under-estimated. The positioa of China as at least affecting foreign markets is problematical, but must not be left out . of account by any means in regard to the future. Tea proprietors have always had, and must be -epared for, ugs ard downs. The great danger is Test they be too much depressed by the latter. Still it can serye no good purpose to ignore the facts. No concern in a s.rong, sound position financially (that is, in available cash), with good, well-managed gardens has anyth’ng to fear, taking an average cf years.—1 am, sir, yours, SHAREHOLDER, H&§ C Mail, Feb.3 —____@e—_____ PLANTING NOTES, Goop NEWS FOR CONSUMERS OF KEROSINE Om.— Many good things in the way of inventions come from America. We had a call today from the Agent of a New York Oil Purifying Com- pany who is taking a patent ont in Ceylon for a preparation that, mixed with kerosine oil, will save 40 per cent in the consumption of the Jatter. This should be good news for shareholders and still more for planters with oil engines, Full particulars shortly in advertisements, THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. THe ACME Tra Cuest Co. is at present re- presented in Ceylon by Mr. H. J. Stuart Brown who, however, states that his Company while turning out 10,000 Acme boxes a month, are also going in for a light veneer box, soas to com- pete withthe lightest and cheapest in the market. Specimens are now in Colombo and are to be sent to some of the estates of Messrs. Lipton & Co., Finlay, Muir & Co. and Colombo Commer- cial Co., to be filled with tea, shipped to Eng- lana and tested. Mr. Brown is sanguine this will prove the most economical chest yet supplied to planters. Mr. Brown bas just come from Travan- core, He was previously through Sylhet, Cachar, and the Dooaars. THe TkeA Cror ESTIMATE FoR 1899 — is now put by the Planters’ Association at 126} million |b.; but of this, 14is put dewn for local cousumption, and only 93 million Jb. are counted for the United Kingdom or 3 millions less than was shipped thence in 1898, leaving 32 millions for rest of Europe, North America and Colonies ; and if Russia takes 10 million Jb., Australasia 16 millions and North America 4 inillions, there will only be half-a-million Ib. left for all other countries, against about 2} million lb, taken Jast year! This, of course, will not do; but it remains to be seen if Russia in- creases its orders for Ceylon by some fourfold those given in 1898.—We count the tea enveied Jast year for “ China” as really intended for the Pacific coast of America, s TrA COMPANIES.—The annual meetings of the Claremont, Kirkleesand Maha Uva Companies are reported elsewhere, and the Chairman at the latter (Mr. G. Hl. Alston) made some interesting re- inarks in proposing the adoption of Report and accounts. The Maha Uva shareholders get the satisfactory dividend of 6 per cent for the year ; while those of Kirklees got 4 per cent.— For other two Companies (Castlereagh and Yataderia) the reports of proceedings are to come to us on Monday; but we give the Directors’ Reports today and they show ample dividends. Castlereagh gives 4 in addition to 3 interim, making 7 per cent in all; while Yataderia makes the splendid return of 25 per cent dividend in all for the past year. CINCHONA BARK AND QUININE IN INDIA.— Ceylon is favoured just now with the present on a very briet visit of Major D. Prain, Indian Medical Service, successor to Sir George King, M.D,, as Superintendent of the Calcutta Botanie Gardens and Supervisor of the Government Cinchona Gar- dens. The policy of the Indian Government in disp»sing of ‘*pice-packets” of its locally manu- factured cinehona alkaloids throngh the post- offices. and kachcheris of Bengal and other Provinces has suczeeded so well of Jate years that there is some risk ofthe demand overtaking the production of bark! Major Prainin the course of an official visit to Madras—to the Nilgiris and Travancore—has been enquiring if bark conld be purchased from the planters and, crossing over from Tuticorin for two or three days in Ceylon, he has been propounding the same question to us here. He strongly advises Ceylon planters to use nob Hybrid but pure Officinalis seed for any nurseries they may form at this time. Major Prain hepes to run up to Peradeniya and we have pressed on him to take arnun to Hakgala, as the trip would shew him so much of our finest planting disiricts. We bespeak all due attention to this Anglo-Indian offi-ial, accomplished Scientist and worthy Scot, while in Ceylon, Ooh tae 9 - ly bd Marc# 1, 1899.] THE TROPICAL Sorrespondence peng ns fo the Ediiow- CACAO PREPARATION AND PRICES. Jan. 14, Dear Sir,—With reference to a letter signed ‘‘ Mis- eellaneous Planter’’ published recently in one of your issues, I wish to offer some remarks. [ think that he is mistaken in his statement that the way now adopted by many planters of washing the cacao aiter 15 or 39 hours’ fermentation is to add weight by preserving part of the mucilage, which it would do to only a very small extent. Itis then slightly dried and heaped again, so as to give it a secondary fer- mentation, for two days, and then thoroughly dried. This process has been adopted to obtain as bright a red colour and glossy and unsplit bean as possible which is the desideratum for the London market. It is my experience, however, that cacao treated iu the old way by four to five days’ contiaual ferment- ation which gives it, if a less prepossessing appear- ance, what I consider a far better and more decided taste of chocolate, obtains a lesser price in London. Why this is I am ata loss to understand as well as why the bleaching of cardamoms does add to their value, considering that the peel of the cacao as well as the capsules of the cardamom are nearly valueless. Thus even the raw products have to be “‘faked”’ and it is not the case that the Ceylon Cciollo, which forms still a portion of the production, has fallen to the level of cacaos of other countries, formerly Iss appreciated. The fermentation of cacao wants a scientific investi- gation to precise the best method, that is to say to determine tha reason why some breaks turnout with a delicate chocolate taste, while others treated ap- parently in the same way have not that taste. The continental cacao buyers seem to have another standard to go by for their appreciation of the value of that product: they give high prices for earthed cacaos as Caraquez and Puerto Cabellos, the latter generally 50 per cent more than the next best and the earth obtaining represents about 10 per cent of the weight. With many other cacao growers, Ihave little faith in the efficiency of the cure proposed by the crypto- gamist, Mr. Carruthers. lhe spores of the fungus are too “millionous”; they not only settle on and develop on cacao trees, but on many others and their growth is too rapid and often undetected. I think that the only efficient way is to paint over the trunk and the crown, some refuse oil mixed with pulverised sulphate of copper, taking care to cut out previously any part of the bark already attacked. In the case of the cacao tree particularly where the heroic cure of excision does such harm tv the patient, prevention is better than cure, Contrary to the experience of Mr. Carruthers who stated that he found no variety of cacao to be im- mune from the disease, I have a robust and hardy variety of trees which have been planted in 1886 and which never have been attacked, although surrounded by Criollos and Forasteros which have suffered severely. The pods oval and smooth are large and vary in colour from yellow to deep-red and the shell is thin. ‘The beans also are of large size and when fresh, their colour at the section varies from white to purple. These trees have different charactoristics leatage also from the other varieties. They have given for the last three years an average of 6% cwt. per acre, about half in October-December and half in April-June being planted 12 by 12 in stiff soil. When allowed to spread they cover a space of 20 ft. Since 1894 I have plinted a good many acres with the seeds of these trees and not one of the new trees which all have the same chracteristics has, to my knowledge, been attacked by the fungus, when it isadmitted by neighbours that fields of the AGRICULTURIST. 635 same age, planted from seed of robust Forasteroa obtained from Matale, have already suffered much. Tam thus justified in asserting that there is a variety which is notattacked. I have heard it stated that the replanting of Criollo fields with hardy varieties was generally suc- cessfulis to growth. This isnot my experience. I find that itis only exceptionally successful, even in good loamy soil which has not been exhausted and has been left fallow for several years. Hero again an agricultural chemist might discover the elements missing to render to the soil its lost fertility. I have tried to do this, but without success, with a chemical manure possessing a high percentage of phosphoric acid and potash. This however has given me sur- prising results being applied to full bearing trees, increasing the size of the pods and the crop by 40 per cent, having been applied four months before the blossoming season. I hope my letter may elicit the publication of the experience of other planters pro boro Theobroma cacao,—Yours truly, A. V. D.P. GREEN THA: THE STATE OF MARKET. Kandy, Jan. 27. Srr,—I enclose extract from a letter of Mr. Larkin to Mr. Mackenzie in reference to Green Tea ; alsosome newspaper cuttings forwarded by Mr. Larkin.—I am, sir, yours faithfully, A. PHILIP, Dear Mr, Mackenziz,—I have your valued favor on the 25th inst. to hand. I have just been showing those Ceylon Greens to the people in the Japan trade, and they all agree with me that they are exactly on the same lines as Japan tea, only they are finer than even the earliest pickings of Japan, as they are more astringent, drawing the same kind of liquor and having the same kind of smell and taste. We can thank our stars that, although these teas are similar to Japan, so far the Japanese have not been able to make a black tea, for the Japan blacks I have seen in the past have been most wretched. THE THE TEA MARKET. The future of this market seems tobe a little more hopeful owing to the great expansion of the demand in countries outside the United Kingdom. In the nine months ended September 30th last these outside mar- kets have cousumed over nine million pounds more than in the corresponding period of 1897, and the following figures show that the demand has been steadily increasing for some years past :— Ib Ib 1898 42,918,654 | 1895 25,002,230 1897 34,859.215 1894 20,925,631 1896 28,250,961 Fully one-half of the total for 1398 was shipped direct to these foreign markets from Calcutta and Solombo. Ceylon tex is most in favoar, the increase being about six million pounds as agninst less than two millions of Indian varieties. In addition to the increased forcig1 demand there has a!so beena larger home consumption, Last year, it will be remembered, there was a decrease in the latter, owing partly, it was said, to the engineers’ strike and partly to the efforts to push cocoa. This year the increase is well above the normal. For vari- ous reasons the Indian growers are expected to supply the United Kingdom with only about two million lb, more thay last year, while Ceylon only shows an increase of from 3 to4 million Ib. Stocks are, therefore, diminishing instead of increasing, as in past years, and a healthier tone prevails in the market. Some stress is laid upon the altered con- ditions of training which are expected to lead to an improvement in business later on. ‘The great diffi- culty in the tea-trade is that four-fifths of the Indian shipments are made in the six months from August to January. In those six months of 1897-8 the shipments exceeded the deliveries by about 34 million 636 THE TROPICAL lb. and this surplus stock had, of course, to be held by the market until supplies grew more mederate, The old firms had been accustomed to hold the smaller stocks of earlier days, but their resources had not rown with the expansion of the business, and in the Bae few years there has been a greater tendency to push the stock on the market when the conditions were unfavourable. Buyers, knowing the weak state of the market, did not come forward and took as little as possible in order to gain every advantage from forced sales. There is a limit to this state of affairs, and the creation of a number of joint-stock sellers cf tea is helping to improve matters. These large deal- ers with their numerouz shops find it advantageous to buy in considerable quantities and as direct from the growers as possible. Their resources enable them to carry their stocks for some time, and as their number increases the competition when prices are de- pressed tends to grow. So far this new order of things has not had much effect, but prices have improved a good deal of late and it is hoped that the development of competition among buyers may strengthen the market for Indian teas. Ceylon teas do not suffer from the same cause, except sympathetically, as the produce from the island comes in fairly regularly each month, and at no time do shipments exceed delivery to any great extent. TEA IN GERMANY. Stinsford, Veyangoda, Feb. 12. Dear Srr,--I append a literal translation of an article appearing in the ‘‘Chemnitzer Tageblatt” of the 16th Dec. 1898. Thinking it may prove of. interest to your readers.—I am, dear sir, yours truly, R. M. ECKERT. (Copy.) CONSUMPTION OF TEA, COCOA AND COFFEE IN GERMANY. While in former days the consumption of tea and cocoa in Germany, was limited to a small section of the population, it has with the advance of time, ex- tended to larger circles and today its consumption extends over a large area. Different is the case with coffee, which was long ago a wellknown drink in Germany and conld there- fore not have increased in the same proportion as tea andcocoa. Allthese three products are imported from foreign countries and the consumption can thns easily be authenticated by a reference to the Customs returus. . As to Tea,—Iu 1862, 741 tons were imported into Germany, whilst in 1897, 2,552 tons were im- ported. We have therefore during the last 30 years increased the imports by nearly three-fold. This continuous rise was only interrupted during the years 1879-80, owing to the increase of duty from 40 to100 marks per 100 kilograms, importers getting in as much stock as possible before the 7th July, 1879, the date when the new Tariff charges came into force, and which naturally resulted in a con- siderable decrease ofthe article during the follow- ing twelve months. The export of tea from Germany is naturally very small, in comparison with the quan- tity imported. In 1897 the total being only six tons! The maximum exported was in 1892 when a total ot twelve tons was reached. - Cocoa.—This article shows avery much larger in- crease than in the case of tea. In 1862 only 948 tons (cured and uncured) were imported, while in 1897 the total reached 15,473. An increase of sixteen-fold! The export was originally smull and during the last few years has ceased altogether, the consumption being entirely local. Cocoa has a special interest for Ger- mans, as of late yearsit has been largely cultivated in our German-African Colonies, whence the export to the mother-country, bas been steadily increased. The imports in 1893 being 26:3 tons as against 78°7 in 1897. Coffee.— With reference to the consumption of this product, our Custom House Returns show that the imports of raw and mixed coffee (excepting chicory) (Maron 11 were 76,979 tons in 1867, whilst during 1897 the total reached 136,395 tons. Coffee originally was lergely consumed, whilst tea and cacao were almost unknown articles. The former has however steadily iucreased though not in the proportion to the two latter articies.—the figures reading: coffee, under two folde, tea three folds, and coeva 16 fold. The export of raw coffee has considerably decreased in latter years, the maximum reached being 56 tons in 1888, whilst in 1897 only 14 tons were exported. The following table shows the imporis of coffee from our African Colonies : AGRICULTURIST. in 1889 51:0 tons 1892 1372 tons 1895 96 tons 1890 165°0__,, 1893 hy et 1896 460 ,, 1891 153°2 o 1894 2 os 18397 478 ,, In comparison with the import of the above articles, it will be seen, from the figures quoted below, that the consumption shows a steady iucrease, viz: TEA, COCOA, COFFERF, IN KILCGRAME. 1865 002 003 187 per head. 1876-80 0:03 0°05 2°33 7 1896 0.05 023 246 ”» 1897 0°05 0°27 2:53 ~ We therefore see, that during the Jest 36 years the consumption of tea, shows an increase of 2} fold, that of cocoa nine fold, whilst coffee with its fluctua- tions now shows an increase of 35 per cent. Cons‘der- ing that tea and coffee are supposed tob beneficial tc the health of the populace, 1f consumed in limited quantities only, as against cacoa with its nutritive properties its increased consumption must be en- conraging.—This article, in the future, will be of special interest, as it is largely cultivated in our own Colonies. FRUIT IMPORTED FROM VICTORIA. ~ Colombo, feb. 15. DrAR Srr,—In pursuance of our letter of December 27, re ‘‘ The danger of Insect pest being introduced into Ceylon by the importation of fruit from Australia,” we have pleasure in enclosing for your perusal (and publication if desirable) a letter received from the Hon. the Minister of Agriculture, Melbourne, in which he assures us that every care will he taken to allow of only good and sound fruit being exported trom the Colony of Victoria. ‘©The Exported Products Act ” referred to, is very stringent in the measures adopted for inspection and supervision of exports. We may add our Melbourne firm are specially careful in selecting only the best fruits for our trade in Ceylon.—We are, dear sir, yours faithfully, W. THOMPSON & Co. Melbourne, Jan, 3. Messrs. W. Thompson & Co., 6 York St., Colombo. Geutlemen,—I beg to acknowledge receipt of your comeunication of the 2nd inst., and to enclose for your information copies of the Vegetation Diseases Act and the Exported Products Act, which have re- cently haye been passed by the Legislature of this Colony, the former providing for effectively dealin, with fruit pests and discases in the orchard, &c., aba the latter for the examination for fruit and other perish- able products by Government Inspectois b+fore ship- ment, with power to reject such as may not a deemed satisfactory. These measures are being vigorously enforced and should afford gurantee to countries dealing in Victorian products that every effort is made to ensure that products exported from the Colony shall be in all respects sound and in good condition. a3 I also forward copies of the “Argus” and the ‘ Age,” newspapers of the 25th inst., containing re- fere:ces to your letter. I have the honour te be gentlemen.—Your obedient servant, : : J. W. TARVERNER, Minister of Agricu’tare,. Marcu 1, 1899.] THE TROPICAL DEALS WITH SEWAGE. Colombo, Feb. 20. Sim,—Tiie enclosed eutting from the Deily Mail of 13th January, ‘ A Problem Solved,’ has been sent to us by a public officer now in England, who still retains his interest ia Ceylon affairs, and is, I think, deserving of a prominent place in an early issue of the Observer, and the atten- tion of our Municipal Councillors. Will you give it publication and draw attention to it and oblige? —Yours faithfully, PROGRESS. [The system has already been described 1m our columns, but we quote the concluding portion of the extract before us :— The whole scheme is so simple that the inventor has had some difficulty in persuading some scientific men ofits merits. The Local Goverument Board has how- ever, HOW EXETER AFTER AN EXHAUS®IVE INQUIRY, sanctioned a loan for the treatment of the whole of the city’s sewage on the new principle, so that the official mind may be said to have been convinced. - Deputations from all parts of the kingdom, as well as from abroad, have visited the works, with a view to the adoption of the system in their towns; indee, so numerous has this class of visitors been that the path leading io the meadow in which the works are situated has been ehristened ‘‘ Deputation Walk.’’ Haying been in constant and successful operation for over two years, the system is to be regarded as having passed the experimental stage, and as being a serious factor in the administrative economy of com- munities, large or small. Of course the method has been patented, but author- ities are likely to look upon tne paymeut of a royalty as a highly sutisfactory methcd of getting rid of the nightmare of sewage treatment. No doubt Mr. W. £. Davidson has brought back the very iatest reports on the subject.—ED, 7.4. ] WHITE-ANTS V. BIRDS’ NESTS SOUP. Drar Srr,—No doubt many of your readers are aware that white-ants (Z'ermizées) in the grub state, especially the large and adipose ** queen,” are. still considered somewhat of adelicacy by Tamil coolies. Apparently, however, they are not in such favour now as they have been in former times, when, land being not so much cultivated as it is now, white- ants were encouraged to multiply, their ‘‘nests” being, it seems, often given as marriage dowries, and looked upon as valuable property. Different tribes of Africa, Asia and Australia have each their own particular insect-delicacy, but the white-ant is invariably held in the highest esteem with all. That these winged creatures, when properly cooked, have a relish which is all their own, is evilent from the fact that European Missionaries and bushmen have been known not only to partake of them, but actually to regard them as a delightful treat. Dr. Livingstone, while once taking a meal on the banks of the Zonga, was visited by an intelligent native chief, who was offered some preserved apricots. Asked as to whether there was anything in his country that would equal that, he said, ‘‘ Ah! did you ever taste white-ants? Well, if youhad, you never could have desired to eat anything better.” The best time to collect white ants, according to an Australian paper, is in ** the swarming season, when they are about half an inch long, as thick as a crowquill, and very fat.” Then they are said to make a pleasant dish when nicely roasted, resembling grains of rice. There seems to me no reason why this apparently dainty and historic dish should not find more favour in Ceylon, especially with globe-trotters who go to China and Japan for a feast of slimy birds’ nests in the torm of a soup.—Yours faithfully, E, 80 AGRICULTURIST. €37 CEYLON CUCKOO AND JUNGLE CROW. 13 Bentota, Feb. 18, _Drar Sir,—Can any of your numerous ite give information relating to that most extra- ordinary bird, the Ceylon Cuckoo (Koha of the Se halese), TI distinctly heard one this morning quite close to the bungalow and thought it most un- usual. Are they not migratory ? “T was under the impression that they visit us about April and depart again in September; but the natives hiere tell me they are here all the year round, but are silent during the time of their laying and while other birds are hatching their eges. Can cole this be a fact? They also say that the reason why some are speckled is owing to the ash-dove hatcl}- ing the eggs, This cannot possibly be; for [ ‘once shot a pair of which the cock bird was speckled and hen jet black : the two could not have been hatched in two different nests. Another query: do the jungle crows (Atikukula in Sinhalese) build nests? I never came across one or heard of one in all my wanderings in the upeountr as well as the loweountry.—Yours faithfully, ae INQUIRER. [The Koha or Indian Plaistive Cuckoo (Cucu- lus Passerinus) is, we learn from Captain Vin- cent Legge’s Book on Ceylon Birds, migratory but it does not make its appearance at the same time all over Ceylon. In Trincomalee it has been known to appear in October, in the Aripu aistrict in January; in the Galle District and Western Province in December In these latter districts it does not appear in creat nuinbers: it is a lover of a dry climate. "The Plaintive Cuckoo does not lay much claim to such a title in Ceylon, as it here is one of the most silent of birds: its notes are sup- posed to be chiefly uttered in the breeding seneon It frequents open scrubby lands or plains dotted with jungle; when disturbed it flies from one low bush to the other; it moves abont much in the early morning and evening g. It lays its egys in’ the nests of Wren-War Jers, the Yellow-eyed Babbler and the Gana Shrike. Miss Cockburn is said to be the. onl Pelee who has identified its eggs, which are a bub sparsely. hue, blotched and spotted boldly _ The Carrion or Jungle Crow (Corvus i is described by Legge as builline Tauren fork of atop bough or at the bases of coconut fronds entirely concealed from sight below. It is a large structure of sticks and twigs lined with fine roots, hair or wool; the nest is often ver straggling, but is on the whole very little Tarsee than that of the Corvas splendens.—Ep, T.A,] ; SS GOVERNMENT QUININE SALES.—The Italian Government made quite a stir recently by pro 108- ing to monopolise the sale of quinine the fans as it does tobacco, matches, salt, &¢. The bill read as follows: For public and hygienic reasons the Minister of Finance is empowered to furnish to the general public sulphate of quinine by means of the vendors of dutiable articles. The sulphate of quining shall be supplied to the vendors in hermetically sealed glass tubes, each containine one gramme. Upon each tube shall be placed a stamp of the value of 10 centimes (two cents), which shall be the selling price of the tube. Vigorous action by prominent pharmacists in the leading cities have stopped the matter for the time at least.—Pract. Druggist. 638 THE TROPICAL THE THA TRADE IN THE FAR EAST. Weare just nearing the opening of a new Tea Season in China, so that the total exports for 1898.9 as compared with those of the previous year are interesting. Tere they are :— EXPORT OF THA FROM CHINA TO UNITED KINGDOM AND CONTINENT: 1898-99. 1897 98. lb. lb. Honkow and Shanghai 13,478,766 13,868,361 Foochow «+ 13,200,549 12,622,570 Amoy 688,318 685,651 Canton «« 4,443,760 5,455,162 31,811,393 32,631,744 EXPORT OF TEA FROM CHINA TO UNITED STATES AND CANADA. 1893-99. 1897-98. Ib. Ib. Shanghai 15,661,674 20,228.971 Amoy 12,034,647 14,522,772 Foochow «+ 7,297,412 7,126,264 34,990,733 41,878,007 EXPORT OF TEA FROM JAPAN TO UNITED STATES AND CANADA. 1898 99. 1897-98. ib. Ib. Yokohema « 24,964,397 25,670,893 Kobe -. 12,166,816 24,475,448 7,131,213 50,146,341 EXPORT OF THA FROM CHINA TO ODESSA. 1898-99. 1897-98. Ib. Ib. Shanghai and Hankow 22,691,075 19,462,293 The slight falling-off to Europe is not of much account ; but to North America China tea is less by very nearly 7 inillion Ib. Still more notable is the falling-off of 13 nuallion Ib. in the export cf Japan teas to North America ; but we do not see any figures given fortea ex- ports from Furmosa now belonging to Japan, and the Oolongs of which generally go to America. Finally Russia has taken via Odessa 3} millions more of China tea this season than in Jast. THE ONE REMEDY FoR AGRICULTURE.—Sir Edmond Verney declares—in the Contemporary Review that ‘‘until agrieuitnre is reyarded as a scientific profession, agricultural depression will . always be wito us.” His contribution is all but entirely made up of a letter from a former far- mer who tells how he made his tarm to pay by brains, resolution, discipline, quickness, and scieuce. This correspondent’s suggestion is :— Hivery county where agriculture predominates onght to have one mixed farm set apart asa training-farm for young fellows about to embark their cash in farm- ing; let the staff for teaching be, say roughly, a general manager and secretary combined, a farm bailiff, and a scientist, these men to be the sma)test and most effivient obtainable. and the junior staff the same. Why, with a big cld-fashioned farm-house and buildings, the whole thing could be iigged up and started at very modezate cost. Herethe pupil would heve ocular demonstration of smart and record work, aud such a drilling as he would never forget. In every branch he would be prepared to meet the rapid and rushing competition of the age. There would be the library fully stocked and kept replete wich allagri- — culinral literature up todate . . . Such an insti- tution, in my mind, ought to be beacon-light, a “yallying-point ” for the agriculturists of the county, KANAPEDIWATTE TEA COMPANY. The CHAIRMAN laid the Directors’ annual for 1898 upon the table, and proposed to take it as read, It reads:— Directors:—T N Christie, Eeq., George Christie Eeq. end W B Kingebury, ‘eq. ar : The Directors have pleasure in laying before the Shareholders their Report and Accounts for the year ended 3lst December, 1898. The amount of Tea secured on Estate account was 142,267 pounds, an increase over the previous year of 20,172 pounds but 2,733 pounds short of the Estimate, which, considering how unfavourable the weather was, may be considered highly satisfactory. The cost laid down in Colombo was cents 2052 as against cents 23-08 for the previous year. A further quantity of 20,330 Ib. tea was made from bought leaf, being, 7,623 lb, more than was secured the previous season. The total crop of 172,597 lb. cost in Colombo cents 23°11 per Ib. and realised a nett average price of cents 32°71 as sgainst cents 34°38 in 1897. The nett profits for the year amount to R40,667-99 to which must be added H1.16325 brought forward from lasteeason. Of this sum R13,369°00 was absorbed by the payment of an Interim dividend of 4 per cent for the 6 months ended 30ch June Jast, and the Directors now recommend that a final dividend of 5 per cent be paid, making 9 per cent for the year that R11,000:00 be placed to the Reserve Fund, thus bringing it up to R15.00000, and that the balance of R77124 be carried forward to the next Account. The Nett earnings for the year are equal to over 12 per cent on the paid up Capital of the Company as against nearly 11 pec cent in 1897. In terms of the Articles of Association Mr. WB Kiogsbury retires from the Board of Directors, but, being eligible, cffers himself for re-election, The appointment of an Auditor for Season 1899 will also rest with the Meeting. _——___»>______ TRUSTS IN AMERICA.—The industrial monopoly known as a Tiust is only some dozen years old in the United States,—says the Spectator—yet it already controls about one-half of the industrial capital ot the Republic ; and as things are now going, it bids fair to control three-fourths before the century has expired. With the present re- vival of American industry from the great de- pression which began in 1893, an enormous ex - sion of ‘Trusts is a!so taking place. In one ¥, we read, no fewer than seven of these colossal undertakings were organised, with aggregated capitals reaching into the hundreds of millions of dollars. Among the industries thus closed to outside competition were sewer-pipes, silverware, writing paper, pottery, wire, lead, and tinplate. The capital of the first is pnt at 30,(00,000 dullars, and of the last at 50,090,0U0. This tinplate mono- poly is absolute, 92 per cent. of the manufacturers Joining at the start, and the remaining§ per cent. coming in soon after, At the present time, in addition to the Trusts mentioned, petroleum oil, sugar, cotton-seed oi], whisky, steel rails, and other commodities prodneed on a great scale are all in the hands of Trusts. Even such a prime necessiry of life as meat is controlled by the ‘big four” of Chicago,— i. ¢., four huge firms which control the immense stockyards of that city, and which actually fix the retail price of meat in Boston. It isno wonder that the attention of the American people is riveted on this stupendous | capitalist development, that manifest anxiety pre- vails, and that Mr. Bryan is preparing to fight the Presidential election of 1,900 on the Trust. questien, 1 Marcu i, 1899.) THE TROPICAI NATAL TEA AT AN EXHIBITION. Mr. Henry Atkins, South African representative of the Nectar Tea Company, writes to the Cape Times that a great injustice has been done to the brand of “Nectar” tea, the tea-drinking community cf South, Africa, and myself. The Judging Committee of the Grahamstown Hxhibition appointed to act as expert judge of the teas competing, Mr. Hindson, a Natal tea grower who [Not for competition—Ep. N.W.] hasan exhibit of his teas at the above exhibition. After care- ful examination of the competing teas he gave “Nectar” the first prize, thereby entitling the brand tothe gold medal. This decision, it appears, was not satisfactory to Mr. Douglas, chairman of the Judging Committee. I thoroughly appreciate that gentleman’s knowledge of the relative merits of a Kerry or Friesland cow, but cannot conceive that his know- ledge of expert tea-tasting entitled him to set aside the most careful judgment and opinion of the very expert he and his colleagues had chosen. In order to further satisfy his own opinion upon the matter, Mr. Donglass, without intimating his intention to his fellow jurors or to Mr. Windson, invited Mr. Bushby, of the Natal Court, to give his opinion as to the relative qualities of the texs. Mr. Bushby, after careful ex- amination, fully concurred with Mr. Hindson’s judg- ment. A third person was called in, who, I under- stand, walked into the judging room smoking a cigar, an act that would be considered an outrage on all tea- tasting laws. This gentleman has placed ‘* Nectar” second. Iclaim the gold medal, and refuse to accept anv other. The following is Mr. Hindson’s statement to Mr. Atkins :— January 16th. Judged teas very carefully. Awarded “ Nectar’ Ist ; ‘‘ Ceylindo,” 2nd; ‘‘ United Kingdom,” 8rd. Subsequent action jurors outrageous, I declined to sendin report, and withdrew.—Chemist and Drug- gist. Res ee COFFEE MOVEMENT IN _ 1898. The year 1898 is one of exceptional interest so far as coffee is concerned, the record showing that the roduction of coffee, stimulated by years of high prices faa far oustripped the consumptive requirements of the world, and that such condition is likely to continue for several years. The world’s visible supply began to increase in 1896, and from July of that year in tose from 2,588,193 bags to 7,128,800 bags on Novem- ber 1, 1898, declining since to 6,600,763 bags on Jan- tary 1, 1899. This large supply is about one-half the world’s average production for the last two years, and is a bulwark against any “bull” movement until there is a partial failure in supply. Of the 5,825,163 bags delivered in the United States there were 4,643,672 bags cf Brazil and 1,181,491 bags of all other sorts, so that Kio and Santos coffee con- stituted 797 per cent. of the total supply. The total receipts at Rio and Santos in 1898 were 8,895,000 bags, against 10,039,000 bags in 1897. It is claimed that planters have been holding back coffee and that the crops of Rioand Santos in 1899-1900 will furnish 10,000,000 bags. The outlook for Java coffee is more favorable for the next than the present crop, the present estimate for next year being 260,000 piculs Government and 350,000 piculs private coffee. The extension of the industry in Mexico, Central America, and Venezuela has gone forward and supplies from those countries have been increasing, and are likely to for several years to come. Altogether, it is certain that the world’s supply is largely enough in excess of its requirements to keep prices low; and as they are now on pe basis of coat commensurate with the relations of supply to demand, it is reasonably safe to carry heavy stocks.— American Grocer, AGRICULTURIST. 639 JAVA QUININE. In the article on Java quinine in our last issue we mentioned that most of the London deliveries have been reshipped to New York. This is a very common rumour, but Messrs Brookes & Green, 21 Mincing Lane, E.U., through whose hands all the Java quinine passes, assure us that it is quite groundless, and, as a matter of fact, not five per cent of the parcels landed in London have been reshipped. It is taken by English buyers for Knglish consumption.—Crenist and Druggist tor February. a NATAL TEA Is providing the colony with new outlets for energy and capital. It is about fifteen years since tea-planting was started in Natal, Mr W_ RK Hindson, of the Clifton Tea Estate, being one of the pioneers. The twenty-five acres he commenced with have grown to over 690 acres. Hindoos and their families are the workers employed, the Kaffri having proved to be too dear and too lazy. The picking season in Natal commences generally. early in September, and goes on till about the end of the following May. The months of June, July and August are taken up with digging and manuring the land and pruning the plants. The tea is picked by the coolies, mule-carts in different gangs collecting the leaf. Last year's ontput of tea froin the estates was estimated at from 300,000 to 400,000 pounds, for which there is a ready market ; and as there are other estates which bring up the total under tea-cnlture to between 2,500 to 3,000 acres, the year’s output of tea may be put down at 1,000,000 Ib at least. The industry is a growing one. Incidently it may be mentioned that although coffee was, as in Ceylon, a failure, it is still grown in Natal, and sois the arrowroot plant to a slight extent.—Natal Mercury. 3 [Our correspondentsends us samples of the Natal tea, which we have tried. The flavourisgood, but the teas give a poor liquor with London water, and would only be good herefor blending-purposes. The leat is made the average in size.—Ep. C. & Dz) o> - —_—_ --—_ Tne TeA Crop EstiMate.—Very curiously the deductions from the telegraphie news recently made by the local ‘‘ Times” and ourselves were both wrong ; though in different ways. We gathered that the total crop was estimated at 125 millions including (instead of ‘apart from’) 14 million Ib. for local consumption; while our contemporary put the total estimate correctly at 1264 million Ib. ; but wrongly inferred that all this was avail- able for export. Here is how the Association Committee put the matter :— Total crop ie we Local Consumption » Lb. 126,500,000 1,500,000 125,000,000 93,000,000 Probable shipments to U.K, he ; 32,000,000 Then we divide this somewhat as follows :— Australasia 16,090,000 Russia ace (?) 10,000,000 North America direct (in- cluding via China) «» 4,000,000 Other countries... 2,000,000 82. 000.000 But ‘ Other Countries ” should require 3 (if not 4) million lb, : the only question is, will Russia go in for 10 million Ib. of Ceylon tea in 1899 against 2,714,(00 lb. in 1898. This increase is, perhaps, too much to expect in one year, 640 THE TROPICAL THE EXPORTS OF DESICCATED COCONUTS. Our attention has been called to a curious mistake in the alle and comprehensive Annual Report of the Planters’ Association, which was adopted at the meeting the other day, When reading the paragraph, it struck us that the alleged decrease in the exports of desiccated coconuts last year, did not correspond with our own im- pression, and with our annual review of our exports. On turning to the official table, we find that so far from the quantity exported being nearly a million lb. less than in 1897, last year shows an increase of 986,082 lb. !—the figures being 13,040,534 tor 1898, and 12,054,452 for the previous year, according to the Chamber of Con merce, ———-—_ > OUR JUNGLE “NILLU” PLANTS, Mr. Thomas Farr, writing from North Cove, Bogawantalawa, on Feb. 18th, says :—‘ I noticed in your January number of the Zropical Agricul- turtst a repetition of one of the numerous ‘popular errors’ of Ceylon, viz., a reference to the septennial flowering of the ‘Nillu.’ Now I have seen the Nillu flower in different ‘ Nillu districts’ many times—in 1870, 1882, and 1894 all in the same Nillu district ; in 1875, 1887, and 1899 all in the same Nillu district. There are other flowerings, too, in other ‘districts’ and so far as an experience of 29 years goes, the interval be- tween each flowering in each ‘district’ is 12 years and not seven. I write of an elevation exceeding 4,000 feet.’”—From Tennent we quote the follow- ing interesting reference, on which no doubt the popular idea is based, as to the ‘* Nillu” flower- ing in five, seven or nine years :— “There are said to be fourteen species of the Nilloo (Strobilanthes) in Ceylon. They form a com- plete undergrowth in the forest five or six feet in height, and sometimes extending for miles. When in bloom, their red and blue flowers are a singularly beautiful feature in the landscape, and are eagerly searched by the honey bees. Some species are said to flower only once in five, seven or nine years; and after ripening their seed they die. This is one reason assigned for the sudden appearance of the rats, as invading the coffee estates, when deprived of their ordinary food by the decay of the nilloo. It has been observed that the jungle fowl, after feeding on the nilloo, have their eyes so affected by it, as to be artially blinded, and permit themselves to be taken Be the hand. Are the seeds of this plant narcotic like some of the Solanacew? or do they cause dilation of the pupil, like those of the Atropa Belladonna?” What has the Director of Botanie Gardens or any of his experienced lieutenants to say on the subject? We must refer to Dr. Trimen’s latest volume which is not at hand as we write. Never before in our 37 years in Ceylon have we been so struck with -the variety of colouring in the ‘‘Nillw’ fiowers in the jungles around Nuwara Eliya as in the present season; but we have never taken any note of the intervals between the flowering seasons for any particular locality as Mr. Farr has been able todo. We wish there were colonists in every district of the island of Mr. Farr’s stamp, ready to make and note observations on matters of scientific and general interest, oceurting around them, ~~ es es . ria AGRICULTURIST. a0 a [Marcu 1, Since writing the above we lave been able to refer to Dr. Trimen’s‘‘Flora,” and we quote what he says below: we had no idea when we made the preceding remarks on Mr. Farr’s letter, that he was referred to as so good an authority by the late Dr. Trimen himself :— “One of the largest genera in our flora, and of re- markable interest. All the species but three appear to be endemic, but they cannot besaid to have been exhaustively compared with those of the 8. Indian Hills, and we may probably have other species here yet undetermined from not having been met with in flower. Many of the species which grow in the upper montane zone ave remarkable for their grega- rious occurrence in vast abundance and over large areas. The principal ones, especially common, and together or separately forming unbroken sheets of nodergrowth in the forests, are S. vigcosus, aspervimus, calycinus, and sexennis, to which may be added less commonly 4S. Walkeri, anceps, Arnottianus, vestitus, Hookeri, laxus, pulcherrimus, and afewothers. These live for several years withont flowering, growing close together with straight erect stems, which in some reach a height of 8-10 ft., are quite woody, and several inches in diameter. A few flowers may here and there be found every year, but it is not until the plants reach a certain age, apparently usually from 10-13 years, that the whole patch or area bursts into simultaneous blossoming. These patches or districts are often of great extent, and the boundaries between those of different »ges are very conspicuons, being as distinct as if artificially sown.* After this general and profuse flowering the whole patch begins to wither and ripen the seed—a process which takes several months or even a year (whence ripe seed is rarely found in herbarivms), and then dies down. There is probably a patch to be found flowering somewhere in the mountaius every year. The wood is hard but brittle, with a large pith, and makes very good fuel and the flowers are often beautiful. The name ‘Nelu' is applied to the whole genus, and, indeed, is extended to include Acanthacew generally.” Tennent must stand corrected hy the more authentic information thus made available. MINOR PRODUCTS REPORT. AnnaTIo Seeps.—Good bright East Indian were bought in at 8d to 4d per lb. and for a bag of first class sea-damaged 23d was paid. Coca Leaves —Broken Huanuco leaves sold with- Without reserve at 5d per lb, anid for the best lot of another parcel 73d was bid and refused, Croron Seep slightly dearer, good medium Ceylon selling at 71s to 72s, and infeiiorat 56s, stbject; for a parcel of fair Japanese 57s 6d per cwt was bid and refused, the lot being bought in at 75s per cwt. Ou CrrroneLta.—In auction a parcel of 3 drums sold withont reserve and with all faults at 44d per lb, Privately business has been done in drums at 103d to 11d per 1b, c.i.f., for January-April shipment. Tins are quoted at 1s O}d on the spot. Lemoneriss Ort—In auction good quality was bought in at 3d per oz. VANILLA.— Quiet, with no buyers in auction, and for what few tins sold unchanged rates were paid. The following were among the prices paid :— Bourbon.—Common and part monldy, 4 to 44 inch, 17s was bid, and for 54to 6 inch, 16s 6d per Ib. Tahiti were ali boughtin. - Seychelles.—Good chocolates 74 to 83 inch, were limited at 27s per lb, and for 7 to 74 inch (good bold). 21s was paid; 6 to 64 in, 19s 6a. Ceylon (poorand mouldy) did not sell—Chemist and Diuggist. I ee a *fam indebted for much information about the Nelus to Mr. 'T. Farr, of North Cave Estate, Boga- wantalawa, who, during a long residence in this high mountain region, has paid much attention to the natural features of the country. Drpihtil. Marcu 1, 1899.] THE TROPICAL THE CEYLON FOREST DEPARTMEN?. (Extracts from Commissiows Report. ) It hasbeen determined that the Forest Adminis- tration of the Island shall be divided into two paris: (a) General and (b) Provincial. The contrcl of the General Administration is vested in tte Conservator of Forests, while the management of the Provincial Administration is vested in the Government Agents in their respec- tive Provinces. All reserved forests are intended to be included in the General Administration, with the exception only of the reserved forests of the Western and Sabaragamuwa Provinces, which will, for the pre- sent at all events, remain under the control of the Government Agents of these Provinces. For the purposes of the General Administration the Island bas been divided into six sections de- nominated: (1) Northern Cirele, (2) North-Eastern Circle, (3) North-Western Circle, (4) Hastern Circle, (5) South-Eastern Circle, and (6) Hill Reserves. The extent and boundaries of these divisions are shown in the accompanying map. It will be seen that their houndaries do not coincide in all cases with the boundaries of Provinces. Tiach of these divisions has been placed under the management of an Assistant Conservator, who is directly responsible to the Conservator. The remaining tracts of forests land distributed throughout the Provinces constitute the areas to come within the ‘ Provincial’? Administration of the Government Agents. In the Western Province, in the Province of Sabaragamuwa, and in the Galle and Matara Districts of the Southern Province the administration of the Government Agents includes within ite scope the forests already reserved and the forests which may have to be reserved. When the detached areas in these three Provinces have been surveyed and proclaimed, it is contemplated that the areas finally determined as ‘‘ reserved” wiil be trans- ferred to the General Administration ; th:t is, placed under the control and management of the Conservator and his staff. In the Provinces it is understood that, while the areas as defined by Mr. Fisher are accepted as a basis of administration, the boundaries may be varied hereafter according to circumstances, the Conservator handing over to the Government Agents such portions as may be suited for cultiva- tion and are not required to be reserved for climatic or other purposes, and the Government Agents on their part transferring to the Conservator any por- tions of the areas now placed in their charge that may subsequently be found to be required as re- servations, The Committee do not view with any particular degree of favour the creation of village forests, but if it be determined tocreateand to maintain village forests they should be under the control of the Goy- ernment Agents, should be placed in charge of the village headmen, and all preduce taken therefrom should be paid for according toa scale to be fixed by the Government Agent, the proceeds being paid over to Gansabhawa Funds to be employed, if necessary, for the protection of these forests. In the event of aby improper use being madeof village forests, such, for instance, as chena cultivation, the forests should be xesumed by the Crown. In order that these village forests may be protected from encroachment they should be surveyed. STAFF. The Committee have considered carefully the ques- tion of the staff requisite to carry out these proposals, and accept with some additions and modifications the staff agreed on between Mr TJvisher and the Govern- ment Agents. ‘The staff will be divided into (a) Superior or Controlling, (b) Executive and _ protee- tive, and (c) Clerical. A re-classification and re- arrangement of salaries onan incremental scale is recommended for the Superior Staff. The scheme submitted is reasonable, and, while calculated to give satisfaction to the officers of the Department, is economical, ' AGRICULTURIST, 641 SUPERIOR STAFF. For the Superior cr Controlling Staff we reeommend— 1 Conservator at dc ars 12,000 1 Assistant Conservator at 6,000 to 7,000 1 Do. do. cits 5,000 to 6,000 2 Da. do 4,500 to 5,000 2 Do. do 4,060 to 4,000 1 Do, do 3 500 1 Do. do 3,600 the maximum cost being R50,500, against R59.000 now The ex- by the Committee to be requisite and we advise that the three Foresters, Messrs. Huddleston, Ferguson, and Hansard, be removed from the Department and, if possible, transferred to other employment. Mr. Ferguson’s services, we are disposed to think, could be profitably utilized inthe Irrigation Department as a Superintendent of Village Tanks, and Messrs. Huddles- ton and Hansard might be retired with the gratuity to which their lengti of service entitles them. When the senior Assistant Conservator, Captain AM Walker, retires next year, the Committee re- commend that the other Assistant Conservators should be advanced a step in the order in which they are shown in the Appendix. If this be done, there will be 1 yacancy for a junior Assistant Con- servator, the officer whom Mr. Fisher calls a super- numeraty, and this should be filled. in our opinion, by the appointment of a scien'ifically trained man, perferably by a man trained in Forestry at Cooper's Hill. The Committee attach importance to the Assist- ant Conservators in Circles and Provinces being granted a horse allowance and being required to keep a horse. At present the keeping of a horse is left optional with these officers, such as keep horses being granted the allowance. 4 The Committee do not think that the appoint- ment of an Office Assistant is at present necessary, and recommend that tke post of Superintendent of the Central Timber Depot be maintained on its present footing. For the Executive Staff Myr. Fisher proposes Rangers and Guards. The Establishment would consist of 34 officers. SAVING ON ESTIMATES. The following table shows the estimated total cost of the Establishment advocated by the Committee as compared with the provision considered to be neces- sary atthe present time :— New Scheme. Estimates of 1898, Rs. Rs, Superior Staff .. 48.500 OK 59,000 Executive Staff .. 22,500 re 26.120 Protective Staff... 5,612 ae 0,270 Clerical Staff . 11.089 “re 11,613 Peons - _ 2,100 ds 2,850 89,990 105,853 Add for travelling expenses, &c... 27,000 On 34,315 - 116,990 140,168 an eventual saving, as compared with the provision in the Estimates of 1898, of R23,178. In preparing this table the Committee have taken the average rates of salary payable to officers on incremental scales, and have excluded all personal allowances of a temporary character. RAILWAY SUPPLIES. We find that the complaint of the Railway Depart- mert as to inconvenience and cost of firewood is not exaggerated, but we have obtained no evidence of the Railway being able to obtain better or cheaper supplies elsewhere; on the contrary, we find that the private parties from whom they have hitherto ob- tained a part of their wood fuel are unable to sipply for next year a quantity equal to what they have hitherto, and we are satisfied that, where the Porest Department to cease to supply, the cost of 642 such firewood as might be procurable from private sources would be largely increased. We find, tco, that while the cost and inconvenience of collecting and transporting firewood are great, they are not greater than, if so great as, the cost and inconvenience of transporting coal for a like purpose. The only other direction in which the Railway Department is interested in the operations of the For- est Department is in connection with the supply of ‘sleepers. The Railway Department takes annually some 20,000 sleepers, which are mostly of imported Norwegian creosoted pine or Anstralian hardwood. Just now a consignment of some 25,000 Karri sleepers from Western Australia is being landed. Of Ceylon- grown wood only some 2,0U0 sleepers are supplied annually, the woods preferred being milly and nedun. At present nedun sleepers from Sabaragamnwa forests are being delivered at Hatton station at R4 each, a price that is said by the Assistant Conservator under whose direction the order is being executed to pay. This price compares favourably with the cost of impor- ted sleepers, the creosoted pine sleepers costing K4.23 each and the Karri sleepers R573 each delivered at the Colombo Terminus. Tne General Manager has inti- mated his willingness to take his entire supply from the Forest Department, if the Department can give him what he wants and at the price now being paid. But the supply is limited, and sleepers of the required quality can be supplied at this price only when the conditions as to felling, &c., are exceptionally favour- able. A development of this branch of the Department's operations cannot therefore be looked for. For the Northern Railway Extension it may be found practicable to supply a certain proportion of the sleepers required of palu, kumbuk, and satinwood, and possibly some even of milla but the question of price will have to be a subject for considerati of the general belief that Soconusco is not an ideally suitable place for the cultivation of the berry. Its altitude is from 850 nictres to 900 metres, and we believe that it is ap un- deniable fact that the bearing per tree is larger in the cantons of the same State, Huatusco and Coatepec, lying respectively at 1,300 metres and 1,200 metres altitude. The buik cf each tree is larger in these lasu cantons, and they are obliged to plant them at a wider distance from each other. Orizuba, at 14 miles from Cordoba and 1,200 metres altitude, enjoys the very climate fit for coffee, and would be more advanta- gceous than its neighboar district if the strong soathern winds which blow «ut the very time of the blooming of the trec, carrying away the flower, had not up to now constituted a very serious check to the develop- ment of the industry. The harm, perhaps, might be averted by the planting of trees of thick foliage in a convenient position, 644 The figures for the output of the fiscal year 1897-98 show a substantial advance on those of 1896-97. Whe exports were 288,593 cwt. as againss 251,826 cwt. Among the States the largest prooucer was Vera Cruz, with 106,484 cwt., and among the districts, Cordoba with 40,944 ewt. The figures given above are official; bnt in view of the extensive smuggling which goes on from Soconusco into Guatemala, they cannot be held to be quite accurate. The high price which coffee commands at intervals has, of course, not been without its effect upon the valne of coffee lands in Mexico. At Cordoba they are often worth $48 an acre. Very similar prices rale in Coatepec and little in- ferior in Huatuseo. In Oaxaca, in the good districts, the price is about $24 anacre. Itis not improbable, however, thatin view of the low price for the berry which now rules we shall shortly witness a consider- able diminution in the number of Mexican plntations and a corresponding fallin the value of land. The present price offers no margin to planters worth talking about. Itis plain, therefore, that pluntations will be abandoned and the crop reduced until prices rise again. It will be remembered that fifteen years ago, under very similar circumstances, an extensive area went out of cultivation. Althongh Brazil practically rules the market, it is, we believe, a fact that Mexican coffee is much more appreciated than Brazilian. A Mexican authority is responsible for the statement that the lowest class of the Mexican article commands $2-50 per ewt. more than the lowest class of Brazilian.—/H. and C. Mail. —_—____—___ BALLADS OF THE BROKERS, THE COMING OF THE BALE. [On Wednesday, during the inspection of drugs at Crutched Friars warehouse, a solitary bale of Rio ipecac., marked K. & I., and of direct import, was de- livered. This was the total shipment. | There was fever heat in Mincing Lane, And rage in Crutched Friars, ; The Brokers sulked, and to sell were fain, But broadly smiled the buyers ; } For the news had spread that the longed-for shi From Rio hed comeback __ / ‘With an orange-pip and a farthing dip, And one bale of Ipecac. The Great Man swore, and the Small Man laughed, And the Wise Man chirped with glee; The Bears they growled, and the Bulls they scow!ed, And jumped at thirteen three ; 4 And some held firm, with a sidelong equirm, And tried another tack, : But gave in quiteat the thrilling sight Of that bale of Ipecac. The fatal day and the baleful bale Came soon, and the rafters rang With the frenzied shouts of the buyers pale With dread of the hammer clang. “They fell on the man who had bought the lot, Andstretched him ou the rack—— Then strewed his grave with benzoin tears And sprays of Ipecac. —Chemist and Druggist. oO NS PLANTING NOTES. THE TALAGASWELLA TEA CoMPANY share holders are to have a dividend of 25 per cent and we (rust this is the beginning of better things from their extensive, but hitherto disap- pointing property, In Mr. R. H. Hillis as local Superintendent, supervised by Mr. R. Morison as Visiting Agent, the Company have got the rivght men in the right place, while the Directors and all concerned are evidently well alive to the need of keeping down expenditure, THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. ane Room vor Iuprovemenr.—We hear, says @ writer in a contemporary, who would doubtless like to see an improvement in the tea drinking shops here, a great deal about Japanese tea-houses—their cleanliness, their seductive restfulness, their perfect situation. The rooms are without forniture, aud the visitor sits and reclines on the floor with asmall low table or elevated tray holding the refreshments. A greater difference than that between the Japanese tea house and the London article could scarcely ba ima- gined. No one would call the average iustilution ia London a “restful and seductive haven.” An im- provement in the methods of infusing and serving the tea, so as to render it decently palatable, would also tend to an inorease in the consumption, SINHALEsE ON Soutu INDIA PLANTATIONS. — It is very interesting to read the notes irom a planter in Coimbatore which appear on page 609; and although Mr. FE. S Fox and his batch of Sinhalese who went over the other day have not been a success, it is very satisfatory to Jearn how well, those taken over by Mr. E. J. Martin when he lett the Kelani Valley, lave turned ont. To go and fell forest, and erect buildings on plantations, near to a dense popa- lation in Southern India is for the Aryan Sioha- lese to turn the tables on their Dravidian cousius to some purpose! We hope Mr. Martin’s planta- tion will flourish exceedingly. Tuk Mauritius SUGAR PLANTERS backed by the local Government and Sir Charles Brace, the Governor, asked Mr. Chamberlain to obtain consent to a £590,000 Joan under the iniperial guarantee, to enable £100,000 to be devoted to re-afforestation and £400,000 for foans to be made to planters at low interest. There hag been muck speaking in the Port Louis Conncil, Memoralizing and Despatches; but finally on 8th December last, Mr. Chamberlain deeided to refuse sanction to the proposal, the last clause of his despatch being as follows :— : A sudden catastrophe in the shape of a hurricane overtook Mauritius in 1892. Support was promptly given by the Imperial Government and the fact that it was then given is a reason for not again asking for assistance after so short an interval of: time, unless new conditions have arisen of a verg urgent nature. But I am not convinced that this is the case, and I am not convinced that the cir- cumstances of Mauritius can be properly compared with tkose obtaining in the West Indies. Whe Sugar Industry in the West Inu-ian Colonies has been continuously depressed for a much longer time than in Manritius. It is only recently that bounty fed beet sugar has seriously competed with Mauri- tius cane sugar in the Indian Market and the “question of imposing a countervailing duty is already receiving the attention of the Indian Government. I am not aware that the areca of production has decreased in Mauritius or that the sugar industry. is carried on at an actual loss. Moreover, distress in the West Indies has heen aggravated, as you are aware, by a hurricane which has devastated Barbados and St. Vincent, caused great damage in St. Lucia, and injured in a smaller degree some of the Leeward Islands. These Colonies were already impoverished, as far as I 2an judge, 10 a far greater. extent than Mauritius and their case was more ex- ceptional. I do not admit that the Mauritius planters have hitherto suffered in any extraordinary degree, and I am not convinced that if their xre- quest for a loan were granted, the relief thus given would be once for all effectual. On the contrary, a precedent would be afforded for turning to the State whenever the pressure of competition was felt and whenever it was desired to improve machinery and introduce new appliances: The outcome would be in my opinion a less energetic race of planters than _ have hitherto so largely contributed to the pros- perity of the Island and a more helpless community. Marcu 1, 1899.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. ALL ABOUT CEYLON, There is not mnchin the statistics and inform- ation worth repeating locally ; but an exception wust be made to the expression of opinion which ee on reading the Governor’s Opening Speech, guus ;— Tt records a programme completed and in progress for the government of the island, and a grasp of the whole situation by the Governor himself, which appears tome to be as near perfection in colonial goverament as cay be: and after passing through other countries where intelligence—as in the United States and Canada—is tempered with various shades of corraption and after experiencing the bar to progress which exists in the want of straight forward dealing in Japan, and the corrupt conservatism of China, it is delightfully refreshing to realise what a capable Governor, a throughly representative Council, and a trading population of English gentlemen can do in the way of succe:sfal Government. And yet there are somethings which take one by surprise. Certain matters are submitted to the home Government by a united Council, on which the Colonial Secretary puts bis veto. As an illustration, the address of the Governor contains the statement that the Colonial Secretary has not given his sanction (and this in the face of a unanimous recommendation from a body who ought to know what is best for the country) toa new aud important railway, Of course the Government has some trou- bles, and, as at home, there are plenty of ‘ birds of prey’ who look out for the surplus, A reduction of railway rates to help the tea industry, and the remoyal of the duty on imported rice and on kerosine oil, are asked for by the Chamber of Commerce. is objected to by the Administration on the ground that the home Government urges that the surplus should be devoted to meet part of the outlay to which the colony is committed in EXTENDING THE RAILWAY to the north of the island, The view I have formed on this question is that the duty on kerosine and rice should be maintained, as the easiest form of enabling each class of the community to takeits shares in gene- ral taxation; but that so far as railway rates are con- cerned the Government, in view of the tact that a number of the tea plantations are now not making eods meet, can safely afford to make som:2 conces- sion in rates, especially in districts where, through the inferiority of the land, or because of distance from the point of shipment, the tea-planter is placed at a disadvantage. I had some conversation with Mr. Pearse, the general manager of the rail- ways, with the President of the Chamber of Com- merce, and with the editor of the Ceylon Observer (whose remarkable Directory of Ceylon is such a valuable compendium of allthe information available with respect to theisland that it scarcely leaves an opening for any question to be asked). Talks with these gentlemen, and especially with the Governor, who showed us great kinlness during our visit, gave one the conviction that the island has a great and lasting future. The success of the railways quite justifies the Government in being bold in extending the system, and _ there should be no delay in constructing the line to Mannar, to meet the extension which the South Indian Railway Company are making to the point nearest to Ceylon, and tho effect of this double extension will be to connect the railways of Ceylon and India, if a bridge is built over the narrow strait. The railway will also be extended to the northern extremity of the island at Jaffna, but Mr. Chamberlain has made a mistake in calling this the main line of the colony. This will only bea brauch line, which ought to be built on a narrow gauge; and if branches also on the narrow gauge extend to Trincomalee to the east and to Pattalum to the west, the system will be fairly complete. The home Government has shown some reluctance to sanction the outlay of new capital on railway schemes, on the ground that there is danger of saddling posterity with debt, but when the 8) This — 645 railway surplus (after paying interest and redemption) equals an amount sutticient to pay five per cent. on a sum of three millions sterling, it seems to me that it would be sound finance to issne ‘ PERMANENT DEBENTURES on the railway of one or two millions, at, say, four per cent., whic money could be immedintely used for extensions, the pyofit on which wonld increase the preseut surplus and make it available for useful purposes. Mr. Bainbridge gives a curious reason for keep- lug on a partial, unjust rive-tax—and so far he failed to profit by our Directory and conversation ! We are glad, iowever, to see that he favours the freeing of salt from duty, for agricultural pur- poses, and also :— We have something to leara from the Dutch colony of Java; and we shoald do well to follow the example of the’ Dutch Government, who compel the Civil Service candidates who go to the colony to study (as prrtot their preparation) agriculture for two years, thns turning the mind of the student into a groove which is likely to be of service to the community to which he willbe attached. One of the products of the coconut is the arrack spirit, which, unfortunately is likely to bea bane to the natives; and here again we findthe Javanese Government enacting laws for the limitation of the sale of the liquour !o the natives, Here is something curious :-— So far, the only mineral discovered and worked ia plumbago; but the island yieldsa quantity of beautiful stones of the topaz, amethyst, and sapphire kind as well as some excellent rubies, one of which was pur- chased by an American. firm in my presence for £475, Another precious stone of value is the “ Alex- andrite,”’ which has the singular characteristic of beimg green in daylight and red by candlelight. << TEA BUSHES AND THEIR ENEMIES. TRAVELLING a few weeks ago with a planter of much and varied experience as proprietary Manager and _ Visiting Agent, and the conversation turning on how best to cultivate tea and ward off its enemies, he testified to a certain estate in the Agras (with which he had no connection) being, in his opinion, among the best managed in the hill country of Ceylon. Meeting a still more ex- perienced Visiting Agent, we put the ques tion to him with the result of another but much larger estate near the Agras being named; but when he heard of the one just specified, he agreed as to the close attene tion and great care with which our old friend Mr. W. B. Jackson performed his duties as estate Manager. The special point under remark had reference to the entire freedom of Hauteville tea from fungoid or insect pests of any kind. At this time when there is so much talk of occasional blights appearing in certain districts, gene- rally lower down than Dimbula, it is of importance to know what an experienced manager does as a safeguard against the approach of such enemies and so we wrote to Mr, Jackson who has kindly replied as follows :— “After pruning I remove all gormandizing stems, and voots with sharp alavangas: (2) 1 bury all prunings green in holes, one te every four trees in every alternate line, and in certain soils supply unslaked coral lime with the mass of green prunings; (8) I re- move all moss on tree, and ground and wash the trees with kerosine oil and soap 646 mixture. The cost of the latter ‘mossing and bugging’ is from R38 to, eventually (as with us now) R1‘50 per acre of pruned tea. “YT don’t think there would be much com- plaint of insect (or fungoid) pests, if everyone did this regularly, and it keeps the trees in a very healthy condition and far more ready to respond to all other treatment. I have fol- lowed this plan for years on tea and you know with what success I have used this ‘ Kerosine Oil Emulsion’ to coffee here. As to burying reen prunings, &c., after a number of years I find I am able to reduce more expensive manuring very considerably, and yet get as good yields, &c. “JT have had a lot of letters from one or another lately about ‘mossing and bugging’ and ‘burying prunings’ and ‘lime for tea.’ Mr. Kelway-Bamber was here lately and has ot samples of soil, as being one of the places e has to visit.” We feel sure that not a few planters will be grateful for the practical hints thus afforded by our correspondent. We know that some Superintendents have been dis- couraged to find blight returning even after burning all their prunings. Let them now try the kerosine and soap mixture and see if their trees are rendered ede against any returning pest. We shall be glad to hear of results. pe Ba eg tee ee JAMAICA vs, CEYLON. HOW IT STRIKES A VISITOR. Mr. Astwood, of Jamaica, to whose visit to Ceylon we have already referred, has just returned from a visit to the coconut districts of Cochin. He has now seen all that is worth seeing in regard to coconut cutivation and copra manufacture in this island and on the adjacent coast of India. And as a proof of Mr. Astwood’s interest in our in- dustry and desire to experiment in the West, he is sending 1,000 selected seed nuts to Jamaica, one-half coming from the well- known plantation of Mr. W. H. Wright, namely Mirigama, and the other half from the old established Negombo plantation of Goluapokuna. We have been asking Mr. Astwood how Ceylon compares with the oldest British Colony in the West Indies ? First, as regards soil, Ceylon is not in the com- parison at all; Jamaica with its volcanic conditions is infinitely richer. As regards natural scenery, Ceylon, though much more extensive, has in Mr. Astwood’s opinion, nothing better than the best in Jamaica, In Ceylon, we think a great deal of climb- ing to our sanitarium in ten hours; but in Jamaica in a buggy and on horseback one can getfrom the sea-side capital into the midst of the Blue Mountains in about three hours. Indeed, Gordontown that bears the same relation to Kingston, in climate, as Kandy does to Colombo, is attainable within an hour. The view from the Blue Mountains over the hills and out to sea is perhaps finer than anything to be seen from the hills of Oeylon. On the other hand, for historical and archeological interest, Jamaica is not in the reckoning with Lanka, and in this direction presents in no degree so vast a field for research to the tourist. Carib remains are the only ancient objects available for antiquarian students inJamaica. Mr, Ast- THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. . paper. ¥ ». (Maou 1, 186, wood is, moreover, somewhat amused at our efforts to cultivate grass here; in Jamaica the trouble is to keep it down. Mr, Astwood sums up his opinion of the icultural conditions of Ceylon as compa: adopted country by the condensed “If we only had your labour supply, you would not be in it for a minute with us in the West Indies, bounties notwithstanding.” Still, though hard up for labour, a eat advantage that pee ses is its proximity to the North American market, although this may in future be neutralised to some extent by the United States’ acquisition of Porto Rico and possibly of Cuba. What adds interest to this comparison of the two countries is that when the Panama or Nicaragua Canal is cut, Jamaica will bear to it, in connection with its homeward-bound traffic from the Pacific, pretty much the same relation as Ceylon does now to the Suez Canal with similar traffic from the Antipodes and the Far Hast. One of the principal objects of Mr. Astwood’s mission to the East—the investigation of our coconut planting enterprise— been satisfactorily met. Snr. Astwood has been studying the preparation of copra, and his investigations appears to confirm our own previous impression that the superiority of the Cochin copra is due not only to their sun-drying as opposed to the local kiln- drying, but also to the drier atmosphere there and the consequent facilities for i the substance for a longer period of time. Mr. Astwood remains in Ceylon a few days more. —~—}- ------—-- THE RUANWELLA TEA ComPANY REPORT isa satisfactory document although the dividend de- clared is the modest one of 3 per cent. It will be observed that the unfavourable weather ac- counts for a short crop and yet that the cost of tea per lb. in Colombo has been no more than 22°41 cents. Fist 'eEA.—A friend writes :—“I am sending you by parcel post three samples of tea from Fit received yesterday. These are made on Masusu estate, the only tea property in Fiji now carried on, The samples, I am sure, will interest you and probably you will like to get some of your broker friends to examine and report on them for your Masusu has a great pull now that there is an import duty of 6da JL. on tea and being the only estate to supply the local demand this excessive duty amounts to a monopoly.””—The samples have duly come to hand and Messrs. Somerville & Co. kindly report as follows :— SAMPLE TEAS. Feb. 27. Colombo::-, London Eguivaléat Description. Value. atExchange Remarks. d. cents. Broken Pekoe .. 7 36 .. Blackish brownish " small flaky; liquor coarse common. Pekoe . 63 Blackish small choppy; liquor coarse common. PekoeSouchong.. 6% 31 Greyish choppy; liquor coarse common. | Infused leaf too dull Leafistoobroken. _ -: - SoMERVILLE & Co. ahh Marcu 1, 1899,| THE RUANWELLA TEA COMPANY, ; aT LIMITED. : THE ANNUAL REPORT, ACREAGE. Tea in full bearing 358 Acres Tea not in bearing So. pL Gree. Jungle and waste land ay, AIREY oe Total .. 573 Acres. The Directors now submit the Accounts of the Company for the past year. The crop secured amounted to only 183,510 lb. Tea against an estimate of 200,0001b. The shortfall of 16,490 lb. is due to the abnormally bad season ex- perienced, and this estate has suffered in common with most others in the district. . The average price realized was 30:90 cents per lb., against 32°39 cents last year, ani cost delivered in Colombo amounted to 22'41 cents per Ib. The usual provision has been made for deprecia- tion on buildings and machinery this year, after which a sum of R7,922°27 stands at the credit of yrofit and loss account. To this must be added a alance of R9,408:99 brought forward from last year, less a sum of.R8,000 which was passed to the credit of depreciation account in terms of the resolution assed at the last general meeting, making a total of R9,331:26 at credit of profit and loss account. The Directors recommend the payment ofa dividend at the rate of 3 per cent on the paid-up capital of the Com- pany and that the balance of R1,381-26 be carried for- ward to the 1899 account. The estimate for the current year is 200,000lb tea against an expenditure on working account of R43,417. No capital expenditure is anticipated this year. . In terms of the Articles of Association Mr. FGA Lane now retires from the Board, but is eligible for re- election. { The appointment of an auditor for the current year will rest with the meeting. ee CuFFEE IN NORTHERN BURMAH.—In order to get ridof the leaf fungus, a Toungoo planter writes:—‘‘ We are burning down everything except small fields, lightly attacked which we are spraying with lime sulphur and blue stones with what suceess we hardly know yet.” After _ this fresh seed is to be tried. PROTECTING ORCHARDS FROM LIGHT FROSTS. — It was, we believe, William Saunders,* the chief ef the Government Experiment Gardens at Washington, who, some fifty years ago, insisted that the text books were wrong in teaching that heated air ascended—that is, ascended in an active sense. It was, rather, pushed up by the heavier cold air pressing against it. It seems a slight distinction, but it has immense practical impors tance. For instance, those who understand this smile at the Florida Orange grower, who builds fires around his orchard to make smoke when he fears a trost is coming. He lightens the atmos- phere at the same time among the trees, and makes it all the easier forthe heavy cold air to push in and take its place. The modern thought to spray with wateris more philosophical. Water is a good conductor of heat, and would add to the chances of resisting cold by the heat it would abstract from its surroundings. Horticuliurists have long known that evergreens are quite hardy in a moist atmosphere, when they would easily succumb under the same temperature in a dry one.—(Meehan’s Monthly.) * Who asked us at Washington in Marg) 1834 if we knew a periodical in the East Indics which hs valued much and filed regularly—The Topical Agricu turist of Ceylon !—Ep. 7.4. THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. “too small a bore the 647 A SCRAMBLE AFTER “IBEX” IN NORTH TRAVANCORE. (By w couple of Old Ceylon Hands.) We started off from T’s bungalow shortly after 7 a.m., wending our way up through the upper portion of the estate, aud amongst last year’s planted tea, and eventually got upto the patana land where the ascent was very steep, both of as having to eatech holt of tufts of grass and ““nillu,’—the patana nillu which is very plentiful all amongst these hills and is short, only being from a foot to 18 inches high. The hills all about this quarter, wore a beautiful bluish purple colour during sep tember and October last, the nillu then being all in bloom and very much resembling heather in the distance. On we went up, bnt had not gone very far, before we struck an elephant track, and tramped along it for a short distance, when all of asudden we DESCRIED SOME IBEX away upon some very steep rocky grass land ; they did not seem to be much afraid of us. We could make out that they saw us very well, and stood look- ing down at, I should say, about 200 to 300 yards distance. After a short consultation we proceeded, keeping to their left, and scrambled up a very rough steep bare patana, interspersed with slab rock and boulders, and on toa large ledge about which we proceeded. Shortly afterwards T with his rifle went alone, got up to within about 150 yards, and let drive atthe biggest in the herd which numbered about 20; but the rifle being of wounded buck went on, lagging behind the herd, and eventually they all got intoa place where it was impossible to follow them. These animals are evidently experts at climbing, and will go with ease where it is doubtful if any other four-footed animal could follow them. Soon another was wounded in the same herd, but we got neither, and somewhat unwill- ingly came away, for it was no use waiting. We returned to the elephant track and up we went, getting on to more level ground but still steep and rough, along which the elephants had evidently passed a few days before, judging by the drop- pings which plentifully be strewed the path. We were glad to come across asmall mountain stream with which we slaked our thirst. Lighting a pipe, we went on upwards, and at last getting to the saddle of the ridge had a fine view away tothe north and west of ‘* ANEIMUDI,” this being the name of the mountain on which we were, some 9,200 feet in elevation and the highest in India south of the Himalayas. But we were not within 1,500 feet of the top, and from the side we were on, it was impossible to get up ; so we struck away to the left, and ascended another hill to the westward, amusing ourselves by setting fre to the short patana grassas we went up, Theascent was very gradual, and quite a relief from the stiff path we had just left. The grass being very short, only some five or six inches long, and dry as tinder, if burned away slowly, but left the ground very clean, and in a condition which ought to make it a good feeding ground for the Ibex and Sambur later on when we get a shower or two to make the youvg grass shoot. But to onr tale. Wegot near the top of this hill, I being ahead, when we descried three fine Ibex lying «n a rocky ridge. I took them for bushes at first sight in the distance, but T’s ‘‘ eagle eye’ saw at once that they were Ibex; so we bobbed our heads 648 THE TROPICAI. down (although by this time they had seen us) and went away back to consider what had better be done. We concluded that the best thing we could _ do was to rest awhile and relieve the inner man. I have hitherto said nothing of a coupleof coolies who had followed us with a well-laden box con- ‘taining a fine pie, &, which kindly Mrs. T had packed up for us, and to which we now sat ‘down to do justice. After an excellent feed and re-lighting our pipes, T proposed to tack away round the hill and try to get over, above where the Ibex were resting. I went away up to where we first saw them and lay down watching them through 4he telescope ; fine heads they all had and did not seem to be aware of their danger. 1 waited for a quarter-of-an-hour ormore, aud was beginning to think ‘I had mistaken the ground which in fact turned out to be true, but I had nothing for it but to wait. Presently they all jumped up and looked round. I knew then that T had got sight of them. Crack went the rifle, and down the slope they all flew, followed by some half dozen others which had been about somewhere near, but were not seen by us at first. “HEAD THE CROWD !? “was shouted toa cooly who went running down the slope, and managed to turn three of them in my direction, the other cooly being with me. We yave chase and found one had got a broken leg, but he easily outdistanced us running and got over the ridge to the right whither we all pursned them. However hy the time we got to the ridge, they had all disappeared, those untouched having ‘evidently gone round the brow of the hill, an the wounded Ibex haviug headed straight down the steep patana-side. As we could make ont his track, we consulted what had better be done, and took a good look round. Presently we heard the baying of wild dogs away dowa in the steep jungle ravine, and came to the conclusion it was our wounded buck they were at. It was useless trying to get down in time, as we shonld have had to make a considerble détour, and by the time of our arrival on the scene, little or noth- ing of our Ibex would have been to the fore. So a second time we had to come away empty- handed. We concluded our rifle was not of a heavy enough calibre to bring the creatnres down. What I would recommend would be a gool ‘* Henri-Martini,” or a Winchester repeater with a magazin? holding six or cight cartridges. Nothing less will bring them to the ground ; a good double express, would I believe, be an excellent weapon for Ibex shooting, as if they are not shot dead, or so badly wounded that tiey eannot run, they will do their utmost to get to the edge of a precipice and wriggle themselves over—the fall, whether of 1,000 or 2,900 feet, being apparently no object—and_pos- sioly be dashed to pieces at the bottom. Many oportions of these hills are almost sheer, bare pre- ‘cipices with no foothold whatever, enough to make one feel very queer to look down; at ay rate I felt it so and was always glad to get back from the edge, and on to. safer and less precipitous ground. By this time it swas about 1 o’clock, and after a short rest we began to descend, picking our way will care, and eventually getting down a very steep por- tion of our way, and crossing a small stream. -On the other side we again espied some of our game, but this time far below us. However we made for them, and after much wriggling ‘and crawling on all fours, T managed to get ! 0 ill ee ee ; Po: i. © AGRICULTURIST. [Maxcu }, 1 shots at two; but they were too near the edge of the precipice, and both wriggled themselves ever, and must have fallen some GOV or 800 feet ; we never saw them again. In the meantime we spied some little chaps ranning about on the slab-rock, Weall went for them, bat they hid amongst the boulders and nearly got the better of ux. Eventually we canght one, the others getting away. This we brongiit home, ard in the course of aday or two it grew very tame, taking milk by the spoonful, and was secon not a bit atraid ot any one, nor even of dogs, They are curious little creatures, very much like a young goat in shape, and of a greyish colour all over. Well, after onr last misfortune we thought it better to wend our way home : we concluded we might be able to scramble down the side of the hill. If not, our only way would have been to go back, and down the way we had come. However we proceeded, and had not gone far when another herd came in view. These rushed away downa long steep hillside, and crossed a flat, up the next ridge, standing looking back now and then ; on we went down, down, ever down, starling an- other lot of them who ran right across in front of us. What a chanee we thought fora gool gun or two! By this time our ammuni- tion had rnn ont, and we could only stand and gaze AT THE HERD some (20) or more of them, but they were very soon out of sight, These werethe last wesaw. Altogether we must have sighted at least 80 or 100during the ramble. Down we went crawling as best we could, until we got to more easy ground ; then turned sharp to oar left and crept along under the precipice on which we had been standing an hour or two before. It was very rongh walking, but at last we came upon an elephant path which we followed until we reached a - slab rock, This they had evidently funked,* and taken a zig-zag hack and down through a large flat of jungle. Wehowever managed to get across, where the elephants had failed, and kept on and on, but very slowly. At last we got on to known ground, a large flat of patana grass, where occasionally planters from the surround- ing districts come to camp and go ont shooting,— an excellent ground, with plenty of game, in- cluding Sambur, Tiger, Elephants, and Ibex further up. The last named are never seen low down; the little red deer which used to give such good sport in Ceylon are also here in abundance and an occasional Bear; these how- ever being rarely seen. The Ceylon Leopard, as well as a black species, and the black Wanderoo are plentiful too, in all the jungles ; also beanti- ful squirrels and fine pigeons. Any one fond of sport conld get it to his heart's content, in fact a paradise for any one who had the time, and inclination to camp out. We eventually got back at 4p.m., having spent a most enjoyable day far from the madding crowd, so to speak, of coolies. I must not forget the Bison which are also plentiful in the hilly parts of Travaneore: some of these are huge animals, standing 16 hands and over at the shoulder, the head making a grand trophy for the sportsman. The weather since end of December has been very enjoyable, more especially to those who came through the daily drenching rains of the south-west monsoon; then we hai rain almost * (Query.—Can an elephant’s footprints be [traced on a slab-rock?--No doubt the feet left mid or earth on the rock?—Ep. 7.A.) % marks of — Marcu 1, 1899.) THE TROPICAL every day for six months. The thermometer is very low some mornings and a white frost to be seen lying in the low hollows, more especially along streamsides, although cold in the early mornings now (about 50°). Tt is very hot during the middle of the day, the thermometer rising ‘to quite 100° in the sun, and some 76° or 72° in the verandah shade. KLONDYKE. Ee ED Bboy sia bth) gi ANOTHER CAMBRIDGE SCIENTIFIC EXPEDITION TO THE FAR EAST. Expedition to the Siamese Malay States (i.e, Patani, Kelantan, Tringgame, and Kedah) for scientific purposes. Members of the expedition arrived yesterday per M.M. ss. ‘“‘ Yarra” :— Mr. R. Evans (Jesus, Oxford), » N. Annandale (Balliol, Oxford), » D.T. Gwynne-Vaughan (Christ’s, Cambridge), and » W. W. Skeat (Christ’s, Cambridge) Mr. F. P. Bedford of King’s, Cambridge, is expected to join at Singapore. The expedition has been organized in the University of Cambridge, and forms the second important exploring expedition that Cambridge has sent out in the course of the _last two years. In July Messrs. F. F. Laidlaw (of Trinity College, Cambridge) and R. Yapp (St. John’s, Cambridge) are also expected to join the Expedition. : - ~~~ == TEA GROWING IN THE CAUCASUS. The tea plantations in the neighbourhood of Batoum continue to occupy the serious attention of a few Russian tea planters, who appear to be more or less sanguine as to the ultimate results that are likely to be attained. Messrs, Popoff have erected a factory for manipulating tea on one of their estates near Batoum, and have gathered their first crop this year, but I regret to say that owing to the mystery with which they attempt to surround their industry, and the secrecy which they maintain in respect to all matters concerning their plantations and the culti- vation of tea on them, it is quite impossible to pro- cure information of a reliable nature in regard to them. Although the tea crop from these gardens was ll forwarded to Moscow and St. Petersburg, it does not, according to the St. Petersburg papers, appear to bear comparison with the imported article in general use in the Russian Empire. The Imperial Domain authorities expect to obtain @ crop next season, and are making preparations for the erection of a factory on their estates, and I am given to understand that the order for the bnildings and plant has been placed in the United Kingdom. It seems probable that the results of tea- growing on the last mentioned estates stand a etter chance of success than those obtained on the other estates, thanks to the fact that they have not confined their sowings to one quality only, but hive laid ont plantations of several kinds of Indian teas as well as Chinese and Ceylon hybrids. By adopting this rational course they will be able to judge which quality is more especially adapted to the prevailing climate and other local conditions. Their acreage under tea has been largely increased during he present year. I may here mention that, according to the opinion of persons who have had a wide experience in tea- planting in other parts of the world, the only favour- able portion of the Caucasus for tea-planting is the coast land situated between Soukhonm and the Tur- ksh frontier, the genc:al aspect of the land being southerly, and, therefore, sheltered by the hills from the very cold winds that strikes their northern slopes. The rainfall is fairly evenly distributed throughout the year, the driest months of the enr AGRICULTURIST. 649 being, I should think, as a rule, May and June The heat is never too excessive for tea-growing. Labour, I believe, is expensive as compared with the prices paid in India and Ceylon, and the hands available are, of course, entirely ignorant of the principles of gardening; but I am of opinion that this difficulty could easily be overcome if tea-planting in this district became general. as labourers being sure of obtaining permanent work on the plantations would be sure to flock to this district from the sur. roanding country, which only grows a poor quality of maize, and is not very remunerative, Up to the present diseases in the tea plants have been nil,— British Consular Report, 1898. SOLITARY SNIPE. _ Sir.—H. Inglis, in your paper of the 24th instant is wrong in his identification of the bird he calla the Solitary Snipe (Gallinago solitaria). This bird ig only found in the Himalayas and does not occurin the plains of India (a straggler was once obtained ay far down as Benares). Mr [nglis’s bird is the Wood Snipe (Gallinago nemoricola) to be found, in winter only, in the hills of Southern India, etc. The Wood Snipe is like a Woodcock, both in flight and appear- ance, though considerably smaller, while the Solitary species is like the Common Snipe in these respects but larger. The Indian Woodcock is smaller than the bird of Western Europe. (Blanford Birds of India Vol. TV. page 284). Mr Inglis says “the Solitary Snipe is occasionally met with’ in the Highlands of Scotland.” He-e he is wrong again; this is another species—@al'inago major. It bas a wider distribution in the British lsiands than your correspond- ent imagines. His statement is “ another injustice to old Ireland ’’ as the bird frequently visits that island. I would refer Mr. Inglis to any of the many books on British Birds—Yarrell for chcice The so-called Painted Snipe—more of a Water Rail than a snipe—is, of course, never found in Great Britain. As I have never shot down Travancore way, I am not in @ position to state whether the Jack Snipe occurs there, but as Legge in his Birds oh has Boge S28) says this species is met with n that island, see no reas ey -exi ST ae on for its non-existence Madras, 25th Feb. —M. Mail, Dipuncutvs. NA a ces il MINOR PRODUCTS REPORT. Om CrrroneLLa.—Very quiet at the easier eee yq at the easier tendency CampHor.—In view of the continued strine> the crude market, English refiners BS Hi vanced their prices for refined by 1d per lb. making bells and flowers 1s 7 per lb. in ton lo's and le 74 in 4 ton lots. On the following day German re- finers advanced their price for bells to is 63d per lb in tonlots. According to our advices from Germany this week, the upward movement has not yet spent itself, for although large quantities have “changed hands in Hamburg at the higher rates, it is asserted that the second-hand holders have not obtvined suffivient to cover the usual spring demand, and as soon as this influence is felt prices will again ad- vance. Meanwhile the crude market is also advancing rapidly, and on Friday of last week some 800 piculs of Chinese changed hands at 118; to 120s per cwt ce. i. f. (an advance of 2s on ©Thursday’s prices) and a small business was also done ia J. panise at 127s 64, e.i.f. On Monday the market pened with importers qnoting Chinese at 1253, und Japa- nese 1353; but in second-hands there were off. rs of 1223 6d and 127s Gd, c.i. f. respectively. i here were, however, bnyers of Chinese at 120s; and on Tuesday abont 400 pieuls :oll for Pebriery-April deliverv at this fizure, and 300 picnls Japutiese at 127s per cwt., c. i. f. On Wednesday a sale of 500 piculs Japanese transpired at 126s 9d to 127s for April delivery, and Chinese at 121s 3d, c. i. f& London Today 200 piculs Japan sold at 107s 6d c. i. f, : 650 Hongkong advices, dated Jannary 7th, report that the sales for the previous fortnight amounted to about 300 cases for the Straits Settlements and India at well-maintained prices. Stock on the above date was 4,000 cases. The shipments for Hong- kong and Canton for the 12 months (January to December) were :— 1898. 1897. 1896, 1895. U.K 410 134 959 6 546 Continent 18,278 26,421 26,475 21,705 —Chemist and Druggist, Feb. 11. TEA CULTIVATION. AND THE PREVEN- TION ‘OF TEA PESTS. Mr. W. B. Jackson writes from Hauteville on the 2nd instant :— ._ “You have put too strong a construction on the few lines I wrote you, ve ‘ Mossing and Bugging,’ when you suppose the trees are rendered proof against any returning pests” by this treatment! What I wrote was :—I had carried on this treatment for years and was still doing so (every time the trees were pruned) and I did not for a moment contend that this wasa ‘perfect cure’ ;but that it was used more as a ‘ preventative” to keep these pests from spreading. Of course if they were not merely the few of us who do this, here and there, but if it was generally and thoroughly carried out, it would mean more wholesale destruction and go to make ‘lifenot worth living’ to these fungoid pests—under such conditions. It goes without saying that it is true economy to keep up the general health of the tree—not only as regards its life, to-day but its future—and the test of the best suc- cess should be profit per acre. ‘Slipshod star- vation work willnever pay.” We Pe + 2 —_____<@—__ MR. BLECHYDEN’S VIEWS ON THE AMERICAN TEA MARKET. Mr Blechynden writes to the New York Journal of Oonmerce and Commercial Bulletin under date January 32, as follows :— ~*T read with interest ‘Importer’s letter in your issue on Monday last commenting upon the pseudo- official statistics in an article on tea and coffee drinking in, America Which is going the round of the press. I had hoped that some one more competent than myself might take up the parable, but failing this I venture to offer my feeble support. ' ‘Importer ” has very completely shown that the terms ‘consumption’ and ‘importation’ have been curiously muddled in the mind of the writer of the article in question, and that when stocks are taken into account the Gonsumption of coffee will be found to be about the same asin previous years, although the importations are larger, so I will leave that aspect of the subject and will -confine myself to the sup- osed falling off in the consumption of tea. Although he contrary is asserted, the offiial figures show aw actual increase in the net imports of tea during the five years ending June 30, 1897. The longer the period taken for comparison the more marked is the increase, not only in actual imports but the imports per capita. The fact that there has been a great reduction in the imports during the current season is due to causes otter than a Cecreise in demand. But apart from that fact the comparison of the figures of any two selected years is apt to be misleading, as is shown when those for 1896, and 1897 are taken. The im- THE TROPICAL A re a ee eee a Bas d a ade ° AGRICULTURIST. [Maron 1, 1899, ports in. 1896 were: some 93 million, and in 1897 some 112 million pounds. The great increase ic imports did not mean a correspondicg increase in consump- tion, but was due to the fact that the tea season was an early one, the Government, or fiscal year, not cor- responding with the tea season, and much of surplus should be credited to the following season’s account. “The canses which reduced the importations this season are, first, and most important, the sudden imposition of duty on tea, and, secondly, the passage of the Tea Act in the previous year ‘to prevent the importation of impure and unwholesome teas.’ To understand the present position of the tea trade these two factors have to be considered together. The ‘tea law’ has undoubtedly excluded imoch of the rubbish which used to be imported aud which was responsible to a great extent for thé comparatively small amonntof that article consumed in this country. The latter measure paralysed the trade for many months, as retailers would not meet the enhanced cost of tea by a corresponding price. The two together placed a premium on the surplus stocks of bygone seasons, heretofore unsaleable, some of which had been in the country as long as twenty years. Such stuff acquired a fictitious value, as there was no other cheap tea in the market and no more could come in. The amount of this antiquated trash and the amount of stock actually held in the couutry has been a surprise to most of the trade and me been the only obstacle to the development of busi ness in new teas. What these stocks must have been can be gathered from the fact that, although some 40 million pounds of tea were imported from June lst to December Ist, 1898, but 12 million pounds were cleared, or paid duty, during. that period. If the con- sumption of tea per capita is calculated upon this basis, it will be found very low iudeed, yet no one in the business would admit that people have ceased to drink tea. The actual facts are now well understood. It is now known that there was from eight to nine months’ supply in the country, that these are gra- dually being absorbed and that until they are absorbed, business will remain dull. What stocks remain in hand is shown by your correspondent, Mr. Martindale, whose letter you published on the 10th inst., and who stated that his broker had been unable to find a single jobber in one of our largest cities who had any tea whatever to sell in a large way out of bond, There can be little doubt that during the last trying half-year ¢ change has been brought about in the trade. Sobberd have ceased to hold or lay in stocks, and have shifted the burden onto the importers, who by the stress of circumstances are being forced to cell. as cheaply to the small buyer as to the big man. Events willshow whether the jobber has been wise in his generation to play this ‘ safe game,’ andif his clients will for the future feel inclined to pay him more than a brokerage, when he has voluntarily assumed the role of a broker, Pessimistic articles like the one noticed, making sen- sational claims, are copied widely by the provincial press and must toa certain extent influence the minds of buyers in the country, yet the actual facts point to the tea trade being in a healthier condition now than ever. All the rubbish and accumulations of previous years have been swept away. ard thanks to the new tea law only fairly good teas will be admit- ted. Stocks are lower than ever and when the de- mand from the country begins to come in it must con- pone and bea lasting one. The tea in bond is in strong ands. .— - Stocks in the London market are lower than they have peen for years,as the demand for Ceylon ard India teas, which constitutes the bulk of the business there, is increasing from other countries; so that everything points to a very healthy condition for the trade. “ With a better class of tea supplied to consumers consumption will increase, and if the trade is only true to its own interests there seems every prospect ef an era of prosperity to those who handle this Staple article in this country."—H. & C. Mail, Feb.17,- - 3 = : Marci 1, 1899.] THE TROPICAL OLD LAMPS AND NEW. To the Editor of The Home and Colonial Mal. ’ Sir,—As a fairly large shareholder in different tea companies [have been much concerned by the news I have had in so many letters from India lately of the very large number of older planters who have been dismissed this year to make room for younger and cheaper men. To my mind this seems -a very mistaken policy on the part of our agents and directors. 1 wonder what wonld be thought of London business men who made it a practice to dismiss their em- ployés on reaching, say, the age of forty, filling their places with young and inexperienced men? In tea it is, if possible, worse policy, for when a planter is uncertain of length of his tenure, beyond that it will probably be rather shorter than longer, he is apt te do the best he can for himself, taking little or no thought for the future. Possibly the results for a year or two ave brilliant, then comes the reaction. With the well-established man, looking forward to years on the same garden, the results may not be s0 brilliant, orcoriect-like, while the dividends will be more steady, and there will always be ‘a bit in hand.” The conspicuous successes on old gardens has been chietly where the employes were certain of their billets. It muy be said the older planters ‘‘ get stale,” and the younger (and cheaper) men are more active, but I doubt if thisis the fact. The older planters are ‘the survivals of the fittest,” and I would put my money on the veteran for a tough time or good health. Again, even supposing what is not the case —viz., that the younger men are more active, is ac- tivity the only requisite quality on a garden? I think not. The experienced man manages his coolies better, gets more work out of them with less friction, and last, but not least, understands the intricacies of land laws and—others. Lastly (though this, perhaps, is not “ business”), is the hardship entailed on those older planters—I do not say old planters, as most of the men Lhave in mind are from forty to forty-five —by having to turn to and find new work for which they have not been trained ? It is all very well to say with the members of a large firm notorious for frequently changing their staff. “It is no hardship, even when we turn out our men for younger ones at the end ofa five years’ agreement. We have taught them a business.” They certainly have, but what is the use of the kuowledge if there be no vacancies for which to apply. Further, and for this I confess Tam more concerned, is it not penny wise and pound foolish to save moncy by getting rid of your experl- enced men and putting in youngsters, who, in their turn, are not blind, and, knowing what to expect, make hay while the sun shines 2—Yours faithfully, A. H. and C. Mail, Feb. 17. ——_—_—_—_ MANICOBA RUBBER IN BRAZIL. he official report of Consul Benjamin F. Clark of Pernambuco to the United States government has just reached us: He says: The manicoba plant is grown in the no-:th of Brazil especially in Ceara and Rio Grande de Norte and Parahyba. In price the rubber from those states is second to the seringueira or Para rubber, and for certain classes of work is preferred to the latter. The interest in the growth of the plant is steadily increasing through the three states mentioned above, and is also extending rapidly throughout Pernambuco, Alagoas, and Bahia, giving better results with less labour than almost any other agricultural pursuit. The seed should be planted at the beginning of winter, red or brown soil giving the best results. At the time of planting the soil should be neither exces- sively dry or wet; once the tree has reached the age of two years it can resist any weather, but, of course, the arfiount of milk will always more or less depend en the climatic influence. AGRICULTURIST. 651 - At six years the plant will have reached its maturity, which is the time best suited for tapping, though this may he begun at the age of two yeurs. ” After six years the tree will produce annually, until the age of thirty years from 2 to 5 kilograms (4’4 to 11 pounds) of rubber, if in good condition. Afier thirty yewrs the yield will slighily decrease, the life b2ing atleast a century, under fair conditions. 5 The sap is prepared in exactly the same manner as the sevingueira of Para, but is of a deeper brown color after smoking. The way the greater part of the man‘coba rabber is Produced inthe states above mentioned is to simply. cut the bark of the tree, letting the sap iun in drops to the base, where by the action of the sun’s rays it coagulates and forms. an irregular solid mass, which is gathered by the natives and sold to the middlemen, by whom it is shipped to America and Europe. The prices per kilogram range, in the states from 2 to 5 milreis (28 to 70 cents per 2,2046 pounds) according to quality. ; Besides the manicoba, these states produce a great quantity of mangabeira rubber, whic) is of an in- ferior grade to the manicoba and is used for covering caus &e. : elow is given a table of the rubber expor Ceara for the years 1893 to 1897, inclusive ze ee Quantity. Value. Value. *Kilos. + Milreis $ 1893 oe 135,569 1,129,742 359,840-66 1894 56 146,627 1,221,892 242,378-30 1895 o. 146,627 1,592,567 302,587-73 ee 36 eee 2,702,725 486.499-50 eat 5,663 3,964,108 594,616-2 —The RioNews, Jan. 24. eer i THE MOTHER-OF-PEARL SHELL INDUSTRY. TO THE EDITOR OF THE LONDON “ STANDARD.’ _ Str,—My attention has been directed to the ver interesting Article on ‘The Mother-of-Pear! Shell Te dustry,” contained in Zhe Standard of last Saturday and which is based on the recently-issued Report of Vice Consul Thesiger. Mr, Thesiger’s Report deals with Sig- nor Comba’s proposition to cultivate the larger tropical mother-of-pearl shell on the Calabrian coast, and suggests that this newly-proposed industry might present a favourable opening for British capital Queenslend is referred to as the only place in which mothez-of-peari shell has, so far, been made the subject of systematic cultivation, and the advantages of estas bushinedeelize industry at so much nearer a station as the 3 r ark eee iterranean to the home markets are strongly _ It so happens that the inauguration of this industry in Queensland was the ontcome of successful experi- mentsconducted by myse/fin Torres St:aits, when acting as Commiss oner of Fisheries to the Queensland Govern: ment, and following which, upon my recommendation an Act was passed by the Qneeusland Parliament, pro- viding facilities for leasing suitable areas within Queensland waters for pearl-shell cultivation. Full particulars of these earliest successful attempts to cultivate the large tropical mother-of-pearl shell were recorded inmo Report to the Queensland Government for the year 1888, and also, with further details, in a paper communicated to the first meeting of the Austra- lasian Association for the Advancement of Science held at Melbourne in 1889. Since then, acting in a similar official capacity for the Western Austra- Han Government, I have demonstrated that this large mother-of-pearl shell, Meleagrina margaritifera may be successfully cultivated under varying con- * 1 kilogram equais 22,046 pounds. qu ane Renan imilzelg is estimated as follows: 1893, cents; 18 O cents; 1895, 19 cents; 1896, cents; 1897, 15 cents. : ' aay Yesicre > 652 ditions on the Western Australian coasts line, and at the instigation of their present popular Premier, the Hon. Sir John Forrest, made especial experi- ments in the direction of ascertaining how far out- side tropical limits this most valuabe species of pearl shell mght te successfu'ly acclimatised. As an upshot of these experiments, I succeeded in es- tablishing the species, and proving that it would both grow and propagate, as far south as Shark’s Bay, lying between the parallels of 23leg. and 264deg. south latitude, and which had hitherto pro- duced naturally only a small and comparatively valuless variety known in the market as Shark’s Bay shell, and to Science as Meleagrina imbricata. The one important factor in this matter of mother- of-pearl shell cultivation, ‘apart from the mechanical difficulties of transport, is the question of tempera- ture. The large, commercially valuable mother-of- pearl shell, which is alone rightfully named Melea grina garitifera, is an essentially tropical form, which will not Jivein waters having a lower Winter mean isotherm than that which is coincident with the growth of reef-forming corals, or one varying from 68deg. to 70deg. Fahrenheit. The prospects of cultivating this shell in Mediter- ranean waters, with a mean Winter isotherm of less than 60 deg. cr of British capitalists obtaining a re- turn on funds invested in such an enterprise, is, to say the least of it, absolutely visionary. In the waters of our own Colonies, and. more especially those of Australia, there is undoubtedly «a wide and exceed- ingly promising field open to British enterprise in the direction suggested, and to which I have repeatedly drawn attention in reports, books and lectures published relating to Australasian topics. In the matter of the artificial production of pearls, in which Vice Consul Thesiger accredits Signor Comba with having apparently achieved the first successful experiments, I may state that it was ac- complished by myself in connection with the pearl- shell cultivation operations in Torres Straits, previ- ously referred to, Such an artificially produced pearl of fine quality is figured and described in my books —''he Great Barrier Reef of Australia” and ‘‘The Naturalist in Australia ’’—and the specimen itself has been on view for the past two years in the Western Australian Court of the Imperial Institute. The pro- duction of the finest quality of pearls can be ensured only by dealing with the true tropical pearl- producing mother-of-pearl shell—Welegrina margariti- fera; it industrial branch, that could, under expert manage- ment, by carried on concurrently with systematic pearl-shell cultivation.—I am, sir, your obedient servant, W. Savinte-Kent, F.L.S. Late Commissioner of Fisheries to the Governments of Queensland and Western Australia, The Elms, Croydon, January 31. THE CAMPHOR MARKET. Reports to hand by this mail show that the sales of camphor on the London market since the last week in January aggregated fully £50,000 in value, the advances in prices amounting to 30 per cent. In an article in the Chemist and Druggist in Nov. last it was foreseen that the spring demand for camphor would move the market but generally it was felt that the reports of scarcity of the crude material in China and Japan were exagger- ated. Events have proved otherwise and it is now realised that the condition of the in- dustry in ormosa is really bad. It is thought however that the improved prices will stimu- late production. Inthe Chemist and Druggist for February 18, it is stated that since the beginning of the year nearly 8,000 piculs of Chinese and Japanese camphor (over 1,000,000 lb,) have been sold in London, and nine-tenths of the quantity during the past three weeks, THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. (Manew 1, 1899. » from the East last week, German buyers undoubtedly vepresents a most profitable: The year opened with Chinese at 95s per cwt., c.if., nominally, and Japanese ibs. On January 14 the market was slack, but the quotations grew higher during the followi week. Buyers of crude still held aloof, an purchases were trifling until the refiners ad- vanced their prices 1d per lb. for the week ending January 28; then a large business was done in Chinese at up to 118s per ewt. and in Japanese up to 126s 6d. efiners put another penny on Jast week, and for Chinese crude 121s 3d was paid, and 127s 6d for Japanese. The quotations are higher, this week, and the refiners’ prices a halfpenny higher, bringing the price to the highest point for three years. Still further advances are ex- pected, sanguine sellers believing that another 4d per lb. will be added to the present price. A circumstance which gives credence to their prophecy is that although Hamburg received 1,445 chests and 197 tubs of crude camphor ve been in the London market this week as seekers of refined, and they have been unable to get any. > ---— -—- CEYLON PLANTERS AND THE KAISER. Reuter today telegraphs the bald fact that the Emperor of Germany has received “the delegates from the Ceylon Planters’ Association,” no names being mentioned or any information given as to the object of the interview. We know locally of course that a grant of 5,000]b. of Ceylon tea was forwarded by the “Thirty Committee” to Berlin for distribution to the German regi- ments as'might seem best. A special silver mounted chest (made of various Ceylon woods) containing Ceylon tea, was also despatched for presentation to the Emperor of Germany, the duty of presenting the chest being en- trusted to Mr. J. P. Ryan on behalf of the Committee ‘‘in co-operation with the proper i the authorities.” No one else was asked Committee to act with Mr. Ryan; but he was at full liberty to do what he thought best. It is thought probable therefore t he was able to get some gentlemen connected with Ceylon to’ join him or perhaps members of the British Embassy in Berlin in the fe and commercial attachés. We look forward with much interest to the details of the interview and trust that, as Mr. Lane said at the recent meeting in Kandy, much good to Ceylon will result from the atten- tion of a great military nation like Germany being specially directed to the advantages of tea as evidenced in Kitchener’s teatotal cam- paign inthe Soudan. Mr. Ryan, we notice, was booked to leave Genoa in the * Prinz Hein- rich” yesterday ; but no doubt his departure has been deferred or possibly he might have been able to catch the steamer after being received by the Emperor ? TEA IN NoRTH AMERICA.—We call special at~ tention to the letter of Messrs. Gow, Wilson & Stanton and to the figures they embody in their Cireular. Last year North America took Ib. Ceylon Tea ... +» 7,636,999 Indian oy, ce in tee ONO cae Total ... ~ 13,608,700 “* Against only, in 1892, 3,075,900 1b, Be ae nt Marcu 1, 1899.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 653 LOCAL TEA AVERAGES FOR 1898. 2 a a [We take these from our evening contemporary, Names. Se ings) = as finally corrected. ] aS % ‘ ‘ iS ce = & a S. ¢ cts. a Names. S) s Names. 3 s Dalhousie 4(,000 39 Massena 88,300 S o és © Shrubs Hill 85,600 39 Weyungawatte 165,300 TA ,000 26 Sinadua 24,300 34 Ridgmount 24,000 25 Claremont $6,500 84 Trewardena 11,600 25 Chestevfoid 316,000 84 White Cross 14,000 25 Wevebedde 7,100 34 Ugieside 9,200 25 Puspone 29,300 34 Manangoda 43,200 24 Murraythwaite 69,610 34 Bismark 6,000 24 Great Vailey 210,100 3t Suduganga 45,000 24 Morankande 6,€(0 83 Naligatenne 42,000 24 Ascot 168,0°0 33 Gampolawatte 9,800 23 Ella Oya 141,700 33 Woodslee 7,300 23 Amblakande 67,700 33 Hemmingford 30,600 22 Farnham 92,660 38 Cosgahaw ella 20,500 2% Shawlands 40,09 33 Marakona 12,000 :2 Beverley 49,000 33 Moralioya 21,00 22 Dunedin 20,000 83 Talawa 6,700 21 Yoxford 25,000 33 Kitulgalla 27,690 32 Marguerita 66,000 83 Nahalma 25,200 18 New Peradeniya 1,600 33 Kuruwatte 13,700 17 Galkadua 12,700 383 Pantiya 9,500 15 Denecdene 117,000 ¢ THE FIGURES FOR REPRESENTATIVE ESTATES. PRICES FOR THE PAST FOUR YEARS. eg Ee ine = Be era ps ora Ouvah 69 61 55 52 Knavesmire 45 B34 32 32 ee Mark 59 52 45 4+ Langdale 67 65 48 46 Macaldeniya 56 52 40 33 rdlaw and 2 40 3s Rien ice Maha Ouvah 54 47 45 43 6 Wishford 85 58 55 44 fastlereagh 46. 49 40 Malvern 49 37 30 30 cinnes | S" 47 39 34 33 Middleton 65 52 55 47 Clyde 53 44 37 383 Mocha 62 57 48 46 Deaculla 55 52 42 49 Naseby 70 65 71 50 Stamford Hill 65 55 48 43 Patiagama 56 43, 41 33 Queensland 53 44 53 43 Dickapitiya 54 47 41 37 Danibar 49 47 42 42 E.della 47 34 382 32 Hila 47 40 83 32 Koseneath 49 39 33 30 Farnham 55 43 40 33 St. Heliers 50 45 39 36 Glasgow G1 5S 51 50 Stisted 49 AS 37 36 Glentilt 53 49 45 47 Talgaswela 59 41 33 35 Glencorse 49 42 4) 32 Templestowe 56 47 «4 «38 Great Valley 52 42 40 34 ‘Lientsin 73 5B 44 46 Harangal'a 49 42 33 34 Torwood 55d 44 33 32 Harrington 61 54 51 45 Vogan 52 46 40 34 Ivies 43 37 34 36 We-oya 46 38 32 39 i elani 55 39 36 37 PLANTING NOTES... Tue “TEA” FIRE in Melbourne will be found fully described on another page: the total loss was pat ab £35,000 ; but insurances seem to tully sover the amount. : aria AGRICULTURAL LEDGER,” 1898—No. 18. rhe Breeds of Cattle in the Central Provinces, Notes by Veterinary-Lieutenant A S Trydell, Superintendent, Civil Veterinary Department, Central Province.—Ditto. No. 19.—Wild Indigo Seed a Famine Iood in Bombay and Berar. Report on the. Results. of the Examination, ly Professor A H Church, MA:, F)Riks Correk Direct 1o ConsuMERS.—We take the following fyow she ‘adres Mail je e United ¢ offe2 Growers Company i coffce direct to the connetory ae (tor supp ring style of a new Company that hes been started at Coonoor. The capital is to be R2 lakhs, divided into 2.030 shares of R1)0 each. The Directors are Messrs. A. Allan, A. G. Nicholson, J, Stamnes and Rhodes James, all of Coonoor, and Mr. E. P. Oakshott, of Messrs. Spenccy and Co. The Agents in India are Messrs. Gordon, Woodroffe and Co., of Madras. The works and offices of the Company will be at Coim- batore or Podanur. It is proposed at first only to erect eufficient machinery to turn out roasted and ground coffee in tins at the rate of about 300 tons per annum, but sufficient motive-power will be es- tablished at the commencement to admit of this outturn being doubled by the simple addition of the requisite roasting and grinding machines. The Directors isene an estimate of annual onttarn and eales showing a return of 13 per cent on the capital. In the course of tne prospects it is stated :—*Pri o:i. cally, all the prepared coffee consumed in India is re-impoited into the country, and cannot, therefore, be sold at nearly as lowa rate as coffee which only travels from the plantation to the ro sting factory. There is also a good demand for coffee which ma be put up in tins either as the raw beat or roasted, but not ground. ‘The average annual consumption in India for the last five. years, according to the most reliable figures available, has been 1,976 tons. Small as this amount is, considering the population, and doubtless capable of cnormous expaysion, it yet affords a wide basis for the Company to work on. Arrangements are being made for securing the services of an expert for superyising the roasting, grinding, and tinning.”” We wish the Company every success, for it is calculated to benefit not oply its shareholders but also coffee-planters and coffee-consumers. A SINGULAR CustoM - Mr, E. E, Fernandez, writes to the Indian Forester tor January regard. ing a singular but dangerous’ custom, which he says, yrevails in many parts of the country. It is known as budna, aad consists in the sacrifice of a large number of animals by setting fire to jungles in order, as it is believed to procure offs- pring or immunity from discase. The custom was reported as existing first among local tribes in the Jubbulpore Division, and enquiry was insti- tuted, which showed that in Narsinghpur the custom exists, but would appear to be dying out. In Betul also, it is known, bnt, as the Divisional Officer states, is ‘‘ gradually losing» ground. No one dares to avow it publicly.” A case ofincen-— diarism due to this cause was prosecuted many years ago. In Nimar the custom has been heard of more especially in connection with the eure of disease. Barren women have sometimes been known to set fire even to houses, in order, as they believe, to obtain children. In» Mandla, it is now rarely practised, though it appears to have been fairly common 20 to 30 years ago. Inthis— district ordinary sacrifices of pigs and fowls are also termed budna. The Divisional Officer, Damoh, had ever heard of the custom, although the pre- sent Divisional Officer of Betul knew that it was” practised when he was in charge of Damoh about three years ago. The Divisional Officer of Hos- hangabad is unawaie ofits existence there the nearest approach to it being the sacrifice of dom- estic animals by Gonds and Korkus when disease breaks out among them. In Saugor, the custom is apparently unknown, probably beeause the po- pulation is largely of Aryan origin. It wonld be interesting to learn, our authority ‘says, whethe this dangerous and destructive custom tised in other parts ofIncia. There is the sumption that many forest fires are attribut to it—=Pionec, ae . MARCH 1, 1899.] THE TROPICAL Gurrespcndynce. ee To (the Editor. HE GURAMI. I'ISH IN THE SEYCHELLES AND IN CEYLON; AND VANILLA CULTIVATION IN SEYCHELLES, WITH IMPORTS AND EXPORTS. Mahe, Seychelles, Feb. 12. Str,—A day or two ago a new arrival from Ceylon showed me an article on the gurami fish, that appeared in the Zropical Agriculturist for December last. I note also that an attempt is being made to introduce this fish into your island. In Seychelles the g@urami was formerly very common. Owing probably to its excellence, when cooked, nearly all the easily accessible ponds have been netted and the fish captured. The B.I. ss. ‘‘Lawada” goes direct from bere to Colombo; so I hoped to have been able to have sent a few specimens of the gurami to you by her. A pond, said to contain gurami, has just been drawn blank, and there is now hardly time for me to send to other ponds before the steamer’s departure. I hope however to be more successful shortly and to send you some good specimens before long. IT doubt very much if the gurami will thrive in the hills in Ceylon. Even here in Seychelles, where our highest mountains are under 3,000 ft., the gurami do far better near ihe sea level. here is a kind of dock-lezf plant, always found growing near gurami ponds. The owners occasion- ally throw. in a few leaves which are eagerly devoured by the fish. It is said by some that gnraini will not thrive without an occasional feed of this leaf. Be that true or not, 1 take the precaution of now sending you by the ‘‘ Lawada” a few plants, that they may be ready for the fish when they arrive later on. They ought to be planted out in rather damp soil. At present things are fairly bright with us here. Our last Vanilla crop was a good one and prices at Mincing Lane still keep at a very satisfactory level. I fear, however, the crop of 1899 will not be nearly so good. The owners of low-lying estates complain that the dry weather was too prolonged, In the hills, on the other hand, we had asplen- did show of buttons, and just as flowers were ap- pearing, downecame the rain steadily for two or three weeks. In the islands, reports are more satisfactory. From my own island—Felicite—I hear that there is an excellent show of unusually Jong peds. I have just leased all the Government islands in the Admirante Archipelago for the next thirty years. These islands only produce turtles, fish, birds-eggs, ete,, at present; but I hope to get some of them uuder coconuts before long. I hear that several of your Ceylon planters think of trying their luck in Seychelles. I cer- tainly advise caution. They should remember that the area of these islands is small, and that owing to our recent prosperity the present holders of land are not at all disposed to part with their properties except at high rates. ‘len years ago any hard-working yonng fellow possessed of £1,000 could have started here with very fair chances of success; buf now I could not advise anyone with less than £3,000 to come here. I send you on a separate sheet the Government trade returns of Exports and Imports since 1891, These will AGRICULTURIST. 655 show you far more eloquently than [ can, hcw things have lately altered for the better with ug. I also send you the detailed Customs returrs for 1897 lately issued by the Government, Jam informed that last year’s figures (not yet published) show a steady improvement. Should any of your readers wish for informe ation about these islands, I will be happy to tell all I know about this place. I have becn here since 1885, so have had some considerable experience. Imust, however, again advise cauticn to intending settlers. Seychelles is ‘* booming” ard it ix consequently the very worst possible time to enter the lists\—I am, sir, your obedient servant, HAROLD BATY, SEYCHELLES: IMPORTS AND EXPORTS FROM 1891-1897. Imports. Exports. Revenue. Expen- diture, R. R. R. ; 189) + 5103825 798,698 1891 217,322 210,725 1892. 481,720 819,400 1892 194,844 %13,593 1893: 550,209 828,605" 1893 232,024 223.1€5 1894 604,633 762,081 1894 234.411 278,470 1895 518,908 525,359 1895 233,282 -295,5c0 1896 710,359 1,535,895 1896 243,802 238,177 1897 1,122,611 1,503,701 1897 296,171 259.056 THE NILLU PLANTS—MORE INFORMA: TION: “‘CONJUM NILLU.” Abbotsford, Nanuoya. DEAR SiR,—-Mr. Thomas FT arr’s remarks in reference to the flowering of the Nillu (Strobi- lanthes) are very interesting, but I qnestion if he has establisheil the fact that this occurs only ence. every 12 years in the same district. The Nillu flowered in this neighbourhood and all around Nuwara Eliya and the Elk Plains very generally if not universally in 1886. It again flowered in 1894, but whether to the same ex- tent or not I cannot say as I was then absent from the island. During the past few moaths it has been in blossom quite as extensively as in 1886, which is just 12 years ago, but what about the intermediate flowering? The whole thing depends on the weather aud I fancy Mr. Fair has been misled by our, regular dry cycles of 11 and 12 years into thisking the Nillu only flowered then. What happens when a dry year tumbles in between just to prove that everything mundane is more or less uncertain? Why the Nillu bioss som, of course—as it can’t help itself. Theaverage yearly rainfall here for 16 years is 96°86 inches. The stand-out dry years are :— 1886... .» $1°41 inches 1894... 82:00. ,, 1898... Sn FBR And those are the three years in which the Nillu blossomed here and tea did badly. You will find Nillu over 29 ft. high and 8 to 10 inches in diameter in the higher regions,— Yours truly, JOHN FRASER. AMMONIA IN CEYLON RAIN WATER ON ESTATES. London, Iv.C., Feb. 14. GENTLEMEN,—Referring to a_ letter signed “T. KK.” page 92 of the Overland Observer, Ji nu- ary 20th, in which it was mentioned that, in my analysis of rain water collected on Meeriabedde estate, between November 16th, 18838, and Mareh 6th, 1884, the ammonia from 90 inches was equal to 87 lb. per acre, I now enclose you my /u// report. 656 You will observe that I drew attention to the figures as being unusually high and much above what [ had found in rain water collected by Mr. G. Walker at Bogawantalawa.—Yours faithfully, JOHN HUGHES. Analytical Laboratory 79, Mark Lane, London, B.C., No. 1. June 12th, 1884. Rain Water received ina stone jar case with wicker collected on Meeriabedde, Koslanda, Ceylon, between November 16th, 1883, and March 6th, 1884, and eup- osed to represent the 20°81 inches of rain registered etween the above dates. An Imperial Gallon was found to yield on evapora- tion, solid residue dried at 110° c= 5°74 grains con- sisting of :— Organic and Volatile Matters ts 28 Mineral Matters 4°62 Total 5'74 Also by direct determination— Per Acre for Per Gallon. Every Inch . Grains. of Rain. Free Ammonia Gas | (291 Albuminoid Ammonia,. ‘008 Ib. 299 equal to “966 Nitric Acid oS R510 F 1-648 Sulphuric 4 cid .. 2°307 m9 7458 Chlorin sarl MBOT 4 1283 { Equal to Chloride of Sodium re, soe - 9,114 Lime ire oe} os 4°306 Magnesia 100 +323 ” Assuming that the average annual rainfall on the estate to be 90 inches—the total quantity of Ammonia from the above results would amount to 87 lb. in round numbers, and the Nitric Acid to as much as 148 lb. The figures are so very high, and so much above what was found in the raiv water collected by Mr. Walker, of Bogawantalawa and reported on last November, that it would be desirable to make enquiry respecting the manner in which this particular sample was collected and stored between the 16th November 1883, and 6th March, 1884. = a From the accompanying Table of Rainfall,* it will be noticed that the total of 20°$1 inches extends over 42 days and has been made up by numerous showers, most of which are less than half inch ; in only six instances did the quantity exceed one inch per day, and in these it varied from 1:35 to 3:62 inches. Doubtless the rain yielded by these showers does contain a much larger proportion of Ammonia and Nitric Acid to that found in water representing a heavy storm of from 3 to 6 or more inches of rain, but it would be desirable to make enquiries as suggested, especially as the relatively large quantity of Mineral matters found on evaporation, leads me to conclude that some impurities had become accidentally introduced. dl For sending Samples of Water, clean white glass spizit bottles well corked arealways to be preferred to stone jars.—JoHN Hucnes, ¥.c.s., Fellow of the In- stitute of Chemistry. THE ‘KOHA.’ Galle, March 4. DEAR Sir,—The bird known in Ceylon as the Koha is not a_migrant. It has been observed all round the year, although its notes are nct heard so frequently Jike those of other birds. There are two species: the black and the speckled. TI have been credibly informed as to this by several gentlemen who have frequently noticed the two. These birds are not gregarious. The cry has a joyous ring about it, the several notes THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [(Manen 1, 18 — =.< BY 3 of the gamut being distinctly heard. When the cry is imitated by the human voice, the bird responds readily to the call as if in defiance and the game is kept up for some time to the great amusement of the listener. The jungle crow builds its nest on the topmost branches or fronds of the areka palm, concealed from observation.—Yours truly, ALLEGED ADULTERATION OF CIIRO- NELLA OIL. Galle, March 4. Dzsr Sir,—I notice a complaint in your paper of the 2nd inst. emanating from Mr, Andrew Pears in regard to the adulteration of the bulk of citronella oil shipped from Ceylon. The alleged adulteration is surely not carried’ on in Ceylon now; for, what- ever malpractices may have existed in the past when coconut and kerosine oil were used in distilleries, shippers are too wide-awake at present to purchase any but the genuine article. I believe all the oil now shipped in bulk is tested by Schimmel’s or other satisfactory tests before exportation. My own impression is that the poor quality of the essential oil of citronella now peal me in Ceylon, is due to the fact that the original species of grass (Andropogon nardus) which was introduced and cul- tivated by Messre. George Winter and William Austin at Baddegama and Wakwella is now extinct. The species now in cultivation was obtained from Matara. It grows luxuriantly, but yields a smaller quantity of oil. The late Mr. Simon Perera Abey- wardene who owned the largest citronella estates in the Sonth assured me that thie was the fact The late Mr. Fisher had an extensive plantation of citronella and lemongrass on the Perseverance estate, Singapore, avd his oils always commanded the highest prices in London equally with Winter's. He told the writer that the excellent quality of his oil was brought about by careful filtration according to his own method. Iam not aware that this estate is still in existence. It would be worth while if a competent authority were to examine specimens of the citronella grasses grown here and in Singapore. Lemongrass oil is only partially produced in Ceylon owing to the difficulty of keeping up the cultivation.—Yours faithfully, MERCATOR, LOCUST FUNGUS. School of Agriculture, Coiombo, March 6. DEAR Sir,—I am in receipt of a letter from Dr. Edrington, the Director of the Bacteriological Laboratory at the Cape, informing me that he has despatched to my address six tubes of the Locust Fungus, with instructions for its use. Dr. Edrington says in his letter: ‘ It has been very successful here, and we are at the present moment destroying immense swarms ‘of the insects.” I shall be glad to hear from anyone wao would undertake to use the fungus according to directions which I shall supply, and report results —I am, yours truly, C. DRIEBERG, Supt. THE TIMBER OF GREVILLEAS. Abbotsford, Nanuoya, March 4. DEAR Sir,—Timber from immature trees decays rapidly if used out of doors, and suffers from weevils or dry rot quite as rapidly when used _ for inside work, the sapwood portions of the planks — being the first affected. fs Ironwocd of the same age would probably behave similarly or worse, so do not blame the — tree as I have seen timber sawn from 20 years’ — old grevilleas which left nothing to be desired — for ordinary building purposes, as it shrinks — exceedingly little and doesn’t warp at all even — when unseasoned.— Yours faithfully, *, OF JOHN FRASER. — (cole 5 Saale aaa Marc J, 1899,] THE TROPICAI, USEFUL NOTES. Coca-LEAves.—Ordinary Truxillo are quoted at 7d. and light green at 7:d. per 1b, c.if., and for Huanoco for dark green quality 10d. ci.f.is wanted. In auction 8id. per lb. was refused for good Huanoco. Onrper oF St. MicHaEL aNp Sv, GEorGE.—At Os- borne, on Monday last, January 30, the Queen con- ferred the honour of knighthood on William Turner Thiselton Dyer, Esq,, Director of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, in recognition of services rendered to Colonial Governments. The new knight was then invested with the Riband and Badge, and the Star of his dignity in the Order was affixed to his left breast by her Majesty.—Gardeners’ Chronicle. QOit, Crrroxetta.—Privately a small business has been done in drums at 103d. per Ib., c.i.f. for January- March shipment. Ou, Evcanyprus.—A “globulus’’ oil, so-called “extract ,’’ sold without reserve at 1s. 7d. per lb. Oil, Lemon.—The firm tendency continues, and business has been done privately at last week’s quotations. Battagloni’s was limited at 3s. 6d. O1t, Lemonerass.—Privatley there aresellers on the spot at 2id. per oz., but business is slow. In auction bids of 23d. and 3d. were refused, 2{d. being limit for the former. Vanitta.—The small supply offered to-day was firmly held, and the bulk was bought in, holders not appearing anxious to sell. The following prices were paid :—Seychelles, of fair colour, 6 to 7 in, 99s.; 51 to 62 in., 20s. 6d. to 21s.; 53 to 6 in. 20s. ; 6, to 7 in. (poor) 15s. per lb. No Bourbon were sold, lis. 6d. being refused for 4 to 4} in. Mauritius large bold beans of full flavour, slightly crystallised :— 74 to 8 in., 25s.; 63 to 7in:, 22s. ; 62 in., 21s. to ls. Gd.; 6 in., 21s.; 5) to G in., 20s.; 5hin., 19s. 6d.; 5 to5iin., 20s. 6d.; 5 in,, 20s., No Tahiti were disposed of; several parcels catalogued were not up in time. Crncnona.—At the Amsterdam auctions last week there was a good demand, but in consequence of larger shipments from Java prices declined by 0:17c. The unit moved between 34c. and 6ic., the average beirg about 4#c. (4°70) per half-kilo., as against 4Zc (4:87) paid at the previous auctions. The total weight of manufactured bark sold was 628 tons, containing about 30 tons of quinine sulphate. The highest prices paid was 90c. per half-kilo. (12.6d per Ib ) for 2 cases of fine long Succirubra quill, and the highest quinine- sulphate equivalent was 12°24 per cent. contained in 18 bales of ledgeriana broken quiil of Govern- ment culture, which sold at 53¢c. per half-kilo. The stcck of unsold Java bark at Amsterdam on December 3l was 2,657 packages, Government and 9,478 pack- ages private grown bark. The next auctions in Amsterdam will be on February 15. To-day good Huanoco quill realised 63d. to 7id., and Loxa quill, 1isd.; good red Guatemala quill sold at 2d., and chips at the same price; for Java trunk bark of fair colour 1s. 3d. was paid, and fine thin Guaya- quil 5d, and 6/d.; mossy crown bark, 44d. and 4id., a bid of 43d. was refused for Java red quills, the buying-in price being 6d.; flat Yellow bark, rather musty, sold at 63d. to 7d., the best lots being held for 10d. per lb. Tne Wesr Inpims.—Dr. Morris, who acted for seyeral years as Assistant-Director at Kew, during which period he rendered valuable services to the Royal Horticultural Society, and made many friends among horticulturists, has taken up his work as Imperial Commissioner of Agriculture for the West Indies. An address which he delivered before the Agricultural Society at Trinidad defines the scope of his future work as comprisng the furtherance of every possible agency to benefit the general welfare of the people. The sugar-cane in its various aspects will receive much attention, and amongst other things attempts will be made to obtain a variety with a higher percentage of sugar, and drawings are to be made of all the varieties cultivated in various parts of the world, so that uniformity and fixity of nomenclature may be secured. Trinidad hasa very efficient botanical department, and an energetic and AGRICULTURIST. 657 experienced superintendent in the person of our valued correspondent, Mr. Hart. A similar establish- ment exists in Jamaica under the superintendence of Mr, W. Fawcett, so that these two islands do not stand in need of official assistance in the degree that the less prosperous islands do. Agricultural and industrial schools are to be established, horticultural exhibitions started, agricultural instructors appointed, and experiments carried out. Mr. Hart strongly recommends the growth in Trinidad of Castilloa elastica, a rubber-yielding tree which promises well in a commercial sense, both in British Honduras and in Trinidad.—Gardeners’ Chronicle. 5S el Bibb eds WN PLANTING NOTES. TEA AND COFFEE IN THE WYNAAD.—From a letter dated, Sonth Wynaad, 28th Feb., we quote as follows :—‘‘We have now settled in Wynaad, the following gentlemen who were formeily, and till recently in Ceylon ;—Messrs. J. S. Nicolls, E. de Fonblanque, W. Q. Wright, Stuart. Robin- son and J, Glennie, all of whom appear to have formed a favourable opinion of the tea already developed here.” The difference between the old and new staple is well indicated in the follow- ing :—‘‘ Within three weeks, the bulk of the sea- son’s work on coffee estates will be accomplished, and all superfluous labour paid oft, though upon tea gardens no similar cessation of field culture ean be looked for.” : FoR SPORTSMEN IN HAMBANTOTA.—We call attention to the notice appearing in our columns today, announcing that all shooting in the above districé between the Yala and Kumbukan rivers is prohibited ; this country has been reserved as a& game sanctuary, and all licenses will be con- fined to the Magam Pattu, W. of the Yala river. Sportsmen should note also that they must apply to the A.G.A. at Hambantota for permission to occupy the Salt Department Bungalows at Bun- dale, Kirunda and Palatupana ; otherwise they will be refused admission there, by order, THe PLUMBAGO INDUSTRY.—We are interested in learning that Messrs. Peto, the Chairman aud the Managing Director of the Morgan Crucible Co., of London, have been in the island for some little time, and that they have visited all the so-called native mines of plum- bago of interest in the island. One day last week they visited Morankanda, and were much pleased with the miner-like manner in which Capt. Tregay has tackled his work and also with the prospect there. Other than at Moran- kanda, they saw no evidence of real inining as we understand the term, Messrs. Peto will not be leaving the island just yet. VANILLA IN° THE SEYCHELLES.—In contrast with the letter of Mr. Baty which we published on Saturday is a letter addressed by a firm of Mahe, Seychelles to Messis. H. W. Uave & Co. in which they state that ‘‘every year brings fresh settlers from England, India and the Colo- nies and we fully expect some arrivals from Ceylonshortly. We shall be glad to supply all the information we can as to Vanilla planting. Prospects are at present very bright owing to the steady decrease of the Bourbon crop and the ecom- paratively small crops of Mexieco.””—One estate in the market for which R40,000 are asked, has 100 acres in coconuts and coffee and 80 acres partly in vanilla—184 in all. Over 2,000 Ib, of vanilla shipped in 1898 realized 24s all round a lb.! There is a fine bungaiow and other out- houses—so that to any one who does not mind comparative banishment, the price does not seem a high one, ISSUED BY THE COLOM BOSHARE BROKERS’ ASSOCIATION, CKYLON PRODUCE COMPANIES. Amount Name! of Company. aid i per share. Buyers, Sellers, Agra Ouvah Estates Co., Ltd. 500 925 925* Ceylon Tea and Coconut Estates 500 a 500 Castlereagh Tea Co., Ltd. 100 e 80* Ceylon Hills Fstatcs Co., Ltd. 150 iis 25* Ceylon Provincial Estates Co. 600 440 440* Claremont Estates Co., Ltd. 100 i ti 2 Hiunes ‘Tea Co., Ltd, 100 75 Ae,’ Clyde’ Estates Co., Ltd. 100 pe zs ete cubity lates Cat at 4) 3 170 ‘ea Co., of Ceylon, Dvomoo H ’ y oP e fe) Drayton Estate Co., Ltd. 100 ste 160 Eadella Estate Co., Ltd. ~— 4 a Eila ‘Pea. Co., of Ceylon, Lid, 100 iy 40 nom. Estates Co., of Uva, Ltd. £00 int 250* Gangawatia 100 us = Glasgow’ Estate Co., Lid. 500 975 96y* Great Western ‘Tea Co., of x Ceylon, Ltd. 500 673" Hapugahalande Tea Kstate Co. ing Ltd, 2 Ps a High Forests Estates Co Ltd. 500 _ 500 Do — part paid 850 30 = Hlorekelly Fstates Co., Lid. 100 e 100 Kalutara Co., Ltd. 500 oy 300* Kandyan Hills Co., Ltd. 100 15 2) Kanapediwatte Ltd. 100 ie 90 Kelani Tea Garden Co., Ltd. 100 : 90 nom Kirklees Estates Co., Ltd. 100 os 140 Knavesmire Estates Co., Ltd. 100 Z 7ar Maha Uva'Hstates Co., Ltd 600 : 68) Mocha Tea Co., of Ceylon, Ltd. 500 at 65 Nahavilla Kstave Co , Ltd. 500 ac 600 Nyassaland Coffee Co. Ltd. 100 oe 90 nom, Ottery Estate Co., Ltd. 100 110 = Palmerston Tea Co., Ltd. 500 . 450 Penrhos Estates Co., Ltd. 100 7 = Pine Hill Estate Co., Ltd, 60 35 a Putupaula ‘Tea Co., Ltd. 100 .. 100 nom Ratwatte Cocea Co., Ltd. 500 at 350 Rayigam ‘lea Co., Ltd. 100 cs 10 Roeverry Tea Co., Ltd, 100 45 = Ruanwella Tea Co., Lid. 100 40 40* St. Heliers‘Tea Co., Ltd. 5 0 th 400 Talgaswela ‘Lea Co., Ltd. 10U — 30* Do’ 7 per cent. Prefs, 100 te 90 Tonacombe Hstate Co., Ld. 500 ae 400 xd Udabaye Estate Co., Ltd. 100 _ 65 nom Jdugania Tea & Timber'Co., Ltd. 50 AG 10 @nion Hstate Co., Lid. 600 sh 175 Dpper _Maskeliya Kuitate C:., Tt. 500 * 5C0 Qvakellie Tea Co., of Ceylon, 1-t I. 100 ie 720 Fogan Tea Co., Ltd. ; 100 5 75 Wanarajab) Tea Co., Ltd. 500 a5 1100 Wataderiya Tea Co., Ltd. 259 275 300 ~~ © CYLON COMMERCIAL CompaniFs. adam's Peak Hote} Co., Ltd. 100 =a vik aeral Hotel Cc., Ltd. 120 a 17: ; Do 7-per gent Bebls 100 =—* 101 = ‘Gen. Steam Navegt. Cera Tat: eles 100 165 ah C-ylow Spinning and Weaving. Co , Ltd. — 100 Bo 10 Do 7 olo Debts. 100 o Colombo Apothecaries Co., Ltd. 100 .- 1274* Colombs Assenibly Roonis Cv., Ltd. 20 12°50 3 Do prefs. pa Qu : 17 Cok mbo Fort Landand Building 4 Co., Ltd. d 100 ig 66 Col mbo Hotels Company 10¢ 4 250 Galle FaceHotel Co., J.td. 100 5 155*. Kandy. Hotels Co., Ltd. 100 60 — Kandy Stations Hotels Co. 100 Bo = Mount’ Lavinia Hotels Co., Ltd. 50 .: 450 New’ Colowbo Ice Co., Ltd. 100 -. 160 Nuwara, Eliya Hotels Co., Ltd. 100 ag 27% Publi: Wall Co., Lid. 20 15. 5 Petroleum Storage Co. 100 a = Do ‘10% pref :. 100 us = Wharf and Warehouse Co., Ltd. 4U 65. = * Transactions : THE TROPICAL LONDON COMPANIES. x T — ame of Company. pai é P ee share. Buyers. Se"lers. Alliance Tea Co., ef Ceylon, Ltd. 19 7 —" Associated Estatex ‘ 0., of Ceylon Ltd. 10 % 68 Do. 6 ercent prefs. 10 ++ 10~10} Ceylon Proprietary Co, 1 22 a Ceylon Tea P.antation Co., Ltd, 10 ae 25°. Dimbula Valley Co., Ltd. 5 one t aa Eastern Produce and Estates Co., Ltd. 5 -- SF—5 Ederapolla Tea Co., Ltd. 10 {mperial Tea Estates Led. 10 6}* Kelani Valley Tea Asson., Ltd. 5 Se 6-7 Kintyre Estates Co , Ltd, 10 iy 8.9 Lanka Plaatation Co , Ltd. 19 ie 4° Nahalma Estates Co , Ltd. 1 2 §-1 New Dimbula Co., Ltd. A 10 22°23 Do B 10 » 20°21 Do Cc le 156—20 Nuwara Eliya Tea Est. Ce., Ltd 10 $ 9; Ouvah Coffee Co.,Ltd. Ceres” 2 | Ragalla Tea Estates Co., Lid, 10 fy 10g Scottish Ceylon Tes Co., itd. 10 ° 14 16 Spring Valley Tez Co., Ltd. 10 .. 7Ononi, Standard Tex Co., Ltd. 2% 12; Yatiyantota Ceylon Tea Co:, Ltd. 10 se 6— Yatiyantota pref. 6 o/o 10 -. S}=-10 BY ORDER OF THE COMMITITFE Colombo, 10th March, 1899. g |ceze z = a= NS [- =o gis a cE | desesrecceses |g 45 ped OU NI Ft OD tO AS a OE = | nat ed SP ee EE EB a P| SC nx ~ > = o BH |e | Sreaesesese% |= 5 so =] | = MAK KAGSSOVEN is 3 mJ . Ir dS = ls diy j = © 8 |e |fesseazsscse le fe ro) S & at tetiheil —hod = tepegtnd be ad Be 4 i _ O. «& 4 — 2 : ~ = S| ¢ |se822sna2eea2 |= SM 818 | Saoccanncososci |S |g 5 Ee me Land reer l= ey = . : Mm 218 |sessteeessessi¢ 3 S| BeLOsoecse [ees : 4 yA 2 _ ROMS Sie O's Gee 2 S ~ . i ° . | . | 2, |desseseesessa ls is a z|2 Foo nnnnsoswes & 2 ~ = Sis |seaeeennonacoom |) |~ G@ S18 | ererersassenais |. Ep )Aeoogs nen em) pie ae er a iS a 2 HW ~|8 |SSSSSSsSastaze |B |S we FR ORM MORH HOES bed sa - _ - ~ 3 . - | a on 3 4 oc > 4 |g |sssseseessass|2 & Ss ae Tog < M4 BOP Se serra a Bere 3 ™ |g |Segesgzgesaas |e |g 2 Bose nSnacnanm |h a Ll re i~ 2O e282 +8 © © os *-« . “2 =e Be gee ™ 5° o = . PP S,53 9 |95. ES @aos S ‘pe gst 258 SRY a, ,e2s692 Rete 2 > ose * F-88895 3 | SPs aSstaoxses Smet 55<27626 } —_—J____. PEARL FISHERIES IN INDIA.—We recently had- some remarks on the Pearl Fishery. at Mergui, where the areas are simply let on contract and afford a goodly return for no cost in up-keep cr working. On the other hand, the pearl and chank banks in Tinnevelly are worked by Government and a service of vessels actually maintained for the purpose. Tie up-keep of this fixhing fleet alone costs on an average something like R24,000 a year, and the total cost of eollections, includ- ing Superintendents and office salaries, allowances’ and contingencies comes to the pretty figure of R35,900 more or less—all for what ?—Jndian Engineering. * Transaction. ; sa teat) ‘Maren-1, 1899. ] COLOMBO PRICE CURRENT. (Furnished by the Ohamber of Commerce.) Uolombo, Feb 7th, 1899 -xcuancr’ on Lonvon :—Closing Rates Bank Selling “Rates:—On demand 1/4 to 1/4132 4 months’ sight 1/4 1:32 to 1-16; 6 months’ sight 1/4 1-16 to 3-32, Bank Buying Rates:—Credits 3 months’ sight 1/4 5-16 to 732; 6 months’ sight 1/4 9-32 to 5-16; Docts 3 “months’ sight 1/4 7-32 to ;; 6 months’ sight 1/4 5-16 to 11-32 , ‘Indian Bank Minimum Rates 7 % Tocal Rates 2°0/o to 3 0/o digher. “Corrsxr :— Plantation Estate Parchment on the spot per bushel “R13-00 ‘Plantation’ Estate Coffee, f.o.b on the spot per ewt R600 Liberian Parchment on the spot per bus. none ‘Native Coffee f.o.b per cwt. R43'50 _ Pea:--Average Prices ruling during the week—Bi oken 'pékoe por lb. 47. Pekoe per lb. 40° Lekoe Sou- “chong per lb. 36. Broken Mixed and Dust, per Ib. 98.—Averages of Week's sale. Gincuoxa Barx:—Per unit of Sulphate of Quinine «perilb 07c. -Carpamoms:—Per lb R1.75 _* Coconut O1:—Mill oil’ ‘per cwt. none ‘Dealers’ oil per cwt. R14,75. Coconut oil in ordina y ‘packages f.o.b. per ton R332.50 : Copra:—Per candy of 560 lb. R46.00 “@oconut Caxe:— (Pocnac) f.o.b. (Mill) per = ton, R80.00 ‘Godda unpicked’ & undried, per cwt. R48.50 Picked’ & Dried f. 0. b. a cyt R50,00 f ty, : ; ,{ Kogalla 1017.25 Com: Yann.—-Nos. ee 8| Colombo 16 00 Cinsamon:—Nos. 1 & 2 only f.0.b. 62c. Do Ordinary Assortment, per lb 53c. ‘®uoxy.—Per ton. ‘no sales F RitHesco :—Larze Luimps per ton, K700 ot dinary Lumps per. ton, R560 hips per ton, R500 “Dust per ten, 1300 Ricze:.—Soolye per bag, R 7.50 to 8.00 my 5 er bushel, { R 2.85 to '3.10 Pegu & Calcutta Calunda per bushel. R3:20 to 3:26 Coast Calanda per-bushel, R3.15 to 13.30 ‘“Mutusamba per bushel R3.15 to 4.00 _Kadapa and Kuruwe, per bushel none. _ Rangoon, raw state per bushel none. Coast Kara none Soolai Kara R2,75 to 2.80 THE LOCAL MARKET. (By Mr. James’ (ribson, Baallie St., Fort.) ‘ ; Colonibo,;March 7th, 1899. Estate Parchment :—per bushel 12°00 Chetty do do R700 to 8°60 ae aE Reet ewt. B35 to 40:20 ‘ Liberian coffee:—per bush R1‘75 to 2°50 do ¢leaned coffee:—per ewt R20'00 * Cocoa unpicked:—per cwl R45eto 48700 1 cleaned do R50 to 52°50 Catiamoms Malabar per Ib. R1L‘25 : “do Mysore do R175 to 1°30 “Rica Market List Soolai per bag of 164 lb. nett Slate or Ist quality :—per bushel R7 50 to 8:00 R305 to 3°10 Soolai 2& 3rd. do do do R2"85 to 3:00 Coast Calunda _ R320 to 3°30 _ Coast Kara R3°20 to 3°35 Kazala R275 to 2°80 R315 to 4°00 R9 40 to 10°00 R00534 ° l to 2 00°58 do Chips per candy R90'00 to 92°50 Coconuts Ordinary per thousand Ra to 38-00 _ do Selected do R36 to 40°00 Cogonut Oil per ewt R14°75 to 15°00 do do F, 0. B. per ton R295.0 to R300°00 Copra per candy ~ RalJpitiya do R45.00 to 46°00 _ Marawila do R44'00 to 45°10 R39-00 to 42°00 _ . Cars Copra do vemawetly Poonac per ton R92'50 to 97°50 Coconut Chekku do_—-R90'00 to 95°09 do Mill (retail) do R76'00 to 80.90 ‘“Muftusamba Ordinary Rangoon Rice per bag Senor bet lb Nol to4 ° THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. ‘Sapanwood per ton _ Kerosine oil ~Nux Voniica 659 Cotton Seed do Satinwood per cubic feet do Flowered do R60'°00 to 65°00 R200 to 2:24 R5‘00.to 6700 _Halmilla do R190 alu do R100 to 1°12 are or Ebony ‘per ton R75°00 to 175°00 Kitul fibre per cwt R30 to 32°60 Palmyra do do R6E0 to 17°50 Jatina Black Clean percewt ~ none 1 do mixed do R12 0 ndian do 8°50 to 13°50 do Cleaned do noe : 15 00 (0'50°00 American per case R625 to 6°50 do bulk Russian: per tin R2°65 to 2°70 do Sumatra per Case, none per cwt R200 to 3°50 Croton Seed per cwt ©R30°00 to 35°00 Kapok ‘cleaned fob do cwt R23700 to 24°50 do uncleaned do ~Rs'0 to 9750 Large lunips R 00°00 to 700°00 J do _R-00 00 to 700°0C Chips R1;0 60 to 50:00 Dust “R50:00 to 300°L0 “Plumbago per ton, according to quality CEYLON EXPORTS AND DISTRIBUTION. ; } ‘1898-99 : Oa ae 5 oN Sas Om no TS =]23 aR 2 : AES ace bs S15 Ss 27 1B ARIS pnt i B-Ss es sa mo ical nm oA re In 2 i=} (= lear ney Coot eT 5 - L n 1c CH1- OO 1 8iSe Bo ) Beis. SS 3 8 AE Re Ys QS =m a oO \no qo se ‘ Sip Oe 5 o - = &.. =" — R= orm 5 a | |eeeee cs . 5 My poed SEER tie tee SL eth g 32 Dai mH ON rm 2;° | | re a liomomS S Siz Ie DwOS OS 1S Ss 8 “a ® , noo OD x A aS mn aj22/|8.2 8.8 8 i788 2 z A: IN.30 +e : x = 3. ‘ : moe wm OTA > | oy a o = ae oo. g , a Py MIATA PS x rte) ay ~ a Be aD 1 7 a 5 tant S aS OUT ep es) In 5 = Race Steet Bis o x ye oo 3 2 > © Tee SR = Co CD led lage 0g Sa vemercex se. o 8 E oa S)ive gs slGecls? as GO) aug re E 08 2S 5 ~ wm Fe] ii en} MOmo Ye} 2 B x83 1 3 lege Rast 5 DPoa tal tooee Pomra eine. on elses ‘mJ a6) a= Deepal ed? Mores : Ee aes ix ; : I m “DB = ox a B = s . aD w Ay} wee eo el ele EN od 'e.a EI 3A ses SEES a5 yD} i | eo D> seaap Hi aN is os ; oo sO | fe CO SPT ORG sbisrie ein ats a bt) S oa 's : 4 ele : S| ca = a & | t o = shie. sa ° re t ui S, gsl2 38 =hOn SE - o ee “es © @ o ar ks as a: . . . . a5 rN SOO MODOOD On HOT Simeen CSSS SL Sl Sasentiawns 2 =~ Qy reaiMertn he OSDearsaown cj ae a2 ANAADE DOM SRARSS = = = HS =) Yor 2, RP 2 iste Ww |= a oo al . | oe . - 7 & es a SO SSS ter oD con ° > = } H BADD wa SSE SSLSSaes | a os wi-SNOD Oh MODNDOOM On => 2 z SUAS AN HVT THS TOK ra) He Srl Ow © 10 —-OCcoerocnr rit v Tes! 19 .'@ mao ON | 7 t |x a S&S | - 2B > - 7 ~ a a rs £5 x E E q Bs SS £3 2a Zi VESeg5 g §> a8 £3 ca Dp RS) p 2 ecegilar SURE RS rR eEgassscrahse | kp 8 yest sodd BSC ZASESSS of > 4a ROMARnDeR<4 |Finger .-{188a 20s eas --/9s.a 10s VANILLOES— i Mauritius and Heh Gd. crysallized 33.4 9 Bourbon a 2nds| Foxy & reddish Per 4a Us wn 2a Seychelles 3rds|Lean and inferior a: 7s a 10s VERMILION Ib. |Fine, pure, bright [23 a 28 1g WAX, Japan, squ@res cwt|Good white hard ue 325 6g { AGRICULTURAL MAGAZINE, COoOPrOME ©: Added as a Supplement Monthly to March :— the “TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.” The following pages include the Contents of the Agricultural Magazine for Vol. Xj SEASON REPORTS FOR JANUARY, 1899. good. Rainfall fair. A few cases of murrain in Kalutara District. Cential Province.—Paddy near- ing harvest, prospects fair. Rainfall sufficient. A few eases of murrain in Gampola. Northern Province.—Paddy. Harvest begun in some places, prospects good. Rainfall, 1-65 in. in Jaffna, 2°53 in Mannar, Murrain in Mullaittivu. Southern Province. —Paddy. Maha harvest in progress and yield good. Rainfall, 4°28 in, in Galle Health of cattle good. Eastern Province.-—Paddy. Harvest prospects good in Trincomalee, some damage by rain in Batticaloa, Rainfall, 7 in. in Trincomalee, 15:55 in. in Batticaloa. Cattle healthy- North-Western Provnce.—Paddy. crop good except ina few places where rain has been excessive. Cattle murrain still lingers in the Kurunegalla district, though not prevailing toany great extent. North-Central Province.—Paddy- vation commenced in Anuradaapura Rainfall, 5-05 in. Health of cattle good. : Province of Uva.—Paddy. Yala harvest going on, prospects good. Rainfall at Badulla 16°89 in. Health of cattle good. Province of Sabaragamuca.——Paddy, Crop pros- pects favourable. — Ruinfall at Ruwanwella 4°78 in., 5°78 in. at Ambanpitiya. Cattle murrain still lingers in both Ratnapura and Kegalla districts, Prospects of Maha culti- district, MARCH, ESTERN Province.—Paddy- Maha harvest begun. Crop prospects 1899, [No. 9. RAINFALL TAKEN AT THE SCHOOL OF AGRICULTURE DURING THE MONTH OF JANUARY, 1899. 1 Sunday °28 18 Wednesday.. Nil 2 Monday 22,19 Thursday Nil 3 Tuesday .. ‘4 20 Friday Nil 4 Wednesday .. Nil 21 Saturday Nil 5 Thursday Nil 22 Sunday Sede Nall 6 Friday ». Nil 23 Monday . 2°64 7 Saturday .. Nil 24 Tuesday ... Nil 8 Sunday Nil 25 Wednesday., Nil 9 Monday Nil 26 Thursday Nil 10°° Tuesday —.. - Nil 27 Friday eae Sil 11 Wednesday .. Nil 28 Saturday .. -57 12 Thursday Nil 29 Sunday Nil 8 Friday Nil 80 Monday .. -2- 14 Saturday Nil 38l Tnesday “15 15 Sunday Nil 1 Wednesday.. -02 16 Monday 23 aa 17 Tuesday Nil Total. 4:43 Greatest amount of rainfall in any 24 hours on the 23rd inst. 2-€4 inches. Mean rainfall for the month ‘14 in. Recorded by Mr. J. A. G. Ropriao. SS IMPORTANT LETTER REFERRING TO LOCUSTS. We have been favoured with an interesting letter with reference to the destruction of locusts by Mr. Lounsbury, the Government Ento- mologist at the Cape. It will be remembered that the visitation of spotted locuats was the subject of a special Circular issued from the Botanic Gardens. Though locust visitations have hitherto not proved so serious in the past, it would seem that there is a ten- dency for the pests to appear in larger numbers 662 every year, and it, therefore, behoves us to be well equipped to meet an emergency. With the object of ascertaining the latest methods of attacking locurts and of learning something about the results of using the “locust fungus,” we approached Mr. Lounsbury, who has been kind enough to furnish the following reply to the letter we addressed to him :— I regret that no recent reports on the locust question have been issued by this Government, nor, indeed, have any been issued in the past which could be of service to you. We have no regular system of destruction but leave the farmers to fight the plague the best they can. Scattered through the pages of the Agricultural Journal for some years past are “ suggestions and recommendations,” but with few exceptions these are reprints of the descriptions of ways and means found to be ot value elsewhere in the world. We have no legislation on the locust question at all, although ‘‘compulsory destruction” has been urged tor several years and is now being agitated for by the Horticultural Board of the Eastern Province. ‘The Government keeps a small vote for locust expenses on the estimates, and has paid a few bills for screens and for the collection of eggs, but only under special circumstances. Lately the only aid has been in the direction of spreading a fungus disease among the swarms. The fungus (Empusa grylli Fres, ?) is cultivated at the Bac- teriological Institute at Grahamstown, and one or two officers. are employed in travelling about to inoculate; cultures are also sold at a nominal price with directions for use. The Natal Govern- ment is also cultivating and distributing the fungus It is quite impossible to get definite information on the value of the disease-dissemination, and though unquestionably it does some good and probably a great deal it is quite improbable that anything like eradication of the pest is possible by this means. The disease spreads with rapidity and certainty only under certain conditions of moisture. 1 should have stated before this that we have two migratory locusts; one, the wide- spread Pachytylus migratorvus, and the other the Acridium purpuriferum, a locust closely allied to the A. peregrinum of Northern Africa (and India). The former is almost confined to the Karroo—our dry and treeless interior; while the latter keeps. pretty well to the eastern coast districts,—doing considerable damage to tree vegetation. Both species reach us from the almost wholly unexplored regions about the Kulahari Desert and other northern territories, and, probably owing to our prolonged state of drought, both have been able to breed in the Colony. The work with the fungus has almost wholly been restricted to A. purpuriferum. On the Karroo the more progressive of the farmers have their herdsmen report the presence of young locusts immediately en their appearance. All hands, if necessary, are then taken to the place at night and the swarm destroyed by sprays or by beating with bushes or spades; larger swarms necessitate driving into furrows, but the Karroo swarms now are usually small. Along the coast some use is made of arsenically poisoned bran or sugar cane. In explanation of the seeming indifference of the Government, I need only mention that the ter- Supplement to the “ Tropical Agriculturist.”. {Maxcu 1, 18 oe a ee ee apt - ritorial area of the Colony is immense and the population scant, thus making operations of avail and within the limits of economy in more thickly settled lands entirely out of the question with us. Only a small part of the country ravaged is under cultivation. As your country is a populous one, I think you would find the reports of the locust work in Cyprus of considerable advantage. These are issued yearly, and I presume you could obtain them from the Colonial Office. I attach the printers’ mark. You mightalso find something of interest in Dr. C. V.Ruley’s bulletin on American Locusts; 1 think it is No. 25 of the Divison of Entomology, U.S. Department of Agriculture. Regretting that nothing has been published here that would be of use to you. 2 — LOCUST FUNGUS FOR. CEYLON. We are glad to announce that we have received the following advice note from Dr. Edington, the Director of the Bacteriological Institute, Gra- hamstown, Cape Colony: “I beg to inform you thatI have sent to your address six tubes of the abovenamed fungus, with instructions for its use. I shall be greatly obliged if you will be so good as to let me know the results you obtain from it. It has been very successful here, and we are at the present moment destroying immense swarms of the insects.” OCCASIONAL NOTES. The first meeting of the Agricultural Com- mission met on February the 4th, when all the members were present. After some discussion as to the nature and functions of an Agricultural Department, and the prospective advantages to the country of organising such a department, it~ was decided to ask Mr. J. C. Willis, Director of the Royal Botanic Gardens, to draft ascheme to meet the requirements of the Island. Mr. Willis readily undertook the duty, and the Honorary Secretary was requested to print and circulate Mr. Willis’s scheme before calling the next meeting. Mr. J, B. Cull has resigned his appointment as Director of Public Instruction, and is sueceeded by Mr. S. M. Burrows, M.a., of the Ceylon Civil Service. Mr. Burrows, who is on leave, will not assume duties for some months to come, and in the meantime Mr. Harward, the Principal of the Royal College, will continue to perform the duties of Director, which he has done for the past five months with much acceptance. A small consignment of 10 Sind cows arrived for the Government Dairy on January 14th. One animal unfortunately succumbed to injuries received by a fall on board ship. Another con- signment of 20 cows and 2 bulls is expected early in March. A sale of cattle drafted from the dairy herd was held on the 18th January. The net proceeds of the sale were R853-35 from 19 cows and 1 bull: + Marcu 1, 1899.] Government have decided not to sell any of the young stock belonging to the Dairy but not reqnired by it for its own use, in Colombo, but to send them tothe chief provincial towns in rota- tion. The first batch was to have gone to Kurunegala, but the prevalence of cattle plague in that district interfered with the sale. It is now likely that the first sale will shortly take place in Galle. Mr, C. Brooke Elliott, Advocate, (an “ old boy” of Malvern College) delivered a most interesting lec- ture on Public School life to the students ot the Shcool of Agriculture on the 17th February. —_ The following are the records of rainfall taken at the Fort and the School of Agriculture during 1898 :— Fort. Schocl. School. 1898. 1898. 1897. January wee 2°32 2-01 3:51 February meen L-98 68 2-80 March een AD 1:69 2°35 April soe 22°83] » 25:26. 11-82 May See patio) 7:14 11:02 June .. 1094 1317 #11:80 July poets OS 6:07 5:37 August Be EO 1:12 §=11:30 September i. 6:90 6:63 6°32 October ... 2060 19-92 4°32 November fe 88 S07 L7-6614=10:56 December etn BF 4:35 8:41 Total...103:06 107°70 89°58 The wettest month in 1898 is thus seen to have been April ; the heaviest rainfall at the School was recorded on Tuesday morning, the 19th April. We also give in the third column the rainfall at the School for 1897, to show how differently the rainfall was distributed in-1897 and 1898. The Queensland Agricultural Journal in taking over our article on Chillies (which appeared in the Agricultural Magazine of October last) says:—“ The above remarks on chilli-growing should induce some one to make the experiment of growing chillies for export in Queensland. The plant grows to the greatest perfection in all parts of the Colony, and bears heavily for many months. Nearly all the varieties are to be found here. A sample bottle of pickled chillies was sent from London to the Department of Agriculture lately, with an intimation that chillies put up in that form would be readily saleable in London. Those interested could see the sample at the Head Office.” We thank the editor of the Q. A.J. for the hint regarding pickled chillies, which readers of our Magazine will be glad to have. The Principal of the Queensland Agricultural College has decided, after feeding the farm dai y eattle with Indian corn fodder, that it is excellent as a milk-producing diet. If does not, he says, tend to put on fat, but undoubtedly tends to increase the milk yield. Supplement to the ‘ Tropical Agriculturdst.”’ 663 CEYLON AND JAMAICA, A late visitor to Ceylon from the West Indies in deciding as to the comparative merits of Ceylon and Jamaica pat the matter prety tersely when he said: “Ceylon is not in it with Jamaica in the running for the Garden of Eden.” We had no idea till we met the visitor referred to above, that the latter Colony was such a paradise from an agricultural point of view. It would appear that the soil is so fertile that cultivation and manuring have as yet demanded little consideration. Of crops, coffee, cacao, coconuts, sugar cane, bananas, fruit trees and fibre plants all have a place and are grown with much success, while the rainfall is so satisfactory that throughout the greater part of the Colony it is said that some rain falls every day. Guinea grass and Mauritius grass grow there without any attention, and the plantain trade is So well established that some two or three hundred thousand bunches of fruit are sbipped weekly to supply the American markets. There is a richness and vitality about the general vegetation that the boasted verdure of Ceylon looks pale and artificial after it. Horse and mule breeding is a regular industry, but a satisfactory breed of milch cattle seems to be a desideratum. The experiment of introducing pure bred stock from England has proved a failure owing to the tropical conditions, which, as regards temperature, are very similar to Ceylon, This want may, however, be soon Supplied by the plan (already being adopted) of introducing the hardier cross-breds from America, and the contemplated experiment of importing the better types of Indian cattle (Zebus) and establishing a cross breed between them and English stock. The botanical and agricultural interests appear to be well looked after. A namber of excellent Botanical and Experimental Gardens have already been established, and though there is no separate agricultural department, its place is apparently well supplied by an Agricultural Society, the Secretary of which is Mr. George H. Douet. ———$———__—_ FLEMINGIA CONGESTA. No. 16 of 1898 of the Indian Agricultural Ledger deals with this leguminousshrub whichis indigenous to Ceylon. The surface of the pods of the Flemin- gias possess 2 number of red-coloured glands, the product of which has been the subject cf examina- tion and has proved to be of value. The only other glandular product which bears any resemblance to that found on the pods of these leguminous shrub is the red-coloured powder well-known as kamala which is obtained from the capsules of a euphorbiaceous tree, Mallotus phillippensis, also indigenous to Ceylon and known by the Sinhalese name of Hampirila. Kalama is a well-established dye in India (it is referred to in past numbers of the Agricultural Mayazine), and its botanical origin has been long known, but tt is only within the last few years that the ancient Arubian drug known as “ waras” or “ wars” has beeu referred to as uspecies of Fleminga growing in the East. ‘The drug engaged the attention of Messrs, Allen and 664 Hanbury, London, so long ago as 1867, butas already mentioned its botanical name ws not traced till quite recently. The following interesting Notes on the collection of the dye at Harrar were contributed by Major Hunter, and published by Mr. W. T. Thiselton Dyer, C.M.G., C.LE., F-R.8., Director of the Royal Garden,s Kew :— “In the neighbourhood of the city ‘ wars’ is not now raised from seed sown artificially, and it is left to nature to propagate the shrub in the surrounGing terraced gardens. The plant springs up, among jowari (Andropogon Sorghum), cofiee, ete., in bushes scattered about at intervals of several yards more or less. When sown, as among the Gallas, it is planted before the rains in Mareh. If the soil be fairly good a bush bears in about a year. After the berries (pods) have been plucked the shrub is cut down to within six inches of the ground. It springs up again after rain and bears a second time in about six months, and this process is repeated every second year until the tree dies. Rain destroys the berry (pod) for commercial purposes; it is, therefore, only gathered in the dry season ending about the middle of March. The bush grows to a maximum height of six feet, and it branches close to the ground. Tbe growth is open and the folinge sparse. Each owner has a few acres of land. “In the middle of February, 1884, the following processes were observed :-— ; “The leaves [?fruting shoots} of some plants were plucked and allowed to dry in the sun for three or four days. (The picking is not done carefully and a considerable quantity of the _.sourrounding twigs, ete., is mixed with the berries [pods]). The collected mass was placed on a skin heaped up to about six or eight inches high and was tapped gently with a short stick about half an inch thick. After some time the pods were dennded of their outer covering of red powder which fell through the mass on to the skin. The upper portion of the heap was then cleared away and the residual reddish-green powder was placed in a flat woven grass dish with a sloping rim of about an inch high. This receptacle was agitated gently and occasionally tapped with the fingers, the result being the subsidence of the red powder and the rising to the surface of the chaffy refuse. which latter was carefully worked aside to the edge of the dish and then removed by hand. This winnowing was continued until nothing remained but red powder. “Wars” is sent to Arabia, chiefly to Yemen and Hadhramant, where it is used as a dye, a cosmetic and a specific against cold, In order to use it, a small portion of the powder is placed in one palm and moistened with water, the hands are then rubbed smartly together, producing a lather of bright gamboge colour, which is «applied as required.” A chemical examination of waras was recently made by Mr. Arthur George Perkin, F.R.S.E., wliose invaluable researches in the natural colouring matters of India are well-known. The results of the investigation were communicated in a paper to the Chemical Society of London. Wars has been found to be an excellent dye for silk, but not suitable for linenand cotten, Its Supplement to the “ Tropical Agriculturist.” >! dying properties have been examined by Sir Thomas Wardle and Mr. Perkin. The larger peneentage of resinous colouring matter in waras, the richness of its solutions and absorptive power observed in the spectrum are said to indicate its superiority over kamala. The dye has been long in the Bombay market whereit is principally used by the people of Surat for impariting a light brown yellow colour to their silks which are muc! prized and worn by the native ladies. The Arabs use it as an internal medicine in cases of leprosy and externally in solution as a lotion to remove freckles and pustules. Now that attention has been called to the Arabian trade in waras and to the delicacy of the dye, it is expected that the collection of the powder will become an industry. —___—_»—_ —_——_— MORE ABOUT MILK. Continuing a series of clear and practical papers on bacteria as applied to Farm Problems, Pro- fessor H.S. Russel, Professor of Bacteriology at the Wisconsin (U.S. A.) College of Agriculture, discourses as follows :— Long before he was told the reason, the prac- tical dairyman learned by experience that cleanli- ness, thoroughly carried out, enabled him to secure his milk in a satisfactory way. The desired result can, however, be much easier accomplished if we know the sources of bacterial infection. Washing tke udder to prevent dislodgment of dust particles, steaming the papils and cans to destroy lurking germ life, rejecting the fore milk, keeping the stable free from dust during the milking, are all practical methods that have a rational scienti- fic basis. Where these methods are consientiously carried out, good results are to be obtained with ease. Private dairies that are engaged in supplying the best quality of milk, are following such methods with success. For factory purposes, such scru- pulous care as is practised in milk dairies would perhaps be considered impractical, but if our factory milk was handled with equally great care, the hundreds of thousands of dollars that are annually lost in this state alone on inferior dairy products would, for the most part, be saved. Suppose that che greatest care has been taken to secure the milk in as clean a manner as possible. This will reduce the number of bacteria in the same proportion, und yet, if no pains are taken to chill it, the advantage gained will be largely lost. The temperature of the milk as it comes fromthe cow approximates blood heat, aud, therefore, the con- ditions are most favourable for bacterial growth. At 80 degrees Fahr. a single organism will form 120 new individuals in four hours, while the development of the same germ would have been so retarded at 50 degrees or 55 degrees Fahr., that but little increase would have taken place. The secret, then, lies in early cooling. If the milk is allowed to cool naturally it loses its animal heat so slowly, especially in a la vulume, like a canful, that the bacteria that are contained in it are able to multiply in a vigorous manner. To check this development, the milk should be cooled ag soon as possible. An early. diminution of the temperature is much more, ; AM. MARCH i, 1899.] efficient in checking growth of germ life than even a longer exposure applied later. If milk is allowed to stand for several days, it almost invariably undergoes a change that is known as souring. Its physical appearance is much altered, and the once valuable food is con- verted into a relatively worthless by-product. This change is a fermentative process that goes on in the milk, and is caused by a large group of different bacteria. These kinds are particularly ‘numerous in stables and barns; moreover, they seem to find in milk such good surroundings that they grow with great rapidity. The sour taste of milk, so fermented, is due to the formation of lactic acid, that is produced by the splitting up of the milk sugar in the milk. As acid is formed in gradually increasing amounts the chemical reaction changes from a neutral to an acid condition. When the amount of acid formed approximates 0°6 per cent, the casein is anable to remain in its normal condition, and is precipitated, forming the solid curd that is characteristic of a sour-milk fermentation. The formation of acid does not go on until the sugar of the milk is all decomposed, tor the lactic acid bacteria are unable to grow where the amount of acid exceeds 08 per cent. They are retarded, therefore, by the presence of their own by-products. The souring of milk is so universal a pheno- menon that it is considered almost a natural and inevitable change in milk, and yet, if milk could be secured without bacteria, it would undergo no such change. No exception can be taken to the statement that milk is very ept to sour during a thunderstorm, This universal experience has led to the notion, thoroughly believed by many, that the cause of the souring is due to the action of thunder, or possibly the electric discharge. Experimental researches upon this question, however, fail to establish any such relationship. The passage of the electric spark through milk does not increase the acidity of the same. If bacterial growth is held in check in various ways, no atmospheric disturb- ance, as thunder or lightning has any effect. All the evidence indicates that the increased tendency toward the formation of lactic acid is due to the more favourable growth conditions that obtain at such a time, The warm, muggy atmosphere favours rapid germ development, and consequently the souring changes occur more quickly. A well-established rule of dairy practice is not to mix the night and morning’s milk, or, to put it on a broader basis, fresh and old milk, Common experiences teaches that this mixture is apt to sour much more rapidly than where the two milks are left separate. The reason for this is a physical one, and is based on the difference in temperature of the two lots and the relation that these temperatures bear to the bacterial life that is contained in each milk. Under normal condi- tions the older the milk is the richer it is in germ life, but the night’s milk is usually cooler than the morning’s milk, which is relatively deficient in germ life. The mixture of the two lots raises the temperature of the whole mass, and at the same time increases the germ content of the fresh milk so that fermentative changes occur more rapidly. Supplement to the ‘* Tropical Agriculturist.” 665 If night’s milk at a temperature of 55 decrees Fahr. contains 1,000,000 bacteria per Cc, and the morning’s milk, at a temperature of 80 degrees Fahr. has only 20,000 organisms per c.c., the mixture of the two in equal volumes would ‘raise the temperature to about 65 degrees. At this temperature the 510,000 bacteria in the mixed milk would grow more rapidly than the 1,000,000 at a lower temperature, and would therefore, sour the saine sooner. ‘ (To be continued, ) —_—_———._—_______. TOBACCO. Mr. Nevill, Tobacco Expert, says that it is not at all necessary, nor is ita good thing, to select the richest lands for tobacco-growing. A soil which will produce a splendid crop of maize “potatoes lucerne, or sugar-cane is not necessarily a soil which will produce 1 good tobaceo, Inthe United States, tobacco is grown on lands which would not be thought worth cultivating in Queensland The best soil for tobacco in Florida is a grey sand y loam, underlaid by a stiff red or yellow clay sate soil. Such land will require manuring. But what is the proper kind of manure to use P In Florida they say the best fertiliser is cotton- seed crushed and cotton-seed meal—the latter giving the plants a quick start; the former by its slower action, feeding the plants at a later period and sustaining them during the important rice of leaf formation. About 80 to 100 bushels of crushed seed and 500 lb. to 800 lb, of the meal should be applied peracre. Onland thus fertilised the Sumatra tobacco yields on an average 800. ib. per acre, but as much as 1,300 lb. have been harvested on small, well-tilled holdings, Cuban tobacco will yield from 500 1b, to 900 1b. on an average ; the later yield is, however, exceptional, At the Queensland Agricultural College, Mr. Nevill is experimenting on two different soils—one a heavy, deep, rich black loam; the other a poor, sandy, shallow soil, overlying a rocky bottom Unfortunately, the weather since and during the planting.out time was exceptionally dry, and a large proportion of the plants failed, but a good many are growing, and the gardeners are b planting up the misses. ie The analysis of a perfect tobacco fertiliser should be 10 to 12 per cent. potash, 8 per cent. phosphoric acid, and 4 per cent. nitrogen. A Jamaica paper says that itis quite impossible to get this analysis outside a mineral fertiliser. We are not aware whether Mr. Nevill has used any fertiliser on the poor soil; but if not, probably next year, when the soil has been analysed, and when it is seen what the yield on the unfertilised land is like, he will turn his attention to experiments in this direction although we know that he does not favour the use of fertilisers in tubacco-growing. lf fertilising can be done cheaply, then there are thousands of acres, close to our largest Cities and on the railway lines and rivers, which may yet be turned to account as tobacco plantations.— Queensland Agricultural Journal. , 666 BILE INOCULATION FOR RINDERPEST, The GOVERNMENT VETERINARY SURGEON to the Hon. the CoLonIAL SECKETARY, No. 286. Colombo, October 10, 1898. Sin,—With reference to annexed extract from my diary—re inccuJation of bulls—-l have the honour to state, for the information of His Excel- lency the Governor, that Mr. Jeffery reports that all the bulls have done well and have had no disease. No cases of rinderpest have occurred for the last month. The yaidis now tree from the disease. I am, &c.,, G. W. STUKGESS, Government Veterinary Surgeon Annexure. EXTRACT FROM THE DIARY OF THE GOVERNMENT VETERINARY SURGUON. Visit to dairy. All satisfactory. The four inoculated bulls in Lipton’s yard have been tied now for a week by the siae of a sick ani- mal—in infected sheds (the sheds where all the cases have been kvpt)—and will be washed and removed today. None of them have been ill, and none have contracted rinderpest ; consequently the bile experimeuts may be said to be very satisfactory, and 1 shall go on with the inoculation wherever possible. Iam quite prepared to inoculate any herd amongst which rinderpest breaks out, as long as good bile can be obtained from those that die or are destroyed for the purpose, and there should be no difficulty about that. in a good many cases the bile is yellow and unfit for use (ic must be quite liquid, durk green in colour, and devoid of smell), but in a good percentage of the fatal cases the bile is quite fit for use, f : ¥ One thing, I am satisfied that if the inoculation is carried out with proper precautions it does no harm, even if it does no good. : Not one of the animals I inoculated has deve- loped an abscess or sore of any kind at the seat of inoculation, aud there has been no appreciable illness. Mr. Jeffery, to whom I am greatly indebt- ed for so kindly allowing me to carry out the experiments with his cattle and for the ready assistance he has given to me, expresses his satisfac- tion with the results, and should the disease break. out again in the yard (it has apparently disappeared now) the remainder of the bulls will be inocula- ted. Ishall write a special report of the proce- dure, &c., adopted in inoculating with the bile in the course of a few days, as the Government of Madras has asked for information of any experi- meuts and results, RELORT ON BILE [NcCULATION FOR THE PREVEN- TION OF RiNDERPEST- ‘ During the recent outbreak of rinderpest in the town the disease appeared amongst a herd of 150 cart bullocks belonging to Messrs. Lipton, Limited. ~ Alcogether 80 cases vccurred : 50 yielded to treai- ment and recovered, 30 died, sion to try the bile inoculation method discovercd py Dr. Koch in South Africa, He found that the contents of the gall-bladder in cattle dead from rinderpest possexs the property of protecuing healthy cattle aguinst the disease. The method of using it is by subcutaneous injection, and protec- tion is given after ten days have elapsed. Supplement to the ‘* Tropical Agriculturist.” T obtained permis-. The method is of no use for diseased cattle; it is only effective when the cattle have not had the disease, 1 opened several bullocks after death, but the vile was unfit for use for inoculation purposes, However, on 23rd August a large Indian bull died, audon postmortem examination I found the bile in proper condition for use. The Bile. In 4 good percentage of fatal cases of rinderpest the bile will be found guod for the purpose of ino- culation. It should be dark green in colour, per- fectly fluid, free from shreds of the lining mem- brauce of the gall-bladder and from any odour of decomposition, A good number of instances occur where the bile is unfit for use, being yellow or dark brown in colour, ropy in consistency, and containing shreds of the mucovs lining of the gall-bladder. Such bile is poisonous and useless, The best bile is that obtained from an animal that has suffered severely from rinderpest for some days, or, better, if it hus succumbed to the disease. It must be taken before decomposition of the body commences, In instances where it has been good 1 have uo- ticed it was usually very abundant, a half to one pint being easily obtained. Method of taking the Bile. Great care must be taken in removing the bile in order to avoid contamination by blood, or cou- tents of the intestines, or by fluid of any kind in the abdominal cavity. The carcase should be placed on the left side and the abdominal cavity opened by cutting along the median liue from the extremity of the sternum to the pubis aud behind the last rib down to th backbone, An assistant cau then raise the fiap® and the liver and gall-bladder lying underneath» the ribs are well exposed. The gall-bladder ehould be slightly raised with the hand, andif dirty washed with a weak solu- tion of bichloride of wercury in water (1 in 2,000). An assistant holds a glass jar against the gall- bladder (taking care not to allow any blood or any extruneous matter to enter it), which is then punctured with a sharp kuife and the bile allowed to flow into the jar. A glass cover should be placed over the jar as soon as the operation is finished. My hands, jars, and instruments were well washed and rinsed with a bichloride of mercury solution (1 in 2,000) and dried. As previously mentioned, I obtained in this manner from an Indian bullock half a pint of bile fit for use. The animal died from the disease after suffering for a week. At once four healthy bulls were inoculated. Method of Inoculation. The animals were cast and the legs tied, and 10 cubic centimetres (about 8 drams) of bile gently injected uuder the loose skin in front of the chest. As the needle of the syringe is withdrawn, the skin should be pinched between the finger and thumb at the poiut of insertion, te prevent any of the bile coming out again and to close the wound. The part should be geutly manipulated to insure distribution of the bile in the subcutaneous tissue, Particulars of Experiments. ne ; 4 August 23.—Four bulls reseived an injection of -Makcu 1, 1899.] 10 cubic centimetres of bile into the dewlap. They had not had rinderpest. August 25.—Alleating and looking well. Swell- ing commencing at the seat of inoculation. August 26.—All well. All four had a fairly hard swelling, the size of a man’s fist, at the seat of ino- culation. August 28.—All well. Swelling decreasing. August 30.—All well. Hardly any swellingat all. September 4.—The ten days in which protection is said to be given having elapsed, the four bulls were tied in the infected sheds along with animals suffering from rinderpest, in order to see if they contracted the disease. September 10.—The four bulls having been ex- posed to infection for a week were washed with a disinfectant solution and sent back to work the following Monday, 12th. None of them were ill in the slightest degree. II, August 28.—Two bulls died, and on postmor- tem examination I found the bile good in one case and unfit for use in the other. In the former the bull had suffered badly and died afterthree days. I inoculated six healthy bulls and a calf. August 30.—All eating and looking well. A large swelling at the seat of inoculation, the size of a football. September 6.—All well. The swelling at the chest has been gradually decreasing for some days. All the six were sent back to work again. Octobe’ 6.—After a month none have been ill in any way. None of them had sores or abscess at the chest, or suffered in the slightest degree from the inoculation. _ Experiments will be continued when the oppor- tunity arises. The method is very simple and quite harmless, if properly carried out. G. W. STURGESS, Government Veterinary Surgeon ——__.@——$_—__§_—_ SOIL MOISTURE. ( Concluded.) Evaporation, both from the leaves and from the surface of the ground is, under normal conditions, continually going on, as we have just seen, to an enormous extent. It is at its greatest when the air is dry, the thermometer high, and the wind strong. These are, of course, the conditions that prevail during the greater part of a dry spell; and the evil effects of a drought are due, not only to the actual want of rain, but also to the prevalence of conditions which help to diminish the store of water already in the soil. {t is true that we cannot regulate the temperature nor control the wind, but something could be done in the way of cooling and moist- ening the air and breaking its force by the judicious planting of trees, or the less ruthless destruction of the existing timber. A belt of trees, even at some distance from the wheat-paddock, exerts quite an appreciable influ- ence upon the crop. With regard to the surface evaporation, the con- ditions ure somewhat more under control. The Same external conditions influence the evaporati n from the surface of the soil as from the crop; that is, other things being equal, the loss by evaporation Supplement to the “Tropical Agriculturist.” is greatest during hot, dry, windy days, but in this instance we have an ally in the retentive power for moisture of the soil itself, and there are several ways of checking undue evaporation from the sur- face. The minimum of surface evaporation will be found in a well-drained soil, fairly rich in humus, cultivated to the depth of about 6 or 7 inches, and with a light surface mulch about one to two inches deep. This mulch may be obtained in practice by lightly hoeing or harrowing the surface at intervals. The benefit of hoeing in conserving moisture is due to the fact that in its natural condition a soil in good tilth resembles a sponge, the water from below finding its wey upwards along the minute channels formed between the particles of soil and evaporating when it reaches the surface. The action of hoeing is to disturb this state of things, and to break up these channels for a time at least, and so to prevent too rapid evaporation until the water has found new channels. Ina true mulch, such as litter, or straw, or leaves, &c., this capillary action is maintained throughout the soil, up to the surface otf the soil proper and the further upward movement is checked by the mulch. In hoeing or harrowing, the surface of the soil itself is converted, temporarily, into a mulch, and the effect isthe same. Sucha layer of 1 to 2 inches of lightly harrowed surface-soil has all the advantages of a mulch of straw or leaves and none of the disadvantages. This surface mulch of loose soil must be maintained during the growth of the ercp by repeated harrowing, the object being to keep a layer of loose soil on the surface and not allowing it to compact. In order to be able to hce, the seed must be drilled in rows, a practice which has not yet received the attention it deserves in this Colony. Humus, or decaying organic matter, as well as being of distinct value as a fertiliser is of still greater value in modifying the texture of the soil. The importance of humus has already been dealt with at greater length in the Farmers’ and Fruittgrowers’ Guide, we are only concerned in this place with its relation to moisture. Probibly a description of the following experi- ment, the details of which were carried out by Mr. Barker in the Departmental laboratory, will best serve to show the extent to which the presence of humus affects the water-holding power of the soil, The experiment had for its object to ascertain whether or not the capacity for water of a soil and its retentive power for water were diminished when the humus was destroyed. The experiment was made on a soil containing 18 per cent humus, A portion was taken, and ignited at as low a temperature as possible, until the organic matter was entirely burnt off. It was then allowed to remain exposed to the air for about a week before being weighed, in order that it might be, as far as possible, under exactly the same conditivns as to moisture as the original soil. Equal weights were then taken of the iguited and unignited soils, and placed in large funnels, the weigh's of which were known. The soils were then drenched with the same quantity of water, in the manner in which the capacity for water is usually taken, As soon as the water had ceased ’ 668 to drip, the funnels and contents were weighed. The result showed that the ignited soil had taken up 54°75 per cent of its weight in water, the|\un- ignited soil having in the sume time and under the same conditions, absorbed 57 per cent of its weight in water. To check these results, the volume of water was measured which had drained out of the soils, and from this volume the amount was calculated which had been retuined by the soils. It was found that 27 per cent of the water had been retained by the unignited soil, whereas 29 per cent had been retained by the soil convaining humus, This shows that in the case of the parti- cular soil chosen, its capacity for absorbing water is lower when the organic matter is destroyed than when the latter is present. In order to test the relative power of these tw? soils for retaining water, the weighings were con- tinued at daily intervals for a few days, with the following results :— i : The percentages of water retained by the soils at the different times of weighing are shown below. The figures in brackets show the loss of water since the previous weighing :— Soil previously Unignited ignited. soil. Saturated ...54°7 57:0 After 1 day ... 51°4 (3°38) 54°4(2°6) RE Se oi (hs B) 48'4 (6°0) 5s WSL. Wiohieian? AO CAP’) 43°6 (48) a made e Leo) 39 0 (4°6) SE vin waco loa Le days) 30°8 (8-2) (2 days) Nile rae lilsieees 27:0 (3°8) 5 (Se oty anise (4) 23-9 (3:1) ee Liar Payrcre YrES 8) 21°71 (2 3) 5, LOL ewetlOe (2'8) 19°4 (1°7) In the above case, although the original soil was not exceptionally rich in humus, and possessed only an average capacity for water, yet 1t was sufficient to show distinctly that this capacity for water was initially higher in the soil containing humus than when the organic matter had been removed, and also that the unignited soil parted with its moisture far le-s rapidly, retaining at the end of ten days nearly twice as much moisture as did the ignited soil. The presence of humus in the soil is thus of . special importance in reference to the problem we are discussing, namely, the best way to retain moisture in the soil. Other things being equal, the soil, which is rich (within limits) in humus, will be better able to withstand the effects of a dry spell than the one in which this substance is lacking. : sadly For the most part this ingredient is deficient in our soils, more particularly in those that have been under cultivation for any length of time. ‘The best method of applying humus is undoubt- edly by green manuring. What is the best crop for the purpose | am not prepared to say. The crop usually recommended is cow-pea, and it un- - doubtedly fulfils all the requirements of a green manure, but it is quite possible that experiment will indicate one more suitable to our conditions. Green manuring is of benefit to the soil in other ways, particularly in promoting bacterial activity and increasing the production of nitrates. Supplement to the * Tropical Agricultusist.” _ show themselves. a, a). ee J Pets [Marcu 1, 1899, — But of even greater importance in preventing surface evaporation and in increasing the aréa from which the plant can draw its moisture are the mechanical operations of subsoiling and culti- vating. In all cases where the subsoil plough has been used, the benefits to the crop in the increased power of resisting drought have been striking. Subsoiling enables the roots to penetrate more deeply into the soil in search of moisture, and in- creases the area from which the plant can draw its water. Insoils that are not cultivated, or only cultivated tothe depth of a few inches, there is frequently a hard compact stratum within a short distance of the surface (cften formed by the plough itself), which resists the downward growth of the roots, the plant depending entirely for its moisture on the shallow upper layer of surface soil. By subsoiling, by green manuring, and more particu- larly by maintaining a surface mulch of loose soil during the period of the active growth of thecrop, we shall be able to make the most of the water already present in the soil, and of all that falls in rain. In addition we have the power of choosing such crops or such varieties us are found to be most drought-resistant. Speaking particularly of wheat, there are one or two varieties that have shown themselves to be less affected by the last two or three dry sensonsthan any others. These varieties are, unfortunately, not so desirable in other res- pects, and the problem is still to be solved- The whole question that 1 have opened up is one that can only be satisfactorily settled by careful experimenting. I have endeavoured to place the more striking features of the position before us, and to show that the problem of successfully resist- ing a drought is not so impossible of solution as one may imagine, and that if systematic and in- teliigent inquiry is directed to the matter there is every reason to hope that in a few years’ time we shall not be so entirely at the mercy of drouglity seasons as We now are. ——_..——____ DENTITION OF CATTLE. TELLING THE AGE BY THE TEETH. It has been stated that no accurate opinion vf the age of a calf can be formed until it is six mouths old; at that time the fourth molars (the back teeth which are used for grinding} are well developed. Between six and twelve months there are no important dental changes; the incisor (front or cutting teeth) become worn, and more space is left between them, but it is not possible to assert from the state of the incisor teeth whether an-animal is under or over the age of one year. At one year a bullock has eight incisors, and shortly afterwards the fifth molar appears. At the age of twenty or twenty-one months the two central incisors become loose, and their successors, the first two broad teeth, may begin to At one year and seven months, in very forward animals, the first pair of permanent or broad incisors are cut, but they are never level with the other incisors before one year and ten months, and their perfect development is indicative of the age of two years, at which time the sixth and last Marcu 1, 1899.] permanent molars are in position, and any error of opinion as to age, which might arise from the permanent (or early) cutting of the central per- manent incisors, may be corrected by reference to the state of the molars. When the animal is a month or two over two years, the first and second (counting from the front) permanent molars take the places of the permanent teeth. From two years and three months or two years and six months, the second pair of broad, front, or incisor teeth, the middle permanent incisors, occupy the place of the corresponding temporary teeth in al cultivated breeds. Instances of late dentition present themselves from time to time, in which the middle permanent incisors are not cut till the animal is approaching thre® years old. There is consequently a possible variation of six months in the time of the appearance of these teeth. It must be understood, in reference to the appearance of the second pair of broad teeth, that an expert, looking at a mouth which has four per- manent incisors, will conclude that the animal is two years and a-half old; but if he is required to certify that the age is under or above that period, ‘he must proceed to inspect the molar teeth, and take into account the animal’s pedigree, its sex, and its general condition of development. If the animal in question is a bull, and has been forced to early maturity, if may be expected that the seeond pair of permanent incisors will be cut at two years and four months; and if either of the anterior (foremost) temporary molars remain in their places, the conclusion that the animal is under two years and a-half will be strengthened. Shortly after the first and second molars are cut, the third makes its appearance ; occasionally it appears before the others, and the animal at the age of three years will have three anterior molars nearly level with the other teeth, but showing no signs of wear. The eruption of the third pair of permanent incisors may occur at any time between two years and six months and three years of age. The anterior molars, however, afford more re- linble evidence of the age between two and a-half and three years old than is furnished by the incisors. At three years of age the average con- dition of the teeth in cultivated breeds is—the fourth pair, or the corner permanent incisors, are well up, but they vary considerably. In well-bred cattle they take the place of the temporary teeth soon after the cpmpletion of the third year. In well-bred bulls they are often present at two years and ten months, while in some instances they sre not cut till the animal is three years and nine months. Very little reliance indeed can be placed on the corner incisors, and the examiner is com- pelled to refer to the molar teeth to correct. his opinion With the exception of the corner per~ manent incisors, the fourth pair of broad teeth, the permanent dentition of the ox is completed, and after this period the changes in the form of the teeth from effects of attrition will assist the examiner in forming an opinion of the age.— Farmer and Stockbreeder. TELEGONY OR ATAVISM, ( Coneluded. ) Of course, as has been already stated, it was the ‘eurious markings on the hybrids that first led Pro- fessor Mwart to take up reversion. The first Supplement to the “Tropical Agvriculturist.” 669 hybrid obtained was the colt Romulus, out of the Rum pony mare Mulatto, 12°3. He bore stripes, itis true, but they did not correspond with the markings on the sire, being much more numerous, and those on the face had a different arch. This opened up the question as to what animal he most closely resembled in his markings, and it was found to be the Somaliland zebra, the reputed common ancestor of the horse, which was another triumph for reversion. But now we must turn to the subject of telegony pure and simple, and when we doso we find that Professor Cossar Ewart carried out his ex- periments ona large scale. All the mares which bred to the zebra were maidens, except in the case of a dark-brown Shetland mare which in 1896 had a foal toa Shetland stallion. The first hybrid, as already stated, was the colt Romulus, which is now three years old and 12 hands high. He had spots instead of stripes on one part of his body, which clearly taught that the stripes had been derived by the union of spots. In 1897 Mulatto, the dam of Ro- mulus, had a grey colt foal to a grey Arab stallion, which at birth had a great many subtle marks whieh might have been attributed to a z2braic * infection of the germ.” This foal died, and an inspection of the skin showed that what were considered stripes were in reality dispositions of the hair, which gave an impression at a distance of being durk-coloured stripes. Tf anything had happened, the mare had bred back to her own ancestors, There was some doubt of her having been affected by the zebra. Mulatto had no foal this year, A chestnut poto pony mare had twins this yearto the zebra. One died, but the other is in many ways more a horse than a zebra. A skewbald pouy mare, white and brown, had abybrid which was fairly well marked. She had a seeond foal toa bay Shetland pony, and this foal inits colouring is almost exactly the same as the dam. There wasno indication of infection ; it seemed to be a case of prepotency. Another Shetiand dark-brown pony mare had a hybrid foal in 1897, and this year she had a foal to a Welsh pony stallion. This fual was exactly like the dam. She was the exception in not being a maiden mare, so that there were thus the two kinds of mares—one which had borne a foal before being put to the zebra, and others which had not done so. Biddie an Irish mare, which had a hybrid foal in 1897, had this year a foal to the Thoroughbred stallion Tup- gill. This foal is also like the dam. eh JOHN STEPHENS. Photo and Half-Tone Block by W. L. H. Skeen & Co., Colombo and Kandy. Vol. XVIII. «| MONTHLY. be COLOMBO, APRIL Ist, 1899. |\No. 10. “PIONEERS OF THE PLANTING ENTERPRISE IN CEYLON,” (Third Series.) JOHN STEPHENS: CINNAMON, COCONUT, COFFEE AND TEA PLANTER. HE subject of our biogra- phical it notice and por- trait in this month’s Tro- pical Agricultwrist (to be ready in a few days) is the well-known ‘ Patri- arch of Dolosbage” where long series of years. A more venerable or more esteemed pioneer planter there does not exist in or out of Ceylon, at this moment. We have known Mr. John Stephens for a great many years and have always esteemed him as a most careful and upright man of business and a truly industrious planter. Long may he continue to flourish in retire- ment, enjoying his well-earned ofiwm cum dignitate. Mr. Stephens was born on England on the 2th August 1816; so that he has now at- tained the truly patriarchal age of well-nigh 83 years; but, it may be said, in the lan- guage of Scripture, that ‘his eye is not dim nor his natural force abated.” Mi. Stephens was in his 25th year when he first engaged in England to proceed to Ceylon in the service of Messrs. Ackland, Boyd & Co., the largest Colombo firm in cinnamon, coffee, Xc., Was during the ‘thirties’ and “forties.” My, Stephens voyaged to Ceylon in the well-known clipper sailing vessel “Symmetry,” Capt. Abel Mackwood, brother of the founders of the firm of Messrs. Mackwood & Co. (Caps. Wm. and Francis Mackwood, well-known and esteemed in the Ceylon trade in the early days.) The arrival in Colombo took place on 26th July 1841, so that our friend if he survives till that date in 1899, wail have rounded off no fewer than 58 years? residence in the island. There were four other young men as passengers for Ceylon in the “Symmetry,” namely, Messrs. Preston, Hicks (a Surveyor) and W. H. Walters. The first two joined the majority long ago; but Mr. Walters lived to be himself an esteemed patriarch among proprietary Ceylon planters, and regularly once a year were ereetings exchanged between Hewaheta (Gonavy) and Dolosbage (The Diggings) as the two fellow- voyagers by the ‘“Symmetry” advanced towards old age. Mr. Walters was, how- ever, the first to go, his death occurrine about two years ago. Mr. Stephens’ frst appointment was to the still well-known cinnamon plantation of Goluapokuna, Kadi- rana, in the Negombo district. the time almost the He was at only white man—or THE TROPICAL certainly planter—in the district. Mr. Stephens learned how to deal with cinnamon and to manage his Sinhalese labourers from a Mudaliyar who could talk a little English. The young and active English- man, however, soon mastered ‘‘the situ- ation”; and in the course of the next two or three years he had several additional plantations placed in his charge with a cor- responding increase of salary. In this way Mr. Stephens began to save money—there was not much temptation or opportunity to spend in those early days—and to make judicious investments of the same; so that he soon became recognised as a planter with some capital. In 1819, Mr. Stephens married a daughter of Mr. Rudd, senior, who with his sons, had rapidly developed several coffee estates during the “forties” and built up a prosperous firm in Colombo. Mrs. Stephens still survivesin wonderfully good health and the “golden wedding” celebration of her husband and herself is due this year. Their family of six sons and two daughters all survive, most of the sons being well-known Ceylon planters; while the daughters both married to local planters, Mr. H. F. Dunbar (lately deceased) and Mr. Charles Laing of Dolosbage. 672 But Mr. Stephens was not the first of his family to visit Ceylon: he had a brother who came out in 1839, and who engaged in coffee planting in the Central Province, and was well-known to all by the sobriquet of “Stumps.” Mr. John Stephens frequently visited “Stumps”, and after a time deter- mined to invest in coffee land. In 1854, Mr. John Stephens made his first investment in Crown land, situated five miles from Gam- pola, and began to open coffee, putting a Superintendent in charge. In that year his brother “Stumps” died. Another brother was Thomas who came out after John, but died whilst on his way to England. To the pur- chase of Cooroondoowatta, Mr. John Ste- phens soon added that of two other blocks of land, which he formed into three coffee plantations, namely, Cooroondoo- watta, Diggings and Somerset. In 1856, Mr. Stephens finally left the Negombo district and took up his residence on his Dolosbage properties and there, with the exception of certain visits home, he has remained ever since. Coffee proved very remunerative in the latter half of the ‘‘fifties” and in 1859 Mr. Stephens left with his young family for England; but he himself returned after AGRICULTURIST. [Aprit 1, 1899. eight’ months’ absence. His next trip home was in 1863, when he had a spell of well- earned rest for three years, returning in January 1855, but only to inspect his estates. He left again in March of that year; but returned in 1858 to settle down once more and for 31 years now he has not left the Colony. Handsome offers for the purchase of his estates were made to Mr, Stephens in the “seventies,” when, although the coffee-leaf fungus prevailed, no one believed it was other than temporary and coffee “ boomed.” Among others, Mr. H. 8S. Saunders and the late Mr. St. George Carey tried to tempt Mr. Stephens to sell; but he declined—un- fortunately for himself, perhaps. Instead, Mr. Stephens passed right through the coffee crisis when, although he cul- tivated well and manured highly, no remunerative return could be got from coffee fields. Mr. Stephens had been noted from the beginning as a liberal cultivator, his stock of cattle being one of the largest maintained in Ceylon by any one individual estate proprietor. So that it could not be said in his case that he took all out of the soil and put nothing back, or that the leaf fungus disease came through impoverished bushes. Still Mr. Stephens found himself in the early “eighties” with clean title-deeds for his properties; but with almost no value attaching to them—and indeed, the Banks could not be got to alvance even a temporary loan, so low had the credit of “coffee” and “cin. chona” fallen. We well recall a_ visit paid to the Observer Office in which this experience was related. Tea had, however, begun to come to the front in Yakdessa and Dolosbage and in 1834, Mr. Stephens leased 200 acres of one of his properties to three practical men, Messrs. Jas. Allan, J. Aymer and the late Geo. Kyd, who at once planted tea and benefited by the new product. This lease falls in with the end of the present year. In addition Mr. Stephens planted up 209 acres with tea on his own account; so that he will very soon have 400 acres of fine tea, for his very competent Manager (his son Mr. Arthur J. Stephens) to deal with. We ought to have mentioned that some years back Mr. Stephens sold his Somerset property to Mr. W. J. Robson who has developed it into a fine tea plantation now known as Evalgolla. Mr. John Stephens has thus had during his island career, experience of four staple pro- Aprin 1, 1899.] ducts of the island in cinnamon, coconuts, coffee and tea, not to mention cinchona, and probably a little of cacao and rubber, During his tropical residence, Mr. Stephens has enjoyed splendid health, never having been once seriously ill during his 58 years of connection with Ceylon—a fact which he attributes to his temperate habits, love of steady work, and regular hours, always making it a strict rule to have his meals at fixed times, no matter how pres- sing his occupation with cinnamon or coffee in crop time. Even now, in his 83rd year, our patriarchal friend takes his walks regu- larly when the weather is fine; and he still reads and writes without the use of glasses; while ‘““R.H.F.”, during his Dolosbage visit, found the patriarch could still play a capital game of chess. Mr. Stephens’ only complaint, so far, is that he cannot hear so well as formerly. What a magnificent advertise- ment have we in our Dolosbage patriarch for the climate of Ceylon, to send round to Life Insurance Offices! Long may our worthy old friend (and his partner) continue to adorn the long-established Dolosbage home, and to show planters of the present gene- ration how they should live and work in order to earn the privilege of a good and healthy old age. Our hope is that in Mr. Stephens, we or a successor may yet hail the first CENTENARIAN AMONG THE PLANT- ING PIONEERS OF THIS CROWN COLONY OF CEYLON. So mote it be! —___@—___ THH “LANTANA BUG.” (Orthezia insignis, Douglas.) FROM Roya BoTANic GARDENS CEYLON: JANUARY 1899. HISTORY OF THE PEST IN CEYLON. Ii is now more than five years since this insec was first noticed in Ceylon. In January, 1793 specimens were received from the late Dr. Trimen, then Director of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Pera- deniya. Dr, Trimen, in forwarding the insects, wrote :—“ We are afflicted by an abominable pest now in the gardens, which I do not recollect to have seen_before. It bids fair to be the worst thing of the sort I have had here, and attacks especially Acanthacee, which includes our showiest shrubs. I never saw any pest here that increased so rapidly ; the garden is quite disfigured byit.” In the following April Dr. Trimen wrote that after cutting down and burning all the affected bushes they had seen nothing of the pest for rome time; but that, at the time of writing, it had re-appeared and was _ rapaidly increasing. The next report from the Gardens was not until September, 1894, when the pest was said to be very bad and covering everything. About the same time a very large brood of the male insects suddenly appeared in the Gardens; and in this same year it was observed that the pest had extended its range outside the Gardens and had established itrelf firmly upon Lantana in the neighbourhood. Thinking that the time had now come to worn the planting community of the danger, au_ illus- long CIRCULAR THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 673 trased article on the insect was published in the “Tropical Agriculturist’’ for January, 1895. Though the pest has been steadily increasing in strength and extending its range, it does not appear to have attracted any general attention or created any alarm until early in the present year, by which time it had spread within a radius of about 20 miles around Kandy. The question then arose as to whether the insect would attack any of our cultivated products. It has since been observed, in one or two localities, upon tea plants growing in the immediate neighbourhood of infested Lantana bushes. PRESENT RANGE OF THE PEST IN CEYLON, Though at first confined to the Kandy District, the pest has now spread to other parts. To the north- east it has been recorded from Rangalla. It ex- tends southwards throughout the Gampola and Na- walapitiya districts. An outbreak has been observed in Pundalu-oya. The Director of the Botanic Gardens reports the occurrence of the insect on the Badulla side of the country. No doubt if careful observations were made all over the Island, the pest would be found to have a still, wider range. DISTRIBUTION IN OTHER COUNTRIES, The original home of Ortheza casignis is still rather doubtful. It bas been reported from various countries, The insect was first described trom specimens col- lected in the plant houses at the Royal Botanical Gardens, Kew, where it found a congenial home. It must have been received there from some other country. Dr. Mortis, late Assistant Director of the Gardens, considered that they owed its introduction to British Guiana. It occurs in the West Indies (Trinidad, Jamaica, and Antigua being specially mentioned) and in various districts of Mexico. In South America it has been recorded from British Guiana. In the United States it has become a common greenhouse pest. Quite recently Mr.C. P. Lounsbury has drawn attention to its appearance in South Africa (Cape Town, Natal, Port Elizabeth, and East London are mentioned as localities), where it is a troublesome pest both in greenhouses and gardens. It is said to have been known in Natal for the last five years; and specimens—supposed to date back ten years—exist in the South African Museum, labelled ‘* Durban, Natal.” DESCRIPTION OF 1HE PEST. As with most scale-insect pests, the resulting injury is more conspicuous than in the insect itself, In the present instance, though most travellers on our railway have observed the unhealthy appearance of the Lantana on the side of the track,—with its leaves blackened by the sooty fungus that accompanies the pest,—very few of them have any idea of the actual form and appearance of the bug that is responsible for this effect. A closer examination of the diseased bushes would show that all the younger shoots and branches are thickly covered with what they would probably describe as a “ mealy bug.’’ This species however, differs from the ordinary “mealy bug # in the firm—almost shelly—nature of the waxy appendages, and in the fact that a large part of the back of the insect is exposed. It will be as well to describe first the adult female, as this is the most conspicuous stage and the one in which the Orthezia may be most easily recognized, The insect itself is of a dull olive-green or olive- brown colour, with a fringe of short stout opaque- white waxy processes, and a double row of similar projections down the middle of the back. But the most striking feature is the long white cylindrical appendage springing from the extremity of the body, This the ovisac, and contains the numerous eggs, When fully developed this ovisac is four times as long as the body of the insect. It tapers very slightly, is fluted above and smooth below, and has an upward curve to the extremity, where there isan opening for the exist of the young larvye. The legs and antennw of the insect are well developed and project beyond the margins of the body. Themonth parts consist of a conical tubercle springing from 674. THE TROPICAL between the bases of the first pair of legs, and from its extremity the long hair-like sucking tube can be extended into the tissues of the plant. The length of the insect and ovisac together is very little short of a quarter of an inch. a The half-grown female is in all respects similar in external appearance to the adult insect, except for the absence of the ovisac. It is therefore a much less conspicuous insect, and measures only about one twenty-fourth part of an inch in diameter. The young larva again does not differ very much from the half-grown insect, except in point of size. It is however of a paler colour, and the marginal, fringe is only very slightly developed. The eggs, which are carried within the ovisac packed in a cottony material, are at first almost white. They soon deepen to yellow, then orange, and, just before the emergence of the larva, become of a greenish tint. : A The male insect, after the first moult, is readily distinguishable from the other sex. It becomes more elongate and, instead of secreting compact waxy processes, envelops itself in a loose woolly secretion. Rudimentary wings begin to appear towards the end of this stage. I'he pupal (or aie ye stage is only distinguished by the presence of rather longer wing pads, and in the greater length of the antenna, which are then folded bask along the sides of the body, extending nearly to its extremity. The pupa has long, well-developed legs which it can use when disturbed, though it usually remains quiescent be- neath its wooly covering. : The adult male is a very graceful little insect, of a totally different appearance to the female. It is of a slatey grey colour, with very long slender antenns, a single pair of grayrsh wings, and a tuft of long white silky filaments at the end of the body. The eyes are klack and divided into numerous facets. It has no mouth, and consequently takes no food in this stage, having laid in a sufficient store during the larval period, LIFE HISTORY AND HABITS. There appears to be a constant succession of broods. I have examined infected plants at all times of the year, and have always found the insects in all stages, from the newly hatched larva to the adult female. I haye kept individual females under observation. Atter the first commencement of the formation of the ovisac a period of three weeks elapses before the emergence of the first larva, after which the young insects hatch out at the rate of about five a day for a period of six weeks or more; by which time the parent is exhausted and dies, and the earliest hatched larve are mature and commence ovipositing on their own account, The length of life of a single insect is therefore about fifteen weeks; commences to produce larve at the ninth week, there may be five generations in the course of the year. YVhis fecundity is more or less independent of the attentions of the male insects, which appear only at irregular intervals. It is doubtful whether a genera- tion of males is produced even once a year. It is remarkable that the true male of Orthezia insignis has been recorded only from Ceylon. Supposed males have been described and figured both in England and America; but in both these cases the male of a totally different insect has been erroneously associated with this female. Since the appearance of the pest in Ceylon two male broods only have come under my personal observation—in July, 1894, and May, 1898. On both these occasions the male insects occurred in enormous numbers, hovering in the air like gnats, the silky tufts on their tails glistening in the sunlight. In May of the present year (1898) myriads of these little flies might be seen floating in the air in certain parts of “ Lady Horton’s Walk’? and other roads about Kandy. It is the female that is responsible for the chief damage, as she continues to pump up sap from the plant during the whole period of her existence. Unlike most scale-bugs, the Orthegia is quite an but as it * AGRICULTURIST. [APRIL 1, 1899, active insect and able to change its position at will” It prefers the young shoots to the older stems, and moves upward with the growth of the plant. FOOD PLANTS. Although the Orthezia is popularly known in Ceylon as “the Lantana Bug,” this is by no means the only plant which it affects. It is more particularly a garden pest, and it was upon the ornamental shrubs and plants in the Peradeniya Gardens that it first attracted attention. Its adoption of the Lan- tana plant is quite an acquired habit. It was early noticed that Orthezia had a special taste for certain natural orders of plants, Acanthacee, Rutiacer, aud Verbenacee being particularly appre- ciated by the insect. Sinceits residence with us it has very largely increased its list of food plants. It would be difficult to give a full catalogue, but the following plants bave been noted:— Acanthacee :—Crossandra, Justicia, Thanbergia, Me- yenia, Strobilanthes. Rubiacee :—Cinchona, “Coffee” (Arabian and Libe- slag Gardenia, Hamelia, Ixora, and many common weeds. Verbenacee:—Verbena citriodora bena’’), Lantana, Stachytarpheta, Duranta. Composite :—Tithonia (“ Wild Sunflower”), Chry- santhemum, Achillea, Vernonia, Ageratum ( Goat- weed’’), and many common weeds. Solanacee :—Habrothamnus, Capsicum, “ Tomato.” Labiate:—Coleus, Salvia. Rutacee :— Orange" and various kinds of Citrus. Leguminose ;—Clitoria. Caprifoliacee :—Lonicera (“ Honeysuckle ”). Bignoniacee :—Tecoma. Rosacee :—‘ Strawberry.” Amaranthacee :—Iresine. Ternstromiacee :—“ Tea,” Convolvulacee :—Ipomea, Lythracee :—Cuphea. The above names are ehiefly those of ornamental shrubs, garden plants, and common weeds, We have so far, no very serious reports of injury to any of our more important economic plants. It will be noticed that both the tea and the coffee plant figure on the list. Of the latter I have seen abandoned plants in waste land thickly colonized by the bug. Superin- tendents of coffee estates should be on their guard against the introduction of this pest. The Tea plant fortunately does not appear to be a favourite food of the Orthezia, though, failing more favoured plants, it can subsist and breed on our staple product, and the subsequent generations might very readily acquire the taste for Ceylon tea. The danger arises from the enormous and rapid repro- ductive powers of the insect. When it finds a con- genial food plant—such as Lantana—it multiplies till every shoot is thickly tenanted, and the jater broods are simply crowded off and compelled to seek fresh pastures. The several instances of the esta- blishment of the pest upon tea have manifestly arisen in this manner. REMEDIAL MEASURES, The Orthezia is one of, if not the most resistent of all scale-bugs towards insecticides. It is therefore a useful subject upon which to test various treatments. An insecticide that will kill Orthezia can be almost guaranteed against any scale pest. It isremarkable ae pay oe eerie ae often survive treat- ment that has successfully destroyed the youn and older individuals. zi ‘ Cn In the case of isolated trees attacked by this nest, the gas treatment is really the most effective and complete. This consists in covering the tree witha tent or sheet of some closely woven material, be- neath which hydrocyanic acid gas is generated. The deadly gas will penetrate to every part of the tree and reach every single insect. I have recently as- certained by experiment that an ertra strength of the gas with a shorter exposure (than usually pre- cribed) is the most certainly fatal to the insecta — “Scented Ver- Apri 1, 1899.] THE TROPICAL and the least injurious to the plants. The gas treatment however, though really very simple, requires considerable care in application and is subject to certain dangers. It cannot therefore be recommended for general use without previous demonstration by a@ trained operator. Spraying is the next best measure. But however throughly this work may be done, a certain pro- portion of the insects is bound to escape, and the proosis must be repeated at intervals until the pest as finally disappeared. I have found that mixtures of which soap is the principal component are more efficacious against Orthezia than any other form of insecticide. Besides killing the insect, the soapy matter blocks the aperture of the ovisac, and so prevents the emergence of the young larve. Ke- rosine-soap-emulsion is a useful and inexpensive mixture, but requires careful preparation. The formula is:— Kerosine ooo oc 2 gallons Common Soap ... os % |b. Water 1 gallon Dissolve the soap in water heated to boiling. Add the kerosine to the hot mixture, and churn fill it forms a thick cream on cooling. The churning is the most important part of the process. If this is not done throughly, the oil separates out on cooling, and will not then mix with water. A pro- perly compounded emulsion may be subsequently diluted to any extent. The churning may be effected either by stirring vigorously with a bunch of twigs or the liquid may be repeatedly drawn up and ex- peiled through a garden syringe. To test the mixture, put a drop on to a piece of glass, If it adheres without separating into oil globules, the process is complete. For application, dilute with nine or ten times the bulk of water. Kerosine emulsion should not be applied during sunshine, or serious injury to the plants may result. Strawson’s ‘‘Red Spider Insecticide” and Mc- Dougall’s “Insecticide Wash” are very convenient forms of soap mixtures, and are both very effective against Orthezia in the proportion of 1; 1b. of the mixture to 4 gallons of water. The insects will remain attached to the plant for a long time (sometimes two or three weeks) after they are dead. An examination with a hand lens is necessary to determine whether the application has been successful or not. If the legs remain rigid and do not move when the insect is disturbed, it may be presumed to be dead. After spraying it will be advisable—where possible— to prune the bush andj burn the prunings. Where the pest has become widely distributed. — as on Lantana in waste land,—any treatment of the above nature will be quite impracticable. In sacha case aJl we can do is to endeavour to keep it in check by periodically cutting back and burning the Lantana and other weeds that lodge the insect. In districts where Orthezia is prevalent all boundaries should be kept carefully cleared back. If Lantana is allowed to encroach upon the tea, the latter is bound to become affected sooner or later. NATURAL ENEMIES. Natural enemies may possibly exist in the native country of Orthezia insignis. But, so far, the career of the pest in Ceylon has been unchecked by any such causes. Birds do not feed upon it, and Ihave not found a single insect parasite—external or in- ternal—preying upon it. I have tried to induce various species of lady-birds to eat this insect, but they have one and all absolutely refused—prefering to die of starvation. A writer in the “Kew Bulletin” (June-July, 1895) quotes from the “Timehri”’ (a Demerara Journal) in which Mr. R. Ward gives some account of the habits of the Orthezia (in Demerara ?): He says: ‘Although common, it is not nearly so destructive or troublesome as many of its allies. In the young state it is very abundant; after it becomes fully developed it is more easily preyed upon by its natural enemies, which play an im- AGRICULTURIST. 675 portant part in limiting its ravages. In this res- pect no insects are more assiduous than the grubs of the different species of Coccinella (lady-birds), Syrphus, the various Memerobide, of which the different species of Chrysopa act a chief part.” It would be interesting to know if Mr. Ward is speaking of his personal observation of the natural enemies of the Orthezia, or whether he is alluding in general terms to the acknowledged work of such natural enemies. MODE OF DISTRIBUTION. The young larvae of all scale-insect are very easily transported from one place to another. They are minute and active, and can exist for several days without food. They may crawl on to the teet of birds, or even on to larger insects that may be resting on the bug-infested plant, and may be con- veyed in this manner to a considerable distance before being dislodged. They may be brushed off the plant and carried away on the clothing of passers by. The rough cumblies used by ‘Tamil coolies are particularly liable to carry the infection. Wandering cattle are also unconscious distributors of the pest, The young insects are so light that they may be transported by wind. The conspicuous way in which the pest is spreading along the sides of the railway track points to the supposition that they are carried along by the draught of passing trains. Running water is another fertile source of distribution. An infested plant growing on the banks of a stréam or river is sure to shed some of the iesect in the , water. Individuals may be floated down for miles before effecting a landing. The interchange cf garden plants is also a great source of danger. It was in this way that the pest obtained a footing in Ceylon. BIBLIOGRAPHY, References to Orthezia insignis may be f i Nee papers and publications aE irri )_ Journal of the Quekett Microscopical Club. Se ee Vol. ue No. 20 (Dec. 1887), p. 159, et a oe plates. ‘“‘Notes on a Species of Orthezi d in Kew Gerdens,’ by Edward T, prenice, fonda (2) Entomologists’ Monthly Magazine (Jan., 1888) p. 169, with several figures (A Description of the a species, by Mr, J. W Douglas). (3) Thirty-Second Annual Report of the Massach- usetts Agricultural College, for 1894. “A New Green- house Pest,’’ by C. P. Lounsbury. (In the pose papers quoted above, the male of a species o actylopwus is erroneously ri Bees that of OU. insignis.) goaee cubed end onual Report on the Royal Botani . Peradeniya, for 1893, by Dr. H. Derneiee anne of Lata DY the pest.) (5) Indian Museum Notes, Vol. III., N (18 p: 103. ‘A New Coccid from Ceylon,” SGU ree ton, F.R.S. (0. nacrea is here a synonyn ) ( ( c 1 of O. insignis), (6) Tropical Agriculturist (Jan., 1695), poate plate. “An Important Insect Eeney,” by Mr. E E. Green, F.E.S. (Giving a description and its ravages in Ceylon.) [Afterward in pamphlet form.) (7) Timehri, Vol. I1I., New Series ( with Heures: (Reference "to cea insect at Kew, by Mr. S. J. McInt (8) Timebri, Vol. IV. (1890), p. 304. of the Habits of the Orthezia, (9) Kew Builetin (June-July, ference to the pest at Kew and (10) Entomologists’ Monthly Ma . 137. “On the Male of Orthez; . W. Douglas, F.E.S. (11) Annals and Magazine of Natural His Pel XVI. (July, 1895), ‘On some Coccids aBteinbat Mr. C. A. Barber in the Island of Antigua, W.I A by Eteaaors T.D.A. Cockerell. Risin aeie (12) Bulletin of the United State epar of Agriculture, Division of Htomology ‘Technical Series oe (1896), pp. 10, 21, 93.” “On aor Mexican and Japanese Injurious I J TD A, Cockerell, J nsects,"’ by Profesor of the pest $8 reprinted . 808 the occurrence of he (An account by Mr, R. Ward.) 1895), p. 162, (Re- elsewhere. ) gazine (June, 1895), ta insignis,” by Mr, 676 (13) Insect life. Vol. V. (1892-93); Page 89, " Orthezia insignis as » Garden pest,” by Professor T. D. A. Cockerell; page 121, ‘Notes on Plant Faun,” by Professor T D. A. Cockerell; pages 159, 247, ‘ Food Plants of some Jamaican Coccide,” by Professor T. D. A. Cockerell. (14) Bulletin of the Cape of Good Hope Depart- ment of Agriculture, Nos. 6 and 12 (1898), ‘ Another introduced Scale Pest,’ by ©. P. Lounsbury. (Re- printed from Agricultural Journal, March 31 and June 23, 1898.) i. ERNEST GREEN, Honorary Government Entomologist. Pundalu-oya, December 12, 1898. —____——____—_ E CULTIVATION OF ARECA-NUT IN TH GODAVARI DISTRICT. [A Paper READ BEFORE THE AGRICULTURAL STUDENTS AssocrATION, MaprAs COLLEGE or AGRICULTURE, SAIDAPET, BY Stupent Duvvurr Bata- KRISHNA Murti, or GopAvARt. } Gentlemen,—In the whole district of Godavari areca-nut plantation are met with only in one taluq, which forms the delta of the Godavari, namely the Amalapur talug. A a part of this talug, known as Kona Scema, is exclusively devoted to plantations of various kinds. It is on this account many Earo- eans call this part, “The Garden of Lombardy.” Only a limited portion of this Seema is under areca- nut, and the rest is under coconut, plantations, etc. The total area under areca-nut alone does not exceed six thousandacres. All these plantations are situated around Ambajipeta within a radius of 12 miles. This is the most paying cultivation in the district. A man owing a garden of three acres is considered to be avich man. Even in settling marriages among Brahmins in Seema, the first question asked by the parents of the bride is whether the bridegrooms’ family owns an areca-nut garden. F 2. The areca-nut palm is a well-known native of tropical climates. There are two varieties of this alm, one producing bigger nuts than the other. t is only the small variety that is found in this talug, and to it only that the whole of this paper refers. The maximum height of this tree is from fifty to sixty feet. The stem is quite cylindrical and perfectly vertical, having a light greenish white colour. The diameter of a full grown healthy tree is 10 inches at the base, 8 inches in the middle, and 4 inches at the top, and the tree bears about 18 green leaves at the top. 3. The soil best suited to this palm is red loam, * i in organic matter, On this soil the plant is ae and the yield is heavy. There are also plantations on other soils, as clay loam, sandy 1 am, and black soils, the last being the most unsuited for the plant. On all soils other than the red loam the yield is comparatively less, and the plant i vigorous. Z im Pen tes of Land.—A plot of land of about three acres is selected. It is generally oblong in shape, facing north-east and south-west. In the middle of these three acres, about one acre is left for the future areca-nut plantation, and the surround- ing two acres are placed under coconut. On the exterior border of the coconut plantation a row of ood selected mango seedlings is plantedon a raised Rand while on the interior border oranges, limes, pattavians, pomegranate and such like plants are rown. On the north-east and south-west, sides exposed to the monsoonic winds, five rows of coconuts cee planted, while three such rows only are planted on each of the other two sides not so exposed. The arth is removed to a depth of 9 inches. The prrangement of these plants is such as to break ihe force of the wind, the plants in one row alter- nating with those in the next, THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [Apri 1, 1899, Norru-Easr, Mangoes. i Five rows of coconuts and jak trees here and there, Z ¢ : Oranges, limes, pomegranates, ete. ete. c ~ ot ~ = s =| 300 areca-nut palms ths ~ 2 | ~~ oo a os | or = in 12 rows,each row consisting of ) = >> 25 plants. ge a5 jee > ® | = @ ce a es aI es “ ee 4 Eee Single-mhote. er 3 3 2 ols well | Src] 3 a Es Sugar- Sogar | BENZ e}_.$) plantains Plantains is els *[2o| I 7H a : e s ~s —— =» 35 oo 22 82 23 31)) areca-nut palms Ee 2 as ° 9 ae | ao Sint 32%) in 12 rows, each row consisting of | 3 © >a 25 plants, | hep Ze Bs aS | o* . o + Oranges, limes, pomegranates, etc. £ > > 5 rows of coconuts and jak trees = here and there. ————————— Mangoes. SourH-WEst. The rows of coconnt are eight yards from one another, and the plants in the rows are also the same distance apart. At the inter-section of the diagonals between four coconnt trees forming a quadrilateral, a jack tree is placed. In addition to these a few grafted mangoes are also found. Thus the coconut plantation all around with all the micellaneous items forms a protective wall against the strongest monsoonic winds. Ten or twelve years are allowed to pass before the interior is occupied by areca-nut. uring the first eight or ten years paises, especially gram, are grown in the central part, aud in the two years immediately preceding the permanent transplanting of the areca plants, a plantain tope is started for the purpose of affording shelter to the young areca plants during the fonr years succeeding the per- manent transplantation. Sun-hemp is also grown during these years in the interspaces between the plantains, and ploughed in as green Mantre. In the centre of the area selected for the plantation there is also a well, generally 12 to 15 feet in diameter, with a water-level from 10 to 12 feet from the surface. 5. The Raising of Scedlings—Under this heading comes the selection of seed nuts. Fruits for seed- lings are generally selected from trees over 50 years old, which have ceased to bear well. These trees have generally one or two clusters, each having not more than forty or fifty fruits. These fruits are taken when they are fully ripe and dried for 15 or 2) days in shade when they are ready for sowing. The chief reason for selecting fruits for seedlings from old trees is to ensure timely sprouting and steady growth of the future plant. The scientific explanation for this practice is not known, but it has been decisively proved both by observation and experiment to be a complete success. As to the raising of seedlings, a plot four feet square is selected on an elevated place under shake, pit thus prepared is filled with sand up to 6 inches ; on this the seed-uuts are arranged in rows, the proper time for this operation being November, _ Aprrt 1, 1899.] THE TROPICAL And on the top a mixture of finely powdered sand and Godavari silt, in the proportion of two to one, is sprinkled, forming a layer half an inch thick over them. In this plot, four feet square, something like 2,000 seeds are placed. (The cost of 2,000 seeds is at the most Rs. 5.) The bed is watered daily both in the morning and evening, and covered with dried leaves. At the end of a month some seeds begin to germinate, and the sprouting is all over before the expiry of the second month. They are allowed to grow in the bed for four or five mouths till they attain a height of six to eight inches when they are ready for temporary transplanting 6. Lemporary Transplanting.—For this purpose another bed is prepared a month or twe prior to the operation, which should be done in June, by thoroughly tilling and heavily manuring. The manure generally applied is a compost of the ex- crements of sheep and goats. Five or six days before the temporary transplanting, the bed is levelled and pits are dug half-a-yard distant. Hach pit is four inches square and six inches deep. Then the seedlings are removed from the nursery and planted in these pits. They are watered well, es- pecially in the first month. The whole bed is shaded by means of a pandal of one yard in height above the ground. he pandal is removed at the expiry of the first summer, when the plants are about half a yard high. Then the bed is well hoed (with hand hoes) and another application of manure is given. In the months of May and June, the bed is watered by lifting water from a well, as in all other months water is available in canals which irrigate the lands by gravitation. Even in these two hottest months a watering once a week will suffice for the plants being very thick and close together, the moisture is retained well throughout the week. Thus proper precautions being taken, the plants will be ready tor permanent transplanting at the end of the third and fourth years, by which time the plants leave a stem of nearly one and a-half to two feet. 7. Permanent Transplanting.—In the land prepared for permanent transplanting, inthe manner described in para. 5, pits are dug nine to ten feet distant. ‘he pits are one foot cube, and are dug in sym- metrically parallel rows very close to the plantains already occupying the ground. ‘The plants from the second nursery are then taken, fixed in these pits permanently, and the earth round these plants 1s well consolidated, and for one week they are watered both in the morning and evening. Generally they are planted in the month of July, so that they may have the advantage of the south west monsoon. If there be no rain they are watered once in two days and the stems are well covered with country date leaves. So far the operation of the first year. ; ; In the succeeding years the operations consist only of ploughing and watering insummer. The covering of the stems is removed in the third year. Practically no manure but green manureis applied. At the end of this year the plantains are all removed eXx- cepting those in the central strip marked in the diagram. It is only in the fourth year that the stems are exposed to the sun. 8. Stages of Growth.—Four to five years after the permanent transplanting the majority of the plants attain a height of eight or ten feet when they begin to flower. For two or three years after the first flowering a very satisfactory yield cannot be ex- pected, In the majority of cases from the tenth year of permanent transplanting a steady and good yield is given. Ihus it takes not less than twelve years fiom the growing of the seed to get a good yield. Proper care being taken for watering and manuring, the plantation gives a uniform yield tor forty years, when the plants are forty to fifty feet high. The maximum life of the palm is said to be 75 years, but I have not been able to see plants over sixty- five )ears old. j ; 9. Leplanting.—In the generality of cases, in the fortieth year ot the permanent transplanting, another set of areca plants is planted, the new plants being AGRICULTURIST. 677 © placed at a distance of a half a ones. When this new Plantation the old trees are removed. I have seen a plantatio thus renewed for the sixth time. 3 10. Manure.—Lhe practice is invariably to pen sheep and goats in the garden. We have to pay One rupee for every 300 animals folded for one night in the garden. Usually we spend as much as fifty rupees for this item; this is the only manure as far as I know. Ata lecture on Agriculture, | learnt that white castor cake might be applied to the areca-nuts, whereupon I tried the cake successively for three years on 20 trees, as my people did not permit me to apply it to the whole garden. he effect of it was that the trees went on growing very luxuriantly, but with no good yield. Hven now these are the only trees in my garden which are the tallest and least yielding. ll. Watering.—The garden is watered only in the months of May and June by lifting water froma a Well, but in all other months the anicut water is used, for which am annual tax of ten rupees per acre has to be paid. Those who cannot get anicut water have to irrigate the gardens by litving water from Sivaratri (March) to Karkataka Sankramanam (July) for about 5 months. In these months they should be watered daily in the morning. In the mouths of May and June, onsuch days as are ex- cessively hot, watering twice a day is essential. by one single mhote, working six hours a day, the whole plantation can be watered, 12. Miscellaneous Crops.—A fairly good sum is realised by growing vegetables in the garden. ‘hese are generally brinjals, snake gourds, bitter gourds, ribbed gourds, and melons. Once in three years in halt of the land under areca-nut, root crops like ginger are put in. 13. Harvest.—The harvest season is generally in the months of August, September, and the first half of October. ‘the mode of collecting the mature clusters is very interesting; the clusters of old trees are cat by a man who remains on the stem of a stout tree in the middle, with a long bamboo having an instrument resembling a reaping-hook at the top. In plantations of thirty to forty years old, a boy of fourteen or fifteen goes to the top of a tree, plucks out one or two fruits from a bunch, peels it with his teeth to see if the bunch is reudy tor being plucked. If it is ready, he removes the bunch aud throws it down. (These bunches thus removed are gathered by boys especially employed for the purpose.) Then he bends the tree on which he has climbed and gives it a to-and-tro motion until he gets hold of the next tree, which he first clasps with his hands, and then draws his feet to the same from the other. Thus the tedious business of climbing each aud every tree trom bovtom to top is overcome. Lhe passage from one tree to another in this way Is very easy, as the trees bend with- out difficulty. In this way two boys can go round the whole garden in four hours. Atter removing the clusters the fruits are separated from the peduucleg by beating them against the stem of a tree. The next operation is to remove the euter bark of the fruits. For this purpose thirs are experts who can do it with the greatest ease. ‘There are certain women who can remove the outer covers of the fruits most skillfully, and can decorticate in one day about sixty Madras measures of fruit, which yield about 25 Madras measures of the decorticated yyts (one Madras measure equals 120 rupees 1n weight;, ‘hey are paid at the rate of one pie for e€Velry measure of decorticated nuts. These nuts are again cut in the middle into, two for which the rate 1s two annas for every twenty-five measures of the nuts cut. Lhe nuts thus cut are boiled m earthern pots having a capacity of 16 measures with two measures of water and a little chunam (lime) for about two hours over a fire of cowdung cakes. As soon as a red froth appears over the nuts in the pot, it is removed and the nuts are dried in the sun ou palmyra mats. Lut On rainy days they are dried on a raised platform specially constructed with bamboo over a tire pre- d from the old MDatas ph Home 678 THE TROPICAL pared out of coconut shells. The manufacture of the nuts is generally done enly by merchants, as almost all the owners of the gardens lease out the produce year after year. 14. Uses,—The nuts locally produced are not much used in the district, but are exported chiefly to Hyderabad, where they appear to fetch a very high price in the market on account of their greater astringency. The majority of people in the district use less astringent nuts. The uses of the stem of a very old tree are manifold. Thestems are used as reapers, cross beams for thatched houses, and in many other ways. The bottom pertion of an old stem: is used for making instruments for splitting the fibrous covering of coconuts. The expanded portion at the base of the petiole is used for din- ing plates, cups, fans and for several other purposes, and the leaves are used for brooms. 15. Diseases —This palm is subject to, principally, the attack of white-ants, which eat away the root, and thus cause much damage to the trees. The chief cause of this is the location of a plantation on a sandy soil or sandy loam which is naturally poor. This can be cured by careful watering and manuring. 16. Yield.—Under this heading I include the yield of all the different plants in the plantation; as has already been stated, all these plantations are mixed ones. The average yearly yield of the areca-nut alone is about Rs. 250 per acre. The figures given below refer to my own garden: Recriprs For 1898. Ra, Areca-nut .. 60 os A 276 Coconuts, 12,000, at Rs 25 per 1,000 aie 800 Mangoes and jack ob an ee 100 Plantains .. At ois as 40 Vegetables .. Ba AA os 25 Limes, oranges, &c, &c. ae ee 25 Total Rs. .. 765 EXPENDITURE FoR 1898. Rs. Cost of feeding one pair of bulls = 120 Wages for 2 coolies for the whole year at Rs. 30 each ee on to 60 Manure noo a6 aap =) 50 Water cess for 3 acre any soe 80 Interest on capital of Ks. 600 for start- 60 ing the plantation, at 10 per cent Sundries ... ae 28 3 25 Total Rs. ... 345 Annual net income on three acres, Rs. 420 a Ss. Average gross receipts for the last eight... years from three acres nos a 675 Average expense for the same .. ss 300° Average net income for the same 375 Average net income per acre .. ale 125 No plantation in the district pays more than Rs. 125 per acre yearly consecutively for forty years. Tur Cost of PLANTATION. Rs. 150 coconut plants at Rs 80 per 100 Bo 120 600 areca-nut seedlings ready for permanent transplanting at Rs. 20 per 100 ss 120 One pair of cattle .. 20 a6 150 Cost of sinking a well cats 500 150 Miscellaneous oe ie a0 60 Total Rs. ... 6C0 Indian Agriculturist. > CorFEE Prospmcts.—Messrs. I. A, Rucker & Bencraft writing on Thursdayevenine, March 6th, say :—As regards values everything looks exces- sively cheap, and there can be little doubt that as soon as a basis is established we shall have a very large business in mild coffees, AGRICULTURIST. [Apri 1, 1899. CACAO AND SuGAR IN TRINIDAD.—Sir Cuth- bert Quilter and Sir Neville Lubbock, on 27th January last, met a first meeting of the local Chamber of Commerce and Agricultural Society in the Council Chamber. H.E. the Governor— Sir H. E. H. Jerningham—as President of the latter Society presided and spoke. In the course of his address Sir Neville Lubbock said :— He was very hopeful that as regards cocoa the i ry would continue for many years to come. e was afraid thatthe time was bound to come when cocoa would have a bad time, but at the present eosin it looked as if that time was somewhat remote, And againz— They had a magnificent soil and climate, second to none in the world; they had also the advantage of being very close to that large Continent, and it appeared to him that all they were lacking was a population commensurate with their acreage and their great capabilities. When they looked back for some- thing like a generation they saw that a great advance had been made in that direction aches, but when he considered that their population was still only some 280,000 and the country could probably carry with ease two millions, it was obvious to him that there was very great room for population, and he thought an increase of population would be of very great advantage to thisisland. He hoped the efforts made in the pastand which had been so far success- ful would be continued in the fature. He was sure they ought to re to come here in every way they could. ith regard to cocoa and sugar, from what he knew and had heard, it appeared that the development of those industries had ready outrun the available labour supply. Mr. Hewatson, President of the Chamber of Conmerce, said :— Everyone must be convinced that central factories would be the only salvation for those colonies where muscovada sugar was still produced, but while he agreed that the abolition fe bounties was not likely to bring about any material rise in the price of sugar, it had always been his opinion that the abolition of bounties was necessary to remove the uncertainty of the sugar trade and in some measure restore the credit of the industry, so that nothing could be done, and until the bounties were abolished central fac- tories, in any part of the West Indies would never restore the sugar industry. (Hear, hear). He hoped Sir Thomas Lipton would beadvised that the abo- lition of the bounties must be the first thing before captial was employed for the purpose. In conclusion, the Governor said :— They must not be carried away by the idea that this was an official meeting—Not at all, we knew your good works and we are modest enough to recog- nise your own modesty not to speak of that work though we might do it; but we have come here simply as a body of interested persons in the welfare of Trinidad, to welcome two men who have already understood the necessity cfhome help—people who are living at home, to help us there in the way that we are trying to help ourselves here, to give utterance to our wishes, in fact, to give life to those inmost desires which we cannot give life to and which Parlia- ment can give, and if you can induce other members of Paliament to come during this season, in yachts and in numbers, we shall all be here so as to get @ majority in favour of the West Indies in what I do not hesitate to say is a just and truthful and an honest demand.—The Governor concluded vy asking them to extend their welcome to a very distinguished guest he had the honour to have in his house, viz., the Administrator of St. Lucia. Mr. King-Harm had not been in good health and understanding that Trinidad was the Eden and the Paradise of the West Indies, had come to pay a visit to his old Governor, Aprit 1, 1899.] THE TROPICAL TRIMEN’S ‘‘FLORA OF CEYLON.”* In noticing the fourth part of this valuable work, we cannot help taking over Sir Joseph Hooker’s preface in full, so explanatory is it of the plan of the Flora and the contents of the present volume, as well as of the fifth part which is to follow and the complete Index which is to be supplied :-— Prerack to Part IV. Being instructed by the Government of Ceylon with the completion of De. Trimen’s Haud-book of the Ceylon Flora (left unfinishe? through the lamented death of the author), I have to render an account of the materials at my disposal for the above purpose. Premising that the three Parts already published comprise three-fifths of the contemplated work, I have towards its completion— 1. The Natural Order Huphorbracee (by Dy. Trimen), nearly ready for press (about 140 species). 2, A list of the genera and species of all the Orders from after Luphoriiacece to Cyperacew inclusive, in the sequence in which Dr. T'rimen intended to describe them (z.e., in strict accordance with the Flora of British Ivdia), together with such synonyms and references as he thought necessary, habitats, native names (few), and occasional notes. For Grammee, which are to conclude the work, he left no materials whatever. 3. That portion of the Peradeniya Herbarium which comprises the plants not published in Parts I-IIi. ; and of the collection of drawings pertaining thereto. _4, The Ceylon coliections in the Kew Herbarium, which are much richer than those in that of Peradeniya. 5. The remaining 25 of the 100 quarto lithographed and coloured Plates that accompany this work. These 25 will appear with the present Part. Thus it appears that my share in the authorship of the Hand-book, as originally contemplated by Dr. Trimen, will be confined to passing his account of the | Euphorbiacee through the press, and to supplying descriptions of all the succeeding Orders, together with a complete account «f Graminew, adding occa- sional notes on the genera and species where I think it expedient to do so. In addition to the above, I propose to give in Part V. (1), a key to the Natural Orders of Ceylon Flowering plants, without which the work cannot be of practical use to any but experienced botanists; (2), brief biographical notices, by G. Boulger, Esq., F.L.5S,, of the botanists who have done most for the advance- ment of the Sinhalese Flora; (3), two very instructive Maps, of the Rainfall and of the Forest Areas of Ceylon, issued by the Surveyor-General of the Colony, to whomlam greatly indebted for sanctioning this use of them. Regarding Indexes, it will be observed that 1 com- plete Index of the Latin, Sinhalese, ang Tamil names of the plauts described in Parts I, and I1. is appended to Part II. Part Ii]. is notindexed. As I propose to append to Part V_ a complete Index to the whole work, T have confined the Index to Parts III..and IY. to generic names. It remains to add to the above explanations that, in following Dr. Trimen’s footsteps, [ shall adhere as far as possible to the plan he has adopted, in respect of one point in which I have an observation to make. * A Hand-book to the Flora of Ceylon containing descriptions of all the species of Flowering Plants indigenous to the island, and Notes on their History, Distribution and Uses. By Henry Trimen, M.B. (Lons.), E.R.S., Director of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Ceylon. Continued by Sir J. D. Hooker, G.C.S.I,C.Bi BRS. “With an Atlas of Plates iliustvating some of the move interesting species. Part IV.: BEuphorbiaces—Naiades. With Plates LXXVi—C. Published onder the anthority of the Government of Ceylon, London: Dulan & Co., 37 Soho Square, W:, 1898. $5 AGRICULTURIST. 679 Tt refers to the following passage in the Introduction to Part I, p. v.: ‘In the definitions of the Orders and Genera, 1( must be distinctly understood that the distinguishing characters here given for each group do not include the whole cf those which belong to it, but such only as are shown by the species found in Oeylon.’ Had the Flora of Ceylon beeu exhaustively explored, this curtailment of the characters of the Orders and Genera, would not interfere with the value of the work for its limited purposes, bunt such, I feel satistied, is not the case. There are still large areas of the Forest region which await the visits of keen collectors, and there are not a few common (some amongst the very commonest*) plants of the plains of India that have not as yet been collected in Cevlon. September, 1898. J. D. Hooxer. Sir Joseph’s concluding paragraph is parti- cularly noticeabie, shewing, that in his opinion, the Flora of Ceylon is by no means exhaustively explored, but that there are wide areas of our Forest region still to be dealt with by careful botanical collectors. It is also surprising to learn that some of the commonest plants in Southern India have not yet been found in Ceylon, uot- withstanding the coastant intercourse through cooly immigrants, traders, &c. Of course, the plants may be here, though not as yet identified. Most of the names of past botanists and collectors have been given to plants they discovered, and so we are constantly reminded, in the Flora, of Burman, Thunbreg, Rottler, Moon, Gardener, Col. and Mrs. Walker, Major Forbes, Champion, James Macrae (Superintendent of Peradeniya Gardens 1827-30—who is described as ‘‘an active collector, especially of orchids”), J. G. Watson (Superintendent «of Peradeniya Gardens from 1832 to 1838), Dr. Phwaites, Nietner, Kelaart, O. Brodie, Glennie, W. Ferguson, Beckett, Wall, Nevill, Pole, Mac- kenzie, D. Morris, W. Smith and Dv. Trimen himself. Among collectors still in our midst are Messrs. W. H. Wright, Nock, Alwis, Braine, F. Lewis and E. E. Green; but in view of Sir Joseph’s remark there is clearly room for many more apart from Mr. Willis. his Assistant, Mr. Parkin, and Curator, Mr. Macmillan. It would be well if some of the educated permanent residents at outstations and in outlying districts gave their attention to the botany of their neighbourhood. and after some study they might be able to add their contributions to future editions of the ‘*Flora of Ceylon.” We now proceed to afiord some idea of the volume before us. It opens with the Natural Order ‘‘Euphorbiacex”—herbs, shrubs or trees with often milky juice, and of these 43 generic names with their subsidiary species are described, the same covering 78 pages. Sir Joseph Hooker's explanatory noteintroductory to this order is of special interest (and we may here mention that while the bulk of the work belongs to Dr. Trimen, the large number of notes signed “J,.D.H.”, shews the great interest taken, and the varied amount of labour given, by the final editor) :— Chiefly tropical Order, one of the largest of flowering plants, and one of the six largest of the * OF this a gonspicuous example is Folyq num plebeium, Bx., a weed extending from Airica to Australia; the tropical representative of the European P. aviculave, and perhaps the commonest of Indian dicotyledonous plants. Pate piectall abundant in the Madras Peninsula. 680 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. Ceylon flora. Of genera not indigenous in the island, but widely cultivated, or more or less naturalised, are the scarlet-bracted Poinsettia pulcherrima, of Mexico; the ‘Tullow tree of China, Mxcecaria sebifera ; the American Manihot whilissima, yieliing Cassava and Tapioca, together with the three recently introduced American TAL aBbak prdanuttig planta, Hevea brasil- tensis, the Pararubber, Manhot Glaziovii, the Ceara Hubber, and Castilloa elastica, the Mexican Rubber. —J.D.H. e only plant of the order (Euphorbiacez) ae nee Aled on to notice is that named after Mr. Macrae* ‘ Macreea myrtifolia,” a species of Phyllanthus myrtifolius, thus described as to where found, &c. :— Moist region by streams, 1,000—2,000 ft. ; rare, Near Kandy; nacyar Dolosbage, Fi. April, Sept., &c. ish-red or greenish. He citer ea ornamental shrub when covered with the multitude of small pendulous flowers. The next order is Urticacexw, or the nettle tribe, though some have also_ milky _juice, the explanatory note by Dr. Trimen being :— A very large, chiefly tropical family, to which belongs the common nettle. The stenis of many yield a valuable fibre, especially the Pacific Island Brous- sonetia, from the inner bark of which tappa cloth is made. Ceylon, though containing more than half (27) of the number of genera of Urticacee occurring in British India (45), is poor comparatively in species. Of these there ave nearly 300 in British India, but only about 63 in Ceylon, The genera and species cover some 40 pages, 14 of these being occupied with the various members of Ficus, some 21 genera in all, to which interesting notes are appended in each case; for example, ‘* Ficus bengalensis :— ; weountry to 2,000 ft., especially in the dry region, pee Ere Laiink, planted FI. December. Fr. dark red. The well-known ‘Banyan’ of Buropeans, in which the tendency to form aerial roots from the branches which become additional stems is carried to its, greatest extent. There are several fine specimens in Ceylon, as at Jaffna, Negombo, &c., and in Hook, Journ. Bot. iii. (1841) at t. 13 is a drawing by Major Forbes of a tree near Matale; but it does not seem to be indigenous. It is said to be native in the sub- Himalayan forests and the lower slopes of the hills of 8. India. **Hicus tomentosa ” ;— cy places and old buildings in the dry region ; Been Nilgala; Mihiatale ; Polonnaruwa; Bin- tenne ; Trincomalee. Fl July-September ; Br, grey, Roxb. Also in India. Abundant in the yuins of Polonnaruwa, which it has done mith to destroy. Specimens in Herb. Perad. have 1]. ovate to orbicular, quite glabrous above, finely puberulous beneath “Wicus altissima—var. Fergusoni” :— Moist lowcountry to 3,0004t.; common. Fi, Aug.- November. Fr orange-red, as large as a cherry, This var. endemic; the type and other vars. in India, Burma, Andaman Is., Malaya. Iam not clear as to whether the type occurs wild in Ceylon, though it is given in Fl. B Ind. There are trees in the Botanic Gardens, and I think I have seen it by the Mahaweli below Kandy. Dr. King erroneously spells W. Ferguson’s name with double “‘s’’, after whom he names this tree. “RW, Trimeni ” :— Lowcountry to 2,000 ft.; rather rare. Regusinntaa ; Hkiriankumbura, Uva. Fi. April- May, July-Aug. Fr. orange-yellow or red when ripe, not dotted. Also in Western Peninsular India. A magniticent specimen of this species, with the branches, eoyering a circle of about 200 ft. in diameter, is a Peradeni ya; * Superintendant ef Peradeniya Gardens, 1827-30 [APRIL 1, 1899, well-known featnre of the Peradeniya Gardens. It grew at first epiphytically on a Jack-tree, which it destroyed and supplanted. “Ficus nervosa” :— Moist region up to 5,000 ft.; rather rare. Henerat, goda, abundant; Hantane; flunasgiriya ; Maturata- Fi. August, December, India, Burma, Chiva, Malaya, The Ceylon tree is var. minor, King, and differs from the continental type in ite smaller leaves, with fewer lateral veins, and globose recepts, F’. religiasa, L., Bo, &., Avachu, T, (C.P. 3672), is a commonly planted tree, and invariably found by every Buddhist temple, but is nowhere wild. The sacred tree at Anuradhapura, bronght from Magadba, in India, in wc. 288, and carefully tended and guarded ever sinee, is not improbably the original source of all the trees in Ceylon, It is wild in the sub-Himalayan forests only. ‘There are specimens in Hermann’s Herb. (see Mus. Zeyl. 42, ang Fl. Zeyl. n. 372), F. asperrima” :— Moist ion up to 3,000 ft.; common. ocrange-yellow, or pale yellow with orange spots. Also in Peninsular India, The young leaves are sometimes deeply incised. Thisis the ‘ Farviture lesf’ of the English, and is generally in use for polishing, as sand-paper in Europe. “F. Thwaitesii” bs Climbing over rocks and trees in the moist region up to 5,000 ft. ; rather common. Colombo ; Hantane ; Allogula; Matale; Dolosbage; Hunasgiriya; Morawak Korale. Fl. March, September. Fr pale pinkish- yellow or nearly white. Endeme, “The slender creeping rooting stems look very unlike the free fruiting branches, and are the F. diversiformis, Mig. (C.P. 2217). This is the earliest name for the species, but it was given merely to the barren stems, Of another species, ** Celtis Cinnamomea,” a very fine coloured figure js given in one of the plates, and we read -— Moist region, 2-5,000 ft. ; rather common, F!. Feb., March; greenish, E. Bengal, Burma, Mala y Arechi- pelago. The name cinnamomea refers to the character of the leaves; Thwaites’ name, dysodoxrylon, to the very disgusting smell of the fresh wood especially, When wet, of which the Sinhalese ame is descriptive, Thun berg (7vavels, iy. 234) says it was called ‘Strunt- hout’ by the Dutch, and employ as ap alteratiye medicine internally and externalled in kin affections, The wood in chips is sold in the bazaar asa medicine under the name ‘Pinari,’ and is zexported to Bombay’ where it is employed as g fumigatory against evil spirits. : In the same order is included the ‘ Artocarpus” with its variet the Del or Bedi-del of the Sin we are told :— Moist low country up to 2,000 ft.; common. June. Endemic. The onter shells roasted are good eating. The wood is in for cabinet-making, its hoJlowed trunks. And also the more famous “SA, integrifolia,” the well-known J ak-tree, “Kos” of Sinhalese, “ Pila” in Tamil :— Artocarpus integrifolia, L, f., is the well- tree, Kos, S., Pila; T., universally cultiy Fl. (?) Pr, 2S fiat “e . No + Oe lese of which Fi, of the seeds e great request and fishing boats are nadie ont of introduction to Ceylon, but no doubt Aprit. 1, 1899.] THE TROPICAL The next order—“ Ceratophyllacee ”—is dis- posed of in a page, and we read :— An Order of doubtful affinity; peculiar in Natal, with the many-leaved plumule of Velwn- bium. The numerous described species may two widely prove to be all forms of one or istributed water-plants. While under the only genus and species ‘““Ceratophyllum verticillatum” we read :— Submerged in water in tanks, lakes, and ponds in the low country ; common, especially in the dry region. Throughout the Hastern Tropics. ‘Sir J Hooker is probably correct in referring this to the cosmopolitan species C. demersiwm, L. Our Ceylon form is that figured in Wight, Ie. 1948, f. 3, as C. tuberculatum, Cham’—T rien. We have no species of Gnetacew nor any Coni- Jere in Ceylon. Of the latter Order a single species, Podocarpus latifolia, Wall., occurs in the hills of S. India, but the Peninsula is other- wise devoid of Conifers. We next have ‘“‘Cycadee” with only two species, andofone ‘‘C, Rumphii” we are told :— Moist region below 1,000 ft.; very rare and doubtfully native. Near Galle, 1853 (Ferguson) ; near Hewesse, Pasdum Korale (Thwaites). Fl. (?). Burma, Andaman and Nicobar Is., Malaya, New Guinea, N. Australia. This is probably not indigenous ; it is much grown in Colombo gardens, but I have never seen a male plant there,* nor have I been able to obtain one from Peradeniya, where there are many female plants. Next come ‘‘ Hydrocharides ’—fresh ov salt- water herbs with undivided, submerged or floating leaves,—occupying seven pages, and to one species ‘‘Halophila ovata” we have the following:interesting note :— Shallow sea water on the coast in the dry region; rather common. Negombo; Chilaw ; Kalpitiya; Jaffna; Aripo: Trincomalie ; Batti- ealoa; Mannar. Fl. July-September. Shores of Red Sea, Indian Ocean, China, Malay Is., Pacific Is., Australia. The leaves of this pretty little marine plant vary in form and greatly in size; in the type the blade is oval-oblong, about 1} inch long, but it is as often almost rotund, or sometimes linear- strap-shaped, and then not more than 2 inch long. This last very small form, from Jaffna and Trincomalie, may be called var. ininor (= Lem- nopsis minor, Zoll.), but there are intermediates. The brackish-water form is thought by Nevill to have narrower leaves than the ordinary marine one (see Taprobanian, ii. 67).—Trimen. H. stipulacea, Aschers., is marked by Ascher- son on his map in Peterm. Geog. Mitth, 1871, t. 13, as if in Ceylon. I have seen no speci- mens.—Trimen. Amongst the specimens marked HA. ovata in Herb. Peraden. there are some collected by H. Nevill, in six-fathom water off Chilaw, April 1881, of what appears to meto bea very different species, with very pale green, oblong, petioled leaves, covered on both surfaces with a fine pube- scence, and with ciliolate margins. The petioles have no dilatation of the base. Thefr. enclosed in itsspathesissessile, about }in. long, and resembles that of H. ovata.—J.D. A. “Barpiwmniace 2” ava disposed ofin three pages, being ‘annual, erect, saprophytic herbs.” CHYLON ORCHIDS. Then follows the interesting and important order of the Ovchids, ‘ Orchides,” which require some 105 pages, for of it we ave told :— The third largest Order of flowering plants in number of species in Ceylon, ranking between * Ferguson sent male fl. to Thwaites in 1865. AGRICULTURIST, 681 Graninece and Cyperacee and the third largest also in number of genera. In percentage of en- demic species it is the fifth of all the larger Orders, nearly half the species being endemic. On the other hand, it is remarkable for the paucity of endemic genera, of which there are only three out. of the whole number (Gi). In the arrangement of the genera, I have adhered as closely as I could to the ‘ Genera Plantarum’ and ‘FI. Brit. Ind.’ The principal deviation from these works is the placing of Phreatia in Vandemw, in which I am supported by Dr. King. I have also restored two imperfecthy known renera of Thwaites, Octarrhena and Alvisia. By far the greater number of species of Orchids have been. described for this work from Her- barium specimens solely, or, if aided by pub- lished or unpublished figures, these ear too often unaccompanied by good analyses. Conse- quently, not a few of those descriptions will re- quire rectification or amplification from living specimens. An illustrated work on the Orchids of Ceylon, with careful analyses, like Sir G King’s Orchids of the Sikkim Himalaya, would be a great boon to botanists and amateurs. Of the 169 species described in this work, only 97 have been figured, few of them from Ceylon specimens, most in inaccessible works, and not a few very imperfectly. We much fear that it would be difficult now to find all of the 169 Ceylon species in their native habitat. The law recently passed, prohibiting indiscriminate collecting and exports, was not a day too soon. We have heard of one export-collector who left few or no orchids of any value in his favorite collecting ground. It is difficuls to avoid quot- ing too inany references to the many attrac- tive orchids. One of the most delightful, and which has been in full flower in gardens in Nuwara Eliya (on Naseby particularly) this year, is ‘‘Dendvobium aureum” ox ‘heterocarpum”—the ‘primrose crchid’ of which we are told :— Upper montane zone above 6,000 ft. ; common, Fi. Jan.-April; pale or dull primrose yellow, the lip with two orange-purple blotches on the disk ; or all orange-coloured but the apex; or (in var, pallidiwn) nearly white, with the blotches pale orange. Himalaya, IKhasia, and Nilgiri Mts., Burma, Java, Philippine Is. A The so-called ‘ Primrose Orchid’ of Nuwara Eliya, from the sweet faint scent and colour of the flowers. The name, heterocarpum, seems to have no application to this species, but has two years’ priority over aurewm, But the noblest of Ceylon orchids is that discovered by Dr. Thwaites and called after Lady MacCarthy, ‘‘ Dendrobium Macarthie” —‘* Wesak-mal” (May-flower) of the Sinhalese and of which a number of specimens used to grow on trees in Mr. Pate’s garden, Flower Road, no doubt brought down by coach from Ratnapura. The description runs :— Forests in the moist region below 2,000 ft. ; rare. Ambagamuwa; Sabaragamuwa Prov. in many places ; Hewesse. Ft. May-July, during the heavy south-west rains ; clear violet-pink, the lip paler but veined and bordered with deep pink and with a large purple bloteh on the disk; rarely all white, with a faint purple stain on lip. ; Hodemic. Certainly the handsomest of Ceylon Orchids, and of late years so much eollected for export as to have become very scarce in places which formerly produced abundance. The Sinhalese name means ‘Mvry-flower,’ from its time of flo wering. 682 Of three other orchids fine plates accom- pany this volume, namely, ‘“ Bulbophyllum elegans ” :— Montane zone 3-6,000 ft. ; rather rare. Amba- amuwa; Hantane, abundant; Maskeliya. FI. eb.-May; dull purple tinged with green, lip orange with purple dots. Endemic. A singular plant, not without beanty. **Cclogyne odoratissima ” :— Upper montane zone ; common. FF). Dec., Jan. ; white, with a yellow stain on the lip. Also on the Nilgiri Mts., 5. India. The name odoratissima is scarcely warranted by the very faint scent of the pretty flowers. either of the figures quoted, which represent the Nilgiri plant, are characteristic for ours, which has much larger flowers, less acute sep. and pet. and very crowded globose pseudobulbs. And ‘‘Cymbidium ensifolium ” :— _ Montane zone in open places to 5,500 ft. ; rather common. Hantane: Kondagula; Bogawanta- lawa, abundant. Il. December, April; sweet- scented, sep. and pet. dull citron yellow, veined with pink, lip pale yellow, stained and spotted with dark pink. In Sikkim, Khasia, China, and Japan. In Fl. Brit. Ind., Lindley’s C. hamatodes is referred to (€. cyperifolium, Wall., and it is assumed that its wuathor was mistaken in giving Ceylon (Macrae) as its locality. But, notwith- standing a few discrepancies in the description, I think our common ee is really intended, {L have seen no good published figure ; it should ; perhaps, be kept distinct from C. ensifoliiun as a species.—77rimen. There are two drawings of this plant in Herb. Peraden., one (PLATE XC. of this work) with oblong obtuse pale sep. and pet., with fine pink interrupted veins, lip white, spotted with blood red, mid lobe orbicular, and 4 small nearly Sia pollini, one of each pair much smaller han the other. The other drawing has ovate- lanceolate subacute pale straw-coloured sep. and pet., with 5 short red veins at the base of each, a straw-coloured lip, with red spots, and ovate mid lobe; the pollmia are 4, large, ovoid, and all equal. It is marked, in Thwaites’s writing, “OC. hematodes, Lindl. C. P. 3694.’—J. D. H. While of another ‘‘ Acanthophippium bicolor we read :— Shady woods in moist low country to 2,000 ft. ; rare. Hantane; Gampola, abundant. Fl. March April ; bright yellow, the ends of the sepals and pails meee purplish-red. Endemic. Discovered y J. G. Watson, Superintendent of Peradeniya Gardens, 1832-38. And yet again guinea :— Moist region to 4,000 ft. ; rare. Hantane ; Monera- rala, Uva (Wall): Haputale (Wright) ; Mirigama we have ‘Hulophia san- OW enh) Kl. Jan.-April; sep. and pet. dull purplish-red, as is the whole infl. ; tip paler, pinkish-green, with dark uy le wines and a een spur. EH. Himalayas an asia. The plant is quite leafless at the time of flowering. _A specimen that flowered at Kew, and is figured in the Botanical Magazine, had the sep. and pet. reddish-hrown, inclining to purple, the lip nearly white, suffused with pink towards the margin and on the side lobes, and with two purple spots on the disk.—J. D. H. We must notice that one genus of orchids ““Josephia” is thus referred to :— ‘Named in honour of Dr. (now Sir) Joseph Dalton JTiooker, Director of Kew Gardens, 1865-85, and author of the ‘Fl. Brit. India,’ and many other standard books on botany.—Triinen. it has two representatives in Ceylon :— J. lanceolata, Lower montane Zone, 3-5,000 ft. ; common. Fl. Aug.-Nov.; white, tinged with purple, column purple, Also in S, India, i Fa oe ~ i an THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [APRIL 1, 1699. — ‘« + 4 Wight (citing Jerdon) says that the fi, annually reproduced on the pint B mathe go The resemblance of the inflorescence to that of a Statice is striking. J. latifolia, Ramboda (Nock). Fl, Ang. ; appa- rently deeper coloured than in J lanceolata, But we must reluctantly leave the onchids and come next to “Scitamines”—herbs usually perennial to which the plantains, cardamoms and ginger belong—occupying 28 pages in the book, and from which we quote :— Flettaria Cardamomum, Forests in the moist region up to 3,000 ft, ; rather common. Fi. @); lip white, streaked with violet, There is no specimen or drawing Hermanna's Herb. The Ceylon variety is ntained inas species by Horaninow (Prod. Seit. 31). The type form of E. Cardamomum is called ‘Rata-ensal’ here, and comes originally from Malabar. It is largely cultivated on estates in parts of the montane zone, Figured in Benth. and Trim. Med. Pl. t. 267. Rheede, Hort, Mal. xi. t. 4, 5. ‘A careful comparison of wing specim’ satisfies me that the laiits prom alae pears tively the round and the long Cardamoms of commerce are not distinct species.......In every essential particular the structure is similar in the two plants, the only difference being that var. a, which produces the round Cardamom, is a little taller, with rather narrower and less firm leaves, and that its fr. is more aromatic as well as different in form. The seeds of both varieties are used by the Sinhalese to chew with — betel, and as medicines.’—Thwaites’s Enum, 1 Also about plantains and bananas ;— Musa paradisiaca. By rocky steep streams the moist region, 13,000 ft. : oa. FL, Toe in E. Himalaya and Malaya. Fruit eaten in times of famine. Linnzeus’s two species, M. M. sapientum, have no disti ishing botanical characters; both refer to cultiva plants. I use the former, as being the one to which he refers all the Ceylon and Indian synonymy. though M. sapienfuin seems generally preferred by modern botanists. We have but one wild species, and it may well be the origin of the numerous seedless forms in cultivation, distin- guished by ditferences in shape and colour of their fruit. Hermann gives the names of. 13 kinds grown in his time, and Moon records no less than 50, of which 5 are considered to be wild by him. The distinction between ‘Plan- tains” and ‘ Bananas’ is not made in Ceylon and the latter word is not used here. Baker (Ann. Bott. vii. 215), following Moon, refers the wild Ceylon plant to M. troglodytarum, L., but I have seen nothing here with an erect in- fiorescence.—Trimen. hei In the W. Indies and elsewhere, the name Plantain is used to designate the larger, coarser fruits used for cooking, that of Banana for the sweet sorts. Mr. Morris informs me that the eg of each are always distinguishable by the racts of the male fis., those of the Banana being deciduous, those of the Plantain being persistent ; ; 2S aed shown ia. goin” ee eit Sel. tt. 18-20 and tt. 21-23. See also Kew Bullet. : 254,—J. D. H. Bedlam Next are ‘‘ Hemodoraces ”—perennial herbs with a short rootstock and fibrous roots—of _ which only two genera are given, one being ‘““Sansevieria Zeylanica,” the well-known _ fibre-yielding plant. Then we have “ Ama- ryllidee”—rootstock bulbous or tuberous: with only afew representatives of not mue interest.—‘‘ Taccacez” ‘has only one rep paradisiaca and Apri 1, 1899.] sentative, ‘‘Tacca pinnatifida, the ‘‘ Gavandi- kidaran” of the Sinhalese, of which we read :— Dry region, rather rare, ingrassy open places. Bintenne (Gardner) ; Trincomalie (Glenie) ; Batti- caloa (Thyaites) ; Jaffna ; Nilgala, abundant. FI. March ; green, tinged with purple. Also in India, Malaya, Pacific, Is., Australia. The ieaves are remarkably similar to those of an Amorphophallus. The rootstock is intensely bitter when raw. It is full of starch, which, when prepared, is of excellent culinary properties. The plant is ex- tensively cultivated in some parts of India and in other tropical countries. Next come ‘‘ Dioscoreacez,” the best-known of which, perhaps, is ‘‘Dioscorea Sativa” (Panu-kondol of Sinhalese) for which Sir Joseph Hooker gives an interesting note :— Low country to 2,000 ft.; very common. FI. Aug., Sept. ; yellowish white. Throughout India, wild and cultivated. Roots, according to Thwaites, employed to attract fish to certain spots where they can be easily caught. For this purpose, pieces are daily, for some time, thrown into the water. I have eited Hermann, Burmann, and Linn. FI. Zeyl. from PD. sativa, but the fruit not being figured or described in these works renders their iden- tification doubtful. Thwaites, ina note, mentions D. sativa, ., as a cultivated plant in Coevlon, with the name kattoo-kookoolata (katu-kukalala, Trimen), supposing it to be a different species frem his D. bdulbifera. As Dr. Trimen, in a note upon his and Thwaites’s bulbifera, says that the roots are not eaten, it would appear that this may be the wild uneatable state of the culti- vated plant. The attention of Ceylon botanists should be given to this subject.—J. D. H. “ Roxburghiaceze” with one genus is followed by. ‘“‘Liliacezee” covering 13 pages and then follow ‘‘ Pretederiacez,” ‘‘ Xyridex,” ‘*Com- melinaceze” (fully represented), ‘* Flagellari- acee” and ‘* Juncaces,’ when we come to the “‘ Palins,” which occuny some 19 pages. © Of the Areca we are told that it is nowhere wild in Ceylon, and that though common throughout tropical Asia, it is not now ossible.to tell where it originated. Of the itul (Caryota urens), on the other hand, Trimen reports :— Though encouraged and protected, I believe this to be a veal native here. Yields toddy copiously. The sago-like pith forms a valuable article of food, and a coarse sugaris made from the toddy. The wood, which is silicious, is useful for building purposes. Leaves yield the kitul fibre of commerce. Of “Pheenix Zeylanica,” common Southern Coast, we are told :— The stem of P. zeylanica sometimes attains 20 ft. in height, and is often characteristic of the scenery after burning off the scrubby surround- ing growth for chena-cultivation. Mats and boxes are made of the leaves. The sweet pulp of the fruit is eaten. A fine plate is given of this palm. Then we have the Talipot ‘‘Corypha umbraculifera,” the “Tala” of the Sinhalese, with a note as follows :— Moist region below 2,000ft.; rather common. FL. Noy.-Jan. Also in Malabar. This must be a native palm, but [ have never seen it in original jungle. Of the vast number of seedlings which come up near the parent tree, very few arrive at maturity, the young leaves being continually cut. Beddome remarks that he has never seen if wild in S. India. vio ‘The largest and P when about 40 years old. on our most imposing of sepa 1€ THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 683 young fruit, pounded, is used for stupefying fish. The leaves form mats, fans, and umbrelias, and are also used for writing upon. to Manage Them; Bee Calendar fer pan Farm Notes for February—North Rivers : Riverina — District; Hawkesbury. District;. Orchar Practical Vegetable and Flower Growing; Gebers Lips tp e Aprit 1, 1899.) THE TROPICAL CINCHONA BARK AND QUININE: MARKET CONDITIONS AND : “PROSPECTS ; ENCOURAGEMENT TO CEYLON PLANTERS. Messrs. C. M. and C. Woodhouse of Mincing ‘Lane have published an unusually interesting annual report on “bark and quinine”—at one time products of great imn- portance in Ceylon. The Report opens with a table shewing the wonderful contrast in the imports and value of bark between 1878 and 1898. In the first-named year every pound of bark imported into the United Kingdom was worth more than 2s per tb. Last year, the average value was about 45 per lb. The highest price ever paid for bark in the London market was in 1877 when “enewed Officinalis from the Nilgiris fetched 15s 8d per lb. We may add that the high- est price got for Ceylon bark was for Offi- cinalis quill from Loolecondera., which realized 10s 2d per lb.; from Bogawatte, over 400 lb. Officinalis root bark (eight year's old) realized 10s per lb. Howards quinine at this time was [5s per oz. In 1897, the price fell to 10d an ounce. The cause of the great fall is divided between the discovery of Cuprea bark and the enormous ore (15 million lb.) from Ceylon in 1886. India never ex- orted more than four million lb. Of more importance is it to learn about the present condition and prospects and Messrs. _Wood- house shew that the statistical position is exceedingly strong, This is roved by the tact that whereas in 1893-95 there was left eight million lb. of bark in the United Kingdom and Holland for the quinine manu- facturers after deducting exports, im 1896-98, there were only 234,000 Ib.! In fact the ex- ports from Holland last year greatly ex- cecded the imports and consumption has more than overtaken production. : On Java alone do quinine manufacturers now depend for the supply, of their wants in bark; but there is no evidence that Jaya can meet an increased demand and India and Ceylon count for very little, and so apparently do South America; while Africa is expected to be a large consumer of quinine rather than a producer of bark. It is quite clear that the price of bark as well as of quinine must rise during the next few years. There is, therefore, very much encouragement for Ceylon planters to plant cinchona (from fresh seed got from India or Java) on every available part of their properties, likely to be suitable. We would especially recommend planters in the Uva and Northern districts to follow this counsel; but, indeed, we know, as a fact, that it has already been acted on to a considerable extent and that, quietly but surely, Ceylon proprietors have been adding ecinchona as far as they could to their pro- ducts within the past twelve months. | May a due reward meet their enterprise is our yery sincére wish and hope for them. AGRICULTURIST. 689 PLANTING NOTES. Messrs. FINLAY, Muir & Co, have tried the experiment on one of their tea gardens, Runga- mutti, in the Dooars, of having a large electric plant fitted up for electric tea drying. Jt is purely an experimental departure, and the result of the trial of this new method will be looked for with great interest by all concerned in this in- dustry.—The Western Star. THE CHEMISTRY OF MATE TEA.—Polenske and Busse have examined a number of commercial samples of this tea, and find that the percentage of caffeine’ varies from *5 to ‘88 percent. Of great interest is the discovery tl! at small quantities of vanillin are almost always present, This substance has never, we believe, been tound in any of the caffeine containing plants before,—Dritish and Colonial Druggist, Feb. 24. Discovery or MIcA IN ZULULAND,—The Natal Advertiser is responsible for the state- ment that Mr. Dike has discovered some really fine mica in Zululand. ‘Fhe samples, says our ecntemporary, are almost pure and quite transparent. The discovery was made in the Kkandhla district. Ground to the extent of 1,800 square yards has been secured, and of this large area, mica, about six feet wide, can be traced in about 1,200 yards, ARTIFICIAL PEARLS.—An artificial pearl doesn’t sound very valuable, but when you are base enough to make the oyster himself secrete it the case is rather different. Art stimulates nature in many directions, and the latest example in the proposal of Signor Comba, a distinguisked Italian natura- list, to cultivate the pearl oyster on the Cala- brian coast. Signor Comba, it appears, has been for nearly forty years experimenting with pearl oysters. He treats them with his process (a process of heating), and they proceed to make pearls. From eleven oysters he has taken thiriy- nine pearls. It is proposed to acquire 10,000 pearl oysters, of which 500 will be set aside for breed- ing purposes. Making all necessary allowances, it is expected these will give annually 5,620 tons of mother-o’-pearl, which, even were it all of the third quality, and worth but 1,500 fr. a ton, would yet bring in asum total of 7,530,000 fr. To this may be added the worth of the pearls, which might be produced artificially from the 9,500 oysters not used for breeding. The Signor is floating a company with acapital of twomillion lire.—Pastime. CURIOUS TREE-GROWTH: ~On the invitation of oue ot the partners, we, (Indian Gardening), paid a visit to Messrs. Monteith and Co.’s Tannery at Ballygunj Caleutta, the other morning to inspect an extraordinary tree of the common “ Pipul” (Ficus veligiosa) growing in the tannery grounds. About 25 years ago a wooden gateway arrange- ment was put up, thatis, two upright posts and a third connecting the two at the top. A bird seems to have dropped aseed of this Ficus on one of the upright posts, which germinated, and sent down its roots along the post; and, growing for 25 years, it has amalgamated the posts with its own trunk. While making this growth, the tree threw out a lateral branch along the horizontal beam, and, on reaching the other post, threw ont an aerial root, which descended down the other upright, and has now absorbed the post into its second trunk, asit were. The tree is very healthy, and is likely togrowinto a great size. In time the diy wood of the uprights will become entirely absorbed into the tree, and there will be nething Jett to show how it originated.—Pioneer. 690 THE TROPICAL CINCHONA BARK AND QUININE. REPORT FOR 1898. Few articles of cmmerce have ever been depre- ciated so much in value in consequence of over- production as have cinchona bark and quinine. The following statistics, taken from the Board of Trade Returns, give some idea of the extent of the fall in values ;— Imported into Dik, Valued at Ib. £ 1878 oi 6,131,552 653,228 1881 .. 14,024,304 1,812,501 1886 ‘ 16,281,104 801,353 1891 11,933,712 250,697 1896 ap 3,952,592 61,578 1898 i 5,143,040 98°132 The above figures are manifestly only approximate, a3 whilst the supplies in 1879 mainly consisted of Columbian barks with an analysis of rather wnder 2 per cent of quinine, the Ceylon and Hast barks were considerably richer, and contained an average 2 to 3 per cent., whilst the average per- centage in Java barks has of late been over 5 per cent. Mr. Clements Markham, in his book on Peruvian bark, states that the sources of supply of bark to the London market from all parts of the world from June, 1879, to June 1880, were :— lb. From Columbia .. oii 6,002,000 Do Indiaand Ceylon ae 1,172,000 Do South America (except Columbia) .. a5 959,000 Do *Java ie aa 70,000 Do Jamaica about 21.000 8,224,000 * To the Amsterdam market. In addition about 1,000,000 lb. South American were shipped direct to the United States. The highest price ever paid for Bark in the London market was in 1877, when some renewed Officinalis Bark from the Nilgiri Plantations was sold at 15s 8d per lb.; supposing this parcel to have contained 6 per cent of Crystallised Sulpbate of Quinine, the value of the unit would have been at that time over 23 6d per lb.! as late, however, as the year 1880 considerable quantities of Bark were sold abont 23 per unit per lb. From that time the market has been steadily declining until the lowest point was reached in January, 1897, when the Public Sales in Holland sold at an average unit of 2:12 cents per $-kilo (equivalent to under 4d per 1b.) In 1877 " Howard's” Quinine (in bottles) was sold at 153 per 0z.; on the 3lst December, 1878, their quotation was - 12s 6d per oz., on 3lst December, 1886, 23 6d per oz., ‘falling by degrees, in sympathy with Bark, till the lowest point was touched in 1897, when business was dove at 10d per oz.; at this time sales of German Quinine (best marks) were made at 74d to 8d per oz.—the lowest price on record. ~ The cause of this great depreciation in value is not far to seek ; in 1880 the discovery of Cuprea Bark from the United States of Columbia, large quantities of which were imported in the years 1880 to 1885, gave the first shock to the market, but it was the enormous supplies shipped from Ceylon (these in the year 1886 reached their maximam of 15,900,000 lb, which, after first destroying the South American trade, brought prices down so low that it was no longer profitable to ship, and in most of the Ceylon Hstates the Bark was uprooted and Tea was planted instead. ‘The exports from British India have never reached more than 4,000,000 1b., and here as in Ceylon planters have generally (except on a few estates in the Travan- core district) given up its cultivation. Java, however, owing to the superior quality of its Bark, has been able to hold its own, and exports have steadily in- creased until now it has practically the control of the market. India. b i: x eS ~ AGRICULTURIST, [APRIL 1, 1899, The present statistical position is we’ think « strong one, the Imports and Exports of bark in United Kingdom and Holland for the three years “hat compare with the prevyions «three years as ollows :— 1896-98. 1893-95, Inporrs Eng Jb. Eng. lb. into U. K, 11,853 000 18,723,000 » Holland 31,649,000 28,899,000 Total 43,502,000 47,622,000 Exports from U. K 44 8,777,000 18,029,600 » Holland... 84,491,000 21,555,000 43,268,000 39,581,000 Left for English and Amsterdam quinine Manufacturere and 234,000 8,028,000 for replenishing Stocks } : thus showing that, even with the increased enpplies received in 1898, consumption has of late practi- cally overtaken production. (It is worthy of note that the Exports from Holland during 1996-98 ex- ceeded the Imports by nearly 3,000,000 }b.) This probability is further confirmed by the statistics of quinine; thus we find the Exports of quinine and quinine salts from Germany during the same periods were :— 1596 98. 1893-96. oz. oz. Total 22,900,000 15,306,000 As regards the prospects of supplies in the future we have seen that shipments from Java, if maia- tained a3 at present, are barely sufficient for con- sumption, even when supplemented as they were last year by larger imports from British India and Bolivia. Bunt advices from India state there is very little bark left there, and shipments will show a large falling-off in future. Quinine is more or less a war article, and is a necessity for troops fighting in the tropies or in marshy districts. With the enterprise shown of late years by most nations in securing colonies in Africa, &c., and whilst the sudden opening up of China by railways, &¢., it seems probable that the consumption of quinine is, more likely to inerease than to and should demand. arise, it unit from under 3d per ib. to 13 Aprit 1, 1899.] THE TROPICAL -CINCHONA ANALYSIS AND THE GERMAN FACTORIKS. It was, perhaps, somewhat rash on our part to undertake the terrible amount of research that has been necessary to swy with anythiog like confidence what is a fair average per ceitage of alkaloidal con- tent in the bark which has entered Germany during the last few years. Even after comparing extensive series of analyses that have been made officially in Java and British India, and availing ourselves of the kind assistance of Mr. David Howard, we feel that our figures ought to be placed before readers with explanations of the way they have been arrived at, so that they shall not bear an appearance of absolute precision. Commercial men, however, will be satisfied by a very brief statement of these, and as our object has been mainly to show that _ although confessedly the 5 per cent quinine average we allowed in the bark imported into Germany was too high, it was not so much too high an alkaloidal figure as to throw doubt on the official Government figures of the imports of bark and exports of qui ine. We threw ovt a suggestion last week that several correspondents had been misled through ignoring altogether the content of alkaloid in bork oihec than quinine. On the other hana, the laboraiory man might make « mistake in tha other direc- tion by looking upon the whole of the alkaloid in the bark a3 so much merchantable pro‘uct. To avoid both mistakes, we have employed in our in- quixies, and also in what follows, theterm “ available alkaloid ” to express all that can be extracted from the bark and soid. This will, as a practical result, almost resolve itself into calculating the amount of quinine and ciuchonidine in the bark, and that, though subjected to checks by us, is ve.y nearly the principle followed in our calculations, The matter then stands thus: Wesent to Germany and Holland in 1893-8 (inclusive) abont 7,360 tons out of a iobal of 21,121 tons that Germany received alto- gethor, most of the rest of her imports being from Jaya, through Holland, or direct. Tie bark we sent her had amongst it about 3,706 tons of Indian, 2,465 tons of Ceylon, 602 tons of African, 233 tons of Javanese, and 370 tons of South American, assuming that we sent her supplies of these birks in the same proportion as we received them, Now, if trustworthy analyses of a comprehensive charactex of all these barks had been pudlished, it wou!d be com paratively easy to calculate how much available alkaloid Germany has obtained through England ; and the Java bark content presents little difficulty in this way. But we have to gather our figures for the “Wiglish’’ bark from all sorts of sources. Taking the Hust Indian as one that has been subjected to independent analyses of a fairly extensive character, and neglecting such of these as are abnormal, we note that Hooper in 1894-95 speaks of birk which had aquinine sulphate yield of. 3°94 per cent and a content besides 0°71 per cent cinchonidine, 13 per cent quininidine, and -52 cinchonine as being of the average coimposition of officigalis bark. Again, the average quinine sul- phate yield of all crown bark ground up at one of the Government factories in India dnoring 1889-97 was 3'6 per cent. We hare spoken of the yield partly because—and this is important to note—the factory results agreed well with the laboratory analyses. These analyses give much higher content than what was obtained, for instance, by Messrs. Boehringer and Schne frem Hast Indian bark a few years pre- viously (1888-1889 and 1890). But they cover years which we are now noting, and are of a comprchen- sive character. Following the same plan with red bark, we note that Hooper, in 56 specimens, found in naveraze of 140 per cent quinine (of sulphate), 225 per cent cinchonidine, 1-92 per cent cinchonine. A correspond- ing analysis of crown bark gave 293 per cent of quinine (not sulphate), and 1°50 of cinchonidine besides other alkaloids. Wed bark, whether from Java, Ceylon, India, or African, does not differ much. In the case of the South American AGRICULTURIST. 691 barks, the percentage nowadays is not important as a commercial problem, but Germany has taken large amounts of quinine from cultivated calisaya bark during the Jast ten years, and she has found it to average pretty well 44 per cent of quinine sulphate, containing little else. These figures and others which we have in our possession lead us to think that if we allow 4% per cent as an amount of ‘‘available alkaloid” in the bark Germany has obtained from England during the last six years, 5$ per cent of quinine salphate in all the bark she has cbtained elsewhere, and in addition to the latter 24 percent of cinchonidine from the red bark she has obtained from Java (and not through us), we shall form a fair estimate of the total avail- able alkaloid that Germany has purchased during that period. This would give a purchase of 1,113 tons of alkaloid. The average for the six years was 1,082 tons, leaving about 31 tons (and the residue of former vears) for home consumption during these six years, ani for stock at the end of 1898.—Byitish and Colonial Druygist. Sa PooR Mauririus: A comparison betiveen Manritius production in 1892 and 1897. —The Cer- necn, im a recent article, diseussi: g one ef the arguments a:lduced by the Secvetary of State in justification of the refusal of Her Majesty’s Go- vernment to guarantee a Loan of £500,000 to the Colony, observes that Mauritius is at the present time more in need.of the Imperial assistance than she was in 1892 when she received generous help from the mother country. In support of this eon- tention, our contemporary proceeds to quote figures to give particulars. In 1892, after the terrible hurricane that swept over the Island and spread ruin and désolation on all sides, the total production of sugar amounted to Ib. 180,000,000 which was sold at an average price of R12 per 100 Ib. yielding therefore a revenue of R21,600,000. In 1897, although the crop was a larger one, reach- ing Ib 240,000,000, the valne received was R19,2)0,000 only of R 2,400,000 less than in 1892 the explanation for the difference being that while the average price fetched R12 per 100 1b in 1892 the average rate at which we sold our sugar in 1897 was K8 per 100 |b. Furthermore, on account of the famine in India ecansing a rise in the rice market, the planters and the colony in general had to spend more money on that commodity. [t is estimated that on that head alone, tie loss to Manritins could not have been less than 4,000,000. If we add to this amount the 22, 00,000 for decline in value, the totil lo-s to the colony would reach the high figure ot 6,400,000 on a gross receipt of R19,200,00U, leaving a net profit of R15,200.000 as compared with that. of (21,600,000 in 1892. So that in 1897, Mauritius was less rich by R6,400,000 than in 1892, Yet in the latter year, Her Majesty’s Government thoug iit it imperative to give their guarantee for x loan of £610,000, while in 1897, when the cirenms- tanees of the Colony, taken as a whole, have been aggravated, we are told that to obtain the support of the mother country, it is not really essential that we should demonstrate our actual distress, bnt that we should show that it has eome about in a sudden and unexpected manner. Mr, Chamberlain seems io have been held personally responsible in some quarters for the rejection of the request of the Chamber ot Agriculture. This is unfair tohim, An ordinary loan contracted by a Crown Colony requires, it is true, the approval of the Seeretary of State for the Colonies who acts on his own personal anthority in the matter, but a loan with the guarantee of Great Britain re- quires the concurrence of the Cabinet and the ass sent of the Imperial Parliament, 692 THE TROPICAL PRODUCE AND PLANTING, CueEninc.—The Calcutta correspondent of the Times cables Messrs. Thomas's anoual tea rep ort, 1a proof of the revival of trade since Christmas. ‘Tunis report shows that the exports from Calcuita exceed last season’s by over 4,000,000lb. Taere is an in- crease of 75 per cent. to America, 101 per cent. to Bombay, and 60 per cent. to Continental, Black Sea, and sundry ports. The only decrease shown in the export to Anstralia, but the 10 per cent. defect from India is supplied by Ceylon. The future outlook is considered most hopeful, many orders remaining unfilled at the close of the seasou. Voreign consumption is steadily expanding. The present state of the currency conditions has checked extensions which might have caused over-production, The sterling price of tea fell to the lowest re- corded level in September, but prices since rose one anna per lb. The trade” with America has been greatly facilitated owing to the establishment of a direct monthly steamer service to New York, Whole leaf kinds up to about 8d per lb. were more particnlarly in request, aud there shewed an advance of $@ to $d perlb. on previous quotations, while ver, little was sold nnder 6}4, and it is not improbable that values of these descripvious will still further improve, the quantity advertised to come forward next week being again very limited. Medium broken pekoes, although in good request, remain unchinged, bat the finest sorts were in active demand at somewhat higher rates.” Cuersy TrEA.—There is «a Jetter in the Grocer from Messrs. Brooke, Bond and Co., limited, calling atleution to the — inerea- sing proportion of “cheesy tea’ from India and Ueylon. ‘They say “ the most disagreeable, malodorous taint, strongly reminiscent of rancid cheese, is due to sappy, immature timber of unsnitable type being used in the manofacture of tea-chests on the Indian and Ceylon plmtations.” Asshowing the prevalence of the evil Messrs. Brooke Bond append a detailed list of 418 packnges which have been rejected for “cheesiness”’ by their own warehouse inspectors during a period of only three weeks. As the list of gardens aud other particnlars are given we reprojue these details in order that those interested m vy fe- qoaint themselves with the indictment made against their tea. ‘he following ave the details given by Messrs. Brooke, Bond, and Co:— JANUARY, 1899, CEYLON. 9nd Debatgama 3938/49 Very cheesy 8rd Doebatgama -. 3950/6 All cheesy @cd Katooloya 211/15 All cheesy lith KAW 181/9 All cheesy 11th Heulgama 922/30 All cheesy lh KA W 19/201 .. - Mostly cheesy 19th Htulgama +» 941/6 .. All cheesy 19th Kutooloya oe { ee } All cheesy 20h Hiulgama 931/40 Al! cheesy ‘To us,” says Messrs. Brovke, Bond, and Co., “who have experts ever on the watch for any defective package, and who most carefully ex- amine every one of all the thousands of Chests which come into our warehouses every week, there is no possibility of a bad tea being passed into a blend ; but in the case of the grocer buyer, who still follows the old fashioned plan of baying un- blended teas, there is grave danger of a more or less tainted package, or part of a pacnage, being unsus- pect.ngl: included ina »ome-made mixture. Such an accide.t would probibly contamnaie a whole blend, and, by af:erwards disguting and driving away consuming customer-, might ciuse a grocer grievous loss ‘without, perhaps, bis ever reaiising the reason. There are two prineizal practicable remedies, Tho planters mnst more carefully select and dry all timbers from which they make chests; and ali teas, whether previously »‘ bulked’ abroad or not, mnst be ‘ bulked ’ in London, all the containing chests as welias all the contained “being hardly any AGRICULTURIST. teas being systematically and carefully examined by experts. COFFEE PROSPECTS. Messrs. Orossm1n and Bro.. of New York, mate the probable yield of Brazil coffee in 1899- 1900 at not less than 10,900000 bags. Other esti- mates are much lower, and therefore there is not much reliance to be placed on the forecast. Stocks of coffee, however, continue to aceumulate, and liberal supplies may be expected from India, Jameica, Costa Rica andelsewhere. There is not muchchance for a rise in prices unless something — quite unfore- teen occurs.—H, and C. Mail, Feb. 4, esti- CEYLON PROVINCIAL ESTATES CO., LTD. The Directors beg to present their Report for Se year ended 31st December, 1898, together with the anuaal statement of the Company's accounts, ; I'he tea crop amounted to 430,951 Ib. against an estimate of 425,00) Ib, for the yer, which may be regarded a satisfactory result, seeing that the season ig not altogether a favourable one for the growth of leaf. Tae total profit for the year was R76,371'16. The cost of producing the tea and briigi g it to market works out at 26°10 cents per |b age ast 20 25 cent- last year, and the expenditare incluses a sum equal to 1} cent a lb. for mannring operations. The average nett selling price of the teaa, on the other hand, shews a falling off fr»m 1897, the rates being 42°73 cents and 452 cente per, Ib. respectively, Tne clear profit resulting from the seasou’s work- ing, after providing fork interest on Mortgages, &c., amounts to R60,661.19, out of which an interim dividend of 3 per cent bas been paid to the share holders, and the Directors now recommend the piyment of w final dividend of 44 per cent on the paid-up capital, making 74 per cent for the year. The interim and closing dividends together account for asam of R49,950 and after providing for Directors fees, it is Bien to apply the surpins in part payment of the expenditure which has been ja- curred daring the vear on permanent works not charge :ble to revenue. This exp/nditare amounts to R23.166-76, snd includes the cost of comple.ing the factory on Brownlow and nearly all the necessary outlay in connection with the new works on Aadneven, together with the upkeep of land not yet in bearing on the two estates, gpa Both properties are now well provided with all necessary appliances and accomodation for the present crops, and not much further outlay will be required to deal with the increased output of tea which may be expected when the young fields have reached matnrity. ; . The estimates of expenditure for 1899 are a ain based on « crop of 425,000 Ib. of made tea, there young land coming io, and the f.o.b. rate works out at 27°35 cepts a lb., including the cost of manuring 180 acres of tea. . thoes The following is « definition of the Company’s pro- perties as at the end of 1898 :-— AF ae Glassangh. Brownlow. @tal, 4 acres. acres. acres, Tea in full bearing 3 426 * 409 826 Tca in partial bearing .. 34 _ 34 », Planted in 1895 i 14 =. 14 », Planted in 1896 os 14 50 64 » planted in 1597... 4 30 34 ,», Planted this season... 4 = 4 Total tea 496 480 976 Forest mn id 32 47 Waste and S.ream vy 19 64 83 Grass = 2 8 id Total 532 564. Tie Mr. F. L. Clements retires from the Board on this occasion in terms of the Articles of Association, ani being eligible offers himself for re-election. The appointment of an Auditor for 1899 will With the meeting. eas $ : Aprit 1, 1899.1 THE TROPICAL HORREKELLY ESTATE COMPANY. The report was as follows :— The Directors have pleasure in submitting the ac- Counts of the Company for the year ending 3lst December, 1898, shewing, after writing cif R4,405°80 for depreciation en buildings, plant and machinery, a profit of R23,873-14, which, with the balance of R916°38 biought forward from 1897, and the sum of R5362 unclaimed balances appropriated, gives a total of R24 848714 available for distribution. The Directors recommend that a dividend at the rite of 6 percent on the cupital of the Company be declared. This will absorb R24,000, and leave a balance of R848-14 to be carried forward to 1599. The crop secured has been a fairly satisfactory one. The mortagage balance of R5,000 lias been paid, and the property is now free of encumbrances. ‘The working of the estate for the years 156, 1897 and 1898 compares as follows (the item of in terest being excluded) :— 1896. 1897. 1898. Expenditure on Hstate f and in Colombo office R30,463-23 32,066°69 37,014°35 Number of Coconuts ‘produced 1,548,081 1,400,835 1,487°55 Quantity of Coir Fibre made Ballots 23,859 20,563 59,474. Two Directors—Messrs. C. E. H. Symonsand F. © Loss—retire by rotation, and are eligible for 1e- election. : ' ape shareholders haye to appoint an Auditor for 899. ; The Directors consider the current year’s prospects favourable, NEW CINCHONA BARK. ~ At arecent meetingof the Zurich Pharmaceutical Association Professor C zlartwich brought before the meeting three new -kinds of cinchona bark. wo of these were from Suuth America, and both were supposed to be of the old Calisaya variety, but oneoi them only was ofthat class and the other was thecinchonaofCochamba, The barks were very poor in alkaloids, the first containing 14 per cent and tue second 1'8 percent, andneithergave the thalieoquin in reaction, so that they were free from quinine. Both differ from the flat Calisaya in structure. Although they seem to belongto the yellow barks, the light colour supporting this theory, they most closely resemble Maracaibo bark.—Chemist and Druggist, Feb. 25. _-—e—__—__——— A SUBSTITUTE FOR CATECHU. Cay-da, a species of mangrove growing in Freneh Cochin-China, which is used by the inha- bitants of Annam as a dye, has been recom- mended by M. Picquet, of Saigon, as a substitute for catechu. Experiments with cay-da have been suceessful, and the production of the dye in French China is to be encouraged. Catechu to the value of 1,492,625f. was imported in into France in the first six months of 1896.—From Chemist and Druggist for February. —_—____@——__—_ VANILLA FOR GERMANY. Dr, W. Busse states in a German_ oficial publication (quoted in Pharm. Centralh., January 5) that the results obtained in the cultivation of vanilla in German East Africa leave no doubt that this colony is well adapted for it. The experiments made in Cameroon district give equally favourable prospects. East African vanilla holdsits own with thebest Bourbon kind, and at no distant time it is believed that the supply from the German Protectorate willcover the German deman(. —Chomist and Druggist, Feb. 2a AGRICULTURIST. 693 THE KANAN DEVAN PLANTERS’ ASSOCIATION. The following are the Minutes of the Quarterly General Meeting held at Manale, on the 16th ultimo :— ; Present.—Messrs. H E Tollemache, T W Schmid, A J Fox, A W John, R Hedges, A Cameron, J A Herter, C Burn Murdoch, Nicol Thomson; J § Sealy (Honorary Member), Baron ven Rosenberg (Chairman), H M Knight (by proxy, Baron von Rosenberg.) Mr, A H SHarp’s Rermement.—Proposed by Baron yon Rosenberg, ‘“‘ that this Association expresses its regret at the resignation of Mr. A H Sharp, its Honorary Secretary for nearly 10 years, oa his leaving the district. That it records its grateful appreciation of his unvarying and successful services to the As- sociation—that it resolyes to commemorate this appreciation by presenting him with a Silver Punch Bowl, to bear the following inscription—‘ Presented by the members of the K D P A, to Mr. A H Sharp, Honorary Secretary of the K DPA, during nearly i0 years, February 18th, 1899.’”’ Seconded by Mr. TY’ W Schmid and carried by acclamation. CyatrMan.— Proposed by Mr. Thomson that the question of a Chairman vice Baron von Rosenberg be held over till next meeting in May. Seconded by Mr R Hedges and carvied. Hionorary Srcruvary.—Mr. C Barn Murdoch was elected Honorary Secretary pro tem, till May, and accepted conditional to the Association clerk, who knows the work being allowed him. Proposed by Mr. Hunter, that should it not be possible to ar- range for the clerk to do Company’s work as well as the Association work, the Association will pay his entire salary for the three months. Seconded by Mr, Cameron and carried. K. D. P. A. AGENcrEs.—Proposed by Mr. § A Hunter, that from ist April, 1899, the services of the K. D. P. A. Agents at Ammayanaikanur and Boday be dispensed with by the Association. It is sug- gested that from Ist April Agents shallbe arranged for separately by the K D H Produce Company and by individual planters, but, if possible, that the same Agent at Ammayanaikanur should be retained by all parties, and that their accounts be sent in separately. Seconded by Mr. R. Hedges and carried, Proposed by Mr. J. A. Hunter, that this meeting do confirm the action of the President in paying the Association R1,000 on behalf of the outside members for the land and buildings belonging to the K. D. P. A. at Boday, and that steps be taken to put the pur- chasers in possession. Seconded by Mr. Nicol Thomson and carried. Proposed by Mr. R Hedges, that an entry in the account of R5VQ advance to cart contractor py Messrs. Finlay, Muir & Co., be eliminated therefrom. Seconded by Mr. IT W Schmid and carried. Surptus Funps.—Proposed by Baron von Rosen- berg, that as the Association accounts show a con- siderable surplus, and passing members having reported that the sum of R7U0 voted will be quite insufficient for repairing the Boday Mettoo Ghaut, a further sum of R1,000 be voted for this purpose. Seconded by Mr. J A Hunter and carried. Proposed by Baron von Rosenberg, that any further surplus funds, after the Mettoo Ghaut Road has been put in order, be expended in taking over the three 'Tanalam houses between Boday and Deviknlam at half cost price. Seconded by Mr. J A Hunter and carried. Lasour Acr.—Proposed by Baron berg, that the Association supports Mr. Romilly’s letter and the points called attention to there- in—extradition into Native States is to be of the first importance to us, it should be made us direct and simple as possible, and the cumbrous roundabout procedure in force in criminal cases avoided—a Labour Act would be of little or no use to us unless extra- dition is alsogiyen, Seconded by Mr.J. A. Hunterand carried, von Rosen- 694 THE TROPICAL THE NAHAVILLA ESTATES CO., LTD. The Directors beg to present their Report together with a statement of accounts for the fiiteeen months ended 31st December 1898. The Shareholders were duly advised that for con- venience of working it had been decided to extend the season from the 30th September last to the 3)st December, and the agricultural year from now onwards will date from the Ist of January. The Vea crop secured for the fifteen months amounted to 362,856 lb. and the Coffve crop for thé same period represented a total of 956 bushels of parchment. The workiny for the fifteen months after deducting a sum of 34,747'40 for lost Coast advances, shew a profit of 20,312 56. Tne nett surplus after providing for interest on mortages and other charges amounts to R16,744°39, equal to about 4 per cent on the paid up Capital of the Company, bat seeing that there will be further expenditure to meet under head of Buildings and Machinery, and that there is also the upkeep of a large acreage of young Tea to provide for, which is as yet giving no returns, the Directors would recommend that this balance be carried forward to the New Year, It will be seen that better prices have been obtained for the Ury, Mahapahagalla and Galella Teas than last year, and since the completion of the Nahaviil, Factory, this Estate Teas have also improved. : The expenditure on Galella, through unavoidable causes was exceptionally high, aud prices were very low for the first part of the season. Lately they have shewn considerable improvement, and as the expendi- ture for 1899, including cost of manufacture at Bila- mulla Factory is estimated at 84 cents per |b., a fair profit should result this year. The Shareholders will have been prepared, from what was said in the last report for sume loss under head of Advances, and the Directors do not conceal the fact that there are further sums which may have to be written cff, but the Superintendents will do their best to recover outstandings, The estimates for the new year point to a total tea crop of 345,000 lb. and 1,360 bushels of coffee. There will be no cinchona bark, the vrees having all been coppiced this year. These estimates of produce are considered to be well within the limits of veazonabie expectation, and if prices are maintained prospects point to a fairly good profit on the season's o king. : The following is a definition of the Company's Es- tates as at 31st December, 1898. Naha- Ury Maha- Galella ‘fotal Villa pahagalla A. A. A. A. A. ‘ea in full bearing 251 209 195 *294 949 Tea iu partial bearing 47 101 22 —), 170 Tea not in bering and being planted 75 aL. * 4 85 6 333 Cotfee aay Jhb 41 _— = 153 Forest «. 45 66 5 72 iss Grass, Fuel, Trees and Patana ant Hl 132 84 244 531 601 766 341 616 2324 A detailed plan shews the acreage of tea in bearing on Galella to be 294 instead of 313 acres as per last statement. Mr. HS Grigson, on his return to the Island resumed his seat on the Board of Direc:ors, and upon Mr. Mason leaving for England, the vacancy thus created was filled by the appointment of Mr. Gordon Pyper. Mr. Orchard now retires by rotation, and being eligible offers himself for re-election. The appointment of an Auditor will rest with the meating.—By order, Grorcs Srevarr &Co,, Agents and Secretaries. ‘ Colombo, Feb, 24th 1899, THE ROEBERRY TEA COMPANY, THE REPORT ‘ of the directors was submitted as follows i Directors :—Percy Bois, Eeq., W. H. Figg, Esq. and George Alston, Esg. ACREAGE; Tea in bearing «- 542 sores » Planted 1896 os WTR “ i 1897 wey WO ocean rt) Cardamoms planted in 1897... 4 Ss 7134 reves in enltivation. The Directors have now to submit their Third Annual Report and Accounts, being those for the year ending 3lst December, 1898, e yield of Tea during the period bas been 180,390 Ib., costing 30°94 cts. per |b,, as against 3531 cts. last year, aod realizing 39°94, as against 38°50 cts. for the same period. On «# reference to tae accounts, it will be seen that the sum at credit of Profit and Loss Account, including the sum brought forward fiom last year, is 9,115°65, after allowing for Depreciation on Build- ings and Machinery, and out of thissum the Directors recommend that a dividendat the rate of Sper cent per annum be declared, absorbing R9,00°00, leaving a sum of R113 65, to be carried forwaad to the current year. Owing to very uniavonrable weather doring the latter portion of the year, the crop fell considerably short of the estimate which was 200,000 Ib., and the result of the year's working is consequently not so Satisfactory as Was at one time aotlalented: The estimate for the current year is 200,600 Ib. of Tea as against an expenditnre of R58,390 00, Mr. W. Sindys-Thomas visited the estates on the 21st December last, and found everything generally in a satisfactory condition. The retiring Director is Mr. Percy Bois, who is eligible for re-election. The appointment of an Anditor for the current year rests with the meeting.—By order of the Directors. BOIS BRUTHERS & Co., Agents and Secretaries. Colombo, 2nd March, 1899. s > PALMERSTON TEA COMPANY. THE REPORT. The report of the directors was then submitted as follows :— Directors:—Perey Bois, Esq, W Sandys-Thomas. Esq.. G C Alston, Esq. Acreage :—Tea in bearing * 451 acres do coming into bearing 8 do do not in bearing .. A do Jungle and timber 26 do Grass, &c =a 4 do Total 493 acres The Directors have now to submit teir third an- naal report and account, being those for the year ending 3lst December last, The yield of the tea during the period has been 198,941 lb costing 29°55 as against 3218 last year, and realising 46°12-per lb as against 50 69. gs As will be seen from the accounts, the net profit — for the year amonnt to R22,987-73 after writing off the sum of R5,76822 for depreciation on buildings © and machinery, An interim dividend of 2 per cent was paid on the 10th Sept. 1898 absorbing R8,200, — and the directors recommend that a final dividend of — 3 per cent be declared, making a total of 5 per cent for the year and leaving a sum of R1,787-73, to be carried forward. os Mr. W Sandys-Thomas visited the estates in Janu and found eyerythinggen erally inasatisfactory condi In terms of the Articles of Association, Mr. Alston now retires from the Board, but is eligible xe-election. area Tbe appointment of an auditor for the year rests with the meeting.—By order of the. BOIS BROTHERS &Co., Agents and Secre Aprit 1, 1899.] THE INDIAN TEA ASSOCIATION (LONDON). The following is au abstract of the proceedings of a meeting of the Committee held on ‘Tuesday last :— Present ;—Messrs. D Cruickshank (in thechair), A Bryans, G W Christison, R Lyell. J Riddell, A G Stanton, J N Stuart, W H Verner, and C W Wallace. The minutes of the last meetiny, held on Tuesday, Feb. 9th 1899, were read by the secretary and con- firmed. ’ Correspondence with Calcutta and New York, which had been previously circulated to the members, was laid upon the table. The draft interim report of the American and and Foreign ‘Tea Committee waseubmitted, and after discussion was approved, and it was decided to issue the saine, together with Mr. Blechyndeu’s report. It was also decided to issue a circular asking for sup- port for the proposed new levy to be made in Calcutta on the same lines as before, but on the understanding that the funds shall be employed to push Indian teas in ae part of the world, and not in the United States only. Conpirions oF SALE AT Pusriic Avuction.—It was resolved that Messrs A Bryans, J N Stuart, and WH Verner be appointed a sub-committee to deal with the Matte: in accordance with the previous resolution and views of the General Committee. Stocks oF ‘'ra.—Read letter of 2 th inst., from Mr. A GStanton, enclosing letter from Mr. John McKwan, of McMeekin and Co., on this subject. The secretary was instructed to ask the Tea Brokers’ Association to try and obtain information on the point from the warehouses. Telegrams from New York, dated 16th and 21st inst., were read and noted. A financial statement, showing the position of the Indian Tea Fund at date, waslaid on the table. Ernest Tye, Secretary. —H and C Mail, Feb. 4th. eee PLANTING NOTES. PEARL OYSTERS AND SHELLS.—A_ seasonable art cle on ‘’Mother-o’-Pearl trade ” will ke found in our daily and Tropical Agriculturist. The trade in ‘‘shells” is evideatly reviving. Some years ago, he castaway she ls of the pearl oysters at Aripu were collected and shipped to Colombo and thence to Europe at the instance of a local firm. But later on, the trade was stopped as unprofitable, Unfortunately there are no shells to gather on our coast now, until we have another pearl fishery and of the prospects of this Capt. Donnan will shortly tell us. “ TEA IN INDIA.—It must be pleasing news to all holders of tea stocks—says the Calcutta Cor- respoudent of the Pioncer—that there has been a sharp improvement in the value of tea in London. _Type tea, which was selling three months ago at did. per lb, is now quoted 74d, Seeing that the crop of the past year has all goue forward, there is every reason to belive that this price will be maintained, if not advanced upon, for the first two or three months’ shipments of the coming crop. I need not to say that the current price -would admit of even a backward garden working to a fair profit. The weather so far has been excellent for tea, and the season will be an un- usually early one in most disricts, Past ex- erience of early seasons warrants us in looking orward to profitable returns, as the bushes are not checked by cold weather as is the case when the season commences late, Like other stocks, tea shares have been influenced by the plague an- nouncement, But as gardens cannot be affected to any extent by thepresence of plague in Calcutta, there is no reason ie a decline eu this ground. $7 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 695 THE CAMPHOR SITUATION is said by the Drug fieporter of New York (January 30th) to be getting stronger. We quote the following :— Elsewhere in this issue of the Reporter we enumerate some statistics in regard to camphor. They show that the exports from Japan during the four years 1888-1891 averaged about 45,000 piculs per year, and that there was no increase from 1892 to 1896. In 1897 the amount ex- ported was only 21,400 piculs, and while the gures for the whole of 1898 are not yet to hand, they will probably not exceed 19,000 piculs. The exports from Formosa during the season, July to June are: 1894-95. 200.000. £SBie ...25,300 cases ISOS OGM se ee ee 30,900 ,, 1896-90 os as RE iat 29,500 _ ,, 1897-9852 5.< acess os coe oi17,8005 ', The stock in Hong Kong, which at one time during 1898 was estimated at 11,000 cases, is now said to be but 2,000 cases. All of which tends to justify a bullish feeling as to values. THE SEYCHELLES: THE GURAMI Fist; Va- NILLA AND DEVELOPMENT WITH TRADE.— We cail attention to a very interesting letter from Mr. Harold Baty of the Seychelles in another column, giving useful intormation in regard to the gurami fish which we are so anxious to see in- troduced around Colombo if not higher up in the island. Mr. Baty is good enough to send us asmall box of plants, on the leaf of which gurami is said to feed and we have to thank him for this attention as well as for the promise of some specimens of the fish on a future occasion. We have also to thank the B.I.S.N, Company and the Commander of the ss. ‘* Lawada ” for their atten- tion in this matter. As regards Vanilla and pro- gress generally, Mr. Baty gives very timely counsel ; for, the latest news we had was to the effect that any young man with £1,000 capital should rush off to the Seychelles. That there has been marked progress in development since 1895, the trade figures clearly show ; but when the limited area of available land is considered and the tiny size of the islands altogether, we think any intending settler or investor would do well to profit by Mr. Baty’s kind offer and apply to him for further information before making for the Seychelles. THE CEYLON TEA CROPS IN THE FuTURE.— The Manager of Abbotsford (Mr. John Fraser) in reference toour remark that many people considered 130 nullionlb. would prove about the maximum attainable, writes :—‘‘ Don’t you think it quite possible if we ever again get a normally wet season that our tea exports may jump 10 to 20 millions? Ido;so don’t allow the ‘‘ Thirty Committee” to go tosleep, as we still want fresh fields and markets new.’ It would be a novel experience for the Observer to be accused of de- preciating tea prospects and crops ; but we sus- pect planters in flourishing high districts do not know all that is going on in the lower divisions and in old coffee districts. Still, not only has the Thirty Committee to continue its campaign until a certain footing is got on the Continent of Europe as well as of America; but as we have said before, India tea plantershave to be warned not to go extending the planting teaof under the idea that Ceylon is getting played out. There is still a good deal of young tea about in the island to make up for certain deficiencies in some quarters from blight &e.—while itis satisfactory to know that London is not likely to be troubled with a larger supply from Colombo, even if our total crop did exceed 130 millien Ib, in the future, 696 THE TROPICAL MR. R. H. ELLIOT AND THE CURRENCY QUESTION. We fear Mr. Elliot—for whose letter (see page 711)—will be too late to appear before the Currency Commission, as his intention, when he wrote to us, was to remain in Cairo until about April 24th. However, he had been in correspondence with the Committee, and it is possible that a written statement may be accepted from a gentleman who occupies a peculiarly repre- sentative position in reference to the planters of Mysore and of Southern India generally. It is evident that Mr. Elliot is very sound and strong in his views on the side of the roducing interests; and we sincerely trust his opinions will be carefully considered by the Committee. As regards the abandonment of poor, non- aying tea and coffee fields, Mr. Elliot will be interested to learn the reason given by an experienced Ceylon Manager for, in some tases, retaining fields in cultivation which yield little or no profit, namely that they afford work for coolies who must be kept’ ready for the rush of flush which comes over paying fields in the best months of the year. So long as the poor fields pay expenses, they make it easier to keep and work a large labour force. ee THE VOGAN TEA COMPANY. THE REPORT. The Direetors have pleasure in submitting their Report and Accounts for the year ended 3lst De- eember, 1898, which they trust the Shareholders will consider satisfactory. The total crop secured for the year was as follows:— Vogan 227,848 lb as against 223,825 lb in 1897 Iddagodde.. 125,989 ,, 3 105,849 ,, Bought Leaf 30,929 ,, < 8,208 ,, ie Stamford Hill & Barkindale 100,712 ,, 5 95,868 ,. a 485,478 ,, 433,742 ,, Considering how short the crop has been on the majority of Estates in the island, it is satisfactory to note that there is a total increase (exclusive of bought leaf) over Estimates of 14,549 lb from the Company’s properties. Or actial eatste account Vogan and Iddagodde have iven 23,837 lb over estimate, whilst Barkindale and tamford Hill shew a short-fall of 9,288 Ib. Iddagodde again shews a most encouraging im- provement, and has given 6301b per acre off the tea in’ bearing, or nearly double what it was giving when the Company bought it three years ago. » For the purpose of comparison, the following figures shewing the cost and average of the Company’s Tea in; Colombo: (including bought leaf) for the past two years will be found interesting and may be con- sidered very satisfactory ;— me See Sele eee Oe Estate. ay 348 ae : CH Sl asl S a2 3 57 BS BY NES) i=) tS) ae cts. cts. cts. cts. ots. cts, d Nowenaeee 2297 20°45 20:22 19°21 37°85 340 ford Hill & ¥ . Se kindale 32:26 2767 25°58 2960 44:99 43-9 A 7 = ae .- 4 3 [Apri 1.1899, During the year under review, it was found neces- sary to increase the Factory accommodation o Vogan twelve months earlier than was anticipated, and also to erect a new Roller and Sirocco, and this necessitated, including the cost of upkeep of young tea, and the payment of a balance to complete the buildings on Stamford Hill, an expenditure on Capital Account of R25,571°70. No further extensions to Factories or Machinery are anticipated for some time to come eee when the 1896 ani 1897 cleatings on Vogan and Id- dagodde come into bearing, a small additien tothe Vogan Factory will be required. Extraordinary general meeti of Shareholders were held on the 12th and 26th of November, and 17th December last, when the Directors were authorised to spend a sum of R5,000 io prespecting for Plum- bago. Up to the endof December, R8,425 had been Spent on this account, which has been carried to &@ suspense account in the meantime, pending the completion of negotiations which are being carried on for the leasing of the Pit, and which it is hoped may be brought to a satisfactory conclusion ere long. After paying interest on debentures, namely R6,676'35, the amount at credit of profit and loss is R60,496°96, which is equal to 840 per cent on the Oapital of the Company. he Directors recommended that this sum be apportioned as follows :— AGRICULTURIST. c. By the payment of a dividend of 5 per cent for the year By the tee of a Bonus tothe Vogan Superintendent id 730 00 By the payment of a Bonus to the the Stamford Hi)l and Barkin- dale Superintendent ee 500 00 By ai to Depreciation Account 10,353 71 By Placing to Reserve Fund 12,500 00 By carrying forward to the next Account ae 393 95 R60,496 Mr. Tisdall, Superintendent of Vogan estate, has been allowed three months’ leave to proceed to Australia for the benefit of his health, which broke down, on full pay for the first and half pay for the other two months. . The estimate of crop for 1899 is as follows :— lb, Vogan and Iddagodde -. 875,000 Stamford Hill and Barkindale .. 100,000 The acreages of Companys preperties is as follows :— Vogan and Iddagedde. Teain full bearing .. Do do partial bearing Do not in bearing Stamford Hill and Barkindale. Tea in full bearing Acres 590 3 23 is 78 2 80 y 119 0 10 1» 220 0 00 Totalin tea, Acres.. 1,008 2 23 Versa and Iddagodde, Jungle, C. 3 540 2 10 Total Acreage .. 1,549 0 33" “d - In terms of the articles of Association, Mr. GE Woodman retires from the Board of Directors, bu being eligible offers himself for re-election. ad Tt wil Jalso be necessary to appoint an Anditor fer 1899.—By order of the Board of Directors. Oe — FRUIT.—Has anyone ever gone carefully into profits of shipping» frait — a calculation of the from Brazil to Europe ? Pineapples are now ‘so cheap, that they could not fail to yield -a ‘profit. q e Surely — the mail steamers would be only too walling 6 And the production seems to be increasing |: fit, up cold-air chambers for fruit, were respo le parties to undertake shipping the fruit.—Rie News. APRIL 1, 1899,] THE TROPICAL THE INDIAN TEA CROP. It will have been seen from figures quoted yesterday that Messrs Baines & Co., of Cal- cutta, give the actual total of the Indian erop for 1898-9 at 152,900,233 Ib., against the estimate of 158,681,312 1b. But we take it there may be some slight further correction of the figures. Still, it is evident that the deficiency is over 5 millions on the estimate or much the same as in the case of- the original Ceylon estimate, Since writing the above, a later report has come to hand from Messrs. Baines & Co,, dated 9th March, of so interesting a nature that we give prominence to nearly all its contents ;:— THA. The close of another season, gives us an opportunity of reviewing its principal features, the general results at Home and in New Markets, and of surveying the rospects for the coming year. eWhen the crop estimate was published in May last year, the total ontturn was put down at 158% millions, of which 140} millions was allotted to the U.K. and 18% millions for other markets, The estimate was care- fuily compiled by the Tea Association, from returns furnished by the Growers, and although it was gener- ally pointed out at the time of issue, that, owing to long continued drought in Cachar and Sylhet, the figures were somewhat over sanguine for these districts no one could, at that time, foresee | that the actual result would be 4 willions short of estimate from these two districts as well as 1: millions short from Assam, ‘The Committee of the Lea Association recognizing the difficulty that growers have to face in estimating their crop so far ahead, with the ancertainty of climate to contend against, have wisely decided for the future to issne the actual outturn at s'ated periods and go avoid as far as possible, unduly influencing the Home Market with threatened over-supplies. ~ Last May when the season opened. the outlook was indeed a gloomy one, stocks of Indian Tea in London Were about 6 millions in excess of previous years, and with an estimated increase of 7 millions for the home market, prices could hardly be expected to show any rise from the already low basis they had reached ; owing, however, to increased consumption at home, due, without doubt, to the cheapness of the article, and to the expansion of the American and Foreign Trade, prospects fox the coming May are far brighter, and the position more encouraging. At the end of February, stocks in London are 4% millions below last year, viz.: 594 millions against 64 millions, while deliveries show an increase of nearly 12 millions, over the corresponding nine months of the previous year. looking ahead to next July, if deliveries continue on the basis of last season, the stock may be expected to be considerably below that of last year, or barely 2 months’ consumption, while it would not be Over sanguine to expect a larger quantity to be taken, by the already expanding trade to outside markets, Caleutta actual figures of erop. 1898. 1897 Export to U.K. (esti- mated) 135,000,000* 133,782,962* Australia 6,500,000 6,802,579 America as 3,270,000 2,086,369 Asia te me ae 7,000 000 3,601,532 Foreign Europe fa 1,200,000 797,313 Total . 152,970,000 147,070,755 *Re-exported to other countries to end January 1899 ., 5,315,000 Do do do 1898 ,, 3,364,000 AGRICULTURIST, 697 AUSTRALIA,—Our trade with this country has been somewhat disappointing, Showing as it does ‘no increase on last year, while Ceylon has exported 15,126,891 lb. against 13,258,456 Ib. in 1897. No doubt the superior freight facilities which Ceylon enjoys has some hing to do with this, there being 4or 5 lines calling weekly at Colombo, while we can Only boast of one steamer a month! Besides the freight question, many gardens, notably Darjeeling, have preferred to gel] jn London in spite of the growing enquiry fer flavoury kinds in this market. Dering the Past season many orders couid not be executed for want of supplies, at’ a time when Darjeeling Pekoe Souchongs were obtainable in London at 52d and 6d. AMentca.—Has shown a growing appreciation of our Teas, and one of the largest wholesale houses in Ljon- don is pushing the Trade there with great effect, and the grower should avail himself of the orders which are Sent to this market, and not be only dependant upon the export from London. 53d, to 6d. there, against 5-6 to 6 The class of Pekoe in favour in the As black, even leaf, with fair tip, free from broken and small, and all Oachar and Sylhet Gardens should carefully note this. Well made strong chests, not 4 chests, long transport on camel, which none but strongest boxes will bear. Forrren EHvurope.—Orderg continue to increase steadily from Germany, Constantinople and other European markets, and there is a growin in those centres to obtain their supplies fates country yers this roducer, Assam.—Farly average, and sold in July, crop, but unfavourably Weather experi July and August Proved fatal to this. and the ve, on this district’s teas must beh DarsErLine.—The first flush was diss but some very fine teas the second One, and their value market, when telegraphic advices cf the Samples were some ppointing manufactured from has be en a poor one, consider that were selling November-December down to 5 d. f pound below their value, if ae ply 28 F a fact further emphasised Pekoe Souchongs from this district The as distinctly Owing to the her districts, was fully up arKe quality towards the end of the season a ait good, and was somewhat eagerly taken general absence of flavoury kinds from ot On the whole, the crop from this district to average. CAcHar Anp SYLHET.—Tho Season nade a ye start, severe drought completely checking th a oe and the bushes never quite recovered its “effect although Sylhet taade a wonderful Crop. Oonsidering the very unfavourable weather up to the midg@) a July. Under these circumstances the quality of the Teas from these districts was much below averss but improved in the Second half of the season. The low range of prices Particularly gif cted those districts, Pekoes being lentifal throy h ut the ye from 6d down 5hd. : RUN AA A TOO 698 THE TROPICAL FACTORY BULKING.—At a time when every saving in expenses is of vital importance to growers, the necessity of most careful bulking canrot be too fully impressed upon them, and it stands to reason that the cheapest and best place for bulking is the Factory, because jabour is cheaper, facilities are handy for packing tes quickly while it is fresh, unnecessary delay und exposure are avoided, aud a saving {d. per pound in London charges is made, It cannot be denied that many fine parcels ol tea lose flavour through lying all day on 4 warehouse floor, exposed to the air, while the treatment In re-packing leaves much to be desired. Again, where teas are sold ‘ to arrive,” on forward samples, which is a grow- ing custom in the American Trade, it is of the first importance thut the whole ofthe break should be of one dead level quality, which cannot be obtained without careful bulking on the factory. In Australia and foreign markets, where large where- houses do not exist, and bulking cannot therefore be carried out, the break is represented by 2 or 3 chests, from which buyers draw samples, and upon these samples purchase the teas, and owing to unegnal quality, frequent allowances and rejections haye now to be made, which would otherwise be avoided, During the past season afew parcels came before us where the difference in quality in teas, invoiced ‘gs one break, was as much as 8d. per {tb.!! EQuaAuLity IN TARES, AND WELL MADE PACKAGES, are matters which should have the attention of every manager, : : The consumer attaches great importance to ernes his Teas in well made strong boxes, and although there has been great improvement in recent years, there are still many gardens from which Teas are sent down in weak chests, made of bad wood, causing loss in weight, and consequent claims. Where a garden once gets a name for bad packages, buyers will fight shy of the mark in the future. This year badly seasoned wood has resulted in frequent cases of “cheesy ”’ taint apon Cachar and Sylhet Invoices, losing to the grower oiten 1d. per lb. in value. , The weight of Tea in chest should not exceed 100 to 110 lb. of broken leaf, and 80 to 90 lb. whole leaf, while Dusts should neverexcced !00 lb. nett, inorder to avoid loss in weight. AssorrmEnT.—Lhere is plenty of room for greater attention to this part ofthe manufacturing process, and the fewer the qualities made the better, for a gaiden producing fair medium Teas ; four qualities are quite sufficient, this specially applies to small gardens, whose Managers should try to cut down, as much as possible, the number of grades in their assortment ; it is better to have two full sized breaks of Pekoe and Pekoe Souchong, than 4 or 5 qualities in small breaks. Where small breaks are unavoidable, it would pay to pack, and keep them until a sufficient amount of Tea of each grade to makea full break, is manufactured, then bulk the whole. Good appearance in make should be aimed at as America and Asia select Teas of this description,— large, rough, bold leaf should be avoided, if this class of leaf is being taken from the bushes, owing to quick growth, and the flush getting out of hand, it is better to have it equalised inthe breaker, thereby saving the wholesale houses and _ blenders, the trouble of cutting it for themselves, a well equalised leafy Broken Pekoe Souchong, or small Pekoe Souchong, free from dusty broken, sells much better, andis a far more useful Tea, than a bold leaf. Invoices should comprise breaks of not less than 20 full chests, 30 half chests 0: 50 boxes, which are the minimum breaks sampled by the Trade, (and itis as well to have a few extra chests, in event of damage reducing the size of the break) for in these days, when the weekly auctions of Indian Tea frequently amount to 50,000 packages, small breaks meet with very little attention, and are sold ona separate day, when large buyers scarcely think it worth while to attend the sale. Our advice to growers therefore must be to pay the closest attention to improvementof quality, andto avoid sending forward any produce which, frominferiority of quality, or undesirable packing, will damage the reputa. - lised alumina”; but if she is capable of judging SS AGRICULTURIST. — [Arrn. 1, 1899. tion ofthe article. There isno doubithat careful super- vision on these matters wil] bearfruitindue course. With the extensions of 1896-98 shortly coming into full Learing, there is no probability of short supplies, nor are prices likely to shew any great rise, from the level they have reached in the past 3 years, nevertheless the industry is in a healthy eondition and consumption is giowing, and there is no 1eason, with careful attention, to ma ufacture and expen ti- ture, why the Tex Trade in India should not continue ona safe remuuerative basis. In conclusion, we wish our many constituents s ae year in 1899. Weather reports from the istricts are generally satisfactory, —=—— CEARA RUBBER. Relative to the «extraction of rubber from the ceara rubber (Manihot Glaziovii), Mr. Hooper shows by che resnits of the experiments Lhat the scheme of preparing rubber from the dry bark of this introduced tree is impracticable. He alds:— “T have since made «a microseopical examir nation of the inner bark with the result that while the laticiferous vessels or cacutchone ducts are not absent, they are scantily distributed in the bark and are undeveloped and in some cases empty. While the cultivation of the ceara rubber trees has been fully established in Southern India, it is a matter for regret that the climatie conditions or soil are not suitable for encouraging the secretion of rubber in the trees to make their introduction a commercial success.” PRECIOUS STONES. —In a review of anew edition of ‘Streeter’, the Speaker suys :—Perhaps the first thing which most peeple need to know about pusioup stones is that if mounted stones are heed- essly jumbled together and allowed to rnb against each other, the diamonds in the ornaments avill inevitably scratch some of the other stones, and thus disfigure them more or less seriously. Doubt- less, in some cases, stones thus marked have been treated by indiscreet executors as va'ueless imi- tations, and sold for an oldsong. The next practi- cal item of information which lovers of jewels shonld aequire is that while technically “ perfeet ” stones are never met with, nearly a tenth of the stones which are brought into commerce are really of fine quality. No lady is much the worse for not knowing that the true ruby is a corundum, nor will she become much the richer in useful information by learning that it is strictly ‘‘a variety of erystal- between aspinel ruby and a true ruby, no very arduous task, she may find the little accomplish- ment profitable as well as rare, Some of the most interesting of the notes which Mr. Streeter has put together are those upon the present condition and prospects of the sources of the supply of pre- cious stones. It is pleasant to the British jewel- lover to hear that the Chrysobery! (the true) Cat’s Eye, perhaps the most curious, and certainly not the least beautiful, of precious stones, comes prin- cipa'ly from Ceylon. Mr. Streeter expresses what is evidently a sincere belief in the possibilities of — the ruby mines of Burma, and gives an account of — the connection which he formerly liad with theen- — terprise of developing them. An important chap- — ter upon ‘‘ African Diamonds ” contains statisties of produce, as well as geographical information ; it seems that some _ recently-discovered tines in — Griqualand West yield well-crystallised stones of — remarkable whiteness. It is quite possible that — British Guiana is among the “coming” diamond- — producivg lands; should she prove to be so, effect upon West-indian sociology may be startli Amrit 1, 1899.) THE TROPICAL, THEA IN JAVA. We have received a series of statistical tables bearing on the importation and sale of Java and other teas in Holland. in the first place, we ave told that last year 5,287,230 half-kilogrammes of Java tea were sold at an average of 62}; cents of a guilder (2s) per half-kilogramme. This is equal to 5,828,114 Ib, avoirdupois and an average of 77d per Ib. As regards deliveries in 1898, the figures are 70,572 chests with 8,569 chests in stock at end of year. Of China tea the deliveries were 2,705 chests; stocks 1,979 chests. Of British India and Ceylon tea there were only 43 chests delivered and 15 in stock. Itis a great matter, however, that Java tea should be so fully absorbed in the Netherlands and the adja- cent division of West Germany. No tea from Java should come to the London market with so good a field to exploit, as that eastward of Amsterdam and Rotterdam, —— INDIA-RUBBER ; NOTES ON THE EXPERIMENTAL TAPPING OF RUBBER-TREES IN THE CHARDUAR PLAN- TATION, ASSAM. Experiments in tapping 21 selected trees in compartments two and three of the Charduar rubber plantation during the years 1896-97, and 1897-98 the results of which are shown in detail in Appendix VI of the Assam. Forest Report for 1897-93, gave a yield of 28 seers in 1896-97, and of 24 seers in 1897-98. The trees experimented one have been lightly tapped, and show no signs whatever of having suffered in any way; there appears to me, therefore, to be no reason to suppose that other trees in the plantation of similar age, the oldest experimented on bein over 20 years and the youngest 17 years, woul be damaged if subjected to similar light tappings. The compartments that contain trees not less than 17 years of age, that is, in which vacancies were finally filled up over 17 years ago, are Nos. 1, 2, 3, and 4. These compartments cover 318 acres, and contain 5,221 trees, as ascertained by actual counting; of these alternate trees (say, 2,600) were over-tapped for three successive years in 1889, 1890, and 1891, with a view to killing them out, as the trees had been planted too close together to admit of proper development of their crowns, on which the full growth of a tree depends. It was found, however, that no amount of tapping affected the continued growth of the tree, an the opening out of the roots showed that all the trees in these compartments had become fairly anastomosed, or, in other words, that the plan- tation had become practically one huge tree. The question now for consideration is whether the systematic light tapping ofall the trees in the compartments Nos. 1, 2, 3, and 4 should be car- ried out every year, under the personal supervi- sion ofthe Divisional Forest Officer and his Di- visional Forest staff as an experiment, and with the view to Government’s obtaining some _pre- sent return for the expenditure incurred in form- ing the plantation. This expenditure from 1873- 74, when work onthe plantation commenced, up to 39th June 1898, amounts to R1,67,627, or R75-8 per acre for the2,218 acres tlathad been planted up to that date, including 518 acres that were disforested in 1896-97 for tea cultivation. AGRICULTURIST. 699 The present value taking it tok icahiee ee Seu SIDS 0 be the cost de- gonted aes existing plantation, may be ac- Total cost incurred u 30 2 June 1898 Page oe Deduct — eeu Value to be recovered for rubber- trees on 518 (sic.) acres disforrested fixed by the Government of India at R39 per acre on 482'87 acres actually established aM ; Expenditure that may be written of as incurred on the experimental stage 7.¢.,0n learning how to plant rubber successfully, taken to be cost up to 1880-81 and partly up to 1882-83, up to which years almost all previous plants had to be replaced.. 34 009 _Sales of rubber, seed, and seed: ” lings, 1897-98 “ms 18,832 1,050 53,882 1,13,745 which on 1,700 acres of plantation existing June 1898, equals R67 per acre. With itheved Sy ence gained, it is estimated that future extensio A wil cost a see of R40 per acre. BLOOD _+apping lightly all the trees in ¢ é ‘ Nos. i to 4, including the 2,600 tiabuiteacinne tempted to kill out and the 21 that have bean’e: perimentally tapped during each of the last fa years, may, itis expected at a low estimat iv we following results :— lar wo thousand and six hundred tapped trees may be expected to yield ee ore annually an average of 1 seer per tree 65 0 Two thousand six hundred and twenty- one tapped trees at 4 seer per tree Balanee pers Total cee OOO say, 8, ., the cost i i i sa pet ipescost ee collecting which will be e value in London of the sam the plantation tappings in 1806.97 “theent from Reporter on Economic Products to the Goes ment of India, was 2s 8d. per lb. The report ar phe yalue of pramples (24 seers) sent to Shatoficer Has e hese of tappings in 1897-98, has not yet been’ Mr. W. H. B.. Lawes, Sunerj : 5 perintendent : prana Tea Company, has_ kindly Blecat ieee owing information at my disposal regardin the result of tappings of 121 rubber trees fbatiee planted about the coolie lines of Dikorai Sarden. pome Bh goe years ago, And have rot been looked é » Having been cut about from ti bo ti 7 the coolies. These trees were neha eae a peppers supplied by the Deputy Conceruatos Of orests, Darrang Division, and rubber was shi to London early in 1898, See Rubber obtained by tapping Rubber sold in London Consigned in London to Messrs George Williamson and Company : realised in London on 170 Ib. ats. 3d. per lb. £27-12-6 (say) Capea \ 180 Ib, 17015 Deduct— R Cost of tapping... ; 90 0 Gane to Calcutta, Rl per maund © 4 wee wae tee 2 anne etth gplentte ta London, and ~s er charges, £2-2-6 7) 3 annas per 1b, on 120 1b, eam By re Profit 26 or R2-6-0 per tree. Ys ee From the above dat istics i : _data. and statistics it may b assumed that, taking the sale value of the enbbee in London at 2s. 8d. per lb. as reported by the Reporter on Economic Products, the financial 700 THE TROPICAL results of the annual experimental tappings pro- posed may be safely cstimated as follows :— Sale value of 8,000 Ib. rubber in London at 2s. 8d. per lb., at Is. 4d, per rupee 16,000 Deduct : Cost of tapping 8,000 Ib. at 8 ; annas per |b. PS, ... 4,000 Freight to Calcutta at Rl per maund, say om an 98 Freight, Caleutta to London, and - other charges at 3 annas per lb. 1,500 5,598 Profit 10,402 which equals about R2 per tree, or on 318 (sic.) acres, R#2-11-4 per acre, and on cost per acre over nearly 50 per cent. , I have heen somewhat diffident at putting for- ward proposals for systematic tappings for fear of eventual evil results on the capital value of the plantation as a property in which a con- siderable amount of Government money has been expended. I think, however, that, given proper ‘personal supervision by the Divisional Forest Officer and his staff, the time has come when at least the experiment should be tried on the most mature area of 318 acres out of the 1,700 acres that have been planted up, and I therefore advocate, after having visited the plantation again, that action should be taken in this direc- tion during the present tapping season, A. L, Home, Conservator of Forests, Assam. Dated Camp Tezpur, the 10th November, 1898. —Indian Forester. GANGAWATTE ESTATES CO. Report oF THE DIRECTORS. Direcrors.—T G Hayes, Esq., S H Hayes, Esq., W Anderson; Esq. f -* AcrEAcE.—‘l'ea in full bearing 335 acres; Tea planted in 1898 10 acres ; Grass and Ravines 10 acres, =Total 355. oy The Directors beg to submit their second annnal report and acconnts being those for the year ended 31st December last. . hey have to report with regret a short fall on the ~ estimated crop of tea, though it is no unusual cireum- stance this year. . : “The crop from the Gangawatte division was sold in green leaf and that from Bitterne was manufactured »parily at Rickarton factory and partly at Gangawatte, “which work commenced in July last. : The Bitterne crop analyses were as follows :— 41,348 lb. made at Rickerton and sold in London at the equivalent of 36-06c. net. 23,605 1b, made at Ganga- “watte and sold in Colombo averaged 38°55c net. * Computing the outturn of Gangawaitte leaf at the same rate as that given by Bitterne, the total crop amouated to 140,445 1b. Tea agaimst an estimate of 150,000 lb which realized R55,598°55, or an average of cts. 39°58 per lb. ae On reference to the accounts it will be seen that the profit on the season’s working amounts to R19,209°65 subject to miscellaneous expenses, interest on mortgage, secretariat and auditor's fees. re Out.of the available balance an interim dividend of 5 per cent on the capital has been paid absorbing R8,925, and the directors now recommend the pay- ment of a final dividend of three per cent, leaving ‘a, balance of R1,715'91 which after meecing direc- tors’ fees, they propose should be carried forward to the New Year. : » The estimate of crop for 1899 is 150,000 lb. against an expenditure of R38,992. : é ' Mr.T G Hayes reports that the properties are in good order. Nae ; Sees #@In terms of the articles of associa‘ion, Mr. TG ‘Hayes retires from the effice of dire¢ior, and being eligible offers himself for're-election. “Sg Sate: AGRICULTURIST. lye Sree oe [APRIL 1, 1899. An auditor for next year will have to be appointed by the meeting. - By order of the directers. Geo. Sravanr & Co., Agents amd Secretaries. —_—— >: Oo -- PLANTING AND COPRA CURING. Mr. Durxwaxpt lias been referred to more than once in your columns. He, as Mansging Director of « lange agricuitural concern, came pver to the Island chiefly to compare notes of coconut and cacao cultivation wit ours; of coconut estates he visited I believe, Mr. W. HI. Wiight’s, Mr. Scott's at Kurunegala, and Horrekelle and Siringapathy estates. Itis a pily arrangements conld not have been made for his meeting the vete- rans W. G. Lamont and W. Jardine. He would have gaived many an useful wrinkles from these very ex- perienced genvewmen, COCONUT PLANTING AND COPRA CURING. Owing to labour difficultics cultivation is very res- tricted on the vast plantetions owned by the wealthy Company our visitor represents. However experiments have been made with different manures on small plots and the results in crops have been carefally compiled. First place is given to superphosphate and sal ammo- niac’as yielding the best resulis. Very disappointing resnits have followed the application cf kainit and it has been tabooed. In Copra Curtxc we have much to learn. It is a standing reproach to the Europeans and intelligent Natives engaged in Coconut Cultivation that they have not risen above the primitive methods pursued by the natives, may be, since the dawn of coconut cultivation. ‘To my knowledge many attempts at improved methods have been made and could not have been bronght to a _ successful issue owing to funds not having been placed at the command of the experimentors who were merely Superintendents. Iti: reported that on Si oH ore | Mr. Burckhardt would have had an opportunity of Witnessing copra curing by meéaus of hot air, for which a patent is to b3 obtained. Hot air for copra curing is what is used on the estates our visitor is interested. Itis the result of a long series of costly experiments. Air is heated in a chamberby means of a furnace and pipes coiling vertically. From aper- tures in the wall hot air is directed under a series of trays on which coconuts cutinto bits isplaced. The moisture expelled from the coconut finds an exit through chimneys in the roof. I myself hit upon what 1 thinkis afar simple method, three or fon years ago and submitted it for-approval, Want of funds has pre- vented my carrying out my plan. I borrowed the idea from the hot rooms used originally in desiccating coce- nuts My idea is simply to place platforms, or by preference trays, over other hot ‘beds. One advantage of drying always by hot air is that the quality of the copra will be uniforrs all the year through. Besides, the work will be cleaner and there will be no loss from thefts by human beings, crows, dogs and jackals. _—— Oo THE CEYLON TEA AND COCONUT ESTATES CO., LTD. REPORT OF THE DIRECTORS. AcreAceE: Tea.—In partial bearing, 293 acres (planted in 1895, 146 acres; and in 1896, 147 acres) not in bearing, 137 acres. Cocenuts, 558 acres Rubber, 35 acres; Grass, Forest and Chena, 218 acres; Cinnamon, 21 acres, Total 1,257 acres. aes Fe The Directors have pleasure in submitting to the shareholders the accounts for the past year. Aree Tra Dryrtston.—The total crop of tea harvested in 1898 was 32,371 ib., which realised a nett average price of 37.34 cts. per pound. tae a COCONUT Coconut Diyiston.—The total crop of coconuts gathered during 1898 was, including 52,640 nnts brought forward from 1897, 641,186 nuts, of whi ) 1,531 nuts were’ sold en estate, at an average Aprit 1, 1899.] THE TROPICAI, per 1,000 nots, and the remainder were made into eoprah, of which 493 candies were sold atan average of R44:76 per candy, as compared with 246 candies in 1897, which realised a nett average price of R39'40 per candy. After making the usual provisions for depreciation of Buildines ani Machinery, the result of the year’s working shows a loss of R3,549°82. Mr. F. Capper retires from the Board of Directors, but is eligible for re-election, The appointment of an Auditor for the current year will rest with the meeting. THE UNION ESTATES COMPANY OF CEYLON, LIMITED. Report or THE Directors. Directors :—Messrs. G H Alston, W D Gibbon, W H Figg; Estate Inspector.—Mr. W D Gibbon; Estate Superintendent.—Hayes Group: Mr. T Maclachlan: Dea Ella: Mr. J Vanderslott, ACREAGE E Se Figs 2 a rae soi oH ~ 3 > oO ap eh a & 38 (2 3 Be ais Oe, eS Bnei EA Mole Gorn Oa 5 eS Ho Ho G Oo iS) Os Hayes Group 517 TW — te 2h aS e658, © 22 Dea Ella 235 13 91 — 839 147 486 752 24 91 25 892 1,805 2,697 The Directors have now to submit to the Share- holders the accounts of the Company for the past year. The Tea crop amounted to 308,025 lb. against an estimate of 360,000 lb., for which the average nett price realiced was 34°32 cents per lb. compared with 32°64 eents in 1897, or an increase of over 1} cents per Ib. ; 149 cwt. Cocoa were sold at an average of R41 per cwt., and there were small receipts by sale of Cardamoms. The shortfall in the crops must be attributed to the very dry season. With reference to last year’s report the Directors are glad to be able to announce that the road as far as Anningkande has been opened for some time and that good progress has been made with the extension to Hayes Factory, and it is anticipated that this exten- sion will be opened for traffic in the course of the next two or three months. This will increase the value ot the Company’s property very greatly, and will reduce the cost of production both by cheaper transport and by enabling the estate to pack in full chests instead of half chests as at present. In spite of the transport difficulty all the new driving machinery has now been erected; apreliminary run carried out last week was satis- factory. Theadditional power wasurgently required, as during the last year manufacture was considerably hampered by s'oppages for repairing the engine, The Capital Expenditure during the past year amounting to R29,963:°28 was incurred on additions to machinery veferred to above on Hayes and also on Dea Ella, in clearing and planting 25 acres Carda- moms on Hayes as decided on last year, 30 acres of Cocoa on Dea Ella, and in erection of necessary new lines on both places, anda Rice Storeand extension of Factory on Hayes. A small sum of R93'63, which has been charged to Working Account, was expended in exploring for plumbago on Hayes, and an arrangement is being made to lease the pit to a native in return for one- sixth share of the output. The estimated crops for the current season are 827,000 lb, Tea, 15¢ ewt. Cocoa and 300 lb, Cardamoms on an expenditure on Working Account of R97,441-11. In addition a small profit isanticipated from purchase of outside leaf and from manufacturing Teasfor other estates. On Oapital Account R7,356 is estimated for completion of Machinery on Hayes and the upkeep of the new elearings on both places, In terms of the Articles of Association Mr. G. H. Alston now retiresfrom the office of Director, but is eligible for re-election. AGRICULTURIST. 701 The appointment of an Auditor for the current year rests with the meeting. By order of the Directors, Wuittatt & Co., Agents and Secretaries, Colombo, 10th March, 1899. THE ESTATES CO¥WPANY LIMITED. ReEporT oF THE DirReEcTORs. Direc'ors :—Messrs. W D Gibbon, G H_ Alston, and W H Figg; Estate Inspector: Mr. W D Gib- bon; Estate Superintendents: Dammeria, Mr. JB OF UVA, Cotton ; Battawatte, Mr. W M Kelly; and Gam- paha, Mr. F J Whittall. ACREAGE : ea eal ae ges er gene oie fea Sp Seehof Sy Mm On =, ICH CWE) Tomales fs ee Se sith SAPO Fees ee eet Ske car Mie ra a Os g8¢3 38 $ 25 Bee A ello tel & ee) H Dammeria 2 Group 465 110 27 602 30 558 1190 Battawatte and Forest Hill 4i8 140 38 591 9) 159 755 Gampaha 332 124 119 575 45 246 866 19919 374 184 1,768 80 963 2,811 Tne Directors herewith submit tothe sharehclders the accounts for the past year. The tea crop, which was estimated at 505,000 lb. only amounted to 485,712 ib., the shortfall being altogether attributable to the unfavourable weather ex- perienced during the last few months of the year. The coffee crop however amounted to 462 bushels as against estimate of 120 bushels, while there were also crops of 89 cwt. Cocoa, 553 lb. Cardamoms 56,632 lb. Cinchona bark, which latter was harvested from trees cut down to improve growth of the tea planted underneath. During the year 60,658 lb. tea were manufactured for other estates. ‘ The average nett price realized for the tea sold was 393 cents as against an average of 41 cents last year. Daring the past year the ucreaga under tea has been increased to 1,768 acres by the planting up of 41 acres in Gampaha and 8 acres on Dammeria while acres 8-1-37 of tea, an encroachment on Goyernment land on Forest Hill, were purchased and acres 4-2.32 of tea land were taken over by Government for the Madulsima Road, for which the Company received compensation. During the blast- ing operations on the new road the old coffee store which was not insured, and at the time not being used, caught fire and was burnt down; it has been impossible to definitely ascertain the cause of the fire, though it is attributed by the Superintendent to a piece of burning fuse alighting among tampo- rary withering tats therein. ‘The roofing was saved and the directors estimate the loss to the estate at R2,000, which they have written off the capital cost of the buildings. After writing off this R2,000 and making provision for depreciaticn of buildings and machinery, and paying the expenses incurred in connection with the mortgage referred to inthe last report, the profit for the year amounted to R14,029-45 to which falls to be added the balanze brought for- ward from 1897. The directors recommend the payment of of diyi- dend of 2 per cent for the year, and that the balance of R9,842°10 be carried forward to the current year's ST, ‘ aa e directors are glad to be able to announ Q the road to Forest Hillis practically conintebart fe is now being made use of for transport. The crops for the current year are estimated at 540,008 lb. tea, 210 bushels coffee, 600 lb. Carda- moms and 65 cwt. Cocoa, on an expe diture of R174,483 on the estate, while a. small, profit is anticipated from mannfacture ef 66,00 1b. Tea for another estate, 702 The expenditure catimated on capital account is R19,911 for the upkeep of acreags not yet in branny and for addition vw the withering accommodation on Battewutte, - In terms of the articles of G Gibbon retires from the Board, bu re-election. : The sppointment of an Auditor for the current ear will 1est with the meeting.—By oscer of the Direct eras WHITTALL & Co., Agente and Secretaries. —————— BOTANICAL NAMES, Writes an upcountry correspondent :—* It is not a little amusing, not to say ridicu lous, to read in today's local ‘Times’ its bold attempt at correcting botanical names. Or is it an endeavour to coin a new gener? name? If the latter, why not indicate the author by affixing ‘Times of Ceylon ? Other- wise surely reference to the Peradeniya au- thorities would leave no excuse for m'shvking the familiar generic name Agave, which appa- rently is what is meant by Agara, the latte never being heard of until its birth today. — [The amusing part is that the botanical names referred to were quite correctly given in the Ceylon Observer, and bungled in being taken over.—Ep. 7.A.]| - REARING [NDIA-RUBBER PLANTS IN DEHRA DUN. I received about 4 lb. of Assam _India-rubber seed from the Director, half of which was sown in nursery beds, which were specially prepared with one part pieces of bricks, one part charcoal and one part dried cowdung well ground, on the 93rd April, 1898. This did not germinate till the end of the first week of June, 1898, 7.¢,, it did not germinate till the rains had commenced, although the nursery beds were well-watered and kept moist. Of the remainder of the seed, 14 |b. were sown in nursery beds on the 7th July, 1898. The first lot of the seeds sown germinated well but the seedlings being very small and not able to catch hold of the soil, were washed away when the heavy monsoon rains came. The second lots of seed began to germinate five days after sowing, but the seed was so light, that much of it was washed away. Theremaining # lb. of the seed was sown on the 7th July, 1898, in 16 boxes and flower pots, and the boxes and flower pots were kept in the pons sheds, where they could get little light, in the School compound and fruit garden. The following was the compost in which the seed was sown in boxes and pots; one part, half-inch or smaller pieces of bricks, one part charcoal, half-inch pieces, and one part leaf mould with a little dried cowdung well ground for top dressing. The seed began to germinate five days after sowing and continued to germinate till the 15th August, 1898. From the nursery beds I got 108 plants of India-rubber; the remainder of the plants and seeds were destroyed or washed away in the monsoon rains, though carefully protected with thatch. From the 16 boxes and pots I ot about 1,600 plants, out of which about one housand plants have been potted and basketed and about 600 plants, being very small are still in. the boxes. ; From the above experiment I conclude, that India-rubber seed requires for its germination that the atmosphere should be well charged with moisture, so that the dry season is unsuitable. The best time, therefore, to sow India-rubber seed at Dehra is during the early part of July; Association Mr. W. is eligibie for THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. et ee (Are. 1, 1899, it also germinates in August, but it is net too late, as the whole of the seed will not able to germinate before the atmosphere begins to coo], and also the young seedlings have not sufficient time to grow before the cold season begins. The sowing of the India-rubber seed in the open is objectionable because the rain, either directly or indirectly, when tatties are put over the nursery beds, destroys and washes away the young seedlings and seed. The best way to grow India-rubber seed is to sow the seed in boxes and large flower pots in the sesh na inentioned above, and place them in pot ing sheds or verandahs, where they receive a little light, and never to allow the boxes and yots to get dry. The watering should pe carefully managed, so that the seedlings are not rooted out and the seed is not washed away. BIRBAL. THE GROWTH OF THE SEEDLING. —At first a pair of cotyledonary: leaves appear, which are, about one-tenth inch in diameter, orbicularovate, emar- ginate, dull green, minutely petioled, Above these come out a pair of aan leaves. These are stipulate (as are also all succeeding leaves), slightly crenate, distinctly emarginate, membranous, wit faint indications of arcuate nerves at the sinuses of an intramarginal vein, very shining above until superseded by the next leaf; one of the two leaves is somewhat larger than the other. Above these the leaves are sub-opposite when they ap- pear, but soon become distinctly alternate by the elongation of the stem, each succeeding one larger in size than the one next below, and much brighter especially when fully grown. The fourth leave above the cotyledons is about 1 by % in., ovate, distinctly crenate, emarginate. The next two leaves, the 5thand 6th, are oblong, 2to 36 in. long, still emarginate, but the crenations are very shallow in the last leaf; lateral nerves 4 to 6 pairs, slightly arcuate. Then comes out the Tuh leaf, all by itself, 3 by 12 in., oblong, with 6 to 8 pairs of parallel nerves and 2 to 3 in- termediate ones between, no om emarginate, but acute and almost entire, with a row of white glandular dots along the margins. This is the first leaf that reveals the identity of the plant beyond this the leaves become thicker and thicker, the llth being about as thick as a normal i rubber leaf. By the time the 5th leaf appears, a swelling is noticed below the root-collum, which oes on increasing in size, as is seen in Fig. 3. Neither F. bengalensis nor F. religiosa ing has any swelling of this kind, ; UPENDRANATH KANJILAL, —Indian Forester for March. Diiys ba ty can seme INDIAN TEA. (From Baines & Co.’s Market Report.) CaLcuTTAa, Feb. 23. By the courtesy ef the Indin Tea Association, we are enabled to'give the following figures showing the actual crop for 1898 :— can Actual Original _~ Estimated. Assam ao 62,172,660 Cachar ans 20,363,496 Sylhet 24,455,496 Darjeeling ee 7,654,467 Terai oe 3,424,385 Dooars x 25,717,446 Chittagony Sa 887,263 Chota Negpore .. 155.020 Kangra E 2,070,000 Debra Dun and Kumaon(Estimate) 2.006,000 Private and Native Gardens(Estimate) 4,000,000 152,900,233 APRIL 1, 1899.] THE TROPICAL BRITISH GROWN TEA: BRIGHTER OUTLOOK. (The Statist, Feb. 25.) The heavy fall in the sterling value of the rupee which took place some years ago was, for the time being, a source of considerable profit to the tea-producing industry, enabling planters to re- duce the cost of cultivation; but after a few ex- ceptionally prosperous years a reaction set in. This was largely owing to great increase in the acreage brought into tea cultivation. The Indian famine and thealmost coincidentrise in the value of the rupee completely changed the situation, and increased expenses of production to sueh an extent that the year 1897 proved a bad one for the in- dustry, especially as the price of tea had fallen considerably owing to the largely increased pro- duction. The results for the year 1898 have not yet been published, and will not, as a rule, be generally known until next May, or June, but prices of both Indian and Ceylon teas were low, and will- probably be below 1897, although the re- mainder of the crop still unsold will probably realise better figures, and consequently raise the year’s average tosomeextent. ‘The cost of the rupee was greater than the previous year and in consequence production will be more expensive; while the price of rice was also high during the greater “portion of the year. Bearing the above facts in mind, it is probable that 1898 will be in some instances as bad as 1897, although for some of the better teas grown in Assam the result will ossibly be slightly better.: Cachar and Sylhet Have suffered severely from abnormal weather, which has not only caused a reduction in the out- ut, but also interfered with the quality of the Beas: and many gardens in these districts have therefore been obtaining very low prices. In Cey- lon the crop has been short, so that results will also suffer from this cause. Looking now beyond the 1898 season, there appears very strong reason to believe that the industry has passed through the worst part of the late crisis. Consumption of Indian and Ceylon tea in 1898 was 33 million pounds ahead of 1896, while production had only in- creased by 18 millions; and, more important still, there was an excess in production during 1896 of 12 millions, which had been turned toa deficit of three millions in 1898. Such a remarkable change has been brought about by a greatly increased use of British-grown teas. Not only is the home -market taking more tea, but foreign and colonial markets are rapidly acquiring a taste for the teas of India and Ceylon; and whereas in 1897, 51 million pounds were used outside the United Kingdom, in 1898 the quantity had risen to about ' 63 millions, and there appears every reason to believe that large increases will take place in the uantity used in these outlets in future. Now that the Americans have started a line of steamers, under the United States flag, going from Calcutta and Colombo direct to New York without coming near the United Kingdom, the sympathy of American shipowners will be enlisted on the side of British-grown tea. The Russian Volunteer Fleet, which calls at Colombo, is already taking large quantities of tea to South Russia, and the fact that Russian tea purchasers have established houses in Ceylon goes far to show the probabi- lity of an increased liking for Ceylon teas in Russia. The quantity shipped from Colombo direct to Russia in 1897 was only 439,349 lb., and had risen to 2,714,003 Ib. in 1898. The absorption of British- grown tea by Russia is by close observers in the trade regarded as only in its infancy. We may now turn to production. The Ceylon output last year was reduced owing to bad weather, and it is therefore probable that the following crop may be somewhat larger. With respect to Indian the output in Cachar and Sylhet was also reduced 88 AGRICULTURIST. 703 from the same cause as in Ceylon, and it is possi" ble that this may not occur this year; but, con- sidering the very large area over which tea is now grown in India and Ceylon, the weather is not likely to be suitable everywhere for the grow- ing of large crops. So that we need not, per- haps, look for a very large increase in the 1899 crop, taken as a whole. Even though a large quantity of land was brought into cultivation some few years ago, which should now be com- ing into bearing, it must be borne in mind that there is reason to believe many estates have allowed some of their unprofitable tea to lapse, and that others have not had the money to carry on the cultivation which they had commenced, or even to fill up some of the vacancies which occur through plants dying out. So that, taking all these things into consideration, it is doubtful whether we shall havea very large increase in production for the present. Looking, therefore, at the industry asa whole, the position seems to have entirely changed from what it was a year ago, and for the first time in the history of the British grown tea trade con- sumption appears likely to overtake production. The possibilities opened out by the new markets are very great. For years past it has beena case of educating consumers. The efforts have had little result till quite recently, but in nearly all countries which use tea largely there is reason to believe that a very large development will take place during the next few years. It must not be forgotton that the world’s consumption of tea outside countries of production amounts roughly to 500 million pounds, while the total production of British-grown tea in 1898 was only 275 million pounds (3 miilionsless than the consumption), so that there still remains 222 million pounds of other growths which will, doubtless, eventually be further displaced by the energy of the Indian and Ceylon tea planters. The question of exchange must not altogether be forgotten, and, leaving out the policy of the Government, it would, per- haps, be the best thing for the tea-producing in- dustry ifthe rupee were to be steadily maintained at its present level. The rapid rise in the rupée cost the tea industry an enormous sum of money, but it has had its effect in causing great efforts to be made to reduce expenditure in all diréctions, and has resulted in checking the annually increas- ing cultivation which had previously been taking place. Should the rupee remain stationary, it is possible that production would only slowly ex- pand, and that prices of tea would advance to some extent. The trade has passed through what may be termed a very severe surgical operation. The painful process has saved the industry from a still more serious crisis, bound otherwise to have come upon it in the course ofthe next year or two; and if the value of the rupee be maintained where itis at present, it will probably produce a continu- ance of the sounder position into which the indus- try has now entered. pee INDIARUBBER FROM EUPHORBIA. The following letter from Major C. Giberne on this subject appeared in the Standard on January 5th last, and is re-produced as it may be of interest, Perhaps some of our readers may know about it, and can tell us whether the statements are correct :— Sir,— With reference to the leading article in the Standard of today on the resources of India, will you allow me to draw attention to the enormous quantity of India Rubber locked up in the jungles of India in the various species of Luphorlhia, or ‘ milk-bush,” with which it is in parts so thickly studded ? Many years ago, when in India, I ordered a box of chemicals from England, and in the course of some experiments I made, I added a little nitric acid to the strong alkaline, milk-like juice of the Euphorbia Tirwealli, and, to wy surprise, not only neutralised 704 THE TROPICAL the alkali, but left floating on its surface, a piece of India Rubber. There is a considerable rani of the E. Tirucalii growing in Gurzerat, and especially in the neighbourhood of Cambay, but the supply is limited. On the other hand, there are other species of milk-bush, and as the H. Antiquorum and EF. Nerufolia, the supplies of which, should they be fonnd efficacious, are inexhaustible. I should strongly re- commend that a trial be made of all these different Species as to the quality of the India Rubber the severally produce. Probably, also, a cheaper acid, such as hydrochloric, would prove as efficacious as nitric acid. The milk could easily and expeditionsly be extracted from the milk-bush by means of a common native sugar cane press. The only question, then, would be whether the acid should be brought to the milk, or ‘the milk to the acid, and in the Jatter case, whether it should be sent in the form of a fluid or be previously dried in the son and exported to England in the form of the gum known in commerce as Kuphorbium.—From Jndian Morester for February 1899, —__4——_—__— CAMBRIDGE EXPEDITIONS IN THE FAR EAST, An expedition, under the leadership of Mr. We W. Skeat, left Cambridge a few days ago for Bang- kok. The members of the ears include Mr. Gwynne-Vaughan, of Christ’s College, and Messrs. Evans and Annandale, of Oxford, and it will be reinforced at Singapore by Mr. Bedford, of King’s College. The object of the expedition is, ‘says the Zimes, to make a scientific survey of the little- known country lying sonth of Siam and north of the protected States of the Malay Peninsula. Mr. Skeat, who recently presented a valuable collec- tion of ethnological specimens collected in Perak to the Cambridge Museum of Ethnology, is an offi- cial in the Government of the Straits Settlements, and the Colonial Office has granted him leave to organise and command the expedition. The in- crease of commerce in the Malay Peninsula and the writings of Sir Frank Swettenham, Mr. Joseph Conrad, and Mr. Hugh- ‘Clifford have recently stimulated public interest in this quarter of the world, and a thorough zoological, botanical, geo- logical, and ethnological survey of the distriet is “tnuch needed.——Professor Haddon’s expedition to the Torres Straits, Borneo, &c,, is expected _ back in Cambridge towards the end of May. Ke- cent letters indicate that it has been completely - suecessful.—O, Mail, March 3, ee AFRICAN GAME, To all lovers of Nature, to ail who desire to see some variety and interest, other than humanity provides, left to us in this swiftly narrowing world, it will be welcome news that the British and the German Governments are in consultation over the fate of the wild fauna of _ Africa. It is quite plain that if something is not done pretty quickly many of the most in- teresting species of African animals will go the way of the Quagga and the Dodo. Plains which once abunded in game of every sort are now as lifeless as Clapham Common. The elephants are diminishing in number Brey day, and the giraffe is now fonnd only in the land over which until lately the Khalifa ruled. The great White Rhino- ceres is believed to have become altogether extinct, and even the Lion is being speedily swept away from every African country except Somaliand. ‘There will, doubtless, be many who will simply - AGRICULTURIST. [Apri 1, 1899, rejoice over the extinction of dangerous animals, and congratulate themselves that no one is ever likely again to meet with the experience of the Dutch Governor of Cape Town, who, in the old da a was butted out ef his carriage by an irritable Rhinoceros in the public street. but most of us would grive to think that all these interesting beasts should disappear. In some form or other they must be preserved by law if they are to be preserved at all, and Mr. Rhodes has already set a good example by enclosing a huge reserva- tion for big game in the territories of the Chartered Company. Some day, we hope that several will be established, but in the meantime the most pressing necessity is to put a check upon the indiscriminate slaughter of wild beasts This the British and Germgn Governments ought to be able easily «rrange, and if they had the as- sistance of the Congo Free State as well, the big game of Africa would at least be saved from absolute extinction.—Globe, March 3. —-_+> — -—- BURMA RUBIES, (Zhe Financial News) It was on February 27th just ten yeare ago that the memorable siege of New court took place. The oc- casion was the opening of the subscription list of the Burma Ruby Mines, and so effective was the blockade in St. Swithin’s-lane, so enormous was the crowd of straggling applicants, that it was only by the aid of a ladder that the head of the Honse ef Rothschild was enabled to effect an entry through a window into 18 OWD premises. Visions of untold wealth floated before those who were fortunate enough to obtain an allotment; for it was assumed—wrongly,as it has turned out—that a concession from the Indian Government which, in return, required a rent of R400,000 per annom and one-sixth of the net profits must be extremely valuable. Indeed, although the directors were care- ful not to attempt any definite estimate of prefits in the prospectus, they quoted from the report of the Indian Government's engineer that “alt ough it is, impossible to fix a money valine to the Roby Mines from the imperfect data at hand, yet I can confidently say that the property is a most A Le om one, and capa- ble of yielding a large amonnt of wealth” | With, moreover, Messrs. Rothschild and Sons as the issuing house, and a sum of £245,000 for working capital, there was every reason to anticipate a highly prosperous career for the com y- Instead, however, of these roseate enticipations being realised, the shareholders have not only never & penny cf return, but have further been obliged to write down their capital from £300,000 to £180,000. Yet while the Company has been‘almost im extremis the Government has received no jess than £146,000 for rent. It may be asked, of course, why the com- pany has continued to work for the sole benefit of its landlord, and why it did not long ago throw u the sponge and decline to carry on an impossib! struggle. The answer is that itis notin the nature of Englishmen to confess themselves beaten until every effort has been exhausted, and that, while larger profits were relied on from an increased output and more economical methods, it was heped also that that the Government would be induced to lower its rent and enable at least moderate dividends to be paid to those whom the Government has to thank for the receipt of £146,000. The original rent was fixed at R4,00,000 for seven years from November 1st 1889, with, further, one-sixth of the net profits. As there never have been any met profits the latter provision has not affected the company so far, and the Government has not even been able to extort its full rent, because the revenue has never been sufficient. It would be thought, then, that on the ex- piration of the seyen years’ lease the Government would have recognised not alone the justice, but the necessity, Aprit 1, 1899.] of reducing its claim to a reasonable sum. Unfortu- nately, just when the new lease was being arranged the license fees paid by the independent miners, who are allowed to workin all lands not in use by the company, had reached their highest point, amount- ing in 1895-96 to £28,277. Since then they have fallen to £9,976 in 1897-98, and it is highly doubtful whether they will ever again rise to the 1895-96 level. It is clear that the more the company extends its Own operations—in 1897-98 it washed 823,703 loads, against 366,739 loads in the previous year—the less ground there is for the tributers, who, moreover, can- not work the deep layers of byon. Anyhow, the Government of India and the Secretary of State fixed a rent under the new lease of R3,50,000, less 10 per cent for the cost of collection—in other words, R3,15,000— plus one-fifth of the net profits. The Government, ‘while reducing its rent slightly. in reality put the shareholders in no better position, because it increased its share of any net profits that might be made. The preposterous character of the new Jease appeared from the results of the year ended February 28, 1898, when, after paying £20,815 to the Government, the result to the Burma Ruby Company was a loss of £8.102 on the year’s working. If is true that the twelve months were subject to unprecedented calami- ties, owing to plague, famine, and monetary stringency. But even if the royalties from the tributors had been as large as they werein the previous year (£22,534) there would still haye been but a shadowy balance of £4,000 to ‘divide between the Company and the Government. At the meeting held last August Sir Lepel Griffin “stated that he and his colleagues had strongly urged on the Government the necessity of a revision of the “new lease. His proposal—which seemed an emi- nently fair one—was that the rent should be reduced to a maximum of R2,00,000, and that if the royalties ‘fell below that amount the company should not pay more than it received from the tributers. The *Government’s claim for 20 per cent. of the profits to remain as at present. After long months of delay a reply to the represen- tations of the Board was received a few months ago, stating that, althongh the Secretary of State for India was not prepared to consider any permanent “revision of the terms of the company’s lease, he con- sented, after consulting the Government of India, to remit R1,00,000 from the rent of 1897 and 1898 on the “eondition that the company otherwise fulfilled its engagements and paidup ‘“‘allrent due.’ Hvyen this _eoncession, unhandsome as it seems, is better than nothing; for the remission of R1,00,000—that is £6,666 taking the rupee at 1s 4d—from the 1898 rent reduces the year’s loss to “about £1,500. But it is really amazing that the Goyrnment, whichis always ready to talk so sym- pathetically of its warm desire to foster the interests “of British trade all over the world, acts in such an extraordinary manner towards the capitalists whom “it practically invited to invest their money in Burma. It is not as if the company were badly managed. As far as we can judge, everything has been and is being doueto try and achieve success. The gross cost per load has been reduced from 298 in 1893-94 to 1s 2$d.in 1897-98; and yet further economies are being effected by the installation of an electrical plant, which is now in succesful operation. It is not possible to say yet what the “ultimate saving to the company will be from this in- “stallation ; but a comparison of cost for winding, pumping, and lighting the central mines shows ' that, while it was R9,969 in December, 1897, it was reduced in December, 1898, fo R3,074, and according _to the engineer, will be further reduced to R1,500 almost immediately. The falling off in the royalties is a matter beyond the company’s control; but, so far as itsown operations are concerned, everything seems to be done that good management can suggest. And what is the response of the Government to the toil and appeals of those who have assisted so much in the opening up of Burma? Exorbitant taxation, which has cotipalled shareholders to pay out of their THE TROPICAL AGRICULTORIST. 705 own pockets £146,000, although they have not had the smallest fraction of a dividend. This strikes one as an old method of encouraging trade and enterprise, and it is high time to bring it home to the Indian Government that it was mainly on the faith of the statement of its own engineer (Mr. Barrington Brown) that the public was induced to subseribe to the com- pany.—H. and C. Mail,March 8, ————e FROST TEA IN THE AGRAS, DIMBULA. March 18,—We are having extraordinary weather up here. Rainfall from 1st January to date five inches; very short last year; and now on the top of it all, the most severe frost the Agras has ever had. 1879 was bad enough, but it was not equal to what we have just experienced with the thermometer on the 8th at freezing point, and on 9th at 33° and still threatening. Almost everyone has suffered more or less, and in varying extent, from 10 to—it is reported—300 acres. Some tea has been burnt very badly. The frost has come much later in the year than previously, and is lasting much longer. Even for the last four nights the thermometer outside stood at from 36° to 37°. How much longer is the drought going to last is an anxious question with most of us. At the same time the wonder is that the rest of the tea, not touched up by frost, looks so well and goes on flushing as it does, ee “STATIST” ON BRITISH- GROWN TEA. The Statist occupies a position second only to that of the Hconomist in the financial and business world of London; and there can be no doubt of ths beneficial effect which an article like that which we reproduce on another page, will have on the posi- tion_of our staple industry in the City of London, Already there are signs of enquiry. for Shares in Tea Companies, which had been lost sight of, for many months, and a general rise in quotations may be anticipated. This, of course, is not due merely to the opinion of the Statist, but to the encouraging facts to which it has given prominence. For instance, we are reminded once more that India and Ceylon only produce 275 million lb. of tea; while the world outside the producing countries requires 500 million lb. In other words, there is ample room for increased crops if we can go on driving out China and Japan on the Continents of Europe and North America, and throughout Australasia. On the other hand, the sixteen-penny rupee is regarded as having given a needful check to overproduc- tion, at a time when the prices for our teas threatened to run down too low in the London market. The great matter now is to get the Americans and Russians to appreciate our Ceylon teas, and this appreciation is steadily advancing. _—___—.Q> THE GALLE PLANTERS’ ASSOCIATION may have a useful and important career before it, if all THE planters within the Southern Province render support by membership and attendance at meetings. Light feeding railways or tramways up to the Morawak Korale and in other directions where traftic abounds, may well torm part of the Association’s programme for the early future, 706 THE INDIAN TEA ASSOCIATION (LONDON.) MR. BLECHYNDEN’S REPORT FOR THE YEAR 1898.” New Yorx, January 10th, 1899. Ernest Tye, Esq., London. Dear Sir,—l have fhe honour to submit my report, for the year 1898, and,as requested, make it as rief as possible. JOINT ACTION WITH CEYLON. T have great pleasure in recording that our relations with the Ceylon Association continue most close and intimate, as I am satisfied that both Associations -are great gainers by the arrangements we are thus both enabled to make. The interests of India and Ceylon tea in this country must remain identical for many years. Kach country gains by the increased "ADR, of tea from either country taken off the ondon market. SUBSIDIES. During the year we have continued to make grants, “or subsidies, to firms pushing India and Ceylon tea in packets, and have secured the co-operation of one or two firms to push these teas in bulk. The latter method is, in my opinion, the one which would be to our greatest advantage to foster, but it presents the disadvantage that firms cannot, under present con- ditions, be certain of retaining the trade they open -up, a8 there are no means of insuring the repeat “orders coming to them. It is only when the tea is yacked under some copy-righted name that pioneer ‘work can be made to pay. Loose teas of almost, sometimes exactly, the same quality can be supplied by any firm in the business; and competition is so keen that our friends find that trade, that they have been at the trouble and expense to open up, is seized upon by rivals, So far as the Association is concerned, it is ‘ef course quite immaterial, so*long as the tea is sold, -who finally reapsthe benefit; but such experiences are very discouraging to our allies. The packet tea business is, sorare as firms are concerned, much more “lucrative investment. But packet teas haye to be “advertised to consumers, which is a very expensive “matter, and though there are numerous packets in the market, there are but few firms with sufficient capital at command to make this business succeed. We have some staunch allies, and also some who are half- hearted. Others again have gone into business with energy for a short time, but have dropped off, or will do so as the stronger houses gain ground. . Our object in aiding packet is not so much for what they actually sell as for the advertising they must do to have any prospect of making a business, all of which day by day familarized the public more and more with the merits of our teas and makes them better known. The packet teas also act as standards of quality ee grocers selling our teas loose must compete with. LETTERING STORES. We continue to letter a few stores with the words:—“ India and Ceylon Teas;” but as the _ packet business increases, the demand for a general advertisement of this nature falls off. DEMONSTRATIONS. Less of this class of work is being done by us, and it will continue to grow less as we try to turn such work over to packet firms. These are equipped to “ supervise the details and to follow up work by direct ‘gales. In my half-yearly report I referred to some work of thisnature we hadinauguaratedin theJ ewish quarter of the town, where a great deal of black tea is consumed. As there seemed to be good prospects of success, we had no difficulty in transferring the entire care of the matter to a firm which started a special “packet to meet the local requirements. They also undertock to spend a reasonable sum, in addition to our grant,in exploiting this field. They have opened ipl aile jndtiy we hie ebow 3 fee ee * We are indebted to the London correspondent of our evening contemporary for this Report.—Eb. 7.A. THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [Armin 1, 1899. a store for the sale of their and have added the sale of coffee to their business, for, as usual, it is in the renhens demand: the profits on the latter go to- wards paying part of the expenses. So far the ex ment is promising; but whether it succeeds or not is of no great moment, as demand for our tea is being established, and other packet tea firme are also ing the benefit. Not knowing of our interest in ths section of the town, one of our other allies mentioned, as a matter that might be of interest to us, that their sales in the Jewish quarter, which they had done nothing to foster, had suddenly got as It is thus indirectly we frequently benefit from the work we cause to have done. ; TEA-ROOM, I stated in my half-yearly report that the tea-room we had started in the previous year, and which we ran for twelve mouths, has been closed for want of suc- cess. While this room was in existence, it was of some use as an advertising medium, but wae too expensive, and we closed it with regret. Since it was closed a large dry goods store in t neighbourhood has more than once been on the point opening a similar room on its own premises, and the scheme may yet take shape. The large number of tea demon- strations given in dry good stores by firms we are in close contact with, is probably one of the main obsta- cles to the success of independent ventures of this kind. ; ADVERTISING, During the year we have narrowed down the num- ber of magazines we use for advertising purpose, and now use only those where our advertisement appears absolutely next to reading matter. We have for some time discontinued the use of azines, otherwise ex- cellent in all respects, style, circulation, &c., but which have from forty to sixty pages of advertisement mat- or mateo any single advertisement is buried out of sight. The newspaper advertising we do is much on the same lines as heretofore ; but although it comes up- der the head of advertising, it might frequently be more appropriately charged undergrants. ‘I'he reason for this is that when firms are pushing their teas vigorously in any given town, they ask us to advertise India and Ceylon tea there. We take our usual space, and advertise the teas generally. They then take w small space immediately under our advertisements, extolling the merits of their special brand of India and Ceylon tea, and thus gain the benefits of our ad- vertisement ac well as their own, getting also the ad- vantage of the reduced rates we can secure as large advertisers. In some places we have several firms following our advertisements in this manner. We are not using a single paper in which one or more packet firms are not following us. Our advertisement of course makes the words India and Ceylon prominent; and by this means we not only advertise these teas gener- ally, but those firms wanting to benefit by our adyer- tisement have to use the same words on their packets and in their advertisement, instead of merely pushing the wines under a7 name of the brand. fehave continued to issue alarge quanti wd vertising matter in the shape of cade Rams AS As has been previously described, this matter has always space reserved whereon the name of a brand or firm can be printed. We distribute all our printed matter through large firms, and they in turn dis- tribute through stores. By this method the expens of distribution is brought down to a nominal Were we to attempt to distribute independently and directly, the cost of stamping, addressing enveloiias d&c., would greatly reduce the amount of work the space reseryed on the printed matter ¢ in with the name of the grocer as well as cake Fie brand, all parties have equal interest in getting it ho : circulation, and we can be satisfied that there is no waste. We have been fortunate so far in bein le to” prepare subjects which have proved popelae Sane a ingreat demand. We could get them out by milli e instead of thousands, with equal ease and to great advantage if funds permitted, tea - could do, and would exceed thecost of printing. ~ = 4 Aprit 1, 1899.] THE TROPICAL UNFERMENTED TEAS, Some samples of unfermented or Oolong teas made in India were sent to me early in the year. They were found «0 snitable for the market, and firms were so ready to give immediate large orders, that I have had to revise the opinion I formerly had as to the impossibility of Indian gardens preparing suitable teas of this class. I now believe that there are cer- tain districts in India where Oolong teas of a character to command ready sale can be made, and that if such teas are produced, there is practically no limit to the business that could be done. I have dealt with this matter at length in another place, so will eonfine myself here to adding a warning, co that the same stumbling block which our black teas encounter every day may be avoided. I refer to the INEQUALITY OF THE TEA TRADE. It does not appearto matter what tea finds favour here, as soon as one Jot of it is sold, and orders are ready for more of exactly the same fea, there seems an impossibility of supplying them. In filling the “repeat orders the leaf or liquor, or both, differ from the original, and thereis no firm in business cn this market which will guarantee to duplicate any given sample of tea exactly. This is one of the most serious obstacles to the expansion of the trade. More than two years ago I urged careful considera- tion being given to the question of blending teas in Calcutta for this marketas the one possible means of supplying a standard article. Now that there is a question of manufacturing aspecial tea, I feel it my duty to make this point very clear, as the success of ‘the enterprise will depend in a great measure on ‘supplying exactly the tea ordered—not a tea which resembles it, or which may even be thought better. The experience of what was done in the London market cannot be taken asa guide, conditions being different. Ifa tea(black or green) is found acceptable here, means should be found to supply that identical article. The cost of holding the tea and blending until the standard is reached will not be lost. GENERAL. _ The year 1898 will long be remembered as an ex- eeptional one by the tea trade of America. The period under review was marked by the war with Spain which necessitated the taxation of tea asa war measure. ‘Che imposition of duty having been threat- _ened in the previous year, and being withdrawn in the face of the objection ofits undue incidence on the poor man, came as a surprise to the trade, and caught it quite unprepared. The only tea it was possible to rush in before the act became law was that in the Cana- dian market, whence a fair quantity was drawn. There was a sudden bocm in prices and a great deal of tea _changed hands, but with the imposition’of duty the merchants cabled to China and Japan cancelling buying orders and a long period of great depression ensued. During the previous season the new Tea Act had become law under which certain standards of tea were selected and much inferior rubbish heretofore finding a ready market here was kept out. The action ef the law had been to reduce the imports of the previous season, and the imposition of a duty of 10 cents per lb, added to the impossibility of im- porting cheap teas, still the retailers would not pay an enhanced price and business came fo a standstill. It was then found that there were quantities of tea left over from pee vious seasons which had been looked tpon as unsaleable, and some of which had been stored in this country over 20 years. Vhe novel conditions placed a premium on the antique rubbish, valued previous to the passing of the duty, at say four cents per 1b. It was dragged forth once more into the light of day and sold at prices ranging up to 20 cents per lb. The stocks held all over the country proved a surprise to the trade, and it is only now that they are getting exhausted. What these stocks must have been can be gathered from the fact that, although the importations of all teas into this country since the Ist of June to the . 80th November were approximately 40 million Ib., the amount of tea which has paid duty, or in other AGRICULTURIST. 707 words has been put upon the market, was only 12 million 1b., approximately, in the same period. Lam unable to quote the figures for December, inclusive as they have not so far been pablished. With the trade in this condition, the sales of India and Ceylon tea have of course suffered, but less I think than those from other countries. The fact that any India and Ceylon tea has been sold speaks highly for the vitality of the demand which has been created for them. It must be borne in mind that China and Japin manufacture a distinct class of tea for sale to America alone, and which ha3 no sale else- where. These teas once manufactured must come here, there being no other market for them, and once here have to be sold, even at great loss, to meet bank obligations and so on. India and Ceylon teas have other markets, and are imported only to meet uctual or anticipated demand, and can be diverted to other markets, Under the cireumstancea it is a matter of some surprise to me that so much business has been done in them during the last disastrous six months, There is an artificial de- mand for the packet Indian and Ceylon, created purely by advertising ; and it is within my knowledge that the past year has been quiteup to the average with the packet tea firms; indeed, some of them have done quite well, and even extended their business. Now that stocks are approaching exhaus- tion, I look very confidently forward to a widespread and lasting demand for tea from all parts of the country. Stocks must be renewed, and though the fear remains that the duty may be removed at any time, and will curtail orders to actual re- quirements, the market will gain by the steady’ de- mand this method of doing business will bring about, and will be saved the unhealthy effects of a sudden boom. Conditions point to our gaining more than our due share of business, as the crop of ~China and Japan is estimated to be at least six million lb. short of last year, to which has to be added the rejections, which will be at least another million lb. If my estimate of the position is at all accurate, it appears to me that an unusually large quantity will have to be drawn from other markets before new season’s China and Japan comein, Be- fore closing this report, I have to record considerable more activity on the part of the advertisers of Javan tea. With the commencement of the new year they have, I understand, made contracts for quite an extensive scheme of advertising, some of which is already in evidence.—I am, sir, yours faithfully, (Signed) RICHARD BLECHYNDEN. TEA IN AMERICA. New York, Feb. 15. Note the very light imports for 1898 and we have sufficient reason for the very firm market. The tea duty and the Inspection Act, have combined to re- lieve importers of low grade tea held here for years. Recent sales cover 3,500 packages, Blacks, at fall figures. The imports of tea for the year 1898, are reported by the U. S. Bureau of Statistics for 1898, compare with those for 1897 as follows :— Quantity Value From lbs. Dollars. Japan 30,923,813 4,403,121 China 30,591,506 4,065,145 United Kingdom 2,537:671 506,554 East Indies at 1,976,968 298,199 British North America 1,487,772 226,406 Other Asia and Oceanica 1,327,156 43,156 Other Countries ve 9,077 2,395 Total imports 1898 68,803,963 9,544,976 ce h 1897 99,708,133 13,445,080 The above shows that Japan furnished 45 per cent of the total imports; China, 444 per cent-—American Grocer’ 708 THE TROPICAL PLANTING. TEA IN CoornG.—The following appears in the Report on the Administration of Coorg for the year 1897-98: ‘The opening of a tea plantation by a syndicate in the Sampaji Ghat, a district where coffee has completely, died ont, will, if success- ful, and it promises well, form the commencement of a fresh era of prosperity in Coorg, COFFEE AND CocoA IN. MArv?TINIQUE.—Both Liberian and the ‘“‘ Mocha” coilee are being cul- tivated extensively in Martinique, but the pro- duct will not be exported for some years to come, when the trees will come into full bearing. Cocoa has already made great progress, but similar re- marks apply to it also. A premium is granted to cultivators a the Consul General, Coore in 1897-98.—In a prefatory note to the Coorg Administration Report, 1897-98, Colone! Donald Robertson, the Chief Commissioner, ob- serves :—‘‘ The year was anfeventfnl one in that the coffee crops upon which the prosperity of Coorg mainly depends, was, following the previous year's inferior outturn, a poor one, whilst the money market was remarkably tight ; so much so, in fact, that it was difficult to obtain money on any terms.” Mr. H. O. Newporr.—The Cairns Argus of 10th ultimo has the following note, under the head of “The New Coffee Expert ” :—‘‘ Mr, Howard New- port, the newly-appointed expert in coffee culture to the Government of Queensland, is at present in Cairns, and will be present at the meeting of the Chamber of Commerce, to be held next Tuesday. Mr. Newport has had considerable experience and will be Eola toimpart a good deal of valuable in- formation to fthose interested. At present Mr. .Newport’s plans are that he will spend about a month here, during which time he will visit Kur- anda, under the guidance of Mr. Mayers, the Rus- ‘sell, Bloomfield, Daintree, and other districts. So far he has only seen Hambledon, and consequently cannot eXpress any opinions. His desire is to see all the planters in the various districts, He arrived from Cooktown last Saturday, having seen all there was to see there.”’—Planting Opinion, March 18. : —_—— —_——-_—_— COFFEE DIRECT TO CONSUMERS. Mr. Robert H. Elliot writes from Cairo to the ‘Madras Mail :— 2 ee “All coffee producers must have read with in- terest that part of your report of the proceedings of the Nilgiri Planters’ Association’s Meeting of the 27th January which relates to the formation of a Company for selling coffee direct to consumers. My object in writing now is to suggest that this project can only be of the fullest value if the “Company undertakes to eep ely the consumer with ‘roasted coffee, both roasted and ground, and in ‘the shape of unground roasted berries. After having paid much attention to the subject I am ‘convinced that the great obstacle to the spread of the use of coffee as compared with tea is that the former is often available only in the raw state, while the latter is always ready for im- “mediate use. I have been assured (on good authority that three-fourths of our British troops in India would prefer coffee to tea if it were “supplied tothem roasted. The fact that the Army ‘and Navy Co-operative Society at Bombay sells a considerable amount of roasted and ground coffee ‘imported from England in tins, is a sufficient ‘proof of what is required by the public in India. ‘The Company then should supply coffee in three *forms—raw, whole roasted berries, and roasted and “pyround. I have shown that coffee is roasted in Eng- ifand and exported toIndia, and I would suggest that some experiments should be made as to roasting coffee in India and exporting it for sale -in England. As coffee could thus be supplied to the English consumer at much less cost, seeing that so many intermediaries would be cut out, f feel _ temporary :—“ Have you heard of the proposal coffee, can be obtained of Messrs. Higgin the proprietors of ‘‘ Planting Opinion.” Wy, Ole (ApRit 1, 1899. sure that the numerous Co-operative Societies in Great Britain would be glad to su y their eus- tomers with our Indian nee, e best check to adulteration will be found in thus su coffee direct from India, as it would ebeee e in a form which would make adulteration difficult, or almost impossible. At t the identity of our Indian coffee is lost the moment it is sold, and all sorts of inferior coffees are palmed off on the public as Mysore or other Indian coffees. —Planting Opinion, March 18. heourraraee-aeliinenerounaeee ABBOTSLEIGH TEA COMPANY (1899), LIMITED, Registered February 24, by Ingram and Co., 67, Lincoln’s-inn-fields, with a capital of £50,000 in £10 shares. Object, to adopt and carry into effect an ayrecnient expresseil to be made between G Pargiter Fuller and N Kowsell of the one part and this com- pany of the other part, for the purehase of the estates and assets in Ceylon of the Abbotsleigh Tea Estate Company, Liuited, to develop and extend the same, and generally, to carry on in the Island of Ceylon or elsewhere the business of tea planters or growers of tea, coflee, cinchona, or other vegetable products, &e.; to acquire, for the pu otthe company, and turn to account any buildings, live stock, er~ements, rights, privileges, works, machi- nery, plant, and other property, real or personal. AGRICULTURIST. The siguatories are ;— er. Pref. Ord G P Faller, Niston Park, Corsham, Wilts 1,000 — E F Faller, Abbetsleigh, Ceylon -- — 500 C Harrieon, 67 Lincoln’s-inu-fields -_ — 1 N Roweell, Abbotsleigh, Ceylon «- —- 600 S Hill, 35 Third-avenue, Queen’s-park Estate, Harrow-road, W. wale me 1 tt 43 Cologne-road. St. Jobn’s-hill, ey a = _ 1 C H Clothier, 6 Worcester-street, Pimlico — 1 The first direectors—of whom there shal] be not less than two nor more than five—are G P Fuller, N Rowsell, F Fuller, and C Harrison. Qualifiea- tion, £100. Remuneration to be fixed by the com- pany.—Finaneial News, March 3. ro THE YATADERIYA TEA COMPANY. An up-country planter writes to our con- by the Ceylon Tea Plantations Company to urchase Yataderiya for £35,000 sterling in cash? hey first offered £30,000, half in cash and the other half in 600 C T P Co’s ordinary shares. The Yataderiya Directors, however consider that £35,000 is too small. This at 1/4 the rupee works out at 1276 per share; and the Directors consider that if the present improved prices for Yataderiya teas continue, ‘ there is a prospect of this year’s dividend exceeding 30 per cent and approaching 40 per cent.’ The latest official quotation is R275 buyers and R300 sellers. There won't be anything in the C T P Co.’s offer unless they spring another £5,000, which would make — 315 per share.” 7 = nine suet Ge “i LNAF DISEASE IN CoFFeE.—A report by Mr. John Cameron on his visit to Coorg in con- — rection with the prevention of leaf disease in & Co., Madras, or of Messrs. E C Duff & Co., ~ eds "2 Aprit. 1, 1899.) THE AGRICULTURAL MAGAZINE FOR. MARCH. The contents we gave previously. We are glad to hear that the locust fungus, which is being used with such success in South Africa, will be shortly tried in Ceylon. : The visitor mentiored in the comparison be- tween Ceylon and Jamaica is no doubt Mr. ‘Astwood who lately come over from the Jatter Colony and spoke in the highest terms of its ex- cellence from an agricultural point of view. The striking difference in the distribution of the ‘yainfall in 1897 and 1898 is shown by placing the monthly records for these two yeurs side by side. In 1897 the rainfall was more evenly distributed, while 1898 no less than 25 in. fell in April, which though the wettest month in 1897 also had less than half the amount in that year. —_—______@—____——_ UVAKELLIE TEA COMPANY. THE REPORT OF THE DIRECTORS, The directors haye now the pleasure to submit their report and ‘accounts for the year ending 31st cember, 1898. pitne. amount of tea secured was 139,000 lb. costing 30°82 cents per lb. against 29°89 cents per lb. for 1897. On the other hand the tea after estimating thet still unsold at a low figure has realized 45:10 cents per lb. as against 42; cents for the pre- yious year. , é Tn view of the low prices ruling for teas during the year just ended the directors think the increase of price reflects a good deal of credit on the Superintendent, After writing off 74 per cent for depreciation on buildings and machinery the profit amounts to R17,251'41. Out of this an interim dividend of 3 per cent was paid absorbing R7,200 leaving RLO0,051°41 to be dealt with. d ; The directors recommend that this amount be dis- osed of as follows :— ila That a final dividend be paid of 3 Roc per cent (making 6 per cent for the year) absorbing .. «.. 7,200 00 That asum be carried to Reserveof 2,000 00 Thatabonus be paid to the Sup- erintendent of os - 3850 00 and that the balance of -» 601 41 be carried forward. eer R10,051 41 The estimate for the current year is 144,000 1b; tea to cost R46,091°50 In terms of the articles of Association Mr. W Kings- bury retires from the Board, but being eligible offers himself for re-election. It will also be necessary to appoint an Auditor for 1899.—By order of the Board of Directors. J. M. Rozgrtson & Co., Agents and Secretaries, THE KELANI TEA GARDEN CuMPANY, ‘ LIMITED. THE REPORT OF THE DIRECTORS, ACREAGE. 982 Acres Tea in full bearing Pd haa », planted in 1896 80 ” ” ” 1897 34 ” 7) 1898 Reserve Ravines, Waste and Grass 158 ,, New Purchase 746 Acres. » THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST, 709 The Directors beg to submit to the Shareholders the accounts cf the Company for the year ending 31st December, 1898. The crop secured amounted to 150,510 lb. made tea, realizing R51,339°44, or an average price of cents 34°11 per lb., as against an expenditure exclusive of item under Capital Account of R37,52609, or an average cost of cents 24:93 including R2,644°74 spen’ on manure. The balance at credit of profit and loss account after allowing for depreciation on buildings and machi- nery is R6,301'94, The Directors suggest that a dividend at the rate of 2 por cent per annum be declared ubso: bing R6,000, and that the balance R301:94 be carried forward to next account. The estimate for the current season is 185,0C0 lb. made tea. A small return is expected from the 1896 clearing of 52 acres. he Directors propose during this season to open 10 acres to afford employment to the coolies during the dry months. The application of manure during the last two years has improved the constitution of the bushes, where applied, to an appreciable extent, but the abnormal weather during the last season together with the attack of helopeltis resulted in a short crop. The Directors have every confidence in the ability of the estate to produce the estimated crop under ordinary circumstances. Mr. BE. P. Willisford retires from the Board in terms of the memorandum and articles of Association, but he is eligible for re-election, The appointment of an auditor resta with the meeting. CARSON & Co. Agents & Secretaries. Colombo, March 8rd, 1899. PRODUCE AND PLANTING. Tar RusserR Forests or THE Conco.—King Leopold of Belgium is fully alive to the importance of maine taining the present high output of rubber or caout- chouc in the Congo State, An important order has just been signed by the King whereby a certain number of trees or caoutchouc-beaiing lianas are to be planted each year in all the forests of the domain. A new forestry staff of one inspector, six controllers, and six sub-controllers is to be organised for the purpose of seeing that the new order is fully enforced. Tra GARDENS AS AssETS.—At an adjourned sitting for the examination of Mr. H M D'Este, China and East India Merchant, of 16, St. Helen’s-place, held last week, the statement of affairs showed liabilities £2,343 28 5d of which £980 2s 5d were unsecured, and assets estimated at £796 17s 4d comprising as to £650 two tea gardens at Assam and Chittagong. On examination by Mr. EK L. Hough, Official Receiver, the bankrupt said he had also passed under the name of Esteve. He was born in this country, and his proper name was D’Hste. He had assumed the name of Esteve for political reasons. In November, 1896, he commenced business at 16, St. Helen’s-place, E.C., under the style of Middleton, D’Este, & Company, and had not since then used the name of Esteve. His business was chiefly in tea and mica, and when he started he had about £500 in cash, which he ob- tained from Mr. Edgar Morris. He had a partner until January, 1897, but he did not bring in £250, his share of the capital, as arranged. Witness was not formerly a tea broker. Since January, 1897, he had traded alone until April or May, 1898, and being then pressed for capital he discontined the business, and had since acted as agent for others. He had embarked in certain accommodation bill transactious, but only for the purpose of putting his orders through. —Af, and C. Mail, March 3. _ PLANTING NOTES. RUBBER HARVESTING. —We tlirect attention toan extract from the Indian Forester, giving details of tapping experiments ; but tle resnits so far as we can judge are nothing very wonderiul—the return being estimated atnot much morethan R324 peracres 710 THE TROPICAL EUCALYPTUS GLOBULUS IN THE OPEN.--The readers of the Gardeners’ Chronicle sliould be glad of the information respecting this tree afforded by 4). A.” on page 28. Ifa tree be killed to the ground by 18° of frost after being ptanted thirteen years, -each must decide for himself whether itis a tree worth planting. Certainly it grows very freely and makes « fine tree in a few seasons, and then comes a hard frost and it is killed tothe ground. [ have only known E. globulus to flower in the open airin our marilime counties.—A, R. Pearce. Tur Prospects or TRA, for the coming season, are undoubtedly improving, says the Calcutta correspondent of the Pioneer. The stocks in all parts of the world are considerably lower than they have been for some time. The recent fire in Melbourne, in which half-a-million pounds weight of tea was consumed, has resulted in telegrams being received from that quarter to buy all the tea available in Calcutta. The season here being now finished, there will probably be a scarcity of Indian tea in Melbourne. Considerable comment has been made regarding certain Government figures showing that an extra 60,000 acres have been put under tea during the past year. The agents here of tea gardens are unable to discover where these large extensions have been placed. The general opinion being that not more than 90,000 acres have been laid ont. Prices of tea yesterday, at the last sale of the season, were fully one anna higher. Present low-priced tea stocks are worth attention. Trout IN CryLon.—Land and Water for Feb. 4th contains an article on this subject, referring specially to the annual report of the Ceylon Fish- -ing Club by Mr, Burrows, as published in the Overland C.0: Regular icing, it is said, is all that is required for preserving trout ova in their ‘transhipment; as yet it has been efficiently seen to only on a vessel ofthe German line, In reference to the destruction of fry by the larve of dragon-flies, each of which, Mr. E. E. Green considered, was enough to swallow them whole, the writer says :—‘* The hon secretary evidently does not know that the lary even of some ot our - English water insects, if carnivorous, will bite and kill trout fry, even though they are not large enough to swallow them whole.” Finally, the orders sent to Messrs. Andrews for mayflies (te rouse the trout) and for a consignment of grayling - are approved of, as well as the proposed import- ation of trout ova from New Zealand. RUBBER CULTIVATION IN THE MADRAS PRESIDENCY.—With a view of extracting rub- ber from the powdered inner bark of the ceara rubber tree for supply to Government - offices, the Madras Government directed the Agri- ~eultural Department of the Board of Revenue, “Yast year, to place itself in communication with the Reporter on Economic Products to the Government of India. Mr. Hooper, the Offi- ciating Keporter, is of opinion that the result of his experiments show that the scheme is im- _ practicable. The result of the microscopical ex- amination of the inner bark of the trees shows - that while the lactiferous vessels, or caoutchounc ducts are not absent, they are scantily distri- buted in the bark, and are undeveloped and in some cases empty. While the cultivation of the ceara rubber trees has been fully established in the Madras Presidency, itis a matter for regret that the climatic conditions or soil are not suitable for encouraging the secretion of rubber in the trees, “ ‘go as to make their introduction a commercial suc- © cess.—Madras Mail, Feb. 27 AGRICULTURIST. fAPRiL 1, 1699. Most EXTeEnsivELY Usep Foop.—Rice, is no doubt, the most extensively used article of food the world over. Hundreds of millions of people chiefly subsist on it, and its consumption is con- stantly increasing. It is the principal diet of at least one-third of the human race, forming the chief food of the native populations of India, China, Japan, Madagascar, many parts of Africa, and in fact, of almost all Eastern nations. The Burmese and Siamese are the greatest consumers of it. A Malay labourer gets through 56 pounds monthly ; a Burmese or Siamese 46 pounds in the same period. Although rice is such a universal article of fsod, it is not so nourishing aswheat or some other grains. More than nine-tenths of its substance consists of starch and water, forming more fat than muscle.-—From the Journal of the Jamaica Agricultural Society for February. THE LANTANA Pest IN Mysore —To Mr. John Cameron, the Superintendent of the Mysore Government Gardens, is due the establishment of “Lantana, Limited” in Bangalore. It is in- corporated under a bye-law of the Bangalore city Municipality, providing that the growth of Lan- tana within municipal limite shall be kept under control. Mr. (ameron drew attention over a year ago to the extensive growth of Lantana Camara in Mysore, and observed that while the shrub served a useful purpose if kept in its proper place, it should only be admitted with much caution, and to a very limited extent where the soil is already fertile. [tis a hardy plant, and its seeds are spread far and wide by birds. Like the Priekly-Pear, too, it takes a good deal to eradicate it. An attractive and rotective plant, it makes a good bid for popa- arity; but the fias has gone forth, and for the future its growth is to be limited in Bangalore. No doubt similar measures will probably be taken in other parts of Mysore, so that we may expect soon to see ‘‘ Lantana, Limited,” opening numerous branches, and throwing out ‘“ suckers and seedlings’ as vigorously as the plant itself does.—Planting Opinion, cited in ‘« Indian Gardening.” TEA FREIGHTS.—The question of freights gene- rally has, I learn, been exercising the minds of the Committee of the Indian Tea Association (London). Under an agreement with the London Conference, shortly about to expire, rates have been paid which on comparison with the rates to London, ruliug in Colombo during the period, shew an excess of nearly 50 per cent. The days have gone by when tea can stand extra charges of this kind, and it is hoped tuat the hard hearts of shipowners may be stirred, so that in the near future better terms may be arranged. The position in this matter, however, in Calcutta is so essen- tially different from that in Colombo, that itis vain to hope that Indian tea-growers will ever he put on a footing of equality with their Ceylon brethren. Calcutta is a terminal port, the only vessels trading thence to London being the Con- ference lines who hold the trade in the hollow of their hands. Colombo, on the other hand, is the port of call of some twenty different lines, running — to London from all parts of the earth, from Caleutta itself, from Burma, China, Japan (there is a con- stant service now of Japanese boats) and Australia. Seldom it happens that there is not ample tonnage offering for all available cargo, and often, if three — or four steamers of competing lines chance to call — at the same time, cargo becomes an object of ex- — treme desire and freights drop te a minimum.— London Cor., The Planter, March 4th. ax APRIL ig 1899, | Sourcapendence a ®o the Editos. INCREASED USE OF INDIAN AND CEYLON TEAS IN FOREIGN AND COLONIAL MARKHTS. 13, Rood Lane, London, E.C., Feb. 24. DEAR SrRs,—Confirming our letter of the 17th inst., we now have the pleasure to enclose you copy of our this week’s Circular from which you will see that there was a considerable increase in the use of Indian and Ceylon teain Ioreign and Colonial mar- kets during 1898, which year showed an ex- cess of 11 million pounds over the previous ear; while there has been a rise of nearly 9 per cent over the figures for 1896, the progress of these external outlets having been very remarkable since 1892. This ap- plies especially to Ceylon tea, consumption of which during 1892 was under 10 millions, while in 1898 it rose to over 36 million pounds. ; It is certainly owing to a great extent to the progress made in these outside markets that the tea industry is in a more healthy condition than it was last year, and that consumption has at last overtaken produc- tion; and if only planters can be induced to restrain their natural desire to rapidly increase cultivation, it looks as though the tea trade would be in a more prosperous position during the coming season. We know you will thoroughly understand how best to draw attention to these figures in your valuable journal in such a way as to impress the importance of these matters upon tea planters.—We are, dear sirs, yours faithfully, iatabs GOW, WILSON & STANTON. THE SILVER CURRENCY QUESTION AND PLANTERS. Continental Hotel, Cairo, Feb. 25th, 1899. Srr,—I have read (in your issue of Feb. 6th) with much interest your careful examination of a Currency policy in relation to the advisability of abandoning poor tea and coffee fields. In the course of your remarks you observe that in Ceylon, ‘an unusual influx of labour took place during 1898 just «s depression had set in, and all further extensions were stopped and orders issued for the strictest economy in all departments.” And the policy, you observe, resulted in a decline in the earnings of the labourers. But what caused the depression in 1898? Certainly, it seems to me, not prices, but the fact that whereas at first no one believed that the Government would continue its Currency measnre, it became evident by 1898 that the Government was determined to persevere in the suicidal policy of placing India and Ceylon in the worst possible position for competing with other silver-using countries. That prices have pro- bably had little to do with the depression in Ceylon seeins evident, if we consider that there has been much depression in Mysore leading to a similar decline in the demand for labour though fine Mysore coffee towards the close of last year was from 105 to 115 shillings a cwt.—a higher price than in the year previous. The fact certainly 89 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 711 seems to be that while capitalists will face great tisks which arise naturally out of the cireum- stances, they will not face those Currency risks which are liable to be created by the notices of partially informed and practically irresponsible Indian officials who have every interest in con- tinuing to force up the rate of exchange. You ask whether I can give you a case of « deli- herate abandonment taking place in any part of India.” Certainly, and on my own property. On mentioning this to one of our leading Mysore planters some months ago, he observed “‘ That. is just what others are doing too.” But this is always the case when any cultivation falls into a state of depression owing either to artificial (as in the Indian Currency cause, or the effect of the sugar bounties) or natural causes. A farmer in Scotland obce said to me: ‘* Howis it that you who have spent somuch of your time in India know exactly what ought to be done here to meet those bad times?” Simply because, [ replied, I found that you were doing mostly what we had been often doing in India, making money on the good land and throwing it away on the bad—and that the first thing to be done was to throw the latter out of cultivation. It is good policy in any times to diminish risk by cultivating highly the good and abandoning the inferior land. To adopt any other policy in bad times, and especially in the face of « Currency which is liable to be tampered, and re-tampered with, is certainly not the safest course to pursue.—Obediently yours. ROBERT H. ELLIOT, THE POSITION OF TEA IN AMERICA, Kandy, March 6, Sir,—I enclose extracts received from Mr. Mackenzie from a letterin the ‘‘ New York Journal of Commerce,” which he says gives the position of tea accurately and should be published.—I am, sir, yours faithfully, A PHILIP, Secretary, ‘‘ Thirty Committee.” The causes which reduced the importations this season are, first, and most important, the sudden imposition of duty on tea, and, secondly, the passage of the Tea Act in the previous year “to prevent the importation of impure and un- wholesome teas.” To understand the present position of the tea trade these two factors have to be considered together. The ‘tea law” has undoubtedly excluded much of the rubbish which used to be imported and which was responsible to a great extent for the comparatively small amount of that article consumed in this country. The latter measure paralyzed the trade for many months, as retailers would not meet the en- hanced cost of tea by a corresponding price. The two together placed a premium on the sur- plus stocks of bygone seasons, heretofore un- saleable, some of which had been in the country as long as twenty years. Such stuff acquired a fictitious value, as there was no other cheap tea in the market and no more could come in. The amount of this antiquated trash and the amount of stock actually held in the country has been a surprise to most of the trade and has been the only obstacle to the development of business in new teas. What these stocks must have been can be gathered from the fact that, although some 40 million pounds of tea were baperied from list June to Ist December, 1808, but 12 million pounds were cleared, or paid duty, dur- ing that period. If the consumption of tea per capita is calculated yee this basis, it will be found very low indeed ; yet no one in the busi- ness would admit that people have ceased tg 712 THE TROPICAL drink tea. The actual facts are now well under- stood. It is now known that there was from eight to nine months’ supply in the country, -that these are gradually being absorbed, and that until they are absorbed business “will remain dull, What stocks remain in hand is shown by your correspondent, Mr. Martindale, whose letter you published on the 10th inst., and who stated that his broker had ‘been unable to find a single jobber “‘in one of our largest cities who had any tea whatever to sell in large way.” . ‘ All the rubbish and accumulations of previous years have been swept away, and thanks to the new ‘‘tea law” only fairly good teas will be admit- ted. Stocks, are lower than ever aud when the demand from the country begins to come 1n, it must continue and bea lasting one. The tea in bond is in strong hands, visible supplies are short, the crop in China and Japan of teas available for this market is at least six million pounds short of Jast season (which in itself was below that of revious years) and rejections have still further decreased the supply. Stocks in the London mar- ket are lower than they have been for years, as the demand for Ceylon and India teas, which constitutes the bulk of the business there, is in- creasing from other countries ; so that everything oints to a very healthy condition for the trade. With a better class of tea sup lied to consumers, gonsumption will increase, and if the trade is only true to its own interests there seems every pros- ect of an era of prosperity to those who handle his staple articlejin this country. XxX. THE FLOWERING OF THE NILU: INTERESTING INFORMATION. b North Cove, Bogawantalawa, March 17. Sir,—When I wrote to you on the subject of ‘‘ Nillu” flowering in Ceylon, I was writing from notes [had made in my ‘sporting diaries” during 29 years. Pe, eee of Abbotsford has ventured to doubt the correctness of my statements and has endeavoured to put me right. He has apparently failed to grasp my application of the term ‘district”’—I do not reter to a tea or coffee dis- trict, but to a ‘‘Nillu district”; and it Mr. Fraser would care to see the boundary of two such districts he can do so the next time he as- cends Totapala on his way to fish on the Horton Plains, just above the old Ela, The boundary is straight and erfectly distinct. On the Ambawella side the Nillu—chiefly Strobilanthes Pulcherrimus, S. Sexennis, S. Calycinus and 8S, Viscosus, is now in seed. It flowered ey from August to December last year 1898. It last flowered in 1886—on the Horton Plains side, of the boundary I describe, the Nillu is now from four toseven feet high. It flowered in 1893 and seeded and died in 1894. Its previous flowering and seeding was in 1881-82. It will flower again (generally) in a A.D. 1905, Mr. J. Fraser and his dry cycles to the contrary notwithstanding ! Some of the Nillus, of which ‘there are over 30 different kinds in the island, I believe, are to be found in flower every year, especially S. Viscosus, but not followed by universal death. Again during the year preceding the big and uni- versal flowering many plants throw out a spray or two of flower especially by_the sides of roads and notably S. Pulcherrimus, but this spasmodic flowering is not followed by. death I think. . Tf Mr. Fraser wants to see another Nillu dis- trict boundary, let him walk up from Elgin to the Elk Plains via the Rajahputanas and another between the Horton Plains and North Cove Estate. I know of many more of them. a 8 ray 7 , v7 [Arein 1, 1899. Mr. Fraser’s statement that the “ whole thing” depends on the weather is too absurd to be taken seriously. With regard to the height of Nillu he is pretty near the mark—this depends on soil and shelter, but its thickness of stem 8 to 10 inches ! 1 will give Mr. Frasér a rupee an inch for every inch of diameter over sevev inches (for any single stem), I believe, I might safely say 6 inches. I have in my possession notes of the flowerings of Nillu giving dates as follows :— 1851, 57, 62, ‘68, °73, ’81, 82, ‘86, °88, °93, 94, 98—the first five obtained from the late Dr. Trimen when in correspondence with him upon this subject in 1893. These dates were taken from dried specimens in his possession, By the dates I can trace back a good many of the Nillu districts, [ know ‘‘duodecennially” if that is the correct term. Some of these specimens may possibly have been collected in the year preceding the universal flowering. An unusually dry season would pro- bably induce more blossom among the Nilius than a wet one in the year preceding tts apennre! flower- tng.—l am, yours &c., THOS. FARR. AGRICULTURIST. TEA DISEASE: REPORT BY MR. CARRUTHERS. Kandy, 18th March 1899. From the Secretary, Planters’ Association of Ceylon. Srr,—At the request of the Committee I enclose copy of Mr. J. B, Carruthers’ report on Tea Disease.—I am, sir, yours faithfully, A. PHILIP. | REPORT ON TEA DISEASE. As requested I visited —— estate and ex- amined the tea plants which were diseased The Superintendent has observed phenomenon for about three years past. 40 acres contained An area of about affected bushes, but about one plant in five was the most observed on any given square ten yards, In no case had the di killed an plants and always disappeared after ae took specimens of the leaves and these I have examined microscopically. ! There is just a * rust,” 7c. a fungus belonging to the Uredineae, a group to which the Hemileia vastatrix of coffee and the rust of the wheat belong. This fungus can be recognized on the tea leaf by its fruit which on ar to the naked — eye asa reddish brown mould covering a space varying from the size of a pin’s head to that of a threepenny piece—with an ordinary field lens this shows itself to consist of a number of thread- — like stalks swollen atthe top and bearing on the ~ swollen portion a_ series (5 or more) orange- — coloured spores (Basidiospores). These spores in all probability (that is judging by whatis known of the: life history of allied mor will on falling on to another tea leaf or another portion of. the same leaf produce another spot ofrust.. |. There is also another fungus which produces a yellow or brown patch and this is covered in some cases by a series of minute black dots which are lighter when older. These small spheres contain — the same ie group—characterised by such leaves. Aprin 1, 1899.] THE TROPICAL Both these fungi live in the leaf and as they do not re-appear in the plant after pruning, it is evident that they are confined to the leaf and therefore if the leaves are taken off and burnt the spores will be destroyed. From the fact that young leaves plucked for tea making are ni 1 rusted even onaffected bushes, I should imagine that the time taken for the spores to reproduce themselves is more than tendays. The mycelium of roots of these fungi ramifies among the loose cells of the leaf and gains its nutrition from the juices of the plant—a greater strain therefore is put upon the plant in supplying food “both for itself and the fungus. ; There was no case in-the fields I examined of a bush being: so badly attacked as to cause death ; a purely leaf disease very rarely produces fatal effects. If measures are taken to prevent the spores of these diseases spreading—by burning diseased leaves, there is no reason to expect that they will spread to any serious extent. A cooly or gang of coolies might be specially employed to collect and burn affected leaves. It has occurred to me that any tea being left to go out of cul- tivation might easily foster these or other diseases and it would be well that at any rate an inspec- fion of such intended tea should be made to énsure that it is not a ‘‘spore farm” for the rest of the island. As the report has been written after a most hasty examination I must ask to be allowed to state that I consider the statements it contains open to correction. (Signed) J. B. CARRUTHERS, October 14th, 1898. THE EFFECTS OF THE RECENT FROST NEAR AND AT NUWARA ELIYA. Hakgala, Nuwara Eliya, March 17. *PDrar Mr. Eprror,—Being quarantined by the doctor on account of measles in the house I had not been up the road towards Nuwara Bliya until yesterday and was not aware of the extent of the damage done by the frost during the nights of 7th, 8th, and 9th inst. I have not seen anything like it in my 17 years’ experience here. Between the 52nd and 53rd mile-stones (elevation being between 5,600 and 5,700 feet) I made a list of over 50 species of plants that had been more or less injured ; and as it may be of interest to record these plants, as showing those that ave easily affected by frost, I append the list :— rhe : Rubus—‘‘ Blackberries,” three species, all badly injured. _ Sie aloacuth —‘*Ceylon Forget-me-not, -young shoots only. * Alsophila —Tree ferns. These two and F kinds suffered severely. Amphicosmia fe ae Bowitiya” (S.), uite frizzled up. ; it » Burya japonica—‘* Wild tea. the top. - Strychnos—A creeper of the same genus as Nux Vomica. Scorched on the top. » Bleagnus—‘* Wel-embilla (S.). 5 corched on one a —Both of the ® Todallia—* Kudu-miris” (S.) | orangefamily: ~ Acronchia—‘t Ankundw” (S.) | scorched on the top. abodes verter The * Wild Guava.” : n the top. Se cum OF the apple family, Dreadfully cut up. two species. Scorched on Scor- AGRICULTURIST. 713 Photinia—Of the apple family. eut up. Litsea—Laurel or cinnamon family. Several species very much injured. Semecarpus Gardnerii—‘‘ Badulla”’(S.) This till presents a remarkable appearance. The frosted foliage has turned a yellowish white, and the leaves being very large, the injured trees can be distinctly seen dotted about the forest in the hollows and on the lower side of the hill. Slightly Strobilanthus—The ‘‘ Nilu” (S.). Several species have dropped all their leaves. q Thunbergia fragrans—The pretty white flowered creepers are all shrivelled up. Crotalaria semperfiorens—The yellow crees er that looks so much like a Laburnum has peen badly burnt and there is scarcely a flower of it to be seen. Hedychium coronarium—‘ Ela-mal” (S.) or ‘‘wild Ginger.” Has been quite killed back. This is one of the first piants to feel severe weather. Symplocas spicata—‘‘Bomba” (S.) and other species, of the same genus, are served in the same way as the Semecarpus, named above. Apodytes \ or the Order Olacinew—have tapi a J their tops quite blackened. Meliosma arnottiana—One of the few des ciduous trees of Ceylon, and one that is quite a feature in the upcountry jungle in April, when covered with its cream-coloured blossoms, has had most of its young shoots destroyed. Among others that were injured I noted several species of Hedyotis, also Rhamnus, Dipsacus, Viburnum, Lobelia, Cassia, Piper, Microglossis, Polygonum, Chrysogonum, Veroe nia, Blumea, Alloeophania, Celtis, Moesa, Enilla, Adenostemma, Gynura and Senecio, The following ferns were also much blacks ened :—Glechenia, Stenoloma, Pteris, Lastrea, Nephrodium, Blechnum, Asplenium, and Phee gopteris. The grass along the road-side is as brown as can be—quite as bad as it is in Nuwara Eliya. : Of introduced species the Mexican sunflower, Tithonia, was killed to the ground. Tree Tomato and Mountain Papaw (from West Indies and Chili,) was killed to the ground, Calla Ethiopica—the introduced arum—sufe fered in the same way; and the young tips of Eucalyptus robusta were killed —Yours very truly, W. NOCK. —_—____—______. COFFEE IN JAPANESE DEPENDENCIES.—The ‘Governor of Loochoo islands—an intelligent Japa- nese—is anxious to learn all about coffee grow- ing, as the shrub already grows on one of the islands (of course introduced). A friend is send- ing hima copy of our ‘ Coffee-planter’s Manual ” as his best instructor. We should fear the Loochoo’s to be too far North for coffee at 28 deg., but if they are favoured with a warm current in the sea around them, it may make the temperature right and free from frost.—For- mosa is, however, a more likely coffee country ; and Mr. Kirkwood on behalf of the Japanese authorities, fully equipped himself for experiments in several of our products, whenin Ceylon some months ago. 714 TEA SIFTING AND CUTTING. In our February number we published an account of the improved tea-sifting and cutting machinery made by Messrs. Savage & Co. The sifting and cutting are carried out in one combined apparatus, the process being as follows:—As the tea drojs from the hopper it passes over a set of magnets to free it from pieces of wire, nails, and other iron substances, and then falls upon a vibrating sieve, through which the siftings and small teas pass down a shoot, the larger leaves going over another sieve which allows them to pass through, but holds back any pieces of paper or wood which may have got mixed therewith. The leaves fall upon a distri- butor, which carries them to tie cutting rollers, by means of which a uniform, neat, and attractive sample is rapidly produced. Such machines, which are made in various sizes, are generally fitted up on the tloor above the mixing or blending machine.— British Trade Journal, March 1st, oe MOTHER-OF-PEARL TRADE. The principal mother-of-pearl fisheries are scattered nbout in various parts of the world, and all of them lie ata very considerable distancefrom the home markets; so that the freight for transport adds in no small degree to the price of mother-of-pearl, whether raw or manufactured. The best-known fisheries are those of Ceylon, Tuticorin (on the Coro- mandel coast), Queensland, the Torres Straits, and the Bay of Panama, and it is from these places that the bulk of the mother-of-pearl] is exported. The true pearl oyster, the ‘‘Meleagrina Margariti- fera,” is a native of the Indian and Pacific Oceans, and is divided into two species, one with a gold- coloured border, the other of a uniforn silvery colour, for which there is a much greater demand, the pure _white shell being much preferred to the variegated mother-of-pearl for commercial purposes. “ta 34 is 715 2,937 7 be £98 462 70 Total for 1898 14,3943 18, 7 7 ,462 68° Return for 1897. 12 3,285 1,219 1,094 5,628 689 13,503 2 Increase and De- - crease in 1898 pl. 1,675$ +5,212 —348 —622 —196—1,169 ee PLANTING IN WYNAAD: NEWS OF CEYLON PLANTERS. P Wynaad, St. Patrick’s Day, 1899, You may be interested to hear news of Ceylon Biante who have settled in the Wynaad. We now have Messrs. E. de Fon- blanque, J. S. Nicolls, Stewart Robinson, A. C. Glennie, W.. Q. Wright and EK. N. F. Day. “Mr. DE FoNBLANQUE is settled on his ‘“‘Perindotty” tea garden near Vayitri; he also holds an interest in “ Nellanoor,” which has been planted with Liberian and Arabica coffee, in addition to which over 20 acres have been opened with Hybrid Liberian- Arabian, one of the best original Hybrids, having been discovered on ‘‘Nellanoor” by the late proprietor nearly ten years ago. Apart from these two_ properties, Mr. de Fonblanque has acquired a block of 250 acres of bamboo land near *‘ Perindotty,” 12 acres of which are already planted with the Hy- prids referred to above, and the remaining area is to be covered with the tea bush as soon as possible. He is alwaysto the front at athletic gatherings and yourchampion recently won the Open Singles L. T, Handicap starting with 40, : THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. Pra te 7 |Apris. 1,1899, Mr. NICOLLS resides at Oulloor Vayitri, having been nominated as tea- and factory-superintendent on the Wynaad Tea Company’s “ Perrengodda” factory. He is the peoprlciyr of the ‘* Pootha Coollee” estate, eppady, which is being gradually developed with tea. ; Mr. STEWART ROBINSON resides on his own property, * Elton,” Kalpatty. This block was purchased from Messrs. Parry & Co., Madras, and consists of some fine forest as well as of what was originally bamboo land: the latter was splendid coffee 30 years ago and yielded phenomenal crops. ‘The forest land is being opened with Arabica and the bam- boo with tea: so far both are promising. Myr. GLENNIE is tea-maker and factory- manager on the ‘ HKiramacullee” e3:tate, Meppady. Teas from this garden have always realised excellent prices in home market. Mr. W. Q. Wriacutr, who is re‘ated to Mr. Parry of Ceylon, is living on **Sentinel Rock” estate, Vellera Mulla, and is opening the fine forest land there with coffee. Mr. E. H. F. Day purchased the * Neli Munda” estate, Meppady, from the Wynaad Tea Company last year, and resides on the property, where he is rooting out the fine old coffee and substituting tea. One way or another, Ceylon Planters are already owners of over 2,500 acres of land in South rnaad. We had nearly 1°50 cent rain in South Wy- naad last month and several showers have been recorded in the past fortnight, but at present the weather is fine and the coffee which looks better than it has done for man years, is wintering well, the past season's crops of Arabica have been the best known for nearly ten years. Tea is looking very pro- mising : great faith in its future is evine a the extensions visible on all sides, while the prices realized for South Wynaad teas during the past five or six months have been most encouraging. —_———_————___ THE SALT BusH which is being cultivated in the Botanical Gardens is now bearing seed in abundance. ‘he first seed of this plant was brought from Australia, The plantis known as the Atriplex semibaccala, and was introduced here by General Roca twoyears ago. Its adop- -tion in Argentina will be of immense service, as it grows well in the most barren parts and is splendid for fattening animals.—Review, Buenos Aires. NILGIRIS CINCHONA PLANTATIONS. —The Budget estimates for the Government cinchona planta- tions, Nilgiris, for 1899-1900 have been issued. The estimated receipts amount to 1,2(,000r, This forecast is based on the anticipation that only 5,000 lb of quinine and 2,500 lb of febri- fuge will be sold. If, however, a market can be found for the 10,000 Ib of quinine being manufactured this year, there is exyected to be a considerable increase in the revenue. The estimated expenditure for the same period is 1,48,400r, or 53,500r less than the sanctioned Budget estimate and revisel estimate for the current year. This is chiefly due to reductions under factory charges, as only 200,000 lb instead of 400,000 Ib of bark will be purchased from private growers at an estimated cost of 43,750r, to supplement the yield of the existing planta- tions.—Chemist and Druggist, March 4. Aprit |, 1899.] THE TROPICAL, THE LONDON CINNAMON SALES. The intelligence received by a recent mail confirms the impression which the telegram, announcing the general results of the first quarterly sale of cinnamon held this year in London, created. The apprehension that Spain has not yet been able to enter the lists, as one of the most active competitors for our spice, especially of the best sorts, is confirmed. The Hispano-American war during its continuance necessarily told on trade; and it has left the effete old Huro- pean State so crippled, that it must be some time before it can recover from the shock and disorganisation under which it sies prostrate. In the loss of almost all its colonial possessions, it may be thought that it has parted with its chief sources of wealth. On the other hand, these Colonies have been for years centres of rebellion and bloodshed, and a constant drain on the mother coun- try for blood and treasure. There is no reason why the energies which were dissi- pated in intrigue and internecine struggles should not be devoted to the more profit- able arts of peace; and while Spain itself affords a’ by no means barren field for commerce and agriculture, its adventurous sons might prosper more under alien flags than they did in its priest-ridden and mis- overned Colonies. But recuperation must e slow in the case of a people so ener- vated and demoralized; and until Spain has buckled up to her new conditions, it is to be feared that her needs in Mincing Lane will be moderate. We are not, therefore, surprised to learn that at the Cinnamon Sales on the 27th ult., there was but little bought on Spanish account, with a conse- quently slack demand and a fall in price. Though the quantity offered, 1,649 bales, was less than the amount catalogued at the corresponding sale last year, when 1,950 bales were brought to the hammer, it must not be forgotten that that was an unusually heavy quantity for a February sale, and that the offerings, 3,901 bales. at the pre- vious auctions in November last were also unprecedentedly large. We have been send- ing away increasing quantities of cinnamon for some years, rising from 1,969,905 lb. of quilled bark in 1894 to over two million lb. in every succeeding year; while in 1897 and 1898 the quantity was in excess of 2} million lb.! These unprecedentedly heavy exports of guilled cinnamon were accompanied by im- mense quantities of chips which did not find a place in our Export table till about 30 years ago; and although the 2,534,056 Ib. of uills last year show a fall as compared with 2,674,537 lb. in 1897, the excess of chips, aggregating 1,414,165 lb., as against 1,067,051 lb. the previous year, places 1898 facile rinceps. We have thus sent away nearly our million lb. of our spice, while 20 year's ago two million lb. used to be reckoned over-production. It tells not a little for the growing popularity of the spice, and the new uses found for it, that this immense increase in our output has not led to a heavier fall in prices. Indeed, there has been a recovery in prices within the last ten or twelve years, and a rate of 15°5d for the Firsts AGRICULTURIST. 717 of the best brands is not to be despised. But it must not be forgotten that the quantity of fine bark offering was exceptionally small, and it is the finest qualities which have suffered most from the paucity of orders from Spain. Even coarse qualities met with a slackened demand, and the acceptance of lower prices did not ensure the clearing of much more than one-third of the catalogue. Our repeated warnings, that prices cannot be maintained with the growing output, have thus been justified; but they have not, reached those who have been extending their plantations. These are small native land- owners of the Southern Province, who are said to be attracting the skilled workers of the Western Province by heavy advances, matching those against which tea estates are now banding together. It is to be hoped the fall in prices will induce caution in those whom newspaper warnings fail to reach, as cinnamon differs from tea in not being an article of diet—a necessary of life in fact —and a further drop may mean_ serious embarrassment to an industry which had just begun to recover its former position. ere is what one of the leading London firms in the cinnamon trade reports :— London, 28th Feb. 1899. CINNAMON.—The first auctions of the year were held yesterday when 1,649 bales Ceylon offered against 1,950 bales catalogued at same period last year. There was but little buying on Spanish account, and the sales went off witha very flat tone, about 650 only being sold at a general de- cline of 3d told per lb. Of really fine and good quill the record quantity of 41 bales A. S. C. P. offered, none of the regular brands F.S. W.S., only were F. S. K., J. D.S. R. ete., is being re- presented. Of the small quantity of fine quill, part sold slowly, mostly at 1d per lb. decline. Firsts ranged from 8d to 1sid; Seconds, 7d to 1s4d; Thirds, 7d tols 2d and Fourths 4d to &d per Ib. 87 bales Tellicherry bought in. Chips were in dull demand. Of 1,121 bags offered, 100 bags only were cleared at 33d to 34d per lb. Stock of Ceylon 5,239 bales against 1898 1897 1896 4,193 2,790 4,727 Bales, The next auctions will be held on 29th May PLANTING IN SELANGOR, STRAITS SETTLE- MENTS.—Mr. E. V. Carey, Chairman, and Mr. Tom Gibson, Secretary—both old Ceylon plant- ers—with their Committee, deserve credit for the full and useful annual Report they have just issnel. We extract all the practical portions el-ewhere and we notice with pleasnre the attention given to Para Rubber, Coconuts (rightly spelt). Plantains and other minor pro- ducts, by way of supplementing their coffee which has fallen on evil days. lt is too soon to speculate about the financial success of rnbber planting, and we much fear that Mr. MacDonald’s lamented death will interfere with a decisive answer to the same question in respect of Ramie fibre. It is refreshing to note the keen interest taken by tle officials in extreminating coconus beetles and caterpillar pests: a little of the same zeal displayed by officials of all ranks in Ceylon would do a vast amount of good. How many semi-abandoned native gardens in our low- country are allowed co become nurseries for beetles and other pests? 718 THE TEA INDUSTRY AND MANURE. Mr. JoHN HuGues, of Mark Lane, writes to us under date, London, March 8rd :— “In common with many others I am look- ing out for some report from Mr. Bainber in reference to an improved manufacture of tea or a new system of mnanuring. “To my mind judicious manuring is speci- ally important, because with poor leaf it must be impossible to make good tea; but good leaf may be spoilt in the manufacture. “T have been very busy with soil analyses lately and much more manure is being sent out from England than formerly. As the numerous Tea Companies have their offices in London, the shipment can be arranged at once and a complete manure sent out in small bags which can be forwarded direct on to the estate, and afterwards carried out on to the field without the trouble and extra cost of casks and subsequent bagging up for transport upcountry.” e heard lately that Mr. Kelway-Bamber had expressed a favourable opinion of certain of the manures supplied for tea by Mr. A. Baur. We scarcely think that the time has yet come for a full Report: let Mr. Bamber complete his experiments and investigations first. By the way his book ‘On the Che- mistry and Manufacture of Tea” is out of print; and no doubt the next edition will embody the latest results of his observations in Ceylon. a Se CACAO:- EXPERIMENTS IN THE FERMENTATION OR SWEATING OF “COCOA” IN GRENADA. As it is generally believed by the planters of Grenada that the less cocoa is sweated or fermented the greater is the resulting weight of dry cocoa, the Hon. De Freitas of that island conducted some experiments with a view of ascertaining whether this belief was well-founded or not. His results point to the fact that no appreciable differ- ence is observable, and being desirous of confirming such an important result, he has suggested that some of the planters of Trinidad should be invited to conduct some further experiments with a view of settling the point. The Managing Committee of the Grenada Agricultural Society accordingly invited the Hon. Mr. De Freitas to draw up a plan of the experiments and directed them to be printed and distributed. This he has done, suggesting that owners and managers _of drying houses in which artificial heat is used should be especially invited to try the following experiments. Five separate lots of cocoa, each containing 200% of cocoa freshly removed from the pods, are to be treated in the following way :— Lot No. 1.—(a) That it be fermented for three days —72 hours; (b) that it be “‘shifted’’ and weighed after 34 hours’ fermentation; (c) that after 72 hours’ | . fermentation it be put out to dry: when it is perfectly dry it should be carefully weighed; (d) that it will be found convenient to begin this experiment in the ig TNS 2.—(a) That it be fermeuted for four days —96 hours; (b) that it be weighed and ‘‘shifted”’ after 48 hours’ fermentation; (c) that after 96 hours’ ‘gexmentation it be put out to dry: when itis perfectly THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. ‘Apkit 1, 1899, dry it should be carefully weighed; (d) that it will be found couvenient to begin this experiment in the morning. Lot No. 3.—(a) That it be fermented for five da —120 hours; (b) that it be weighed and “ shi ot after 56 hours’ fermentation; (c) that after 120 bours fermentation it be put out to dry: when it is perfectly dry it should be carefully weighed; (da) that it will be found convenient to begin this experiment in the morning. Lot No. 4.—(a) That it be fermented for six days —144 hours; (b) that it be weighed end “ shifted ” twice, namely, after 48 hours and again after 96 hours’ fermentation; (c) that after 144 hours’ fermentation it be put out to dry: when it is perfectly dry it should be carelully weighed; (d) the morning will be found a colivenient time to beyin this experiment. Lot No. 5.—(a) That it be fermented for seven days —168 bourse; (bj) that it be weighed and “ shifted” twice, namely, after 48 hours’ fermentation and again after 120 hours’ fermentation; (c) that after 168 hours fermentation it be put out to dry: when it is perfectly dry it should be carefully weighed; (d) the morning will be fonnd a convenient time to begin this experiment, In carrying out these experiments it is essential that each lot should be uniformly treated or no confidence can be placed in the data arrived at. For example, if one lot is trampled, every succeeding fot must also be trampled. With a view of arriving at some verified data bearing upon the important question of heat in fermentation it would be valuable to use a thermometer twice a day (8 am. and 4+ p.m.) to test the heat of the cocoa in cach of the five experimental lots, and that on every occasion the reading of the thermometer and the time when it is taken should be carefully recorded. Lastly, it is also desirable that each experimenter should heey a sample of each lot of dried cocoa. —We shall watch with interest for reports of these experiments, both from Grenada and Trinidad. A WORD TO CEYLON TEA PLANTERS, (From an ex-Ceylon Resident. ) Lonpbon, March 3. I think it would be a wise thing for you to do at the present moment, if you were to try and dissuade Ceylon tea planters from being led to commit suicide, by those who are interested in having chase tees for blending purposes. The sudden burst of sunshine that has broken through the gloom which has for the last two years hung over a considerable area of the tea districts, may well turn the heads of lowcountry planters and induce them to endeavour to compen- sate themselves for their past disappoint- ments, by making hay whilst the sun shines. There are rumours current in Mincing Lane and its neighbourhood, that recommendations and orders from the big tea planting distri- butors (which is the new name for retailers) have gone out to pluck coarser, with the view of increasing the pot of common tea, whilst prices are high. You know very well that nothing could be more disastrous to the tea industry than for planters to increase the © production in this way. Laat ; It is the falling-off of supplies to England, — owing to the expansion of exports to other — countries, that has caused the sudden change ~ in the prospects of bewailing tea planters. The bug-bear of over-production has vanished, Aprit 1, 1899.] THE ‘TROPICAL but it may soon be raised again if they carry out the advice given to them by the blend- ers and increase the exports artificially over the estimate. If they do so, they will lose all the benefits they derive from the sacrifices they have made and are making to increase conswinption in other countries. The recent advance in prices of common tea does not fall on consumers, but it seri- ously affects the pockets of the distributors who advertise the finest tea the world pro- duces under cost price. I need scarcely tell you that when the finer qualities advanced some time ago, dis- tributors, who, owing to severe competition, cannot raise their prices, were forced to put less fine tea in their blends and more common. In this way they worked off the surplus stocks of the lower grades to such an extent as to lead them to think they might be cornered in them. They then rushed’ into’ the market and bought all that could be obtained at an advance of a penny per pound. Whether this advance is of long or short duration, depends upon the action of planters during the next two or three months, when the big flushes generally take place. If they send home a large increase in the quantity of pekoe souchongs, down will go the price to 5d per pound. If they tell their tempters to get behind them, there is a very fair prospect of the Ceylon tea industry having a good long innings of prosperity. -For the last few months I have been preaching to all who would listen to me, that the slap in the face the Indian and Ceylon tea planters got last year or two, was the best thing that could have happened for their permanent interests. It put a stop to the extensive increases in Indian planting at one. time contemplated and compelled planters, especially in Ceylon, to reduce the cost of production to the lowest point. They have been so far successful that at least. three-fourths of the tea grown in Ceylon do not cost more than 25 cents er pound f.o.b. or at 16d exchange 4d per b. ith a considerable knowledge of the circumstances of every tea-producing country, I do not hesitate to say that no country in the world can produce tea below that figure. Therefore, in any future struggle for gxist- ence, it need not be Ceylon that will go to aS if the planters do not lose their heads, ————».___. THE HORREKELLY CO., LTD. THE COCONUT INDUSTRY IN CEYLON. We had noted for comment the Report of this old Company which declared a divi- dend of six per cent recently not because there was anything striking or unusual in the Report, but because the Horrekelly is one of the few Joint Stock Companies—as_ it was, perhaps, the _ first—which cultivate coconuts alone, and its position is therefore, of some interest. A dividend of six per cent in these hard times is not to be des- pised; but after all that has been said about the remunerativeness of coconuts, the dividend seems insignificant as compared with those which some Tea Companies de- clare, and have declared even in years of low 90 AGRICULTURIST. 719 prices and high exchange. The explanation probably is that MHorrekelly cannot be reckoned among the crack coconut estates of the Island, though entitled to a place among the good average ones. Then, when the Company was floated, it was generally looked upon as, at least partially, a benevolent scheme to relieve an old colonist, who had fallen on evil times, of the incubus of debt that was weighing on him; and the. price paid for the estate to Mr. David Wilson, was considered by many too high. Possibly it was according to the prices ruling 20 to 25 years ago; but the cultivated acreage of 800 works out R500 per acre for a capital of R400,000; and that does not seem to be too high for coconuts in bearing, though the balance-sheet shows the sale. of a block. of five acres at R3800an acre. Wesuppese there are substantial buildings on the property, including machinery for the manufacture of coir and fibre. On looking up the Reports for the last three years—we presume the sytem has been followed in earlier Reports which we have not at hand to refer to—we find that the land is separately valued at R306,400, or less than R400 per acre—the buildings and permanent works being separately valued among assets, and the plant and machinery separately. As each Report places before the Shareholders, a statistical retrospect of the two previous years, we have before us the output of the estate, consisting of coco- nuts and coir fibre, for the past-five years; and it is interesting to note the variation in crops and the manufacture of fibre. The following is the statement we work out :— Coconuts. Ballots. Expenditure. No. Ceir Fibre. R. 1894 .. 1,002,237 40,245 33,243 1895 .. 1,332,965 25,703 32,747 1896... 1,548,081 23,859 30,463 1897 .. 1,400,835 28,553 32,066 1898 .. 1,437,885 35,474 37,014 It will be observed that there is a difference of as much as 50 per cent between the lowest and highest crops of the past five years— surely a most extraordinary. divergence, not to be matched in a product like tea, though possible it may in our old staple coffee. It illus- trates the dependence of coconuts on rainfall and the influence of good cultivation. The year when _a little over a million nuts was. har- vested was a very droughty year, and our correspondents are already comparing the present year with thatone; and we find that the Report for 1896, in referring to the crop with which it deals as a large one—it is the largest in the table we have prepared— specially claims for manure credit for the result, ** It gives ample testimony,” are the words, ‘‘to the value of manure which is now being applied systematically, and on an increased scale, thus justifying the enhanced expenditure sanctioned under this head by the Directors,” And certainly the crops for the two following years, though short of that for 1896, do not show the great varia- tion noticeable in the earlier years. The out-turn of fibre, we presume, depends on the demand. Last year shows the second largest output of fibre, as it does the second largest crop of nuts, of the years under notice, that. date. 720 , Turning to income and expenditure for the’ same period, we find that a small crop does not necessarily mean less expenditure. ‘Not only does the cost of turning out coir tell, but also when all the crop has to be turned into copra, the expenditure naturally rises. Thus, 1896, the year of largest crop, shows the smallest expenditure because, as ' the Report for that year tells us, the crop “was sold as nuts, and not made into ef as hitherto.” That year further yielded the highest income, owing to the satisfactory rices obtained for nuts, and enabled the irectors to declare the highest dividend of the past six years. The List issued by the Shareholders’ Association shows the Divi- dends since 1893 to have been 6, 5, 7, 10, 5 and 6 per cent; so that though there haye been no sensational dividends, the Shareholders have had a fair return for their money. We are not aware that a higher dividend than ten per cent has ever been declared ; but the regularity of dividends, and the figures we have quoted in estimating the value of the property, explain the value of shares in the market, and age to good manage- ment in the office and on the estate. oO ‘RAINFALL IN PLANTING DISTRICTS. We continue to get numerous reports from the planting districts. The following authentic figures of Rainfall for four separate divisions, are of ‘interest :— Jan."1899. Jan.av. Feb. 1899 Febayv. District. Inches. Inches. Days. Central Province and Uva oe Kelani Valley .. Ratnapura and Rakwana .. Maskeliya - 505 6 389 7 153. 4 3°73 6 There has been generally an excess of rainfall in the early part of Jan., anda large deficit in Feb. this year, except perhaps in the Ratnapura District, and even there the distribution of rainfall is not so general as in average years. el THE PROLONGED DROUGHT. It is not alone in the lowcountry that the cry for rain is being raised. ere is what an Inspector of Estates has to say on the subject :— , ‘*We. are having a drought with a ven- ‘geance. I don’t think I ever remember so Tong a period without any rain, and yet there is not much red rust to be seen, nor are other pests and blights very prevalent, though there is a constant and very sus- picious fall. of leaf which may not be alto- ether due to the dry weather. I understand hat..on (all the higher estates in Uva the - flushes are good, but on the lower places there is very little doing.” . The, present. drought in Colombo may ‘be said to extend from 10th: February as only 8 cents of. an inch of rain has fallen since ae oo wo wa Days. o> © Inches. Days em NOS g@ 38 ey or de 6§ 34°47 Practically there has been no ‘rain in Colombo for 40 days—an unusual but not unprecedented period; for, from our ‘‘Handbook” we see that in Jan,-Feb, 1894, THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. J eyes is [Apri 1, 1899. there was a spell of 55 days in Colombo without rain.—At two thousand feet hear from a Manager today, that he 14 cents in February and none up to date in March—unprecedented ! —_—————»——_______. CINCHONA CULTURE IN CEYLON. This is how an experienced planter follows up what we have recently written about the advisableness of trying cinchona again in the Ceylon hill districts, importing fresh seed from India or Java for the purpose :— “‘Cinchona seems likely to attract attention again, now that quinine is on the rise and letters from home speak confidently of the future. So if cinchona can be wn again in Ceylon, there is a chance for some of Use e question is, can it? One seldom or ever sees a healthy self-sown seedlin ad ae cd J wach oe 58 if the parent stoc were mostly eased, bu haps imported seed might give good My Some time ago I spoke to Mr. Carruthers about the canker in cinchona and asked him if it was due to a fungus. He said he thought very likely it was, and begged. me to let him have some bark to examine, I could not come across any suitable specimens just at the moment; but sent him some after his return to England, and am shortly expect- ing to hear the result of his investigations.” ee eee TEA IN NORTH AMERICA, The figures for the importation of tea into the United States from different countries in 1898, are given in daily and Tropical Agri rist; and it will be observed that the total amounts to less than 69 millions, against nearly 100 millions in 1897. Of course, the latter im- pee was inflated in adyance of the war uty; just as the incomings last year were much less than usual from the same cause. Japan and China last year account for 614 million Ib., leaving only 7,300,000 Ib. for all other teas. In this connection we call attention to the interesting Report furnished by the Indian Tea Commissioner on his work for last year, and given in our daily and = Tropical Agriculturist. | Notwith- standing many awbacks Mr. Blech- ynden is very hopeful as to the future of British-grown teas in America, At the same time, it will evidently be a severe struggle to drive out our competitors; for, as is pointed out, the China and Japan teas sent across the Pacific or Atlantic as the case may be, have no other market to go to, and such teas if once landed in America, must be sold even at a loss. May it not — be, however, that the tea-growers will culti- vate less and use ‘their crops at home when — they find that there is no remunerative market? On the other hand, Mr. Blechynden has come more and more to believe in judi-— cious advertising in America, and this after allis the best way in which to spend the money of Indian and Ceylon tea planters. Tea rooms and demonstrations and grants are at best temporary: nothing lasts like ad- vertising. As to green teas, here is what q 7h Apri 1, 1899.) THE TROPICAL Mr. Blechynden writes, and it is worth repeating :— Some samples of unfermented or Oolong teas made in India were sent to me early in the year. They were found so suitable for the market, and firms were so ready to give immediate large orders, that I have had to revise the opinion I formerly had as tothe impossibility of Indian gardens pre- paring suitable teas of this class. I now believe that there are certain districts in India where Oolong teas of a character to command ready sale can be made, and that if such teas are pro- duced, there is practically no limit to the business that could be done. If, as is stated by a contemporary, Mr. Blechynden’s own work in America is to cease at the end of April, it will be a question whether our ‘Thirty Committee” should not ask the Indian planters to contribute to the expenses of Mr. Mackenzie; because, as their own Agent says, anything done to progres the use of Ceylon tea in America enefits the Indian planters as well. = ———_—_ ARRIVAL OF TROUT OVA IN CEYLON. The third consignment of trout ova for the Nuwara Eliya hatchery received this year arrived last month by the ss. ‘‘ Prinz Heinrich.” It will be remembered that of the first lot, which arrived in January, a good many were found dead and most of those that were alive were prevented from coming to fruition by heavy rain, which occurred at that time. The second lot came about a month ago and half of these was destroyed by some varnish dropping on them, but of the live ones it is satisfactory to know that 6,000 young fish have been reared. Hitherto the ovasent out has been that of the brown trout, but on the last occasion they are those of the rainbow variety and have been sent out from the Surrey Trout Farm, Critchmore, Haslemere, the place which has supplied the other ova sent from England. As the case in which they are placed was closed and would not be opened until Nuwara Eliya was reached, it was impossible. to know in what condition the ova were. They were placed in the cool room of the ship and have had ice applied to them at regular intervals during the voyage. Mr. Elhart, who came down for the purpose, had the receptacle, in which the ova is placed, put in an_ ice case supplied by the New Colombo Ice Co., taken to the Terminus and placed on a cattle truck on which they will travelled up by the night train. During the journey they were to be replenished with ice by Mr. Elhart at the station at which the express stops and the following day were to be placed in the hatchment at Nuwara Eliya. It should | be stated that the ova number 10,000 and ) after they are hatched, which will take _about a month, half will be placed in the | Stew ponds at Nuwara Eliya and sent to Mr. | Wilson-Wood, Drayton, Kotagala. This is the | last lot tobe receivedduring the present season jas the hatching time is nearly over, neither _| the hot weather nor the rainy season which is _ | to follow being favourable for hatching. Oo ROYAL GARDENS, KrEw ‘‘ BULLETIN” of mis- cellaneous information. Appendix I.—1899. Con- |tents :—List of Seeds ot Hardy Herbaceous Plants and of Trees and Shrabs. AGRICULTURIST, 721 Ceylon Rainfall, Tne P. W. D. METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS FOR Feby. 1899.—We append this Monthly Return of rain from which it will be seen that the highest fall was in the at Urubokka inches, Eastern Province 0:08 inches, WESTERN PROVINCE, Negombo, Mr. Bucknall 6) i Nil Kalutara Mr. Gregson (26) Nil Labugama, Mr Bartholomeusz 369) sen) hr Henaratgoda, Mr. Silva (33) CENTRAL PROVINCE, Southern Province, and the lowest at Irrakkamam 7°95 in the Matara (15) Mr. Smith 1:25 Dandeniya, (157) do 221 Urubokka, (890) do 795 Elagala, Not received (121) — Tangalla, (94) Not receivei— Mamadola, Not1iecetved (56) ote EASTERN PROVINGE. Irrakkamam, Mr, Katugastota, Mr. Rowland Edge (42) en (1,500) ac Nil Devilana, Mr. New Valley, (Dikoya) Mr. Vanderstraaten (136) Nil Ward (3,708) . 124 Sagamata, Mr, Edge Helboda, (Pussellawa) Mr. (40 ve NM QGcsset (3,300) 0°10 Ambare, do (65) O1 Yarrow Estate, «. Not Kanthalai, Mr, Carte received (3,400) w. — (150 0°30 Peradeniya Mr. sea Allai, Mr. Carte (95) 0°50 MacMillan (1,540)... 6°28 Rukam, My. Vanderstraater Duckwari,Mr, Spence 120) Nil (8,300) «. 09°91 Periyakulam, Mr, Caledonia, Not received Carte (20) we | 2°88 4,273) — Ohadaiyantalawa, Mr. Pussellawa, Mr. Edge (57) as Nil Powell (3,000) 040 Kalmunai, do (12) Nil Hakgala, Mr. oe Rotewewa, do (80) 0°15 Nock (5,681) -. 1°34 Lahugala, do (70) Nil S. Wanarajah Estate, Not Naulla, do (30) Nil received (3,700) ee — Andankulam, Mr. St. Andrew’s (Maskeliya, ) Carte (41) sae 10/33 Not received (4,200)... — Manalpuddy, Mr. Padupola, Mr. Ward... Vanderstraaten (21) 0°50 1,636) -» 568 Maha-Oya-Tank, Mylapitiya, Not received Mr, Vanderstraaten (,7¢ ae (190) NORTHERN PRovINCE. Mullaittivu, Mr. Sanmukam 0-10 (12) : Jaffna, Mr Macdonnell(8) 0°52 Mankulam, (N. Road) Mr. Walker (167) ae oe LOS Elephant Pass, Mr. MacBride (7) i Nil Vangalachettykulam, Mr, Corloff (179) PAS 6 Point Pedro, Not received (24) 30 Jafina College, Mr. Cooke (9i coe Kayts, Mx. Woutersz .. 8 m Kankesanturai, Mr. Adams (10) Paliai, Mr. MacBride 24) -. 0°30 Murikandy, (North-Central Road) Mr. MacBride — Nil Nedunkeni, Mr. Sanmukam (122) 074 Chavakachcheri, Mr. MacBride (16) ° Nil Odupiddi, Mr. Hastings (85 saat e NGD Marichchukaddi, (14) Mr. Thamotharampillay 0°55 Murungan, Mr. nan Herft _— Vavonia Mr. Walker (318) Nil SOUTHERN PROVINCE. Ella Vella (262) Mr, Smith 4°6 Kekanadura, (150) do Nil Denagama, (286) do 6°78 Udukiriwila Mr, Lourensz (235) saat Co Kirama, Notreceived (260) — Hali-ela (200) Mr. Smith 2°40 Tissamaharama, Not received (75) oon Nil N.-W. PROVINCE. — Magalawewa, Mr. Sooperayaa Maha Uswewa tank; Mr, Crabb (180) waee 0:37 Tenepitiya, Mr. Simmons (8) aren N EL Batalagoda, Mr. Parker N. Cc. PROVINOR. Kalawewa, (268) Not received Maradankadawala, Mr. Carson (443) .., 0°56 Mihintale, Mr. Silva (354) PFs Horowapotana, Mr. y Silva (217) we Nil> Madawachchiya, Mr. Silva (285)... °- Nil Topare, (200) “Mri°~-*- “ Jayawardana i 0°42 Uva PROVINCE, Bandarawela, Mr: Tocke (3,900)... 0°49 Haldummulla, Mr. Vira- mutta (3,160) 1°25 * Kumbukan, (448) Mr. Emerson Se 1°06 Koslanda, Mr. Emerson = ee 0°24 Tanamalwila, Mr. Gupawardana (550) 2:90 SABARAGAMUWA. Ambanpitiya, Mr. Auwardt (729) 0°32 Pelmaiuila, Mr. Clarke (408) 4°65 Kolonna Korale (Hulanda- oya) (203) Not Received Avisawella, Mr, Jeffery (105 450 702 THE TROPICAL BUDDING THE MANGO. The Journal of the Jamaica Agricultural Society for October remarks :—‘‘ Budding the mango has been generally considered an impossibility, but thisis a mistake, because it is done by experts in Florida, and it can be done by others when understood. The secret lies in taking the buds from about the middle of the growing shoot where they are well devel- oped, and yet not too tender—where the colour of the bark is just turing from green to purple—and at a time just prior to a vigorous stage or growth in the tree to be budded. The shield method has been used, but the ring or plate style would be better.” —— CURE OF MANGE IN HORSES. Mr. W. Mewes, farmer at Emu Vale, writes 7 cure of mange in horses:—I wus troubled greatly with mange in my horses the summer before last, 1 applied the following simple remedy, and got rid of the pest completely in five or six weeks. I waited, before writing to you, to see if the disease was going to reappear this sum- mer. It has not done so, hence I can vouch for the remedy. Recipe: Strain the water in which pota: toés has been boiled into a bucket, and allow it to cool. Mop the affected parts at midday and eveniu copiously with this potato water. Three times eac day will hasten the cure. The mange will disappear before six weeks. We gladly welcome any remedy which has proved itself effectual, but would advice those who think they have found @ certain cure for this annoying disease to follow the example of Mr. Mewes, and wait for developments before announcing an infallible remedy.—From Qeenslund Agricultural Journal for February 1899. _—_———_—_>____—_- LIFE {IN JAMAICA. A CHAT WITH A COFFEE PLANTER, ‘¢Yes, Ihave been out now a considerable time,” remarked Mr. ——, in answer to my question. I was,out for a saunter on the hills, and had suddenly dropped into a coffee plantation, and also across the chief. Curiosity in the first place had attraeted my attention to the coffee-growers’ haunts; and,-secondly, being very partial to a good cup of that. splendid beverage, I felt a con- siderable interest in the plant and its production and preparation for the table. I was fortunate in finding so ready and willing an informant as Mr. —— proyed to be. On leaving the drying-shed we wound our way by a narrow stony path up a steep hill-side, plentifully sprinkled with low bushes about the size of gooseberry trees, with broad dark green _ leaves, and well covered with little oblong-shaped : berries, in most cases bright green, whilst several were ripe cherry colour. é “Well, you see,” said my guide, in answer to my query on the plentifulness of the coffee berry, “the higher one gets the cooler it is, and the cooler it is the later the crop of berries. Now, we have all sorts of land here—lowland plains, and hills, and even mountainous heights, and wiien the bloom is on the highland plantations 4he fruit is being gathered in the lowlands.” ““¥ was caught napping once or twice—vwell, I may say, inattentive, my attention being taken by, the beautiful fertile mountain slopes, varied by pretty copes, and playful little waterfalls, whilst hundreds of large stones covered with various hued mosses relieved the monotony of flat places, which constantly met one’s eye during ovr walk. ‘ ‘* Yes, it’s a beautiful country,” remarked Mr, —, ‘‘and most productive, too. Out here east we get mostly oranges, bananas, lemens, and such like; whilst down west yonder, onthe lower AGRICULTURIST. [APRIL 1, 1899. ground, sugar cane is vastly uced. It doesn’t pay, though, as it haps should. The bounties ang one PINS ¥ another make the sorclgn sugars come at a lower rate into English markets Out here even it is landed from ohana and French refineries.” We had by this time climbed to a i height, from where a considerable distediow —— be seen beyond the bright s kling waters of the harbour below, and a mood -bisdiatins view was obtained of Port Royal, at the e of a long strip of sand bank, with fever-stricken Kingston at the other in the near distance, at the immediate foot of the hill. After returning I was glad to sit and make a Fog sketch on two to rest, The branches of the coffee plant have different names. The principal is named the primary, the next—a branch of the first—the secondary ‘and so on, and when picking the berry it has. been noticed that those growing on branches nearest the main stalk are larger and of more value than the fruit of the outlying stems, The plantation calls for the greatest attention every tree requiring pruning once a year at least. and the ground has to be hoed and kept clear of deteriorating weeds very often. This, in addition to the labour of picking and cleansing the berry and afterwards sorting and packing for shipment, means an outlay of a g round sum before roasting and grinding can begin, Therefore, when the coffee is ready for the table, jt has caused employment for very many hands, and has been a big expense. In Jamaica the industry is not at present so Stations have closed myat as fORDETAY Many and are closing, on account of the cuttin market prices. My informer graphicalle mena trated this fact by a wave of his hand. Pointing up the mountain side, he said, “* Within my memory this mf Spt oe so thickly covered as to cut out | a sight of the slope; now w Y ; few plants at the base.” e have vonly these The cleansing process of the be prov very interesting. The berry s oF a athe skin, and the valuable part is again enclosed in a thin brown husk. The two coveri are got rid of by two processes. First, the whole ean is passed through a machine, which crushes the berry slightly, and throws it into a trough of water, where it stays for some two days, A curious thing here happens. For the most part the berries sink to the bottom after being in water a little time, and those that do not sink are put aside as not being of the same value as the heaver ones. This done, the whole heap is spread out to y in big square yards with con- crete flooring. The greatest care must now be? exercised, as, should a heavy shower of rain come on whilst drying, the subsequent flavour Of the coffee is interfered with; so a weather prophet is almost necessary at this juncture. After care- fully drying, the water-wheel is again brought into play. This wheel works twomachines. The first we have noticed; the next is a kind of a mortar, into which the beans are put, anda big wooden wheel, copper edged, slightly crushes the _ berries and causes the thin husk to peel off, when it is blown away bya large fan kept in motion- by. the same water-wheel. From this machine the beans come.in a fit ‘state to be roasted. Pre viously, however, they are generally Classified ine different sizes,’ such “as Nos. 1,23 For this, purpose a long cylindrical measure of wire-netti i is used. The whole of the beans’ are “7 down the measure, and come out at tl ene peor fie ae which * sizes” ; € berry has been kept for some eighteen months after thus prepared. it adds to Sts Goel and hence its value. The Jamaican climate nob table = oe produce of the finest br: of ‘coffee, but a aromati is culti CE oue aman = romatic berry is cultiv: Apart 1, 1899.] THE TROPICAL COFFEE IN COORG. From the Administration Report on Coorg which has just reached us from the authorities, we quote as follows :— The total area of coffee land was 1,08,611 acres against 1,09,385 in the previous year, ‘J’hic area in- cludes a great extent of laud which, though originally under cotiee, is now allowed to remain waste by its owners as not suited for coffee. It also contnins u considerable extent of cardamom lands. The area of assessed coffee lands held by European and Native owners respectively is as follows :— No. Acres. European Estates on 356 81,752 Native Estates .. 15,223 76.859 Total 15,579 1,08,611 The ccffee crop during the yea: 8 about 2,500 tons against 2,U30 tons in 1896-97. A posr crop for native coffee a very low market told ssvercly on this industry, and not a few of the smaller planters were 1uined, while others unable to obtain funds with which to work their estates were obliged to neglect their cultivation; and gardens once neglected even for one year are most difficult to get again into good order, eS oo ANKANDE ESTATE COMPANY. The general meeting of this Company was held today in the offices of Messrs. Baker & Hall when the following report was submitted and adopted :— Report of the Directors to 3lst December, 1898._ Directors :—John Aymer, Esq., Chairman, John F. Baker, Esq, H. Creasy, Esq. ACREAGE. Tea os a 175 acres Cocoa and Liberian Ooffee 106 ,, Cardamoms.. on 95. 4, Jungle oe SW LEP ic Total 609 acres, The total crops harvested during the year were as follows :— 38.450 Ib. Tea and 4,814 lb. Green Leaf 4113 lb. Cardamoms 136 3-15 cwts. Cocoa a small quantity of minor products (sold for R6,295)— the whole realising the nett sum of R24,519°85. Interest on the loan of £1,500 stg. has been paid to 31st December last and depreciation on buildings at 10 per cent absorbing R344:21 has been written off. It will be seen that the additions to capital account amount to R5,069°26, and the balance at credit of Pro- fit and Loss it is proposed to carry forward. The Glenury & Alwood Estates have fulfilled ex- pectations, but the deficiency of Orop of Ankande which gave ]b. 69,987 of made Tea during 1897, against lb. 38,450 for 1898 is much to be deplored. The Visit- ing Agent reports that the Estates promise well for 1899, Mr. Jobn F. Baker retires from the Board, and being about to leave the Island for a_ considerable period does not offer himself for re-election. The hareholders will have toappoint a successo-. The appointment of an Auditor for 1899 will rest with the meeting.—Pv order of the Directors, Baker & Hatt Agents and Secretaries. Colombo, 15th Murch, 1399. == a \GRICULTURAL JouUnNAL.”’—Vol, “Dn, Quer 4 SLAND LV. Part 2. We vive the following fromthe contents for Pel: —Anvicnitave—Woheats at Hermitage State arm; Wheat and Maize in the Centyval Districts ; Market Ga dening, Nv. 3; Jadoo Fibro; Tobaeco—Cigar Leaf-curing Barn; Tobacco Under Cover; Bush Work; Dairying ; Viticulture—Vine\ard Notes; Topi cal Industries—Theobroma Cacao; Manu ing of ‘LT opi- eul Plants—Coffee; Ground Coffee ; Coffee in Brazil ; Ramie Fibre ; Rhea; Forestry—Tests of Western Aus- tralian Timbers; Pisciculture—TheGonrami. _ 6 inches 29s ; AGRICULTORIST. 723 MINOR PRODUCTS REPORT, CincHona.—At the second London auctions ofthe yerr, held on Tuesday, nine brokers offered sup- ples amounting to 2,668 packages, (1,911 in January) made up as follows :— Packages offered. Packages, Fast Indian cinchona.1,296 of which 398 were sold Ceylon cinchona 442 9 B34 do Java cinchona 420 Go 420 do African cinchona 235 do 235 Go Cuprea cinchona idu do 5 . . . 4 Rolivion-Calisaya cin- : a0 chona ac 42 do 42 do Cartagena cinchona., 26 do 26 do 2,601 1,939 There was a good competition, and >] obtained were Sieh ten ee cent above i“ Pesent Amsterdam sales. The average unit was lid to 13d per Jb against 1516d to ld at the last London sale. Cinchonidine-yielding barks realised in some instances much higher prices than those paid in Amsterdam, and 13d may be pat down at the unit eels cocoa p ANILLA.—At auction today 1,262 tins and practically all sold at ada pnele ccdt obs: fonwene finer anelisie ss medinm grades being 1s to 3 earer. ome buyers al ; ot the Senet y again purchased most he bulk consisted of Seychelles i black beans, which brought, eae eg eae 27s 6d per lb for 88 to 9 inches; 8} inches 263 6d; 8 to 84 inches 26s; 8 inches 253 6d: 7% to 8 inches 24s to 25s; 74 inches 22s Gd to O43 6d; 7 to 8 inches 23s to 9383 64; 7 inches 29s 6d to 23s 6d; 64 to 7 inches 19s to 23a; 63 inches 20s 6d “to 223: 6 to 7 inches 21s 6d to 22s 6d: (split), 183; 6 to 6; inches 19s to 223 6d; 6 inches 203 6d to 222; 54 to 6 inches 18s to 225 6d; 5} inch 20s to 21s ; 44 to 5 inches 19s; 44 inches 185 to 20s; 33 to 45 inches, 15s to 18s; foxy 12s to 18s per lb. ’ : _ Mauyitius.—74 to 8 inches, 21s to 24s 6d - 7 to 7 inches, 2ls to 23s 64; 6 to 64 inches 193 to 22s 6d; epet 54 a a 21s 6d. : Talstt.—Eleven tins of bold and full fla : offered, and 1 sold publicly at 10s 6d aE eT zenataden Ge Hiei pareel Peay bought in at lis 6d ut no doubt so rivately af ds.— NU. i Panerai P y afterwards.—Chemist and = a Trovr Ova FOR CEYLON.—Mr. W. E David son as Secretary tor the Ceylon Fishing Club: sends us a very Interesting letter reporiirg the progress made in supplying trout fry to different streams upcounury from the ova received in January, We hope the result may be success. ful. The February consignment is so far doing well in ponds. What is said about rainbow trout Ova 18 very interesting, and the experiment is sure to be carefully watched. TEA DISEASE. RePoRT BY MR. CARRUTIIERS. —We certainly do not attach much importance to the Report which Mr. Carruthers has sent to the Planters’ Association on this subject. It is altogether inadequate, and not worthy of himself or his subject. In the first place it would be interesting to ‘know if he has read and studied Dy. ( Watt's magnum opus on ** Fea ay d its Pests? the anse, if noc he can have no proper ides (of ‘how faneoid tron ih “Assim, here is wood eVidence 4 vetieving that the same pests in- fest cerfiin districts inCey lon. Chey ean be foneht nod beaten in tea, as they never could in coffee : but all the same, as Mr. Carruthers indeed con- fesses, 2 niore prolonged and careful investiga- tion is needed before an adequate and useful Report can be furnished, 724 THE TROPICAL THE CEYLON RICE IMPORT TRADE. We can recall the time, thirty to forty years ago, when a local European House maintained a special agent at Chittagong to purchase and ship rice to Colombo. But very recently, the still surviving head of this defunct firm declared that the business was far from being an encouraging one, that the profits, if any, were very limited; and he reiterated a belief which has existed for a generation back in this city, that the rice trade was one to leave to the Chetties. The Chetty monopoly in the rice import trade of Colombo, has, in fact, existed for upwards of thirty years, with the fewest pos- sible interruptions. Last yeara great cry was raised over the prospect of Burma rice coming in to redress the balance and to reduce the Chetty’s prices for Indian rice; but we have not heard so much for some time now of the economi advantages of rice from Rangoon, and we believe it is acknow- ledged that it cannot, generally, compete with rice from Bengal or—when there is an abundant crop—from Southern India. But our readers—and our planting readers es- pecially—will be glad to learn that for some time now, ‘Colombo has enjoyed the novelty of an active, substantial and successful rice import business on a consider- able scale through the agency of a Euro- pean House. This is due to the enterprise of the well-known firm of Messrs. Grunberg Bros., Merchants and Agents, of 28 Dalhousie Square, Calcutta, with branches in Paris and at Singapore, and who, with great ex- erience of the rice trade of Bengal, have ~_fortunately as we think for the planters and public of Ceylon—decided to open a pene house in Colombo under the care of Mr. James Shrager. We had heard, incidentally, for a number of weeks back, of the stir created in Chetty and even steamer circles, by the advent of a mercantile firm with a thorough acquaintance with the rice trade of India, commanding every facility for the purchase and shipment of vice from Bengal and with such a strong. financial backing in capital as must ensure the success of a local ae when once definitively determined on. e interview reported by our representative below, fully bears out these expectations and gives good reason for anticipating that we are entering on a new era in respect of the Rice Import trade. Already, we believe, prices have been favourably affected; and we may well hope that with abundant crops prevailing in India, we are to have a good ‘‘rice” year during 1899 forthe estate coolies, forour urban population and other consumers in Ceylon. It is well-known that we are determined opponents of the present import duty on rice, and that we believe it is a tax certain to be abolished before the new century has been long with us, When that day arrives,—when there is absolute ‘‘free trade” in rice—we may be sure that the fullest benefit resulting from the change will be secured by the public. Hitherto it has been said that the Chetties would appropriate, the equivalent of the duty and keep up prices of rice with impunity! With such competition as now exists, it is not likely tc? we. FP ; AGRICULTURIST, [APRIL 1, 1899, we shall hear any more of objections of this kind to the abolition of the Ceylon import duty on rice, the staple food of the people. = He THE CALCUTTA RICE TRADE. INTERVIEW WITH A EUROPEAN DEALER. Calcutta, though not the largest among the sources of the rice-supply sent to Ceylon, holds a position of great importance both from the high quality of the grain and the great extent of the consignments received there. Hitherto, the trade with Calcutta, as with South India, has been entirely controlled by the ubiquitous hard-dealing Chetty. European dealers have tried time and again to run an opposition trade, but invariably the chetty-ring has proved too strong for the would-be benefactors of the European com- munity and they have had to retire from a prosivions business. Now, however, the well- nown Calcutta firm of Grunberg Bros., which has recently opened a branch in Colombo, seem to be making considerable headway, Hearing that Mr. I. Shrager, the senior of the Calcutta firm was over in Ceylon on a brief ‘business visit, a representative of the Observer called upon him lately with the object of eliciting information on cep- tain points in connection with the Calcutta vice trade. We found Mr. Shrager in the u i office of Messrs. Grunberg Bros. in Canal Street, towards the end of his last day's work in Colombo before proceeding to t hills. He expressed willingness to answer any questions we might put, as far as circumstances made it fitting. “Has the plague,” we asked, “ been largely interfering with the rice trade from Calcutta ?” “Yes, it has,” said Mr. Shrager, “in this way. Several steamers whose destina- tion lay far beyond Colombo, and which called at that port, have been refusing to ship cargo for Colombo, because of the time lost on the voyage. Now that the Indian capital has become a plague-infected port, their homeward journey is delayed by our days if they have cargo to ‘inhi at Colombo, for the voyage takes six ys and the boat has to remain in quarantine till 10 days have elapsed from the time of leaving Calcutta. _ Moreover they are afraid of not being able to fill up with fresh cargo the space emptied here owin to the temporary local disinclination to worl oars to England in Calcutta boats.” ‘*Does the danger of infection by the rice itself have a detrimental effect’ upon the local markets for Calcutta rice?” ** Not at all. As soon as ever rice arrives at Caleutta from the districts it is immediately bought up for export,—so large is the demand.” ‘‘ Your exports from Calcutta are not sent by any means solely to the Ceylon market ?” **Ohno! The same qualities that are taken for Ceylon are exported from Calcutta to a great many. places and as far off as the West Indies and South African Ports. Of course Ceylon is the largest market. The exports to Colombo from Calcutta alone, during January he tie of this year, were about 865,000. ushels,’ : ——— Apri 1, 1899.] THE TROPICAL “Tf plague subsides in Calcutta is_ the rice trade likely to be much developed.” “< So far there has been no falling-off in the exports of rice from Calcutta owing to plague. The crop in India this year isa very bumper one, and the exports from Calcutta should if anything increase, particularly as_ the Burmah and Siam crops are considerably below that of last year.’ “Do the native dealers compete much ?” ‘¢ Amongst themselves there is practically no competition. It is to their own interests not to compete with each other, particularly in Ceylon, as_ they have _ hi- therto had control as a class of the entire rice-trade; they have always taken their price from the head Chetties who set. it as high as they dare, varying it nevertheless according to the tone of the market from day to day. Now that we have come, however, they have been forced to realise that their circum- stances are at last altered by competition.” “What was the origin of your starting business here ?” It was at the latter end of last year that my partner, Mr. C. Shrager, had his attention drawn to the Ceylon rice trade; and on look- ing into it—sending for samples with their prices and comparing these samples and prices with those current at Calcutta and those at which we could supply the same rice— he found that the Chetties were really having a lively time of it, fixing their own ex- orbitant rates and realising immense profits, without any competition at all. We were at the same time given to understand that, if we came and succeeded, as European dealers we should be supplying a long-felt want in the island, although we were at the same time informed that we would find very formidable rivals in the Chetties.’ “How do you find the local competition now? Has your coming here affected the prices charged ?” “Distinctly. The Chetties shewed very strong feeling at first and hinted to the steamer agents that they had retaliatory measures in view and would boycott the boats that our rice was carried in. But that feeling has subsided and already their prices have come down considerably.” ‘“Which do you consider is likely to be the more economical supply—South India or Bengal ?” -** Bengal, taking everything into account. The steamer rates from Calcutta are really lower because the competition is greater. Far more steamers go to and from there than ever call at Madras. The resources of Bengal, too, in rice-growing are fully equal, if not superior, to those of Southern India.” Here Mr. Shrager rose to show us some samples of rice from the two regions just referred to. We asked if there was any method of testing the quality of the rice, as in tea-tasting, by some decoction therefrom or by tasting it in a boiled condition. Mr. Shrager said that such methods were never used, the accustomed eye being able to tell both its quality and its native place from mere inspection. Placing samples of Calcutta and Madras rice side by side, as Mr. Shrager did for us, even the uninitiated could not fail to see that the more northerly grain was the whiter, Pay and richer, the Madras species being, though darker, much more AGRICULTURIST. 725 transparent. Burmah rice was also brought out andits resemblance to that of Bengal, although it was much better cleaned, appeared to be wonderfully close. The sight of it naturally led to the question : “Can Burmah rice compete with that of Calcutta ?” ‘“With a normal crop, it ought to, most certainly. We have ourselves imported a lot from Rangoon, but. the chief buyers say that they have never succeded in getting the majority of their coolies to like the Rangoon rice. Hither the coolies didn’t find it so good for them or they were more accustomed to the other kinds. Similar feeling was evidenced in India in the famine before last; starving though the natives were, many of them refused to touch Rangoon rice. In the last famine, however, they were more ready to acceptwhatever was pro- vided, and a large quantity of Rangoon rice was disposed of in Fee era kednes aa hundred thousand tons. In Ceylon, I am of opinion that there is not so general and genuine a dislike of Rangoon rice among the coolies as reports would lead one to believe. Com- pisints as to the kind of rice supplied are rought by the head kangani to is planter and he takes them as such. But many of these complaints are invented. Kanganies get the coolies to say they dislike the rice supplied ; it is to the interest of the former to present such objections. They are for the most part either hand-in-hand with the Chetties, or under their thumb. But, con- sidering only the quality of the rice itself, there is absolutely no reason why it should not be largely imported. It would be just as well, too, for Ceylon to develop this source of supply, as far as possible, for if plague increases in Calcutta the difficulties in draw- ing rice from that port will grow in pro- portion. ‘You have other branches of business than at Calcutta ?” ““Yes, beside this one at Colombo, we have branches at Singapore and at Paris.” Here we bade Mr. Shrager good day, but as he came with us to the stairs we recalled one point which had half surprised us. ““You spoke just now of the Chetties pro- posing to boycott the steamers which carried your rice. If they made this threat, what prevented them from carrying it out?” “Well, they didn’t actually go so far as to propose the measure. They only hinted at the possibility of their taking that step, and we in consequence found some difficulty in engaging tonnage. Since my arrival, however, we have received advice from Calcutta that agents are now willing to book our vice to Colombo, and we do not now anticipate any further trouble on this score.” ““You return to India soon ?” “Yes; in a week. I came chiefly in con- nection with this move of the local dealers.” ‘**And you have been here—”’ ‘‘One week; I go upcountry tomorrow, for the last few days of my trip.” We had heard that no business to which the Messrs. Shrager had put their hands had ever yet failed, and our conversation and brief personal contact with the senior, left us with the impression that this record was not to be broken, 426 TIE AMBRICAN TEA” TRADE Mt. ik, PISEOS VIEWS, Mpy,. Ke. Be dtaneos Pay 00 ~hGh, so pUsh Ceyion tea inthe Unies Staces one Canw married by the N.L. ss. $¢ rg Heinrich” a jew days go. Shortly after one of ou: representatives had a conversation with him at the Galle Face Hotel regarding the progress of Ceylon tea in Ametica, The inerease he said had been very slow. In the first place the average of tea consumed in the States Was only about a pound and a third per annum per head whereas coffee was tak nm in meh larger quantities than it was aim oust the Booli-b people. THE EFFECT OF THE WAR In answer to a question as io the effeet (he war had on Ceylon tea, Mr. Pineo said that a heavy duty was put on tea instead of nothing as was - formerly the case. whereas coffee was exempted, The effect of this was that the large dealers bought np large quantities, previous to the imposition of the duty in July last and did not goto the market again till recently when their aceumlated stock had been exhausted. ‘‘ Did tlris Jessen the amount of tea generally sold” asked our reporter 7—Mr. Pineo thought it was about the same asusual and would show no decrease in Ceylon. CHINA AND JAPAN. The bnik of the tea sold was trom China and Japan, and the latter country was working very energetically to inerease its sale by advertising in the papers with great success. Ceylon tea was however finding its way aniongst the peeple. Ceylon tea was often blended with the China and Japan teas. ‘The traders were very reluctant to let Ceylon become pupular ainongst the people considering that the profits ou China and Japan were greater than on Ceylon. The idea was that one pound of our staple product displaced twe and a half pounds of China and Japan tea as it went so much further and so here the trade snffered a loss. The profit on Ceylon was as half as greatin the aggregate as China and Japan teas. THE PRESS. A great deal had been said in the American press, but the papers had _as a whole taken very little interest in the subject and he had tried to work through the press by advertising largely. It was Mr. Mackenzie who had initiated the ad- vertisemnent about Lady Curzon liking Indian and Ceylon tea and it evidently pleased the Yankees. The tendency was now to inake the Ameri- can feel’ very friendly towards England. Every- where he had been, the feeling had entirely changed. Formerly the American press never allowed an opportunity to escape of talking against England, _but now in the same way they always praised her up. The American. tariff was a great blot on their Go- vernment, but so long as the Government of the country changed every four years there seemed to be uncertainty of its being done away with. The control of politics more or less seemed to be in the grasp of the great monopolists and ailway and other corporations, ue veportet asked Mr. Pineo what’ he thought, . was the result of the Tea Campaign in Anierica. > He replied they had every reason to wish to keep ‘the American market open which conld only be done by wise methods and expending a good deal Or sete Of course, Mr: Pineo said: I mean a judicious use of money. You do not i “want to spend money right and left, for you might as well threw it into the sea. Mr. Pineo said I think the method pursued by Mr, Mac kenzie at the time he commenced was the bes 4 to 8d, were in demand. They did not like “was very heavy. Momi wood was todheary. — ee ew that could have been devised, but I think how that he has gained experience eof the Ametican) market and the American le ~omething better could he done by him. “What that Letter, was Mr. Pineo did not suggest. The trade in the United States hated the idea of Ceylou tea getting a firm footing in the market and would do all they can to prevent it. On the other hand in Canada indi nee was ex- pressed. In both the States and Canada’ the trade want a low priced tea to sell at a high one, *o that the people did not get the quality they should for the money. The part where tea was must used in Canada was the matitime province, where they drink 6 Ib. 3 head per annum, a favourable contrast to the Staves. In the Jatter country Ceylon tea was consumed the most in the Central and Eastern States. In the South coffee reigned supreme and in the Western and Pucifie States the trades was in the hands of China and Japan. A ‘* KEEPING” TEA WANTED. In conclusion Mr. Pineo said what was wanted was that Ceylon should improve the quality of the tea especially with regard to its property and keeping ak one as Ceylon tea went off very quickly. e had visited the most celebrated of the Japan distriets ‘and he must say the methods used for keepitig thé pro. perties might be learned with advant ih eylon. Mr. Pineo is about to join one of the firins in Colombo with a view to buying tea and shipping direct to Canada. CEYLON TEA IN RUSSIA: Mr. S. J. Tokmakoff, who is in charge of the newly opened local branch of Messrs. Tokmakoff, Molotkoff & Co., Russian tea buyers, who do business in Foochow, Kin- kiang, Tientsin, Moscow and Kiachta, has been interviewed by a representative of our contemporary to whom he said that in Rus- sia they did not drink pure Ceylon. tea he- cause it was not sufficiently soft in flavour. Ceylon tea, however, was used for blending with China’s. Tea which came to Russia over the European frontier and by sea was dutiable to the extent of 21 — roubles of 2s 6d each on every pood of 40 lb., a Russian und being equal to 1:1 ca lb. The Sake on caravan teas was only 13 gold roubles upon the same amount of tea. A much higher rate—about 30 to 40 per cent—was charged for railway freight of tea brought to Odessa by all vessels other than Russian, and this affected all tea alike. He was now buying entirely for the Russian market, but would buy for we 3 other country if he got orders. He was also prepared to do busi- ness in other products. Darjeeling teas were very much liked because of their soft flavour, but. the consumption of Indian tea was not advancing so fast as that of Ceylon. . Black tea made into bricks was always drunk in Siberia. The bricks were. made by machi- nery out of ‘‘fannings ” and dust.. Greentea | was also made into blocks, the old green leaves being used. , iv Mostly cheap and medium teas, from: 6d a large leaf. They were rather dissatisfied with Ceylon packages. They liked paper between the lead and the tea, Tandiiraail very bad. The lead got broken, and the tare -sisacqe TO PLANTERS AND OTHERS. OF COMMERCIAL PRODUCTS. Hevea, Erasiliensis (Para Rubber) -—Seeds and Plants supplied, immediate delivery, ‘quantity limited, good arrival guaranteed, packed to stand 4 to 6 months’ transit well, five “hundred plants in each Wardian case. Out of a supply of Para Rubber seed collected in July, 1897, and preserved by us, a ‘@uantity was forwarded to Hammond Island in December of the same year, and the gentle- ‘than who ordered the seeds in ordering a further supply wrote us on the 30th April, 1898 :— “All the seeds done well, and now some of the plants from them are 18 inches high.” This seed was put in nursery eight months after gathering. A Mersantile firm who.ordered 30,000 Para Rubber plants in 60 Wardian cases, 500 plants in each, wrote 5th April, 1898 :—“T note that you accept delivery of 60 cases. We shall probably require further supply of seeds and plants.” For price, instructions and particulars, see our Circular No. 30, post free on application. Manihot Glaziovii (Ceara Rubber).—Fresh seeds available all the year round for shipment at any time, guaranteed to stand good 8 to 12 months. For price, instructions and particulars, see our Circular No. 31, post free on application. Castiiioa Elastica (Panama or Central American Rubber ):—Seeds and Plants supplied See our Circular No. 32 for price, instructions and particulars, post free ow application. Urceola Esculenta (Burma Rubber) —A ‘creeper Seed and Plants. Landolphia Kirkii (African Rubber).—A creeper Seed and Plants. Seeds and Plants of Cinnamon, Nutmeg, Clove, Kolanut and different varieties of Coffee, Cacao, Tea, Coca, Fibre, Medicinal and Fruit trees, Shade and Timber trees, also Palms Bulbs and Orchids, &c. Professor MacOwan writes :— DEPARTMENT Or AGRICULTURE, Messrs. WILLIAM Bros. Care Town, 27'rH Juty, 1898. GENTLEMEN ,—I have this morning received your letter of 21st June covering parcel of Catalogues, It will give me pleasure to fulfil your wishes in regard to their distribution among likely purchasers. You will be glad to learn that we have very good reports of the success of the semi-tropical things “went by you to the little Hastern Coast-strip of this Colony, particularly about the mouth of the Buffalo Ram at Bast London, Pine Apples‘are now grown there far superior to the stuff sent half ripe by sea Yrom Natal. ; Always yours faithfully, (Signed) P. MacOWAN, Government Botanist Our enlarged Descriptive Price List of Tropical Seeds and Plants of Commercial Products for 1899-1800 now in the press, post free on application. Agents in London :—Mussrs. P. W. WOOLLEY & Co., 33, Basinghall Street. Agent in Colombo, Ceylon:—K. B, CREASY, Esq. Telegraphic Address ; J. P. WILEIAM & BROTHERS, WILLIAM, VEYANGODA, CEYLON, Tvopical Seed Merchants, A.I. and A.B.C. Codes used, HENARATGODA, CEYLON 91 THE TROPICAL CEYLON TEA IN 1898, This mail brings us the annual Report of Messrs. Wilson, Smithett & Co., entitled **Ceylon Tea Memoranda for 1898.” Pend- ing its publication in full, we may call at- tention to some of its more salient features and we are glad to see that these are so favourable to the prospects of our planting community. For instance, at the outset, this well-known Mincing Lane Firm with their large experience, express the belief ‘that the bed- rock of value has at length been struck, and that we may look forward in the future to a greater stability of the market and tc less nervous apprehension with regard to over-supply. A period seems to have arrived when production is not likely to increase to a greater extent than the expansion in the new markets will be able to provide for.” It had been previously shown that the average price for Ceylon tea in 1898 was practically the same as in 1897. On garden account, the teas sold worked out an average of 778d last year, against 783d in 1897 and 821d in 1896. ‘Home consumption” of Ceylon tea in the United Kingdom fell shortly 3 million lb., due entirely to restricted shipments from Colombo to London. On the other hand the re-exports last year amounted to 11'7 per cent of the total deliveries against 10:1 per cent in 1897; but the great expansion, of course, took place in the direct trade from Ceylon to other countries than Great 728 ritain. As to the quality during 1898, the cg is that it was fully up to the average; while during last autumn a really high level was reached for a Pr roportion of the offerings. As to ee aN Hepat » of tea the limits continue to be defined as 18 chests, 24 half-chests and 40 boxes. In the summary of estate sales, the first estate mentioned is Diyagama with. 1,119,500 Ib. the average being so high as 93d against 91d for 1,115,000lb. in 1897. This report arrives very appropriately, just as the able and experienced resident Manager of Diyagama, Mr. Dick-Lauder, is about to return home on well-earned furlough. To have shipped the largest record quantity of tea for any estate and to have secured so high an average is no small testimony to the great value of the property and to the admirable management in both field and factory. Next we have Galaha with 1,003,000 lb. at an average of 7d against 934,000 Ib. averaging 74d in 1897. Of estates ‘shipping over 500,000 1b., the lead is taken by Hauteville with 592,0001b. at 10d.—the same average as 1897. St. Leonards has the highest average 113d for 522,500Ib. For 350,000 lb. and over we get Bandara- ola first with 366,500lb. averaging d Taint 6d for 391,000 1b. in 1897. Talawakelle has the highest average (105d) for 400,000 Ib. Above 200,000lb. we get Abbotsleigh with AGRICULTURIST. [Apna 1,899, 251,000 lb. and an average of 10d: while Ragalla takes the lead with 233,500 |b. aver- agin 1lZd against 229,5000 Ib. avy ing 93d in 1897, Above 100,000 Ib., comes ‘Abbotstord with 188,000 Ib., and an average of 93d,; the lead being taken by Concordia with 185,500 Ib. averaging lljd. “Above 50,000Ib., Aber- geldie comes with 86,500 Ib. averaging 7d, the lead being with Silverkandy for 87,5001b, and an average of 1s ld. “Above 20,000 lb., the lead is taken by Pedro and Holbrook, both with an average of 11d, the former selling 30,000 1b., and the latter 20,000 Ib. of tea. The return for Districts is given as follows :— Estimated relative Yield and Ay Price re- alised for the different Ceylon Tea Districts, com- iled from the Public Auctions held in London etween January Ist and December Bist, 1898 :— Average Average Price Price per lb. per lb, Nuwara Eliya, Matu- Jb. 1898, 1897. ratta and Udapus- about about about sellawa 3,500,000 ine 10d Dimbula 18,000,000 9d Bogawantalwa 3,500,000 9d Dikoya... 5,000,000 84d. Haputale 2,500,000 — ! ve! $y 5,000,000 8d Maskeliya 4,000,000 7 7. Hewaheta bisa 1,500,000 7 7. Pusselawa, Kotmale, Pundaloya & Ram- oda ... -- 8,500,000 74a 74d Sanbeseann wl and : pies ower Dikoya ... 000, 7. 7. Nilambe and Han- ia z tane -» 4,000,000 7 7 Sabaragamuwa ... 200,000 7 7. Knuckles, Kalle- Res Rangale, &e. 4,500,000 7d id atale and Hunas- geria --- 4,000,000 7d 7d Kadugannawa and Alagala oli 1,500,000 7d Kalutara --- 3,000,000 64d Dolosbagie and ; Yackdessa oe 5,000,000 d Kelani Valley ... 8,000,000 64d N.B.—Untraceable marks to the extent of about 2,000,000 lb. averaging 7d per Ib. are notincludedin the above estimate d —_—__.@— a] ‘‘COFFEE-PLANTING AND SELF-HELP” is the title of a letter from Mr. W. Rowland _of ‘‘ Lamquart, Port Dickson” to the Singapore F Press, in which he mentions disadvantages of Malayan planters : — 1.—Having to try our coffee more thorou hly be« fore sending it to Singapore than to Port Pickental 2.—Having to pay from Port Dickson to Singapore some 40 per cent more for freight on parchment and water. 3.—Having no chance of making a profit on sdch an establishment and reduce working-cost considerably later on, as would be if we had one on the Estate or if this co-eperative mill were started. And urges the establishment of a coffee-curing : store at Port Dickson ;— If we cure our coffee in Port Dickson, there is an end to it, but if we send it to Singapore to be milled, whatever amount of care we may bestow upon it, it will take a long time before establishing there a known mark—if eyer—and probably others, ss take much less care with their staff, will earn the fruits of our toils. © Apri 1, 1899.] THE TROPICAL WEST AFRICAN RUBBER. THE “KICKXIA AFRICANA,” THE THREATENED DESTRUCTION OF A VALUABLE INDUSTRY. (By an Occasional Correspondent.) Kickxia Africana is the botanical name of a rubber- yielding tree, erroneously known to many, even in West Africa, as the Lagos Rubber Tree, although its commercial utility was first recognised on the Gold Coast, where it was regarded as an important source of trade long before energetic little Lagos rubbed its half-opeued, sleepy commercial eyes, and fortunately for itself rediscovered it when the eycling craze set the world a wheel and createdia demand for rubber which has always overlapped the supply and will always con- tinue to do so, considering the number of dormant industries involving its use that will leap into activity and outpace any additional supply. — Be I am almost tempted to digress into describing the marvels of the West African bush, where trees yielding rubber, incredibly long bark fibre valuable timber, gums, and various sorts of oil, &., flourish gide by side with others carrying lurking death in their wood, bark, flowers, leaves, and fruit—all joined together, as it were, in weird comradeship by inter- lacing creepers, including the world-famed Strophanthus, whose seeds are almost worth their weight in gold. Tt is, I think, generally admitted that the coagulated milk of the Kickxia forms the principal rubber supply of West Africa. The economic value of this supply hag progressed by leaps and bounds for a few years in each of our Hast African Colonies, Protectorates, etc. and declined as rapidly after reaching an unex: pected climax that has puzzled colonial officials, par- ticularly those immediately connected with revenue and financial departments. The diminution in the output has been brought about not by the diversion of this particular branch of trade industry to French or German spheres of cemmercial, competitive acti- vity, but by IGNORANT, WASTEFUL, AND DEPLORABLY SUICIDAL METHOD d by the Aborigines in tapping the milk from fi lastiferons inner bark in such a destructive way, and at such unreasonable times, that, thousands of trees have died from exhaustion, deprivation of the chance of bark healing and recuperation by unseason- * able tapping, and unnecessarily deep scorings through the barks into the wood os ise Gee ponder ingest n invitingly easy prey toa destructive grub or mag- got with ed A eailection for the wood of the Kickxia, and a prolific fecundity that is simply astounding. Whether the maggot is the progeny of a beetle in an entomologically transitional state like the coffee borer, palm weevil, &c., I have not determined from lack of opportunity for scrutinous observation ; but that it attacks the exposed wood of the Kickxia, with fata! results is a certainty, preventable by judicious tapping, as I shall subsequently show. Besides the supply from the Kiclcxia, RUBBER IS ALSO OBTAINED FROM THREE SPECIES OF VINE, incipally Landolphia, forming, however, only a Pxth ey event of the total rubber output of West Africa. Three kinds of Ficus also yield a commercially nnimportant supply of what is called paste rubber. This Is capable, however, of vast improvement, while in 1 milky state, by the use of the proper coagulating fluid. The rubber from the vines and ficus being comparatively unimportant, I shall confine my descriptive attention to the Kickxia, which is, must be, and is easily capable of being, not only the prop but the buttress of the fast declining West African Rubber Trade Industry. It is, moreover, an easily cultivable plantation rubber, and, being indigenous, ossesses reproductive advantages it would be atuously suicidal to overlook. There are certainly excellent species like the four kinds of Hevea of Brazil, the Castilloa Elastica of South America and Mexico, and the Micus Elastica of Assam and India that imbue hopes of prosperous alternatives, but, alas, AGRICULTURIST, 799 a delusive hopes, because the seeds lose their vitality with such disappointing rapidity. Hence what is really urgently needed in West Africa is an indigenous, easily propagable rubber that will give bushmen tke minimum of trouble in planting and growing from seed in the bush to continually supply substitutes, growing and mature, to replace trees killed by destructive tapping. Tt will thus be seen that the aboriginal bushman, tha tapping producer, cannot be depended upon to con- serve Kickxia from the destructive effects of bad tapping. It will be conclusively seen under the heading Seed that the Kickxia is easily and inexpen- sively propagable, although the peculiarity of its com- parative isolation seems to militate against the fact. Dr. Stapf’s amplification of Bentham’s description under the heading Apocynaceoe in the “ Flora of Tropical of Africa,’ is in the main, accurate. The lithographed illustration of a pair of follicles forming a supplement to the Kew Bulletin No. 106, for October, 1895, is slightly misleading. Lhe follicles I have plucked from the tree areon an average 8 inches long and planoconvex. ‘They split open when perfectly matureina straight line, equidistant from the longi+ tudinal ridges, on the plane face, SEED. The Kickxia flowers in the dry or Harmattan season, simultaneously shedding itsseed from mature folli- cles developed from the previous year’s flowering, Having often donned climbing spurs and a circum- ferential supporting rope, I have climbed the Kickxia, remaining amongst the branches for hours watching theseedfall. Thisthey cannot possibly do till the follicle has entirely split from base to tip; even then they flozt down singly to the rhythmic movement of the tree’s gigantic armsin the breeze, leaving the pod first in the centre. The follicles are tightly packed with seed pointing tipwards, the reversedsilky hairsattached with the basalawn pointing in the same direction. On a slightly breezy day I have seen thousands parachute down—none per- pendicularly ; all point downwards with the basal awn and supporting silky hairs keeping the seed in an upright position for some time, as if nature desired the radicle point to penetrate the soil. Un- fortunately this interesting provision of nature to assist germination is counteracted in the dense bush by preventing under-growth and the equally deterring carpet of leaves, on which the seed invariably alights to quickly rot or abortively germinate; owt of soil, assisted by the warm, humid, equable temperature of the dense bush. ‘This being so, it is quite evident that hardly one seed in many million has even the soupcon of a chance of germinating to some purpose. For these reasons the Kickxia grows in singular iso- lation like all trees in dense forests with winged, light, delicate seed. Its capacity for reproduction, however, is great, and easily convertible into an ac- complished fact if follicles were collected from trees, the seed taken from them and planted in the bush. If the different Colonial and Protectorate Govern- ments of West Africa would only encourage the gathering of the seed, which is simple enough, and persuade the natives to give them the ghost of a chance of germinating -im soil in the bush. Iam fully persuaded that within seven years from the initiation of this precautionary measure, they will have RE-CREATED A RUBBER INDUSTRY that will not only prove a reliably constant source of reactive revenue, but will soon outrival the everlasting alm oil and palm kernels that haye reached and Beclined from the zenith of remuneration owing to cheaper substitutes and the volition of industry re- quiring their reduced use to Belgium, Germany, and America. The Gold Coast colony, with tracks, paths, and roads into the interior, has special facilities for coming in contact with robber-gathering bushmen, and being handicapped for want of waterways, bulky prodnce like palm-oil and palm-kernels are with extreme difficulty conveyed to the coast. Rubber, on the contrary, is extremely valuable for bulk, and easily tronsportable, and short of present or prospec- 730 THE TROPICAL tive demand must form the keystone of the industrial arch of this colony—a suggestive arch, pregnant with pathetic meaning; an. arch whose stones haye been cemented together by the life blood of Englishmen who have. sweated in the world’s valley of Death pursuing various careers in trade and in Government aervice. It is to be hoped that this colony in parti- cular will be successful and avail itself of the hopeful rospect of inducing bushmen tu sow the seed of the Folnie, which flourishes in theinterior. The pro- cess is simplicity itself, as it involves only clearing the bed of leaves, loosening the soil for a foot in cir- oumference to the depth of a couple of inches, and dropping two or thieo seeds on the loosened bed. The seed will germinate rapidly, the seedling grow quickly, and take care of itself in the bush. The seeds, if carefully kept, preserve their vitality for a considerable time, thus possessing an incalenlable advantage over the short-lived seed of other good rubbers, particularly for plantation»purposes. Being only six to seven inches long and delicately spindled, they pack into a conveniently small compass, render- ing it possible to send tens of thousands by parcel post ridiculously cheap. I know for a fact that the soil and climatic conditions are eminently favourable in the Straits Settlements and over vast areas in Geylon, Lowe: Burmah, Assam, and other places in India, it is possible to utilise the services of splendid- ly-trained, efficiently-equipped, and thoroughly-or- ganised forest departments. SOIL, , The Kickxia, thrives, best in a sandy clay, with a subsoil of clay. I have seen it flourishing in stiff clay, but with feeders only partially buried. Of course, under the latter condition the damp, dark shade of the bush is necessity. In quite a number of clearings in Wrest Africa I have seen it growing luxuriantly as, & sapling in loose, friable, sandy loam, althongh I mast admit it had a tendency to be rather branchy, re- mediable, however, by judicious pruning. I should say the ideal soil for a plantation would be a loose Randy clay, with more.sand thin clay, and a subsoil of clay, so, that during the warm, dry season the latter ould act as a reservoir, supplying requisite moiature yy capillary attraction. PRUNING. In the bush, the growing sapling sheds its vimaries till it practically oyertops the aan surrounding forest growth, 70 and often 80 feet from its base. At. this elevation I have seen quite a number of trees throw, cut their gigantic arms, Nature, more by surroundings than by heredity, if I may say 80, seems to. prune. ii in the bush in her own incom- parable, way to ensure a splemdid trunk sxrface. for tapping, When itgrows inthe open, artificial pruning becomes necessary. As the desideratum is to haye good trunk height or tapable surface, unnecessary pri- maries should be pruned away close to the stem, leaving a,suficient. number with. concomitant leafage to.form, new wood. ‘he Kickxia is also capable of being stumped, even when pretty old. Should the tree bos hopelessly irregular, stumping should beresorted to. but enly in, the rainy season, when its roots, with the assistance of. moisture, adequately help in the preser- vation of oldjand the formation of new wood. All bné the best.sucker or shoot should be pruned away, care being taken to tar-the exposed wood, to prevent the destructive incursion of the grub or maggot. “TAPPING. Azsuming that the tree has reached maturity, syste- matic tapping is necessary or rather essential to get a reliable annual supply of rubber; the best way to do this is to make a longitudinal conducting channel up the trunk from the base. It must be recollected that this is only a conducting channel to capture the milk from oblique, transverse scorings in the bark. The seorings into the bark resemble the letter V, forming angles where they meet the conducting channel of approximately 45°. Rectangular scorings would facilitate the milk flowing down the trunk irregularly instead of all into the conducting channel and straight down the trunk into the receptacle placed at the base of the tree to collect the milk for co- Fa RD pd oh i ¢ AGRICULTURIST. [Apr 1, 1608. agulation, It stands to, reason that the transverse scorings and conducting channel shouldbe respectively continuous, otherwise there would be a diversion and consequent waste of milk fovins away at the points where they are disjointed. For this reason a machete, even in the hands of a skilfal BLuropean craftsman, would be almost useless, leading to independent cute and net continuous scorings, considering that the operator must be im au UDe. stable, wobbly position, like Vahomed'’s mythicg) coffin. Anyway, he must be above ferra firma where, hie machete or knife strokes cannot produce continnows, and contermiuous scorings, but must necessarily be disjointed and fluky. The inner bark shonld be cut deeper thanagnartero! an inch, as this is sufficient to drain away enough milk from the tree facilitate the healing of the bark which may be saf accelerated by the application of what I may with every apology to the medical profession, am antiseptic plaster, composed of one part of quicklime, two parts wood-ashes, and five parts clay. This only excludes the oxygenie, deteriorative action atmosphere, but, what is more important, pre the depredatory entry of the dreaded grub or If this system be adopted an annaal supply is andthe conservation of the tree pm Mor the oblique scoxings could be made less thay a apart, without in any way. retarding the comple covers of the bark or hindering recuperation, wonld be so rapid as. to enable the being tap) again the. following year, It is ivisable. how that the.scorings should be fully a foot apart. being dene, a month or so after the commence of the rainy, season. This would leave a good period for, rapid, healthy convalescence, and compl recovery before the advent of the ensuing dry se XIELD. The Kickxia, when treated. judiciously, yields tween, three-quarters and o pound of rubber for ey, ear of its age—that is, a tiee twelve years old e safely depended upon to yield nine pounds rubber. A a of: Kickxtd’ ribbe coagalatedy pound o ickxia rubber, properl should realise at least 2s 9d. siaiicamitapoe in London. The milk, when ’ Ka 4 allowed to coagulate itself, realises. 2s. a pound. Trade rubber, adulterated by, the bushmen to, megs daciously increase its, weight, and soaked in 7 by traders for the same reason, fluctuates in, —_ from. 1s. 6d. to.1s. 9d. a pound, When the coagulating fluid is used condensation, isamore genous, so. to say, that the resulta compactly wel mass of rubber, with. no air chambers and holes of uncoagulated milk. By soaking the bales o as they are brought to his factory in water the generally converts the uncoagulated milk into a p smelling liquid. I am positive it is well worth the while. of alk West African Governments to interest thems in the easy bush cilture of the Kickxia, as are being destroyed very rapidly by avavoidaiger deplorable, primitive tapping, which cannot possi be avoided, as 1 have shown, but can be peinetliea as indicated by providing growing substitutes to re- place fast dying trees. Moreover, the manner of replacement is simplicity itself. I strongly adwise sticking to the Kickxia in West Africa. It mustbe borne in mind that seven eighths of the rubber ex comes from the Kickxia, the growth of which it ie imperative to encourege as a means of reyiving @ remunerative and, consequently, revenue yielding. branch of trade.—Commercial Intelligence, Feb. 25, FO , ~= For HEsDACHE.—At the last meeting of, t Paris Therapeutical Society, M Gallois mentione that he had obtained good resuits by treating headache by bicarbonate of soda, taken at m times in water, the proportion being a tea-spoongs of bicarbonate to a quart of water,—Chemist. a Druggist; March 11, © : . Aprit 1, 1899.] THE TROPICAL PRODUCE AND PLANTING. TzA Drinxine IN Russ1a.—While perhaps the great- est tea-drinking nation in the worldis sti!l under the spell of the Chinese grower, the planters of India and Ceylon cannot say that there are no mere markets for them to conquer. Possibly it is prejudice, or may be it is simple cussedness, but the Russians will have China tea, and a writer in the Anglo-Russian tells us thet the chances are they will continue in their obstinate course for a long time, although that re- mains to be seen. This writer, however, telis us something of the habits of the Russian, who, he says, drinks enormous quantities of tea, sufficient to frighten the Hnglishman. “he poor Russian, he says, uses he so-calied .‘‘ brick” tea. This is the cheapest sort, being mixed with the stems, and compressed by some adhesive gum into dry-cakes of varicus sizes, resembl- ing in its appearance ‘‘ plug” tobacco. This tea, which would probably proye poisonous to anyone else, is consumed by the Russian working man at the average rate of about 20 stakans (or tumblers) aday, the Russian stakan being quite equal to five of the little thimbles of cups used in England at afternoon teas. Indeed, a Russian won’t be satisfied until sedmoi pot proshibyot,” or ‘‘ the seventh perspira- tion breaks out,’ according to the popular saying. Taking into consideration that black, sour or bitter, brick-like bread, raw onions, garlic, dried leather-like fish, and strongly salted herrings are. usually the chief articles of food of the people at large, one must not wonder at the enormous quantity of hot tea needed to still a Russian’s thirst and help on his digestion. The inferior sort of tea is, besides, very cheap, but, of course, itis not the “‘brick” tea as used by the poor moujik that enjoys a world-wide reputation, but that in use among the middle and upper classes. In such households tea at the price of 5s or 63 per pound (0.90 of the English*pound avoirdupois) is quite an ordi- nary thing, while in wealthier families 10s to 12s per pound isfrequently paid. There are choice sorts of teas which are sold even at twenty roubles per pound, - but of these only a few leaves are used to add an extra delicious aroma to the ordinary tea. Thus the high quality of the tea itself, brought overland and most carefully packed, is the chiefreason of its superiority over the teasin use in Western Europe. But apart from the tea itself, the Rassian method of preparing it goes a long way to contribute to the fine taste of the beverage. In this process the famous ‘ samovar ” plays the principal part, and a word or two of ex- planation will not be amiss. Tue PassInc oy tHE Crovup.—The follow- ing from the Grocer about the rice in prices of Indian teas is encouraging: “Periods — of abnormal cheapuess,” says the trade organ, ‘‘are not infrequently followed by intervals of exceptional dear- ness, and such is the experience of those in the Indian tea trade just now. Several seasons of abundant and increasing crops following clese upon one another had, up to the end of last year, so flattened the market that prices were forced down to an extremely low point—so low, indeed, as to make it almost impossible to produce tea at a remunerative figure—and many of the com- panies in India, considerable distances apart, were, as growers or importers of tea, beginning to find the in- dustry an unprofitable one so far a3 they were con- cerned. The wholesale dealers were also said to be losing money in the article by holding larger stocks than were supposed to be necessary, and buying brokers had more parcels on handthan they seemed to have any prospect of turning over ata profit. This was the state of affairs upto the close for the Christmas holidays, and nobody had the courage to initiate an upward moye iu prices, which would have paid them handsomely for their trouble. » Inoreastne Consumprion,—“ Everything was left to chance, and it was the opinion of the majority of the trade that, because Indiantea had been exceedingly cheap, it was going to continue so for an _in- definite term. Meanwhile,” says the Grocer, “ there were certain forces in operation which were calcu- AGRICULTURIST. 731, lated to bring about quite opposite results, and chj among these was the exon use of the ee not only in this country, but in places abroad. British-grown tea is evidently an especial favonrite with most classes of consumers, its merits in yield-. ing a good, strong liquor in cup, and likewise. in possessing a peculiar pungency of flavour, ensuring for it a ready reception wherever it is introduced ; and every year a widening out of the consumption has been seen. Marked as this was last year, when 133,430,350 Ib. Indian tea were consumed in the United Kivgdom, in opposition to 124,534,194 Ib. in 1897, it has been even more so since; and during the past two months the London clearances alone of the same kind of tea for home use and exporta- tion have been augmented by 2,191,200 lb., the total] mounting up te 24,847,200 Ib., in contrast with 22,656,000 1b. in 1898. Whilst this expansion in the deliveries for general purposes has been going on all surplus stocks in the hands of holders have been gradually worked off, and the stock of Indian tea here, which-at the end of February, 1898 embraced 64,080,300 lb., against only 55,424,700 Ib. in 1897, was by the 1st instant shrunk to 59,460,000 lb. It therefore now shows adeficiency of 4,620,300 1b., instead of an excess of 8,655,600 lb. as it did a twelve-month ago, Ax Improved Ovrtoox.—The recent advance in prices for common sorts—equalling from the lowest point 13d to 2d per lb on all: Indian teas below 8d— has naturally caused quite a commotion amongst the blenders and purveyors of packet teas, which area great speciality with the trade; and so increasingly. difficult has it become to execute orders since the. commencement of the year that purchasers in urgent need of stock have been compelled to enter the market tor Ceylon and China descriptions, to pick up there such kinds as might suit them as substitutes for the familiar and useful varieties of Indian growths. Nor is there any alternative to this mode of dealing, which must be more or less cramped while the avails able supplies in first hands are diminishing, without the least prospect of an increase until the opening of a new season, and that is a long way off at present, The rise in prices, not having been brought about by over-speculation, is a perfectly genuine one, and it is because most parties are convinced of the soundness ef its position that they incline to the opinion, says the Grocer; that the recent advance in Indian tea ig likely to be well maintained.—H and C Mail, March 10, i. “Tue InprAn Forester.”—In the Febru of this little periodical Mr. J. §, Gamble Sioces retiring from the editorship, writes :—The editorship of the Indian Forester is no sinecure: there have ben times when I have had great difficulty in making up @ number and, had it not then been for willing help afforded, especially by the Forest Officers in Dehra, it might have been Impossible to keep up the regular monthly sequence. To all these Forest Officers therefore, at the Forest School and in neighbouring Circles, I wish to tender my yery best thanks ; and there are others at a distance in India and away in Europe to whom acknowledgments are also due. It is a pity that the number of contributors is, after all, so small; if only officers, who can do it, would write for the Magazine, it would be possible to in- crease the amount of original and decrease the amount of official and extracted matter. I am occasionally told that such and such subjects are too trivial to write about, but this is a mistake; for there is nothing in the daily experience of an officer in ona part of India that ‘ iat may not be of interest to his brother officers in other regions. The Indian Horester was started at the Conierence at Alishabad in 1874, at Le a . . which i wae myself present, so that I can claim an uninterrupted comection with the Magazine for 24 ere ee 10 years of which period I have acted as Editor. In giving up the editorship, [ give up & work which has interested me much; but | hope still to maintain some sort of conneetion with lt, ough I shall be no longer in India.—Pioneer. 732 THE TROPICAL SHARE LIST. a ISSUED BY THE COLOMBO SHARE BROKERS’ ASSOUIATION, CEYLON PRODUCE COMPANIES. Amount Name of Company. paid per share. Buyers, Sellers. Agra Ouvah Fstates Co., Ltd. 600 975 Ceylon T'2a and Coconut Estates 500 500) Castlereagh Vea Co., Ltd. 100 80 ae Ceylon Hills Estates Co., Ltd. 100 -¢ 30 Ceylon Provincial Estates Co, 600 Be 450 Ciaremont HKstates Co., Ltd. 100 is rm Clunes Tea Co., Ltd. 100 90 109 Clyde Estatcs Co., Ltd. 100 bee a Delgolla Estates Co., Ltd. 409 170 Dcoomoo Tea Co., of Ceylon, Ltd. 100 60* Drayton Estate Co., Ltd. 100 .. 160 nom, fiadella Estate Co., Ltd. _ ¢ << Kila Tea Co., of Ceylon, Ltd. 100 42°50 es Estates Co., of Uva, Ltd. 600 270 — Gangawatta 100 = _— Glasgow Estate Co., Lid, 600 975 roa Great Western ‘lea Co., of Ceylon, Ltd. 500 675° Hapugahalande Tea Estate Co fh . a> 75 High Forests Hstates Co Ltd 500 500 oF" Do__— part paid $50 850 — Horekelly Hstates Co,, Ltd. 100 at 90 Kalutara Oo., Ltd. 600 400 400 Kandyan Hills Co., Ltd. 100 16 20 Kanapediwatte Ltd. 100 te 90* Kelani Tes, Garden Co,, Ltd. 100 ¢ 70* Kirklees Estates Co., Ltd, 100 “A 140 Knavesmire Estates Co., Ltd. 100 = 70* Maha Uva Estates Co., Ltd 600 z 669 Mocha Tea Co., of Ceylon, Ltd, 600 ot 65 Nahavilla Hstate Co., Ltd. 600 450 = Nyussaland Coffee Co. Ltd. 100 it 90 nom. Ottery Estate Co., Ltd. 100 116 we Palmerston ‘lea Co., Ltd. 500 + 450 Penrhos Estates Co,, Ltd. 100 80 g0* Pine Hill Estate Co., Ltd. 60 85 ss Putupaula Tea Co,, Ltd. 100 . 100 nem Ratwatte Cocca Co., Ltd. 500 850 Rayigam ‘ea Co., Ltd. 100 cis £0 Roeberry Tea Co., Ltd. 100 se 52 Ruanwella Tea Co., Ltd. 100 55 55* St. Heliers Tea Co., Ltd. 50 500 as Talgaswela Tea Co., Ltd. 10U ys, 27% Do 7 per cent. Prefs. 100 “3 99 Tonacombe Estate Co., Ltd. 600 400 450 Udabage Hstate Co., Ltd. 100 ks 65 nom, Jdugama Lea & 'Vimher Co., Ltd, 50 an 10 Onion Estate Co,, Ltd. 600 200 == Upper Maskeliya Eystate Cc,, Ltd. 600 475 Uvakellie Tea Co., of Ceylon, Ltd. 100. WS 70 ¥Yogan Yea Co., Ltd. 100 &5 85 Wanarajah Tea Cv., Ltd. 600 ie 1100 Yataderiya Tea Co., Ltd, 100 325 350 OnYLON ComMERCIAL OCompanigs. Adam’s Peak Hotel Co., Ltd. Bristol Hotel Cc., Ltd. Do 7 per cent Debts. Ceylon Gen. Steam Navgt. Co, 5 Ceylon Spinning and Weaving, Co, Ltd Do 7 ojo Debts. Colombo Apothecaries Co., Ltd Colombo Assembly Rooms Co., Ltd. . Do prefs. Colombo Fort Land and Building Co., Ltd. Colombo Hotels Company Galle FaceHotel Co., Ltd. Kandy Hotels Co., Ltd. Kandy Stations Hotels Co. Mount Lavinia Hotels Co., Ltd. New Colombo Ice Co., Ltd. Nuwara Eliya Hotels Co., Ltd. Public Hall Co., Lid. Petroleum Storage Co. Do 10 % prefs. Wharf and Warehouse Co., Ltd. 100 a TT 100 tk 774 100 101 = 100 175 = 100 10 100 £ 90 100 5 1273 20 1. 12:50 20 ad 17 100 60 = 100-255 om 100 160 = 100 60 = 100 ove = 500 Be 400 100 = 155 100 25 20 15 = 100 , SRP OFS 100 ifs — 40 77°50 = 77'30* * rer Pee el —_—" AGRICULTURIST, LONDON COMPANIES. Amount Name of Company. per share. Buyers. Sellers, Alliaree Tea Co., of Ceylon, Ltd. 10 8 — Associated Estates Co., of Ceylon Ltd. 10 se 68 Do. 6 per cent prefs. 10 ». 10-1) Ceylon Proprietary Co. 1 a 12. Ceylon Tea Plantation Co., Ltd. 10 264 Dimbula Valley Co, Ltd, 5 os —5 Eastern Produce and Estates Co., Lid. 5 -. 5-8 Ederapolla Tea Co., Ltd. 10 sis j (mperial Tea Estates Lud. 10 i 6 Kelani Valley Tea Asson., Ltd. 5 34 6—7 Kintyre Estates Co , Ltd. 10 a 8-9 Lanka Plantation Co , Ltd. 10 * 4$ Nahalma Estates Co , Utd, 1 4 —i New Dimbula Co., Lid. A 10 22°23 Do & 10 5 20°21 Do Cc le -» AbD Nuwara Eliya Tea Est. Co., Ltd 10 th 9} Ouvah Coffee Co,,Ltd, 10 a" 6-8 Ragalla Tea Estates Co., Lrd. 10 ab 1 Scottish Ceylon Tea Co., Ltd. 10 7% u“ spring Valley Te? Co., Ltd, 10 -. %70nom. Standard Tex Co., Ltd. é 123 Yatiyantota Ceylon Tea Co., Ltd. 10 7 od Yatiyantota pref, 6 o/o. 10 7 9} 10 BY ORDER OF THE COMMITTEE Colombo, 7th April, 1899. 3 * = = ESees >) -_ Escnce = | og Seescezerecgs g 25 | ZERSSPESEEES: ied ‘ 4 ae - & —|8 |s2¢azzseese2 |= fe =) Fe | Ganwaeceoegrs |e le a = © S38 ——e ers / i | 5 =? Sanass ess ~ |< 2 t a PA 09 60S OOO sD | g pn ee id cx = g |seseengaseze | a] : 2 | Fncocannccoan|S 4 a) ee rs mH &/)2 |dezgzeeezeees (a |S z lg | |eeoneencowgee |e |e ~ > |< | 3 |deasceneseceale 2 ae * * P|S|8 |kesraanaccesn |e |g cS 3 = : ~ ae S |SSSESSSRSESSS |S is = Ney eh . co 2 EaAnesSOnAnHow 2 |s = and bd Ase = jem | 3 : 4 4 2/4 |desasssseszage|a |5 s = iS 4 pee PS = = 5; |Scrmme 3/1 a & | er erases: eed ies S 3 Nos a sr Weta hie Lr g 3 a g |geSene5Reeea¢ @ \s 2 omnons or ja onl _ a_i ~ nn =o Shih aE Rai o of ent bee 2,23 3 ea Poa BEE S = ssa Zoo a is | @ ext o a mlm s SLB Pst w@eszo SOS aI SBS GOS oO SHE 8 aD a : . ee be Qs mee im ' wWOoSOSDae oS P RaAaTHS S a * Wie n RSOrH eM tres: oo tee 3 an OMnm1O IN Stee TH BIG | 2g OR hore} Qnn oO ol a Bits ey i | 1D ale B $83 8 8 ss 8 = a v5 oO HS for a ro i=} a Ae ae Steno) Ses Rr.S 5 Ola m3 5 Sa Nata) | 3 a cE) oo © ‘ Peel ain Wet anes |e 2 ° ma Pel a A won & g om a Q $ ee 3 : : : iD 5 3 se : = 3 . o on aOoo Bi [eran MIN Aerio. ong ss = B Ts a Be Sheds SHG Be = & 5 is : ao aia eb sation. a =) fr) aOxHD a g | a = HAN | % fs oD aes ie) a aS oD a a 1 3) 2ui' a oO a .1$.0 Pageraetetl ach =liot che Aol im aa)n= A Sasha ciptchl sph-\e oie eke Bx 25 ke oD ~ Tae S aa 3 oe fox to) cH]. |= DB 8 a Syla ser: eS | . Ya 5 ZS a . ourouts, . | ri = a Hoe ratt oF Ge Lm =) 70 met a S § 3 meerey Sursist sis Bo: 3 Pa ast) : : : H re) yaa pent o o ee Le Giek < boo Teo, peated ie ‘ 2 SNE Tl ie Oa SOO a Riga te) ia}. tet hele) tee e : qi : Oy Hr 0010 moth aS OP ARISE olissl ope COMP tie dara ete a 1s aS oF sake) bypene ° <8 a Disa tO en ee eS I~ wo ON SHODOr-OnmnmOr ~ S Roan HOE ODDAARMHOGWAD oo} i) Oy MiSGOHGOM~MDANMNRODDHOD Ww it ro) BaAROHD BWOPFKSSoonDn @ => rae) ix a Bead Anos oetce eb om x oO AAA 2 [3 % | 8 — DrMOnd —X-") Dt -m~OMDwWMNON — MmONDS SQONAnHDMISHWAD = SR owe mar~oon ZESASSASSSRSE KE Rn LR MOAm HOHE OHADTOLOOe ‘iS on Oo Os ~ ten aANe oe | oa a a ~~ mao Nn | ~ \ ret | N ee cMaiek ets) syne ise: wiley oe S - 72 m Cael = | a cal & b> o f cu = 8 a A wsioee Eo Se = wee Zoe Rogssés 7 =) Seka m> 4.52 o ! me ESegeesdgs S pEgesss BEAR aS 3 .. ROMA MnMaRAa< : i ahd Sibi ic 5 ae 134 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. ? MARKET RATES FOR OLD AND NEW PRODUCTS, (From Lewis & Peat’s Fortnightly Prices Ourrent, London, F ebruary 22nd, 15°9.) QU ULE. | UU LA DTONS. QUALITY QUOTATIONS. a ee Lier suet aed Pertenece ee dee ee en eee ALOE, Soc:otrine cwh.| Fair to ine av, . (443 4 1093 INDIARUBB R, (Contd). , Zanzibac « Hepatic ,, |Jsumoa to got . [Lista 0s Java, Sing. & Penang 1b.j/Foul to good elean .. |81 a2? Hd BEES) WAX, © Wer c pl (\Good to fine Bill 35 80m Se Bhd Zanzibar & { White ,, }(t10d to Ane (£7 2% a £7 103 | {Ordinary to fair Ball [2s8d ass Bombay Yellow,, |Fair £6 5s 8) 76 GA Mozambique » 4 |Low sandy Ball iséd ade6d Madagascar CAMPHOR, China Japan 5, + Se - CARDAM MS, Malabarlb!Clipped, bold, brig'ih,fine}2s vd a 3s Ceylon..Mysore ,, |Fair t» fine plamp ..|23 9d a dn 4d (INDIGO, E.L 2 Bengal -- / . Sve is ».{23'8d v8 Shipping mid violet'3s Oda '& 6d *” Tollicherry,, |Go91 to % 14 123 Lida 3s Consuming mid. to gd./4s 10d a3s 44 é GSrownish [28 6d Ordinary to mid. (28 a 2s Long fe Mangalore ,, CABTUR OLL, Caleutta,, ; Madras ,, » |Dark to " 994 palish C663a £5 103 | Sausage, fair to good » |Fair average quality 1325 61a 135s ~~ 140s 8s ad a Ss 8d \|Liver and livery Ball es A 3s 3d Fr. to fine pinky & white!3s éd pay ote be Fair to good black .../2s 2 2s Madagascar Nigvers, low to good {ts #d-a2s 10d “iddling, stalky & lean|2s a 26 3d Shelly t 2 2011 1/28 61a Iwied Med browa to good bold|3# 9d a 4s 4d ists and 2nds (39d a 4d Mid. to good Kurpah /le 1074 2s 3d ow to ordina: Is dda ts 8d Mid. to good ras” [1s Oda zs 8d ale reddish to fine 2s a dso ” (sida Bel MACE, Bombay & Penang CHILLIES, Zinzibac cwl,| Dull to fine brig it .. [303 a 408 per Ib. Ordinary to fair le 6dads lld CINCHONA BARK.— : ; Pickings le2dai Ceylon Ib. | Ledgeriana Chips 3d abd MYRABOLANBS, = Dark to fine pale UG 6s a 6s Crown, — ‘Renewed iid a 8d Madras f °¥"!Fair Coast Gs Org. Stem |lida 63d Bombay __,, |Jubblepore 4094 ah od Red Org. Stem |ida é$d BShimlies 4591» 10s Renewed 3ad a 5jd Rhajpore, &e. 4s 3d.a Os CINNAMON. Ceylon Ists}Ordinary to fine quill |10d ais 6d Bengal ,, |Calcutta 4s 6d, +4 per lb, aude ” ” Std a Ls 4d NUTMEGS— Ib. |64’s to 57's 2s bda oe 1 3rds ‘9 sy 8d # 1s 8d Bombuy & Penang ,, |110's to 65's Is ld a te o€ 4tlis is = i¢d @ lid 16)'s to 130's 6d a 11 Chips 4 8td a aga NUTS, ARBCA cwt, Ordinary to fair fresh /12s a OLOVES, Penang 1b.} Dull to fine bright bola “a ala NUX VO ACA, Bombay jOrdinary to mid fs a 68'0 Amboyna ..| Dull to tine 4d a 53d per cwt. Madras {Fair to good bold fresh )83 a 10s! Zanzibw Good and fine bright |8fd a 4d Small ordinary and fair 5s 6d , aad Pemba Common dall to fair 37. a Bid OIL OF ANISEED Ib /Fair merchantable t ied Stems .. | Bair 2d CASSIA », |According to analysis (8s lid. aps 6d COCULUS LNDiVUS ewt.| Fair os LEMONGRASS »» |@ood flavour & ur 7a COFFEE “a: NUTMEG », |Vingy to White 8d Ceylon Plantation ,,/ Boil to Ane bold colory] 110m @ 120% CINNAMON » |Ordinary to fair sweet {34a Middling to fine mid 1038 a 1088 CITRON ELLE ;, |Bright & good flavour |M¢d ads ope Low nid. and low grown/|92s a Lous ORCHELLA WEED—cwt y) Smalls 588 a 82a Ceylon ., |Mid. to fine not woody .,.10s ales 64 Native » |Good ordinary 35s & 80s Zanzibar. », {Picked clean flat leaf ,.,|108 a ia Liberian » | Small to bold 238 a 37s » Wiry Mozambique)l¥s a COCOA, Ceylon » |Bold to fine bold 74s & $23 PEPPER -(Black Ib.j. , Medium and fair 703 a 733 Alleppee & Tellicherry/Fair to bold heavy... a oh Triage to ordinary 50s a 678 Singapore ...| Pair A. % ) COLOM8O ROOT » |Ordinary to good Lls a 19s Acheen & W. C, Penang}Dull to fine PPD ‘ COIR ROPE, Ceylon ton nominal PLUMBAGO, lump cwt./Fair to tine bright bola 30s Cochin ,, ]Ordinary to fair £10 a £16 Middling to good sma FIBRE, Brush » | Ord. to fine long straight|£10 a £21 chips »» | Dull to fine bright a Cochin ,, |Ordinary to good clean|£loa £21 ust » |Ordinary to fine bright Stuffing,, |Common to fine £7 @ £9 SAFFLOWER + {Good to fine pinky COIR YARN, Ceylon ,, |Common to superior £12 a £26 10s Mi to fair Cochin ,, » oe, very fine |#12 a& Inferior and pickings o- 4, |Roping, fair to good |£1010s\ 415 |SANDAL WOOD— : CROTON SEEDS, sift. cwt.} Dull to fair 533.4703 Bombay, Logs ton.|Fair to fine flavour cUICH ” » |air to fine dry 93 3d 3d Chips ,, wen re QINGist, Bengal, rough,, | Fair Zau~s J Madras, Logs ,, |Fair to good flayour “Calicut, Cut A, |Good to fine bold 3803 a 853 ips ,, |Inferior to fine B&C,, |Small and medium }43 a 60 SAPANWOOD Bombay,, |Lean to good Cochin Kvugh ,, |Common to tine bold {2334 23s Madras ,, |Good average Small and D's lis 6d.a 22s_ Manila ,, | | Rough & rooty to goo £4 1054 £5 lop Japan » | Unsolit 193 a 2ls Siam ,, bold smooth .. @UM AMMUN{ACUM ,, |Sm. blocky to fine clean|293 a 45s SEEDLAC ewt.|Ord. dusty to gd. soluble £107s 6d a £15/SENNA, Tinnevelly lb 1 ANIML, Zanzibar ,, | Picked fine pale in sorts Madagascar ,, Turkey sorts ,, Ghatti ,, Kurrachee ,, ABABICE.1.& Alen. ,, Madras ,, Che fe poe spare * eis eae 35s oar sidis ae part heary IDA ean fr. to gd. almondsj 37s a 80s MERI engalewt,} Fair ..|19: ASSAFGT ” Ord. stony and blocky|25s a 36s "Madras ,, ots Part yellow and mixed|£32/6a £1010s Bean and Pea size ditto|70sa £7 12/6 Amber and dk. red bold) £5 10s a £7 10s|SHELLS, M. o’PEARL— Med. & bold glassy sorts|80s 2 100s Bombay cwt,| Bold and A’s Fair to good palish ...] £4 83 a £3 Sie eh ke .., £4 53 a £9 Sma Ordinary to good pale|493 a 55s _ Mussel », [Small to bold 67s 6d a 85s |TAM ARINDS, Calcutta ..} Mid.to fine bl’k not ston: Pickings to fine pale ...|/28 6d a 4s percwt. Madras |Stony and inferior TORTOISESHELL— Good and fine pale’ ..,/52s 6d a57s6q > _ | Zanzibar & Bombay Ib. |Small to bold dark Reddish to pale selectail|30s a 49s. iameaael a uD. 2 { Fine bright 8s a(No ” = = icked Fair to fine pale 658 a 75s Dot G5 2 NEE da serts i Middling to good 338 a 55s Cochin », |Hinger ..|18s@ OLIBANUM, diop ,, {Good to tine white 345 a 60s Bulos ../9sa 1 Middling to ae a a gis Bd ONS a Tb. By lized 33 age. Ole valerie. Low to good pale Us a 125 6 Mauritius an Ists| Gd. crysallized 31a 9 in, /14s 6a : Titinge - ” |Slightly foul-to fine 98 Gda 14s Bourbon —... J 2nds/Foxy & reddish 4tag | li95 4 on INDIAB UBB 4k,ASsam1b}Good to fine - 28 9d a 33 3d Seychelles 3rds|Lean and nferior a 10 Common to foul & mxd.}1S 3;d a 2s VERMILION 1b. | Fine, pare, brigat 12 Rangoon Fair to good clean 4,./259d a 3s Common to fine AGRICULTURAL MAGAZINE COLOM Bo... Added as a Supplement Monthly to the “TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST,” The following pages inelude the Contents of the Agriculiural Maga:ine for _ April:— Vol. X.] — == LOCUST DISEASE FUNGUS. E are glad to announce that the locust disease fungus referred to in cur last issue has arrived, and we trust that the use of it will prove as successful as it has done in Cape Colony. The following notes referring to the fungus and its use have been published by Dr. Edington :— Highly satisfuctory results have hitherto been obtained, and it is particularly requested that all persons using the fungus will report the result of their experiments to this Institute. During dry weather it is difficult. to get the disease to spread, and hence it is advisable to use it in Moist or wet weather, and t2 make the in- fection of the swarms just before sunset. DIRECTIONS FOR PREPARING THE FUNGUS PREVIOUS TO USE. Open a tube and take out the contents entire, add it to two tenspoonfuls of sugar, and rub the whole together with a spoon or flat knife so as t> break up the material and mix it thoroughly. Then dissolve thig in three-quarters of a tumblerful of water, which has previously been boiled and allowed to cool. Float in this a few pieces of cork, which huve been previously steeped in boiling water and cooled. Now cover the tumbler with a piece of paper, and let it stand during the day in a warm corser of the house. In the evening the following methods are to be used i— KERTL. 1899. [No. 10. 3 METHOD OF DISTRIBUTION. (1.) Catch some locusts, and after dipping them into the fungus, let them go into the swarm again. (2.) Smear patches of damp ground, where the locusts alight to feed, with the fungus. (8.) Confine some locusts in a box which ccns tains some favourite food moistened with the fungus, and, after the food has been eaten, return the locusts to the swarm. ALEXANDER EDINGTON, M.B., Director. Bacteriological Institute, Graham’s Town, November 7th, 1898. : ee RAINFALL TAKEN AT THE SCHOOL OF AGRICULTURE DURING THE MONTH OF FEBRUARY, 1899. 1 Wednesday... “02 17 Friday ws Nil 2 Thursday Nil 18 Saturday Nil 3 Friday Nil I9 Sunday Nil 4 Saturday Nil 20 Monday Nil 5 Sunday Nil 22 Tuesday ... Nil 6 Monday Nil 22 Wednesday... Nil 7 Tuesday - 16 28 Thursday Nil 8 Wednesday... *23 24 Friday — Nil 9 Thursday 23 25 Saturday Nil 10. ~Friday ‘6 26 Sunday Nil 11 Saturday Nil 27 Monday Nil 12 Sunday Nil 28 Tuesday Nil 13 Monday Nil 1 Wednesday... Nil 14 Tuesday Nil ae 15 Wednesday... Nil Total...2°66 16 Tbursday Nil Greatest amount of rainfall in any 24 hours on the 7th inst. 16 inches. Mean rainfall for the month ‘95 in. Recorded by Mr. J. A. G, Roprico. 736 OCCASIONAL NOTES. In reply to a letter asking for information regarding a rubber extractor which was referred to by one of our contemporaries as being shown in Trinidad, we have been favoured with the following reply :—“ Phe Rubber Extractor shown in Trinidad was made by me on the base of a ‘Cream Separator’ ayd adopted upon on improved principle to that of Mr. Biffen, I cannot send you a description of the machine, but you will be able probably to see quotations fd¥ it or a similar one upon the market shortly by a London firm, I have now a process of preparing Castilloa rubber by another method which will be put upon the market shortly. I will advise you in both cases where you can procure the machines and when.” We make no apology for taking over the , instructions on trout breeding from the Cape Agri- cultural Journal, in view of the active interest now being taken in this matter. We have at the request of Mr. Jolin Ferguson ‘take charge of the plants (familiar enough in Ceylon) consigned from the Seychelles as the food of young gourami, and they are now established round the pond in the School of Agriculture grounds. We are expecting to have some of the fish to stock the pond, and trust before long to be able to make a favourable report with reference to the experiment. The report on the Poona Dairy is always interest- ing to us, from the fact that it served as a model for the Ceylon Government Dairy; and Mr. Mollison never fails to give us useful hints in his report which we publish on another page. The February number of the Queensland Agri- cultural Journal quotes the letters of Mr. 8S. M. Fowler and “C. D.” contributed to the Ceylon Observer With reference to Gourami fish. We learn that Mr: O’Connor, who called here on his way from Europe, after conveying speci- mens of the Queensland Ceratodus to London and Paris, has introduced gourami from Java. Some seventy specimens were taken over and placed in suitable lagoons and waterholes. ; ; THE BRAHMANI BULLS OF INDIA. There is a good deal of confusion existing abroad, to judge from frequent references in the press to the ‘“ Sacred trotting oxen of Ceylon,” _ between the sacred bulls of India and the trotting bullocks of this Island, and we are therefore glad to find a clear account of the former given by wr. . Voelcker in his report on Indian Agriculture. The Brahmani bulls, which are dedicated to Siva or some other deity, are let loose when. still young, on the occasions of funeral ceremonies, or in fulfillment of a vow. They are picked cattle, and, ‘being sacred, are allowed to roam wherever they please, no one being permitted to kill them. The custom is still maintained, and in some parts there are too many Brahmani bulls. Sometimes Supplement to the “ Tropical Agriculturist.” ‘Can surely be arrived at by which the bene 7 y + ery ee: Saal » P at. lg * z 5 " * ; :, Hs 7 =n [Apri Fe 1899. considerable dissension exists re ing the bulls, and frequent trouble between Hindoos and Muhammadans arise on this account. In many parts, however, the Bralhmani bull is quite extinet, this being due chiefly to the decrease in free pasturing area, and to the decline of faith in the eld religious beliefs. The Brahmani bull, where he exists, is almost always a fine creature, fed on the best of every- thing. All that a cultivator may do is to drive the bull off his own field, though it may be only for it to go on to hisneighbour's. Theold Hindoo system of breeding is carried on by means of these sacred bulls, but so well does the animal fare that it.is frequently asserted against him that he getstoofat and lazy to pursue his proper calling, and that tle cows get served by the half-starved bulls of their own herds instead. Nevertheless, it is very certain that were it not for the Brah- maui bull, many villages would be very badly off. Jn some parts, as already mentioned, (Behar for instance) the bulls are too numerous, and ¢ause serious damage to the crops of the indigo planters. Though they do not eat the shrub itself, they tread it down while searching for the grass that grows under its shade but nowhere else. Much expense has accordingly been incurred by planters in putting ditches and hedges round their indigo fields. When the bulls get too numerous Municipalities often seize them aud work them town carts. This proceeding, so long as the b ¢ not rilled or sold, is quietly acquiesced in. \ |) Moe In the North-West Provinces) \ ider trouble has been caused by the cattle-stealers and Muhammédag Muhammadans, being meat-eaters, have no reverence for the Brahmani bull, and it is said that numbers of these cattle are stolen for the eee of being slaughtered, and that their flesh is sold, Dr. Voelcker complains of a decision of Mr Justice Straight, in which he (the Judge) declared the Brahmani bull to be “no one’s property,” inasmuch as it could not be said to belong to any particular owner. The bull is thus. deprived of the protection of ownership, and becomes more than ever the prey of the cattle stealers and butchers, while the villagers are deprived of the means of getting their cows served, “Surely,” says Dr. Voelcker, “such a decision cannot allowed to stand. That men should be allowed to steal and realize money by the sale of the fles of stolen animals, and then escape punishment on the ground that the animals aré ‘no one’s pro- perty,’ seems manifestly unjust, and in th interests of the agricultural communities, the practice should not be permitted to continue.” _We doubt not, however, that the Judge's ¢ sion is correctly based on the law of property, and there is of course the other side of the story, viz., that there is no possibility of recovering any compensation for the damage wrought by anit that have no rightful owners. Some comprom Bccruing to the agriculturist from Brahmani can be secured, while at the same time the d which they are capable of causing might prevented. T° efaodaee ApriL 1, 1899,] CATTLE NOTES, In Guzerat (Bombay Presidency) the he-calf is simply starved off by withholding milk trom him. In other purts he is driven away to the forests to become tlie prey of wild beasts. In Bengal he is often tied up in the forest and left, without food, either to starve or to be devoured. And yet the people who do this are those who do not allow an animal to be killed outrigit even if it were in extreme suffering. The cow, as being a sacred animal to the Hindoos, is only rarely worked in [ndia, and only by Muhammadans. his is the case at Serajgunge (Hastern Bengal), the Muhammadans regularly using cows for ploughing, but the Hindoos not. The same reverence is not always extended to the she-buffalo as to the cow. At Belgaum, when the buffalo cows do not calve, they are sent to the plough or to work the wells, The udder of the cow is divided into two chambers by 2 membrane which runs in the same direction as the backbone, So complete is the division resulting from the presence of this membrane that the milk from one chamber cannot pass into the other, For this reason it is advisable that the milker should operate, say on the front and hind teats on the side next to him, and having emptied onechamber of the cow’s vessel, should proceed with the other, This is not, however, the general practice. It is customary to operate on the teats of different chambers simultaneously on. the ground, that the method of procedure preserves the natural state of the udder whereas such a contention is quite contrary to facts. Here again is one of those absurd paragraphs quoted by the Farm and Dazry of February 11th, 1899, relative to the so-called “sacred running oxen of Ceylon,” wherein the diminutive breed peculiar to Southern India, the trotting bullocks of Ceylon and the Brahmani bulls (referred to in another part of this issue) are so hopelessly confused :—The newest breeds of cattle coming to the Dexter Kerries, that were landed with the first batch of Government imported dairy cattle, are the Cingalese cattle. They are known to zoologists as the “sacred running oxen.” They are the dwarfs of the whole ox family, the largest specimen of the species never exceeding 30 in. in height. One which is living, and is believed to be about 10 years of age, is only 22in. high and weighs 109} 1b. In Ceylon they are used for quick | trips across the country with express matter and other light loads; it is said that four of them can pull a driver of a two-wheeled cart and a 200 1b. load of miscellaneous matter GO or 70 miles a day. They keep up a constant swinging trot or run, and haye been known to travel 100 miles in a day and night without either food or water. Noone knows anything concerning the origin of this peculiar | breed of miniature cattle. They have been known on the island of Ceylon and in other Buddhist countries for more than 1000 years. We have before referred the various methods of dehorning cattle, but having received fresh @uquiries, we repeat a description of the most Supplement to the “ Tropical Agriculturist.” 737 effective process:—Stick caustic potash is the medicine. The earlier the application is made in the life of the calf, the better. ‘The hair should be clipped from the skin, and the little horn moistened with water, to which a few drops of ammonia have been added to dissolve the oily secretion of the skin, so that the potash will adhere to the surface of the horn. ‘Take care not to moisten the skin, except on the horn where the potash is to be applied. One end of the stick of caustic potash is dipped in water until it is slightly softened. It is then rubbed on the horn. This operation is to be repeated from five to eight times, until the surface of the horn becomes a little sensitive. If done carefully, a slight scab forms over the surface of the budding horn, No inflammation or suppuration of any account need follow. i pa A MORE ABOUT MILK. , (Continued. ) Before one can intelligently search for the cause of the taint in milk, he must have some idea as to the character of the same. A tainted condition arising from any source injures the quality of the product, but the effect of a taint is largely deter- mined by its character, Taints may be classified into two groups depend- ing upon their origin— 1, Those produced by bacterial fermentations in the milk ; 2. Those caused by thé absorption of odours directly from the animal, or after milk is drawn, In the minds of most dairymen, the latter class has been considered the more important, and the effect of the first group has not been adequately recognised. -As a matterof fact, alarge number of taints, thut affect‘ the quality of milk, are induced by bacterial growth than otherwise. The danger that comes from this class is, that it is caused by a liviryg organism, and, therefore, may be widely distributed unawares. A physical taint is unable to reproduce itself. so that a mixture of tainted milk with a larger quantity of normal milk serves to diminish the intensity of the taint: The manner in which the respective taints are produced enables one to detect the difference. If produced by germ origin, a well-marked taint in any milk can be propagated from one batch of milk to another, by transferring a small quantity and placing it under conditions that favour bacterial growth. Particularly is this true, if the inoculated milk is first heated to destory pre-existing bacteria. If it has been directly absorbed from some external source, it cannot be transferred in this way. Then, again, if a taint is produced by biological causes, it will not, ordinarily, appear until some time after the milk is drawn ; for, as arule, bacteria gain access to the milk subsequent to its with- drawal, and a certain period of incubation must elapse before the taint-producing organism can in- crense in sufficient numbers to produce the obnox- ious odour or flavour. If the defective condition of the milk is due to direct absorption from the animal, as is the case where the food contains volatile odour-producing substances, then it will be noted immediately after milking. Aeration of the milk is often recommended in such cases, but 738 _ sometimes the odour is so persistent that this fails to eliminate it. Milk may acquire a taint some time after milk- ing; and still it may be due to direct absorption, If it should happen to be placed in a room with odour-yielding substances, it can easily acquire it in a cold condition, Such belated absorption might be considered asdue to germ origin, unless theconditions were carefully determined. Itis a current belief that milk does not take up odours so long as it is warmer than the surround- ing air, aud on this ground the practice of leaving the milk in the cowshed for a longer or shorter period of time is sometimes defended, more especi- ally if the cansare arranged so as to preclude the possibility of the introduction of dust and dirt, This belief is not infrequently formulated in this way :—Milk evolves odours when warmer, and absorbs them when colder, than the surrounding air, Recent experiments made by the writer seem to indicate that such a general conclusion cannot be experimentally verified. Exposure of hot and cold milk to an atmosphere charged with various vapours'and odours, such as manure, urine, ensilage, and different volatile substances, showed that almost without exception both hot and cold milk absorbed distinctive odours in the course of a few hours to such an extent that they could readily be detected. Moreover, the intensity of the odour was almost invaribly more pronounced in the warm than the cold sample, although precautions were taken to have the temperature of both samples alike at time of judging. This belief, that warm milk does not readily absorb odours, is contrary to the housewife’s experience whoallows warm milk or warm food to cool before putting it into the refrigerator, Being warmer than the surrounding air, it absorbs more readily the odours arising from fruit, vegetables, or other food substances, than would be the case if it was first cooled down. Such a condition is not due to the retention of tne“ anima! odours,” but direct absorption from without. The practical bearing of this is that milk should not be kept in contact with air that is saturated wi h undesirable or marked odours, Even 2n exposure for a half-hour has sometimes been fcund sufficient to impregnate the milk with the odour of decom- posing manure. The straining of the milk in the cowshed, and then its immediate remoyal, may not give time for the absorption of odours in a marked degree, but it should be bornein mind that the conditions at that time are the most favourable for- rapid absorption of any odours, and that in milk that is being produced in the best possible manner even such an exposure is not to be recom- wended. The presence of bacteria interferes not only with the keeping quality of the milk, but affects the sanitary conditions of thesame. Bacteria are also intimately connected with the production of disease that the mere mention of the word calls up to the minds ef many dread visions of epidemics. That all bacteria should thus be considered as enemies of man is entirely erroneous, for, in many cases, they are decidedly beneficial, and particularly is this true with reference to those forms found in the milk. The mere fact that milk invariably con- Supplement to the “ Tropical Agriculturist.” [APRIL 1, 1899. tains hundreds of thousands, if not millions, of becteria per cc. need uot in itself cause alarm. Mere numbers of bucteria are no just criterion as to the hygienic value of milk. Of course, just to the extent that bacterial life can be reduced in milk, just to that extent are the decomposition changes retarded, but milk or its by-products, skim milk or buttermilk, may contain scores of millions of germs and still be perfectly wholesome from a hygienic point of view. The bacteria that exert a deleterious influence on human health are vot necessarily those that are distinctively disease-producing,—z¢., pathogenic bacteria; for, in many cases, sickness is caused by the ingestion of milk that is contaminated by putrefactive organisms. ; 7. —______ WILD INDIGO AS FOOD, The Agricultural Ledger, No, 197, 1898, deals with the Wild Indigos as a source of food in times of scarcity. The fact that the grain afforded by certain species of Indigofera is eaten in years of searcity is not new. The grains are known to have been consumed during the Deccan famine of 1877-78, and were deseribed in a paper read by Dr. W. Gray before the Bombay Medical and Physical Society so long ago as 1882. The seeds were ground to flour, and either alone or mixed with cereuls they were made into cakes which are very palatable. They were occasionally eaten raw but were found to produce ill-effects ; when properly cooked, how- ever, they afforded a nourishing food which had all the characteristics of pulse. From a letter addressed early this year to the Survey Commissioner and Director Land Records and Agriculture, Bombay, it appeirs that during 1897,a year of great scarcity ia India, a consider- able number of people of Malsiras and Pandhapur, in the Bombay Presidency, were subsisting on these grains. The following were the varieties so used: Indigofera cordifolia, I, glandulosa, and I. linifolia. Analyses of these grains had been made by Prof. Lyon, Chemical Examiner of Bombay, in 1882, but Prof. Chucch, who is conducting a series of analyses on India Food grains on a special plan of his own—in which he brings out very prominently the nutrient ratio for comparative purposes—has again subjected them to a Chemical examination at the Imperial Institute, Of the three species of wild Indigo mentioned above and examined by Prof. Church, the only one indigenous to Ceylon is L. lisifolia which inhabits the dry country. In India the flour of the grain with the husk removed by pounding is made into bread. This bread has a somewhat bitter taste, and is therefore eaten with vezetables or hot condi- meats. To make the breid palatable the flour of. millets is mixed withthe Indigo. The bread should not be made of the whole grain without pounding, as it is said to produce a swelling of the mouth or body when thus eaten, iv = ii g - Aprit 1, 1899.] Prof. Church reports on the seeds of I. linifolia as follows :— Water aes Adc ac 9°3 Albuminoids (from total nitrogen) 39°'3 Soluble carbohydrates (by difference) 43-4 o0 3° Oil Kiso é ete 0 Fibre cot bor} Cob 65 Ash ane ane coy 3:5 7 The nutritive ratio is 1: 1:47 The nutzitive value is 8:4 The phenol method showed 822 per cent of albuminoids. —————————————EEEE TROUT BREEDING AND STOCKING OF STREAMS, The annexed memorandum drawn up by the officer in charge of the Government Trout Hatchery at Jonkers Hoek, giving instructions for the hatching of trout in a simple and inexpensive manner, and the transport of fly and stocking of streams &c., is published for the information and guidance of persons interested in Trout accli- matization in Colonial waters. WATERS SUITABLE TOR TROUT. The trout being an inhabitant of fresh waters may be placed in perennial rivers, or in lakes and dams cf clear waters, and into which a stream of clear water is always running, or which miy be fed by bottom springs. Trout will not sacceed in waters that become stagnant and muddy at times, or in rivers that dry up in summer. In dams and lakes water plants are of great advantage, both as food producers and also as a benefit to fish; plants absorb carbon* and give out oxygen, while fish absorb oxygen and give out carbon*, so by placing the two together we are taking advantage of nature’s agencies and also materially assisting in kesping the water clearer and wholesome to the fish during the hot gummer months. When planting trout in a river or pond a little knowledge of the habits of the fish at the spawning season will be oc great benefit. When trout are ready to deposit their spawns they repair up stream as far as they can get, even leaving the river and going up small side streams and rivulets with hardly enough water to cover them. Having chosen a suitable bed of gravel and loose stones; they commence by digging out a bed for their eggs; this is done by séraping out the gravel and small stones with their fins and tail, thus causing an eddy in which they deposit their spawn. The eddy prevents the spawn from being washed away by the stream until they are covered by the parent fish as they work, and also materially assists in the fertilization of the ova. As soon as the trout have completed spawning they return to their old haunts, leaving the egzs to take care of themselves. Here again we have a provision of nature for the protection of the ova; for by placing the eggs in so small a stream they are safe from any larger fish that would otherwise prey on them when latching out, and they are also safe from being was'cd away by heavy rains, as might be the case were they left in the * No, doubt a misprint for carbonic acid—Ed, A.M, Supplement to the ‘* Tropical Agriculturist.”’ 739 larger river. Therefore it is necessary for us to assist nature by placing eyed ova and the young fish in similar plices as would be chosen by the parent fish themselves, and there leave them to their own resources. TRANSPORT OF YOUNG FISH. When transporting fry any Gistance to a river or lake it is mecessary that there should be as little delay on the journey as possible; nothing ought to be left to chance, but all arrangements should be made beforehand. One hour's delay may prove fatal to the fish, when all trouble and expense would count for nothing. When travelling, the fry are safe under ordinary circum- stances, as the water in splashing about inside the carriers mixes with the air, thereby supplying the fish with oxygen which is necessary for their existence; but when left standing still for any time the air in the water beccmes exhausted and the fish will die not for want of water but for want of a. In cases where they have to stand for an hour or more some person must attend to them, and on any sign of any of the fish turning sick and coming near the top, they may be revived by taking one side of the carboy and lifting it up and down for ashort time, this causes the water inside to splash about and take in a fresh supply of air. A few simple rules may. be laid down for guidance, such as:— Keep the water as cool as possible, travel quickly, don’t let the sun shine on the carboys and carriers if it can be avoided; don't cover the top closely, but allow as much air to get inside as possible; a wet blanket put around the carboy or carrier on a warm day is a great assistance in keeping the water cool, When arriving at the stream into which the fry are to be put (a suitable place having been previously selected for them) the first thing to be done is to ascertain if the temperature of the water in the carriers is the same as the water in the stream; if so, then the fish may safely be turned out. But should it happen that the waters vary in temperature, then the water io the carriers must first be brought to the same degree as the stream, for should the fish be turned suddenly into water ten degrees higher or lower the chance is that it may kill most of them. The desired result may be obtained in the following manner: first, fill the carriers up with water from the stream, pouring in steadily, then pour off say half (taking care none of the fry escape) and fill up again; repent if necessary, ov until the water in the carboy is the same degree of temperature as the stream. The fry may then be turned out into a clean bucket, sink the bucket in the stream, and quietly turno it over, when all the fish will come out. [Here follows a diagram of a‘ Trout Hatchery ” which is not reproduced. ] The first and most important consideration for a trout hatchery is to obtain a good supply of suitable water for the purpose. All waters are not suitable; spring water is often too cold, and even allowing thatit may answer very well for incubating the ova, is not always good for rearing young trout, as if sometimes contains mineral matter of different sorts. A very good test of water is to ascertain if it contains a good supply of insect life, for where insect life abounds trout will generally succeed, i. 740 DIRECTIONS FOR PACKING OVA. Have at hand a clean basin or bucket about two-thirds full of water from the stream, to place the ova in, . Curefully open the box containing the ova, take off the packing on top, lift out the cloth containing the eggs and gently place it in the basin of water, let go two sides of the cloth and pullit gently away ; the ezgs will then float off and sink to the bottom, WATCHING THE EGGS, Almost any place may be used for the purpose of hatching eyed ova, as long us a suitable supply of good water is obtainable and proper means taken to guard against its being turned off at any time, or the hatching beds flooded by heavy rains, In the latter case it 1s best to have the hatchery placed some way from the stream and the water led on in pipes, or even through an open furrow, and so arranged by having a properly made sluice to regulate the supply that only a certain amount of water can pass. When the ova are laid down in the stream itself, a small stream with a low temperature sbould be selected; the smaller the stream the better as long ngs it does not run dry in summer, Select a place in this stream having a nice bed of coarse gravel with a run of water three or four inches deep. The gravel must not be too fine—say from the size of a pea upwards—and may be stirred over and levelled with a garden rake before putting the ova down, 'The'eggs should be gently poured ont of the basin, adding water until all have passed out. No further attention is needed beyond keeping off birds, crabs, frogs, &c., as much as possible, When it is not found expedient to hatch the ova in the stream itself very good results can be ob- tained without the expense of building a hatchery, by leading out the water as stated and simply erecting hatching beds at a suitable spot. The beds may be dug out or wooden hatching boxes may be used; the boxes are the best as they are better under control and easier kept clean. Eyed ova could then be laid down in them and the boxes covered with lids made to fit, to keap ont all crabs, birds, &c., and also to keep it dark inside, which is better for the young fry. The boxes might be made say fourteen or fifteen feet long, two feet broad and nine inches deep, the outlets so made as to allow raising or lowering the depth of the water in the box at will. A box of that size will be quite capable of hatching suy 16,000 fry. The sides of the boxes should be made of inch and a half plank, the bottoms of inch and eighth flooring, tongued and grooved. All wood- work inside the boxes would require to be well charred with a red hot iron before using, and the outside painted, or if buried in the ground muy be™ given a coat of tar and pitch. TREATMENT, OF FRY ON AND AFT!R HATCHING. As‘soon as the fry hatch out in the boxesmll the bad eggs must be picked up, also all the shells from which the little fish have esetped, or they will tend to foul the water. The be-t method is to take out the plug so as to case a stronzer current through the box, when all She shells, ‘ete., will float against the screen, the plug must be replaced before too much water is ran off and also without disturbing the young fry. Supplement to the ‘‘ Tropical Agriculturist,” The shells, etc., may then be taken ont A syphon int> a basin or bucket; should a few fry escape through the tubs into the basin then the shells, ete., must be poured steadily out and care taken that none of the fry eseape. Water must be added until all is out, whenthe fry left in the basin may be put back into the hatebing bex, putting them in near the head of the box where the water enters, as it is best to keep them away from the screen as much as possible, As soon as the fry hatch out it will be found that they will pack near the head of the box, there they must not be disturbed other than by an occasional look to see that they are all right, and the lid must be kept close to keep them dark. The top half of the box only requires to be covered (the lid may be removed as soon as they are about to ccmmence to feed.) As long as they keep packed together they do not require to be fed, as they have their food for the time being in the sack attached to their body, but as soon as it is all absorbed they will begin to feed and look out for food. That will be abont three weeks after hatching. They will then scatter and head up the stream on the look out for what they can get. They may then be given a little food unless they be turned out into the stream, which may be the most satisfac- tory as they require a lot of care and attention in feeding. In turning them out a good plan is to take out the screen and let them escape of their own free will, that is to say, if they are intended for the stream on which they have been hatched and into which the water from the hatching boxes is flowing; but if they are to be divided ameng a number of places then they may be caught with a fine net made of muslin or some other suitable material, put into carriers, and taken to their destination. HATCHERY. Should it be thought that a hatchery will answer best, then a house for;the purpose may be put up. It may be made of wood, iron or stone, but the floor is best made of concrete. In size it may be made to suit circumstances; a place say sixteen feet by twelve broad inside will be capable of hatching at least sixty thousand fry, The hatching boxes may be made any size to suit the building or the maker’s funcy; for a building 16 feet by 12 feet, boxes 12 feet long, 18 inches broad and six or seven inches deep would suit very well, for they could be placed 1s shown in the drawing attached and leave about three feet space at the end to get round them. The hatching boxes may be raised on tressles about two feet high or to suit the operator, it is then easier to work them. The boxes will require to be fitted with a screen to keep the fish from escaping, also a plug-hole and plug for running the water off when cleaning the boxes out, and must be placed between the screen and the end of the box. The water may be led into the hatchery through _ earthenware pipes, or even a. charred wooded spout, but iron pipes must not be used as they are liable to rust aud thereby harm the fish. [A plan of filter frame and section of filter box | are here given. | FILTER, The water will first require to be filtered before = in, Bere APRIE 1, 1899.] using in the boxes, not that a little sediment or mud will harm the fish, in fact it does good rather than harm, as if helps to kill any impurities that may arise in the boxes, but to guard against the danger of any enemy to the fry getting among them, such as crabs, frogs, aud insect larvae. A box fitted with frames to slide in grooves, and the frames filled with coconut ‘bre, makesa gocd filter for the purpose, and requires very little cleaning. The filter may be placed inside the hatchery if space will permit, and the water led from it into the distributing box to supply the hatching boxes, An overflow ought to be made ina suitable plece in the distributing box but higher than the outlets to the hatching boxes so as to keep it from overflowing and running into the boxes. Joun C. Scort, Jonker’s Hoek. — MR. MOLLISON’S REPORT ON THE POONA DAIRY. ‘The financical results shown in the appended balance sheet are disappointing. The net cost works out R831. It will ke noticed, howerer, that the valuation of livestock at the end of the year shows a decrease of R1,640. Under ordinary conditions there ought to have been an increase, because though there should be a liberal deduction for depreciation in the value of the older animals, it should be more than counterbalanced by a corresponding increase in the value of the young stock owing to the natural increase of the herd and improvement during the year in value of growing animals. There were 187 animals in the herd at the end of the year as compared with 192 ~at the beginning: 35 animals were sold, chiefly old worn-out cows and buffaloes and young bull calves, The older animals had necessarily to be yalued at a lower figure than in the previous year, because owing to an outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease many of the milch cattle, and in particular the buffaloes, had gone dry when they became affected with disease, There was then an unduly large proportion of the animals dry at the end of the -year, receipts for the year being R1,800 less than in previous year. Among older animals there were no deaths attributable to the disease, but pregnant animals aborted in some instances and many young calves died. Affected animals were segregated as the disease appeared, and their treatment, especi- allyin the case of heavy buffaloes, gave much trouble. They had to be thrown daily, so that their feet could be examined, washed and dressed, The milk of the affected animals was of course not issued. The difficulties connected with segregation were considerable. It was found hard to deter- mine, in the early stage of the disease, whether or not particular animals were affected. Slight sali- -yatior without any rise in temperature was the first noticeable-sign. But such might occur in a perfectly healthy animal, If, however, an affected salivating animal was not at once removed, the saliva or other exeretions apparently proved a ready source of contagion to adjacent animals in the stalls. The contagion was chiefly from animal to adjacent animal in the stalls, and this notwith- standing the fact that the whole of the healthy or apparently healthy were at pasture during the day. Supplement to the “ Tropical. Agriculturist.” 741 T]:¢ stalls, feeding hoxes, gear, &c. were thoroughly disinfected with phenyle twice daily. Every care was tekken regarding segregation of animals and attendants, yet fully one-third of the herd became affected. The Dairy produce from 77 animals in milk was sold for R15,242. These animals yielded a fair profit. But the upkeep of the young stock had also to be met, and this expense is always heavy. The cost of concentrated food consequent upon scarcity in the year of famine was considerably above the average during the greater portion of the year. The value of concen- trated food and fedder bought, the rent of grass Jand, and haymaking expenses amounted to Ri2,570, The fodder on hand at the end of the year amounted to R2,876. The difference represents the value of food consumed by the whole herd during the year. The costliness of the upkeep of the young stock has been referred to, This is a contingency that cannot be avoided. The majority of Indian cows, and specially Indian buffaloes will not yield their milk freely unless the calf is allowed to suckle or is tied near the dam at milking time. I am aware that some authorities dispute this conclusion. The calves of docile tempered Aden cattle might possibly be advantageously weaned at birth, also of cows and buffaloes with feeble maternal instincts, particularly if the practice is started when a particular animal produces a first calf. Taking one anima] with another, I think it is best to follow the indigenous method and allow the calyes to suckle. If this, however, is allowed, the owner is in the unenviable position of knowing that the calf will consume, before it is weaned, many times its own value in milk. This is especially true of he buffalo calves. Their value, when a year old, rarely exceeds R5. Even in the case of she buffalo calves and the young stock from cows if hand fed with any degree of liberality from birth, the cost of upkeep exceeds their value considerably, particularly if sold as yearlings or two years old. This statement holds good in any purely agricultural district, and the question may be asked how crn cattle breeders afford to breed cattle at all. Tlie answer is where the cattle breeding is practised to any extent and followed on systematic lines, extensive grazing lands exist and other suitable facilities and conditions. The extensive tracts of grass land west of Ahamadabad along the Ran of Cutch, the Gir hills of Kathiawar and the Satpuda ranges in Holker’s territories are notable examples. In each case well-known pure breeds of cattle are raised at purely nominal cost. fhe annual grazing charges never exceed a rupee for a full-grown animal, and usually range from 4 annas to 12 according to age. In our cattle-breeding operations we have taken upa certain line, viz., breeding for milk. In this connection it is necessary that our young stock shall be maintained in continuously thriving con- dition as they grow, and in consequence their cost of upkeep will be considerable and neeessarily much higher in the Poona district or in any otber agri- cultural district than would be the case in eattle- breeding districts proper. When, therefore, the profitable part of our stock—tbe animals in milk— get out of profit through contagious disease of a eerious nature, the balance is likely to appear ou 742 the wrong side of the accounts. There is always a risk of contagion, because cuttle disease and its spread is uncontrolled. The danger to private owners is infection of healthy cattle and consequent loss. The danger to the public is perhaps more serious, because the sale of milk from diseased Cattle is also uncontrolled, Fortunately, however, in the cise of a cow, and especially in the case of a buffalo, mill secretion stops if fever becomes high and illness severe. We have a full reserve supply of fodder on hand, and at the end of each monsoon a supply sufficient for a full year will always be in stock. In former reports the objects aimed at in our cattle-breeding operations have been fully discursed, The primary object is breeding for milk, and in doing s0 the iudigenous breeds under trial are maintained pure. Inherent characteristics of pure breeds, which have taken probably centuries to stamp, are deformed by cross-breeding, and in consequence | do not believe in the practice. There is good enough pure breed materfal in the eountry, if properly selected, and I have pleasure in being able to point now to young animals bred on the farm which give great promise of being specially good milkers, We lost by rinderpest three years 9g9 nearly all the first produce from cows mated at the farm, otherwise our operations would have made better progress. Sind cattle will, I believe, prove our most satisfactory milk breed, although they have shown one failing in the Deccan, which, if inherited by offspring, would be rather disastrous, Darry Hurp, ots INCREASE, 35 ~_ ee ie om Ss DESCRIPTION. ae seicg op Ay g = ma aa | oe 6) 2.2/)e¢ — »~n 4 3 Rm og 3 Cows. Stud Bulls 7 Cows 33 3 Heifers ... 7 12 Cow Calves 19 sae 8 Bull _,, 26 3 10 Total...| 92 15 18 Buffaloes. Bull Buffaloes a 8 a She es wed 47 6 wk ' Heifers ... Fal fe ls 5 ae She Buffaloe Calves 25 1 9 Bull _,, j9 Corsten 5 16 - Total... ] 100 17 95 Dairy Cart Horses . 2 Supplement to the ‘ Tropical Agriculturist.” eS ible of inflammation of the udder, and in the of deep milkers, no remedial precautions that can be The cows at parturition are peculiarly suse taken is quite effective. Imported animals are more susceptible than heifers or cows bred on the farm, and perhap3 in stock bred in tne Dezean the trouble may disappear. The direct cause, [ belie: e, ty be the change from the dry natarally drained alluvial soils and rainless climate of Sind to the chil! dimp climate and the cold floors of bires in the Deccan, particularly in the monsoon. The dairy supplies milk and butter to the Com- mixsariat Department for soldiers in hospitals at ordinary rates and to the public at rates fixed pur- posely higher than in private dairies. Improved method and the manipulation of improved dairy machinery are taught to natives. Those who come to learn have to work. The trade in butter, and other dairy pro:luce made by improved methods, is now in Indin enormous, and the Bombay Agricultural Dupariment can take credit for initiating this trade. The services of farm bulls are given gratis for all healthy cows and freely taken advantage of, Fall information regarding the management of duiry cattle in India and regarding milk and milk products will be found in two pamphlets, whieh I have written for the Agricultural Ledger series, and full descriptions of the various breeds of cattle of the Presidency and of the conditions under which these breeds are bred will shortly be published, illustrated by photographs of numerous typical specimens. 1897-1898. DECREASE. of | Vatvation.| | & a2 ue : Hus ‘2 33 54 (=| oom t 5 ah so ~ 3 |2 to 533 ra) Z =. ate be 4 € +o r g B 2 sab 1 1 Sey 3 5 aan 1 1 6 lL 20 6 23 1 a7 sae 2 S00 7 1 -s 1 2 5 7 = APRIL 1, 1899.] Supplement to the “ Tropical Agriculturist.” BALANCE SHEET OF THE POONA Dartry FOR 1897-1898. 743 EXPENDITURE, Rs. | as. | p. By Overseer’s Pay 180} 0; 0 », Herder’s '’,, 2167)" O10 ;, Concentrated Food 7,033 | 4 |.-4 », Fodder bought : 3,168 | 11-| 0 », Rent of Grass Lands 740 | 0) .0 », Haymaking Expenses 1,627 |. 3.) 11 3, Labour ody 2,565 }.13 |. 1 », Water Rate 36 | 0.|.0 », Cost of Repairs and Incidental Outlay woh obs G20 A att] 2-0 », Purchase of Dairy Utensils ... 222) 4) 0 5 Livestock TA Ta a) ae Butter on hand on 31st March, 1897. 35 697-2540 - Decrease in Value of Livestock] 1,840} 0} 0 19,703 | 14 | 10 EEE RECEIPTS. Rs. as. | p. To Sale of Milk and Butter, the , ‘hoa ae Produce of F'arm Cattle 15,241 |-15 | 5 , Sale of Milk tins and jars pac Ox len8 17 0 3 », Livestock ... 430 | 11 5 A », Manure 260 | 12 | 0 ,, Butter on hand 31st Mar,, 1898 54 Ot 1 G6 », Fodder ,, 5 9 2,875 {12 | 3 ,, Balance (net cost) ane 830 | 12 | 3 B19,703| 14 | 10. INDIARUBBER FROM EUPHORBIA. _ Major C. Giberne writing to the Standard says :— “Will you allow me to draw attention to the enormous quantity of Indiarubber locked up-in the jungles of India in the various species of Euphorbia or “ milk-bush,’ with which it is in parts so thickly studded ? ‘Many years ago when in India I ordered a box of chemicals from England, and in the course of some experiements I made, I added a little nitric acid to the strong alkaline milk juice of Huphorbia tircualli, and to my surprise not only neutralised the alkali, but left floating on the surface a piece of Indiarubber. There is a considerable quantity of #. tuuculli growiug in Guzerat and especially in the neighbourhood of Bombay, but the supply is limited. Onthe other hand there are other species of milk-bush such as &. antiquitwnm and L. neritfoka, the supplies of which, should they be found efficacious, are inexhaustible. “T should strongly recommend that a trial be made of all these different species as to the quality of the Indiarubber they generally produce. Probably also a cheaper acid, such as hydrochloric, would prove efficacious as nitric acid. The milk could easily be extracted from the milk-bush by means of a common native sugar-cane press. ‘The only question then would be whether the acid should be brought to the milk or the milk to the acid, and, in the latter case, whether it should be sent in the form of a fluid or be previously dried in the sun and exported to England in the form of the gum known in commerce as Euphorbium.” DL. tirucalli, E. antiqurum, and EL. neriifoha are also well-known in Ceylon, and are familiar ‘as “nawa-handi,” “patuk” aud “daluk” res- pectively. It remains to be proved, however, that the latex from these plants is capable of yielding commercial rubber. Dr. Watt mentions the fact that many Euphorbiae yield a gum or gutta- percha-like substance, but does not say anything ot as: its economic value. GENERAL ITEMS, In a recommendation by Dr. W. Schlich, ¢.1.z., Principal Professor of Forestry at Cooper's Hill, which has just been circulated by the Government of India, that eminent authority on Forestry refers to a visit paid by him with his students to Vieraheim in Hesse-Darmstadt, where they saw the regeneration of oak and Scotch pine. in combination with the rearing ot field crops, which has been carried on in these forests during the last 80 years with remarkable success. He recommends this as an object lesson to Indian Foresters, particularly to those in Burmah, where teak cultivation under somewhat similar con- ditions is carried on. A Frenchman (Mons. Cossins) is said to have invented and patented a new process for sterilising all fermenting liquids. He places the liquid to be operated on in a closed vessel, and subjects it to a stream of oxygen. proportionate to the quantity of fluid. Milk can thu; be kept for any length of time after the steriling process To make champagne milk, which also keeps any length of time, and is a most delicious and re- freshing drink, sugar and an aromatic essence are added to the milk, which also receives a quantity of carbonic acid gas in a closed vessel, Not many people are aware that the onion contains a principle which acts on the nerves in a manner similar to the action of opium. Unfortunately, the persistent odour of the vege- table makes sensitive persons disinclined to use them, at all events in a raw state. Now, an onion taken at night, is one of the best sleep- inducers. The element above mentioned has the effect of calming the nerves, and consequently of putting the brain to rest. Mr. Cowley, Manager of the Kamerunga State Nursery, Cuirns, sees no reason why Cacao should 144 Supplement to the “ Tropical Agriculturist.” not be grown in Queensland, which seems to pro- vide the conditions suitable to the cultivation of almost every agricultural product! Cacao has indeed been grown already as an experiment, and Mr, Cowley says that one thing has been ascertained as a result of the trial in his nursery, and that is, that “it should be left unpruned,” and that it ig as well to let nature have her own way 10 Queensland. He will be interested to learn that after many years’ experience in Ceylon the same ‘decision has been arrived at as regards the cacao tree. Messrs. De. Moleyn are said to be planting a considerable area with cacao in the Russell district of North Queensland. It is tantalising—says Planting Opinion—to think of what the consumption of coffee might be bat for the adulteration that is practised. Prof. Cochran of the Department of Agriculture at Washington has made examinations of a large number of samples of sound coffee with the follow- ing results :— 1. Composed of bran, cracked wheat, and a little caramel; chiefly wheat-bran sweetened and roasted. : 2. Sample beans about the same relation to coffee as wheat screenings do to wheat, 8. Roasted sweetened wheat 75 per cent, coffee 25 per cent, 4. Composed of roasted and rather finely broken grains of wheat and barley. 5. Sample is composed chiefly of wheat bran. 6. | Coffee about 64 per cent, pea bulls 13 per cent, chicory 23 per cent. 7. Sample is roasted rye. — 8. Sample is roasted barley. 9. Sample is composed of wheat, chicory, coffee, and peas coarsely ground. 10. Composed of peas about 69 per cent, grains 29 per cent, and chicory about 2 per cent. 11. Sample is composed of bran, cracked whet, chaff and caramel. 12, Sample is composed of wheat, chicory, coffee and peas, all coarsely ground. Of all the samples examined but four were found to be composed of pure coffee, and of these three were pronounced to be of “ very inferior quality.” The Jamaica Agricultural Society’s Journal re- marks that though the budding of the mango is generally considered impossible, it has been done . by experts in Florida, and can be done by others when understood, The secret lies in taking the bud from about the middle of the growing shoot where they are well developed, and yet not too tender—where the colour of the bark is just turning from green to purple—and at a time just prior to a vigorous stage of growth in the tree to be budded. ‘The shield method has been used, but the ring plate style is recommended as being better. oe an [Apri 1, 1899. The following recipés for preserving and pickling tomatoes given by the N.8.W. Agri- cultural Gazette should prove acceptable to house- keepers :— Green Tomato Pickle. —Wash and cut out the stems of green tomatoes; and place in layers with silt sprinkled between them. Let them remain in the vessel two days, then drain; and put in jars or wide-mouthed bottles with a few chillies, bruised ginger, whole pepper, cloves, and onions, and fill up with the best vinegar. Then place the jar in a cool oven in a saucepan of water, which must boil until the tomatoes are cooked tender, but not done too soft. Tomato Pickle.—Scald the tomatoes, remove the skiu; boil spice, whole pepper, a little garlic in the vinegar; pour on tomatoes while hot; put in pickle-bottles, seal securely. This pickle is im- proved by keeping. Tomato Chutney.—4 lbs. of tomatoes, scalded and peeled; 1 1b. of very sharp apples peeled and cored, 6 oz. of stoned raisins, 6 oz. currants, 4 little lemon peel, 4b. of brown sugar, 2 oz. chillies, 2 oz. bruised ginger, 1 oz. garlic, 3 oz. onions, a large stick of horse-radish grated, and a small bunch of mint. Chop all these pep ta coarsely. Mix all togetherwith one pint of vinegar, put on lime-juice. Putinto a saucepan to simmer by the side of the fire untilclear. The chutney should be syrupy, but not too liquid, and all the ingredients should be tender but not cooked to a pulp. Tomato Sauce.—6. 1b. of tomatoes, 1 Ib. onions, 4 oz. ground ginger, } oz. cloves, 2 oz. salt, cayenne to suit taste. Boil slowly for four hours. Strain through a colander; add sugar to taste ; boil to a proper consistency. Red Tomato Jam.—Scald the fruit and remove the skins; put the fruit into a preserving pan (enamel) ; sprinkle sugar over the fruit, let it stand twelve hours; boil up the fruit, add more sugar, making fruit and sugar equal; boil quickly, stir carefully. Try a little on a plate; if suffi- ciently boiled it will set and have a glaze, All tomatoes, when made into jam, require some flavouring to take away the vegetable flavour which they have. There are so many excellent fruit essences, such as lemon, strawberry, jargonel, &e., that this matter may be left to the cook’s discretion. ; Yellow Tomato Conserve.—Scald the fruit that. the skin may be removed. This is an im- portant item when preparing tomatoes, either for culinary purpose or jam-making. Sprinkle sugar over the fruit; let it stand for a few hours (to set the fruil), then add more sugar, and boil rapidly, keeping it carefully skimmed. Any fruit-flavour- ing can be added, with a little acid, such as lemon- juice. It is thought by some that three-quarters of a pound of sugar is enough for most fruits; my experience is that equal parts is best. «| MONTHLY, be Vol. XVIII. COLOMBO, MAY Ist, 1899. No. 11. REPORT ON COFFEE LEAF DISEASE IN COORG. [INCLUDING DESCRIFTION oF CooRG; CULTI- VATION OF COFFEE—SHADE, WkEEDING, MAN- URES,—SEED, VARIETIES, HYBRIDISING.] BY MR. JOHN CAMERON, r.1.s.* ARRIVAL IN COORG. Y arrival in the province on the 15th November was happily timed, as the N. EB. monsoon had just subsided, and the coun- try was, therefore, seen to the best advantage. Coffee was also in its prime, : crop beginning to ripen in the drier and more exposed parts of the planting zone. Mr. Parsons, Honorary Secretary of the Coorg Plan- ters’ Association, who had kindly made all arrange- ments for my tour, met me at the Pollibetta Club, and accompanied me to his fine residence at ““Beechlands,” which subsequently became the base of operations in South Goorg, or what is locally known as the “Bamboo” district. Daring the following fifteen days of inspection and touring, I must have passed through 50 miles of fine coffee in full bearing, most of it in the ‘“Bamboo”’ being in one continuous stretch. The crop this season is also considered well above the average. It is needless to say that this was an unique and impressive sight such as one does not forget. Asight such as the former rulers of Coorg had never dreamed of! It is also my first experience of the kind, as on for- mer occasions when visiting planting districts in Manjarabai, South Wynaad and the Nilgiri Hills the coffee was not in crop. PHYSICAL ASPECT OF THE COUNTRY. Coorg is a hilly plateau girt on the west and south by the western ghats, tho highest boundary peaks being Subrahmanya in the North (5,543 feet), La- diandamol in the west (5,682 feet), and the Brah- eee * Reprinted from “Planting Opinion,” March 18, 1899. magiris in the south (4,500 feet), It is situated between north latitude 119 55’ and 129 50’, and east longitude 75925’ and 76° 14’, covering an area of 1,585 square miles. Mercara, the capital of the pro- vince, occupies a commanding site at an elevation of 3,800 feet. The view from the spot called ‘‘ Rajah’s Seat” is one of the finest I have ever seen. The average elevation of the upper plateau is 3,500, but gently sloping towards the eastern frontier, where the elevation in some places does not exceed 2,700 feet, Minor mountains and hills intersect the whole country beautifully, and are mostly clothed with interest- ing trees of varying tint. In most parts of the “Bamboo” one feels rather over-shadowed by trees; but commanding situations, as at the Pollibette Clubs Mr. James Gerard's Bungalow, and Elk Hill, afford fine views of this part of the country. In North Coorg, the finest views observec are at Peremboo Coolly, Mr. S:lisbury Trelawney’s charm- ing place, Mercara, and Hallery, where I was the guest of Mr. and Mrs. Sprott and had the pleasure of meeting Mr. rank Mangles, one of the most success= full pioneers of planting in North Coorg. The principal rivers and streams have an easterly course and flow right across the peninsula into the Bay of Bengal. These are the Kaveri,—rising on the Brahmagri Range at a sacred spot called Tala- Kaveri, or head of the river,.—Hemavate and Lakshamanatertha. The Barapole is the principal river flowing to the western coast. Mountain streams are abundant and rapid during the monsoon season, but at other times they are not so apparent, and the planters mostly complain of the difliculty they ex- perience in watering floower gardens around their bungalows during the dry season. But this is of course due to the bungalows being mostly situated on high ground, where there is less ma- lavia to contend with, The little alpine province of Coorg is justly described as one of the prettiest spots in India. GEOLOGICAL FORMATION. The geological formation is eminently favourable to the creation of good soils. This is due both to the mineral constitution of the indigenous rocks and of their age ani mechanism. In nearly every part to the country one sees an abundant outcrop of dis- 746 THE TROPICAL integrated rock in all stages of decay, and in coffee lands this valuable material is intimately incorporated with the tilth. It is, in my humble opinion, the backbone of both the soil and the plantiug industry. Would the latter have progressed for 40 years without this wealth of nutrient matter to support it ? The prevailing rocks consist of gneiss, syenite, and limestone; and a reddish-coloured laterite is plentiful in many localities. The minerals from which a fertile soilis usually formed are strongly in evidence, e. q., felspar (in several forms), mica, hornblende, and possibly augite. Such being the case, I conclude that the inorganic portion of the soilis mostly made up of varying proportions of these mineral ingre- dients. Of organic constituents, humus is the largest natural deposit. But in the planting districts the general use of special manure has tended to greatly alter the nature of the soil, It will thus be seen that the planter possesses all the crude elements for forming fertile soil of an enduring character, and judging from the successful cultivation of one ex- austive crop for periods of 30 to 40 years, the nutrient ingredients of this natural soil must be available in proper proportion, although, in all probability they have not been expended lavishly. In this soil, I therefore think, the Coorg planter possesses a very sound investment: Those crumbling rocks will go on liberating (in some proportion to the pressure put upon them) nutrient material for thousands of years, FLORA AND FAUNA. Botanically, the whole country is most interesting. But todo justice to this section of natural history required time and equipment for which I was not prepared on this occasion. A list of such known plants as were observed en route is appended* to this paper, as also of specimens collected when there was an opportunity. Most attention was given to the arborescent flora, as bearing more directly on the special workin hand. Except in a few isolated instances, the trees in Coorg do not equal the splendid arborescent growth one sees in Manjara- bad and other parts of the Mysore Malnad. But this is partly explained when it is remembered that extensive jungles of bamboo (hence the local de- signation) have been to a great extent replaced by secondary growth. Colonel Welch refers to the extensive and almost impeuetrable growth of bamboo iu his ‘ Military Reminiscences,’ 1790—1829. The virgin forest has also been felled to a great extent to make room for special and exotic trees (sec ndary planting) now favoured for shading and otherwise promoting the growth of coffee. But except for the arborescent growth, with a few orchids and parasites found upon it, the strictly industrial tract is not of great interest to the botanist. For profitable field work he prefers the primeval forest, the Devarakad riverside and Cadanga, where the indigenous flora is more rampant. The latter position consists of primitive embankments or ancient lines of defence which are found at short intervals all over the country. Weeds of an exclusive kind were observed on several of these mounds, and are possibly due to a difference in the physical or mechanical condition of the soil. A wild or indigenous species of coffee is found in North Coorg. It was first brought to my notice by Mr. Wood, of ‘‘ Ahtur’’ estate, who kindly procured me several specimens of the plant in fruit. The only indigenous species hitherto found in the south are Coffea travancorensis, W. & A., and C, Wightiana, W. & A., the latter being perhaps only a variety of the former. I consider this the most important find during the tour. But the most attractive plant seen in quantity, in North Coorg, is the beautiful Barleria Gibson. The flora of the Sampagighatis of a ravishing description, and it is difficult to decide whether wealth of vegetation or beauty of scenery is the most attractive in this glorious spot. Of the fauna I practically saw nothing during my tour. Some ofthe birds of plumage are ~* [Will be published later.] AGRICULTORIST. [May 1, 1899. exceedingly attractive, and some are very destructive to the coffee. Of the latter classs the green barbet, Theretceryx viridis, is one of the worst. Beesare plenti- ful and a giant tree having many tiers of honey-combe suspended from its upper limbs is indeed a noval sight. Iam told that it is diffienlt to iuduce jangle experts (Kurumbers or Kaders) to collect honey from isolated trees owing to the limited means for beat- ing a hasty retreat, if necessity should require it. SOUTH COORG, Formerly this region was the home of the bamboo, where it was the admiration of every traveller. But 1( is now the home of coffee, extending over @ continuous area of many square miles. In no other part of India does one find so much coffee cultivated within a limited area. With the exception of a few Intervening Devarakads (temple lands) the bulk of the cultivation may be described as an unbroken tract. Wherever one looks, hillside and valley is an unbroken sheet of shining green with thickly clustered berry, the whole being shaded by stately trees. Throughout the tract there is a close similarity in the nature of the shade, or over-growth, as also in the estate roads and boundaries ; so that a stranger has difficu'ty in finding his way about. The ‘“ Bamboo” is much the largest planting district in the province, and possesses about 70 estates belonging to Europeans. In extent these gardens vary from 80 to nearly 500 acres, but in some cases they are not fully planted in coffee. The fact of their being joined on to each other as already stated, offers facilities for the easy spread of leaf disease and similar pests. The district differs from North Coorg in being 500 feet lower, with mostly an eastern or southern aspect. It is also warmer, somewhat drier, and more uniformly shaded through- out. The soil is rocky near the surface in some parts, while in others there are deep deposits of clay. As a rule the estates are very neatly kept, some of them being demarcated by thriving hedges of the shoe-flower, Hibiscusrosa sinensis. Pretty bungalows crest the lower hills, with flowers and other signs of social life about them. NORTH COORG, Here the country is of abolder and wider type, with mostly evergreen forest at intervals. Coffee estates are fewer in number and more isolated ; not in one continuous stretch asin the ‘‘ Bamboo”. Itis a more exposed region and the rainfall is comparatively heavy. The natural soi) appears to be excellent, and old coffee locks well upon it. I was astonished at the steepness of the land in some parts, but withal in good growth and bearing. The scenery in North Coorg is delightful. Owing to the heavier rainfall and colder aspect, estates are not so heavily shaded as inthe south. Taking them all round, the crops were heavier here than in the ‘Bamboo.’ There were also fewer complaints of the ravages of the borer, an insect which prefers to bask in the southern sun. The mean annual rainfall for the whole province is 123 inches; but the distribution is un- equal, being always heaviest on the west side of the country. In some parts of the “Bamboo” it does not exceed 50 inches. With the foregoing attempt to show how the Coorg planter is situated in regard to climate, soil, and environment, I shall now proceed to discuss more in detail, some of the vital questions bearing on the future prosperity of the planting industry. SHADING. What constitutes the best shade to coffee is still a keenly contested point among planters, and while one warmly recommends the indigenous “‘ Biti’—Dalber- gia latifolia, another rejects this tree, and, for example, wholly places his trust in the exotic “ Silver-Oak,” Grevillea robusta. But for reasons which shall be explained farther on, it is preferable, in my opinion, to employ a selection of trees to shade an estate; and most planters have adopted this plan either from necessity or choice. The trees mostly favoured for shading coffee are cf two classeg May 1, 189¢ | e.g., the indigenous and exotic. Their names are as follows :— INDIGENOUS. Ficus Glomerata ote Att?. Dalvergia latifolia oe Biti. Erythvina indica 20 Palwan. Pterocarpus marsupium ... we L/onne. Lagerstrcemia lanceolata Nandi. Terminalia belerica ‘ Tare. Acrocarpus fraxinifolius ..- Hlowlige. Cedrela toona ... aye Noge. Ficus bengalensis o00 Alada. cf) tuberculata 3 y Mysorensis 200 Gont. s Tjakela Cup baswt. =f) Tsiela — Bilt basurt. " Asperrima (Inferior) Gargattt. Albizzia odoratissima Bilvara. Artocarpus integrifolia ... Halasu. os hirsuta .. Kad halasu. Antiaris toxicaria 0 ar Also some undetermined species. Exoric. Erythrina lithosperma Albizzia moluccana Grevillea robusta Cinchona succirubra. Not classed as shade Pithecolobium saman, The correct amount of shade to be maintained on an estate is another matter for which a fixed rule cannot be laid down, as it must of necessity vary according tocircumstances. In situations where the raipfall is heavy or regular, soil good, and aspect cool, the shading should be comparatively light. But in the greater part of the ‘‘ Bamboo” these conditions are somewhat reversed, and particularly in those parts where the «oil is light, stony, and sunburnt, it is essential to have beavier shade. In furnishing this protection, however, care has to be taken not to remove an undue proportion of plant food from the staple cultivation, and in places where young shade trees are thickly planted thereis the danger of doing this. During the early years of growth, trees of this class draw nearly their waole nourishment from the surface soil, and at all ages the surface roots of trees will contend for a share of its abundant food. It is true that most saplings will soon establish their leading roots in thesubsoil at depths far beyond the reach of the coffee bush, and as they increase in size, this tendency to draw nourishment from the substratum increases until in many fully developed forest trees surface rooting is reduced to a minimum. All other conditions being favourable, it is deep- rooting trees of this class that should be preferred to shade coffee. The only exceptions would be in the case of fig trees, which (probably from their quasi- parasitic nature) do not appear to exhaust the soil to the same extent as other shaders, and leguminous trees, which assist nitrification in the surface soils. On some of the estates visited, sapling trees ranging in age from five to fifteen years were so closely cultivated that the growth of timber almost appeared to be the primary object. On others, having a more advanced growth, the trees had been considerably thimed, while the remainder had been “lopped up,” e.g., pruned from the base upwards, so that the actual shade was far above the coffee. This again conveyed an idea of arboriculture, the trunks being so numerous and bare. Of course, the object aimed at of admitting air and light in this way is perfectly sound, but the fact remains that a plantation of young trees is rapidly consuming food which by right belongs to the coffee. Where the initial mistake has been made of removy- ing the indigenous deep-rooted shade—and it is pretty universal—replanting has been compulsory, as no one now thinks of growing coffee successfully without shade. But in addition to losing much valuable time in secondary planting, it will be felt that the land is called upon todo double service. This, however, is not the only disadvantage arising from the sudden exposure of forest soil long nurtured under shade. Mostly young. THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 747 Such treatment causes a revulsion in the chemical action of the soil, and under strong sun-light the valuable process of nitrification is arrested, Possibly this may account for the infertility of long-abandoned coffee lands. It is, therefore, clearly to the planter’s interest not to bare the land entirely, but rather by careful selection to retain and make use of the forest trees already in possession. The finest shade, with tbe least exhaustion to the soil, is provided by deep-rooted umbrageous trees growing at 60, 80, and even 100 feet apart. Specimens of this description are Sufficiently abundant in the virgin forest, and planters should always utilise them when making new clearings. It is under shade of this sort, with Perhaps a little secondary planting here and there to fill up gaps, where one sees the finest coffee. ““Devaracadoo” in the south and ‘“Hallery’’ in the north, may be quoted as good examples of mixed shade. These fine trees not only indicate the fertile nature of the soil but they also protect and manure it, while reserving tle upper stratum for the growth of coffee. They also drain the subsoi!, and extract mineral solutions from the latter, which are indirectly conveyed to the surface soil in the fallen leaf and decayed roots. It is in this reciprocation of mineral focd constituents that the use of a variety of good shace trees, in preference to a few, is chiefly commendable. But variety is also needed to produce the light ard shade which is so necessary to effect the best resulis in growing coffee, Whenin the months of Juneand July the sun is often obscured for weeks together and the trees are dripping with superabundant water, it stands to reason that dense shade would do harm. Then, again, when tender growth is progressing during the hottest months of the year more shade wou'd be necessary. In other words conditions vary, as should also the amount of shade on a coffee estate, Different trees cast their leaves at different times cf the year, hence the admission of light ina somewhat varying quantity. The greatest amount of exposure should extend from November, when the berry is ripering, until the flowering period, when the young fruit is set; the object being to insure the thorough ripening of the young wood. Naturally this is what happens, as with the cessation of rain, fall of the lea is hastend and the coffee bush becomes more exposed to the ripening irfluence of sun-light. I observed that the “ Palwan’’—Erythrina indica—is a favourite shade-tree with many planters, and is looked uponas a fertiliser of the soil. The evergreen species, Evythrina lithosperma, is also under trial, although in some cases it isnot true to name, being thcrny anda doubtful evergreen. Dalbergia sissoo, Roxb., is a new shade tree which 1 have recommended for planting in stony land, Seed can be supplied in quantity from Bangalore, where the tree flourishes. : CULTIVATION OF COFFEE. It is not my intention to write a treatise on the cultivation of coffee, as every planter is sufficiently skilled in the routine of his particular work. while many are clever experts in the whole industry. But there are certain details of an important nature, bearing on the results of cultivation, on which the opinion of an outsider might be of some value. Lands selected for the cultivation of coffee are usually of three classes, ¢. g., virgin forest, Kwm7ri and and kanave; and they are always the best of their kind, due allowance being made for other necessary conditions, such as_ rainfall, aspect and shelter from prevailing winds. But forest soilis the best, as also the most enduring under shade. When fully exposed by the entire removal of shade, land of the latter class exhibits extraordinary fertility for a time, but under the influence of full snn-light it gradually becomes less fertile, and coffee eventually dies out. This is due to what might be called adverse cir- cumstances, as for ages, the soil had been accustomed toa wholly different course of treatment for which it was specially adapted. Py its absorptive and retentive nature, a deep vegetable mould is peculiarly fittedfor the dual support of forest trees and coffee, 748 THE TROPICAL rom which products there is an unceasing demand or moisture. But with the removal of this natural drainage (absorption by growth) the soil bacomes wet, cold, and unfertile: while the influence of intense light induces denitrification and hence a state of at least partial sterility. It will thus be seen that shaded and exposed lands are differently constituted and that the one cannot be merged into the other without causing intermediate disadvantages to the cultivator, The planter now realises that entire felling is the biggest mistake hehas made; but he attributes the cause and, perhaps rightly, more to the absence of shade than to a depreciation of the soil. In planting up abandoned coffee-land the growth is often slow and unsatisfactory, even when supported by liberal tillage and manuring: also in putting in “supplies” the reaction caused by undue exposure is sometimes felt. These difficulties I mostly attribute to a want of tone in the soil, caused by the absence of sufficient shade. Secondary plantings of coffee seldom do much until the shade is well up, when, it will be observed the natural condition of the soil becomes re-established. . When an estate is planted, and during the first few years of its existence, the tillage of the whole land should be deep and thorough. The more the land is opened and aerated at this period the better, as at a later stage of growth when the bushes nearly meet there is both less opportunity and less necessity for deep tillage, should the land be well drained. To recommend draining the side of a steep hill may sound pena donical; but during my travels I observed such and evidently in need of drainage. Then, where it is not very steep, especially in low-lying ground, a proper system of drainage is a most important factor in the sweetening of the soil. Humus is not only very absorbent of water, but it also retains it like a sponge. Wherever there is sufficient foothold for soil of this description, plants will obtain moisture and grow readily, a fact which is strikingly exemplified by the steep cultivation at ‘‘Abiall’ and other estates in North Coorg. But while the drainage system is intended to remove surplus moisture, care must be taken not to increase “wash” on the upper slopes. On a few estates I observed that open drains, a foot or more in depth and only afew feet apart (sufficient to accommodate one row of coffee bushes), were perpendicularly aligned from top to bottom of the slope. Unless the land is very heavy—a stiff clay—I should consider this practice opento question. Drains eighteen inches deep, following a gently sloping cont»ur across the face of the slope, would be better and would to a great extent intercept wash. The proper distance apart would wholly depend on the nature of the sol. But as far as can be judged, twelve and eighteen feet are reasonable distances for heavy and inter- mediate soils. Stagnant waterin the soil is a most hurtful thing, and should be removed at any cost. “ Renovation pits,’ or holes made at intervals for the deposit of weeds, are supposed by some to facilitate drainage. But this isa doubtful function, as the pits have no collateral outlet and soon become clogged with weeds and forest refuse. I should be inclined to call them 4rood-hbeds for the propagation of fungoid diseases. At any-rate they should not be allowed to supersede a proper drainage system when it is required. Many fig trees possess the advantage of being openers of the soil, a fact which would easily account for the luxuriant growth of coffee underthem. The woody lateral roots of these trees form vacuities and tunnels which readily admit liberal currents of oxygen for many yards around each trunk, This now brings me to the all-important question of digging ina plantation. Thorough tillage up to agiven limit has already been advocated, and itis also admitted unconditionally that a moderately open tilth is beneficial at all times. But there are other conditions to be takeninto account, and I hope to show presently that in tha matter of digging, the lanter has to decide between two evils. These are 1) the destruction of coffee roots and (2) the closing AGRICULTURIST. [May 1, 1899. up of the soil to some extent. The coff. i naturally a surface feeder, a position of mode Bf which is further strengthened by subdued light and the prevailing practice of manuring on the surface, or very near to it. On productive estates I observed that fine meshes of young roots pervaded the upper soil everywhere, and I contend that the periodical removal of these feeders by injudicious mamati- digging would do the estate an incalculable amount of harm. Certainly much more than would be done by leaving the land undisturbed for a season. For routine tillage on an established tote, the momati should be entirely discarded in fayour of the fork; which opens the soil lightly without cutting many surface roots. A good argument advanced in support of mamati-digging is its efficiency in removing the encroaching roots of treer, which would otherwise take possession of the land. In reply to this, I must refer the reader to what has been written about deep-rooting trees being preferred to all others where coffee is largely grown. When surface-rooting trees are retained for shade (unless they possess special merits, as it has been shewn may be the case) the evil cannot be remedied by surface digging without injuring the coffee, as it is unlikely that in using a mamatt the ordinary cooly would take the trouble, even if he possessed the skill, to discriminate between the young roots of trees and the roots of coffee. It is rather by the thoroughnes; of preliminary operations; effectual drainage, and occasional surface forking that the planter can hope to oxygenise his land and thereby maintain its fertility and sweetness. But I can fully sympathise with those who are pestered by the surface roots of voracious trees, and if some implement could be invented to draw these out without doing much damage to the coffee roots, it would be a ood thing. Lopping off the principal root-limbs and eaving them with their ramifications to rot in the land is not a bad practice. Care must be taken, Sov EEE not to kil the tree or needful shade would It may here be asked why so mnch importance is attached to coffee roots being near the surface. The aaswer is, that all fruit-bearing plants should have their roots well under the influence of li and heat to insure the best resultsin the Been of fruit. Thisis all the more necessary in the case of coffee, where the soil is thickly covered by a mantle of vegetation. The food stnffs required for the formation of fruit are not usual'y procurable in the subsoil, hence the advantage of shallow cultiva- tion. Surface rooting is therefore desirable, although to support vegetative growth during periods of drought, 1t 18 necessary to encourage fairly deep-rooting development also. But in this connection the admission of light, and regulation of growth, is controlled to some extent by careful pruning. I say 4 careful” advisedly, as the system of praning which have seen on some estates (not on the occasion of this tour) leaves much to be desired. It is a truism that bad pruning is ‘worse than none, while hackir g and reckless mutilation is ofien followed by trouble- some diseases, such as rotting and canker. The object in pruning coffee is to equalis2 and encourage the growth of healthy bearing-wood. Anything not capable of giving crop, unless indirectly leading tu the formation of crop-bearing shoots, should be removed by clean cutting. If this is done with care shortly after picking, the soil, bush, and planter will each benefit by the operation. The organic and inorganic substances which combine to form plant food are well known to the intelligent cultivator. What heis more concerned about is whether these substances are present in propoctionate quantity and soluble form, as if they are not, the soil will be uaproductive. The mere fact that certain consti- tuents are found in a soil is no criterion of its fertility. And whea it is remembered that mechani- cally, chemically, and biolog‘cally, soils are subject to ever varying conditions, this is not to be wondered at. Uncertainty as t» the natural c pab.lities of the soil has led to much inyestigaticn, and the traths May 1, 1899.) TAE TROPICAL revealed by agricultural research in recent years are not only very encouraging but of the highest impor- tance to the cultivator. He now understands how the defects in « soil can be remedied at the least cost. Indeed a bad soil can soon be converted in'oagood one. It has already been stated that the Coorg soils are naturally good, therefore the planting industry was commenced on favourable terms; and bumper crops, obtained without much cultivation, were the order of the day for many years. But as time went on the shrub became less productive, and coffee pests of sorts commenced to attack the cultivation. It was then realized that the natural soil was becoming deficient in something which only heavy manuring could restore, and henceforward, manuring estates became a necessity. What the planter is chiefly interested in at the present day is how to restore to the land, in the cheapest and most efficient form, what his crops remove from it. : Agricultural chemists tell us that only three prin- cipal substances need be applied in the form of artificial manures. These are nitrogen, phosphor acid and potash. WEEDING. The incursion of weeds on cultivated land has always been looked upon as thriftless husbandry, and generally speaking, we should take that view of it in coffee cultivation also, as the demand made upon the land by tree and coffee roots is already more thun it can bear. But the primness of a flower-garden is not required on the estate, and in some exposed soils of a stony nature I instinctively felt that a light covering of weeds would have done good. by cooling the over-heated surface. The prevailing weed in the plantations is Blumea Wightiana, DC. (Kan ‘Gabbu Soppu”). It is an annual herb of rapid growth, and abounds everywhere in two varieties, determined by white and purple flowers respectively. Considerable expense is incurred annually in the destruction of weeds, bnt the outlay is compensated to some extent by the gr2en manure which is thus secured to the soil, If weeds of annual duration, such as Blumea, have their tops cut off before flowering, they will do no harm to the coffee and comparatively little to the seil. Iwas favourably impressed by the clean cultivation which mostly prevails all over Coorg. MANURES. Valuation of Manures. The manurial substances at the planter’s disposal are of several kinds and may be roughly classed as follows :— (a) Manures having both a direct and indirect action on the soil:— Cattle manure of all sorts. Green manue of all sorts. Sewage. Composts. Humus top-dressing. Bones, when largely applied. Guano do. (b) Such as act indirectly:— Lime. Marl. Chalk. Gypsum. Salt. Lime is of the highest importance to coffee land, &; im addition to acting beneficially on humus, it i; the salifiable base for the process of nitrification. (c) Manures having a direct and comparatively quick action:—Bone-meals, dissolved, and in sulphuric acid; Guano, including tish guano, and flesh guano such as Mr. Petrie Hay prepares at Hunsur. Oileake—Poonac, castor, honge, etc. Nitrite of Soda, Superphosphates. Sulphate of Ammonia, Sulphate of Potash. Muriate of Potash. Mineral Phosphates. Kainit, AGRICULTURIST. 749 A most valuable fertiliser of this class, recently discovered in the debris of steel factories in Europe, is basic slag. Of the abovenamed manures I shall now attempt briefly, to show which are most valuable in provid- ing nitrogen, phosphoric acid ani potash, leaving the cultivator to use his own discretion in a final selection. But manure in name and the substance in reality are often quite different things, and in the case of portable manures at least, I would strongly advise careful analysis. Nitrogenous Manures. Nitrogen in its different forms may be said t> be present in everything. But for purposes of eculiiva- tion we mostly require it in the forms of nitive acid and ammonia, of Which there is often a deficiency in impoverished or over-cultivated soils. It is, therefore, in the application of substances rich in nitrates and nitrites that we are likely to main- tain this indispensable constituent in a form snitable to the growth of plants. The fixation of free nitrogen from the air through the combined action of leguminous plants and bacteria is a recent discovery of great value to the agriculturist. Nitrogen abounds in humus, an] is found in varying quantity in all decaying organic substances. The artificial manures which contain it in the largest proportion are nitrate of soda, sulphate of ammonia, Peruvian guano, bones, fish and flesh guanos and oilcakes. All these are now used on coffee estates. Phosphate Manures. Next in importance to nitrogen, as a soil consti- tuent, comes phosphoric aci’. But as the latter enters largely into the composition of the coffee bean it is really of almost first importance to the planter. It is fortunate, therefore, that the crumbling rocks of Coorg are wellcharged with this useful acid, apatite, carbonate of lime, and the decaying felspars being the usual basis for it. Bare, arid tracts with occasional stunted vegetation indicate its scarcity, as plants are unable to grow without it. Coprolites abound in it. In nature, Phosphoric acid is mostly insoluble, occurring as phosphates of lime, alumina, and iron, etc. For convenient restoration to the land we have numerous artificial manures, such as guano, bones, basic slag and all the mineral phosphates. But for quick effect on growth the soluble superphosphates are the best, especially the double superphosphates manufactured at Wetzlar jo Germany. Potash Manures, Although not so important to growth and repro- duction as the preceding constituents, still, potash is an indispensable factor in the raising of crops. Itis naturally abundantiu old rocks—especially felspar—in decaying vegetable matter and in the salt-water of the ocean. Itis the princip.vl ingredient of the ash when aplant is burnt. Mr. Sprott, of Hullery, burns the noxious Lantana Camara, to utilize its potash on the estate. Ina country situated as Coorg is, one would think that Potash would never be wanting: dense ve- getation, sea influence, and crumbling felspar rocks being natural conditions. Still, the application of this mineral by artificial means has proved highly beneficial, and it can only be surmised that the natural product is in some way slow or defective in action. Sulphate and muriate (chloride) of potash are the two artificial forms in which this mineral is quickly restored tothe soil. Dvried blood is also good for the same purpose. Application of Manures. Having now classified the important manures under their respective headings, itis necessary to svy a few words regarding their application to d fferent kinds of land. Soils poor in organic movtter are usually the most benefited by the application of nitrogenous manures. But some of the latter, such as nitrates, ammonia salts, and a few organic forms of nitrogen act so quickly on the soil that they should ouly be applied as top-dressings at the time the crop most THE TROPICAL 750 requires them, Of this class, nitrate of soda is the most volatile, But bones, guanos of sorts, and oilcake are of slow action, and should be applied some months before they are actually required as food to the plant. Powerful fertilisers, as nitrate of soda and sulphate of ammonia, should always be applied in limited quantity, and, if possible, on two occasions during the growing season. Nitrate of soda is of most value in a compara- tively dry season, heavy rain having the tendency to wash it down into the sub-soil. : Sandy soils are usually improved by the applica- tion of potash. Damp heavy soils, as also such as are rich in organic matter (humus), should have phos- phatic manures in preference to all others. a Manures of a quickly soluble nature are best suited to a dry climate, while those of slow decomposition are just the reverse, Mineral phosphates and basic slag require time to ferment in the soil, and should, there- fore, be applied several months before they req).irve o be in action, J : Superphosphate on the other hand acts speedily, and should be applied as a light top-dressing at two or three intervals during the period of active growth. It will thus be seen that special fertilisers can Only benefit crops while active growth is progressing, and when the soil is sufficiently moist to induce chemical action. In the case of nitrate manures the same conditions are neces ary to enable the micro-organisms in the soil and roots to work satisfactorily in the production of nitric acid, thro.gh the wonderful process called nitrification, It is now known that a fertile soil teems with bacteria, as also the roots of many trees, shrubs, and herbs of the natural order Leguminosae. Indigenous Manures. It was pleasing to hear that a few munurial pro- ducts of the country are growing in favour. These are, in addition to oil-cake, which is universally and deservedly popular, lime, fish, guano, from the Malabar coast, and a substance which I shall call flesh guano, prepared by Mr. Petrie Hay at the Hunsur works. It consists of the dried flesby material which is separated from greenish bones in going through the mill, and as now prepared by Mr. Hay forms a rich compost. If this manure could be prepared on a large scale, and in a somewhat different manner, it would be in great demand as an organic fertiliser. In this connection it may be asked if the millions of carcases (cattle and horses, etc.), annually put away in obs ure places could not be applied to a more useful purpose? Be- ing rich in nitrogen and phosphorus, the fish guano of the western coast should be liberally used on estates. The lime procurable about Hunsur, and in some parts of Coorg itself, is supposed to be of questionable quality for manurial purposes. But this is a matter which chemical analysis would easily decide. In all probability it is better in some quarries than in others. There are two classes of land in Coorg which could be vastly improved by a liberal use of lime. These are the inert forest tracts and clay deposits. The me- chanical and chemical action of lime on these rich soils would, in my opinion, be of the greatest value to the planter. Of course, phosphates in the shape of bone- meal or otherwise, would, to some extent, have the same effect, but they are more expensive and have practically no mechanical action on the suil. Although not a direct food giver, it must be remembered that good lime is a great manufacturer of plant food. The free admixture of decaying rocky material, con- taining felsp ws, etc., is another means of improving the mechanical condition of heavy soiis. Indian cattle manure is much poorer in quality than the farmyard dung of western countries, where much pains are taken to make and preserve the latter. But where cattle are folded and littered on the estate, the manure is of better quality. The bracken fern, Pers aquilina, which contains a good percentageof alkuline mutter in its constitution, is an excellent materixl for litter- ing cattle. The location of this herb is said to indi- cate the presence of a calcareous soil. It is strange that soils of this class are often improved by a lisht topdressing of chalk and gypsum. In dealing with soils of different sorts, itis necessary to apply such ma- nures as are best adapted to each condition, and the AGRICULTURIST. [May 1, 1899. quantity to be applied has to be regulated on the same principle. Practical experience is much the safest guide, and it is not difficult to conduct such experiments on @ small! scale ia different classes of land. NURSERIES AND SEED SELECTION. Preliminary operations on the estate require much care, forethought, and energy ; none more so than the selection of sites and formation of nurseries where the young erffee isto be successfully reared. It goes without saying that nursery land should be of the best quality, while specially prepared composts are necess- ary to provide soluble food for the little seedlings. Bat this in itself can only maintain and nourish young life. Mere culturable operations cannot prevent or remedy constitutional defects arising from external causes. ‘hus, although the situation, aspect, and soil of a nursery may be everything that can be desired, it does not follow that the seedlings raised in it are always the best of their kind. For constitutional vigour wo have to study race, pedigree, and the quality of in- dividual seeds. This constitutes what is called “ selec- tion" of the latter, and when carefully practised is usually the means of improving races or strains of cultivated plants. It is true, purity of strain is sus- tained by isolation so Jong as a plant retains its pris tine vigour, but it has been observed in the case of many industrial plants that isolation accompapied by much seed bearing has gradually led to degenerac and loss of constitutional yigoar. To prevent this the seed-bearer should not be allowed to produce more than a limited number of seeds, while the nourishment given should be in proportion to the important work such w plant has to perform. In coffee, seed-bearing can easily be regulated by re- moving 50 to 80 per cent. of the flower buds, leaving such as are favourably situated on the lower half of the primary. Bat without taking special measures, a first picking of the finest beans from all over the estate will also be found useful for the propagation of nursery stock, And if such pickings are exchanged with planters situated in different localities, the results are ikely to be better still. In nurseries and seed-farmsin Euro e, the raising and selection of seed form a special de- partment of work to which the greatest attention is paid. Small seeds are carefully examined under the microscope, so that only the very best may be chosen for sowing. Thus by eliminating the inferior and encour- aging the cultivation of the best at one’s disposal, an improved strain of plants will be gradually formed. VARIETIES OF COFFEE SEEN IN COORG. The species observed were only three in number, ¢.g 1.. Coffea Wightiana, W. & A., Indigenous. 2 », Liberica, Hiern., West Africa. 3. » Arabica, Linn. Abyssinia. No. 1 is somewhat sparsely found in North Coorg, and is never admitted into cultivation, I believe, It is whippy-looking shrub 3—5 feet, leaves thinner, smaller, and more pointed than in C. arabica. The reddish-purple berry is also small, but contains two miniature beans of perfect form. There were vely few berries on the specimens kindly gathered for me by Mr. Wood. The flower was not seen, but I am told it is much smaller than the flowar of C. arabica. Of No. 2 Mr. Parsons possesses two, if not three, varieties at Beechlands, the most important being the one known as “ Johore-Liberian.” On this estate the cultivation of Liberians has been pursued for many years, and I had the pleasure of seeing a large number of fine specimens both in flower and fruit. There ave also some seedlings in the nurseries with a dis- tinctly hybrid look about them. Indeed it will be a wonder if natural hybrids are not freely produced on this estate before long. Mr. Parsons also deserves cece lit for the experiments he has made with grafted coffze. Although results in the latter are not great, the p2rsistence in experiments shows the proper spirit of enterprise. No. 3 affords the staple coffee of the province, as it does of South India geaerally. There are several May 1, 1899.] well-marked varieties in cultivation known by the local names of ‘‘ Coorg,” “ Chick,” ‘ Nalknad” and ‘Golden drop.” Another variety, intermediate be- tween ‘‘Chick’’ and ‘ Coorg.” evidently a natural cross, is abundant on the Hellery estate, where it was pointed out to me by Messrs. Mangles and Sprott. Specimens of the “Golden drop” coffee, were seen at Mr. John Logan’s place in South Coorg and also at Santagherry in North Coorg, where Mr. H. F. Davy is Superintendent. Instead of being red when ripe, the cherry in this variety is ofa bright golden colour. But the most important variation in coffee is that which improves the size, colour, weight, and quality of the bean, conditions which the planter 1s no doubt on the alert to discover. It is not likely, however, that much improvement in this direction will occur without greatly enhanced vigour in the plant. In other words, the present strain of coffee should be improved by artificial fertilisation. CROSSING AND HYBRIDISING. In my last report on the Lal Bagh, at Bangalore, Thaye written as follows on the subject of hybrid coffee:— “The possession of hybrid plants on several estates in Southern India now appears to be an undisputed fact. These new forms are reported to combine, more or less, the characteristics of Coffea Liberica and Coffea arabica, and are only found in localities where the two species have been cultivated and propagated together. They have not been introduced by the planters as new varieties, and were unknown prior to the introduction of the West African species, Coffea Liberica. It is therefore reasonably inferred that these intermediate plants are true hybrids. The most remarkable thing about them is their immunity from coffee-leaf disease, a condition which can only be attributed to enchanced vitality in the constitution of the hybrid. This isa discovery of much importance to the planter, and will encourage him to pursue the operation of crossing on methodical lines, with a view to raising improved strains of seed, as has already been done in most of the chief products of agriculture and horticulture in Europe. What should be aimed at now is the systematic crossing and re-crossing of different species and well marked varieties until a really good hybrid or cross is pro- duced, With this object, a small coffee-plot has been planted in the Lal Bagh. It consists of 135 bushes in two species and one variety as named in the margin. Most of the plants were of a good size Coffea Liberica (Liberian) ) when put down, and » Arabica (Arabian). +it is almost certain 5, Arabica (var. Maragogipe) J) that a few of the Liberian and Maragogipe specimens will flower early next year, when crossing operations will be com- menced. “On the occasion of the Planters’ Conference at Bangalore last August, the writer had the honor of being invited to attend the discussion on “ Scien- tific Investigation,” when the opportunity was taken before the represeMtative planters of Southern India to advocate the advantages of crossing and hybridising coffee with a view to invigorating growth and increas- ing productiveness. “The same advice has been given in official corres- Oosoor Estate, Manjarabad ) pondence with planters, Ubban » ss ‘and the institution is Koppa » Kadur Dis. | generally doing what it Panora Peak S. Wynaad roan to promote the Kalpatti do | welfare of the planting Beechlands S.Coorg J industry. Hybrids, or supposed hybrids, have been reported from the marginally noted estates.” It is now some years since the operations of crossing and hybridising were first advocated by me and as time advances, I feel more convinced that in these operations, carefully conducted, we possess a potent means of resuscitating worn-out estates. Without a rotation of crop it stands to reason that coffee will become less productive, unless some radical change is brought about to modify or alter its con- dition, Change of constitution in a plant really THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 751 means change of action on the soil as well, and where the effete plant must eventually languish, even under the best of treatment, the newly born one will flourish. Coffee planting is a special industry which ce nnot conveniently or profitably be rotated with other cultures; therefore, to keep the plant going for an indefinite period we must change its nature a little, so as to be in harmony with its environment Judging from the foregoing remarks, and from what has actually taken place on estates where Coffea Libevica is established with the older species, there is no doubt but the shrubs, in both cases, are predisposed to cross fertilisation. That important point being set led it now remains to discuss how a good hybrid or crossis most likely to be produced. ‘his I have already done when lecturing at Mercara and Polli- betta, but it will refresh the planters’ memory to reproduce the more salient points here, while the information given under Appendix 1 affords the modus operandi of the work in some detail. A defini- tion of the terms ‘‘cross” and ‘ hybrid” will be found inthe same place. As far asI am aware (but this is open to correction), no artificial cross or hybrid has yet been produced in the genus Coffea. At any rate not in this country, and the new cr varying forms referred to above are all nature-crosses. But artificial crossing, done with a definite object has been productive of many useful and beautiful plants in Europe. Indeed it may be said that horti- culture (and agriculture) is toa great extent revolu- tionised by this means. It is therefore not a fad but a potent reality in the improvement of both economic and ornamental plants. In crossing, the object chiefly aimed at is to reproduce the desir- able qualities of two distinct individuals, of different kinds, inthe body of one individual. It is not always easy todo this, bat it can be and has been done extensively; and is weil worth trying as a perfectly feasible means of improving an important and growing industry such as coffee-planting. A bybrid produced from two distinct species is called a “primary hybrid,” and succeeding generations, if intercrossed, may become secondary and tertiary py bride etc. i When tbe characters of both parents are pr evenly blended in the hybrid, the Tage may be Pailed the “mean” of the former. But it often happens that the prevailing characters are more approximate to one parent than to the other, in which case we have what is known as a ‘goneoclinic hybrid.” Another way of producing the latter is to cross a hybrid with one of the parent stocks. Ternary hybrids are the indirect offspring of three different species. Itis in the production of the two latter form: (goneo- clinic and ternary) that the greatest achievements in hybridisation have been made. The hybrids naturally produced at Oossoor seem to possess the vegetative vigour of the maternal parent Coffea Liberica, but are deficient in the productive quality of the paternal plant, Coffea arabica. To remedy this defect, a cross should now be tried be- tween the latter and the hybrid, as the pollen of C arabica would possibly be more potent in the second degree. In nature there are numerous and beautiful inventions to facilitate the crossing of flowers, but ina paper of this scope it is inexpedient to attempt more than a brief reference to what transpires in the short-lived coffee flower. The latter is structmally hermaphrodite, but nct functionally so in every case as 1 have observed small insects crawling over the mature stigma before the anthers had dehisced having pollen from other flowers attached to their legs. I cannot say to what extent this provision is made for cross-fertilisation, but as the flowers open progressively for 24 hours and are visited by swarms of insects at the time of opening and during the receptive period, it is probable that a large percentage of the whole are cross-fertilised. = The active life of the individual flower is of short duration, and possibly within the first hour of its existence it has been fertilised, cross-fertilised or sterilised, It belongs to the entomophilous class of ~Yy flowers which are pcllinated through the agency of insects, such as small bees, midges, beetles, small moths, and weevils, ete. Dull cloudy days with a lowering of temperature are unfavourable to fertilisa- tion, hence- a bright warm day is desirable when the blossom is out. REVER-ION OF HYBRIDS. This is a matter which troubles the planter a good Cexul, aud possibly causes him to pause before under- taking a series of precarious expelimel.s which involye much time and may Jeai to uothinyin the eud, Lt may, therefore, be said at once that established hybrids of similar strain (slight viriations being of little account) do not revert to the parent»l stock if they are not pollinated by the latter. To main- tain purity of strain in « J.ybrid is simply a matter of protection. Trivial c:oss11 ¢ between members cfa select group of hybrids—all bi ing very nearly related —is perhaps beneficial on the Wuaole und canuot easily be prevented, Then, when a really suitable hybrid hws been produced, the proper couise is isolation from all other varieties of coffee, with a view to inbreeding and seed production. I hope I have mae _ this sufficiently clear, as on these final precautions must rest the success of the whole operations of crossing. INARCHING, This form of grafting, like the other, retards vegetative growth and promotes the development of fruit. The coffee-grafts at Bangalore behave in exactly the same way as mango-grafts; ¢.4¢., plant stunted and spreading, fruit large, and not se plentiful as in the seedling. C. arabica on C. Liberica is the only combination of any value at head-quarters. Seedlings from the latter have been distributed for trial, and are being cultivated under my own observation. It is possible that some constitutional vigour may be gained from a mechanical connection of this kind, especially where the grafts are interbred, In other respects I do not think that grafted coffee is of much practical value. Some beans exhibited from the inarched bushes here were admi-ed for their size and colour. The operation is chiefly useful in dwarfing vegetative growth, causing early fruiting, and repro- ducing the true qualities of parcticular kinds of plants. (To be concluded. ) a RUBBER IN INDIA. That the exploitation of the rubber vines in Africa will lead to serious denudation, once the cupidity of the tribes dwelling in and around the forests in which they are found is excited, seems a fore- gone conclusion ; and unless measures are taken to plant and strictly conserve large areas, this valuable gum promises to become extinct, or procurable only at well-nigh prohibitive prices. We know that efforts are being made to provide supplies for the future, but as erroneous ideas prevail as to the age at which the plant can be tapped, no appreciable quantities are likely to be forthcoming for at least 16 or 20 years, unless in the meantime the received impressions we allude to, are dissipated. On the subject of yearly extraction of rubber, proof of its feasi- bility has been adduced several times within the last few years; but yet the time is not far distant when the dearth of indispensable material will force attention to this matter. We wish to discuss at present whether our frontier officers, (such as Mr. Needham and others) having influence with hill tribes like the Dufflas, Akas, Abors and Mishmies, in whose countries large reserves of jicus elastica are known to exist, could not persuade these people, to adapt a more sensible and less destructive method of collecting the gum than they have hitherto prac- tised, Immense damage has been done by Marwaris and general traders im inciting the tribes to bleed 52 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. | May 1, 1899. the vines to death; bat savage and unreflecting as the hill men are, the chiets at least are open to conviction; and were it pointed out to them that they were sacreficing the tuture to the present, it is possible the forests high up the Boreili, Suban- siti, Dching and similar streams might be saved from destruc.ion, while furnishing moderate supplies of the gum, and élips fur propagation, until at ieast our own planting was deemed ot matare enough age to be tapped according to sensible methods. Weare eucouraged to make this proposition by calling to miud a coufab we had with an intelligent Lushai who accompanied Messrs. Savage and Loraine on their visit to Calcutta some three years since. The attempt is worth making in the interests of the people themselves, for though, with the sole ex- cepwon o: the Abors, the tribes have been taught the futility of raiding our territory, there is no saying what they may do when all means of peaceful trading iu their torest produce is exhausted aud themselves reduced to something akin to destitution. For some years previous to 1561 the men of Sookpilall’s clan, hoiding the country round about our outposts at Aijui, were peaceably enough inclined, as they could swap their tac and rubber to Beparis for the re- quirements the Bengali and Manipuri traders took up, aud had these friendly relations been cultivated, as Lieutenant R. Stewart then suggested, we should have secured at least the gooa-will of this clan any rate. Unfortunately the Bengal Government decided to leave these people severely al ne, and the unscru- puious men of the plains, with their over reaching uricks and covert threats, roused surpicion, bring- ing about the raids of 1861-62. But the mischief had been done, and the exhausted vines to the south of the present site of Sookpilall’s villages tessify to the etiforts of hounding on the people to * kill the goose, etc.” Not only this, but cupidity once aroused led to the practice of adulterating the true gum with the sap of any tree or creeper trom which any milk-like juice could be extracted; a falling-off in the quantity of Lushai rubber took place, leading to disputes, and rejection of much that was brought down by the Bepa:i traders. This was the real origin of the rows with the clan mentioned. The missionaries and officers of the scattered garri- sons in the North Lushai hills have, we may say, civilised these men, and it is time now that every effort should be made to lead them on to make the most of the produce their mountains can yield, There is still a number of vines, though sadly hacked about, in the terai and ravines lying between the Lungai and Tipu, along the south of Sylhet and Cachar, that would furnish saplings enough to plant many hundreds of acres, and the country is opened out sufficiently for our forest officers to exercise the supervision requisite to prevent premature bleeding. The valleys ot the Upper Chinwin and pigeons, as also those extending across the basin of the Irra- wadi up to the Chinese border, are rich in ficus, if it is soaght for in the densely-wooded terais; and though auy very strict conservation of the plant here presents some difficulty, while facilities tor smug- gling are abundant, saplings for planting can be had in such quantities that the Burma Government would be well advised to take the matter in hand in view of securing a handsome revenue a few years hence. Withthe prevalent ideas, tea planters, unless they contemplate handing their estates down to posterity, are not very likely to undertake the cul- tivation, but companies, who are not supposed to die or retire, should plant, and even young men opening tea or other plantatious on their own account would derive a much larger income from two hundred acres of jicus laid down at the same time, on their retirement thirty years hence, than from the present staple of Assam according to European lights. Though we cannot now enter minutely into the proper method of rearing rubber from slips, we may mention that a good deal of misconception on the subject exists, and the expense is trivial, being but a tithe of what is supposed.—Z’he Planter. May 1, 1899.] AND A DECORTICATING MACHINE. Our readers are aware that at the in- stance of a Syndicate of local gentlemen who have taken up the matter, a ‘‘Silburn’s Patent Decorticating Machine,” to deal with Aloe Fibre, has been constructed at the Colombo Tron Works. It has given much trouble to the machinists and the gentlemen more immediately concerned; but it is hoped thatall is now smooth, and lately an ex- hibition of the machine at work was conducted by the patentee at Mr. Alex. Stevenson’s Fibre Mills, Mattakkuliya. The veason for going to Mattakkuliya was the need of a good water supply. The Goy- ernment has very readily met the wishes of the pioneers in a new industry—which may be of importance to the Colony,—by granting free carriage of aloe leaves by rail from Hatton, Kotagala, &c., and alto- gether as much as 87 tons, we believe, have een received. This quantity should certainly afford a fam trial and give a sample of fibre that can be practically tested in the London market. The machine is an insigni- ficant one to look at, the whole being en- closed in a small case; but if it does what the patentee claims, appearance does not matter. The advantages claimed are :— “That the Machine will extract the whole of the fibre contained by the leaf. That the Fibre is extracted without any breakage whatever. That the Machine will decorticate one ton of Aloe leaves per hour, which can be increased pe poonately with the width of the Machine. hat the Machine will supply along felt want in the island, and will make the cultivation of Aloe a sure commercial success.” Mauritius has a considerable export trade in aloe fibre, but we do not think it is very rofitable to the producers. It remains to e seen if. Silburn’s machine will make a wider margin of profit to be secured in Ceylon and elsewhere. : — ALOE FIBRE NOTES FROM THE CENTRAL PROVINCE. . March 25. I suppose the little monsoon will be on us more early than usual this year after the drought and frost. So far the showers are very partial. Kandy requires alot more rain. Oh! bother Tewson’s case. We are all sick of it and the same of Talwatte. The “Standard” ’s idea of astatue for the Kandyan murdered martyr is too funny. Where does murder come in the case? At the worst the Tommies were hastening home to _ bar- racks, and Mr. Talwatte blocked the way. One of them gave him a clout on thehead with a hockey stick, and it happened to alight on a most wonderfully thin-sculled native gentleman. He died trom its effects; but there was no premeditation in the matter, and all the wonderful letters from eye-wit- nesses that are sent in now, are only pabulum to get more damages and sympathy from Government and the gullible native com- munity. The proper step for the P.A. to do in the matter of Fieruek et Heaton is to pray Her Majesty to bestow on him a baronetcy. He is more worthy of that title than the general dealer and blender of tea, Lipton, who scored a knighthood, 94 THE TROPICAL AGRICUILTURIST. 753 British North Borneo is to the front. They could not issue fresh shares when the old shares were at a discount: Now that they have touched par and even a premium, this issue of shares can be effectively placed. British North Borneo only wants developing to be one of the finest jewels cf the Empire. Why were you down on Carruthers: for his report on gray fungus, in the Kelani Valley ? He tells you that the time at his disposal was too short to give more than a very general Report. [Which we think, kad better be reserved and not given at all, for the reason that the matter required more careful study and attention than Mr. Carruthers could haye given to it. We were jealous for the Crypto- gaumist’s own reputation in the matter, know- ing the good work he had done for cacao, —Kp. 7.A.| a ee See ee COLOMBO COMMERCIAL COMPANY, LIMITED. London, 7th March, 1899. Directors :—Alfred Brown, Chairman, Leon Famin, J G Wardrop, P OC Oswald. Secretary :—J Alea Roberts 5, Dowgate Hill, Offices London, E C. Report.—To Be presented to the Fonrth Ordinary General Meeting of the Company, on Thursday, 16th day of March, 1899, at 12 o’clock noon. The Directors have pleasure in placing before shareholders statements shewing favourable results for the past year, viz. :— Profit and loss account for the year ending 30th Sept. 1898, Balance Sheet made up to 30th Sept, 1898. It will be seen from the profit and loss account that after debiting all charges, interest on debentures, &c., the profit for the year amounted to .. £9716 1 1 A balance was brought forward from last year of 50 510 14 6 Making the total at credit of profit and loss £10,226 15 7 From this there has been trans- ferred to exchange reserve against capital expenditure 2,232 5 5 Leaving available for dividend, &e.,a sum of es £7,994 10 2 Interim dividends of three per cent onthe prefer- ence capital and 23 per cent on the ordinary capital were paid on the 15th Sept, 1898, and the directors recommend that the following dividends be now declared, viz.: three per cent on the preferenee capital, making six per cent for the year, and 54 per cent on the ordinary capital, making eight per cent for the year, the latter free of income tax. After payment of the above dividends there will remain a balance of £1,303 8s 24, which the direc- tors propose ehould be carried forward to next year, The liquid assets in Ceylon appear in the Com- pany s accounts at the same exchange as in last year's balance-sheet, viz. :—ls 1d per rupee, the present value of the rupee being about 1s 4d. Exchange reserve against capital expenditure now stands at £26,000, inclusive of the sum of £2,232 53 5d transferred in the present accounts. The directors regret to report the death oftheir esteemed Colleague, Mr. Norman Stewart, and thoy have filled up this vacancy on the Board by the appointment of Mr, J GWardvop D Mr. L, Famin, a member of the Board, retires from office on this occasion, and, being eligible, offers him- self for re-election. Messrs. Deloitte, Dever, Griffiths & Co., theandi- tors, also offer themselves for re-election. 754 NORTH CENTRAL CEYLON: THE SCOPE FOR NEW OR EXTENDED INDUSTRIES. The approach of the ‘railway era” gives a new interest, if not importance, to the North-Central division of this island. The province itself contains 4,002 square miles or almost the same extent as our largest or East- ern Province which includes 4,037 miles—both divisions comprising well-nigh one-third of the whole area of Ceylon. In the four thousand odd square miles in our North-Central division, last census gave but 75,333 of a population—in the proportions of 41,545 males and 33,988 females—or at the rate of 19 to -the square mile. Anuradhapura, the capital and terminus of the section of railway al- ready sanctioned, had in 1891 a population of 2,508. To enable a comparison to be made with territory nearer Colombo, we ma mention that the district of Kegalla, whic is also to be favoured with Railway exten- sion, had in 1891, on the 624 square miles within its bounds, 150,627 persons or double the total scattered over the North-Central Province There is therefore, immense room ‘for occupation and settlement in the terri- tory entrusted to the administrative care of Mr. Evan Byrde whose Report for last year has just been published. Let us see what encouragement can be gathered from its contents for capitalists and settlers to go up and possess the land, now in advance of the railway, when the terms pee acre are exceedingly low and favourable; or later on—five or six years hence—when doubtless rates will have increased more in proportion to those prevailing nearer Colombo. Let us remise by stating that we have never Ronbted the fertility and advantages of a _ great deal of the country in the immediate neighbourhood of Anuradhapura. We ex- cepted ten miles south of that town as well as ten miles north of Kurunegala from the criticism we have uniformly advanced and still support, against the sixty miles of intermediate terrtiory, a great deal of it in the Wanni gi oats or wilderness division. To get to the richer land beyond, our route would have been along the ' populous coast division from Colombo Northwardst and then turning inland from Puttalam to Anuradhapura, so _ follow- ing the natural course with which the great coconut planting industry has hitherto extended in Ceylon—from the coast gradually inland. But let that pass. The point has yet to be practically settled whether much of the North Central Province will do to grow coconut palms profitably, on account of the scarcity of rainfall. We are quite clear that very little, if anything can be done alon the railway route, until the neighbourhoo of Anuradhapura is reached. There the coco-palm has been planted to a_ limited extent within recent years and Mr. Ievers had favourable reports to give of the condi- tion and prospects of the indusiry. Mr. Byrde gives a table of rainfall for five years showing a-maximum of 673 inches last year and a minimum of 46 in 1894, the average being close on 55 inches and wonderfully well distributed, no month (save February in one year) showing an absence of rain; while the Pa {May 1, 1890. ovember, most of the Province, as the arid region of the North and of Ceylon, the palmyra palm should prove far more _ suitable than the ~ coconut, and we have often regretted that the system of toll or * rajakariya” suggested by the late Mr. Kilner wellnigh 40 years ago, was never established, namely that every traveller along the North road between Dambula and Elephant Passs should, pro bono publico, carry with him and plant at least one palmyra palm nut, this time, no doubt, an avenue of such palms would be in process of growth. We hear a good deal ath at present of the field for growing aloes and other fibre plants, that will be presented along the Northern rail- way. But we much fear that for so succulent, fleshy a plant as aloes, the rainfall generall will be found deficient. There is more likeli- hood of cotton succeeding; but is the price now offered for cotton grown on the strong black soil of Tinnevelly sufficiently remuner- ative to justify extension? Wherever irriga- tion is available, there is no doubt of the en- couragement to grow rice and it is some- thing to learn from Mr, Byrde that a sufficient supply was last year produced at least for the people in the rural arts of his province, though not enough for the town. On_ small plots of good soil with the means of watering,..we shall see tobacco gardens multiply, and there will be an extension of cultivation in. vege- tables and fruit for local requirements if not for export. So far as we can judge, how- ever, the only agricultural industries on a large scale that would seem to suit the province are pay where irrigation can be made available; and palmyra palms which do well with a limited rainfall ; and, in some favoured parts, a certain area of coconut palms. No doubt in time other industries may be developed. We are now writing of the early future in the light of Mr. ’s Report. One of the first questions for a capitalist will be, of course, as to labour supply ; and labour, we fear, is not available locally to any extent. In ‘one “part,” Mr. Byrde tells us how his attempt to et ‘villagers to make village gardens elow their tanks has proved a failure. I offered the land free, also seeds, which I am constantly distributing, but all tono se.” Such villagers are not likely to be tempted to work for strangers; nor do we anticipate that the capitalist will be able to tempt many Jafinese to the neighbourhood ° of Anuradhapura. The patient, industrious, money-making, immigrant cooly must be looked to, for any hard work in the region referred to, which may be set a-going through the influence of capital; and no doubt the proximity ‘to ‘his own country should be an attraction. At the same time the work of pioneering and turning over new land is’ often an unhealthy one, and special care would have to te taken against an outbreak of fever in the case of a large gang. But, in this respect, a good deal of experience will be gained—let us trust at not too heavy a cost—during © railway construction between Kurunegala and _ Anuradhapura. Meantime, we should be — zy May 1, 1899.] THE TROPICAL glad to learn for what purpose—besides paddy, palmyras and possibly in more favoured parts coconuts—land can be ex- pected to be taken up in lots exceeding a hundred acres, within the bounds of the North-Central. Province, or to begin with, alongside the Railway line between Kurune- gala and Anuradhapura? ee ge PEPPER-CULTIVATION IN ASSAM. The Assam Government has recently issued @ note on the cultivation of black pepper in that province, with the idea of inducing the people to cultivate if extensively as a commercial pro- duct. At the present time it is only produced in sufficient quantities to supply local require- ments. The pepper-vine in Assam, it appears, is generally reared on betelnut trees, and the average yield of a single vine is said to be about three seers (40 seers=2} lb.) of eured pepper. .An acre of betel-nut plantation holds ‘about 500 trees. —Chemist and Druggist, March 11. Se ee RUBBER AND THE CONGO. A telegram from our Brussels Correspondent to- day indicates that fresh effort is being made to develope the natural resources of the Congo State. The suitability of its soil and climate for the growth of trees producing caoutchouc, or india- rubber, has often been insisted upon by travel- lers during the last few years, and systematic efforts are to be made to foster the industry. The King of the Belgians has just signed a Decree prescribing that a certain number of the trees yielding rubber are to be planted every year in the forests in all parts of his Domain. It goes on to establish a staff of inspectors and other officers to look after the culture. In a climate favourable to the rapid growth of rank vegeta- tion, and among a ‘‘ happy-go-lucky” folk like the native races, the young trees would have a poor chance, and those which reached maturity would be destroyed by the reckless collection of their produce. ‘Tocut them down causes least trouble and gives the largest immediate supply of rubber, but it is killing the goose which lays the golden eggs; a proceeding which seems to commend itself to the savage mind, and is not always without attraction even to the partially civilised intelligence. The crop of rubber, if we may use that phrase, is obtained by tapping the tree, and there are right and wrong ways or seasons for this process; so that the officials are not likely to find their posts a sisecure. Forty pounds of the juice, itis said, can be taken trom a tree during the period of its yield, so that in afew years the output from the Congo State ought to be largely augmented. India-rubber is not obtained from a single tree. In Central Africa alone itis to be found in more than one species; in India it comes from the Ficus elastica, a tree allied to the banyan, and known in our greenhouses as the india-rubber. plant ; while the most noted variety, from Brazil, is got from a tree called siphonia, wich is related to the spurges. Probably the last-named kind will be selected for systematic cultivation, for of late years several experiments have been made to acclimatise the Brazil or Para india-rubber tree in other countries, —London Standard, Feb. 28, AGRICULTURIST. 755 EIGHTY YEARS AGO AND NOW, The following table gives a comparison of ap- proximate prices in England in 1819 and 1899 :-— s. d. 3. ds Tobacco, per lb. 6 — 5 — - Tea,in canister perlb, 7 4 158 Sugar, moist do — 19 — is Do lump do 1-4 — 2 Cheese do — 10 — 8 Salt tok Cate reY ee Candles ° — ll — 4 Soap, yellow, per owt. 11 6 Deo The figures point their own meral.—Planting Opinion, March 25, ——_—_—___g—_____— THE TORTOISESHELL TRADE. Last week’s Nature contains an articleon the trade in tortoiseshell. It is largely based upon trade-ciculars of Messrs. Lewis & Peat. The article deals with the origin of the shells, the quantities annually consumed, the different varie: ties, and the price obtained for them. Great Britain, France, Japan, China, and the United States are the principal consumers of this com- modity, of which enormous quantities are cone sumed annually, but it is believed by this autho- rity that there is no real danger of the reptile being exterminated. The uses of tortoiseshe!! are also referred to. It is worked practically in the same manner as horn, and is exceedingly amen- able to steam, heat, and pressure ; indeed, it seems to be more easily moulded than horn, be- cause the dust and scrapings are collected, steamed, and remoulded into solid pieces, from which articles may afterwards be turned or carved, —Chemist and Druggist, March 11. ae ee THE CHINA TEA SEASON FOR 1898-9 may be considered to be closed and here is the result ;— THA. Canton, 2nd March.—The market is closed, and there is nothing further to be shipped. EXPORT OF TEA FROM CHINA TO UNITED KINGDOM AND CONTINENT. 1898—99. 1897—98, lb. lb. Hankow and Shanghai 12,230,663 15,099,727 Foochow es -- 12,545,346 12,160,708 Amoy ate — 688,318 685,651 Canton a sia; 09,149;722 5,889,288 30,614,049 33,836,374 EXPORT OF TEA FROM CHINA TO UNITED STATES AND CANADA. 1898—99. 1897—98 f lb. lb. Shanghai sf +» 16,621,547 20,836,000 Amoy isi .. 15,036,413 15,861,506 Foochow e «. 17,297,412 7,126,264 38,956,372 43,523,770 EXPORT OF TEA FROM CHINA TO ODESSA, 1898—99. 1897—98, lb lb Shanghai and Hankow 22,783,272 19,462,293 EXPORT OF TEA FROM JAPAN TO UNITED STATES AND CANADA. 1898—99, 1897—98, lb. Ib. Yokohama 26,517,085 26,414,353 Kobe 13,658,363 15,602.288 39,176,448 42,016,641 756 THE TROPICAL NORTH-CENTRAL PROVINCE OF CEYLON. (FROM ADMINISTRATION REPORT FOR 1898.) Foop Suppiy. Rice, the main food supply of the inhabitants, was grown in sufficient quantity. to meet the requirements of the people. Imported rice is not much used except by Tamil coolies and in the town of Anuradhapura. Its price varies according to the distance from Matale, The price of locally- grown vice varies slightly in the different palatas of the Province. Curry stuffs, onions, coconuts and kitul and coconut jaggery are imported from Matale, palmirah jaggery from Jaffna, salt from Puttalam, and some dried fish. The Le ba part of the dried fish comes from Mannary and Trincomalee. Kurunegala supplies the larger number of coconuts. Fruit and vegetables were not so searce as during the previous year. The town market was generally well supplied. ‘Thecultivation of plantains is on the increase throughout the Province. The annual show of garden products was held in the “ Pilgrim’s Rest,” which was kindly placed at my disposal by Mr. N. g. Fernando of Colombo. I feel satisfied that these shows are doing good, and stimulating the people to more activity in the growth ef vegetables and fruit. At the close of the show vegetable seeds from the Tissa gardens were distributed free to all who cared to have them. During the year supplies of seed were issued to the chiefs for distribution among villagers; this besides the distributions I made when on circuit. Nearly every village school has its garden now and JI have full hopes that the early training of the young will have good results. The cultivation of cocouuts is not increasing as I should like to see it, though there is ample land fit and available in different parts of the Province. The adyent of the railvay will no doubt be the means of bringing ont- siders into the Province, who will I feel sure purchase land for this cultivation. IRRIGATION. The only large work in course of construc- tion is the restoration of Maha Ilupnpallama tank in the Eppawala korale of Nuwaragam palata, one mile to the south of the Talawa-[halagama minor road ‘and between Ipologama and Eppawala, This work has not progressed satisfactorily, owing to the difficulty experienced by the Public Works Depart- ment in procuring labour. The people are quite prepared -to purchase all the irrigable land below the tank, and I.feel sure’ that its restoration will prove to be a remunerative work. Nuwarawewa Yoda-ela.—The restoration of this ela is progressing, Minneriya Tank.—The Irrigation Engineer, Mr. Eves, is on the spot working under the Director of Public Works and Mr, Parker. This work is taken out of the hands of the Provincial Irrigation Board. The sluices were fully opened, after a deal of trouble, to enable the work to progress, but in December the tank filled considerably, and the work is delayed. The Kalawewa Yoda-ela has again given a lot of trouble in consequence of large quantities of silt. A special Irrigation Engineer, Mr. Nunn, was busy on this work for about six months taking sections and levels. For over two months the ela was allowed to. run dry for the purpose of clearing, as it was found that the water would not flow into the Anu- radhapura tanks, After the clearing the water reached Anuradhapura-in nine days, travelling at the rate of six miles per day. For want of water at the Tissawewa high-level sluice and in’ Basawakkulam tank part of the paddy crop failed. Village Tanks. — In the northern division there are 723 village tanks under supervision. Of this number, 325 are com- pleted tanks and 396 are half and one-fourth com- pleted, and two are new tanks. Three tanks were added to the completed list during 1898. Exclusive of old Crown tanks given for restoration, the quantity of earthwork done in village tanks during the year amounted to 221,255) cubic yards. This includes work for 1898 and arrears of previous years. Compared « AGRICULTURIST, (May 1, 1899. with 1897 there was an increase of earthwork to the extent of 41,774 cnbic yards; this is very satisfactory. Sixty village tanks were sluiced during the year with cement pipe sluices (Murray's): 44 of these were four-inch, 16six-inch, and 1 a nine-inch sluice, Many more have still to be sluiced, and these will receive attention next year, Fifty-three Orown are being restored under permit, and I am glad to be able to record that the earthwork done on these tanks exceeds that done in 1897 by 3,112 cubic yards, Very few tanks were breached during the wet weather, and this I attribute in a great measure to the more even distribution of rainfall during the year. There were no heavy floods ia November and December, as is usually the case in this Province. The votes allowed for upkeep of tanks were expended in repairs to (iron and cement) sluicesand in repairs to spi There can be no doubt that the restoration of the village tanks is helping immensely to improve the condition of the peteie, The water supply is better and purer, more paddy is grown, and the people are better off than they were even a few years ago. Parangi is not so common. As I stated in my re- port last year, I consider the restoration of vill ¢ tanks to be far more important than the undertaking of large new works in a Province so gs y popu- lated as the North-Central Province, When the population increases and ontsiders apply for land, it will be time enongh to consider the restoration of some of the fine old tanks that are now in jungle all over this vast Province. For the present I prefer to improve the condition of the existing population. New Are4s oF CULTIVATION. Daring the year 241 lots of Crown land were sold, comprising an extent of 1,278 acres. Much of this land has been cultivated with peer: It is seldom that an igh land is applied for and purchased, but towards the latter end of the year there were several inquiries for land suitable for coconut cultivation from capitalists out- side the Province, and { was informed that with the advent of the railway many applications would come in for coconut as wellasfor paddy land. I 60, for there is abundance of good land available. The people of the Province are too poor to purchase more than a few acres ata time below their village tanks, I have received an application from some Jaffnese to purchase 1,000 acres of irrigable land below Sangilikanadarawa, a breached and abandoned old tank, on condition that the Government restore the tank. The restoration of this tank is under the consideration of the Provincial Irrigation Board. My attempt to get villagers to make village gardens below their tanks has proved a failure. I offered the land free, also seeds, which I am constantly distributing, but all to no purpose. BoranicaAL AND EXPERIMENTAL GARDENS. The gardens were well kept, and were visited by Mr. Willis from Peradeniya. Nearly 1,000 fruit and shade trees were distributed for planting round Govern- ment buildings, dispensaries, gansabhawas, as well as amongst yillagers. A large number of plants were given for the general cemetery. A plant of the Victoria regia was sent from Peradeniya Gardens, and within six months it had eight blossoms. Tissa vegetable garden has done well in the way of produc- ing a large quantity of seed, which I have had distri- buted all over tho Province. The fig trees continue to do well. ' a GAME. Thirty-six game licenses were issued, as against fifty-four during the preceding year. Twenty- five licenses to capture buffaloes were issued. In most of these cases the animals are village cattle, unbranded and unregistered, and quite wild. No licenses to shoot buffaloes were issued. WNo licenses were issued to capture elephants; there were two licenses to shoot issued. In four cases rogue elephants were proclaimed and rewards offered, Skins are not brought to the Kachcheri, as traders : a ee ee pes: May 1, 1899.| offer a larger price forthem than the amount of the reward offered by Government. Any illicit shooting of game that takes place is merely for the sake of the meat as food, andIhave not heard of any gang- shooting whatever. There were prosecutions in three cases, two for illicit capturing of buffaloes and one for game, and all resulted in convictions. ARCHZOLOGY- Excavations were continued at Thuparama and Elala’s tomb, just outside the town, and at Puliyankulam on the Jaffna road. Under an extra vote the Archwological Commissioner was entrusted with the clearing of jungle round the ruins outside the town, and good work was done. ——_—_s>__ —_- TEA IN RUSSIA. Tea ‘‘ Farmer” is no doubt well justified in writing as he does, in criticism of the statements we quoted the other day from the ‘‘Home and Colonial Mail.” If the Russian people throughout the Empire were the greatest tea drinkers in the world, not 92 million lb. (according to Mr. T. N Christie’s official figures) or 140 million lb. (according to the Shanghai Committee’s return); but well over 900 million lb. of tea would be re- quired to meet their requirements! This is taking the population of the Russian Em- pire at 130,000,000 and the Australian rate of consumption at T7lb. a head; whereas it is evident that the Russians do not average at the highest estimate, much above Ilb. a head. How then explain the statements of visitors to Russia that their friends there seem to be drinking tea all day long and that tea is the chief drink of Russian families. _We think the explanation is (as “Farmer” surmises) found in the fact that tea is far too dear to be afforded by the poorer classes—by the bul” of the people away from the large towns, or even by the ordi- nary workmen and labourersin the towns. The higher and middle classes may be drinking tea all day long to an average of 7\b, a head; but then that would mean only some 20 millions of people out of the total of 130 millions. However, in accordance with our correspondent’s suggestion, we hope to give the opinions of the Russian tea buyers in Colombo, on the points raised. oe ee en COLOMBO AND TEA BLENDING, “ "COLOMBO AS A GREAT TEA-BLENDING PoRT AND THE CONSEQUENT ADVANTAGE TO LOcAL PRopucERS”—forms the theme of the paper by our old friend ‘‘W.F.L.” to which we give prominence below today. In a private letter our correspondent emphasizes his little sermon as follows :— ‘There is a lot of Ceylon and Indian tea which goes home and is practically taken over by the buyers without any competition whatever. A few months ago it was common teas; now it is medium. The danger in the London market is that what with big dealers like Lipton, Mazawatte and Peak Winch Bros. and a few other, competition may cease altogether. Ceylon would find a better abid- ing market for teas of these descriptions if it went in for blending, besides be able to compete with London in the rest of Europe.” Now, in nearly all that he says on this subject, ‘* W.F.L.” must know that he was long ago forestalled in the editorial columns THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 157 of the Observer. We urged the abolition of the existing iniquitous local import duty on tea many years ago, and pointed out how it practically shut out Travancore—an outlying district of Ceylon—from the Colombo market and port. We urged the great advantage of making Colombo the principal tea depdét in Asiatic waters, so that teas could be blended on the spot to suit all markets and shipped direct whether to Australia, North America or the Continent of Europe. Leading planters took an opposite view, dreading an influx of cheap China and Java teas which would be afterwards shipped hence under marks, claiming to be Ceylon’s, In rejoinder, we showed first that Ceylon, as it was, is even now responsible for some of the poorest and cheapest (as well as for some of the best and dearest) teas that go into the London market; that nothing prevents local tea dealers shipping the veriest trash as Ceylon-grown teas and that in the present day no teas were bought on their name or mark, without expert testing, so that there was not the least chance of the value of good Ceylon teas being affected. “«W. F. L.” now shows how, on the con- trary, it is to the direct interest of our tea planters to encourage blending operations at this port of Colombo,—how one result would be to create greater competition for local teas, and to fit our teas for direct export to the various European markets. We leave his admonitions to the careful considera- tion of those most concerned. We think the time has come to appoint Sub-Committees (or a joint Sub-Committee) of the Chamber of Commerce and Planters’ Association, to en- quire and report on thesubject, namely, as to whether it is, or is not, to the advantage of the Ceylon tea producer to maintain the present import duty on other teas at this port, and prevent Colombo becominga great tea blend- ing depot, as well as market, and_ port of direct shipment to all tea-consuming countries :— CEYLON BLENDED TEAS. (Communicated. ) With relation to teas, if there is one ac- cepted fact more than another, it is that the British consumer has a preference for blended teas. The custom of the blender is to buy a certain quantity of various qualities and out of them to make a drinkable tea, for rice, at the smallest cost to himself. This as resulted in the smaller country blender and dealer being almost thrown out of the market and the consequent larger London man acquiring an undue influence on the London market, and this looks as though it might go on until he has a monopoly alto- ether. Then, what willbe the use of a Public ales Auction mart? **a knock out.” Surely it is time that the question of bonded warehouses and blending teas in Ceylon should be considered. There are buyers and there would be more, for they know what would re-sell best. Excepting perhaps some Chinas and some Darjilings, most Ceylon teas, more than others, can be drunk alone: yet few will be prepared to admit that any, even including the above, are so attractive as when judiciously blended; and thus think It will become simply #58 the blender and consumer: so it is no use bringing abstract ideas against practical con- clusions, Somé years ago I proposed a scheme for introducing Ceylon’ teas into America and impressed my opinions fully on the necessity of the American dealer supplying blended teas to consumers. There is not the slightest doubt but that this is the line to be adopted. Americans have not hitherto proved them- selves willing to drink either Ceylon or In- dian tea, pure and simple; and this has been expressed by many writers, including our Commissioner, over and over again. I fear, however, Ceylon ls lost the chance now of ‘selling blended teas to America, if it ever possessed it, although other m>w countries are still assailable. There are, strong peers flavoury teas grown in India, which if blended in incon- siderable proportions with many Ceylon light teas, ould raise their values in the Colombo market, and besides make them more accept- able in other countries. In other words a judicious use of Indians would help the ex- tension of four-fifths of the Ceylon-grown article. I do not say that Indians are supe- rior to Ceylons : such would be treason, even if I thought it, which I do not; but I will, however, say that not using the geo- graphical position of Colombo for this pur- pose, is neglecting one of the great adyan- tages that the island possesses. ; At present there are regular buyers in the Ceylon market_and_a fresh incentive would be established by those who, by, blending a small proportion of foreign teas with Ceylons, would raise the value of those special kinds for which everyone would be pleased to meet with a better demand and_ price, resultin in obtaining help where most needed an producing qualities ractically suited to the wants. of the whole universe. At present Ceylon in adhering to sell not exactly what the buyers require, is injuring herself. _ T doubt if requirements would be shipped from Calcutta or China to Colombo, cheaper than to London; so that the object in in- troducing would not be for the benefit of those countries, but to make the most, of Ceylon teas. Neither is _the importation likely to be overdone, as it would cost too uch. 5 The consumption of tea is doubtless spreading over Europe; so if the mer- chants of Colombo could only adapt their samples to the wants of Southern Europe, say- ing nothing of the Persian Gulf, and Egypt, a grand future is before them for the blended article. No country in the long-run could compete. with them in the East. It does not much matter how the Ceylon planter is willing to view the question :—blending, if not done in Ceylon, will be done elsewhere ; and if in Colombo the extra cost of extra shipment, carriage and landing will handicap the imported tea to such a degree that the object. will be to use as little foreign, and as much locally-grown, | as. the blend will stand, and this always in a growing degree ; so. that in the long-run, Ceylon teas will be most benefitted. Besides, from what I have seen, 1 believe it could be much better done a Geylon than in London and as I have said its position seems to bave been naturally THE TROPICAL ’ Te eS eee ie % AGRICULTURIST. (May !),! 1899, chosen ‘expressly for the Indeed it is a great pity, that from the first, when Oeylon emerged into the world as a tea- growing country, it did not also start a universal market. Regn As I see blended teas winning their way everywhere, I write in no interest other- wise than that of a tea-grower, in whose basket most of my eggs are lying. As time goes on, Ceylon will ‘be brought in closer competition with Assam, and perhaps Java: so I consider it is now acting unwisely not using its best means of making the most of every chest of tea shipped from its shores. That is, no effort should be lost in maki the tea attractive, and not have it cas aside.as wanting, and so knocked: down to the buyer almost at his own price. Nothing, I believe, would benefit. the Ceylon. grower more than shipping blended teas into London; as it might bring back the smaller buyers into competition with the larger who are gradually and effectually dominating the market. Again, probably four-fifths of the Ceylon tea shipped would be placed more attractive, if wisely blended with suitable teas of other growths, and which in time would find their own markets and help to prevent the heavy drops in prices experienced during the last two years. Prices are now looking up again ; yet, after my past experience, I am inclined to think that, if growers are most careful when times are good, they will have less to rue, when they go down again. W, F. i. —— —~om — COFFEE AND SHADE-TREES ; AND TEA AND SHADE-TREES. - We have been seeking the opinion of our ‘*Honorary Entomologist,” Mr. E, E, Green, on the very full Report just. furnished by Mr. Cameron, F.L.8S., to the planters of Coorg on their coffee and its enemies, pe ticularly hemileia vastatria. The practical point was whether we should al the whole of the Report in our monthly periodical. Mr. Green is good enough to write :— ' “It is a most interesting Report and is certainly worth a place inthe 7.A. The re- marks on the use of shade trees are of particular interest to Ceylon planters. I Sehera that we should have more coffee remaining in Ceylon if partial shade of the right . sort been more systematically employed. And I think that most planters are beginning to realize that a light shade will be equally a necessity for tea, if it is to BO on 7 eer gece Mr. Cameron points out that one of. the: most important properties of partial shade is the conservation of fer- tility 1n the soil. Speaking of forest soil, Mr. Cameron writes:—When fully ex by the entire removal of shade, land of the latter class exhibits extraordinary fertilit for a time; but under the infiuence of full sun-light it gradually becomes less fertile. «+ «4 « The influence of intense light induces denitrification and hence a state of at least partial sterility. Stet wat ‘*My. own idea of the right kind of shelter for tea is a light shade—such as given’ a, judicious admixture of Lrythrina (D. ‘ Albizzia molwecana and Grevillea—high ups the stems bare up to at least 30 feet—pre- io 7 “May 1, 1899.] THE TROPICAL ferably 40; and the branches first. meeting at. that height, leaving plenty of air space below, with an evenly diffused chequered shade. ‘““Mr. Cameron’s suggestions on the hybri- dization of coffee are of great importance to coffee planters. Some of the natural hy- brids seem to show a marked immunity from leaf-disease. The pity is, that systeim- atie work in this direction was not com- menced on the first appearance of leaf-disease.” We shall take Mr. Green’s advice and re- print the Report in full; and in regard to the value of light shade for tea we have been getting a great deal of evidence lately from different quarters and especially from some of the lower and medium districts. Mr. Maitland-Kirwan is ‘as. strong as to the value of grevillea trees in Elkaduwa as Mr. Cantlay is in respect of the same in his fields in Dimbula. JAVA. QUININE. 'A meeting of the shareholders of the Java Bandoerg Quinine-works was held there on January 23rd, Baron van Heeckeren (director of the com- pany) ocevpying the chair. The first point of the agenda, the election of a director, was quickly disposed of, after which the terms of dismissal of “Mr. H J van Prehn were considered. Until Dee. ~ 14th last the management of the company had been vested in Mr. Van Prelin as teclinical direc- ‘tor, jointly with the commercial director, Barron van Heeckeren, but on that date, at a general meeting, Mr. van Prelin was removed and the office of technical director abolished. A committee of shareholders was appointed to report on the sub- ject, aud if was now proposed :— ~ 1. That the dismissal of Mr. van Prehn should take effect from December 14th last. 2. That the conditions of his dismissal should be ‘definitely settled only after the balance-sheet had been dealt with. The articles of association required alteration in accordance with the committee’s report, and after an ainendmentincreasing the maximum number of directors on the board from four to five had been adopted the whole proposal was carried unani- mously. As, however, pending the approval of the alteration of the articles of association by the Government, the oftice of fteehniea] director, va- cated by Mr. van Prehn, had to be filled tempo- rarily, the meeting appeinted to this post Mr. Smith Sybinga, who had acted since Mr. van Prelhn’s reinoval.— Chemist and Druggist, March 11. eee THE COTTON INDUSTRY IN INDIA. ~The Annual Report of the Bombay Mill- owners’ Association contains some interest- ing figures, exhibiting the continued deve- lopment of cotton mills and their outturn, notwithstanding all that is written of bad times and diminishing profits, and notwith- standing the terrible ravages of Plague. The figures further justify Lord Curzon’s lecture to Bengal, in replying to one of the many addresses which he used as occasions for enforcing much-needed lessons, when he drew attention to the little that was being done for trade, and industries and agriculture by the Bengalis, as compared with other races, and notably as compared with the people of Bombay. It will be seen from the AGRICULTURIST. % 759 following that Bombay can claim fully one- Dal oe what is credited to all India under every each :— eal fo} 5 En ras of | = a BS 3 on 2 a Bs »S © AMES ob 6) lo gigi oll ° eae) Ci Fae ey 4 So a= hae For Bombay : 1897 e« 75 - 2,187,425. 21.2387.. 702,756 § 69.530 1898 .. 82° 2.2926,982 21,379 817,328 70,728 For all India : LSST ss 73 4,065,618 37,584 1,300,936 1,44.335 1898... 185 4,259,720 38,913 1,481,328 1,48,964 The. outlook cannot, however, be said to be very hopeful, seeing how greatly restricted is the demand for exports. _ In yarns there was an increase of 76,254 bales, or about 21 per cent ; but there was a material decrease in piece-goods—the shipments in 1898 to China alone having fallen-off by about 12 million yards or over 56 per cent ; while Japan (which is starting mills of her own)took no goods from Bombay ! But, curiously enough, the imports from the United Kingdom to China and Japan of piece goods and yarn combined, show an increase of of 9-68 per cent as com- pared with 1897. Competition must there- fore be very keen. No doubt the influence of such conditions has told on our own Spinning and Weaving Company apart from restricted capital to start with. We would fain hope, however, that the local Mills may not cease work, but that they may prosper in the hands of a richer Company (or enterprising wealthy individual) not only because of the numbers to whom they~ give employment, but because their presence should ‘ensure some attention to cotton-growing, in one or other division of the Northern districts to be traversed by the Railway. —_——< 2. —_—_ TEA IN. RUSSIA, In accordance with our correspondent’s suggestion yesterday we interviewed the Russian tea-buyers, Messrs. Tokmakoff and Stcherbatchoff, of the firms of Tokmakoff Molotkoff & Co. and Stcherbatchoff, Tchokoft & Co. with the following result :— _ The price of the very cheapest brick tea in Russia is, we learnt, about 2s a brick which consists of from 2! to 3 Ib., so that the average price per Ib. of the cheapest tea drunk in Russia would be little more than 8d. But, Mr. Tokmakoff informed us brick tea is very little drunk in European There were, also, two kinds of brick tea known in the Russian dominions. the black and the green. The green brick tea unlike the black,’ was never employed to make an afternoon beverage. When a de- coction was made from it, it was always mixed up with a quantity of (to us unheard of) ingredients and transformed into a thick soup; milk, fat, tallow, and mutton chips were, said Mr. Stcherbatchoff, often thrown in and the resulting fluid was only used at meals—like ordinary soup. 5 On enquiry as to what classes in Russia drank tea we heard that. the working men in the towns drank it whenever procurable, the drink being very popular, but no leaf teas 760 THE TROPICAL were obtainable under 2s a pound. The easants in the country very seldom tasted it, the beverage being beyond their means. Several millions of the poorer people in Russia had never heard of tea to this day and would not understand its use if it were distributed to them gratis. Amongst the middle and well-to-do classes, however, the consumption was very large. “What would be the average per head amongst those who can afford tea?” “Ah! Russia is a large place,” was the reply, ‘‘and it would be difficult to ask every man if he had drunk any tea during the year. But, yes, it is a sad thing that the Russian Government do not i such full statistics as you have here and in London. All the figures, nearly that we get about the imports of tea into Russia come from London,” Was tea-drinking likely to spread, we asked, in view of M. de Witte’s (Finance Minister) policy of repressing the drinking shops. Most arabe it it would, was the answer we received. The ‘‘policy” in ques- tion was the buying up of all liquor shops by the Government, and this immense piece of work had now been very nearly com- leted, only a few liquor shops remaining in private hands, Liquor had conkedunney become far dearer than previously, and, amongst the beverages to which the people would have recourse, tea held a prominent lace. But it was not this so much as the ecrease of duty that would increase the gale of tea in Russia, for so few could now afford to buy it. The duty at Odessa and the other ports was 86 kopeks per pound, ie., about Is 10d—100 kopeks going to the silver rouble, which is about 2s.; on the frontier the duty was just under Js, 1d. The smaller duty here being to encourage the transport of tea from China overland, and the consequent opening up of Siberia. When the Siberian railwa is complete, however, the duty will be raised, in all probability considerably above ls. 1d. as the railway rates will be cheaper than the present overland means of transport. On asking how other tea than that from China reached Russia we were told that none, or very little indeed, came overland from Italy or across vid Germany from London. Direct shipments of Ceylon and Indian tea were made to Odessa, but the quantity bought in the London market and taken round by the Baltic was about twice as much as that shipped direct from the East. The total con- sumption of Ceylon and Indian teas in Russia was now about 10 million lb. per annum. Another item, interesting to learn, was that originally there was no duty in the Northern ports of the Russian Empire and that tea was actually sent from Hankow to London and thence round the North Cape to the Gulf of Obi, whence it was quietly brought into North Russia and sold cheaper than what was brought over the frontier. The tea was sent to London first and tran- shipped there in the months of June and July, these being the only months in which the most northerly sea on the route would be navigable. But in due time ths Govern- ment found out this little game and stepped jn and stopped it. Amongst the last con- ‘oe. *, “rt = 2 “t = _ os AGRICULTURIST. May 1, 1899. signments which might have into Russia without duty was one of 14,000 1b. on board the ill-fatel P. & O. steamer ** Aden,” but the wreck of that vessel prevented its ever reaching its destination. . In conclusion we learnt that the Russian Volunteer Fleet which conveys tea to Odessa, while also acting as troop-transports, is to be increased by several new la vessels, one of the biggest being a sister-ship to the big three-funnelled *‘Moscowa” which was in the harbour the other day at the time of the Regatta, as seen in Messrs. Plate’s photographs. With native vessels like these the Russians will more freely convey teas to Russia; and from all we could learn, though the Russian nation as a whole are yet far — from being reckoned as the greatest © tea- drinkers in the world; yet amongst the better classes the beverage is highly appre- ciated and wherever Russians can afford to indulge it the taste_ grows upon them with no small rapidity. The outlook, therefore, for tea, as far as the Russian market is concerned, may even now. be considered bright and full of promise. COLOMBO TEA TRADERS’ ASSOCIATION, In another column we give the report of the Com- mittee of this Association for the past year, show- ing a credit balance of R101971. Gratilying re- ference is made to the increased quantity of tea soli locally, and the growing demand from American and Russian markets. We sincerely join in the hope expressed by the Committee that sellers on the local market will endeavour to ob- viate the complaints received from Australia and other places as to the bad condition of packages owing to excessive quantities of tea aving been put in them. We are also glad to know that the three pounds’ sampling allowance has worked satisfactorily. There has been an increase in the membership of the Association which we trust will continue to grow in use- fulness. —__@ TEA IN THE NORTHERN DIstTRiIcts,—After all we have heard about tea going back in some quarters, it is extremely satisfactory to have such good reports of the splendid appearance and yield of tea on such good old plantations as are comprised in the Elkadua group and in the Kele- bokka valley. Galheria, Oonoonegalla and Madul- kele are said to be a picture of the vigoorns tea. TASMANIAN FRUIT.— Messrs. Anderson, Anderson & Co., of the Orient Steamship Co., intorm us that they have received a telegram to the effect that the quantity of Apples shipped in the “ Cuzco” is 11,000 cases, and in the “ Britannia” 10,000 cases. This quantity includes Apples from Australian ports as well as from Hobart. Vendors here will appreciate the value of this communication. The “ Cuzeo” is due to arrive on April 1.—Gardencers’ Chronicle. AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION.—I‘: may be men- tioned that missionaries and persons going out to the German tropical colonies are instructed n botany and plant-raising at the Central Ex- perimental Station in Berlin. Though this idea w.s madein Germany it is an excellent one. Such enlightenment and instruction is what the natives in all colonial centres stand greatly in need of, and it might be taken over by Britishers with ; advantage.—Journal of the J. A. Society. ce Seg May 1, 1899.] CAMPHOR. The pécsition of this article remains strong, but it is felt that we are approaching the end of the advance. At this time of the year pur- chases for domestic purposes are generally made, but since camphor became of technical importance, much of it being used in the manufacture of celluloid, a new basis is supplied for calculations. The utility of celluloid is increasing day by day, and nothing so far has been found to take the place of the ten per cent or so of camphor which it contains. There has been little speculation in the heavy purchases made recently ; cam- phor-refiners bought well, and the advance _ is commensurate with supply and demand. The subjoined figures show the statistical position in London for January-February and stocks on Feb- ruary 28th in the respective years :— 1899. 1898, 1897. 1896 1895, Imports 775 134. 1,934 447 530 Deliveries... 1,701 368 1,991 3,045. 451 Stocks 4,968 11,204 11,874 13,674 4,379 The stock is, therefore, much lower now than it has been for five years.—Chemist and Druggist, March, 11. -———————(>__—--~— A RUBBER PECULIAR TO COLUMBIA. In a recent official report, the British Consul at Tolima, Columbia, makes the following reference to a tree which is little known asa producer of rubber. If the rnbberis really of good quality, it may in time prove of importance, owing to its adaptability to high elevations, which, as arule, is not true of rubber trees. The report says: ‘‘ A very important species of rubber is indigenous, and Iam inclined to think peculiar, to Tolima. Unlike other importart kinds of rubber, it grows at high elevations, namely, at from 6,000 to 8,000 feet above sea level. Several thousand bales of it were exported a dozen years ago. But as the trie was only locally distributed, the source of supply was soon exhausted. The authorities at Kew haye named this plant Sapiwm biglandulosum, g@ species which is also saidto be found in British Guiana, where, however, it seems to be of no value as a rubber producer. In connection with the cinchona plan‘ations * * * * aplantation of this rubber was made ebout ten years ago. The trees grew with remarkable rapidity, with trunks a foot in diameter insix years; but this plantation shared the same fate as the cinchonas—that is, it was abandoned years ago because the cinchona was abandoned. With renewed attention, however, this plantation may still be made important.—Indian Planters’ Gazelte. : ene Paes THE FUTURE OF CEYLON TEA. THE RISK OF HEAVY CHINA EXPORTS. (By an cx-Ceylon Merchant.) London, March 16. As long as the lower grades of common Indian or Ceylon tea could be bought in London at five- pence per pound, there was not much chanee of the market being inundated with increased im- port of common China congou, because this price would not pay exporters from China, even with the protection afforded to them, by the effect of the closing of the Indian mints. But with pekoe souchongs at 7d per pound, the matter assumes a very different aspect, and it is to be feared that larger shipments may be made from China next June, July and August. ‘The only thing that will prevent them, is the fear of the certain loss that would oceur, if such shipments were made, Prices in China will doubtless open high in May next, and when they arrive here they wil! 95 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 761 Iiing down. prices to their old level. Unfor- tunately the British speculator seldom benefits by past experience ; old ones die off, or have re- tired from the trade, but a new set always springs up to take their place. A friend in the China trade, told me yesterday, he was going to send out an order for common congou by the next mail. I asked him if he had lost bis senses, or had more money than he knew what to do with, for in the latter case I could comfortably help him to get rid of it, When I pointed out to him that present prices of common tea could only be maintained by being scarce, and any large increase from China would lead to dis- aster, he made up his mind not to send the order. Indian and Ceylon planters will this year have to watch the China exports closely. As [told you in my last letter, the advance has not affected Home consumption ; the retail prices cannot be raised ; but there is no doubt, it is interfering with the continental and American demand, and may extend to the Australian colonies. It has been somewhat too rapid. -Common teas will I think more than hold their own until July,’ when the market will have before it the un- known Indian and China supplies, Every en- deavour will be made to push forward ship- ments to catch the high prices now current whilst they last; it will be a case of ‘devil take the bindmost.” Jf no great increase takes place in next season’s Cilina exports to England, then [ think the Indian and Ceylon Tea Industry has a good future before it, because though Foreign and Colonial consump- tion may not expand, at the same rate as during Jast year, it will not be diminished by an advance of only a penny per pound on the average, ae - CALABRIAN MOTHER.-OF-PEARL INDUSTRY: An interesting report was receivedat the Foi" eign Office on 7th January last from H. M. Vice- Consul at Taranto, giving an account of the new mother-of-pearl industry on the Calabrian coast. The prices obtained for mother-of-pearl vary from year to year, but the average price realised at the Torres Straits fisheries is £125 per ton for the raw shell. The only place, so far, where the pearl oysters are cultivated, is Queensland ; at all the other fisheries the shells are collected from the banks formed by the natural oyster. Queensland, however, is far distant from the chief markets for mother-of-pearl, London, Hamburg, and Trieste, and it was this fact that gave rise to the idea of cultivating the pearl oyster in European waters. A series of interesting experiments was com- menced by Signor Comba, in 1860, and continued by him from time to time till 1884, when he was director of the aquarium of the National Exhibi- tion at Turin. These experiments proved defi- nitely that pearls can be produced bya certain process of treatment, and also that. the cultivation might be conducted ona large scale on the Cala- brian coast. In a pamphlet on the subject, Signor Comba says that ‘‘ Having proved that they are repro- ductive in a domesticated state, that is in small aquariums, we can be certain that in large basins they will reproduce with better results. The facility with which these oysters throw out their byssus allows them to be transferred from the breeding tanks to the coast, where the natural banks would be made, without any danger of their dying. As the spawn is not exposed in the tanks to currents or to the danger of des- truction by fishes, it would be easy to form large 762 banks in a very short space of time, the value oi which would always be increasing.” It has been decided that the south coast of Calabria is the fittest locality for the laying down of the beds, and the Italian Government has conceded the necessary waters, and done much t) encourage this new industry. It is proposed to acquired 10,000 pearl oysters (Meleagrina mar- goritifera), of which 500 will be set aside for breeding purposes. It has been computed that the spawn produced by one of these molluscs in the open sea contains about 12,000,000 eggs. The majovily of these are lost, either because they serve as food to other animals, or because they get covered up by the sand, or are carried away y the currents into places unsuited to their development. By breeding in tanks these dangers can, forthe most part, be avoided, and certainly a twentieth part can be saved, which would give an average of 600,000 eggs for every shell, and a sw total of 3,000,000,000 eggs for the 500 oysters set apart for breeding. But, allowing that of these only a twentieth part develop, in the second year the total would be 15,000,000. Again, if only half of these survive all the natura! and chance risks to which they may be exposed, still 7,500,000 would be laid down on the banks in the open sea. At the end of the seventh year, say 50 per cent, are fished up; this would give 3,750,000 shells, and, at an average of 3 lb. per shell, would realise 5,020 tons of mother-of-pearl, which, even of third-rate quality, and worth but 1,500 fr. (£60) a ton, would yet bring in a sum of 7,580,000 fr. (£805,200), It is possible that this enormous uantity of mother-of-pearl brought suddenly into the market would considerably lower the price, and in the estimates only half this amount, 3,765,000 fr. (£152,600) has been calculated for each bank fished every seventh year, that is one annually, seven being laid down. To this may be added the worth of the pearls which might be found naturally, or produced. artificially. it would not, however, be necessary to wait geyen years before any return cou d_ be ob- tained for money invested, the reproduction being so great that at the end of the third year it would be possible, without damaging the banks, to take up shells of 8 to 10 centimetres in diameter, which are well suited for the manufacture of buttons, and could be sold at 1,500 fr. (£60) per ton. It would also be easy to prepare a sufficient quantity of the 9,500 oysters not used for breeding, s) that they would produce pearls by the end of the third year. As the productiveness of the banks would in- crease yearly, there is no doubt that by the seventh year, when it would reach its height, the receipts from the sale would have sufficed to leave a very fuir margin of profit, in addition to redeeming the capital and paying off the interest. The Vice-Consul concludes his report by observ- ine that, as at present the chief market for mother-of-pearl is London, and as the larger part of this trade is in British hands, this scheme for bringing the sources of a valuable commodity nearer to the home market is not without in- terest. ‘‘It seems, too, that this might, upon inquiry, turn out possibly to bea very favourable opening of the British capital. —Imperial Institute. Se re Morus.—An Indiansewspaper says that clothing szen ed with a mixture of oils of clove, cinnamon and cedar will not be attacked by larve of any kind.—8. and C. Drug iist. T iin CorrerE EsTATES IN SEL\NGOR that have suffsrcd most from caterpillars are those in which the plants are raised from Pengerang seed. Mr. Bailey is reported to have a theory that there is something peculiarly sweet or attractive in trees raised from that seed.—S, I’, Press. THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. aled ie PRODUCE AND PLANTI\G. _ Tetiinc Us aut Asovur Ix,—Jost as planters importers were congratulating acmiagitan that — were looking up in the tea market their hopes are suddenly dashed by the revelation of one who, with a fine gift for seeing round the corner, tells us all about the workings of the market, andreveals the future in . a flash of inspiration. Describing himself with sweet simplicity as “ Merchant,” a corre dent of the Grocer lets himself go as follows. He says: “In regard to the advance in Indian tea, I believe that the market is getting excitedin regard to the short- ness of supply in Indian tea, under a somewhat mistaken notion. I notice in your last Saturday's issue you give the quantity of teas sent direct to America, Australia, &c.. for the last two mouths, and for the same two months in previous years, and whereas last year there was practically no increase over the previous year, this year there is a tremendous increase, amounting to millions of pouuds of tea, which I am informed is entirely due to a direct line of ships having commenced this year, for the firet time to those countries, whereas in previous years those countries were supplied chiefly from the London market. The result is, tuerefore,that there will not be so much tea required from our London stock as was re- quired in former years. My opinion, therefore, is that if the blenders and other buyers will buy from hand to mouth, the prices will not go up—indeed, I believe they will come down. I hear, also, on conclusive information, that a number of brokers bought largely on their own account, and that they are trying thet, best to drum into the blenders the alleged fact of shortness of stock, whereas, as I have shown above it is chiefly caused by tea being sent direct to countries, instead of their being euppled, as in former years, ote London.” How the wicked brokers here re- erred to must equirm as they r af Pf? terrible dediebotertie are wditet ie In Apvance.—We notice that certain brokers have been asked to give Pete rohan to the probable effect of a reduction in or the total ubolition of the tea duty, as though the Chancellor of the Exchequer were eagerly awaiting this ex- pression of opinion before taking action. It is, of course, very interesting to Jeara the view of | ex- perienced brokers on this subject, but it seems just now rather a waste of force. While Sir Mic Hicks Beach is engaged with plans for raising the wind rather than removing or reducing duties he is less likely to give attention to the views of members of the tea trade about the duty question than he would if the matter were under serious considera- tion. All the same, it is useful to know that Messrs. Thompson think that if “the tax were removed, _probably the number of distributors might be increased with the result that for the time at least demand would be brisk and clearances large, which would deplete stocks to the benefit of importers; but it is by no means certain that a large permanent increase in consumption would follow, and that looking at the question broadly, they incline to the opinion (not generally held) that abolition of duty would tara the scale in favour of the best as against the cheapest tea—thus directly encouraging the production of the finer kinds in Ceylon—but importers would not expect to obtain mcra than a part of the total remission, and that only fora time.’ Messrs. Wilson Smithett &Co express the view that ‘tne home consumption of Ceylon tea would, ia all probability, receive some stimulus, in common with thit of other growths from a reduction or total abolition of tie duty; an : alteration would, we think, affect every growth ike, with this exception, that inasmuch as the present fixed duty imposes a relatively heavier tax on low- priced tea, any reduction or total xbolition of duty would give considerable impetus to the exportation” of common tea from China, which wou!d, in that case. become once more an important factorin the trad : and interfere considerably with Ceylon and Indian teain the merket for low-grade tea for “ price.’ The May 1, 1899.] THE TROPICAL total abolition ofthe duly and the consequent absence of proper Customs supervision would also greatly facilitate the importation of worthless or adulterated leaf, which has hitherto not been allowed to be entered for home consumption.” This may savour of discussing the nature of the jelly to be eaten with the hare before the latter is caught, but these opinions may haye some weight one of these days when the tea duty becomes a burning question.—H. & C. Mail, Mrrch 17. $< >—___--——- THE AGRA TEA COMPANY OF CEYLON, LIMITED. The following is the report of the directors :— Directors :—Major E. F. Tranchell, Joseph Fraser, Esq., John K. Symonds, Esq. The Directors have the pleasure of submitting their Report on the transactions of the Company for the year ending 3lst December, 1898. The acreage of the Company’s property was given in the last report. The estimated crop for 1898 was 155,000; but owing to the unfavourable weather that prevailed all over the planting districts, the outturn was only {51,887 lb., showing a shortege of 3,113 lb. This crop realized R68,244, or 45 cents per lb. The total expenditure on Sackarawatte, as shown in the -accompanying accounts, was R42,060'17, or 27% cents er lb. Pethe net profits on the working of Sackarawatte Estate amounted to R27,348°83, which represents over 65 per cent on the value of that property, as shown in the balance sheet. The balance, after writing off the balance of pre- liminary expenses, interest on mortgage, etc. is R14,111:03; but as the expenditure on Kalkudah state has not been provided for the Directors pro- pose to carry this forward to next year’s accounts. The profits of the Company being much hampered by the expenditure on Kalkudah Estate, the Dir- ectors recommend that the vendors be requested to take back the property for the price paid by tho Company plus the amount expended on it with interest at 4 per cent on the latter. The Directors propose to borrow the equivalent of £1,000 sterling at 8 per cent interest to pay the Standard Life Assurance Company foy the release of the mortgage held by that Company over Kal- kudah Estate. The interest on the loan to be paid half-yearly. The Visiting Agent reports that the tea property has been kept in very good order, and the new cart-road and bungalow and the improvements to the Factory have been completed. In terms of the Articles of Association, Mr Joseph Fraser retires from the Board of Directors but is eligible for re-election. The appointment of an Anditor rests with the meeting. By order of the Board of Directors, J.P. Green & GCo., Agents & Secretaries. aoe ee NAHALMA TEA ESTATE. he report of the directors of the Nahalma Tea Estate Company, Limited, for the year ending December 31st states that they regret it results in a debif to profit and loss account, at December 3lst, 1898, after providing for general expenses, directors’ and auditors’ fees’ interest on Debentures, ete., of £143, leaving a deficit of that amount to ‘be carried forward against next year. The directors, in handing their report for 1898, regret that it is so unfavourable. The crop obtained was 234,917 lb, as against an estimate of 260,000 lb. This disastrous result is mainly attributable to a blight of helopeltis (helopeltis antonia) (“ mosquito blight,” ‘tea bug” of India), which prevailed during the closing months of the year, The average cost per lb, was 5.49d, and realised 5.91d per Ib, as against he cost in 1897 of 5.27d per lb, and an average AGRICULTURIST. 763 sale price of 6.04d_ per Ib, The increased rate of cost is due to shortness of crop and to the higher rate of Exchange, which averaged Is 4id in 1898, as against 1s 34d 1n 1897, 1s 2 7-16d in1896, and Js 1 29-64d in 1895. The prevalence of the blight has also tended to lower quality. The cirectors are assured by Mr. William Forsythe, the director resident in Ceylon, that the superintendent is taking energetic steps to overcome the helopeltis acting upon the advice of Mr. E Ernest Green the Ceylon Honorary Government Entomologist who visited the estate in December last, and pointed out the best method of dealing with the insects in their embryonic stages. For the informa- tion of the shareholders, the directors asked Mr. J P Anderson (an independent shareholder resi- dent in the Kelani Valley, Ceylon) to visit and re- port upon the estate. This he did on January z0th last, and remarks generally as_ follows :— Nahalma Estate is not well situated as regards transport facilities, being six miles from the nearest cartroad. Tor three miles ont of six the transport has to be done on coolies’ heads, the re- maining three miles being done by boat. The estate, when I visited, was much troubled with helopeltis, 175 acres being very bad indeed, and the pest appearing rather badly on 119 acres, which were coming into flush after pruning. The rest of the estate was fairly free, but Mr. Duncan informs me that the only field which this insect has never touched is the 30 acre field, the re- maining fields all having suffered more or less. To this pest [ attribute the loss in crop snd the high expenditure incurred last year. When the pest is at all bad, the flush, as it appears, is attacked, and instead of plucking a healthy shoot, one has to be content with a wretched shrivelled thing, more like a cinder than a tea shoot. In this way the crop is lost, the expenditure is in- creased, and the tea made cannot possibly be as good as that made from healthy leaf. To put the damage done in figures, Nahalma Estate should I consider, «give 650 Ib. tea peracre. The tea should, easily be put f.o.b. for 24 cents, and should certainly fetch the Kelani Valley average, which will be about 32 cents net for 1898. This on 446 acres tea would mean a profit of R23,000, or say, £1,540, asum sufficient to pay both Debenture and Ordinary shareholders well. Mr. Green (Hon. Consulting Entomologist to the Ceylon Government) visited Nahalma Estate in December, and his report is daily expected by Mr. Duncan. In the meantime his suggestions are being carefully carried ont, and I have not the slightest doubt that Mr. Dunean (now that he knows the habits of the insect) will very materially reduce, if not entirely eradicate the pest. The latest advices from the estate are more hopeful, and had it not been for the blight the results for the year would have been more favourable. The acreage of the company’s properties on December 3]st last remained un- altered, at; Teain full bearing, 446 ; jungle, 246; 692 acres. The crop for 1899 is estimated at 260,000 lb, to cost 24 cents per lb. f.o.b. Colombo. During the year the improvement of the coolie lines has been continued at an outlay of R3,145, which has been charged to current ex- penses. The estate is now, with the exception of one set, equipped with permanent coolie lines. Two of the company’s Debentures have been re- deemed during the financial year ending December 3lst. The chairman, Mr. Arthur Marshall, the director retiring by rotation, being eligible, oflers himselt for re-election. Messrs. Fox, Sissons and Co,, auditors to the company, offer themselyes for re-election, —Bullionist, Barol 16, 164 THE TROPICAL BLENDED TEAS. ( Conumunicated. ) A few months ago one of the chief subjects before the British public was the volume of the exports of their manufactures; and which statistics, in spite of all the promises of Cobden and his party, are proved without doubt to be rapidly decreasing. Instead of becoming the manufacturers of the world, the world is gradually becoming the manu- facturers of Great Britain. 'Thismay be some- what strongly put, but as a matter of fact, if Britain loses as much of its foreign trade in the next fifteen years, as it has in the past, the accomplishment will be proved beyond doubt. The investigations this has occasioned, have resulted in a somewhat unanimous opinion that the British producer is too prone to supply what he chooses ; while the chief aim of the German and foreigner is to supply what the customer wants. ‘Time was when such discrimination of goods and pro- duce did not exist—when sound and strong calico and drinkable tea and coffee woul betaken without comment. Whether through the art movement or from what cause— everybody has become a man of taste: for now differentiation is extreme. Everything is required to the closest degree of indivi- dual fancy; consequently, the wholesale Bri- tish deliveries are complained of, and the more painstaking and patient poueigner is gradually but certainly making himself felt. have always maintained that America should be Ceylon and India’s chief objective, and that black and not green teas should be poured in, although we are told America only asks for the latter. : My reason for this one exception to my main contention, is that America is practi- cally a coffee and not a tea drinking coun- try ;and that we can never expect its people to become tea drinkers—in green teas alone, These are all very well in their way, but they will never induce people to leave off drinking coffee and take to tea. Judicious blends with their own teas, will in time overcome the partiality for green; and as biack predominates the coffee drinkers will come in. Such has been the experience else- where, and what happens elsewhere will most likely happen again in America, The blend- ing art is a wonderful means of persuasion as to what is best; and it also produces drinkable tea, to the public taste, at the lowest price, even though we grumble there at to our hearts’ content; yet the consumer is the man we have to please; and as I have before stated, he will have whut he likes and mot what we want. He has distinctly evinced a preference for blended teas, so there is an end of the matter as far as we are concerned. It is practically impossible to send any continuous standard of tea from any one es- tate in Ceylon or India, without the aid of blending. The character of tea made would be different in the South-west, to what it would bein the North-east, monsoon; prun- ing, tipping, exceedingly wet or exceedingly dry weather would prevent equal standards being maintained. These causes are ac- countable for many of the shipwrecked hopes and aspirations of many tea planters who have imagined they have discovered a special, direct and permanent market for their own Me Tis i oS AGRICULTURIST, [May 1, 1899. particular gardens’ produce in the Mauritius, the Cape, Australia, New Zealand or else- where. The demand doubtless continued until it came into competition with the blended article, when it had to give way to some- thing more stable in character and so more acceptable. It must not be considered that I, indiwi- dually, am advocating blended against pure teas. The little “J” has little to do with the matter; for poor ‘‘I” drink perhaps six lb. of tea a year; while those who will have the blend drink perhaps nearly 400 millions. Personally, I am prepared to say I prefer a judicious blend myself, although I am prepared to admit that I have seen some awful mix- tures; yet as a rule the consumer prefers the blend, the British isles first and now Russia and America without doubt are of the same opinion. The question now resolves itself into whether in the face of all the evidence, the growers in Ceylon are deter- mined to stand by their resolve and not allow Ceylon to take its chance of becomi the centre of the world’s tea industry ? it desires to become this, the sooner it re- moves the restrictions upon blending teas, the better. It should give every inducement for Colombo to become in the Hast, what London is in the West, a centre of the tea- trade. It could blend better, pack better and do all far cheaper than could be ac- complished in London; but all obstacles should be removed, even to the abolition of Customs duties on the importation of foreign teas. This would enable many estates near Colombo where teas are grown, not of the highest price, to do a little judicious flavour- ing on their own account. ne A SEASON FOR MANURING. We hear on all sides of the wonderful effects of judicious manuring, more especi- ally in respect of tea grown on old coffee fields as well as in regard to coconut palms in the lowcountry. The old veteran palm planter, ‘‘W.B.L.”, long ago declared that no plant was more greedy of manure, or re- ‘Eggi more readily to its application, than the coco-palm. For every rupee judiciously spent in fertilizers, he calculated that under ordinary circumstances, the return ought to be tenfold. So, in respect of tea. The way in which fields yielding under 390 1b. of made tea per acre have been worked up to a sub- stantial yield, and the bushes invigorated, in some of our older districts, forms a striking testimony to the value of experimental if not scientific manuring. We are promised, for publication, some ‘facts and figures” giving actual results in this connection, which cannot fail to be of interest. Meantime, it is evident that the present season is going to bea busy one in the market for manures. —_—_.——_____ THE YATADERIYA CoMPANY.—We are i0- terested to learn in connection with the recent paragraph in the Observer re an offer made to the Directors fot the purchase of Yataderiya, that aconsiderable spring has been made on the original price offered ; but that the Company’s Directors do not see their way t9 con- sider anything under £50,000 sterling—or over R400 per share. Gn eal May 1, 1899.] THE TROPICAL PRUNING DOWN OF TEA CHARGIKS. The following circular has been issued by the Tea and Produce Committee :— The profit on tea cultivation having reached such a narrow margin, it has become imperative on the grower to curtail every item of expendi- ture on the garden to the very lowest limit ; and many forms of allowances, which were common in better times, have of necessity been abolished, It has now become necessary that the grower should extend this pruning down of charges to those on his teas afterreaching the London Market. The allowance of 1-lb draft per chest or half-chest to the buyer is considered by the grower an un- warrantable charge on his teas and one that should be abolished. The reason for this allowance is founded on the assumption that the dealer and grocer loses weight in sampling and in the turn of the scale when retailing the teas. Importers, however, are con- vinced that sufficient allowance is given in the Customs weights to cover any such loss. By the system of weighing by H. M. Customs, the weight is always in the buyer’s favour, and this advantage varies from as much as 1-13th oz. to 5 oz. per package, and may safely be taken to average lb. per package. When in September, 1890, H. M. Customs issued an order that, in future, teas were to be weighed to the 4lb., the order was withdrawn on the strong representation made by the dealers and grocers that the turn in the scale of the Customs weigh- ing was essential; otherwise they would sustain considerable loss. The late Sir Francis Peek (Chairman of the meeting held in London to protest against the order of Government) in referring to the sys- tem of weighing by the Customs said :—‘ Ifit were not for the turn of the scale given in favour of the buyer, it would result ina loss to him.” The growers haveno wish to do away with this system of weighing or to deprive the buyer of his present advantage, although, at 5lb. per package, it means the grower has to provide 1,350,000 lb. of tea for which he receives no payment. The 1-lb. draft, however, is a distinct bonus to the dealer or grocer which the grower can no longer afford, owing to the difficulty of pro- ducing tea at a profit. Last year there were imported into London :— Chests. 4 chests. From India 1,286,998 285,664 », Ceylon 831,406 316,090 2,118,404 601,754 and the allowance from draft alone amounted to 2,720,000 1b. of tea which, at a cost of 8d and 2d profit, equals a bonus of £115,000 per annum to the trade. Inclusive of the turn in the scale, iven by the Customs, the growers, therefore, foe to provide 4,080,000 lb. per annum which are not paid for. India and Ceylon supplied last year 560,000 chests of Tea to Countries other than Great Britain, on which no rebate in weight was allowed, and it seems, therefore, preposterous that: this allowance should continue to be given in England. In 1890, all draft allowance on cured provisions and cheese was abolished, and the same has been the case with bark and other articles. It may further be pointed out that, even if it could be shown that there was any sufficient reason why an importer in selling 100 lb. of tea should be paid for only 99 lb.=1 per cent. re- duction, there can be none in penalizing him 2 per cent. when his teas are put into a 50-lb. chest. CINNAMON Oib.—For the week ending February 14th 2,600 oz. only of both bark and leaf oil was shipped from Ceylon, and all to Hamburg. PLANTING NOTES. MAbDRAS CEMENT.—Why should not Ceylon be able to manufacture her own cement? An Indian contemporary reports that some time ago the Madras Government determined to try Madras cement against English cements of the highest quality sent ont by the Secretary of State. After prolonged tests and trials, a circular has been issued to the D.P.W. to the effect that “the tests of cement made by the Consulting Architees show that Madras cement has attained a sufliciently high standard to be commonly used in the Depart- ment. Its use in the Department is, therefore, sanctioned and recommended.” IN SAMOA COCOA grows very freely, and yields abundant results with bnt little attention. There seems very good prospects for small eapitalists go- ing to this part of the world, who have about £500 to £2,000 making a fair income by the eul- tivation of cocoa. Of course it is necessary to have a knowledge of tropical planting at the start, so that those ignorant in this respect should ob- tain knowledge from those in Samoa who are ex- perienced before planting on their own account. The cocoa tree does not begin to pay until the third or fourth year, and is in full bear. ing after the fifth year, and continnes to yield, for there is practically no age limit to the bear- ing of the cocoa tree. —Produce World. INDIAN Museum Nortrs.—Volume IV.—No. 3. —We have to acknowledge receipt of the latest of these useful issues. The contents are as follows :— 1. Original Communications—(i) Description of two new species of Tineina from Bengal by the Right Honorable Lord Walsingham, ma, F.R.s, ete. ; (ii) On the possible utilization of the Calcutta Green Bug as food for Birds, ete.: by F. Finns,z 4, ¥.Z.8. 3 (iii) Description of three new species of Indian Coleoptera of the family Curculionide: by Mons. J, Desbrochers des Loges; (iv) Some comparative trials of Insecticide pumps in relation to the treatments of Tea blights, and experiment in the treatment of red- spider: by W. J. Fleet. 2. Notes cn insect pests from the Entomological Section, Indian Meuseum: by E. Barlow—(i) Tea Pests ; (ii) Insects destructive to cereals and crops: (iii) Insects destructive to frait-trees; {iv) Forest Pests; (v) Determination of miscellaneous insect pests; (vi) Reports of results of remedies, ete., tried during the years 1895-96. 3. Reprints and Miscellaneous Notes—(i) Descrip- tion of three species of Indian Aleurodide : by W. M. Meskell, reprint; (ii) The Bot-fly of the Indian Elephant, reprint; (iii) Food of Wood-peckers of the United States, ; ing May 1, 1899.] MANURING TEA: PRACTICAL EXPERIMENTS BESULTS. Vementioned the other day that a planter had promised us some figures in reference to practical experiments in manuring, which he had sent in to Messrs. Freudenberg & Co. Our application to the latter has been courteously attended to,as may be seen from the letter and return appended. These carry to a great extent their own explanation, more especially. as Mr. Joseph Fraser has himself summed up the main results. We see that all the experiments, save one, shewed a profitable return even on the first year’s crop; but a second year’s crop must be vealized before a fair conclusion can: be ar- rived at as to the most economical and most durable as well as profitable application. At present we suppose plot No. 8 stands at the head of the list so far as profit per acre is concerned, but then we are told the tea bushes shew a falling-off in vigour. The tea bushes on numbers 5and 7 ave very vigorous ; but the returns in profit per acre are con- siderably less. Still, we have to wait and learn which will do best during the current year AND without any further fertilizer. ‘As re- gards the essential ingredients applied, there seems to be an utter absence of consistency, not simply as regards ‘* Potash” as pointed out by Messrs. lveudenberg & Co. ; but also in regard to Nitrogen and Phos- phoric Acid which are most unequally supplied to the several plots without the higher quantities at all corresponding to the higher returns. But here again, safe deductions can only be made when Mr. Joseph Fraser furnishes his next Report, twelve months hence. The inclusion of such returns in our Tropical Agriculturist are of immense importance to the whole “planting” world for instruction as well as for future ready reference. Meantime here is the letter of Messrs. Freudenberg & Co. embodying the Report and figures remarked on above :— To the Editor ** Ceylon Observer.” Colombo, April 5. Duar Sir,—Replying to your memo. of yester- day, we take pleasure ia handing you enclosed, the statistics asked for, to which Mr. Fraser made at the time the following additional re- marks :— ‘“* With the exception of field No. 2, they have all paid for the manure and most show an excellent profit besides. The results in yield next year will show more accurately whieh will give the best paying results per acre for a two yearly application—what is the best now may not by any means show the best results at the end of the two years. ‘* The suppression of one essential ingredient in 2,3 and4 shows clearly their relative importance, Nitrogen being the dominant clement, Potash the next and Phosphoric acid the last, which agrees with my previous experiments. “The Basic Slag through its free lime helped in several instances apparently to bring the nitre- fying organisms into play and helped to render the inert nitrogen available for plants. Next year’s results will further test this point. So far, as appearance of the bushes is concerned, they look best in the following order 5, 7, 10 and 6, 969 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 769 9 shows most fungoid-affected leaves and a falling- off in the vigor and succulence of the flushes and § shows a falling-off to a more limited ex- tent. Thismay be owing to the lack of available nitrogen during the dry weather.” . These experiments are exceedingly instructive. Some of the results are difficult to reconcile as for instance plots 6 and 8 with a maximum and @ minimum supply of potash, but the following year may throw more light on the subject.—We are, dear sir, yours faithfully, FREUDENBERG & Co. onr ~ o COP pA BGS & & OD 250 Basic slag, & rHD mw Ho Sip 400 Blood meal. 3 & PSE aan Aci 150)Sul-) oftpo-. 8. Suse a Gm ew tash. a Ly 3 Ss . Le fea) * oo 400 Blood meal. & wo awh sw no. = x 150°Snl. of p> SF Set FS Pom : x mo> fm Oa 5 tash, a SoS OO aA re} ~ 200Basieslag. 8 4 mo 715 aN Poel cae a 10 Bal. of po I at aan ror) Oa oH is ash, 8 St Ge aa = = ee *« Ba pad eieod mea Bis Uh BAR 20 NOs ey BEICISIA Een) etd wecigs Cal roam sshchiel # S- p RSS 3 34. Ss g 3 aes = = co a 5-4 NoManure, & CS a Zi = SIS. < > Oa = S S ESE BEC = Mila ee 3 5 Bie Sie 2 Seu rlignee ae cin fies = SH Sriocie fapene Spe Bual SS ree Ey a age aa l= oS te S Pie Seite. KS a a a -§ ‘GoR. -Ss =| 6B. Oy S32 = go SI go ioe raves im pees OH = oH > qa 3 as = sg so @¢ US § 38 -_& 5 a 38 So Seese 6 8 3 ° 3 Brot gro org” G sholS o nm gree A Mad we Oe E I ma o 5 ao 4 a ro BAGO kes 32 a 2 Blige Ss Sa 2 Geen AiG cos Bme “seme 2 oO ae ‘oe oa osx 4 S280 04085 as 3 aSe Gln sgawe =| ram eeaeovsosaR = OEKeSoroodnmes ay Fm 9 OF}4 & 770 THE TROPICAL COCONUT OIL FORK THE AMERICAN . MARKET: NEW RIVAL TO CEYLON AND COCHIN OIL—IN CUBAN OIL? The latest New York ‘*‘Oil Market Review” has an article on the probability of Cuba supplying the United States, among other things, with a sufficiency of coconut oil to render the country independent of shipments from the Hast Indies. It is acknowledged that some time must elapse before the ship- ments from Cuba are regular or important. This is how the New York paper looks at the matter :— During the early part of 1898 the shipments from various Cuban ports to New York were small, but with the close of war operations wilh Spain, or since November last, they have been on the increase. While it is true the shipments all told look insignifi- cant, they being only about 350 tons, still they are sufficient to cause the trade to ask themselves what is to be the future of this new enterprise, and how it will affect the conditions of a trade which has here- tofore been supplied from Ceylon and Cochin. While it is true the lots of Ouban oil which have come to band have been of poor quality and by some in the trade considered only as a ‘poor specimen of axle grease,’’ still large Western soapmakers considered it good enough and of sufficient importance to recently clean up the market of the stock on hand ata price equal to about 5 cents per pound. One reason why the Cuban shipments have been curtailed has been not only the cost of producing the oil, but the poor shipping facilities existing there. But with the islands under our control new lines of transportation, bith by water and land, will be e tablished, and it will not belong before the Western soapmaker will be able to purchase bis supplies de- livered on a through bill of lading at his works. Just as his neighbor, acorn oil minnfacturer is enabled to sell his product delivered in Germany or England, cheaper than he can deliver acarload to a consumer on the seaboard. This is also true today of cocoanut cil, either brought by steamers direct from the coast or via England. The future development of this new enterprise will be watched with interest not only by the consumers of coconut oils, but by those in other lines of trade, who have besn contemplating a similar step in their various interests with the recently acquired possessions in both the Hast and Cuba, and its adjacent islands. Since writing the above there have been sales of 609 tons Cuban oil for March—May delivery at 5& cents. With the adjustment of affairs in the Philippines that country will also become an im- portant factor, as the quality of the oil produced there is much superior to the Cuban. Already negotiations are pending with San Francisco parties for round lots for forward delivery at that port for distribution in this country. Then, again, Florida is likely to come to the front as a producer of coconnts rather than oranges; tor, we read:— A While on a recent trip down the east coast of Fiorida we were impressed by the large quantities of coconut trees, loaded with fruit, and the question naturally arose why have not these nuts been utilized. When one who was familar with the situation was asked the question, he at once wanted to know “our occupation.” When however, we gave him an “‘Irishman’s answer,” and at once began to display such an amount of ignor- anca about theuses of coconut oil as to really surprise ourselyes, we svon found out that steps had already been taken to ascertain the cost of a plant for the production of coconut oil, and the prospective demand for this grade of oil. At thesame time a large dele- gation of Ohio merchants stopped off at this point in Florida on their way to Cuba to spy out the land and pee what the prospects were for locating factories and ot he * ‘ ss “ & [May 1, 1899. other business enterprises in our newly acquired pos- sessions. Among them were two gentlemen who were going to look into the matter of making coconut oil, it having been of sufficient importance to attract the attention of Western consumers. While we admit the manufacture of this article is in its infancy and it may be several years yet before it will be satis- factorily produced, yet with the large available capital seeking investment by either Western or Bastern capituists, andthe improvements which are being made in machinery and the opening up of these islands to travel and commence itis only a question of time when this article will bean important factor in the soaptrade of this country. The great comfort to the coconut planter is that he has so many markets to look to—and so AGRICULTURIST, many different products available in his nuts, a THE PITAKANDE TEA COQ, OF CEYLON, LIMITED. ' Tuk Reporr, Directors :— Messrs, Joseph Fraser, (Chairman), Edward C. Mitchell and Robert Morison. Solicitors to the Company :—Messrs, F. J. & R. F. De Sarai, ACREAGE : Tea in full bearing 500 acres Tea in partial bearing .. 260 ,, Tea not in bearing PAD sos bs ——— 1,000 acre: Cardamoms in bearing.. "44 s ; Cocoa in bearing 100 ,, Fuel Trees + BD os Forest ae a 29 , Grass Land 207 | Waste Land, Buildings, &. te ad ; ner area ~. L4dh,, e Directors beg to submit their Report f year ended 31st December, 1893, ; se The total crop of tea secured was 409,953 Ib cost of cts 264149 per lb or cts 24-20 allowance is made for manure in stoc * at a er lb f,0.b. when charged against 1893. An interim dividend of nine per cent on the capit of the Company, viz., R280,000 as it ahs in September, 1898, has already been paid, and taki the unsold 53,270 lb tea at the cutichingiad viearel 34 cts. per lb there remains a further balance of R7,440°05, of which it is now proposed to carry R700 to the Reserve Fund, making this account R27,000 at the end of December, 1898, and to carry forward te next year’s accounts the balance R440-05, It_will be seen from the accounts that the ex- penditure of 1898 includes an invoice of manure amounting to R',897°87, which manure will be applied in 1899. It has further to be mentioned that, ia the year under review, the expenditure on 260 acres of young tea, and the manuring of 110 acres of similar tea which has as yet given little return, have been included in the current expenditure. During the year, 9,953 1b. Teaover the estimated quantity were secured, and cocoa and cardamoms came fully ur to expectations. The 500 acres of tea in full bearing gave 676 lb made tea per acre in spite of very adverse circumstances during the latter half of the year, _ In October, 1898, the capital of the Company was increased by 50 shares of R500 each to rank for dividend on the working of the properties from ist January, 1899, the whole of which were taken up ha A present shareholders. e Directors appointed Messrs, Buchanan Agents and Secretaries of the Company. Tn tea of the Articles of Association, Mr. Edward ¢ Mitchell retires from the Board of Directors but being eligible offers himself for re-election, The appointment of an Auditor for the current year rests with the Meeting. By order of the Directors, Bucwanan & C)., agents & secretaries, — In February, 1898, ra May 1, 1899] PEARLS: NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL. M. Dastre contributes to the first February num- ber of the Revue des Dewx Mondes a very inter- esting paper on the production of fine pearls both by natural and artificial means. We have lately been interested in the announce- ment that a syndicate in London were placing upon the market considerable quantities of pigeon- blood rubies which were products of the labora- tory and not of the mine, and now it seems that as far back as last November the French Academy of Sciences received a report on the experiments of aM. Boutan in making artificial pearls. The curious part of itis that in spite of the advances made in biology we are stillignorant of the precise manner in which the natural pearl is produced inside theoyster, and our imitations of nature must therefore be empiricaland consequently not always trustworthy. ‘here is no need to follow M. Dastre in his investigations into the ancient repute of the pearl as a gem, Itis enough to say that the principal fisheries of pearls are those of Ceylon, the Coromandel Coast, those which have existed from time immemorial in the Persian Gulf, and those of the Red Sea, the Antilles, and Australia. M. Dastre contrasts the intelligence of the Indian Government, whichcarefully regulates the fisheries within its control and draws from them an im- portant revenue, with the entire neglect by France of her fisheries in the Gambier and the 'Tuamotu Islands. It is interesting to note that M. Dastre does not expect much danger to the market value of the natural pearl from the competition of the arti- ficial one. The artificial cultivation of the pearl oyster appears to be a matter of considerable diffi- culty, which is always likely to handicap the artifi- cial pearl in competition with the spoils of the pearl divers. By artificial pearl is meant, of course, some foreign body introduced into the oyster and clothed by it in the course of years with the mother- of-pearl covering with which the creature also covers its shell. The objection to introducing this foreign body into the oyster is that the result is not so fine as the pearls which are produced by natural means by the oyster itself. Curiously enough, in the last century a Swedish naturalistattempted to pro- duce the real article by irritating the oyster, but though a merchant of Gothenburg bought his scheme for a large sum, he seems never to have carried it out. ‘The Chinese, who are not cele- bratedas a nation for humanity, introduce into the unfortunate oyster all kinds of irregularly shaped foreign bodies, such as little dragons and idols, which must irritate the creature much more than a perfectly rounded object. As for the ex- periments of M. Boutan, their object was appa- rently not commercial but scientific. In coneclu- sion, M. Dastre gives some interesting figures as to the value of famous pearls. It seems that the modern collections of pearls do not really rival the magnificence of those possessed bythe wives of famous Romans, and nothing, M. Dastre thinks, could compare with the magnificence of one neck- lace possessed by Lollia Paulina. nd CACAO PODS’ DISEASE. The following Report from scientific men in Trinidad will be of interest to cacao planters in Ceylon. It should be carefully compared by them with the Report of Mr, Carruthers on the same subject as they will find it reproduced in their file of the Tropical Agriculturist. It will be observed that the Trinidad investigators make light of cacao disease and generally blame Mr. Carruthers for giving it undue importance ! This is simply absurd; for, the fungus in Ceylon had done most serious damage in certain districts and among the weaker cacao; but probably THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 771 Messrs. Marryat, Carmody and Hart merely mean that undue importance has been given to the cacao pod disease ? REPORT OF THE CACAO COMMITTEE ON “CACAO POD DISEASE.” (Laid before the Agricultural Society, Trinidad, 14th March, 1899.) At the meeting of the 14th February after discussion on theso-called ‘ Cacao pod disease,’ the Committee appointed a Sub-Committee to make a Report, dealing with the various facts brought out in the discussion, and to invite further information from members of the Society. The opinion of the Sub-Oommittee is as follows :— 1. That the malady is due to a fungus, the precise species of which is being isvestigated at Kew, but that pending a longer term of observation and of a series of experiments, it would be premature to make too positive assertions, as toits origin and growth. 2. Experienced planters state that they have in certain seisons, known the pods to be similarly affected any time during the past 25 years. Much depends on the nature of the soil. November and December are the worst months, especially if cold, wet, and a northerly wind follow a hot Indian summer. With the dry weather the fungus disappears. 3. There is no evi- dence to show that the Cacao tree itself is in any way affected by the malady of the pods and to all xppearance a peifectly healthy tree may be laden with diseased pods. The fungus has not been observed to penetrate to Camage the bark, even when a diseased pod is lying against the trunk. 4. The experiments which the Goy- erument Botanist has found time to make, unfortu- nately only on a limited scale, prove conclusively :—qa, That a sound pod inoculated from a diseased pod, readily takes the malady and becomes rotten in a week to tendays. 4, That pods in the immediate neighbonr- hood of the inoculated pods, though purposely wounded witha knife, were not affected. It has yet to be proved that the malady is infectious. 5. 1t having been shown that a wounded pod readily accepts inoculation, it is obvious that the fungus may be carried and spread by rats, bats, squirrels, wood-peckers, insects, etc., which attack the pod. 6. Assuming this to be possible. the origin and the home of the malady may not befar to seek. The Government Botanist in visiting an estate by request, noticed within a narrow radius of the ‘ breaking”’ grounds, a greater number of black pods, than in other parts of the cultivation. 7. In some cacao countries (Surinam and Central America), the practice of breaking the pods in the field itself, snd of allowing the shells and refuse to remain and rot on the ground as in Trinadad, is un- heard of. The pods are picked and carted to the ‘‘ works,’ then broken, and the refuse placed on the manure heap and properly treated. To ask the planter in the hilly districts to adopt this system, would be too great a taxon the labour and stock at his disposal, but pending furtber investigation, and as a matter of precaution, it is recommended that the following procedure be adopted :—(1) Where burning is not practicable, to cover all refuse with soil and bury it, or otherwise completely destroy it. (2.) Or the “broken’’ pods may be chopped up small and covered with quick ortemper lime. This in time would form a safe and valuable manure. (3.) All pods showing signs of attack should be carefully collected and destroyed. ‘The probable home and nursing ground of the fungus would thus be destroyed. 8. In conclusion the Sub-Committee is inclined to think that an undue importance has been attached in certain quarters to the question of disease amongst Cacao, which would never have arisen but for the publication of Mr. Carruthers’ Report on Ceylon cacao disease. Complaints of the same character have arisen in Trinidad from time to time for many years past, but so far as can be ascertained no serious loss has occurred; but the question having 772 been raised, the committee is of opinion that it should not be allowed to drop until thoroughly in- vestigated. ‘ It is highly probable that conditions of season have a great influence on diseases of the nature above discussed, and that given more favourable conditions, no more will be heard next year of “ Cacao disease’ ; but bearing in mind that prevention is better than cure, the Cocao planter will do well to put himself in the position of the prudent householder, Who when rumours of fever are in the air, looks to his Sanitary arrangements and sees that wis surroundings are kept sweet and clean. ; A. P. Marnryat, Chairman. F. Carmopy, F.1.c, F.¢.s., Govt. Aualyst. J. H. Harr. P.S.—It will materially assist the committee if members whose crops during the past three months have suffered from ‘‘black pods,” will put in writing their experience, coupled with suggestions, and forward them to the Secretary Mr. EB. Tripp. —_—__.—___—_ THE CULTIVATION OF COCONUT TREES AT ZANZIBAR. REMARKABLE YIELD OF NUTS AT MANGAPWANI. Mr. J. T. Last, F.r.c.s., of Mangapwani, Commis- sioner of Slavery, reports, that from 350 coconut trees he is getting 7,250 nuts at one gathering ; an average of 29 nuts, which at 4 gatherings a year gives an an- nual yield of over 80 nuts per tree. Twelve months ago these trees gave about 2,300 at a gathering, which is less than 30 nuts pertree per year. What is more remarkable is that from one tree he got 106 nuts (at one picking); from another 100 nuts ;from two others 91 each, and that from 7 trees he obtained 644 nuts at one gathering, an average of 92 nuts per tree in 3 months, This has occurred during an exception- ally dry season. Mr. Last attributes these yields to the fact of his having dug the ground round each tree to a radius of 6feet fromthe stem, increasing the distance a little each time over, leaving a shallow trench at the circumference to catch the water. We cannot offer the planters of Zanzibar better advice than to go and do likewise. Let us figure out the money value of this increase. The increase, re- presented by the difference between 2,300 and 7,250 is (roughly) 5,000 nuts which at R22 per 1,000 is worth R110, equal to R410 per annum. Some allowance should perhaps be made for the fact that the September crop is usually a much smaller one, though on the other hand the coming March or April gathering is as a rule large, when the Mangapwani trees may be expected to yield 9,000 nuts. The cost of cultivating the trees (dig- ging, not merely weeding) is insignificant. men working together will do 20 trees per diem, which at 20 pice each man comes to 2 pice per tree. Give them 2 pice per tree and they would pro- bably do more than 20 trees. At less than 1 pice each the trees can be mulched with grass to keep the sun off the newly upturned soil and check the evaporation of moisture:—Say 3 pice a tree alto- gether. If the trees are gone over twice a year the annual cost comes to 6 pice; that is about R33 for 850 trees, leaving a net profit of about R407, or nearly ee per tree. ae igging round the trees aerates the soil, increases its capillary attraction, and promotes nitrification, It is the same thing as stoking the fire which burns brighter as fresh particles are exposed to the air. The manufactnre or ‘burning’ of plant food in the 8 il cannot proceed without air any more than the fire can burn wituouu a draught. i f A correspondent of the Tropical Agriculturist wrote as follows in April of last year:— This short paragraph contains much that is worth reflecting upon. The pendant branches, as they clasp the trunk, are another ef natures’s provisions for protecting the tree Two . ° « ¥ [May }, 18 from the baneful effects of the sun. In one we have the advantage of the writer in that we plenty of weeds available for litter, The ve : Zanzibar plauters cannot be esid to be victims of «=thetic prejudices in the matter of weeds, But of cattle manure there is little or none thongh many cart- loads of horse manure from the town stables are daily emptied into the sea. Goat manure is more plentiful and equally good, while at Latham island there are large deposits of guano that could be utilized. Lime, again, is a valuable manurial jn- gredient. Dr. J. Augustus Volker, consulting chemist to the Royal Agricultural Society of England, to whom samples of Zanzibar soils were submitted for anslysis, wrote of Lime (see the aunnal Report of the Agri- cultural Department, 1897):—“\I am quite certain that value of Lime on the land has been underrated, and that in many cases it will be found to give valuable results.” Lime and guano must however be used cantious)y, as they wonld injure the trees if teo liberally applied.—Slamba, Jan. and Feb. —_—————_—______ MR. E. E. GREEN, HONORARY ENTOMO- LOGIST. This gentleman will be much missed even during the five or six months’ absence from the island, which is to limit his holiday. Mr. Green has so completely — identi- fied himself with the interests of his brother lanters and he so well combines scientific cnowledge with practical experience that he is the beaw ideal of a scientist-planter ; while in his own special departinent of Entomology, Mr. Green’s attainments are acknowledged all over the world, There never, in our opinion, was amore fortunate appointment for the Colony—for the agri- cultural interests of the natives as well as of the European planters—than that of Mr. E. E. Green as *‘‘ Honorary Entomologist.” It is very interesting to learn that after all, the consignment of lady-bird beetles which the Entomologist at Cape Colny sent ‘by letter-post (ina biggish case!) was not altogether useless. Myr. Green found in the moss three or four beetles and a couple of larve alive and two beetles and one larva continued to flourish under his care— the chief food being the “green bug,” though aphes generally will do—until now there are 16 lady birds and several Jarve which Mr. Green is leaving in the well-qualified and interested care of Mr. Jowitt of Haputale until his return. We trust that before the end of the year a regular campaing against the enemies (green bug chiefly) of the little coffee left to us, may be opened. Mr. Green has tried in vain so far to find a remedy for,—or efficient enemy to,— ‘Lan- tana bug” which has developed so much of late and which ought te be checked, lest unknown evils arise. He thinks that probably the latest introduction by Mr. Recstite which has proved so effective against ‘fluted scale” in oranges, might do. This has now been introduced into Portugal; and we would urge that, on his way back, Mr. Green should be commissioned by Gov- ernment to visit Portugal and secure a consignment for Ceylon. Of even more Pee importance with reference to the uture of Mr. Green’s work in Ceylon would be a brief visit to the United States —the country, before all others, in which the application of science to agriculture in all departments, is studied and utilised. We May 1, 1899.) trust Governor Ridgeway may empower Mr. Green to visit Washington and consult with Dy. Howard, the leading Entomologist, with whom he has already been in corre- spondence. Much benefit to future work in Ceylon might well be anticipated. In any case we hope Mr. Green may have a plea- sant and profitable holiday and return in- wigorated to enter on his special duties out 1ere, i DRYING CLOVES IN PEMBA. [ro THE EDITOR OF THE SHAMBA. } FRIEND'S INDUSTRIAL MISSION, PEMBA ZANZIBAR Oct. 27, 1898. Dear Sir,—I am just in receipt of yours of the 15th inst, After various experiments in drying cloves under glass and otherwise, Iam of opinion that, for the present we shall do best to try and improve the present syetem without introducing any radical changes which the average planter would not be able to carry out. The old method of drying our cloves in the open sunshine is not far wrong; but some im- provements are needed all throngh the prcecess. Greater care must be taken in the gathering of the buds to get them as. near the pink of perfection as possible, and not to damage the trees. In the ‘stalking’ constant watching is needed to see that all stalks, leaves and sticks are removed. This work is usually done in the evening, and the buds are then left in baskets or heaps until morning by which time they have become heated and brown. 1 believe this isa great mistake; those which get heated are apt tobecome dark coloured in drying, they should be spread ont thinly on mats during the night. To issue good cloves planters need better stores which should be roomy, clean, light and airy; the present dark hovals are fatal to the production of good samples. Large open sheds adjoining the stores are also much needed, so that whena shower comes on the cloves can quickly be put under cover when they will have air and be spread out to prevent heating and discolouring. Wherever possible a large concrete floor should be provided instead of the bare ground to spread the mats on; as the damp ground in showery weather injures both the mats and the cloves. Tiven if all these things aredone, and a good sample produced it is liable to be ruined before it reaches Zanzibar. So long as cloves have to be exported in dhows they will get wet and damaged. Exporters are compelled to use dhows and run the risk of damaging the cloves. lt isscarcely likely that the bulk of the year’s erop can be got as good as small experimental samples which have =been dried entirely under Muropean supervision. Much of the crop has of necessity to be dried under native management. This year there will be many small cloves and some over ripe ones amongst the bulk, as, owing to the drought the bunches contain cloves in all thiee stages of development. Some simple machine needs constructing to screen out sand and small fragments of stalks, and to blow out dust and bits of leaves before the cloves are finally bagged for exportation.—Yours, etc., THEopore Burr. We agree with Mr. Burtt in thinking that the Arab method of heaping up green cloves isinjurious. In rainy weather, when drying cannot proceed, these heaps remain in the go-downs for several days, growing daily larger, till a high state of fermentatiou is setup. hese cloves will subseqnently turn black. The desirable rich brown colour can be secured only if the clove buds are spread out as they are brought in, and never alowed ‘0 be heaped. Colonr how- ever depends as much, if not more, upon the picking than upon the drying, and unless the buds are picked in the proper pink condition no amount of subsequent management will produce a good samp!e.—Shamnba, February, THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 773 PLANTING IN NORTH TRAVANCORE, (From our Correspondent. ) April 1899. Grand rains after the long spell of drought we have had, the littie dribiets during the month of January, February and March, only amounting to 0:28 of an inch : How is this for a drought? On 31st March we had a_ nice shower; on Ist April a grand down-pour ; and today, Sunday, another nice wetting rain, commencing at dark and still going on as I now write at9p.m. I note by the Observer that Ceylon has also passed through a severe spell of dry weather; but I do not think so _ severe as the above, and still our tea does not seem to have suffered very much. In not one instance, have [ seen a dead bush. Our soils are deeper perhaps, and the tea roots get away down further into the damp sub- soil. On some of the lower-lying estates, the bushes had pretty well closed up; but away higher up on the hills, the shoots continued to come until the last, and I have no doubt would have gone on sometime longer. But these rains were very welcome nevertheless, and have cooled the air, and made it much more bearable for man and beast. A noteworthy feature of the dry season was the number and variety of WILD ANIMALS which were evidently driven down from the higher hills in quest of water,—elephants and quantities of sambur foot-prints being found allover the estates, along roads, through tea, upsetting nursery pandals and _ passing, in some instances, within 150 yards of bungalows; but all evidently making for the much- prized water. The hills all about [ need hardly say are all of the colour of dirty dusty roads, except those which had been set fire to, and they are still black as the old boy himself. The rains, however, will be the means of making these to be clothed with a coat of emerald hue, and so provide good grazing for the numerous animals about. The streams had gone down to a very low ebb, and in fact, a great many of the smaller ones had gone dry altogether; dust driven by the wind, and ashes from numerous clearings which had been lately burnt off have been rampant for weeks past :— Away before, and give a whirlwind room, Or I will blow you up like dust! Avaunt; Madness but meanly represents my toil Eternal Discord ! Fury! Revenge! Disdain and indignation Tear my swol’n breast, make way for fire and tempest. My brain is burst, debate and reason quenched ; The storm is up, and my hot bleeding heart Splits with the rack, while passions like the wind, Rise up to Heav’n, and put out all the stars. Clearing work being the order of the day, we are all busy in this quarter. Coolies are fairly plentiful, and quite sufficient for all requirements at present: glad to see tea has taken a turn for the betteragain. Long may it remain and bring more grist to the mill, although a good many companies have done no that bad considering the hard times. KD, TEA Buicir.—It is reassuring to learn from Mr. E. E. Green that, so far as he has seen, only one of the “ blights,” described by Dr. George Watts as affecting tea in Assam, is to be found in Ceylon. 774 QUININE EXCITED, SOLD AND RESOLD AY’ FEVERISIT RATES, Quinine has had a rollicking week of business, “forging a head like Pattisons whisky said a ‘Change frequenter the other day, but “forging suggests too much effort for the progress of the alkaloid, and the connecting of Pattison’s with quinine has an_ unfortunate inappropriateness, Quinine has sold and re-sold at feverish rates in the second-hand market, and is now on the border of 1s 6d an ounce. More noteworthy even is the fact that the German combination of makers have put up their price to pretty nearly the same figure, and, of course, the chief English manufacturers have advanced, maintaining a dignified reserve as to how much they sell and whom they sell to. ; bs This is the result of eight weeks’ influence on the situation that existed when quinine was 104d., and we were anticipating the advance that is now a fact. No wonder timid spectators of the rush are shaking their heads and prophesying a slump. Still, there is plenty of confidence in others, and these--we must say, generally the best-informed inthe subject—that we shall have quinine worth 2s. before the year is out. Even the more cautious ones, who, nevertheless, are not afraid to look facts in the face, ask one an- other whether we are not rapidly a nape a very serious scarcity in the supply of bark. Of course, these thoughtful observers do not say this because of the speculation. That. is really a result, not a cause of such reflections. Spe- culation, like it is always doing, is anticipating future events. All this buying and selling of quinine that has been going on during the last two months is merely the constant turning over of the same parcels of the article. The consumptive demand is stagnant compared with this specula- tive activity. All the same, the latter rests for its justification ultimately on the principle that second-hand quinine could always go into con- sumption at, say, 2d. per oz. below the makers price, and a second-hand price of Is. 6d. on this basis is really only warrantable on the supposi- tion that makers will, shortly, either not be able to sell at all or will have to sell at 2d. above that. Hence all this selling and re-selling in view of future upward movement. No one would buy quinine to-day in the second-hand market for im- mediate consunipvion, for a better bargain could Q with makers. , ; J pe tile is the usual danger in this speculation that it may go too far; that the second-hand price may anticipate too much ; or that it may go so fast that a reaction will set in and the weakness of nervous holders will cause the market to collapse at a time when it has got too far ahead of natural effects, which, if they could be awaited, would support it. And it is to answer the question whether the speculation has gone too far now that some are eagerly watching the reports as to ship- ments of bark, and asking, as we have said, whe- ther all these signs of great future shortage are to neve: Pome ee the same question, and we can only say that unless some extraordinary artificial arrangement is at workin Java there is only an affirmative answer to be given. If we turn round to all the possible places from which bark can be ot we see none that is sosituated as to beable to s ly the market if Java falls short. That ought to “3 too obvious to need stating. But people talk in an absurd way about this, that, and the other untry being able to bring forward bark if the Bee e goes much higher. Can India put forth more ee she did last year, when she came up to her highest year's production, and effected—nothing ? She did not put bark down a fraction. Can Airica do anything, seeing that she has made the mistake f others and given all her attention to a compara- face: little-needed bark, because it is easy to cultivate ? ’ THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. - ‘May 1, Of Bolivian cultivation there was hope once ; but even here there has been disappointment, and of, South America generally it may be said that bark must very considerably advance before it will be induced to collect again. We have little trust- worthy information as to its stores, and so will leave alone the question how far it is exhausted. In the matter of remuneration for collection, it must be remembered that men often, once having started a business, continue it long after it reaches that point at which it is barely pruiitatile to begin it, and the price that made vark collectors and. exporters in America desist will have to be materially increased before they begin again. Those who know at what figure South American bark did not pay to collect will also know that we can go on putting up bark a great deal more before collectors will organise those arduous journeys that are required to obtain South American bark, Ceylon is not worth thinking of, but so des- perate are some in their desire to take a pessi- mistic view of bark, and so singular are others, that the most easily negligable factor in the situation is one on which we must spend most words. We have given our contemporaries the lead in the proper direction on this subject. but to get them to go in the right way seems futile judging by the hopeless tangle into which one of them gets itself. To talk seriously about Ceylon in the situation was, we thought, only possible in such a case as that of an acquaintance on ‘Change who gravely asked us the other day if we had noticed that Ceylon had exported in the first week of February as much bark as in the whole of January. When he was gently taken in hand he yea ig that he did not get the Java figures—only the Ceylon! However, was done in his case, and’ even something has been effected in the case of the contemporary, for we have at last managed to make it see that the German purchases and sales are the key of the situation ; but this lesson has taken so long to penetrace that the learner has forgotten whence he received it. There is left Java herself. Here it is most diffi- cult to get at anything like an accurate figure for the possible output at present. Wedo know, though, that after a year of large shipments at prices lower than the Bee ct Java is only send- ing small supplies to the European market, and what itis sending is better bark. The natural conclusion is that it has not got more bark to send, and this is true, unless, to come back to our earlier statement, the Java planters have been induced to do what they have never been in- duced to do before—i.e..keep bark back when they are getting good pay for it. We do ndt say such a thing is impossible, and after the recent visit of the planters’ emissary, an arrangement of this kind might seem likely, but we doubt very much its having been made, and, in the absence of other information, look upon the present circumstances as leading fast to a scarcity that has never been known in the bark market.— British and Colonial Druggist. ———»—__ MANURING TEA.— We are interested in learning that the experience of Mr. Melville White fully confirms that of Mr. Joseph Fraser as reported yesterday. Mr. Geo. Greig, in Maskeliya and Dimbula, has also confirmatory evidence. Mr. W. D. Bosanquet again reports that experi- ments made by him during the past three years bear out the conclusions arrived at, especially as to Potash being an important element. Potash and Phosphoric acid he has found quite inert with- out Nitrogen, and Nitrogen most effective when combined with 2 considerable proportion of Potash and Phosphoric Acid—more especially the former.—C. O., April 7, May 1, 1899.] THE TROPICAL NATAL TEA INDUSTRY REPORT. It will be remembered that the tea taken to the Grahamstown Exhibition by Mr. Hindson of the firm of W. R. Hindson & Co., Clifton Tea Estates, Nonoti, met with remarkable success, there being a very heavy demand for it at the various kiosks and other places frequented by visitors to the exhibition, while large orders for supplies for the Cape have since been received. ft is gratifying to learn that, as the result of samples of exhibition teas sent to London for valuation and report, Messrs. R. M. Holborn & sons, one of the oldest-established and largest firms of tea merchants in Mincing Lane, have forwarded most satisfactory reports. One ofthe members of the Mincing Lane firm reports as follows :—‘‘Lhave now carefully tasted the samples of Natal teas. They are certainly a long way the best specimens we have yet seen.” The ‘irm’s detailed report is as follows :— ““We have pleasure in sending our present snarket valuations, also our descriptions of samples of Natal tea received from you, and now return your canisters by post. No. 7.—Tippy, leafy broken Pekoe, very brisk and good quality; value 8d. to 83d. No. 19.—Well made, grey leaf Pekoe, excellent quality, with bright infusion, and very pungent; value, 10d. No. 10.—Orange Pekoe, golden tipped and well twisted leaf, bright infusion, fine quality, pun- gent liquor; value, 1s. tols. Id. No. 9.—Broken Orange Pekoe, tip, fine pungent liquor, with value, 1s. 4d. When it is stated that at the date of these re- orts Indian teas were only averaging 9d. per b. and Ceylons 8d. in public sales, and that Messrs. Hindson’s teas were valued against all going, it will be recognised that the valuations are eminently encouraging. It has been asked from time to time whether in Natal we cannot obtain high-class teas approximately to some of the fancy kinds that were exhibited at the last Durban July Show. It will be seen by the fore- going that teas ofas good a quality as can be lesired are to be obtained in the Colony, and par- ticularly if people will payfor these better quali- ties prices analagous to those they pay for the best imported article. The fact is that Natatians have heen favoured in having tea grown at their own doors and supplied at a very cheap rate, and have perhaps grown accustomed to using lower grade teas because of their cheapness; whereas if they paid, say, 2s. 6d. per lb., which is not so much as is asked for some of the best imported blends, they would geta superior tea, and one grown within the Colony. It is, at any rate, satis- factory to find our tea-growers not only paying attention to the quality of their teas, but offer- ing them to the public in an attractive style. Such a canister as the sample we have before us can scarcely fail to commend itself to purchasers. It may be mentioned that the tea can also be ob- tained in lead packets and in boxes.—Natal Ver- cury, March 10, A GRATIFYING bright, golden- bright infusion ; —_.>—-— MINOR PRODUCTS REPORT. Croton Srnp.—Offered 48 packages. Sold 0. The buying-in price was 60s to 70s, Coca Lraves.—Offered 11 packages. Sold 6. No South American leaves were sold. Ceylonleaves sold at 11d for good bold green of Truaxillo character, and 84d for bold brown, CINcCHONA Bark.-—Offered 98 packages. Sold 74. South American Calisaya bark sold at from 6d to 9d for small strips and chips. Guayaquit Succirnbra sold at 2d to 4d, Bold Maracaibo chips fetched 144 to 3}d. Cinnamon,—Ceylon chips sold in auction this week ab 3gd,—Z, & C. Druggist, March 17, AGRICULTURIST. 175 AnnATIo Serp.—No business was done publicly, although abundant supplies were offered ; 33d per lb. was the limit placed on good bright Madras. Kouta Nurs.—Small Atrican quarters sold at 13d per lb for poor West Indian 24d was refused; and 5d was the limit for washed. CirRonELLA Oin.—Buiness has been done privately at 113d per lb (in drams) c.if. The exports from Ceylon, from January Ist to Februray 21st were 114,141 Ib. Lemoxeriss O1u.—Unchanged at 22d per oz. VaniLua.—Only oddments were offered, and the business done was unimportant. Tahiti, good choco- late, realised 103 6d per 1b for 4 to 6 inch, and 45d to 64 inch. Seychelles, good 7% inch 22s ; and mixed lengths 16s 6d per lb.—Chemist and Druggist, March 18. ee KEELING AND CHRISTMAS ISLANDS. Acting-Governor Sir J. A. Swettenham has just sent to Mr. Chamberlain an interesting report on the Cocos-Keeling and Christmas Islands, whose “ing,” Mr. Ross, was recently in London. The population of Cocos is now 595. The copra ex- ported in 1897-8 amounted to 8264 tons, valued at nearly £15 per ton. The general neglect of theoretical education is counterbalanced to some extent by the anxiety of the boys to go through the practical training of the workshops. Religion is regarded with almost as much indifference as education, the people being satisfied with one annual attendance at the mosque. A really calm day is almost unknown. ‘The valuable beds of phosphate on Christmas Island remain practically undeveloped, but Sir J. A. Swettenham expresses the hope that Mr. Ross’s visit to England will settle the policy of the company concerned, and enable the phosphate industry to be developed within a reasonable time.—Daily Chronicle, March 17. PLANTING NOTES. EigHr CAMPHOR SEEDLNIGS were planted on experimentally in the Mysore Government gardens a couple of years ogo, and the superintendent, in his recent reports, notes with satisfaction, that the growth, under full exposure to the sun, has been vigorous. The largest specimen is 3 1-2 feet, with a branching diameter of about 3 feet. Such rapid growth, he remarks, would soon establish a young plantation of this useful tree.—Bonwbay Gazette. INDIGO. —Messrs. J. Thomas and Co.’s Price Current, dated Caleutta, 6th April, says:—“The crop in Lower Bengal is well reported on, tain is rather wanted in Pturneah. In Behar sowings bave been completed. Caterpillars have shown tl#mselves in most places but no material damage has been done by them. Some of the latest sowings have suffered from the west winds, but the crop on the whole is a good one so far. Jn Benares sowings are_ progressing under favourable circumstances.” —Pioncer. “STRAY LEAVES FROM INDIAN Forests” is the opening part of what it is hoped will quickly become a volume ot important dimensions and interesting contents. It contains notes on the deodar, the sil, the shisham and the khair by well-known forest officers. All forest officers are requested to contribute articles dealing with the life-history of any particular species of tree, results. of mechods of treatment of forests, and any subject relating to forestry in India. It is intended that the work shall consist of records of actual know- ledge rather than theoretical discussions. The work is published under the authority of the Inspector-General of Forests to whom contribu: tions should be sent,.—Pionecr, ’ 776 THE TROPICAL MR. T. N. CHRISTIE. A FAREWELL INTERVIEW. Before this well-known Ceylon planter and estate proprietor left by the ss. “Staffordshire recently we had a brief interview with him, asking several questions of general interest to the planting community of which he has for many years been a distinguished and valuable member. The answers _to ou enquiries we here briefly sumiuarise. Mr. Christie’s general impression of THE TEA IN THE DISTRICTS aa he saw was that it was eminently satisfac- tory, and far more so than somewhat-recent reports and prices would have led people to anticipate. He did not, beside ‘this, notice anything special, and certainly he had seen nothing in any way likely to affect for the worse the prospect of the tea crop for the cur- rent year. As to MANURING, of course, Mi. Christie said, no general rule can_be laid down. In some cases it is worth- while, in others decidedly. not. If you are going to get only 6d to 63d for your teas, you will be running the minimum cost of production very close and by the extra outlay on manure you will injure or destroy the very slight margin of profit that might have been yours. but if yom: prices are bound to run higher than that you can afford to manure plentifully and be pretty certain that some result will be seen in en- hanced prices. He had noticed the * blister and grey blights” upon the tea in several places, but neither was likely to do any serious harm or to spread with the fatal power or even the rapidity of a disease, like Hemileia for instance. ee LABOUR ea ste ; i lon he considered would never e founc een eee to a degree that would in time check the Eeoeriian ea eogbee from the i ‘ing peninsula. neighbouring p ul ‘it : ; hought there would always be a& Zoo ae Nothing had struck him more in this last visit than the marvellous celerity of rowth (since he was last in Ceylon) in the Breen that had been planted with a view to fuel supply. The timber in the country was likely to last, well,—as long as it was d. The wante noenee in the planting districts, too, he found to be everywhere in very good order. = ae SALE OF TEA IN RUSSIA and on the Continent generally, Mr. Christie was highly pleased, and here and there as- tonished, with the immense progress made, He had read our recent interview with the local tea-buyers (appearing in our issue of March 30th), and found nothing therein to contradict or even supplement. On the subject of tea in America Mr. Christie was not very communicative, but could scarcely assert that Ceylon ought just yet to give up its campaign, costly though it was. AS TO OTHER PRODUCTS he found CAcAo doing well, and the cacao disease he considered far from serious; it gould not be compared to that of coffee for a 7 Pere AGRICULTURIST. (May 1, 1899. danger and destructiveness. CARDAMOME, too, were making good srogress, but numbers of acres he saw had been planted in soil entirely unsuitable for it, Cardamoms needed the richest soil, virgin forest soil, at a fair elevation, under good continuous shade, and notin a very damp situation—at any rate as regarded the lie of the ground they grew in. For the proposed _. AGRICULTURAL DEPARTMENT Mr. Christie had no great praise or en- couragement to offer; such departments were seldom worth their cost ant the trouble expended. And he would certainly not have all revenue cadets pass through Cirencester Collége. They would come out here know- ing far too much for their position, and with an utterly insufficient quantity of practical experience to balance it,* As to the abolition of the RICE DUTY he thought it very desirable, were it possible to substitute an equitable and easily collected tax in its place.t At present he had seen no suitable substitute suggested. The Land Tax he could not by any means approve. HIGH PRICES FOR COMMON TEAS, which of late have become likely to continue, Mr. Christie thought would undoubtedly encourage larger imports of China tea into the United Kingdom — this year; but he did not consider the effect would be so marked in the home as in the continental markets. In conclusion Mr. Christie expressed strong condemnation of the abolition of the IMPORT DUTY ON TEA, As we stated two days ago, it would, he felt sure, encourage " the importation of Indian and China teas by unscrupulous dea- lers in Colombo, who after keeping it awhile in their godowns, would ship it off without compunction, and without un acking it even, as Ceylon tea. Even if Ceylon does seli some of the commonest teas now, the inrush of other common teas in the manner des- cribed would go far to blind the public to the good name our Colony has also possessed hitherto for exporting some of the finest tea to be tasted anywhere. As to macking Colombo a general blending depét, he did not know of any marked advantages contained in the roposal, if the tea-duty were not abolished, Bae against that abolition, Mr. Christie remains, like most of his planting brethren, immovably firm. Apropos of the PLANTING COMMISSION at the Paris Exhibition, we learnt in reply to a question we put to him; that our de- parted visitor had no intention of serving on it if he were asked. Mr. Christie hopes to return to Ceylon in twelve months’ time, probably visiting the Paris Exhibition en route. We look forward to’ his next tri hither and to whatever he may have to te us, either by way of change or comfirmaton of his views, with anticipation of a pleasur- bale kind. : —*Tn Java, the result of the system is, we believe, that a more sympathetic interest is taken in all the native and other branches of agriculture.— erica Se diture to RQ2,000,000, the r to keep down expenditure to Rg2,000, tate of two years ago ?—Ep, Zid m0? Ten Se GNTERS AND OTHERS. 4 SEEDS AND PLANTS Or COMMERCIAL PRODUCTS. Hevea Brasiiiensis (Para Rubber),-—Seeds aad Plants supplied, immediate delivery, quantity limited, good arrival guaranteed, packed to stand 4 to 6 months’ transit well, five hundred plants in each Wardiam case. Out of a supply of Para Rubber seed collected in July, 1897, and preserved by us, a quantity was forwarded to Hammond Island in December of the same year, and the gentle- man who ordered the seeds in ordering a further supply wrote us on the 30th April, 1898 :— ‘« All the seeds done well, and now some of the plants from them are 18 inches high.” This seed was put in nursery eight months after gathering. A Merzantile firm who ordered 30,000 Para Rubber plants in 60 Wardian cases, 500 plants in each, wrote 5th April, 1898 :—“ I note that you accept delivery of 60 cases. We shall probably require further supply of seeds and plants.” » For price, instructions and particulars, see our Circular No. 30, post free on application. Manihot Glaziovii (Ceara. Rubber).—Fresh seeds available all the year round for shipment at any time, guaranteed to stand good 8 to 12 months. For price, instructions and particulars, see our Circular No. 31, post free on application. Castilloa Elastica (Panama or Central American Rubber).—Seeds and Plants supplied See owr Circular No, 32 for price, wmstructions and particulars, post free on application. Urceola Esculenta (Burma Rubber),—A creeper Seed and Plants. Landolphia Kirkii (African Rubber).—A creeper Seed and Plants. Seeds and Plants of Cinnamon, Nutmeg, Clove, Kolanut and different varieties of Coffee, Cacao, Tea, Coca, Fibre, Medicinal and Fruit trees, Shade and Timber trees, also Palms Bulbs and Orchids, &c. Professor MacOwan writes : — DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, MEssRS. WILLIAM Bros. CAPE Town, 27TH JULY, 1898. GENTLEMEN,—I have this morning received your letter of 21st June covering parcel of Catalogues It will give me pleasure to fulfil your wishes in regard to their distribution among likely purchasers. You will be glad to learn that we have very good reports of the success of the semi-tropical things sent by you to the little Eastern Coast-strip of this Colony, particularly about the mouth of the Butfalo Rum at East London, Pine Apples are now grown there far superior to the stuif sent half ripe by sea from Natal. ; Always yours faithfully, (Signed) P. MACOWAN, Government Botanist, Our enlarged Descriptive Price List of Tropical Seeds and Plants of Commercial Products for 1899-1900 now in the press, post free on application. Agents in London :—Messrs. P, W. WOOLLEY & Co., 33, Basinghall Street. Agent in Colombo, Ceylon:—E. B, CREASY, Esq. Velegraphic. Address ; J. P. WILLIAM & BROTHERS, WILLIAM, VEYANGODA, CEYLON. Lropical Seed Merchants, A.J. and A.B.C. Codes used. HuNARATGODA, CEYLON, 97 478 THE TROPICAL MALABAR-WYNAAD NOTES. WyYnaAb, April 1.—Liberian coffee will be in blossom on the 3rd or 4th instant, Arabica following three days later, and the hybrids in between. The good rains we have had should ive a great start to old and young coffee, orce old tea into a flush, and prove the salva- tion of young tea clearings, where such down pours were wanted, especially as there is every indication of the showery weather continuing. Upon most coffee estates pruning has been com- pleted, and surplus labour discharged, but upon tea gardens all available hands have been re- tained.— WY, Mail, Apiil 7. a ea aad DRAYTON ESTATES CO, THE DIRECTORS’ REPORT was as follows :— Directors :—Messre. V. A. Julius, A. R. Wilson Wood and H Whitham. The Directors beg to submit the Annual Balance Sheet and Profit and Less Account for the year ending 81st December 1898; After providing for depreciation of buildings and machinery the balance of profit available is R52,667°57. The Directors propose that a dividend of seven per cent be declared, making, with the interim dividend of four per cent, eleven per cent for the year, and that the balance R2,617°57 be carried forward to next year's account. ‘ The crop of T'e1 secured from the Company's Estates was i— lb. Ib. Drayton 402,770 Increase... 68,432 Yuilletield 77,024 Decrease... 1,296 Cwm ay 31,792 do, .... 680 Total..'511,586 as against 460,000 estimated. The following comparative statement may be of interest to the Shareholders. Yield per Acreage Acreage Acreage. Acre. Pruned. Mannred. Drayton .. 722 565 305 306 Yuillefield.. 207 384 117 37 Cwm 90 342 42 as Cost F.O.B Cost F.0.B. : Exclusiveof Inclusiveof Priceper Profit per Manure. Manure. lb. Drayton ...22:23 27.07 46°43 19°36 Yuillefield. .28'29 30°13 46:06 15°93 Cwm oe. 24'98 24°98 46°43 21°45 Expenditure for 1898 includes the sam _of R20,886°70, cost of manuring 343 acres at R62°25 per acre as follows i— Acres. With Artificial re 268 With Bulk . : : 35 Burying and Lining Prunings .. 40 Total.. 343 The estimate provided for 200 acres to cost R64:87 per acre, The total cost of 511,586]b. ‘Tea, including above and Cwm rent, but exclusive of depreciation, was cts. 28°30 per lb., as against estimated 460,000 to cost cts. 27.. Excess is explained by cts. 4:06 being spent on manuring as against cts, 2°41, estimated, so there is an actual saving of cts. 1°65 per lb. on other items, Estimating thatthe tea unsold will fetch 48 cts, per lb., the nett value of the whole crop will be cts. 46°37 as against cts. 45°05 last season, shewing a profit of cts, 18:07 per lb. as against a profit of cts, 16'85 in 1897. On Drayton the sum of R10,002'83 was spent on capital account, this includes putting wooden tats in one floor of factory, new sorting room and packer, new set 14 rooms lines, and iron roofing for 20 rooms, May 1, 1899. a large new cattle shed, and opening up 8 acres of forest land in grass. In view of largely increased yield on Drayton and the fact that neither the Tarbine nor Eugine are AGRICULTURIST. capable of driving more muchinery, it has been decided to erect a small factory on division, capable of turning out from 12,000 to lb tea per month. The estimated cost of above is R20,000, and it is hoped that with more room a better class tea may be turned out, as present accommodation was in- sufficient to manufacture all the leaf in November and December. Some 20,000 Jb. was sold at cts. 4 per Ib., purchaser plucking the leaf. The Company’s properties consist of :— Dzgaytorn— Tea in bearing ee +. 769 Acres. Grass Land rY' 6 * Timber ee 10 ' Forest me 46 » ty Waste Roads, &e, te . 69 ” YvumLLerretp— Tea in bearing ob soe 2B 3 Forest and Timber .. a ae Waste 6 she Bisa Total...1,116 e Tue EstiMatep Crop ror 1899 lta = Drayton -. 440,000 Ibs. Ynillefield ... 90,000 ,, Cwm -» $0,000. ,, Total.. 560,000 lb3. at an estiamted t of cents 27°50 per lb. Estimate includes R17,800 =cts. 8 per Ib. for manur- ing 330 acres with Artificial, 40 acres with Bulk, and Pruvings being buried and jined on 70 acres, making a total to be manured of 440 acres. In terms of the Articles of Association Mr. A. R. Wilson-Wood retires from the Board by rotation, and, being eligible, offers himself for re-election as o Director. The Shareholders will be requested to appoint an Auditor for the current year. by order of the Board of Directors, Harry Wurrnam, Secretary. Colombo, March 18th, 1899. _—_ Oo TALAWAKELLE ESTATES COMPANY, LTD. The following report was presented at the first ‘ery apes general weer of the Company held at tbe office of the Company on Tuesday, 28th March noon :— pee . ‘ The Directors have the pleasure to submit the balance sheet and accounts of the Company for the year ending 3lst December 1898, duly audited. The mortgage of £21,500, which was being arranged when the Prospectus was issued, was ex- ecuted on 2lst February. It bears interest at the rate of 5 per cent. per annum, and the principal is repayable in 14 annual instalments, the first of which £1,500 was paid on the 3lst December last, and charged against the profit ef the year. ' The high rate of exchange averaging Is 43-16d per rupee increased the cost of production. Owing owever to the satisfactory prices obtained for the tea, the profit for the year compares favourably with that of the three years preceding, and is equal to over 12 percent. on the cost price of the estates, after charging some £500 spent on factory exten- sion and new machinery against revenue. The total yield was 421,284 lb. Tea plucked off 802 acres, being at the rate of 525 lb. per acre, costing about 274 cents or say 44d per Ib., free on ~ 4 May 1, 1899. | board Colombo. The gross average price of the 418,565 lb. sold in London was 10°57d per lb. The Profit for the year in- elusive of Interest, and after -providing for General Ex- penses, &c., amounts to Interest due Vendors and onthe mortgage, Jess Income £ Tax, has been paid, amount- ing to as 35 ... 1,047 92 The first instalment of the mortgage of £21,500 has been paid, viz. FA .1,500 00 Dividend on the 6 per cent. Preference Shares for the year, Zess Income ‘l'ax aye In Interim Dividend of 4 per cent., free of IncomeTax, on the Ordinary Shares was paid on the 30th September,..1,482 16 0 It is Proposed— To write off the whole of the Preliminary Expenses ... To pay a Final Dividend of 6 percent. on the Ordi- nary Shares, free of Income Tax, making 10 per cent. for the year, which will require...2,224 40 And to earry forward (out of which Income Tax has to be paid) the balance of £7,691 9 5 sd 319 00 198 06 924 19 9 ————— £7,691 9 5 The Directors desire to place on record their appreciation of the efficient management of the Estates by their Superintendent and his Staff. The Director who retires on this occasion is Mr. Charles Murray Robertson, who, being eligible, offers himself for re-election. Mr. John Smith, the Auditor, also retires, and offers himself for re-elec- tion. ROBERTSON, Bois & Co., Agents & Secretaries. 12, Fenchurch Street, London, E.C. SCHEDULE OF THE COMPANY’S ESTATES. Forest Grass Approxi- and Land mate Estates. Teain Timber. Build- Total bearing. ings, &o, Acres, Talawakelle.. 302 402 Nanuoya 250 3 9 262 Katookelle .. 250 30 8 288 Totals ... 802 109 41 952 —_——___q—___—______ PUNDALUOYA TEA COMPANY OF CEYLON, LIMITED. REpoRT.—To be presented at the Second Or- dinary Annual General Meeting of the Company to be held at the Office of the Company Thurs- day, 30th March. 1. The Directors now submit their Report for the year ending 3lst December, 1898, together with the Balance Sheet and Accounts of the Company made up to that date and duly audited. 2. The tea crop amounted to 627,986 lb., of which 627,740 lb. shipped to London realised a gross average of 9:27d. per lb. This crop, although exceeding that of tie previous year by some 4,000 lb., is considerably less than was expected at the commencement of the year, aresult due to ’ unfavourable weather in the first six months, THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 779 The cost of the production in rupee currency is less than in 1897, but in consequence of a higher average rate of exchange the sterling cost of production is slightly greater. 3. During the year 106 acres of land have been planted with Tea, and a further 30 to 35 acres have been opened and partly prepared for planting in the rainy season of 1899, while Tea Nurseries have been laid down for future ex- tensions. The cost of this has been charged to Capital Account, as well as the cost of new machinery. 4. The following statement gives details which may be of interest :— lb. Tea. Average wrate of dinary Shares. Total Tea Crop. Yield per Acre. Cost of Crop per & 1b. £.0.b. Colombo, Gross Average Hxchange per Rupee Dividend on Or- Season Acreage Plucked. - price obtained per lb, 383 529 = acres lb, 1898 1,640 627:886 1897 1,640 623699 380 6:22 5. The profit for the year inclusive of Interest and after providing for General Expenses, &c,, ameunted to To which has to be added the Balance from last year of making Total of... The Directors have already paid out this, Interest for the year upon the Mortgage, less In- come Tax Dividend for the year upon the 6 percent. Preference Shares, less Income Tax Income Tax t And they propose to deal with the Balance as follows: To pay a Dividend of 6 percent., free of income Tax, on the Ordinary Shares, requiring To Transfer to Re- serve for Deprecia- tion and General Purposes (increas- ing this Account to £2,500) And to carry for- ward the Balance of aioe on ws et @ Cor oxo ed a o Oo PRONG £7,419 12 4 340 16 7 ve £7,760 8 1] £441 17 4 1,914 0 0 317 10 8 3,960 0 0 1,000 0 0 127 011 £7,760 8 11 6. The Director whoretires on this occasion is Mr. Charles Murray Robertson, who, being eli- gible, offers hiniself for re-election, 7. Mr. John Smith, the Auditor, and offers himself for re-election. By order of the Board, also retires ROBERTSON Bois & Co., Agents and Secretaries. 12, Fenchurch Street, London E.C. 22nd Mareh, 1899. 780 SCHEDULE OF THE COMPANY’S ESTATES, ON 31ST DECKMPBER, 1898. 2 ; Ete Sg. 22 a. Ci) eg 2 a 8, fy 8g 4° — 2) 5 ~~ W 4 a ° E = a Bo ef ppt ies & s a cic Eee edie See Bail ca a €8 tHisa He ee Sheen 482 138 178% 45 52 895 acres Pundaloya’ AnQ: Ag aly Ba 93 634 ,, Wootton aie BOD 4 — 40 28 B78 .,. jeeside -» 400 10 2 —= "26 "436 *,, Total ». 1,640 19) 205 109 199 2,343 acres ——————————EEE=E STRAITS SUGAR INDUSTRY. To “The Straits Sugee Company, Limited,” which has recently been formed, already one of the company’s new estates (Gedong) has begun to assume a definite shape. A large area of jungle has been cleared; canals and drains have been dug; and cane planting has commenced, Mr. Stothard is opening up a large block of land in Lower Perak, lately conceded to the new company by the Perak government. In addition to cultivating eanes on the eompany’s behalf, Mr. Stethard is prepared to give out land, free of rent, to any cultivators who are able to show that the land handed over to them will be planted up in canes within a reasonable time. Advances will be made by the company as work progresses, the company buying the canes, when Tipe, at a fixed. price, and deducting the ad- vances from tlie proceeds. THE TRAVANCORE TEA ESTATES COMPANY, ‘LIMITED. The annual ordinary general meeting of the shareholders of the Travancore Tea Estates Company, Limited, was held at the offices of the company, 20, Basteheap, yesterday (Thurs- day), ee : n the absence ofthe Chairman of the Com- pany the chair was oceupied by Mr. H. K. Rutherford. pe The Secretary. read the notice convening the meeting. The Chairman; in moving the adoption of the report and accounts, said :—I happen to be in the chair today by the unavoidable absence of Mr. McKenzie, the chairman of the company. who is at present in America in connection with the joint enterprise of ‘India and Ceylon: in pushing ritish-grown. teas in that country. Another of our colleagues, Mr. Talbot, is absent in Ceylon where he had an_ opportunity of meeting our Estates manager, Mr. Knight, and going into various matters connected with the management. Mr. David Reid’s absence, I regret to say, is due to. the fashionable complaint of influenza. My duty today does nov demand of me any lengthened statement of the position of the company, as the reports and accounts explain that position very clearly. Perhaps it would be well to take the accounts first. You a. aaa oon ’ ¥ 30 to 35 acres cleared and partly prepared for Tea Planting. THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. will note in the balance-sheet the capital issued is £70,000, or £14,500 more than it stood at a year ago. That difference arises from the 10s per share called up + on the 21,000 ordinary shares amounting to £10,500, and an issue of £2,000 in ordinary shares and 2,000 in prefer- ence sllares amounting to £4,000, as payment for part of Pambanar Estate. There is mext a sum ot £1,150 153 ld placed to reserve which, as you will doubtless remember, represents the profits earned between the date from which we took over the properties and the date of reyis- tration of the company, and which sum was not legally available for dividend. Bills »payable and sundry creditors amount to £28,443 as’ 9d. The proportion of this sum which is chargeable to capite! account as the bills falldue is provided for by issuing debentures against the same, and up to the present time we have issued £25,000 of debentures. On the other side of the account you will note the cost of estates amount: to £91,016, and this is £31,635 more than last year —a very large sum, but necessary for the land we have opened np. This sum is made up of £11,400 for payments for land, £15,553 for new clearings and upkeep of land notin »bearing, and £4,682 for buildings and 1 i - In the profit and loss account» you will observe the profit on sales was £2,031 or £814 less than the previous account, but which you will re- member was for a period of fifteen months, so the profit is practically abont the same. You will note the directors again give their services free, and that the London expenditure is remarkable for its moderation. The balance of profit is £2,358 2s 8d, which admits of the full preference dividend being paid, and leaves a “balance of £241 23 8d to be brought forward to next year. Now we cannot pretend to say this is a very satisfactory result, but when you take into cou- sideration that the fall in the price of our fea of 3d per |b, and the higher rate of exchange has curtailed our profits some £1,500, you will. per- haps agree we have been fortunate in coming out as well as we do in probably one of the worst years the British-grown ‘ea industry has had. The erop was unsatisfactory in quality and yield, but we see hopeful signs of better results in the earrent year in bothof these particulars. You will note we have planted up nearly 1,300 acres with tea, which isa great deal to accomplish in one season and great credit is due to our manager Mr, Knight and his staff for the work they have been able to get ' through, and which we are Jed to believe is good work and that the clearings promise to be success- ful... Now with regard to our debentures, we told you at last meeting we were contemplating such an issue and I am ‘happy to state we have been able to carry this matter through. The debentures are for a total issue of £50,000 of which we hope only £44,000 will be required. They are repayable at par on January Ist 1904, and are only being issued as we require the money. When this issue is completed the estates with factories, will have cost us about £32 per acre which is a reason- able price. As to the future we are of course, inainly dependent on the selling price of tea. and if this continues to keep about its present level which is ‘considerably higher than last year—ld or 1gd4 per 1b.—I have no fear wh itever but that the other important factors of yield and cheap produe- tion will not be found wanting. We can only ask the ordinary shareholders to exercise patience until “the estates come into bearing, when we trust the ‘hopes of ‘your directors may be realised. I shall — he very dleased to give any further information _ Aad es (ei = May 1, 1899.] THE TROPICAL -that any shareholder may desire to ask and now beg to move the following resolution :— “* That the report and accounts be adopted.” The proposal was seconded by Mr. H. Tod and carried unanimously. Mr. White then moved the re-election of the auditors Messrs. Harper Brothers, which was se- conded by Mr. Dangerfield and carried unani- mously. ‘he meeting concluded with a vote of thanks to the chairman, directors and managers.— H, and C. Mail, March 22, ——————».—_____- TEA IN GREAT BRITAIN, IS THE DUTY TO BE INCREASED ? This will be definitely known on April 13, when Sir Michael Hicks-Beach places the Budget be- fore the House of Commons, but the following remarks taken from the columns of the York- shire Post, a leading provincial conservative paper, seem to point to the possibility :— We are now within a fortnight of the end of the financial year. The Statist thinks that the revenue will much exceed the estimate which Sir Michael Hick- ‘Beach placed upon it last April, and that the Chaa- cellor of the Exchequer will be justified in anticipa- ting a still larger yield in the coming year. Trade no doubt continues good, the foreign and colonial out- look is better politically and commercially. If only our expenditure could be held in check the path of the Minister of Finance would be rosy. But that will not be possible. We are already committed to an expenditure which cannot be met by the existing standard of taxation, however buoyant may be the sources of revenue. Assuming that we may reckon on an income of £109,000,000—which would probably be something like a million more than that of the present year—there must be a deficit in prospect of at least three millions, for the estimated expenditure is not less than £112,0C0,000. We are still in the dark as to how this marginis to be met. The grocery trade is, we observe, somewhat agitated over the possibility of some of its staple commodities being affected by fresh taxation. Most of the controversy seems to circle round the item of sugar, but an Hidin- burgh firm of tea merchants has had its eye upon the warning we offered ten days ago that the charms of tea might well attract the attention cf Sir Michael Hicks-Beach, and has embodied itin a circular which it is issuing to its customers on the sub- ject. The Grocery also takes note of the contin- gency, and counsels the trade to be on the alert and make provision against the evil day. It is unnecessary to say that we pretend to no specific knowledge of what is likely to happen. What we said on the subject wus said in the way ofargument that if fresh taxa- tion is necessary it should come in the form ofan indirect charge such as would fall equitably on all classes, and that there is no reason why the reduc- tion made in the tei duty a few years ago should be regarded as permanent under all circumstances. No doubt there is a larger party in favour of a restoration of the sugar duties, and of course there is behind this feeling a desire to hit the bounty-fed sugar and to assist the West Indian planters. But if the Government selected sugar for revenue raising they would scarcely place the taxon the basis of a countervailing duty on bounty-fed sugar. They would be raising two thorny questions xt once instead of one. The objection to reviving the duty on sugar at all is that sugar has become the raw material for a very important industsy in this country, one that is vastly greater and more widespread asa source of employment than that of the refineiies, which Were jnjord by the influx of cheap sugar from the bounty-giving countries. NO SUCH OBJECTION applies to the duty on tea. It is a mere article of domestic consumption, and if wecould afford to pay & sixpenny duty on tea a few years ago we can AGRICULTURIST, 781 better peord is pay pow, when the cost of pro- is 1oWer uD 4 higher than they pas then ace wesc It is whispered (says another London Correspon- dent) in weli intormed City circles that the Government, instead of announcing increased taxa- tion in the forth-coming Budget, will propose a loan, to be called the ‘‘War-ship Loan,” with the object of paying for the necessary naval in- crease, Particulars, it is understood, have not yet been definitely concluded; but the amount will, of course, be for some millions, and the interesb probably 24 per cent. ———_+>____.. SOUTH AFRICAN I'rvir.—Says the Spectator ; Cape growers are not handicapped, as are those in the West Indies, by want of adequate steam service or easily reached markets. The huge in- crement of wealth in the gold-fields has caused passenger lines to increase their steamersin number, size, and accommodation. These steamers, meant to carry those enriched by the goldfields, or those who in hope of being rich are careless of exper.- diture, are the ideal vessels for fruit transport,— speedy, roomy, and furnished with ample cold storage. Yet Cape fruit, except tlie little black grapes, is very dear. It is still a costly luxury, not a popular delicacy. The Japanese plums grown in South Africa were this week selling at a shilling a piece in Covent Garden, Cape peaches were eighteenpence each, and pears elghtpence. The quality of all three kinds was pertect, but they could only be regarded as specimen fruit. While the crop remains dear and uncertain it is not strange that little Cape fruit is yet imported, compared with the demand. ‘The blame lies en- tirely at the doors of the growers themselves, Their Government is endeavouring to awaken Afrikander opinion on the snbject. They need teaching that only the best fruit is wanted here that this must be carefully sorted, beautifully packed, so thatin the package the fruit looks like a piece of decoraticn, or, at least, as fresh as when plucked, and that then the English public will pay a good price for it. At present the far- mers are mostly tooignorant and indolent to do this. The fruit, as the Government botanist com- plains, is thrown into kerosene tins, or any chance receptacle, and sent off tobe hawked about the local towns instead of being properly graded and sold in Europe and America. They should be taught the methods of California.” Unlike the Cape, California has no near markets, as at Cape Town and Johnnesburg. The shortest journey is to Chicago, two thousand five hundred miles by rail, which costs £10 for every ton of frut. New Yorkis three thousand five hundered miies distant yet tens of thousands of tons are sent by rail to each cify. They also ship their fruit another three thousand miles by sea from New York to England, making six thousand five hundred miles in all ; and they make this pay, though their sea- son is the same as our own. If California had the season of the Cape, and could get its peach and grape crops into our market in the winter and spring, it would double its industry. But the organisation of the Californian growers is per- fect. The Fruit Growers’ Union, in “acre shares” so that the smallest and the largest owners are members, collects the fruit, despatches it, and finds a market. The Cape growers have only to stndy the Californian system of business and mo- dern modes of culture, and Nature will complete an industry as valuable as the goldfields and more lasting. 782 AMERICA. New York, March 8. The following United States Treasury circular re- ‘fers to Foovchow and Amoy teas :— : Treasury DEPARTMENT, Feb. 27, 1899. To Collectors and other officers of the Custons :— In accordance with the recommendation of the board of tea experts, Department's regulations uuder the tea Act of March 2, 1897 (Synopses 17895 and 18933), are supplemented as follows: _ All Foochow and Amoy teas will hereafter be com- pared with both the Foochow and Amoy slaneaen, und, if found cqual in drawing quality and infuse leaf to either, the tea may be admitted. It should be understood, however, that the tea need not be of the same character as to drawing qualities as either “standard, so long as it is equal in general sweetness, This rule will be followed until the adoption of new ~standards to be prepared by the present board of tea “experts.—Respectfully yours, e W. B. Hower, Assistant Seoy. -* The | test London Circular, February 24, reports & “strong demand for tea under about 8d, which ad- -yauced + to 4d per pound. The average price of Ceylon tor, the week was 866d, against 7°23d, same week in 1898. Indian tea sold, averaged 942d, inst 815d in 1898. de hin F PHILADELPHIA, March 4, 1899. Editor, American Grocer: Sir,—Since the effects of the blizzard have passed away it is gratifying to note the very large number of inquiries that are being received trom all over the country for ‘‘ teas for price,’ but particularly sofrom the West and South. From the tenor of the letters we note that interior supplies of teas must be very low indecd, as the requests for a prompt mailing of “gamples suggest that tact very plainly. Country “greens and l’oochows, with here wnd there an in- ‘quiry for Japans, are mostly in demand. Dealers “here expect w very lively trade from now until the / middle ot April, when it is believed that no teas of any kind, green or black, will be obtainable under 25 cents. TEA IN Tuomas MARTINDALE. Some of the worst rubbish that ever bore the name of tea is being sold in a jobbing way at 22 cents per pound; one dealer says it’s poison. The Tea Act has made a fine market for all the trash and ‘accumulations of years. Good low-priced tea is in light supply and very firm. The character of the market will be developed at the regular monthly auction sale, at noon today, held by the Montgomery ‘Auction Company and comprising 9,801 packages, viz: 503 half-chests Moyune; 50 boxes Pingsuey; 97 half-chests Japan, basket-fired aud Sandried; 493 packages Congou, a varied assortment, including small boxes; 193 packages India and Ceylon Pekoe; 1,099 half-chests and boxes Amoy; 529 half-chests Foochow. INDIAN TEA. Although we are not one of those who adyo- cate ‘‘ whistling ere we are ont of the wood,” it “must be conceded that both the tea and indigo seasons are commencing under more than. usually favourable auspices. Not only are stocks of both being depleted in the home markets, but purchasers _ here are diverting no inconsiderable quantity direct to foreign centres of consumption, or, at any rate, of distribut on. Direct shipments of tea from Ceylon to America and Russia, coupled with the expansion of the Gulf trade via Bombay, ought to have a hardening tendency on London prices that should more than compensate for the possi- bility of exchange coming up another halfpenny, Still the markets need careful watching, and we hope our remarks as to the undesirability of ~ sending forward coarse teas, at all events in the early part of the season will not be unheeded. THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. ES a a ee As yet we regret being unable to record that any unanimous decision has been arrived at on this point and would urge upon the heads of the agency houses the advisability of coming to some mutual understanding with as little delay as possible for al- ready there are opinions expressed in the districts ot beating last year’s outturn in quantity, this inten- tion being also apparent in tie estimates placed before the shareholders at several recent meet- ings. Almost all anticipate an exeess over the past year, and the early storms seem to justify the realization of such. With reference to Cey- lon’s crop, there would appear little difficulty in disposing of it to advantage, as for some un- explained reason our competitor's teas lave ac- quired a greater popularity in the Colonies and Canada than our own, and much the same may be said as tothe Russian demand.—Jndian Plant- ers’ Gazette. ee ee ee COOLIES AND TEA PLANTING ASSAM. The number of adult coolies per 100 acres of tea in Assam is now nearly double what it was sixteen years ago, the actual number now em- ployed per 100 acres being 129. Planters as a rule are now well aware that a strony labour force ensures the health and conteniment of their coolies, as well as thoroughness of enltivatien, and they have profited by the facility of recruit- ment during the last two or three years to secure this. There is also a considerable inerease in the land cultivated by time-expived coolies. Sixteen years ago only 4,584 acres were held by ex-tea garden coolies, and there is now nearly 70,000 acres under such cultivation; even this figure does not adequately represent the land held by emigrants, as in the Assam Valley many coolies rent land from the gardens on which they are employed, or from Assamese ryots, while the land rented from the zemindars of Sylhet and the mirasdars of Cachar amounts to many thou- sands of acres.—Indian W’lanters’ Gazette. ae ee CARDAMOMS.—The long list of sales in London of Ceylon cardamoms, published by us lately shews the growing importance of this. in- dustry. We notice that the exports up to 28th March last compare as follows :— 1si January-28th March 1899 158,361 lb. - 1898 134,116 ,, IN Mr. T. N. Christie has something to say abont cardamoms in an interview which will be found fully reported on page 776, Messrs. I. A. RuCKER & BENCRAFTreport on coffeeMarch 23rd :—‘‘ Since the commencement of December last little progress has been made in the relative position of receipts. Then we were 1,500,600 bags behind, and were talking of an 8,000,000 crop, today we are 1,650,000 bags behind, and are looking for a crop of 8,750,000 bags. Last year at this time values of Rio and Santos were about what they are today, Exchange was However 6id and went decidedly lower, today it is 7d, and exprcted to go higher. The sentiment of the market is Janguid, because in the notable ab- se1c2 of estimates the worst is anticipated. Two factors however, continue, which some day will aller things, viz., the steadily increasing con- sumption, and the steadily decreasing inclination to produce. Term absolutely unchanged on the week, cost and freight steady, bué moreinclination to sell forward shipments.” White: 5: Dpreateerr yt May 1, 1899.] PRODUCE AND PLANTING. KeepPinc uP THEIR Spirits.—A few months ago most of the newspapers were very pessimistic on the subject of tea. The industry was in a bad way, and tea planting had been altogether overdone, There is a different tone observable now, and the ‘‘ Leeds Mercury,’’ a journal which claims credit for being cheerful on the subject of the outlook when other papers were very gloomy, congratulate investors on the brighter outlook. It says: ‘‘A few months ago, when the outlook in the Indian and Ceylon tea trade was popularly regarded as extremely black, we sought to infuse a more hopeful spirit amongst investors in tea shares. Up to that time it was the fashion to refer to the high rate of exchange as an influence that was likely to work havoc with this particular industry, but we pointed out that it had its advantage, inasmuch as it was calculated to restrict over-produc- tion) which was, from our point of yiew one of the main causes of the trouble that had overtaken the trade, Since then the situation has greatly improved. The consumption of Indian tea has once more reached a record level, having for 1898 exceeded the production exported from India and Ceylon by no less than 2,594,0001lb. The excess of the exports over the world’s consumption ranged during the three years 1895-6-7 from about 6,000,000ib. up to 7,000,0001b. The last occasion on which consumption was ahead of the export from countries of production was in 1894, when the excess amounted to 4,945,000lb. In regard to prices of Indian tea, the average obtained on garden account for the past week was 927d., in comparison with 8°20d for the corresponding week last year. The averagesince June 1 to date was 8°70d. as compared with 8.77d, while as regards Ceylon tea, the average was 8.30d, as compared with 7.68d: Looking broadly at the position, it is obvious that the maintenance of a high rate of exchange is not in- consistent with a marked improvement in the trade, and we should say that the future has about it many elements of an encouraging nature. We look for an improved state cf the share market, and think that investors on the look-out for shares likely to undergo enhancement in price could do worse than give their attention to these specialities, confining their pur- chases for the most part to preference shares. Prices are well above the level at which they stood when we last dealt with this question, and there is little reason to doubt that they are destined to advance atill farther.” Tue TEA TRADE oF THE United Statres.—The effect of the tea duty imposed last year in the United States to meet war expenses, a duty by the way which is not expected to be removed until 1,900, has been to reduce importations to the lowest point. Importations for warehousing have not fallen off, but the withdrawals for consumption upon which duty is actually paid have been much less. An American paper gives the following figures, giving the com- parison in the importation of tea in 1897 and 1898, and showing the countries from which teais shipped to the United States: France in 1897 sent 209 lb, and in 1898, 333 lb.; Germany in 1897, 39,093 lb., and in’ 1898, 586 lb.; Italy in 1897, 367 lb., in 1898 6401b; Netherlands in 1897, 20,143 lb., in 1898 280 lb.; Russia, on Baltic and White Sens, in 1897, 600 lb. in 1898, 270 lb., the United Kingdom in 1897 sent 6,217,726 lb. an@ in 1898, 2,971,116 lb.; Nova Scotia in 1897, 90,531lb, in 1898, 27,128lb; Ontario, Quebec, &e., in 1897 sent 2,155,75$lb, and in 1898, 1,305,8171b ; British Columbia in 1897, 1,C051b, in 1898, 168,336lb; China in 1897 sent 53,524,546lb, and in 1898, 39,754,7361b; India (and including, presumably, Ceylon) sent 2,117,433 in 1897, and 2,237,8971b. in 1898 ; Japan in 1897 sent 45,465,1611b. in 1897, and 22,798,3081b in 1898. About 4000,000lb. of tea were sent from Hong Kong in 1897, but only 189,972lb. in 1898. Wonverrut.—Excessive tea drinking, some medical authorities have stated drives people mad, especially in Ireland, but in New York it is coffee that works THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. -~T5 83 the mischief. The noted specialist, Doctor Elton, tells us that American women of the middle classes remain too much indoors, drink extravagantly of coffee, and breod too much over their inability to compete with the wealthy women whose doings are advertised in the daily Press. This is the great cause of insanity. It is but fair that coffee should have a turn just by way of a change. It will be time that sugar had an innings soon. RussisH MAsQuERADING As TshA.—Five hundred and, eighty two half-chests of stuff called tea (about 30,600 lb), which recently arrived at the Albert Docks, and were seized by the sanitary authorities of the Port of London, were brought to the West Ham Police Station on Tuesday and submitted to Mr Gillespie, one of the magistrates, The tea which was said to have been submerged in Marseilles Harbour, looked like a mixture of mouldy manure and black and green mud, and Mr, Spadaccini, one of the food inspectors, asked that it mht be destroyed, Dr. Collingridge, the medical officer of heal-h, in supporting the application, said he had made cxpe- riments and found that though the tea was so bad it could be “faked’’ and put on the market in such a condition as to deceive the purchaser. Mr Gillespie ordered the whole consignment to be des- troyed under the supervision of Customs officers. A Bic Curqut ror Durty.—Lipton, Limited, have paid Her Majesty’s Customs a sum of £76,847 9s 14, re- presenting a clearance of over 2,000 tons of tea, a quan- tity equalto the average weekly consumption through- out the whole of the United Kingdom. Cinnamon As A Curr For INrLUENzA.—Cinnamon should be in increasing demand. Dr. Carne Ross, in the current number of “The British Medical Journal,” claims to haye discovered a cure for in- fluenza. His remedy is simple. All that one has to do, according to Dr. Carne Ross, is to dose oneself with cinnamon as soon as one feels the grip of the microbe. The doses have to be repeated at intervals, first of half an hour and then of an hour, until the temperature becomes normal, and the patient must stay indoors for twenty-four hours afterwards. By that time, Dr. Carne Ross believes, the disease will have disappeared. This is not the first time that cinnamon has been suggested as a specific for influenza. Butits properties seem now to have been tested with unusual thoroughness, during a period of five years, and the result has made the investi- gator an enthusiastic believer in its value.—H. and C. Mail, March 24. eee eed Woop PRESERVATION.—A process of seasoning wood which, it is stated, will in about a fort- night render timber as well seasoned as is ac- complished in five years by storage in the usual way has recently been attracting attention. Ac- cording to “‘ Nature,” an effort is being made to introduce the method, which is known as the Nodon-Bretonneau method, into this country. The system consists in placing the timber to be seasoned in a large tank and immersing all but an inch or two in a solution containing ten per cent. of borax, five of resin, and three-quarter per cent. of carbonate of soda. The lead plate upon which it rests is connected with the positive pole of a dynamo, the negative pole being attached to a similar plate, arranged on its upper surface so as to give good electrical contact, and the circuit is completed through the wood. It is stated that under the influence of the current the sap appears to rise to the surface of the bath, while the aseptic borax and resin solution takes its place in the pores of the wood. This part of the process requires from five to eight hours for its completion, and then the wood is removed and dried either by artificial or natural means. In the latter case about a fortnight’s exposure in summer weather will complete the process,~ Daily Chronicle, March 17, 784 THE TROPICAL PORTMORE THA COMPANY OF CEYLON, LIMITED, Offices.—24, Rood Lane, London, E.C.; Directors. —R.'C. Bowie, L. M, Torin, W. Herbert Anderson ; Secretaries—Shand Haldane & Co.; Manager in Ceylon.—k. C. Grant. The Directors have the pleasure to submit the General balance Sheet and Profit and Loss Ac- count for the year ending 31st December 1893, duly audited. £ ‘sid. £s.d, The net amount at Credit of Profit and Loss Account after providing for General Expenses, Income Tax, &e., and writing off New Clear- ing Account £238 10s. 1d. 5,167 An Interim Dividend of 5 per ‘cent, was paid 19th August, - 1898, amounting to 3 It is proposed to pay a final Dividend of 7 per cent. eet 4 12 per cent. in all, free of Income Tax) which will absorb im $n And to carry forward to next year a Balance of 2,000 0 0 2,800 0 0 367 5 8 £5,167 5 8 In presenting their second Annual Report, the Directors have pleasure in recommending a divi- dend of twelve per cent. ‘The yield of tea has been 241,686 lb. being at the rate of 509 1b. per acre, the cost of production has been £4,349 8s, 8d, being at the rate of 4d. 319 per pound and the crop has netted £9,878 8s. 5d., eine 9d. 80 per pound equal to a profit of 13.82 per cent. on the capital of the Company. The average rate of exchange for year has been Is. 4 5-64d. against Is. 3 29-64d. during 1897. The latest reports from the Manager in Ceylon describe the estates, buildings, and machinery as all being in good order and the estimates of crop and expenditure for the current year give promise of continued satisfactory results. The Directors desire to express their unqualified satisfaction with the manner in which the Manager and the Superintendent of the estates in Ceylon have discharged their duties during the year, ‘By Order of the Board, SHAND HALDANE & Co., Secretaries. ———_—___ PLANTING NOTES. QUININE SPECULATION has gone ahead strong this week, and cinchona is also in a similar position.—Chemist and Druggist. PEARLS AND MOTHER-OF-PEARL.—Everything connected with this subject is of interest in Ceylon; for who does not anticipate the day when lucrative Pearl Fisheries will be resumed off our North-West’ Coast, and when not only the pearls but the shells will become an object of merchandise and trade? Ty “NILU :” ITS DISTRICTS, HABITS, FLOWER- ING, &¢.—We direct attention to another in- teresting letter from Mr, Thomas Farr who did so much to help Dr. Trimen in describing the “Nilus” in his °‘Ceylon Flora.” Mr. Farr mentions there are perhaps 30 different kinds in the island. Dr. Trimen gives the names of 28 species and considers all but three to be endemic ; put he thinks there may be other local species nndetermined from net haying been met with in flower. Logan, Mullof Galloway, N.B. AGRICULTURIST, [May 1, 1899, COCONUT PLANTING IN THE STRAITS. —Here is news of progress in Lower Perak in the local Gazette of Mareh 10th :—Two Chinese planters from Province Wellesley applied on behalf of themselves and their beothers for 1,920 aeres of land, at Bagan Datol in this distriet, for eoeo- nut planting, on similar terms to those given to a recent Enropean applicant in the same locality. One hundred and forty-six Tamil immigrants arrived here on the 30th in the steamer ‘‘ Perse ” Cryton TEA IN FOREIGN AND COLONIAL Markers. —It is certainly a little self-denying on the part of the well-known Rood Lane firm of Tea Brokers to express their great satisfae- tion—see their letter elsewhere—at the process which has taken away so much tea from the London Market during 1893—a process whieh i« bound to go on during 1899, tft #0 Colombo a more and more important tea market for the supply ot Australasia, America, Africa, the rest of Asia, Russia and the rest of the Continent of Europe cirect, to the great advantage of our tea industry. SEASON ReEportT.—The following is an abs- tract of Season Keport for the month of February for the Galle District :—Paddy ; maha harvest has been reaped, and prepara. tions are being made for the sowings of yala. Miscellaneons : the supply of vegetables is poor. Cocount crop fair; price varies from K3 to R4. Prices of staple food: rice, RB to R4 per bushel ; paddy, RK1°50 to K2 per bushel; kurak- kan, R2 per bushel; and amu, R150 per bushel. Health satisfactory ; a few cases of chicken- pox and dyseztery prevailed during the month. Rainfall ; 2°21 in. CEYLON TEA COMPANY DIVIDENDS.—Our Spe- ca’ tee ram from London affords information as to the dividends ce lared by a number of Sterling Tea Companies in their annual Reports just published. Noone mentioned ean be consi- dered to make a brilliant appearance, the 6 cent given by the Purdaluoya Company being the highest. The Yatiyantota Company has, however, doubled its dividend of 1898 which was only 2 per cent; but some othersof the Companies have done much worse. On the other hand the 5 per cent interim dividend of the flourishing New Dimbula Company is 1 per cent more than it was a year ago. EUCALYPTUS GLOBULUS IN SCOTLAND.—Having read several letters in the Gardeners’ Chronicle about these trees, my experience in the open here may be of interest. Some fifteen years ago a plant of Eucalyptus Globulas was put out against a south wall of this house. The plant has thriven since, and now covers theentire wall, the top of the tree having been cut off many years ago to encourage the branches tospread. In 1894 this plant flowered freely. I gathered the seed in 1896, and sowed it in February, 1897. Almost every seed came up, and these are now splendid young plants, all of which I intend planting out when two years old. In the autumn of 1897 E planted in the woods two young E. Globulus, about 7 feet high, both these have grown rapidly, one making a growth of 9 feet 4 inches during the past summer. This plant is growing in a very wet peaty soil; the measurement was taken on September 30, and is accurate. Seventeen degrees of frost was registered here in November last, but neither plant was in the least affected, May 1, 1899.] THE TROPICAL TEA IN AMERICA. New York, February 22nd. The new tea law goes further than the ex- clusion of impure or adulterated tea, and makes a quality standard. The result has been a general improvement of quality, but the question has been raised, and not without reason, that it is beyond the province of the United States Govern- ment to establish standards of quality. Naturally, some will ask, if the United States Government fixes a quality standard for tea, why not for sardines, spices, or coffee, of which some very inferior and trashy lots are imported? The chair- man of the Board of Tea Experts, Mr. Phelan, in a letter to the Assistant Secretary of the Treasury, makes answer to this and says :— The reason for the incorporation of ‘‘ quality” in the present law is because of the failure of the original tea law on account of not having ‘“‘ qua- lity” established as a test. Under the old law “quality” was not mentioned, but the tea exami- ners were instructed to exclude teas which had “an adulterated, spurious or exhausted leaf, or such an admixture of chemicals or deleterious substances as to render them unfit for use.” After ten years’ trial it was proved conclusively that no two tea men could agree on what was adulterated, spurious or exhausted leaf, or what constituted what was unfit for use. This law re- sulted in two evils—first, wild inconsistency and constant injustice; and second, the gradual ad- mission of anything that had the appearance of tea, until the country became deluged with the trash of the world to such an extent that the very ex-istence of teaas an article of consumption be- came jeopardized. Toremedy all this and establish the most certain guide known to tea men the term “ quality ” was, withgreat care, incorporated in the new law as the onlytest which could be used with a minimum amount of uncertainty and inconsistency. Mr. Phelan attributes the reduced imports to former importations of trash. Thisis true in part, but another cause is the narrowing of the differ- ence between the relative cost of tea and coffee. One pound of tea at 50c, would make six gallons of infusion, costing 84¢ per gallon ; while one pound of coffee at 15c, would make two gallons of infusion, costing 8$c, and if the coffee cost only 9 or 10c per pound, the infusion would cost only 43 @ 5c per gallon, while a35c tea would make the be- verage cost about 6c per gallon. If, however, a Ceylon or India tea is used, one gallon of infusion will cost from 5 @ 8c per gallon, making it a chea- per beverage than if Japan or China sorts are used, as one pound makes 10 to 16 gallons of infusion. The decline in the cost of coffee makes it re- latively the cheaper beverage and that, in part, accounts for the increased imports of coffee since 1896, and the decreased imports of tea. The net imports of the two articles compare as follows: 1896. 1898. Meas oivhi in, ned 83,549,331 66,290,691 Goieenah wietectsas: 621,429,664 781,028,847 Trashy coffee is freely imported, but it does not seem to reduce consumption. Regarding the workings of the tea law, Mr. Phelan says: After only one season and a half we have had almost all the evils of fifty years abolished from the trade and the country. The millions of pounds of decayed and spurious leaves with which we were inundated have been at last eliminated, as well as all the trashy and worthless flavors which have been so unfit for use as almost to drive tea out of consumption. This has been accom- plished without any advance of price, excepting on the very trash which it was desirable to ex- clude. Until a recent advance, on account of the imposition of a duty which deterred importation, all the teas which had any substantial merit were sold at a lower price than ever before in the his- tory of the tea trade. Good flavored Oolongs are procurable in large quantities for l4e, per pound ; 98 AGRICULTURIST., 785 in bond, and good sweet young Hysons at 12sec: per pound, the same quality of Congous (English reakfast) at 14c. per pound, and Japans from 15 to 16c. per pound. There is hardly an impure leaf in the entire importations of teas to America during the present season, and we go on record as receiving the finest crop of teas, not only in our own history, but in the history of any other nation. i The consumer has been thoroughly and abso- lutely protected without increase in price for fair quality, excepting by the recent duty imposed by vongress. The representation, therefore, made in the brief that great injustice hasbeen done to the poor man is entirely at variance with the univer- sally acknowledged facts. Inthis connection werepublish the statementfrom last week’s market report, showing: the importa- tions of tea in 1898, and the sources of supply, as _ follows :—(Already given.) The above shows that Japan furnished 45 per cent of the total imports ; China. 44:4 per cent. Before the 10c¢ per pound duty, a very good tea was retailed at 20 @ 25¢ per pound furnishing a wholesome and palatable bever- age at 3c @ 44c per. gallon, but now coffee is the cheaper drink, for which and beer the American people seem to have a decided pre- ference. The value of the 1898 imports of tea was 59,608,252, against imports of coffee valued at $62,674,241. Demand quiet, but the market is strongly held on all medium and low-grade teas.—American Grocer, Feb. 22. > ‘THE INDIAN TEA ASSOCIATION (LONDON.) The following is the interim report of the Ame rican and Foreign Tea Committee :— The committee now have the pleasure to lay before the members, as is usual at this time of the year, a review of the work undertaken during the period that has elapsed since the annual meeting, which was held in July last. The subscriptions to the fund raised for exploiting new markets during the year amounted to R1,02,031 collected in Calcutta as compared with 1,02,029 in 1897 and 1,03,674in 1896. The planters in Southern India have, as bzfore, contributed liberally to the fund, and a subscription of £200 from a London subscriber was again received last year. Awar tax of ten cents per lb of tea imported was imposed last year by the United States Govy- ernment towards meeting the cost of hostilities with Spain. This has had the effect for the time of seriously curtailing the importation of all tea, and has been a great hinderance to business. On the other hand, it has served asa useful advedtisement, enabling attention to be called to the economy effected by using British-grown teas in performance to those of other countries. It is gratifying to Jearn that the prospects of India and Ceylon tea are much brighter in consequence of the strictness with which the law excluding poor tea is enforced inAmerca, This falls heavily on the low class tea of other countries, although the recent sharp rise in the value of common tea must have a tendency for a time to check the expansion of the trade, The committee panying report refer members to the acecom- received from Mr. Blechynden, under date New York, January 10th, in which he reviews the work for the year 1898. The Com- missioners for India and Ceylon have been continned to co operate to the mutual advantage of both asso- ciation. Fewer demonstrations have been organised during the year, as this work is been done by packet firms and others engaged in selling tea, but more money has been spent in subsidies and grants to those doing the work of educating the public and pushing our teas 786 Advertisements have continued to be inserted in principal papers, and are followed by those of houses dealing in British-grown tea. The committee call attention to Mr. Blechynden’s remarks in his repoit on unfermented or Oolong tea, for which a demand exists, although it must be borne in mind that this is a distant class of tea for con- sumption in America alone, and failing a sale there, cannot be diverted to other markets. The committee have to thank Messrs. Gow, Wilson and Stanton for the following figures, which show concisely the progress made in the use of India and Ceylon tea in North America :— India and Ceylon tea taken by the United States and Canada each of the last seven years:— 1898. 1897 1896. Ib. Ib. Ib. Indian .. 5,972,000 .. 5,663,000 .. 5,259,000 Ceylon Ac 7,637,000 .. 5 699,000 .. 4,365,000 Notal .. 13,609,000 .. 11,362,000 .. 9,624,000 1895. 1894. 1893, 1899. Ib 1b. Ib Ib ». 2,111,000 .. 1,586,000 Indian 4,072,000 . 2,428,000 .. 1/871,000 .. 1,490,000 Ceylon 3,745,000 .. 2,295,000 Totale 7,817,000 .. 4,723,000 ... 3,982,000 ... 3,076,000 The above figures show that a trade has now been establised which may be expected to continue to in- crease. Your committee are of opinion that the work Mr. Blechynden has been engaged in during the last five years, since his return to America in May, 1894, has been productive of much benefit to the industry and has been well performed, but there are now so many well-established and powerful agencies at work in the United States and Canada, whose interest it is to push . Biitish-grown tea, both by means of travellers and by the distribution of samples through the post and other- wise, that the committce consider the further expansion of the trade may safely be left in their hands, and that it is not necessary for the Association to con- tinue a special agency for the purpose. Any further assistance that may berequired should, your committee think, take the form of subsidies. Your committee hope to give more attention in future to the other new markets for our teas that are opening out on the Continent, particularly in Russia and France, and especially in connection with the forthcoming Paris Exhibition in 1900, where it is hoped that a good impression may be made by the arrangements that are in contempla- tion for serving Indian tea in connection with the building for Indian Imperial exhibits. It is expected that 38 millions of persons will visit Parisnext year. Funds will be needed for these purposes and for assisting in the work of pushing the sale of our. teas in France, Russia, Germany, Turkey, Sonth Africa, or elsewhere. Your committee therefore recommend that a levy be raised in Caleutta on the same lines as before, but on the understanding that the funds shall be employed to push Indian teas in any part of the world and not in the United States only. A Bryans, G W Christison, D Cruickshank, R Lyell, J Riddell, A J Stanton, J N Stuart, W HF - Verner, C W Wallace, Members of the Committee.— H. and C. Mail, March 10. —_—_—__o___ ANOTHER TEA CIRCULAR, DISTRICT INQUIRY AS TO FACILITIES FOR MAKING GOOD TEA. In continuation of the Circulars we had previously issued, and which had resulted in the collection cf a mass of most useful in- formation from a variety of sources, which we published for the benefit specially of our planting readers, we sent out a series of questions of more general import bearing on tea toward the end of last year. The re- sults we are able only now to make public, THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. . scorching all the blossom, [May 1, 1899. owing to the pressure of subjects demanding attention during the few months, in connec- tion with the Legislative Sessions Planters’ Meetings, Railway controversy, and other matters of interest which have arisen from dw to day. Nor do we regret the delay that has occurred in dealing with the information supplied by our obliging correspondents ; for although it may at first sight seem as if the improvement in tea prices renders some of the cautions and hints embodied in the answers rather out of date, it is really not so, We may hope that the advance.in prices has come to stay; but there is no guarantee that such will be the case; and political and economic developments entirely outside the island may upset our calculations Indeed, what has beén the chief factor which has contributed to the crisis through which tea recently passed, and from which it cannot be said to have yet wholly emerged ? It has been the rise in exchange, brought about by Indian legislation which we were helpless to control, or even to delay. So it may prove in the future. Outside cireum- stances, entirely beyond our knowledge or guidance, might once again induce a crisis more or less sudden, and more or less pro- longed. Quite apart, however, from such consider- ations and from unpleasant surprises, we have a continual war to wage with our rivals. Our efforts must not be relaxed to oust China and Japan from the best markets - and we can accomplish that only by estab- lishing and maintaining the superiority of our teas. That, of course, can be done only by conscientious attention to details: while there are few estates, and certainly no districts, which can declare perfect content- ment with prices, yield, naghiie. and profits In this view, even in our ‘present good humour, and in our present satisfaction with the outlook, the following questions cannot be considered wholly out-ofjpines — What are any drawbacks to making better-tea than the average now turned ont, in your neighbourhood ? Is the jat generally good? or inferior? Is the soil generally poor on estates in your division? Are an estates worn out? Would manuring improve the Hrd and be protitable, in your opinion? Are factories on the whole deficient in Withering room? Are factories on the whole deficient in machinery ? or in motive power? Is the labour force snfficient to secure regular cultivation and careful plucking? .Has the pruning been too severe, or too frequent ? Or has the pruning been too long neglected ? Any general ronan: on your neighbourhood and its suitableness We must content ourselves today with the answers which have come from the two rather out-of-the-way districts of Rakwana and Morawaka, whose possibilities in respect of tea are far different from what the were with coffee which practically depended on one blossoming season—a prolonged drought é i the and too much rain resulting in its running into leaf. And often the memory of past failures hangs over a place, as it sticks toa man; for Rakwan in holding the London Market (the eit ation of big buyers, we presume) to be the chief — drawback to the manufacture of better tea, — declares its average out-turn “good stuff” | and that, at the price it fetches, it x simply given away, not sold! The jat, - is r! ae May 1, 1899.] THE TROPICAL generally fair, excluding small patches of China, and although the soil is not of the best, some of the old estates being worn out, it responds to cultivation, while the shuck fields are little by little struck off. It is cheering to learn, in view of recent experi- ments and our consistent advocacy of manures, that manuring both improves the tea and is profitable. Thereis no complaint about factories, the labour supply is ample, ‘medium pruning is the rule; and only the Kelani Valley Railway with its branch to Ratnapura, is wanted to give the old, and rather inaccessible district a spurt, and attract settlers by its climate, and _ its capabilities, not alone for tea, but also for cocoa, coconuts, and even coffee, if trans- port difficulties are overcome. The tale from Morawaka is not so cheery ; for _ although its. factories are deficient neither in machinery, norin motive power, they ave not generally provided with sufficient withering space. The pruning, while not severe has to be pretty frequent to force paying fiushes, and that must tell on the bush. Though the district has a sufficient labour force, and is well suited for tea, itis handicapped by land badly opened with in- sufficient drainage, and planted with poor jats to the extent of quite one-half. Inthese circumstances, the tea turned out is naturally poor, and aithough confidence is expressed in manure, as a means of improving both the quality and the yield, the plea is put forward that the cost would swallow up the profits ‘at’ present prices.” But prices have improved since October; and we trust that the outcome of experiments now undertaken, will demonstrate the remunerativeness of manuring even when prices are lower; for though there is splendid soil in parts of Morawaka, it cannot be said to be generally rich. : 2 ee IN BRITISH EAST AFRICA. NEWS OF MR. A. WHYTE. We have intelligence of Mr. Alex. Whyte, so well remembered in Ceylon and who is Naturalist and Botanist to the British Central African State, but who has this time been on a special mission to British East Africa, travelling from the Coast up to Uganda. Mr. Whyte’s letter to a friend in Ceylon is from ‘‘Kampala or Menyo, capital of Uganda,” but without date. He was well and hearty when he wrote and full of interest in the natural resources of the country. He had hada very tedious journey up, occupying over four months, owing to the great scarcity of porters. This, however, enabled Mr. Whyte to look round all the Government stations, and to form some idea of their capabilities, as he has to report on the same to the Foreign Office. He has been freely collecting seeds and dried plants on_ his journey—many of the seeds being from macnificent timber trees. Some may come to Ceylon. . He is anxious to introduce economic plants into Uganda, always barring coffee (at least from Ceylon), though he remarks that Uganda is a good coffee country and that he is trying to get the natives to cultivate rice on a large scale to save the importing of Indian rice, Coffee so far is AGRICULTURIST. 787 only cultivated in small patches by the natives who raise it not from seed, but from twigs, both ends of which are stuck in the ground! This must mean a rich soil and forcing climate; and, indeed, Ugandais not far off the original habitat of coffee, which is supposed to be Abyssinia or in the region south of it. Mr. Whyte concludes by saying how much he prizes the Tropical Agriculturist which he receives regularly. ——__—-—— MANURING TEA AND. RECENT PERIMENTS, Mr. Joseph Fraser writes, in correction of an error which we noticed and corrected immediately after our daily issue; but it is well to put Mv. Fraser’s remarks with his additional observations on record :—‘‘ In your remarks on the Pitakande manuring experi- ments, I find an error has crept in, which might be corrected, before the inclusion of the veturns in the Tropical Agriculturist. You say ‘so with No. 6 which comes next in profit, but has most fungoid affected leaves.’ The paragraph in my letter from which you evidently drew this inference, should be ‘so far as appearance of the bushes is concerned, they look best in the following order 5, 7, 10 and 6, while 9 shows most fungoid affected leaves and a falling off in the vigor, and succulence of the fiushes, and 8 shows a falling off to a more limited extent.” Six therefore comes 4th in order, as regards appearance and vigour of the bushes, and was little affected by fungoid or insect pests. Nine and 8 were the two plots that suffered most in this respect. The healthy condition of the bushes judging by the foregoing is largely the outcome of a liberal supply of available nitrogen and potash, and this is confirmed by the fields it have systematically manured on similar lines for the past 6 to 10 years. ““T have for the past 4 years had clear indications that by indirect means, the organic matter in the soil may be so acted on, and aid the nitrifying organisms in their work of rendering inert nitrogen active, that the cost of manuring so far as the direct application of nitrogenous manures is concerned, is greatly reduced, but in this case the supply of organic matter will have to be kept up, while a liberal supply of potash and a more limited quantity of phosphoric acid will in most cases, have to be added to the soil.” EX. Books ON TEA AND TEA PeEsts.—A leading colonist, after reading both books, writes :— “Dr. Watt’s book and Kelway-Bamber’s are very interesting reading, and ought to be in the posses- sion of such bodies as the Planter’s Association and tle Chamber of Commence, as well as of all those who largely control the cultivation of tea in the island.” Tne EXPERIMENT WITH ALOFS.—A correspond- ent writes that ‘' it would be of interest to know what the result of the recent experiment in ex- tracting fibre from Aloes was—-what the cost was, the proportion of fibre to the weight of leaves operated on, and local valuation of the fbre. Of course, the final valuation and decision depend on London.” We bope shortly to give some informa: tion on this subject 788 THE TROPICAL THE FOOCHOW TEA IMPROVEMENT COMPANY. The loochow Echo says:—The news of the winding up of the Foochow Tea Improvement Company comes as agreat disappointment to us al]. Any hope that remained of a possible revival of the trade rested on the chance of our being able to meet the demand in London and other markets for machine-made tras, and now that has to be abandoned we are left with the gloomiest of prospects. The wish being father to the thought there are those who argue that the end is not yet, that there is nothing more certain to happen than the unexpected, that we need not despair. Who knows, they ask, that Indian and Ceylon will be able to meet the rapidly-increasing consumption of tea all over the world? Are there not such things as drought and blight, without referring to the arbitrary Indian exchange? Will not the Chinese see soon how greatly it would be to their advantage asan economic measure, to do awuy with, or at any rate lessen, the heavy duty, likin and squeezes which have been killing the trade ? These thoughts will be read by most of us as the dreams of despair. Nothing remains but to make the best of what is still left us and await the course of events ; but in the meantime our thanks are due to the Tea Improvement Company for the time and money they have expended in their endeavonr to revive our languishing trade. 6 ~ ELECTRICITY AND AGRICULTURE. Science as applied to the operations of Agricul- ture has for many years engaged the attention of enthusiastic. experimentalists, and in many cases the results of applied sciences have been little short of marvellous. ‘he idea of the application of electricity to growing crops is not by any meansrew, We haye ourselves achieved good results by using itin connection with-a crop of potatoes. Whe California Fuit Grower, writing on the subject, says :— Perhaps the most extensive and corolusive experi- ments:on the relation of electricity to plants grow- ing were those of Dr, Selim Lemstrom, a physicist in the University of Helsingfors, Finland. He became convinced that the rapid growth of plants in the short summers of Finland and Spitzbergen was due to the highly electrified atmosphere. Laboratory experiments were so successful that in thesummer of 1885 a field trial. was made with barley. Part of the field was covered with parallel wires, about a yaid apart, which were secured to insulators on low posts at the margin of the field. At distances of eighteen or twenty inches each wire was supplied with metal points, through which a current could dis- ‘charge into the air. The whole was connected with a Holtz electric machine, and the current was sup- plied from six to ten o’clock in the morning and from five to nine o'clock in the evening, from the middle of June until the first of September, The barley was well up when the experiment began, and ati harvest time it was found that the yield of this portion of the field was thirty-five per cent greater than the other; also that the quality was corres- pondingly improved. The following year the experi- ment was repeated upon a more extensivescale. In this case garden vegetables were the plants tested, and white beets, red beets, potatoes, radishes, parsnips, leeks, celeriac, turnips and rutabagas gave increased yields ‘in/the order named varying from 1C7 per cent. to one per cent. On the other hand, carrots and kohlrabi showed losses of five per cent and cabbages cereals and potatoes gave per cent. Further experi- ments with of forty-three results that were considered vory favourable. ‘At lest one’ instance may be cited in which elec- tricity has ‘been used commercially. Near Boston na large grower has pat the electric light to work in forcing lettnce so that again of at least two weeks on three crops is secured. ‘Two lamps are hung above the, house, and theiz effect is apparent for at least 100 feet... | a “* AGRICULTURIST. (May 4, 16 COOPER, COOPER, AND JOHNSON, LTD. A PROMISING INDUSTRIAL INVESTMENT: THEIR CEYLON ESTATES. The sharp rise which has recently taken place in the price of common teas, and the improvement in the general outlook of the trade, have caused considerable attention to be paid by investors to the shares in companies owning estates in Ceylon and India, The ordinary and preference shares in the above-named company seem to us to be unduly depressed and well deserving the attention of investors, combining, as the company does, two essevtial factors, viz.. pro- ducing and distributing businesses. The company was formed to take over the old-established and well- known businesses of Messrs. Cooper, Cooper, and Company, Limited, and the Manchester and London businesses of Messrs. Johnson, Dodds, and Company, the profits of the latter bkeing guaranteed by the vendors ata minimum rate of £5,000 per aunam for three years. In addition to these businesses, the company took over as going concerns the well-known estates of the Ceylon and Oriental Estates Company, Limited, and the Pallikellie Ceylon Estates Company, Limited, and numerous tea and cocoa estates owned by private owners. The board is composed of sound business men, and we are officially informed that Mr. E. H. Hancock, one of the directors, is now in Ceylon iuspecting and supervising the management of thecompany’s estates. I'he important rise that has occurred in the price of common teas, and which is now affecting teas of a higher range of value, must necessarily have an important bearing on the earning capacity of the company, having regard to their valuable tea and cocoa estates in Ceylon. The special settlement in the compeny’s shares end debentures has been fixed for April 6, and an official quotation will be applied for in dune course. We look for a considerable increase in the price of the shares from the present unreasonably depressed level, which is lis to 163 for the £1 fully-paid ordinary, and 18s to 19s for the £1 fully-paid six per cent preference, the five per cent. first mortgage debenture stock being at the same time quoted about 95. The company have paid the interim interest to December 31 last on the preference and debenture capitals. The estates of this company in Ceylon are both important and extensive. They comprise 19,670 acres, of which 6,860 acres are already in cultivation in tea, 3,543 in cocoa, and 177 in coffee.—Sunday Times, March 26. a TEA GOSSIP. The most important feature of late in the tea world is the issue of Mr. Blechynden’s report on the Indian Tea Propaganda in America. On the whole it cannot . be doubted that the movement isin first-class hands there, and the only point to be deplored is the want of push behind the American explorers. We have waited until the conclusion of Mr. Apjohn’s experiments in tea bulking locally to note our opinion. We call them ‘‘ experiments’ advisedly, for it patent from the first that the machine would not completely or nearly effect the desired object. The machine as it stands does not effect the object pro- posed because of the absence of any arrangement for thoroughly incorporating the teas during their pas- sage through the funnel. How to do this without cutting the leaf is the problem and a pretty stiff one; and when this isovercome the question remains how the tea is to be exposed to the humid air of Calcutta without taking injury. Special dry chambers will certainly have to be devised to get over the latter difficulty. With regard to the question of uniformity of tea supply we attribute the great success of packet teas everywhere tothis feature. Undoubtedly the great advertising firms deserve their success to their care in ensuing uniformity. Most districts are reporting prospects of @ prose perous year to come. We fear that in most instances vhe prospects haye only in regard the actual quantity — : May 1, 1899. ] to be manufactured irrespective of quality or price to be obtained. Capital has been going for the Rhont Tea Co., now in liquidation,in its own lovable style. We do not know if any good is toke done by the ‘‘ screamer” style of writing against a company which is admittedly down and is now trying only to pull a few rupees out of the wreck forits shareholders by the sale of its property; but at the same time we do not commit ourselves tosaying that the object of the paragraph was to do good toanyone. The garden will ke sold to the highest bidder by Messrs. Mackenzie Lyall & Co., on the 16th instant. The total grant is 4,830 acres of which 1,470 is under tea. Estimate for ensuing season 6,000 maunds, We may here note an attempt that is to be made by Mr. Russell Pymm, brother of the well-known book- maker, to push Darjeeling teas as such in London.— Indian Sportsman, April 8. eee PRODUCE AND PLANTING. Tra AND CoFFER IN AmEeRICcA.—Although the people of the United States are not large consumers of tea, the representatives of the Indian and Ceylon tea- planters have yet considerable scope for activity, for China last year supplied 44-4 per cent. of the total imports of tea into the United States. Perhaps when the art of judicious blending with China is thoroughly understood, and the advantages from the point of view of purity which Indian and Ceylon tea possess, as compared with China, make a deeper impress upon public opinion, business will develop more rapidly. The Americans are, on the whole, coffee drinkers, and the consumption of coffee was never larger than at preeen although less than 4.4 per cent. comes from ndia and Ceylon. The United States Government’s official record of Imports for the calendar year 1898 show gross imports of 804,250,988 lb.; exports, 23,231,141 lb.; leaving net imports of 781,019,847 1b., against 787,561,585 lb, in 1897,621,429,6641b. in 1896. This shows an average annual net import for three years, which practically represents consumption, of 720,003,632 lb., or over ten pounds perecapita. Of the total imports of coffee 75.6 per cent came from Brazil, 20 per cent. from the West Indies and other South American countries (except Brazil). Tux “ Maoniricent Tua Inpustry.’’—This pamphlet while attacking the policy of the Indian Government, pats the Indian tea planter on the back. Itsays: It would be fax better for the Indian Government to spend part of its present surplus in teaching its sub- jects how to grow an improved stock of sugar cane and how to extract and manufacture the sugar by scientific methods. It is by means of scientific cultiva- tion and scientific manufacture that the magnificent tea industry of India has been built up, and by the same means India could quickly crvase a sugar indus- try that no other country could rival. Instead of helping in the development of sueh an_ industry Lord George Hamilton proposes to throw India back upon methods of sugar production that were already ancient when the Honourable East India Company first received its charter from Queen Elizabeth.” PuLANTING Prospects In New Guinva.—At a meeting of the Royal Colonial Institute, held on Tuesday night at the Hotel Metropole, Sir H. W. Norman presiding, & paper was read by Sir W. Mecgregor (late Lieut.- Governor of British New Guinea) on the prospects of the Colony. Sir William said that peace and tran- quillity had been established over large areas of the country, and that some of these extensive stretches of land could be utilised for industrial purposes. As regarded cultivation, perhaps the most promising un- dertaking would be the development of rubber-producing trees and vines. There are several trees and plants indigenous to the country that produced a high-class article in this line, The area of land that could be utilised for this purpose was extensive. The land sui- table for growing sugar cane was not likely to be turned $9 account in fhe present condition of the augar market THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 789 though the sugar cane ina great many varieties was indigenous to the country. There were numerous hills and mountain slopes suitable for the production of tea, coffee, and articles of that kind. With a rainfall of about 37 in. in the central district to 120 in. insome others; and with altitudes from sea level to 13,000 ft.; and with almost all sorts of soil, it was manifest that in a colony lying between five and eleven degrees south of the equator a very great variety of articles could be grown. Land had been offered at cheap rates, but with small results—H. and C. Mail, March 30. —_—_<2——___. CEYLON TEA ON THE CONTINENT: MR. RoGivur’s Work.—A letter of the highest interest to the planting community written by Mr. Bremer, and forwarded to us by Mr. Philip, has reached us and will be found on another page. It deseribes the widely spreading work of Mr. Rogivue in Switzerland in making known the excellencies of Ceylon tea to the intelligent Swiss. Glasgow companies are not wont to do things by halves, and the account given of how Mr. Rogivue distributes circulars and sample packets and is enabled to advertise with- out stint, and of the numerous fresh orders that reach him every day (eg. through someone having tasted his teas at a friend’s house), carry their own lesson with them. Some time ago we recommended that an illustrated pamphlet, with a sample packet of tea, if freely distributed, would greatly further the increase of tea sales in Germany. Circulars, (no doubt illustrated) and sample packets are the method pursued with marked success by Mr. Rogivue, and the letter from Mr. Bremer, from the shores of Lake Geneva, tells us that Messrs. Jas. Finlay & Co., the Glasgow agents of his Company, are anxious he should similarly establish agencies in Germany. ‘The greater portion of the strongly commercial race of Switzers are of German origin and speak the German tongue, and if the methods of Mr. Rogivue have proved so vastly successful amongst these citizens of the Swiss republic there is every reason why the same success should be won for our teas throughout the German Empire. The ‘Thirty Committee,” in the fuller light that has been throwa upon the harvest-bearing work aecomplished by Mr. Rogivue, should henceforth deal out with no lavish hand the monetary aid necessary for pushing our island teas in the land of the Teuton with all skill, thoroughness, and despatch. Mr. Kogivue has even gone so far as tosupply neat little tea-pots to the Russian consumers, ank we have no doubt that the same course would prove a great ‘‘ draw” in Germany where crockery of a tasteful, if curious, sorp meets with high appreciation. The main point to be pressed upon the Thirty Committee is that small doles, poured out trickle by trickle, will ac- complish ess than half what the same suns’ dealt out in a lump, liberally and without delay, would perform in a rapid and immediate campaign. There is, in our opinion, no country in Europe so ready for our teas, or where their popular: isation could proceed with such rapidity, as hitherto half-neglected Germany. If a reduction in other markets is necessary for the develop- ment of this most promising one, it ought, it is pretty generally agreed, to be made in the American States, though not in Canada. But whether such curtailment is desired or not, in all respects the Teutonic people should have more Money spent upon them in the generous promul- gation of ene most beneficent gospel from this sland ;—~‘' Drink Ceylon tea {” 490 THE VOGAN CO. AND PLUMBAGO MINING. DRAFT AGREEMENT referred to ;— Colombo, 24th March, 1899. Heads of Agreement provisionally arranged between Mr. W. Kingsbury for the Vogan Tea Company of Ceylon, Ltd., and Messrs, Peto for the Morgan Crucible Company, Ltd. 1. The Vogan Tea Company of Ceylon, Ltd., to grant to the Morgan Crucible Company, Ltd., the sole right to seek for and mine Plumbago for a period coter- minous with their own leases or for 21 years if they own the freehold on all lands held or owned by them in Ceylon containing or believed to contain Plumbago or necessary for access thereto. 2. The Morgan Crucible Company, Ltd. to pay the Vogan Tea Company of Ceylon, Ltd., for land required for spoil heaps, dressing floors, cooly lines or other purposes connected with the raising of, or rendering marketable any Plumbago from their estates at the following rates per acre or part of an acre—at a rate per acre :— - For land under cultivation . R900 per acre. For land suitabie for cultivation .. R200 per acre, such land to revert to the Vogan Tea Company of Ceylon, Litd., at the termination of the Mining Lease or renewed lease, and to pay an annual rent for Jand not suitable for cultivation at the rate of Re.1 per acre. 8.—a..The Morgan Crucible Company, Limited, to refund to the Yogan Tea Company, Limited, the net amount they are out of pocket at this date in respect of their plumbago mining. b.—The Morgan Crucible Company, Limited, to pay to the Vogan Tea Company of Ceylon, Limited, a Royalty per ton half yearly on the actual ont-turn of cleaned plumbago, lump, chip, and dust, on the values of same determined by Messrs. Ailken Spence & Co., at the following rates :— 24 per cent on the value below R200 per ton. 5 per cent on the value from R200 and below R300 per ton. . 7% per cent on the value from R300 and below R500 per ton. 10 per cent on the value from R500 and above. 4.—The Morgan Crucible Company, Limited, to have the right of determining this agreement and any leases under it, and of removing all plant and machinery and buildings and ail mine timbering, on giving three months notice in writing. 5.—The Morgan Crucible Company, Limited, to have the right of renewing this agreement for a further period of 21 years from its expiration on the same terms, on giving three months’ notice. 6. The Morgan Crucible Company, Ltd. to haye the right toassign this Agreement and all Jeases under it at will—but in the event of the Vogan Tea Company of Ceylon, Litd., not approving of the Assignee, the Morgan Crucible Company, Ltd, to be responsible for the performance of the covenants of the Agreement. .7., The Morgan Crucible Company, Ltd., are not bound to continue working continuously, but in the event of their ceasing to mine for any period they to leave all pit-shafts, etc. securely fenced in. 8. The Morgan Crucible Company, Ltd., are to keep accounts showing, and furnish the Vogan ‘Tea Company of Ceylon, Itd., with particulars of the tonnage raised. . 9. If the Royalty remains unpaid and is in arrear for six months, then the lessors have the right of re- entry and re-possession of the Mine. 10. At the expiration of the lease or renewed lease the Morgan Crucible Company, Litd., are to leave all pits, shafts, etc,, securely fenced. “11. The Morgan Orucible Company, Ltd., are not at liberty to sink any shaft within 300 feet of the Vogan Tea Company of Ceylon, Ltd, as Factory or Bungalows, ty sé THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 12. The Morgan Crucible Co., Ld., are to contribute towards the upkeep of estate roads in proportion to the damage done by their traflic. 13.—The Morgan Crucible Company, Limited, to have the right to purchase from the Vogan Tea Com- pany of Ceylon, Limited, and the Vogan Tea Com- pany of Ceylon, Limited, to agree to sell to the forgan Cracible Company, Limited, any timber they may require for mining, or purposes connected there- with, at the same price as the Vogean Tea Company of Ceylon, Limited, can obtain for sale of similar timber to other people in the neighbourhood. 14.—The Morgan Crucible Company, Limited, to have the right to divert any surface water with the object of preventing its damaging their works. To appropriate and use for any purpose any water not now required by the Vogan Yea Company of Ceylon, Limited, subject to usual Ceylon riparian rights. To construct any culvertyrequired for the discharge of waste water, or to use any culvert constructed by the Vogan Tea Company of Ceylon, Limited, for this purpose. But the Morgan Orucible Company, Limited, are liable for any damage done to any culvert or other- wise by the discharge of waste water or for any damage proved to be done to other parties by ithe diversion or consumption of water by them. 15.—If any other minerals are foand, Royalty to be paid by the Morgan Crucible Company, Limited, who are to have the eole right to work them, in accordance with the scale provided in the Mining Rules of the Madras Presidency. 16.—Usual arbitration clause. CHAIRMAN’S SPEECH, The chairman said that when the directors asked the permission of the shareholders to spend R5,000 in prospecting for plumbago they did so because they had private information that the miping of this mineral in Ceylon was attracting the atten- tion of European Capitalists. h5,0C0 was not a very large sum for a company like theirs to run the risk of losing, and as they had proved that nlumbago did exist on Iddagoda, he thought they be enhanced the value of their property at a very low cost. He mentioned this because some of the shareholders seemed to think that the pro- posal of the directors to spend this money was a speculative. He thought, however, the directors had very good grounds for hoping to be able to lease their mining rights, and they had much more chance of doing so if they went in for a certain amount of prospecting on their own account, so advertising themselves rather than Jet ‘others approach them. On the 12th February they had an interview with Messrs. Peto of the Morgan Crucible Co., who made the following offer sub- ject to certain contingencies which he need not refer to there :— The Tea Co. to grant us the right to seekfor andmine plumbago for a period coterminous with their own lease or for 21 years if they own the freehold of ali lands held or owned by them in Ceylon containing or believed to contain plumbago or necessary for access thereto. (2) We to pay an annual rent for land requixed for dressing floors or other purposes connected with the raising of, or rendering marketable, any plum- bago from their estates at_the following rates per acre or part of an acre. For land under cultivation R—for land suitable for cultivation R,—and for land unsnitable for cultivation R1 plus actual damage to growing crops. Timberat valuation. We to purchase any land required for spoil at the fol- lowing. rates—under cultivation R—and not suitable for cultivation R—. ; (3) On signing the agreement we will either (a) refund the Tea Company the net amount they are out of pocket to date in respect of expenditure on plumbago mining and pay thema royalty of Roper May 1, 1899.] ton on all plumbago we raise when cleaned, or (b) we pay a royalty of R20 per ton on the plumbago we raise when cleaned. We to have the right te determine this agreement and any leases under it, and to remove all plant and machinery whether fixed or not on giving three months’ notice in writing. In the event of their electing (a) we also to have the right to remove any shaft timbering. (4). The usual arbitration clause. This letter was left in abeyance till the 22nd March when Mr. Peto wrote a letter to him saying that they would make their conditional offer absolute. On receipt of that letter he went and interviewed Mr. Peto and told him that they did not think the amount of the royalty offered was high enough and afterwards the firm wrote making another offer which was embodied in clause 3 of the draft agreement (which had been sent to the shareholders) which was more favour- able to the Company. The other terms would be on the basis of the original draft proposa! of }2th February. Now although the directors did not approve of all the conditions of this draft agree- ment they agreed to bring them before the share- holders who could decide for themselves whether to aecept them or not. The clauses that he more particularly objected to included clause 5. The original proposal was that the lease should be one of 21 years but there was no mention then that the Crucible Company should have the option of renewal, He certainly thought that a lease of practically 42 years was much too long. Then as regarded No. 7 he was of opinion that if the lessees did not mine, say for six or twelve months they should be bound to cancel the lease because the Company would not be getting any royalty and the fact of their having leased their mining rights might prejudice any chance they might have of selling this estates if they wished to doso. He also suggested that the proposed concession should be limited to the Kalutara property. If they were to mine on the Dikoya estates the Company would have a good deal of difficulty in working economically because the properties were so small, being only about 80 and 140 acres respectively. This they would not agreed at all; they said they preferred to have the whole thing. Well the matter really resolved itself into this—were they willing to write off the amount spent which came to K4,748-27 and reject the offer made on the chance of getting better terms elsewhere, or would they lease their min- ing rights, getting the money they were out of poeket and any royalty that might accrue, Per- sonally he as a shareholder was against leasing their rights on these terms. As a director he should like to see every shareholder satisfied. There was a great many shareholders who at the beginning were against spending this money and if there was any way they could get back the money it would be satisfactory. Mr. ALDERSON asked what was the value per ton up to date, The CHAIRMAN said it had gone up as they sank the pit. The first two tons realised 209.31, which was about R104 aton, the second two tons realised R322, which was about R160 a ton, and then they sold just over five tons for K1,282, which was about R260 a ton. Mr, ALDERSON asked what was the average. The CHAIRMAN replied that it was about R213 and explained that the value had gone up the further down they got the pit, which was now about 91ft., The last must have been very good stulf. Mr, ALDERSON thought the offer that had been made extremely low. THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 791 The CHAIRMAN said that was what they wanted to get the opinion of the shareholders about. He got the best terms he could and he felt’ bound to bring the matter before the shareholders, for those who made the offer said— Are you going to work this mine or are you going to entertain on proposal? If you are not going to entertain our proposal tell us at once. Mr. WALTHEW:—You have proved you have got a plumbago-bearing property and improved the value of it. Mr, ALDERSON:—I think an offer has been made by some native or other. The CHAIRMAN :—That was a long time ago. Mr. ALDERSON :—Any native would give one- eighth and R10 royalty. ; The CHAIRMAN :—Personally I am against leas- ing to natives, because [ do not believe that we would get what they would promise. a Mr, ALDERSON :—A check could be put upon rem. The CHAIRMAN said they went burrowing all over the place and of course they would not pay the money back. Mr. ALDERSON said that if they granted a lease for 21 years at the rates offered they would be sim- ply throwing.away the property. The terms sug- gested tied them down fearfully. Mr. F, W. Bots thought it would bea vast mis- take if they leased the property onthe terms of fered. It they analysed them ‘the terms were not very much afcer all. Vlumbago was either there or it was not there. If it was there he thought they should feel very toolish if on such low terms, they gave up all the rights of mining plum- bago that they now held. If it was not there they only recovered the R5,000, which he thought had been well spent, but in return for that R5,000 they gave a lease for 42 years and the right of going all over their property sinking shafts and doing other damage for what he did nob consider adequate payment. The condition about supplying timber might also hamper them very much and altogether he thought this was a purely one-sided bargain. He was not here when the resolution was passed to allow the Directors to spend this R5,000, but had he been he should have entirely approved of it. He thonght the money had been very well spent. They now knew that plumbago was there and probably to a large extent. He would not advoeate that the Company should spend more money but there was no reason to believe that they would lcse any- thing by holding off. In all probability ex- periments with a proper system of mining would be made in Ceylon, and they could very reasonably write off this 5,000 which Was very little seeing that they had ascertained that they had plumbago on on their property, and wait to see what was ac- complished, and they could take advantage of anything that might accrue. * Mr. ALDER-ON approved of all that Mr. Bois had said and he should like to see the meetin follow his advice and allow the matter to stan over. He knew the district well and they had a valuable property there and it would ‘be a great mistake to give the concession on the terms proposed, Mr. Bots said he would propose that the pro- posed agreement be not accepted. Mr. JULIUS said, before they actual yote, he thought there was a misappre- hension with regard to that matter. A great many proxies had come down with ro instrug. got to the = 792 tions as to low they were to be used. The im- pression seemed to be among the outside publie that the draft was approved and had only to be brought forward by the Directors to be passed. That was not so at all. That meeting was sim- ply to take the sense of the shareholders on the matter. If they came to voting then the Direc- tors would be in a rather awkward position in holding proxies without knowing how they were to be used. As a Director he would say that he did not approve of that agreement as iv stood, and besides the points that their attention had been called to there were various other matters, as the limiting of amount of land and the number of shafts to be put in. Then there was nothing there as to the damage done to the surface by mining. They said the shaft should not be within a certain distance of their buildings, but there was nothing to prevent the purchas- ing Company from tunneling under their build- ings if they wished to, and that would have to be dealt with. A shareholder spoke to him about some other small matters with regard to that, and if the question was then to be whether the agreement was to be or not to be signed, he thought that it would be well to postpone the meeting, and get direat instructions from the shareholders as to what they wished to do. There were only a few shareholders pre- sent, but a large number of proxies, which if used could swamp the meeting in either direc- tion. As for himself he was quite prepared to agree with the shareholders that the agreement should not be accepted. A Mr. Bois thought if there was any feeling that the matter should not be decided at once, it might be better to adjourn the meeting and reconsider the question. The CHAIRMAN explained that he would not know what to do with a number of the proxies if it came to a vote. As far as he was con- cerned he would vote against accepting the offer, but preferred not to have the onus of the proxies on his shareholders. : Mr. W E MITCHELL enquired if the agreement was subject to revision or would it have to stand if they accepted it asit was. He thought there were a lot of clauses that required to be looked into, one being how the value of the plumbago should be determined. The CHAIRMAN said the qaestion was whether the shareholders were in favour of leasing their rights upon certain terms or whether they were not. He would not think of accepting the offer as it was. Those, however, were the best terms they could get, and they as Directors were bound to bring them before the meeting. Various things were discussed that the Directors did not approve of, but the Company making the offer insisted upon them. They might refuse the whole thing, but if they wished to lease it, they could authorise the Directors if they liked to enter into communica- tion with the lessees and lease their mining rights on that basis with any modifications they might think necessary, or else they could reject yhole thing. aE AIOaRAGN :—I think we ought to defer the whole thing, and put this offer aside and wait. There are sure to be some better offers i re. tthe: OF ATRMAN remarked that he had in quite a private way been asked by a friend in London upon what terms the Vogan Company would lease their mining rights, but he did not wish to raise people's hopes by stating that. <= THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. (May 1, 1899, Mr. ALDERSON said they ought to be able to raise their own hopes aad get much better terms for their rights. Mr. Bots mentioned, although he did not wish to compare gold mines in any way with plumbago mines, that in South Africa gold mines and land were sold for a mere song, and after- wards turned out most valuable mines, and he believed that might be the case with p'umbago. Mrs. Obeyesekere was working a mine which her husband worked from 29 to 25 years ago. Mr. ALDERSON pointed out that the Kalutara district was full of plumbago, and mines were being opened up all over the place, and getting good returns from them. Mr. Bois:—We should be very foolish if we give up our rights for the sake of recovering a few thousand rupees. Mr. ALDERSON fully endorsed these remarks. Mr. Bois then proposed the following resolu- tion :—‘‘ That this meeting be adjourned for a period of six months, and that the Directors then lay before the shareholders any offer they may have received in the meantime for the leasin or working of plumbago.” Mr. Bois adde that that resolution was a practical rejection of the agreement, and was simply to bring the matter again before a general meeting for them to decide. Mr. ALDERSON: remarked that it was a very slow matter to get tenders for a lease of that description. Mr. Bots ; It only means that if we get anything at the end of six months we can bring it up again, Mr. ALDERSON: Why not have an indelinite period ? Mr. Bots: Said the shareholders wonld like a certain time. He would ratner postpone it for an indefinite time unless they received a good offer. Mr. ALDERSON: There is valuable property there. Mr; W. E. MITCHELL: thought they were re- jecting that offer too hurriedly. It was not such a bad offer after ali. R25 per ton of the plum- bago taken cut he did not think was so bad. The CHAIRMAN : Upon what basis are you tak- ing plumbago ? Mr. W. E. MITCHELL : R250 per ton, Mr. WOODMAN : thought they ought to reckon on getting R300 per ton average as they were no doubt there is now well below the surface. He thonght that a very good offer and a _ very fair return. No native would take over the mine because it was flooded, and if they refused the offer they might be passing over what would not be repeated. He admitted there were one or two weak points in the agreement, but at the same time it was not at all bad, and they secured themselves for the money that had been expended. Mr. ALDERSON : This the first offer made? - Mr. WooDMAN :—Yes. Mr. ALDERSON : —Then there is no hurry. Mr. WoopMAN :—They are trying to hurry us. Mr. W. E. MITCHELL :—It is very good if we can get a modification of some of the terms; if not, we ought to refuse the offer. Mr. ALDERSON :—I entirely disagree to the whole thing. Mr. Bois expressed the opinion that too much importance was attached to the offer. The people to whom they gave the concession would probably do nothing at all. He thought they would get the concession and then put it up for sale in the London Market, and get a good price tor what they obtained fora mere song. Then a company MAY J, 1899.] would probably be floated and which would go all over the estates they had concessions over, and cut them up in alldirections to ascertain if there was plumbago in paying quantities. That was what would happen to their estates for the simple return of R5,000. If they found no plumbago they would have their estates cut about and get no royalty at all; if it did pay it meant that plumbago existed in such paying quantity that the returns to the Vogan Company would be totally inadequate. Mr. ALDERSON agreed. Mr, W. E. MitcHELL :—Do the Directors think there is any chance of having the agreement modified ? The CHAIRMAN said he tried to alter the con- ditions, but they absolutely refused to do so, They certainly refused to bind themselves to work the thing at all, and would not agree to a 21 years’ lease, as they said they would have to stop working after 16 years. Their reply to his (the Chairman’s) arguments was that it was usual in mining concesssions, and therefore they preferred to have it. The conditions might be modified. (To Mr. Mitchell) Do you propose an amendment ? Mr. W. E. MircuELti.:—No, I do not propose any amendment, Mr. JULIUS suggested that the Crucible Com- pany would be written to pointing out one or. two reasons why their offer could not be accepted as it stood, and that they could renew their offer after being modified. Mr. W. E. MircHety :—I don’t think I should drop all negotiations. Mr. JULIUS said unless certain modifications were made he thought the offer should be declined. Thedamage done to the surface by mining should be provided for, and also that there should be no renewal of the lease after twenty-one years, and in the event of their not using the mine for a period—say for six or twelve months —to forefeit their rights, and also to send to them prices realised and details of the tonnage raised, Then in clause 14, in the second para- graph, it issaid ‘‘To appropriate and use for any purpose any water not now required by Vogan Company,” and the word ‘‘ now ” must came out. Mr. ALDERSON also suggested some _alter- ations in the 13th and 5th clauses wtth regard to the sale and purchase of timber and the rights of the lessees to renew the agreements after 21 years. i Mr. JULIUS considered that there should be no renewal after 21 years, as that was much too long even if they took the agreement into con- sideration. Mr. ALDERSON observed that plumbago wasa very fluctuating product, and there was a chance of its becoming more valuable in future than it was at present, The CHAIRMAN said if no one had any amend- ment, he would put Mr. Bois’ proposition to the meeting. After reading the motion again. Mr. ALDESON asked : —-That does not bind us to anything, does it ? Mr. JULIUS :—No. Mr. ALDERSON :—Then I shall be glad to second it. The resolution was carried nem con. Con- siderable further discussion, however, ensved on the subject, those present conversing in little groups, Mr. ALDERSON enquired if they thoubgt it would pay for the Vogan 99 Company to work THE TROPICAL, AGRICULTURIST. 793 the plumbago in charge of a European with a knowledge of mining. The cost of water and timber would be absolutely nothing. The CHAIRMAN :—Without pumping nery ? Mr, ALDERSON :—Natives would take the water out in no time. How many veins tapped or cut through have you already ? The CHAIRMAN :—Five or six. Mr. ALDERSON :—What size were they ? The CHAIRMAN :—The last had been started at two-and-a-half inches and then the springs came in. Mr. ALDERSON well ? The CHAIRMAN :—The native miners seem very keen, Mr, ALDERSON :—What about the quality ? The CHAIRMAN:—It is not of the very best, but I have a lump of plumbago in my _ office weighing 42 lb.—pure plumbago. Mr. ALDERSON :—That ought to be good enough. The lump of plumbago referred to by the Chair- man wasthen brought into the room and came under the interested inspection of those present, and after some further discussion of an informal character the meeting concluded after lasting nearly an hour. machi- :—Does it really promise Cacao DISEASE IN TRINIDAD.—Mr. Hart has kindly given us a full answer, it will be found elsewhere, to the questions we asked him in view of the criticisms of Mr. Carru- thers’ report, by a well-known planter, in our issue of January 2lst. From all he says, and his words deserve close attention, we gather that the attack of the disease is periodic, during the moist season chiefly, and net of so serious a character as to cause general alarm, if only judicious measuresare taken. Chief among these is the burning, burying; or otherwise completely destroying all infected pods and pods opened for abstracting beans; for it is in these that the spores which are responsible for the disease most readily germinate. COFFEE PLANTING IN SUMATRA.—-Upon this subject some interesting (periodical) notes by W.T.M’K. appear on page 802. It is ainusing to read the German coffee planter’s comment on the recent present of Ceylon tea to the German Emperor. ‘‘ German soldiers ” he says ‘will never drink tea.” Probavly this planter refers to the tea with which he has perhaps been acquainteL in Germany, the ordinary decoction brought to one at the hotels under the name of tea. This we have tasted, and found it not only weak, but offensively weak, and offensive as well; we can well believe that German soldiers would re- fuse to touchit. But onze the finer article makes its way in German homes, we are sure this Tenton colonist will one day need to retract his words. But, as to coffee ; Serdang seems to be a veritable paradise for the Liberian coffee grower as Mr. M’K.’s report will testify. Yet no colony likes to consider itself really prosperous, as our correspondent’s’ half-recriminative remarks on the Ceylon planters outeries will show. It is also found difficult to obtain cacao seed ; Ceylon seed is mistrusted, and from __ else- where it spoils in transport. It is gratifying to find taat the Northern Railway Agitatien has been followed with relish beyond the seas, for here in Ceylon we were thoronghily sick of it, and feel relieved at its cessation, 794 THE TROPICAL NUTS AS FOOD IN FRANCE. Through the centre of France, from the Bay of Bis- cay to Switzerland, there are large plantations, almost forests, of chestnut trees. The poor people through the autumn and winter, often make two meals daily from chestnuts. The ordinary way of cooking them is to remove outside shelland blanch them. The blanch- ing is done by throwing the nuts into boiling water, and with a briquette rubbing them around the kettle until the inside skin peels off. The briquette is com- posed of two square pieces of wood, 24 to 36 inches long, the angles of which are notched about. one foot up; they are joined like shears with a rivet. After the blanching process, a wet cloth is placed in an earthen pot, which is almost filled with raw chestnuts ; they are covered with a second wet cloth, and put on the fire to steam. They are eaten with salt and milk. Hot steamed chestnuts are carried round the city streets in baskets or pails; the majority of the work- ing people, who usually have no fire early in the morn- _ ing, eat them for their breakfast, with or without milk. These nuts are often used as a vegetable, and are exceedingly popular, being found on the tables of the well-to-do and wealthy. They are seryed not only boiled, but roasted, steamed, pured, and as dressings for poultry or meats. Chestnuts are made into bread by the mountain peasantry, After the nuts have been blanched they are dried and ground. From this flour »a sweet, heavy flat cake is made. It resembles the oaten cakes so popular among Scotch peasants. The United States commercial agent at Limoges says that when these nuts are stored they are very apt to heat and ferment, and great care must be taken to prevent this: they are placed in cool, airy bins, so that the air can readily pass through the pile and ‘perfect ventilation be obtained. Ihe walnut tree is very generally grown all over France, but more es- pecially in the central and eastern departments. Wal- nuts, as an article of food, are losing groundin France because of their scarcity. The trees have beenin great demand for timber and furniture-making: neverthe- less there are certain sections of the country in which these nuts forma regular article of diet. The peas- ants eat them with bread that has oftentimes been rubbed with garlic. The hygienic effects are con- ‘sidered good, replacing meat to a large extent. These nuts are also used to make oil. It is much cheaper, and similar in taste to that pressed in olives, and is employed to adulterate the latter. The prisoners in certain prisons are, says the commercial agent, en- gaged in cracking walnuts and picking out the kernels, which are pressed into oil. Almonds are largely ex- ported from France. The climate of the middle and southern departments of the country are most favour- ably adapted to the growth of this frnit. In the summer, the almond, while the shell and husk are soft, green and tender, is sold by the dozen or hundred in the markets, at from one farthing to two pence half- penny per dozen, according to the condition of the crop. The meat is white and creamy. As an article of, food they are not used as extensively as chestnuts and walnuts. Almond oil is employed for various purposes. Apricot stones are often ground with al- monds to adulterate the oil. Confectioners and bakers consume large quantities of these nuts in making dif- ferent kinds of cakes andsweetmeats. Hazelnut trees axe only grown for their fruit, and although they will flourish in nearly all the departments, the nuts are con- sidered a luxury, and are always high-prized. Hazel- nuts are eaten green, like almonds, in the summer, when they are sold at more reasonable rates. The exportation from France is unimportant. The pea- nut so common io the United States, is very rarely eaten roasted in France, and nearly all that enter the ports are imported from Spain, Italy and Africa. The variety is small and uninviting, and very high in price. The taste for these nuts, asa food, is said to be grow- ing. Many tons of pea-nuts are imported from the west coast of Africa, India and the Malayan Archi- palago, and «resold in Marseilles and other centres. These are principality bought for the oil which is extracted from them, Pea-nut oil is used for cooking " ° u o¥ a AGRICULTURIST. [May 1, 1899. purposes, aud as an adulterant and substitute for olive oi]. Many physicians in different parts of Europe have been making experiments as to the nutritive and medicinal qualities of all kinds of nuts, and have advanced yiews favouring their use as feod, under certain conditions, for special diseases.. Nuts contain a special kind of salt, especially adopted for lubrica- ting and softening the muscles. Some practitioners claim that elderly people would be benefited by « more «xtensive nut diet. The only evil to be over- come is that the nuts should be thoroughly masti- cated.—Journal of the Society of Arts, Mar. 24. Gherae a TRAVANCORE TEA SALES. Average 9°66d. March 30th. iS Beer we. Py = Beg Pre - | Sega es ass - B25 — ~ AS Quantity. / Sane, yj a8 Et fg Price | wie i tid £0 os rave os “the SR Quantity | SPP 5 Price. so tt ste 1 eo & ae - Quantity. nosey ee ia. | Sisiveris Pe oo F j a SS 2 Quantity, | 21° 185818 o wea z5 Pree. | seaeeseed o3 25 td = ; 2% Quantity. | g-egehees S - ~ Cont Price. 212 Sone 2 Dy ro oe la | | as sss = = =~ : = . 5 Quantity. | Tahal =a lS 112" £6 Pri B merton cit aicrcteaednese = TLCes = are OCOD 3 = | de ba < Quantity. +n nn CBbEaADS mh OD su 2 |S5SngR53% 4 ) Loh napa ate 1B oH 3 s 1S Aa Sees ae 4 ® oO i ie) = 6. Oye Ss Se 5 Spc ee nee ds} S4ceboR 26 ees Sneoe 2S aR mers Ons ee a =e Soe re) oe S<085—=—= Ae SALE OF A COFFEE ESTATE IN THE WYNAAD. On Tuesday, May 16th, Messrs. Oakes & Co., Limited, will sell by public auction at the Exchange Hall, Broadway, Madras, Wood- lands estate, a valuable coffee estate free from _ encumbrance situated at Kulpetta in the Wynaads, Southern India. OY See a ee May 1, 1899.] THE TROPICAL Cotrespondence C3 io a ESC TEA-DRINKING IN RUSSIA. March 28, Sir,—See that article in the H. & C. Mail of March 10 about tea-drinking in Russia? When are you—as the first authority on Prapical Agriculture as well as Trade Statistics —going to prick this bladder about the greatest tea-drinking nation in the world being Russia ? You must know better than most people that, if Russia consumed three pounds a head against seven pounds per head in Aus- tralia, and nearly six in the United King- dom, there would not beenough tea grown to go round. And yet there is not the slight- est protest on the part of the local or any other press when we are periodically treated (eepeally in the pages of the singularly ill-in- ormed AH. & C. Mail) to this sort of thing :— ‘The Russian drinks enormous quantities of tea sufficient to frighten any Englishman,” or “The Russian working man takes 20 tumblers of tea aday.” Isupposethese mis-statements are too gigantic to be tackled, and therefore they are let pass. And the ‘‘Samovar” is responsible for a good deal of misinforma- tion one gets about Russian tea drinking. As a matter of fact the ‘‘ Samovar ” is about as common in the house of the ordinary Russian peasant or Monjik, asa claret jug is in the cottage of a Suffolk farm labourer. Surely the actual figures can be got and published as regards consumption per head in Russia. We all want the Russians to take our tea, but with the present duty on it, it is absurd to suppose that the Russian work- ing man (about the poorest inthe world) can treat himself to much of it, if any. Very strange it is with a lot of slack writing there is about tea. Anything seems good enough or wrong enough to set down. For example the London Correspondent of the local ‘‘ Times” can describe a race—a cricket match—a garden party, ora play, or anything that he has not seen and knows nothing about quite as well as the average London Reporter. But when he gets on to Tea, about which he is supposed to really know a bit, this is the sort of thing he treats us to (quoting from his letter of March 10, 1899) :—‘*It would have been well if some of the optimistic writers and others, who are so ready to hit an article when it is down, to see the scramble for the lots.” With the number of Russian buyers now in Colonibo, it would surely not be difficult to get some correct information as to what Classes in Russia drink tea, and how much they consume. Put your clever “Cyclist” on to them.—Yours obediently FARMER. THE BLENDING OF TEA IN COLOMBO. DPaRr Sir,—I have always been under the im- pression that ‘the blending of tea” was a speci- ality indulged in only by experts; but now it wold appear from “ W.F L.”s laboured re- marks that even I may settle down in Co- lombo, connect with Labugama and blend teas for the million. AGRICULTURIST. 795 It sounds so sweetly simple and remuner- ative, I have the greatest difficulty in res- training myself from embarking in it forth- with. Reason, however. comes to the rescue and asks is it true, or is it not, that all big blend- ers get samples of water from the particular district they purpose exploiting and blend accordingly? Is tabugama, the jake and those delightfully green canals in Colombo equal to such varying requirements? I trow not, as any novice knows some teas taste ever so much nicer when made with certain water than they do elsewhere and therein lies the secret of blending. Is Colombo a suitable place to keep and expose tea in for any length of time. Most certainly not, and here is my reason for saying so. A few mouths ago a small por- tion of a break of tea got slightly wet on the way to Colombo, and I consequently had the whole lot examined and partly re- fired there and the result was jd per Ib. less for that lot than for anything for some time before or afterwards. London report: ‘““These teas have a rather dull smell which we fear may detract from their value, &c.” A recent lot which lay in Colombo. for about a fortnight owing to lack: of freight, was reported on thus:—‘‘The firing is fairly satisfactory though they do. not smell quite as fresh as many teas we have received from’ this estate and the result is just 3d perlb. less than for the following lot sold in the same sale.” In neither case was the Broker aware of anything unusual having happened to the tea; so evidently some folks know the rudi- ments of their business which is more than IT can give fW. EF. 1.” credit for. If Colombo is to become the hub of the universe in tea, special warehouses will have ~ to be constructed for its manipulation as at. present I would sooner see my teas bulked in London than blended in Colombo. and that is saying a good deal.—Yours faithfully, OLD FOGIE. [We have no doubt that if Colombo were made a free port for -teas, the construction of special. warehouses or the alteration of existing stores would | fol- low. Our correspondent forgets that there are tea experts already among Colombo buyers and that a good deal of blending is already done, no doubt tothe satisfaction of Australian buyers and consumers and to the profit of the blenders.—Ep. 7'.A.] CEYLON TEA IN AMERICA. THE PACIFIC ROUTE ADVOCATED, Kandy, April 7. Str,—Under separate cover I send to your address an American Newspaper with some columns in regard to a Mx. Tissera, who, I think, proceeded to Chicago as one of Sir John Grinlinton’s staff, which may not have been seen by you.—l am, sir, yours fathfully, A. PHILIP article referred to begins by referring to the arrival in Seattle (Washington) of ‘‘a quiet business-like foreigner,” who ‘fit is not improbable may prove a potent factor iu the unfolding of that great volume of Transpacific Commerce of which the world is now beginning concede that Seattle to The 796 THE TROPICAL is one of the accredited heirs. This gentleman is Vincent L Tissera, head of the firm of V L ‘Tis- sera & Co., one of the largest tea importing houses of America, The object of his visit here is, in brief, to see whether the growingtea trade between Ceylon and India as exporters and the United States as importers cannot be diverted to the Pacific instead of the Atlantic Coast. At present most of the tea sent to America from those coun- tries goes by way of Liverpool and thence across the Atlantic to New York or Montreal. There are other East Indian products which Mr. Tissera thinks should also reach this country by way ofthe Pacific Coast, and he is profoundly impressed with the con- viction that return trade could easily be built up in American products, especially in the line of machinery and mechanical products of all kinds. He is also positive in his conviction that this in- terchange of trade, if it can be effected will seek Puget Sound as its natural entrepot, and the Seattle will inevitably become the centre of it.’ This pupctically sets forth the news of Mr. Tissera which occupy about three columns in the contemporary from which we are quoting, accompanied by a por- trait of this Ceylonese abroad. THE SANDALWOOD PLANT. SEA VIEW ESTATE. Veyangoda, April 14. DEAR SiIR,—The Sandalwood (Santalum Album) plants, planted out at this and Kola Estates 24 years ago in the open, in red gravel and sand (mixed) soils are now five to six feethigh. The plants will not thrive at damp situations; green or dried leaves of jungle trees answer well as manure. Cowdung or any other manure is injurious to the tree. When weeding care should be taken not to disturb the roots. If the roots were injured the tree perishes. Plants may be raised in ordinary nurseries with- ont using any manure or seed and may be planted at stake in favourable weather. I enclose a few seeds for your inspection.—Yours faithfully, J. P. WILLIAM, [We are obliged to our correspondent for the seeds sent. ‘ The tree,” says Dr. Trimen, in his Handbook to the Flora of Ceylon, ‘‘ is a native of Central Peninsular India, and known in Ceylon as a cultivated tree only ; it was introduced here in 1850.”— Ep. 7. A.] CEYLON TEA ON THE CONTINENT. MR. ROGIVUE’S WORK. Kandy, April 14th 1899. Sir,—I herein enclose extract of a letter from Mr. Bremer, to Mr. J. P. Ryan in_re- ference to Mr. Rogivue’s work on the Con- tinent as likely to be interesting.—Yours faithfully, A. PHILIP, Secretary, ‘‘ Thirty Committee.” . Extract. Hotel Beau-Rivage, Ouchy, Lauanne. March 25th, 1899. You asked me the other day at Milan to let you know how Rogivue was getting on. He is now in Switzerland establishing agencies for Jas. Finlay & Co. and they want him to do the same in Germany. He sells and advertises Ceylon Tea chiefly and there can be nodoubt that the con- version of his business into a Company, with a man like Sir John Muir as Chairman, has enabled him to push our teas far more suecessfully than he was able to do when working on his account. He now has capital at .his command and money is not stinted for advertising. His whole time is taken up in travelling between Moscow, Cons- tantinople, Switzerland,and London, in all of which places M. Rogivue’s & Co. have established them- selves. I enclose some circulars, &c., to show you what is being done. Thousands of sample packets, AGRICULTURIST. [May 1, 1899, circulars, &¢., aresentout. I had no idea that he had done so much for Ceylon until we went into details, and there is no doubt he is deserving of every support which the Thirty Committee can give him. Of course he is making a good thing for himself, but his opportunities for making our teas known are now so many that the more we can help him, the more we shall help on our- selves. I have been travelling about the country with him, and have seen how he is able to pu business. His teas are Al, and are so superior to what the people have been accustomed to get that every day brings in fresh orders, from ple who have tasted the tea at some friend's i. In Russia he has spent a lot of money in sendi out thousands of elegant little teapots, mark Ceylon Tea and with directions for inaking, also thousands of photographic cards, and this yeaa thousands of very attractive-looking and useful tea caddies are going out. He is quite enthusiastic over it. It is most gratifying to find such enthu- siasm. Rogivue told me that the money he lad received from the Tea Fund was a mere nothing compared with what he had spent in advertising. If he apples for assistance in Switzerland I ho his application will be granted, as I am sure the money will be well spent. There are all sorts of people pushing Tea here, but they are mostly if not all agents for London blending houses and do met make such a speciality of Ceylon as Rogivue does. CACAY DISEASE. Sir,—I note the questions asked in your issue of January 2Ist, 1899. Recent reports from Kew en specimens sent home by this Department, show that a species of Peronosporee (so named provi- sionally) is the origin of a ‘* pod disease” which appears to be of similar character to that recently studied by Mr. Carruthers in Ceylon. This fun- gus was found by me some three days previous to the receipt of Mr. Carruthers’ report, on. pods sent up to the Gardens for examination. Far- ther specimens are to be examined later with the view of obtaining fnll particulars of the life - history of the organism. The disease is readily reproduced by ineocula- tion on healthy poda, Planters state that they have observed this disease for many years past, and that it only be- comes prominently present during moist seasons. I have observed that the disease is much more prevalent in localities where the broken. pods are allowed to rot upon the ground without being either covered or buried. I have re- commended burying, burning, or otherwise completely destroying all infected pods, and all fresh pods opened for the abstraction of the beans. So far I have only observed the disease upon material which contains living tissue. It however germinates upon the freshly opened pods which seon rot and are then taken possession of by sap- rophytic fungi, which soon destroy all trace of the parasitic forms, Seve! It appears, so far as can be ascertained at pre- sent, to affect all varieties of Theobroma alike ; but I think that it is likely to affect the weaker growing varieties far more seriously than the ro- bust and stronger kinds. Mr. Massie suggests that the fungus can hardl exist on the pods alone, but must find for itself a congenial habitat elsewhere, and a search for any likely host is strongly reconmmended so that the power of the enemy may be well understood. - So far the attack in Trinidad is not considered — ee * pices by planters to be of a serious character, except perhaps in places where the trees and. general — cultivation have been much neglected. J. Ho HART, BLS, | a a ia ia pte, en tt May 1, 1899.] THE: VOGAN COMPANY AND PLUMBAGO. MINING, Colombo, April 1. Sir,—Referring to the following made by one ot the’ Vogan sh 10leler the meeting of that Company! held on April, viz: :— f “Too much importance was att od! to the offer. The people to whom they ¢ the “con- cession would probably do nothin He thought they would get the conce phen put it up for sale in the Lon 12 i get a good price for what they obtained: for,a mere song.’ We, as representatives of the Morgan Cru- cible Co., Ld., in Ceylon (since the Chairman of the Vogan Co. did not at the 1e see fit to contradict it) beg to state that the LLC remark’ was absolutely and entirely without fact or foundation.— Yours faithrilly, p-p. AITKEN, SPENCH-& Co., A. S.-BERWICK. MANURING COCONUTS. Colombo, Aprild9, DEAR SiR,—As promised we now beg to en- close copy. of Mr. Beven’s interim report on manurine coconuts, carried on Vrank!lands Estate, Veyangoda.—W e.are, dear sir, yours faithfully, FREUDENBERG & CO. REPORT ON THE APPLICATION OF ARTIFICIAL MANURES ON FRANKLANDS ESTATE, VEYANGCDA. The manures applied for a series of years are cattle manure and bone meal; sulphate of ammonia, Thomas’ phosphate powder (Bassic Slag) and Kainit were used side by side with them, so that the fields might be compared both in appearance and in results. The two first plots experimented on contain trees which have been in beaving for several years and have been regularly manured every other year. Vhe third and fourth plots contain oily a few trees just coming into bearing, the resi being too young to bear, and most of them have had-cattle tied under thera for the first time; the droppings of two cattle tied under.each tree for ten days being dug in 2 or 31b. bone meal. The trees in plots 1 and 2 have cattle manure brought from the roadside ap- plied to them :— Puor No. 1.—This plot I divided into four blocks, viz., A containing 32 trees, B 33 trees, C 22 trees, and D 35 trees. Of these A was manuree with 8 baske mannuie and 3 1b. bone dust per tree; 2b with 2 lb. Tho- mas’ Phosphate and 6 th. kainit per tree, C with cattle manureand bones and D with 4 lb. kainii and 4)b. svl- hate of ammonia per. tree. ‘Lhe soil in A and Be is somewhat clayey and in Cand D gravelly. The general appearance of the trees isinuch the same. The manures were applied in November and Decem- ber 1897. since when I have kept 9, record of the num- ber of nuts plucked in each block. ~ oO (co) o iva) oO O.. os ao or) (or) o for) S or) D D <2) D oO QD os) D Saad Sal ri I re re - _ o < te (3) . - F o tel = S) we) Belk Bole 8 (jel piece Fl Si We eh Hs 1S pal er tree Avt75' °92°°168' 240 3°8 189 — 75 63111590) 36-9 B 182 1!7 190 886 446 191 1 108 1723 62:2 310° 386 172 97.1502 47:0 CG 91 107 204 135 D, 122. 96 274 412.572 246 171, 80.1973 The trees are ylucked six times a yenr, the’ first plucking being in Apri!, the beginning of the financial year, The disappointing crop in February is, I believe THE TROPICAL’ AGRICULTURIST. 797 wholly unconvected with the manure, and is due partly to the season, but chiefly to the unusually heavy crops of June and August. _I give below the total amount plucked for the year ending April, and the crops plucked for the two previous years, when cattle manure and bone was applied. April 1896-97. April 1897-98. April 1893-99: 5,340 5,466 5 525 Considering that it is just over a year since the manures were applied, four or six months must yet elapse before I can determine whether the trees have responded, with regard to their bearing capacity. No, 2.—Is a block cut up into two (a) gravelly soil containing 72 trees, manured with 73 lb, castor cake, 13 1b. Thomas’ Phosphate and 4 Ib. Kainit per tree in November ’97 (b) light blackish goil containing 75 trees manured with 2 lb. Thomas’ Phosphate 115. sulphate of ammonia and 1 1b. sulphate of potash also in November 1897. The nuts plucked in each is. tf (oo) DD oa Go o& ; PD DP SEIS: sei otsle es Alm a) 8°24 "S' auc, a@ 136 175 280 623 750 315 187 99 2,565 35.6 per tree. b 356 342 525 900 10°20 483 434 236 4,296 57.2 * Below I give @ similar comparison as the above, in Ict No. 1. April 1896-97 April 1897-98 April 1898-99 4394 5944 5852 abe trees in both the above fields are about 20 years old. No, 3.—Consists of 48 trees, coming into bearing on the slope of a hill of fairly stiff soil. The trees were mavured in Dec. ’97 with 1 1b. Thomas’ Phosphate z 1b. Sulphate of ammonia, and1l1b. sulphate of potash. No separate record was kept of the nuts plucked, owing to no separate record having been kept before, only a few cf the trees are in bearing. With regard to the general appearance of the trees, of which I made a note at the time of manuring there seems to bs no difference compared with those immediately surrounding which were manured with cattle drop- pings and bones. No 4.—Is another block of 56 trees, which I marked ont and to which was applied 2 1b. kainit, 1 1b. Thomas phosphate and #1b. sulphate of arnmonia in Decem- ber “97. The soil is a fairly stiff brown. The same remarks as lmade at No. 3, apply to this. No. 5.—L[ have also applied 2 lb. kainit with cattle manure and bones to other fields but can trace no improvement so far. Se Tae Rice TRADE.—Enropean competition seems to be steadily increasing in the rice trade and that isin favour of lower prices. AnIndian con. temporary reports that European merchants have been the largest buyers of paddy this year in Akyab; and literally nothing is being exported to India. ~The Arakan News states that this time last year there were 25 native crafts in the port loading with paddy, whereas now there are oaly 6 European steamers. Paddy has risen very considerably in consequence. Probably, the time is nob so far distant when the market. rate of paddy in most places in Burmah will not: aiffer vastly fiom the ruling rates in Rangoon. Prices of paddy nuling lower in) Kangoon than in the dis- uiets, the ewliivators are holding back their sup- plies hoping for a vise in the market rate. ‘There is an unusual absence of shipping from the port, showing how well ealculated and carefully con- sidered has been the fixing of tie present rates and the mancuyres generally of the merchants and shippers, who, however, cannot put back the Kurope demand much longer, 798 THE TROPICAL » PANAWAL TEA COMPANY, LID. Report of the Directors of the Panawal Tea Company, Limited, to be presented to the share- holders at the seventh aunual general meeting to be held on Tuesday, 11th April 1899, at the office of the Company, 39, Victoria Street, West- minster, $.W., at 3 o'clock in the afternoon. The Directors beg to submit the general balance sheet and profit and loss account fur the year ending 31st December 1898, duly audited— The net amount at eredit £ s d £ sa of profit, and loss ac- count, including bal- ance brought forward at 3lst December 1897, after providing for gene- ral expenses, Directors and auditors’ fees It is POE OnE to pay a dividend of 4 per cent on the ordinary shares for the year ending 81st December 1898, absorb- ing Dividenils on the 7 per cent cumnlative prefer- ence shares were paid for 1898 in full, amount- ing to It 4 proposed to add to a special reserve fund against loss on cooly bite des asum of To set aside in reduction of capital expenditure on estates Leaving a balance to be ‘carried forward to next season of 680 0 0 371 0 0 250 0 0 500 0 0 2 210 £1,803 2 10 £1,803 ? 10 The Directors are of opinion that the result of the year’s working may be considered satis- factory, having in view the further rise in ex- change, and the very low prices appertaining to the earlier months of the season. ] “No alteration in the acreage of the Company's properties has taken place during the last twelve months. It may be given as— 5 n 3lst December ‘ last. Tea in full bearing Exe 577 _ Do. under two years old 13 Total under eultivation ... 590 Jungle .. 3414 9314 Acres The Visiting Agent inspected these properties on 25th and 26th January last, and reports that he found them in capital order. Zits During the year the whole of the coolie lines have been pee _with iron, and additional itherine accommodation, vr ee of £548 2s 4d. It 1s proposed to write off £500 of this out of the year’s profits, thus reducing the cost of the estates on the Com- pany’s books to £20,2¥8 14s 6d. Having in view the unsatisfactory state of labour in the past, the Directors recommend that the sum of £220 be placed to a special reserve fund against loss on coolie advances. The pre- sent state of labour is more satisfactory, there ete., has been provided’ am) AGRICULTOURIST. [May 1, 1899, being a large enough force on the estate for present requirements. The average rate of exchange tor the year was Is 4 l-lfd against Is 3.11-32d in the pre- vious year. The crop obtained for 1898 was 293,933 Jb., as against an estimate of 300,000 (and a yield of 258,309 Ib. in 1897), and realized an average of 631d per |b. against 5-76: per |b. in 1897. The cost of tea f.o.b. in Colombo was about 23.63 cents per Jb. and laid down in London 482d, after payment of London charges, expenser, income tax, &c., as against 27 cents and 5:17d respectively in the previous year. Mr. John Holgate Batten, the Director retir- ing by rotation, being eligible, offers hinself for re-election. Messrs. Fox, Sissons & Co,, Auditors to the Company, offer themselves for re-election. —By order of the Board, J. HOLGATE BaTTEN, Secretary. London, 28th March, 1899. Se BATTALGALLA ESTATE COMPANY, LTD. NINTH ANNUAL REPORT TO THE SHAREHOLDERS. The directors in presenting their report on the Company’s business for the past year, are glad to be able to advise an improvement in the average price obtained for tea during the year, but the higher working expenses, due te the high rate of exchange ruling, continue to bea serious tax upon the industry. The quantity niannfactured has not differed much from the previous year, being 222,414 |b., ayainst 226,191 1b. in 1897. The average selling price in Loudon has been 9°13d, against 8-30d in the previous year, the average selling price’ in Colombo was 32 cent, against 31 cent in 1897. London sales amounted to 184,055 1b... realizing net £6,153 15s 1d, and Colombo sales 37,430 Jb., realizing R12,016°10. The compares with 163,670 lb., realizing £4,934 13s 10d, and 60,120 Ib., re- alizing 118,729°85, sold in 1897 in London and Colombo respectively. Exchange has again ruled higher, the average drawing rate for the year having been 1/4 9-22nds, against 1/3 15 32nds in 1897. A further amount of about £1,200 has been expended on the new Withering House, which is now completed, and is proving a most. satisfac- tory addition for conducting the Company’s busi- ness. expected. ‘The securities of the Tea Corporation, Limited, owned by the Company, have been sold, and a small excess on previous valuation has been credited to profit and loss account. An interim dividend of 5 per cent on the shares, free of income tax was paid in October last, and after writing off £233 1ls 6d from machinery ac- count the Directors have £956 17s 4d at credit of profit and loss account left to deal with, They propose to pay a further dividend of 5 per cent, free of income tax, absorbing £750, and to carry forward £206 17s 4d. In accordance with the articles of Association, Mr. Adolf Zimmern retires from the Board by rotation, and, being eligible, offers himself for re-election. The Directors have again been most ably seconded by their Superintendent on the estate, - Mr. G.C. R. Norman, and by their Colombo agents, Messrs. E. Benham & Co., to whom the best thanks ot the shareholders are due. ‘ No further outlay on capital account is now - 5 alee May 1, 1899.1 AUGUSTA TEA ESTATES COMPANY, LTD. SECOND ANNUAL REPORT. The Directors beg to submit the audited accounts for the year closing 3lst December, 1898 :— The accounts show a profit of £172 2s 6d after paying fixed charges and writing £58 13s off preliminary expenses account ; out of this amount the preference dividend for the year has been paid, amounting to £162 18s, and leaves a small balance to carry forward of £10 4s 6d. The quantity of tea manufactured during the year has been 101,211 1b., of which 91,780 Jb. have been sold in London at an average price of 671d per lb., and 9,431 lb, in Colombo, chiefly dust, at ‘an average of 17 cent per lb. The average rate of exchange has been 1/4 5-16ths, and the average cost of production 26:90 cent, or 44d per 1b. f.o.b. in Colombo. The outturn from the garden has been less than estimated by about 9,000 lb., owing to the partial failure of both monsoons, With favourable weather this year the Directors expect 110,000 lb. from the estate, which should give a more satis- factory return to the Company. Since the com- mencement of the new year there has been a substantial rise in the price of conmon and medium tea, which, if continued, will considerably increase the profits. By the articles of Association Mr. H. A. Han- eock retires by rotation from the Board, and, being eligible, offers himself for re-election. Lhe Auditors again offer themselves election. C, A. Reiss, T. J. LAWRANCE, Directors. = BURNSIDE TEA CO. OF CEYLON. REPORT OF THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS To be presented to the shareholders at their third annual ordinary meeting, to be held at the office of the Company, 15, Philpot Lane, London, E.C., on Monday, 10th April 1899, at 2 o’clock p.m, The Directors beg to submit to the shareholders the report and accounts of the Company for the year ending 3lst December 1898. The past year in Ceylon has not been a zood one for planters, drought having been experienced in the first half, and too much rain in the latter, and although as regards the estates in the Ran- gala District the rainfall for the year was about the average, if was not well distributed. The total crop secured from the four estates during the year was 356,455lb made tea against an estimate of 380,009!b, and 1164 maunds of tea seed and 202lb of cardamoms, against respective estimates of 150 maunds of the former and 300Ib of the latte: product. The estate comprising the Burnside group (Burn- side, Wattagalla. and Heeloya) are 8,3081b short estimate, and Midlothian is responsible for the balance of short fall, viz., 15,237lb, a result due, in the Superintendent’s opinion, to the very un- tavourable season experienced. The average price realized for all the Company’s tea was 67d per Ib, and the directors have been disappointed with the comparatively Jow prices realised for Midlothian tea. The average rate of exchange was Is 4 15-16d per rupee as against ls 3 21-32d last year. Owing to the poor prices realized during the first half of 1898, coupled with the short fall in crop, the profit earned on the year’s working after paying de enture interest, etc., amounts to only £395 4s 1d which, with £27 9s 7d brought forward yom last account leaves £422 13s 8d to be now for re- THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 799 dealt with. ‘lhe directors propose to pay a divi- dend of 2 per cent for the year (free of income tax) absorbing £352, leaving £70 13s 8d to be carried forward to next account. In accordance with the Articles of Association, Sir George A Pilkington retires from the Board, and being eligible offers himself for re-election. Messrs. Cape and Dalgleish,C.A., also offer them- selves for re-election as anditors.—By order of the Board, LYALL, ANDERSON & Co., Agents and Secretaries. EDERAPOLLA TEA COMPANY OF CEYLON, LIMITED. REPORT OF THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS, To be presented to the shareholders at their third ordinary general meeting, to be held at the oftice of the Company, 16, Philpot Lane, London, E.C., on Tuesday, 11th April, 1899, at 2 p.m. The direetirs bez to submit to the shareholders the report and accounts of the Company for the year ending 8lst December, 1898. The total crop secured from the three estates was 447,026 Ib made tea against an. estimate of 478,c00 1b being a shortfall of 30,9741b a result principally due to the unfavourable season ex: perienced. The average yield for the three estates was 524 |b per acre, the average price realised 634 per Jb and the average rate of exchange was 1/4 1/4 against 1/3 37/64 per rupee for the previous year. In his report on the estates, dated 28th De- cember last, the visiting agent speaks very favourably of the young tea planted as follows :— 872 acres in 1896 se agente hide § IN CAT a ailanencapeced (i: and anticipates that during the last six months of the present year a good deal of leaf will be secured from the two earlier plantings. On Ardross, plumbago las been discovered, and under a working arrangement with a native, mining is being carried on successfully; so, far about four tons have been secured, a sample of which has been very favourably reported on by a London expert, but at present the output is being sold locally. Mr. Bett having occasion to visit Ceylon, has gone carefully over the Company’s estates, and his report on their condition and prospects has given satisfaction to his co-directors, who are also glad to have from him a strong confirmation of the favourable opinion expressed by Messrs. Porter and Smith, with iegard to St. Helen Estate, and which appeared in last year’s report. The nett profit for the year amounts to £2,068 4s 4d. which with £13 18s 3d bronght forward from last account, leaves £2,081 17s 7d to be now dealt with, and this it is proposed to appro- priate as follows :— Amount as above .., Dividend of 5 per cent (free of income tax), absorbing ... Be To write off for de. preciation on build- £2,081 17 7 ings and machinery 450 0 0 To place to reserve account (making it £1,000) «. 300 0 0 2,025 Leaving a balance to carry forward of 00 £56 17 7 800 In accordance with the articles of Association, Mr. J. . MacMartin retires from the Board, and being eligible, offers himself for re-election. Messrs. Cape and Dalgleish, C.A., also oiler themselves for re-election as Auiitors. G. W. PAInt, Chairman, > KELANI VALLEY, TEA ASSOCIATION, LIMITED. REPORT OF THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS. To be presented to the shareholders at their thirteenth ordinary general meeting, to be bell at the Office of the Company, ou Morday, 10th April, 1899, at 12 uncon. The Directors beg tosubimit to the shareholders the report and accounts of the Company for the year ending 31st December, 1898. During’ the year the £2500 debentures referred to in the lust’ report, were issned for five years; £5,400, which matured on the Ist July, were renewed for a further period of three years, and of £5,350, which matured on the Ist January last, £2,000 were renewed for three years and £3,350 for five years, allat five per cent interest per annum. The total crop secured from the four estates amounted to 578,169 lb. against an estimate of $51,000 Ib., and 53,854 Ib. “less than the 1897 --erop, a result due almost entirely to climatic Visiting Agent ve- causes. The Company’s ports as follows, under date 28th Decenber last :— “Shortage of crop on each of the places is very disappointing, but it will be Satisfactory to you to know that it is not from the want of care on the part of the Superintendents, or from any shortage of labour, or in fact fron: any cause that was preventable.” The average price realized forthe whole crop was 63 per lb, being the same as last year, and the average rate of exchange was Is 4-19 64d against 1s 31-16d for the previous year. Making the Water course for the New Joint Factory for Wereagalla and Parusella estates lias proved more expensive than anticipated, but when completed and Water Power applied, the saying effected from its use should compensite for the cost ; and with accommodation fully sufficient for every pwpose in the New Factory, and ample “Water Power, a great improvementis confidently looked for in the quality of the teas from these two estates. On this oceasion the Directors have written 5 per cent off the cost of buildings and machinery as on Ist January, 1898, and the aniount, £384 4s, appears in the accounts. The Company's acreage now ‘stands as fol- lows :— ; ee te et gale tee < a Sa a= =. ee ge ER go oben sate ra) oS 2 a es =! P aes = PY © R Degalessa 555 54 72 > 319 — 1,000 Dover 702. — Be aa 702 Wereagalla 232 — 10 127. 369 Parusella 210 32 — © 38 275 1,0672 86 9820: 479 9 01,7148 — ——— ————— The net profit for the year, after deducting the above sum of £384 4s written off for deprecia- tion, amounts to £1,094 I4s 10d, which with £184 12s 9d brought forward from last account Rg 2a ee ae THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. © With é “e “ty so {May > | leaves, £1,279 Je 7d to be ,now dealt with, and this it is proposed to appropriate as Tol- lows Pee 3,279;.7.7 Amount as above Dividend of 5 per cent for the year (vee of Income Tax) on. £18,766 “we 938 5 0 Leaving «balance: to. -¢earry forward of £341 2°97 In necordance with the articlesof Association, Mr. L F Davies: retires from the Board, and, being eligible, ofiers himself tor re-election. Mr. J B Laurie, c.A., offers bimeelf. for « re- election as Audivor. G. W. Panu, Chairman. le ee YATLIYANTOTA CEYLON TEA COMPANY, L'MITED. F - Lhe report of the directors for the year ended December Slst last states that the weather during 1S08 was not generally tavourable, and, in com- mon With most, estates in Ceylon, the c secured from the company’s properties fell. short of expectation formed at the commencement of the yenr. ‘The plocking area, in full and. partial Learivg, on all the estates was 2,240 acres, and ‘yom this area the crops amounted to 1,135,794 lb. In addition, 5,628 lb, tea were made from pur- eliasel jeaf, giving a total crop, as shown in the peolit and loss account, of 1,144,422 Ib... Of this quantity 665,413 lb. were sold im Colombo, and the balance of 479,009 Jb. was shipped to Lendo»y;. the net. average. yealised for the whole being 535d per pound. Ineluding pur- chased leaf, the average cost f.o.b. (or delivered to buyers in’ Colombo) 3°62d per pound, on an- average rate of exchange of ‘Is 4 5-64 per rupee. Phe fields which came mto bearing in -1898—viz., 208 aeres—Cid not yield more than sufficient crop fo meet the ontlay incurred in working them, and = the profit of the ‘year was practically obtained from the 3,032‘aecres mn full’ beari heing little more than! two-thirds of “the cul- tivated area represented by’ the subscribed capital. the younger fields steadily approaching maturity larger crops may confidently he expected. "Phe coast advances outstanding on December 3Ist last aniounted to R49,690, as against R78,024 on same date in the previons year. Of the differ- ‘ence, R24,431 was recovered in cash, and the balance of 3,903, which proved irrecoverable, bas been written off to debit of the current year’s working expediture. The directors consider that the Ceylon manayement are to be commended for the appreciablereduetion in the amount of these ad- vances, notwithstanding the loss referred to, which latter, however, has been fully covered by profit on rice issues, amounting during the year to R5,418, which profit has been deducted from working ex- penditrre, The net profit for the year amounts to €7:666. to which has to be added — balance from 1897 account, £140, together £7,806. Divi- dends at 6 per cent. per annum on the preference shares have been paid, leaving now to be dealt with £5,379. The directors propose a dividend ot 4 per cent., free of income-tax, on the ordinary capital, writing off cost of properties, including depreciation for two years (1897 and 1898) of machi- nery and buildings £1,000, and carrying forward £779. During the yeara sum of £5,047 was ex- pended on ihe development of the properties. Sinee the commencement of the current year an appre- = - first planted on Muendeniya -to the shareholders MAY 1, 1899.] THE TROPICAL ciable increase has taken place in the market value of the class of tea produced by this com: pany, and althongh the advance came too late to have any marked effect on last year’s results, it affords good reason for expecting an improved average price for the current season’s crops, while the cost of production is unlikely to exceed that of last year. The directors are also glad to say that a modification has been made in the agency charges, to the advantage of the company, and for which thanks are due to the Colonsbo agents. The furiher issue of £8,000 in preterence shares was fully subscribed and paid for during the past year ; dividends there on have been paid from the dates when the shares were allotted.—H. & C. Mail, March 31. a oe ———— BANDARAPOLA CEYLON COMPANY, LIMITED. REPORT OF THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS. To be presented to the shareholders at’ their siath annual ordinary meeting, to be held at the Office of the Company, cn Tuesday, 11th April, at lio’clock a.m. The Directors have now the pleasure to submit the accounts and balance sheet for the year ending 31st December, 1898. The net profits for the year after payment of Debenture Interest and all other charges amount — to £1,488 3 Od, to which has to be added £66 3s 8d brought forward from 1897, giving a total sum to be now dealt with of £1.554° 6 8 Out of this it is pro- posel to pay a Dividend for the year of 5 per cent (free of income Tax), absorbing And to write off for depreciation. on Buildings and Machi- nery £1,050 0 0 450 0 0 Leaving a balance to carry forward of Hs 1,500 0 0 £54 6 8 uring the past season the crops secured amounted to 395,270 lb. tea, and 195 ewt. 0 qr. 1 tb. cecoa, against 407,250 1b. tea, and 181 ewt. 0 qr. 141b. cocoa in 1897, showing a comparative decrease of 11,980 lb, on the former product, and an increase of 13 ewt 3 qr. 15 lb. on the latter. The average return from all the tea in full and partial bearing was 540 lb. per acre, the eld tea on Bandarapola giving 745 1b. and that 772 |b. per acre. These figures show a falling off from 1897 re- turns, but on the other hand, the average price realised for the Company’s tea shows a fractional advance being 6°155d per Ib. against 6:008d for the previous year. In view of the unfavourable season through which we have passed, thesevere dronghts with which the Coimpany’s property has had to con- tend, and the low range of prices which ob- tained in the Tea Market during the greater part of 1898, the Directors do not look upon the results as altogether unsatisfactory, but given favourable weather, the prospects for current year are considered promising. The policy of systematically manuring the Com- pany’s property is being continued, and during 1898 a total of 168 acres were treated, at a cost of about £500 which is included in the year’s expenditure. 100 AGRICULTURIST. 801 A few little lots of land, about 20 acres in all, have been acquired during the year on favour- able terms, and the acreage according to latest re- turns is now as follows Acres, Tea in full bearing : 478 Tea in partial bearing... 254 Tea not in bearing 3 bgt 50 Cocoa in fulland partial bearing... 226 Grass ae 12 Total cultivated area 1,020 Reserve, Jungie, &c. 520 Total Estate 1,540 The Board avail themselves of this opportunity to again express their appreciation of the etticient manner in waich the Company's property is managed by Mr. James Anderson. Since last accounts were issued, debentures at 5 per cent to the extent of £2,500 have been placed at $ per cent preminm, secured on the un- called capital of the last issued 500 shares, and the small amount of premium received, £12 10s, has been added to Reserve Fund, bringing that accounts up to £1,525. £9,000 Debentures also matured for payment on Ist January last, and these have been renewed at 5 per cent £2,100 for a period of three years and £6,900 for five years. In eceordance with the articles of Association Mr. Hugh Fraser retires from the Board, and being eligible, offers himself for re-election, Mr. John Dalgleish, C.A., also offers himself for re-election as Auditor. G. W. PAINE, Chairman. aoe eee $-_____— NEW DIMBULA COMPANY. The following is from the Investors’ Guardian, of March 25th :— New DimpuLa ComMpANy, LTD. (61,124).—Re- gistered March 16th, with capital £100,000, in £1 shares to acquire the business of the New Dimbula Company, Ltd., (incorporated in 1895), and to carry on in Ceylon and elsewhere the business of plan- ters, growers and exporters of tea, coffee, cocoa, and cinchona. The subseribers are : Shares. W.S. Bennett, Tower House, Slough, tea planter .. 1 Henry Rrooks, St. Peter’s Chambers, Cornhill, E.C. merehant us sed Herbert Brooks, St. Peter’s Chambers, Cornhill, B.C. merchant Bs yey l H. T. Brooks,. St, Peter’s Chambers, Cornhill, H.C. merchant 6 bo W. Jordan, The Acacias, Loughboro’ Road, Brixton, merchant a . A. Crabbe, 52 Gracechurch Street, E.C., merchant 1 E. T. Wise, Hillgrove, Altyre Road, Croydon, clk .. 1 The numbers of directors is not to be less than three nor morethan seven; the firstare the directors of the old company ; qualification £300 ; remunera- tion £500 per annual dividend. Registered office, 52 Gracechurch Street, H.C, ieert het PRS Veen ALOE FIBRES IN MaAurrr1us,—The market is firm. We have to record the sales of 160 bales first quality at R300 per ton of 1000 kilos. NW ° quote nominally : Ist quality R300 to R305 per ton: 2nd quality R165 to R170 per ton.—Commer- cial Gazette. bs CINCHONA BARK.—We hear of 400,000 Ib. of six per cent cinchona bark being sent off from oue pro- perty in Southern India. ‘This, at present prices, should bring a very satisfactory return. 1 EL 802 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. (May 1, 1899. RE-EXPORIS OF INDIAN AND CEYLON TEA. The table included by Messrs. Gow, Wilson & Stanton in their last circular is of special interest. It shows that the total of Indian teas re-exported from Great Britain has risen from about 34 million lb. in 1894 to 7,846,500 lb. in 1898; while those of Ceylon’s in same period have risen from 5,166,620 lb. to 11,523,186 lb. Germany is our best customer ; but it is supposed that the bulk of 3,577,526 lb. of Ceylon tea sent thither, passed through to Russia, a country which also took direct no less than 1,605,701 lb. We suspect, too, that a ood deal should be credited to ** Austria” or Karlsbad, where 40,000 people for the six months of the season drink a good deal of tea imported through Hamburg. It is noteworthy that Germany and Russia to- gether took nearly double (certainly 75 per eent more than) United States and Canada. France’s import (89,207 lb.) is quite imsigni- ficant; and Belgium, with no duty, ought to do better than 108,000 Ib, The people of Chili and of South Africa seem fond of Ceylon (and Indian) teas to judge by the figures, as also those of Newfoundland, Den- mark and the Channel Islands. But cer- tainly Russia and Germany—with Northern Kurope generally—would seem now to be the fields most deserving of attention, though, of course, the American campaign has to he persevered with. ae Ey a eee COFFEE PLANTING: NOTES FROM SER- DANG O. K, SUMATRA, April 6. Isent the Weekly Ceylon Observer with the telegraphic account of My. Ryan’s reception b is Imperial Majesty to a German coffee plendiee in this district, who is vice-President of the Serdang Koffie Planters’ Vereinging (i.e, P.A.), and this is his reply :— Many thanks for your note and the Ceylon Observer. No fear, the German soldiers will never drink Jeylon tea, as they are accustomed to coffee. Nevertheless, the idea of the Ceylon planters was grand, and should be followed by us Serdang planters.” Referring to the accounts of frost in Nuwara Eliya and the Agras, he says, ‘“‘I hope that they will get 28° Fahrenheit in Brazil in their coffee, confound them !” : The long continuance of low prices is hitting hard some few here who rushed into coffee when the prices were most inflated, trusting to be able to borrow later on. Alas! no money is to be found for coffee at present prices. Some of the most careful who went in before the period of inflation, made cal- culations which were prepared to stand a fall in price to $20 per quien, though they never really anticipated having to face the musi¢e set in such a minor key. These looked upon thé affair as an investment. and are consequently rubbing along, though not yet making fortunes! A few, however, with small capital, went in purely and simply on the spree, and that of the wildest ; and the corners of their mouths are considerably turned down just now. However, these prices cannot last for ever. One thing here is assured, and that is crops. Thanks to the soil, these come **whether or no,” and the seasons do not affect Liberian to nearly the same extent that they do its more aristocratic brother. -The original 20 year old trees have this year borne enormously. Five to six catties clean coffee per tree, which is equal to 64 to eight Ib., and one old giant is estimated to have yielded no less than /5 catties. Pro-di-gi-ous! There has recently been a considerable re- vival of tobacco in Serdang. One Company is planting both products on a very exten- sive scale, while others who are planting coffee only, are leasing portions of their lands to tobacco planters, and ave getting very favourable terins for them, too. One or two are turning their thoughts to cacao; but so far nothing practical has been done in this direction. One difficulty is where to get seed from? Ceylon is pest-in- fected, und the risk of seed spoiling in transit is a considerable one. On Tandjong Merawa, a tobacco estate, are some cacao trees, the seed of which was got from Ceylon, 15 or 16 years ago. The cacuo was abandoned, and is now, | am told, growing luxuriantly and bearing heavily in the jungle. But nobody knows whether it is the right sort or not! W. T. WK. SIR T. LIPTON’S SUGAR SCHEME. It was reported from Barbados the other day that the committee of the Agricultural Society had recommended the rejection of Sir Thomas Lipton's offer to purchase canes at 16s per ton for a central factory, to cost £130,000, and to manufacture only £5,000 worth of sugar, the committee being of a that there was nothing in the scheme for them. Sir Thomas Lipton informs us that there must be some misunderstanding, either in the report or on the part of the committee, because his repre- sentative has not made any actual offer to the planters of Barbados. Sir Thomas's experts are still in the West Indies making inquiries, and any offer will, of course, depend on the commercial aspect of the matter as it appears to Sir Tffomas when he receives the full reports, which are yet — by no means complete. But his impression is that in the end the matter will come out all right, and he may- be able to make an offer to planters on a co-operative basis, Obviously there is some misunderstanding in the report that Sir Thomas Lipton proposed to manu- facture only £5,000 worth of sugar. In the event of his taking up the question of central factories in Barbados, it canlt be, we are informed, with a view of dealing with a matter of something lik three quarters of a willion pounds’ worth of sugar. —Daily Mail, April 14. SS TEA-PLUCKING TENDENCIES. A well-known V.A. writes:—“I hear the tendency now is to pluck more coarsely.” Is this the resnlt of any fear lest, by plucking too fine, the home market for the better Ceylon teas may be weakeued consequence of Jarger purchases of cheap Chim and Indian teas being made. The late news to hand, on the contrary. deseribes the bidding for the higher grades as being very vigoro and, as our London Correspondent tells us, brokers seem to be looking forward to a s of high prices. : May 1, 1899.) _ Satrespendence. ———_@—_:— ™ the Editos. CEYLON TEA IN AMERICA. Toronto, March 2Ist, 1899. DEAR SiR,—We are enclosing herewith*an article which appeared yesterday morning in one of our daily papers. It will perhaps be of interest to your readers.—Yours truly. P. C. LARKIN. TEA AND THE PREFERENTIAL 'ARITF. It_is reported that the Government has in view the placing of a taxon tea to meet the deficiency caused by the recent postalreductions. If such is its intention, advantage should be taken of the opportunity to discourage the use of the adul- terated and poisonous teas that are dumped on the Canadian market. There isa lot of trash known as tea that should be absolutely prohibited from entering the country. Thislow grade stuff is the cause of sallow complexion and nervousness in the people who use it. We have no hesitation in saying that itis the exciting cause of many cases of insanity. The farmers seem to use a good deal of it and with bad effects. Whether the Govern- ment places a dutyon tea or not, it should protect the people from these poisonousteas. They come peincipally from China and Japan, being prepared y people who are mnclea nly, ignorant and devoid of all ideas of sanitation. In order to discourage importations from China and Japan, it would not be a bad idea to extend the preferential tariff, as applied to Great Britain, to such parts of the empire as produce tea, thatis if a duty of any kind is to be imposed on tea, The tea plantations of Ceylon and India are under the control of Englishmen, who use machinery to prepare the tea, while in China and Japan the work is done by the bare feet and hands of the natives. A preferential duty would kill two birds with the one stone—encour- age trade within the empire and discourage the use of an article that is sending many people to the asylum. TEA FOR THE QUARTER, London, E.C,, April 6. DEARStIRs,—We are not issuing atea circular this week as no public sales have been held in London, but as the month’s figures have been published since our last circular was sent out, we enclose copy of the figures with afew remarks upon them which we think may interest you. The increased deliveries of Indian tea are very encouraging, while the reduction in the stock is very marked. The smaller Ceylon deliveries during the past few months are doubtless ac- counted for by the somewhat higher prices which ruled for the lower grades of these teas during the greater portion of the season. We feel sure that you will be interested to receive the enclosed copy of figures, and we are, dear sir, yours faithfully, GOW, WILSON & STANTON. Deliveries of Indian tea during March were nearly one million and a half pounds above March last year. This brings up the increase in deliveries of Indian tea for the first ten months of the season to 134 millions ahead of the corresponding period last sea- son; while ihe stock is 64 millions below that at the end of March 1898, Smaller Ceylon deliveries THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 803 are doubtless accounted for by the higher relative prices at which the lower grades of this growth were selling during a large portion of the season; but it is satisfactory to notice that the stock is practically the same as a year ago. Movements (in lbs.) of Indian and Ceylon Tea from :— Ist June 1898 to 31st March 1899. Indian. Ceylon. ist June 1897 to 31st March 1898. Indian. Ceylon. Imports 134,212,606 77,266,270 133,389,215 78,782,754 Deliveries 119,886,559 76,153,798 106,572,938 80,661,592 MANURING EXPERIMENTS. Colombo, 21st April, 1899. DEAR Stk,—Mr. Joseph Fraser sends us today the analysis of a fair sample of the average soil of the experimental plots which, he writes, might be inserted alongside tle imanuring experiment figures, first published in the Observer of the 6th inst., and since in the Zropical Agriculturist. The following is a copy of the analysis men- tioned above :— The results represented the composition of the fine earth of the soil viz., that portion which passes through a sieve having 40 meshes to the linear inch, Per cent. Water lost at 212° Fahr. es D000: *Organic and volatile matters 11:900 Soluble in standard hydrochloric acid oxides ofiron .. 11720 Alumina and Manganese oxide 16°127 Lime .. oo as ate 461 Magnesia 60 ate ate 690 Potash .. AO 58 oe 245 Phosphoric Acid ao; 56 153 Insoluble silicates and undeter- mined matters ate ». 63154 Total seke — 100:000 *Containing Nitrogen "1385 The soil is well supplied with lime, potash, phos« phoric acid and magnesia. There is a fair amount of nitrogen, but this is relatively the most deficient element of plant food present; and from the analysis we would expect this soil to be more responsive to the nitrogenous elements in manures than to the potash and phosphoric acid. The air-dried soil con- tains a high percentage of water, viz., 5°E5 per cent. or in a drier condition of the atmosphere 4:20 per cent. The high percentage of alumina accounts for the soil being thus retentive of moisture. (Signed) M. COCHRAN, r.c,s. City Analyst —We are, dear sir, yours faithfully, FREUDENBERG & CO. CEYLON TEA IN AMERICA. Kandy, April 21st, 1899. Sir,—l enclose copy of a letter received by Mr. Lane from Mr, Wm. Mackenzie, aated New York, March 20th, reporting generally on the state of the tea trade in America,—I am, sir, yours faith- fully, y A. “PHILIP. Secretary ‘‘ Thirty Committee,” New York, March 20. Dear Lane,—I wrote to you three days ago, to catch Saturday’s mail. This may possibly catch the same mail from London to Ceylon. I have just heard the surplus Revenue in Canada is likely to be so large that no new duties will be imposed. But until the Revenue Bill comes up, nothing definite will be known. Discriminative against China-Japan meets with no approval from the Home Government, who have to take a wide and general view of the Wmpire’s affairs, 804 THE TROPICAL See the enclosed cutting. (Given below.—Eb. C.O.) It is astonishing how the dealers here are sticking out against the rise in the London tea market for lower grades, The importers had Calcutta and Colombo teas on hand—bought before the rise which began two months ago, hese teas have been arriving during the list three weeks basing their prices on the recent rise, the Importers have been loudly boasting that they would not sell under present London values. But one after another hs been selling his teas one-half per cent, under London value to please the trade, and steal his neighbour’s customers. The trade has for years been getting China blacks (Congous) at 6d. and under, and last year got our P. Bouchong at 33d to 54d. With another year of low prices, we would, I think, have entirely killed the China blacks. But the rise has driven importers to enquire for these again. During my oe to the West, I had chiefly in view, an enquiry into the success or otherwise of the demons- trations scheme I started last November-December re Pittsbury, Detroit, Buffala and fsoston. I had been getting weekly returns of those sales since we began demonstrating. I sent you some of those before leaving, Engiand, I was shown those of past four weeks all exhibiting a steady increase. Feb. 18th Feb. 25th March 4th March 11th Detroit 702 lb, 673 Tb. 584 1b. 711 Ib. Buffalo 617 737 7A9 804 Pittsburg 649 773 617 934 Boston* 460 1,210 1.440 1,685 2,428 3,393 3,390 4,334 * A snow-storm stopped deliveries. Those demonstrations were in connection with—— fea. He had previous to last October been pushing his teainthose cities some for 12 months, some for twoyears. He at first met with great en- couragement, as the grocers took small quantities 5 to 20 lb. on the strength of his promise to advertise the tea. This he did splendidly, and at a great ex- pense, spending in Boston alone £20 to £30 a week in the best papers. His sales however gradually fell off —but perhaps because his advertising roused U.S. firms tomake a push with similar teas. Grocers returned his teas instead of paying for them—he be- came disheartened, and was gradually reducing his advertising. I was afraid he would retire from the States,in which case his U.S. rivals would revert to their first loves. Chinas and Japans. I proposed substituting demonstrations for advertising and offered to contribute: so far the success has exceeded expectations and when! put it to his Managers in all four cities, ‘‘ whether they would have advertising or continue the demonstrations,’ they with one accord - answered ‘Let us have both, but if one must go, let it be the ‘ advertising.’ ” One of the travellers selling the tea in Boston said, what I have often urged :—“ I have been selling those teas since started in Boston. I failed miserably with the advertising. I have succeeded splendidly since the demonstrations. were started. Every packet bought from advertisements, makes enemies, because of the way the teais made, The demonstrators show the people how to make it—and make friends for us.” IT haye been interrupted by several callers. Mr Blechynden has returned. It is not quite certain yet what the Indian Comittee are to do. Ishall not know till Isee themin Londoa, which I hope to do within a fortnight. The last week for which I gave you the sales here (weare having demonstrations) ended March llth. For week ending 18th, I have,so far, had the return from Boston only—it is the largest on our record, 1,740 lb. About Chicago, andthe West, I have much to say; but must postpone it. All goes well, however, so far as the packet business is concerned, but bulk teas are too dearin London for the market, as it is, low grades may take. et ae + % Logo. Greens.—In Mr, Blechynden's report to his committee he cays about wnfermented teas :—* Some camples of these Oolong teas made in India, were sent me early thie yur. They were found so suitable for the ma.ket, and firms were so ready to give immediate large orde rs, that I have had to revise my opinion. I now believe tbat there are certain distviets in India, where Ovlong teas cf a character to command a ready sale can be made, and if such teas are pro- duced there is practically no limit to the business that could be done” §e. Those Indian | pegs I mentioned in my letter of 14th were packed np at once. Unfortunately there were only a few hundred cases, whereas thousands could be sold, These could be sold easily, wherea our blacks for price are unsaleable being too dear. An Importer bought some Ceylon greens lately. He has twice told me the people to whom he sold them, coald not get rid of them—as they were good and pretty, but different from the kinds used here, hese people have now wired to him to reserve for them any other similar Ceylor greens he could get. —Yours truly, (Signed) Wu. Macxenzir. — > + PLANTING NOTES. Brazit Corrke Nores.—The committee of coflee factors of Kio de Janeiro, in its report presented on last Friday, maintains its previous estimate of 3,000,000 bags for the crop of 1899-1900. The com- mittee says that the crop, as well as the trees, has been injured by drought, but that it is not yet pos- sible to estimate the amount of damage thus caused. It is expected that the early maturing of the coffee will cause an increase of 20 per cent. in the receipts at Rio de Janeiro before the 30th of Sauna News, March 28, HOOKER’s ‘‘ICONES PLANTARUM.” Part IV. of the sixth volume (March 1894), of Hooker's Icones, edited for the Bentham Trustees by Sir W T Thiselton-Dyer, contains illustrations of several plants of botanical interest. Among them various species of the Euphorbiaceous genus Hevea are given. The floral details of some of these are singularly like some of the Malvales or Sterculiads- Odontospermum pygmeum, t- 2583, is a desert Composite, shrivelling in dry weather, but expand- ing when the rain comes, hence it has been (with others) called the Rose of Jericho. Mr Hemsley contributes further details relating to the extraor- dinary Pandanad named by him Sararanga sinuosa. —Gardeners’ Chronicle, April 1. CEYLON TEA AT MANILA.—At the close of some interesting notes on affairs at the Philippnes forwarded to us by a resident, at Manila, we learn that there is likely to be a considerable opening for the sale of Ceylon tea at the Philip- ine capital. At present it is quite unknown there he price at present paid there for China tea is 2} dollars, or rather over 4s apound. With the increasing traffic which passes through Colombo on its way to Manila there should be no difficulty for the transport of the article, and the sooner an experiment is made at Manila, the more likely is the Ceylon product to get a footing too firm to suffer appreciably by any con- — tinuing importations of China teas. Although the troops are reported to be discontented and eager to returo home, there is little donbt that onee _ the islands are subdued aconsiderable number of — colonists will pass over from America to settle in. these fertile colonies. In this connection we may _ mention we have received some daily notes from a private on board the U S transport “Sheri-_ dan” from which we hope shortly to publish extracts, May 1, 1899.] THE VELLIKELLIE TEA COMPANY OF CEYLON, LIMITED. REPORT :— To be presented at the second ordinary general meeting of the Vellikellie Tea Company of Ceylon, Limited, held at the Offices of the Company, 12, Fenchureh Street, London, E.C. :— Your Directors have the pleisure of submitting their Report and Balance Sheet for the six months ending 31st December, 1898, in accordance with the announce- ment made in their last Report, that such special closure of Accounts would be effected, in order that the Season’s working may henceforth run from Jan- uary to December of each year. The result of the working isnot very favourable but as much so as could be anticipated from the weather conditions. _ The yield of the Estates has been 90,539 lb. of which 85,145 lb. have been shipped to London, and sold at a grossaverage of 10:08 per lb. The crop for 1899 is estimated at 210,000 lb. Exchange has averaged 1/4 13-64 per rupee. The Working Account discloses a surplus of receipts (£919 173 11d), which, after the addition of the bal- ance bionght forward (£47 8s 6d) and the deduction of dividend on Preference Shares (£142 10s 0d), leaves sufficient for the payment of a Dividend of 2 per cent free of income tax, on Ordinary Shares (£705), and a balance to be carried forward of £119 16s 5d in res- peci of preliminary expenses, income tax, etc. Mr. G. A, Dick, at present in Ceylon, expresses himself as thoroughly pleased with the local manage- ment of the Company’s property and affairs, and con- siders that the present season opens with better prospects of financial success, Mr. Edgar Bois retires from the Board on this occasion, and, being eligible, offers himself for re- election. Mr. J. Hamilton Alston, the Auditor, also offers himself for re-election.

" ln |> Mocha Tea Co., of Ceylon, Ltd. 500 G5C ‘ po ne fei Poa eh 4 qe s°o°EL Fe To 41s Nahavilla Fstate Co , Ltd. 500 Es 50" a 8 es. Sy Gas, ins Nyussaland Cotiee Co. Ltd, 100 e 90 n'l a 2/3 /z DOSBSUAASOMOD i zy Ottery Estate Co., Ltd. 100 110 = 6 8 | 8 |Fenxsnocasern sg |F Laem er pee oe ee 500 bs 423 eee aed = : ib: Ponrhos Estates Co., Ltd. 100 95 Sis | SEe32ern432en- = Pine Hill Estate Co., Ltd. ea Shales ~ §|8 | SSPETebeetcas|= 3 Pubupeule Tee Re “is 160 -. 00n'l aay = rime E Ratwatte Cocoa Co., Ltd. 600 Sat mH ale |sounws ms |e Rayigam Tea Co., Ltd. 100 uy a a 3 | SSPSRESSSERSF a le Roeberry Tea Co., Ltd. 100 55 60 i | 2 a tae eR ae essa Tome Ruanwella Tea Co., Lid. 100 = 75 a jen | ee Tide > |e St. Heliers Tea Co., Ltd. 50 500 au 5]|>18 CSaRE SHR Oe Den|S & Talgaswela Tea Co., Ltd. Lou = 32-50° a S| 2 | Goon AMAOS gS so je 18 Do TEC ea aba ‘ 100 " 90 = z ers AS tn Ee Tonacombe Estate Co., Ltd. 500 i 5 : 28 Sseriansnassos Hs = Udabage Estate Co., Ltd. 100 oi 65 nil Fa & % eceeeeeneeee é 5 z Jdugame leas Hinks Co., Ltd. 50 aE 10 az se es = |e = Onion Estate Co., Ltd. 500 220 — Qliaga |\sananoncowxws ao 12 Upper, Meckeliya Estate C., 4 % EPESSEST ET SZ2 E é : 500 an 50G* fy = = ia iS ip Ovakellie Tea Co., of Ceylon, I.td. 100 72 =e E = \s Vogan Tea Co., Ltd. 100 3 gon Zz mB | SSeSSS2SSsRes | S$ iz Wanarajah Tea Co., Ltd. 600 11001150 < SB | Gnaadshawaaeon \5 ls Yataderiya Tea Co., Ltd. 109 375-400 oe == eon Me Oryion CommenciaL Compan?Es S |SSSSSSSSLESSS 1S |g Adam's Peak Hotel Co., Ltd. 100 va a7e0 Re Q | Gowmsonacnmars | a : Bristol Hotel Cc., Ltd. 100 at 85* = rt ARES Do 7 per cant Debts. 100 101 fu Rew > het: iis Leer: Fee ees Ceylon Gen. Steam Navgt: ae 2ue 5 2 E 6 Co., Ltd. 100 190 = ~ akise SESES 5 len Caylon Spinning and Weaving, Co, BRUM Lo, eoSo Ear Ltd. a one 100 2 a S955 5225553 9 o/o Debts. 100 45 = = Be New Colombo Ice Co., Ltd. 100 “160 — arelbei d estas large quantity Nuwara Eliya Hotels Co., Ltd. 100 2585 e being made, the machine having been care- Public Hall Co., Ltd. Be AME LEY 2 fully tested in several rubber countries. Th Petroleum Storage Co. 100 as * price will be somewhere about £7 ; . Do — 10 % pref. 100 35 40 figur t havi 7, the exaet Wharf and Warehouse ©o., Ltd. 40. « «80 a gure not having been fixed yet. 3 a ee %* Transactions. * Transact May 1, 189¢ | THE TROPICAL, COLOMBO PRICE CURRENT. (Furnished by the Chamber of Commerce.) Colombo, May 2nd, 1899 ExcHANGE on Lonpon :—Closing Rates Bank Selling Rates :—On demand 1/4; 4 months’ sight 1/4 1-32; 6 months’ sight 1/41-16. Bank Buying Rates:—Credits3 months’ sight 1/4 5-32 to 316; 6 months’ sight 1/44 to 9-32; Docts 3 months’ sight 1/4 3.16 to 7-32; 6 months’ sight 1/49-32 to 5-16 Indian Bank Minimum Rates 6 % Local Rates: 1 to 2 o/o Higher. CorrEEz :— Plantation Estate Parchment onthe spot per bus— R13.00 Plantation Estate Coffee, f.o.b on the spot per cwt 174.00 Liberian Parchment on the spot per bus—none Native Coffee f.o.b per cwt. R44°50 Tra:-- Average Prices ruling during the week—Broken Pekoe per lb. 45c. Pekoe per lb. 40c, Pekoe Sou- chong per lb. 36c, Broken Mixed anid Dust, per lb. 28c.—Averages of Week’s sale. CincHova Barx:—Per unit of Sulphate of Quinine perlb 7c. 1 0/o to 4 o/o Carpamoms:—Per lb R1.75 Coconut O1n:—Mill oil per cwt. none. Dealers’ oil per cwt. R14.37; Coconut oil in ordinary packages f.o.b. per ton R325.00 Copra:—Per candy of 560 lb. R45.00 Ooconut Caxr:— (Poonac) f.o.b. (Mill) per ton, R77.5) Cocoa unpicked & undried, per cwt. R48.00 Picked & Dried f. 0. b. per cwt R52. . Kozalla 217.25 Corr Yarn.—Nos. 1 to 8 | ColomboR16 00 { Unchanged Cinnamon :—Nos. 1 & 2 only f.o.b. 60c. Do Ordinary Assortment, per lb 52c. Exsony.—Per ton.—none PuiumBaco:—Large Lumps per ton, R750 Ordinary Lumps per ton, R700 Chips per ton, R550 Dust per ton, R350 Rick.—Soolye per bag, R 7.50 to 8.20 » per bushel, { R 2.85 to 3.10 Pegu & Calcutta Calunda per bushel. R2°95 to 3:10 Coast Calunda per bushel, R3.20 to R3.40 Mutusamba per bushel R3.30 to 3.75 Kadapa and Kuruwe, per bushel—none. Rangoon, raw 3 bushel bag R 9.37 to R10.00, Coast Kara per bushel & 310 to 3.35 Soolai Kara per bushel R 2,75 to 2.80 THE LOCAL MARKET (By Mr. James (ribson, Baillie St., Fort.) Colombo, May 2nd, 1899. Estate Parchment :—per bushel R1000 to 12°00 Chetty do do 7-00 to 9:00 Maye eed. is }Pex ewe. 20°00 to R31-00 Liberian cotfee:—per bush R3°50 to 4°00 do cleaned coffee:—per ewt R18°00 to 20°. 0 Cocoa unpicked:—per ewt R44°00 t» 49°00 cleaned do R46°00 to 52°00 Cardamoms Malabar per lb. R1'25 to 1°30 do Mysore do R50 to 1°65 Rice Market List Soolai per bag of 164 lb. nett Slate or Ist quality :—per bushel Soolai 2& 3rd. do do do Coast Calunda Coast Kara Kazala Muttusamba Ordinary Rangoon Rice per bag R987 to 10°00 Cinnamon. per lb No 1 to 4:00°49 to 00°51 R7 50 to 8°20 R300 to 3°10 R2°85 to 2°05 do do l toy RO00'56 to 00°60 do Chips per candy R90'00 Coconuts Ordinary per thousand 35°00 fo 38°00 do Selected do R360) to 39°00 Coconut Oil per ewt R14 25 to 14°50 do d> KF. O. B. per ton R285'00 to R290°09 Copra per candy Kalpitiya do R4 00 Marawila do R45°00 to 43°50 Cart Copra do R40°00 to 41°50 Gingelly Poonie per ton R90'00 to 92°50 oconut Chekku do Rs0'00 to 82°59 AGRICULTURIST, 807 do Mill (retail) do R78'00 to §6 00 Cotton Seed do R65-00 to 67°50 Satie cod © nes cubic feet R200 to 224 ) Flowered do A ‘ Halmilla do SE R190 Palu do R160 to 112 Ebony per ton R750) to 17500 Kitul fibre per ewt R30°60 Palmyra do do R450 to 17°59 Jatina Black Clean per cwt none do mixed do £11-00 to 12°30 Indian do R800 to 13°59 do Cleaned do R809 to 17°50 Sapanwood per ton 250°00 Kerosine oil American per case R625 to 6°50 do bulk Russian per tin R2°75 to 2°85 do Sumatra per Cases, n ne Nux Vomica per ewt R2-00 to 3°50 Croton Seed per cwt R38°00 10 40:00 Kapok cleaned fob do cwt R24:00 to 25-00 do uncleaned do R800 to 9:09 Large lumps R 60°00 to 700700 Plumbago per ton,according do = -R°Cv'00 to 650-0 to grade } Chips R17 0°00 to 500°00 Dust R 50°00 to 30070 al 7 a] CEYLON EXPORTS AND DISTRIBUTION, 1898-99: aq . g fo D zB a See ie = 2) ).== = — = ; in a 2) s\sz | 33: 3 5 olnoe 16 . : rapkrien Sy SS 2D g\2b |5 Sago BB BSCE ey SoG 0 ae t t ws ° < glee 3 i: | 7 fio. 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" 7 t 5 tr i paras $ ib Peaet ae arth ye | i ‘ > . “The ; tPep4T } Gi Se : aE ths S50 GRR Wee TFL fabio vit ihe Pees oh hee Briieiy Evcty ts peeps Uy, bas! Api PU at Yat Fee Fae ee Yr a tus ee Pe lt at vith Tiodeny mis te beige als | ¢ peed Peery tingle ydg tet Mis Soy “te he Sati ta Be ribale ied rye wei ly af shes! : SAD: Vedat hid agi. Sethe teuw uct Sitti hE LED ee ot ht iad.” ter oTtiisay ai a ‘ 7. Vou 4 wv. tel PAD aelh oth: Y WB Healey A's Yair wri Sh te ae i Shag. Widdns ais whist ty “Se res MED, any. BA ted iiegraila welt 14 2a sey, OTe Wieck: Hvnlyi sey wockilee's Re BIS SAL AD 3 as Seen EET. Otte 139553 J : eyiel fetes ook. 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(ABs ‘mae Ry a i Tes ope chat i" ors ah gas) Fa iw r é € : Pe Fd PCNA, Pi Nadas ane - ) te ge ‘ Se we ‘ ' litem dicot oad ae. 7 fe oe aa Pe. it ts as a3 f Yes 154A) put tt paths ty EAP A pore wpe oe el OL y-atld 2 biter Fe Dipl 6 ef wT ES bee oy acypolcxung totter eae aw t eri tom vey. a “yrher ita 4 a i, AD ShIPicy Teer : oh D bi-seyaed Gig ee sO be sO pev ate) “OTT OP wral bee laity Lit Secs) Ae Pushers. > rey” its edt Art ae ven) 7) ; Ae r wa sda MAU YGLE™ pene seat oles r “Si e “i= drgiel Dad Tay vaste “2 ath yey ayy x ree! atadge cock lintel gre crag I Bexy ind AE h fisuas apes ra “af nia. a) fo fl 0 nv WOT alt te & jint.s R56 AGRIGULTGRKAL MAGAZINE, COLOMBO. Added as a Supplement Monthly to the “TROPICAL AGRICULTULIST” The following pages include the Contents of the Agricultural Magazine for May :— MAY, 1899. [No. 11. NEW DEVELOPMENTS IN THE COCONUT INDUSTRY, m3). have: had the privelege of being consulted by a party who has been going very fully and energetically into the methods of extracting oil from the coconut, and has brought to bear much practical experience of a technical nature on the ques- tion, with a view to discovering a means of producing a finer article on a commrcial scale. I is well known that special metheds can be, and are, used for preparing special samp.es of fine oil for exhibition purposes, but such methods, or rather devices, are quite outside commercial possibilities. Not very long ago the Czylon Observer opened its columns to the discussion of the question of the superiority of Cochin over Ceylon coconut oil, and the reasons for this fact, Asa result a good deal of interesting correspondence was forthcoming, in the course of whici much useful information regarding the preparation of coconut oil was brought to light. The conclusion of the whole matter, however, pointed to the fact that there was no secret in the preparation of the best oil in the market, and that the sun-drying of the copra, coupled with careful manipulation in the orthodox fashion, accounted for the difference in the quality of the rival oils. Now, a dry heat anda meagre rainfall are not within the command of the coconut planter who would turn his nutsinto copra, while, some how, (we will notstay to enquire why) drying the kernels by means of dessicators has not come to be fanciep - in copra making as in the manufacture of “ dessicated coconut.” It has remained, however, for the party above referred to, after an expenditure of much time— not to say capital—to solve the problem of producing, on acommercial scale, the finest possible quality of oil by an altogether new process. Naturally, a prolonged and careful study of this question has brought other new facts to light as side issues, for instance the purification of oils generally, and the preparation of what for the present are called “ Extracts” from oil seeds, and particularly the coconut. Again, we would state that the tedious device of straining and filtering adopted in the clarification of exhibition oils, forms no part of the purification method referred to, while the rew ‘‘ Extracts” are as promising as they are startling in their novelty, And the great point aboug all these processes isthat they can be carried on rapidly and on the widest commercial bases, with the production of the purest articles—perfectlY fren, be it said, from chemica! taint. These statements as to the quality of the products are not merely founded on the zpse divé of the inventor, nor are they the views of an interested or favourably prejudiced critic, but are based on reports of chemical experts and dealers in London. The keenest interest has been evinced in this new developement of the cocount industry, and busi- ness negociations are just now in active progress. “We have been permitted to say this much and no 810 more, till definite arrangements have been made to launch the new industry, which is already engaging the attention of more than one espitalist outside the island, and we will only add that we heartily congratulate the promoter of this business which should help to further strengthen the position of the coconut planters of the Colony. —__@—_<_<<<_ RAINFALL TAKEN AT THE SCHOOL OF AGRICULTURE DURING THE MONTH OF MARCH, 1899. 1 Wednesday... Nil 18 Saturday .. Nil 2 Thursday .. Nil 19 Sunday .. Nil 8 Friday .» Nil 20 Mondsry Nil 4 Saturday .. Nil 21 Tuesday Nil 5 Sunday ..» Nil 22 Wednesday... Nil 6 Monday Nil 23 Thursday .. Nil 7 Tuesday .. Nil 24 Friday Nil 8 Wednesday .. Nil 25 Saturday .. ‘50 9 Yhursday .. Nil 26 Sunday ,, °16 10 Friday .. Mil 27 Monday 05 11 Saturday Nil 28 Tuesday .. -29 12 Sunday .. Nil 29 Wednesday... ‘74 13 Monday .- Nil. 80 Thursday .. Nil 14 Tuesday .., Nil 381 Friday soy) ea 15 Wednesday .. Nil 1 Saturday .. ‘28 16 Thursday .. Nil — 17 Friday ainy Nak Total. .1-78 Greatest amount of rainfall in any 24 hours on the 29th inst, -74 inches. Meen rainfall for the month ‘05 in. Recorded by Mr. J. A, G. Roprico. ee) OCCASIONAL NOTES. Catelogttes of the Colombo Agri-Horticultural Show to be held in July next can be had on appli- cation te the Honorary Secretary, School of Agriculture, Colombo. — The following are the Agricultural Exhibits retjuired for the Ceylon Court in the Paris Exhivition 1900.—Group VII. Agriculture (classes 35-42) in the Paris Exhibition official catalogue. Class 89. Vegetable Food Products: Rice, Tea, Coffee, Cacao, Cardamoms, Vanilla, Pepper, Cin- chona, Sugar, Cinnamon. Class 41. Non-edible Agricultural Products: Rubber, Ramie, Aloe and Fibre, Coir, Palmyrah, Kitul, Coconut Oil, Citronella Oil, Cinnamon Oil, Lemon Grass Oi], non-cultivated oils (such as Kekuna, Mi, Domba, &c.) and Tobacco. Of these the Planters’ Association of Ceylon has undertaken to collect the whole of class 39, except Rice, Sugar and Cinnamon, and also Rubber, while the Chamber of Commerce has undertaken to supply Sugar and Cinnamon as well as the whole of class 41, excepting Rubber, non-cultivated Oils, and Tobacco. Rice has been assigned to the Government Agents, Western, Hastern and Southern Provinces ; Tobacco to.thé Government Agents, Northern, Eastern and North-Western Provinces; Sugar also to the Government Agent, Southern Province; Non-culti- vated oils to the Conservator of Forests and the Government. Agent, North-Central Provinces Supplement to the “ Tropical Agricultwrist.” aA (May 1, 1899. Mr. Thomas Christy of Lime Street reports that he will shortly place a large stock of approved Rubber machines on the market, the approximate price of a machine being £7. Some of there will no doubt very shortly reach Ceylon, and help to settle the vexed question of what form of rubber would be most easily grown and remuneratively cultivated in the Colony. Mr. E. Elliott, of Walawe Estate, Amblautcta, reports having received from Queensland three descriptions of paddy seed—one of which is put down to yield 14 to 8 tons per acre (75 to 100 bushels). Mr. 8. D. Mahawailatenne, Ratemahatmeyas of Balangoda, is establishing an extensive girden, both for flowers and fruits, in which he is trying different imported varieties of fruit with a view to finding out those which will thrive in his district. Naturally, the experiment is costing a good deal, but Mr. Mahawallatenne will have the satisfaction of feeling that he is engaged in a most laudable work, which should goa great way towards making his district conspicuously progressive, as well as to confer a permanent bene- fiton the inhabitants. Balangoda possess good soil and a climate that should suit many temperate plants. —_——@-—_ —_ AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. Just at this stage when the question of an Agricultural Department and the reorganising of Agricultural Education in the Island is occupying the attention of a Commission, the following extract from Dr. Voelcker’s report on the improre- ment of Indian Agriculture is much to the pout :—~— “The question next arises: granted that there is a need of men more agriculturally trained, what inducements are there to be given to them to pur- sue the study of agriculture? If young men go to other employments because there are no ope n- ings for them in agriculture, how are these open- ingstobe made? Only by giving as good “ prizes” for agriculture as for the Bar or fer Government employ. The Land Revenue Administration needs a regular supply of men to fill posts in it. Land Revenue Inspectors are required whose business 1s with the people in their agricultural relations, and who have to do with the soil and the crops. Surely those best fitted are the ones who have had an agricultural training, and the administrationjof matters connected with the Jand will be best carried out by the men who understand agricul ture best. In England a land steward is not a man who is taken out of a bank, or who has do.e no more than take a high unisersity degree in classics or mathematics. So should it be with Land Revenue Inspectors; they should be men who have passed through the agricultural classes, or through institutions that give a training in agriculture. In the course of my tour I met many Inspectors wbose mind seemed to be quite a blank on the subject of agriculture; in other parts, as in some districts of the Central Pro- vinces, I found them to take a decided interest in agriculture.- These latter were men who had passed through Mr, Fuller’s Agricultural Clase, — —* May 1, 1899.] In Bombay it is now provided that all can- didates for the staff of Inspectors of Village Records must qualify by passing a course in agriculture. I cannot put these views into better general terms than those adopted in the following two Resolutions adopted at the Simla Agricul- tural Conference :— Resolution VI.—It is highly desirable that the cluims of men trained in Scientific Agriculture fo appointments in the Revenue and Cognate Departments should be as freely recognised as those of men trained in Law, Arts and Engi- neering. Resolution VIf.—That where appointments in the Revenue| and Cognate Departments are made on the results of competitive examinations, Scien- tifie Agriculture should be included as an optional or necessary subject in the examination course.” These remarks of Dr. Voeleker have, to our mind, a most important bearing on the question ut issue in Ceylen. It is common enough to hear the remark that the School of Agriculture is a failure. And why? The answer, we think, is because the Govern- ment do not recognise the factors which are necessary for the success of the school, One important factor has been indicated in the passage extracted from Dr. Voelcker’s report, namely, that Government should utilize the agents which have been provided by them.for the spread of agricul- tural knowtedge among the masses, and to kelp the cultivators in the rural districts. In this connection we might quote from a letter received from a Tamil gentleman, referring to the circumstances of the Tamil districts. “ Headmen, such as Irrigation Vannias, Pattu Vannias in the Eastern Province, and Maniagars and Adigars in the Northern Province sheuld be drawn from among those who have had a training in agriculture. I say this with good reason, since everything con- nected with puddy cultivation is under the control of these officers. How wella trained man could serve in such appointments will be seen when I refer to the duties of such headmen. ‘he headman, as a responsible officer, has to convene meetings of cultivators and discuss with them such questions as the extent of land which could be irrigated, the kind of paddy to be sown, the method of sowing to be adepted, and other agricultural details of a practical nature, In short, lie is the authorised guardian of paddy culti- vation. Where else could a man with an agri- cultural training better prove his utility than in such a situation, invested with authority sufficient to influence and control the cultivators in their practical operations. Why, the power for good he will be able to exert will be immense.” These remarks are on all fours with those of Dr. Voelcker, though written with reference to Ceylon. There are some who would say, the idea is sound enough, but the School of Agriculture does not turn out men suitable for such appointments. And the reason is because the students at present at the school are drawn from a class that have no hopes of attaining such positions, Given the plospects, and the proper class of men will be attracted. There is one other point we would wish to refer to before abandoning this subject tor the present, and that is the importance of widening Supplement to the “ Trapical Agriculiurist.” 811 the scope of the practical side of an agricultural training (now totally lost sight of) by, among other methods, taking the students about to sce in actual practice the work which they have been taught theoretically or by small object lessons, and to appreciate the defects and excellences of agriculture in preetice. This is a detail which is acknowledged to be of the first importance in a technical training, and forms part of the course in all agricultural schools and colleges, whether in the West or the East—with Ceyloa alas! asa solitary exception. But we have written enough for the present, and we conclude with the hope that such im- portant points as we have touched upon in this article will not be lost sight of by the Commission at present sitting. a rere THE JAK TREE. We are indebted to the Hon'ble W. T. A. Edwards, M.P., of Mauritius, for a copy of the annual report on the work carried on at the Station Agronomique in that Colony during the year 1897. The report is very full and interesting, and we would acknowledge its receipt with many thanks. Most interesting to us, however, are the chemical analyses of many vegetable products familiar enough in this Colony, and for the present we shall refer to the notes on the Jak Tree (Artocarprus integrifolia). ‘The tree is referred to as an excellent shelter against wind, a vigorous grower and supplying valuable timber for carpenter's work, The leaves are spoken off as good food for cattle, while the fruit is used both as food for human beings und for cattle. The seed and fleshy, sweetish* pods” are edible, but the remainder of the fruit—that is almost half the total weight— consisting of ihe envelope properly so called, and the core, is excellent food for cattle and swine, Each fruit weighs from 10 to 20 kilos: the tree is therefore highly productive. The entire fruit yields a proportion of Rind and core oo 008 54:5 Pods... wae ate Ree 15:0 Seeds we ae ACA 32°35 Fruit complete 100:0 The composition in 100 parts is given as follows .— Envelope. Seed. Podss Water oan ate 82°30 52-40 73.50 Mineral matter... 0:97 1:28 118 Callulose... aa 207 2:99 061 Fat 70¢ a 0-49 0:16 0:08 Non-Nitrogenous substances * 550 13-04 8741 23°49 Nitrogenous... ae 1:13 5:77 1-19 100:00 10000 100:00 * Containing Saccharine matter 5°72 one 18°51 Oe a ae - a . a 1. cs 812 Or in 100 parts of the entire fruit; Envelope. Seed. Pods. Hutire Fruit. Water on ALBS 681 23°29 750 Mineral matter 0:58 017 O88 1.8 Cellulose... 1:18 0°39 0°20 1-2 Pat bey 0:27 0:02 001 03 Non-Nitrogenous substances * 7:10 4°86 763 19-60 Nitrogenous 0°62 O75 0:39 175 5450 13800 82:50 10000 ‘Containing Sugar 3812 ee 602 914 ————————EEEE BORACIC ACID AS A PRESERVATIVE. Boracic acid is the chief ingredient in most of the patent preparations which are sold under various trade names for preserving milk and butter. A little boracie acid added to milk goes a great way to keep the milk sweet, an important consideration in tropical countries where milk turns so quickly. The sonring of milk is due to the generation of lactic acid brought about by the action of a ferment which converts the milk sugar or lactose in milk into lactic acid. When the acid reaches a certain proportion the milk begins to curdle. The sume change could of course be brought about artificially by adding other acids such as citric acid in the form of lemon juice. In cheese-making the curdling of milk is a necessary process, and is induced by the ‘addition of rennet, an extract generally got from the fourth stomach of the calf or the stomach of ‘the pig, and containing hydrochloric acid, an ingredient of the gastric juice. Boracic acid, or ~borie acid as it is more commonly called, is an antiseptic which prevents the action of ferments -in a medium such as milk when added to it. The chief merit -of boracic acid is that it is a com- paratively harmless substance as compared for instance with salycilic acid, which possesscs the same antiseptic properties. Still,itis not to be supposed that it can be used in unlimited quan- tities, and for that reason it is reasonable thay some check should be placed on its use as a pie- servative. In this connection we might quote from the Adelaide Observer a reference to the excessive use of boracic acid in the preservation of butter, while the maximum quantity permitted is also indicated: “The Minister of Agriculture, the Hon’ble R. Butler, his received from the Agent-General, Mr. E. Benny Young, Manager of the London depot, an account of the prosecution of a grocer in Birmingham for selling butter from Adelaide containing too large a percentage of boracic acid. ‘The report states that ~ the two boxes purchased were part of a consign- ment of 25,148 packages from Adelaide in the steamship “India.” The butter as testea was found to contain ] per cent. of boracic acid, equal to. 70 grains to the pound. A fine of 40s. was imposed. The Minister wishes attention drawn to this case, ag it is of the greatest importance to the Australian butter trade, and he also points out that the total quantity shipped from Adelaide by the “ India” was ~-76 cases, or less than 2 tons, and that there is no Supplement to the “ Tropical Agriculturist.” (May 1, ? proof that the two cases tested were of South Australian manufacture. On the other hand, it is extremely improbable that out of the 25.143 cases on board, the two cases te-ted would belong to the 76 cases from South Australia. The Minisier sent on the information to the Dairy Expert, Mr. Thomson, for report, and he rej lied as follows:— “Concerning the use of preservatives for butter and dairy produce, this | have emphatically condemned in my Jectures throughout the dairying districts of the colony, and also in articles written on dairy subjects. Many eminent authorities recognsie their use as benefiical to health, but the maximum quantity advised for better preserva tion rarely exceeds 0'6 per cent, The butter-test- ing lately conducted at the Government Depot gave satisfactory evidence that preservatives are not essential to the keeping qualities of well- washed and carefully-manufactured batter. When butter is thoroughly freed from battermilk, preser- vatives can be entirely dispensed with, If the system of pasteurization were adopted, the general quality of butter would be increased considerably, and little cause would remain to encourage makers to add boracic acid or any other preservative.” Taking | per cent. of boracic acid as equivalent to 70 grains to the pound, O06 per cent (the amount which, it is recommended, should not be exceeded) would be equivalent to 42 grains to the pound. Taking the same proportionace weights and milk equal to 24 Jbs, per quart, the maximum amount for milk would be as nearly as possible 52 grains per pint (20 0z.). Those who arein the habit of using boracic acid for preventing milk from turning sour quickly would do well to note this fact which is based on expert opinion. = haere PREPARATION OF ANATTO IN THE WEST INDIES, The preparation of anatto is very simple. The freshly-gathered seeds are put in a tub and boiling water is poured over them, the mass being frequently stirred so as to wash off the waxy testa from the seeds. After some days the mass is passed through 2 sieve to separate the “seeds which should come away free from the dye. The liquid is then left for a week to ferment and to allow the dye to settle at the bottom of the ve-sel and the clear water is drawn off. The de- posited dye ig next put into shallow pans in order that the excess of moisture may be evaporated in the shade. When the substance is of the con- sistency of putty, it may be made into ro]ls of two or three pounds weight and wrapped in banana leaves, and it then becomes the flag or roll anatto which is exported in great. quantity from Brazil. _It may, however, be ailowed to become drier by a longer exposure in the shallow pans, and then it can be moulded into square cakes weighing eight or ten pounds each and also wrapped in banana leaves. _ The cakes are usually packed for export in casks containing five hundredweights, browa externally, but the inside is of a reddish or yellow colour; and in this form it fetches the highest price in the market. The cakes should he _ thoroughly dry before they are packed to prevent — deterioration by their becoming mouldy after they are shipped. a Cuke anatto is. May 1, 1899.] Inthe French Colony of Guadeloupe where anatto (called by the French “roucou”) is extensively cultivated, a different mode of preparation is adopted, The seeds are thoroughly crushed bet ween rollers so that they come out as fine powder infimately mixed with the dye. The product is then put into water, and whenit has subsided to the bottom, the surface water is run off, and the paste is boiled for four or five hours. Itis afterwards put into boxes pierced at the bottom with holes that are covered with a cloth so us to prevent the paste running through. A board is placed on the top of the paste, and weighted down soas to press out the excess of moisture through the bottom holes. The paste is then packed in cakes in layers separated by banana leaves, and this is done so as to retain mcisture and to prevent fermentation. If the paste be too dry water is sometimes poured into the cask, for unless the anatto be kept moist it will deteriorate in value. The product, of course, con- tains ‘nly a proportion of the dye mixed with the powdered seeds, and it is, therefore, not nearly so valuable as the pure cake anuatto. The finer the dye is sent to the markets the higher will be the prices obtained for it; and, unless a fine article be prepared, it is better to ship the dried seeds from which the dye is extracted in England and the United States, [ior the above interesting description we are indebted to Dr. Nicholls. We would point out an apparent contradiction in the above account, for while we read in one place that anatto cakes shonld be thoroughly dry to prevent them losing their value by becoming mouldy, in another place we are told that unless the anatto be kept moist it will deteriorate in value. In Ceylon anatto cultivation has been practically abandoned, but the name which is always associated with the product is that of Mr. A. Van Starrex of Crystal Hill, Matale. Mr. Van Starrex is no doubt quite familiar with the different processes of pre- paration referred to above, and we believe he has worked out a new one forhimself, which to judge from his persistency in anatto manufacture and his excellent exhibitsat the last Fruit and Flower Show in Colombois doubtless asremunerative as it is successful. We understand that his modus operandi is not so simple as either of the methods above de-cribed, and involves many mechanical and chemical details, with the re-ult that a highly finished article is produced. We have seen no account of Mr, Van Starrex’s system of anatto ex- traction and preparation for the market, and ifit is no secret we shall be most pleased to have a des- cription of it—in continuation of the above notes— for publication in these pages. Aceurding to Dr. Nicholls ten pounds of seed will give at least a pound of the cake. The dye is used for colouring butter and cheese, and also for dyeing calico, silk, wool, skin, feathers, ivory, bone and the like, It produces a fast colonr of a fine tint, and it is somelimes used to give a deeper shade to simple yellow dyes. A red as well as a yellow dye can be obtained from it. Weread in the January number of the Queensland Journal that Aniline is being used in butter- colouring—a practice which is of course most objectionable and has been strongly condemned by Chemists, Supplement to the “ Tropical Agriculturist.” 813 The following method of detecting the presence of aniline has been published as a warning against the practice : — “Pour a few drops of the butter-colour upon a white china plate and over-pour these with a few drops of pure concentrated sulphuric acid. If the butter colour is vegetable colour (orlean or Orlean seed) there appears a dark bluish-green colour, which gradually goes over the greenish yellow. If it contains aniline eller tar colour there will appear a red margin or red spots. which gradually spread themselves over the whole.— Ep. A.M,] Bod ee Page te FORTHCOMING AGRI-HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY'S EXHIBITION. THE The Catalogue of this Exhibition, fixed to taka place in Colombo on the 2st and 22nd July next, is now out, —___—_ GENERAL ITEMS. The following is taken from Dr. Voelcker’s annual report for 1898 to the Rvyal Agricul- tural Society of England, under the head of Analyses of Feeding Stuffs :—The husk or “ parch- ment” skin of the coffee berry which envelopes the berry after the fleshy pericarp has been removed by the washing and macerating pro- cess to which the fruit is subjected on the estates where the coffee is grown, and which in turn is rem)ved by hand before the coffee is roasted, has hitherto been rightly looked upon as useless for feeding purposes. Lately, however, it appears to have been introduced as a convenient component of certain of those fre- quently very “doubtful” articles known as “com- pound” or “ feeding’ cakes. I have also had before me an instance of the direct sale of the material by itself as a feeding substance. The composition is represented by the following analysis :— Moisture ne 10°78 Oil oti 300 600 ‘90 * Nitrogenous constituents 3°88 Digestible fibre, &c. : 25°71 Woody fibre ee wes 57°63 Mineral matter (ash) ... 1°10 100°00 * Containing Nitrogen... 62 It is sold at 20s. per ton, but is quite worthless and unsuitable for feeding purposes. The microscopical appearance, presented by coffee- husks are distinctive, and somewhat resemble those of earth-nut. os In an article on Duck Farming in an Australian exchange, we read with refrence to muscovies that they are a comparatively distinct species, and the progeny of a cross between them and the more common kinds has be2n found decidedly unfertile. They are also said not to mate with other ducks if left to their own choice, keeping to their own kind in all respects. Their native country is South America, and are found in great numbers in the Amazon Valley. The drakes are said to 818 reach 10, 11 and 12 lbs, in weight, while the ducks turn the scale at 6, 7 and 74 lbs, Growing quickly and maturing early they are fit to kill as early as eight weeks old. The females are des- cribed as good sitters producing large broods, nevertheless they are great scavengers and re- quire plenty of food—being particularly partial to meat. They will go the length of eating up each others’ young to satisfy their appetite. The drakes are much given to fighting, and as a result become very rugged after a time. Muscovies are not great layers, but will keep it up off and on all the year though if allowed to hatch their own young Five eggs often go to weigh apound. It is thought that they cannot be improved upon for table use by crossing with other breeds, and are better kept to themselves and bred as naturally as possible. 1f not killed young for the table the flesh has an unpleasant musky flavour, A correspondent writing to The Dairy makes out that there are certain unknown virtues in Castor-oil, which go to make it s most useful agent in the improvement of the milking capacity of the herd, He describes how he brought a Jersey cow milking in only three teats, and these were covered with warts. The fourth teat was quite dry, and about half the size of the others, and that quarter of the udder shrunk to less than half its proper size. He goes on to say: “In two months I had milk coming from the blind teat, and every wart gone; in twelve wonths | had her udder as perfectly shaped as wasever seen. Breed had not been able to resist bad treatment in this case, but responded to. good feeding and good handing in a most surprising manner. The prac- tical lesson from this is, don’t cast a well-made milker because she has gone wrong through bad treatment. Try good feeding, and rub castor oil into the udder after every milking. No one can imagine the effect. of castor oil on the mammary glands unless they have tried it. Once haying made your good milker, remember she is a machine that requires constant and most careful looking after, just like any other machine thas has to be kept running at high pressure. Having got your machine in the best of order, turning out a good reliable urticle, don’t sell it to anyone that is not willing to pay according to quality.” At the Cape they have a bill for checking the spread of insect pests and plant diseases, and for preventing the introduction of the same from abroad by means of imported fruit, plants, &c. Some time ago we heard of a proposal to enforce quarantine measures in the case of plants im- ported into the Island and for fumigating all such before allowing them to pass iato the interior, but there has been no~practical issue so far. The report of the Government Entomalogist of the Cape of Good Hope for 1897 ccntains the terms of the bill referred to above and the regula- tions based thereon, as well as an illustrated description of the treatment of infected and im- ported vegetable produce, It was stated some time ago that Australian leather was rejected by the military authorities of Great Britain as not being sufficiently tanned to. Supplement to the “ Tropicrl Agriculturist.” meet the requirements of the home Government, and that the English-made leather throughout showed a marked superiority over the colonial article. There is no doubt that some inferior Australian leather is from time to time placed on the English markets, but it is hardly fair to judge all the colonial Jeather with this as the standard, It is evident that the superiority in quality is in a great measure due to the process of tanning, the oak-tanned hides and skins, for instance, being considered far better adapted for purposes of trade than that cured and preserved by means of wattle bark, Within a fairly recent date it has been the privilege of a Queeusland firm of leather manu- facturers to open up a new departure in the art of tanning, which for effectiveness and durability is said to be one of the most valuable patents in the trade. The patent is the properly of Messrs. Dyball & Co., Limited, Toowong, near Brisbane, und is known as the gum process, the eucalyptus gum having proved an excellent tanning medium, and completes the work of tanning in about half the time ordinarily required, The leather samples are of excellent quality, and work up well, while the sole leather, for hardness and solidity, is considered by many expert boot and shoe manu- facturers throughout the colonies as equal to anything that could be possibly procured from the old country. The process seems particularly adapted to the tanning of fur skins, the texture of the leather being very close, and the fur show- ing no tendency to fall out. Mr. Dyball is pre- paring an exhibit for the Greater Britain Exhibi- tion, and is also getting up samples of buff and piano leather, which, we are informed, is a new departure for the colonies. Operations at present are not on an extensive scale, but deyelopment in this direction is only a question of time. This process has been patented in all the colonies, the registered office of the company is at Adelaide- street, Brisbane, and the Secretary, Mr. J. Steven- son, will be pleased to answer any inquiries. In referring to the different methods of pre- serving eggs we made mention of water-glass as among the best preservative media. What this substance is is not generally known. Water-glass is silicate of soda. It is easily dissolved in water and is used for a great many purposes. For, egg preservation, boil 10 gallons of water to kill all germs. When the water is cold, add to it a gallon of soda silicate or water-glass and pour over the eggs until they are immersed in the fluid. The cost of the silicate of soda is 10s. per cwt. in Europe, and 94d. per lb. for small quanti- ties here, ye Quite lately we were referred to by a gentle- man who was full of che idea of starting trawling operations, on the most modern lines, in Ceylon, We find from a most interesting publication we have received—the annual report of the Mavine Biologist at the Cape, whieh covers 148 pages— that the fishing industry has there been placed on an organized basis, and that the trawling experi- ments which have been initiated by the Govern-_ ment have given most encouraging results. Now> that attention is being directed to Inland fisheries; it is opportune that the subject of Mavine fisheries —_ should be-also taken in hand. feat CF en ae ' SKEEN&C2 JOHN CAPPER. Photo and Half-Tone Block by W. L. H. Skeen & Co., Colombo and Kandy. ‘ Z eth eu teaeier eae = COLOMBO, | a. a hes ys. ot ir ge ie aoe an sei iy ds op eigen es we rt Bie, é , o g as well a8 Journalists Bneer- e6. But it was not till ony visit to § that we could command tip needful omake one biegvaphical netice an: ~ Mr. Capper bimaself had shortly be- \ Special iuteres¢ im our proposal, and at » Teadily wrote out some deecd pages Sollections "of tix. aarly Gays iw Heys ; . en Oe ERED 2ecne, RE a 0% asians Se 04 ne en én I promised to weed tie fin some of lon experi pn in peot heath ‘since that have been afflicted with paralysis affecting eulal rebral powers. Please therefore remarks and omit or modify yoy Tie tate Seal malaga: “OF THE PLANTING BietPRms ny ee MEME: SAR So ‘the Maating ersdl Cuagwereial ements, ssmectne wns 4 ot : : JURE - ine, ag No; 12: m UEYLON, UAPPRR. et RMR rs GREER ASCBNRLEOT is95- “%), Capper was then in his §2nd year. Later - wt February and June - 1896 we had friendly adtes from him (besides an‘interview)with reference bo sesuring a sufficiently good photograph, fron wwhich to prepare an illustration for say fropical Agriculturist, The one eventually. used _ “was a copy of that placed in the Ceylen (ca- don) Association album and hed been taken bie Walery of Regent Street some years prasiguely. To turn now to the subject ef what has become: our Memoir ; Mr, John Capper was born in 1914 of fa Baet Anglian, and we believe Noticontormiss, ”: family; though he hinaeli became an Anglican Lew Chmrehmas.. Aftera jood plain education, he took” Ww journalism early in lifé, and when oxi y 20 years “of aie wine eugaged in the oflice of a weekly ‘ paper” ¢allod~the *Miniop and Steam Navipa- *iog (evette " of which he became Sub-Editor, and - he continued bis connection with the press, until he started for Ceylon in 1837, This same year wit. nessed the arrival here, of bis future rival in Ueylon- Journalism, A. M, Perguaon, who was two yoars Mr, Capper's javior in-age, Me Capper cane out , Se Adtiatant te the Arm of Ackland and Boyd, thew fast deveopiny tuto the lomting Planting and Mernwitite Heats te Civloasbo. Mr, Ackland was WADE, Abner joe whe took Kent interesh Ase; Ried Surtee = he continued Ww aut Limsen u Geyive, = enti] Rod, / ee CAPPER, PR iby cS Teds Saw op Kt, LY. Seow & 4h, Ctenite qak Ses Ea NONE Fa tO anes octet henna lemon ine : aa a ere a A «| MONTHLY. be Volt CV IIT. COLOMBO, JUNE isz, 1899, No, 12. “PIONEERS OF THE PLANTING ENTERPRISE IN CEYLON.” (Third Series,) JOHN MERCHANT, PLANTER, CAPPER. JOURNALIST, 1837-1886*. HE name of Mr. John Capper as an old and notable Colo- nist, was placed in one of the early lists of ‘ pioneers ” to be enrolled in our annals of the Planting and Commercial as wellas Journalistic Enter- prise of Ceylon, But it was not till our visit to England in 1896 that we could command the needful information to make our biographical notice an adequate one. Mr. Capper himself had shortly be- fore taken a special interest in our proposal, and at our request, readily wrote out some dozen pages of ‘* Recollections ” of his early days in Ceylon ; but these had to be closed abruptly for the reason given in a pathetic little note which accom. panied the manuscript, and which we venture to re- produce as follows :— ‘‘Mrno: to J. Ferouson, Esa. London, December 25th, 1895, “When I promised to send for publication some of my Ceylon experiences [ was in good health : since that date I have been afflicted with paralysis affecting my muscular and cerebral powers. Please therefore kindly edit these remarks snd omit or modify any which apreir to need revision—this for my sake, With best wishes for your future health and prosperity.—J. Carrer.” Mr, Capper was then in his 82nd year. Later in in February and June 1896 we had friendly notes from him (besides an interview) with reference to securing a sufliciently good photograph, from which to prepare an illustration for our Tropical Agriculturist. The one eventually used was a copy of that placed in the Ceylon (Lon- don) Association album and had been taken by Walery of Regent Street some years previously. To turn now to the subject of what has become our Memoir : Mr, John Capper was born in 1814 of an East Anglian, and we believe Nonconformist, family, though he himself became an Anglican Low Churchman. Aftera good plain education, he toolt to journalism early in life, and when only 20 years of age was engaged in the oflice of a weekly paper called the ‘‘ Mining and Steam Naviga- tion Gazette ” of which he became Sub-Editor, and he continued his connection with the press, until he started for Ceylon in 1837, This same year wit- nessed the arrival here, of his future rival in Ceylon Jonrnalism, A, M, Ferguson, who was two years Mr. Capper’s junior inage, Mr. Capper came out as Assistant to the firm of Ackland and Boyd, then fast developing into the leading Planting and Mereantile Housein Colombo. Mr, Ackland was an able, all-round man who took a keen interest * Although 1886 was the year in which Mr. Capper finally quitted Ceylon; yet he continued to act as London Correspondent for his firm’s paper, the ‘Limes of Ceylon,” until 1894, 820 THE TROPICAL in public as well as in commercial and planting affairs. Mr. Boyd (or a relative, Capt. Boyd 2) is credited with having made the first shipment, of coconut oil from Ceylon. We may mention in passing, that Robert Boyd Tytler also came out in this same year 1837, in the service of Messrs, Ackland & Boyd, in order to introduce the West Indian system of coffee cultivation into Dum- bara and other districts, he (Mr. Tytler) having served an apprenticeship in Jamaica. To return to the subject of our Memoir, we may now let Mr. Capper speak for himself in the following very interesting autobiographical narrative :— ‘* When I landed in the Island in 1837, the coffee industry was just coming to the front ; whilst sugar was scarcely an article of daily concern, I had little or nothing to do with either one or the other; and my first business on behalf of the then well- known firm of Ackland and Boyd was the care of the firm’s books, Two years later, however, my services were brought into requisition for the super- vision of some extensive Cinnamon properties at Kadirana, near Negombo, totalling in the aggre- gate some 3,000 acres. If I knew nothing of the cultivation of this spice, I was but in a simi- lar plight to others, and I managed to expend largely in coolies’ wages, * “At Kadirana TI resided about five years, and eventually took charge of the firm’s Oil Mills in Colombo, and besides took the supervision of their general Export business into the intricacies of which somehow I managed to obtain an insight. Later on I was on trial as a junior partner taking charge of the entire Hxport business of the firm, In 1848 a crisis in the affairs of nearly all Ceylon business houses gave a check to my career ; the firm had to suspend payment, and after two years spent in the service of the then Shipping Company of the place, I took my de- parture for England on the ‘Alice Maud.” In 1851 I was appointed to represent the Island at the Great Exhibition in Hyde Park, but with a sorry show of Ceylon Industries, ‘““My means were now recruited by writing for Dickens in his new venture Howsehold Words, in the pages of which I continued to furnish chapters of Eastern life more or less successtully, I, about the same time, also undertook the Sub-Editor- ship of the Globe, to which I was appointed by Colonel Torrens, the then proprietor: this how- * Tn order to illustrate the fallacy of the old- fashioned belief that the indigenous industries of a tropical country can be most successfully worked by natives, I may state that when I took over charge of the Kadirana Oinnamon Gardens I was warned that Europeans were ignorant of the mysteries of spice cultivation, and when I selected an_experi- meatal block of ten acres of cinnamon land by no means the best on the estate for high cultivation, and began putting the pruning knife into the bushes, ruin to their production was predicted. The actual result was that in four years I brought upthe early produce from three-fourths of a bale to nine ales anacre, with the result that the London Agents forbade any further work on that system on the place, as it would flood the market and tend to lower the price of the spice,”—J.C, AGRICULTURIST. [June 1, 1899. ever was not my first venture at London Journal- ism, as I had in 1834 assisted in launching the first paper devoted to Mining and Railway matters, the Mining and Steam Navigation Gazette, which proved a success, I, at the same time, had worked on the staff of the Spectator under Rintowl, the founder of that journal, ‘* Tn 1852 whilst on the Globe, I wrote and brought out an octavo volume profusely illustrated-—‘The Three Presidencies of India’—which wasa marked success, the East India Company’s Charter being just then under discussion, At this time, too, I began writing for the stage and successfully, but my work in that direction was so opposed to the wishes of my family, the stage being regarded as a rather discredited connection, and soon after- wards my labors were devoted to quite another channel by my departure for India, where, having succeeded in greatly improving the then little known jute fibre, I proceeded to Calcutta and started Steam Spinning and Weaving Mills at Serampore, I set in motion the first jute-weaving machinery, which pro- mised a fortune in the near future, for whilst thou- sands of tons of jute cuttings lay about the yards of jute shippers, who were glad to get rid of the incumbrance at the rate of six-pence per maund of 80 lb., it was worked into yarn worth ten times that amount, An enormous trade soon sprung up ; but, alas! our dreams of fortune were scattered to the winds by the Indian Mutiny, which just then broke out and cut off our supplies of the raw material, Of course, those who, having capital in abundanceand could afford to bide their time, were content to wait for the collapse of the Mutiny; but this was not my case, and making over the concern to my partner Ackland, I bade adieu to Calcutta and once more sought the familiar shores of Ceylon, where another phase of my chequered career met me. This was in 1858 ; and as it happened I found the Ceylon Times on its last legs, and at once set to work to nego- tiate for its purchase from the nominal proprie- tors, Messrs, Wilson, Ritchie & Co, It signified nothing that I was without capital; but I had, what was in those days, nearly as good, any amount of credit ; for the competition amongst the banks, for business of almost any kind, was extreme, ‘*Those were golden days for the needy specula- tor, ‘and of this latter class there was no lack; as one Kandy Manager said:—‘ Plenty of stiff pleases the head Johnnies, and it looks well on paper.’ But, alas! they had rather too much ‘stiff’ in the end, It was an unhealthy state of banking business when your appu’s name on a pro-note was as good asthat of any European and sometimes better !—when estates could be bought on credit for the utmost amount which friendly Estate Agents chose to place against them and no ques- tions asked; and when they were paid for by the convenient medium of * stiff’ It is true that half of the Central Province would have remained under forest had these conditions been otherwise, aud well do I remember the saying of one go- ahead young planter declaring that he was so deeply in debt to his Agents that he had no alternative but to buy another estate which he found no difficulty in having appraised for sale at something like thirty per cent. above its actual value. In those days estate valuers were fre- quently very obliging ! “There were at that time many royal roads to fortunes; amongst them were the charges levied by Colombo Agents on the preparation and ship- ment of Coffee, The consolidated amount waft JUNE 1, 1899.] THE TROPICAL usuilly Ss. per cwt,, out of which there was a royal slice for the shippers. It may not be amiss to mention in this place the reply of a well- known Colombo retail trader who, when he was told that the officers’ mess of a certain regiment was about to embark for England, coolly replied that they owed him just a thousand pounds sterling, but that he should not trouble them for the amountas they had always treated him in a most gentlemanly manner and he would behave towards them in a similar fashion, a declar- ation which evoked from a well-known joker of that period, ‘ What a world it is, Mr. Venn!’ —a saying which since passed into a proverb, ‘“* The following years were memorable ones, long remembered from the sad and eventful changes which overturned many a hitherto prosperous planter. lLeaf-disease and financial disaster each worked their share of havoc in nearly every dis- trict. In the course of ten years the face of the country was changed from smiling prosperity to a deepening gloom whichgradually spread from one district to another until all wore similar features. These were not times one cares to recall to memory: one would fain try to forget them, Hap- pily there were bright spots in that gloomy picture which modified the saddening recollection of what one would fain pass over. In cheery contrast to the misery to be found on every side were the redeeming features of calm self- denial and courageous endeavour of scores of young planters who had to look upon actual poverty and semi-starvation, the results of the insolvency of their proprietors, Many an instance occurred of assistant managers of estates being indebted to native dealers in rice and fish in the bazaars for their daily rations and occasionally for clothing. I have not forgotten how liberally some of the Chetties of Uva and Dimbula joined in raising funds towards enabling destitute planters to leave the island for more favoured lands in the south. ‘“As one of the incidents illustrating the changeful tenor of Ceylon planting life I can call to mind how at a festive gathering in the Dimbula Hall one of the guests posted up a fictitious Reuter’s Telegram from London advising Plantation Coffee as up to 100s, which he caused to be exhibited by way of ajoke, This elicited roars of laughter, but the figure was actually realised early in the fol- lowing year. I have in mind also words of warn- ing uttered by one of the speakers at the same meeting cautioning his fellow-planters against extra- vagant expenditure, for that a time might come when times would be so sadly changed that estates would probably be so sadly depreciated in value as to be sold for the value of the iron roofing on their stores, a prediction which I lived to see realised, ‘* But I pause in my notes of recollections which might be extended over many sides of a news- paper sheet. Having jotted down such notes as occur to me at atime when my powers of memory are no longer what they were, I close my jottings asking readers to bear in mind the fact that, thank- ful for the share of health and strength left me, I rejoice to know that a large measure of pros- perity is youchsafed to those I leave in the island which has witnessed so many vicissitudes of for- tune in the past.” Tt must be confessed that there is not much that is autobiographical in the above paper, after 1858 ; but the sketch afforded of the vicissitudes in coffee and afcerwards cinchona planting, carries AGRICULTURIST. 821 with it the history of the Colony and of nearly every European, whether planter, merchant or journalist. Our own arrival in the island dates from 1861 in the midst of what were still the ““good old times” when we had to content our- selves witha fortnightly mail from Europe ; whena foreign telegram—Reuter not having then appeared --was a rarity; when the island was well supplied with a daily newspaper through the Observer publishing on Monday and Thursday, tne Times on Tuesday and Friday, and the Examiner on Wednesday and Saturday. Easy- going days these were in the Fort of Colombo, when Mr. E, J. Darley and other ‘old hands ” did their banking as well as office business all in “white” with short white jackets—now relegated to the dinner table; when a black hat or boots, (or a pair of gloves) under any circumstances (save a fun- eral), were the occasion of derisive comment ; when everyboily knew everybody else, and the gathering on Galle Face of an evening approached a good deal to that of one big family, and the illness of any one member disturbed the entire, but very limited community of ladies, and provoked offers of nursing and aid from all sides; when, moreover, the spirit of competition (outside the newspapers) was still very much in abeyance, so that it was thought unfair to compete ata land sale with the man who had taken the trouble to prospect for any particular lot and to cause it to be put up for sale; and when, for instance, we have personally known a Baillie Street merchant rush in to stop the press and get an advertisment altered, because he did not want to announce his quarter casks of Madeira as for sale until his neighbours, Mackwoods & Co., had disposed of all their stock, and he had jusb learned from ‘Frank Smith” that some still remained on hand! Those were the days of sailing ships, when a steamer, save Captain Donnan’s little ‘‘ Pearl”, was scarcely ever seen in Colombo roadstead, and when the commanders of barques took many weeks at their ease in our port, to discharge and take incargo. ‘The first interrup- tion to these quiet, old times,—certainly the first public excitement we can recall—arose out of the American civil war, when Tinnevelly cotton (largely dealt in by Colombo merchants) rapidly rose in 1862-3, from 24d to 1s 6d and more per lb., and Messrs. Darley, C. Shand, A. Gibson and J. C. Fowlie made rapid ‘* fortunes” and retired. Those were the years too of one of the most somnolent governments that ever administered affairs in British Ceylon: Sir Charles MacCarthy was a polished scholar and speaker, but averse to travel or hard work: his Colonial Secretary, Mr. Wm. Charles Gibson, was bent on hoarding revenue; and so Mr. Cardwell as Secretary 822 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. of State swept down and took large appropriations of surplus balances for the military chest, The merchants in 1863-4 had found it impossible to get one of their number to accept a seat in the Legislative Council, and so finally recommended the Editor of the local “Times” as an ex-merchant? and thus Mr. Capper was one of the unoflicial phalanx whick under the leadership of Mr. George Wall (then Planting M.L.C.) resigned during the temporary administration of Major-General O’Brien who had succeeded Sir Charles MacCarthy. After- wards, under Sir Hercules Robinson, Mr. Capper served as paid Secretary of a Cattle Commission, he having got out anephew, Mr. Keppel Jones, to help with the paper. After this Mr. Capper aided another nephew in starting and carrying on the ‘‘ Kandy Herald,’ an abortive effort which speed- ily died down. He also contributed to the short- lived comic journal ‘‘ Muniandi,” if indeed he did not edit it at one time. To this same period of unsettlement and of many ‘‘irons in the fire,” belongs Mr. Capper’s origination of a Cart Trans- port Scheme for Uva, in which he was specially supported by the late Mr. Thomas Hudson (ot J. I, Strachan & Co.) This was managed by his son, Mr, Charles Capper, and was afterwards taken over by Mr. Lucius C. Glenny when he commenced his Haldummulla aud Ratnapura stores. In 1870 the Duke of Edinburgh visi- ted Ceylon, and Mr. Capper acted as Correspond. ent for the London Times and afterwards published an illustrated volume on His Royal Highness’s visit. In 1874 Mr. Capper parted with the local ‘‘ Times” to a Limited Company formed by Mr. Dunlop, Manager of the Oriental Bank, and from this year dates the ‘Times of Ceylon” which had for its first Editor Mr, Ailardyce from Bombay, after- wards Reader to the publishing house of Black- woods. In 1882, the Company having collapsed, the newspaper and printing property reverted to Mr. Capper (who had returned from home) ‘and his two sons who made the Firm ‘ Capper & Sons.” Mr. John Capper (after a brief engage- ment as representative of Ceylon at the Cal- cutta Exhibition in 1884) finally retired to London in that year; but, although then in his T1st year, he could not be idle, and so he took up the role of London Correspondent, continuing in that post for fully ten years more. Indeed after he gave over this special work to younger hards, we found him early in 1896 still interested as Editor of a small monthly periodical published in London for the benefit of West Indian planters. Even after 63 years of continuous work with his pen, the veteran journalist could not refrain from doing something ir his old capacity, and we believe his interest in public news continued unabated [June 1, 1899, until the end came on March 31st, 1898, when Mr. JOHN CAPPER had attained the good old age of 85 years. Mr. Capper was twice married : first, to a sister of Mr. Ackland of the firm he first jo-nedin Ceylon, by whom he had two sons and two daughters—all of whom, save one daughter, predeceased their father. By his second wife (Miss Baylis, aunt of Dr, Baylis long in Kellebokka) there were three sons, i We are conscious of affording but a meagre sketch of the career of one who served his day and generation well, aud whose connection with Ceylen during about forty years of continuous residence, was marked by much useful work. Our foregoing record is by no means complete; for as ‘* Honorary Secretary to the Ceylon Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society,” Mr. Capper (as we publicly testified at a meeting some years ago) rendered for many years very valuable service, keeping the Branch alive in fact, when it would otherwise have possibly become defunct. Then, too, there is a phase of his literary career we have omitted to notice above, namely, in his contri- butions to Dickens’ ‘‘ Household Words” and this we nay best do by quoting from a notice of Mr. Capper in the local ‘‘Examiner ” at the time of his death :— He will best be remembered as the writer of those breezy sketches, which found a permanent lodge- ment eventually in Old Ceylon. Who thathas read hissketch of ‘“ Our Uld Clerk’—a figure taken from life when the writer was an assistant at Ackland Boyd’s, and the object of the sketch was the Chief Clerk of the firm with his strict business habits unswerving integrity, unassuming ways, and yet shrewd dealings—but will acknowledge that the writer possessed powers of observation beyond the ordi- nary—the ordinary standard that is generally con- centrated in the one word keen? Then, “ Philip of Brassfounder Street’’—a faithful sketch of the Kana- kupillais of the olden days : and the Chetty with his elastic ideas, first as to the free use by him of the Fiym’s postage stamps, and his indignant and dignified planking down of his purse when he was reminded that stamps could not be supplied for nothing —all these sketches and more of mercantile life in the metropolis in days gone by may be reaj in the little volume we have referred to. Nor in it are scenes ofa graphic and even teuching interest wanting of up- country life. Ofthe particular sketches of planting life in the work we are referring to, we cannot speak with certainty—we have all along been depending upon memory. But there is one bit—* The Kandyane’ Captive,” we think is its title—which for the simple narration of an incident—real or fancied—in connec- tion with the Kandyan dynasty, may fairly lay claim te a place among not the least of our prose idylls, Our portrait gallery of the Pioneer Colonists of Ceylon would certainly have been incomplete if it had not included one whose career we have thus imperfectly indicated and to whose work and memory we have endeavoured to do justice, in the varied capacities of planter, merchant, but especially of littérateur and journalist, all of which appertained to Mr. JOHN CAPPER.—Requiescat in pace. JUNE 1, 1899.} REPORT ON COFFEE LEAF DISEASE IN COORG. [INcLUDING DEsCRIPTION OF Coore ; CULTI- VATION oF CoFFEE—SHADE, WEEDING, Man- URES,—SEED, VARIEEIES, HYBRIDSING, | BY MR. JOHN CAMERON ..s. (Concluded from page 752). COFFEE PESTS. «We shouldbe happy that it is an industry that involves a certain amount of trouble. Otherwise it would be taken cut of our hands altogether.’ Such is the pithy and hopeful remark made by an able and experienced planter on the occasion of the last Conference of the United Planters’ Association at Bangalore. A statement of this sort indicates the true energy which underlies all the actions of British enterprise. J In the latter case obstacles are of little moment, and may be of real advantage in keeping out the faint-hearted. The same spirit prevails in Coorg, al- though borer, leaf-rot, leaf-disease, bug and other pests have each done their best to diminish the planters, profits—uncertain crops and toreign competition being a futher tax on his patience. Leaf-disease, which is most dreaded, was not very prevalent or any of the estates visited. Jlemileia JVastatrix, the fungoid parasite which causes leaf Gisease, by partially cr wholly disorganising the functions of the leaf, made its appearances in Coorg in the early seventies after committing great havoc in the planting districts of Ceylon. The peculiarity of the fungus is that it persistently follows the coffee bush all over the country and is more or less prevalent wherever coffee is grown. A virulent attack on the experimen- tal plot in the Gardens (Lal Bagh), has just been temporarily checked by burning every infected leaf and coating the ground with a thick layer of quicklime. ; ? ' Combustion, whether active or passive, is the natural enemy of fungoid organisms; and when Mr. Marshall Ward recommended burning everything that could be burnt with safety on the estate, he gave good advice. During the pruning and wood- ripening season, tons of leaves and twigs could be disposed of in this way, although it is admitted that a coffee zone such as the ‘“ Bamboo’’ provides but little space for kindling fires. It is the annual recurrence of the scourge which makes it so disas- trous, and anything that would harass it or deprive itof nourishment at critical periods would have the effect of saving the host to a large extent. Spraying operations were observed at Hallery, where Mr. Sprott thinks he has gained some advantage over the fungus. The mixture in use is3 Ibs. sulphate of copper and the same quantity of lime dissolved in 25 gallons of water. The Californian remedies for fungoid and other pests are given at the close ef this paragraph. The Life-history of Hlemileia Vastatrix was thoroughly worked out by Mr. Marshall Ward in 1881, and readers cannot do better than refer to his acientific reports, written for the Ceylon Government on the subject about that time. The Dicector of Kew Gardens gave it as his opinion, in 1892, that Memileia Vastatrix is a species endemic to the Island of Ceylon. Thisgreat authority futher adds, —‘ Like thousands of other microscopic leaf fungis, it probakly maintained its existence in an unconspicu- ous manner in some native Rubiaceous plant (v. ¢., belonging to the same family as the coffee). It was probably only bya kind of accident that about 1869 it feund a suitable host in cultivated coffee, and thus was enab!ed to develop itself on a scale which speedily made it a scourge.’ Since the latter date, when first observe, the parasite has followed its host unre- mittingly to every coffee region of the old word. Change of food would possibly arrest its progress sooner than anything. Slight constitutional change in the host might bring this about, and the process of hybridising would be of much value if it secured even THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 823 partial immunity to the coffee plant from the attack of Hemileia. That such a thing is possible has already been proved by the rising of certain varieties of potato which are wholly immune from Phytcphthora infestans, the most hurtful fungoid parasite of that esculent. THE BORER. The next pest to be briefly considered is the borer (Xylotrechus quadrupes), which is indigenous to the country. In fact, there are saveral borers, and the remedies here recommended will app'y to them all. It is only in the more exprsed parts of South Ooorg that the ravages of these insects are much frlt, and even there the condit’ons are far more hopeful than they were thirty years ago. At that time the whole- sale 7estruction of forest trees, accompanied by undue exposure and indifferent cultivation, aggravated the attack and was the indirect cause of enormous loss to the planter. But itis now understood that sufficient shade and moisture, supplemented by good tillage, are conditions inimical to the spread of borer. The rush for extension which prevailed a few years ago, when prices went up, must be held responsible to a large extent for the maintenance, if not increase, of coffee pests. A large area (in fragments here and there) of unsuitable land was placed under cultivation, and by a process of forcing in some cases and compa- rative neglect in others it was hoped to increase the average outturn of bean. But a cycle of dry seasons shortly followed, and the new openings were mostly foun’ to be infested with leaf disease and borer, which rapidly spread to healthy tracts that had not suffered before to the same extent. The occupation of such lands by coffee is therefore a standing danger to the whole local industry. I can imagine nothing more disheartening to a really good planter than te have neighbours who will act recklessly in the selection and treatment of land, to the jeo- pardy of the whole community. In addition to depth of soil, moisture, and shade, the presence of numbers of insectivorous birds is recommended for the extinction of borer. Of these, woodpeckers, jays, thrushes, mynas, hoopoos, sparrows, larks, jungle fowl, the crow pheasant and many others are inseet eaters. When the larvae canbe got at, which is not very frequently, the dircct aplication of neem oil is the surest remedy. If poured into the holes and tunnels caused by the insect, it will either bring out the latter quickly or cause its death inside. In this connection 1 may mention that neem oilcake, which is manufactured at Hunsur, might have a remedial effect if applied to land affected by borer. Rubbing the coffee stem at intervals with the oil would bea good practice. LEAF ROT. Pellicularia Koleroga, or “leaf-rot,” is an epiphytal fungus which envelopes the coffee leaf during the monsoon and subsequently kills it. Continuous or heavy rainfall, density of shade, drip, and stagnation of drainage, are the causes of this fungoid growth. A modification of the above conditions with the use of fire to destroy all affected leaves, and the application of flowers of sulphur in the early stages of attack are the best known remedies. Bordeaux mixture and other fungicides should also be tried. For the eradi- cation of bug and scale insects, the importation of a useful species of lady-bird is under trial. The brown scale-insect,* Dactylopius adonidum, is prevalent on many of the jungle trees, where it is farmed by ants for the secretion known as ‘honey dew.’’ It is usually accompanied by the black fungus 7risporrum Gardnert, Berk, Kerosine emulsion is a good remedy for these pests. REMEDIES FOR PLANT DISEASES. Extract from Spraying Calendar, Central Experi- Farm, Ottawa, *The ‘Brown scale insect’ is Lecantum coffea Dactylopius adonidum is the so-called ‘Mealy bug'— Ep. 7.4, 8260 THE TROPICAL prevailing variety on the estate. 'Lhis is all right where the prevailing strain is good. but where the product for which a plant is cultivated shows signs of exhaustion, or has become deficient in quality or quantity, the strain is said to have run-down,” and in all such cases too much individualism in reproduc- tion is undesirable. Itis in all probability to prevent this runnivg down of strain or breed that nature in- sists on cross-fertilization. Coffea arabica, or Arabian coffee, of which there are several well-defined local varieties known by such names as “ Chick,’ Coorg and “ Nalknad,” has been almost exclusively cultivated in this country from the time the industry was started, and it is only within recent years that one or two new varieties and species have been introduced and cultivated on the estates. This fact will explain the absence of hybrids over such an extensive area, there being no material to make hybrids from. Yet, within the past few years, some hybrids have made their appearance, shortly follow- ing the introduction of Liberian coffee, a distinctly new species. And, barring the fact that two distinct species have been placed in juxtaposition to each other, the hybrids are the work of nature. But in the instances referred to, man must get the credit of having materially helped nature by providing a new species for the latter to work upon. If he would, therefore, do more in this direction, the chances are that worn-out strains of coffee would soon be replaced by better kinds. This leads me on to the suggestion that approved varieties and new species of coffee should be freely introduced from other countries. he field for ex- periment would then be much widened, as planters would have sufficient material to work upon. The cultivated forms of coffee in different parts of the world are already so far advanced of the indige- nous or wild bush that it would probably be mere waste of effort to bring the latter into experiments, the object of which is to secure further improvement in productiveness and quality. Collections of species and varieties should, therefore, be confined, in the first instance at least, to well-known jats already in cultivation. These I shall leave the planter, being the best judge, to select for himself. Now supposing that some enterprising planter has already secured such a collection of coffee-bearing plants, how is he to dispose of them to the best advantage ? This is a question that I shall endeavour to answer in my next. With one or two new species of coffee at one’s disposal, and a like number of distinctly marked varie- ties, such as the “‘ Maragogipe,” which is an intro- duced variety (from Brazil) of Coffea arabica, an ex- perimental plot could be started on the following lines :— (a) Stuatiom, as regards aspect, soil, water and shade, to be the best the estate can afford. Occasional irrigation will possibly be required to induce the dif- ferent bushes to blossom together, so that the pos- session of a perennial water-supply would be a conve- nience. : (6) The crossing-plot need not exceed one-eighth or at greatest one-fourth of an acre in extent, while it is possible that equal results may be obtained by working systematically on a few bushes. (c) In planting up the crossing-plot, an equal number of healthy seedlings of the estate coffee should be thoroughly mixed with the new kinds, so that winged insects may have full play on the whole. But in addition to the general and haphazard operations performed by the insects, a few bushes should be carefully isolated for hand-fertilization. For the latter purpose a few skeleton frames covered with fine muslin would be a sufficient protection, if placed over the bushes before the flowers opened. Plant ina square plot at 6 » 6 feet, so that air may circulate around the bushes freely. The preliminary details which I have emphasised under the sub- headings a, b and c will keep the planter employed for at least two years, or to be strictly accurate, until a maiden crop of flowers is produced in the grossing-plot, AGRICULTURIST. [JuNE 1, 1899. Then, at this latter stage, the work of fertilization will actually begin, should several distinct kinds of coffee flower simultaneously. Unprotected bushes will be pollinated through the agency of insects chiefly, while the protected ones will be self-pollinated, should no precautions be taken to prevent it. Where bushes are intended for hand-fertilization, it will be necessary in the early stages of reproductive growth to rub off a great many of the young flower buds, so that the inflorescence of an individual may be reduced to a manageable number of flowers. For that matter, the flowers could be reduced to what is borne on a single primary, or to a few clusters of the same. The necessity for this apparently ruthless treatment is contained in the fact that, during the short time the stigma is receptive of foreign pollen, the fertilizer ceuld only pollinate a limited number of flowers with any degree of certainty. It is, therefore, wiser to make sure of getting a few goods crosses than to attempt a larger number indiscriminately. Let us now suppose that the opera- tion is about to take place. Having provided himself with the marginally no- ted requisites, and se- lected a protected bush to become the seed- bearer, the fertiliser places himself under the protective frame and eagerly watches for the opening of the first flower. Directly the flower opens (usually early in the morning), there will be seen, slightly projecting from its delicate-white throat (tube of the corolla) a bifid or two-horned stigma supported by 5—7 arrow-headed another on shorts on short stalks. At time of opening, the stigma, which is seen well in advance of the anthers, glistens with a sticky substance which holds fast any powdery matter, such as pollen, that ma fall on to it. What the fertilizer has to do at this stage is to dust a little foreign pollen on to it by means of his camel’s-hair brush. This done, he in- stantly, and deftly as possible, cuts away the 5—7 anthers behind the stigma. But as the anthers are usually closed at this early period, they could perhaps do no harm if they were left. Everything would depend on the bebayviour, so to speak, of the stigma towards the new pollen by which it has been fertilized. The process as described above has to be done with every flower until the primary or clusters of flowers reserved for crossing have been exhausted. A register is then made of the parentage on both sides, and after a day or two the bush is liberate] from its protecting covering. Ihave examined many coffee flowers at the moment of opening, in most cases the stigma projects in advance of the anthers and the style lengthens rapidly. By this means the spreading horns of the stigma afford a good platform for small bees and other insects to rest upon when searching for honey. Then flitting from one stigma to another they deposit quantities of pollen, which readily adheres to their hairy limbs. Crossing operations being completed, the next step would be to select a suitable piece of land for the cultivation and trial of seedlings raised from the crossing-plot. 1: is in this final stage of the experiment that the exact result of cross-fertilization would become apparent, and not before. But the operator needs to possess patience, for among 10,000 seedlings cultivated there may not be one showing real improvement in every respect. With our limited experience in crossing, it is un- certain what would happen, although there is reason to believe that cross-fertilization would induce bene- ficial variation in the growth and production of coffes. The land required for testing seedlings of mixed parentage should be of the best quality, and the cultivation should be on a liberal scale also. Area isa matter for the planter himself to decide, as it depends wholly on the extent of his operations. I do not, however, advocate large areas for mere experimental work, When the seedlings give theig A fine camel’s-hair brush ; small, sharp penknife ; small sharp pair of scissors; pocket lens; flowering branch from male parent, with pollen. JuNE 1, 1899.) maiden crop, it- will be seen approximately what merits they possess from a productive point of view. But other merits, which may be roughly termed constitutional, will only become apparent after a lapse of time and under different modes of treatment. I can readily imagine that a judicious selection of the fittest would prove a most difficult task, even to an expert. The operations discussed from the beginning until now, when the second generation has borne its first crop of fruit, covers a period of about six years. This is a long time, and some men. would doubtless say “is the trouble worth the candle? especially as there is nothing to proye that much good would come owt of it.’ In answer to such a remark, I am pretty firmly convinced that good would come out of it and have already planted up a small crossing-plot with the view of raising hybrids. The plot consists ‘ of 130 bushes, and includes (. arabica, C. liberica and the variety—Maragopipe.” A few of the bushes are alzeady well advanced in growth, so that the first batch of crossed seedlings may fruit within five years from date. But when matured bushes can be cross- fertilized this season, the results might be known within four years, which is not very long for a planter to wait. My object, so far, has been to explain the modus operand: of fertilization rather than to discuss side-issues bearing on its application to the genus Cofee. But now, I may xefer briefly to argumentative views on the Jatter question. As the coffee bush possesses a hermaphrodite. flower, it may be held by some that crossing is neither possible nor desirable. But it does not follow that a flower is self-pollinated because it contains both sexes. In numerous hermaphrodite flowers the sexes attain maturity at differené periods, and in all such cases self-pollination is effectnally prevented. That dicho- gamy preyails to some extent in the coffee-flower is certain, as L heve often observed stigmes in the receptive stage when tbe antheres had not dehisced. I am unable to say, however, if this is a general condition, orif it only happens in occasional flowers. A flower may thus be structurally hermaphrodite and functionally unisexual, Then, thesweet-scented coffee- flower offers great attraction to inserts, which is a pretty sure sign that the dispersion of pollen is favoured by Nature. Indeed. the condition of the pollen is such as would adhere readily to the hairy limbs of insects. It is not of the fine powdery kind (so-called dust of flowers) that would be suspended in the air or lightly carried by the wind. Considered, therefore, from a morphological stand- point there is little doubt but the genus Coffee is subject to cross-fertilization, and that its flowers are entomophilous. Lastly, { wish to dispel the idea that established coffee can be influence one way or the other by operations of crossing, the results of which are only discovers d in a subsequent generation. But it is highly necessary that the planter should strictly conseive his testing-ground, and not allow any unknown seed to be utilised for estate purposes. The golden rule in the testing or experimental ground isto destroy all inferior forms as quickly as possible. New strains of seeds reserved for trial could be treated separately until such time as their merits are fully established. This is all I have to say on the fertilization of the coffee flower at present. MR. CAMERON'S REPORT ON COFFEE IN “COORG.” Ws have been requested to give publicity to the following correspondence between Mr. Alex. M. Neilson, £.C.S., of Coimbatore, and Mr. John Cameron, F.L.S., of the Government Gardens, Bangalore :—- I-—From Mr. Neilson to Mr. Cameron. CommBarore, 25th Murch 1899. Dear Sir,— I have read your Report on Coffee Culti- vation in Coorg with much interest. There are some statements, however, underthe the heading ‘‘Manures,” which, I think, require explanation. You do not men- tion Saltpetre at all though it is one of the chief sources ef Nitrogen and the principal artificial sources of Potash te most South Indian Coffee. In European THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. Works on Agriculture itis scarcely mentionod as its price precludes its use where Nitrate of Soda and Sulphate and Muriate of Potash are cheaper. In this country, where it oceurs naturally, itis a much cheaper and more inportant manure than either of these three. Then you do not inelude Dried Blood in your list of Nitrogenous Manures, but mention it as a source of Potash. This is no doubt a slip, as Dried Blood contains only about one 1 per cent. of Potash and 12°14 per cent. of Nitrogen, whichis the ingredient which gives it its value. I should like to know, also, on what experimental fact the statement is based that ‘for quick effect on growth the soluble superphosphates are the best, especially the double superphosphate manufactured at Wetzlarin Germany, Ave double supers better than an equivalent quantity of the ordivary kind, and in what way are those manufactured at Wetzlar superior to the numerous other makes ? I can understand that in cases when the cost of transport is very heavy the double supers might prove more econonomical, bub only in very exceptional cases as the anit price of the phosphate is very much higher than in the ordinary kind. [have thought it better that these things should be pointed out to yourself personally, rather than through the newspapers; and this is my apology for addressing you. Il.—From Mz. Cameron to Mr. Neilson. BanGatone, 7th April 1899. Dear Sir,—Owing to my absence at Mysore, I regret that your letter of the 25th altimo has not been answered promptly. I have to thank you for drawing attention to the weak points inmy statments about manure. Salt- petre was inadyertently overlooked, although I was under the impression that nitrate of potash had been recommended and entered in the list. Dried Blood is of course wrongly place’, being a nitrogenous fertilizer. Thave not heard that German superphosphates are in use in this country, but they are highly spoken of by continental cultivators, and Lam going to try them here on coffee and other plants. Being specially prepared for export to dietant countries, they are worthy of trial. But Tecan understand that their use ona large scale might seriously affect local interests—a phase of the question which didnot occur to me until i had read your letter. I may tell you, in conclusion, that my report to the planters’ of Coorg has no pretension to be exhaustive, and that sound criticism may be of more valne, if made known to the planters, than the report itself. Yours faithfally, > SEEDING OF THE GREAT BAMBOO (BAMBUSA ARUNDINACKA). Some account of the seeding of this plant in its native country may not be out of place at the present time, when the cultivation of the hardier kinds of Bamboo in Great Britain is receiying such general attention, creat- ing, as it were, another link of sympathy tetween the nations of the Hast and West, bringing to the minds of former travellers familiar and graceful objects in the landscapes of foreign climes, and to the untravelledsome idea of the graceful beauty of one of the most interesting and wonderful genera of plants. It would almost appear that there is nothing in this life unaccompanied with some disappointing drawback, and the more exquisite “a thing of beauty” it frst appears, the more crushing the subs-quent disappointment. In the case of the genus under notice, the drawback undoubtedly is the death of the plant after producing seed, this effort of reproduction beivg, I believe, in most if not all the species, fatal to the existence of the parent plant. The seeding and eubsequent death of at least some of the hardier kinds of Bamboo in Britain may, perbaps, be familiar enough to some people, but it may be doubted if it has fallen to the lot of many English men to have witnessed the phenomena on a large scale in the native country of the Bamboo. It was my lot early in life to see this mysterions act of Nature in relation to the huge forestsof Bambnsa arundinacea covering hun- dreds of square miles of conntry in Malabar and Coorg, in Southern India, and reaching farinto the adjoining province of Mysore. It was atthe close of the year 1562 (Sd.) J. Cameron, 826¢ that 1 took up my residence in an upland district of Malabar, where the slopes of the Western Ghauts were clothed with gigantic evergreen forests and from their base stretching for several miles into the Mysore territory, grew a veritable forest of Bamboo, intermixed with Teak and other deciduous and hard-wooded trees, the Bamboo predominating. My primary object is to give some account of the seeding of the Bamboo, I yet cannot help writing a few words on the beauty and grandeur of this forest as I first beheld it, and before ‘‘decay’s defacing fingers” had wrought desolation. Viewed asa whole from an eminence, nothing could well surpass the splendour of this vast area of waving plumes rising to a height of 60 to 70 feet ; and individually the clumps as seen more or less isolated on the grassy laterite knolls. were of surpassing beauty. From March until nearly Christmas, the Bamboo is clothed with leaves ofa pale delicate green, after which they begin to fall, and the jungle for a month or two is shorn to a great extent of its attractiveness, But thereis extra beauty in the young leaves as they begin to appear in response to the first showers of spring. I shall never forgeta ride I took on my first arrivalin the country alorg a road leading from Malabar into Mysore, and cut right through the heart of the Bamboo-jungle, and when the trees had on their best attire. The huge clumps stood almost at regular intervals close by the road on either side, the culms bending over and forming a complete archway of greenery for miles. This was the grandest triumphal archway I ever beheld, and when the subsequent seeding and destruction came, one could hardly help lamenting the inexorable laws of Nature. Very soon after my arrival in Malabar, L heard rumours that the Bamboo forests of Travancore to the south were in seed, and in the following season our turn came, and then that of Coorg to the north. So that this strange frutescence would appear to have taken place in sections, beginning at the most southern point of India, and travelling northwards year by year. When the seed became fully ripe, the culms were quite divested of leaves, and bent down with the heavy load of oat-like seeds—a magnificent harvest, it is true, but one which only occurs twice in a century, and which is then accompanied with the annihilation of the parent plants. When the seed became quite ripe, it fell to the ground, which was quickly covered with what had a wonderfully close resemblance to Oats. This fall was the signal tothe jungle tribes to lay up a store of the grain to serve them during the ensuing monsoon. and groupsof men and women were tobe seen ail over the forests gathering and deftly winnowing the seeds, whilst pea-fowl, jungle-fowl, partridge, and others of the feathered tribe, were not slowin taking advantage of the bountiful supply of food, and waxed fat and lazy, and sv became an easy prey to the fowler’s gun. Long, however, before a tithe of the rich store could be consumed the season of jungle-fires began, and added by the thick coating of leaves on the ground, completely licked the Bamboo forests from end to end, to all appearance converting into cbarcoal every seed that had dropped from the trees, extinguishing every hope that the land would ever again resume its former appearance. Nature, however, had her own secret way of preservation, and as time went on, tiny little Bamboo seedlings began to appear, which year by year increased in strength till, in 1877, or fifteen years from the time of seeding of the forests, the country had all but resumed its former grandeur. No description of mine could possibly convey an adequate idea of the scene of desolation the country presented after the death of the Bamboos over the whole extent of this magnificent forest, which was transferred suddenly from a scene of surpassing spleadour into one of dust and ashes. The monsoon, which had: brought revivifying power to the leafless Bamboos for the byegone fifty years, and bid them again and again burst into leaf and beauty, at last failed in its appeal to the “‘dullecold ear.of death.” - The succeeding hot season began its drying process on the dead culms, preparing them for the fires which were destined eventually to clear the country of every yestige of the old forest. It was several years, however, _ tropical garden during a warm summer. THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. — [June 1, 1899. before this process was completed, and here again rested a marvel, viz, how the young seedli escaped with life and increased in stuture throu the years of heat and smoke. For several seasons in succession the country was filled with smoke from the combustion of the dead and dry culms from about January to April which made it very unpleasant to the lives of the Coffee-planters and others. There was kept up night and day also « succession of loud reports from the ignition of t he pe nt- up gases between the joints of the huge eu!lms. I do not know, but I sometimes doubt if there is any example in the vegetable kingdom which can boast of a more rapid growth in a given space of time than the culms of a fully-developed plant of Bambusa arundinacae in its native clime. The clumps send up @ yearly supply of culms, which begin to appear in February, and by the end of July they have reached a height of from 60 to 70 feet, and are well furnished with lateral branches from top to bottom, with a diameter, close to the ground, of some 8 or inches. The culms, as they issne from the ground, are furnished with a curious protecting capping of brown-colonred sheaths, which they retain till they reach a considerable height, and the points are out of danger—an admirable protective process of nature. With reference to the longevity of the Bamboo, I took considerable pains to arrive at the approximate truth. I questioned and crose-questioned on many occasions the jungle tribes, who had their homes in the seclusion of these Bamboo wilds, and who, previous to the advent of the Coffee-planting industry, hardly ever left but lived on the produce from their small clearings, edible roots dug with pointed etakes from the woods, honey, and the fruits of the chase. One tribe was called Jain Coorumbers, or, in plain English, honey men, cr honey collectors. They are a lively race of people, with a wonderful amount of intelligence, and withal a rare appreciation, among natives, of fun and humour. I singled out several of the elder and most intelligent of this interesting tribe for my imquiries, ard arrrived at the conclusion that fifty years, er thereabouts, was the limit to the life of Bambusa arundinacea. There were several other species of Bamboo in the district, which, curiously enough seeded simultaneously with B. arundiracea. The uses to which the larger Bamboo is put in Malaber and other provinces of Southern India are too numerous to mention, and it would be diffienlt to imagine what the natives would do without ii. The Bamboo in Malabar is found almost from the sea level up to an elevation of something over 3,000 feet so that its range is considerable, and although it is generally described asa stove-plant in England, it might, I think, flourish in a house with less heat than that usually assigned to a stove, and might possibly, without hurt from an interesting object in the sub- To meke the canes more lasting, and, in some measure prevent the ravages of the white ant, the natives of Malabar adopt the practice of soaking them in water for some mont before putting them to use. The belief, or rather superstition, obtaining in some parts of England with regard to the influence of the moon on vegetation is also found amongst the matives of Malabar, and no native will cut » tres or a Bamboo for his own use during the wane of tlie moon. For some reason unexplained these Bamboo forests of Malabar are very unhealthy, alike to European and native. Ague and - fever prevail, more especially during the showery weather of spring, and immediately after the end of the south-west monsoon, when the, ground begins to dry, or, as the natives put it “ during the making of mud andthe making of dust.” The natives sometimes attribute the prevalence of malarial fever. in these jungles to the quality of the water, andI have frequently known a gang of coolies fresh from the Mysore stop at a Coffee plantation and taste the water, and then pass on to the next plantation. IfIam correct in. thinking that the life of Bambusa arundinacea is limited to fifty years, those forests in Malabar which I saw in seed and then perish, will again come to matuity about the year 1913, when will be. witnessed. a very curious. phenomenon im the vegetable kingdom.—Ji, Lowriz.— Gardeners’ Chronicle. 18LJ0 <= % June 1, 1899.) THE TROPICAL FACILITIES FOR MAKING GOOD TEA, Tn continuation of the notes and comments dealing with the above subject, on we shall next take up two sets of replies to our circular, received from the Kelani Valley, which regard the situation from different stand points. | And that is one of the advantages of eliciting infor- mation, by means of circulars, from men who are engaged in the same vocation, but who work necessarily under conditions more or less different. One of ow: planting friends congratulates himself that the old fancied draw backs to making good tea are being overcome, and that better tea is now being made on a majority of estates: another deals with the drawbacks as still potent factors. The two he gives prominence to are the scramble for quantity, and the attempt to cut down expenditure as much us possible. The inflated rupee compels the strictest economy, and the planter must show a saving on the cost per Ib. of tea laid down. By sacrificing quality he attains this end; and if quantity yields a very slight profit, he excepts the inevitable, but at the cost of the estate’s name in the market. If the craze for quantity has not altogether subsided, we doubt if ever before in the history of the enterprize there has been a greater trust in quality than during the past few months; and perhaps the wave has spread into the Kelani Valley too, since the answers to ow: cireylar were penned, As regards jat, both writers hold it to be poor on most old estates, while land more recently opened up had the benefit of the best jats. Neither is prepared to class the preyailing jats as inferior; but merely medium; but even so, we fancy, both quality and yield must be affected by, the failure to secure the best types of indigen- ous and hybrids. On_ the other hand, these were scarce and difficult to get at the out set of the enterprise; and in fea, as in other things, it is experience that teaches. In soil, too, the lower parts g? the district ave wanting, with alaterite . iv and white quartzy stratum. Though the higher parts are much better, there is no rich deep loain to speak of, most of the good soil being shallow, and many estates have a sub-stratum of slab rock. In these civeumstances, we should say careful drvain- age for the conservation of soil and manur- ing for its improvement, wre of prime in- portance, even though no estates can vet ye spoken of as worn out. It is with a field here anda field there that abandonment begins, and with timely attention, a venture which might otherwise prove unreimunerative mav be made to yield what may be ealled a living return. One of the papers before us is most emphatic that manuring is profitable and improves the tea, and it rvecords the heavy application of manures during the past two years on some estates with the best results: while the other is more cautious. It admits the improvement of tea by manuring, but doubts whether, the results are generally remunerative—the fear being expressed that, if a continued downward tendency in prices vender ex- penditure on manures impossible, the last state x the estate would: be woyse thay r ; AGRICULTORISY. 827 the first! We trust such apprehension is out of place now—at any rate average estates—and that the ruling prices will justify and repay the liberal treatment of bushes. Except in small privately-owned places, there is, according to one report, sufficiency of withering room and well-equipped machinery, but the other refuses to regard accommoda- tion which cannot cope with a week of rainy weather as adequate. As leaf must be plucked when it is fit, and manufacturing cannot wait, it is always better to err on the safe side, and a factory which cannot wrovide for arush must be deemed deficient. The second report puts it in this way :— “T consider a factory should have a roller to take 350 1b. withered leaf for every 100,000 lb. of made tea, so a factory making 500,000 lb. tea should have five of these, and driers in proportion. Very few factories in the island have, ar least I do not know many, and in this district I do not know one factory.” In motive power, however, both reports agree there is no deficiency to mention, and such as there is being yearly lessened. Both reports speak of a more than suffi- ciency of labour—and that is not an unmixed blessing. Superabundant labour means short time. and that, however coinforting to the worker temporarily, means less pay, with all the trouble incidental to it. Theve is, happily. a concensus of opinion that the day of too severe pruning is past. The lessons of expertence have not been lost; and light pruning, at intervals of 14 to 18 months, now commends confidence as suited to the Kelani Valley at any rate, and is practised on most estates. It is cheering to learn that, though the Valley does not profess to turn out Darjilings, or to match Udapussel- lawa and Nuwara Eliya, it beats them in yield, in pungency, and in transport facilities; while it is happy in its labour, and only wants a l4dd. rupee to be content all round. even while looking to Lipton as its best customer! With more supervision, too, said to be directed to manufacture than afore- time, and with the Railway in view, there is no reason why old planters and young should not hold wp their Fedde proudly in the great young district. — -————__e——— -— AMBALANGODA DISTRICTS NOTES, April, 236¢ WEATHER. I'ine weather set in again on the 25th inst., after most useful showers which came on every day for over a fortnight. The rains freshened up everything and have not only made the tea bushes flush vigorously, but put renewed life into all the various products cultivated in these dis- tricts—coconuts Cinnamon, sugar-cane, arecanuts, &e., &e, Sinhalese pluckers have at last put in an ap- pearance after their somewhat prolonged new year’s junketings, much to the relief of mind of many an estate manager about here, visions of the gar- den covered with bushes yards high, having been prominent as the flush sprung up so rapidly. As usual the wenches all demanded a new year’s gift each in cash on coming to work again. Is this custom peculiar to the low country Sinhalese, or does it prevail too among the Kaudyans? 828 THE Artizans; have also returned to work, but ave a more than a trifle listless and needless to say stony-broke. ACREAGE. There will not be much added to the acreage under tea in this portion of the province this mon- soon, small clearings at Elpitiya and Baddegama being the only ones mentioned ; while afew acres of moist and will go into Para Rubber. Of course one must not forget the whole half-acre the en- terprising directors of the Talgaswella Company have decided to put into Vanilla, as mentioned recently in the Observer. THE TEA CROP. So far the tea crop on most places is larger than for the same four months of Jast year, except on some of the estates near Mapalagama where it is said to be short ; but the drought there was more severe than at Baddegama and Elpitiya and the celebrated ‘‘Jake” on Talgaswella is reported, though probably an exaggeration, to have eva- porated down to a chunk of mud before the rains restored it, SUGAR. Tt is a current idea upeountry that the only place that sugar-cane is grown and sugar manu- factured atin Ceylon, is Baddegama estate. A trip by boat up the Ginganga river from Galle would dissipate this notion; for miles up one sees flour- ishing cane fields on both banks. The fields are not continuous, but show up constantly behind _the fringe of coconut trees, with every mile, or two mile where sugar and treacle are made. What becomes of all this sugar ? SNIPE, : Two good bags of snipe were made during the past week in the Karandeniya fields by a local planter, but these will be about the Jast of the season, and it is a little surprising it should windup so well, as birds have not been partien- larly plentiful in the Karandeniya-Elpitiya fields this year, KELANI. VALLEY, NEW FACTORY FOR THE KELANI VALLEY THA ASSOCIATION, LTD. (WEREAGOLLA ESTATE). This has been erected on land specially nequired for the site and to provide for the “development of the water power, on the opposite side of the Weoya river to the original factory and estate. It will now serve for the manufacture of tea from Parusella estate also, and which is about two miles distant by cart-road direct. A substantial suspension bridge is being erected over the river in place of the ordinary terry-boat, so that all communication and leaf transport will be independent of floods. The factory is of ixon, 45 feet by 120 feet, with teak windows aud weather boarding. There are two upper floors for withering purposes, with a special entrance for green i, from. the outside. The ground fioor is lofty, well-lighted and ventilated. Power is transmitted to the various ma- chines by a line-shaft extending the full length of the building and passing into the _power-house . which adjoins -qnain building at its end andin which is stationed the engine and boiler and also the counter-shaft connected with the turbine. “he turbine is of the vortex type (80 h.p.) and stands just below the level of the power- house and near the river. Water is obtained TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. the | ene | at a point about one-third of a ynile abyrys- the Factory by building masonry — the river, the supply being aievldial by means of asluice, and conveyed through pipe and open spouting to a settling tank, which connects by pipe with the turbine direct, The construction of the damn has been a very difficult work, and in the upper por- tions of the waterconrse many tons of vock have been removed by blasting. Work was commenced at the middle of March last yearand the factory was running under. steam power by December, the water power being completed and . started on the 2th inst. All the machinery awailable from the two factories has been thoreughly put. in order and they with the new ones added provide ample pee capacity, The Superintendent. Mr. A. H.. Wyness, las had a very arduous task in connerc- tion with the dam and watercourse and it is. satisfactory to. know . that a heavy fiood immediately following its completion has nob damaged it in. any way. . The ironwork of the. Factory was supplied by Messrs. Main, the woodwork and complete erection by Messrs. Walker Sons & Co., Colombe, the water power being devised and generally carvied out under the supervision of Mr. Hotland Porter of the latter firm. The Directors have now a commodious factory, well-situated for trans- port, and supplied with coppcate power, water-power being available throughout the year, and it is hoped they may reap the benefits avising therefrom to the full, — -~ —~- <—-- -—- —- CENTRAL TRAVANCORE PLANTERS ASSOCIATION From the report of the Secretary of this Association for the past year we extract the following :— Fixance,—Our expenditure for the year amounted to J28sv-1-4 inclusive of our donation of R1,0@0 to the American Market Fund, as wellas R200 for the expenses of our delegate to ‘Prevandrum, an item which @ces not often occur. ‘Lhe yedr closed with a credit of balance of R77-90. Mepicat’ Tunp.—Owing to the depression from which our industry is suffering, we found Ourselves unable to maintain so costly a Fund; the Fand was accordingly wound up, the Travancore Tea Estates Go. taking cver the dispensaries and who make a charge for medicines, etc., to outsiders making nse of the dispensaries. T.H. Goyernment was approached on the subject of appointing a fully qualified medical man to the District and acceded to our request by appointing Dr. Joseph, to whom we guarantee a sum ot not less than H100 per month, in addition to his grade pay as remuueration for ‘the extra work entailed on him in visiting members of this Associa- tion. FT; Roaps AnD Brinces.—-This is a subject which engiges no small amount of our attention every year. I think we must all agree, however, thatroads have of late improved, but much still remains tobe done. At the same time I fail to understand why large quantities of metal have been broken if it is not to be spread. For months past it has been almost impossible, I may even say dangerous, fora horse to pass a cart or fortwo carts to pass One another on certain roads, more espe- cially on the Carady Goody Hill, a road none too wide in itself to admit of any portion of its width being blocked by heaps of breken metal. With regard to - tze bridgesin the District, I donot think that I have ever scen them in a more dilapidated and unsafe con- dition than they are at present, and I trust the Chie€— BEugineer will lose no time in putting them i thorough ordex heforg the approach of the monsoon, “June 1, 1899. THE TROPICAL Rartways.—A light tramway line is shortly to be constructed from Ammavanayakanur to Uttamapolium and will eventually be extended to Kuravancoth. If yates for goods over this line are sufficiently low, and when taken into consideration with the cheaper steamer freights always to be obtained at Tuticorin, no doubt some estates, more especially those on the eastern side of the District, will send their tea to Tuticorin for shipment rather than as at present to Cochin, The promoters of the line expect considerable progress will have been made in its construction by the end of the current year. Oxsrtuary —We have to deplore the death of one of the oldest members of this Association, Mr. J. Bur- rows, who passed away early in the year, Decessed was on the point of leaving for Hngland when death overtook him. Game Laws.—Mr. Holder at the meeting of the association drew the attention of the meeting to the way in which big game of both sexes was being exterminated and numbers of per- sons how to be seen prowling around the confines of the estates with guns intent on butchery. Only re- cently a cooly had been shot by some person un- known. who had been trespassing on the Woodlands Estate. In fact, it was becoming positively dungerous on some estates to walk along the roads even in broad day-light. Je therefore proposed and Mr, Laurie seconded the following Resolutions which were carried unanimously :— 1. “Vhat members of this Association do view with alarm the manner in which game is being ex: terminated in the District, and do agree to do their utmost to prevent the possession of guns by coolies and kanganies on their respective estates and in every way to try and protect the game surrounding them.” 2. “That the Dewan be requested to confer the powers, &8 laid down in Section 4of the Travancore Game Preservation Regulation, on all members of the Committee of this Association.” ‘“Tt was further resolved ‘ that members’ attention be drawn to Section 3 of the Travancore Game Preservation Regulation.” DiRle Lorre, £2 THE EXPERIENCE OF CHYLON AND SOUTH INDIAN PLANTERS. A correspondent writes :—Looking through the columns of Planting Opinion (issue of the Ist inst.) the heading ‘Tea from Seed to Cup,” attracted my attention. Your con- temporary has arranged with a South Indian Planter (the italics are mine), to write a special series of papers on tea cultivation and manufacture, giving practical hints that will serve the beginner and enable him to suart tea planting with the teachings of ex- perience before him. What struck me was the announcement that the papers were to be written by a South Indian Planter. Considering that North-Rastern Indian and Ceylon planters are far more experienced men than their confreres in the South of India, specially as vegards manufacture, woull if not have been more to the point if we had been informed that that some expert from our part of India, cr from Ceylon, had engaged to write a series of practical articles for the benefit of his less experienced brethren in the South of India. Although tea was started in Southern India at the same time as if was in Assam and North-Western India, the Industry may, in comparison to the latter, be said, to be still in its infaney in the former. 1 look forward with interest to see how my Southern brother will teach “the young idea -how to shoot,” especially vegarding manufacture.—Planter, April 16, i AGRICULTURIST. 8295 CINGALESE CATTLE AND GOVERNMENT BPARM IN. TRINIDAD. We direct’ attention ‘to the interesting letter sent tous by Mr. Meaden, the Manacer of the Trinidad Government Farm, in refer- ence to the cattle selected by Dr. Stureess and sent from Ceylon, via Calcutta, to Trini- dad. It is tooscon yet, it will be observed to say that the expreiment is a success : but so far all has gone well and we trust Mr. Meaden will have a good: account to give by-and-bye. The Government Farm on which: he reports is entirely devoted to cestock:, 7 and the title of. the *§ Council Paper No. 10° of “1899,” now before ‘us. is * Annual Report of the Superintendent ot Pastures for 1893.” Both the Farm and the Pastures seem to be worked at a prokt : the former shown in the sale of £872 worth of stock and of the supply to hospitals of about 130,000 quarts of milk produced at so low a cost, as 32 cents per quart. In the case of ‘* Pastuves,” the fees leave a’ balance to the good of £230. A halance-shees fo the whole establishment tells us that the value of stock is £3.775; the cost of Farm £6,160. The total revenne for 1898 equalled £3,114 (counting the milk at dd a “quart less than is paid for inferior milk to Colombo milk-sellers) and the total expenditure in salaries, wages, feeding stock, &c., expense of stallions, purchase of pure-bred poultry &c., £2,00l—showing a net profit of £1,118. Clearly Mr. C. W. Meaden deserves epeat credit for so good aresult. The stock under his care on Ist January, 1899, included dairy stock 224; zebus 2i—total 245. Stud -:=—one stallion, 14 brood mares, 16 young stock— total 33. Poultry:—Wyandottes 14: white Minoreas 9: Créve Cours 3: Creole 12—total 88. Here are extracts of interest and of practical value with reference to local ** Dairy” experiments. Mr. Meaden. states :— ; The milch herd numbers 91 cows, all in profit- able condition, and 26 heifers ; these will come in later on in the year to augment the herd, or for sale in calf as suggested in the Report for 1897. The health of the herd has been, as usual. excellent: anything like disease is unknown. In calfhood there must be lesses from various causes known and unknown. During the year 82 calves were born and 8 died, a rate of 10 per cent. The average quality of the Farm milk has main- tained its high standard and kept pace with the extra amount produced. Below is shown the aver- age composition of mill from. 8 leading Conti- nental countries, the minimum quality permitted by the Society of Public Analysts, and the analysis of the average milk of the Farm taken mornine and evening :— — = 33 Fat Solids ‘Total Mois noé fat solids ture Jontinental Milk. 3°73. 9°19, 12°92. S7-48, Society public Ana- laysts,. & on $50, 11°50. 88°50, Farm Milk.—Morn- ing , 6700" 9°38, 15°38, $462. Evening a°20° 9-36, 14°56, sad, Average per cent. Cream 10. i! Sp. Gr. 10°28. P. CARMODY, Govt. Analyst. During the year experiments in butter-making have been carried on. ‘The chief obstacle to sue- cess is the difficulty in bringing the moisture eon- tained in the butter downto the legal limit, viz., 12 percent. When it isconsidered that the melt- ing point of butter is $7 degrees and that our tem- perature nearly always approaches this during 830 THE TROPICAL the day it is quite clear that there is a difficulty in effectual working. The milk yields as much butter as the English average, the colour, Havour, grain and consistency is good and an excellent article has been produced with the exception of the amount of moisture, However, Vrofessor Carmody, the Government Analyst, has kindly given me his assistance and no doubt success will follow. A Dairy has been fitted up with Sepa- rator, Churn, Delaiteuse, Thermometers, &c., all that is necessary to carry out experiments in a complete manner. The benefit conferred not only on Trinidad, but on the West Indies generally. by this Farm experiment, is clearly seen in our next extract :-- At the anuual December sale 58 head of stock were offered. The prices obtained weve in advance of the last sale and yvenerally were satisfactory, The animals were all in excellent order and well shown. The pen and boxes were littered down and the place on the sale day looked in business- like order. ‘The attendance was good and the bid- ding fairly brisk. Jamaica were buyers of the pure bred bulls. | am informed that the stock bred from these bulls in that Colony are 100 per cent in ad- vance in price upon the ordinary Creole stock. Two new features of thesale were the cross bred red Poll stock, and pure bred poultry. The bulls of the above cross realized £12 per head, a reason- ably good price for a first attempt and for little more than yearlings. The two heifers went for £3 5s each. The poultry--White Minorecas and silver Wryandottes sold for 9s per head and the regret was that there was not more of them. Demerara for the first time were purchasers of stock and as they got some excellent cross bred bulls, it is to be hoped that they will prove satisfactory and induce the purchasers and others to visit us again. The following were offered and the prices realized were : -- Per Head. 6 Milch Cows and 2 in-calf Heifers $179 00- 22 37 19} bred Zebu Heifers 1-2 years old 273 50= 14 40 2 Cross bred red Poll heifers : 30 00= 15 00 1 Pure bred Zebu Heifer ‘ 36 00= 35 00 4 Bulls 569 00=-142 25 7 4and ad bred Zebu 3s » 3 Cross bred red Poll Bulls 143 bred Zebu Oxen 3-4 years old 217 VO= 3010 174 00— 58 00 964 0U= 69 00 $2,442 50 4211 Average. 1 Trio white Minorva Fowls 575 5 75 6 Silver Wyandotte 3 12 35 2 06 As regards ‘‘ breeding,” we have informa- tion which ought to be of value not only to local officials concerned, but to many of our planters who go in freely for stock, both in the hill and lowcountry. Mr. Meaden reports :-— It may safely be asserted that the animal most suited to the climate of Trinidad is the Zebu (E. I. Cattle). They have great size and are very healthy, produce fine stock and without detri- ment to the milking qualities unless bred too close. They are irritable and difficult to handle and move from the place they are accustomed to: this is the chief objection to them. The red Poll was introduced to breed a more docile class and one that would in a greater measure than the Zebu become beef beasts. The result of crossing the red Poll with our mixed breed of cows has given satisfactory results sofa~ Alto- ‘gether 32 calves were born to him, 13 bull and 19 heifer calves, with only the loss of one. Four hull calves were sold as unthrifty to the butcher, Five head were sold at the annual sale leaving six bulls and 16 heifers for augmenting the he -or future sale. Those reserved have shown ex- AGRICULTURIST. _ acteristics of their breeds. (June 1, 1809. cellent growth under ordinary treatment, They are hardy and healthy aud have given no trouble, In the event of the heifers being beg co into the herd they will be sent to a pure bull ; this cross it is anticipated will give stock suit- able for work or the butcher, and will be superior milkers, docile and with reduced horns. The red Poll bull cost £65, of his stock £46 worth was sold during the year, and stock to the value of £113 based on the prices realized remains on hand. This within two years may be considered satisfactory. Outside of the imme- diate profit, the result of importing this bull will be the foundation of a type new to the Colony which will have many advantages, one of which is that they will be practically horn- less, a great point where a number of animals are herded together. The Guernsey bull imported as a calf has grown well and given no trouble and is now quite accli- matised, and his case proves that it is good policy to import from temperate climates all animals as young as possible, though the delay may be tedi- ous. This bull will be put to 4 and ¥ bred Zebu heifers from the best milch cows. This cross though smaller perhaps than the above will, it is antici- pated, result in deep rich milkers. It is early te speak of this because another year must clapse before service can commence. However, the above is the line it is preposed to go upon in improve- ment. We next come to * Poultry ”-—a department of almost universal interest to Ceylon resi- dents both Native and European, if they would only take the trouble to learn how to improve their “‘poultry-keeping.” Myr. Meaden tells us that,— Three varieties of poultry were imported from England in June. The breeds were :—No. 1— White Minoreas, No. 2—Silver Wyandottes. No. 3— Creve Cours. They came to hand in bad order in- fested with vermin, and four hens of No. 3 were in the last stage of disease and these succumbed in a very short time. A good deal of this mischief was due to faulty in packing. They were placed upon peat litter which speedily became filthy ; it would have been better to have left this out and turned the hose upon them each day if the decks were washed. The different breds are enclosed in separate runs, well shaded. They each in turn have a run about the stables and guinea grass plots during the day, and in this way gain most of their living. Nos. land 2 have k-ept in excel- lent health, but have lost some of the leading char- The Minorecas, six hens, laid nine dozen eggs from June to November, then moulted. They have now recommenced laying. The Wyandottes, six hens, laid 14dozen eggs, but did not become broody, and only lightly moulted. Speaking froma fairly extensive knowledge of dif- ferent breeds of poultry here, I think that the Wyandottes are one of the best and most useful breeds ever introduced, and no better fowl could be desired. The two Creve Cour hens laid two dozen eges, allunfertile. Now these fowls have accustomed tothe climate, better result will be recorded. A few pullets have been added to Nos. land 2, and willbe further increased so as to reduce the price of the eggs and distribute them cheaply amongst the peasantry. Minorca cockrells here, at six months old, weigh 4+ ibs., pullets 3ibs., their eggs six to the pound, Wyandotte cockrells at the same age weigh dtbs., pullets 4ifs., and their eggs nine to the pound. As regards “pastures,” it is evident that special attention is given and there ought to be valuable lessons to stock-owners in a land ‘with so poor a natural pasture as Ceylon has. For instance, we are told ;— To make up for the loss of pasture handed over — to the Botanic Department, the land between the * a3 We hs bi cipal ye - ia ‘June 1, 1899] THE TROPICAL rifle range and the river was cutlassed, burnt and roots grabbed out, and about 4,000 feet of open drains was dug, It will take some time and ex- pense to bring this land into sound grazing. A piece ofland at the rear of the range, about five acres, was also cleared of bush, fenced and had live hedging placed to the wires. Guinea grass and other grasses were planted, but the land is poor and will only afford rough accommodation for oxen und perhaps occasionally for horses. The calves pasture received a dressing of bone ash two cwt. per acre. The Euphorbia hedges were trimmed and looked exceedingly well. The only expenditure for the Farm fences will be the annual trimming of them. A lot of old standing prass was mown and had a little artificial feea added, this was fed to the oxen during the driest period, they did not seem to relish it much, and beyond the good done by mowing the pasture it would not pay as a feed. Some of the old grass was burnt standing, but no good result appeared from this (a few ticks may have been destroyed) and if more expensive it is better to mow than burn. An additional acre of Guinea grass was planted to provide fodder for stabled horses. The Guinea corn was also extended. I still find this a most useful fodder. for young cattle. Guinea grass, the finest fodder in the West Indies, grows most luxuriantly in a wild uncultivated state. The analysis of a sample collected in the scrub is as follows :— i Moisture By 16°83 Albumenous Compounds 8448 Carbonaceous principles, woody fibre 58°752 Mineral matter 15°72 100°00 A note accompanying the above from the act- ing Government Analyst remarked that: “ From the analytical data guinea grass is infinitely superior to ordinary pasture or Bahama grass, but had about the same value of manured pasture grass or English clover.” Trinidad, like Ceylon, depends largely on a foreign supply of meat; and we read:— Our meat supply comes from Venezuela and the market is worth £50,000 per annum. A re- cent advance in prige and the stoppage of ex- porting heifers indicates that their stock is run- ning low. This fact ought to be another induce- ment to invest in stock-raising in Tobago. A paper was submitted to the Agricultural Society, entitled ‘‘ Breeding for Beef.’ This gave an account of the commencement of an experiment to test whether beasts suitable for the butcher can be reared on our natural pasture grasses within a reasonable length of time and of suffi- cient good size. Without repeating too much, three young bulls were selected, cross red Polls. No. 1 at 12 months weighed 570 lbs. No. 2 at 7 months weighed 435 lbs., and No. 3 at 14 months weighed 465 lbs. Up to this age their daily gain equalled weights recorded by the Smithfield Club. Until the time they were weaned they had the greater part of the cow's milk, with Guinea grass and Guinea corn fodder at night and were stabled. After weighing, Nos. 1 and 3 were turned out with the oxen to take their chance with them. No. 1 speedily ran down and became infested with ticks and had to be brought in for a couple of weeks, he is now out again and doing well. No. 3 has given no trouble. No. 2 gets 24 artificial feed per day. These bulls will be weighed when another year expires, and go to the butcher, Their carcasses will be examined to ascertain the quality of the meat, &c. Some- thing definite will then be ascertained as to the rospect and value of raising cattle for the yutcher, and whether under ordinary conditions we can compete with imported cattle, AGRICULTURIST. 831 Finally, we come to ‘the stud” and here is a check to prosperity; for Mr. Meaden tells us :— The history of the stud for the year is not a pleasant one to relate, on the two principal points, viz., the demand for the stallion’s services and the foaling; failure and disappointment has to be recorded. A new departure was made in dis- posing of the horses, as indicated in last year’s report, by offering at auction such as were for disposal. This being the first attempt in this direction some anxiety was felt as to the re- sult, but what were good realized satisfactory prices, and further the sale indicated the right class of horse to breed and what would most likely find a demand. The three young mares realized £28 per head, about the current value for this class of horse. The price obtained for the seven young horses averaged £30 per head. The cost to rear them to 3 6-12th months old amounted to £17 each, leaving a profit of £13, an excellent average as times go. I'rom the time they were weaned until commencement of break- ing they had a feed each morning consisting of two parts crushed oats, two parts middlings, one part Indian corn, in all about 4 lb. costing 3d, per day. On this feed and always at pasture they have shown good growth, and the fact of their being disposed of at so early an age is sufficient proof of this. An exercising and driving ground was laid out levelled and gravelled. A dog cart and harness was purchased. These are home made and show excellent work. ‘he horse stock stood as follows on the 3ist December :— One thorough bred Stallion, nine in-foal mares, one Gelding, five years old, eight rising three year old colts and fillies, 10 rising two year old colts and fillies, two yearling colts, and was valued at £1,100. We make no apology to our readers for the many extracts we make from Mr. Meaden’s useful Report; for what intelligent’ family in Ceylon is not interested, more or less, in the improvement of cattle and poultry—in the suppy of better milk and beef: of less skinny fowls and better eggs? PRODUCE AND PLANTING. Tse “ Fren Breaxrast Tasre.’’—This pretty ex- pression of political sentiment is lost sight of for the present, theincreased national outlay relegating it to the back ground. Indeed, speculative opinion is en- gaged just nowin discussing the prospect of a reim- position of duty in some cases, and an increase rather than a reduction on those articles of produce on which the duty is comparatively slight. Tobacco importers are preparing for a possible rise in duty, and the clearances of tobacco from bond have been enormous, The possibility of a tax on sugar is discussed in some quarters, while the idea that tea so far from being © relieved of any of its present burden should be made to contribute a still higher sum to the Exchequer is not regarded as an altogether remote contingency. Chancellors have receptive minds, and if the consumer bears his burden patiently, itis very unlikely even in a tat year that the Chancellor of the Exchequer will do anything to lessen, say, the duty ontea, so long as hecan with confidence affirm that members of the tea trade are not in favour of any change. ‘I'he question is, do thore who express this view represent the real interest of the trade? and upon this doubtless, there will be a considerable difference of opinion also. A MecHANICAL TEA Burxrr.—We notice tbat Mr. HJ Apjohn, chief engineer to the Port Commissioners at Calcutta, recently gavea Cemonstration of his plan for the mechanical bulking of tea and repacking. Fiom the comments inthe “ Indian Planters’ Gazette” we gather that the representatives of the tea industr who were present were not yery favonrably ibereasadl 832 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. Bocus Tres.—We referred in a recent issue to the destruction by the Customs authorities of some bogus tea. According to the ‘‘ Grocer,” one of the ‘ latest discoveries of the public analysts is thas the Cus- toms authorities are growing careless in the matter of the tea imported into our ports. There have been two prosecutions within the pwist few months for an alleged excess of foreign matter in sam- ples of tea; bnt both of these were dismissed, and now there is another prosecution proceeding in which «a small country grocer is being made to bear the expense of a scientific discussion as to how far the Customs anthorities are doing their duty in examining tex’? As the “Grocer’’ points out, it is a great hardship that retail grocers should have to bear the brunt of this battle. Eyrerprise.—Ceylon tea proprietors and their re- presentatives do not weary in the task of advertising the merits of Ceylon tea. The idea of sending samples appropriately packed to the Austrian aud German Emperors is one capable of further development. All the remaining crowned heads of Europe might be treated in the same generous way, and donbtless the industry would ultimately benefit, The plan adopted in Ceylon of bringing the produce of the island to the front on every possible occasion must tell in the long run. It has been successful hitherto, and will, if persisted in, work wonders.—//, and C. Mail, April 7. pec ce ite CARRITE & CO’S INDIAN TEA MARKET REVIEW. SEASON, 1898-99. April, 1899. The season closed on the 3lst ultimo, with an ex- port to the U. K. of 135} millions compared with 133} millions the eeeeae year, Tne quality of the crop taken as a whole has been of average standard. It has been largely coraposed of ordinary medium grades, and the proportion of high class tea has been siaiall. Early in the season Cachar and Sylhet suffered severely from prolonged drought ; outturns at oue time were seriously behind last year, and the indifferent quality of the early teas resulted from the same cause. A favorable spell of weather, however, set in with the rainy seasov, and prospects were improved both in respect of qnality and yield, but generally speaking outturns had fallen so far behind that Managers found it impossible to overcome the defici- ency ; much of the lost ground was eventually re- covered, but the crop fell far short of estimates, “Assam has experienced fairly favorable weather throughout the season ; the character of the crop has been of a useful description witha very limited pro- portion above the ordinary average standard of ality. Windle conditions have prevailed in the Dooars; at one period of the season the outturn was appreciably ahead of last year, butan early setting in of the cold weather curtailed yield, and manufacture concluded somewhat sooner than usual. Some good teas were seen at the beginning and close of the season, but during the intermediate period, with some few ex- ceptions, arrivals somewhat largely consisted of thin iquoring kinds. sae cates has not been altogether favorable in Darjeeling. The second flash produced some ex- cellent teas, but continued and heavy downpours during the rainy season made it impossible to turn out any- thing but different quality from the leaf available. With improved weather, better quality followed, and some attractive flayory teas were made towards the ose. : ge SO thier districts call for no special remark, their quality being of the usual description. Vhe Terai, with the exception of s few of the best gardens, has practically passed into the hands of natives. The markets have remained fairly steady throughout the year; beyond the usual irregularities consistent ‘with a large trade, no violent fluctuation in prices has occurred, but the establishment of scale a lower of value for all but finest descriptions, and the diffi. j culty in moving tea outside this sphere ia spite of an exceptionally strong statistical position, have been the disappointing features of the season, The result of the last year’s working has again been unsatisfactory to growers. The chief causes are. to be fonad in the sameness of quality of a very large proportion of the crop, the uarqual distribution of supply, the concentration of buying power in the London market and high exchange. Climatic conditions have not been altogether favora- ble, and existing circumstances have made it difficnlt to raise thestandard ef quality, waich, as a rule, can only be doue at the expeuse of onttarn. The con- sistently low level of value, increased deliveries at home, together with the certainty of a crop practi- cally the same weight as lust year, and the uncertainty of a proportionately better price being obtainable, opposed the idea of curtailing ontiura with a view to improving quality. .The character of the crop, which has largely consisted of ordinary medium quality, has not tended to bring about any appreciable uuvance in sterling values, though, apart from other features of the trade, it shuuld have — sufficiently good to maintain last year’s level, Owing to improved facilities of transport, and also to uccelerated services, the crop has reached the market quicker than usual; no adverse influences have, temporarily impeded transit or have tended to check the rapid forwarding of supplies. Climatic causes, however, bave had some beating on the adjust- ment of supplies; and although regarded at the time in the most serious light, have really proved to be of some help to the industry—whilst favorable to yield in some districts they have at the same time occasioned a serve check to outturn in others, and excess on the one hand has been couuter- balanced by deficiency on the other—no relief however has been afforded the London market, which for Several] months during the season receives a supply ultogether out of proportion to demand. The effect of a congested supply, and the want cl a more equable distribution of the crop on the home market, has been more than ever emphasized this year. Improved means of carriage have been large} availed of (maiuly on account of economy in fnameee and tea has been rushed forward at headlong rate regardless of the inevitable fate awaitiog it in London. A more convincing proof of the need of a better regulation of supply cannot be wanted than this year’s working affords ; even the law of supply and demand has been suspended by the persistent pouring in of shipments, and any tendency to improved prices has been immediately stified. The altered condition of the trade, and the con- centration of buying power in the hands of the comparatively few large London houses, make it all the more necessary to feed the markets judiciously, aud the abseuce of this precaution has never been brought home to the seller so acutely as in the past year. The continually depressed market at home, and the difficulty in moving up sterlivg value, in spite of an exceptional position, are in a great measure directly attributable to this drawback, and so long as the annual Mooding process supervenes no healthy recovery in values appears probable ; they may slightly improve during the months ef dimiaished supply, bat only to be forced down again when the weight of tea comes forward. That some effective scheme for ensuring a more uniform supply throughout the year than now exists would prove of enormous benefit to the industry is un- doubted, but the difficulties to be overcome appear insurmountable; it would necessitate a strong com- bination of producing interests, and restricted dealinga would probably b2 unacceptable to many. But prices have been forced down to such a low Jevel, and the margin of profit to the grower, whereit has not dis- appeared altogether, is so small and uncertain, that any activemeasures with this object in view should receive every consideration. Reference to the ap- pended ‘ Movements of Tea” will be interesting in this connection, a8 (use 1, 1698 June 1, 1899.} Fine teas have maintained their value throughout the season, and have realised full prices whenever brought forward, indicating that there has been no falling-off in the appreciation of really good tea. The distinction made by the home trade between good to fine teavand tea barely reaching that s andard has been severely reflected in prices; the difference in value has become more accentuated, and Darjeeling gardens have been the chief sufferers. When teas from this district fall short of good to fine quality (whic is as a rule unavoidable in respect of * first flash” and “rains” manufacture) they drop into the plane of ordinary classes, and become ditficult to move ; they fare badly in London in competition with Ceylons, and unlike Calcutta, with its various outlets, there are, comparatively, no special demands for Dar- ‘jeelings of intermediate quality to look to for support, The distribution of the crop from Calcutta, as compared with last year, has been as follows :— 1898-99, 1897-98. To United Kingdom — ...1354 millions, 133% millions, », Colonies on 61 cr 6 *p ,, America Ber ED aes 2 i ,, Bombay, Persian Gulf, Black Sea ports, C :n- tinent & other markets 84 *S 4} The above figures may be considered eminently satisfactory, showing as they do, healthy competi- - tion and a substantially extended business between Calcutta and new outlets for Indian tea. The quantity drawn from Calcutta sales to meet these demands has amounted to 172 millions, or about 36{ per cent. of the total offerings, and contrasted with last year’s work in this direction the detaile are as follows :— 1898-99. 1897-98. Total quantity sold in Oalentta 49 millions 46 millions Percentage of the above ex- ported to the Colonies ai 13in8 96 14% » » 9» America « 63 % 45% 972) Bombay, &er.. 17 1% 94. % The satisfactory increase in trade with America and Bombay can ina great measure be attributed to the fact that asomewhat more liberal supply of teas suitable to their particular requirements have been offered in the Calcutta market. As foreshadowed in our review last year, these markets have readily responded to the opportunities given them, and it is encouraging to kvow that the endeayours made to stimulate these demands have been so successful. It isa clear indication ot proba- bilities, and should offer producers a strong induce- ment to teed these valuable outlets more freely, as they are capable of rapid extension and can generally pay a better price than obtainable in London for similar descriptions. The benefits of such a policy are manifold: Lon- don would be relieved to some extent of a class of tea which is yearly becoming more unsuited to the home trade, and which has consequently shrunk in value considerably; the demands ior new markets which are, in a great measure, the salvation of the industry and are gradually but surely extending in Coleutta, would be nurtured, and the grower, in doing this, would derive advantage in price. Our trade with America, Canada and Russia is surprisingly small when contrasted with an annual consumption of 150 to 200 millions, but Indian tea has secured a footing, and considerable progress may be confidently expected in these directions, provided the proper channels are used to encourage it. Vbhe strength of these demands, and the imperative- ness of drawing supplies from Calcutta, were clearly demonstrated during the euwrly months of the sea- son. Hitherto operations had been almost exclusi- vely confined to Cachars and Sylhets, but owing to severe drought, supplies were much cartuiled; the volume of business however was not affected, buyers nee substituting the produce of other districts, Neilgherry and Travancore teas, of which none appear on this market, would be taken THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 833 freely, and it is a matter well worth the consideration of growers in those centres if it would not benefit them, suitable as their teas are for the various foreign markets, to sell ia Calcutta. The market has felt the want of a better selection of high class tea; no fine. and yery few really good Assams have been seen during the season, the bulk of the offerings having been of the ordinary descrip- tion. The same may be said of Darjeelings, though a few attractive second flush teas were shown. The growing scarcity of the market acts as a serious check tothe progress of our trade with Australia and New Zealand particularly, and to this is partially attributable the disappointing export figures tothese ports. In the case of Dar- jeelings, paucity of supplies has been specially observ- able, andimporters in those centres do not disguise the fact, that owing to the difficulty and delay ex- perienced in finding their requirements in Calcutta, they have often been compelled to substitute Ceylon growths. higher grades in the A feature of considerable importance as affecting the price of tea in Calcutta is the appreciable quantity now being purchased for direct shipment to the large distributing houses in Great Britain. From the commencement of the season up to the middle of January last Calentta ssles have totalled about 43 millions, of which 15 millions have been absorbed by outside markets, leaving 28 millions for London. Allowing for transit, the corresponding period in which this tea would be placed on the London market exteuds from the beginning or July until the end of February. During this interval sales in Mincing Lane of Calcutta bought teas have totalled 25 millions against 28 millions actually shipped. The appreciable balance may be regarded as going to the distributor direct and to America, Such teas are therefore never seen on the London market; heavy warehouse and other charges are consequently avoided, and the buyer is therefore in a position to pay the producer a better price proportionate to the charges he saves, The question of exchange has attracted consider- able attention during the year. Producers have viewed the prospect of a fixed rate of 1s 4d with dismay, and it would seem that they have good reason for regarding the future with no little concern. The immediate effect of an appreciated rupee has been to severely handicap the industry, so much so that many concerns that could have existedon a natural exchange, or even at a compromised rate, have been obliged to give up the struggle, as no com- pensating advantage has been secured in_ sterling values, the movement being in the opposite direction. Difficulties in arranging fiuance, which may in some measure be attributed to the same cause, have also hampered the industry, and the workof opening out new markets, although it has made considerable pro- gress, has nevertheless been cramped. Advanced ex- change has been reflected in a higher cost of produc- tion, and as it isa matter of price alone that can en- able us to compete in new countries of consumption, the natural progress of our trade in this direction is in danger of being materially checked. It has been argued that the state of over-production has been reached, and that a fixed exchange of Is 4d would be the means of checking supply and restoring a healthy position. Sofar figures show that we are some distance off this deadlock; excess supply has appeared temporarily during the rush of shipments, but home deliveries for the past twelve months have outstripped receipts to the extent of 7 millions, and stocks on this date are over 64 wmoillions less than last year. Prospects for the ensuing season are brighter, and there are indications of a more prosperons year before the trade. The present strong position will doubt- less become accentuated by the end of May, andsta- tistically the outlook is exceptionally encouraging. The low scale of prices has enabled distributors to handle tea freely and force consumption, and the extraordinary increase in home deliveries is the most gatisfactory foature ia the yoay’s work. Phat solarge 834 THE TROPICAL a portion ofthe crop should, under such abnormal conditions as existed during the past year, have been dealt with before any recovery in prices took place in London, is instructive, andit is to be hoped that the measure of strength now acquired by producers will not be disturbed. The statistical position would seem to invite a freer supply, which in many cases would mean a coarser system of plucking and a conseyuent lowering of quality ; under such conditions the outlook isnot fa- vorable. Thepast year’s crop was by no means a full one, and with the increased yield during the current season from considerable extensions coming into bearing, there should, under normal conditions of weather, be quite sufficient tea to meet home re- quirements and also the increasing demands for out- side markets. With a largeand inferior quality crop, lower prices must be looked for, and any recovery in value (signs of which are now seep) cannotbe main- tained. As regards manufacture, the foregoing remarks may be some guidein decidiuog upon the best course to pursue. In the districts Planters have been fully alive to the situation, and every effort on their part will dcubtless be continued to attain the best results. —— PLANTERS’ ASSOCIATION. LABOUR SUPPLY From the official minutes of the annual general meeting held in the Victoria Hotel, Kuala Lum- pur, on Saturday, 25th February, we take the tollowing :— Mr. Carey, (Chairman) proposed the following, resolu- tion viz:—“ That in view of the increasing demand for Tamil labour in this State, it is desirable than an understanding should be arrived at amongst employers with respect to the employment of labourers from other estates,and this Association is of opinion that members should individually guarantee to knowingly employ no cooly or gang of coolies from another estate without the express consent and good will of their previous employers. In order that fair play may be assured in every case and that the liberty of the coolies may not be unreasonably curtailed all employers shall have the right of appeal to the Committee of this Association, whose decision shall be final and failure on the part of any member to comply with the Committee’s ruling should be at once at- tended by the prompt expulsion of such offending member from the roll of the Association. In case, where coolies who hare been a cause of trouble to their previous employer, have been engaged in good faith and in ignorance of the facts on another estate, the Committee shall deal with each such case upon its merits and their decison as to the course to be followed shall be final, and neglect on the part of members concerned to comply with their ruJing shall be attended by expulsion from the Association ; special emergency meetings of the Committee to deal with these questions will be held upon members advising the Honorary Secretary of their desire to have a settlement of such disputes arrived at.’’ Mr. Carey said it was of vital importance that there should be combination amongst the planters so as to be masters of the coolies or the coolies would be masters of the planters. In Ceylon great trouble had arisen through coolies moving about without reason- able restrictions and in consequence advances had gone up by leaps and bounds until it had become a serious matter indeed for proprietors. In Ceylon kanganies left estates unless they got anything they wanted and if Selangore Planters were not careful they would find SELANGOR themselves in the same position. Under the present” a cooly can legally givea month’s notice and ee tke seas and apather planter would take him on, but planting etiquette was stronger than law and this resolution would prevent coolies from acting ina manner which was unfair to their employers. The cvolies’ interests however mustalso be safeguarded and a the case of a very unhealthy estate, they should be (JUNE 1, 1899. allowed to leave if such was their wish. Boycotting and unreasonable restrictions were obviated by the second part of the resolution, for it gave the right of appeal to the Committee, men in whom presumably the Asso- ciation had confidence and who would see that no in- Justice was done. The labour question was a most serious one, but treated on the lines of the resolution, there would be no friction. There was no earthly reason why a planter should say he was dependent upon his neighbour for labour, yet anyone who opposed that resolution practically did say so. There was every reason for believing that Government would meet the planters fairly in this matter and if coolies left a plauter without sufficient cause no Government Department would employ them. _Mr. C Meikle in seconding the resolution said that similar ye momo had been discussed some years ago and that the effect of that discussion had been wonderful. The coolies understood from it that furopeans would stand by each other and the passing of this resolution would have the effect of maxing the coolies contented and would be a guarantee that a planter would get a return for his outlay in bring- ing our labour from the coast. He hoped the resolu- tion would be passed unanimously. Mr. W W Bailey said he agreed with all that had been said and approved of the resolution, but he would go fur- ther and would like to see every planter present guarantee to import a certain number of coolies from the coast. Now that many estates were coming into crop it was found a great difficulty to keep coolies where a pickings were in force as they preferred such works as weeding, &c., which was easier. He was prepared to guarantee to take four times as many coolies ashe now had on Lowlands and if the other planters would do the same Govern- ment would be impressed with the importance of granting reduced fares, Mr. Gibson said that certain representations had been made through the UP A to the R G with a view to having the present cheap-ticket system extended, for another year, and he believed that such would be done. The passing of this resolution would necessitate the importation of coolies from the coast as local supply would virtually cease. Mr. Carey sympathised with what had been said but pointed out that it was impossible for planters to say off-hand how many coolies they wanted. Com- petition with each other would cause a rise in the price oflabour, but the resolution did not mean com- petition. A definite statement as to the number of coolies each planter would import was very necessary, butit was impossible to make such a statement then. 4 The resolution on being put to the meeting was carried unanimously. Mr. Carey proposed the following resolution viz :— “That the Government be accorded a hearty vote ef thanks for their prompt action in rendering as- sistance to the Superiutendent of Petaling Estate by sending down large gangs of coolies to help him in clearing his coffee of caterpillars, and also for temporarily remitting the export duty on coffee,” and said he could only characterise the action of Government as magnificent. Mr. Bailey in seconding the resolution said that, but for the grand assistance of Government, and that from other Estates, not only Petaling but many other Estates would have been absolutely ex- terminated, and he took that opportunity of publicly thanking Messrs. Mitchell and Poulett for their as- sistance. The resolution was unanimously carried with ac- clamation. The meeting then proceeded to ballot for a Chair- man and Secretary for the new year with the result that Mr. Carey was elected Chairman and Mr. Gibson, Hon. Sec. practically unanimously. oo WILLIAM S. ARMSTRONG, who owns a rubber AGRICULTURIST. plantation in Nicaragua, writing from Natalbany, La, invites correspondence from persons wishing to purchase rubber tree seeds,—India Rubber World. STA TO « a - JUNE 1, 1899. | DELGOLLA ESTATE COMPANY. The Directors have now to present to the Share- holders their report for the season ending 28th February, 1899, together with the aunual statement of the Gompany’s accounts for the same period Tun Isappu Estare.—Lbe decision of the share- holders to part with this property was carricdont as ‘directed, with the results shewn in the balance sheet. The effect of the diminished cocoa crop has been to make the balance of the working account some- what less satisfactory than was anticipated at the -time the estimates were framed, but the expectations of crop so early in the year have always to be founded more orless upon mere conjecture so many months prior even to the blossoming season and the apparent capabilities of the trees are entirely modified by.any vicissitude of the scasonlater on, and although only 250 cwts. of cocoa were estimated as against 4034 cwts. gathered the previous year on -Delgolla, only 211% cwts. were secured, and the quality of much of it exceeding poor, the weather -being unpropitious and the tree suffiring theretrom considerably. Goconurs.—There were 240,500 nuts gathered on Delgolla against an estimate of 250,000. The pre- vious year’s crop was 200,265 against an estimate? 150,600, and although this season’s crop falls short of its estimate by 9,500 nuts, it nevertheless shows an increase of akout 20 per cent above last year’s yield and steady progress. ¢ IncrrAsED AREA oF Coconuts.—Of addi- -tional land brought into cultivation there is 133°3° 4 -and the old lands have been thoroughly _ supplied =p Je .»,,409°1:29 making a total area now under coconuts .. 643°0.33 and the Visiting Agent reports the supplying a success. Cocoa SurPiins.—A larger area than estimated has been fully supplied, viz., 158a. 3r. id4p. and is not altogether the complete success that the coconut supplies have been as the season has not been so favourable, but the work has to be gbne over every season until the land is fully occupied as intended. Direcrors.—Mr, Frank M. Laurie Board by rotation. Auprror.—The elec'ion of Anditor rests with the meeting. ————————————— CEYLON TEA PLANTATIONS COMPANY, LIMITED. Directors.—H. K. Rutherford, (Chairman -and Managing Director); Henry Tod, David Reid, G. A. Talbot; Secretary, Sir Wm. Johnston, Bart. ; Manager in Ceylon, H. V. Masefield; Office, 20, Hastcheap, London, H.C. Report of the Directors to be submitted at the Twelfth Annual Ordinary General Meet- ing of Shareholders, fixed to be held at the Office of the Company, on Wednesday, 26th Apvil. The Directors have the pleasure to submit the General Balance Sheet and Profit and Loss Account for the year ending 38lst December, 1898, duly audited, The net amount at credit of Profit £ and Loss Account, including Balance brought forward at 3ist December, 1897, and after providing for General Expenses, Directors’ Fees, Income Pax Sed, 18) ee Os .. 44,502 15 1 An Interim Dividend of 7 per cent. on the Ordinary Shares was paid 28th October, 1898, amounting to yh. It is proposed to pay a final Dtvi- dend of 8 per cent. on the Ordinary Shares (making 15 per cent. in all, free of Income Tax) vehichi will absorb Ot s. d, 11,716 12 13,300 8 0 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. Income Tax), amounting to retires from the * Dividends on the 7 per cent. Pre- ference Shares were paid for 1898 (less 5,486 16 0 It is proposed to add to Reserve Fund 5,000 0 0 It is proposed to write off for Depre- ciation 5,000 00 And to carry forward to next year a balance of 3 rf 3,908 19'1 £44,502.15,1 Owing to climatic influences the Ceylon tea crop of 1898 fell considerably short of estimates, and the yield from the Company’s Estates was 73 per cent. under that of the previous year. This, coupled with a further rise in the rate of Exchange, somewhat diminished the profits for the year, The Directors, however, are in a position to recommend the usual dividend of 15 per cent, on the Ordinary Shares, this being the twelfth consecutive year of a like distribution. It is proposed to write off for depreciation the sum of £5,000, and to add £5,000 to the Reserve Fund, which will then amount to £95,000, and to. carry forward £3,908 19s 1d. The yield,of ea was 460 lb. per acre as against 495 lb, the previous year. : The crop for-1898 was as under :— Estate Tea, 8,714,316 lb. ; Bought Leaf Tea, 355,571 lbs; Tea manufactured for others, 1,005,294 lb. ; Total, 5,075,181 1b. The gross price realized for the Company’s Teas sold in London was 8'24d as against 7'85d per lb. in 1897, and the average rate of exchange 1s 4 3-16d compared with 1s 3 13-32d the previous year. The crop of Coconuts fell somewhat short of anticipation, due to a partial failure of the blossom, and the working of the Hunupitiya Mills resulted in a loss, owing principally to un- fortunate delays with the installation of the oil machinery, and the low price obtained for dessi- cated coconuts. The following is a statement of the crops for the last three years. Years 1896 875,570 Coconuts. is TOO 1,209,980 ie >, 1898 1,180,520 nd The Board have again great pleasure in ack- n@®wledging their appreciation of the services of the staff both in Ceylon and London. Under the Articles of Association Mr. H. K. Rutherford: vacates his seat on the Board, but, ’ being eligible, offers himself for re-election. The Auditors, Messrs. Harper Brothers, Chartered Accountants, also retire from office, and offer themselves for re-election.—By order of the Board, Won. JOHNSTON, Secretary. Pe Ti See a PRANUT BuTTER.—It is reported in an Ameri- can journal that a new factory has just been put in operation in the City of Kokomo, Indiana, for the manufacture of butter from peanuts. At the present price of the nuts the butter can be sold at 15 cents per pound. The process of mann- facture is no secret. The nuts, after the hulls are removed, ave carefully handpicked and taulty kernels removed. They are then roasted in a large rotary oven. Again, they ave gone over by hand for the removal of seorched grains, The nuts are then put through a mail and ground as fine as the finest flour the natural oil in the grains giving it the appearance and consistency of putty as it leaves the mill, except that it is more of an orange colour. By the addition of water the butter is complete, no other ingrediert— not even salt—beine used. It never grows rancid, and keeps in any climate. If this Lutter is all that it is suid to be, it would seem that sooner or later the ordinary dairies will have to cease business, but much must be allowed for American enthu- siam in heralding this new butter substitute, —Chem, Trade Journal. 836 CEYLON TEA IN AMERICA. By latest accounts from London, our Tea Commissioner had just returned from America. He thinks our Ceylon teas are too dear now for America, the rise of 2d fol- lowing on 5d duty, being more than a people who care so little for black tea, want to digest. Coffee—their national drink—they can have almost for nothing. On the other hand, men have been scouring the American cities for tea to be shipped to London! Some teas rejected by the United States Inspectors lately. were bought for 24d in New York, shipped to London, and sold for 64d. They were rubbishy ‘China blacks. —We append an article on the proposed differential duty in Canada. Several papers are agitating for it; but we learn that the agitation is a ‘ worked-up” one, not the natural outburst which would betoken a strongly felt grievance. Still let us hope it may succeed. But the Canadian blenders and packet-people who have made our trade with the ‘‘ Dominion,” will feel this rise very bitterly. Unless they organize, they cannot raise the price of their packets. The article from the Toronto World is as fol- lows :— TEA AND THE PREFERENTIAL TARIFF. It is reported that the Government has in view the placing of a tax on tea to meet the deficiency caused by the recent postal reductions. If such is its in- tention, advantage should be taken of the opportu- nity to discourage the use of the adulterated and poisonous teas that are dumped on the Canadian market. There 1s a lot of trash known as tea that should be absolutely prohibited from entering the country. This low grade stuff is the cause ofsallow complexion and nervousness in the people who use it. We have no hesitation in saying that it is the exciting cause of many cases of insanity. The far- mers seem to use a good deal of it and with bad effects. Whether the Government places a duty on tea or not, it should protect the people from these poisonous teas. They come principally from China and Japan, being prepared by people who are un- cleanly, ignorant and devoid of all ideas of sanitation. In order to discourage importations from China and Japan, it would not bea bad idea to extend the pre- ferential tariff, as applied to Great Britain, to such parts of the empire as produce tea, that is if a duty of any kind is to be imposed on tea. The tea plan- tations of Ceylon and India are under the control of Englishmen, who use_ machinery to prepare the tea, while in China and Japan the work is done by the bare feet and hands of the natives. A preferential duty would kill two birds with the one stone—encour- age trade within the empire and discourage the use of an article that is sending many people to the sylum. —____»¢—__—_ NORTH MYSORE PLANTERS’ ATION. At the last annual general meeting of this As- sociation a report was submitted showing that the accounts were in a satisfactory condition. ‘he income derived from subscriptions amounted to R1,593-11-0. The expenditure was R1,483-8-6 and there was now *g total credit balance of R2,013 of which R1,000 was ‘allotted to the Reserve fund. Crops had been good, but any satisfaction felt on that account, was fully counterbalanced by the poor prices their coffee was now realising. The plague had been very severe in several districts of the Province and had interfered with the completion of various public works, parti- cularly in connection with means of communication. The Imperial Government had sanctioned the ap- ASSOCTI- THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. (Jose }, te ~> 4 1898, pointment of Dr. Adolf Lehmann as Agricultural Chemist to the Mysore Government for a period of five years. No cases of coffee stealing had this year been brought to the notice of the Association, in spite of the fact, that placards offering a reward of R100 for information leading to the conviction of receivers of stolen coffee were posted in the principal villages of the district; the absence of claims for the rewards did not, it was feared, mean that coffee stealing had in any way abated. Mr. O Scor-Kimyinc was elected President for the year, Aletter was readfrom Mr. G R Oliver re the buy- ing and selling of coffee advocating theuse of English weights as a standard, stating that at present the Mangalore maund is 28} lb. English. and a candy 576 lb. instead of a maund of 28 lb. and a candy of 560 lb. It is true that the native lb. is 40 rupees weight and the English 39 rupees in weight, but even then the difference is not caleulated correctly, and as it is presumed that English weighing ma- chines are used by all planters and firms it is an anomaly that native weights should be used. Re- solved that the Honorary Secretary address the South Mysore Planters’ Association, and in the event of their agreeing to co-operate, that all Curing Agents be addressed on the subject. ADDRESS BY THE AGRICULTURAL CHEMIST. Dr. Lehmann then said:—I thank you for the honour you have done me, in inviting me to be present at this Meeting, and I wish to take this oppor- tunity of expressing to you, and to all the other planters, it has been my privil to meet, my gratitude for the hearty welcome which you and they have given me. It would be useless to mention to you the objects of my visit to this State, but I onght to say that my present tour is only a preliminary one, and simply for the purpose of becoming acquainted with some of your difficulties. As I have been barely two months in India I am in a large measure un- acquainted with your climate, and have examined your soil, with a mamotie only. Ikmow practically nothing of the peculiarities of the coffees tree, and have not had the opportunity of making a single experiment, it would be presumptuous on a to speak to you, on any of the subjects which lie nearest to your hearts. I should however like to ask for your support and co-operation in the work which the Mysore Government has asked me to undertake. The Laboratory work will suggest metheds or in other cases, tes* results, but a part of the work will have to be carried out on experimental plots, or on your plant- ations, I hope that some experimental plots will be established, yet the great difference in climatic and other conditions in the State, make the experiments conducted on your own estates, other things be- ing equal, of greatest value to you. Ishould be glad therefore if you would undertake some experiments for yourselves,and I shall of course give you all the assiat- ance that liesinmy power. The subject of fertilisers is one that has been much spoken of ;as you know, plants are composed of compounds of various elements, some of which are essential, or necessary for the growth of the plant; others are simply accidental or taken up be- cause they happened to be present in the soil. The plant is not dependent on the latter. It could grow, if they were not present, but if any of the former were missing the plant could not grow. I doubt if there being any soilin the Mysore in which one of those essential elements is absolutely absent, still there are probably Districts in which plants suffer, because their roots are not ableto obtain aslarge a supply of one or other of these constituents as is necessary for the perfect growth of the plant. It suffers from partial starvation. As you are aware, this starvation is generally due to the absence of available compounds of either potash, phosphoric acid, or nitrogen, one or more of these compounds, or possibly some other compound like lime may be lacking, or in other words, the particular plant, to be grown may be unable to assimilate a sufficient quantity, for there is a differ-~ ence in plants as well as a difference in soils—some plants for example, can readily assimilate from a particular soil all the potash they require, while JuNE 1, 1899.] THE TROPICAL another crop, on the same soil, would readily res- ond to a potash fertiliser. Fora crop, the pecu- iarties of which are well-known, an analysis of a soil may suggest the particular fertiliser which would give best results: but achemical analysis is by no means absolutely necessary for finding out the requirements of the soil you can easily do this on your estates, ‘‘ The proof of the pudding is in the eating.’ Ifa crop is benefited by a certain simple fertiliser it is evident that the soil was lacking in that particular plant food in so far as this particular crop was concerned; but in order to ascer- tain whether a fertiliser has had a beneficial effect or otherwise we must leave a part of a uniform piece of land, treated in every other respect in the same manner, unfertilised. To my mind an advisable way of conducting these fertilising experiments would be to select as uniform a piece of coffee (uniform shade-soil-coffee, etc.), as possible, to apply to a narrow strip, say 20 or 40 feet running straight down the hill, a certain fertiliser leaving a similar strip next to this unfertilized, follow this by a strip to which another fertiliser has been applied. Every strip to which a fertiliser has been applied will thus be separated, by a similar strip, of unmanured soil which will serve as a standard for comparison. if shall not take up your time with any further remarks on this subject but hope you will do me the honour of writing to me when you have time. The extent and the object of the experiment will have to deter- mine the particular fertilisers used, and the rotation in which they are applied. I should esteem it an honour if you would permit me to consult with you whenever you contemplate making an experiment, however small it may be. While speaking of fertilisers, permit me to say that the more evenly and the more intimately it is mixed with the soil (other things being equal), the better the results are likely to be. Of course you know that certain fertilisers, such as sulphate of ammonia and lime ought not to be mixed together as it would result in the loss of ammonia; and that saltpetre ought never to be applied either just before or during the monsoons, as a heavy shower of rain would cause it to be washed away. But I am not yet in a position to say what would be the best time of the year to apply it, this might viry for differents easons and localities, and would depend to some extent on whether the coffee re- quires a period of rest curing the hot weather or not. On the subject of digging, mulching, and green manuring, I hope to have something further to say later on. Jf my first impressions are true it would be well to try and allow the leaves to remain on the surface as long as possible. But I must not occupy your timeany further as I hope to have the privilege of attending some of your fature meetings. After a vote of thanks to Dr. Lehmann for his most ineresting address, and the usual vote of thanks to the Chairman and Honorary Secretary, the meeting broke up. oe TEA IN AMERICA AND RUSSIA. We have received a number of specimens of the advertising of Ceylon and Indian Teas in the American press. Most, if not all, of these are very admirably conceived and in design and letterpress reflect credit on Mr. Mackenzie and Mr. Blechynden. Our corre- the CEYLON spondent, in forwarding specimens, writes from New York, March 17th, as follows :— “Some of the enclosed might interest you. The ad- vertisements are more to the Grocery trade, on the position of the market. Teas are now being shipped from here to London. Any rubbish, provided it is cheap enough, is the tenor of the orders from London! “What has become of shipments to Russia? Up to the middle of Feb, the Observer shows none! If the AGRICULTURIST. 837 rise in lower grade has already stopped the Russian trade, it can be of use to Ceylon, only when teas are below the cost of profitable production. Perhaps Russian buyers are holding back for a vessel of their Volunteer Fleet.” Our correspondent will see that Russia did much better in March and that the com- parison of shipments to Russia at the latest date the Chamber’s return is as fol- lows :— January to April 18, 1899 -- 599,796lb. January to April 18, 1898 -. ~ 315,3811b. Increase ,. 284,415]b. To America, the increase is very satis- factory :— January to April 18, 1899 +» 613,3991b. January to April 18, 1898 eee OOT LS Ups Increase oo. 54,262lb. ee eres INDIAN TEA AND COFFEE AT THE PARIS EXHIBITION. The following communication from the Govern: ment of India to the Madras Government has been passed on to the United Planters’ As- sociation of Southern India for remark :— “Copy of letter from the Secretary to the Govern- ment of India, Department of Revenue and Agriculture Commercial Exhibitions), Circular No. 15-1-11, dated 25th March, 1899. -‘* In accord- ance with the terms of the Resolution of the Government of India, dated 2nd March, 1899, the Rules and Regulations relating to the British Indian and Ceylon Section of the Paris Exhibition, 1900, have been published in the Gazette of India and the Gazette of Local Governments and Admin- istrations. In the meantime the question of how the space provided in the Indian {!mperial Court which is shown in the pian attached to the Rules and Regulations can be best utilised in the interests of India has been under consideration. The Government of India have decided to con- tribute to the Exhibition representative collections of forest produce and minerals. But after pro- viding for these collections a certain amount of space will remaim, and the Government of India consider that this cannot be better utilised than as a meansot assisting the tea and coffee in- dustries to an adequate and effective exhibition of their produce. It is proposed therefore to grant, free of charge, to the Indian Tea Asso- ciation, and also to Coffee Planters’ Associations in case the latter should desire it, such space as is available in the Imperial Court and to assist in the decoration of the Court ina suit- able manner. [ am further to request that inti- mation of the Government of India’s intention may be given to the Planters’ Associations of Madras, and that it may be suggested to those bodies that should they desire to avail them- selves of the offer of exhibition space, the ar- rangement of details might most conveniently be entrusted to a Central Committee working in London, and representing and financed by the several Associations. If this suggestion be adopted, the Central Committee might organise a coffee- room in co-operation with the tea-room of the Indian Tea Association. As the time for com- pleting arrangements is short, Iam to request that no time may be lose in ascertaining the views of the Associations concerned.” 838 THE TROPICAL NOTES FROM NORTE TRAVANCORE. rn April 24, WEATHER, The weather still continues wet although not tinduly so. As a rule, we have fine nornings, clouding up about the middle of the day with mist, and sometimes rain in the early afternoons, but more generally, Jate at night. The cold weather we had in the early months of the year, with frosty mornings, have entirely gone and instead we are having fine, mild, growing weather, suiting everything to perfection. The months of April and May, I should pay are the two best and pleasantest months of the whole year so far as my experience goes, and the Ini! before the storm of the S.W. monsoon, which generally reaches this quarter early in June; then is the season of the, year for rain coats, overalls, and water-tight boots, some not even despising the tar-famed ‘‘Sairey Gamp ” whien it is possible to holdit up. The strongS.W. winds, however, often prevent this, but still the $.G. is not a thing to be despised, although some people, I know, think it effeminate to be seen in tow with the so-called old Jady.; Jang may she wag aboon the grun! ‘he rains remind me of a story ofa Ceylon 8.D., a true son of the North of Scotland, Who came out to. tea-planting in the N.E, Monsoon in an estate where it happened he was _ fixed, and having to send in his Weekly Report of how things were progressing in the estate, he was greatly troubled with what he called the ‘© Weet.” The coolies couldn’t work very weel on account of the “weet,” the weeding wasbehind hand on account of the ‘‘weet,” he couldn’. get a drink on account of the ‘ weet ”!! and so on, and so on to the end of the report, and ending up by his getting _ nicknamed ‘‘the weet.” WORK ON ESTATES, Every one seems busy in this quarter just now . with new clearing work, pushing on to yet things ready for the planting season, which will shortly be at hand. So. far things seem to be pretty well forward, but there is still a lot to do in . the way of roading, draining, &c., &c., before _the planting actually commences. I hear that Factories are also in full-swing, lots of leaf com- ing in, and the bushes looking very fit. The coffee - crops, so far as I hear, seem to have Veen good, heavy crops in faet on most places, and no doubt these showers, which we have had during the month, will have done the trees an inimense deal of good ; prospects in coffee for coming sea- son, I am not in a position to report on as yet, only having seen certain coffee-estates in the distance. Theappearance, however, seemsto portend to be good, if the dark green colour of the trees is any indication to go by, no leaf disease or _green bug seemingly about, or at least I have _heard of none, of either disease. Long may these pests stay away. POSTAL COMPLAINTS, _. L often notice complaints made about the delay _ at Pos¢ Offices in Ceylon, delay in getting letters, v &e., &e., but how is the following for a record? - A Vost Office money. order for only a small sum, was despatched from Munaar on 22nd of March, and- did not reach the party for _ being on the receipt received the other day. Thus it takes 23 days as you will see to send money ‘from. the above-mentioned Post Office to a Post Office in Ceylon. I think this will be hard to beat; no one could be surprised to hear of people which it | was intended until 13th April, both these dates . a 4 4 AGRICULTURIST. sending small sums through someether channel and not much wonder? Let others grumble;you good folks in Ceylon, I dont think are so badly off after aJl. Labour seems plentifal enough everywhere about, and coolics Lealthy as a rule, *pnen- monia ” being about the only disease amongst the lalourers at present and this only amongst newly arrived ba‘ches coming up from the low country to the upper regions. This, however, is always the case, but it is never bad, only a death here and there being reported. When once they get settled down and acclimatised, they seem to like the climate well enough, and certainly no one can say itis unhealthy. The death-rate amongst coolies, I should say, is very low, compared with many districts in Ceylon, and less even than the Ceylon average. I may be wrong, but that is my impres- sion from what I have seen, and also what I have heard about these districts, 1 am not speaking of South Travancore. ELEPHANTS. The elevhants still keep up eh a ke gam- boling amongst the tea estates around about: tliey seem to be very inquisitive at times, and any new land wark about, in the shape of a new! made road, or drain, or weeds hole, where fr earth has been brought to the surface, is duly examined and reported on. These reports, however, are not sent in as a rule, so it 1s difficule for cig tia to say what their judgments are, but I have no doubt they are very satisfactory to themselves, for they seem to go their —< rounds af stated intervals ; but on the whele, they do not do much damage, and show that there are always some of those denizens of the forest to the fore; long may they be say L CYCLING, It would be worth while for some trneson of the eyele to take a tour through these districts. The scenery l:e would find grand,almost beyond deserip- tion. The roads, however, are a trifle outy of order and might be against the trip; but these are abways improving, and in time, we hope to have as good roads as the hill districts of Ceylon; in time, I say,—a few years more or less,—but “ Rome was not built in a day,” so neither are cartroads, tramways, nor rail- ways, but some day we expect to have them all and then, oh! well I won’t. say what will happen; but any Ceylon man curious enough to come over and see for himself, can give a true and faithful report and see that that report is duly printed and published (not like the elephant’s:re- ports) and held up-to the light of day for every good and true planter, (and others for that matter) to see—so mote it B. en eee ee CARDAMOMS.—Another large atrival has come in since our last. In Ceylon Mysore kind the usual jobbing business has been done. For Malabar there is more inquiry, qualities worth between. 2s. 2d. and 2s. 4d. being especially wanted.—B. and C. Druggist. CINCHONA BARK.— The London warehousestock is now about 1,100 packages below that at the end of the last year. It is smaller than it has ever been before in the last seven years at the corresponding date. The arrivals .up to March 8lst were. 4.108 packages, which is only reduced on by 1897 of the Jast seven years,; The deliveries - are 5,220 packages, which is about the average - The Javashipments are given | of the same years. elsewhere. —B and C. Druggist. [June 1, 1899, - June 1, 1899.] CEYLON TEAS IN HIGH DISTRICTS. ARE THEY FALLING OFF IN QUALITY? THE THA PROSPECT. The following extracts from the letter of a practical and experienced tea planter in a comparatively high district, are well worth careful consideration at. the hands of all interested. Writing on April 26th, our friend says :— We are getting plenty of rain now, and the tea is flushing heavily, so much so that I am afraid the quality will be much poorer, and prices will drop. Crops for the first quarter of the year have, in this quarter, been very disappointing, I am afraid. We had the long and severe drought, and very bad attacks of red rust on some fields, and then on the nights of the 7th and 8th March, the frost des- troyed the flush on hundreds of acres in the District affected, The worst portions are only now beginning to recover from the effects, and I should be afraid to say how much tea has been lost from this cause alone. I only hope prices will continue good to make up for short yields, Some time agoI had a letter from Mr, -—-——, in which he says:—‘‘In London I had a talk with the manager of a_ tea-dealing firm who have confined themselves all along to pure Ceylon tea, and he told me that Ceylon tea had fallen off so rauch from its strength of past years, that he thought, if they were to keep their customers, they must resort, as he said many firms have done, to fortifying the Ceylon with the stronger teas from India. ‘Chis is very serious news, coming from a man of long experience in dealing with Ceylon teas, and who has no object to serve except to keep up the quality of his teas and so retain his customers, I was assured that all the large dealers in Ceylon teas had taken to mixing them with Indian, that there are hardly any now that deal out pure Ceylon teas. I should like t> hear what you have got to say as to the quality of the tea of 1898, as compared with the teas of some years back. Have they in your experience fallen off as much as what I heard would lead one to suppose ?” Now, what do you think? I don’t think teas, well and carefully made, have fallen off in strength, though I have often thought the liquors are not so rich and thick as they used to be in the earlier days of Ceylon tea. Until the last year or two, it was the feshion to ferment lightly or not at all, and probably teas made in that way ‘went off” very quickly, and had little good left in them by the time they got to the teapot, but I think there is not much of the light fermentation now. I know that I improved my teas considerably, with satisfactory results in London prices, by taking the advice of Colombo Brokers to ferment much longer than I was doing. There can be no doubt of the superior teas which virgin soil gave (and gives) for a few years in Ceylon: the question now is, can planters by manuring or cultivation, or hnprovement in manufacture, make up for a certain falling-off in strength and flavour as estates get older? This is part of the problem now being tackled by Mr. Kelway- Bamber, It is also being partially investi- gated ( at least so far as manuring is con- cerned) by many practical managers who ave using the manures of Messrs. I'veudenberg & Co., the Colombo Commercial Company, Limited, Mr. A. Baur and others. But, as our correspondent shows, more has to be studied than renovating or renewing the soil. There can be no doubt of the widespread injury done by frost in certain parts of the higher districts during the present unusual season; and we believe some _ Visiting Agents have been misled into attributing to “blight” what is solely due to an excep- \ THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 839 tional snap of frost—an attack, however, which does no harm to the bush, save to give it a rest and to send it to work with fresh vigour in flushing. The consolation for Ceylon planters affected in this or other ways and behind with crop as compared with last year, or with their estimates, is that short supplies must mean a continuance of good or better prices; for we cannot believe in a revival of the China tea trade with the United Kingdom. oa __ THE LATE Mh. TOM GRAYS’ ESTATES IN LONDON. BUNYAN AND OVOCA SOLD SIR. T.. J» LIPTON: (2? LIPTON LIMITED) FOR £25,000. We heartily congratulate Sir T. J. Lip- ton, or as we suppose, ‘‘ Lipton Limited” on the bargain now made. From the adver- tisement of the estates which appeaved in our issue of the 20th March we quote as follows ;— “The estates contain about 563 acres of excellent tea soil of which 533 acres are under cultivation, the remainder beirg planted with fuel trees or waste land. There are two charming bungalows with flower and fruit gardens, stabling and all accessories. Vhe buildings are in good repair, ample for present and future purposes and comprise: wo large factories, tea-makers’ houses and other premises with valuable plant, and machinery, having capital water. power for driving purposes. There are also live and dead stock and a very efficient labour force. The planta- tions ave in excellent order, well worked in every aspect. The bushes being in good condition, of a very useful working Hybrid and the tea finds a ready market, both in London and Colombo, at rates considerably above the average. The estates could be most advantageously worked as one property which would considerably reduce the cost in every respect, thus tending to greatly increase the profits and they will be sold together as a going concern with possession upon completion of the purchase,” We are aware that the late Mv. Tom Gray derived as much as £2,500 a year profit for many years from the estates, and occasionally as in 1895-6, as much as £3,500: and both Bunyan and Ovoca are. still flourishing estates, and the price paid—under £45 per acre—is very moderate. SALE OF TO es DR. JOHNSON AND TEA-DRIS KING, Mr. Thomas Auld, a recognised writer in ** Notes and Queries,’ recently contributed the following note to that paper :— The theory regarding the size of the teacups whieh Dr. Johnson so frequently evacuated is to me new and very interesting; but I incline to thiuk that the doctor's twenty-four (or twenty-five cups, ac- cording to Mr. Marchall’s interesting reference) would have amounted to much more than a pint and a half of liquid, of which any one might dispose in the course of an evening without much effort. It is, I believe, evident that Dr. Johnson rather prided himself on his feasts as a tea-drinker. We all remember the famous passage in which (in answer to Jonas Hanway’s attack on tea) he describes himself as a ‘thardened and shameless tea-drinker.” Then we have the evidence regard- ing the capacious teapot which held two quarts (was it 7). Then, again, we have the verses which he playfully addressed to Miss Reynolds when success. 840 that lady was supplying him with the ‘* eup which cheers,” in which he tells her :— Thou can’st not make the tea so fast As I can gulp it down. Dr. Johnson’s record as a tea-drinker must stand. 1 should suppose each cup contained about ove: third of a pint. Twenty-four cups would thus represent four quarts. This was the quautum for an entire evening, and Dr. Joluson’s evening often lasted (more Hibernico) till four next morning. Say he i to talk and drink tea at ten, and continued for six hours, there is nothing so re- markable in the quantity. Many beer-drinkers in any of our large towns could dispose of as much liquor in an even shorter time. It is also worthy of note that Dr. Jolnson was a very Jarge man, that he talked much and perspired freely ELECTRICAL TRANSMISSION OF WATER POWER. Having in view the increasing scarcity of firewood inthe island of Ceylon, andthe fact that, away from therailway, oil is too expensive, it is pretty evident that, sooner or later, some other means of obtaining the necessary power for the driving of machi- nery will have to be devolved. A decided step in this direction has been made by Messrs. Whittall & Co., who, at the commencement of this month, laiddown at Hayes estate, in the Moro- wak Korale, the property of the Union Estate Company, an installation for the electrical trans- mission of water ym for the factory, and have met, we are glad to learn, with unqualified It is the first instance of snensschll elec- ‘ trical transmission on any estate in Ceylon, though it has been attempted elsewhere, and is a good example in a small way of what can be done in this direction. The difficulty on Hayes estate inas been that, though there is water power, itis below any spot on which a factory could have been built and so the cheapest of all powers could not be utilised direct. An idea was mooted, therefore, some years ago on the same estate, to utilize a wire rope transmission ; but asthe result of a visit by Mr. Garratt (engineer to Messrs. Whittall & Co.), it was clearly seen that electrical transmission would be far cheaper, and certainly more simple, thanany othersystem. The factory at Hayes is rather a large one tor the- district, and the power is transmitted from a point one-third of a mile distant from the estate. The total fall of water utilized is 250 feet, and, without going into too technical details, it will interest planters to learn that with only 184 brake or actual horse-power at the Pelton wheel, the following machinery was driven, all doing “work and the rollers hard 1olling ;—One Brown’s Roller ; 1 thirty-two inch Rapid Roller ; 1 Econo- nic Iviler ; 1 Downdraft Sirocco ; 1 No. 3 Desic- cator; 1 Venetian Dryer, a Roll-breaker and a made-tea sifter. The conducting line is overhead, and consists of two bare copper wire, supported on procelain in- ‘sulators, similar to those used by the telegraphs. In the factory, of course, rnbber irsulated cables are used. The running of the plant is entirely in the hands of the ordinary cooly, and the working appears exceedingly siniple; in fact, all the atten- dant atthe Pelton wheel and generator-house has ‘to dois to keep the wheel running at one constant speed, which is indicated by a tachometer or revo- Iution indicator. As long as this is done, the motorin the factory also runs at practically a constant speed. THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. iat « (June 1, | Throughout the island there are numbers of steamers, small and large, which are fairly constant all the year round, and could very easily be turned to good account. The Hayes installation is wonder- fully simple ;in fact, no transmission could possi- bly be more simple than that from one generator to one motor. When transmitting to several points and sub-dividing the power, however, a different system has to be used, and becomes, per- haps, a litthe more complicated, although, as a matter of fact, there is absolutely no difficulty in transmitting from one largestream to any num- ber of factories within a reasonable distance—say, a radius of five miles. It is admitted that the use of coal is prac- tically out of the question. Oil engines are satis- factory and cconomical in districts near the railway: But, on the other hand, nothing can compete with free water power. With this new system there is no smoke, noise or heat and Messrs. Whittall & Co., who are responsible for the laying of the plant, as well as Mr. Garratt, under whose personal supervision it was erected, are extremely satisfied with their venture, We are assured that in the system as designed there are absolutely no electrical dangers. We shall be glad to hear of the further success of the under- taking. ee aS THE EASTERN PRODUCE AND ESTATES COMPANY, LIMITED, Drrectors.—Ralph A Cameron, Director, Norman W Grieve, C J Lindsay, Nicholson, David Reid, Christopher B Smith, Edward Wahab, Douglas R Smith, Secretary. Report to be presented at the twelfth ordinary gene- ral meeting, to be held at Wincheet2r House, Old Broad Street, at 12 o'clock noon, on the 27th April, 1899. The Dir: ctors submit Report and balance sheet for the year ending 31st December, 1898, The profit for the year is £32,526 7s 1d, which added to £10,878 188 3d, balance from amounts to aie nie a2 oe £43,405 5 4 From this has to be deducted :— Interest on Debentures .. £4,612 100 Debentures for £7,500 drawn and paid off, with bonus of 5 per cent, on 3lst Dec., 1898 Interim dividend of 24 per cent on preferred and ordinary share capital, paid 4th Nov., 1898 7,875 00 7,497 49 19,984 14 0 23,420 11 4 leaving a balance of oe which it is proposed to appropri- ate as follows :— Final Dividend on the Prefer- red Shares of 24 per cent., mak- ing 5 percent. for the year, and on the Ordinary Shares of 4% per cent., making 7 per cent. for : the year ... She 13,440 1 6 Balance to be carried forward as provision for retirement of Debentures in the current : year ad aie «+ 9,980 9 10 ———— £23,420 11 4 As shown in the Schedule below, the Company, on 31st December last, had 10,867 acres under Tea eul- tivation, of which 9,771 were over four years old. The yield of tea in 1898 was 3,643,000 Ib., being about 6 per cent short of the estimate, owing to defi- ciency in the rainfall. was 7°32d, The average gross sale price to ele = sd JUNE 1, 1899.] The cost of production was enhanced by a further rise of nearly 1d in the value of the rupee, the average rate of exchange forthe year being 1s 4-13/64. In accordance with the Articles of Association, two of the Directors, Mr. Ralph A. Cameron and Mr. O J Lindsay Nicholson, retire from office, and, being eli- gible, offer themselves for re-election. L The retiring Auditors, Messrs. Welton, Jones & Co. effer themselves for re-election. F C JL Nicworson, Chairman. 41, Eastcheap, E.C., 12th April; 1899. SCHEDULE OF THE COMPANY'S ESTAvEs at 3lsT DEC., 1898, Arapolakande, Asgeria and Lulatwatte, Colonna, Condegalla, Doombagastalawa, Dromoland, Hope, Ingrugalla and Berrewella, Kirrimettia, Kumaradola, Kumbukkan, Labookellic, Meddecooimbra, Norwood, Rothschild, Sogama, Vellai Oya and Dandukelawa, Wevekellie. acres. Under Tea .. 5¢ ae 10,867 » Cocoa .. bee ‘ 634 », Coffee, Cardamoms & Sundries 367 » Forest grassand uncultivated land 4,631 Total 16,499 ——___--—_—_@_ ~ TWO IMPORTANT CEYLON TEA COMPANIES. The annual Report of the Ceylon Tea Plan tations Company, Limited, is always an in- structive document. Not that there is much variety in the prosperous account, the Directors regularly render. For twelve years this premier Ceylon Tea Company has de- clared a dividend of 15 per cent on its ordi- nary shares—an almost unprecedented record —while building up aReserve Fund which now amounts to £95,000 or considerably more than one-third of the capitalissued. Last year was a poor one for crops in tea as also in coconuts, and yet there is no diminution in dividend, in the addition to reserve fund, or in the writing off for depreciation, while nearly £4,000 are carried forward. All this speaks well for the good management of the Com- pany. The tea in bearing aggregates 8,067 acres; not in bearing 496 acres; while of coconuts the bearing trees cover 728 acres and those not in bearing 1,424 acres. This Com- any has, therefore, by no means reached the imits of its planting crops. The number of coconuts gathered in 1898 was 1,180,520 : before many years this number should be increased to four millions, if not more, from the land already planted. : : Another Company, whose Report is before us today, is that of the Nuwara Eliya Tea Estates Co., Ld.—a Report which, as the local Agents Messrs. Leechman & Co, have learned by wire, was duly adopted by the eneral meeting of shareholders on 24th pril. Notwithstanding several draw- backs, this Company has had a fairly prosperous year, the dividend being 6 er cent, which issatisfactory considering the difference in exchange. The Company is distinguished for its superior tea, the average price realized being so high as 9:21d. per Ib., although the yield from tea in bearing was as heavy as 545lb. per acre. The most pro- fitable return was from Concordia estate and equalled £11 6s. 8d. per acre, a yield of 5461b. per acre and of 10°30d, per lb. being realized. On the other hand, Naseby, which used to give the highest profit has fallen off to £3 5s. 1d. er acre! This, however, is greatly owing to the Factory being under reconstruction during THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 841 the greater part of 1898, so interfering with manufacture; while the tea bushes in many parts suffered severely from frost. No doubt further drainage and tree-planting will be undertaken to endeavour to mitigate the effects, or pervent the attacks, of frost in the future. —-—_<— —— —- FACILITIES FOR MAKING GOOD TEA IN CEYLON: —III. THE two replies to our Tea Circular from the Northern Districts are very brief, though they are to the point. From Matale East, the sole drawback to the manufacture of better tea than at present is said to be that ‘it isnot in the leaf.” That is a tale we have heard from more than one old district ; and if soil constituents have anything to do with the character of the crop produced, the complaint is but reasonable. What better remedy than judiciously selected manure for giving strength and flavour to tea? Andour friend would seem to agree in this verdict; for, although he pronounces the jat of the tea generally good, and the soil also good in his locaiity yet; he thinks that manuring would improve the tea and be profitable as well. It is here that the aid of the scientist should come in, to determine what the defi- ciencies of the soil are, and what special manures are required to give flavour and character to the tea. From the Panwila and Wattegama side, the drought of last year is mentioned as one of the (tempo- rary) drawbacks to the turning out of better tea; while previous chenaing of the land— not an uncommon experience, we fancy, in the older districts round which villages cluster—and full exposure to the South West monsoon, are among the permanent obstacles. Another possible reason, is said to be the lack of appliances for cool fermentation. There, too, there is no complaint about the jat, though in the older places, it is a littlemixed. The soil eannot claim to be virgin, except in rare instances, and it variesa good deal from iron- stone and red loamy clays to clays, quartzes, gravels, gritty cabooks, micaceous tale and plumbago lands. ‘The variety of the soil points tothe need of differently constituted manures to meet deficiencies; and we are glad to find our correspondent express him self emphatically in favour of manuring, as. justified by all analogy, seeing how, a short while ago, persistent attempts were made in some quarters, if not to under-rate manuring, at any rate to regard it as a practice whose advantages had yet to be proved. ; In regard to Factories, the latter report speaks of them as not generally deficient in withering room, in machinery, or motive power ; while the former report notes defici- ency in withering room, whenever there is a rush aftera spell of dry weather. With- out adequate withering room, good tea can thus be turned out only when average pluckings are in progress ; and that means a variable standard which must be prejudicial to the estate marks. The labour force is said to be adequate in both districts; but that has been the experience almost through- out the an tlng districts for some time past, While Matale East has naught 849 to say against pruning as practised, the sister District records distinctly severe prun- ing in some cases, with an evident velief in its efficacy under certain circumstances. We are told that “heroic pruning requires as great skill as heroic surgery, and very careful tipping after”; but, we fancy, that it is only under very exceptional conditions that severe pruning is now practised ? | Both districts claim to be admirably suited for tea; and the claim is proved by the crops, which’ average 500 to 650 Ib. an acre; but quality is not on a par with quantity. In regard to that no surprise need be felt, as elevation and climate are important factors in flavour; and it is satis- factory to learn, not only that buyers get better value than they ever did before in the history of tea—the remarks were penned six months ago—but also that greater care is generally exercised in manufacture than ever previously, If the prices of medium teas do not show anadvance, it is because there is less competition for them in the market, ————-—_——-—_~<-—__—__- THE TEA TRADE. The Indian and Ceylon tea industries have for several years past suffered from gradually increasing production, cultivation having gone ahead more vapidly than consumption, Although both INDIAN AND CEYLON PLANTERS 5 have done their best to open up new outlets for their roduce, it was foundimpossible to develop these suffi- ciently rapidly to kéep pace with production. The na- tural result was accumulating stocks an‘ lower markets. The last two seasons therefore proved very b‘d for pro- ducers, as a consequence both of higher costs and lower prices. The check thus caused has now borne its natural consequence. Since the beginning of this year, by which time the heaviest quantities of Indian teas had b2en sold, a very sharp recovery has taken place in the market for commoner grades of both Indian and Ceylon teas, Thesehave advanced between40 and 50 per cent.from the lowest prices at which they were selling in November and December last. This has been brought about by the increase in demand, and by a shorter supply than was expected from both India and Ceylon. For months past the trade in England had been suffering from the extremely heavy stocks, especially of Indian tea; but the deliveries of Indian tea in London for the present season, of which nine months have already passed, have been 12 mil- lions ahead of the same period last season, resulting ina dearth of the lower grades, and contributing to the improvement in prices. The conditions under which the tea trade is carried on at home have been changing materially during the last few years, through the importation into the trade of large “ blending” houses, who have made it their business to blend the teas for the retailer and supply him with mixtures suitable for his special trade, thus saving the grocer the necessity of purchasing a stock of different kinds of tea in order to keep up his own blends. The natural sequel has been to obviate the need for a large stock of tea in the grocer’s own ware- house, such stock being now held by a few blenders instead of by a large number of small ‘grocers. In other words, it has enabled the country retailer to do an equally large business upon a less ‘amount of stock, so that the buyers are more de- spendent upon arrivals to supply their wants. Con- ‘sequently the pulse of the country responds much more quickly to any shortage in supplies, and it is doubtless partially owing to consumption increasing that the sharp advauce in quotations has taken place. ; ; Crops Rucerven.—As far as can be ascertained, not “only is the stock of British-grown tea in London ‘decidedly short, especially that of Indian teas, but THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [JeNE 1, 1899. the duty-paid total held by retailers in their own shops appears to be distinctly less than was the some time previously, so that retailers are compe to buy, whatever may be the condition of the market, as they have apparently very little of their own stores to fall back upon. Almost all the season's crop has arrived from India, and there will be very little to receive from this quarter until Angast next. The quantity to COME IN FROM CEYLON is tikely to be less than last year, as 60 muchis being taken away for new markets; while the new season's tea from China will not arrive until about July. Consequently there is not much to draw upon besides the existing stocks—mainly held in London—and the 8 or 9 millions amonth which may come from Ceylon; so that everything points toa continuince during the next few months of the strong demand at present existing, and there does not appear to be any reason to suppose there will be a set-back in prices. It must also be remembered that many of the whole- sale houses seld Jarge portions of their stocks at a profit as soon as the rise setin, and their only op- portunity of replacing these has keen by purchasing at higher prices; so that the usual practice on the part of holders of tea, of redacing their stock about this time of year, will not take place, they having already parted with a large portion of their surplus. This still further militates againet the probability of any fall in prices, and appears likely to strengthen competition amovgst buyers rather than otherwise. Market Ovutiook.— The itomediate prospects of the trade, therefore, appear to be that prices will be sustained at the present level, atany rate until the arrival of the new Indian crop, which cannot reach here in quantity until late in August next. Of cour the qnestion of prices for the coming season wi ietaly depend upon such increases in production as may take place in India and Ceylon. bere is little doubt that the enhauced prices of the last few months will induce cultivators to send home all the tea they ean produce; but (althongh it is early toform any estimate of the coming crop) there does not appear to be any reason to suppose that the increase over last year will be excessive. Indeed, many properties have suffered so severely from the depression of the last two years that it is doubtful whether they can find the means to increase their production at present; hence it seems probable that prices will remain during the next few years upon a higher leve! than has been the case; that the downward course, which has been going on for many years past, is at last arrested ; and that a somewhat higheraverage will be obtained for the next few years’ crops, with more profitable results to cultivators. Indeed, had prices continued to recede, large areas of tea plantations would doubtless have gone out of cultivation, many estates being quite unable to make ends meet at the disastrous prices of 1898. The general condition of the industry, therefore, appears to haye at last be- come much more healthy, and if only production is kept within reasonable bounds there is little fear but that results of tea growing will continue to be profita- ble, particularly if the efforts of Indian and Ceylon planters to open up new markets are continued with the same spirit as has been the case during the last few years. There is strong reason for believing that many foreign and colonial markets will largely increase their consumption of British-grown tea, and if due advantage be taken of these fields for enter- prise, the industry appears likely soon to revert to the prosperous condition experienced some four or tive years ago.— Statist April , se. INDIA RUBBER IN GOA.—The Goa papers an- nounce that Captain Moraes has discovered in the wildsof the Portuguese territory ot Goa a treewhich yields India rubber in considerable quantities. The tree is described as Randalfia, and it is stated that the Portuguese authorities are about to encour- age its cultivation on a large seale,—Jndian Engineering. me “Shs. i: 903 —— i NS fs LIMITED. CEYLON TEA PLANTATIONS COMPANY, Jone 1, 1899.} 1898. 12 YEARS ENDING 3lsr DECEMBER, THE (To accompany. Directors’ Report on page 835.) STATEMENT SHEWING RESULTS OF WORKING FOR 105 . m |« ro es *ponsst 5 Loy Quon Ree eeoeh> = -21g 7 o= |AIeU | 1 19 19 19 16 19 19 1616 A lapid | ee a arena 1p1oO = NON MHOSOCSOS 220 ei ~| 3g (ene -nSoOooCSoSS ee a meee 8 : ie) Aro wteocesd o eon ~FHNOSOSSS Ce GSS OO Sa aa COMA isi cB A a a eee Drs u Chee 8) Be). ye rede 8 weege ill AGO SG ihss a Race eabe sel ctke 2 canens saan ye gSICEH) 8 od I ON EM alae tone pall Oy! Aare? > Oo] gy B| As oa a S 12H 4 Se I~ D RB) OM é TSENG voi o a Q eMratisls vegies or ake si O}ms © By Beer roossce -| a Ormm --eSoocoo g2 Oro gi eek , e ° Are eoooso FO S&S esesgsce| Aa Rs BS: AQSS SS | oes CON MA S19 15 —= a ocoecoosss aa . ST ean no SHASSSOOO az 3 ue oe wm HtOODSSoOo Ba NAanecoosco st © RAR Cooeoeo] ror IDI SOS S15 W915 nmenoard _ ge ATS Nae 9 SS oo Se eS LE : Or Orne wHWono= az eID) 2! = a C=! Image HA DHAHOD OH o CE SCPC Os ai I on KwMeSemaDomMmooaAd MISE SOHMADSADAD a MNAADOATDAGCRARA Ba ce Sa ar Sat Nek ae a SSR nea a a Tae CO Qo Hom S |B o . SOFDDDDDHD a je of a 3 2S Stoo sels 3/2 —— ane eee aQ\B & BER DDDODD Sete oocooesoeod Malas SSSRSSSBSBR005 er Cees Set OND ASO OD ORD. COCO ONS 4] Mo SRSSEESESSS o- Ce ON Sy pcs cal ote Dee SS = OnArnDDWwmown e SCRSSSEASSESR = «P6060 BIS ANTON et AdDoOwWDAOwOwW OMS xe) SSSrtSSSSnsaanr a UDO SO, 2.00. CS | Qa wi iio 19 1929 n = n onl 919 DH AHO os BUH BORO SWADH OS ao 2 BONAR SADIGCHARA gaa BOA HHrDSCONRID bo) SA Ck MH DAMA HO 32 AADAIQHAAAGS O25 Se ee ei oe en ihee iss 23 SM OMWNMOON oe SSERSSSSSGSR oc START BR SS O19. Dg BSS Po SO OOS SIN IN I ons “SSSSSSSEqH8SS5 a5 HE mMOrsoonnn BaSSseeeessce oD S19 D aT £5 | .2aSSaasee4eq Att con adnonkxot aa =Si5SannSer nose [22] WING IDS NOW Or aa ates Nos A Ho So 4g Co) «| SscoOon Donato + Ce PS Sr ree IS I Ge NS aN QReL2Ha2 NO=-HRADDDDEAD ES Ss ae ae 5 we —~. “ak i = = = TANANAAANA AHN 24 Se | $3 69 83 99 99 £9 69 29 69D 43 Ls foe PHDDHARAODDING TOD sag, BANAANANKGA BAO Suc o Id MHA 1g MAO AH Lee | soe art Set ‘i SOO HDR HORN OWS exoy sod SSSRBARARSESS PIOLA | AD OD cd NA OD HO SS St ‘BuLBay | BAM yowenrmvoeor N ViNnSreytonmorreaos QL VOTO | FABMAWVADIROS BABOIO Geli cl GN Coes on ee AeEereere reer ‘avo | DDDDDDADDADH Fee en Be oe Boe Be Ore oe Boe oe Be THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 843 THE MAZAWATTE TEA COMPANY. An issue of 14,000 five per cent. cumulative £5 preference shares is announced by the directors of this company. These shares form part ot 20,00) in all, by the creation of which the capital of the company 1s raised to £650,000, viz., £300,000 in preference and £350,000 in ordinary shares, the former of £5, ard the latter of £1. I6 is stated in the prospects that the money now to be raised will be devoted to new factories and warehouses, by the help of which the company’s business willbe concentrated and economies effected, The plea is good, but in any case the profits are so large and the business expands so remarkably that ample security exists for the dividends on the whole preference capital. Were it all issued it would require only £15,000 per annum, and the average profits for the past three years have exceeded £51,000. A. J. W.—Daily Chronicle, April 13. ? —————_____——————__— THE EDERAPOLLA TEA COMPANY OF CEYLON, LIMITED, At the third annual ordinary meeting of the Ederapolla Tea Company of Ceylon, Limited, it was :— Proposed by Mr. Paine, seconded by Mr. MacMartin, ‘‘ That a dividend of 5 per cent. (free of income-tax) for the year 1898 be de- clared and paid forthwith.” Proposed by Mr. Paine, seconded by Mr. Bett, “Yhat Mr. J. M. MacMartin be re-elected a director.” Proposed by Mr. Campbell, seconded by Mr, James F. Anderson, ‘‘That Messrs. Cape and Dalgleish be re-elected as auditors for the ecur- rent year.” Proposed by Mr. Paine, seconded, by Mr. Bett, “That a vote of thanks be given to the Ceylon and London staffs for their eflicient working of the company’s estates and business.” ; A vote of thanks was given to the Chairman and Direetur.—H. & C. Mail, April 14. ———E—EeE——EEE HaAWAUAN COFFEE PLANTERS are very much disturbed at the prospect of the disease affecting coffee in Venezuela and certain parts of Central America, getting into their estates. The Planters’ Monthly says:—‘“In several of the districts of Central America, where it is now, many of the estates have been rendered almest worthless. This seems to be a different disease from that which destroyed the coffee industry in Ceylon.” The disease is caused from two small parasitie fungi, namely, Slilbun flavidun: and Spherella coffeicola. Tue ORANGE Crop OF FLORIDA, which was destroyed a few years ago by the frost, will this year be nearly one-half what it formerly was. The orange trees were, as it were, swept out of sight in one night, and the labour of years was demolished. The young orange trees, since planted, are now fairly developing, and from this time on will increase in bearing capacity until the average will be reached again. ‘The disaster to the orange trees, however, has proved to be a boon to that State. The cultivation of other fruits, as well as of early vegetables, has now become established, so that hereafter the failure ot one erop will not mean the failure of all — Planters’ Monthly, 844 A BATCH OF CEYLON TEA COMPANIES’ RESULTS. The reports of the smaller Ceylon tea companies so far published emphasise the fluctuating character of the enterprise. Yield, quality, and price appear to vary in the most bewildering fashion, and it is evident that holders of shares in companies of this class must demand a high return upon their money, in order to _ face the vicissitudes that befall the industry. The following table gives their experience in regard to crop and price obtained :— Manure Acrage. Crop. Price per Ib. 1897. 1593. 1897. 1898. 187. 1898. i, ore, Bandarapola . 416 478 407,250 395,270 6 6 Burnside oo 24032 1% 827,145 356,45) + 6 Edarapolla -, Sel. «8b 401,105 417,0-6 5 6 Kelani Valley . 1,200 1,2:0 632,0°3 578,109 Ct 6 Nahalma - 446 446 245,336 234,917 6 94 Panawal Pe at Ye d 258,300 293,953 id 6 Portmore - 472 474 228,003 241,686 10g 9% Yatiyantota . 2,032 2,249 1,014,291 1,135,798 5 6% In these results there appears no sort of uni- formity, for one company has a larger crop, and another a smaller. This company has to sell its out-turn at a great diminution in price, while for that other the average is decidedly higher. Ne doubt the marked variations arise partly from the sinallness of the concerns, as there are so few acres over which to spread the result. The larger companies, with a cultivated area ten times as great as some of those enumerated below, are able to bring out more regular results, as no doubt the change of yield and quality in one group of fields is often counterbalanced by opposite varia- tions on the part of another group. Profits have fluctuated even more widely than other results, but on the whole the year must be considered a poor one for the companies. Dividends have tended to decline rather than improve, and the declines, where they have occurred, are usually more important than the additions to the dividends. The record in this respect is set forth in the subjoined table : - Net Profits. Sums put to Dividend Depreciation, per cent. C. 1897. 1898. 1897. 1898. 1897 1898. £ & = £& & £ - Bandarapola 1,956 1,458 9a 432 10 5 ’ Burnside 5 2,447¢ 395 599 4% 7 2 - BKdarapolla 1,123 2,063 18 793 5 5 \ Kelani Valley 2 3,178 1,478 721 Bil 10 5 «. Nahalma G 207 1426 ta — 20— ' Panawal 609 1,814 10la 730 2 4 ’ Portmore ’ 4,916 5,405 116 489 12. 12 Yatiyantota 3,799 7,666 211 1,639 2 4 The poor showing of the Nahalma Company is altogether exceptional, being the result of a bad out-break of disease amongst the plants. Efforts are being put forth to exterminate the tronble- ‘gome insect that causes the mischief, but appa- rently the immediate tuture is not very hopeful. The result for Burnside is an experience of a new company, that earned a fair profit for the first eighteen months of its career, and then returns only a minute dividend to its shareholders. The Kelani Valley claims that the diminution in rofit was entirely the result of the season, which ed toasmall crop. It is gratifying to find that this company put afair sum to reserve in spite of the considerable reduction in its distribution. - The companies that fared better than in 1897 have likewise been careful to add to their acer mula- pe oe) ae Se * Not stated. a Balance forward reduced to this extent. b Debit balance. ¢ For eighteen months, THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. (June 1, 1899. tions, which seems to point to the conelusion that they have taken warning from the experience of the past, and are no longer eontent skating upon thinice. If only the same had been exercised in the past, the last two years might have been faced with comparative ease. As itis, if dividends are increased in the future, some time will be required to eflace the remembrance of what hes recently oceurred.—Investors’ Review, April 7. ———— press upon the various Governments and Sanitary Boards the urgency and equity of their importing labour in pro- portion to their public works requirements. ScHeEMEs FoR RaAIsING THE STANDARD oF MALAY PLANTATION (‘orrEE,—This matter has received close attention during the year. No authentic data of large quantities of coffee produced elsewhere, of the Juiberian variety, having fetched higher prices have become available to your Committee. There appears to belittle doubt that the flavour of well matured Malay Peninsula Coffee entitlesit to a front rank, and that the development of a demand for it will have to bea matter for individual enterprise, much having » already been done and is being done to this end. Tar Curapr Ticket System.—It is a matter for congratulation, that this system has been extended for another 12 months, and itis to be hoped that it will be availed of by the planters and the Govern- ment to increase the labour supply.. The system has proved simple, efficient, and satisfactory, more parti- cularly towards the end of 1898,since when it was better understood, and the thanks of many members of this Association are due to Dr. Hardaker, the Emigration agent at Negapatam, forthe trouble he has taken to explain tomany immigrants and emigrants how they can comply with all regulations and yet be entirely free in their coming and going. The thanks of the Planting Community are due to he High Commissioner, the Resident-General, and the Residents for the system of free immigration now prevailing in the lederated Malay States, alike to the advantage of employers and employed, and which may be said now to be working satisfactorily. —<$—$ =. MINOR PRODUCTS REPORT. _ Crncnona.—In auction good Huanoco crown bark, sound, sold at 7d to lld per lb; good Loxa 10d: damages 7€ and 8$d; Hunnoco and Loxa, part mixed 6d to 7d; and thin Guayaquil 4d to 63d for bold. The stock in first hand on April 12th in Amsterdam, consisted of 2,433 packages Government and 38,741 packages private’ bark, including the quantity which will be offered in the next .uctions, viz., 1,272 packages druggist’s bark, 3,364 manufac- turing and 3 East Indian. The arrivals in Amsterdam from Java last week amounted to 992 packages. As indicating the spirit with which Java March shipments are regarded in Amsterdam, we note that « leading broker there re- marks :—"Vhe Java planters should profit by their re- cent experience, and remember that, while w th a little Managements the value of their product will increase considerably, injudicions shipments of bark are bound to cause a slumpin the market.” Coca Lyayer.—Broken Truxillo sold withont re- serve at 94d, another lot at 10d and Ceylon at 6d perlb. Privately Huanocos are scarce, and 1s 4fd per lb. is wanted. 106 AGRICULTURIST. 851 Croton Srep.—Fair bright Ceylon sold at 655s to 56s, subject. _VanrLLa.—Only a small supply was offered, con- sisting of Seychelles, Mauritius, and Tahiti beans, and the rates paid for fine beaus were 1s to 28 dearer. The following prices were paid :—Seychelles: fine bold beans, 8 to 84 inch 253 to 273 6d; 7 to 74 inch 238 to 248; 6 to 6% inch 21s to 22s 6d; 5 te 54 inch 17s to 21s 6d and varioussizes, slightly, mouldy, 8s to 83 30. Mauritius: 8 to 84 inch 288; 74 to 8 inch, 253 to 263; 7 to 74 inch, 243 to 24s 6d; 6 to 6 inch, 23s to 24s; 5 to 54 inch, 23s 3 and 35 to 5 inch, 23s, Tahiti were practically all bought in.—Chemist and Druggist, April 15. — SS - INDUSTRIES IN THE EASTERN PROVINCE, (1) The manufacture of cloth is an old industry in this district, but the cotton from which it is made is all imported now, instead of being locally grown as before. The usual kind made for trade is the ordi. nary “‘comboy’’in allsizes and colours, and is much sought after for its strength and lasting qualities, A ready market is found for it at Colombo, Galle, and some upcountry towns. I find there are in the villages of Koddaimunai, Koddaikkallar, Kattankudi, and Palamunai, over 500 compounds or girdens, each containing from four totwelve looms, he in- dustry is deserving of come enconragement by the reduction of duty on imported cotton thread, as the staple article is very little grown in Ceylon now. (2) Fish-ouring.—Some enconragement has been given to this industry by the sale of salt for curing purposes at the reduced rate of a rupee a hundred. weight. Aunexed is a return of the quantity of fish caught and cured along the five miles of coast in the neighbourhood of Kalkuda, where the experiment is tried. Itis yettoo early to j:dge of results, but the concession is already attracting more fishermen to that locality; and there is some difficulty in settling conflicting claims to fishing rights. T have not yet succeeded in inducing some one to try the tinning process. Perhaps the want of experience and knowledge: is the chief difficulty, but this could easily be overcome by engaging the services of a trained curer for a short time until local men picked up the work. Statement of fish curedin Kalkuda, Pannaikkuda, and Pasikkuda, for shipment to outstations, during the year 1898, out of saltissued at R1 per ecwt. Name of Company Quantity cured. ° cwt. lb. S T Fernando St sere (eg S C P Fernando 632 00 Meera Muhaiyatin 39 28 A E Bvrde 38 28 Total 1,420 91 (3) The paddy-husking industry carried on at the new factory gives every promise of success. All the tice 1s sent upcountry, and so great is the demand that itis contemplated to enlarge the premises and add new machinery with a view of increasing the supply. The original intention was to husk local paddy only but the sharp rise in prices in unfayour- able sersons has induced the manager to tarn to other countries for his supplies. When local crops are good and prices low, he will buy up all that is available, but when the reverse is the case foreign paddy is to be imported. With easy and cheap sea transport, the Batticaloa Mill should receive support from all the paddy-growing districts along tl ° sea- coast. Hamnbantota has set the example by sending 800 bushels of paddy, which was pronounced excel. I-nt, being lurgein grain-and easily husked. It waS grown iu fields underthe Walawe Irrigation Works. (4) Pappy Cunrryarioy 1x Binrrnna.—As already stated endeavours are beirg made to induce the scattered Sinhalese pupulation of this district to take up paddy caltivation more than they have hitherto 852 done. With’ this object in view, three village tanks were constructed some years ago by Government, and a fourth—the old abandoned one of Tampichchiya— is now being surveyed with the object of having it yestored. . Mr, Weet’s attempt to centralise the Veddah population ina part of Bintenna will also be of, much seryice towards this object, for as soon as they show any inclination to settle down to fixed occupation a tank and lands will be given to them to work upon, and no doubt the example will be followed hers. i (Signed) C, A, Murray, Acting Govt. Agent. Batticaloa, February 27, 1899. —_ THE SOUTH WANARAJAH TEA ESTATES, LIMITED. The annual general meeting of the shareholders of the South Wanarajah Tea Estates, Limited, was held at the offices of the corn natiys 30, Mincing ane, E.C., on Thursday, the 13th inst. ae chair was occupied by Mr. M. P. Evans. The Secretary having read the notice con- vening the meeting, the CHAIRMAN said: The report and balance-sheet have been duly circulated, and I trust you have found them not only satisfactory, but clear in all respects. I presume you will take them as read, but before moving their adoption 1 will endeavour to give you some information as to the business of the company during the past twelve months, which, - Tam able to say, has been fairly prosperous, notwithstanding an adverse commencement. At our meeting last year I mentioned that we were suffering from a depressed tea market, and that the price of Ceylon tea had fallen to the lowest point ever recorded ; this state of things continued until August, when a recovery took place in the market: value of all kinds of tea, which sti'l, I am glad to say, continues; the common and medium kinds being at present about 2d to 3d per pound above the lowest prices previously rul- ing, The finer kinds have also participated in the advance, but not to the same extent. When prices began to rise a large portion of our crop was fortunately unsold, and we were thus enabled to take advantage of the more healthy condition of the market... The crops, as estimated for the year, were 445,000 Ib of tea, and the actual amount sold was 444,384 1b, including about 60,000 lb of bought leaf. ‘The gross selling price has agcraaet as 6-8ld per Ib, as against 6-51d_ per year. As regards future crops, if must be borne in wind. that we have 64 acres of young tea yet to come to maturity, and also that much of the older tea has _ been plucked sparingly, in order to get ib well estab- lished ; and it is very satisfactory to notice that our managing director advises that the estates are in good order, and the bushes in good heart, so we may, in the natural course, expect an ‘increase of crop during the next two years, with a corresponding decrease in the cost of produc- tion. Contrary to expectation, the rate of ex- change has been nearly $d higher than last year—the average rate for our bills being 1s 417d per rupee. A small floss in our rice accounts last year has been changed into a small profit for this year, and to date this account continues to show a profit, kut the fresh outbreak of plague ia Caleutta having placed that port in quarantine, 16 is possiile that prices of rice may rule higher for a time, The sum - outstanding for advances to coolies has been re- duced by £200 this year, and the amounts now put under this heading are small, and all the ad- THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. © es [JONE 1, 1899, vances are recoverable and considered safe will have seen by the report that the Blackburn Factory has been completed, the total cost being £1910, as against the: managing director's esti- mate of £2,000. nery has been supplied, and by latest reports every- thing was working satistuctoviby, You will a notice the special expenditure of £650 for the purchase of the field of “tea adjoining the above’ factory, which was fully referred te in our last year’s report. The rest of our outlay on capital account does not exceed £350, which money has The most recent type of machi-» been spent on the up-keep of non-bearing land; and erection ef new coulie lines, &¢e. By lookin at the report yon will find that we are enabl to write off £2.0 for depreciation, and a further £200 from the preliminary expenses, carrying the small balance to reserye after providing for the dividend, bringing the reserve np to £220, whieh we see every prospect of adding vo consider by the present season's trading. Our teas are selling at satisfactory rates, and in connection with the future of the Ceylon tea industry it is encouraging to notice the greatly inereased de- mand for the tea from the colonies and speciall from Russia, to which country have been ship from Ceylon direct during the past twelye months 2,714,000 lb., against 439 3501b., the corresond- ing, period of the previous year, and the shipments from London to Russia during last year were 6,675,087 1b., against 6,272,596 lb. in 1897. I now beg to move that the report and statement of, accounts for the year ending December 3st, 1598, now presented, be received and adopted, and that the dividend of 5 percent. per annum be paid on the ordinary shares of the Company registered on the 4th inst, the same to be paid on and after the 15th inst. The motion was then seconded by Mr. H. At Hancock. Mr. Chapman called attention to the balance of the amount for preliminary expenses, and in reply the Chairman stated, this would be ¢ in the current year’s account, The Chairman then*put the motion forthe ad- option ot the report and the payment of the dividend of 5 per cent on the or inary shares, which was carried unanimously. a On the motion of Mr. Evans, seconded by Mr. Dunn, Mr. Hancock was re-elected to aseat on the board. On the proposal of Mr. Chapman, seconded hy Mr. Alexander, Messrs. Fuller, Wise, and Fisher were reappointed auditors. ; The Chairman moved a vote of thanks to Mr. Tatham, the managing director, and ‘the staff abroad, for their services during the past year, which was seconded by Mr. Lawrance, who spoke in complimentary terms of work performed abroad, and adopted unanimously. leet ary The proceedings closed with a vote of thanks te the Chairman.-—H. & @. Mail, April 21, ——_ —__—_»__ THE QUININE SPECULATION has been going the wrong way for speculators this past week, says Chemist and Druggist of April 22, as the Java bark shipments are good. OSI GEMSBOK AND OSTRICHES are so numerous. in Bushmantand at present that farmers and others are complaining of the damage done by them-te -veld and water, where it has rained. That they have multiplied and imereased at a marvellous rate within the last few years is a fact gener: recognised. ° eee - ~ Chee Ee i ¥e '%eq June 1, 1899.] THE TROPICAL COCONUT PLANTING. Mr. J. J. O'Dowd, of Batticaloa, speaks very favourably of the coconut »lanting enterprise in Tirukovil, in which several capitatists have re- cently invested. Mr. Carey will, itis said, shortly 70 in for some more acres oi the reserves of the well- nown Ouchterlony group of estates. Mr, Troller, who arrived at Batticaloa last week by steamer, ivill be stationed at Tirukovil, as the superintendent of Mr. R. H. 8S. Scott’s plantations.— Cor, POONAGALLA VALLEY CEYLON COMPANY,. LIMITED. ReEPoRT OF THE BOARD OF DirECTORS,—Pre- sented to the Shareholders at their Third Annual Ordinary Meeting, to be held at the Office of the Company, 16, Philpot Lane, London, E.C., on Tuesday, the 2nd May. The Directors have the pleasure to submit to the Shareholders the Report and Accounts of the Company for the year ending 31st December, 1898. The net profit for the year after providing for Debenture Interest and other charges, amounts to £820 2s ld, which, with £44 3s 2d brought forward from last account, gives £864 11s 3d to be dealt with, and this it is proposed to appro- priate as follows :— oo) ised: Amount as above... ; 864 11 3 Dividend of 4 per cent. (free ot In- come Tax) for the year, absorbing 700 0 0 Leaving a balance to carry forward of £164 11 3 The total Tea Crop secured amounted to * 261,164 lb. mate Tea, against an estimate of 270,000 lb., showing a shortfall of 8,836 lb. but compared with 1897 there is an excess of 2,962 lb. The following figures afford further comparison between the season now closed and the preceding year. 1898. 1897. Total Tea Crop secured 261,164 1b 258,202 lb. Total Coffee Crop se- ~ cured (parchment) 724 bushels 1532 bushels Average Price realised for Tea 8°182d per lb. 7:579d per lb. Average rate of Ex- change 1s 49-32d 1s 3 37-64d The Directors have to record with much regret the death of Mr. James Bisset, who has been the Manager of the Estates since the Company was inaugurated. The vacancy thus caused has been filled, on the strong recommendation of their adviser in Ceylon, by the appointment of Mr. kh, G. Coombe, lately of Chrystlers Farm Estate, and the Board feel confident, from what they know, and have heard, of that gentleman, that the appointinent will prove to be a satisfactory one in every way. ‘For the more advantageous working of the Estates your Directors decided to make the Factory at Poonagalla a Central one for dealing ~ with the total erop, and extensive additions have been, and are being, carried ont, which will make the Factory there practically a uew one capable of dealing with 400,000 Ib. of Tea. The positioa of the Factory close to the new Kitulkelle Road and Bridge, which are being constructed by the Government, with the assist- ance of assessments from the seven adjoining Estates, wil! effect an appreciable saving in Transport oraipce and this saving will be fur- ther increased by the reduction now accorded in Railway Rates. In accordance with the Articles of Association Mr. R Porter retires from the Board, and, being ligible, offers himself for re-election, AGRICULTURIST. 853 Messrs. Cape and Dalgleish, ©.A., also offer themselves for re-election as Auditors for the current year. By Order of the Board, LYALL, ANDERSON & Co., Agents and Secretaries, 16, Philpot Lane, London, E.C, 20th April, 1899, Sas ee a IMPERIAL CEYLON TEA ESTATES, LTD, REPORT OF THE DIRECTORS. To be submitted at the annual ordinary general meeting of Shareholders, to be held at the Com- pany’s offices, 9, Fenchurch Avenue, London, E.C., on Wednesday, the 26th April, 1899, at 11-30'a.m. The Directors now beg to submit the balance sheet and profit and loss account for the year ending 3lst December, 1898. ; The nett profit, after payment of Debenture and other interest for the year, amounts to ae ot sie To which has to be added the ba- lanee brought forward from. 1897 £3,955 2 5 123 21 : £4,078 4 6 This the Directors propose to deal with as follows :— ‘ (1) In writing off balance of pre- limifary expenses.. .. £136 0 0 (2) In writing off from cost of properties as depreciation of Machinery &e. ... ... (3) In payment of a dividend of 4 per cent (free of income tax) on the paid-up share capital of the Company...3,600 0 0 (4) In carrying forward to next ® year the balanceof .. 4246 —~—— £4,078 4 6 The following Table gives the Acreage and Re- sults of the Tea Estates for the year :— 300 0 0 aie iB Boce Bg $ Qa or 4 oe 8 Bae S'S | Profit: Estate. $3 SOS bad 3.2 Rin Shas cee S in aul) Sigs Fall. Par- tial. Ib. Lrucsid. Binoya 441 —. 169,151, 31.80 6.74. 1,081 2 4 Edinburgh 306 39 168,439 27.55 7.47 2.602 9 2 Friedland 158 3 60,685 28.59 7.18 629. 07 Motting- ham 212 — 102,368 29.98 6.27 531 18 0 St. Vigeans 185 —. 68,713 29.42 7.54 | 814.10 5 1,302 42 569,356 29.59 7.01 5.659 06 Although the weather during the year was un- favourable, the total crops secured exceeded those of the previous year. The only estate showing a falling off in yield was Binoya, but the very satisfactory prices secured for these teas, having regard to the Tea Market and co the situation of the property, in a measure com- ensate for the short yield, and consequent ligher cost of production. The Edinburgh teas were made at a disadyantave in the old fae- tory throughout the year, the new factory only being competed in time to deal with the 1899 crop, The capital expenditure on tea clearings was incurred in respect to 260 acres not yielding crop and in planting 85 acres new land on Edinburgh and Binoya Estates. The outlay on new buildings and machinery principally represents the cost of providing Edinburgh with a new factory and water-power installation capable of dealing with the steadily increasing crops trom this property, ca 854 The proceeds of the Nonpareil crop of 1,009 bushels Coffee, 8,141 |b. Estate Tea, and 3,056 lb. Tea from Purchased Leaf were insufficient to meet the expenditure on general cultivation, but the advices from Ceylon indicate there is every reason to expect that this year the Estate will be at least self-supporting. At the time this property was acquired there were 400 acres in enltivation in coffee and tea. On the advice of the Com- pany’s Ceylon Management, and after due eon- sideration, the Directors have decided for the present only to retain the best of the land already planted in tea, the extent of these fields being 245 acres. * The following is a Statement of the Acreage of the Company’s Properties as on Ist January, 1899 :— Teain Teain Tea full partial not Forest, Total bear- el in eS base Acre- ing. ing. bearing. fee. &c. age. Binoya .» 441 — 8 — 4038 929 St. Vigeans .. 185° —- => — - 185 Mottingham 22 — 9 _ 87 268 Edinburgh .. 306 56 25 _ 50 437 Friedland 161 - —-—- = 2 163° Nonpareil .. — 36 ©. 209 77 227 549 1,305 92 328 77 719 2,521 In their last report the Directors referred to an intended issue of £10,000 of six per cent. Deben- tures, but only £5,000 have so far been issued. The Directors are pleased to report that the Colombo Agents have voluntarily made a modi- fication in their scale of charges, as from the commencement of the 1898 season, to the ad- vantage of the Shareholders. In accordance with the Articles of Association, Mr. Alex. Thomson retires from the Board at this Meeting, and, being eligible, offers himself for re- election. During the past year the Directors have had tie advantage of Mr. W Megginson’s advice and assistance in connection. with the general work- ing of the Company’s Estates, and the Directors now propose that he shall join the Board as an ad- ditional Director, it not being intended, for the resent, that this appointment shall increase the ees paid to the Directorate.—By Order of the Boarl, W, H. BARTLETT, Secretary. London, 17th April, 1899. ——$$_$§__—__o—_____—_ THE STANDARD TEA COMPANY OF CEYLON, LIMITED. Kighth report of the Directors to the share- holders, to be submitted at the general meeting, to be held on Wednesday, 26th April, 1899, at noon, at the offices of the Company. The Directors submit statement of accounts to 31st December, 1898. Che profit and loss account shows a profit on the working of the estates in Ceylon of ‘£11,343 193 2d, which with amount brought for- ward from last year, less interest and home charges, shows a sum of £10,569 11s 10d. avail- able for division. : In August, 1898, the Directors, under the powers entrusted to them, distributed an interim dividend for the six months ending 30th June, 1898, of 5 per cent (10 per cent per annum), absorbing £2,975. They now recommend a dividend at the rate of 10 per cent (making 15 per cent for the year) absorbing £5,950; the placing £1,000 against de- preciation ; and the carrying forward to the next year £644 Ils 10d. THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. | all Coffee has contributed to the results some £1,000 less than Jast year. The crop was 115 ewt, ; it realised about £500. ; ‘the average Exchange for the Conipany as drawers in Colombo was 1/4 5-32, against 1/3 15-32 in 1896 and 1/2 1932 in 1896. The difference in 1898, compared with 1897, un- favourably affected the accounts to the extent of about £900. Finest tea were lower in price this last season, our Uda Pussellawa Teas were #l per Ib. nett ‘ lower. The Maskeliya Teas realised the samme price per Ib. as in 1897. Coneyyar is now worked with and as part of St. Leonards. The St. Leonards factory has been enlarged several times, The yield, however, from the Ua Pussellawa places has nearly overtaken its capa- bilities ; and there is further increase to be faced. The Directors, therefore, have sanctioned the erection of a factory on Gordon, to deal with the produce of that estate and Tulloes. With this relief St. Leonards factory should be suffi -ient for some time for all that at present seems likely to be demanded of it. To pay for the new factory and pay off some of the floating debt, the Directors seek authority to issue some ot the unissued shares as preference shares, As shown in the notice on the face of this report a formal resolution will be submitted to the meeting. The Company’s properties at the close of 1898 were 3,465 acres, with 1,714 acres of tea con- sidered in fall bearing, viz. :— [JUNE , Acres tea Acres. bearing. In Uda Pussellawa—St. Leonards ; and Coneygar... 901 399 Liddlesdale ... 814 140 Eskdale -. 240 208 Gordon --- 386 154 ‘Tulloes -.. 419 199 In Upper Maskeliya—Gouravilla s and Upper Cruden... 705 614. « There are also 536 acres tea in partial bearing, | and some 237 acres in addition planted with tea, ; On St. Leonards, Liddesdale and Gordon estates ) there is still some coffee interspersed through the tea. Mr. William Rollo, the Director who retires by rotation, being eligible, offers himself for re- election-—By order, : A. TRAFFORD BROOKE, Secretary. ---- Ss SOUTH MYSORE PLANTERS ASSOCIATION. The annual general meeting of theabove Associa- tion was held at Saklaspur, on the 30th ultimo., present :—Messrs. F. Lonsdale Allen, R. A: An- derson, Graham Anderson, ¢.1.£., J. E. Buteher, W. L. Crawford, J. G. Crawford, Thomas Hunt, W. Lawder, C. Lake, A. R. Park (President), E. M. Playfair, S. Sladden, and R. Taylor. Visitors,— Messrs. Barclay and Roffey. The Vice-President (Mr. Playfair) read a THE ANNUAL REPORT, of_ which following are extracts :— ; It is my pleasant duty to report that the some- what gloomy forebodings expressed early in the year have not been realised, andthat the season, on the whole, has been a moderately good one. The advices of sales of East India that have reached us indicate a depressed state of the market, which owing to the increasing production in different parts of the world, seems likely to continue for some time. The cardamom crop was above ayer- and extradition. * Harris has performed the duties JuNE 1, 1899.] age; but prices were lower, ruling from R50 to R60 per maund. Leaf diseasehas been less prevalent than for some years past. Crop prospects for the coming year are favourable, and the rain which fell aaWebaite has not on the whole been preju- dicial. AGRICULTURAL CHEMIsr?.—The outcome of the various discussions that have taken place, as far as Mysore is concerned, is the appointment of Dr. Lehmann, the Dewan exhibiting in the matter his accustomed liberal-mindedness. All those who are interested in agriculture cannot fail to be gratified at the appointment of so highly qualified a Chemist. U. P. A.S.1I.—I refer you tothe ‘‘ Proceedings” for full particulars of the business of the year. Since their publication two matters of interest have been the subject of correspondence :—(1) The Classification of Coffee. As Reuters now quote My- sore, as well as other qualities, our wishes in ‘this respect have been met, and as regards uniform sizing, itappears that the meshes in use are as nearly similarly as the variations in size and shape of beans willadmit. (2) Co-operation. This idea isa natural result of bad seasons, low prices, and high exchange. Whether practical or not, is worthy of consideration, butif any scheme should take shape, it seems to meit would be wise at first to limit its operations to distribution, or say to promoting the sale of our produce in India, Eng- land or elsewhere. SPEECHES, &C, Mr. Graham Anderson, c.1.u., said:—I feel sure that every planter in Southern India is re- joiced to find that after nearly 30 years of nego- tiations the Government of India has been fully impressed with the justice of all that has been represented after studying the elaborate report of the Southern India Planters’ Enquiry Com- mission. In due course the various Planting Associations of Mysore will doubtless have oppor- tunities afforded of studying drafts of the improved legislative arrangements which are to be sub- stituted for the unsatisfactory and unintelligible laws which have hitherto existed and which have frustrated the objects for which their pro- visions were specially extended to the Planting Districts, by encouraging unscrupulous individuals to become dexterously dishonest. We in Mysore are specially gratified to learn that the beneficial influences calculated to result from the peculiarly favourable position of the Mysore Province, which is entirely surrounded by the territories of the Paramount Power, will in the future cease to be neutralised by the absence of equitable and reciprocal facilities for the execution of warrants We feel sure that sympathetic consideration will be bestowed on all arrangements _ which will be made for this Province in which the conditions under which industries are conducted differ considerably from those existing in Ceylon, Assamand other Planting Districts. We may feel perfectly confident that, in consultation with the Durbar, the Government of Madras will not experience any insurmountable difficulty in arrang- ing for the maintenance of cheap, prompt and efficient justice as between man and man, be he employer or employee, and that with the clearly defined object of restraining unscrupulous. ij)- dividuals nothing will be permitted which he distasteful to those who have constant congenjal employment always to offer, or which will in any way ane hy sacrifice the freedom and best in- terests of hundreds of thousands of the labouring: peasantry upon whose welfareand work the de- velopments of industrial success entirely depends, A vote of thanks to the — retiring Honorary Secretary was proposed by Mr, R. A. Anderson and unanimously carried. He said:—‘ We are about to say good-bye fora time to Mr. Harris our Honorary Secretary, who leaves shortly to enjoy a well-merited holiday in England.” Mr. the of Honorary Seeretary of our Association for several years THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 855 & past, and has won the esteem, regard and gratitude of our community for his devotion to his work his proverbial courtesy and the untiring energy with which he has maintained the usefulness of this Association. During his term of office he has had to deal with many most difficult subjects, and whether we remember his speeches or peruse his written communications, we cannot fail to admire him as a most tactful and pains- taking man of business in every way worthy of the unqualified confidence which he has always enjoyed. NEW OFFICERS, Mr. Park was elected President and Mr, Playfair Honorary Secretary.—M, Mail. Bi ia a estate HIGHLAND TEA COMPANY OF CEYLON, The report of the directers for the year ended December 31 last states that the net profits for the year amount to £1,879, to which has to be added £75 brought furward from last accounts, giving a total to be dealt with of £1,955. An interim dividend of 24 per cent. was paid in September, and it is now proposed to pay a final dividend of 3 per cent. (free of income-tax), making 53 percent. for the year, aud to write off new clearings £125, leaving a balance to carry forward of £70. The directors regret that, owing to various factors, climatic and otherwise, the profits for the year show a falliug-off from those earned for the previous season. The total tea secured from the company’s properties, including a small quantity of brought leaf on Chrystler’s Farm, amounted to 212,415 lb., against 220,205 Ib. in 1897, showing a shortfall of 7,790 lb. Glenorchy Estate, owing to abnormal weather, has given a very disappoint- ing return, the decrease on that property alone amounting to 14,155 lb. Chrystler’s Farm crop, on the other hand, shows an excess over that of last year. The average yield per bearing acre was 352 |b., against 385 |b, for the previous twelve months. The tea sold in London realised an average price of 9d per Ib., against 8-669d, for the previous year, and the rate of exchange was ls. 4 5-16:1., against Is. 3 21-32d.—H. & C. Mail, April 21, ALLIANCE TEA COMPANY, LIMITED. REPORT OF THE DIRECTORS. The following report was submitted at the annual ordinary general meeting of the share- holders, held at the Company’s Offices, 9, Fenchurch Avenue, London, E.C., on Thursday 27th April :— : The Directors have pleasure in submitting the balance sheet and profit and loss account for the year ending 3lst December, 1898. The Nett Profit, after payment of De- bentare and other Interest for the year, amounts oe +. £5 To which has been added the Balance pai Sar brought forward from 1897 Ag I6l 3. 38 raat. £5,368 13 5 Au Interim Dividend of 3 per cent. was pid sen z paid on the 29th September, 1898, absorbing we ote ee 1,98 And the Directors now propose to deal — ese with the balance as follows :— (1) In writing off from cost of Proprie- tors of Depreciation of Machinery, &c. 300 0 0 (2) In payment of a final Dividend (free of income tax) of 4 per cent. (making 7 per cent. for the year) (3) Incarrying forward to next year the balance of eee ie 600 9 2,610 8 0 B56 THE TROPICAL The result of the year’s working is a distinet im- “provement upon the previous season, notwithstan- ding the uatavourable weather and the conipara- tively low level of prices prevailing duving the year. Yhe item of £659 2s 61 for wanuring brought forward from 1897 and the whole expendivare under this heading iucured in 1898 have been debited in Jast year’s profit and toss account, The following table gives the acreage aud re- sults of the year : ~- Cla Average ido Se 2ar- SE av cee ea RE —— TerCrop -A « Z Working Estate. 26 ANB OD =e Let Profit, ret ea 3 es oS i=] 4 ac i! Py le ee Bo a dents in 52 '% £ gs. ad. A n.. 387 198,740 32 39°5.13 at peut 342, — 158,505 2900 754 1,638 1240 ‘Dunkeld | 322 50 '144,926 91,32 659! 812 10 °3 Triccombe © 717° "== ''265,807 32.81 6.83" 4239" 2 Thorufield d Gle- be omeagles 455 15) 930,884) 29.00 8:92 3,877.17 7 Uda Radella340 40. 180,716 27.76 7.02 2,428 51 —— 2,563 105 1,104,168 80.40 7.00 9,230 14 11 There was a loss on the Aberdeen working ~ amounting to £168 16s 11d making the actus: -working profit £9,061 18s 0d. Lt has been le- cided’ to abandon 40 acres of the poorest tea land at Aberdeen, and by this means 1b 1s ex- pected that the acreage retained under cultivation will give better results in the future, The following is a Statement of the Acreage of -the Company’s properties as on Ist January, 1s99. S ae 5 sles m8 tw oo 3 3 ibe og igons 8 «Bows gelog> a3 a8 rey B = ou =5 a8 igguae 8 GE Og H | oS H 5 berdeen 817 14 — | 119 480 Gah 342 1 oa 22 _ 387 Dankeld 4921/86 © 50 (7) 5.1 f 603 Luccombe 530 _ _— — 200 750 , Thornfield and A Gleneagles 457 — 7 _ 48 512 Uda Radella 380 40 ~- 52 ps 655 PRcHolepmne | Wain rer eet a 322) ' 822 2,568 76 21 75 (869 3,609 “The Elstree leaf, whic had .previously been treated at Luccombe, is now dealt with at Dun- keld, and in the above Statement the acreage of Elstree has been deduced from Luceombe and in- eluded in Dunkeld. ; é “ The capital expenditure shown in the accounts has been chiefly inrespect to the rebuilding and extension ‘of the Uda Radella Factory. In their last report the Directors referred to an ~ issue of £10,00) of 6 per cent Debentures, but of these only £8,900 have been issued. The Directors are pleased, to report that the Colombo Agents have voluntarily made a modi- fication in their scale of charges, asfrom ‘the com- mencement of the 1898 season, to the advantage of thie shareholders,” In regard to the prospects of the current sea- son the teas so far produced are deriving the benefit ot the appreciable advance in, market — - values both here and in Colombo, whilst there are “ reasonable expectations of the yield of the Com- . pany’s Estates being maintained at about thequan- tity produced last year. ~ cost should be welcomed by planters. i ‘ went up 100 [June i, 1899. THE TEA MARKET, In the tea market prices have ruled very often at an advance of 4d perlb.. In the speech of the Chancellor of the Exchequer he is made to say there are short supplies of British giuwo tea! China tea prospects improve while the run is maintained on the lower grades. The blending firms who make low-priced tea their chief outlet have been caught with running contracts ou low terms. - L. & C, Express, Aprii 14. AURICULTURIST. TEA BLIGHTS AND PEST. TO THE HOLTOR OF THE “ ENGLISHMAN.” Sin,—In-identally to the valuable report by Dr. George Watt, aud partly pnblished in your issue of the loch instant, there are under the heading of the paragraph ‘‘ Pcevenpion better that cure,” statements, which, however correct they may have been in 1895, are now at varianee with the actual facts, De. Watt siates ‘that a much famed insecticide has been tried, has proved a failure, and therefore nothing fur. her need be thought of.” Lust year exhau tive experiments were carried out in Cachar by the representative of the Chiswick Soap Co npany, vf Uaiswick London, W., with great success; and this bas resulted ia au extensive use of the Chiswick Soap Company’s compound by fifty-two concerns in that and other districts. It has been a generally expressed belief that the prevention of mosguito bhght is an utter inapossiballty, bat prac- tical demonswrations show that the destruction wrought on tea bashes by this post can be snecesfully prevented, if careful spraying of the bushes 1n Jan, or Feb.—and at any time thereafter that the blight may appear,—is carried ont. Patches of tea sutlering from red spider, white thread, green fly, blight aad ail other similar pe: may be cleared by one or two applications, and ata small cost. It wis not until 1895-96 that the compound was tried, and the experiments since carried out privately in Various gardeos, by many who at the ont set thoroughly disbelieved in its efficacy, have proved Without a shadow of doubt, that many mat fe) valuable t22 may be saved at a reasonable outlay. The results of the experiments made by planters frove quite the contrary to Dr. Watt's statement, that ‘remarkably little value can be placed in in- _ secticides,” andit is open to anyone who is dubions on this poirt to thoroughly prove for himself that the ravages of tea pests may be prevented, and that the greatest benefits may accrue from the judicious and thorough use of the compound. Confident that the spraying of large areas of pest-ridden bushes, with properly prepared insecticides, was possible, and that positive relief could be given, the makers of this compound: spent £1,000 last. year in successfully demonstrating this fact, and they are now prepared to consider the question of providing material for any large tract of tea requiring treatment, for an ’ ‘equitable share in the value of manufactured tea saved. Dr. Watt's hints and suggestions, as to combination ‘ and methodical research as to the habits and develop- ments of tea pests are excellent, and to the point. In the meantime, mosquito blight and other pesta flourish, and any relief that can be given at a modurate -‘Txos. R. Parrr. ‘A SLUMP IN QUININE” isthe expressive heading in trade journals by a recent mail, and itis evident that bark and quinine owners are in luck’s way, We hear of one Nilgherry estate owner who, eatly in. March, sold his bark to the Madras Government Factory at the rate to rule on Ist April. On 29th March the price prietor has scored, more particularly as t has been a fall since. ; 4 per cent. and so the lucky aoe ss 7 q 3 ; Junw 1, 1899.) TEA IN AUSTRALIA. Melbourne, April 15. Market very firm and advancing. An active demand for all descriptions of China teas ; sales of common Congous and Panyongs totalling 1,590 half-chests at 53d to 64d, and 409 half-chests of finer grades; 300 quarters of buds taken at 74d to 72d. Ceylens very scarce; sales of 900 chests at 74d to 8d for medium, and from 10d ‘to Is Id forfine. Indians are meeting with a good inquiry; sales of 400 chests at 8d to 10d.—Leader. —__3—_—___. PRODUCE AND PLANTING. PRODUCE AND THE BupGet.—So far as produce is con- ¢erned there are no surprises in the Budget. The re- ference to tea, coffee, and cocoa was brief, and was as follows. The Chancellor of the Exchequer said: With regard to the minor items of Customs, coffee for onceshows an increase. Iam told hat thisis due to the increasing number of excellent temperance refreshment rooms in London, where coffee is a fayou- ite beverage. The use of cocoa also, 1am happy to say, has increased by 14 per cent, andit may comfort my hon. and gallant friend the member for Central Sheffield, who I know is a patron of cocoa, to he informed that a much larger proportion of the cocoa used in this country was of British manufacture than in the previous year. Tea shows an increase of £62,000, but I shall have to be cautions in my estimate of tea for the coming year, for I am sorry tosay that tea has lately risen in price’by, I am told, 2d in the pound, dueto the fact that Indian and Ceylon tea is becoming very popular in Russia, the United States, ard our great colonies; and conse- quently there is a shorter supply ia this country. o one seems to have noticed the increase in the price of tea, but a good deal would ‘have been said about if it had been due to an increase of taxation. It may interest the committee to be informed of a Curious circumstance in regard to the receipts from tea. There is a singular rivalry now going on between certain great houses in the tea trade as to the amount of the cheques which each of them shall give for indi- vidual clearances’of tea, and the result is sometimes greatly to discompose the receipts from tea in one quarter of the year, or even in different years when compared with one another. The Customs were actually asked the other day to allow the inclusion in oné of these cheques of the duty on tea afloat and not yet arrived in this country. I need hardly say that we promptly put a stop to the suggestion, which if allowed, would have entirely disorganised ths proper keeping of our accounts from year to year,” Missing aN Opporruniry.—We notice that ‘ Mer- chant,” in the columns of a contemporary, calls atten- tion to a neglected opportunity. He says: ‘In gonseqnance of the advance in duty on tea by the United States Government to pay for war taxes, there is an enormous quantity of tea lying in bond in New York—probably six times the usual amount. How is it that some of our blenders or other speculators have not secured some of this?” We hope importers will not tumble over one another in their haste to take advantage of this chance.—J/, & C, Mail, April 14. Tue Posrrion or InprAN TeA.—It is satisfactory to find trade opinion optimist on the subject of the pre- sent position of Indian tea, Commenting on the articulars of outturn of the crops of Indian tea for 898-99, which shows a total prodneti on of 153,009,000 Ib, -the, largest ever known, the Grover says: ‘“The increase oyer the entire crops in 1897-98 and 1896-97 was, in round nnmbers, between 4,618,000 Ib, and 4,683,000 lb. whilst as compared with 135,479,000 Ib. in 1595-96, and 127,127,000 Ib. in. 1894.95, the ag- grogate quantity of Indian tea raised this season was many millions of pounds heavier than in those years. From the very outset, when the crop was origi- THE TROPICAL. AGRICULTURIST. 857 nally estimated at fully 158,000,000 Ib. the yield of tea in British India for 1898-99 -has been regarded as of unexampled- extent and at one time a lower range of prices than-ever was ex- pected to rule in consequence. In this hope, howevey: tie trade have been. greatly disappointed; for besides increasing demands for, consumption at home, there have been developments, and winder outlets for ship- pers'in other quarters, which have been large enough to absoris the whole of the-sarplus supply above shown: and since the end of December last the market has. without interruption,’ maintained a stzong rising tendency.” , i: Tea Prantine iy Navin.—The United States Gon- sul-General at Cape Town is so intetested in the tea cultivation of Natal, he describes for the benefit of his countrymen the ‘process of enltivation and manufacture in that cclony. We give it in his own words and we leave Tudian and Ceylon’ planters to solve the question whether their brethren n Soath Africa ‘are up to date in their methods The picking season in Natal generally commen. ces early: in September and goes on. till about the end of the following May. The monthsof June, July and. August are taken up with digging and manufacturing the land, and pruning the plants, The tea is picked by the coolies, mule carts in different gings collecting the leaf. Men and women are employed in the picking process. The: tea leaf is taken down to the factory, where it is ‘‘weighed iin.” When that is done, it is spread out thinly on frames covered. with hessian, for the purpose of ‘withering.’ in a temp-rature of 80 to 90 degrees, In the course of twelve hours, the leaf has become perfectly soft. The leat is then passed through” shoots into the machine room, where it is “rolled.” When the rolling is finished, the sappy, juicy masg is sent down into the cooling chamber where it is spread out and submitted to the action of the air at a temperature of from 60 deg. to 70 deg. The rolled leaf is then passed to drying trays, on which it ig spread out thinly and submitted to a temperature of about 250 deg. the excessive heat staying fer- mentation,:and. taking all moisture out of the leaf, The now manufactured article is sent on to the sorting department, where the different’ grades of Golden Pekoe, Flowery Peloe, Pekoe Souchong Souchong, and dust are separated by machinery, which consists of a huge, revolving screen cylinder, the meshes gradually getting larger towards the outer end, so that the dust falls from the separating machine first, and the Souchong last. Tho smallest leaves on the twig, says the Vice Consul, when picked mke the finest tea. The tea is then put into aire tight bins where it is allowed to remain from two or three months to mature. After this it goes to the acking department, where itis put into packets or oxes for the trade. = ArtiriciiL RusBer.—Many attempts to make arti- ficial rubber by oxidizising linseed oil and o her vegetable matters wtth strong acids have not proved quite snecessful. A Chicago glucose company are now trying to make it from the refuse material of their factory. Diis rabber made from the oil of Indian corn jis of a brown colour, but its fault, thus far, is that it does not resist heat so well as genuine rubber — IT, and C. Mail, April 21. ee eee “RAINFALL AND Fmrrivity ” is. the subject of a very interesting letter from Mr. Jobn Hughes given elsewhere, It has been long recoy- nised here thaf the desirable rain for tea comes in gentle, light-falling showers whieh are richer nuitrozen and do not create wash. At the same time tropical rains are altogether richer in nitroyen than is the rainfall in teinperate regions, It woukl be extremely interesting to compile returns for an average Ceylon estate, similar to those framed for Rothamsted ; but twenty years is a long period to cover, THE TROPICAL 858 A. BoTANICAL EXxpeRIMaNT.—The following experiment may be of interest to lovers of botany, and will partially explain the two colours (mauve and white) found in the cuckoo flower (Cardamie pretensis). ‘Iwo strong plants were carefully re- inoved from the ground and potted. One was al- lowed to growin the open and the other placed under cover, the only light allowed being that which passed through an amber coloured glass. In Jess than three days the bloom under the amber glass had assumed a distinct mauve colour, whilst that left in the open was white, or nearly so.— Quarterly Therapeutic Review. INDIA AND CEYLON TKA.—We _ lately published a letter from Messrs. Gow, Wil- son & Stanton in which figures were given re- garding the movement of Indian and Ceylon tea from Ist June 1898 to 3lst March 1899, compared with the corresponding period of the previous year, and a general statement made in reference to the deliveries during last month. A similar letter had been sent to the Secretary of the Planters’ Association, who has today placed it at ourdisposil. ‘Phe only details in addition to those we have already publisted are the following :— Movements (in Ib.) of India and Ceylon tea during March 1899 March 1898 Indian Ceylon Indian Ceylon Imports 6,039,152 8,190,084 6,688,567 7,874,642 Deliveries 13,149,228 7,310,692 11,717,357 8,095,842 Stock 52,399,835 18,105,766 69,051,489 18,074,314 CreyLon Tea Direct FRoM THE GARDENS, GUARANTEED ApsoLuTery Pure.—Mr. Charles Knight, of Kingston, near Taunton, who has been a Planter in Ceylon for 80 years, wishes to start a business in the Tea Trade and to give the community the benefit of it by selling tea direct from the grower and at a lower fignre than it is now sold, for by the experience he has had, he knows the best months when the best teas are made. Since his return home he has had over several lots and is pleased to find they have been appreciated by his customers, and, acting upon their recommendations, he has pleasure in announcing that he is open to re- ceive ordersfrom anyone in the neighbourhood. Any order, either large or small, he will be glad to receive, and will get it packed in the Factory in Ceylon a3 customers may require, each grade packed separately in chests or small b xes, for he is confident that the mixing of teas should only be done in the teapot. Note the ad- dress—Kingston, near Taunton.—[Copy of advertise- ment in English paper.] WEATHER FORECASTS IN AMERICA—have be- come of great practical value. Prince Kropotkin tells us in the Nineteenth Century that last winter, when a cold wave and a blizzard were expected in the West, 650 points in twelve ranching States, as also all the railway and steamboat stations, and thousands of private persons were warned from the Chicago weather bureau. Immediately most ranchers took their flocks of sheep under shelter (20,000 head of sheep and cattle in one single small spot), and masses of both sheep and cattle were saved from an almost certain destruc- tion by an awful blizzard. In April last most valuable crops of strawberries were saved in the same way. The strawberries were covered with straw, or artificial clouds were made. The mete- orolovical service has so much won the confidence’ of the population that last year it was very seriously urged by the Press to issue forecasts of ‘increase of crime,’ it being known that such an increase really takes place during some sorts of hot weather, — toi AGRICULTURIST. ‘JUNE 1, 1899. “Tur Inpran Foreeter.”"—Edited by H. ©. Hill, Conservator of Forests and Director of the Forest School, Dehra Dun. Contents No, 4—April, 1899:— Brandis’ Prize Fond; Photographs of Cutch-boilers’ Camp; Remarks on Forest concessions in Oudh and in general; Tannin Extracts; Correspondence : More information abont Bamboos, T F Bourdillon ; Forestry in New South Wales, Colonial; Tussar Silk culture, IT’ F Catania; Gestation of the Ble- phant, C. B. 8.; Lonsicorn B:etle on Malberry trees P. H. C.; Official Papers and Intelligence : Appendix Series and “Stray Leaves from Indian Forests”; Forest Revenues—1898-99 ; Paris Exhibition ; Retirement of Mr. J S Gamble, x4. r.c.s., from the Forest Service; Reviews, Shikar, travel, ete.; Ex- tractr, Notes and Queries. “Tre QueENSLAND AGricuLTURAL JovRNAL.”—Vo', IV. Part 4. Contents for April 1899 :—Agriculture : Market Girdening—The Vegetable Garden ; Imported Agricultural Prodace; The Expansion of Agriculture; Ensilage ; Agricultnral Education in the Uaited States ; Profit in Wheat Farming; Darying; The Orchard: Frait Culture in Queensland; Fruit Fly Experiment; The Export of Fruit; The Problem of Fruit Preservation; Botany: Contributions to the Flor. of Queensland; Plants Reputed Poisonous to Stock; Popular Botany: Our Botanic Gardens, No. 9; Tropical Industries: Queensland Coffee; Coffee Notes; Coffee-leaf Disease; Coffee in 1898; Manure for Coffee; Manuring of Tropical Plants —Oorn; Ramie Cultivation; Sngar in the West TBeles s Animal Pathology; Forestry; General otes. SEEDS AND ‘THE DEVELOPMENT OF CuUR- RENCY IN THE Far East.”—Col, Temple has a currency paper in the Asiatic Quarterly Review in which we reid :— I must begin by stating that all the existing Troy weights and currencies in India and the Far East are based on one, and sometimes on both, of two scott. which are known to Europeans as the seeds of the Abrus precatorius and the Adenanthera pavonina. I must ask that these two names be borne im mind, and I will call them in my arguments the abrus and the adenanthera. The abrus is a lovely little Y: yielding asmall bright red seed with a black spot on it. Theadenanthera is a great deciduous pon bane ing tree, having abright red seed. Conventionally the adenanthera seed is double of the abrus seed. Now as will be presently seen, our subject literally bristles witb every kind of difficulty, and here, at the very beginning, is the first. The weights represented by the two seeds have everywhere and an all times been mixed up. The terms for the abrus and its conyen- tional representatives have been applied to the adenanthera, and vice versd, both by native writers and European translators and reporters. As a result of the same kind of confusion of mind, whole systems of currency have been borrowed from outside by half- civilized and ill-inform :d rulers and Governments, and brought arbitrarily into existence, starting on the wrong foot, as it were. The unlimited muddle thas arising may be easily imagined, and so, too, may the amount of investigation necessary to unravel the re- sultant tangle. Based on the conventional abrus seed, there were in ancient, or at any rate in old, 7.e., in undiluted Hindu, India, two concurrent Troy scales, which, for the present purpose, I will call the literary and the popular scales. For the present purpose also, and for the sake of clearness, I will call the abrus seed of convention in the literary scale by one of its many ancient names, raktikd, and in the popular scale by one of its many modern names, rafi. Tn the Indian Troy scales, then, the lower denomina- tions represented in each case the abrus seed, but the upper denominations differed gratly, i.e., in the lite- rary scale there were 320 raktikds to the pala, ‘and in the popular scale there were 96 ‘Tafts ‘to the ¢614. : 7 ‘e TO ALL PARTS OF ASIA, AFRICA, AMERICA AND OCEANIA, ‘Seeds. Plants of Gommercial Products. Hevea Brasiliensis (Para Rubber),—Orders being booked for the coming crop available in August and September, ‘This is the only crop of seedsin the year. All orders should reach us before the end of July to ayoid disappointment, as we have to make arrangements in time; euaranteed to arrive in good order at destination, We have already booked a large number of orders. A Sumatra Planter writes, dating 9th March, 1899 :—‘‘I consent to the price of £— per thousand. TI herewith © order 50,000 upon condition that you guarantee at least 33 % seeds germinating.” Plants can be forwarded all the year round in Wardian cases. Price and particulars as per our Circular No. 30. : Ficus Elastica (Assam and Java Rubber.)—Seeds supplied by the pound with instructions}; - price according to quantity. This tree grows equally wellin high and low land, in forest and grass land, its cultivation being extended largely by the Indian Government. Manihot Glaziovii (Ceara or Manicoba Rubber).—Fresh seeds available all the year round} price as per our Circular No. 31. It is superior to Mangiberia rubber and second to Para rubber. Castilloa Elastica (Panama or Central American Rubber).—Seeds and Plants supplied; price and particulars as per our Circular No. 32, Urceola Esculenta (Burma Rubber) and Lando!phia Kirkil (Mozambique Rubber).—Seeds and plants, both are creepers. Cinchona Seeds.—-Diflerent varieties. 5 Hybridised Maragogipe Coffee.—A larged-beaned superior variety of Coffee in demand ; seeds, Santalum Album (Sandlewood).—The cultivation and felling of the tree is entirely under Government monopoly in India, Sandlewoods to the value of over £100,000 being annually exported to various countries from India, The cultivation of this useful tree is now receiving increased attention in other countries; seeds and plants, Eucalyptus Marginata (Jarra).—Large quantities of this most valuable timber are being annually exported from Australia to London and various parts of the world for street paving and other purposes. Price of seeds on application. 17,846 pieces of Jarra timber has already arrived for Ceylon use. Seeds and Plants of Cinnamon, Nutmeg, Clove, Kolanut, Pepper, Cardamom, Vanilla, Arabian, Liberian and Maragogipe Coffee, Cacao, Tea, Coca, Fibre, Medicinal and Fruit Trees, Shade and Timber Trees, also Palms, Bulbs, Orchids, &c, Our enlarged Deseriptive Price List of Tropical Seeds and Plants of Commercial Products for Foreion Countries for 1899-1900 are now being forwarded to applicants in different parts of the world, ; ‘“Sourn Arnrica.’”’—The great authority on South African affairs of 25th March, 1899, says; — ** An interesting Catalogue reaches us from the Hast. It is issued by William Brothers, Tropica! Seed Merchants, of Henaratgoda, Ceylon, and schedules all the useful and beautiful plants which will thrive in tropical and semi-tropical regions. We fancy Messrs, Williams should do good business, for now that the great Powers have grabbed a!l the waste places of the earth, they must turn to and prove that they were worth the grabbing, We recommend the great Powers and Concessionaries under them to go to William Brothers,” \ leading Planter writes from New Hebrides under date 17th January, 1899:—‘‘I shall like a few more of your Catalogues to distribute through these Islands, as I feel sure many would place themselves in communication with you, did they know where to write for Seeds and Plants,” Our New Descriptive Price List of Seeds and Plants of Fruit Trees now being prepared and will be ready -shortly. Agents in Lonccn :—Mussrs. P. W. WOOLLEY & Co., 33, Basinghall Street. Agent in Colombo, Veylon:—K. B, CREASY, Esq. Velographic Address : J. P. WILLIAM & BROTHERS, WILLIAM, VEYANGODA, CEYLON. Tropicul Seed Merchants, Lieber’s, A.I. and A.B.C. Codes used. HeNARATGODA, CEYLON, 107 THE TROPICAL Correspondence | ee Go the Edie. CINGALESE CATTLE IN TRINIDAD. Government Farm, Trinidad, B.W.1, 16th March, 1899. Drar SiR,—l beg to offer you the annual report on the working of this farm for the past year. . The year proved a fairly good one. ; With regard to our importation of Cinga- lese cattle from your colony, the animals arrived in good condition after _their long journey. ‘The little cows are curiosities, but the bull is a sturdy fellow and if we can rear oxen up to his standard, they will find a ready demand here. Sir H. Jerning- ham’s object in bringing out this breed was to have a class of animalthat would be the poor man’s beast. We have any number of donkeys and small mules, yet there should bea place for these cattle as beasts of bur- den and fulfil the requirements of the pea- sant proprietors. Cow-farming is progressing by leaps and bounds and these small oxen should be especially useful for stich work, also tor cacao estate work where they could pass freely under .the trees without injuring them; there are many openings for them in various employments and those who have seen them and are competent to judge think that they have come to stay: ‘Any way the experi- mént is worthy of a trial.— Yours truly, : ‘Oo W, MEADEN, Manager. 7) f EE THE “NILU” PUANT AND “JUNGLE CROW.” Vavuniya,; April 26, 1899. Dwar Sir,—As regards the flowering sea- sons of the “Nilu” family, in the Northern Province, the species found is Stenosipho- minum Russellianwi. When I came here in 1895, there were no signs of it; in 1896 there were young plants; in February 1897 it flowered and died down ; in 1893 there were young, plants and it has flowered again this year, im Web.-March, and is practically dead ‘ow. This shews that this species Gowers every other year. it had evidently flowered and died down in 1895, betore IT came here. As regardsyour note in 7'.A. for March about jungle crows, you have mixed up the true crow. of the forest,corvus culninatus, with the jungle crow, 2 cuckoo. I Lave seen them building a nest, but never seen the eges. ‘here are two species in Seylon, one found all over the island up to a moderate height he ovher .one wilderness and similar forests. The latter is fiouved in Legge. 1 regret [am un- able to give you ope Se eee uy this * ayation taay be of use.— rours truy, jinformatior ry Tne. © ARMITAGE. P.S.—The “‘nilu” above referred to attains a height of from 5 to 7 feet, and is chiefly found in. poor forest growing over a sub- — soil of conglomerate von pa aan never seen one tobe certain. peculiar to the Adam’s: AGRICULTURIST. (Junk 1, 1899. {A large number of Acanthacee are called “nilu” by the natives, but Strobllanthus is the genus usually nnderstood by the name. The > Stenosiphoniwm Russellianum, Mr. yee mentions, is the Bu-nilu, according to Dr. ¢ men’s flora. It is the next genus to ine lanthus and from Dr. Trimen’s remarks we should have thought it flowered every Decem- ber; but Mr. Armitageindicates that it flowers once in two years. ‘The specimens Mx., Armi- tage sends us are very poor with no leaves nor flowers, but we have no doubt it is the “ Bu-nilu.” This reminds us_ to quote a hill correspondent that ‘Mr. Farr was “quite rightabout the ‘‘nilu” districts in the “higher regions and their lowering in masses “periodically. I saw, last year, almost a “straight line dividing one distsict from an- “other. This was dividing the Horton Plains “side of Totapolla from this side.”—As regards the crows, does Mr. Armitage mean. that Legge whom we quoted is wrong? gives the varieties of the “ black crow” as follows as far as his knowledge extended ;— CORONE MACRORHYNCHA, (The Black Crow.) Corvus macrorhynchus, Wager, Corvus, 3 (1827); Hume, Stray Feath. id, ibid. (B. of Tenasserim) 1878, p. 660. Corvus levaillanti, Less. Traité, p. 328 .-(1831); Holdsw. P.Z.S. 1872, p. 469; Hume, Nests an Eees, ii. p, 411; id. Str. Feath. 1874, p. 243; Ball, ibid. p. 418; Hume, ibid. 1875, p. 14h, aaa eee ee pempel ed oe Mamm. &ce. epal Coll. Hodgs. p. 102 (nec Sykes) (1844); Blyth Cat. B. Mus. S E B.D. 39 oe ene’ Prodromus, Cat. p. 124 (1852); Layard, Ann, & Mag. Nat. Hist. xiii. p. 213 (1854); Horsf. & Moore, Gales B. Me: Ent C. ii, p. 533, in pt. (1856); erdon, B. of Ind. ii. p. 295 (1863); Legge, Ibis, 1874, p. 23, et 1875, p. 398, reef f Corvus sinensis, Moore, Cat. B. Mus. E. I. Co. ii. p. 556 (1856). orone levaillanti (in pt.), Sharpe, Cat. Birds, ills p. 39 (1877). The Indian Corby, The Bow-billed Corby, The Indian Raven (of some) in India. The Carrion or Jungle-Crow in Ceylon. Dhar, Hind. in the north; Dheri-kowa, Hind. in the south; Dad-kag, Beng.; Kaki, Telugu; Ulak, Bhotias. Kaka or Goyegammna kaka, lit. “ High-caste Crow,” Sinhalese; Kaka, Ceylonese Tamils. [We learned from Mr. Nock the other day that he has several ‘‘ jungle crows” pretty nearly always in the Hakgala Gardens and he — thinks they must nest there, though he has He is now to keep a watch and will report result. No doubt a great deal remains to be verified and. corrected in respect of Ornithology since Legge’s time.—Ep. 7.A.] . Syst. Av. , p. 4613, _ RAINFALL AND FERTILITY. 'Srr,—That fertility is largely associated with the rainfall is fully recognised: but that excessive rainfall causes a loss of ferti- lity is perhaps not so fully recognised. At BRobhamsted for upwards of 20 years a most complete system of collecting and re- cording the rainfall, as well as the drainage water passing through 20 inches of arab A land, has béen established, and t results — afford valuable practical information, ~- | Junn 1, 1899.] The amount of nitrogen found in_ this drainage water has been carefully deter- mined and calculated into the equivalent of nitrate of soda and the results have been tabulated as follows :— AVERAGE RUAULTS OF THE RAINFALL AND DRAINAGE AT ROTHAMSTED FoR 20 ynars, 1877-78 to 1896 97. = Ho 2 gs igs S & MSS to Dis iO oor ThA 3 oe ans — ictal o> oO = Gig OS x SR WER iB St biog Sy BS, 6 Sega hore? lente sis 2 Inches. Inches. Inches, Ib. September... 2°63 104 L59 25:0 October OSS 207 131 40:7 Noyember' ...° 314° 2-41 0°73 4.3 December ve DAD 1:95 0-17 235 January ve 9 2:04 1:67 037 164 Tebrnary ee eI 1°55 0°40 15-7 March 1910 11°88 1:00 0:83 9-4 Apvil de bet ALSS +62 13 63 May RONG 58 4) 1:59 7.2 June we, | AB 61 1/2 79 July ere PSO) 73 2,07 133 August eel icioe 87 207 15-4 Harvest year =... 2957 1500 1457 224-1 It will be noticed that the losses of nitvogen during the winter months from September to February, average 1616 lb. nitrate of soda, or 72°1 per cent of the entire average losses of the year. From ‘these figures it will be understood that after continuous rainfall the soil becomes temporarily impoverished, and consequently in need of readily available plant food. These remmks will have special applica- tion to a climate like that of Ceylon where there isa heavy annual rainfall, and to plan- “tations like those of tea, coffee, and cacao, which are kept constantly under cultivation and free from weeds. JOHN HUGHES, F.1.C. Analvtical Laboratory, 4), Mark Lane, London, H.C., April 21,1899. —_——_ —-——_ ——_ SUNSPOUTS, CYCLES ANDTHE MONSOON, In his paper on “recent science’? in. the Nineteenth Century, Prince Kropotkin writes :-- It is now certain that tho number and the size of the dark spots which we see on the surface of the sun ave insome way connected with the weather which wo have on the oarth. Charles Meldrum, Sir Norman Lockyer, the Indian meteorologists, and especially Dr. W. Képpen in his great work, have proved that there is a certain periodicity in the temperature, the rainfall, tho number of cyclones, &c., which corresponds to the eleven years’ periodi- city (11:1 years) in the number of sunspots. How- ever, tho amount of variation which may be due to this cause is so small in comparison with the non- periodical irregularities of weather that it is often masked and oblitexated by them. Moreover—to say nothing of the connection which exists between the sun-spots’ period and the magnetical forces in our atmosphore—the whole matter, as has been shown by Polis, is more complicated than, it seamed to bo at first sight. lt appears that when the sunspots ‘are at & minimum, mild winters and hot summers provail, while cold winters and oool summers seem THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 861 to characterise the maximum. periods of the sun- spots; while Mr. A. McDowall points out that not ouly the seasons and fractions of the year, but different days as well, must .be treated separately in all discussions upon the influence of the snaspots’ periods. Yenrs of surs ots’ maxima are, in his opinion, years when the monthly and daily extremes of tem- perature are greater 23 a rule. Iu short, oux weather is undoubtedly influenced by the eleven | years’ periodical variation of the Sun's vadiation which is indicated by the sunspots. But this influence is only now studied in each detailas to be taken into con- sideration in weather predictions. Another weather period, which perhaps has not yet been taken sufficient notice of, is the thirty-five years’ period discovered by the Swiss professor, Hd. Briickner. , A| number of other pericdicities of weather is; also under con- sideration. Such are the 19 years’ period so forcibly advocated by H, ©. Russel for Australia, and corre- sponding to the well-known period of 235 lunar months; the seven years’ period discovered in America by Murphy, and three shorter periods of 424, 412, and 119 indicated by Lamprecht; the 26-7 days’ periodicity in pressure and temperature noticed by Professor Bigelow, which wculd correspond to the period of rotation of the sun; the 54 days’ period detected at the Biue Hill Observatory; and so on. And finally there are the cold waves spreading every year in May, and the no less than six cold and three warm periods recurring every year in Hurope, and indicated years ago by the veteran Scotch meteorologist, Mr. Buchan. The first-long period forecasts were made in India, on tho basis of a few empirica) sequences suggested by Henry F. Blanford.. The whole life of India, depends upon the timely beginning of the rainy season, its perseverance and its timely end. Consequenily, it was a vital question to be able to foretell the coming and the general character of the monsoon which brings rains with it.. This was begun by H. F. Blanford, and in the hands cf his successor, Mr. Eliot, the seasonal forecasts, which are now issued semi-annually, become every year more rational and trustworthy. In India, owing to its tropical posi- tion, the seasonal changes of weather, which depend upon the general circulation of the atmosphere, are far more important than the irregular non-periodical changes upon which weather depends in Europe; and this circumstance facilitates the task of the forecaster. Still it took years of study before the various causes influencing the monsoons became known; but now the Indian meteorologists can foretell, as a rule, in the first week of June when the rainy south-west monsoon is expected to come, what will be its probable strength and general character, and what is the probability of that break in the rains in July and August which is so important for the crops. They also foretell the. general character of the winter monsoon, but they find it difficult to prophesy when the rainy season will come to an end, although its early termination, being fatal to some crops, may result in a famine, Se eee WATERFALLS f£OR To the Editor of the Spectator. SALE, Sir,—Members of the Bergens Polytekniske Forening would be very thankful for ailvice from you whom to address or where to write in London fon sale of waterfalls for industrial use. We ean oller powers, of 100 —fH00—1,000 up to eiree 8,000 horse-power. ~Awaiting your good news, [ am, sir, Xe. Bergen, April 10th. hi. PALKENBERG. [The above letter is sa enrions Av example of the conting importanee of Waterfalls hs produeers of sindustriat power Chiat we place it before our renders.’ We fait) however, that there areas yet no regal waterfall brokers to be found iu Londen, —Ilip. Spectator. | 869 “ ROBERT FORTUNE, PLANT COLLECTOR.” Is the title given to a short notice of a very remarkable man in one of the home maga- zines by this mail. Robert Fortune, born in Berwickshire, began life as a gardener’s apprentice, but he rose to a responsible pose in the service of the Horticultural Society of London and by its Directors he was sent out in 1842to China as a botanical collector: Subsequently he made two further voyages to the Far East in the service of the East India Company. He travelled all along the coast of China and at some points pene- terated into the interior at the risk of his life. Still narrower were his several escapes from pirates in visiting Chusan, the Philip- ines and Japan 40 to 50 years ago, But Hontine never spared himself in the cause of science and commercial enterprise. He was the first to introduce the China tea plant into India (hence the Assam-Iybrid) and to arrange for the manufacture of the leaf. He brought altogether as many as 2) species and varieties of new plants to Kurope from the Far Hast, most of which are now such_ established favourites in English and Indian gardens that their origin is overlooked. Under the dripping rocks of the ravines in the rocky islet of Hongkong, Fortune found Chiretta sinensis with its elegant foxglove lilac flowers ; on the hills he came across the yellow orchid Spathoglottis fortunet. From Chusan he got the beautiful Wistaria sinensis ; and from Shanghai for the first time he sent home Cryptomeria Japonica or Japan cedar, so well-known now in some of our higher districts in Ceylon, Another great find at Shanghai was Anemone Japonica which he discovered in full flower. From Soochow he took away a fine new double yellow rose and Gardenia florida fortunet with large white blossoms like a camellia. In January 1845, Mr. Fortune visited. the Philippines and got a large sup- ply of the beautiful orchid Phalaenopsis amabilis. In 1848, while after tea (as de- scribed in his ‘‘Tea Districts of China and India”) Mr. Fortune discovered the beautiful Weeping cypress tree (Cwpresus fwncbris), and the charming Berberis japonica. His visit to Japan in 1860 was productive of a- eat gathering of new plants :—the glorious hujopsis dolabrata, the handsome evergreen Asmanthus aquifolius, the queen of prim- roses, Prinwla japonica, the fine oak Quercus sinensis, the lovely Liliwn auwratum, etce., etc. One specimen of Wistaria seen in Japan measured 7 feet in circumference at 3 feet fromthe ground, and covered aspace of trellis- work 60 by 102 feet. One of the racemes of blooms was 42 inches in length with thou- sands of long drooping lilacracemes! But we must stop. There is no man who has left a broader mark on English gardening than Robert Fortune. He lived in the neighbour- hood of London till 1880, so that he saw the Indian tea industry well established, though that of Ceylon had_ only entered on a very elementary stage. Nevertheless, here as in India, the name of Robert Fortune, ‘the plant collector,” should always be regarded with respect and admiration, THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. ‘and a further sum of R20 for each additional (JUNE 1, 1899 GAME AND ITS PRESERVATION IN CEYLON. THE WORKING OF THE ORDINANCE. ] The [oped bee of game and the working of the Game Ordinance is one which has lately been much before the public, and numerous remedies, more or less wild, have been suggested. I do not for a moment adinit that game is any scarcer now than it was ten or twenty yearsago. Of course with the advance of cultivation game is driven further and further into the forests, and sportsmen have to go further afield in search of game: but the natural reproduction keeps pace with the slaughter, and Lentertain no fear of the “ extermination ” that is so much talked of, In my opinion, the remedy for ‘* indiscriminate slaughter ” isa siluple one; and the existing law gives sufficient protection, I do not consider that the Game Ordinance requires any amendment, nor do I sug: vest such drastic remedies as an annual tax on guns or special taxes on foreigners. I think the principle of the new Forest Department arrange: ments may be followed, and the remedy shonld be found in the Forest Ordinance No. 10 of 1885. Following the principle of the new forest arrange- ments, | would divide the Island into reserves (which in the case of game would become preserves) and non-reserves, and the divisions night be made coterminous with the forest circles, Thus, the great yala division of the Hambantota District would be one preserve corresponding with the South-east Cirele of the Forest Department. The reserved forests of the Batticaloa District would form a second preserve, and the West and south of the Trincomalee District with a large slice out of the North-Central Province, corres: ponding with the North-eist Cirele of the Forest Department, would be another preserve, aud so on. Another would be formed in the hill districts to include the forests and patanas of the Horton Plains, the Elk Plains, and the Pedro range, The first step to be taken would be to get these areas proclaimed as ‘ reserved forests” under the Ordinance No. 0 of 1835, and as soon as they have been proclaimed special rules can be framed by the Government Agent under clause 26 (d). All lands outside these reserves would be treated as com- paratively valueless and would be worked under the existing Game Law, while the reserves would be worked under the special rules. As regards the special rules, I divide them into two classes one for the hill reserves and the other for low. country. In the former I would prohibit all shooting, in the latter all hunting with dogs ; and the following rough draft might be adopted as a basis for the rules :— Hill Reserves—(1) No person shall within the reserved forests named in the schedule annexed carr & gan under any pretext whatever. Any person. foun carrying & gun shall be liable to a fine of RaQ, and the gun shall be confiscated. thd mes (2) No person shall take any dog, or ai : dog to be taken or to stray, within aeeeised tonne, named in the schedule annexed, and it shall be lawful for any Forest Officer or ranger forthwith to destroy ese dog mick he may ane straying in such resetved orest, an € owner e liable to ane of R50. Gtieanaos ai oe fr oa rovided that it shall be lawful for th verni Agent or Assistant Goveriient! Agog rescue licenses for any registered pack of hounds to hunt within the said reserved forests on p2yment of a sum of R250 fora pack not exceeding ten cow les, abiple: \ June 1, 1899.] (3) The owner of any pack of hounds shall register the same at the commencement of each season, giving a full description of every hound comprising the pack, and shall from time to time register any changes in, or addition to, the pack. Low-country Reserves.—(1) No person shall carry « gun within the reserved forests described in tho schedule annexed unless he shall have taken out a license under clause (3). Any person found carrying a gun without such license shall be liable toa fine of R50 and the gun shali be confiscated, (2) No person shall, under any pretext whatever take or allow to be taken or to stray, any dog within the reserved forests described in the schedule annexed. Any dog founda within a reserved forest, whether accompanied or not by its owner, may b3 forthwith destroyed by any Forest Officer or ranger, and the owner shali be liable to a fine not exceeding RaA0. (3) The Government Agent or Assistant Govern- ment Agent of the district within which any such reserve is situated, in whole or in part, may issue licenses to shoot game within such reserve on pay- ment of the following fees ;— ; _ (a) Toany resident of the district, alicense for the whole season, R100. (b) To non-residents—A license for one week, R100; for one month, R200; for the season, R500. These regulations would not provide a sanctuary? but a ‘* preserve,” which wonld in my opition be just as good as a sanctuary. They ‘would practically keep out the ordinary villager, who would be content with shooting outside the preserves, and they would effectually keep out the wandering game-butcher. Most of the game of the district would soon flock into the preserves, aud no sportsman would object to pay the higher scale of fees for the improved shooting that would result. The fees should be devoted to increasing the staff of forest rangers, who would be engagel equally in protecting the timber and preserving the game. In this connection I may mention that during the season November 1, 1897, to May 31, 1898, I issued 70 game licenses, of which 21 were to Europeans and 49 to natives, and for -the period November 1 to December 31, 1898, Lissued 44 licenses, of which 16 were to Europeans and 28 to natives.—Mr. Lushington’s Administration Report for 1898. = —_— TEA IN AMERICA IN EUROPE. MR. AYDEN’S EXPERIENCE. _ Mr, Ayden who, we reported, had returned to Ceylon lately, has: been away for a year, six wonths of which he spent travelling about advocating theinterests of Ceylon Tea. He spent about three months in doing the principal cities of the United States and Canada, and took the same time to trayel across Europe to Rus- sia, going asfar as St. Petersburg. “ Yes,” he replied to a question about the condition of the Ceylon product in the American tea market, “our teas are , CERTAINLY GAINING GROUND as against Japan and China teas.” He agreed that the “ Thirty Committee ” were doing well in advertising as was- done at present, and could not suggesb auy better method, and he Was not in favour of subsidising certain firms to push the article as was recommended in certain quarters. ‘Are you in favour of introducing green teas into the country as advocated by Mr. Mackenzie ?” asked our reporter, ‘ Yes, [ think there is a ‘ine opening for Ceylon green teas. Of course they will have to compete with China and Japan THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 863 greens, but I think that is only a matter of time, especially if the planter makes the tea,” THE AMERICANS WANT. A certain amount of black tea would always be used, but it was only a sma'l percentage of the total consumption, the principal . teas being the greens and oolongs. ee _ They had been greatly handicapped by the duty imposed at the time of the war of 10 cents. (Sd) per 1b while coffee went free. It made tea so much more expensive than coffee, which had a tendency to become cheaper. That the latter was THE NATIONAL BEVERAGE was seen in the fact that coffee was consumed last year at the rate of 11 Ib. per head of tie population as againss under 1lb. of tea, Ten was drunk very much more in Canada than in the States, even amongst the French-speaking peosle, who, however, liveinthesamewayand have mneli the same habits as their English-speaking neighbours. He thought in Ameriea the trade were favonrably 1iclined towards Ceylon tea, though they used it in blending with China and Japan teas.” Our-tea can be obtained by itself in the pzincipal cities, but it was difficult to get pure Ceylon ter in the smnaller towns, though they had sonie VERY EXCELLENT BLENDS. Apart from the pushing of tea Mr. Ayden had time to look round and was struck with the co: a-heidness of the people. Mven this was tothe advantage ot Ceylon, for if once they could be got to take up our teas they would eo for it for all it was worth as they do with every other things they yo in for, wir. Ayden’s next journey was from London through Holland, Germany, Austria and Central Russia as far as St. Petersburg. Asked which country was the greatest: tea-consuming one, he replied without hesitation “Russia, adding that there was a great future for our teasthere. Ceylon tea was used there to blend with China tes in order to INCREASE THE STRENGTH. With regard to the tea duty in that country he did not think there was’ much chance of getting it reduced. It was very heavy, being about 1/8 per lb. and he mentioned that he had to pay three roubles for a lb. of pure Ceylon tea or 6/in English money. With respect to the tea was other countries visited, NOT A BIG ARTICLE and was not much consumed, though here again Ceylon tea was becoming more liked than China and Japan and the prospects were favour- able. The trader had no difficulty in selling tea, as itis shipped, direct to Hamburg, Bremen, and other Continental Ports. ——————(.{.—______ THE COTTON TRADE: A..NEW ERA IN EGYPTI—COTTON MILLS AND FREE TRAD. PeERHAPS in no branch of trade do con- ditions change so fast and so materially as in the cotton trade. Fortunes have been made in it in times of war, and have also been lost again before the said wars have closed. In the piping times of peace, too, wealth has been amassed by some, and losses made by othevs. A day or a week may make all the difference between profit and loss, as not a few Colombo merchants 864 THE TROPICAL and residents found during the American war. We have known a shipload of Tinne- velly cotton sold six times over between Tuticorin and London, and a telegraphic code providing for the price—at the time 21d per \b.—vrunning up to a shilling, ren- dered useless, because the American blockade had raised the value to eighteen pence a pound! Then, see, how profits from cotton goods have dwindled in Lancashire and in Bomba in recent years; while even here, the experi- ence of our solitary Cotton Mills, started under the brightest auspices, proves how swiftly new conditions may arise and upset the calculations of the shrewdest heads in the community. To commence with, the capital subscribed was insufficient; but so confident were the promoters of a large and quick turnover with local sales and a steady demand for yarn from the Far East, that work was started with the _ assurance that no inconvenience would ‘ result from insufficient . capital which, it was further felt would be only a temporary trouble as the shares would be taken ap as soon as the Mills began to work. The slack and diminishing demand for yarn from Ohina and Japan, which countries erelong began starting their own Mills; the un- certainty and variation of local wants ; the depression in the tea industry; the tightness of the money market, jointly and severally brought about conditions with which our first and only Spinning and Weay- ing Company found itseif unable to contend, and it had to transfer its interests to thers whose business connections with India hold- out a promise of success which, we trust, will be abundantly realized. We refer to the subject just now, through having come across information lately which points to a further impending revolution in the coston trade. Hgyptian cotton has had a high reputation in the markets of the world for a number of years, both for staple and for ‘strength ; and the fertility of the Nile Valley and the cheapness of labour gave Egypt an immense advantage over all other competitors. ; » But, hitherto, it is only for the production of the yaw material that the land of the Pharoah’s ‘has been’ famed. Now, a new order of things is imminent; and Egypt will soon enter the lists as a manufacturer. Already we learn from an Indian exchange, that Bombay piece goods have found their way to Khartoum, and, as the Soudan gets more and more “gettled, naturally the demand for cotton oods. will grow, especially under the ree trade principles just announced by the Sirdar. Indeed, it is the expecta- tion of commercial advantages of this nature which has .been one of the inspiring forces for the reconquest of the Soudan and the proclamation of British sovereignty together with Hgyptian. But Egypt is not content that distant industrial centres should have the monopoly of manufacture for her wants and for those of the newly acquired or . reconquered territory. A strong tendency is shown by Egyptian capitalists to find other investments for their money besides,—that is, Gn addition to,—land. Industrial and com- ymercial concerns are attracting more atten- ; tion than they used to, and the Govern- ment has been approached with a view to AGRICULTURIST. [June 1, 1899, the establishment of Cotton Mills. Certain economic considerations have, however, to be dealt with before any decided steps can be taken. Egyptian cotton pays an export duty of 1 per cent, and when it returns in the sha of yarn and piece an import duty of 8 per cent is levied. Is this source of revenue to be abandoned in furtherance of Cobdenite principles? If so, what taxes should be levied to compensate for the loss? And is the Soudan to have a different fiscal policy? The effect of maintaining the import duty in Egypt would be practically to exelude foreign, that is British competition. That is not a form of protection which will suit the British taxpayer; nor is it for the ruin of his own industries that he has been clamorous for the extension of British influence i Africa, from Egypt to the Cape, There is the alternative of an excise on Egyptian goods equivalent to the im duty. It will thus be seen that revenual, economic and commercial considerations come into lay | and until they have been weighed and decid on, the investor will hesitate and the astute British representative in Egypt will r mine nothing. But the p ess of commer- cial and industrial undertaki cannot be altogether paved even by such considera- tions as have been stated. They may only be delayed, and that only for a short time. The Egyptian Government will have to de- clare its policy; and once investors in establishing Mills, a fresh im will be given to cotton cultivation. he contem- plation of the possibilities which open to view need cause no anxiety; for, concurrently with the entry of new competitors in the field of manufacture, will develop new demands from races and peoples growing in numbers and civilization under just and humane laws. These are among the greatest and most pleasing triumphs of peace; and the day of wars and contention has prevailed long enough to serve the arts of peace. THE CLOSE OF THE CHINA TEA SEASON, We may hope shortly to hear how the new China Tea Season has opened’ during the early days of May; but meantime weare free to take the following as the compléte figures for Export season 1898-99, as com- pared with the previous year, for China and Japan teas :— , EXPORT OF TEA FROM CHINA TO UNITE KINGDOM AND CONTINENT. aes P wclhnee Hankow and Shanghai.. 12,233,930 15,292,448 Foochow «+ 12,682,534 .12,160,708 Amoy ia 688,318 685,651 Canton - - 5,105,660 5,993,839 30,760,442 34,132,646 EXPORT OF TEA FROM CHINA TO UNITED STATES AND CANADA. hid 1898-99. — 1897-93. Ib. Ib. Shanghai e+ 16,621,547 20,836,000 Amoy { «- 15,036,413. 15,861,506 Foochow se 9,178,280 4 » 1,740,345 ; 40896240 44457851 Junp 1, 189¢.| THE TROPICAL EXPORT OF TEA FROM CHINA TO ODESSA. 1898-99. 1897-98. 1b. Ib. Shanghai and Hankow... 22,733,272 19,462,293 EXPORT OF THA FROM JAPAN TO UNITED STATES AND CANADA. 1898-99. 1897-98, lb. lb. Yokohama «+ 25,944,170 26,826,182 Kobe -. 13,948,634 16,732,118 39,890,804 43,558,300 It will be observed there is a comparative decrease all round, save in the case of shipments from China for Odessa which are 3,390,000 lb. in excess of those in 1897-8. —___g-____——- THE INDIAN CURRENCY COMMITTEE. EXTRACTS FROM THE EVIDENCE. MR. W. J. THOMPSON, JUNIOR :— THE LOSSES OF TEA COMPANIFS. You are aware that the dividends paid by the tea companies this season have been mate- rially less that they were last year and in previous years ?—Yes. Arising mainly from what cause ?—Increased cost of production. One of the leading elements in that is the difference in exchange; that is to say, suppose your agents in Caleutta sell a 90 days’ sight bill upon a London bank to lay down funds to pay the coolies’ wages, if they sell the Lill at 1s 4: in the one case, whereas if the Government of India had not in this arbitrary Way fixed the rate at 1s 4d, they could have sold the bid at Ils 2d, that wonld have made a considerable difference ?—Yes. And probably have turned tiie loss on the last season into aprofit? It would have made a considerable difference, of course. What difference do you estimate there would be between a Is4d rate and a Is2l rate, on the wages of the coolies per lb of tea? I believe it would amount to about five-eighths of a penny per pound. That effect isfelé very much mote severely, is it not, in Ceylon than in India, because the en- tire industry of the island of Ceylon now, since the coffee failed, is tea ?—Yes, thatis the great industry of the island. The great industry of the island hangs now upon tea ?—Yes. THE FUTURE OF CEYLON. Suppose the tea industry should fail, as coffee has failed, what becomes of the island ?—I will leave you todeal with that qaestion, I do not like to think of it. How is tle Government to carry on the administration of the Colony?—I am uot the Goy- ernor. These are questions, [I think, that it behoves us a littleto look at. I hear the Ceylon tea planters putting questions of that nature, and T daresay you have heard the same ?—Yes, but is it not a little hard to put the question to a poor tea-brokes ? You are a tea planter to a small extent, but you are not in the same position as some of the poor tea planters are ?—No, and I never was in that position from the other point of view either. AGRICULTURIST. 865 SOME TRADE CURIOSITIES. (Sir F Mowatt.) In the yearly prices which you gave us of the teas, i observe some curious variations. In 1892-95 | think you said that India was selling ab ild., Ceylon at9d., and China at 85d ?—Yes. The next year it fell to 94d in Iniia, 84din Ceylon, and 8din China ?—% The next year it rose again to 103d, 83d, and there was a little fali in the case of China to 7id 27—Yes. Is there any explanation of that beyond ordinary rates of supply and demand 2- ably not. We had one very fine ve —a sort of climatic influences came over / gave us a very large quantity of hich pn I think that was the year when to 104d. AN INCREASE the Py cb- 32m, um and d teas. the price rose OF BRiTISH-GROWN POSSIBLE, TEAS On the whole, from your experience of the trade, do you anticipate that the supply of Indian and Ceylon teas will tend to increase 7—Yes, I am certainly of that opinion, (Sir D. Barbour) In the figures you gave of the prices, I noticed that, in the earlier years Ceylon tea fetched a much higher price than Indian and now it is lower. What is the explanation of that?—In the earlier years there was only q small quantity and it was of finer quality than now—at first, too, it was a novelty. I think you said that there had been some over: production in recent years 7—Weil, ihere has been quite enough. You suggested thatif there had been 5 per cent. less tea, the price would have been ten per cent higher ?—Yes. ; So that the tea planters woull have gained 2—in that way ; but itis impossible to stop protection, Bub suggest these figure—5 per cent. less tea would mean 10 per cent more in price? Yes, our stock is so small, that a reduction of 12 millions in it would cause an advance in price. That is what amount to. You also said that the rise of exchange would diminish the profits ?—That is a sequitur, L thint And that would diminish, to some extent the rate of production ?--I think it would eventually have that effect. It has with some people T know. : According to your figures, it a rise in the rate of exchange caused 2 5 per cent, reduction of production, there ought to be some 2ain to the planter from a rise in the Lonlon price 9_ Thatis so, taking these figures, but tea, as you know, takes five or six years before it is in full bearing, That is why you cannot stop production But the arrangment would be this; that a tall of exchange might COFFEE AND COCUA IN SAN DOMINGO. The mountain regions of Sin Domingo, says Robert §. Hill, in his admirable work, “* Cuba and Porto Rico,’ like those of Huiti, Cuba, and Jamaica, are especially suited tothe culture of coffee. The annual yield is about a million anda half pounds. he area of un- cultivated Jnnds suitable for coffee in this island probably exceeds that of all of the rest of the Antilles. : , Cocoa is extensively cultivated, much foreign capital having been invested in it within recent yexrs, and the production having multiplied five-fold within the past decade.—American Grocer, April 12. i PLANTING NOTES. -Green Tras.—It will be seen from an inter- view reported elsewhere, that Mr. Ayden favours the preparation of Ceylon green teas for the American narket. A New Ventinatine Fan is in working order at the Sirocco Factory (Davidson & Co.,/Ltd.), and its results are cextainly extraordiuary. A little 30! diameter Fun puts throngh over 10,500 cub. feet of air per minute when driving at only 380 revolutions per qinute, «nd the power required to drive it was ouly 3 H.P.—its work is - therefore 2-3rds of 1,000,000 ‘cub. feet per hour. - s6CROSSMAN ON COFFER.”—It is evident from the April circular of W H Crossman and Brother (says the American Grocer) that they are frm believers in. a continuation of cheap coffee, and that prices must go considerably lower before overproduction will be checked. The present Brazil crop is placed at 5,500,000 bags of Santes and 3,500,000 bags Rio, making a total of 9,000,000 bags. ‘Uhe next crop, itis believed, will exceed that of 1898 99, bus this is regarded im- material, as ‘the fourth consecutive large crop im excess of the xequirements of consumption -will mean a continuation of very low prizes. With three large crops in Rio and Santos aggre- gating 28,000,000 bags, and « fourth (claimed to bea “record breaker” to follow, ib is no longer a question low much coffee is on the trees; bisa question how much coffee is in. the. warehouses, the surplus production of the last three seasons. AGRICULTURIST. [June 1, 1899, DARJEELING TEA.—Recent advices from Dar- jeeling—says the /ndian Planters’ Gazette, April 29th —state that tea prospects are looking ap in the surrounding district, the late heavy rain being good for the bushes. Most gardens are going in or very fine quality in the manufacture of tea. Planters consider’ that the season is opening avourably. ‘THE VANILLA BHeAN IN Mextoo”—is the subject of an interestipg paper from the Society of Aris Journal, which we reproduce in our daily and Zyropical Agriculturit. All interested in this spice, the cultivation of which in Ceylon bas lately been on the increase, should carefully study the brief article referred to, Vanilla plantations in Mexico, we see, are valued up to £100 per acre. A Favortre Fopprr.—We have heard *‘ Al- falfa” or “ Lucegne” (Medicago sativa) wuch praisel by Mr, Nock of Hakgala, who haz had a good deal of experience of fodders. The follow- ing is from a recent number of the Rural Cali- fornian :— Alfalfa is better than a bank account, for it never fails or goes into the hands of a receiver. It is weather proof, for the cold does not injure and heat makes it grow all the better. A winter flood will not drown it, and a fire will not kill it. As a borer it is equal to an artesian well; it loves water and bores to reach it. When growing there is no stopping it. Begin cutting a 20-acre field, and when your last load of hay is handled at one end of the field it is ready to cut again at the otherend. For filling a milk can, an alfalfa-ted cow is equal toa handy pump, Cattle love it, hogs fatten upon it, and a hungry horse wants nothing else. If your land wili grow alfalfa, you have the drop on dry weather. Once started on your land, alfalfa will stay by you like Canada thistles or a first-class mortgage, buat only to make you wealthier and happy. Evidences of the profitableness of alfalfa on irrigated land in the semi-arid regio multiply from year to year. Ort Morors.—Our London Correspondent (‘*B.P.”) sends us the following :—‘* Every- body in Ceylon knows Mr. Jackson, of Tea Machinery fame, by name at least... I was interested to hear of a recent tour he took with Mrs. Jackson and two friends from Aberdeen to London in a motor car, driven by oil. The party travelled the distance of over six hundred miles in seyen days, and their itinerary was as follows: left Aberdeen on the 17th April, reached Edinburgh the same evening, left Edinburgh at 10 a.m. 18th, reached Newcastle in the evening. . Left New- castle at 10 a.m.. on the 19th and reached York in the evening: left York at 11 a.m. on the 20thand reached Gainsborough in the evening. Spent the following day there, and started once more on 22nd, reaching Hun- tingdon the same evening. Left Hunting- don at 11-30 am. next day, and arrived in London at 3 p.m. Forty gallons of oil, cost- ing Is a gallon, were used in the journey which for four passengers reckons up to 10s a passenger for over 600 miles. Mr. Jackson’s conclusions as to the different kinds of power to be used comes to something like this. In towns where it can be easily ob- tained electricity would work best for private carriages and vehicles, and steam for busses, but in long country journeys “oil will be found toanswer best being capable of storage to last.some distances:” enough oil can be carried to do for 200 miles in such a motor car as he used, which held four people.” JUNE 1, 1899.] THE TROPICAL FACILITIES FOR MAKING GOOD TEA—Y, We would group the replies received from Pussellawa, Kotagala (Lower Dimbula) and Watawala (Lower Dikoya) together for the sake of convenience, though the districts are neither adjacent nor character- ised by the same conditions. Pussellawa seems pessimistic in its enumeration of the drawbacks to making better tea than at present—‘‘jat, soil, climate, want of sufficient withering space, excessive pruning, bought leaf from native gardens, carelessness and indifference.” A heavy catalogue truly! And yet we are told that, although the jat on the older plantations is inferior and mixed, on recently planted estates the jat is excellent; and that the soil is not gene- rally poor, though, of course, not so good as in some of the younger districts. In the matter of jat and soil, Pussellawa is thus no worse off than other old districts which grew coffee and cinchona before the era of tea; but yet our friend declares that manuring would not be profitable, and would be only helpful in bringing up the poor portions to average yield. Does that mean that no financial benefit follows from placing the poor fields on a level with the good ones? And if the poor can thus be bene- fited, may not the better fields respond to manuring with larger crops? In withering voom, factories are said, on the whole, to be deficient, but not in machinery, though there are exceptions, nor in motive power Labour is abundant, or at least was when the report was made. Pruning has been far too severe in many cases, though not, perhaps, too frequent; it has, however, seldom been too long neglected. In dry seasons the tea in the higher fields does best; but when the rains set in, the lower elevations have the advantage. From Kotagala, as from most other places from which we have heard, the chief dvaw- back to making better tea is regarded as a deficiency in the soil; but we are very hope- ful that agricultural chemistry will both indicate the character of the deficiency and suggest the remedy. We shall soon see what Mr. Kelway Bamber has to say on the subject. Of jat, we learn that there is good, indifferent, bad and very bad—a splendid range in sooth !—and the same description is applied -to the soil. On wind-blown and steep ridges, estates are approaching the worn-out stage ; and although faith is expressed in manure, as caleulated to improve the bushes and possibly help the tea, its profitableness is regarded as contingent on cost of transport, &c. As regards factories, there is no great deficiency in withering room; nor are they wanting in machinery or motive power. Labour has been not only abundant, but even over-abundant for some time past; but, of late, we suspect, the supply bas scarcely been in excess of the demand. Pruning has not been too severe except in a few cases, nor has it been too long neglected, at any rate, re- cently. And, it is comforting to learn, notwithstanding the growls about jt and soil that the district is, on the whole, very suit- able for tea! The only drawback experienced in Wata- wala in improving the character of the tea manufactured there, is connected with “ cli- 109 AGRICULTURIST. 874 matic disadvantages,” by which we under- stand the inability to equal the flavour of the highest districts, rather than excess of sun or rain for proper manufacture. In jat, though some of the bushes are very. poor, others are good, making the district as a whole a very fair medium. The soil is gene- rally ‘“‘lightish”: and if the tea districts be divisible into three classes, Watawala prefers a claim to be reckoned in the second for soil—few, if any, of the estates being worn out. It is consistent with this verdict that faith is expressed in manures, as both improving and profitable, save on the very poorest fields. The average estate should, therefore, derive benefit from manures and find their application remunerative. There is no deficiency, whether in withering room, motive power, or machinery, in the fac- tories, and the labour supply is adequate. Severe pruning is not practised, but average bushes will not run long without pruning— 22 months being a fair limit. In some cases the bushes have been allowed to grow too high and beyond the sustaining power of the soil; but the yield is fair, the climate being wet, although soil and climate are against the attainment of the best flavour. SSeS CEYLON TEA COMPANIES’ REPORTS. Several Reports, published by us, remain to be noticed. ‘There is not much noteworthy in respect of the ** Proprietory Tea Estates Com- pany;” but why do some reports give the cost of the tea harvested, and others not? Several Companies tellus the gross price realized; but nothing is said as to cost f.o.b. or other- wise. The ‘‘ Proprietory” has 2,105 acres of tea in bearing and 251 young, distributed over five districts so representative as Pussellawa, Kelani Valley, Dimbula, Dikoya and Mas- keliya. The dividend for last year was 4 per cent. The Scottish Tea Company, as already mentioned, gives 10 per cent altogether for 1898: it owns close on 2,000 acres of tea, all in Dikoya, Lower Dikoya and Mas- keliya districts. The Rangalla Company is in the unfortunate position of giving no divdend whatever, owing to a falling-off in the yield of both tea and cardamoms last year, the latter especially giving less than half the crop of 1897. Prospects for 1899 here, as in most Reports, are given as en-~ couraging. We now come to the Ragalla Tea Estates, Ld., which is also unable to show any dividend to its ordinary share- holders—a very remarkable fact, considering the high i of Udapussellawa estates (Ragalla and Halgranoya) as well as of Kel- burne in Haputale. Possibly, too much was paid for the latter as one reason for the disappointment about dividends. However- a special Report has been furnished on these properties (which we give on page 870 by Mr. W. L. Strachan_ and he is very hopeful (as a large shareholder him- self) that there are better times and_ crops to come. We are much surprised that Ragalla should be eropping at not much over 300 lb. an acre, and this is the more striking as one flat gives over 1,0001b, an acre. But Mx. Strachan anticipates a steady increase until 600 Ib, an acre $76 all over is reached. For Kelburne a crop of well under 300 1b. an acre was only got for 1898; but for the current year the estimate is about 400lb, am acre at a cost f.o.b. of 33°07 cents per lb, Finally, the Tea Corporation, Limited, issues a special cir- cular as to prospects which is of a decidedly satisfactory character, even if the plumbago anticipations come to nothing. ee CEYLON TEA AT PARIS EXHIBITION ; AND ON THE CONTINENT OF EUROPE. Mr. RENTON is a fortunate Colonist: for, “not only is he to have the Planting Com- missionership to the Exhibition, but a fee - of £500 for mae duties to be performed, After the Exhibition closes, his three years’ engage- ment as Commissioner for the Continent on £1,000 a year will commence. All this we gather from the proceedings of the “Thirty Committee” given elsewhere in full. Ap arently the Commissioner is to treat a Messrs. Lipton, Limited, about some proposal for advertising Ceylon teas or produce ? Meantime, it will be seen that the independent efforts to promote Ceylon tea in Russia, Germany, &c., are by no means slackening, but that due encouragement continues to be given. All this should bear fruit. ee THE MINERAL WEALTH OF CEYLON. THE VIEWS OF AN EXPERT. Mr. C L Boyd, a gold expert, is now on a visit to his brother, Mr. Bolton Boyd, of Agars Land, and he has taken the opportunity to in- "quire into the mineral wealth of Ceylon. What was wanted, he said, to one of our representatives, was to find gold in the low grade condition, on the same principle as the Mysore mines are, which are among the best paying concerns in the world. In those mines they had a homogeneous ‘rock in which was found the precious metal and the value per ton would figure the same through- out the vein. Theore in this low grade condition is valued at 10s per ton and upwards, and was much better security than those flash mines where nuggets were found. These would run to thousands of pounds per ton intermittently, but one could never be sure that he would continue to find them. Mr. Boyd has just returned from Matara and in answer to a query whether he had found gold there he ans- wered:—Yes, sir, | have most decidedly.” TEA AND METALS. Mr. Boyd said that what helped the growth of tea were the metallic constituents in the ground and in other tea countries such as China and Japan they found iron. Ferric oxide was a very important factor in the growth of tea. ‘You have it there,” said Mr. Boyd, pointing to the red road outside the hotel ‘‘and it is in the tca districts in larger quantities.” In Ceylon they had limonite (iron) which ran up to 52 to60 per cent of metallic iron and he had found 71°62 per cent of oxide of iron deposited inthe ground. Mr. Boyd reported satisfactorily of the plumbago in the Matara district. ‘That place was on the centre of the THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [Jone 1, 1899. MINERAL BELT OF CEYLON, a great belt which ran north 20 degrees east. Mr. Boyd visits Nuwara Eliya for the pur- pose of reporting on plumbago, mica and iron, and hopes, when he returns, to have somethin favourable to tell. He mentioned that he h opened negociations with people iu Liverpool with a view to getting out the necessary machinery for a stamping millonthe reef he has discovered. He would suggest that Government should start a Geological Department with experts at the head to make a survey of the country, seeing the value minerals would be through the royalty they would bring in. He prophesied that in a short ith people would flock into the country after gold. —_~+ -»_-—_—— TIMBER SEASONING BY ELECTRICITY. We extract the following from the Zngineer :—During the last few years considerable attention has been given to the invention of new processes for treating timber. The latest aspirant to fame is a process and apparatus which claims to give to timber properties which time alone has so far been able to producet It is a French idea, and has, we are informed, me. with considerable success in Paris, where worke have been established to treat timber on a large scale. The Nodon-Bretonnean process involves the expulsion of the sap and its replacement by a solid matter, insoluble and aseptic. This is effected by placing the material to be treatedin a vat containing a lukewarm solution made of borax, ten per cent; resin five per cent;and-75 per cent of carbonate of soda. While in this bath, an electric current of about 100 volts pressure is caused to pass through the timber. The current set up what is termed electro-capillary attraction, and drives out the sap by the introduction of the solution. This treatment lasts from six to eight hours generally, after which the wood is subjected to a further treatment of a few hours’ duration in a warm bath to allow of thorough permea- tion of the entire section. It is then removed and dried under cover by air currents, a process which is said to take from fourteen days to a couple of months, according to the density and thickness of the material. ‘T'he inventors claim that not only is a considerable saving in time and expense in the drying of timber effected by this process, but tbat certain classes of wood, such as maritime pine, which have not hitherto been readily saleable owing to the large amount of moisture they contain, can by its use be readily deprived of the sap. The expenditure of electric current is said to be 600 watts per cubic metre per hour for five hours. The Electric Timber Seasoning Company, Victoria Street, Westminster, is introducing the system into this country, and a model apparatus has been fitted up at the works of Messrs. Johnson and Philips, Charlton: Junction. ene THE GALAHA TEA ESTATES COMPANY is to be congratulated on the very satisfactory nature of the report made on its estates. The Vedehettes, Kitoolamoola and Galaha have been familiar to us since the early ‘‘ sixties” and we had no idea they were going to do so well in tea ; while the news ofa cart road all the way from Ooda- wella to Kitoolamoola—superseding the bridle path which at one point was the scene of one of the most atrocious murders ever committed in Ceylon—reealls ‘‘days of old”? and of more than one ride across the Hantane range and patanas. But it is of tea, we have to speak, Crops of over 400 1b. and rising to 600 and even 700 Ibs. per acre, must be considered very good. What is told of the Factory is of interest and specially so what we learn about wire-shoots and economic working. ; on JonE 1, 1899. THE TROPICAL GALAHA CEYLON TEA ESTATES AND AGENCY COMPANY. ANNUAL REPORT AND BALANCE SHEET. Although the balance at credit of profit and loss would haye provided for further dividend of two per cent on the ordinary shares, the Directors de- cided to retain that amount, carrying part toreserve, and the rest to the next account. The tea crops, including bought leaf, amounted to 1,422,297 lb., which sold at a net average of 6.11d per Ib., and the cardamom crops to 35,724 lk., which realised 23 51d per |b., net. The Directors had expected better resu!ts, but, owing to the failure of the south-west monsoon, the crops obtained were slightly under the estimates, and the average price of the tea was afiected by the unusually low rates ruling in the market during part of the time. The rate of exchange for the Company’s drafts on London averaged 1s 39d per rupee. It will be noticed that the amount at debit for advances to coolies has been reduced by £1,500 since the date of the last account. It bas been necessary during the period covered by the report to spend a considerable sum 02 capl- tal outlay for the extension of the Factory, the purchase of further machinery, the erection of additional cooly lines and other buildings, and the upkeep of non-bearing land, but the requirements for capital this year will not, it is believed, exceed £1,000, which will be chiefly used for the deve- lopment of land recently brought into cultivation. The Directors desire to call attention to the en- closed report on the properties by their colleague, Mr. W Lumsden Strachan, who has just returned from Ceylon, and it will be satisfactory to the shareholders to learn that the estates are in the highest state of cultivation, and capable of yield- ing very large outturns in the future, The crops for this year are estimated by the Colombo Manager as follows :— + Tea os .. 1,084,950 Cardamoms BC ae 24,400 And in a recent letter he writes that generally speaking, the Company’s estates have not suffered from the late drought, consequently large yields may be expected, and looking to the higher range of prices new ruling for Ceylon teas on the London market, it is confidently believed that the next re- port will show a large increase in the profits, and thus enable the Directors to add considerably to the Reserve Fund, it being their policy to strengthen the Company’s position by building up a substan- tial Reserve. The Directors are pleased to report that up to date the sales of this season’s teas amounting to 94,320 lb. have averaged 7:ldd net perlb. against the estimate of 6d net per lb. MR. W. LUMSDEN STRACHAN’S REPORT. February, 1899. NortH VeEpEHETIE.—The fields both above and below the cart road have filled out, and cover the round much better than they ever did before. hese fields make up 56 acres, and last year gave a crop of 3541b. an acre. For the six months ending 30th December last 246 lb. were secured. A clearing of 18 acres has been opened above the cart road, and as this land is steep, and much wind blown, I think tbat though the soil is good, the greater part should be thickly planted with fual trees, and regarded as timber land. ‘The fuel can very easily be carted to the factory door. Another clearing of seven acres close by is more sheltered. West Vevrexerre.—This division now consists of 68 acres of old tea, and 59 of clearings, or 127 acres inall. All the old tea is now being pruned, and the crop will therefore come in during the latter part of the season. The old tea gave 450 lb. an acre last ear, and 380 for the half term ending December, both of which crops were quite satisfactory. For this season 490 1b. are estimated, Lhe new clearing hag AGRICULTURIST. 877 good soil, and the lay of land is very suitable for the cultivation of tea, and when in bearing the field will give 5CO to 600 1b, an acre. Owing to a bad planting season a large number of the plants died; these have since been thoroughly supplied, and the lines are now regular; but for estimating purposes, the clear- ing should be regarded as being only one year old, There are still some 50 acres of fine land on this estate, which can some day, if desired, be planted with tea. East VreDEHETTE.—Here also the tea is looking well. Last year the property gave 421 lb. an acre, and for the present season 405 are expected. I men- tion, and will continue to mention, the crops, as this will give the best idea of what the places are capable of doing in the future. A clearing of 35 acres below the estate cart-road was opened three years ago. The forest was of good size, but when the land was cleared the soil was found to be light and quartzy, and I think that it would be good policy to plant the whole field with fuel trees. The timber can easily be sent across the valley to the Government cart-road, as was done with the forest trees when the land was first cleared. The new bungalow is a substantial one, and the lines are allin good order. Labour force is sufficent, and the estate is clean. The cardamoms of which there is 54 acres, are all looking very well. Last year the crop fell short of the estimate owing to the dry season. This year 80,000 lb. green, or 16,000 1b dry, are estimated and as there is already a good show of racemes the estimate should be secured, if the south-west rains do not again fail, which is hardly probable. The caddies yield R60 a month, and if more were built a larger revenue. would be derived from thissource. The Government thinks of moving the Deltota post office to this spot, and if this be done it would at once increase its im- portance and raise the rents. Kiroona-mMoota.—Owing to the rocky nature of the ground the tea has been longer thanusual in com: ing on and forminga goodspread. Even at the time of my last visit the bushes did not cover the ground fully, but now the estate presents an even appear- ance, and the yield is satisfactory. I find that from the total acreage of 342 acres a crop of 438 lb was secured in the twelve months ending 30th June last. The estimate for the current season is 118,750 lb or 347 lb all over. The smaller crop is due to the fact that some 200 acres are this year to be pruned down. Roads and drains are allin order. The old bridle- patb from Uduwella has been enlarged and made into a cart road, and this is of great advantage to the group of estates, in so far as it makes them so much more accessible from Kandy. The cost of the work was R2,490, of which the District Road Committee contributed R1,500 and the estates up the valley and private people the rest. The cost to our estates was only some R100, and I think Mr, Carey is to be praised both for the way in which he raised the money and for the way the work has been done. The cardamoms, though now some six- teen years old, still continue to crop well, and this year a yield of about 160 lb. an acre is expected, Where the shoots have got thin a replanting might with advantage be done. The timber clear- ing above the Kandy Road continues to make steady progress. GALAHA AND Dunatty.—There is a marked improve ment in the 175 acres of tea, which for so long a time was disappointing. All the young tea—13, 5, 47 acres, &c.—still continues to give large crops, but the 17 acres is showing a elight falling off. Tha fields on tke Kitoola Moola side also continue to look and yield well, and the 22 acres at the top are a picture of luxariance. This tea yielded last season 739 lb. an acre. ‘The 125 acres (three-year-old tea) on Dunally has not grown quite as quickly as I should have expected from the nature of the soil, which is rich and deep, but the fields are an even cover, and will yield in the current season 200 lb. an aore, Altogether there are 853 acres of clearings on Dun- ally and Galaha, all coming on well except abont 20 acres on the top of the former estate, which | 878 think better adapted for fuel trees. These clearings will next year add considerably to the crop of the estates. The grevillias are too thick on parts of Galaba, and with advantage to the tea, and withont any risk of letting in wind, some of the belts might be thinned, and many of the roadside trees cut down. By so doing, perhaps a thousand yards of timber will be obtained for factory use. Labour is more than sufiici- ent, and buildings arein good order. The 38 acres of cardamoms are looking well,and this season 6,0001b. dry are estimated. It has been arranged to plant up 164 acres of timber land with this product. This is certainly a@ wise move, for the land is now being weeded, and after the bulbs are once put into the ground there will be no further expenditure, except a nominal sum for supplying the vacancies. Mr. H Carey tells me that on a neighbouring estate, about two miles away on the same range of hills, the cardamoms so planted under shade of the fuel trees are growing most satis- factorily. Since water was spouted to Galaha from Kitoola-Moola, and from the top of Amblamana there has been a marked improvement in the health of the labour force, and the head kangany tells me the Estate is now much more popular with the coolies. MaovusAa Krute —Mappraama.—These estates have 260 acres under tea of which Maddegama has 60 acres. This tea gives a poor yield, as the land is very steep and rocky. All the fields on Maousa Kelle, on the Ulawatte side, are looking very well, and it is from them that the bulk of the crop is obtained. Labour is plentiful, and advances stand at R619 only. GoorooKeLLE AND Kirrtwane.—This fine block of property has 878 acres under tea, of which 690 are in full bearing, 31 three years old, 38 two vears, and 113 ‘acres one year. All the recently-planted tea, that is, tea planted in new soil, has grown very well, and forms a fine cover, and tea on old coffee land is also giving good crops. With ordinary seasons, the estate will give 600lb. all over, including the old coffee land, or sey a crop of 525,000lb. Weeding is done for 90 cents an acre, All the bnildings are permanent, except one set of lines, and_ will only require ordinary repairs in the future. No capital dutlay will be required therefore, except for upkeep of the young land till it comes into bearing, Crops is put on board at 254 cenis, including 8 cents for manufacture, and 1 cent for transport of leaf ever the tramway. Advances stand at R15,187 fir 842 coolies, and will be reduced later on when full time is being worked. The rainfall last year was only 80:26 inches on 186 days, which accounts for the crop being so short of the estimate, Mr. White lightly forked the pruned branches into the ground over a considerable area, and the system has answered so well that I think it should in future be made a rule. In this somewhat dry climate the soil thus treated retains its moisture for a longer period, and the bushes have responded to the cultivation. There is some good land still available for tea, and when and if desired, another 60—80 acres could be opened.’ -FACTORY,—This is in excellent order throughout, and machinery is working well. At no great cost the weir and watercourse could be raised about 20 feet, and this would give 15 H.P. additional power. The tramway continues to run smoothly, and Mr. Hall is now able to repair the wheels in the factory. The whole group of estates is generally in the highest state of cultivation, and in thoroughly good order. A considerable acreage has been manured yearly, and each season this while be continued. A complete system of wire shoots is now established to transport the leaf to the factory, and I think the estates are being worked in a thoroughly economical way. Solong as the properties are kept upin their present condition it is difficult to see where a saving can be made, The crop estimates for the present season have been framed on a moderate basis, and, given the usual yains at the ordinary times, they willbe secured. In the coming and succeeding seasons, as the 672 acres of young tea come into pearing, we shall get larger grops, THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [JUNE 1, 1899, CEYLON TEA IN AUSTRALIA AND NEW ZEALAND. VIEWS OF A NEW ZEALAND BUYER. In the course of an interview with a representative of the local “Times” Mr. Graham Cripps of Messrs. Scoular and Company, Dunedin, who was on a visit to Ceylon, was asked if he could give any reason for the falling off in the exports of tea direct from Colombo to New Zealand, the figures for oo being 2,228,137 lb. as against 2,133,554 Ib. in 398. “A large amount of tea,” said Mr. Cripps, “ is at present purchased in the Melbourne a Sydney markets, and shipped directto New Zealand ; the ad~= vantage to the buyer being that he can see before hand what he is going to buy and avoids running the risk of receiving badly matched tea from the Colombo dealer, who is sometimes more anxious to © out an order than to properly match the tea,” “ But are not the prices in Melbourne and Sydney a little dearer? ” “That depends on the market. Ofcourse, when the market is weak, we take advantage of it.” “With regard to China teas, they are clean out of our markets, or next door to it. Whilst formerly we used to bring down full shipments of Chinas, now 50 half chests last us two years,” : sre vit Sap out rzs it was extremely un- ortunate that Cevlon teas keep s with Indian. Pe ee J ‘“ We are anxions to push Ceylon teas; he remarked, but our experience is that lodian teas keep so very much better. We might have stuff in our stores for some time, and then we send it out to the country storekeeper, who keeps it in his stores for another two or three months, with the result that the tea is flat before it reaches the consumer: We have to correct this by using much more Indian teas than we should otherwise. It is generally found, however, that the consumer prefers Ceylon to Indian teas. So you will see that the dealer ransa considerable amount of risk in stocking Ceylon teas very largely, owing to the fact that they go off, whereas Indians do not, and thus the business is far more hand to mouth in character than it would be. “How do the retail prices of A i Zealand compare ?” Z wat ber ee “ The retail prices in New Zealand are much be than those in Australia. In the latter it is ae 3d, and occasionally 1s 6d, but with us the prices are ls 9d, 2s and 2s 4d, though the balk is sold at 2s, ie duty serine 4d.” : “Do you think the consumptio i tel 2 increase y ption of Ceylon tea is ex; believe the consumption of Geylon tea will inerease. There is not big asian to work upon, but the consumption i i ron oe PE ption is something over “Are New Zealanders gente ore “ Not quite. You see Australia has a hott ie mate, and they drink much more tea there.” ree “What do you think, roughly, is the relative heli in consumption between Ceylon and Indian as? “The proportion, I think, is © Boni on 5 ink, is Ceylon 3 Ib. and “What kind of tea is in most demand?” “I think the people prefer a full-fl tea, especially in the eSonth.” A a In coneluding the interview, Mr. Cripps ex: the opinion that Golombo tea firms ae bit boing in regard to the attractiveness of the labels placed upon the tea packages sent down to Australia and New Zealand. Very often, he said, smartly packed tem ae aiaelNe labels, something indicative of e place from whence it co i i to ae mes, induces the public Mr. Cripps had taken a trip to Kandy and Nuwara Eliya, and was delighted wi hill country, ghted with the lovely scenery of the as big tea drinkers as the June 1, 1899. THE TROPICAL PLANTING NOTES. THE BritisH TeA Duty.—It will be interest- ing to see what the General Committee of the Indian Tea Association say to the opinion of the Mincing Lane Brokers, that the total aboli- tion of the tea duty would probably lead to an nereased import of cheap China teas. Of course, the discussion is academic at present; for, there is no chance of abolition for several years, al- though a reduction from 4d to 21—to which no one would take exception—may be granted in an early Budget, especially if Mr. Stead’s “Truce ot God” is carried as the result of the sitting of the Peace Congress. ‘©Coconut TREES in quantity do not help a landscape much,” writes Henry Drummond about the South Pacific islands, as quoted in his life by Dr. Geo. A. Smith. ‘‘It is one against the sky that stirs your soul with the wonder of its grace and beauty. But any kind of tree will beat them as foliage. The form is nob fine; shadows are wanting. There is a stiff, metallic look, and the green is dingy and tarnished with decaying fronds, the shreds of fibrous cloth, and even the bunches of brown which hold the coconuts.” ft is curious how exactly this view corresponds with that of the poet, Miss Jewsbury, when, after a visit to Ceylon, she wrote :— ‘“Those coco palms not fair in woods, But singly seen and seen afar, When sunset pours its yellow floods, A column and its crown a star! CENTRAL AFRICAN TEA may in the near future become a feature in the Mincing Lane, The following from the British Central African Times is significant :—‘‘ Mr. Moir has favoured us with a sample of his tea, grown and cured on the Lauderdale estate. Not being professional tea-tasters we can’t give an authoritative opinion on its merits, but the sample appeared to us to be of very good quality and made an excellent cup of tea, Judging from the rainfall of Mlanje, and the samples which both Mr. Moirand Mr. Brown have succeeded in producing, we should say that tea could be grown very successfully in the Mlanje district. It is, however, a risky culture at the present time, overproductionin Ceylon and India haying brought down the price considerably. As an article of local consumption, however, there is an opening for one or two estates just as there is for sugar. We believe, Mr. Moir has dis- posed of all the crop he had to the local residents at Mlanje.” Invico.—The Oil Paint and Drug Reporter of New York, discussing the question of artificial indigo, re- marks :—Whether the natural article will eventually be superseded by it3 synthetical competitor is a question that only the future will answer, The arti- ficial product has already established itself, and it cannot be denied that its consumption is increasing. The acreage in India planted with indigo last year was 235,519 acres. ln 1897, 376,899 acres were sown, and in 1896 as much as 436,601 acres. The crops were of corresponding amounts. This shows that the output of natural indigo has declined during the last three years, What 1899 will bring forth in regard to this question remains to be seen. Those in- terested in the industry in India are alive to the situation, and, kaowing the powerful competitor they now have in the synthetical indigo, are bending every effort to hold their own; but, as in every other article which the soil produces, the crops of indigo aré irregular in quantity and uncertain in quality, and this fact will greatly handicap the champions of the natural article in their fight against artificial indigo, the supply of which is uniform in quality and inexhaustible in quantity, and can be regalated t9 suit prevailing conditions, AGRICULTURIST. 879 PLANTING IN. REUNION.—The readers of our monthly periodical in this French Dependency are very eager to deal with a number of tropical products after the latest approved and scientific fashion. Among other enquiries, one lately reached us as to why in our ‘ Covonut Planter’s Manual” and ‘‘Cochran’s Manual of Chemical Analyses” no fuller analysis of Copra was given. The answer is afforded in the letter from Mr. Cochran, which we publish elsewhere, und which practically supplies all that is needed. Dry Ror—The May Part of Building World contains an article on “ Dry Rotin Timber and its Prevention.” Amongst other recipes the writer says:—Substances, such as paint or tar, that imprison moisture within wood or prevent its free evaporation, should never be used on damp or badly seasoned timber, Painting the ends of beams, joists, and all timbers touching the walls, with creosote has been found to be very effective in keeping out damp. It coagulates the cell con- tents, thus giving solidity to young cells; it absorbs oxygen from the cells; it resinifies within the cells, and so excludes air and moisture; and it acts as a poison to fungus. Several other pre- servatives against damp and dry rot have been suggested, the best being, perhaps, jodelite and carbolineum avenarius. These preparations are applied hot, with a brush in the same manner as ordinary paint, and itisclaimed for them that owing to their powerful penetrating properties they drive out all moisture, and make the wood impervious to damp. Timber of large scantling is sometimes, while appearing perfectly sound, quite rotten internally, where strings of mycelium permeate the core. lt is wise, therefore, to have all large timber sawn in two parts, which can then be reversed and bolted together, care being taken to insert strips of wood betwéen the pieces so as to form an air space. As a further pre- caution, the inside face of each piece might be painted with creosote, jodelite, carbolineum, or corrosive sublimate dissolved in alcohol. A CORNER IN TEA.—We (Indian Planters’ Gazette) doubt very much, notwithstanding all that has been said on the subject, whether such a thingasa ‘‘ corner” in tea could be carried ont. Interests are too many and conflicting, and toa well divided to allow of this. It is true, Lipton Limited, holds a pretty commanding position on the market, yet we doubt if his opposition or support could alter the market a halfpenny either way. We may take it, judging from exports that Messrs. Finlay, Muir & 3o. hold even’ a stronger position, in relation to other agency houses in India, than Lipton, Limited, does in London and yet we would be very sorry to see them trying on a ‘‘corner,” for they would soon find their level. We note in Messrs. Carritt & Co.’s annual review of the tea market a reference to this combination of buying interests; but we believe more attention is being paid to this than it is worth. The natural law of supply and demand continues to rule the roast, and was never better exemplified than in 1898 and 1899. Overproduc- tion in 1898 drove prices down to starvation point ; in 1899 scarcity isdriving them up. If the strone combination of buying interests exists, as is sup- posed, why has it not stepped in just now and said ; “ No ; we won’t buy at these prices!” Some other cause, we are of opinion, must be found to account for the abnormal depression of 1898. Whatever it was (and we do not presume to say what it was), it hada very depressing effect, and will be long remembered, 880 ISSUED BY COLOMBO SHARE BROKERS’ ASSOVIA TION. THE TROPICAL. SHARE LIST. THE CEYLON PRODUCE COMPANIES. PItetlitl 1100 102°50 Amount Name of Company. paid per share. Agra Ouvah Estates Co., Ltd. 600 Ceylon Tea and Coconut Estates 500 Castlereagh Tea Co., Ltd. 100 Ceylon Hills Estates Co., Ltd. 100 Ceylon Provincial Estates Co. 500 Ciaremont Estates Co., Ltd. 100 Clunes Tea Co., Ltd. 100 Clyde Estates Co., Ltd. 100 Delgolla Estates Co., Ltd. 400 Doomoo Tea Co., of Ceylon, Ltd. 100 Drayton Estate Co., Ltd. 100 Eila Tea Co., of Ceylon, Ltd. 100 Estates Co., of Uva, Ltd. 500 Gangawatta 500 Glusgow Estate Co., Ltd. 600 Great Western ‘Tea Co., of Ceylon, Ltd. 500 Hapugahalande Tea Estate Co td. 200 High Forests Estates Co Ltd 500 Do part paid 350 Horekelly Estates Co., Ltd. 100 Kalutara Co., Ltd. 600 Kandyan Hills Co., Ltd. 100 Kanapediwatte Ltd. 100 Kelani Tea Garden Co., Ltd. 100 Kirklees Estates Co., Ltd. 106 Knavesmire Estates Co., Ltd. 100 Maha Uva Estates Co,, Ltd 600 Mocha Tea Co., of Ceylon, Ltd. 600 Nahavilla Estate Co., Ltd. 500 Nyussaland Coffee Co. Ltd. 100 Ottery Estate Co., Ltd. 100 Palmerston Tea Co., Ltd. 500 Penrhos Estates Oo., Ltd. 100 Pine Hil Estate Co., Ltd. 60 Putupaula Tea Co., Ltd. 100 Ratwatte Cocoa Co., Ltd. 500 Rayigam ‘Tea Co., Ltd. 100 Boeberry Tea Co., Ltd. 100 Ruanwella Tea Co., Ltd. 100 St. Heliers Tea Co., Ltd.: 50 Talgaswela Tea Co., Ltd. 100 o 7 percent. Prefs. 100 Tonacombe Estate Co., Ltd. 600 Udabage Estate Co., Ltd. 100 Jdugama Tea & limber Co., Ltd. 50 Onion Estate Co., Ltd. 600 Upper Maskeliya Estate Co,, Ltd. 600 Uvakellie Tea Co., of Ceylon, Ltd. 100 Vogan Tea Co., Ltd. 100 Wanarajah Tea Co., Ltd. 500 Wataderiya Tea Co., Ltd. 100 OxyLON CommErcraL ComPANIEs. dam’s Peak Hotel Co., Ltd. 100 Bristol Hotel Cc., Ltd. 120 - Do 7 per cana: 100 lon. Gen. Steam Navgt: cri Ltd. 100 Colombo Apothecaries Co., Ltd 100 Golombo Assembly Rooms Co., a Do - prefs. potks 20 Colombo Fort Land and Building doe Co., is ColomboHotels Company 100 Galle FaceHotel Co., Ltd. 100 Kandy Hotels Co., Ltd. 100 Kandy Stations Hotels Co. 100 Mount Lavinia Hotels Co., Ltd. 500 New Colombo Ice Co., Ltd. 100 Nuwara Eliya Hotels Co., Ltd. 100 Public Hall Co., Ltd. 20 Petroleum Storage Co. 100 Do Wy. % prefs. 100 © Wharf and Warehouse (o,, Ltd. 40 Buyers, Sellers. 950 500 n’1 90 30 510 100 90 159 70 160 n'l 1150 400 65°50 87°50* — AGRICULTURIST. [JuNE 1, 1899. LONDON COMPANIES. Amount paid per share. Name of Company. Alliat.ce Tea Co., of Ceylon, Ltd. 10 Associated Estates Co., of Ceylon Ltd. 10 Do, 6 per cent prefs. Ceylon Proprietary Co. Ceylon Tea Plantation Co., Ltd. Dimbula Valley Co., Ltd. Do prefs. Eastern Produce and Estates Co., Ltd. Ederapolla Tea Co., Ltd. {mperial Tea Estates Ltd. Kelani Valley Tea Asson., Ltd. Kintyre Estates Co , Ltd. Lanka Plaatation Co., Ltd. Nahalma Estates Co., Ltd, New Dimbula Co., Ltd. A Do B Do Cc Nuwara Eliya Tea Est. Co., Ltd. Ouvah Coffee Co.,Ltd. Ragalla Tea Estates Co., Lid. Scottish Ceylon Tea Co., Lid. Spring Valley Tez Co., Lud. S' ard Tea Co., Lid. Yatiyantota Ceylon Tea Co., Ltd. Yatiyantota pref. 6 o/o BY ORDER OF THE COMMITTEE. Colombo, 26th May, 1899. 1899 6.98 7 0°88 6°66 6°69" Inch.} Inch 09 90 . 92 7 89 34 49 77 Av. of 29yra, 1898 Inch i?) 21 81 $0 94 1897 neh 8°81 1°68 8°66 10°97 |22 8°30 10°14 6°24 9°09 1896. Inch | I 92 85 ‘64 93 81 387 85 85 2 0 6 5 9 8 2 6 4 09 99 0°52 ‘92 1895. Inch.| Inch.} Inch. Be 1893. | 1894. 6 2 5 20 10 (Supplied by the Surveyor—General.) 2 | 11 92 00 6 1892. 1891, RAINFALL RETURN FOR COLOMBO. Inch,| Inch.| Inch. 1°45 2°81 9°43 1890, Ya January .. Februar March pril ay une July August Se 10 16 tember p October 10 1 10 59 |}20°81 | 30 10 | 14°63 5 18 28°) 12 37 66 13 12 5 81 5 November,. 11°76 89 8 25 18) 3 8 72°80 |119°03| 60°83 | 89°67 |77°46 | 92°23 |101°06) 82°7 December.. ——__@__—__ _ __—__. OuR EXPoRTS.—2,300,308 1b. tea, 37 ewt cocoa, 17,526 ewt. coconut oil, 250 ewt. coffee, 48,319 Ib. cinchona, 4,492 Ib. cardamonis, 103°11 Buyers. 8}-9 88"S2 | 23°99 Total.. 20,000 y 6°69 inches that is up to 9°30 a.m., 17th May :— * From lst to 16th Ma ED. €.0. Ib. cinnamon bales, and 33,600 1b. cinnamon chips—sum up the exports in the chief of Ceylon products, in the Chamber of Commerce table this week Tea exports are altogether 43,836,320 lb. being 221,005 lb. more than at the same date last year ; and to the United Kingdom the com an increase of 170,640 lb, w+ Transactions, parison shows ——— JUNE 1, 1899.] COLOMBO PRICE CURRENT. (Furnished by the Chamber of Commerce.) Colombo, May 23rd, 1899 EixxcHaNncE on Lonpon :—Closing Rates: Bank Selling Rates :—On demand 1/3 31-32 4 months’ sight 1/4; 6 months’ sight 1/4 1-32. Bank Buying Rates:—Credits 3 months’ sight 1/4 3 to 5 32;6 months’ sight 1/4 7-32 to+; Docts 3 months’ sight 1/t 5 32 to 3-16; 6 months’ sight 1/4% to 9-32. Indian Bank Minimum Rates 6 % Local Rates: 1 to 2 o/o Higher. CorrEE :— Plantation Estate Parchment onthe spot per bas— SR 1S!00 ae Plantation Estate Coffee, f.o.b on the spot rer cwt R74:00 Liberian Parchment on the spot per bus—none Native Coffee f.o.b per cwt. R44°50 Tra:—Average Prices ruling during the week—Broken Pekoe per lb. 40c. Pekoe per lb. 35c. Pek Sov- chong per lb. 32c. Broken Mixed and Dust per . 27c.—Averages of Week’s sale. Crncnoya Barx:—Per unit of Sulphate of perlb 74c. 1 0/o to 4 o/o Carpamoms:—Per lb R1.80 Coconur Ot1:—Mill! oil per cwt. none. Dealers’ oil per cwt. R14.25; Coconnt oil in ordinary packages f.o.b. per ton R320.00 Nominal. Copra:—Per candy of 560 lb. R46.00 Ooconut CaKe:— (Poonac) f.o.b. (Mill) per ton, R77.59 Jocoa unpicked & undried, per cwt. R44.00 Picked & Dried f. o. b. Da ewe R52.00 ogalla Ri7.25 Cork Yarn.—Nos. 1 to 8 | GoiomboR16 00 CrnnAmon:—Nos. 1 & 2 only f.o.b. 62c. Do Ordinary Assortment, per lb 52c. Exsony.—Per ton.—none. Pxiumsaco:—Large Lumps per ton, Ordinary Lumps per ton, R750 Chips per ton, K650 Dust per ton, R400 Ricz.—Soolye per bag, R 7.25 to 7.62 5» per bushel, { R 2.80 to 3.05 Pegu & Calcutta Calunda per bushel. R2°94 to 3:12 Coast Calunda pex bushel, R3.25 to R3.37 Mutusamba per bushel R3.37 to 3.87 Kadapa and Kuruwe, per bushel—none. Rangoon, raw 3 bushel bag R 9.37 to R10.00. Coast Kara per bushel 83.00 to 3.12 Soolai Kara per bushel R2.75 to 2.80 THE LOCAL MARKET. (By Mr. James (ribson, Baillie St., Fort.) Colombo, May 23rd, 1899. Estate Parchment :—per bushel B19°6U to 12°00 Chetty do do R3s'0u to 9°00 NTE ore Yet ewt. 30°00 to R32'50 Liberian cotfee:—per bush R150 to 3°50 do cleaned coffee:—per ewt R18*59 to 20°00 Cocoa unpicked:—per ewl R44°09 cleaned do R46:00 Cardamoms Malabar per lb. R110 do Mysore do R1i'95 to 2°10 Rice Market List Soolai per bag of 164 lb. nett Slate or Ist quality :—per bushel R293 to 8°05 Soolai 2. & 8rd. do do do R2°80 to 2 93 Coast Calunda 23°25 to 3°37 Coast Kara R300 to $12 Kazala R2°75 to 2°8) Muttusamba Ordinary R3'37 to 3°87 Rangoon Rice per bag R9 87 to 10°00 Cinnamon. per lb Nol to 4°00°56 uinine R800 R7 25 to 7°62 do do i tow R063 to 00°65 do Chips per candy R90°00 Coconuts Ordinary per thousand Rx85°09 to 87°50 do —- Selected do Coconut Oil per ewt R425 to 1487} do ad» F. 0. B. per ton R285°(0 to R287°50 Copra per candy Kalpitiya do Marawila do R44'00 to 45°00 Cart Copra do Ri2-00 Gingelly Poonae per ton B&90'00 to 92°50 R36'00 to 33°40 R460) to 48°50 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 881 Coconut Chekku do RS2°50 to 85°00 do Mill (retail) do R80°00 Cotton Seed do RG5'00 to 67°50 Satinwood per cubic feet R2-00 to 2:24 do Flowered do R500 to 6°00 Halmilla do a R90 Palu do R1°60 to 1°12 Ebony per ton R75‘0) to 175°00 Kitul fibre per ewt R30°00 Palmyra do do R500 to 17°50 Jatina Black Clean per cwt none do mixed do R11°00 to 12°50 Indian do R850 to 13°50 do Cleaned do Sapanwood per ton R45'00 to 52°50 Kerosine oil American per case R6 25 to 6°50 do bulk Russian per ti R2°75 to 2°85 do Sumatra per Cases none Nux Vomica per ewt R200 to 3°60 Croton Seed per cwt R38°00 to 40°00 Kapok cleaned fob do cwt R24:00 to 25°00 R950 to 17°50 do unpicked do R800 to 9-00 Large lumps R450°09 to 800°00 Plumbago per ton,according do R35u'00 to 750°0€ to grade | Chips R200°00 to 620°00 Dust RL00'00 to 40070 ’ rs] \“ a CEYLON EXPORTS AND DISTRIBUTION. 1898-99: nd Sl cel ons colt bo aiisszse 222 22...) 3 = SE ge omt es 5S ee SF Sg * arid . = SJa5 rs ol J t=] — Fe) and a =) cS Gr) ool ‘ & a — c ais a G i} Se nom = & qq aS Rn B Sloe a . O° Sn x 3 => “ . . . “4 s me a ' RSS= 2 5.. $8 S a NSARH IN 235 ethic cage | = an rete en Rin S8OD ¢ 5 Sie e a el=zz aUeuDp fa & nn =x Seva i= a | 3 i=} =} 2 = ala. (2 S22 © 52 9238 [3 oD a - on i=) HQ nows o Sia 2 So ONY fF om 139 oD rs) 82 ~~ 3000 rt en Sisei SN 8 | ios) o= rte wtoe ”™ ee (Yes) it} 2 Qi ol Lome oN mEmMS a Syme > Sala Shor eae 5 =) n 3s ig as . oo ~ a b> et S I = 5) 8 Se ROR g 8 a 12) | ¢ |%.5° “38 3 2 E eee cras hsirciagisirs Be) OUR OG a Sieseeale : a | aa BAR as 2 8 Sa indy 3 Deir Ol i> ea} Sialic tonne. Wem chl.Vocaemchce 3 5 an saa]a- Sipunlomtap AShisdiziertheigis ws » or $5 (Siess 3 os Ss S $s a S Sheesh er cs telte Sails > ‘ c PP SLA ER : os Sa, Sales | | 3 n-E23H 2 “355 AR = & g mn 3 3 ONS 2 = Bt biter ; = = 2 Bz! a ‘ Q 2 | pee | = 2 gi es ; et (4 8, #8|27 = | Ss/2 3s re) =~ | &S an S wa ES } Re Heed = ion col i=] ify oO F |= 2 “les [ee n Bel S 22 's 3 = |S = N | SR RD es 3 . mao ee ao = ay oe é2 & 3 Bs hie’ « 53 2 AAs 2 my 62 S, SoS s Meise fesdehtigsts SS i=) = . - o-= > «33 ro) -Satoogsap sc sstaaas| 3° _ S = -=sSe== el ~ | O |Simesssennas<< (To be continued, ) 886 28 VETERINARY NOTE. ‘On March 17th last, I received a call from Dikoya, where it was reported that four animals out of a he~d of draught cattle had succumbed to some unknown disease. On proceeding to the spot 1 found among the sick one animal that was said to be recovering and also the carcase of another that had lately died,’ In addition to the general symptoms of ill-health, I noticed a copi- ous flow of tears and partial blindness. The affected animals were suffering from acute in- flammation of the eye-membrane (conjativis), aud this I immediately traced to the presence of free ammonia. The cattle were kept ina place without proper ventilation, and where there were catch-pits to hold the urine which was under- going fermentation. In attempting to manipulate a dislocated shoulder of a bull in the same herd, I found the irritation of the ammonia so objection- able, that I had to hurry over the operation. I may mention that tre high temperature and the heat of the sun greatly aidthe evolution of free ammonia from the fermenting urine. The owners of the stock were pretty confident that they had some contagions form of disease to deal with, but 1 answered them that this was not the case, and ordered that the eattle-shed should be thoroughly cleaned ont, the floor well washed and spread over with dry earth, After this the * plague was stayed.” I attributed the ultimate cause of death to exhaustion due to starvation. Not merely were the eye membranes affected, but also the nasal and pharyngeal membranes, and henee the total refusal of food. The nou-recur- rence of the disease | attributed to the cieansing of the sheds, the use of dry earth to absorb any standing urine, and also to the fact that the rainy weather which followed helped to cool the atmo- sphere, improye the surroundings, and make the condition of, the cattle altogether more com-fortable® D. CHINNAH, Veterinary Surgeon. ee THE MANURING OF RICE. The following plant food ingredients have been found to be removed from one acre of paddy :— Byan average crop of Phosphoric 2,676 lb. grains ) Potash. acid. Nitrogen, 2,676. °,, straw bas lb. -16°3 Ib. 26:2 Ib. 446 ,, chaff By’a good crop of “4,014 1b. grains 4,460 ,, straw 624 °>,, chaff Very thorough investigations’ have been con- ducted by Prof. Kellner and others in Japan, as to the fertiliser requirements of water rice. In order to determine thé exhaustion of nitrogen, phosphoric acid, and potash in the soil, a fertiliser trial°was inaugurated, in which each plot recéired the following quantities of fertilisers to the acre :— Plot 1 No fertiliser. ; bas Ibis 249 1b. 39-2 1b, Phosporic acid. Potash, Nitrogen. : sete COMME: PHONG 89 Ib. a 38 Sy a 89, ‘89 Pr ie gah yay Seedy orp na 900 BE NRE ORSD: ve Shien” 89, Sci 89, 89" Nitrogen was applied in the form of sulphate of ammonia, phosphoric acid in» the form of double Supplement to the “ Tropical Agriculturist.” (Jos 1, 1894, superphosphate, and potash carbonate. The development of the plants corresponded to that of the previous years; the plants which had received a complete fertiliser grew best of all, showing a normal green colour: next came the plants to which no potash had been 6pphied. The plants to which no nitrogen had been given were of a light-green colour. Phos- phoric acid seems to have a very beneficial fleet upon the growth of the plant, forthe plants which had not received phosphoric acid differed but little from the unfertilised plants ; they were of a dark- green colour, but very small. The average yields from three check plots (the size of the plots is unfortunately not given) were as follows :— (Yields given in ounces.) ; Full Empty * Straw, grains. grains, Total, No fertiliser 2 168 7°*5 : 17°8 Without nitrogen ... 168 120 02 990 Without phosphorie ___ aeid toe Le 27" 02 254 Without potash ... 222° 146 O-4 g7-9 Complete fertiliser... 275 203 O3 484 | 33sdog + BErteeee Eicceees «l miigusieee | A grasee | "2a | beee | | pp , rar | jo ane, | | BART RSRS OS -o eb Sr OO 2 | Jo eseasouy as (TAP Be se CL | a> om > = 4 Ee b¢ ued Aegan sere oS SeoVe~eNte aco Peg pur yey | HER 2552235 nn = Srsenrnsoo = 2 onl belt aed suLeIF) O01 Sk Fd > Se a | HZE5eo22 g | el el eel el el ed ol oe | ‘PIA ., 28n¢S38 90 es ¥eIDU , pes Mooney |e (ASRS “sulely cory Yields per Acre in the ist year. RCI URCE: g J) 4809 “gseing jo eyeUNn A FERTILISING EXPERIMENT WITH RICE. _ By Professor Tito Poggi on the Vendramin Farm (Po Valley.) “Epos ys Awd Io a0 J) 87BIVINT =] ee mand ‘S “eINOTO Jo oj8yd[ng eyeqdsoyg BISy. Fertilisers applied per Acre, "19}8eIq Sa j in’ the form of- JuNE 1, 1899.] The highest yield was obtained where all three of the plant-food ingredients had been applied, and on these plots a very good after-effect was pro- duced in the second year. Phosphoric acid proved very beneficial, especially upon the yield of grain. Professor Poggi, Rovigo, makes the following recommendations for the quantities of fertilising materials to be applied per acre :— For New For Exhausted Fields. Fields, Sulphateofammonia ... 69-0 lb. 178 1b. Acid phosphate (16 per cent.) ... eee 22275. 5, 858 ,, Muriate of potash oS eet Ree 89 ,, 267 to $56 lb. plaster or slaked lime should be applied to soils deticient in lime. In case of light soils, the quantity of muriate of potash applied per annum should not be less than 89 Ib, However, too much potash should not be applied to water rice, as this ingredient produces sa luxurious formation of straw at the expense of the yield of grain. American rice-planters always re- commend large quantities of potash for upland rice, holding that this is necessary to obtain a heavy yield of grain. Mr. C. K, McQuarrie, of De Funiak Springs, Florida, holds that the presence of empty husks of upland rice is due to a deficiency of potash. SS OSTRICH FARMING. The April number of the V. S. W, Gazette con- tains an interesting account of an ostrich farm in embryo in that Colony. which is owned by a Mr. Barracluff, a feather manufacturer (plumiere) by profession. The writer (Mr. W. S. Campbell) mentions that when he first saw the birds (nine in number), they were comfortably sprawling and squatting about, basking in she sun, on the sand, which seemed hot enough to wast their great bare thighs. The enclosure in which they are confined is about quarter of an acre in extent, feneed in with a high fence, and contained but few trees. In a smaller enclosure is a large shed for use in time: of heavy gales. The ostriches are fed on bran, carrots, green stuff, &e., and behind the shed ig what is known as a boneyard, where broken bits of bone, of which the birds are suid to consume an incredible quan- tity, are provided. Mr. Barracluff owns eleven acres of land, and thinks by properly managing his birds that he can increase his stock considerably and breed young birds for stocking another farm. He has great fuith in ostrich-farming becoming a profit- able industry in the Colony, provided the necessary attention be given to the birds, for they should not be allowed to roam about on Jarge areas, but be kept in small paddocksand changed about frequently from one paddock to another. He considers that want of care in this respect has caused ostrich farming at the Cipe to become far less profitable than it should be theré, and that the ostrich feathers have deteriorated in quality owing to continuous in bre:ding, Supplement to the * Troyical Agriculturist.” 887 In New Zealand and South Australia ostriches are kept in considerable numbers, and succeed as well as they do in their native countries. The birds imported by Mr. Barracluff are just two years old aad may be consid+ered almost chickens, butit is found that already their feathers are of excellent quality, and what is of considerable importance, they have no “spandora” feathers, or feathers with imperfect tips described as “ airy tips,” and already feathers from these birds have been made use of to adorn hats. The feathers now on the birds are really equal in quality to three-year-old feathers. The feathers are in reality not pulled from the wings, but are cut, and in course of time the batts fall out, so that the birds suffer no pain whatever. Mr. Barracluff is of opinion that feathers could be produced in New South Wales far cheaper than they could be imported, and the quality would be much better than half thoseimported. He is very much pleased with the beautiful appearance and texture of the feathers now growing on the birds. He has been engaged “ manufacturing” feathers in New South Wales for about fifteen years. The term “ manufacturing” really means the making up of feathers into commercial articles, and this involves various processes «ud much delicate labour. When one is informed that some of the hats worn by ladies cost as much as £8 each in ostrich feathers, and that some fans cost as much, it can be understood how ostrich furming pays; aifd it is stated that there is an increasing demand for feathers in the fashionable world, with the probability that in the near future the huge gardens of gaily-coloured flowers that are carried about our ladies’ hats will give place to the more graceful plumes of the ostrich. Ostrich feathers, in the trade, are known as first white, second white, and third white, prime; first, second, and third feminas; best long black, medium black, and short black; long and short drabs; long and medium byock; white bows or tail feathers; femina bows; speckled and grey black butts; and moss and floss of all the above ranges. An ostrich produces annually twenty white feathers on each wing, as well as four grey feathers, thirty-six white and twenty-four black on the tail, and many feathers on the body which are made use of. The annual produce from each bird that has been well and properly cared for, and not knocked about, should be worth £10 to £15. Mr. Barracluff thinks that if the ostrich industry is taken up in New South Wales, the prospects of a trade to London are promising, provided thefeathers are-good and properly classed, for the differences in quality and weight are enor- mous; andit frequently occurs in the feather trade (asin other trades) that the very best ones always seem toshake up to the top, the inferior ones hiding themselves in the middle of the packages. This has a depressing effect on buyers, who become suspicious, and the consequence is low prices. There is a good deal of misapprehension abont the dangers of ostrich farming. ‘The birds are quiet enough except during the nesting season when a good deal of caution has to be observed in handling the birds. 888 PYEROCARPUS MARSUPIUM. This tree known as the [ndian Kino Tree and in Ceylon as Gammalu has of late come into some prominence Owing to its peculiar, and much-ad- mired wood. It is closely related to the Indian tree which yields the well-known Paduk wood (P. Indicus). Dr. Watt thus describes the wood: “ Sapwood small ; heartwood brown with darker streaks, yery hard, durable, seasons well, and fakes a fine polish, it is full of red gum resin and stains yellow when damp ; weight 47 lbs, to 52 Ibs. per cubic foot. It is much used for door and window frames, posts and beams, furniture, agricultural implements, cart and boat building; and has also been employed for sleepers. Twenty-five sleepers which had been laid down seven to eight years on the Mysore State Railway were found to comprise nine good, eleven still serviceable, and five bad; sleepers of this timber have also been used on the Holkar and Neemuch and other lines (Gamble). Dr. Trimen in his Flora refers to the tree thus: “Lowcountry, chiefly in the dry and inter- mediate regions up to 3,000 [t., rather common: in the moist region on open grassy land, rarer; common about Nawalapitiya. Flowers July to September, bright yellow. A dark red gum-resin exudes from the back, and is used as a medicine and for outward application. Affords a fine timber, very hard, heavy, dark reddish brown, durable, containing a red resin.” The leaves are pronounced an excellent \fodder,* and are in great|request| among cattle-keepers in India. The gum yielded by this species| is the Kino of European Materia Medica. Dr. Morris referring to Gammalu in his list of Ceylon Plants says: A large and beautiful tree when in flower. It is widely diffused and yields one of the most abundant and useful timbera, also a valuable gum kino. The Indian Forester in a reference to a list of timber trees of the Central Province of Ceylon. says: “Our old friend ‘ Bijasal’ reappears under the Ceylon name of ‘Gammalu,’ with the curious remark that Mr. K. M, Hay of Nawalapitiya is the only planter in the Central Province Ithat knows its value.” Since then the wood of Gammalu has been much sought after, and we learn that Sir J. J. Grinlinton took some blocks of it to Chicago where it was much admired. a eS COCONUT OIL. AND COPRA. The section devoted to Coconuts in the Kelani Valley Commissioneri’s report contains without doubt some valuable information on the subject, but our attention has been drawn to certain averages which are apparently contradictory, e.7., that 1,000 nuts is a safe average . number required to produce one candy (560 lbs. or 5 ewt.) of copra, and copra contains 4 oil and 4 poonac ; while 36. nuts is a safe average to calculate for a gallon of. oil. And further that according to the usual calculation 2 nuts=1 lb. copra. Now adopting these figures, ag our correspondents points out, we rrive at curious results. On the basis that 1,000 nuts Supplement to the “ Tropical Agriculturist.” of the [Jong 1, 1899, will give a candy of copra, we find that 3,000 nuts should give 16 cwt, copra, and that, this ought co produce 10 cwt. oil and 5 ewt. poonac. But then 15 ewt. copra = 1,680 lbs., which, at two nuts to the 1b, would require 3,360 nuts for its production. Again, if 36 nuts are required for one gallon oil, the number required for 10 ewts, (125 gallons) would be 4,500 nuts: So that we thus have as a result of the calculation based on the above averages the unsatisfactory result that 10 ewt. of oil would require 8,000, or 3,360, or 4,600 nuts oil, Another calculation gives an aere yielding 8,000 nuts as producing only 6 ewt, oil and B ewt. poonac, which is put down as equivalent to (not 9 cwt. but) 144 to 15 ewt. copra. But how is the difference accounted for? Putting aside these figures for the present, we should like to know what test is adopted in the trade for ascertaining the percentage of oil in purchased copra, or is it merely judged “ by the eye?” Turning to Mr. Cochran’s Manual of Chemical Analysis, we find that the percentage of oil in copra may vary from 63 to 70 per cent, and the moisture from 2 to 7 per cent. If there is no menns of judging of these variations in a practical way, aud if copra is bought by weight, there is surely ample opportunity for finessing on the part of sellers, INTEGRIFOLIA: A RIVAL VILLEBRUNIA ; TO RHEA, This tree, which has apparently no vernacular name, is described by Dr. Trimen as occurring in the moist region, 2 —5,000 ft., as being rather com- mon in Hantane, Alagalla, Nitre-Cave District and Haputale. It flowers in January and September. In India the tree is known as Ban Rhea or wild Rhea, and has of late come under notice as pro- ducing an excellent fibre. It has previously been treated of in the Agricultural Ledger, No. 15 of 1898, but is the subject of a special bulletin just issued by the Indian Government. The bulletin contains a valuable report on the fibre by Prof. Wyndham Dunstane, F,n-s., which confirms the exceedingly favourable views already expressed regarding Villebrunia as a commercial fibre. “Its superiority over Rhea,” says Dr. Watt, “both in regard to strength and texture, as well as composition, caunot but be considered as a most important result, and one which should commend it to the favourable attention of all persons interested in Rhea cultivation. As a catch crop to the tea industry it has perhaps no rival, certainly no equal. The fact that this fibre can be cleaned simply by retting the ribbons of bark (after the fashion of jute) is perhaps of even more interest than its exceptionally high merit as — a textile.. Expensive decorticating and gumming machinery are thereby rendered unnecessary. It is thus possi ble that the fibre could be turned out. at a price that would not only undersell Rhea, but, for certain purposes, compete with flax, if not with jute itself. At all events the - cultivation and separation of a crudely cleaned fibre of great merit might easily enough be accom- plished by.even the poorest agriculturist. While Rhea must of necessity command capital and _ enterprise, Ban Rhea can be developed by the peasant.” JuNE 1, 1899.] In a letter to Sir Frederick Abel, Director of the Imperial Institute, Dr. Watt wrote last year: “ Villebrunia can be grown on all waste lands; it is avery fine fibre, and perliaps as strong, if not stronger than China grass. . . . Allthat has to be done is to strip the ribbons off the stems. The plant produces shoots 20 feet long; the bark strips off easily, but no doubt machinery could be readily designed to produce a cleaner and_ partly bleached raw fibre. The most important thing about this fibre is that it could be produced at one- third the price of Rhea. I trust, with all these facts before you, that you may see your way to co-operate with me in the effort to give to India a perfectly new commercial fibre.” We give below the report by Prof. Dunstane, Director of the Scientific Department of the Im- perial Institute on Villebrunia integrifolia :—* An examination of Ban Rhea fibre was particularly asked by Dr. Watt in his letter dated 28th April, 1898. Unfortunately the untreated bark was sent for examination, consisting of the bark peeled from the plant—containing the bark fibres in strips from 8 to 5 feet in length. The only course to adopt was to imitate as closely as possible the retting process adopted on an industrial scale, which the almost complete absence of gum ren- dered possible. Two samples of fibre were received. A small quantity of each was placed ~ in dishes covered with water, and allowed to stand for about three weeks, after which time one of the samples was sufficiently soft for the fibre to be removed. This was carefully combed and picked, and by this means almost 10 grains of a nearly clean brown fibre in long silky threads were pro- cured. The fibre thus treated was then submitted to the usual examination with the following results :-— Boehmeria Ban Rhea. nivea. Moisture, per cent = -. 10°95 9:0 Ash, percent - - - 3:02 2°9 Hydrolysis (a), loss percent 8'22 130 Hydrolysis (4), losspercent 15°82 24:0 Mercerising, loss per cent 8:05 11-0 Acid, purification, loss percent 5°09 6-5 Nitration, gain per cent - 66°88 25 0 Cellulose, per cent - - 80°04 80°35 Length of ultimate fibre - 40mm, 40—200mms and upwards. ‘It is interesting to compare these number. with those obtained in the examination of the fibre of Behmerta nivea (commonly known as ‘Rhea or ‘China-grass’) made by Messrs. Cross and Beven. Dr. Watt has pointed out that these two fibres are certainly distinct; the Ban Rhea may be the more important of the two owing to its growing wild on waste Jand, to its containing little or no gum, and also because it furnishes a silky fibre at least as strong as China-grass, with which, indeed, it, and not Behmeria nives, may prove to be identical. A comparison of the results of the examination of these two fibres clearly brings out the superiority of the Ban Rhea, especially in regard to its smaller loss by hydrolysis and its higher nitration number. At the same timeit must be remembered that the process adopted in treat- ing this fibre in the Laboratory only very roughly fpproximates to that which would be used on a large scale, Supplement to the “ Tropical Agriculturist.” 889 “Portions of the original samples have been submitted to a fibre expert, who reports that they can be readily treated by a special and simple process which has recently been devised. Further information as to this process can be supplied if this aspect of the matter is thought to be of importance. “In any case a sample of the properly retted and prepared fibre should be sent for chemical examination.” . AN ENTERPRISING INDIAN AGRICULTURIST The idea of dariries proper is generally associ- atedin the European mind with Kurope, at least— in the English mind with the brightest and prettiest portions of the pasture lands of the home-country. Few would have expected to find in such a place as Grant Road Bridge, Bombay, a dairy which might rival in cleaulinees, nicety of arrangement, and completeness of appliance uny establishment of the kind, no matter where it be situated. Yet such there is, and its progress under the direction of Mr, N. H. Patuck appears to have been wonder- ful. That gentleman showed a number of visitors interested in dairy work the process of milk sterilisation, and pasteurisation and it is not too much to say that it couldjnct have been more perfect- ly accomplished. Every detail from the cleaning and sterilising of the tins to the final corking—or, more properly speaking, air-tight closing—of the bottles was carefully and scientifically carried out. Then by means of a De Laval separator (one of the cleverest appliances of its kind), the heavy cream particles were divided from the milk, passed on to the churn, and made into excellent butter. In these days when nearly every young lady at home is a more or less accomplished butter-maker, and the knowledge of farming is spread through the leagth and breadth of the land by means of techai- cal education, everyone knows about dairies, and what science has done for their psrfection. It is unnecessary, therefore, to describe in detail that most modern one, over which Mr. Patuck presides, Suffice it fo say that it is shortly to be transported upcountry, where the milk is better and cheaper, and from whence people in the city will be provid- ed with absolutely safe milk—what until very recently has been a non-existent in the East, Under the circumstances Mr. Patuck himself is of the greatest interest, especially in view of the knowlegde of Indian agriculture of which he is possessed. Bornin Bombay, this gentleman, after going through university course and passing his B.A, Went up to the School of Agriculture at Madras— the, only available one at the time. He came through all his examinations, and ended first in the first class. Several Native Princes at once offered him appointments, and among these the late Maharaja Holker, who was an enthusiastic agriculturist,in Central India. Mr. Patuk engaged himself to the latter, and for ten years continued in the Prince’s service, the arrangemeut being that a salary of R200 a month should be given with a half share in profits. “That must have been a yery good thing,” was remarked by one who overhead Mr, Patuck, ig auswer to inquiries narrating his history,” ’ 890 “Well no,’ was the answer, “So far as the profits were concerned, there never were any. His Highness supplied European implements, and all manner of improvements were made, but these, in addition to the cost of labour, ate up all surplus results, and the conclusion I came to was that the system of labour employment was wrong. The people might have been worked in the way they work to pay Government rent. “And that is”?— Well, the ryots are very poor. They know nothing of leaving land to lie tallow or the varation of crops. They live as far as possible on what the ground brings forth, and during the time they can grow no crop in particular, they bring up opium to pay the rent. ‘hey count their labour as nothing, and the labour of their oxen, which during the monsoon would otherwise be idle, as a necessary exercise. So the crop in the market is sold very low, and none can compete. It was after making all manner of calculations that I realised the possibility of making agriculture pay in this way. Provide the people with good implements, good seed and manure, help them with information, and work the business on rent lines.” “ How did you drift into duiry work ? “Phat was a considerable time afterwards, When in Central India, the Central India Agency took great interest in my experiments, the results of which were entered in the blaue-books, So I came to be known in Kugland, where they had start- ed a big company for the cultivation of opium in Africa. ‘heir secretary was sent tome, and my ~ services were engaged for the new undertaking. [ took seventy-five opium manipulators aud cultiva- tors with me and started off on ‘Ithe course which Livingstone took by the River Qniaqua to Mopia, where the work lay. I was there for some time, and desired to work the crops in the same way that experience told me the Indian crops ought to have been worked. Bat the secretary disagreed, and after six mouths I came ‘away. We should have made the natives the ‘cultivators, giving them tools, helping them to sink - wells and then buying the crops from them. ‘Wow did the company get on afterwards?” “Tt turned its attention from opium to sugary but what finally became of it I do not know. . & And you, yourself?” “I being of a roving turn of mind went off to see how Huropean agri- culture compared with agriculture in India, and since that time I have been on several oceasions tothe West. The first time I went I got out at “Suez to study Egyptian methods. I found Nature . most favourable to luxurious crops, the land being --gg enriched by the Nile inundations. They used rude implements similar to those to be found in this country, but got better results with the ‘exception perhaps ot the districts watered imme- ‘diately by the Ganges and other such diversi: Oa > 40 Russia I went, thence through Servia and Rou- \gmania to Italy, France, Norway, Sweden’ and boMagland. As [ went on I found greater and greater improvements) Italy I found somewhat “ primitive, and the cultivators in method seemed: to resemble the Indians. " © And what inference did you draw as regards “ Jndia from your observations” ” Supplement to the ‘Tropical Agriculturest.” -done with the night soil. _and English and European markets. [June 1, 1899. “This, The people being very very poor here, they cannot afford to purchase implements as are used successfully in more advanced countries, and they would need to be educated up to such implements if they had them, It would be dangerous to give ryots improved implemente without teaching them properly.” “And why?” ‘‘Why? Well in the first place you use, say, in England a plough that turns a good deep furrow, Here in India they only scratch the ground, and bit by bit the subsoil comes up, it would be disastrous to bring it up from any depth, because while there is plenty of nourishment in the earth, it is only effective after being sun-locked and that process takes time. To plough in India to good purpose would mean giving three inches deep the first year, four the next, and five the next, so the process is gradua].” “But European implements could surely be adopted to the work?” “Yea, I have adopted them so that they can be regulated. In very small sums [I have lent these implements with excellent results-—she native could never buy. I look forward to seeing i time when ths system of lending will be increased, and, generally speaking, the ryots are freed from the hands of the Vannias, That could be a good diy tor India, and the sooner it is recognized the better. Yes, most certainly I would advocate Government if possible being the lenders of implements as they. are the providers of wells; Government, too, might pro- vide manure. Indian soil is never manured, and in due time the crops grow less, because the land is always being impoverished.” “Manure is one of the most expensive of four items?” “Yes, manure is wasted, absurdly wasted. Rain comes from the clouds to the earth, through the earth to the rivers, through the rivers to the sea, and from the sea to the clouds onee more. Soshould be returned the food grown on the land. When I was in Central India there was great trouble about what was to be I took it, deodorized it, mixed it with lime and spread it on the land with excellent results, This is what should done all over, It is a natural sequence, and necessary—second only to irrigation, You cannot take away from the land and give nothing in return.” Then Mr. Patuck went on to explain how he,in his various trips to Europe brought back useful agri- culture. machines. Six years ago butter. was imported to Bombay from Denmark, now Bombay exports butter to China, Africa and Japan, Her- metically sealed in cases, he thinks the day may come when India butter may compete with Danish Meanwhile, he applies himself to the study of Indian dairy work and agriculture, and trusts his country may benefit. 45 We are indebted for the above interview to Tea Indian Agricultural. Mr, Pattick’s career offers an admirable example—and one worthy of emulation—of what Entapure can do for the Agrieulturist—Ep, A & J, - wTNTE June 1, 1899.] VICHKA SEED—A FAMINE FOOD. This is the product of a plant botanically known as Cyanotis axillaris and commonly cased the Spider wort. It was found during the month of January, 1898, that a considerable number of people in the Bombay Presidency were sub- sisting on this and other wild food grains, and this suggested the examination of the seeds of Cyanotis axillaris. The seeds are prepared for food by being ground and cooked into a large quantity of water. When sufficiently boiled it is allowed to cool, and suet and jaggery are added to taste. Attention was first called tothe grain in a paper read by Dr. W. Grey before the Medical and Physi- cal Society of Bombay in 1882. Last yeara sample was sent to Prof. Church, F.2.8., who is conducting an examination of Indian food stuffs at the Imperial Institute ona special plan of his own in which for comparativ2 purposes he brings out very pro- minently the nutrient ratio. We give below the Report made by Prof. Church :— This annual, which belongs to the N.O. Com- melinacee, is common in many parts of India. Though anything but premising in appearance it has been used as food in times of famine. The seeds are spongy and light; 100 weigh only 4 grains. The sample received was largely charged with earthy matter which it was impracticable to remove entirely. These percentages were obtained :— Water - - - - 15 Albuminoids (trom total nitrogen) 15:9 Starch, ete. (vy difference) - 64:1 Oil - - 5 = 0-5 Fibre - : - = 31 Ash (includes some sand) - 6°9 The nutrient-ratio is here 1: 4°6, the nutrient value 79. By the phenol method 12°22 per cent. of albuminoids was shewn. After all these poor-looking seeds possess a good nutrient-ratio and a fair alimentary value. NEW TREATMENT FOR IN COWS. MILK FEVER The disease which is known as milk fever parturient paralysis, or dropping ,after calving, has « very obscure pathology, although the circumstances in which it occurs are very well known. It must also be confessed that it is avery fatal disease, and although in this country several different methods of treatment have been warmly recommended, the morality has always remained high when calculated on the results obtained in a large number of cases treated by different veterinary surgeons. In consequence of this comparative failure of remedial measures, a good many owners have adopted the practice of simply having every cow attacked with milk fever sluughtered for butchers’ purposes as soon as the animal loses consciousness. it therefore appears to be desirable to call attention here to a new method of treatment, which, it seems impossible to doubt, leaves every other far behind in point of success. Supplement to the ‘‘ Tropical Agriculturist.” 891 The new method of treatment was first prac- tised by Schmidt, a Danish veterinary surgeon, who was led to employ it tentatively because of his conception of the nature of the disease. He believed that the symptoms of milk fever are the result of the absorption into the general circulation of a poisonous substance which is formed within the udder itself during the first few days of lactation, the source of this poison being the cells which, prior to calving, cecupy the ultimate recesses of the mammary gland, and which are normally cast off and passed out with the milk first secreted. The primary seat of the disease being, according to this conception, the udder itself, it occurred to Schmidt to try the effect of treatment which would immediately influence the secreting epithelium of the gland. With this object he injected a warm solution of iodide of potassium in water into each of the quarters (previously milked) and then kneaded and rubbed the udder in order to force the liquid into the ultimate glandular recesses. At the date of publication of his original paper on the subject, Schmidt had applied this treat- ment to fifty cases of milk fever, and had ob- tained 46 recoveries. Since then the treatment has had an extensive trial in Denmark, with results aimost as gratifying as those obtained by Schmidt himself. Moreover, the method has already been employed in a good many cases in Germany and this country, with results that appear to be much more satisfactory than those previously obtained. by other methods. As in the case of most other therapeutic efforts, it is very important that the treatment should be begun early, but it is admitted that death has resulted in cases of milk fever treated by Schmidt’s method even withiu 1% hours after the onset of the attack. It may perhaps be reckoned a defect in the method that it is hardly one which the layman can take in hand, since it demands special instruments and great care that these and the liquid injected into the udder are free from bacteria, the introduction of which would be very apt to set up inflammation of the gland. When proper care is taken there are no serious atter-effects, the milk secretion soon becoming normal in quantity and quality. Should further experience of Schmidt's treatment justify the high opinion of it generally entertained by tbose who have already tried it, a rather serious source of loss to those engaged in milk production will have been in great measure removed. —___—__——_—__ GENERAL ITEMS. Sugar, as is well known to most people, is not obtained solely from the sugarcane and beetroot, but from sources which would appear the most unlikely toyield any edible product. ‘ake coal tar, for instance, from which so many beautiful dyes are obtained, and we believe also an exquisite scent. From the foul-smelling tar a very sweet sugar is obtained. In fact, so excessive are the sweetening properties of coal-tar sugar, that a quantity sufli- cient only to thinly cover a threeperny piece will suffice to sweeten a large cup of tea. Maple sugar is largely produced in North America from 892 Supplement to the “ Tropical Agriculturist.” the maple-tree. In that country, Chicago Produce says that at Marengo, IIl., sugar is made from the whey from the cheese vats. ‘This whey is forced into large boilers, and after boiling for some time it is run into evaporating pans, where the boiling is continued until a thick syrup is left. After standing a certain length of time it is again boiled, when the sugar forms. The sugar is worked over till thoroughly drained, und is then packed in barrels for the refinery, 1: now resem- bles the ordinary brown sugar of commerce, The secret of refining is known only to two persons. When the product emerges from the refinery it is snow white. A new factory has just been com- pleted at Marengo. It requires 5,000 1b. of milk to produce one barrel of sugar, which sells at 40 cents (1s. 8d.) per Jb. There are thus at least four commercial products resulting from the manipulation of milk—viz., butter, cheese, cream, and sugar, besides which there are waste products which are utilised by farmers in feeding stock. The following is a recipé for Banana or Plan- tain Jelly, which we have tried and found ex- cellent: Peel the fruit, cut into slices, add three cups of water to each pound, aud boil for one hour or till quite soft evough to admit of being strained through a net. After stirring add the sugar (which should be the same weight as the fruit when peeled and cut up) and some acid to taste. Boil all for at least an hour, when the jelly will assume a nice colour and consistency. The extension of the coffee-growing industry in Queensland, especially in the Northern portion of the colony, having drawn the attention of the Depart- ment of Agriculture to the necessity for instruct- ing planters, present and prospective, in the best methods of conducting planting and curing opera- tions, the services of Mr. Howard Newport have been engaged. Mr. Newport is a coffee-planter of eleven years’ experience in India, where he successfully managed a plantation at Melrose, Yercand, in the Madras Presidency. He also visited Ceylon, where he applied himself to the study of coffee culture in that island. He is at present visiting all the districts where coffee is being grown, and will advise planters on the best methods to be adopted in all branches of the industry in order to ensure success. (June 1, 1899. Dr. F. E. Brown, in a late issue of the Leesburg Commercial (U.S.A.) gives a cure for the bite of rattlesnakes, which he says he has used success- fully in his practice, We reproduce in ful) his letter, which may at some time prove of value to some of our readers:-—-Seeing in your paper a notice of the death of a lady from the effect of the vite of a rattlesnake, it occurred to me that it would be the proper thing to do to give you my experience with the tincture of iodine in these cases. I have treated thirteen cases of snake-bites in my practice with simply marvellous results—even restoring to life and health when the patient was supposed to be dying. My first case occurred many years ago, Alittle child, say three or four years old, was brought to me with two ugly gashes on the instep by a fair-sized rattler. J suppose I saw the child about an hour after the bite, with limbs badly swollen and in great pain. I applied iodine tos the wound, and gave the child drop doses every ten minutes for an hour, then every half-hour until decided improvement. The child took 101015 dreps in all, Next morning the father reported child perfectly recovered and playing around as usual, My last case was about one year ago. A lad about fifteen years old, whilst reaching under some boards for hen-eggs, was bitten on his right hand by a large rattler, He was brought to me with hand and arm enormously swollen, and scarcely able to stand on his feet. I pursued precisely the same treatment asin my first case, except that I doubled the dose. He took in all perhaps 25 drops of the iodine. He recovered rapidly with no outward results. Some of my cases were much more remarkable than these; each one recovering quickly with no suppuration of the wounds or other outward results. It is equally efficacious in the treatment of dumb beasts. A neighbour of mine had a cow bitten, which when found was unable to stand. I supplied the owner with iodine, and advised him to go back and drop 10 drops upon her tongue every ten minutes for an hour, then every hour for a time. He did so, but came back in an hour or so and reported that it was too late, as the cow was nearly dead. In the morning he went back to see what had become of his cow, and to his surprise found her up and feeding. Her recovery was rapid. LITERARY REGISTER SUPPLEMENT. [Under this heading, in future, we mean to give a four page ‘‘Supplement” with our Tropical Agriculturist, from time to time as there is matter of sufficient value, so to be preserved.] OCTOBER, i1s98s. Prof. W. Geiger on the Etymology of Ceylon. Pror. Wilhelm Geiger, of Erlangen, has issued another of his e-says on the dialects of Ceylon, namely ‘‘ Etymologie des Singhalesischen.” In this Prof. Geiger shows the connection of some 1,700 Sinhalese vocables with Sanskrit, Pali, Prakrit, and other Indian dialects. Scholars will doubtless dispute some of the etymologies here given; but the largest number are indisputably correct, and prove beyond doubt that Sinhalese must be re- garded as an Aryan dialect. Dr. Geiger’s further essays On Sinhalese, &c., will be looked for eagerly by scholars in Ceylon especially. D. F, ———___4—_____—_—_ Javanese Exiles to Ceylon in the 18th Century. @ S1r,—In the lives of the Governors-General of the Dutch Indies, we find a reference to one Pangoran Depati Anom, Prince of Java, who was captured by the Dutch in 1708. ference is as follows: “After the Prince had remained about a month at Batavia, the Government resolved to send him to Ceylon. Punto Gale (Galle) was selected as his residence and he had a body guard of one Ensign, one Sergeant and 24 soldiers together with a monthly allowance of 259 rixdollars, besides rice and other necessaries for the support of himself, three sons, 19 wives and 52 people forming his suite. At this place this unlucky Prince ended his days” About the year 1748 according to the same work, a Prince of Bantam by name Pangerang Gusty was banished to Ceylon. Is there no record or tradition among the Mohamedans of Ceylon about these Princes.— Yours truly, GALLICUS {And what about their descendants ?—Ep.] —_—_¢.———____ Palk’s Bay and Straits, DEAR Sir,—In a review of Vol. 25 of the Archeological Survey of India which recently appeared in your columns, reference is made to The re-_ a statement contained in it that Palk’s Strait ‘commemorates the name of a Dutch Governor,” and it is suggested that Governor Valeck may perhaps be meant. This volume has for its compiler Mr. Alexander Rea, Superintendent of the Archeological Survey, Madras. A prophet, verily, has no honour in his own country ; but it is rather curious to find an offi- cial of the Madras Government whose special business is antiquarian and historical investiga- tions, apparently unaware that there was a Gov- ernor of Madras named Robert Palk, whose ad- ministration lasted trom 1763 to 1767, and that the Strait and Bay are called after him (see “Names and their Histories” by Isaac Taylor). X. No. II. Bangalore, June 9. Sir,—In an issue of your journal, published after the middle of last month, there appears a letter by ‘“X,” commenting on a statement in Mr. Rea’s ‘‘ Monumental Remains of the Dutch E.I, Company in Madras,” that Palk’s Bay or Strait commemorates the name}of a Dutch Govy- ernor. On referring to Mr. Rea’s authority for the quotation (Madras Manual of the adminis- tration, Vol. 1, -p. 2, 1885), E clearly read, that “the name of the Palk’s Strait commemorates a Dutch Governor.” Now, as this work—by Dr. Maclean, a late member ot the Madras Civil Service—was described by another former and learned Governor,—not necessarily Duteh—sSir M. E. Grant Duff, as a monumental one, highly creditable to its author, besides being an official publication ; and, as moreover, the quoted state- ment has not hitherto—so far as I know—been contradicted, even by ‘' X,” during the seventeen ears that have elapsed since it has been pub- ished, there seems some reasons for its repeti- tion. Who is this authority, that he and his statements should be eclipsed by that quoted by “© X?” and why has ‘“‘ X” delayed to take action all these years? It may be, that as stated in p, 648, vol. III, of the same Manual, published in 1893—Palk’s Bay was ‘‘named by the Duteh after Governor Palk,” but the error, a clerical one, no doubt, apparently rests with the quoted authority. Let, not, however, those feeble at- tempts te detract from the fame of the immortal (89 and hitherto unnoticed Palk, disturb his peace- ful slumbers or those of his champions. Peace be to his ashes, and otherwise 0. Fr [‘‘R. I. P.” we think is rather unreasonable in criticising, in place of thanking ‘“‘ X” for coming forward when he did to give the public correct information.—ED. | No. III. Sin,—Regardivg the correspondence in your columns as to the origin of the above name, permit me to say, in reply to “ X,” that there aremany instances of the transformation of names much less similar than “ Palk’’ and “ Valck.” In the vernacular, the former would be the pronounciation of the latter name, just as “office’’ becomes ‘ oppice.”’ Even in con- nection with Madras, to which your correspondent has referred, as a place where local great names may have a chance of survival, a curious example may be quoted. A bridge was once called afler a local high official of the name of Hamilton. The native pronunciation of this good old Scoteh name is ‘‘Amattan.” Now there is a Tamil word “ Am- battan,’’ meaning a Barber. In time tbe bridge became, and is at present known as the Ambattan or Barber's bridge. Therefore, the Barber's bridge commemorates a former official of the name of Hamilton. The connection is scarcely obvious with- out an explanation: and yet this startlingly Bar- berous transformation has been effected within a cen- tury! Imay also perhaps be permitted to say, that itis possible for one to have heard and known of the previous existence of Governor Palk, of his have- ing been a President of the Council of Fort St. George, and of his name being and having been for a time used as a designation for a certain Strait, and yet at the same time suggest a doubt as tothe correctness of the iatter. Had the Dutch remained masters of the country, we should doubtless have heard much more of Valeck than of Palk, At the time when these worthies reigned, the Dutch were the ruling European power on both sides of the Strait. The western bounding Indian districts, and Ceylon itself, only came finally into the power of the British, long after the departure of the English Governor Palk. It seems curious therefore, that at a time of bitter competition between the two Powers, when the British had but a precarious footing in the locality, the Dutch should have thus favoured one of their English rivals; or, that the latter should have been able to appropriate to themselves by name, a piece of sea dominated by the opposing power. It appears more probable, that the English, afterwards taking advantage of the similarity in name—or perhaps unaware of the previous existence of Valek—appro- priated the honour in favour of their countryman. It may be of interest to state that the Tamil name of the strait is Pakkukkuda kadal. Rk. 1. P. No. TV. Sir,—To what a strait has Governor Palk been reduced when a member of the Service to which he once belonged passes him over without remark, and makes a present of what was apparently his only chance of immortality (on this earth at least, to his Dutch neighbour and contem- porary ! It is clear from the letter of “‘ RI.P.” in your issue of the 17th inst. that it is Dr. Maclean and not Mr. Rea, who is responsible for the error. This however, merely adds force to my illustra- tion of the saying about the prophet and _ his own country ; tor now it appears that not one, but two, Madras officials were ignorant of the fact that there was a Governor of Madras last century, named Palk. This circumstance also shows how soon even a Governor may be forgotten, and that he may not escape oblivion even he has given his name to a strait and a bay. Had it been a street or a square in Madras, his chances of remembrance would perhaps have been better, though in Colombo one or two former rulers of the Colony have recently been deprived even of that chance, I still venture to call Dr. Maclean’s deriva- tion of the name an error, I am nob aware whether he gives any reasons for it; but some strong reasons would seem to be necessary to get over the awkward facts, first that the Dutch Governors name was not Palk, but Falck or Valck and that it is hardly likely that within a century the name of the Strait would have alvered from the one to the other, and secondly, that there was a Governor of Madras Jast century whose name does not require any alteration to make it suit the derivation. Why go in search ef a Dutch Governor whose name requires such alteration when there was an English Governor on «the spot, so to speak, whose name requires none. These seem to me strong enough reasons for preferring the latter, and sufficient even without any authority until stronger reasons are shown to the contrary. ‘‘R. 1. P.” however wants to know who my authority is, and why Dr, Maclean’s statement should be “ eclipsed” by his. Dr. Isaac Taylor, whom I quoted as my autho- rity but whom apparently ‘‘R. IL. P.” has never heard of, is the author of “* Words and Places ” and is, I believe, looked upon as something of an authority on this subject. He is possibly as well known in the literary and philological world as Dr. Maclean “late member of the Madras Civil Service.” “R. I, P.”s other argument is irresistible. He asks trinmphantly ‘‘why has ‘‘X.” delayed fo take action all these (seventeen) years”? It has not occurred to him that although Dr. Maclean’s Manual has been praised by such a learned Governor as Sir M. E. Grant-Daff, even that has not been sufficient to make it a text-book among the English residents of Ceylon. Iheir study is but little upon ‘‘ District Manuals of Adminis- tration.” Our libraries do not keep this one, apparently because there is no more demand for it than there is for our local productions } of the same sort. It was only upon the appearance of Mr. Rea’s monumental work, which gave some promise of permanency, (aere peren- nius) to the 17-year old error, that it was possible for ‘X.’ to ‘* take action,” for the simple reason that he had never heard of the error before. It is curious that the two rival candidates for the honour were fora ha or two contemporaries in office, Governor Palk of Madras roling from 1763 to 1767 and Governor Falck of Ceylon from. 1765 to 1785. No. Y. WE are pleased to have the following decisive note from Sir. M. E. Grant-Duff. Writing from Lexden Park, Colchester, on the 2nd September,. he says :— J “‘T find from the best possible authority that there is no doubt whatever that Governor Palk gave his name to Palk’s Straits. There seems reason to believe that the name was suggested by Rennell who seems to have surveyed the Straits and their neighbourhood as a very young man when he first came to India after leaving the- Navy in which he began life.” _ r wi (375) “Monumental Remains of the Dutch East India Company in the Presidency of Madras ;” By ALEXANDER REA, Archeological Survey of India: (New Imperial Series, vol. 25.) Tuk following is a very interesting work to us in Ceylon. In chapters i. and ii. the writer gives a history of the origin and decline of the trade of the Company in the Hast. It is stated that in 1672, Philip Baldores, a Dutch. Missionary from Ceyion visited Masulipatnam. The reference is clearly to Philip Baldaeus. The year referred to is the date of the publication, at AmsSerdam, of his work on Ceylon and the Malabar coast, and the correct date would therefore have been earlier. The references from this work are loosely translated, the writer evidently not having the original work in Dutch before him, but a trans- lation, Chapter iii. treats of the 18th century. The origin of the numerous Portuguese names found among the Sinhalese is incidentally dis- cussed and it is stated that Palk’s Strait ‘‘com- memorates the name of a Dutch Governor.” The reference is perhaps to Governor Valek. Chapter iy. treats of the most interesting part of the work, the monumental remains, especially “the tombstones, of which many sketches, with coats ofarms, appear. The translations of some are faulty. Plate ii. contains the epitapth of Johannes Kruyf Predikant who died 23rd April, 1664, at Negapatnam. This is not translated. Baldaeus, whose friend he was, refers to him in his work at pages 118 and 155 giving a letter, dated 13th October, 1662, written by Kruyf about the massacre of the Rev. Hambroeck at Formosa. At p. 155 Baldaens states that Kruyif died in the island of Yajovan but the fact remains that his tomb isin Negapatnam. Elizabeth de Pape is said, on her tomb, to have been the first Dutch lady buried in Negapatnam, evidently th2 daughter of Rev. Nathaniel de Pape referred to by Baldaeus at page 155. Some of the tombstones are interesting to the Dutch descendants in Ceylon. Abraham Dor- mieux, whose descendants made alliances with many of the leading families during the Dutch period was married according to plate VI to Margareta Maartensz, the eldest daughter of Jan Maartensz van Suchtelen and his wife Gertruida Pietersz. The van Suchtelen family seems, at this period, to have adopted the surname Maar- tensz. Capt. Pieter TNR HeRGS? of Rotterdam (plate XXI) lies buried at Pulicat. Plate XXV refers to one Sara Lindeborn, daughter of Hercules Lindeborn ‘‘ Captain of the Burghers in Colombo,” The epitaph in plate XXIX is that of Abraham Mendis ‘‘free merchant” born in the city Vete- cotta. Plate XXXVII refers to Petronella Jacoba Leembruggen of Colombo the wife of Nicolaas Tadama, chief of Pulicat. She was the daughter of Henricus Leembruegen, the chief of the cinna- mon department in Ceylon. At Sadras there lie buried (plate XLIIT) Barent Clebout ‘ Chief Captain and Major of the Ceylon military forces’’ and Reynier Jacovsz de Vos, his wife, Catherina Maria Davidsz, and children, Reynier Jacobsz, was the son of Reynier de Vos Dissave of Matara, who afterwards in 1694 was Admiral of the Return Fleet under whose flag the Rey. Francois Valen- tyn (the great historian of the Dutch East Indies) performed his first voyage ‘‘ home.” There is also the epitaph of Esther Classina (plate LIV) wife of Mr. Jacob Pieter de Neys chief of S adras, At Tuticoreen there lie Luried Fraucina Lydia Giffening,, the wife of F. C. van Spall (plate LIX.) and Pieter Hollebeck, who was born in Pulis cat (Plate LV). The above are a few of the tomb- stones which I have selected as being of the greatest interest to those in Ceylon. Plate XII contains the following :— “In the year 1777 and on the orders of the honourable and ruling governor Reynier van Vlissingen this pagoda was rebuilt.” It is a pity that all the epitapbs are not trans- lated and that the references, in such a work, should be to translations and not to the original Dutch sources. The coats of arms are not dis- cussed from a genealogical and heraldic point of view although there is much scope for such a treatment of them. The writer says by way of quotation that at Masulipatnam even ‘‘ the grave stone of an obscure schipper or sea captain, probably not of degree to vear coat armour has an effigy of the deceased, with a three cor- nered hat and long coat familiar in old illustra- tions.” There is no sketch of this tombstone given. It is probably because the schipper was not of degree to bear coat armour that he had to rest satisfied with his etligy, three cornered hat and long coat, unless the writer considers that these constituted his coat of arins. Part Ill treats of Indo-Dutch Coinage and plate LXiII contains sketches of 45 coins. Vv. a ae Mr. Horatio John Suckiing: AUTHOR OF “CEYLON: BY AN OFFICHR, LATE OF TH& CEYLON RIFLES.” Croydon, June 29. WHEN, in 1876, there was published in London, in two volumes, a work entitled ‘‘Ceylon: A General Description of the Island, Historical, Physical, Statistical. Containing the most recent information. By an Officer, late of the Ceylon Rifles,” there was much speculation regarding the identity of the author, which was concealed under the initials ‘H.S.” at the end of the preface. Many were the guesses ; but none, I believe, was right. In 1893, however, I sent a note to the Monthly Literary Register, stating that in a list of works on Ceylon appended to “Palms and Pearls,’ by Alan Walters (London, 1892), there was the following: ‘‘ Suckling, Capt. H. ‘Ceylon Ancient and Modern,’ Lond., 1876.” I pointed out that this evidently referred to the work by ‘‘ an officer” &e.; and asked if the identification were correct, No reply to my query appeared; but a little later I sent another note to the M.L.R. regarding a little book by “H.S.” entitled ‘‘ Anti-Darwin,” issued in 1886 and again in 1887. Since then [ have often desired an opportunity of meeting the writer ; and this opportunity I have had today, when ITealled on Mr. Suckling at his residence. I had expected to find him rather advancel in years ; but was surprised to find him still in the prime of life, though itis over forty years since he left Ceylon. [He is not a ‘‘Captain,” by the way: his brother Horace was Captain in the 90th Perth- shire in Ceylon in 1837; and he himself was an ensign in that regiment in Ceylon in 1844, though ( %8 }) then employed in the R.E. Dept. Afterwards he joined the Ceylon Kifles.} I asked Mr. Suckling why he had not put his name on the title-page of his book; and he replied that he preferred not to, as on account of his mall py Ceylon so long before, critics might be prejudiced against it. I remarked to him that he seemed to have been an omnivorous reader; and he replied that he had a gift for languages, and also the faculty of extracting the cream fiom books by skimming them. I was sorry to learn from him that he had made nothing by his book; partly owing to the fact that soon after its publication Messrs. ‘Chapman and Hall gave up business. Mr. Suckling added that he thought it would have been better if he had confined himself to a commentary on Tennent’s works, instead of writing a full des- eription of Ceylon. His book, he admitted, contained many errors; and he showed me a copy of it he has in sheets with a very laree mnuniber of corrections, which would make it practically a new work. He has not been able to find a publisher for this revised edition ; and speaks of leaving it to the British Museum Library, I mentioned his little work ‘* Anti-Darwin”; and he told me that he had printed it himself, having a supply of types, He was kind enough to present me with a copy of the revised edition. Mr. Suckling is evidently a strong anti-Darwinian ; and he showed me a number of newspaper cuttings on the subject. He was interested in hearing of the changes that have taken place in Ceylon since his time ; and he vigorously denounced “Lipton” and other tea dealers as ruining Ceylon tea by their low prices. Mr. Suckling seemed gratified by my visit, saying that it was a rare thing for him to see anyone from Ceylon. D. F. — eee Interesting Discoveries in the Fort Ramparts, Colombo. A correspondent writes :—‘‘ The local papers have lately announced that the coolies who were ex- eavating under the foundation of Mr. Kyle’s old offices adjoining the Wharf premises have discovered human bones, old cannon and shells, aud a slab of rock upon which is engraved a shield with a semi-defaced device upon it, sur- mounted by a Maltese cross, with the year 1501 ‘on the side of the rock. ‘© What has been unearthed is a large boulder (not a slab of rock) on the face of which the shield and cross are engraved, This boulder must have been in its present position when the engraving was made on it, and at its foot must have been buried some distinguished Portuguese vobleman. During the occupation of the island by the Dutch, the ground on which the boulder stands must have been filled up and buildings erected on it, so that after remaining for over two centuries underground, the boulder has again ‘seen the light of day. “Tt is not easy to understand how the year 1501 eame to be engraved on the rock when it is borne in mind that the Portuguese formed settle- ments on the West and South of the island only in the year 1505! It may not be generally known that the first Catholic chapel in Colombo was built by the Portuguese ‘near the spot where the boulder was found, and that the sur!-beaten shore was used for the sepulture of the dead. The first Primate of the Church, Jo& de Montare, was buried there. “The chapel at Galle Back having become dilapi- dated, a new chapel was built ou what is now known as the Racquet Court, the ground around it being usel for the burial of the dead. This chapel was in course of time dismantled and a large aud handsome churel: built on Wolfendahl hill, which was known as—A igreya de nossa noyna de Guadalupe (The Chareh of our Lad of Guadalupe), but when the Dutch Chure which was standing on the site of the present Gordon Gardeus was dismantled, the Catholie church was moved to Kotahena and the present Dutch charch bnilt on the site of the Roman Catholic chureh.” Mr. De Vos of Galle writes:—On a compari- son of sketches of the Portuguese arms and of the discovered stone, I should say that the stone bears the arms of Portugal. Is*or (or 1501) should not however be rashly taken for 1501. It may stand for 1.8.0.1.,—Jesus Salvator Orientalium Indi- corum or some such religions motto, which the Portuguese were so fond of adopting. The matter requires further looking into. If the stone is cleaned and a correct sketch or photograph taken of it, perliaps something can be made of it. I hope it will be removed to the Museum. ——__o——___ The Portuguese Court-of-Arms. Srr,—In the Sessional Papers, Ceylon, 1891 (Antiquarian Kesearch, Kégalla), there is found an illustration of a stone slab bearing the Royal Arms of Portugal, found at Menikkada- wara. In my last letter to yon, I described the escutcheons as placed cross-wise in the shield on the reck in the Colombo Fort. I find that these charges are not cross, but saltire-wise, on the Kegalle stone, and it may well be (as I made no sketch of it) that they are similarly placed in the arms on the Colombo rock. Mr. Bell in his report cites Comeons’ (Lusiad Canto III. 53, 54) description of the arms of Portugal. The words of Comeons are as follows :-— LIIL. Aqui pinta no branco escudo usano, Que agora esta victoria certifica, Cinco esendos azues esclarecidos Em signal destes cinco Reis vencidos, LIV. ¥E nestes cinco escudos pinta os trinta Dinheiros, porque Deos fora vendido Escrevendo a memoria em yaria tinta Daquelle, de quem foi favorecido: Em cada hum dos ciuco cinco pinta : Porque assi fica 0 numero cumprido Contando duas vezes o do meio Dos cinco azues, que em cruz pintando veio. Now, according to this description of Comeons, the eseutcheons (azure) were depicted cross-wise (que em cruz pintando veio). It is strange therefore that they should be saltire-wise on the Kegalla slab—a heraldic blunder which perhaps some of your correspondents will be able to explain.— Yours truly, F. De VOS. os LITERARY REGISTER SUPPLEMENT. [Under this heading, in future, we mean to give a four page “Supplement” with our Tropical Agriculturist, from time to time as there is matter of sufficient value, so to be preserved.] MARCH, i1s99. The Archseolozicai Survey of ro) Ceyion. (Report presented to the Ceylon Legislative Council, Jan. 19th 1899.) The Committee were instructed by Your Excellency to consider—as they understand the terms—tiie whole question of the Archeological Survey of Ceylon, in particular “the system which should be adopted and the extent to which if should be pursued.” Ifo these two points—the system and the extent— the Committee have directed their recommendations. They have found it necessary to base their recom- méndations as to the system to be pursued on an exumination of the system hitherto adopted and an estimate of the results thus far attained. As tothe extent to whichit should be carried, two distinct ques- tious have arisen—that of the scale of the work from year to year and that of its probable duration. They hope to be excused if, in exp!aining the grounds of their conclusions, they have necessarily included the statement of many things with which Your Hxeeilency is perfectly familiar. SYSTEM HITHERTO ADOPTED. By the original instructions given by Sir A. Gordon in 1690, the work consists of two parts, survey and excxyation. Under the former head Mr. Bell includes as i‘ Cirenit work” exploring, examining mapping, and describing the ancient sites and making copies of ancient inscriptions outside main centres of oper- ation ( Mr. Bell’s letter to Colonial Secretary of March - 20 1897, paragraph 6). The method of working has been to search sys- tematically certain areas—a whole Province for in- stance—with sufficient thoroughness to ascertain ex- haustively what monuments or ruins it contains; then to explore in cetail* any smaller areas which have been found to contain ruins of importance; finally thoroughly to dig up the sucface in the actual site of monuments, to remove the soil by which they may be covered, and in some cases—to replace fallen blocks and re-arrange or ‘reset ’’ the structure. Restoration has not, in any case, been attempted. To the Circuit Work,’ Mr. Bell has devoted, as arule, about four months of each year, (chiefly the dry months, which in the North Central Province are August, September and October,) while excavation has been carried on under his immediate supervision during about eight months, For the management * This was done in Anuradhapura by driving parallel lines throngh the forest within defined areas, et a ay of from 40 to 60 ft. (First Progress port. of the labour force he has had frcm time to time European Assistants; but these being poorly paid, never remained long, and since 1895 he has had none. For two years (1891—92) he had the general assis- tance of Myr. De Zilva Wickramasinghe, who is now in England. But the work has not hitherto been divided ; ncething considerable has been undertaken but what Mr. Bell himself could personally superin- tend. Hehas employed three skilled draughtsmen and a skilled overseer for surveys and for the mechanical work connected with copying inscriptions, and has himself undertaken the necessary photography. ‘‘Pro- gress Reporis ”’ have been issued from time to time* which have been printed as Sessional Papers, with lithographs of buiidings and works of art, plans and elevations, carvings, &c. All inscriptions found have been copied, and a good many haye been published with translations in the Reporis. RESULTS. The Committee think that the system which has been thus described has been proved by its results to be a good system, and further, that the results hitherto obtained are a good return for the labour and money expended. In Anuradhapura there have been brought into such clear light, as now to be easily studied in detail by any visitor, monuments of ancient arf and historical records which must other- wise have remained either altogether unseen or quite unintelligible. Those in Sigiriya, though less access- able, are of similar, and in some respects of unique, interest. The monnments thus brought to light consist chiefly of very ancient buildings, in many instances ranged in streets or grouped in sacred enclosures round the dagabas or domed relic-chambers characteristic of Buddhism—buildings often adorned with elaborate and varied carvings, besides statues and inscribed pillars, slabs, and panels. These monuments are not only such as to astonish the tourist by their extent and mass, or delight him by their picturesqneness, but such as to add very appreciably to our knowledge of the past history of the Island, of the institutions of Buddhism, and of the phases of art. The value of this information is not merely that which would attach to the isolated records of the antiquities ofa small island, but is to be estimated in its bearing on the results of similar researches in India with which, alike in history, in religious institutions, and in art, the relations of Ceylon have been close and continuous. * Report on the Kegalla District (Province of Sabaragamuwa) ; First, Second, Third, Fourth, Fifth, Sixth and Seventh Reports on Anuradhapura and the North-Central Province; and Interim Reports (three) on operations at Sigiriya (Central Province) 1895, 1896, 1897. ( 10 ) PROSECUTION OF THE SURVEY RECOMMENDED. The Committee therefore recommend the vigorous prosecution of the Archwological Sucvey of Ceylon on thesystem of exploration and excavation hitherto pursued, with only such modifications as are necessary to increase its efficiency. LIMITS OF EFFICIENCY. Believing as they do that the success hitherto attained has been mainly due to the rare union in Mr. Bell of the necessary qualifications—scholarsbip, pov of organisation, and physical strength—and to is unflagging devotion to the work the Committee do not recommend any development of the under- taking beyond what can be directly supervised by Mr. Bell. A LABOUR ASSISTANT NEEDED. Efficiency has been hitherto needlessly limited by Mr. Bell’s having to give much of his attention to the business of engaging, directing, and checking the working parties. ‘’'o relieve him of this, and to enable him to employ a larger force of workmen, the Committee recommend the addition to the staff of a Labour Assistant (Huropean), who would undertake the immediate direction, under Mr. Bell’s orders, of the working parties, MR. WICKRAMASINGHE. It was last year Mr. Bell’s wish to obtain the services of Mr. D. M. do Z. Wickramasinghe as Assistant Commissioner, to assist him upon the spot in all parts of the work, and the Committee recommended that provision should be made for this; but it has not been carried into effect, and it seems now tobe the opinion, both of Mr. Bell and of Mr. Wickramasinghe, that it is better to employ Mr. Wickramasinghe only for the literary treatment of inscriptions and to leave him in London, where he has special facilities for the task and may hope for the aid of Huropean scholars. EPIGRAPHY, Into the question of what Mr. Bell calls ‘‘Epigraphia Zeylanica,” the publication in full with facsimiles and translations of a large selection of the inscriptions, the Committee have not been able to enter far. Mr. Bell considers this branch of his work extremely im- portant, and he urges that it onght here, as in India, to be carried out pari passu with the work of survey and excavation. About the probable expense opinions differ widely. Upon the whole, the Committee are disposed to advise the undertaking, provided that the expense can be kept within the limits of the vote. In giving this advice they are influenced by the authority of the similar Indian Survey, and, even more, by the _ fact that the services of three men, believed to be well qualified for the work—Mr. Bell, Gunasekara Mudaliyar, and Mr. Wickramasinghe—are just now available. The Committee adopt therefore Mr. Bell’s later suggestion, and recommend that Mr. Wickramasinghe _be appointed to do the epigraphical work in London and thatGunasekara Mudaliyar be instructed to verify or revise Mr. Wickramasinghe’s conclusions. PRIVISION FOR EMPLOYMENT OF MORE WORKMEN. Should Mr. Bell, with his hands thus strengthened, be found tobe ina position to enter upon more ex- tended and fuller exploration than is now the case, he should, in the opinion of the Committee, receive a more libera! vote, and they recommend that any actual increase of the vote that may be granted should be strictly devoted to this purpose—the employment ’ of increased labour force. LIMIT OF EXPENSE. The Committee do not, however, think that the more liberal vote need for the present exceed R35,000 or 36,000 a year, and should in no circumstances exceed R40,000 a year, exclusive of the salary and al- ‘Towance of Mr. Bell. Inthe Estimates of Expenditure _ the vote for ‘Archeological Parposes’’ is shown as a — lump sum. This, the Committee think should be divided the items for general archmological purposes © being shown separately from the item to cover salary andallowance of the Archwological Commis- siover, PRESERVATION OF MONUMENTS. = Before leaving this part of their subject, the Com- mittee would strongly recommend that, where the work of exploration or excavation on any site is com- pleted, it should not be allowed, throngh want of care, to lapse into jungle, but that provision should be made for its careful preservation. AN APPROXIMATE ESTIMATE OF DURATION NOT IMPOSSIBLE. reason ; ‘“‘ Mahawansa,”’ Rajawaliya,” and “ Rajaratnakera,” with some smaller local histories) specify with much detail—for those periods which they treat at length— the royal cities, sacred edifices, works of irrigation, and even roads, resthouzes, and roadside pillars which were erected or restored in those periods. The monuments which have been discovered are, without any important exception found to be in such ylaces and of such sort asthe histories might have prepared us to expect; in fact, nothing has been more remarkable about these discoveries than the degree in which they have confirmed tbe native his- tories, and since the historians give us reason to believe that the periods which they pass over briefi were peciocs of decadence or of disturbance, in whic no works of magnitude were undertaken, it is possible to say with justifiable confidence that the discovery of important monuments beyond those which they men- tion is very improbable. PROBABLE CENTRES OF DISCOVERY. From the study of the histories it appears—as the Committee are informed—that Anuradhapura and Polonnaruwa were by far the most important seats of civilizations during the periods when the Sinhalese civilisation and the royal power were at their highest; that Sigiriya was the scene of great works, for a short period; that Tiseamaharama was fer centuries the capital of the kingdom of Ruhuna, inthe south-east of the Island; and that at later dates Yapahuwa, Dambadeniya and other places were seats of Govern- ment of minor importance. It is with the first three of these that the Archwological Survey has already been chiefly engaged, and for the reasons just given, the Committee are convinced that it is not to be in- ferred from the length of time spent upon these three sites that the survey of the rest of Ceylon will involve auything like a proportionate outlay time and money. They further observe that in the case of several of the places which were once important, cnlti- vation and private property make the method of ex- cavation quite inapplicable; such are the cases of Kurunegala, Gampola, and Kotte; while the method would be only partially applicable in such places as Hanguranketa or Dambadeniya. It is only in Polonnaruwa, Tissamaharama, and Yapahuwa—of the royal sites—that any work at all like that done at Anuradhapura could be carried out. In view of these considerations, the Committee are prepared to accept, as founded up»n sound data and pretty sure to be approximately correct, estimate of time which has been put before them. PROBABLE NUMBER OF YEARS. Mr, Bell reckons as necessary for the rest of what is to be done in Anuradhapura and Mihintale six years (of about eight months’ work each), and to Pa- lonnarawa he assigns four. No other single place, except Tissamaharama, is thoughtlikely to take any very considerable time. And Mr. Bell’searlier estimate for Tissamaharama may he much reduced in view, of the opinion of Mr, Parker, who has; himself already partially explored it. But without at all insisting on the details of the estimate, the Committee conclude on the whole, from what they have learnt from Mr. t (ky) Bell and Mr. Parker aud from the progress made hitherto, that the Archwological Survey of Ceylon, is carried on under such conditions as at present, may be completed within a period of from fifteen to twenty years. NO PROVISION AT PRESENT RECOMMENDED FOR A SUCCESSOR TO MR. BELL. If itis asked how will this survey be carried on if Mr. Bell, before fifteen or twenty years are passed, is unable or unwilling to remain init, to that question the Gommittee are not prepared togive an answer. Mr. Bell has recommended (in his letter of July, 1898) the appointment now of an Assistant Archsolo- gical Commissioner, who, as well as both helping him now and acting for him in case of absence, should be trained to be hereafter his successor. Ale suggests that a junior member of the Civil Service should be selected for this post. For reasons into which they need not fully enter, this has not appeared to the Committee a practi- cable course. They do not think that an Assistant Commissioner will be needed to help Mr. Bell, if their recommendations as to the Labour Assistant and the Epigraphist are adopted; and they do not think it practical to look, in so limited a list of names as that of the younger CivilServants, for one who would have both the qualifications and the inclination essential for such an office. They would prefer to hope that Mr. Bell may be able for many years to direct the work: and that if he has to leave it, some one may be found, by seeking if mecessary in a wider field, to take his plece. Should some interruption of the work inevitably take lace at such a time, it is not a work which would e ruined, though it could not but suffer somewhat, by temporary intermission. The Committee conclude by expressing their con- viction that Your Excellency’s Government may ba congratulated on the results which the survey has thus far attained, and their hope that it will be efficiently carried forward. F. T. Hozson, Major-General. W T. Tarror. R. 8. Cotomso. FRANK MoppDER @ Colombo, September 25th, 1898. (A Review from the Journal of the Royal Institute of British Architects, Noy. 12.) ARCHHOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CEYLON. REPORTS X, XII, XIII, XIX. BY H. C..P. BELL, C.C.S., ARCHAZOLOGICAL COMMISSIONER, COLOMBO, 1893-1896. Report xix. has been already noticed in these pages,* and also some of Mr. Bell’s earlier Reports.+ These Yeports are amply illustrated with maps, plans, sections, and reproductions from photo- graphs ; thereproductions, although of a very rude and primitive kind, yet convey a distinct enough idea of the architectural forms. Mr. Bell still continues his explorations at Anuradhapura. As this place may not be very familiar to most readers, it will perhaps be as well to repeat that it was the ancient capital of Ceylon, and that it enjoyed that dignity for about a thousand years—that is, from about 500 B.c, till about 500 a.p. Daring that period the ‘‘ Island of Gems ” was ina flour- ishing state, and the resources being plentiful, large numbers of architectural structures were pro- duced. These included palaces, monasteries, and dagabas, the last mentioned monuments, perhaps with the exception of Boro Boddor in Java, and one at Mengum in Burmah, being the largest of the kind in the East. The remains of the old city, * Journal, 16th February 1893. } Journal, 27th August 1891 ; 29th September 1892 and 165th February 1894. which covered many miles of ground, now lie under an accumulation of soil and forest growth, the increase of centuries, during which the place has been deserted. All this has to be removed before anything becomes visible to the explorer, and still more has to be dug out in order to realise what has been found. Sometimes, during the monsoon, the ground is a swamp ; and when there is no rain, the soil becomes hard as iron, when digging is all but impossible. In the midist of these ditticulties Mr. Bell has been “ pegeing away,” and doing good work, but although he has cleared out a good many sites, it cannot be said that he has come upon much that is new. ‘The type of each kind of structure had become so firmly fixed, that any fresh find seems to be only a repetition of the one that had been explored betore. This will explain how it chances there is very little that is new to record. Ancient roads have been traced and these help so farin working out the original plan of Anuradhapura ;_ more copper plaques with inscriptions have also been come upon and these Mr, Bell considers will be not only valuable for the paleography of Ceylon, but in addition they will give a sure period from which the dates backwards and forwards of architectural remains can now be more safely worked out. In his Indian and Eastern Architecture, p. 219, Fergusson gives the plan of a temple at Aiwull, and at p. 221, the plan of a temple at Pittadkul ; these were first discovered and drawn by Dr. Burgess. Fergusson naturally attached considerable importance to them from their resemblance to the Chaitya halls of the Buddhists, from which he thought they were derived. Ifthe plan of Vihare, No. 2, at Pankuliya, in Mr. Bell’s Report, xiii, pl. xvi., is looked at, and also Vihara, No. 2, at the Vijayarama monastery in Report x., pl. xil., the resemblance in then: to the plans of Dr. Burgess appears to be. very close; the Pankuliya example and the Pittadkul temple might be des- cribed as almost identical. The walls in both cases are rectangular, and both have the same pradakshina or cireamambulating path. The Cey- lon structure is what the local phraseology calls a pilima-ge, oc ‘‘image-house””; it contained a seated tigure of Buddha, and does not appear to have been developed froma Chaitya hall. Still, the type may have been derived from the South of India for Aiwulli is supposed to date from the seventh century A.D., and the buildings at Pan- kuliya are as late as perhaps the ninth or tenth century. Still, if the Buddhists had “image-houses” in Ceylon, it is highly probzble that they had similar houses or temples of that character In India, and that possibility raises a slight shade of doubt about Fergusson’s theory of origin for the Aiwulli and Pittadkul temples. I do not consider that he was far wrong, but we had better wait for further discoveries in order to be certain of the exact conditions of the develop- ment. Writers on Indian archewology apply the word “ Vihara” exclusively to the places where the Buddhist monks dwelt, to distinguish such strue- tures from Chaitya halls or Stupas ; butia Ceylon the same word—although slightly different in spelling—Vihare, is applied to a pilimd-ge or image-house, which is a temple and not a resl- dence. Wishing to know exactly what this word means, I wrote to Professor Rhys Davids, whose high proficiency asaSanskrit authority 1s so well known, and I here give the answer he hasjkindly favoured me with, as it may be of value to others. “ery tatib ig) Sa RE RS © al i RE * Report xii. p 16 ("ms ) ‘‘In the old texts—the Pitaka texts—vihara always means a ce. It comes from viharati, “to dwell, to remain,’ and means a cell, or hut, because the Bhikshu, dwelt, remained there. In Ceylon, however, and [ believe also in Burmah, the word was extended to the whole of a religious site, so that dagaba, image-house, and cells, all tovether, form a vihara. It isnot krown when this use of the word began; probably very late, tenth or twelfth century A.D.” From this it will be evident that this Sanskrit word when used in Sinhalese archzology must be understood in a different sense from what it is in India. Already we have a case of the same kind—what is known in India as a ‘‘ Stupa” is always called adagaba in Ceylon. Parivena, ac- cording to Mr. Bell’s glossary, is the Ceylon word tor a monk’s residence ; or Pansala, irom pan, a ‘leaf,’ and sala, a ‘ hall,” or ‘ house: ” this last word is well enough known in India, for it was used to express the leafy bower to which a Brahman retired when he reached a cer- tain age, so that he might, in his last years prepare himself in this world for absorption into the next. Mr. Bell has some remarks* on the succession of animals which occur on the moonstones—moon- stones, ib may be explained, are large semicircular slabs at the foot of steps leading to dagabas or ‘amage-houses ; the animals are the elephant, lion, horse, and bull; sometimes the hansa or goose figures among them. ‘This succession of animals appears also occasionally in Brahmanical arehi- tecture. In reviewing Mr. Smither’s work on Anuradhapura, I pointed out that they were found in tiers or large mouldings round the base of the temple at Hullabid ; also, that they were known in Buddhist architecture, from Fa Hian’s ‘description of the great rock-cut monastery in the Dekhan. Mr. Bell is no doubt right in his iden- tification of these animals with those of the saered Anotatta-vila lake. Lake Manasarovar, which is equally sacred with the Bralimans, and is probably the same as Anotatta-vila, has the four animals, and they are the sources, or mouths, from which flow four rivers—the Indus, Sutlej, Brahmaputra, and the Ghogra. It may also be accepted, as Mr. Bell suggests, that these four animals represented the four quarters, or the cardinal points. The Brahmanic mythology has four gods of the quar- ters; in Egypt, the Four Genii of Amenta origi- nated from the four quarters; and the four cheru- * Journal, 1895, Vol. II. p. 456. bic forms were, in the Christian church, given the four evangelists; the reason for the gos- pels being, according to Irenseus, that there were ‘four zones” in the world, and “ four prineipal winds,” which means the cardinal points. These four creatures, which bear some resemblance in the instances just given, may have had their first origin in the four quarters of the Zodiac, which is perhaps the most probable guess, but we may haveto wait for further knowledge from euneiform, - or even the earlier Akkadian inscriptions, before anything like certainty can be assumed on the subject. Report xiii, in addition to some details about Anuradhpura, contains an account of “cirenit work,” or a tour in the North-Central Provinee, which gives us glimpses of the old bunds or dams for storing water; their number and great size ex- plains the ample fertility which Ceylon at one time enjoyed when it was a prosperous country. As we may say it was the Nile, from the ferti- lity it produced, that built the pyramids and the vast temples of Egypt, so it was these artificial lakes that supported a great city like Anuradhapura, and constructed the extensive mon- asteries and huge dagabas whose very magnitude almost defy Mr. Bell and his limited means to ex- plore them. Amongst these reservoirs the Pada- viyavewa had amongst its titles that of Maha Sagara or “The Great Sea,” aud its size may be roughly guessed when it is stated that the embankment which retained its waters was about three miles in Jength. This embankment, aud others almost as large, have long ago had breaches in them, and the ground has been left iu the condition of an unhealthy swamp, the abode of fevers and wild beasts. WILLIAM SIMPSON, —_——_—_——_—___—_—. “CEYLON ARCHZ LOGICAL SURVEY.— We (Editor L.R.) have to call attention to the capable, well- informed Review by Mr. Wm. Simpsen of Mr. H. C. P. Bell’s Reports on his Archzeological work. The review appears in the ‘‘ Journal of the Royal Institute of British Architects” and makes interesting reading. We are surprised, however, that Mr. Simpson in his enumeration of stu- pendous remains in Burmaand Java as -vell as in Ceylon, makes no reference to those of Cambodia. Mr. Simpson’s speculation over the resemblance between certain temples in India and Viharas in Ceylon is interesting. Perhaps Mr. Bell may have something to say on several questions raised in the review. LITERARY REGISTER SUPPLEMENT: AND CEYLON “NOTES AND QUERIES.” [Under this heading, in future, we mean to give a four or eight page ‘‘Supplement*’ with our Tropical Agriculturist, from quarter to quarter, according as there is matter of sufficient value, so to be preserved. | JUNE, isg9. THE ROYAL ASIATIC SOCIETY. THE CEYLON BRANCH ANNUAL MEETING. The annual general meeting of the members of the Ceylon Branch of the ‘Royal Asiatic So- ciety was held on the 23rd Feb. at the Library of the Colombo Museum, the Bishop of Co- lombo, President of the Society, occupying the chair. The others present were :—Messrs. Ph. Freudenberg, F. H. Price, Captain Rutherford, Messss. E. Booth, G. H. Suhren, J. and R. H. Ferguson, Dr. Saravanamuttu, Messrs. C. Drieberg, S.C. Rudra, G. C. Warr, F. Tis- saverasinghe, Ph. Morgappah, A. E. Buult- jens, R. G. Anthonisz, P. A. Henderson, #. Crosbie Roles (Hony. Treasurer), and J. Harward and Gerard A Joseph, MHony. Secretaries. The minutes of the previous meeting were read by Mr. HARWARD, and confirmed. Mr. Harward next read THE ANNUAL REPORT. (See summanz'y and extracts below.) On the motion of Mr, FREUDENBERG se- conded by Mr. HENDERSON, the report was adopted. OFFICE-BEARERS. The following were elected office-bearers for the current year, on the motion of My. PRicE (who referred to the good services already rendered by most of the gentlemen in the list) seconded by Mr. C. Dri«BERG. PRESIDENT.—The Bishop of Colombo. VICE-PRESIDENTS.—The Hon. Mr. Justice Lawrie and Mr. Staniforth Green. Counciu.—Mr. W. P. Ranasinghe, Dr. W. G. VanDort, Mr. E. S. W. Senathi Rajah, Mr. C. M. Fernando, ‘Mr. A. Haly, Mr. P. Freudenberg, Mr. J. Ferguson, Mr. P. Coomaraswamy, Mr. F. H. Modder, Mr. F. M. Mackwood, Mr. J. P. Lewis, and My. H. White. Hony. TREASURER.—Mr. F. Crosbie Roles. Hony. SECRETARIES.—Mr, H.C. P. Bell, Mx. J. Harward, and Mr. Gerard A. Joseph. The CHAIRMAN returned thanks and referred to the good work done by the Treasurer in the disagreeable task of getting in arrears due by certain members, and also to the great interest taken by the Secretaries, now the least by him who is ata distance. He felt that one improvement would be the election of another President (cries of No, no.) by which means a presidential address might be se- cured. In such Societies elsewhere, an an- nual address of the kind was the rule, but then there was a change in the chair every year. However, as they had re-elected him, he would do what he could for the Society with the aid of the Council and office-bearers. (Applause). PORTUGAL'S MARK OF POSSESSION AT COLOMBO. Mr. G. A. JosEPuH, Secretary, then read the Correspondence which had taken place in the local press and otherwise over the discovery of a Portuguese coat-of-arms with date 1501 inscribed on a rock at the site of the old Breakwater Office in the Fort of Colombo. One of the most apposite extracts is as follows :— Extract G. 1505 a.p.—And therefore Don Lourence asked some veople of the country (Colombo) to come, and with their consent heset up a Padrao of stone on a boulder, and on it he ordered to inscribe a device to show that he had come there and discovered that I-land. Since Hercules cannot boast to himself with regard to the Padraces of his discovery ; Gonzalo Gonzalves, who was the engineer of the work, had in this matter so great giory, since ho placed his own name at the foot of it. And so Gonzalo Gonzalves became more truly the architect of that column than Heronles of the many which the Greeks attribute to him in their writing. (Deo, I., lib. X,, chap. V., p. 495.) In the discussion which followed, the Bishop, Messrs. Harward, Buultjens, and Price, &c., took part.—Mr. Harward in- clines to the view of Mr. de Vos of Gaile that the cross and lettering (not figures or date) were added to the boulder long after the coat-of-arms. Mr. Buultjens strongly supported the view that the date (1501) be- longed to the coat-of-arms. Mr. Price had inspected the stone and considered that dii- ferent workmanship probably at different ( 14 ) times was represented in the coat-of-arms, as against the cross and date. The Bishop suggested that it was possible a clever work- man might have worked at the coat-of-arms and an inferior one at the date, and that fur- ther investigation should be directed to com- paring other Portuguese figures of that parti- cular era with those on this boulder and noting whether they were shaped in the same way. A vote of thanks to THE BisHOP for pre- siding was moved by Mr. FERGUSON, who passed a high eulogium on the invaluable services Dr. Copleston had rendered to the local Society as President, and that as it was impossible to make bricks without straw, it rested with the members to hand in more, and interesting, papers, in order to find materials for an annual review or address. (Carried with acclamation). The BisHop, in acknowledging, mentioned that the Secretaries had had a number of Papers lately sent to them, so that there was material in hand for one or two inter- esting meetings. ANNUAL REPORT. The Report mentions some five Papers read during the year; gives the names of 1] new members; of six members resigned; and of five whose names have been removed from the roll; Mr. H. C. P. Bell has been elected an honorary member: three have become life members. The roll now includes 190 members, including 20 life and 10 honorary members. The Council record with regret the deaths of Messrs. Bremner, Lewis Brown, Dr. Pinto, J. Perera and J. Lemphers. The Library had 309 volumes added during the year. The Archeological Commissioner is to continue his annual brief summary of the work done for the Journal of the Society, The accounts shew a balance of R1,418°14 in hand. We quote as follows ;— The Council desrire to once more draw the attention of the Government regarding inadequate accommoda- tion. Additional room is urgently required and the necessity for the enlargement of the building (more especially as regards the Library) has been strongly represented to Government by the Museum Commit- tee. The iusuffiicency for book room has exisisted for gome years now and attention has been called to this fact andthe Government has admitted the need. The difficulty of finding room for the current accessions to the Library become daily greater. A confident expectation is entertained that the long deferred Museum Extension will be shortly undertaken which will alone meet the emergency and relieve the con- gestion apparent everywhere in the Library. The Council regret that this number will not con- tain the continuation of the Archological Commis- sioner’s Interim Reports on Sigiriya, which have formed so interesting a feature in the recent numbers of the Journal. This has been deferred by the Com- missioner so as to include in it an account of his final operations, which are being carried on during the present year. The study of the Archeology of Oeylolon is one of the most important of the objects of this Society and it was mainly due to the activity of this Society that the Government of Ceylon decided to prosecute Archeological research systematically by appointing an Archzeological Commissioner. A_ brief annual summary of the work kindly furnished by the Com- missioner has for some years formed an important feature in the Sooiety’s Annual Report. The Com- missioner has now been called upon to furnish the Government with an annuel Administration Report. We are glad, however, to state that this will not pre- vent him from furnishing the Society with the usual annualsummary, the publication of which-in our Journal gives some information with regard to the progress of the Commissioner's work to many readers who would be unlikely to see the Administration Report. : ARCHEOLOGY The following isthe summary farnished by the Archwological Commissioner of the work done dur- ing. the year 1598:— he Archwological Commissioner fayours the Coun- cil with the following synopsis of work done by the Archeeological Survey during 1898. ANVRADHAPURA.—Comparatively little progress was made at Anuradhapura last year, owing to the absence of the Archeological Commissioner, and his labour- force, at Sigiriya for seven months. Excavations were continued between Ruanveli and Thuparama, and atthe ‘“‘Elala Sohona’’ mound. Un the Y road, a solitary .ruin of brick and mortar was dug. It proves to be an ancient Tamil kovil. Sitcrmrya.—The usual season of four months was prolonged to August, in order to virtually close the operations of the Archwological Survey at Sigiriya. The maluwa, or uppermost terrace, at the foot of the present ladders on the north of the rock, was thoroughly -laid bare—disclosing the claws of the once colossal brick and stucco lion, through whose jaws and body the covered seco, pentane was carried upwards to the summit. The Mahkawanso explanation of the name Sikagiri or “ Lion-reck,” is thus fully justified.* To the west of the rock, the terraces lying betweon the Northern and Southern staircases leading to the gallery, were very completely excavated as well as the caves beneath the boulders scattered round the “‘ Audience Flall rock.” The floor, and inuer wall, of the unique gallery itself have been strongly repaired, to secure them, as far as practicable, against further wear; and the South stairs—the only possible approach now-a-days—par- tially rebuilt fur greater security. The Government has decided to conserve the whole area formerly covered by the ancient Sigtri-Mwuwara; and the jungle will be kept down annually. CIRCUIT. No regular circuit work was attempted in 1898- CLEARING oF JUNGLE AT ANURADHAPURA.—The Gov- ernment, recognising the importance of further open- ing out the jungle-round ruins of Anuradhapura, sanctioned in 1898, an extra vote of R2,000 for the pur- pose. With this sum, and a moiety of the annual grant, the Archological Commissioner was enabled to clear, and burn, 500 acres and upwards of jungle _outside the town. A similar vote has been allowed for the current year. RE-ORGANISATION OF THE ARCHEOLOGICAL SURVEY.— Upon the recommendations of a Commission ap- pointed by His Excellency the Governor which have been approved, the Archzxological Survey will materially strengthened from 1899. A Labour Assistant has, at length, been given to the Commissioner, relieving him of most of the out- door and mechanical work which has hitherto unduly taxed his time for research, and delayed the publica- tion of Progress Reports. In addition, Messrs, D. M.De Z. Wickramasinghe and B. Gunesekara, Mudaliyar have been appointed to assist Mr. Bell in the Epigraphical branch of the Survey, A commencement is to be made at once with the long-contemplated “‘ Epigraphia Zeylanica,”’ or standard work of reference on the ancient lithic record of the Island. —————————_——__——. THE COLOMBO MUSEUM. REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR FOR 1898. NuMBER OF visiTors.—The number of visitors for the year amounted to 111,190. OoNDITION OF THE BUILDING.—In my last report [ stated that the building required re-plainting; it na- turally requires it now still more, and the woodwork is getting into a very bad state. * Mahawanso, XXXIX, 3.. ( 16 ) Furniture.—Lhe Committee ordered two semi-but- tress cases for the east gallery and one insect case. They have also had the copies of the Polonnaruwa frescoes framed. His excellency the Governor also ordered two notice boards to be affixed to the out- side gates. All the cases have been re-fitted with new screws and sockets. A Pusircations.—TLhe printing of the List of Moths is not yet finished, but I hope it will be completed early next year. The new List of Birds has been passed by the Committee On THE User or ForMAL IN PRESERVING ZooLoGicaL Sprecimens.—In my report for 1896, whilst dwelling upon the great utility of formal, Idid not mention its great fault; which however, it shares with alevhol and all other preservative media I have ever tried, viz., its bleaching property. This is specially exhibited in the Crustacea, which really cannot be preserved init for exhibition parposes, as their colours entirely disappear. I tried to check this action by using it in conjunction with various salts, and to a.certain extent they neutra- lize it, but not sufficiently. Pure glycerine can alone be trusted to keep colour, because it excludes air and water. hese ave the destroyers of animal colour, not light. If these can be excluded, light seems to have scarcely any action. A star-fish Oreastes turitus, Lamk was placed in a three-per-cent solution of formal sa- turated with common salt. Its magnificent colour was perfectly preserved for about eighteen months, when it faded suddenly in afew days, and there is now scarcely a trace of it. Auotherspecimen of the same species that has been many years in glycerine has the colour slightly deepened but is not otherwise changed. Epsom salt (sulphate of magnesit) acts iu very differ- ent ways; it is better for Crustacea than common salt, but the colony is not permanently preserved. It has however a most remarkable property; the fugitive blues, greens, and violets of such Wrasses as Gom- hosus are perfectly preserved by it for at east a year. A specimen of Gomphosus cerulcus is exhibited which shows no signs of change; it is in three per cent formal in which Epsom salt has been dissolved till it assumes the specific gravity of milk. It does not preserve the colours of other fish ; in fact quite the contrary, it is very destructive tothem. It seems a good preservative for reptiles. Common salt with formal has entirely supplanted the use of gum and glycerine or carbolicized oil for fish to be mounted in glycerine. The solutionis saturated with saltand the fish placed init for not more than eighteen hours, as after that discolouration proceeds with great rapidity ;they arethen mounted io glycerine. This is anextremely cheap and cleanly process. Travel- lers might, however, prefer the following :— To whatever measure is used to make thethree per cent. formal, mix the same measure of saturated solution of bichromate of potash withit. A few ounces of bichromate do the work of several pounds of salt; at the same time it has the disadvantage of oxidizing the glycerine, and unlessgreat care is taken in washing out the superfluous salt a great waste of glycerine will be incurred. Formal is the only thing that prevents the growth of fungus in solutions of glycerine. I am experimenting on half glycerine and water as a mounting solution. Of all mediums that is the most beautiful. It is not so refractive as pure glycerine, whilst it is much brighter than water and far more so than spirit; and of course there is no evaporation to speak of. It is also easier to protect the specimens from tbe dehydrating power of glycerine, which renders geod mounts in this substance so difficult to prepare ; ut IL fear it will not prove trustworthy with regard to colour, as there is so much water in it. Only a very little formal is required, about one hundred drops to half a gallon, The specimens must be prepared by some process, such as salt or bichromate of potash before being placed in it, other- wise they become distorted. BIRDS.—The arrival of the fourth volume of the “Fauna of British India’ has enabled me to com- plete the re-naming and re-arrangement of the bird collection. Onr cases will not allow of the large waders being arranged in exact accordance witb this work, and I have been mosi unwillingly obliged to place the flamingoes after the Pygopodes instead of before the Anseres. They are however large and conspicuous birds, and I trust that students will suffer little inconvenience from their dispiacement. Two large boxes have been placed in the taxider- mist'’s room for the reception of the large duplicates, such as pelicans and flamingoes. The whole of the duplicates have been carefully re-labelled and re- numbered according to the new catalogue. A great number of the old exhibised specimens have been replaced by new, and I have also commenced renew- ing the duplicates, aud shall continue to do so as quickly as the finances allow. Whilst reviewing the duplicate collection, I took the opportunity of making a careful study of our skuas, which had never been properly determined. REPTILES.—Mr. Swayne has presented anumber of much-needed duplicates. Mr. Todd kindly lent me the skin of the cobra that he shot at Jaffna, 7 feet 9 incheslong. IL was in hopes that it might prove to be the skin of an Ophiophayus, but it is an undoubted Naja tripudians, although by far the largest ever recorded. A good set of Calotes liocephalus was obtained at Gammaduwa ; the collec- tion only contained one bad specimen previously. A good specimen has also been obtained of the very rare Acontias layardi. Frocs.—A duplicate of the specimen entered as D was obtained at Kandy. I hope to be able to send it to the British Museum next year with one or two other undetermined specimens. Mr. Swayne presented a fine example of the very rare Rana grdcils, also what I consider a variety of Rana corrugata but which may prove to be a new species. Fiso.—Two very interesting specimens have been obtained this year, onea Balistes quite unlike anything IT can find described in the Museum Library «nd also a fish belonging o- allied to the genus Acanthoclinus. This is an Australian group, one species of which has been discovered off Madras. This is certainly not the Madras species. Moxuusca.—Mr. Collett still continues his presenta- ions of named land shells. No new sea shelis have been added to the collection. A duplicate of our fine sepia exhibited in the north-east gallery was forwarded to the Horniman Museum. Mr. Slade kindly took it to the British Museum to be identified, butit appears to be quite unknown. The Opisthobranchiate, so abundant on the Beruwala reef but which has never been found anywhere else on our coast, is Thethys pulmonica Gould. Nospecimens appear to exist in the national collection. The Longicornes and flower beetles had to be removed to allow of re-papapering the case. I took this opportunity of going through the whole collection with what books we have whilst they were lying in my office. Lhe Longicornes were reported on in 1896, and I grieve to say that I have nothing to add since. Ican do nothing with the Chrysomelide. Those that are named were named from Jacoby’s figures; but this is only a short paper relating to Mr. Lewis’s collection. Boheman’s ‘ Cassididw”’ is a hopeless work, and the literature of these beetles and their allies comprises two other large monographs, both unillustrated and conse- quently equally useless. Of course I amnot speaking of the classifications proposed in such works, or of the determination of the principal groups and of the genera. Such things must be left to specialists; and our library must be sapplied with Boheman, Suffrians, and others, in order to enable the Direc- tor to verify already named specimens and for reference in case any student wish to take up the study of these families. I mention this subject here apropos of ** Das Thierreich,’’ which is merely a Ye-publication (revised undoubtedly) of these thonsands of useless descriptions. If the German naturalists had started a republication of the best figares of every species hitherto figured, and figured all the described species that have never been figured, we should have had a really useful work (( 16) which would have preserved to posterity the like- ness of numberless species that are rapidly becoming extinct. Morus.—l have to thank Messrs. F M Mackwood, E E Green, and J Pole for their hind assistance in naming the moths and for numerous valuable do- nations. A large number have also been purchased. Ruyncora.—The species of Ricania forwarded to Professor Melichar have been returned, They were all correctly named, so that we have obtained no fresh information, OrrHoprera.—Three species of locusts new to the collection have been collected. Orger InvekreBrAtes.—The following names have been received from the Horniman Museum, be- side the Sepia and Sex Here montioned previously:— Echinoidea.—The two beautiful sea urchins co abun- dant in Weligama Bay, but which I cannot find anywhere else, are J'oxopneustes pileolus, Agass, aud T. maculatus, Bell. HonorHvRiomEA.—Our extraordinarily abundant sea cucumber found everywhere is doubtfully referred to Actinopyga miliaris, Bell. ForaminirgERA.—The late Mr. H B Brady, rRs., presented the museum some years ago with a small collection of Foraminifera mounted by himself. They were all obtained in two fathoms off Kalpitiya. The collection is of importance, as not only were they identified by the greatest authority on the subject, but all the species are figured in the ‘ Ghallenger Monograph.” Cryton Propucts.—The following are the additions during the last twelve months :— (a long list.) Weicuts snp MnAsures.—A most interesting col- lection of Kuruni Measures has been presented by the Government Agent of the Western Province. Arms.—The above numbers are not consecutive with last year’s report, as a new register is being prepared. A good deal of difficulty has been experienced in this work. The metal work, for instance, is more than half packed away and had to be unearthed from yarious quarters; consequently some of the objects were very difficult to identify and some had lost their numbers altogether. I fear the collection of kuruni measures which are mostly very verishable, will ultimately be lost or become much damaged and indeterminable, aithongh I have taken the greatest care in numbering and packing them. The Mal- divian collection is by no means improving. Objects not exhibited are certain to deteriorate, as tho Museum was constructed from a purely local point of view, and there is no proper accommodation for duplicate collec- tions other than Natural History specimens. Another Ceylon Products Room, the same size as the present, could be filled at once. ANTIQUITIES.—I have mentioned above that the Committee decided to have Mr. A. C. Murray's tracings of frescoes at Polonnaruwa painted and exhibited. They were painted by Miss G. Vandort under that entleman’s personal supervison and framed and hung y Mr, A. W. Andree. They are from the Demala Maha Saya, and repre- sent the following subjects :— _ The birth of Padmavati in a lotus flower, from the south wall. The god Indra sketching the hare on the moon Main hall, south wall. No.1 bay. middie panel. -Indra listening to Gootiila’s music. The same No. 2 bay, lower panel. The upper part of Gootila’s body is obliterated. Buddha personating a deaf and dumb mendicant, who dies and is ordered to be buried by the king; on the arrival of the body at the grave, Buddha revives a3 a prince, and points out to the sexton the folly of digging his grave. North wall, No. 4bay. EXPENDITURE, The cost of the Colombo Museum was as follows :— Total R24,042 83. A. Hany, Director. Colombo, February, 1899. f REPORT OF THE SECRETARY AND LIBRA- RIAN FOR 1898. AccomMMoDATION.—How to provide for present and future needs in the matter of accommodation is a question which should engage the immediate at ention of the Government. The insufficiency of book room in the Institution has existed and has been pointed out in preceding reports on the Library daring the last eight years. The necessity for the enlargement of the building, more especially in connection with the Library, has been strongly represented by the Com- mittee to Government It seems superfluous, after what has been written by me on this question of accommodation, to say more on the subject, so I shall merely direct attention and refer to what has been set forth at length in my pre- vious reports. The wantof room is every year intensi- fied and interferes with the progress and developments of the Library. 1t is to be hoped that the qnestion of providing room for the legitimate needs and expansion of the Litrary will engage the Government's early attention. BOOKS ISSUED F@R READING. The nomber of works issued to readers from the shelves was 981, as against 930 in 1897, the books chiefly consulted were works on Zoology, Darwiniem, Ceylon, Buddhism, Dictionaries, Encyclopedias, and other books of reference. ACCESSIONS. The past year has not been remarkable for any ac- quisitions of special value. Some books on Zoology and on Ceylon and some books of general reference were added to the collection. The nnmber of volumes added to the Museum Library was 152. BOOKS ON CEYLON. A Datch Manuscript on Elephants in Ceylon, by Cornelis Taay van Wezel. acting “ Gezaghebber’’ of the ‘“‘ Commandment ” of Galle also ““L and-drost ” ana ‘“‘ Hoofd" over the lands of Matara, 1713 ap. Presented by O. Collett, Esq., r,n.ms. {This work was considered sufficiently interesti to be translated for the Ceylon Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, and is published in the Jonrnal of the Society for 1898.] Original dozument of the Capitulation of Trinco- malee, 26th August, 1795. Presented by Mr. Gerard A. Joseph. Au Loin: Impressions Whaat (con- taining an account of Ceylon). Translations of the Entomological Society of Lon- don containing a chapter entitled “On a Visit to Ceylon and the relation of Ceylonese Beetles to the Vegetation there,’ by George Lewis). Letchimey: a Tale of O'd Ceylon. A Narrative of Events which have recently occurred in the Island of Ceylon, written by a gentleman on the spot. London, 1815. Charters, &c., containing— (1) The Charter or Letters Patent establishing the oop Court of Judicature in the Island of Ceylon and the High Court of Appeal in the said Island. London, 18v1. (2) The Charter or Letters Patent for making certain alterations in the Supreme Court of Judi- cature in the Island of Ceylon and in the High Court of Appeal in the said Island, and for abolish- ing the Provincial Courts and re-establishing the Courts of Landraad in the said Island. London, 1810. (3) The Oharter or Letters Patent for making further alterations in the Supreme Court of Jndi- cature in the Island of Ceylon andin the mode of administering Justice in the said Settlements. Colombo, 1812. Cases heard and determined in Appeal by the Supreme Court of the Island of Ceylon from De- cember, 1846, to Auyust, 1847, by Alex. Murray, Solicitor-at-Law. Colombo, 1848. ( 17) The following interesting articles bearing on Ceylon have been extracted from the Journals of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and have been bound and placed on the shelves :— Description of the various classes of Vessels con- structed and employed by the Natives of the Coasts of Coromandel, Malabar, and the Island of Veylon, for their Coasting Navigation, By John Edye, Esq., late Master Shipwright of His Majesty’s Naval Yard at Trincomalee, now in the Department of the Surveyor of the Navy. Communicated by the late Major-General Sir John Malcolm, cgcB,KLS,MRAS (Journal, RAS, Vol. I, No. 1. London, 1834). Notice of the Tabernacle or Car employed by the Hindus on the Island of Ceylon to carry the image of the god in their religious processions, with some remarks on the Analogies which may be traced in the worship of the Assyrians and other ancient Nations of the East, as compared with that of the Hindus. By the Rey. Joseph Roberts, CMRAS (Journal, RAS, Vol. I, No.1. London, 1833). References to Ceylon (Transactions, RAS, Vol. IIT. London, 1835). : A Letter from Lieutevant-Colonel William Macbean George Colebrooke, of the Royai Artillery, FRS., MRAS, transmitting three fscsimiles of inscriptions discovered on the Island of Ueylon (Transactions, RAS, Vol. Il]. London, 1835). Some Remazlis upon the Ancient City of Anurajapura or Anuradhapura and the Hill Temple of Mihintale, in the Island of Ceylon, by Captain IJ Chapman, of the Royal Artillery (Transactions, RAS, Vol. IIT. London, 1835). Account of Pearl Fisheries of the North-West Coast of the Island of Ceylon. By Captain James Steuart, Master Attendant at Colombo. Communicated by Lieutenant-Colonel William M G Colebrooke, of the Royal Axrtiliery, FRS, MRAS (Transactions, RAS, Vol. if1. London, 1835). A Sketeh of the Constitution of the Kandyan King- dom. By the late Siz John D’Oyly. Communicated by Sir A Johnston, Vice-President, RAS, FRS. Account of a Flag representing the introduction of the Caste of Chalias or Cinnamon-peelers into Ceylon. By Sir Alexander Johnston, Vice-President, RAS, FRS (Transactions, RAS, Vol. ITI. London, 1835). Oxua Manuscrirrs.—194 manuscripts were consulted in the Library. The ‘“Janayansaya’’ was trans- cribed from the copy in the Library. Buddhist priests have made good use of the Library during the year. Owing to the large number of additions made to the Oriental Library of Manuscripts (since the issue of the last catalogue in March, 1892), I had a fresh catalogue compiled by Mr. H M Gunasekera, the Asisstant to the Librarian. This catalogue gives all additions xeceived up to date, and also gives descriptions -of the contents of the Maiuseripts. The previous catalogue was very imperfect, nnd was more in the nature of a mere list of works. The new catalogue has been sent to the printer, and willl hope be issued soon. In connection with the compiling of this catalogue, the collection of manuscripts was thoroughly verificd and the condi- tion of the manuscripts reported upon by the Assistant to the Lib-arian, ‘Kottagod1 Saranapalatissa presented the ‘“ Kach- chayana,”’ also known as “ Sandhikappa.”’ The work, though a common one, is useful. It is a grammar of Magadhi (or Pali) language. It is believed to be the oldest Pali grammar extant. Maha Mudaliyar de Zoysa, in his “ Catalogue of Pali, Sinhalese and Sanscrit Manuscripts in the Temple Libraries of Ceylon,” says of this work :— Tradition ascribes its authorship to Maha Kach- chadana Thera, an eminent contemporary disciple of Buddha, but this is not now generally believed and the authorship of the work is still » moot point in the grammatical literature of the Pali language. It has several Tikas, Anutikas, glossaries, paraphrases, &c. written by various authors in Ceylon, Burmah, and Sism, which will be noticed in their proper Places. Some commentators state that the Sutras, or aphorisms, were composed by Maha Kachchayana, the Vritti Sangananda, andthe examples by Brah- madatta. But little or nothing is known of these authors. The late Hon. Mr.Jimcs Alwis published the “* Akhyata Kappa,” or chapter on verbs, with an En- glish translation, introduction, and notes. An edition of it was published in Germany by Dr. Kuhn, anda complete edition with a free translation by M. E. Senart, CATALOGUING. The second supplement to the catalogue was com- pleted and laid before the Committeein manuscript and forwarded to the printer. The supplement con- tains an entry of all books received into the Colomoo Museum Library since December 31, 1895, up to July, 1898. The method of construction is after the style adopted by me in previous catalogues, z.e., in the form of a dictionary catalogue (entries being made under author, subject, and title, with necessary cross references). READERS. The number of readers last year (7.e. of registered visits to the Library) was 764,as against 730 in 1897 and 570 in 1896. 82 tickets were issued to readers, including 35 renewals of old tickets and 47 new tickets. A party of young ladies has been visiting the Library for the purpose of studying zoology. The class is a private one, and is held under the superintendence of Mrs. Copleston. Several zoological works have been consulted and some studied, CONCLUSION, In the Museum Library every endeavour has been made to make the contents of the Library as acces- sible as possible to readers by the compilation of catalogues on approved and scientific principles. With the subject-catalogue of Part IL (now being compiled) the entire collection of books and their contents will have been thoroughly indexed and catalogued. It now remains for readers to show interest and sympathy in the work of the Library by making use of it, Libraries of all publie. institutions flourished and: serve the purposes for which they are created in proportion to the active sympathy and intelligent interest of those who support and use them. In this lies much of the secret of their potency for good. GERARD A. JOSEPH, Secretary and Librarian ———— MR. RAMANATHAN AS A_ RELIGIOUS INSTRUCTOR. [The following is copied verbatim from the Madras Standard. Asto the versatility of our Solicitor-General there would seem to be no limit: but what this last phase of his teaching exactly indicates, we are at a loss to understand.—ED. C.O.] ; The ‘Gospel of Jesus according to St. Matthew as interpreted to R. L. Harrison by the light of the godly experience of ‘Sri Parananda’” is the title of a recent book ublished by Messrs. Kegan Paul, Trench, rubner & Co., of London. There is nothing attractive in the title of the book and many of our readers who are not Christians may not be tempted to read a book of this na- ture. But the book is of absorbing interest to us and deserves to be_ well-known in Southern India and Ceylon. The public do not know who ‘R. L. Harrison’ is nor who ‘Sri Parananda’ is. The former name may be that of a man or woman and the latter is not known except that it illustrates the modern rage for names similar to that of Vivekananda. But the ‘Gospel of Jesus is interesting to us as a book which embo- dies the truths of Christianity as explained ( \18'*) and interpreted to an Australian Theosophist by a well-known Hindu of Ceylon.. ‘R. L. Pies ? is alady who isa native of Australia and who was for some time in Ceylon. She had given up Christianity and taken to Theosophy and was a confirmed Theosophist. ‘Sri Parananda’ is the assumed name of the Hon. Mr. Ramanathan, Attorney-General of Ceylon who is a Hindu of Hindus. The book before us contains in the shape of notes the teachings of the Hon. Mr. Ramenathan. Our readers will now see that the instructor is the Hon. Mr. Ramanathan of Ceylon and the person instructed is Miss R. L. Harri- son of Australia. How long this instruction has been going’ on we cannot say: but we believe the main portion of the notes coao- tained in the book were written on board the “ Ballaraat” by Miss Harrison at the dicta- tion of Mr. Ramanathan when they went to London for the Jubilee. Im her preface to the book Miss R. lL. Harrison acknowledges that ‘‘every word of the notes at the foot of the text fell from the lips of my beloved Teacher” and she adds prayerfully ‘‘ may his commentary establish in Christ and God all who have thoughtfully read, discussed and doubted, and at last mourned and hungered for Truth!” The Hon. Mr. Ramanathan found in Matthew’s record of the teaching andlife of Christ a very close coincidence with Hindu Philosophy, especially that of the yoga sys- tem. The truth that he taught Miss Harri- son may be summarised in his own words as follows :—‘‘ The great truth is that Jesus was not an idle dreamer nor a vain theoriser, but a man of the deepest spiritual experience, a true teacher of the kingdom of God, a verit- able light into the world, whose doctrine must be recognised by all other men of spiritual experience as leading to the sanc- tification or healing of the spirit and thus to the attainment of God ...... The true expon- ents of Jesus have little to do with history, but everything with doctrine, and you will find that the teachings of Jesus, sofar as they are recorded in the holy books, stand on the firm ground of actual experience and are verifiable by those who by native disposition and previous culture are sympathetic enough to persevere in all earnestness and faith in the way ordained by those who have become sanctified in spirit.” pai by lta ders A JOURNEY IN WESTERN THIBET. “J. A.D.,” in the second of a series of letters on the above subject, contributed to the -Times of India, refers as follows to a conver- sation with the Bishop of Colombo, who is, of course, one of the leading authorities on Buddhism since the appearance of his very ‘adequate and learned book :— “* During a visit to Ceylon the writer had a most interesting talk on the subject with the Bishop of Colombo, Dr. Copleston, the author of an interest- ing work on Buddhism. He seemed to think that the tendency of Sinhalese Buddhism is to endeavour to’ go back'to the original tenents and practices of the early teachers of the faith, and to imitate the orthodoxy of the Thibetan Lamas. He mentit m:d the revival of the practice of contemplation, that striking characteristic ef many Thibetan ‘ monks, -who prefers' to spend hours and ‘days’ in-contempla- IITILBIT XS { —Lyon. 1898. tion of divine things, lost to all sense of material things, and even to the physical discomfort of re- maining in the same position for a long time Several modern Buddhist writers have vocated the unity of Buddhism, but it ie not likely that the Buddhist of Southern Asia would pay alle- giance to the hierarchy of Lhassa, which would seem the only possible solution of the problem. Northern Buddhism hes itself been modified by Hindu inflaences such as Siva worship, but such in- flnences have been local rather than general in their effect” ——_—_—<»—_—_ —_-— AN ENTHUSIASTIC FRENCH ADMIRER OF CEYLON M. EmILre Brvuyas, a French gentleman of means, visited Ceylon with his wife at the beginning of 1897; utilised the two months of his stay in the island to the best advant- age; and on his return to his native land wrote his impressions of what he had seen, and had them printed, accompanied by re- productions of photographs taken by himself or (in a few cases) by local photographers. His book* is beautifully printed, and the photographic reproductions are often charm- ing, showing that M. Brnyas has the eye of an artist. An unusual feature is that the sheets are not even stitched, but placed loose in a stiff cover: so that each possessor of a copy can have it bound as he please. Of the two bundred and fifty copies printed (all numbered) only fifty are for sule, the rest, we suppose, having been presented by the author to his friends, libraries, &c. He deserves the thanks of the island for his linerality; for he has certainly done his best to induce others to follow his example. To his book he prefixes a map (reduced from the one pub- lished at the Ceylon Observer Office) show- ing the route followed by him in the island. In his brief preface, M. Bruyas points out how easily and comparatively cheaply a trip to, and a short stay in, Ceylon can be made; and he strongly advises his compatriots to book through Cook’s agency, the advantages of which he experienced more than once when in difficulties in our island. He con- cludes his preface thus :— ‘ All the steamers s top at Colombo of necessity, to take in coal, inferior Australian coal, but there is no choice ; and if Colombo refused coal, all these magnificent steamers would become floating waifs; without any. act of hostility, simply by refusing coal, the English could annul all foreign navigation in the Indian Ocean, and there would be no means of going to look for it elsewhere. Singapore and Aden are also Eng- lish depéts, and it is not the coal.ef) Djibouti or Kébao that would save the situation, Note that a coal depot must be strongly protected, provided with lighters, and a multitude of coolies to carry out the supply quickly. Whence it results that it is absurd to have colonies when one is not certain of being able always to be in communication with them, and that it is prudent to think of organising them so that they can, if the necessity arise, be self-sufficient in everything. : *Emile Bruyas Deux Mois a Ceylan, Colombo, Kandy, Nurrelya, Badulla, Ratnapoura, Le Musée de Colombo, Lille Ramescheram, Annu- radhupoura, Chronique et Statistique. Illustré de: cent cinquante Reproductions dans le texte. ~ 10 ( 19 In the first chapter the author records his impressions of Colombo and its suburbs, in- eluding Mount Lavinia. Almost everything he saw seems to have struck him favourably, one of the few exceptions being the black Europesn umbrella so commonly carried by the natives, which he denounces as out of harmony with the surroundings. He falls into a curious error in describing the Roman Catholic cathedral as ‘‘ the most important and most ancient monument in Colombo, constructed by the Portuguese, who forgot to finish it.” He also says that the visitor to the Kelani temple goes by the southern high road; apparently the temple at Wella- watta is meant. The goat’s-foot ipomcea at Mount Lavinia attracted his attention, and he says he saw it nowhere else. Were Mr. William Ferguson living, Galle Face beach would doubtless still blaze with this blossom. The chapter ends with a description of the gems of Ceylon and the methods adopted by the wily dealers to entice strangers to buy. In the next chapter, M. Bruyas describes his journey to Kandy by the railway which he strangely terms narrow. His opinion of our mountain scenery may be gauged by the following quotation:—‘‘Ilt was one of the most beautiful spectacles that one could have viewed. Althougha great mountaineer, a habitué of the Alps, acquainted with the Pyrenees and the Tyrol, I declare that. the line to Kandy and further on that to Nur- relya filled me with enthusiasm: it is still mountains, but the light is completely dif- ferent.” In Kandy M. Bruyas was fortunate “enough to witness a perahera and to view the sacred tooth relic; he had avery poor opinion of the latter and its surroundings. The temple of the tooth, he says, was designed by a Portu- guese architect, though he does not quote his authority ; and he mistook the United Service Library for a Buddhist library. The Pera- deniya Gardens did not equal his expecta- tions; and of the plants that he took thence not one grew at Nice. He was interested in witnessing the manufacture of tea on an estate in Dumbara, where he also saw coffee and cacao growing. Regarding Ceylon tea M. \Bruyas says! :— The tea of Ceylon is marvellously good and, moreover, one can feel sure that it is clean. When one has seen tea manufactured in China, one is highly disgusted: the steel tables that roll it are, in China, the dirty hands of unclean people, and there may fall imto the material that is being manufactured all sorts of bodies as foreign as they are little appetising. In Eng- land the Ceylon tea has taken well, and they would iike to make ihe conquest of America. The black spot is Japan, which is also going to set up factories, and during my voyage to Ceylon the arrival of two Japanese, whom the news- papers designated ‘‘ Japanese tea spy ” {sic], had put the country incommotion. I was forzetting the chief thing: in Ceylon, tea can only be cultivated from five hunared metres of altitude to eighteen hundred. ‘he sea air does not suit it at all, and the firsh condition of this culture is to have very cheap labour; all those beauties who picked the little leaves with their little hands, in spite of their jewels, are paid about fifty centimes, a day, on which they sustain them- selves, buy bracelets and economise, wad are much happier than the woerk-women of Paris who earn three francs. I believe the tea would sell very well in France, but it is quite useless to try. In Kandy our author was present at a gymkhana (or a gymnacka, as he calls it), and was amused by an impromptu dance at the Queen’s Hotel. He was pleased to meet a French planter from Mauritius, settled on an estate near Gampola, who engaged him to send out young Frenchmen to learn tea planting. Leaving Kandy, M. Bruyas went by train and coach to Nuwara Eliya (or, as he prefers to spell it, Nurrelya), where he was struck with the ‘“Gracilea or Gravilea” (sic) trees. A Russian couple arrived at the hotel at the same time as M. and Mme. Bruyas, and left next morning: ‘‘and that is called tra- velling ” comments our author, who adds: “As for myself, I spent four days at Nur- velya without regretting them.’ He also asks why the fever-stricken officials of Indo- China and Tonking should not come to Nu- wara Eliya for a change since their govern- ment has not found means to create a heaith resort for them in Indo-China or even in France. He ascended Pedro, saw no view, but found a reminder of France ina sardine tin. He throws unjustifiable doubt on the veracity of M. Cotteau, who states that when he ascended Pedro some years before he found fresh traces of wild elephants. We hadasimilar experience. At Hakgala gardens M. Bruyas was conducted with mystery to see a tree that bore fruit occasionally—the common hog-plum! From Nuwara #liya our author drove to Badulla; and he speaks highly of the Ceylon resthouses, and adds, Why there are not similar institutions in France? From Badulla M. and Mme Bruyas drove via Bandarawela and Haputale to Baiangoda and Ratnapura,—a route easier to descend than ascend, though Murray stupidly recommends the latter, says M. Bruyas. The grand scenery duly impressed the travellers ; but the last part of their journey was ren- dered unpleasant by the illness of the driver’s runner, who had an attack of what seemed to be cholera. However, ere arriving at Ratnapura he had recovered. The Maha Saman Devale was visited; and with refer- ence to the Portuguese mural tablet M. Bruyas somewhat flippantly observes: ‘‘One does not know which to pity more, the beloved native, or the knight who bakes in his armour under the sun of Ratnapura.” In the city of gems the travellers witnessed gem digging and polishing and bought some specimens. From Ratnapnra to Kalutara the journey was made by boat down the Kalu- ganga; and so Colombo was once more reached. tu the next chapter M. Bruyas describes some of the contents of the Colombo Museum, situated ‘tin the midst of the Cynamous- Rank Starting off once more, M. and Mme. Brauyas went by the ‘Lady Gordon” south- about, calling at the various ports,” and having an unpleasant experience at ‘rinco- malee, where, in consequence of our author’s taking a kodak snap-shot within the fort he was nearly arrested as a spy, and be- lieves that he was ‘‘shadowed” afterwards. At Point Pedro ou travellers disembarked and drove across the peninsula to Jaffna, where the steamer was caught, and at Paam- ben, the object of their journey, the temple of Rameswaram, was reached. This was seen under great difficulties; and when our author and his better-half returned on board, they were quite exhausted with fatigue, heat, hunger and thirst. However, they would not have missed the sight for any- thing. On returning to Colombo M. Bruyas ‘made arrangements at once for a visit to Anuradhapura, and went up to Kandy once more, staying there a couple of days to allow of the Governor’s return from the * buried cities.” At! the Queen’s Hotel our author came across some files of the Paris Figaro and Vie Parisienne, a_ perusal of which gave him no pleasure, but proved to him what utter rubbish forms the staple of the French press. His strictures are decidedly candid! The next chapter is devoted to Anuradha- ura, with which M. Bruyas was delighted; ut he regretted the absence of Mr. Bell, not only because of the information he could have received from him, but also because he would have liked to testify to him his admiration of the results obtained with limited means. In his summary of Ceylon history there are some errors; but his re- marks on the architecture and details of the ruins are of great interest. He comes to the conclusion that the dagoba is of Ceylon origin; and that any existing in India must be copies. Dambulla was visited on the return journey; and Sigiri was seen from afar. In Kandy and Colombo, thanks to abundance of money and the needs of some Kandyan family, M. Bruyas seems to have made a good collection of antique jewelry and objects of art. Alas, that Ceylon should be the poorer for these! A short chapter contains a translation from the Mahayansa of the description of the - founding of the Ruwanweli dagoba; and the last chapter gives various statistics from our Handbook and a list of some of ow plant- ing manuals, &c.,—all this forming the text of some remarks disparaging to France by way of contrast. There is plain speak- ing :— All these little books cost two rupees, and from their title alone one feels how practical they are and what help they must afford to the new arrival, who besides is never isolated ; he comes because. he has relations or friends already settled, with whom he makes a stay, and under- goes an education while waiting until he has bought a suitable piece of land. And it is thus that prosperous colonies are made, that: youn people, who, in Hurope, would have vegetat for ever in narrow circumstances, are impelled towards a fair competence or even a _ for- tune. But it is not laborers, peasants that must be directed to the equatorial colonies: the white man cannot there carry on usefully manual labor. ; ' It is the man having a little capital insuffi- ‘cient for the expensive life of Hurope who will become’ the creator of an agricultural cultiva- tion of large’ returns which will quickly give im’ a life of ease and freedom. Still he must be helped; protected ; he must not haye to create his industry from A to Z, he, must Profit By “the experience made by his predecessors. e must also be able to transport his produce and sell it and reinvest his profits. When, then, on arriving at New Caledonia, for Tongking, or Guyana, or Madagascar, or simpl in Algeria or Tunis, will our colonist find bot a collection of practical and useful Manuals, and a Guide like the Ceylon Directory, which 1 have just run through. He would have a third of his success assured. But, for heaven's sake, do not let the practical manuals be compiled by members of the Institute or employees of the Minister for the Colonies, who have never gone beyond the fortifications of Paris; the best thing would be to translate the little English books, bus that is too simple, no one would think of it, We notice one amusing error, where our author is describing the contents of the Colombo newspapers: he says that they ad- vertise “mummy boxes which are painted boxes for tea!” The Tropical Agriculturist is mo iy toas “une revue trés import- ante. The return voyage to Marseilles is briefi SRPUeneds and M. Bruyas concludes as fol- OWS :— I shall be only too happy if these few es should decide some intelligent Pas guit the too winter stations, in order to journey that I have just which allows of many addi- tions. _ One is so persnaded that Franee is the lead- ing country in the world, that it is not bad to see a little the effect that one produces from a distance. Everywhere one is certain to enjoy a civilized comfort, and not to catch any illness requiring on one’s return years of care. The ex-« pense is very moderate: there is no roulette on the route; for two, during three months, paying all that can be pre I estimate it at less than twelve thousand francs; of course, purchases are separate. All the ancient trinkets that adorn this work I brought with me, and I believe that a collec- tor could still find some with a little patience, which is an additional attraction for tourists. It would be of great interest to study this renascence of Buddhism, of which the Theo- well-known make the described, ‘sophical Societies of Ceylon form the advance- guard; perhaps a great intellectual event is preparing over there, and I do not doubt that the French thinker, philosopher or literary man who wishes to learn would be heartily welcomed and put in possession of all the new ideas, which have absolutely nothing occult and scarcely any- thing religious about them. 6 Much happier shall I be, if my information should decide some willing young man to go and try the occupation of sitter’ either in Ceylon or in a French colony where, it is to be hoped, some day perhaps a colonist will cease to be considered as a disagreeable animal (to the officials), whom it is allowed to worry on every occasion. For myself, if had no matter what to plant, I should go to Ceylon by preference. t fre-- SE read and re-read the Ramayana on the olynesien ; I ama little intoxicated with that beautiful poem so picturesque in its descriptions ; it'seems to me impossible that Sita and Rama exist only in the brain of the poet, and I am quite disposed to return to Ceylon, to visit all the ruins and search for traces of the expedi- tion of Rama in quest of Sita with the charming form and graceful as a creeper in bloom in the month of May.’ a width. 2559. off Supplement to the “ Ceylon Observer,” April 25, 1899. THE ROYAL BOTANIC GARDENS, CEYLON. EXTRACTS FROM THE REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR FOR. 1898. CHANGES AND MOVEMENTS IN THE STAFF. THE vote for skilled assistance has been expended in obtaining the services of Mr. J. Parkin, M.A., of Trinity College, Cambridge, who has been employed since March 20 of this year in investi- gations upon the chemistry of indiarubber (see below) and other subjects bearing upon the agricultural industries of the Colony. Mr. A. Perera, late second upper gardener, has been appointed to the new post of Foreman of Experimental Grounds at Peradeniya; the post he formerly occupied has been given to Mr. D. T. de Alwis, and the vacancy caused by the promotion of the latter has been filled by the appointment of Mr. T. W. de Alwis as third upper gardener. GENERAL CONDITION OF THE GARDENS. An increase of ten per cent. having been made in the vote for labour at Peradeniya and Hakgala Gardens (to be spent upon experimental work), the general condition of these gardens has been much improved, and a number of new experimental plots of economic plants have been laid out, A number of alterations have been made in the former with the view of improving the general appearance and picturesqueness of the garden, which is now decidedly increased. Many improve- ments have also been carried out in the branch gardens. PERADENIYA GARDEN. The general condition of this garden, both as regards its beauty and utility, has been much improved during the past year, and reflects much credit upon the Curator, Mr. Macmillan. From his report I make tle following extracts :— Planting and Cultivation.—An unusually large number of new and unique plants has been planted out in localities in accordance with their natural families or uses. A great number, some of considerable size, were lifted and replanted in more suitable places. The latter operation has been attended with wonderful success, considering the unusual deficiency of the rainfall in August and the lack of any special implements.. Fresh clumps of bamboo have been planted along the riverside, and old and decayed ones have been thinned out or removed. A new avenue of royal oo (Oreodowa regia) has, after careful preparation of the ground, been planted along the northern portion of the fain Central drive, from the Great Circle, for a distance of 310 yards ; in after years this should form a splendid avenue, twice as long as the one at present existing, which is becoming somewhat dilapidated. The collection of crotons referred to in last year’s report has been lifted and transferred to the steep path leading from the conservatory to the fernery. A collection of caladiums has been formed and planted along the shady borders of Liana drive, and a collection of ornamental Scitaminez has been planted along the paved path leading from this drive to the entrance, ‘ The portion of the garden referred to above, containing the conservatory and octagon house, and which it is intended to call the flower garden in future, has been made much more interesting and beautiful by the clearing uway of ungainly growths, the levelling and clearing of the ground, the remoyal of termites’ nests and dominant weeds, and the formation of new flower beds. New “ orchid-flowered”” cannas introduced from Italy, dwarf caladiums, dahlias, and others, make an effective display here and are much admired. The trelliswork arbours have all been removed to more effective positions, and on each is being trained one kind of climber only, instead of several as formerly was done, ; The fernery, which had lost much of its beauty by becoming overgrown and crowded with tree roots, has been completely renovated and considerably extended, superfluous trees being removed, the beds being thoroughly dug and raised, the old soil partly replaced and manured, and the surface covered with small and large pieces of cabook, which counteracts the effect of drip from overhanging trees and prevents too rapid evaporation of moisture. A large variety of ferns, ground orchids, and other shade-loying plants have been replanted in the beds, new and wider paths made and paved with cobble stones, and flights of steps built where required. The fernery has thus been rendered more accessible and interesting to visitors, and of more value to the gardens. The rockery has been overhauled in a similar way to the fernery, and the path and flight of steps have been brought into line with the walk through the nutmeg grove. 7 : Perseverance with the lake has been rewarded with more success this year, and gives reason to hope that it may ultimately be made a very ornamental sheet of water. The tortoises continue to do much damage to the water lilies, and destroyed three plants of Victoria regia. A path has been made round the lake, anda seat placed on the north side. Che following plants flowered here for the first time in 1898, viz., Aristolochia saceata, Bekrraria succulenta, Calpurnia lasiogyne, Cola acuminata, Cynometra polyandrva, Fagrea fragrans, Grammatophyllum. speciosum, Hedychium angustifolium, Hydrolea spinosa, Hymenopyramis bracheata, Ilex punctata, Nandina domestica, Pentaraphia longifiova, Polygala butyracea, Pometia sp. a ( 2) HAKGALA GARDEN, Mr. Nock has, as always, kept this garden in beautiful condition in spite of the drawbacks of a very insufficient supply of water. During the drought in the latter part of the south-west monsoon the garden had to be watered with water carried a long distance. Tree Ferns,—A second consignment of six Alsophila crinita was despatched to Kew in April, and arrived safely. Manure.-—Karly in the year Mr. H. D. Solomonson, of Hilversum, Holland, generously presented us with ten bags of Ohlendorf’s Peruvian guano (two kinds) for trial. It was applied generally to the plants in the beds and borders, pot plants, and the plot of lucerne. The results were remarkably good both as regards immediate increased growth and the rich colouring of the foliage and flowers, and I can confidently recommend this manure for horticultural work, The cattle have continued to give a large and useful supply; a shed for this is needed, as manure. stacked in the open soon loses its value. Visitors ——The number was 1,880 as against 1,776 last year. The largest number in any one month was 297 in April ; the smallest, 74 in August. Weather. —Taking it altogether, the weather during the year has been very trying for ‘this garden. It has been remarkable ‘for the longest ‘and severest drought for the last sixteen years. The four months May, June, July, and August were all considerably below the average. ‘The rainfall during August, as will be seen from the details below, was only 61 in. The drought, being accompanied by brisk, drying winds, killed out ‘a large number of plants, and having no permanent supply of water we were put to great str aits, especially during the latter part of August, when water had to be carted and carried from the river at Sita Eliya, a distance of over a mile. On the other hand, the latter part of the year was very wet and dull. No less than 44°57 in. of rain fell between the 23rd September and 31st December (or on 99 days), there being only sixteen rainless days during that time. This was as disastrous to the young plants as the drought was before, especially i in December, with its twenty-seven rainy and sunless days, which caused large quantities of plants to damp off. The wettest months were April, October, and December. The quantity of rain falling in these three months was 40°64 in., which is only 4:27 in. short of that which fell during the other nine months of the year. The three driest months were February, July, and August, which together only gave 5°67.in., February and August giving only 1°35 in. (in 59 days). The total rainfall for the year was 89°55 in, on "213 days, against the average of 91°29 in. on 208 days for fifteen years. The highest temperature in the sun’s rays was 133°0 on 12th April against 138-0 on 23rd April last year. The mean amount of cloud was 6:7, exactly that of last year. The cloudiest month was November with a mean of 85 against August last year with a mean of 8:2. The brightest month was March with a mean of 3° 1 , against February last year with Se 8. “HENARATGODA GARDEN, This garden has been kept in fair order during the year. The visitors’ shed with a small working room attached has been erected. The number of experimental plots has been increased. Itis intended to take this garden in hand during 1899, and completely overhaul it and its contents, . Haperimental Cultivations.—The experiments on rubber tapping have been continued, New plots of various kinds of economic plants have been laid out. Visitors.—The number was 222, against 323 last year. Weather.—The year was wetter than usual, but August was very dry. Total, 132°75 in. on 193 days, against 118-61 on 191 days in 1898. The average fall for the eight years 1891-98 is 100-93 in, on 16] Baye. ANURADHAPURA GARDEN. This garden has been kept in fair order during the year, but has suffered much from the severe drought, there being but little water in the tanks. Economic Plants,—The varieties of Egyptian cotton sent from Peradeniya are doing. well, and have seeded freely. This district seems well suited to the growth of cotton, but unfortunately there is no market for the produce, owing to the distance from the coast, and the collapse of the Ceylon Spinning and Weaving Company. Sago does well in swampy places. Guaiacum grows luxuriantly, producing seed in abundance. The camphor plants are growing well, and some that are partly shaded are over 12 ft. high. When the water supply is more certain and railway communication opens up access to the markets of the south, there are many plants, fruits, &c., that should prove very successful in energetic hands. Ornamental Plants.—The Victoria regia has been successfully grown and flowered in the pend. Lrownea grandiceps has produced seed. Show.—A. fruit and flower show was held by the Government Agent in April, and gave encouraging evidence that many fruits and vegetables, &c., are now cultivated in this Province that” were formerly unknown there. BADULLA GARDEN. This has been kept in fair order. A small guide to its contents was putilialeedta as one of the ‘ “ Qirculars,” with a view to making known the variety of useful plants it contains which have — proved suited to the climate, and which are worthy of further trial by Uva residents. The present, Cra) Conductor will retire on 31st January, 1899, and it is intended to make some alterations in the garden and method of working. Difficulties were experienced with the water supply in the early part of the year, but it has been more satisfactory since. The garden has been kept weeded and clean, and the usual routine work carried on. The durian tree flowered well, and bore a number of moderately good fruit. Para rubber seeded well in January. The new fodder plant, Polygala butyracea, flowered well, but we have not enough of it as yet to try its value as fodder. ‘The other new fodder, the Florida beggar weed, Desmodium tortuosum, is doing very well. NOTES ON ECONOMIC AND ORNAMENTAL PLANTS, The following report deals with those plants which are important in cultivation in the Colony, or are undergoing trial in experimental plots in the different Botanic Gardens :— Tea.—The total export is once again larger than in any preceding year, being 119,769,071 lb. against 116,054,567 lb. last year. Exchange has been very steady at about 1s. 4d., and prices have been low, but with a tendency to rise later in the year. The extension of this cultivation has now practically ceased, but large areas planted during the last few years continue to come into bearing,so that for some time yet the total output will probably slowly increase. One of the most promising features of the past year has been the large increase in the export to countries other than the United Kingdom, America taking 2,180,188 lb., against 830,873 lb. in 1897, and Russia 2,714,003 lb., against 439,349 lb., whilst the export to other countries has also increased very much. Australia now takes the largeamount of 15,126,591 1b. The net result of this has been an actual decrease of the export to the United Kingdom by 2,796,226 lb., which should help to improve the prices obtained. _ The cultivation as a whole has been favoured by the absence of disease, but signs are not wanting that this immunity is gradually coming to an end, and that, like all other cultivated and wild plants, tea will have to contend with enemies both of insect and fungous nature, whose ravages will be rendered more easy and destructive than is the case with wild plants or the smaller crops by the great expanses of land which are covered with tea to the exclusion - of other plants. During the past year unusual drought in the early months and a partial failure of the south-west monsoon have decreased the yield of tea considerably. A number of insect enemies . have done damage (see Mr. Green’s report below), and the “ gray blight ” fungus of Assam, which is one of the most troublesome pests with which the Assam planters have to deal, has been more injurious than usual. It has been in the Island for many years, and is chiefly prevalent in the Yakdessa, Kotmale, and Pussellawa districts, though cases of its occurrence have been noticed in many others. The disease seems to spread more readily at low elevations. Though at present comparatively unimportant, this may become avery serious pest if planters are not upon their guard against its first appearance, and do not take care to eradicate it as far as possible when noticed. Other fungi have at times been noticed upon the tea, but none very commonly. A few small estates of tea, &c., have of late been allowed to go out of cultivation, and this raises a question of much importance to the planting community. Unlike coffee, tea when abandoned does not die out, and consequently these estates form places in which both fungi and insects can, so to speak, develop a taste for tea which they may not have had before, and from which they may afterwards spread, to the great detriment of cultivated tea elsewhere. Wherever practicable, abandoned tea, &c., should be destroyed. The chemistry of tea cultivation and manufacture is now being made the subject of exhaustive study by Mr. M. Kelway Bamber, the expert engaged by the Planters’ Association, and it is hoped that the methods of manufacture will be improved in consequence and become less haphazard than is at present the case. Coffee.—The export again fell largely, being only 13,313 ewt., as against 19,383 ewt. in 1897, and 86,009 cwt. in 1890. Native as well as plantation coffee has shared in this fall. A number of varieties of Arabian coffee have been received from the Java Botanic Gardens, and are now growing at Peradeniya. Plants of the hybrid (Liberian-Arabian) are also doing well, but of course it will be some considerable time before we can obtain any crop from them. Vacao.—The export has again risen from 34,503 ewt. to 36,982, in spite of the ravages of the cacao canker, which has been a troublesome pest during the year. The life-history of this fungus has been very thoroughly investigated during the year by Mr. J. B. Carruthers, the expert engaged by the Planters’ Association. His observations and conclusions, with recommendations for treatment of the disease, have been published in pamphlet form by the Association, The treatment of the pest now rests with planters of cacao themselves, and there seems no reason to apprehend very serious danger to this cultivation, if proper pains be taken to attack the disease promptly wherever it may appear. As was predicted, the planting of the hardier Forastevo varieties is extending, and the older varieties are being steadily replaced by them. (,4,) Coca.—The experiment plots of Hrythroxylon Coca have been extended during the year, but there has been no demand for plants or seeds, except from South India. Kola.—The trees in the experimental plot at Peradeniya, planted in 1891, have flowered in 1898 for the first time. The climate here does not seem to suit them. Oardamoms.—The export of this product has slightly fallen, being 531,473 Ib. against 532,830 in 1897. The cultivation has been a very profitable one in some districts, and the area deyoted to it is being rapidly extended in the northern districts of the Central Province. A caterpillar pest which has done some damage is described in Mr. Green’s report. “ae Other Spices:—The total exports of cinnamon continue to increase ; that of chips has risen from 1,067,051 lb. in 1897 to 1,414,165 in 1898. Vanilla continues to be planted in small quantities. Of nutmegs, cloves, pepper, betel-pepper, ginger, &c,, all of which are on trial in the gardens, there is nothing of special interest to report here. Cocoanuts.—The cultivation of this palm continues to spread, and that largely in European hands. The export of most of the products of this palm has continued to increase: that of oil is 435,933 cwt., against 409,600 in 1897 ; that of copperah has risen from 106,601 ewt. to 506,277, chiefly in consequence of increased consumption in Russia; and all other products have also risen excepting the nuts, only 12,027,714 being exported against 13,610,508 last year. The ravages of the cocoanut beetle are dealt with in the Entomologist’s report. Other Palms.—The export of palmyra fibre has risen largely to 41,522 ewt., the largest quantity on record. The plants of sago palm (Metrorylon) at Peradeniya and Anuradhapura have continued to do well, and a few are available for distribution to thoge who may care to experiment with this palm, which needs a swampy soil. India Rubber.—A great deal of attention has been given to this product during the year. Mr. J. Parkin has spent. the bulk of his time since March 20 in the laboratory here, carrying out chemical and physiological investigations into the processes of tapping and coagulation, &c. A tour was made. in March to the Ratnapura and Kalutara Districts to see the plantations of Para rubber made by the Forest Department and on various estates. These trees are growing very well’ on the wholé, and some have yielded very good rubber in promising quantity. The trees in the gardens have done well, and yielded a large quantity of seed, much of which was sold by auction \at an average price of about Rs. 27 per 1,000. A large quantity of seed was also sold from private estates. Early in the year a circular was published dealing with the cultivation, tapping, and probable yield of Para rubber. The climate and soil necessary were pointed out, and the land really well suited to this tree in Ceylon was estimated at 10,000 acres, chiefly situated in the Ratnapura and Kalutara Districts. In view of what is stated below, and of the fact that many persons are planting the tree at comparatively high levels or in otherwise unfavourable localities, I take this opportunity of calling renewed attention to the above estimate. Unless some much improved method of cultivation is discovered, or the price of rubber rises even higher than it now is, the chance of a profitable return in unfavourable localities is small. The tree itself grows as well in Ceylon as in its native home, Brazil; but the yield of rubber is very much less, and is less even than that obtained from similar trees in Java and the Straits. It should therefore not be planted in any but the most favourable localities available. ; The whole question of what tree to plant has however been re-opened, when, so far as Ceylon was concerned, it might have been thonght settled in favour of the Hevea. By the aid of machinery it is now possible to separate the pure or nearly pure caoutchoue from the latex or milk of any rubber-yielding tree, and the rubber so prepared has apparently the same quality, whatever tree it may have come from, and at the same time is very much purer than any natural rubber, even the best Para. When rubber thus prepared comes upon the market in quantity, the probable result will be that for some time it will obtain higher prices than any ever before obtained, but soon the price will fall to that now obtained for the best natural rubber, and the latter will fetch only a lower price. When the Hevea is tapped as has hitherto been done in Ceylon, there is always a large proportion of the latex which dries on the tree, owing to its extremely syrupy nature. This yields a scrap rubber, which at present fetches a good price, and it was upon this price that the estimate of pecuniary return given in the Circular was based. The price of this however, as has’ just been pointed out, will almost certainly fall. The rubber milk that collects in the tins or shells used in the tapping can of course be treated by machinery, and will fetch a high price, but the average price will not be improved owing ‘to the poor value of the scrap rubber, which cannot be thus dealt with, and may even be lower than the estimate given. The whole question therefore stands in need of revision. [a _ Further than this, the use of the machinery equalizes the quality of the rubber derived from different trees, and now it is no longer important to choose the tree which gives the best natural’ rubber, but rather that tree which yields the most rubber. There can be little doubt that' the tree’ which gives the best return! in this way will, for most districts of south-west Ceylon, be found to be Castillod. 4B (27) In view of the importance of the conclusions thus briefly indicated, it is proposed to publish details in the course of the next few months. The machine methods of preparing rubber have been patented. Mr. Parkin has also elaborated methods of preparation which are simple and inexpensive, and yield very good results. It is unfortunate that there is so little Casti//oa in the Island that it is almost impossible to make a really fair test of the yield in different localities. Both the new methods of treatment of milk above-mentioned lend themselves well to the obtaining of rubber from young stems, and experiments are in progress to test whether the cutting of young plants when eighteen months old or less will give a good yield; if this prove to be the case, it will of course obviate the present necessity and risk of waiting ten years for a return on the capital invested. Those who have large quantities of seed might well try broadcast sowing, or close planting of seedlings for cutting at a year or eighteen months old. Guttapercha.—This year the trees of Payena Leerii, which give the “gatah sundek”’ of com- merce, have flowered well, and we have a fair number of young plants available for trial. Owing to the slow growth and small yield, this tree is however not very suitable for private cultivation. Rhea or Ramie.—The experimental plots of this product have been extended, but owing to the short time that they have been cultivated it is too early yet to draw any conclusions as to the yield per acre. ‘The plant grows excellently well here, but needs much manure. The whole question has been gone into in a very thorough manner in a recent issue of the “ Indian Agricul- tural Ledger,” in which Dr. G. Watt pronounces on the whole against rhea as a probable successful and profitable export cultivation for India. Many of the reasons upon which he bases this conclu- sion are also applicable to the case of Ceylon. So long as the price offered for ribbons is so small, rhea is not very likely to prove a profitable cultivation in Ceylon. Other Fibres.—Palmyra fibre has been mentioned above. Kitul fibre has been exported during the year to the extent of 3,794 cwt., the largest export on record. Sansevieria (bow string hemp), Sisal hemp, Mauritius hemp, and others are on trial in the gardens. A special number of the “Kew Bulletin” has lately been issued, containing a reprint of all the important papers on fibres that have appeared at different times in that Journal. F Cinchona.—The export has risen to 975,784 lb., against 653,346 in 1897, and 1,309,560 in 1896. Prices have somewhat improved, and though it would be perhaps unwise to recommend any extension of the cultivation, there seems some prospect of a return from those trees already in cultivation being obtained for some years to come. Camphor.—There has been little application for this plant during the year, and considering the long period which must elapse before any return can be got, and the simple chemical constitution of this substance, this is hardly to be wondered at. It appears probable however that solid camphor can be obtained from the twigs and leaves, and as the tree coppices well like cinnamon this may prove a profitable method of cultivation, unless the present high price of the drug falls. Some prunings from the trees at Hakgala were sent to Mr. S. A. Owen, who obtained solid camphor from them by distillation at the rate of 15 lb. to the ton (Ceylon Observer, April 7, 1898). Other Drugs.—Plots of ipecacuanha have been planted out, but we do not have much success with this plant, which seems to need some very special conditions of soil or climate which we have not yet been able to discover and reproduce. We have alot of plants available for any one who will undertake an experiment with them. A recent number of the Agricultural Ledger calls attention to the use in some parts of India of the seeds of the Totila (Ovorylum indicum) asa remedy in cattle ringworm and similar diseases. The tree is common in Ceylon, where its bark is used medicinally, and it may therefore ) be well to call attention to the paper above-mentioned. | Rice—The chief point of interest in this cultivation which has come within the purview of | this Department has been the outbreak of “ weevil,” dealt with in the next chapter. Tobacco—The decline in this cultivation of recent years has attracted attention, and it is | intended to take up the whole question in detail during next year, if possible. Grape-vines.—The vine is being tried with fair success in the garden at Anuradhapura, but | the grapes suffer from the attacks of squirrels and other animals. Citronella Grass.—The export of oil was the largest on record, amounting to 1,365,917 lb. A very full and interesting report upon this industry has been published in the semi-annual report of | Messrs. Schimmel & Co. of Leipzig last October. It includes descriptions and figures of the processes and the machinery in use, and a map of the estates. Other Oils.—Cocoanut oil has been mentioned above. The export of cinnamon oil has some- | what increased, Plants of different kinds of olives have been obtained from Italy and will be tried | in some of the dry parts of the hills in 1899. A small demand, which may increase, has sprung up for kekuna oil (the oil from the seed of the candle-nut tree, Alewrites triloba). Tanning Plants —Gambier continues to grow fairly well at Henaratgoda, but no experiments have yet been made with it. A portion of the canaigre plot at Hakgala was dug this year. It (465) yielded at the rate of nearly 95 tons per acre. A quantity of the roots was dried and sliced, and was forwarded to England for report. Fruit.—A large number of different kinds of papaws have been planted at Peradeniya, chiefly for the purpose of trying experiments upon the yield of pepsin. Pineapples continue to do well at Henaratgoda, and it is much to be regretted that when such magnificent fruit can be so easily and cheaply grown here, no attempt has been made to place it upon the home market, whether fresh or in tins. No other country can produce such large pines as those mentioned, and their flavour is excellent. The oranges in the North-Central Province have suffered much from an obscure disease that manifests itself by gummy exudations from the bark, the parts above the gummy place dying off. Many of the best trees in the Anuradhapura District have fallen victims to this disease. The fine varieties of mango in the south garden have begun to flower, but no fruits were obtained this year. The European fruit trees at Hakgala have fared very badly this year, sixty of them dying during the severe drought. One of the plants of “ Alucha yellow plum ” raised from cuttings received from Saharanpur in 1895 fruited this year. This isa very promising plum ; the flavour is good, and the colour,a fine lemon yellow. The largest fruit was 53 inches in circumference. |. Fodder Plants—A small bed of the tree lucerne, Genista prolifera, was planted at Hakgala in July. It looks healthy and grows well, but is not likely to rival the true lucerne. The lucerne, Medicago sativa, has done very well at Hakgala this year. A small plot was cut over close to the ground on 5th February and dressed with Oldendorf’s Peruvian guano. li grew in six weeks to a height of 24 to 45 inches, and gave a yield at the rate of 64 tons of green fodder per acre, or over 50 tons per year—a splendid yield. The much-talked-of Florida velvet bean, Mucuna pruriens, var. utilis, does not thrive at all well at Hakgala, but does better in the more low-lying gardens. Polygonum sacalinense, the sachaline is quite a failure at Hakgala, the plants merely existing. The soy bean, Glycine hispida, was tried in Hakgala garden. Seed was sown in February. and grew very well indeed, but the monsoon, coming on just as they were ripening up, damaged them very much. The seed collected from these was sown in July, and began to grow well, but in August all the plants were eaten by some animal, presumably mouse-deer, Carludovica palmata.—This plant was mentioned in the last report. A small plot of it has been laid out at Peradeniya, and during the year specimens of the leaves were prepared for plaiting as described in the written accounts of the manufacture in America. We were not however able to prepare specimens so good as those made in America and preserved at Kew, Ornamental Plants.—The fine new varieties of cannas planted at Peradeniya have flowered well, and have been a great success. Victoria regia has been flowered successfully both at Peradeniya and at Anuradhapura. A fine specimen of the talipot palm flowered in the nursery at Peradeniya. Seeds have for the first time been obtained of the pretty Malayan palm, Cyrtostachys renda, which has red leaf sheaths ; the specimens of it at Peradeniya are much admired and inquiries are often — made for young plants, which we shall in future be able to meet to some extent. REPORT OF THE HONORARY ENTOMOLOGIST. Mr. Green has done an immense amount of work during the year ; from his full report I make the following extracts :— & s Owing to the drought up-country in the early months of the year and to the comparative failure of the south- f west monsoon, there has been a marked increase in damage from insect pests of all kinds during 1898. Numerous complaints have been received of widespread injury from various insects that have hitherto attracted little attention. The more important insects of the year are noticed below. ee Orthexia insignis, Dougl. (the lantana bug).—Considerable attention was drawn to this insect by its rapid increase throughout the Kandy District and along the railway. Besides the unsightly effect of the unhealthy and blackened vegetation, it was feared that the pest might spread on to the tea. That such fears were not altogether groundless was proved by the receipt from the Rangalla district of tea shoots thickly infested with Orthezia. Two small fields surrounded by chena scrub and native gardens were said to be attacked ; but it is hoped that the strong measures taken have successfully checked its further extension on the tea. Fortunately tea does not appear to be a congenial food plant, and so far has only been attacked where the bug. has been crowded off the lantana or other infested shrubs. The danger lies in the possibility of the insect acquiring a taste for the tea plant when it has once obtained a foothold there. On this account it is strongly advised that wide boundaries should be cleared back wherever lantana — scrub or chena impinges upon tea fields in infected districts. It is most desirable teo that measures should be taken to check the extension of the pest in waste lands. This is best effected by firing the scrub twice a year, if it can be safely done. At present the pest is principally confined within a radius of twenty miles round Kandy ; but if unchecked, it may be expected to range over the whole Island within the next few years. A full account of its life history, with recommendations for its treatment, is now in the press as the next “circular” to be issued. — Paddy Pests.—In May and June considerable alarm was caused to cultivators of and dealers in paddy by the sudden increase of ‘‘ weevil’ among the stored grain, resulting in considerable loss of grain and depreciation of the value of the remainder. At the height of the panic paddy was sold in some places at the ruinous rate of 25 cents a Ge) bushel. An examination of many samples and a personal investigation of granaries showed that several different insects were concerned in the injury. The common rice weevil (Calandra oryze) was largely represented ; but the greatest damage was caused by the enormous numbers of another small beetle which proves to be the almost cosmopolitan species Rhizopertha pusilla, Fab., a well-known grain pest. ‘The following beetles were also present in smaller numbers :—Zriboliwm castaneum, Herbrt., Lophocateris grant, Allibert, Alphitobius piceus, Oliv.,and Venebroides mauritanicus. Besides the beetles, large numbers of a minute Tineid moth were present in all the granaries. It is probable that this insect is responsible for a large portion of the damage. Grains of paddy containing the larve and pup of the moth were observed, and from samples of damaged paddy that have been kept under observation for the last six months relays of the moth have continued to emerge, proving that they are breeding freely in the grain. The cause of this sudden increase of injurious insects in the stored grain has not been definitely determined. It is well known that heating or fermentation, from insufficient drying, is a productive source of ‘ weevil.” Observations on the habits of the insects in confinement seemed to prove that they are unable to penetrate the husk of sound well-dried paddy, though defective grains were quickly attacked. Reports from the various districts on the circumstances prevailing at the time of harvest were rather conflicting. In several instances it was admitted that the grain had not been well dried, owing to heavy ain at harvest time. Jn other cases no such adverse circumstance occurred, and the grain was said to have been treated in the same way as in previous seasons. Happily the preven- tion and cure of the disease is comparatively simple, and was successfully put into practice. It consists in the inclusion of a certain amount of naphthalene powder with the grain in the granary ; this substance keeps away insects from the grain and drives out those already in it. Six ounces are sufficient for 500 bushels of paddy. Circular No. 6 of this Department was issued in June, dealing with the pest and the method of treatment. Helopeltis Antonii.—The so-called mosquito blight has been very prevalent in some of the low-country districts (Kelani Valley, Kalutara, Udagama), resulting in a great falling off of tea crop on affected estates. A visit was made to two of the infected districts, and the local conditions investigated. When the pest is at its height during the later months of the year there is an almost complete loss of leaf on badly attacked fields. The insects are present in enormous numbers. Children employed to catch them were, on one estate, bringing in from 200 to 400 insects each per day, without producing any apparent decrease in the number. ‘I’his pest seems an exception to the rule that dry weather favours the spread of insect pests. During the dry months of January, February, und Mazch the blight:is practically non-existent. The insects commence to reappear with the April rains, and rapidly increase. This is the time to attack the pest. Every effort should be made to kill these survivors before they have had time to propagate. ‘The eggs are laid in the young tea shoots, almost invariably at some point above the ‘‘initial leaf.” The young insect emerges in 10 to 12 days’ time. It follows therefore that a rigid system of plucking close down to the initial leaf, at intervals of 8 to 9 days, and the burning of the plucked shoots, must result in the destruction of a very large proportion of the eggs, and must tend to greatly check the increase of the pest. Our knowledge of the life cycle of Helopeltis is not yet complete, and will be made the subject of future investigations. Nothing is yet definitely known of the habits of the insects during the resting season. It is supposed that most of them die off as soon as the dry season approaches. A certain proportion, however, must hibernate and reappear in the spring, or resting eggs may be deposited and remain unhatched for several months. ‘The determination of this point is most important. Several other plant-sucking Hemiptera have been sent to me as attacking tea. ‘They are brought in by the coolies employed to catch the Helopeltis. Considerable doubt exists as to the actual damage done by them. The commonest, and one somewhat closely allied to Helopeltis, is Capsus rama, Kirby, a greenish insect with transparent wings. It is often present in very large numbers on the blighted tea, and it embeds its eggs in the young shoots in a similar manner to the Helopeltis; but when kept im captivity no punctures were observed upon the tea shoots included with the insects. Specimens of the common rice-sapper, Leptocorisa acutu, Thunberg, were received from the Udagama district with the information that they also were being captured in large numbers on the tea together with Helopeltis. This bug also refuses to feed upon tea in captivity. ‘he presence of these insects on the tea requires explanation, and will necessitate careful observations on the spot. ‘ The Spotted Locust, Phymateus punctutus Fabr.—A serious visitation of these insects occurred in several districts durmg the year. Damage was reported from the Badulla, Matale, Kadugannawa, Kurunegala, and Negombo Districts, chiefly to cocoanut and areca palms, Shade trees on cocoa estates were also defoliated. Investigations of the pest were made upon the spot, and a circular (No. 9) was published in December giving a full account of the insect and recommendations for treatment of infested estates. If theseare carefully attended to, there seems no reason to anticipate any very serious spread of this pest. Lhe Cocoanut Caterpillar.—The small caterpillars that were reported to be ravaging cocoanut estates in the Hastern Province towards the end of 1897 have apparently not returned this year. ‘The Government Agent, Batticaloa, in a report to the Colonial Secretary dated January 13, 1898, writes :—‘ From inquiries made, and on referring to some old diaries, I find that the pest has been known to exist for the past thirty years, sometimes breaking out with great virulence, and at other times disappearing altogether, but impairing the productiveness of the trees for a year or two after.” This caterpillar, which hasynot yet been scientifically identified, is gregarious, and feeds upon the under surface of the cocoanut fronds, consuming all the green parts, and leaving only the colourless upper cuticle of the leaf. It even attacks the immature nuts, and causes an unhealthy exudation of gummy matter. The insects conceal themselves from view by the construction of galleries composed of silk mixed with comminuted fragments of the leaf. ‘Che caterpillar itself is quite small, scarcely more than half an inch in length. The head and next two segments of the body are shining black, the remaining parts being cream-coloured with minute brownish specks. lt eventually develops into a small grey moth, the front wings specked with black. To prevent the recurrence of widespread damage, action should be takenat the earliest re-appearance of the pest. ‘The affected leaves should be cut off while the insects are still upon them, and burnt. It is a mistake to wait till the leaves fall off of themselves, for by that time the caterpillars have completed their transformations or gone to younger leaves. It is the custom of cocoanut planters to fumigate affected estates by burning rubbish on the windward side, so as to drive the smoke through the trees. It is doubtfulif the treatment would have much effect as a cure, but it would be of consideruble advantage asa preventive measure. ree) The Shot-hole Borer, Xyleborus fornicatus, Wichoff, has been the subject of much correspondence throughout the year. Reports of injury to tea plants by this insect have been received from Watagoda, Nawalapitiya, Dolosbage, Kandy, and Deltota districts. Its presence is noticeable chiefly at the time of pruning, when the cut surfaces of the affected stems look as if riddled by small shot. On following out these holes they are found to ramify down through the stems, and to contain numerous dark-brown beetles and their whitish, maggot-like larve. This beetle (admirably figured in “Indian Museum Notes,” iy., 2) belongs to the family Scolytide. ‘The insects of this family mostly attack dead or dying wood, but in the present instance they attack trees that are to all appearance perfectly healthy. Attack does not usually result in the death of the tree, nor in free-growing bushes does it produce any very marked result. The presence of these numerous galleries, however, must tend to produce decay by admitting water and other insects 5 infected trees also may very likely feel the effect of drought sooner, and this will mean a loss of flush, It is said that these insects cultivate a food fungus in their galleries (Hubbard, U.S, Dept. of Agr. Diy. of Ent., Bull. 7) as is done by the termites and some ants. The burning of prunings in affected fields will help to check the pest, and the cut surfaces of the stems may be painted with some such greasy mixture as “‘ Raupenleim,” which will suffocate many of the insects in their galleries. Numerous reports have been received of extensive defoliation of tea plants by;the caterpillars of Heterusia cingala, Moore. They are said to appear, in thousands and to eat every leat of the trees. It should be clearly understood that all these excessive plagues of caterpillars are preceded by smaller broods which, from their affecting perhaps one or two bushes only, are overlooked or considered to be of no importance. If this early brood had been promptly destroyed, the later extensive injury would have been avoided. The caterpillar of Heterusia cingala is a fleshy-looking insect of a dull brick red colour, about an inch long, broad, and thickset. The back and sides are set with small conical tubercles with a few short inconspicuous hairs When full-grown it spins a compact straw-coloured cocoon in a folded leaf, and in from two to three weeks emerges as a bright-coloured moth that might be readily mistaken for a butterfly. The moth has a wing expanse of 22 inches, The fore-wings are dark metallic, blackish green, with an irregular white band and some whitish spots. The hind wings are black with a broad primrose yellow zone across the middle, the black parts veined with metallic blue; The extremity and base of the abdomen are rich peacock blue, the median are a bright yellow. Some moths kept under observation shed their small oblong yellowish eggs loose on the bottom of the box in which they were confined, But as the moth hasa prominent ovipositor it is probable that under natural conditions the eggs would be deposited either in crevices of the ground or of the bark of the trees. Heterusia cingala is an indigenous species, peculiar to Ceylon, Its caterpillar is subject to the attacks of a parasitic fly, Hzxorista heterusie, belonging to the family Tachinide which fortunately checks any very extensive increase of the pest. Of over 100 caterpillars sent to me from one estate scarcely 10 produced moths, the balance having been destroyed by these flies. The collection and destruction of the caterpillars by hand is the only practical treatment. A very badly affected field might be pruned down and the prunings burnt upon the spot. ate Other leaf-feeding caterpillars of the tea plant that have been prominent during the year are :— — Orgyia postica, Wik., a small hairy caterpillar with brushlike tufts, projecting forwards on each side of the head similar tuft on the tail, two shorter tufts on each side, and four very compact tufts on the back. ‘The female moth is wingless—merely a bag of eggs which she deposits on the surface of her cocoon. ‘The male moth is a sober-coloured insect with brown wings marbled in darker shades. As all the eggs—and they are very numerous—are deposited on one spot, the resulting brood of caterpillars is at first confined to one bush. his is the time to attack them, and they can easily be exterminated before they have wandered further afield and started fresh broods. ; The Tea Tortrix, Homous fasciculina, W\lk.—This insect is always present to a small extent on the tea. The larvee is a small greenish caterpillar that spins a,few leaves together and feeds within them. Under ordinary circum- stances 1t does no appreciable harm, but occasionally it unaccountably increases and makes itself obnoxiously con- spicuous by spoiling the whole flush over acres of tea. The outbreak is usually of short duration, seldom extending - beyond the period of one flush. In every instance that has come under my observation the sudden increase of the pest is as suddenly checked by an epidemic of a fungus disease that practically exterminates the caterpillars. The moth of this caterpillar is a small fawn-coloured insect, which when at rest is rendered yery inconspicuous by its resemblance to the fallen bract of a plant. 5 The leaf roller, Gracilaria theivora,W1sm, is avery minute moth witha correspondingly minute caterpillar, Its, small size may be realized from the fact that during the first half of its existence it lives and feeds quite comfortably as a miner between the two surfaces of a young tea leaf. Later, it twists up a leaf into a purse-like receptacle in which it completes its growth, ‘This insect is common, and is usually of noeconomicimportance. This year, for the first time, I have had reports of considerable injury caused by it. It increased to an extraordinary extent in the early months of the year. This was no doubt due partly to the prolonged drought. During the rainy weather the leafy receptacles formed by the caterpillars become filled with water and their inhabitants drowned. The collection and destruction of the doubled-up leaves in which the caterpillars reside is the only practical treatment. If the pluckers were instructed always to remove such leaves, there would be little fear of any sudden increase of the pest. The yellow 'lea-mite, Tarsonymus sp., has also shown unusual activity this year. This species is very commonly present on individual trees, but in September and October, probably owing to the failure of the south-west monsoon, complaints were numerous of extensive blights caused by this mite. The animal itself is microscopically small. It affects the young leaves only, differing in this respect from the other tea mites, such as ‘red spider,” which confine themselves to the mature leaves. The symptoms of the blight area hardening of the young leaves, with a brownish scaly appearance on the under surface, especially on each side of the midrib, with, very often, the semblance of a © supplementary rib on each side of the true one. The shoots become hard and small, and eventually the bush_ stops, flushing. Leaves that have been attacked never fully recover, but always bear a roughened pitted look. The mites are always found on the newest growth, moving upwards as the leaves get older. Close plucking is therefore a — logical mode of treatment, and in the event of bad attacks spraying can be resorted to. Many other species of Tarsonymus are destructive pests in other countries. nS OEIC Specimens of a large termite of an undetermined species, but quite distinct from the ordinary “ white ant,” have been received from various districts (Watagoda, Madulkele, Nawalapitiya) and reported as damaging living tea bushes. The insects make their entrance through the taproot, and completely hollow out the main stems. The tree survives a Cap) for some time, so that the injury is not observed till too late, and suddenly collapses when dry weather sets in. The damage done is reported to be very considerable. Until the life-history of this particular species has been worked out it will be difficult to suggest any radical cure. Nothing is known of the nesting habits of the insect. As the termites probably travel for long distances underground, they are difficult to follow up. If the nest could be found and destroyed, the pest could soon be got inder. A case of serious damage to tea seedlings by Nematode worms has been brought to my notice. The worms were said to have partially destroyed a good nursery of plants by eating off all the fine roots together with the bark of the taproot and young stems. The plants blacken and die off, and when pulled up are found to be entirely devoid of roots. I found the remains of the taproot and the cotyledons to be swarming with the young threadworms. If this disease should become prevalent it would be very difficult to raise seedling plants. Whenever signs of the worms appear the ground should be treated with one of the alkaline manures, é.g., nitrate of soda or of potash, preferably the former. These keep away worms and similar pests and are beneficial to the plants. Diseased seedlings should not be planted out. Cardamoms have suffered heavily from the caterpillars of a small blue butterfly, Lampides elpis, Godart. In my own experience asmuch as 25 per cent. of the fruit has been damaged. The caterpillar itself is very hard to find, but its work is only too apparent. A round hole is bored in the side of the unripe fruit, and its contents completely eatenout. One caterpillar will consume four or five fruits ina night. This pest is a difficult one to attack ; the grub-like caterpillars are so inconspicuous and hide themselves so effectually during the day that they cannot be collected, and the butterfly must be attacked instead. Another small butterfly, Cyaniris lavendularis, Moore, has attracted attention at Peradeniya, where its caterpillar has completely ruined the appearance of nearly every plant of the Cycas family in the Botanic Garden. Many other more or less injurious insects have been received and reported on. Caterpillars of some unknown moth were said to be damaging Mauritius grass near Colombo. The rice-sapper was prevalent on paddy in the Galagedara district. The larve of several Psychide—popularly known as bagworms or caddis—haye been troublesome in the Gampola and Kalutara districts. ‘“ White grub” (cockchafer larvae) were reported to have destroyed several acres of Guinea grassin Dolosbage. A large Aphis, determined by Mr, G. B. Buckton, F.R.S., to be a new species, and named by him Lachnus pyri, appeared in large numbers on cultivated pear trees in Nuwara Eliya. The question of quarantinine and fumigating imported plants and fruits has been under consideration, and experiments have been made with a view of determining the best methods of treatment for such cases. The risk of importing dangerous scale and other insects is considerable ; the green bug of coffee and the lantana bug are both importations. Satisfactory results have been obtained by fumigation with hydrocyanic acid gas, and by the use of the gas in a more concentrated condition thau usual in such work, and for a shorter period, the injury caused to delicate plants has been avoided. h Introduction of Beneficial Insects —A. consignment of lady-bird beetles of the species Exochomus nigromaculatus, has been received through the kindness of Mr, C. P. Lounsbury, Government Entomologist, Cape Colony. To avoid unnecessary delay the box was sent by post, taking four weeks in transit. Only five beetles and four larvee (evidently born during the journey) were found alive when the package reached me. ‘The rest were dead, perhaps owing to having been captured when adult. The insects were carefully packed in moss, with a supply of food in the shape of cochineal insects, which being restricted to the prickly pear were not liable to become a pest here, The surviving beetles were transferred to glass jars, and provided with local scale insects as food (Pulvinaria psidii, Dactylopius citri, and Lecanium viride, the green bug) upon which they commenced to feed freely. They were alsa tried with Orthezia, but steadily refused it. They have since been fed exclusively on green bug, upon which they have thrived very well, and have produced young ones which have been reared to maturity upon the same food. I consider the result of the experiment to be most encouraging, as proving the possibility of obtaining living beetles without the great expense and equal uncertainty of sending a special commissioner for their collection and transport. By securing a brood of beetles immediately after their arrival at the adult state, or while still in the pupal stage, the chance of their surviving the journey will be greater. Repeated small consignments would be more certain than a few large ones. The few survivors from the Cape consignment have now more than quadrupled their number, and fresh larve are appearing daily. When sufficient have been obtained specimens will be distributed for liberation in the coffee districts, but it is important to keep a good stock for breeding purposes. There has unfortunately been considerable loss owing to the caunibal propensities of the insects. I now find it advisable to have small jars with a limited number in each, and to provide plenty of cover in the shape of dead leaves or moss into which the insects can retreat when moulting, at which period they are most liable to the attacks of their neighbours. Adult beetles and larvee must not be kept together, for the same reason. The eggs are concealed among the rubbish, and the larvae also conceal themselves, so that when it is necessary to clean out a jar the rubbish must be kept under observation for a month, during which: time many larve will make their appearance. An exchange consignment of local lady-birds (Chilochorus circwmdatus) was despatched by post to the Cape, but being delayed on the way, and not arriving for six weeks, the insects were all dead onarrival. Ina recent letter to the United Planters’ Association of South India Mr. Lounsbury wisely cautions the planters not to expect too much from the colonization of foreign lady-birds, &c., pointing out thateven when the introduction has been successful, local circumstances may tend to minimise the result. Climatic influences may be unsuitable. Weare still quite in the experimental stage of the work, and must expect many failures, but the possible benefit is worth the cost of repeated failures. The work of Mr. Koebele in California and Hawaii shows what may be done in this direction. When we have to deal with large areas artificial treatment is usually impracticable, and we must fall back upon natural remedies. LABORATORY. The laboratory room in the Museum building has been very full during the year, and the want of space has been acutely felt. Mr. Parkin has occupied one bench from March 20 to the end of the year, Dr. Max Fleischer, now of Buitenzorg, worked here from February 2 to 24and collected mosses in many parts of the Island. Mr.J.B. Carruthers occupied a bench at intervals for the investigation of the cacao fungus and other mycological studies. Mr. A. K. Coomaraswamy, of University College, ————————— ll TT € fo 5 London, commenced work here on November 17, and other visitors have also made use of the, laboratory for small periods, Besides the investigation of many points in economic botany, the Director, has been occupied during the year in a thorough revision of the Ceylon and Indian Podostemacee, a: little studied order of plants of much botanical interest. Mr. Parkin has made a very extended study of the coagulation of latex, chiefly in rubber-yielding plants, and has also worked at some other problems in Physiological botany. The completion of the late Dr. Trimen’s “ Flora of Ceylon” has been vigorously pushed on. by Sir J.D. Hooker, and towards the end of the year the fourth volume, containing the remainder: of the Dicotyledons and the Monocotyledons to the end of Hviocaulonee, was published, as well as the last series of 25 plates. The final volume is well in hand and will contain the Cyperacee and the Grasses. RECEIPTS FROM SALES. ‘The receipts of the year were ;— rE palin “Purchasers, At Peradeniya... os #3 1,694 64 = 277 Hakgala .. ig Ke ASI abi ws!) = M40 77 Henaratgoda ... Fs ix 2.292. 85 ae 118 Anuradhapura ae fan 29 49 ie a9 Badulla ee att os WorerD ae 19 Total ... 4568 12 2 BYR, The total given in the revenne returns for 1898 is Rs. 4,433°78 ; this is due to the amoum received in. December, 1897, being credited to revenue for January 1898, parka that received in December, 1898 is credited for 1899. The estimated value of plants and seeds supplied gratis is Rs. 1,531:76. The high price of Para rubber seed has swelled the receipts considerably. Other ‘economic plants have also been sold in some considerable quantity. EXPENDITURE. The total cost of the Department for the year 1898 has been, Rs. 52,713-44, and’ special vote: towards Mr. J. B. Carruthers’ expenses, £190. JOHN C, WILLIS, Peradeniya, January 25, 1899, Director. THE EFFECTS OF HIGH EXCHANGE AND INCREASED PRODUCTION ON THE TEA INDUSTRIES OF INDIA AND CEYLON. 13, Roop Lang, Dear Sirs, LONDON, E.C. The diagram we give below shows how prejudicially the rise in Exchange during the last two years has affected the Tea industries of India and Ceylon We also bring out a few points on this subject for the consideration of those affected, in the hope of inducing them to use every endeavour to have what is practically a differential tax on British-grown Tea removed. For many years we have impressed upon producers the necessity of forcing their product into new markets as the only means of counteracting the effects of increased production, and on the last page of this Circular we give another diagram showing to what extent the efforts made in this direction have succeeded. We are, Dear Sirs, Yours faithfully, August 3rd, 1898. : GOW, WILSON & STANTON. Diagram showing the fall in the average price of British- grown Tea; also the variations in the value of the Rupee and the approximate return in Rupees to the Tea planter at the various rates of Exchange. 1888 1890 | 1891 | 1892 | 1893 | 1894 | 1895 | 1896 | 1897 RUPEE EXCHANGE 1887 16 Ile 5 I's Ih |/4. 5 i Ib Il Mf - mi LONDON AVERAGE PRICE (S7ERL/vG/ |/- 1 |r ll | Saaee ae rt 10 10 oa eed icces a e 9 —=]|9 = ee 8 8 —_ QUIVALENT a ) eee singe | 62 9 56 Me aie 3 53 Cents AP 8. 4. —|50 Pp. — Cents ALP. P 7.3 = |G 2 On broad lines it may be said that Tea is produced in silver currency and paid for in gold currency. In other words, a certain very large percentage of the price obtained for the article has to be converted into rupees, in which the producing expenses are paid. The higher the gold value of the rupee, the fewer rupees will the seller of Indian and Ceylon produce get for hissterling price, for when the rupee is worth 1s 4d the pound sterling exchanges for only 15 rupees, while it exchanges for 20 when the rupee is worth only ts. The Industries are now of such vast magnitude that a rise of rd. in the exchange means a difference of more than £400,000 sterling to the producers. The artificial value recently given to the rupee by the closing of the mints by the Government of India, handicaps the growers of India and Ceylon in their competition with their rivals in other Tea producing countries whose currency is ruled by natural laws. Referring to the Diagram—The line showing the gold value of the rupee calls for little remark. The rupee fell steadily from 1886 to 1888. There was a very slight recovery in 1889, and a rapid rise in 1890, which was due to the passing of the Sherman Act by the United States Congress in that year. A heavy fall took place in 1891, and continued until 1895, when the rupee went as low as 1s 13d for the average of the year. Then, at last, the closing of the mints began to tell, and the gold value of the rupee rose gradually to ts 23d in 1896, and 1s 34d in 1897. The real interest of the chart lies in the red line showing the silver equivalent of the London average price of the Tea, and from this it will be seen how great an injury has been inflicted on these industries by the closing of the Indian mints. For a few years previous to 1896 the producer had been able to combat the almost persistent fall in the London average price of Indian and Ceylon Tea by the decline in the value of the rupee, and notwithstanding a fall of nearly 20% in the London market price, he received an increased number of rupees for his produce. Since 1895. the planter has not only had to face still lower markets, but has received a less number of rupees, for his local expenditure, in proportion to the rise in exchange which has taken place ; and although the fall in the London price was only about 6%, the fall in the remitting power amounted to a figure approaching 207. What is true of Tea is, of course, true of all Indian produce. Everything that has to be raised in India and Ceylon and sold abroad is injuriously affected in precisely the same way as Tea. China is not handicapped in this way, for the Chinese Government has not yet either adopted the gold standard, or employed methods for giving a fictitious value to the dollar. Silver in China, therefore, is regulated by natural laws, and hence we find industry is rapidly prospering in places, where the benefits of European administration are experienced. Practically, India at the present time, when the rupee is but a little under 1s 4d of our money, gets only about 15 rupees for the sovereign for which she sells a commodity. Whereas a piece of silver, if current in China, of exactly the same weight and fineness as the Indian rupee, would be worth only 1o$d. Consequently the sovereign obtained, let us say, for China Tea exchanges for 228 silver pieces exactly equivalent to the rupee in weight and fineness. The difference between 15 and 22% is about 50%. In other words, the gold which the Chinese trader obtains in Europe by the sale of his goods, returns in silver coin about 507% in excess of what it does in India and Ceylon, Hitherto, fortunately for Indian traders, the Chinese have not been able to avail themsclves of the advantage they have over their Indian competitors. But the whole of Europe is now scrambling not only for railway, banking, and other concessions, but for territorial possessions and for trading privileges. Is it not possible that, before long, European skill and capital will be applied to the creation in China of the industries which have made such strides of late in India? 3 Already machinery has been sent out, with instructions to endeavour to improve the quality of China Tea, and to make it more resemble the better qualities of Indian and Ceylon Tea, and we take the following extract from the Consular Report just issued on the “Trade of Shanghai for the year 1897.” “An interesting incident in the past season was the experimental use at Wenchow of a Machine Roller, which proved beyond doubt that the most ordinary China Tea is capable of astonishing improvements if treated by modern methods. Wenchow Tea made by the old native process is of the most inferior description, but by being carefully made and machine rolled a very fair drinkable Tea resulted.” We ourselves hold that it is no more possible to make China Tea resemble Indian and Ceylon Yea than to make Darjeeling-flavoured Tea in Sylhet, or Dimbula- flavoured Tea in the Galle District. We have no liking for the China-produced article, but that is no reason why the point of the above extract should not be watched, as the displacement of China Tea in the past has been largely due to its inferior quality. China is a larger country than India—has varieties of soil and climate. It is difficult, therefore, to say what article cannot be produced. Suppose that, just as India created a Tea industry in competition with China, China should now, under European guidance, create a jute and an indigo and a grain industry. What would become of all those industries in India, handicapped as they are by a currency which gives the Chinese competitor so great an advantage. In a short time China will be provided with better means of communication with the rest of the world. If European skill and capital are applied, not only to producing all the things which China is capable of growing, but also to the manufacturing, say, of cotton, what will become of the competing industries in India, and what will be the effect, not only upon the mass of the population, but upon the revenues? A great depression of the industries, it need hardly be said, would very seriously reduce the tax-paying capabilities of all persons engaged in them. The question of exchange is thus a most vital one for the Tea Producer of India and Ceylon, and when agitating for his grievances to be remedied he should draw attention to the vast amount of good that the industries have done in the past by opening up what would otherwise be waste land, and thus giving employment to about 1,0c0,000 of natives. He should point out the fact that the £35,000,000, which are estimated as having been laid out, was attracted on the belief that the enterprise would never be unfairly handicapped by the Government of the country; and that during the last year further extensions of cultivation have been greatly curtailed by the distrust created in the management of the monetary affairs of the country. The Indian and Ceylon Tea producer does not, however, feel the whole of the disad- vantage in which he is placed against his rivals by the disparity in the silver exchange, as China Tea has to bear certain internal and export duties; hesides which there is some slight loss in converting “‘silyer’”’ into “‘ copper cash,” in which part of the producing charges are paid in that country. NEW MARKETS.—It is beyond question that the fall in the average price of Tea is due primarily to the fact of supplies being in excess of demand. Owing to the amount of land planted during the last three or four years that will be coming into bearing, this state of things may continue for a time. Thus the only course open to producers is to turn their attention to new outlets. Before going further into this point: let us sce what. has been done i Wt Diagram showing the amount of Indian and Ceylon Teas produced in each year; also the amount consumed in the United Kingdom and taken by other countries. © Be ar Lk fot a Eats Se | be - i nes tt SESeen Ere SSS ibs 280 260 Millions grey columns show the Indian and Ceylon Crops in each year. www The green columns show the Home sm=mess The ved columns shew th Ee The Consumption. ll taken by countries outside Great Britain. who LY = 3 5 8 o -Q on gvcs Ao “wy odd Ch ora Os ee, So > gq foie Je) Ze S) oe ie SS ensan ° 1.8.2.8 me, os, CoS oe oH = ae » © 2 Sgus va aby ©) = Sine) geno Gzip cS) Se LO Bo casera oe S eee o oO 2 A H ie Some j D es ise) ; aos “a OG NE ESO peer: SS) ee Pegi Coa Y “oO (S| o8aqgo SPS) oO SQ 2o te) Qo Sos Pa AQ © soe aa ae o ee O SOM 7) n Ue os ESHA SHOGESE pogots soe ,o'g Te 3 aa Soon nv eee SS Eee ae Ma Hn O-n a & ame oe) Oo 8G » 2 ol Gb) aw Ss Os og Mug p65 Som mes oe oes BS SE age es Se 2 ook a9 ess coms SE ay SOR MVotEc 2 200 Q, v =} Sue So eee ~ Oo 6 SOQ V0 ® Gy Oo = = iz, fe). ©) nM Ba ge et OS ov % i n TS) sae ty on tele te) OS. © © Same PoOoABESGS OES SCO Os SC oF6 Ge fel Gah-x Oo Ow; le) 2 6S Se SS Ba ~.8sTHeQqg SO, 1B Gee sans) One © ™ OS 6 2 7S So, ae no. @ aK Som wf Db erg 2 este ge ow = Oo e) oO > NY HO BSon # Soo gai! Hs Oy 8S SE ae © d =o @ ce 5 ono e nw re) a OO BY Oo BOog ghey %8-H S| OOS. 9 ES ena SRS assy .Y Sp) SMox (SI AS oss oO oD aos O-4 g aroun, ge 0) oe O OD-a g vy ale) aA telo) KE Pee SS Oe Oo eae eS tel sy et tole] @D oS) Ge Maur aeiwest Gag = O — & 05 oo See a Sa = 8 OF Oo hH OS 4 ag iS} qa@oo Qn fo) cu Ho SPomrunszA GS Ort YT H H Ok Sebo Swmhvoss SAO MGs SS ere Oe see (eS RS ees eee a SD oo : TS) fo) | aR OF 3m 7 OS RSet RE Ee ae ne Bw ow st ow Sie © Mw ado AS! ©) (Si kS Eon MAL isi, 88) S) woe 3 an © faa Gog ¥ oB 5sa0 SS So sts om = Gee = 8 | = ro Wea STR OFS. 8 S =} @) {Saya SS SEI Sy wa Sae88 q oe] OS Ors qs} Bon Se Oo es eos = 9) Bca saps o ro) a toy os ‘= So) Seca cee Ss Bee So AGE EEESE. Oo SS Q56 = tea rae oSen SS Stas Sarr OWNS Cop pases ete at n markets Ceylon and Indian Teas have to rely entirely on their merits. v and substantially ) pon all interested in producing British- Tress u IP he quality of their produce y previous circulars pointed out where new markets are to be made towards the extension of new markets. a) a os o 20 eS oe TG oO oes cones res Q e) oa Pp soa an Eo ad rs) See Selig “4a Oo eo eee © 0 9) comes cie| Wel SET: ae gas ar o> (fea) cb) tel @) EE S26. eee) © 80-5 Supplement to this day's issue. EXPORTS OF CEYLON PRODUCE FROM COLOMBO AND GALLE DURING THE PAST TEN YEARS. COMPILED AS FROM lst JANUARY TO 3lst DECEMBER IN EACH YEAR. ee : , | Cinnamon. Desic- 3 COT Cis e 0-9 Se eG poe SEO § 28 Coco= | ened Coconut E ae Se é Dex ge a ge bar Cinnamon Bran 4) tsa, |S & B | Bales | Chips Paes ane Ib. Bonmag, 3 Cwt. |Kope.| Yarn./FibreJ .. |Horns|aa Eee earns OiL . ts 1b, lb. is) Cwt. | Cwt | Cwt. | Cwt. On, Ib. | eee ee eee — | —___}..____ |. —.—_—-_} -—__.- |- ——— = be ——_— |] ——__-- | — — — - | -- —— J _ | —— Total Exporis fsom Ist Jan, to3lst Dec. 1898 975,784] 119,769,071|36,982 13,173} 140) 18,313 581,473 2,534,056) 1,414,165]435,933/506,277/13,040,534) 216,620 > 927,714] 473,075]12,833| 75,819|95,79] 3,975) -- | 5298) 41,522) 3,794/1,365,017 | 183,312 Do. do. do. 1897 19,012 371| 19,383 3,380} + 5,742) 16,798 1,981} 1,182,867 181,536 6,664) ... | 9,560/18,757! 9071) 11,382,141] 182,057 7,240] .. | 8,827) 26,565) 3,530] 1,182,255] 78,587 8,393] 457) 5,191) 22,257) 2,277; 938,471 88,150 653,346] 116,054,567/34,50 | 532,830;2,674,537/1,067,051} 09,600) 106,601/12,054,452| 192,479 13,610,508 | 357,257}11,732] 91,460 74,470) Do. do. do. 1896 21,882) 865) 22,747] 1,309,560] 108,141,412/31,368) 459.595 2,098,865] 808,5U2]343,797) 60,049] 0,603,598] 138,358 13,858,£81| 340,491]10,843) 68,326)56,516) Do. do, do. 1895) 60,029) 3,991) 63,920) 921,085} 97,939,871)27,420| 374,63512,169,527| 920,136]384,140| 30,765) £,551,073] 174,175] 10,800,712 334,921]12,082| 90,112|77,%26 To, : do, do. "1894 31,553] 652| 32,205] 2,497,616) §4,591,714/21,110| 306,377)1,969,905| 657,726]487,571| 30,642] 5,722,202. 165,156] 8,292,692| 339,521414,416| 91,746|-7,73> ities dics do. 1893) 82,539) 2,651) 55,190] 3,571,%25] g4,406,063]30,658) 498,210)1,995,257 667,115|389,712) 44,923] 6,414,9C8| 188,538| 1!,079,028| 337,605] 7,819| 81,~31.56,404] 6381) 349] 6,678|85,003| 2,417| 668,630| 140,984 Do. do, do. 1892] 40,604 2,589] 43,143 , Nye q 491 44 502 8,798,320) 71,153,657/17,327) 372,510.1,947,538/ 615,155)550,977/134,590| 3,849,724| 204,166 9,717,386] 426,761] 7,895) 101,275/13,445] 5.934) 720 10,708) gsaotiaee 106,303 pb at, oto: 1891 5,679,339] 68,274,420|20,532) 492,109 2,309,774| 5€8,2641409,521) 45,660| 416,330; 192,210| 6,699,403] 400,268]10,576) 90,699/37,897) 3.239| 1,785 2,577) «. | 1,899] 703,974) 192,885 8,728,836] 46,901,554/15,981) 387,940.1,84,514| 441,447]/362,690/129,502| 145,088| 11,907,969} 385,754] 9,379] 75,030/35,967 81,225] 5,467] 86,692 % t opel | Do. dos do. 1890} 82,005] 4,004] 86,009 9,373) 2,288) 1,259) we | 2,387 909,942 108,787 Do. do. do, 1889 83,800) 4,782) 88,082] 9,283,729} 34,048,085/19,054) 361,22412,010,096 562,543 356,576, 38,384 «| 188,237! 5,004,541] 475,516) 9,778) 82,193)31,266 “4 i ae | | 3,572) 1,968' 1,080! .., 2,771) 641,465] 100,284 | | | | ‘ L | | * No records previous to 1891. + No records previous to 1892, ’ -DISTRIBUTION FOR 1897 AND 1898. —— —— nian = - = ; SimealGella) 2 1s Coffee : Cwt. Cinchona. Tea Grace | Ze | Cinnamon, Coconut Oil. | Copra. Desiceates poonac, mae Blumbago. Colne Cvs 3 isnot BS Bis | - Ee ; : we Coconut : a leg |S s 3° SE “ u Ou Mo | ro) = GountRIEs, | — ee ime ee | ——-— —- | = =r ad a ae |e Plant- | Na-|Totai.| Bran @| Bren Bales, | Chips | | Rope.} Yarn, | 7; Cwt Ib 0: euoa bas Brave 4 Brana Ma ugh | 46a Cwt. | |b 1b. Ib | BES) | ae Cwt. ibe] Cwty | NO 1898 1807 ope | Fibre. [Cwt.1 Cwt. | Cwt, oa t, ——— ee | al ase _—_——_ ee Le ——| l= ie = ———__] — i— —_—_————e Coenen | Be en eee | =| Eger To U.K. ...) 9195 .. | 9195) 712468 352963 96133833 98930059 35253'337054, 954729 402385 123316 72004 51067, 9490084) 27325 9866289 160500|159675! 99) | aune5 G610% 3413] 2269! '31558/3784, epbaes 10baas on yaaa 222 30 222 nao con 14873) 19883 se Heametete 12500 1 123704 11282; 8717. 20356 119980 Pee i| 7500 201 ae , | 469 ee 2152) . » Belgium | 195) .. | 195} 44a! 13590 11010) 250 75300. 62376 903 1133] 92270 60600 79463 6840) 52749) 4u205| .. 4 2 10223 462 2625) 10 7, Hranee ..-| 401)... | 401] 28228)" 624) 10001; _aioeé|... | ap4l _saro0 60536, 4209| ... | 80791) 2600, .. | I © AGU] cas) TG) BPI IG nl eeu) » oeteeay, «Lai «+ | Tw. 182) 850252; 9565841 “463 gan40 776740 449716 9003 5754] $4197 595300}109832| 697285) 64142] 63518] .... 2029 11939] | | “317 6292! . | a28sal 76475 » ae Ce ee) re oy * 3p 26351 19775 96, 10000, 22400) ... | 4502 70420) ... 130950; 41U0) 1885) ... | 180, 152)... } 1. | go9| .. a saa be a | Bis. 2} 21035) 3132 6730 6121| “112900, 120960 603, “310} 11801... |... 4380]... Ue) eee oI Ie lice || arom ienen cee | ace 4 ae ” Gea S| Adie | AB). % 2714003; 439349) 5 | es 5} 299143688... si 60000] 994) .. epee) son dS 000 | a a |) cece ” ae eae: 00 noe || occ ren” wail ave 44650 28070) ... | ... | 140000) 16800' .. pec |: Pe a5 vee 00 AGB nee tes | ae ° oe 7 ” nee en.. 1 Nee 1 595 i 42171 52875) ... 5040 ive bs Bas 303] 14006 ea £3, inhi 200 414) ... noe 400 se | eeepc ais = Nie NS TAG ee a Teepe |e | aot 8 ee tee Meer ll fa yo | ri ” : WD a By 1091559} 986765, 5). 77701 ... _1125687/166238 3 896]. 405090) 523) 684] 645] 5793. “f 20 10100} .. ” peace 2271 140) 241). e 151263 11} 13258456) 30, "336 7600| 17360). rail, 2185 oo 511897 = 1050 976, 1051) ... | 13-6, 5798 39 10633 es re per ls sr aacesess| 2180188 Sooede| °92| 10657) 264687! 144816 65800 sg060| |. | 215132 |. SOMO 16719) 8010s. ¢) 229 eee [ssssrenjereen SERIA hme ” a ee UE oe 2% = | 4946)... 7 BA) coc 13)... 9837]... ae aa occ ere Noa | 1063 ” Sin'pore | “a 49 oa 22089, 29353 Mg 690162 200 1940 125000)... an 487| ~ 8 ieee & ie ‘| ““as) “36a) 1. | 450). | - | 9949}, ” - s = 4 47191] 293 i vo f1589| 1214 221 ep 504 » Mauritius sepluee in 33 33299 11700 i | vee P00 seeal 21824 .Gi0bs oat me : x se KA wats || Vizist_ | ee alee | Pa ecg fais ms Mae) | 196852) 962631] 1. | | | sil sol aes A Oe a elite: So ee ee oe eee pedestal pelo rae ney orm ist Jan ies 3 | | { t Bist Dec. 1898,| 13173) 14013313] 975784) —653346,119769071'116054567 = i ae 12027714) nie 307 75819; 96779 387i] 5258 41522/3794 1865917 183312 : * > i OM) tel oat 2 603) cog bie ay ob wal ot a Mae ad ite , COT TR. pera dit. atce ries fea te os ob «ite ah et Vaud toniko in} ited NE ce ee ee mee ee mmm | ax te hat , “Wis rund 83) fh data Oh vienna Lint) 2 feat wil at kod be dao ary Ole : A oiaer ted ‘snoces ‘adyere eiebE ‘. MORE E ; eed erige ; ‘ QSOTAOr ! ss eOLal ig VEE OE - —— ” ‘Supplement to the “TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. S00 eee —————— \ WILSON, SMITHETT & CO.’S JEA REPORT FOR 1898. a ee moo ELS ——— EE Ny high 18 Denooeateld ‘and during tho autumn that'of oe | Heche 40 the average, and os reached a really high 108000 inser Dixie: aie peste remain: He at | Ambatoone: boo of 223,400 64 | tMackesood =a i Ht A iM H ri tt : = 20,000 to 60,000 Ibs. ; (00,000 to 200,000 Ibe. ano sal males im 1838, 1897, 1 - : . 3 $5 2 35 CTIONS OF CEYLON TEA 1598, = 2 #3 8 85 WEEKLY POBLIO AU! on pee : a = ES 98, 1698 WITH AVERAGE pri gs 3. 2 Zs B. zg & CEYLON TEA IN 18 DURING 168 SED 2k 2h 28 gg ; Nomter _, Av. price é 2 ck 395) Sms £ a. MESSRS, WILSON SMITHEIT & CO.'S Week eee sal st Ber Ib. for Seats =< ¥ =< $38 — ac 2309 aon t, MEMORANDA. exding week 1877. sek o00 & Bois a eer rks : rrr rele re ort ERM ga ease OF ke fe Lospor, March 1899, | Toaary ath Sa) | Atherneld Me 1as000 Mein @f 12502 Zk dare uM 30 Gh soo “a1 ‘ket during 1898 Ith roe ‘Atgalls M p Mt yer kg | Vicarton. i 7 8 ne f the Ceylon tea marke! 8 m 18th ahd ts Tea Ests.Oo.HM 101, 6 HM 73,000 — —"| Wancis Oya H 82,0007} 165,500 Are fnto full relicf the interdopendence} +. 25th a L135, eo HM 57.500 | 59,500 7 Warwick H 27,500 Pee a see eee of tho two groat branches of Brit-| pZhroary as sia Arachy Tolan He Le ote) Hilliemee EE e fh Beisoy gt] Westlcgh x oh 39,000 6f upon esc! i ho ataplo of | 157, 5700 Fe 80000 7 He 49,500 9 41,000 10 hich now constitute tho atapl 15th a Battalgalls H 62000 6 | Ohetnole L ri a i 5h tale arpa the statistical posl- |. ” aod hd ry aM 8} | Cholantande Mo 740007 63,000 7g 44,500 4] 59,000 Consumption. Although the «' 2 Ist Bet H 120000 9 97,500 MBG 500 | §31500 95 | 43,000 6 SS Gar ante esa casatse of the your | March 18 Ba aaa HM testo Te 188800 7H) Graig H 7000 7} som! Bm fk 7 ander review was all that could bo dosired and] 3° fh 3 Blair Athol H lino sf 13tso0 of | Gates Hoo 8, 22000 Te velistenne Ye EAM) RI) ed to bode well for the future, the heayy| /" Pats au Bogahawatte H 163,000 8 —-129,500 8) Dambagastalawa HH ato ui iver ik N.B.—An Auterisk has bean placed wt those Hgrefou odin Teton anal ona lNGureuenel Rea Ai | Bocemane HM 160) SF 1579 | Dangtaute re ot He ae iat yearrhlch were olay wholly ox pacts stocks of t . (09,500 93 ¥ 80,000 62 axon Gf | ally cold in mbo, Nene fi Et SIE ge EEE NCO ares STI Fra __| Brsemore Fieelth 138,500 72] Dedagalla a 90 included in the statistics for 1898, 6,800,000 realise tho supplies PU e, mio jams en] 2 10th 7a Calsay: H 172,500 8) 31,000 8} | Delpotonoya H 70,000 63 75,5007 ee ers ioelaed ia consisting largely of eommon auentbe nd Sehr eae ae eb temeda ie (es 26th 2 Crleddaia Te ot aosoo. 0h| pees srr Se St me oa CES OH peri. : ich consisted chiel eS 7 Oarlabeck . 99/500 74 | Davon ‘ i the Ceylon Imports, whi fe 10th H 195,500 72 , e H 92/00}, $3,500 11! * i and) both toa for iia Oholsy 118,000 9" | Diyanillakelle yy +p time of ordinary quality teas, 2: 17th 7d tlers Farm H 195,000 88 b 1 talawa HM © 84,000 57,500 -pokoes receded a0-| ¥y Wr Ohrys rf UE 83,000. 1/14] Doom eas 42 orton & “price” and medium broken-pél £ 4 aa 7 ‘Qoncordia M 185,500 9} | Doranale HM 15006: f ¥ seul nt eae eT Et it [etaiat® gp ara [Benge =m Ban SPU SO ATEHAGE PRICE. ik to = lower level h i Clontat! ‘} 79,000 8$} Dannottar ‘ eS b Ratan pad ee ea reaot perfod of | "Ate i Cocriemalle a lovam ef Geto oh | pines Mater eroen SE) Realise for the different CEYLON TEA Dig had cver been previously touched a Sat poem cant fi | Qeolbara H ies 74 ilhs00 741 Bllaratle Ht 6a000 = > | TRIGTS, compiled trom the Public Actions hela ta jar. Brokencpekoos, especially, dropped much] |» 28h fl Co'taganga Fea Ae un. Elbmalla Sets cra Londen botweenJunuary latand Docomber Slat, [838 — a eneipaiatealclipeananmcatsal edly 5 1th ha Dantigelis HAE 10seoy GF e800 6 Emelina H 6400 7h 118,500 74 Ay. Price Ay. Pri Bee Dias, Auaiodamen| Bo Ine Hi | Barbtagou M e500 6E 1480000 7" | Parelawa BH ss00) “gf “as'eu0 a Perlb. por good value to the buyer, ing to bad flushing | 26th 2 H 124,500 8 150,000 By | Faithlie H 74,000) © 81,000 Ib. 1898. 1897. . 1] tho more wororely folt ax owing to bad Mua Augast od 7a Deerieeite M 195.500 GR 179,500. 4 Euan Cora H T0009 80an! H 9 7 018 1 87,000 9k 183,50. ais CV TAIN ET SCEALIO HEP pes eo “it mption, Tho de- | 1,000 to 2,500 feo BI feet; HH HH 8} "43;500 9 | Ly istod ‘00 9) 60,00 9}] ing tho past three ys Eata ag aRLeTT Icea TereeS TonteeEnLeveet||Gloonitacke METS (Hien ra cGe: ta, coouTlou Glassaugh § 17600 TE] Etangacclla MAE s000 9 a | eae brome s= x for" prico? tho boltde Kinds weeting ar rondy x des | (hghueas) above BAO deat - Glenn H whoop 104 168000 SE] Ma nels AE.) Er for ** price, ‘’ var ‘Over 1,000,000 Tbs. eens ero L 171,000 65 235,000 Gr lexo 92'500 8h =5 Se SUFSE URL Uoeeenraterietear toate sane 1898. Glaros 1 Tavton ge: dasoon, gf] Suatsealin, ae 1? Be 7 introduce the Coylon loa! 3 3 plock Lik Ty " a ie 4 ) Se Pa treo eam oeseunciee Se Goattell Toate age eer Pa ees G70 Ht avn Sountrioe coutiiued during thelpast year tomeeh with Woe gent me TMD Ur Midands Hit goluon Ge ial iio oqualiied“succoas, “The SE ataunel anes mg, ast oto H 120,000 6} Fey Gy Neu Bs Ward Loarsat Wasstene amounted to 11°7 por cont, of tho total ¢ j ; 0 10 15000073 156,000 74) Mineing Lan M 59/000 7 11108,034 1)430,020 933,303 a x 1897. This watisfactory |; cama H 1,119,500 9) Gor H 130 74 44,500 77 | Moo vain 8 53 103) agaist 10:1 por cont. in jou in trade with | Divagam: 1,003,000 7° '934{000 7} | Gonavy. 1 7 500 Gi | Menke L 78,500 Se arn ee eT Srel Sisteremtee eee | calaue Ober £00,000" Ibe. Gonauibil ea i =i iver at 67/500) 74 I quarters, except the United States, y - SalarcoS 511,000 10. | Halwacure Gf nee rT 007 4 ais = See Se erator aca ereyllin att 468000 7} | He loo Group oe & 74| Nomonkando Re te 7A i CRE cio er ict) Caran Sear, GBR Qe eC) NCS o) HEAVEN EL EAN OO) EE ho | Karogar HM 829,500 73 | Hautave i cr Forest 1 955 | prced with tha ' viously taken from the antl fat irements ; recently, owing to tho | Kurogame 7, 0 wabalande = M. 6 if Lh 69,000 10k ] . sgara and ten wars previously SE SSRTaLSUNGSTEEATTS the improbability of any S; Leonards MH tatoo st ee rs a 6s 5H mit Oe a Helunioe(iaioes nevus eee Ella from tho duty, much more activity perro i 540,00) 8 | 1Yolmirood H mM | Neceuaee it 4 nt 1893 1893 ee Gatige hus provailed) in Business with tho States. A lance ici et REGO 7h | Holsreod West | HE 181000 9 eee mM i b Pereraing) Verenrtape Percentage E-fha) table) of lke:Kspayts.) which wo |piveyi will Botha L #00) 64 ovaesy ata Oo. HX AD}CO)) in 7 | Nyoe amtaloya IL ob a Sete ttotal, arama ba Coylon aulliatiay seig camel eaifpiteicie ite Houugatla Bo. 1 55,000 0 Belay Talia. a anos : Gata meus trndonwith Foren gat lesa Eat Rg Haviltana M 1iiivo0 8 a tt 10) ASCE) GES ERT ONIN) co ric cy ne way as they have already displaced | Bandarapolla 3 50,000 Gy 147/500 6) 3 = eylon.. i in much tho samo wy a8 thoy havo ‘vit is moat | Boa wont M Todura a L150, He epi) 1s tovaes IL t 94 | 82.450,000 35-03 64,000,000 S0-S4 herjinlrogard ito Poms] Coneemplgna n toa from|Campdon Hil M Tug stre H wr GN | atrarston W @ is China, &o. 722 78,500,000 42-78 significant that tho re-oxpo: if Culloden L Town M if i it 9,500,000 $29 | 95,500,000 17°22 78,500, London, which in 1:90 only amounted to 300 por Degelessa a Kabrag Na ey Pex ck Will 1M oy 7}, 19,800, : = — cent of tho total exports formed last NO al eS H Kaipoocalla 103'51%) Beas HA ha al esynborocaTies 207,500,000 1b. 183,500,000 1b. cent. of our total shipping trade with foreign Drayton u DSinoraag 116,000 Poolbanke He Eee) rh) | nial markots. i K Meds} ' »; SSA CaaaaTin( (he ied xports from Colombo | Oia dn Kiniatoys ahd alate AL ti at ie eaod | GavlonteTenWcomivared Hoo a ane ee eT ere renee (Glan cAlping i Renwecua 148500, Nahatungoda Mf 9 Sulleuaiceasac stan autisuiesfevesetesyantiyeatqara ehojpasiiy eaxpes moat iromarkable fend ia eo pecan Se Rilieleato eT 7h FE a ey ne eae skaarhreet rato souee. : tc wens i vrei ’ Imboolpitia M Kernskelle v Uist g i RETURNS -— Mariowatta x K Warve Ra mp ed ralemeancas see eaalegs)_. sPementags Td |NewBectessa tt Kellerel OFS ale Tr eanon, 10 a Be rae ‘ot total Ciisiad 7, yi wo jew Pern e ‘itougeria ne OP E ten as tho greatest ten-consuming country in tho worl Pitakando ay aan 178,000 Hovenat emit q 1 KE > AEE FEO vn : i 2 625, relied pan to absorb almost the entiro crops of Pa M Hiackles Group ue ee L G Sh sae sea) BED Ina abd Ceylon in prolific feasons; itis therotoro | Shares H Rv abenn ea ator cn = | ans23sse 31-7 ge, = fi gratulation that we note the ing Vallo} H Kuds Oya 2 St. Hel 9 R Chins wus SRT Ses Gan in citrees CTD ce Vauderdale peubeas 1 si OV aceasta 42,910,000 3900 (SnD BURGE oa Talawakello ie 90150 s ad 7 000 Ib Cesena s oxomplified in the returns collatod | Teosten iy H 128,640 I 73 | 30,813,252 1b. ; ? h will bo fc eal Wallaha. iz anneal a 3 Rearmnwore it yorrs ago faction is all | Waverley wnford re S}], N.B.—Weh Aer HET ¢ Boardof Drade retorow the moro|complot eved that thi : Mallyovany - Vigoan's A Ro aaee roan tvaudlreielgcorteatenivaias Coylou nin entirely due fal exploitation bbotaleigh Maddesndera axboratiee WH re BOD AL ontnae es BC fresh elds 1 enterprise, and bas not been ob- | ioe ed | Inhacoodugalla. IkortKuady, M 49,000, 5 : etiire hee x © of the Forvig id Colonial Avisawolla 3 Hi V H 2,500) ad Pe Eee ee Sani Soe Moussalia TT 90/600 — = 2 CORR: BAL ME 2 ised | Bambarakelly & Dell H Mligoultry & Mausaclia TE 90,600 50000 7 BOARD OF TRADE RETURNS, 2 Battogalla ae | Pajrn) ava 4 a 73,000 10§ Sear andor xoview: ware'| Barnagalla , Moris Co!ta } ltststueatia H oP OC a rerarta oe atic tha Daa any cara , ~ demand for all uxcful | Bearwel x RSE ENE TER i tlistatag i 5 596. rat. from 0a) t Rogamaotas 1 503/500 203] Sipittskande Disease L Sees OUTED rere 7 ane 4 AREA RET ya market f jamploa = Tesi] Morar Uinn Oya as 6} 119,000 Te ee Oras lid per Ih. easton Bteeaeae ve L 6 aay al Ghlan a7us'708 a9/7 of the marke Chapelbon orelupi oR er nant! genoral averigo Cocrgalla Wadeigh "TINE Ct cin Gt] CREME S cn acon GAGA EKGKCO maintained, common sou sod tones ean Worsiapotia x 5 Hiller teat urease ae er Ib., and meditin pokoes mee ed with heavy | gy o West Haputale 9,600 74] twelve a e 123 Beato Sd per Ib. Fobrusry Fee ear teat RIDE) Waviea?o IM 7 Giia0o Gt moulins 279,401,264 260,900,411 205,994,122 255,860 alos and n nervous tone speedily suporve Nico Wowes:o Mi & 500 ail kinds assuming an easier tonden LBD Hw i Dauy Niloomally is ie MOL Ht 4 83.00) 4 arc the market remained fairly steady; _ North Matale ant ihapaeolla aL OOS i P Seer eee anand facibersiauesiGer and Daralaaza Ners:gella (UVA) NM 170,500 ah Wergale uM naga St) Home cournmption of Ten daring. the peat foar good pekoes and orange peli nD Ey Daelaye a gerne im 91500 7 Weldemulle hl Gi 27,00) 7_| years:— ee ifth ie its fected by n Joll in tho Continental demand, Ax Dackwa i 3 s 500 Be lyons H 92 19 Yakka 77,000 8{| From Cust} 194 122,941,096 116,313,814 Set tho dopression increas dante ise Ederpole 207,500 es vars ele ate te in ‘ Yuillezetd a ie at 7 Tada 493,490,851 ea eanete 74.02 09 eed, coinen, to medium Kade declining 4d” por | Etlobarg 6 173000 8 | Orion M a A : £3,000 74) Ohloa 14,695,884 1712421247 i9/831678 20,201;874 Bane is d i Elangapitiye 4 Lind 9° 185000 8 44,000 GE K China 14,695; t Jeaeald common tole a porlb, At the | pinedas > sphoon) B2))|Ostorne NM lsrou 7k 93,000 Gf | Azarsland H fot $f 8000 7 Other Goun- "yp 18,251 6,231,640 1b., whilst good medium tea noting Tyas ratiug nt oa | Bibedae } 10000. 7 Baneslatonne a 1osioo0 op | Ambewella TL aa00 ef 00000 a tries 4,810,675 4,199,783 4,718, 231, Soe ey ee ae eae ae Elston ay At Sa pals uM 165,000 7 | Arapolakan Mm 48500 9 47,500 1 a 62-5 e——> Te ener eer eee aatioleae ees 21 + aaetoon et | barrasnil® iF B20) 142] Ballagalla Bua = aco sc00) ca3|liawolvat 297,785,600 291,600,137 REA Sa Aaa Kn Se firm, | Fordson 800/000 7 | Paris ut Teaco 11a allogn A 74] months 235,414,105 231,999,778 297,785,5 A BG STI ‘ very hoayy ono, and | Gallamadiu 803,500 7} | Ponrith @25' Bellongalla 2, a ‘he first salo in March was a very hoary, quality | G-lleboddo 210/00 5 | Posadenin H TO eat ixisyerten L 49/000 8} sbslng leomprssal olfe yjoL commenyto ordinary 2441000 72] Prive Hill M 00 S00 eg 7d | itary M 24/000 GF HGH ERE RIeIE Up Uailisaetfansp eerie astr area TeSix rey # Pits Katoalie H Ou) Steir 1 §2) gxports of Tea during tho past four yeara:— 7 336,50 $$ | Polgahakaave L 6t IBrooguten ie 8 1698. 1897. pleas oH 5. 298500 7} | Portree H $f | Bown Ta | From Ih. 1b. Perey Gerciert 269,500 7} | Portswood au 8 | Callander H Ua HN ES IO CeO Be cee 6 pena Hf 92 Glarandon A 74) Coyloa Rees 19,992004 2010781413 184439/724 221700 6h | Pun al Javerton 6] Chios S Sh TS 973,000 Pe alla HM 1 it M a = sad i is doubtful whother this rd i bay iH Radilin H algae u = | eer 8" aza173 o07.er 1,058,590 901,907 5 sented better valuo to the buyer. a ‘ 7 | corfu 73\\|Total\for ———$—|_ ———__ —__— SOI QYesI ARDC in (FN ACE || RE eat OF | Dota i early) 252 37,954,723 94,027,806 30,552,248 i a etuampeurelanssr altcaeeyend ae in Reis ay 7h 340,000 Ff | Tickarton TM 123,500, 9 | Boom a @f| moo hs 33,943,252 37,35 027, SSasheen skoes! had gradually esta- i 00074 | Tiokar' Tons00 Gf | Drom Bt month Souchonge and) Pokoes chilst broken- | Hope on = Rockewooul H Dooroomndella HM ‘ pokcesbavdencd to thewstent of 14 140 poring the | Hane sa io SL sain ori iH TO 8 peeeane i ls eee arincas ver ear saretherp (Ree Fea Mat re er mre tig | : au ee fetes Fe [pagans nreed agi y ive buying in ceitain quarters, the Kadieo Leon 3, e ti Ae H i : 1898. . B at Bat Arill aabrisan | f)7 9A see 1b | eeceea eel een ot eee ai HM 1631000 3 | Erlsmero, BH 8} ie 1b soa,z0lion ro. satis Throughout May asteady tons prevailed, erga ell tesa 263,50) Tf | Siavapitia u ety Gilroy a 72 ut ax: 101,688,000 100,957,000 108,700,000 101,535 rou M tho close pokoos at Gi KuLiyage ‘ 3 A = See ee aa cutlae reste Davey axel Meares } fess 2 | Some tain 13000 74 | Ganpola HAL w Perea lea bears litistcbangeimornyier remiee | Laezenia) 254,000 74 | Sprinxwood a SO tOr | (Gantana n ¢ Tatu ponerallfrendlofitua market ten LOSSES | ee S520 of | Bt lleoberg HL 124(000) 978 ||ampolaratia AE ==7 | rantaty rears ot Caplan wealinle zandemder(ay erie but pekoes ruled ral oloonndera 16, 8} | Strathdon 92,500 73 | Glengari = | aarekss was firm at Ojd por 1b., ‘ood | Loolocnn 8,500 fockbolm H i ; re year a d running upon gi 25 220,500 7° | Siockho ) Ab igo = eR etn, Haye ronnaT Cy, Matedowa ‘ 216000 74 | Su nyclit # seein sptil Renoir HM = caer eucclilly welllsupporiod ths ponoral avers Nsut23 M 203) 15100 73) Sattou x 107/40n “08 | Hakarngatia B |ltan. ee eticata pat smaseaiA 7a eracaLES Dur- | MidlandT-aPlap.Ce.M it Fa HT fe 50,500 TT eT alla L oF Maren at theo ned firm, bat bot p Bie |S L 250,000 as it apa Bee Aa A pncoast ana Garo calpalcoan east ioritiipcer | Oe ao 8) 0 iH 118,000 9 | Holbroo L = | Say rae Pra ToT Ta maIeLoLite offaringe "0 cad Bile it 104,500 105 Tries Hi =, | 8 support. (vey orlinaryxcharactart{ai|stel| Pe caaamae f 2000 ot | a 158,600 5} Kand ype ie yar at this timo was of very in only 74d] Nilambo , 74 | Troy 181,000 Kahagalla Of | Aus ‘aio'ose red6ss waleT0n yeah st6 Yond (oat ont waa pala a yg a (Na a) cae Acuna a 363000 St Keonagabs: Ella) AE = "biota. bashare Gard ee ters changes i x 6 | Usarndella } Kitaldoniya = 246 7,010, n Fe ee ON rlb., which had | Nayapave 516'500 U, M 84,600 OF HI abe 247, t Heo 10 clap for somo timo’ panty begah to attmct | New Poxsoek 1 Sslwoo i M HE BG Ht 75/500 Tk EDA RIahin Comn MHEG RO: highor quotations, | Qocomello pee Hl it Tova0 8 Lauadate att $000 Ok } ‘ ‘ined o firm tone; ;* inriston. and all othor descriptions maintal mnt d 180'000 M IO eater HM t 0 quality, too, nenced to improve alittle, an 6 000 ih 7. | Ur: 147,000 9}. | Littlo Valloy 85,500 ae ATA 7d perl, Throughout | porraore ean 108 Palas ae i 85,600 84 | Longtsrd mit S3'600, 4 | Monthly Daitverien of Cesion Tea from London Ware- * Ropeniae) Leable With a sisong tenn all | Guoansbcery Tasso aS tere ot | Wathazetis x 193/000 19, | Mondera Newora 1 i000 oh Peg SCE A aie llpe 1894, ; Be Sader ea le Pa rar ioo'oo0 9f | Wat H Fe Reeser 37.000 fe ae Sa i to 4d por 1b,, whilat tho scarcity of | Rangel Z ‘7/500 HL 104) 2 oan 1b. be aren ford ts tuodoion faired mor pratt for he) Ramborts TH 0 § Bs Haid) | Monta Usa = Ee ey Bent Ceylon lent; the general ere meeaa non at Renda rive Riso a 03000 | Movnt Temple ae = favea Sahn ib, Duris etober tho highest Ay Wereagal f picr x sire pence ie Bk Ber rind 9 (cs waa cual ed a He Beonat Day pera ‘031500 7f | Wowaleanddo M Tis'son 44] Now Taningalla rn ‘Gand bolog prinelpilly confined to commen soustionge Gn 2 somo yh! | Wieee x Ty 7a) Nella Gale 41200 for Mprice’” at hd. to Old por lb, and flue daserip- H 9000 gy | Weodend a 116,000 10! | Nahaveooa eeiee Te eee tacl saul Oba an Mi TtanTeSER a a 4,000 “| WED x 140,000 6 2,500 Paplpcoamtiten ho Bente chiy Nat bie 600 4 Yalalaall XZ 1851000 Dy ‘901500 Feclyeet for whole-leaf grades up feng oer: He 1,000 9° | Yoxtor Sap so.9 fl 3 mae tondonoy was farthor dovolopod ; set aN oren oni leaner hardened in valu z Fries 1h | Abergsaio Hat 85.00 ResisnonaZ siky aan UR TTMEANTN Tose TaSTA +I cantor, roken-pekoes, ‘6s Aberdeen i 129/000 6 : whilit fine teas ruled st jnitted at a concession H SOE UExteriE HM 85,000 Sa 37,500 1d por Ib. could only be qui a 185,500 74 | Aig! Mt 80000 100,000 7) mH ELA wa sr asomel by isan per re Rene negara mat in 7 ino M 51,000 a vin ef Crom Tea Ua Landon Boned Warehouses at ihe ple bihiad sce) Novembor tho general 40" ‘Ampitiakando A é ae 25) Bea es » By the ond of Now Mt 150 6 M 75,000 30,000 1eosS7. 1, Creel eRe aie OCOD ig Ug;o00 5} | Asgerin 7 4,500 Io ase ants 00m is! s pear ‘Date er ae aE 100,000 40 200,000 Ib. aa Me ss6a0 7 26.500 Stat Tans Tr 34 I Om I half of the mo Tet wath Fe Se a erate enatiedl inGTRteay Abbotsford 1H ea Erste 000 8t Ravi H ines pase de esa al conta aortas a ead ae | Sasa H 160,500 8 eae 50 ao 18 ‘bub all of it salo of the yoar the wella ¥ Feat rer a Eran ce a #y| ug gon ‘on the whole, of], ‘Quatary during 1893 was, : s q a REPORT FOR 1898. Aten shipments to other porte of tho United Kingdom, , ‘rosters do notgive too much shade and are sid to fry TEA IN CEYLON AND JAVA. | jzore, torre fh ht St Great Delis, es. | alent tended in thPabove. Prior to searon 1833- | Chiiily oing to ieroasod deliverien of Todian, ana | nitrogen ia eonsiderable extent to t wir surround —- teen al Rutnia there was a shortage | 1880 the Coslon Gzures represent tolal exports from | a falling off in the supply of Coylon, stocks aro likely | It might be wall to try this on gardens requiring auth OFO. WHITE & CO.S ANNUAL INDIA, CE. | Pecially Auitralin ant Rossin, torre 779.309,000 Ihe. | Colombo, the prepotion sent from thoro to Toreiga | to be abacrually low by tho end of Jane, snd pros. | treatment. whoather ia India or Oaylon. sa an aller © LON AND JAVA TEA REPORT. Lora COA tai. The entire outpat | Porta beforo thatdate being unimportant. Arrivals | pocts for tha coming stason look faronrable from a | nativn or artificisl manures when not easily procurable. ~ Loxnoy, 61, Pexcucnon Star, F.C. Troms the Trland for 1899 was 120} million Ibs. con- | {fomVava are omitted, aa thoy vary in different years | profiucur's Point of view; butitmast be borne in mind, enti - 23rd March. 1899. | treated sith 116 sillion Toe, in 1807, and 108 million | being rognlated according’to tho state of tho markets | and wontare toxiva itasa word of/eaution to planters | 1, :, _rohablo that the high rates now roling for The foarof excossive supplies from the producing | thy. in aos, 40 thatthe increase ta the exporta to | *Hichtako them. © oth in Totix‘and Ceylon, that encouraged by the | pai Pee Ein iulges th, pleking of tango countries had n dotrimental influence on tho market | ya's o0,! orig sntside tho United Kingdom reprosents | Tho undormentioned figures give tho Exports to J entunced prices of common grades since the tara of SHERI oni seies BL Ore Ree era daring the first halfof the sotscn now drawing tow | Tyciais Pats Ooh tn rte tare. ofter Porta than Great Detain, from Calcutta and. | the yrar ior mast sot all go in for coarse plac\ing, | demnuties ofjaterion teal, al ov atte, Mab sean clow, whilo the quiet atato of trato yencrally preva | ‘pur gn ines nt te itr ating passed through | Colombo, by which it willbe scen that an important | othorwito there wilt be an wnduo proportion of that | Cr'iny the United Kingdom thaa in the past | (or ioc naaliny, for homarer 40 bolc he epiad ie rrudalls apparent ‘at oing to vations caus'n the } qmye—yihun no) pseer (Average BEd per Ib) faeeus te ‘ty, ostiporming mgnld nck apie Tho slightly seal amount disponnd of hero (at: | 2 the Tee ot ee ET EG mtinent With reward to the faturo, there in at present little ‘Sue op Bucaxs Jcome'rise in to value of nll lower grades which | trizatable to, the reasons mentioned abovo) theralore trate la asin, America. of Europe. “TotL |intirinasion as to the supplies we may expect from No alteration has boon mado in tho limits for large al Pannte nee pprdgeatakton:placoss hts Han ben | Eee ce Maar y Rus area eran e aa aa LE Za) a Lead HB eibm rat ie eeatoal x Seema ANN ‘Yuring 1809, though a moderato increase may ba | breaks ainco last year which stand ss under, viss— farthor accentuit 1 in tho past wonth, ro that many | eF* hall still to rickon with an adverse Tate SOS | seogy gicriion aqaiom 3g7s000 1.117.000 17,8,0,009 for, ehilofrom ‘oylon estimates point to their | Judia 20 Cheats, 30.Half-Cheats, 60 Boxca. Ceylon Companies will be enablo\ito above w bettorrosult than || ses2g0 webila frolghte) axaierale srero) also Iss Bisons Jasloon So nwo Woy 129500 | boing qaillir, heought about chiefly by linger direct | —IS|Chests, 24 Hall.Choata, 40 stones. Lota of lossar Srisiatonen nance pate *hoau) oh [tee ss ae 7,000 ead, 009) ICL LEY caste (0 \nstralia, Amorioa, Asia, Rassis, & size are sold scparatoly at the cloao of thy auctioxe Ixpra. 3 Shipments from Colomte Li months <— | oearsiouha hy insreased facilitios for 6 n¥oyance. esommteer To thie original enthaato, tho TnYian ‘Tea Ansncin: ||, £mportations were Tea eT SOED Thay gash 2600" SILO (3ss590 25.5070) 1 probability thoreforo, from hoth countries toge:,| Fair iawd broiks have in most instances come to yn 18 8s 4 TOT SKN, C09, OY BO} 1018081 chor, cy important quantity of ssy 40 to.$5 milli’ | hand from India during the past koason, snd conse- Ths. will bo, livorted! from this conto. | Mhat the. | quontly there haxo not boen ko many complaints from xenoral position shoald be thus strongthansd must | boyera of the succession of small invoices from tho Ba very sralifying to those who, for along whilo mal | samo Estato despatchod ut tort intervals Many wader many dificuitios, have been’ Iabonring to foster} Goylon Garden Managors, however, lave spparoatty tho oxo of British-srown Toa in other qisrt-rs thay } pot found it practicablo to make the differeat lines Groat Mritaii, wil the «uccess alrealy achioved willy | of marketable size though no doubt in course of timo ho doubt stimulate them to fresh efforts. thia will be remediod: tiom of alcutta comontol tho crop of 1803 at about | 70m Fee ae ee ae Tho cteLal eager 268 salon |». of whieh 1404 ailion Ths. woul. be Bro Jersey vexaons thoy comprishd 24,900 pack-- The Bourd of Trade returns (which embraca ata available for Great Tritain. | As tima progressed bows | azos briging Jd pir Ib, and 25460 packages | ties from all. tho Bond d Warehouses in the United La contfinls teinelpalyydlusto the ubpropitions wees | ZaBS: Jbuxeepectivelf. iTt)fsiovidoge thn muchiearal/--Kingdom)Jor,thalpaay thredicalendar yours were Thar experienced /in)hewe alatriela, Hotatly t'ashar || Tuerbowtamedien! misiulaature, « thobstyye -cRAS ethene: | Deana bad Syitvehgorborayqyant ofratajwax’pxpariagocty,| Peng: Benaxally, Readiwluleaecaniiayery) sere 1 Ib : fad lho’ Fo Tanger ooodlananosta dram Cateattn te: || Pereeusl marelzeet! rial transom Ealators "Nolan ay. Amorica ots. Farlyin Ssplember tho pro- | .n Coylon abetant ag: Sera Mr oats nd tho gaa Tt is ta behopod thit with sinallor receipts we may Who following continucs to bo adesitablo to adopt, able quantity for thx country was rolaced ty 195} | Ao aotoruently oscapsings higher position on this 7 f soo corrtaponding upprociation In valups, over | .syz—A\Bruken Pokoa,of 3) chests or moro; a xood extonsioniin tho ussof tha article at homo and not- | supply his boon the Bane of the London Market for | ‘Pakon of G0 chests or orers a Pokoo Souchoue, of million Mw, while reloxzrusin to tito 16th inst nt gave | epee teeny r tho entriss!for export from Ualentta to tho United Exconr Prost THe UsiteD KincnoM. withstanding that tho total oxported from her rommins || some voirs, and it would bo exhilarating ts manyifa | 70 chests or upwards, with & break of Broken Tew ingilorsiag rather ovor 1Aip million Is., compared | mp, RGORT BROW AUR UNITED TINH toa | stationary av compared with Inst yodr, thoro hus been | chanzo. s*nune wor tho scono!” and x Kighor rango | or Pokoe Funulovs. Parcels containing dust aro not with tho toxal of 134 million ths, despatahod in 1997-8. | Fingdom during tho pasteieht roonths, as compared | * falling off of about 4 roillion Ibs. in China to the | of pricos should bo pormancatly established. Toudiy-saleablo and thersforo this should ho sifted ont If,thereFore the impo:ts frown Sout Tadia (aay SF | with the two provious poareiainn folio tea benolit of British.Grown Tea B ‘Myxuracrore: and) packed by itself, for which purpose somo of tho moilion Yhs.* he taken as about counter-balancing tho Tuly Tat 1898 to end of Kobroary 180 Although Wwhon writing “at this timo in 1898 we | th tho majority of instances this appesra to have | patent pickazos How in rogue might bo utilized 40 ax ** ovorsido shipments to other conntrigs, ani which. Thly Inv 1807 to ond of February 180! extimated total supplics {rong all soutreos would feach — yoco veil {ull attontion from planters and on the whole, | to ayoitlaxkago om tlio veyaKo resulting on the Los 275 million }bs.° the amount available for United ths serson Iouf soos to bayo begncaro'ully wivherod | of weight weich often occurs with oountry-mado chosts. d, and woll yolisi. Thoro wore indications howoror, at | Tho oxception to tha foreyoing is xlicn a tippy Broken Qual the firing in the “driers” bad boon exo- | Orauge Pokoo or Urango Pekoe can be mado, as thes uickly and at an oxcessiva temporature | whon really fine uxzally command Nigh Oguros, whe- aro not agcountod for in the London) Roturas, only > 3 about ons ani a quarter million Ths. will como hero lol ygiaea) 620 pa bndelghabraasyg1807/= foractual uso in Gx-ess of that ricvive! during tho Kingdonf was, as already shovn, sensibly curtailed, Todi, Ceylon. Total British Chins Java | oh account of unfavourable woathor both in Indin aud ut atid also of tho increased ‘Trad carried on ony previons season. Althoush with fow exceptons || — Ih te Ls Ih THe tat quality ntfirat was not xonorally very atiractivo, con ISSO HOOK 000| TISCON 1IK,0°O 9,°00,rO7 652. 0 | with othorconntries directfrom Calcutta ane Colombo, — t)as desiroyin, tho Davour of the loaf oporated npon | ther from India or Coylon, Should tho quantity of 8 Shon) 1047.00) 18,034,000 FOTTAO | and boing barely snfliciont currant requirements “ind jiuparto.an odour forvign to Ti Co this some | Icaf available forthis not suHco (ora ized break on in Ds kidernblaimprovamont was shown lata: joo } WSN RS RTSIOD' 6 Sonor Rosen wth 3 10 0 e03 : F rome, | ¥ ct A the aisteiBation far'thron eee hata eeete etakon | ths Bondoi Stock bas bad to bo drawn upon 40 at r.bnte the si-callod! “choosinosy.” which hag viren | in Chests it might be packed in Hall-t boats. trom which districts many choice se010 and the distribution forth Tat an taken ae i vol throughunt, tho lator porbape | fon atatistice fariibed by H3t Cuntomn was ag | that by the 30th Juno noxt tho statistical positon qyych trouve to solloré and dissatsfaction to buyers N.B.—In_viow of tho necessity of oconomical seniling mors nnif-rmly ood ‘Toys, To 00 ro ee ee a tt thie bach atthe | should! Vo: unusually strong. A mioro oF Tos througliout tho soaton, particulady in | handling of Toss wo hare dompiled a few hints ax From tlic sororal producing countries wo may | thy ovrlior months. ‘That it was causcd by the use | regards packages, bulking, &c., warheuso charges duced somo yory saleable parcols, particul: after | iotustry ixatll doveloping ¥ ios the first two or threo months, Cuchirs und Sylhojs: Continent United canaqa Over expect to receivo the following quantities, which | of unsuitabo yoo! could not always bo the caso, as || and weighing, anil thoso wattora are deal. with in our. in tho early pirt saffored from effects of continu id of Europe. States. dX Countries. Total. | should be absorbed without diftioulty ;— souplaints havo arijon with regard to | **Notos for tho Yea Factory " published soparately,. dry weatlier, bub aftorvarda they were ofa veo | oe IN ths Tb. Th” Ib. Tn, ia (including tho Madras Pro- al puckag. s, of which wa shall be happy to furnish to thoxo able chara ter. Kangrax fortho woat prt wore dis. || Tm 1508' 4,441,0 0) 766, eptey) oS c Fe po oe CULTIVATION. concorned in the cultivation of tio wrticlo, Thong Appolntings: while) s largo, proportion ef th, Soath fags FT Sy Ou somo Estates where both yicldaniiquality have | ik no change to record in tha Lindo: Warehouss Indis growths at first Jacked strength, but xecont Tearing Glial tolfaronkh 00/000 |” fn\len off, apparently from deterioration of the soil, arvos, but the cost of Customs attondanco for ro- arrivals havo been fuller in cup. a | Asp it bas Hon proved) by oxporience that thoiplaiting | weighing, which has always ven an Additional item, Daving tho summer and early autaun pric for 276,000,000 Ibs. "of © Sau” tives bas hada boneficial offect, as they has beon discontinued. common to fair grades of Pekoo Souch nga anit Pekoos wore about at tho lowest point recorded, tho formor s:lling down to Sd'per 1b. and tho Inttor Bhd | Jara, er Ib. This had tho effect of drawing tho atiention of oy ‘ontinental buycrs to thom anil) they compote with the homo doalors) moro) Jargely than hitherto) for pareols! suitable to thoir noeds, 30 that doliveries | Zn ‘showed n steadily increasing trade, thore'froim tho] Java Londin Bonded Warehouses for tho eight months from | Chins Ist July. 1898, _hoing 000, Ibs, versus = 85,897,090 1bs,, while the stock al-tho ond of Fabra. BODES), a} ary stood at 39,46),0 Ibs, against 64,080,000 1is., | ‘The following is) a Comparativo MONTHLY AVERAGES OBTAINED IN LONDON FOR GARDEN INVOICES, FROM THE DIFFERENT DISTRICTS OF INDIA, ALSO FOR CEYLONS AND JAVAS, FROM 1ST JULY TO END OF FEBRUARY, KOR SEASONS 1895-99, 1897-98 AND 1896-97. =< = Torat ToxooN Jury. Avousr. Sxrrmawen Ocronrn. Novzwwen. Decemnsn. Jaxvanr. -Eepnvans, —_ AVEIAGES. yor 8 Mentus. 9D} 082,000 640) 00) 3, 81 000 Tkgn Av. | Vga Ay. 480877 6/10 PkgayAv. Pkgy Av kgs Av. kes Av. Pkg. Av. Plon. Av. 0/10; E8077 0/9} 75115 OM 49067 Ujoe ilo, showing onithe sam dato af IS99. UINQUBNNTAT, IMPORTS of TEA into tho Port 4 0g i From lat July, 1808, t: tho closeof Inst month the Sear 1875 to 1895 and for cach Season dam «fis ono ord Toe O/ME 15ND O/OR SIMO 0/2 FOL Of} Senne. Gio 952 0/10) AaLP sop BLOOD eka eo in ee subsequently ; — Asy8-7 onot 48479 1/0. W/E GHSH O/1O 75747 O/9} 41039 O/9 GIGLE O/1L 448827 0/10} jon acconnt wis S?d per 1b. oppose to 84d per Total ie Gf 20742 for $27,000 packages Pan 31 por Ib, for 90,000 Ceylon, Brit.-xeown. Cocha- ond pean GR waa O/bE oF rn O/GE 20742 (ees A817 Bat Oyo packages ja the corresporiding intirvals of 1897-8 and ‘ie sy eo neat Cet alesa otk Offa f Us OF 896-7. High rates of oxchanga all through’ the | Season 187576 00 16 <7 ike OX ua a) Wh season, unfavorable woath r for wanuficluro ond * SSA 5 are uo a {isms Cs sO as ine (10k dronght in some parss, further hanjicappod the | » 18 5,301 Jarj ony... = 82 industry, so that the upward tum in ome || 4) fee RD TTS ROY 1896-7 O/ILE 7870 ats lately was an iwmonse roliof in many quarters. » Ro ESE 1808-9 0/7 19959 ‘ji U8} CEYLON. =D Dooare { 1597-4 "ey 8009 ys Oat Tho 1808 crop was on tho whole of a usofall des- » 1898.99 1896-7 o/s} 19143 0/8 Wad enptién and about un to tho aver: There was at | PartlyRstimited Kan, 18949 0/6} O/7h O/ay times on absenco of roa ly fine invvices and in some Tinports into London: Vette {irs 0/63 “BS 0/0x aaonths tho wajority of tho Teas wore wanting in ful- ‘Y= | 1396-7 0/63 Oe oF neas of liquor thotyh flavonr was vory dosinible in 1803-9 0/6 0/64 5574. Off. on others, SE ARenaT Ee in Octabi Darily on account | Sexson 1875.76 payee a fines 08 OvTs SOAS O/6R ih ef the low quotations current for common to fair » 1ss01 &S. Indin 0/6) “fi $410 07 07: Indian Jeaf Teas, Coslons of a similar kind yoro | » 1889 89 E 1/8. 91837 OE nih ONE 1634 Taran Wy abnormally cheap here during ast summor, fair | " 300 Tiyl Duin | 9 0/8k 73180 shy UebT 4 +f E 150308 1792 10H21 O/8h Pekoo Sonchongs bringing fd per tb., and Pokoos WY 18: 307 on 9 445 ONOY 1562 R OF k Nos N72 O/9F Sid per Ibs., and subscquontly thosa low pricea ine | " — Jg97.95 r O/7g 12S8N0 is. Tun PE 7 O/3i aus 00. duced bnyors Uoth at home and abroad to taka | " yg9g.9q TotalGeylon 4 O/7h 18000 0/73 SOGKI Ws 75000 Uf 51610. Of V- Om 715 OH thom more fresly. Delivories wore nnsatisfactory in | Partly Estimated 130 Ong 5200 078 SHA O/S._NNINN S67 0) D/5R 0/ Ot 677400 2 =) Vit 200 0/7 TOO Woy F100) UT iO Dbz UB Giod 0/7} Joz 0 00 0/7 O/ek 2500 0/6: 24900 the preceding yoar, being || Duty, wntil¥0h Anril, 1890, 00. perlh..ale 100 0/7 1100 077% 1700 OTE 4500 0/6 B40. ‘Ovorside"” transphipments contradistinstion to thoso for thy twelve wonths 9,000 Ils, whereas in| — N.By. Total Java {tars 0/6} © $600 0/7. 2700 0/74 2100 0/7. 1596-7 5800 O/7f ICO. 6/7 5300 UTE 2600. 1897 they wore 95,172,000 Ibs. Oring in somo | nent, Ambrica, Canada, &., via London, and direct ——+ ——— EEE —~: COMPARATIVE TABLE SHEWID THE CALCUTTA, COLOMRO ND LONDON, NONTHLY MONTHLY AVERAGES OBTAINED IN LONDON FOR TEAS EROM DIBRERENT DISTRICTS q ¥ IN CEYLON DURING 1898. PUBLIC SALES FOR 1898-99 AND 1897-93. Caccorra axp Cocomso Ponttc Sates. Lowpon Ponte Sacrs. ——————————— (On Importers’ ac vut.) Ss Fy 4 Cal 1898-99. a pees Es 1897-88 b S . 8 Month. al- al= Col- ia 0) - fe Cy- Deo 8 = 4 Eb mkt El 7 cata. on bo, eutia. ombo, Heth jee Today ory CS 5 * § =o ae EL Soe cotes: = = eB Bie Be Re IE Alec ey s © <= =! EI Ss =| Ey | 2, Pkgs. Pkgs. Pk.s. Pres. Pk a. Pkes. Pkee. Pkgs. cee ee pce ue eC 51478 81003, 313 874L 4699 May ... oo TUsh A555, S440 28169 da a a d a a d d a d d a Old season's it = Passellawa, Ni Eliya, New Galwa: aS fe peo rf Neeerecn nae na) = CEE DATS aa Rae aI ET aOR UEIyS eR NON) OE Bone eRMNoF (10) 0p 9}. 280,819 9k Tune... ve 32306 SuISt — 28s@L BLA Gavi | 9587 8959 s704 2—Maskeliya, Dickoya ond Bogawantalawa OUShPVEly Tet. (SpMOhusy 8s) S94e (op 8} 103,999 84 Old season's, f 3—Lower Dickoya, Ambegamuwa, Kotmalic, E & 4 . k ‘Yukdesss and Dolosbagic + 78 6} Oh 7 GE OGE OOE Ok TET 7h TE 103,720 742i Be ee eases 4—Puasilawa, Rambodde,Pandsloya&Kadugannawa7? 7 Gh 7 7 7 7 7k 72 8 72 06,115 1039 121911 orn 5—Hantane, Nilamnbe, Hewahota (U.€L.) Matu- ‘OUs06 160814 3 6657 rata, Dambara, Rangala, Nitro Cave, and 63459) QNSS1L 16 40.9 Medamahanewera « 8 7% Gh 7 7% 198603 73014 §—Kollebokks, Knuckles, Hunasgeria & Panwila... 7{ 7 6% 6% 6] 6% Ronee eee i" Baaa '—Matale East and Wi 6] Gh «Gh St GEG 169276 73347 _ 6093 100063 $—Kornnegala,Polgabawela, Kegallo & Henaratgoda 0} 6 5k 5} - 5h Fine — 9—Kelani Valley, Avisswella, Yattiontota Kittool- er Ay an 1983614 897389, 7375, At callavandilever Dolowbagte m6} 6h ch 6} Gk Mareb, vn 8500 {ooo 37824 129641 10—Karavita, Ratnapura, Rakwana, Balangoda 5 \matca. and Kukula Korale -- 7§ 7% 6 6h Gk GY April . ee {x 82243 11—Kulatara and Bentota 7 6] OR Ce £3 12—Udagams, Morawak Korale 7k 7 6% 7 Totals 500896 1999706551630 485120 13—Hapatale, Badulla, and Madalaima & Passara.. 8} ik Ta aB Pkys. Pkars. Pkgs. Pig. Phge- Pgs. Pk gs. P ie 8: COMPARATIVE TABLE OF MOVEMENTS OF TEA FOR THE P4 India. 1 IMPORTS. \ DELIVERIES. STOCK AL END OF EACH MONTI- i} 399. | 1898. 1897. 1596. 1899. 71593. 1897, 1896. 1 1593. | 1897. 1896. tb. E- r= Ib. Th. heal nat -| 9,967,000) a 10/374,000) 3,336,000) =| 200 qo) | i x : | =| 19,174,0' 0) 15,094.00 17,503,000] Ni ) 88,809,000} 16,638,0 0) ast ono 17)483,0C0) 61,675,000) 1H 118,000] De 21,081,000} 18,626,000] 11,369,000) | 15,005,000) 20,917,000) SL eons fees } 99,970,000 63,181,000) aK | 99,515,000] 96,924,000 = } 22, 1900. 1598. 1297. 1000. 1899. 1893, 1897. Jan. - 505,000 65,471,000] 51 a 9,408,000) 1,253,00 Feb. - 11,065, 00h) 61,080,000) =| 146,000) 1,168,001 1,000 Mor. =| 11,717,000) 1 | 10,0 | April = 11/155/000) \ my | 11.6711K100) 11,2 4 191,000) i 19/1244 Jone -) 10,872,000) 9,018,000} EI 529,000) | 10,384,000) 10,707,000 Sik a Ip pavernnren |e te a ie me Six 7 270 97 G = ae = Months. eta 000) E 87,671,900) 64,176,000 ( Month J 703,000} 15,979,000; 18,644,000] Sun _ Twelve | 1 3 ROD | | 131,065, |90/762.000|126,595.000) — Se lm a ee 000 89,561,000) — = = = J IMPORTS. STOCK AT) END) OF EACH MONTH, IMPORTS. 1899. 1893, 1897. | 1896. 1899. 1698. 1890. 1899. Yb. Ib. Ib. Ib. .. i 5,063,000) 6,000, 900,00 150,000) 000 | 6,815,000) 7,00 1000 5,370,000 8/000) 7 veh 7 i 7)1414 000} 16,979,000) 17/9)8,000] Nov. 003 «}990,000] 18,355,000) Dec. 108,000 009 7 Six | 49961 000] 5 a i'e000) 202000] — = 19110, 1898: | 1807. 1899. 1897. 17,840,000) 351,000] 249,000] 137,000] 663,00 591,000) “575,000 17,226,000) 835,000) 2461000] 159,000] 715,00] 530,000, 669.000 593,000) 218,000) 773,009 2:78,000) 255,000) 936,008 83y,000| 883,000 752,008 230.0001 330/000] L 371,000. 1,697,006) 1,433,000) — = = = 8,356,000) 9,334,000] 3,602,009] 3,615,000) — = = a, mand Japan fra 1st January toSlst Decouber, 1898, word 91/591,000 1b. or ak the rats of 2,052,000 1b. pee month. Molal deliveries of Iolia (rim Lat January, fo Blat D.coubs , 189>,, vord 150,059,000 ile, or at the rate of 11,691,000 ll. per month] ‘Total diliver ‘en Ob sneluding Exporta 15,795,000 1b.) (ectuing Breer eet 1897 127 156 000 10,618,000 aes ” 5,497, ) » ” 127.4 ” o » A ” " ” ” ” ” 19,572,000 Ib ) ” ” 1897 35,355,000 > 2,916,000 14,398,000 1b. 121651000 3, 10.8870 yh eo , 19431 000 1b a 00 D idppkaliGanlan Leniabtg oie rita 1 or atthe rate of 7,791,000 Ib. per mon\l < | 10,59,000184), Be open) UAE a 9,818,100, ” Tiveluding Exports 1698000 1b,), yas ” " f ” 10,502,000 Ib.) ” ” 1897 95,178,000 ,. ” y 7,931,000 fy s y ” ” » 8,243,000 Ib.) ” fo 1596 85,451,000, ” a 7,121,000 il nf HOME CONSUMPIION. Pe NTGPTiR) Oh eed et BI Diebae, 169 Hrom 1+t Tanpary to\Slet Decembor, 1807. o HOME CONSUMPTION. Gee fiisssa0 Th, oF at tho rate of 10,936,000 Ib. per month. | 121,559 000 Ib., or at tho rate of 10,155,000 Ib. per montli.| Fe aaicel r From 1s} Jan, ‘to Slat D, 1893. From 1st Jasoary to 31st Docomb:1, 14 (Mots) dei rri's of 1 deliveries of) Se feylontorhm { 81,965,000, 4 6,831,000 ,, $4,071,000, y, 7,050,000, a Chinn Aud apa” 116,798,0001b,, or sthe rate of 1,916,0001b. p'rmontb,| 15,763,000 Ib,, or wt the ato of 1,413,001. per mouth. iene Of COs a ee Consamption .. i = —— Baba G2) 213,199,500 17,761,000 208,680,000 A » MN i 580, 17,211,000, n for ia no” r i 7 a 7,211,000 GHO. WHITE & CO, Tes Buoxwns, Valted =a | 41, Pexcucecn Smmur, EC. ~ AB. Tho aboye Ggures do not apply to the whol of tho United Kingdom, but to the London bonded warehouses only. ; u —— ti ie i Printed and pobliohed by Ay ME a J. Banavais Supplement to the “ Tropical Agriculturist.” ; COFFEE AND PEPPER EXPORTS FROM SOUTHERN INDIA, 1897-98. To the Editor “ Ceylon Cbserver,” Dear Sir,—I have the pleasure to furnish you withmy Annual Statement of Exports of Coffee and Pepper for the year ending 30th June 1898, the total fisures of which approxi what the crops of these products in India for the year in Beechion amounted to. As usual, I further show the distribution of shipments to foreign ports, and have edded the figures tee eee ne the three previous years for the purpose of comparison. Correr.—I pointed out last year that the crop of 1896-97 was remarkable as being the smallest exported from India for many years. Iregret now to have to add that it is no longer a record year the crop for the past year showing a further falling-off of some cwt. 8,585. [ am glad to say that estimates for the coming year would appear to point to the fact that we may expect a considerable improvement when dealing with the figures of the coming crop. Of the quantity shipped this past year, owt. 121,517 may be regarded as Plantation, and the balance cwt. 81,658 as Native Coffee, showin an actual increase in Plantation Coffee as compared to the previous year of cwt. 4,335, and a falling-off in Native Coffee of cwt. 12,920. The value of Plantation Coffee this past year was R64,40,401 an of Native Coffee R35,92,952, calculated at R53 and R44 per ewt. respectively, which I consider an average value for the year, allowing for the difference in prices obtained for the produce of the several districts in which the crops were grown. The total value of past year’s crop may therefore be taken at R1,00,33,353 as against that of the previous year, which I estimated at R1,35.48,478, but as already shown, last year’s crop compared unfavorably in quantity with that of the previous year, and in addition the Coffee Market was weaker to the extent of an average of some R15 per cwt. Prprer.—The total exports of this spice amounted to cwt. 1,25,231, or some forty-four per cent less than what was ‘shipped Jast year, the value of which at an average of R24 per swt. amounts to R30,05,544. The price of pepper averaged H6-8 per cwt. over that of the previous year, and the bulk of the business was done with Calcutta. I do not think that last year’s actual crop was shorter than the previous one, but there was not the usual quantity of the old crop in stock at the commencement of the year, owing to very large shipments to Hurope that were made in the previous year. I am, dear sir, yours faithfully, RALPH TATHAM, Agent to Arbuthnot & Co. Tellicherry, 1898. MESSRS. ARBUTHNOT & COMPANY’S ANNUAL STATEMENT OF EXPORTS OF COFFEE AND PEPPER FROM SOUTHERN INDIA DURING THE SEASON ENDING 30TH JUNE 1898. From: Mangalore. Cannanore. Tellicherry, Badagara. Calicut. Beypore. Cochin, Alleppy. Quilon. Colachel. J Tuticorin. Madras. TOTALS. Cofiee. 7 S51 Co- | pep- _ Coifee: a ae Cottee. Ag Coffee, [ary Coffee. Pep- _ | Pep- i Pep- Pep- Pep- Bc To Plant.) Nat. { Total |& By ffee on Plant.) Nat. | Total.| & & Coffee @, © |Plant.) Nat. |Dotal f= | Plan.) Nat. \Total & |{Plan,| Nat. Total per. |Coffee| per. |Coffee|> &\Coffee per. [Coffee] per. {Coffee| per. [Coffee & a I | | ee he | a a -———— =| | = [—— —-| —-—_ _- J —____|__..___, | London Cwt./32,924 50} 32,274) 75) ... ... 414,082] ... | 14,082] 2,608) .. .. 21,606] .. 121,606] 1626)22,759) ... | 22,759)... 471] ... | 471) 800) ... 154 93) 0 Jw. a 400} .. #f15,424- .. 107,109] 5,263 Liverpool ,,/| ... Ee oa 55.) |) ae nee aS os ee 50 ba gs ney). 13]... ae hea & ee) tees se ie bee a wee Fren (eeesel fecero O66 cos oa AS a sl eee Marseilles ,,/ ... | 9,066] 9,066) ...] -- ac 646) 2,525) 3,171) 200] .. ie 70| 252] 322) .. oe ise Re, {caa:| | do hs ers es os ay aesh We hesifl ine “ai ae ..- f 1,080! .. } 13,589 200 Hayre 93 |... 23,733) 23,733] ... 9) ... | 3,284! 23,736] 27,020] 1,2517 ... | .. 2088), 3,001] 5,089] ... BEI) cee 33|) oii cee a act a oe oe eae een | eee Ea a3 me a 55,875| 1,251 Bordeaux ,,| ... = os me ee x % aa as ie eI & * Be Ae er ae ee All abe aS a i os ce eulliecea bees es - sas 198; .. 198]. Trieste » | 344 92) 436, .. |... .. | 2,477| 100) 2,577] 1,100] .. - ff 1,855 1| 1856} 200) 425) ... 425] ... | --- aon an he oe ae ep tll sees ae Re =e ase aS 5,294) 1300 Genoa Sy i} re pe!) cabo 28 25 so |] Ueto) 8. i - es 56 650} .. se Pe Wea ieee ss a0 ae Ae ae ass Alfeeeed MMe Seeelteraze 50 con = ne i 93050 Leghorn || 400} .. ve Sa ie oo0 100} ... ats pep |Ihc00 | [ceo . . 66 eno 60 +. see Pues ‘ a ose 500 Ancona | = 700); ... : ES es 505 200) .. see we ho || }.008 Bed ale eile re 08 ad aac cco ace a0 900 New York ,,| ... as ae ail Iiloo = es a ae oc ie : ae ws Be 50} .. ae Ao ll eee alc at ze = a5 do [faa |] cae ee 20 50 Naples =5 | ea oct eae Ae ° Ee on Se ave 300} .. a6 a oe a 500} -. rr n° a Weer a ee ie oa an Ps ea e ees Ge ri 800 Venice > acs Se. 33 oo ao aie one =p ae 101) .. e a, ee ix aes an hae es =a.| (ices ec eas 6 a ate orn ee ac 8 a 101 Hamburg ,, 305| 1,090] 1,395! .. J... sa g03! .. 903] 3,475) ... a 363| ... 363 Dc on ve : 2,661) 3,477 antwerMel ile, Widieos eo el cs]. if sno. pmree|) (erat TOO hee Spa Sa) als $3 lz : 5,327| 100 Adelaide ;,] .. | ... So, elt |aeeean mee 50]... FAW oc) |i os It ee eee | eae ae BF Be |lico . | 20 70 Syaney ” so eee ae aE 45 ane 195} ... 195) .. an wee 100] .. 100 nee f a - Ne 295 Melbourne ,,| .. a =O Abo | jane 873! .. SYA) oo: Be : 309) .. 309 . “ : UMA) oe Suez “3 oc sae as Sc “5 ois on ae ne 263] .. Ae 2 a Ae 401) So 664 Turkish Afri- cap, Arabn. and Persian} : GulfPorts,,' ... | 2,647] 2,647| 28a} ... 16)... 21 21\ 412)) 22 a EA 1e8| 168) 747) .. a te te we 5s aa WAN elon fess i Be 53 1 22 2.837) 1,529 Bombay &other| Indian Ports,, 53] 8,476] 85292431) .. | 27,207! 68) 2,809) 2,877|34,558) .. | 6,355} 7,672) 4,104) 11,776] 10,322} 889] 874] 1,763] ... | 309) 43| 352! 7,669) .. |23,358) .. |... 9 -- ao || QAPBN coo a «. | 27,720} 111,900 Ceylon ae er saueiliere BS 93 93| .. on a 278| 278 52 75] a. Flhiscelses ne os : TG com |] GBR] .. | 1,984) 843 23 32] 2,453) 1,187 Crrt.|32,926)46,759) 79,685 27,223|22,578) 33,006) 55,584/46,868) |. | 6,355434,076] 7,804] 41,880) 14,699]24,181] 874)25,055] ... | 780 43} 823! 8,469) ... | 23,571 93 2321 ... .- | 4,807} 843]16,696] 465]224,623] 131,522 Less Imports | .. | - - 8,506) 12,301} 20,807] 5,236 Ns, 435} 192) 627) 1,055) 14 WA! cee |] 0 "6 me it ae Bé on a -. | 21,448] 6,291 1897-98] 32,926|46,759| 79,685)26 . (27 223 114,072) 20,705 34,777/41,632) |. | 6,35133,641) 7,612/ 41,253) 13,644]94,181} + 60/25,041) .. | 780 43] 823! 8,460) ... |23,571 93] 2321 .. -- | 4,807] 843]16,696| — 455}203,175| 125,231 1896-97 39/56,411) $3,350) 3/ 62,178/13,795|24,149} 37,944/69,518} ., |20,623}31,643| 4,851|36,494| 19,026] 25,644] 1,905]27,549] 20) 708) 266) 974) 22,715) 62) 35,580 45) 104) ... -. | 6.456 — 285)18,883 47}211,760| 222,383 1895-96) 47,206)81,169|1,28,375 2671) ... | 26,366 23,424 /33,656) 57,080!52,623] |. | 7,919]39,663| 9,595/49,258 18,646] 22,282] 546/22,828] 5{ 756] 158| 914\12,970} 195|35,750) 930 580) .. 62}10,094| 207}87,743 621307,417| 187,911 1894-95) 41,370'70,979/1,12.349 1610} 2} 28,806 20,688!13,808] 34,496'46, 178, 5,867/50,422| 4,483/54,905 6,527) 28,586| 1,015/29,604| 2] 684) 21:| 895\1%,0711 822) 49,741] 886, 325] ... .» 13,7731 281]43,889) —-31f291,621! 151,438 08 no x 5 ae 1 ERA EB -* z * eM: f.* ea ree Pes in * od i uy ¥ + % _— ee yten 6 ence as cr, Meat Fi tn a a » ie j ty er ha) he hive 3 » cemeask Ye drrafotadO) Laurie yan ddim, eo tpl sage eos Fini ee et bulecoonme goin Pp ah. a ee rae d Pie Pere cs a Wert edd bew sfadcieet ace VOR he ree othy os th, Hb ops Fi ¢ ya Leith. Hear anne Yay ee ue cael . ay ON eee iat eren pr adit y ve ah TO iri yo. ae eer, Re ERE i | PR enter ahd 0%, Dpsew per op HED ES inidw pen sugnett, tet. ma Miihee O64 2 {f tan qoast alyogpepaicng he orgy betas ml. la : ¢ ah Paver ech » eb dit, Abee & ayy Al Y wae “Ge vie, ; elie dali, Ti seller, Jee v8 bofegagse aaliy + ‘ wns Ney neat ae J td Sa Sables intl te ot ue ay Ws And sbge Landeones wh neni Shoah 6 eae : f ia v\qat x . mabey a " r “, ’ " i ‘an por 2 sep mnestan mH! — i my ; ' ; i tae i yr ke b | . POST A a j - . . aw 2 + § ; y Gao » 2 Are : H ' 4 Meet Fore aa ht "Tah Pande fin | +“ pe Z. a Gee Pf Sent Hes: poss Pe i i ek a ‘i 2) ey a psd [Od et Teo pe i RO ae Te te ‘ ‘ ae | $< ater . q > ’ : Bi a RANG, ; 0 : bo Bee PNT E My ? a | ’ ol ta lee 5 ‘Pt ee pea ee Db ley ra ns ed ae Pin. +: BS bee ee woe} li hee (ee *7 ¢ 4} aa ee vo f- ; Fa 1 ie hot - P ote is i 7 Ge af He Ft Pape A}, ee es h Bt ies a . J mee Orme ot | | . > Pe ti ' : -Pe at } ue. Re I ni. i rote S| Lt Cay kes © = eR, Rea Ke, , ? TEA, COFFEE, CINCHONA, COCOA, AND CARDAMOM SALES, CotomBo, NO. 22. JuNE 13, 1898. Pricr:—123 cents each 4 copiee 30 cents ; 6 copies 4 rupee. COLOMBO SALES OF TEA. LARGE LOTS. {Ifessrs. A. H. Thompson & Co.— 114,827 Jb.] 1 Ettie 1 13 ch bro pek 1365 23 bid 2 2 11 do pek 1100 3 3 12 do pek sou 1160 19 4 Memorakande 4 3Lhf-ch dust 2480 15 13 Myraganga 13 29 ch or pek 2465 33 bid 1t 14 72 do bro pek 6340 15 15 28 do bro orpek 2940 36 16 16 53 do pek 424u 29 17 17 28 do pek sou 1960 26 18 18 66 do bro pek 6270 30 20 Sutton 20 33 ch pek sou 2772 31 22 Battalgalla 22118 ch pek sou 1€00 34 25 | aluk Oya 25 30 hf-ch ek 1650 35 29 Chetnole 29 45 ch bro pek 4950 36 bid 30 30 49 do pek 4900 31 31 31 11 do pek sou 1045 28 35 Lynsted 35 s0hf-ch bro orpek 1800 56 36 36 34 do or pek 1700 37 bid 37 37 27 do bro pek 1620 47 bid 38 33 44 do pek 2200 36 bid #9 Hecegama 39 13 ch bro pek fans 1560 20 40 40 14 do dust 1960 11 42 AgarsLand 42 54hf-ch bro pek 1870 40 bid 43 43 30 do ek 1500 32bid 44 44 16 do ek sou 800 26 bid 45 Doragalla 45 10hf-ch pek fans 750 = 15 4G Miltonvale 46 9 ch bro pek 920 26 47 47 11 do | pek 101525 48 48 13 do pek sou 1010 24 63 Lavant 53 26 ch broorpek 2470 32 bid 54 54 22 do or pek 1760 32 bid §5 55 41 do ek 3075 27 56 66 36 ch pek sou 3069 24 bid 57 57 7 do dust 910 11 bid 58 L 58 10 ch bro pek 1000 25 bid 49 59 11 do pek 9 26 bid 63 Vathalana 63 23 ch orpekNo.2 1955 30 bid 64 Y, in estate mark 64 9 ch pek 855 27 bid 65 65 12 do pek sou 1140 66 66 15 do bro tea 1500 14 bid 67 = ZB, inestate i mark 67 13 ch pek 1105 =s-:« 19 bid 73 Mandara Newara 73 53hf-ch bro pek 3180 5C 74 - 74 37 do pek 2035 38 75 75 31 do pek sou 1705 34 (Mr. E. John.— 210,218 ik.] Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. Ibi e; 2A 746 «8 ch pekoe 720 26 5 Riseland 755 8 do pekoe 72055026 8 Vincit 764 12 do bro pek 1200 933 9 767 10 do ekoe 1000 25 11 Woodstock [73 9 do bro or pek 85d 42 12 776 14 do pekoeA 1064 33 13 779 15 do pekoeB 1320 30 it Ottery 782 9 do bro pek 900 48 bid 15 785 11 do or pek 990 40 16 788 20 do ekoe 1800 35 9) Kila 797 19 do roorpek 1710 32 20 810 45 do bro pek 4050 32 bid 21 803 29 do pekoe 2320 29 ' 22 Kanangama 9806 36 do bropek 3600 32 bid 23 809 41 do pekve 3485 27 bid 24 812 27 do ek sou 2295 24 235 Agra Ouvah 815 54 hf-ch ro or pek 3510 60 20 8'8 25 do or pek 1375 51 27 821 10 do pekoe 950 45 23 Glasgow 824 40 ch roorpek 8400 40 29 827 14 do or pek 4910 46 30 $30 15 do koe 1500 39 31 Bowhill 833 21 do ro pek 2100 = 34 82 886 17 do pekoe 1700 28 33 Galella 839 23 do bro pek 2415 44 34 842 18 do pekoe 1620 37 35 845 11 do pek sou 1100 34 36 EK 848 I11hf-ch fans sso. «12 5% Mocha gu2 21 ch broor pek 2205 51 bid 65 905 22 do or pek 1980 44 56 908 23 do peksou 1840 = 35 67 Anchor, in est. mark ; 911 27 do broorpek 2700 55 Lot Box. 58 914 59 917 61 St. John’s 923 62 926 63 929 64 932 Bolene 935 69 Eila 947 70 920 71 953 72 956 76 SW 968 77 971 8L EN 983 8 NB 995 &6 AR 998 87 1 88 Yapame 4 89 7 90 10 94 Gonavy 22 95 25 97 Gam via 31 98 34 99 37 100 NSBY 40 101 M 43 103 E 49 113 Keenagaha Ella 79 114 §2 115 85 118 Cisremont 94 119 97 124. Maskeliya 112 125 115 126 118 127 121 128 124 130 Kotuagedera 130 13L Chapelton 133 132 136 133 Kila 139 134 Poilakanda 142 135 Evalgolla 145 136 148 139 Glentilt 157 140 160 141 163 142 Brownlow 166 143 Ormidale 169 144 BD 72 117 Troup 175 146 178 147 181 148 Birnam 183 150 ADL 190 151 Murraythwaite 193 152 196 153 199 156 MahaEliya 28 17 hf-ch Name. Ib. or pek 1020 pekoe 1980 bro or pek 1456 or pek 1344 pekoe 1300 pek sou 1152 pek fans 1088 pek sou No.1 1360 pek sou 1840 sou 1920 dust 2700 ekoe 190 bro mix 1265 pek sou No.2 160 dust 1280 bro tea 1210 dust 765 bro pek 5000 pekoe 3100 ek sou 2250 ans mat) dust 765 or pek 1760 rek sou 950 pek fans 1350 pekoe 1800 pek sou 1040 pekoe 900 bro pek 1265 or pek 1330 pekce 1275 bro or pek 1815 pe oe 1190 bro or pek 3300 or pek 3000 pekoe 1700 pek sou 1260 fans 1010 bro pek 1500 dust Tit hro mix 880 dust 1920 pek sou 1040 bro pek 1300 pekoe 765 bro per 2900 pekoe 1500 fans 1280 bro pek fans 840 pekoe 3050 pekoe 4320 or pek 40L0 pekoe 4140 pek dust 1539 pek dust 910 pee sou 1665 ro pek 1235 pekoe 1105 pek sou 1010 bro pek fans 1445 Lot. Box. pkgs. Name. Ib. 1 Salawe 141 37 ch pek sou 8°45 3 133° «5 «do dust 740 5 Ambalawa 145 27hf-ch pek 1215 6 146 25 do pek sou 1000 7 San Cio 147 30hf-ch bro mix 1200 13 Ivies 13 30hf-ch fans 1500 14 154 16 do dust 1230 15 Ketadola 155 7 ch _ bro pek 700 19 Koorooloo- galla 159 43 ch jek 3870 20 Nugawella 160 23hf-ch or pek 1265 21 161 19 do bro or pek 1233 22 162 47 do pek 2350 25 Hooluganga 165 10 ch bro pek 1100 283 Warakamura 168 17 ch or pek 1780 30 170 18 ch pek 1710 31 17L 15 do sou 1350 44 D 184 11 do pek sou 1045 46 Marigold 186 77hf-ch bro pek 4466 47 187 50 do pek 2500 48 188 44 do ek sou 1936 50 199 14 do ro pek fans 980 51 Bogahagoda- watte 151 22hf-ch broyek 1144 52 192 17 ch pek 1530 63 193 15 do peksou 1350 c. (Messrs. Somerville & Co.—232,001] 7 bid g 2 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. | es Lo.t Box. Pkts. Name. | Ib. 3 54 Neuchatel 194 69 ch bro pek 690 81 bid | 34 Errollwood 689 11 ch or 889° 48 55 195 17 do pek 1448 «= 29 bid | 25 892 12 do pe’ 968 385 bid 56 196 16 do pek sou 1360 27 36 89; 15bfch orpek fans 285 35 57 197 6 do dust 900 13 37 KWD 398 13hf-ch bro pek fams 936 25 58 Pitadenia 198 24 hf-ch bro pek 1440 28 bid | 38 Monkswood 901 Y0hf-ch bro or pek 1000 65 59 199 24 do ek 1080 28 bid | 39 4 20 do or ps 100063 67 Narangada 207 16 ch ro pek 1600 82 bid | 40 907 87 “do 31450 47 68 208 32 do pek 3040 28 bid | 41 910 17 ©o k sou 153040 69 209 37 ch peksou 8330 625 a 913 17 do ropekfan 10z0 §=80 72 Havangalla 212 21 ch bro pek 2100 45 44 STC 919 30 ch bro pek BWW» BO 73 2138 35 do pek 8150 29 bid | 45 924 20 do pek L070 27 74 214 12 do sou 1080 26 46 925 22 do pek sou 1760 5 77 ~Bollagalla 217 26 ch bro pek 3420 33 bid | 48 93t 10hf-ch dust 750 6 78 218 18 do pek 1440 32 49 Mahalla 934 24 ch bro pek 2400 32 79 219 18 do ek sou 1710 27 50 937 19 do pek 1909 2 80 Maddegedera 220 48 ch ro pek 4800 31 bid 61 910 13 do k sou 1300 | 81 221 24 do pek 2280 29 55 St. Heliers 952 33 hf-ch ro or pek 1782 37 bid 82 222 18 do ek sou 1530 w 56 955 21 ch meg 1890 BL 83 Glenalla 223 49 ch ro pek 4900 32 bid 519 AMB 964 16 ch vo pek fans 1472 13 84 244 49 do pek 3COU 26 bid | 61 #70 21 do fans 2520 4 85 225 17 do peksou 1530. UMbid | 62 973 12 do red Jeaf 1056S «10 87 H 227 10 ch sou 850 13 63 Talgaswela 976 30 ch bro pek 2850 «34 92 Forest Hill 232 26 ch ae pek 2782 «= 83 bid | 64 979 37 do 3330s 93 233 39 do bro 3276 $8 bid | 65 932 22 do k sou 1980 25 94 Mousagalla 234.7 ch roorpek 770 25 bid 66 985 7 do ro pek 95 285 27 do bro pek 2700 = BL bid No. 2 770 96 236 22 do pek 18709 67 Passara Group 988 30 ch bro pek 2700 = 40 bid 97 237 32 do pek sou 2880 25 68 991 11 do bro or pek 1110 48 98 Koladeniya 238 81 ch bropek 3100 = 28 bid | 69 094 42 do pek 3780.31 99 239 25 do pek 2250 25 bid 70 907 28 do pek sou 2520 2a 100 240 9 do ek sou 810 25 76 Condegalla 1015 10 do pek 900 = 36 101 Ukuwela 241 29 ch ro pek 200 28 79 Maragalla 1024 8 ch (or rd 800 BB 162 242 21 do bro pek 2100 28 81 1030 68 do pe 720 «62 103 243 22 do pek 2200 25 bid | 83 Dromoland Wd 7 ch bro pek 735 es 104 244 18 do pek 1600 26 86 Sembawatte 1045 82 ch bro or pek 2200 35 105 Kew 245 23hf-ch broorpek 1288 46bid | 87 10i8 19 do or 1615 = 32 106 246 25 do or pek 1%50 49 88 ius Ov uv pe 3920 78 707 247 35 ch pek 8220 36 89 1054 29 do pek sou 1885 26 101 248 32 do pek sou 8040 = 33 93 Doomba 1066 12 ch souj 1080 B2 111 Mossville 251 32 ch ro pek fans3520 20 bid | 9% 1069 llhf-ch fans 715 = 80 112 262 10 hf-ch ust 850 12 95 w72 10 do dust 750 «(115 ‘113 Glentaaffe 253 86 ch pekdust 2880 12 96 Kabragalla 1075 62hfch bro pek 3410 = 83 bid 114GT 254 3L ch bro tea 3100 12. 97 lu78 57 do pekoe 2850 30 bid 120 Walahanduwa 260 48 ch bro pek 4800 34 98 1081 Ww do peksou 1500 =. 28 bid 121 261 26 do pek 2340 80 99 SV, in estate 124FPA 264 8 ch pek 760 23 mar 1088 «8 ch dust 960 12 125 265 8 do fans 880 27 100 1087 7 do pek fans 840s 126 Yarrow 266 43hfch bro pek 2408 = 84 lu2 Arapolakan- ~ 127 267 60 do pek 00. «31 de 1093 91 ch bro pek 8190 36 bid 128 Hemingford 268 22 ch sou 1320-23 103 1096 75 do pek 60u0s 29) 129 New Valley 269 18 ch bropek 1980 50 104 1099 10 do pek sou 909 27 130 270 19 do or pek 1900 40 bid | 106 Scrubs 1108 14 ch broor pek 1330 61 bid 131 271 20 do or pek 2000 22bid | 107 1103 20 do bro pe 2000 «= 50 bid 132 272 30 do pek 8000 82 bid 108 lll 19 do k 1615 40 bid 133 273 29 do pek 2900 80 bid 109 11i4 12 de k sou 1020 35 bid 134 274 19 do pek sou 1710335 110 1117. 8 do ro or pek 136 NIT 276 9 ch unas 855 18 fans 800 31 137;Blinkbonnie 277 48hf-ch bro pek 2640 45 112 Torwood 1123 22 ch bro pek 2.00 27 138 278 30 do pek 1500 3-387 113 1126 42 do or pek 468) 30 139 279 38 do pek sou 1710 34 114 1129 32 do p-k 2688 27 141 Labugama 281 37hf-ch bro pek 1665 36 115 1132 27 do pek sou 2214 825 142 282 19 ch pek 1615 25 bid 117 1138 7 do dust 875 16 143 283 23 do peksou 1840. 21 bid | 118 Broadoak 1141 25hf-ch broorpek 1250 44 145 Sirinewasa 285 14 ch bro pek 1470 40 119 1114 87 do or 1850 36 146 26 21 do ek 1995 29 120 1147 55 do pek 2750 BU 147 287 28 do pek sou 2380 26 121 1150 38 do pek sou 1520 «9628 159 Ambalawa 299 25 hf-ch ek 11z 28 129 Bandara- 160 300 14 do pek fans 700 25 wella 1174 25 ch or pek 2380 8= 40 bid 161 301 24 do peksou 960 25 130 1177 30 do ——pek 2400 «»§=929bid 164 WGP 304 15 hf-ch pek sou 750 = 28 131 1180 14 do pek sou 1120 28 166 Honiton 306 9 eb roorpek 945 37 132 1183 16 de sou 1440 23 ‘167 307. 14 do bro pek 1260 39 134 Hopton 1189 S$ ch dust 800) ll 168 308 19 do pek 1520 29 1440 AB 31207 25 ch pek sou 1875 26 169 309 12 do pek sou 1020 «28 141 1210 33 do bro pek fan 2970 =18 142 Bargany 1213 46hf-ch bro pek 2330. «39 143 1216 18 = ses 1620 tu 144 1219 11 do sou 935 27 (Messrs. Forbes & Walker.—) 147 Ganapalla 1298 30 ch br pek .., 9880, 30 bid 542,106 Ib. ms we a = bas or pek 3528 31 Fy 14 23 a pe 4558 26 Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. bse ec. 150 3237 35 do ninan 2-00. A. 3 S V, Maliga- 151 1240 «6 do ropek fans 720 25 tenne 796 25 ch bropek 3375 27 152 Maha Uva 1243 16hf-ch bioorpek 1040 48 4 799. 23 do pek 2070 24 153 1246 47 do or pek 2820 29, 11 Great Valley 154 1219 38 «ch pek 3120 ° Ceylon, in est. ‘ 155 1252 17 do pe sou 13€0 33 mark 820 2l1hf-ch bro pek lla 44 158 Battawatte 1261 29 ch ro pek 2900 46 12 828. 25 do or pek 1250 35 159 1264 25 do pek 2500 36 13 $26 36 do pek 3240 32 168 Hayes 1291 20hf-ch pek No.2 lov 31 14 829 19 do pek sou 1710 30 169 , 1294 25 do pek sou 1125 20. 15 Kotagaloya 832 24 ch pek 2040 32 170 1297 25 do sou 1125 78 18 SWI 841 10 ch pek fans 1120 25 171 a 1300 13 do bro pek fans 715 3t 19 844 5 do dust 750 . 14 174 High Forest 1309 48 do bro or pek 2380 46 20 847 10 do congou 1000 23 175 1312 52 do or pek 2704 41 28 S RT, ineft: : we 176 Ruanwellu 1315 24 ch bro pek 2280 «= 35 bid mark 71 8 ch pek 735° DSS led, 318 39 do pek- 3510-28 29 374 15 do ° bro™~ pek 1575 22 bid 178 = 4 1321 10 do peksou 90 25 30 877 7 do _ pek fans 980 «14 185 Vellaioya 1342 11 ch pek sou 990 429 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. 3 ‘Lot. Box, Pkgs. Name. lb. cc. Loc. Box. Pkes. Name. lb. ec. y E S 346 CP H Galle, 189 Norwood 1354 13 ch fans 1G95) 5 22 in est. mark 1825 16hf-ch pek sou sco 23 190 13:7 11 do dust LI pz 354 Penrhos 1819 31 do or pek 1520 47 195 Dunkeld 1372 $ ch pek sou 70-30 355 1852 31 do bropek 1756 48 196 1375 12 do nek fans 840 24 256 1855 53 ch k 4505 $ 197 1378 8 do dust 72013 357 1a521"10.- 40° . oro'sou 80 3 199 Stamford 362 Kirklees 1873 20 do pek sou 1600 2 Hill 1384 32hf-ch flowery or 367 Northbrook 1888 47 do broorpek 25¢0 35 bid pek 1600 50 bid | 368 Ravenhoe 1s9l 66 do bro or pek 3614 32 bid 200 1387 25 ch or pek 2125 36 bid 375 Thedden 1912 16 do pek 1440 31 bid 201 1390 20 do pek 170¢ 33 bid 376 Coombewood 1915 20 do pek son 1£00 29 203 Ascot 1306 14 ch bro pek 1260 36 396 Pantiya 1975 11 ch bropek _ 1109 25 bid 204 1399 18 do pek 14402 397 1978 12 do ek 1680 29 bid 205 1402. 8 do pek sou 1205 226) 398 1981 13 do peksou 1040. 26 213 Middleton 1426 18hf-ch broorpek 999 60 bid 399 Clyde 198t 40 do pek $600 2a 214 1429 20 ch or pek 2000 43 bid £0 KP W 1987 27hf-ch or pek 1620 22 bid 215 1432 33 do or pek 3300 45 bid | 401 199) 27 do — bro-pek 14853 216 1435 12 do pekoe 108043 402, 1993 6S do pekoe 3460 23 21S 1441 17 «do bro pek 1360-34 404 Clyde 1999 22 ch bro pek 2080 41 222 Caperton 11453 8 do dust 1280 =610 405 2002 28 do pek 2520 27 223 Holton 1456 13 do bro pek 1235. 33 406 2005 13 do pek scu 117024 228 ingrogalla 1471 22 do bro pek 2200-38 229 1474 59 do pekoe 2315 32 231 Buena Vista 1480 9 dg ee ee a 232 M V. 1483 9 do us ¢ 2 cv a 234 Beverley 1489 28hf-ch bro pek_ 1540 45 SMALL LOTS. 235 1492 21 do bro pk No 11155 42 ae : 239 Dag TS edare, Beko: os C00) "27 (Messrs. A. H. Thompson & (€o.] 240 ALL 1507° 26 ch pek 2340 24 241 Kirksville 1510 8 do dust 1280 11 7 Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. c. 242 Ouvahwelle 1513 2Shf-ch bro or pek 1400 56 bid hfich > 54. 2 da red leaf 160 7 308 Farnham 1711 35 do ekoe 1925 32 39 GA S57 4hfch dust 350 oF 309 Chesterford 1714 52 ch ra pek 5200 43 40 : 360, 7 dol bropektanss420) | 95 310 es peda pesog pve a 41 863 1 ch red leaf 99 iv B1L 1720 46 do pekoesou 4600 27 2 5s > : 75 yg 60 Anchor, in est. 312 1723, 8 do fans Roch wee mark 920 7hf-ch peksou 315 30 Se Gersgama = 174078 du, bro pek 2800 52 SW” 94 2 ch fans 230 OE 321 GPM inest. 79 EN 977 3 do pekoe 300 26 mark 1750 55hf-ch bro orpek 3300 48. — 89 980 5 do bro pek 330 1 3% 322 1753 59 do or pek 3304 4L bid | g2 986 7Thfch troiix 595 «16 323 1756 64 dO pek 3328 35 bid | §3 RL 9-9 5 do p2k fans 360 18 324 1759 88 do peksou 4576 32 8t 992.2 do dust _ 180-12 825 1762 14 do fans 1120 26 91 Yapame ign! chi bro mix £0 7 326 Dunbar 1765 15 ch pek 1125 32 92 163 do dust 468 8 827 Dinest. mark1768 23 hfi-ch bro orpek 1380 26 : 93 19 6 do fans 672 24 331 Ismalle 1780 15 ch + or pek 1350 28 bid | 96 Gonavy 28 4 do congou 320 25 332 1783 10 do bro or pek 10:0 28bid | 192 E 46 5 do bro pek 625 3B 333 1786 21 do pek 1680-26 104 52 1 do mixed 106 8 B34 1789 19 do pek sou 1520 24 108 M 55 1 do bropek 8] 34 335 1792 21 do sou 1785 23 106 58 1 do : 336 Walpita 1795 + See pe pek : 8u Fs 1 hf-ch Rekog 1:0 24 337 1795 c € 552 107 61 1 ch peksou 65 89620 338 _ 1801 13 do peksou 1105 26 108 Marguerita 64 Zhf-ch or pek 350 46 339 Columbia 1844 89hf-ch bro pek 214500 52 109 67 5 do broorpek 280 57 340 1807 38 du pek 190 388bid | 110 70 10 do pekoe $50 37 341 1810 23 do peksou 1104 32 bid } 11) 73 3 de is 20 Bs LO in est. 112 76 1 do dus 9 13 oa ae 1813 12 do brorpKfansS40 24 bid | 116 Keenagaha Ella83 6 ch peksou a 25 343 12 ch = pek sou 108028 117 91 6 do son 4 23 Gillawatte 1816 4 7 X. igs. - P le + Lot Box. Pkgs. Name bl, ¢ Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. Ib e. 120 Claremont 100 3 ch ek sou 255 10 121 103. 1 bag ro tea “77 5 é 961 Thf-ch dust 618 13 129 Maskeliya 127. «6hf-ch dust 510 = 13 60 AMB 967 5 ch bro tea 410) «612 137 Eyalgolla 151 6 ch pek sou 510 = 20 71 Passara ; 138 154 2hf-ch dust 160 12 Group 1000 5 ch bro mix 4500 «25 149 D 187 4 ch peksou 425 823 72, 1003 6 do dust oo 16 154 Murraythwaite 202 1 do dust 150 8 73 Condegala 1006 2 ch broorpek 230 50 155 205 b5bhf-ch fans 325 20 74 1009 5 do or pek “co 48 75 1012 1 do do 90 43 77 1018 1 do k 7s Pil = 78 Maragalla 1021 3 ch Tio evguk 3360—s $1 s ile & C ae 1027 - “o pek 3500 | 8 is mer e is z 1033 o pek sou 400 24 Messrs 0 if 0-] 84 Dromoland 1039 6 ch vek (64 Lot. Box. pkgs. Name Ib, ‘c. 85 1032 4 do k sou 3725 ‘ 90 Sembawatte 1057 4 ch ust 600 13 2 Salawe 142 2 ch bro mix 206 10 91 Doomba 1060 9hf-ch or pek 495 30 4 BS bg aed unas nH - 92 1063 7 ch ~~ pek 60 06 12 Ivies 15% -ch sou 5) 101 SV, in estate 16 Ketadola 156 6 ch pek 570 6 ’ 7 157 6 do peksou 5703 mark (90 6 ch umas 630 13 158 2 do sou 180 19 105 Arapolakan- 23 Nugawella 163 4 ch pek sou 840 03=—- 27 de 1102 3 ch dust 330 iL 24 164 4hf-ch dust 340013 lll BO 1120 8hf-ch dust 225 «i 26 Hooluganga 166 5 ch pek 5CO 88 116 Torwood 1135 4 ch sou 320 «23 o7 267. 3 do ek sou 8C0 25 123 Coldstream 1166 1 hf-ch bro or pek 37 Bi 29 Warakamure 169 2 ch ro pek 210 = 27 124 1159 1 ch pek 74 =. 32 172 3hf-ch fans 210 #16 125 1162 1 do ee sou 82. 22. 33 173 1 ch dust 90 lw 126 1165 Lhf-ch ust 59 15 42 D 182 6 ch bropek 6d 33 127 1168 1box bro tea 26 F 43 183 3 do pek 818 28 128 New Anga- 45 185 4 ch unas 416-23 mana 1171 10hf-ch bro pek 550 49 Merigold 189 15 hf-ch sou 660 25 133 Hopton 1186 5 ch congou 450 60 Pitadenia 200 8hf-ch pek sou 360 89-23 139 Igalkande 1204 4 ch pek 368 61 201 2 do sou 80 19 145 K 1222 1 ch sou 100 62 202 1 ch dust 85 12 146 1225 1 do dust 170 70 Narangoda 210 6 ch dust! 480-13 156 Maha Uva 1255 Lhfch k fans 56 71 211 5 do fans 375 25 157 1258 8 do sa 270 75 Harangalla 215 3 ch dust 390 8613 160 Fattawatte 1267 6 ch pek sou 600 76 216 4 do fans 420 33 179 Ruanwella 124 4 ch ro pek fans 440 86 Glenalla 226 Shfch dust 240 12 180 1827 6 do dust 450 88 H 228 3 ch sou No. 286 8 18t Forres 1380 1 ch bro pek 97 89 2299 4 do fans 280 23 182 VOA 1333 1 ch k 91 90 230 1 do bro mix 80 8 183 Waverley 1396 1 ch ro or 97 91 231 2hf-ch dust 170=—s- 12 184 1389 1 do bro pe 102 109 Kew 249 Thf-ch bropekfans 455 30 186 Norwood 1345 4 ch bro pek 432 1 250 4 do dust 340 14 187 1348 6 do pek 480 122 Walahan- 188 1351 5 do k sou 607 duwa 262 4 ch ek sou 360-23 v1 1360 1 do fro ten 95 123 FPA 263 6 ch ro pek 600 20 198 St. Andrews 1381 4hf-ch dust 280 135 NIT 275 5 ch unas No. 1 500 20 202 Ascot 1393 4 ch broorpek 400 140 Blinkbonnie 280 6hf-ch dust 450 12 208 1405 3 do pek fans 3860 144 Labugama 284 2 ch fans 240 «24 219 L NSinest. 148 Sirinewasa 288 3 ch bropekfans 300 23 1444 1hf-ch bro pek 37 149 289 1 do dust 150 11 220 1447 1 ch »e - SOU 92 bo HIS 290 Thf-ch bro pek 420 24 921 1450 1 hf-ch dust 47 151 291 8 do pek 4s¢ 31 224 Holton 1459 7 ch pek 5(0 152 ; 292 8 do peksou 480 26 225 1462 2 do peksou 190 162 WGP $02 65 hf-ch bro pek 300 39 296 1465 2 do dust 150 163 303 9 do pek 450 82 27 RL 1468 1 do red leaf liv 168 d 305 5 do fans 2750 230 Ingrogalla 1477 5 do k sou 425 170 Honiton 310 2 ch dust 300.12 233 Beverley 1486 SOhf-ch broorpek 540 171 311 1 do fans 85 15 22 1495 6 do ropk No. 2 320 172 312 2 do pek No. 2 154 27 937 1498 10 do 500 173 Penrith _ an ees it c 238 1501 10 do k No. 1 500 174 ‘oO ‘ans i 2 2387 Harrington 1528 8 do ro Or 5 175 315 2 do bro pek No.2 220 30 bid 250 gto 1537 2 ch k peek 4 176 Oolapane 316 6hf-ch dust 480 12 251 Norwood 1540 1 do a tea 107 ? 955 Marl:orough 1552 3 do _ bro pek 320 258 Essex 1561 2 do pek dust 280 279 1564 3 do dust 480 262 Sunnycroft 1573 3 oe pek sou 300 263 1576 1 do congou 100 (Messrs. Forbes & Walker.] 264 1579 3 do dust 450 269 Cottaganga 1594 Shfch dust 640 Lot. Box. Pkts. Name. 1% c. 70 KB 1597 1 ch fans 130 of Panti i008 3 de Sein 500 5 S V Maliga- 272 antiya 1 5 do red lea: 500 4 : 274 RAW 1669 1bf-ch dust 85 6 tonne ae A Bi melon eG a ¢80 Bandara Eliyal627 9 ch bropkfans 63u 7 Horagaskelle 808 5hf-ch bro pek 310 29 285 Knavesmire 1642 1hf-ch dus 8 8 811 5 do pek 262 25 286 1615 2 ch 9 814 10 do kK sou 562-22 lhf-ch fans 305 10 817 2 do ro mix 128 «9 287 1648 2 ch sou | 170 16 Kotagaloya 835 3 ch peksou 240 28 238 MMM 1651 5 do bromixed 525 WV 8388 1 do sou 80 21 294 M 1669 4 do pek sou 360 $1 Kakiriskande 880 2 ch 303 CRD 1696 4 do dust 400 lhf-ch bro pek 264 36 313 Che2terford 1726 6 do congou _ 540 - 32 883 3 ch pek 321 28 314 1729 3 do _ bro tea 300 33 386 4 do pex sou 4u0 20 31S 1732 Shf-ch dust 660 43 K WD, in estate 328 Dinest. mark1771 7 do sou 350 mark 926 Ghf-ch dust 7 432 «16 329 1774 8 do fans 480 47 STC 928 6 ch brosou — 450 16 330 17711 do dust 668 62 Mahalla 943 2 ch ek No. 2 200 22 344 C P HGalle, 53 946 2 do ians 2007 Maes in est. mark 1819 7hf-ch bro pek 420 5t i 9:9 2hf-ch dust 160 7 345 1892 12 do 600 57 St. Heliers 9F ch pek sou 660027 347 "1828 2 do congou 100 © CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. 5 Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. e. 358 Penrhos 1861 6hf-ch dust 480 17 359 Bittacy 1864 2 ch peksou 190 25 360 1867 4hf-ch dust 340 13 361 Lebanon Group1870 1 do bro pek 51 34 363 Chapelton 1876 1 ch dust 95 10 364 Clunes 1879 4hf-ch broorpek 240 32 365 Haputale 1882 3 ch pek sou 210 89.29 366 Bismark 1885 4 do pek sou 320 27 369 S Fin est mark1894 3hf-ch bro pek 165 25 370 1897 6 do ek sou 280 16 871 1900 1 ch ust 103 8 372 CRinest mark1903 ihf-ch pek 60 20 373 1906 1 do ied leaf 32 9 374 19¢9 1 do dust 90 10 393 AG Y 1966 2 do bro mix 166 11 394 1969 1 do red leaf 18 5 395 1972 3hf-ch dust 180 10 403 KPW 1996 2 do dust 180 12 407 Clyde 2008 5 ch fans 500 26 408 FAW 2011 3hf-ch bro mix 270 13 CEYLON COFFEE SAELS IN LONDON. (From our Commercial Correspondent. ) MINCING LANE May 20. “Asia”—Wiharagalla, 1c 102s; PB, 1b 98s; WHG in estate mark, P, 1c 35s; WHG, I1t4ls. ee ee eee CEYLON COCOA SALES IN LONDON. “Clan Mackay’—SA, estate cocoa, O, 11 69s; KK in estate mark, estate cocoa, 113 688; MAKM in estate mark, es- tate cocoa, 49 68s bid; 1 MAK, 46 67s; MAK, 9 61s 6d; HGA, 20 60s; CN, 16 62s 6d; KMK in estate mark, bid 14 59s 6d. “Clan Cameron”—HGA in estate mark, 20 683. ““Wanderer”—OBEC in estate mark, Kondesale, OK, 38 7ls 6d; JF, 9 683; O,669s 6d; I, 2 62s 6d; D, 7 67s 6d; OBEC in estate mark, 20 71s. Mahaberia, O, 18 693; 2, 14 51s, OF, 9 69s 6d; FF, 2 62s 6d. “Sumatra”—OBEC in estate mark, Kondesale, D, 19 68s. ‘“‘Victoria’—Keenakelle, A, 52 64s, outat 69s; KKB, 28 61s; C, 12 52s 6d; T, 1 48s. Pathregalla, A, 20 48s 6d, out at 51s; 13 69s 6d; T, 3 58s6d. “Clan Grant”—A, No. 1, Dynevor, 22 69s 6d; No.2 B, 9 63s,,No.1, 11 68s 6d; No.2, 5 63s; D, No. 3, 3 68s “Victoria”—Maragalla, AR, 7 68s: A, 20 69s 6d; 14 54s; T, 1 69s. “Logician”—Goonambil, A, 66 69s. OBSERVER PRINTIN® WORKs. SER gle fs Po ae a WA Rm : oe ae Cent 2b eekiaie m pate ae Ps A Se ass Oi ne: sO We oy aod, wee a ABS aly BY: Be eQ, OE: Oo oitertaats 4) dae i : ine! ih bio ar “~ , Sew 2 Pe ROH a ie it ie A eg pat soma aks ade baa TEA, COFFEE, CINCHONA, COCOA, AND CARDAMOM SALES, NO. 28. COLOMBO SALES OF TEA. Cotomgo, June 20, 1898. b. 2550 4800 1100 935 900 1160 1680 1120 910 1425 1020 3240 3000 2125 2010 1365 1000 1870 1500 800 4950 1955 855 1105 1045 975 850 4700 4845 1520~ 900 150t 2970 2310 1350 2250 1120 990 1260 2470 1760 Cc. 46 33 bid 29 bid 42 bid 34 bid 37 bid 81 bid 27 38 37 3L 29 bid 45 80 25 bid 19 bid 34 bid 40 29 26 36 28 bid 26 bid 25 33 bid 25 22 35 28 25 1L 18 38 3L 28 36 30 26 bid 27 32 bid 30 bid LARGE LOTS. (fdessre. A. BH. Thompson & Co.— 86,088 Ib.] Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. i Harrow 1 5) hf-ch bro pek 2 2 48 ch pek 3 3 11 do pek sou 5 Rambodde 5 17hf-ch hro pek 6 6 18 do pek 9 Amblakande 9 11 ch bro pek 1C 10 21 do pek 11 1l 14 do pek sou 15 Cotswold 15 14hf-ch_ bro or pek 16 16 15 do or pek 17 17 12 do pek 1s Vogan 18 36 ch or pek 19 19 30 do bro pek 20 PA PBI a (0) pek or 21 24 do pek sou 25 E 25 13 ch bro pek 26 Battalgalla 26 10 ch pek sou 29 Agar’sLand 29 34hf-ch bropek 30 30 30 do pek 31 31 31 do pek sou 32 Chetnole 82 45 ch bro pek 33 33 23 do or pek 34 34. 9 do pek 35 35 13 do pek 36 St. Leonards on Sea 36 11 ch bro pek 37 37 13 do pek 38 38 10 do peksou 40 Doragalla,In- voice No. 23 40 47 ch bro pek 41 41 57 do ek 42 42 19 do pek sou 44 44 12 do pek faus 48 Henegama 48 12 ch bro pek fans 49 Doragala, In-- voice No, 24 49 27 ch bro pek 50 50 26 do pek 51 51 15 do pek sou 53 Mapitigama 3 45hf-ch bro pek 54 - 54 14 ch pek 55 55 12 do pek sou 56 56 21 do bro pek fans 59 Lavant 59 26 ch bro or pek 60 60 22 do or pek 61 61 41 do pek 3075 Mr. BE. Jenn. —(243,873 1b.) Lov. Box. 1 SK 211 2 214 207. 9 W 235 10 Pati Rajah 238 11 241 15 Oonoogaloya 253 16 256 17 259 18 262 19 Poilakanda 265 20 268 HE 271 22 Kituldeniya 274 23 277 24 280 25 283 29 Coslanda 995 30 : 298 33 Ravenswood 307 34 310 35 313 38 Ratwatte 322 39 325 40 328 41 Whyddon 331 42 334 43 337 44 P 340 45 AA 343 46 Suriakande 346 47 349 48 352 49 355 Pkegs, 15 ch 20 do 13. do 16 hf-ch 35 hf-ch 24 ch 20 hf-ch 20 do 16 hf-ch 922° ch 25 hf-ch 29 do 43 do 10 do 15 hf-ch Name. Ib. bro pek 1500 pekoe 2000 pek sou 1300 pek fans 1120 bro pek 1000 pekoe 750 bro pek 2400 pekoe 1440 pek sou 1260 dust 1409 bro pek 1740 pekoe 3510 pek sou 1360 bro pek 1414 bro pek No.2 707 pekoe 1105 pek sou 1445 bro pek 2100 pekoe 2160 broor pek 1400 bro pek 2520 pekoe 2300 bro pek 1800 pekoe 1550 pek sou 1600 bro pek 3200 pekoe 2250 pek sou 1800 pek fans 1120 bro pek 2090 bro pek 1375 or pek 1450 pekoe 4085 pek sou 960 bro pek fans 1050 27 bid 31 Lo. t Box. Shawlands 361 364 367 Kosgahawella 376 Uda 397 400 403 Koslanda, 406 409 Cleveland 418 421 424 427 Templestowe 433 436 439 Lameliere 442 445 448 Ottery 434 457 460 BD 469 t oilakanda, 472 TTT T,inest. mark 475 S, inest mark 478 481 Kotuagedera 487 MN 490 EN 493 LGD, in est. mark 496 Lameliere 499 502 505 Horton Plains 517 520 523 Maryland 532 535 Ridgmount 538 Marakona 541 544 Yakka 550 553 556 559 Claremont 565 568 571 XYZ 592 Glentilt 616 619 Glasgow 622 625 628 Agra Ouvah 631 634 640 643 Ferndale 649 652 655 Eadella 66L 664 667 Agra Ouvah 670 673 676 Shannon 679 682 685 KW 688 691 694 BD 70) 708 709 Keenagaha Hila 712 Napier 715 W 736 Morahela 739 742, 745 748 HW ToT Prick :—12} cents each 3 copies 30 cents ; 6 copies } rupee, 18 do 42 hi-ch 382 ch 12 do 15 do f-ch 22 do 21 do HL chi Name. bro pek pekoe pek sou pekoe bro pek pekoe dust bro pek pekoe bro or pek or pek pekoe trek sou or pek pekoe pek sou bro pek pekoe pek sou bro or pek or pek pekoe bro pek bro pek fans dust dust bro mix bro pek pek sou No.2 pek sou No.2 pek dust bro pek pekoe pek sou bro pek pekoe pek sou bro pek pekoe pek sou pek sou dust bro pek pekce pek sou dust bro or pek pekoe pek sou bro pek dust bro pek pekoe bro or pek or pek pekoe bro or pek or pek pek sou pek fans bro or pek or pek pekoe bro per pekce pek sou bro or pek cr pek pekoe bro pek pekoe pek sou pek sou bro pek fans Ib. 2500 2790 1620 1000 715 1105 1360 2100 2160 715 715 1260 935 2660 4400 1120 3355 2250 1584 700 720 1440 1200 1605 1500 1120 810 2200 800 1900 1500 3355 2250 1584 2310 2560 960 735 700 1296 1620 1160 2166 1804 1650 720 1540 935 1105 1720 3300 1500 2880 845 1500 3315 1210 900 2225 1000 1649 3150 3200 2790 960 3380 1155 760 1016 1100 810 1455 bropek dust 1200 bro pek 2760 pek sou 1760 dust 900 or pex 1380 dust 702 sou 1'95 bro pek 4136 or pek 1620 pekoe 1350 bro or pek 1400 pekoe 820 48 46 bid 32 14 bid 38 bid 29 bid ae 21 15 bid 12 30 bid 24 35 tid 29, 22 bid CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST: 2 (Messrs. Somerville & Co.—198,146] Lot. Box, Pkgs, Name. © Ib, ve. Lot. “Box. pkgs. Name. lb. «& 5 W, in estate 6 RCTE 326 16 ch bro pek 1520 =-86 mark 2026 7 ch ek 700 SB 327 14 do or pes 1120 26 10 Ettapolla 2041 Which ro pek 898 29 8 328 12 do pe 1080 23 15 Kirindi and 9 3:9 23 do pek sou 1840-20 Woodthaype 2056 18 ch ~~bro pek 18s 87 “LZ aN 832' 15 ch bro pek 1620 35 16 2059 8 do do No.2 808 29 13 88 17 do pek 1530 29 V7 :062 18 do pek 1530 2 16 Kosgahahena 236 17hfch jek 850 25 18 : 2065 23 do pek sou 1955 27 19 Hanagama 339 27 ch bro pek 2970 ~—-23 23 «T’Ville WO 14 ch pek 1120. . 23 20 340 24 do pek 3409 28 24 2083 8 do pek sou 720 p+ J 23 3848 9% do fans 840 19 25 2085 8 do congou 720 22 24 Oakley 344 27 ch bro pek 2709 32 bid 26 Ingurugalla 2089 7 ch bro pex 700 39 2h 245 16 do els 1600: ‘ep7ibidy | 27 2092.13 do pek 105 = 3 28 Hooluganga 348 23 ch ro pek 2630 32 31 Primrose 29 349 16 do pek 1600 = 27 Hill 2164 30 ch pek 850 48627 30 350 8 do pek sou 800 Zt 36 Halloowella 2119 9 ch pek sou 765 24 82 Gaiphele 552 14hf-ch bro pek 770° 86 38 CSG 2125 S59hf-ch bro pek e950 48 33 353 20 do pek 900 HL | 39 2128 52 ch prk 4160 =u bid 36 Ccomar 356 29hf-ch bro pek 1695 = 33 40 2131 19 do bro sou 10 81 37 B67 42 ch ek 1200 «=26hbid | 42 2is7 I2hf-ch fans 720 31 39 Hangranoya 3859 18 ch ro pek 1800 44 4% Pedro 2140 105 bf-ch bro orpek 6200 £6 bid 40 360 24 do pek 310u 81 44 2148 29 ch or pek 2465 49 bid 41 861 9 do ek sou 855 26 45 2146 32 do ok 3040 42. bid 43 Lonach 363 40 hf-ch ro pek 2200 «83 bid | 46 2149 87 do pek son 298) 4 44 864 88 ch pek 3040 28 bid | $7 2162 37hf-ch fans 2000-28 45 365 20 do ek sou 1600 25 48 Lunbar 2155 26hf-ch broor pek 1248 41 46 Ravenscraig 366 20 hf-ch bro pek 1000 = 86 49 2158 17 do orpek 765 36 47 467 14 ch or pek 1260 32 bid | 50 2161 9 ch bro pek 0 6 48 368 #1 do ek 26385 9-27 61 2164 27 do pek $025 81 56 Minna 276 22hf-ch bro pek 1430045 62 2167 10 do pek sou 860 «27 57 377 31 ch pek 2790 = 34 62 LYE 2197 11 ch bro pek 1045 +9 58 378 81 do pek sou 2720 28 63 2200 13 do pek 1170 £3 62 Rothes 882 15hf-ch pek 810 =. 86 66 Agraoya 2209 15 ch ro pek 1600 42% bid 66 RK, in estate 67 2212 15 do ~ pek 135083 mark 386 ch ek sou 810 22 69 2418 16 do tans 1050 = 70 Ferrby 390 32 hf-ch ro pek 1440 46 7 2221 18 do or pek 1170 37 71 891 32° ch pek 2720 80 71 Gallawatte 2224 “17 ch bro pek 1615 36 72 392 19 do peksou 142528 72 2227 27. do. p 2295" = 31 “f Depedene 395 66hf-ch bro pek 2630 «©6934 bid | 73 “SiC 12 do sou 1020 25 76 895 47 do pek 2350 «9-28 83 Thebe to io 18 ch or pe 1710s 85 77 297 21 do tae sou 170525 84 2 13 22 do pe 19380 2 79 Hatdowa 399 27 ch ro pek 2835 = 33 86 f, in estate 80 400 20 do pek 1700027 murk 19 14 ch bro pek 1694 3 SL 1 17 do peksou 1360 §=6.23 88 : 25 16 do 1616 928 83 Dikmukulana 3 50 hf-ch ek sou 2500 26 89 28 11 do pek sou 1001 28 84 Wilpita 4 10 ch ro pek 1006 82 92 87 14 do son 1344 Sh 85 6 15 do pek 1425 24 94 33 20 ch dust 1600 l4 91 Killin, in estate 96 Kitulgalla 49 16 dv or pek 1200-36 mark 11 17 hf-ch bro pek 985 88 97 52 16 do Ee 128088 92 12 18 ch pek 1530 26 bid 100 Dammeria 61 15 ch bro or pek 1s00 39 93 13 10 do peksou seo 23 101 64 11 do bro pek 1100. 96 Pendleton 16 1S8hf-ch bro pek 1008 26 bid 102 67 11 do ) 1300 42 97 17 31 do _ bro pek 1550-28 103 70 44 do pek 396082 100 Koorooloogalla20 37 ch tro pek 3700 =—83 104 723 11 do peksou 990 —- 28 101 21 17 do peksou 1530-25 105 )M 7. unas 770 BB 103 23 #5 do dust 700 8=612 107 High Forest »2 59hf-ch broorpek 3540 47 107 G P Dn e20 chi pek 2464 26 Lid 108 85 36 do kK 186 39 108 28 19 do ypeksou 1425 9-24 109 High Forest 88 43hfch bro orpek 25 47 111 We:atenne 31 8 ch bro pek 720° 81 110 91 43 do or pek 2236 112 32 16 do pek 1280 vz6bid | 111 94 47 do pek sou 22560287 113 33 21 do pek sou 1890 = 23 112 Tymawr 97 30hf-ch pek 1350 = 33 bid 124 Ravenoya 44 22hf-ch pek 1012 98 13 0 35 do pek sou 1400 33 127 Harangalla 47 28 ch bro pek 2500 “6 bid | lit 103.17 do dust 1275 «13 128 48 85 do ek 8150 “8 bid | 11455 BWD 106 18hf-ch bro pek fans 1260 2 132 Dalhousie 52 15hf-ch pbroorpek 825 40bid | 116 Anningkande 19 12 ch bro pek 1320 41 138 Hanagama 68 23 ch bro pek 2530 32 117 112° 12 do pek 1200 32 139 59 31 do pek 3255 27 i18 Erracht 115 i6hf-ch pek fans 1280 3o 147 ‘Citrus 67 14 ch bro pek 140082 122 Weoya 127. 28 ch fans 2800-6 148 68 22 do pek 1980 25 123 Middleton 130.24 ch orpek 2400-45 hid 150 70 8 do fans $00 20 124 153 14 do pe 1190 37 bid 153 SLG 73 15hf-ch dust 1350 Sbid | 125 136 Ihf-ch dust 13600 17 154 74 20 do sou 1000 21 126 M 139 12 ch bro pek 1280 3= 40 bid 156 Blompark 76 32hf-ch pek 1609 25 127 Great Valley 161 Allakolla 81 50 ch bro pek 5000 32 bid Ceylon, in est. 16? 82 :8 do pek 2240 27 bid | « mark 142 43hf-eh brogek 2365 42 166 Warakamura 86 18 ch pek 1710 39-25 128 145 29 do pekoe 2084 167 IP 87 40 ch peksou 3400-24 129 148 18 do peksou 1620 27 168 88 45hf-ch dust 3780 ©6138 133 G 160 17 ch pek son 1530 95 169 Annandale 89 21hf-ch pek 1113.47 134 163 11 do sou ss0 170 90 13 do bropek 806 42 137 St. Heliers 172 34hf-ch broorpek 1836 40 17i 91 20 do peksou 1040-338 138 175 19 ch pek 1710 — 32 174 CF, in estate 141 Hughenden 184 16 ch bro pek 1440 44 mark 94 §& ch pek 20) ee 142 187 22 do yek 1760 32 178 Frogmore 98 12 ch orpek 960 35 143 19) 9 do peksou 720 28 179 99 21hf-ch bro pek 1155 46 bid | 147 Macaldenia 202 27hf-ch bro pek 148544 184 Rayigam 104 29 ch bro pek 2900 35 148 . 205.25 do pek 1230 37 185 105 45 do pek 4050 28bid | 150 211 14 ch peksou 4400-30 186 106 19 do peksou 152) 95 152 217 14hf-ch fans 810 33 191 Galdola 111 7% ch _ bro pek 700 © 35 154 Roeberry 223 18 ¢ broor pek 1620 41 192 112 11 do pek 1045 28 155 226 34 do To pek 3400 40 156 229 22 do pek 1892 31 157 232 49 do pek sou 2920 26 (Messrs. Forbes & Walker.—] 168" 5 235 13 do fans 1300.22 540,117 Ib. Je) ROO Dees okt ee 38 2 ek sou 2 Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. Ib. | 160 erin Sp erp ie cag ee 4 JS, in estate 162 Kabragalla 247 9hf-ch dust 7 2 mark 2023 12 hf-ch pekfans 1008 165 164 SSS 253 11 ch p-k 1001-22 Lot 165 1 Oxford Lochiel Ingurugalla Castlereagh A, in estate mark S, in estate mark Strathspey Clarendon > Meddetenne Deaculla Malvern New Peacock 33% Freds Ruhe WA Kalkande Cc Marlborough Putupaula Knavesmire D Polatagama Clunes Dunkeld Hayes Dea Ella Pallegudde Massena Letchemy Galkadua Aberdeen Pkgs. 14 hf-ch 7 ch 9 ch 39 hf-ch 82. do 28 hf-ch 20 do 25 do 54 hi-ch 64 ch 23 do 17 hf-ch 12 de 42 hf-ch 19 ch 14 do 10 bf-ch 23 hf-ch 23 65 hi-ch 15 ch uu. do 40 hf-ch £0 do 20. do 2) do $0 hf-ch do CEYLON PRODUCE ee Box. Name. lb. bro or pek 3570 or pek 3069 pek 2480 pek sou 2400 bro or pek 2145 bro pek 3465 pek 6395 pek sou 1440 bro tea 1200 bro pek 3900 or pek 3145 pek 3145 sou 776 dust 980 pek 765 dus6 3705 fans 2240 or pek 140€ pek 1000 pek sou 1325 bro pek 3240 pek 3230 pek sou 2300 bro pek fan 1:90 dust 560 bro pek 2310 pek 1805 pek sou 1260 bio pek dust 800 bro pek 1265 pek 1610 or pek 1050 bro pek 11C0 pek 1400 pek sou 1840 nek fans 1375 bro pek 3300 pek 3330 pek sou 2970 bro mixed 900 pek sou 1260 bro orpek 1200 or pek 1300 pekoe 2050 pek sou 1600 sou 1050 sou 2090 bro or pek 3685 cr pek 2100 pek 2310 bro pek dust 750 bro pek 1800 bro pek 3240 bro or pek 1540 pek 3840 pek sou 1875 or pek 1700 bro pek 2900 pek 2250 pek sou 2100: bro mix 970 dust 1760 fans 2150 bro pek 2800 pek sou iS40 Tans 809 dust 1059 bro or pek 1740 bro pek 1720 pek 3485 pek sou Ws0 bro or pek 5960 or pek 1425 pek 2700 pekce 2060 pek No. 2 1060 pek sou 990 sou 900 bro pek 2000 pekoe 1600 pek sou 720 bro or pek 6500 bro pek 3515 pek 3120 pek sou 3910 bro pek 1500 pek 1150 pelk sou 1600 dust 2125 bro pek 1500 pek 17 5 pek sou 1360 bro pek 30480 pek 2720 pek sou 1890 14 bid — Lov. Box. Pkes. Name. lb. 286 8S 619 21 ch fans 2625 287 622 17 do pekoesou 136) 288 625 3Lhf-ch dust 2790 239 IV 623 28 do dust 2520 290 Talgaswela 631 18 ch bro pek 1710 292 637 18 do pek 1620 293 640 11 do pek sou 930 295 Uva 646 20 do or pek 2000 296 619 27 do pek 2790 300 Lillawatte 661 26 do pek sou 2470 302 667 7 do dust 1050 303 Ellamulle 670 18 do bro pek 1540 304. 673 14 do pek 1260 305 676 12 do pek sou 1200 306 Anningkande 679 14 do bro pek 1540 307 682 13 do pekoe 1300 303 Ellaoya 685 22 do bro pek 2112 369 688 30 do or pek 2550 310 691 21 do pek sou 2160 311 694 17 do pek fans 1156 312 Weyungawatte 697 2thf-ch broorpek 1320 313 700 30 ch or pek 2700 314 73 29 do pekoe 2610 315 706 17 do pek sou 1360 323 Treby 730 650 hf-ch bro pek 3000 34 733 39 do pek 1950 325 736 1! ch pek sou 990 3230 Geragama 751 19 do bro pek 1960 231 754 39 do pek 3510 332 737. 13 do pek sou 1170 333 Waratenne 760 16 do bro pek 1600 334 763 16 do pek 1440 336 769 9 do fans 720 337 Scrubs 772 14 do bro pek 1330 238 775 20 do bro pek 2000 339 778 19 do pek 1615 340 7€L 12 do pek sou 1020 341 Glencoise 784 33 do bro pek 3135 342 787 17 do broor pek 1700 343 790 27 do pek 2160 342 Parsloes 817 23 do bro pek 2200 353 820 15 do pek 1500 354 823 12 do pek sou 1200 361 Moragalla 844 11 do bro pek 1600 362 $47 10 do or pek 920 363 850 22 do ek 1760 364 §53 11 do pek sou 880 367 Errolwood 862 12 do pek 960 868 Lonach 865 27 do pek 2160 369 M 868 12 do bro pek 1320 370 871 19 do pek 1710 371 Ascot 874 36 do dro pek 2349 372 Columbia 877 30htch bro pek 1650 373 880 2: do pek 1104 SMALL LOTS, [Fier tz. A. B. Thompson & Lot. Box. Pkes. Name. )b. 4 Harrow 4 6 ch sou, 600 7 Rambodde 7 13hf-ch pek sou 650 8 8 6 do ans 420 12 Amblakande 12 1 ch _ bro pek dust 120 13 BR, in estate mark 13 3hf-c unas 126 14 14.1 do dust 82 22 ¢ o2 Ee cecH ucas 102 25 293 2 do pek dust 150 24 24 2 do dust 184 27 Battalgalla 27 «2 «eh congou 200 28 28. 3 do fans 240 9 St. Leonards on Sea 39 3 ch bro pek fan 165 43 Doragalla, In- voice No. 23 43 1 ch bro mix 45 45 Wewelwatte 45 7hi-ch bro or pek 385 46 46 6 do dust 378 47 47 3 do unas 140 52 Doragalla In- voice No. 24 52 2 ch bro mix 250 457 Mapitigama 57 2 ch congou 176 58 58 5hf-ch dust 4°5 62 Badalpitiya. 62 3 ch bro mix 240 66 Kotua 66 2 ch sou 200 67 67 i do dust 130 Mr. E. John. Lot. Pkgs. Naine. Ib. 4 SK 4 ch br pek fans 520 5 3 do congou 300 6 3 do red leaf No.1 800 7 5 do red leaf No.2 440 SALES LIST. bid hid bid Me Se OE ee, 4 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. Lot. Box. Pies ame: Ibs” “et Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. Tb. 8 232 «61 hf-e ae pek No.2 37 24 26 Kituldeniya 286 2 ch 160 23 7 2032 2 do dust 170 10 27 289 Qhfch dust 160 11 8 2085 2 ch bro mix 12 28 292 1 do red leaf 59 5 9 Ettapolla 2038 3hf-ch broorpek 168 422 31 Coslanda 301 2 ch pek sou 200 2h il 2044 8 do pel 400 32 304 Jhf-ch fans 70 22 12 2047 3 do pek sou 1s 3 36 Ravenswood 316 2 ch sou 200 24 13 200.1 ch . pek fans Ss » 37 319 Lhf.ch dust 9 bid | 14 2053 1hf-ch dust 10 54 Shawlands 370 2 ch fans 200 © 22 19 Kirindi and 55 873 3 do dust 300 ~=-10 Woodthorpe 2068 3 ch sou 2 23 57 Kosgahawella 379 2 do pek sou 200 «1 0 ee 2071 3 do dust 243018 68 Koslanda 412 2 do peksou 200 © 25 21 T*Ville 2074 5 ch broorpek 500 26 69 415 1hf-ch fans 70 20 22 “77 & do or pek 150-36 74 Claveland 430 6 do bropekfans 300 29 23 ING, inestate — 81 Lameliere 451 7 do p2kfans 560 17 mark 2095 2 ch dust 2400-18 85 Ottery 463 2 ch sou 104, 25 an 2008 2 do pek fans 200) Ii 86 466 2 do dust 302-17 30 Primrose init 92 Galloola 484 2 do dust 200 18 Hill 2101 12hf ch bro pek 600 87 100 Lameliere 508 7hf-ch pekfans 560 21 — 32 £107 6. eh Pek som 60 24 101 ‘illicoultry 411 4 ch or pek 451 22bid | 33 2110 1 do red leaf 6 12 106 Horton Plains 526 9hf-ch fans 585 (24 34 Halloowella 2113 6 ch or pek 60035 107 529 5 do dust 400 11 35 2116 7 do = pek 51628 113 The Farm 547 5hf-ch dust 425 12 37 : ~22 4 do faus 4482 118 E 562 6 ch peksou 600 22 41 CSG 2134 7hf-ch dust 560-16 122 Eyvalgolla 574. 6 ch bro pek 500-80 53 DBR 2170 6hf-ch dust 450 12 123 577 8 do _ pekoe 255 07 54 2173 7 ch bro mix 574 124 680 3 do pek sou 955 23 655 KAHL 2176 3 ch pek fans = 420 125 583 Lhf-ch dust ae 56 2179 1 do br mix 80 126 S,in est. mark 586 4 eh koe 400 28 { 57 2182 2 do dust 360 127 589 6 do broorpek 620 30 61 Doteloya 2104 7 ch red leaf 630 143 AgraOuvah 637 7 do pekoe 665 88 64 LYE 2208 8 ch pek son 270 146 646 6 do dust 600 13 65 226 1 do dust 100 150 Ferndale 658 2 do peksou 180 23 63 Agraoya 2215 7 ch pek sou 630 163 K W 697 2 do dust 320 10 BS LSE, hee ae 166 BD 706 9hf-ch bropekfans 620 18 _ mark 16 32box broorpek 640 174 N 730 7 do dust 525 18 87 ge JS Rich. . pee BOk” ae 181 Morahela 751 -3 ch dust 224 Il 90 Ae Loy 480 182 HW 754 8 do bropekA 839 84 91 34 3 4 dust 240 184 960 3 do sou 252 «2B ae 40 13 do son 96 95 Kitulgala 4610 ch broor pek 600 Eva. Soionbiie ne’ € 98 * : oP pee sou 160 i “« : 99 ) dust 130 Messrs. Somerville Co.) ere BB aa oe ntene md Lot. Box. pkgs. Name bs) ce 130 Great Valley 1 Tiddydale 821 4 ch bropek fans 400 22 Ceylon, in est. 2 22 4 do pek fans B60 sd4 mark 151 5 ch fans 500 3 323. % do sou 170 = :15 181 154 2 do sou 170 4 324 4 do unas 260 1¢ 1382 157 8 do dust 630 5 825 2 do brotea 180. . 12 135 G 166 3 ch bropek fans 360 10 RCT F, in es- 136 169 2 do ag dust 290 tate mark 330 5 ch fans 500 «15 1140 Hughenden 181 7 ch roorpek 630 11 BBL 2. do dust 300 10 144. T B, in estate 14N 334 6 ch pek sou 480 25 mark 193 2 ch dust 180 15 Kosgahahena 335 9hf-ch bro pek 540 33 145 196 3 do fans 7 17 337 8 do pek sou 400 24 146 199 1 do congou 80 18 338 8 do sou 150 20 149 Macaldenia 208 7 ch pek 695 21 Hangama 341 6 ch pek sou 558 22 151 214 1 do sou 100 22, 342 1 do sou 100 «17 153 220 3hf-ch dust 240 26 Oakley 316 6 ch pek sou 600 28 161 East Holy- 27 347. 2 do dust 200 «15 rood 244 Shf-ch bro mix 156 31 Hooluganga 351 1hf-ch dust BYeto11 13 SSS 250 5 ch bro pek 530 34 Galghele 354 11 hf-ch ek sou 495 26 169 Oxford 268 5hf-ch dust 425 35 855 2 do ust 160 12 170 LGA 271 4 ch bro imix * 400 38 Comar 358 8hf-ch dust 255... 1L 175 Lochiel 286 4 ch dust 600 42 Hanegranoya 362 6 ch sou 670-28 177 ‘Ingurugalla 292 5 ch red leat 450 49 Ravenscraig 369 8 ch pek sou 640 23 181 Castlereagh 301 8 ch pek sou 640 50 370 5hf-ch dust 40 13 182 307 9hf-ch fans 630 59 Minna 3879 dS hf-ch dust 55012, 183 310 4 do dust 320 60 380 3 ch bro mix 270 = «12 195 Clarendon 346 6 ch sou 480 61 Rothes 381 10 hf-ch bro pek 650 52 208 New Peacock 385 4hf-ch bro mix 200 63 883 12 do pek sou 600 32 215 WA 406 2 ch bro mixed 220 64 384 4 do con 180 25 ; 221 Kalkande 424 Shf-ch dust 400 65 885 2 do dust 160 12 222 427 5 do bro tea 250 67 R, in estate | 223 Tavalamtenne 430 1 do dust 149 mark 887 7 ch sou 560 =—.20 | 241 D 484 7 ch red leaf 630 68 888 1 do red leaf 91 6 73 Galkadua 580 5 do broorpek 4500 69 Ferrby 389 11 hf-ch bro or pek 605 33 bid | 277 692 1 do dust 107 73 393 1 ch sou 90 19 278 L 595 5 do fansNo.2 650 74 394 3hf-ch dust 225 IL 291 Talgaswela 634 4 do bropk No. 2 440 78 Depedene 398 3hf-ch dust 240 28 |; 294 643 3 do dust 360 82 Hatdowa 2/1 ch dust 105 ~~ «10 | 297 Uva 652 3 do pek sou 300 86 Wilpita 6 4 ch peksou 340 24 298 655 3 do sou 270 87 7 4 do con 320 19 } 299 658 2hf-ch dust 200 88 S§ 1 do dust 150 10 | 3801 Lillawatte 664 8 ch bre mix 640 94 K, in estate | 316 Weyungawatte709 5hf-ch dust 400 mark -14 4 ch bro mix 308 12 | 326 Ookoowatte 739 1 ch bro mixed 100 95 15 2hfch dust 162 9 327 742 2 do sou 180 aes 328 745 3hfch dust 240 k 329 = 748 5 EP pee fans 560 gore 4 . 325 Waratenne 766 c pek sou 540 (Messrs. Ferbes & Wal ce ] 344 Glencorse me 5 ep ner sou 560 kts. i c. 345 9 oO pek sou 600 Lot. Bona Pisteng Name 246 799 1 do bro tea 115 i BBB, inestate 347 802 2 do pe: fans 250 mark 2014 2 ch dust 150 10 348 805 1 do dust 17: 2 2017 3 do pek fans 925 17 365 Moragalla 856 4hf-ch dust 312 6 W, in estate 366 USA $59 2 ch mark 2029 1 ch ; lhi-ch dust 162 lhf-ch pek sou 14085 374 Columbia 883 6 do dust 510 OBSERVER PRINTINS WORKs. Se == TEA, COFFEE, CINCHONA, COCOA, AND CARDAMOM SALES. NO. 24. CoLomBo, JUNE 27, 1898. COLOMBO SALES OF TEA. LARGE LOTS. [Iifessrs. A. H. Thompson & Co.— Lo Box. Pkgs. 1¢ Vogan 10 14 ch ll 11 28 do 12 12 10 do 13 13. 9 do 14 Bambrakelly and Dell 14 37 hf-ch 15 15 18 do 16 16 7 do 17 Daluk oya 17 14 ch 18 i 18 20 do 19 19 39 do 23 Vogan 23 Se. cht 26 Old Meda- gama 26 24 hf-ch 27 D7gets). cn 28 28 31 do 29 29 12 do 31 Belgodde 21 37 hf-ch 32 32 20 do 37 Ekkie Oya BY, Ph ean 38 38 19 do 39 39 34 do 40 40 27 do 41 41 16 do 45 Relugas 45 8 do 49 Sapitiyagodde 49 62hf-ch 50 50 120 do 51 5t 33 do 52 52 36 do 54 54 9 do 59 Harrow 59 15 hf ch 60 60 8 ch 65 Harrow 65 48 ch 66 66 11 do 67 Polpitiya 67 21 ch 68 68 16 do 69 69 28 do 74 Lynsted 74 34 hf-ch 80 Amblakande 8&0 14 ch 81 St 19 do 82 $2 14 do (Messrs. Semerville & Co.—153,457.] Lot. St. Catherine Meetiagoda 25 Gingranoya Lonach Kew Forest Hill Atherton Ritni, in est. murk Nugawella i GW Dikmukalane Box. te ms cS 104,910 1b.] Name. hro pek pek pek sou do No. 2 bro pek fans dust bro or pek or pek pek pek sou bro pek pek bro or pek or pek pek pek sou sou dust or pek bro or pek pek pek sou pkes. Name. 25° 9 do fans 26 ch bro pek 59 do pek i2 do pek sou s6hfch bro orpek 18 ch pek 6 ch bro pek ‘ hf-ch 4 ch pek 9 hf-ch \1hf-ch dust sthf-ch bro pek 89 ch pek 17 do pek sou 20 hf-ch bro or pek 22, do or pek 27 ch pek 22 do pek sou ADD bro tea, 22 ch pek 12 do pek sou 15 ‘do sou iShf-ch bro pek 5 ch pek 18 hf-ch 6hf-ch or pek Xs do pek sou 39 hf-ch or pek 17 do bro or pek 56 do pek 12 ‘ch pek sou 20 do pek sou li hi-ch pek 14 do pek sou 22 do or pek fans b. 1400 2380 850 720 2405 Ib. 738 2600 4720 960 1903 1425 800 $50 996 1705 33 5 1360 1120 1100 24st 2090 700 19h9 S76 1245 728 1350 SG4 1064 2145 1105 2800 1020 1500 750 TOU 1210 16 16 46 42 20 bid 42 38 bid 31 bid 29 hid 24 bid ot 26 bid 31 bid 34 bid 26 bid 25 23 11 34 35 bid 3] 28 11 41 bid 30 bid 30 bid 27 33 33 bid 27 bid 38 36 bid 29 26 c. 17 35 26 bid 23 | 29 bid | 25 31 i | (Messrs. Forbes & Walker.— Lot, Box. 64 EDP Verona 184 65 185 69 Tiddydale 189 70 190 76 Harangalla 196 77 197 78 198 79 193 80 Ambala 200 81 201 82 Deniyaya 202 83 203 St 204 85 Monrovia 205 86 26 87 207 98 Annandale 218 100 WVT 220 10t 22L 102 2-2 105 Neboda 225 106 226 107 227 108 223 111 BHilandhu 231 112 232 113 Hatton 233 114 234 115 235 122 G A Ceylon oF7 123 Annandale 243 12t 244 125 245 133 Lyndhurst 253 134 254 135 255 138 Kudaganga 258 139 259 141 Kelani 261 142 262 143 263 144 264 Lot. Box. 2 CH 889 3 Rockside 392 4 895 10 MV 913) 1L 916 14 Thedden 925 15 928 16 931 17 934 19 Parsloes 940 20 943 21 946 25 Killarney 958 26 961 27 964 28 957 29 Gampiaha 970 30 973 3L 976 32 379 33 982 34. Malvern 985 25 988 36 Devonford 991 37 994 41 Agraoya 1006 42 1.09 43 1012 44 Rowley 1015 45 1¢€18 48 Amblangod- da 1027 49 1630 50 1033 59 Passara Group 1060 60 1063 61 1066 62 1069 65 Olahitagoda 1078 66 1081 67 1084 70 Monkswood 1093 Pkgs. ch Name. bro pek pek pek pek sou bro pek pek pek sou dust pek sou bro pek pek pek sou dust bro or pek bro pek pek pek sou bro pek bro or pek or pek pek bro pek pek pek sou pek pek sou tro pek bro or pek pek pek sou 544,878 Ib.] Pkgs, 20 ch 30 «do 39 hf-ch 11 do 13 ch 13 do 12 do 39 hf-ch 60 do 7 ch do 8 do ch do 7 do 18 do 2 hf-ch 17 do 16 do 62 lit-ch Name. red leaf bro or pek bro pek pek sou bro or pek or pek pek fans or pek bro or pek bro pek pek pek sou bro pek pek bro or pek or pek bro pek pek or pek bro pek pek or pek pek pek sou bro or pek or vek pek pek sou pes sou ro or pek 2600 Price :--125 cents each 8 copies 30 cents; 6 copies 4 rupee. Cc. 8 38 bid 36 bid or pek : a ry 2 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. Lot Box. Vkgs. Name. Ib, ie; Lot. Box. Pkts. Name. Ib 9 e 71 1006 sehtch pr peck 1000 eee iY pie AB ale p> ae ea | op 1600 20 ch bro pek fans 1408 20 78 Le re Dit MORAN AT eh 240 XX 1603 11 do bropek dustl720 1 74 TYOD M2 G0.) GF Dem Same 720” AO 242 Stafford 169 2 do bropek 2310 46 75 1108 12hf-ch dust 900 | 243 1612 19 do pek 1710 37 79 Farnham 1120 22 do broorpek 138% 52 bid my 5 247 CSA 1624 19 do pek sou 1520 31 80 AUB ei de, EEE LOD A a | 248 Glencome 1627 15 do pek 100-9 a Tage Bei. me 1485-83 bid | 919 Ashton which bropek 10,26 82 1H 23 do peksou 1160 8 250 Bandara Fliyaloss 159 do broorpek 9063 40 bid 89 New Anga- y a4 251 1636 102 do or pek 4794 32 bid mana 1150 14hf-ch bro pek 773 33 252 1639 48 do k 3696 29 bid 90 P 1153, 16 do.” “pek oy te 253 1612 68 do peksou 4350 2 bid 101 'T’Ville ee Fig Ol 1D 254 1645 10 do bropekfans 700 26 104 Fairlawn 1195 30hf-ch bropek 1600 66 255 1648 9 do dust 610 11 105 1198 87 do or pek 1665 42 259 Nahalma 1600 82 ch sou B08 106 1201 24 ch pek 2040, 35 260 1663 15hf-ch dust 112513 109 Dewalakan- 261 Ellsworth 1666 19 do bropek 1255 2 de 1210 13 hf-ch cue 1040 18 262 Ambewella 1669 27 do bropek 1620 39 111 Dromoland 1216 20 ch bro k 2100 36 363 1672 20 do eke 1100 31 112 1219 23 do pek 2300 28 °67 Emelina 1686 2 ch broor pek £600 48 113 1222 13 do peksou 1170 25 268 1687 34 do or pek 3400-2 125 OT 1258 10 ch dust 160) 12 269 1690 12 do koe 1200 30 129 Poaenel Hill 1270 10hf-ch vekfany 75) 16 or Ghedtietord ime 4a6 dole tee pk 8000 45 lil Bargany 1306 9 ch dust $10 14 ore, 1699 33 do pek 330u 29 bid 143 Ganapalla 1312 28 ch or pek | 26688 29 273 1702 25 do peksou 250) 26 14d ASt6 81 do bro.or pek pied = . 277 “Dunbar 1714 38hf-ch broorpek 1584 40 145 1818 42 do pe 3612 25 bid a8 1717 19 ch pek 1425 30 146 1321 28 do pek ay ae ee 283 Kincora 1732 12 do bro pek fansl820 37 147 1221, 8 GO,,¢ propeRtons 7:0). 28 287 Downside 1744 2%hf-ch bro pek 900 39 148 Weoya TOUT PP CH, Chee sean 292 K'Bedde 1759 25 ch fans 250-89 my i AE | oe A A 296 Arapolakande 1771 70 do bropek 6800 40 150 1333 12 do dust 1680 14 997 1773 52 do pek 4160 29 15L Maha Uva . 1336 1¢hf-ch broorpek 1235 51 300 'Torwood 1783 20 do bro pek 2000 37 152 1339 69 do or pek 3540 42 301 1786 51 do or pek 4590 29 153 1342 45 ch pek 4050 82 bid 302 1789 20 do pek 1680 27 154 1335 19 do pek sou 1520 28 303 1792 18 do k Bou 1512 25 158 Battawatte 1357 85 ch bro pek 3500 44 $07 | Lockiel Lah a ai oe pek 8465.4 4) TU a pte a. ee 317 Doranakande 1834 i3 do bro pek 170 36 160 -, 2BUB, 10 do}, pe Bom. C0, gt 320 Glengariffe 1843 82hf-ch bro pek 1096 47 161 Dammeria 1366 12 ch ro or pek 12440 45 321 1846 41 do or pek 2050 44 162 1369 12 do bro pek 1200 44 322 1849 14 ch pek 1470 34 163 172 85 do pek di. 325 1858 11 hf-ch dust 88015 164 197ay48 GD, speleapu 720. 28 398 Ingrogalla 1867 11 ch bropek 1100 37 bid 165 DM 1378 9 ch unas 900 27 #90 SRTOWEY doe “eae 145 St 167 . Erracht 1384 12 do bro or 1200 41 385 Errollwood 1888 88 hf-ch ro or pek 1488 50 168 1387 21 da bro pe 1680 46 236 1891 15 ch pekoe 1200 36 a Te SES a oe 837 1804 9 do peksou S10 82 Lio 03 $B doclapel som cede | 2 340 Penrhos 1908 2ihf-ch or pek 1050 45 171 1396 12 ado peeves 960 27 341 1906 £0 do bro pek 1120 49 Ramen tes aah ee oe 342 1909 49 ch ek 4165. 31 bid 1 2 ¢ or 24: are 1403 22 do Pek 200 $8 343 1912 9 do peksou 720 27 175 1408 44 do pek 3740 31 176 “4 1411 28 ae en ay ao nd 177 Ruanwella 1414 22 ¢ ro pek 20 178 1417 32 do pek 2880 28 (Mr. H. John.—199,123 th.] 179 1420 10 do ek sou 900 2 182 High Forest 1429 31 hf-ch 3s or pek 1860 48 Lov. “ Box. Pkgs. Name. Ib. ©. 183 1432 39 do pek 1989 0 43 1 Theresia 963 " hf-ch biopekfans 1560 48 184 Naseby 1435 26 do bropek 1508 = 57 4 Morata 972 ch ay fans 730 15 bid 185 14388 42 do pek © 2100 «47 5 Natuwakelle 975 3 do ro pek 1300 186 1441 17 do pek sou 901 37 6 978 15 do pekoe 1350-27 187 1444 9 do dust 765 ie 7 981 15 do k sou 1350 24 188 Middleton 1447 24 do broorpek 1320 65 bid 8 AA 984 12 do ro pek 1140 33 bid 189 1450 16 ch or pek 1600 50 9 987 18 do pekoe 1620 37 190 1458 24 do orpek 2400 4&bdi | 10 990 12 do ek sou 960 8 36 191 1456 14 do pekoe 1190 §8=38 12 Mossend 996 15 do roorpek 1725 652 192 1459 13 do pek sou 1170 31 13 999 50 do or pek 3450 40 bid 193 M 1462 12 do bro pek 1380 41 bid | 14 2 9 do onal 810 3937 194 Strathspey 1465 13 hf-ch bro pek 780 84 bid 16 Bokotua 8 29hf-ch ro pek 1595 40 196 Woedslee 1471 30 ch unast 1650 26 17 11 8 ch or pek 720 40 197 P’Kande 1474 10 do bro pek 1000 84 21 Kanangama 23 34 do bro pek 3230 33 bid 198 1477 20 do pek 1700 26 22 26 36 do pekoe 3060 25 bid 199 1480 9 do pek sou W65F 7026 iy 23 29 29 do ek sou 2320. 24 200 Scrubs 1483 17 do bro orpek 1615 53bid | 24 32 30 do ropek fans3000 25 201 1486 32 do bro pek 3200 42 bid | 25 35 13 do fans 1040 13 bid 202 1489 20 do pek 1600 35 bid 26 38 5 do dust 700 il 203 1492 18 do pek sou 1530 30bid | 28 Mocha 44 21 do broorpek 2100 54 204 Claverton 1495 28hf-ch broorpek 1400 51 29 47 22 do or pek 1980 46 205 1498 18 do or pek 900 oD 30 50 22 do pekoe 1980 38 206 1501 40 ch pek 4000 29 bid | 31 53 20 do fans 1500 24 207 1504 44 do pek 4400 29 bid | 35 PH P,inest, 208 1507 43 do peksou 4300 27 mark 65 18 do broorpek 1980 40bid 209 CN 1510 15 do bro tea 150 19 36 68 24 do orpek 2160 35bid 216 Knavesmire 1531 18 do or pek 1105 =. 330 37 71 32 do ekoe 2560 4 =30 217 1534 27 do bro pek 2700 + 35bid } 38 74 8 do ‘ans 960 29 218 1537 20 do pek 1600 28 41 Ottery 83 7 do broorpek 700 652 219 1540 24 do pek sou 1680 26 42 86 9 do 4 8i0 38 220 WVRA 1543 9 do mixtea 1080 25 43 SS) do _ peKoe 1440 32 bid 223 Waitalawa 1552 64hfch bro pek 3200 46 45 Agra Ouvah 95 57hf-ch broorpek 3705 61 224 bts 100 do pek 5000 33 46 98 24 do orpek 1320 52 225 Uva 558 20 ch or pek 2000 34 bid | 47 101 8 ch pekoe 760 47 226 Queensland 156i 19 do 49 Rondura 107 13 do bro pek 1300 = 35 23 hf-ch bro pek 3050 4644 50 110 22 do pekoe 1980 27 227 1564 16 ch or pek 1280 42 61 113 22 do peksou 1980 24 228 1567 52 do pekoe 4420 32bid | 53 Brownlow 119 25hf-ch broorpek 1375 49 229 1570 12 do peksou 1080 9 54 122 26 do 1480 8638 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. Loo. Box. Pkgs. Name. Ib. ¢, Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. c. 55 125 30 ch pekoe 2850 37 84 Bibusdch ale 56 128 19 do pek sou 1653 32 85 85 1hf-ch ek gou Be 20 57 131 11 do bro pek fans 1265 39 86 86 1 do ust 42 10 58 134 Qhf-ch dust 720 15 87 Rasagalla 87 1 ch 64 H 152. 9 ch sou 720 19h lhf-ch peksou 152 21 6g- Acrawatte 164 16 do or pek 1440 40 bid | gg 88 4 do dust 304 14 69 167 22hf-ch bro pek 1320 42 70 170 25 ch pekoe 2250 32 71 ; ’ 173 «8 flo pek sou 800 30 = 72 Shawlands 176 49 do bro pe 4900 35 bi 73 V9 47 do pekoe 4230 27 bid | _ - ae E. John. 4 182 29 do el sou 2610 26 Lot. Ox kes. 5 i 77 St. John’s 191 30 hf-ch ro orpek 1800 65 i ; 5 Name Ib ie 78 194 25 do or pek 1250 58 2 Theresia 966 4 1170 soe | 8 107 20 do or pek 35 bid 39 Glasgow 900 50 do bro or pek 4250 53 bid as ae 2 ie pek & 34 40 903 15 do or pek 975. 51 es 109 13 do pek sou 33 41 906 10 do pekoe 1090 = 40 Ae nN IT 110 8 ge UME 24 42 PHP, in est. 7 Siriniwasa 117 22 ch bro pek 40 mark 999 18 do bro or pek 1980 37 bid 108 W118 23 ae eS 28 3 912 24 do or pek PICO pe2S STIG Pa eter ee es (Ey Pete sot a6 44 Claremont 915 34hf-ch broorpek 1870 88 pegbtararic clea ge 2tecOk Cheyebroppels 42 45 918 14 ch pekoe 1190 29 118 123 27 do nek 23 bid 47 Marguerita 924 22hf-ch broorpek 1232 38bid re 124 10 do sou 26 48 927 29 do pekoe TOR. | EBISU [Ean as Lease Or lOiie USE BT ee fcme 1S 49 930 36 do peksou 1440 29bid Eko 126° 10 ch ~ broorpek 1050: 38 50 Yakka 933 11 ch bropek - 1254 20 We 127 14 do bro pek 126044 pitas 936 49 do bropek 3283 30 anny 128 18 do pek 1730 31 BY 939 25 do pekoe 2300 27 DK) 129 15 do pek 1275027 53 912 33 do pekoe 1716 27 rh Labugama 131 20 pick ae pek 1000 43 45 31 do k sou - 2666 2 22 132 15 ch pek 1275 27 a ase 14 oS eee none 3 123 : 133 20 do pek sou 1600 24 67 MS 98t 20hf-ch pekoe 1000-26 EemSulave 137 8 ch bro pek 880 43 68 987 1) ch pek sou 950 24 1 129 11 do pek 1045 29 69 Suriakande 990 9 do pek sou 810 34 bid a arn 140 19 do pek sou 1710 26 the y 996 13 do peksou 1170-28 LSS NV VEL 148 13 ch — pek 120) 30 73 Cleveland 2 10 do pek sou 850 32 bid = 74 FEnadella G2 as fe Dro pek 2800 63 bid an 8 24 do pekoe 21€0 28 i = 78 Ferndale 712 ado or pek 1080 33 (Messrs. Forbes & Waker. } 79 20 12 do pekoe 1080 20 524,465 Ib. Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. Ib. c. (Me:srs. Somerville & Co.—159,105.] 1 Woodslee e0L 20 ch unas 10e 35 - ead N; Bye (OVS 610 34 ch dust 2 00 9 Lot. Box. pkgs. Name. Ib. ¢. 4 Palawatte 613 25 ch bro pek 2500 87 3 Invery 13 28hf-ch bro pek 1624 56 bid 5 616 10 do pek 1609 26 4 14 26 ch pek 3456 37 bid 7 Andaradeni- § 15 29 do pek sou 2610 29 bid ya 622. 9 ch bro pek 990 37 ‘ ¢# 2 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. Lot Box. kkgs. Name. ib, ¢. Loo. Box. Pkgs. Nane. lb. e, 12 Rockside 637 20 ch bro epee 9290 39 200 Strathspey 1201 22hf-ch or pek 11098 13 610 20 do ‘is 2900 84 bid 201 1204 16 do pek 768 42 14 Oonoonawella 643 20 ch ro orpek 1300 52 bid 202 1207 15 do _ pel sou 825 35 15 Kabragalla 616 9Ohf-ch pek fans 720 15 209 Mahalla 1228 8 ch cae pek 80 82 16 Agrakelly 649 25 ch ek 2)00 35 bid 210 1731 8 do 500 26 17 Beverley 652 40 box roorpek 720 53 212 Middleton 1237 28hf-ch a= 0 or * ates 1540074 18 655 84hf-ch bro pek 4620 40 213 1240 10 ch or pek 1000 19 653 32 do ek 1600 31 24 1243 14 do pe 1265 23 G.schen 670 23hf-ch bio pek 1265 40 v18 ALL 1255 11 ch ro pek 1100 28 Great Valley 219 1268 18 do pek 1620 Ceylon in est. 220 1261 15 do k sou li mork 685 45hf:ch bro pek 2475 45 223 Talgaswella 1270 42 ch ro pek 4275 29 688 12 do or pek 1080 37 224 1273 17 do pek 1530 30 691 25 do pek 2250 33 225 1276 18 do pek sou 1620 31 691 18 do pek sou 1620 29 226 Cottaganga 1279 9 ch fans 990 32 Columbia 697 27 hf-ch bro pek 1458 51 232 Torwood 1297 19 do bro pek 1786 33 700 24 do pek 1152 46 233 1300 3L do or pek 2778 40 Agra Elbed- 234 14u3 18 do pekoe 1440 ae 721 61Lhf-ch bro or pek 3050 46 235 1206 21 do pek sou 1680 41 724 48 do ek 220836 238 Arapolakande 1315 72 do bro pek 6180 44 Glencorse 733 22 ch ro pek 1930 3 239 1318 55 do pek 4100 45 726 11 do bro or pek 1100 47 240 1321 8 do pek sou 7 46 739 18 do pek 1440 29 244 Ambragalla 1333 93hf-ch or pek 4650 47 742 13 do pek sou 975 25 245 1336 46 do pek 8772 56 Galapitakan- 246 1339 74 do ek sou 5560 de 769 19 ch bro pek 1995 61 247 1342 180 do ro or pek 7410 57 WaRA RSA. (ie) pek 3200 ot 218 1315 8 do dust 720 58 y (7b fi, do pek sou 700 27 249 1318 11 do bro pek fans 770 63 Fairlawn 790 s0hfch bro pek 1500 60 251 Devenford 1354 19 do bro or pek 1045 64 793 30 do or pek 1350 46 252 1357 15 do pek 1275 65 796 16 ch ek 1360 37 265 Ella Oya 1396 10 ch bro pek 1000 68 Meemora Oya 805 19hf-ch ro pek 760 81 266 1399 13 do or pek 1118 69 808 43 do pek i720 26 268 E 1405 17 do ek sou 1445 72 817 17hfch broorpek 765 38 bid 269 Puspone 1408 88 do ro pek 3610 73 820 9 ch pek 720 29bid | 270 141l 45 do pekoe 3600 76 826 14 du dust 980 12 273 Metegama 1420 9hf-ch pek dust 830 76 Rowley 829 27hf-ch bro pek 1350 53 bid 274 Polatagama 1423 20 ch bro pek 1900 iis $32 24 co ek 1200 3 975 1426 19 do or pek 1520 78 Clunes 835 4Lhf-ch ro or pek . 2460 36 276 1429 72 do pek 1760 79 $38 61 do bro pek 3050 29 277 1432 27 do pek sou 2025 80 841 44 ch pek 37410 31 278 Maha Uva 1435 20hf-ch bro orpek 1300 81 844 10 do pek sou 900 25 279 1498 =9 do or pek 8540 84 Hayes 853 24hf-ch bro pek 1200 47 280 1441 $3 ch pek 8870 &6 859 18 do pek 900 35 281 1444 45 de pek 4050 98 Scrubs 895 14 ch bro orpek 1330 58 zs2 . 1447 21 do ek sou 1680 99 898 20 do bro pek 2000 46 288 Dammeria 1465 11 do roor pek 1°20 100 901 19 do pek 1615 35 bid 289 1468 12 do bro pek 1200 101 904 12 do ek sou 1020 34 290 1471 45 do pek 4050 102 Sembawatte 907 14 ch roorpek 1470 32 bid 291 1474 12 do pek sou 1080 104 913 26 do pek 1820 29 294 Kirklees 1483 18 do pek fans 2160 105 916 13 do pek sou 845 25 | 296 1489 24 do dust 2160 107 LBK 922 20 ch dust 8u00 13 297 High Forest 1492 56hf-ch broorpek 3360 108 925 21 do sou 2100 17 298 1495 40 do or pek 2040 109 Scrubs 923 14 ch bro or pek 1330 57 299 Gampha 1498 34 ch bro orpek 3470 lle 931 25 do hro pek 2500 42 300 150L 44 do or pek 3960 311 934 15 do pek 1200 35 301 1504 10 do ek sou 900 112 937 22 do pek sou 1870 31 302 1507 27 do bro pek 2565 113 Weyunga- 303 1510 31 do 2970 watte 910 24hf-ch broorpek 1320 3 394 1513 11 do oe sou 90 114 943 33 ch or pek 2970 382 307 Pallegodde 1522 29 ch broorpek 38900 115 916 25 do ek 2125 29 308 1525 24 do bro pek 2280 120 Doonevale 931 20 ch ro pek 1900 39 809 1528 34 do bro pek 3230 121 964 34 do ek 2720 28 310 1531 30 do pek 2400 125 Beausejour 976 16 ch ro pek 1520 39 311 1534 27 do pek sou 2295 126 979 26 do pek 2080 28 } 312 Naseby 1537 20hf-ch bro ° pak 1200 136 L,in estate 313 1540 20 do pe 1100 mark 1009 21 ch bro tea 2100 22 319 Geragama* 1558 19 do ro pek 1900 127 Carlabeck 1012 12 ch pek sou 1200 39 320 1561 17 ch pek 1530 147 Morankande 1042 28 ch bro pek 2660 33 321 Waratenne 1564 19 do bro pek 190 48 1045 36 do pek 2880 28 3.2 1567 16 do pek 1360 149 1048 33 do peksou 2805" - 26 323 Chesterford 1570 48 do bro pek 4800 153 Massena 1060 42hf-ch bro pek 2100 4i 324 1573 34 do pek 3400 154 1063 24 do pek 1200 28 325 1576 26 do pek sou 2600 155 1066 22 do pek sou 1160 24 326 1579 12 do tans 1080 156 Bittacy 1069 8 ch bro pek 840 38 328 1585 16hf-ch dust 1200 165 Craigmore 1096 50 hf-ch bro pek 2350 36 bid 329 Erlsmere 1588 8 ch pek No, 2 728 166 1099 30 ch or pek 2310 82 330 Claverton 1591 32hf-ch broor pek 1600 167 1102 38 do pek No.1 2926 albid | 331 1594 23 do orpek 1150 168 1105 30 do do ,, 2% 2250 27 bid } 332 1597 41 ch pek 4100 169 R-H, im est. 333 CON 1600 7 do bro tea 700 mork 1108 32hf-ch bro pek 1625 33 334 Kotagaloya 1603 11 do pek 955 172 1117 16 ch peksou 1440 26bid | 236 Ingrogvla 1609 12 do bropek 1200 173 Roeberry 1120 10 ch bro pek 1050 = 46 337 1612 19 do pekoe 1615 174 1123 26 do orpek 2444 40 3i1 Mansfield 1624 43hf-ch bro pek 2580 175 1126 13 do pek 1118 BES 342 1627 20 ch pek 1800 176 1129 44 do pek sou 3960 343 Erracht 1630 11 do broorpek 110) 179 St. Heliers 1138 28hf-ch bro orpek 1512 44 344 1633 25 do bro pek 2000 130 1141 19 ch pek 17031 345 1636 36 do pek 2700 181° Queensland 1144 18 do bro pek 1800 49 3416 1639 12 do pk sou No. 1 960° 182 1147 11 do or pek 880 44 347 1642 13 do pk sou No.2 1040 183 1150 27 do yek 229537 248 1645 18 do bro pKfans 1710 185 Hughenden 1156 18 ch bro pek 1620 ae _ 349 1648 12 do pek fans 960 186 1159 24 do pek 1920 32 bid 320 Uva - 1651 18 do or pek 18060 187 1162 9 do pek sou 720 28 apt 1654 28 do pek 2200 190 Nugagalla 1171 25hf-ch bropek 1250 50 355 GPM in est. 191 1174 69 do pek 3450 31 bid mark 1666 15hfch broorpek 3000 199 XXX 1198 12 do dust 1080 bid b 356 1669 44 do or pek 2420 Lot. Box. 357 1672 358 1675 39 1678 371 Anningkande 1714 372 1717 373 Matale 1720 374 723 375 1726 384 Pedro 1758 385 1756 386 . 1759 387 Torrrington P1762 388 1765 389 1768 390 1771 391 1774 395 Marlborough 1786 396 1789 397 1792 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. Name. pekoe pek sou pek fans bro pek or pek sou bro pek pek pek sou bro or pek pek sou fans or pek bro pek bro or pek pek pek sou bro orjpek or pek pek Ib. 2632 4592 1155 1100 1200 3060 1980 1080 1509 990 1280 1445 4189 1890 2400 ed Tb. 36 bid 32 33 bid Cc. SMALL LOTS. [Messra. A. H. Thempsoz & Co.) Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. 12 Rambuk 12 13hf-ch pek sou £20 13 13 2 do sou £0 14 14 2 do dust 170 28 Warwick 28 10hf-ch pek sou 520 29 29 4 do dust #20 36 Harrow 36 3 ch pek sou 270 37 37 1 do sou 90 38 38 1 do dust 90 [Mr. E. John.] Lot. Box Pkgs. Name. Ib. 19 Shannon S3 (ae denen. sou 560 38 Rondura 897 2 do dust 260 46 Claremont 921 $3hf-ch dust 240 5d Yakka 948 6 ch bro tea 660 Bi, 501 954 3 do bro pek 315 58 957. 6 do pekoe 609 59 930 2 do sou 176 60 963 1 do f Lhf-ch unas 150 61 966 1 do mixed 55 62 M 969 1 ch bro pek 91 63 972 1 do pekoe 100 66 MS 981 5 do bro pek 500 72 Ballagalla Ella 999 3hf-ch dust 270 76 Eadella Lgee.d, och. ek sou 560 77 Albion 14) 1 -"do ro tea OL 80 Ferndale 23 3 do dust 360 ~ [Messrs. Somerville & Co.] Lot. Box. pkgs. Name: Ib, 1 BG, in estate mark 1l 2hf-ch dust 204 2 SIP), “B3, 56X0) fans 240 6 Invery 16 4hf-ch bro mix 320 10 Neuchatel 20 4 ch dust 609 11 21 1 do fans 120 14 Minna 25 5 ch pek sou 459 22 Koorooloo- galla 32 3 -ch bro pek fans 330 24 Earlston 34 4 ch con 340 26 Killin, in es- tate mark 36 5 ch pek 425 29 Warakamure 39 4 ch bro or pek 500 1 hf-ch 32 42 Lhf-ch dust 90 35 Citrus 45 3 ch pek sou 800 36 BR, in estate mark 46 5hf-ch pek sou 210 Sten 47 2 do sou 109 38 48 1 do dust 72 39 49 1 do red leaf 3 43 Hangranoya 63 7 ch sou 665 4t Z, in estate mark 54 1 ch bro pek 147 Lhf-ch 45 55 2 do pek 108 64 Ranasingha- patna 6t 5Shf-ch dust 450 55 65 7 do bro pek fans 490 59 Oakley 69 1 ch dust 100 69 70 1 do red leaf 100 65 Kew 75 6hfch _ bro pek fans 290 Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. bli ec. 69 Ukuwella 79 2hf-ch bro fans pek 140 19 81 DBG 94 6 ch bro mix 600 13 85 95 6 do fans 600 18 86 96 6hf-ch dust 450 13 10L Dedugalla 11l 5 ch bro mix 425 20 102 112 Ghf-ch dust 510 13 103 113 8 do fans 520 18 104 F, in estate mark 114-65 ch sou 505 26 105 115 38 do dust 510 12 106 Cholankande 116 6 eh fans 690 23 110 Siriniwasa 120 38 ch bro pek fans 300 24 11L 121 2 do dust 310 14 120 130 2 do dust 320 i4 124 Labugama 134 z ch bro pek fans 240 26 125 A, in estate mark 135 1hf-ch bro pek 59 88 126 186 1 do pek 50 26 126a 136a 1 ch pek sou 80 21 128 Salawe 138 5 ch bro pek No.2 = 590 23 131 141 2 do dust 290 15 132 H T, in es- tate mark 142 3hf-ch bro pek i70 30 133 143 3 do pek 160 28 134 144 3 ch pek sou 200 25 135 145 2 do dust 250 12 136 WV T 146 7 ch or pek 644 23 137 147 5 do bro pek 570 40) 139 149 2 do ust 260 13 140 150 2 do bro pek sou 212 25 141 Silver Velley LDS 151 2hf-ch bro pak 112 2g 142 152 3 do pek 156 25 143 153 ¢ do pek sou 100 22, 144 154 1 do dust 56 12 [Messrs. Forbes & Walker.] | Lot. Box. Pkts. Name. lb Ce 2 GK 607 7 ch bro mix 630 23 6 Palawatte 619 6 ch pek sou 540 5 8 Andaradeni- ya 625 3 ch pek 291 27 9 6238 4hf-ch pek sou 200 26 10 631 2 do sou 120 25 Il 634 3 do dust 200 13 20 Beverley 661 11 hf-ch peksou No. 1550 25 21 664 5 do do ,, 2250 21 22 667 6 do pek dust 450 14 24 Goschen 673 10 hf-ch ek 500 BL 25 676 10 do ro or pek 580 R5 26 BA 679 3hf-ch bro mix 180 13 o7 682 5 doa dust 450 12 34 Columbia 703 ll hf-ch pek sou 495 33 35 706 2 do dust 170 20 42 Agra El- bedde 727 i2hfch pek sou 516 32 43 730 5 do dust 350 15 48 Glencorse 745 1 ch bro tea 110 80 49 748 1 do pek fans 120 21 50 751 1 do dust 170 il 59 Galapitakan- de 778 Shf-ch dus 270 13 66 Fairlawn 799 1. hf-ch pek sou 495 30 67 802 3 do dust 255 i7 70 Meemora Oya SLL 7hf-ch sou 280 24 7L 814 3 do dust 195 13 74 E 823. 1 ch bro tea 110 i 82 Clures 847 Shf-ch dust 450 12 83. Huyes §50 10 hf-ch bro or per 550 50 85 856 10 do or pek 500 43 87 862 12 do bro or pek fans 690 36 92 O BF, in estate mark 877 4 ch bro pek £32 31 93 880 6 do lhfch ypek 585 23 94 883 1 ch pek sou 112 21 95 886 1 do pek dust 173 ll 96 N B inestate mark 889 3 ch dust B64 14 97 LD 892. 5 ch dust 660 8 103 Sembawatte 910 8 ch or pek 680 33 106 919 2 do dust 170 13 116 Weyung.- watte 919 8 ch pek sou 610 27 117 952 4hf-ch fans 320 14 lls WW 955 5 ch bro mix 500 15 119 958 5Shf-ch dust 375 6 122 Doonevale 967 6 ch pek sou 5iC 25 123 970 1 do fans 120 15 124 973 1 do dust 150 1L 127 Beausejour 982 4 ch pek sou 340 25 128 935 1 «lo fans 120 17 129 988 1 do dust 150 il 138 Carlabeck 1015 5hf-ch bro pek fams 410 23 ¥ > 7 * as, a 4 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. Lot. Box. kgs, N any 3 Pkgs. Name Ib. ¢ “ie 4 dv? py wane ee 139 CB 1018 8 ch pek sou 306 «27 140 Dewalakan- : 339 Watawala 1618 3 do pek fans 875 16 de 1021 2 ch or pek 184. 87 340 1621 2 do dust 230 «IL 141 1024 1 do pek 77 «2B 352 Uva 1657 4 do pek sou 400-95 142 1027 1 do peksou 84 25 308 1660 2 do souchong 200 %% 150 Morankande 1051 8hf-ch bro pek fans 640 28 354 1663 2hf-ch dust 20 0612 151 1054 3 do pek fans 219 20 36) BD 168L 3 ch red leaf 20 #813 152 1057 1 eh red leaf 120 11 376 Matale 1729 3hf-ch fans 210 23 157 Bittacy 1072 1 ch ; 3i7 . 1732 5 do dust 400 «14 Lhf-ch sou 170 4 392 Torrington P1777 6 ch bro tea 430 13 158 1075 2 do dust 160 14 393 1780 6hf-ch dust 480 12 159 Udapolla 1078 3bex bro pek 38—~Cti«48 394 1783 8 do pek fans 520 «2B 160 1051 1 do pek 16 33 161 108! 3 do pek sou 32 24 ; 162 - 1087 3 He aes 4) 29 163 1090 1 do us 22 15 Lo ls RL a do red leaf 4411 CEYLON COFFEE SAELS IN LONDON 170 —H, in est. . mark 1111 30 box or vek 150 43 7 a: oe W711 111416 do pek 80 37 (From our Commercial Correspondent). 177 Roeberr 1132 4 ch sou 380 28 — 178 ¥ 3135 3 do fans 300 28 Mrxcixe Lane, June 10, 1898 184 Queensland 1/53 8 ch bropek fans 354 30 “Valetta,”—Roehampton, O, lc 112s sold; 1, 2c 102s; 2, Ib 188 Hughenden 1165 2 ce fans 180 26 56s; PB, 110}. - - 139 1168 1 do congou 80 8623 INCING LANE ; y 192 Nugagalla 1177 S8hf-ch pek sou 400 27 A, n . 3 Jane. 17 203 Hurstpier- _.\Dictator”—Craig, London O, 2c 1b 105s; 1, le 988 2, Ib Point 1210 5 ch bropek 400 33 58s; P, 1b 100s, 204 1213 1 do or pek 80 39 205 1216 7 do pek 560 8924 cpecnraageen cae 206 1919 4 a) ek sou 5 320 21 207 1222 1 do ro pek dust 105 16 Tr 2 ea an ataee 100. 12 CEYLON COCOA SALES IN LONDON. 211 Mahala 1234 5 ch pek sou 600 «23 — 215 Kaduruwan- ’ “Clan Grant”—J, 113 69s out; 14 74s out; 3 sea dam. and dola 1246 1 ch bro pek 90 37 repacked 68s 6d sold, HGA in estate mark, 10 73s. 216 1249 1 ch pek 90 25 “Wanderer” —MAKM in estate mark, 86 74s out; 26 217 1252), 1 ach pek sou 90 22 68s ou 21 ALI 1264 4 ch dust 480 «il ‘Clan Campbell”—Ross, 1, 51 748; T, 26 698;2, 5 67s 6d; 222 1267 1 ch congou 80 8-23 3, 15 63s. Kepitigalla. 4 72s 6d; 20 70s; 56 683 6d. 227 Cottaganga 1282 4 ch dust 650 14 “Valetta.””—MKAK, 30 738 6d. 223 KE 1285 2 do fans 200 2k “Clan Cameron”—Warrakettia, F 1, 15 72s 6d. 229 ; 1288 4 do dust avo —-18 “Clan Fraser’—CMM, 4 738 6d; B, 266s; F, 72s 6d. 230 K A W in est. mark 1291 6 do fans 600 26 231 1294 3 nt ch Gus at 255 a 236 Torwood 1309 4 ¢ ro pek fans 489 5 - 237 112 4 do dust 496 12 CEYLON CARDAMOM SALES IN 911 Arapolakande 1324 3 do ust 330 12 249 70 Y 1327 3 do mae ppers 300 3L LONDON. 243 1330 5 do 430 26 250 BI 1351 7 do ues pek fans 639 25 bid Clan Robertson”—HGA in estate mark, 22s8d. Malabar, 253 DED 1360 3 hf-ch bro pek 180 40 2 2s 6d out; 2 25 gd out. 254 1363 3 ch or pek 240 «41 “Clan Grant’—J in estate mark, Mysore, 2 2s 6d out; ‘ 255 1366 6 do peksou fi 26 MLM in estate merk, Mxnpre, 2 2 2s 3d bid. 256 1369 9hf-ch dust 630 23 ‘‘Logician” —Esperanza, 42s 9d. 267 Erlsmere 1402 9 ch pek fans 53L 31 bid “Statesman”’—Galaha, AA, 8 2s 9d. Elkadua, 1, 4 2s 3d; 271 Puspone 1414 1 do sou 70 24 6 2s 4d. 272 1417 2 do dust 280 13 “Lancashire —Madulkelle, Mysore, C, 6 2s. 983 MahaUva 1450 4 do dust 360 14 “Bullionist’—4 2s 8d. 984 1453 1 do pek fans 80 25 “City of Cambridge,” "--AL, Ds! ba 8 8s. 292 DM 1477 6 do unast 606 = 31 “Glaucus”—M, 2 2s 10d; 293 1480 2 do dust 200 «13 “Clan Robertson’—K, peas 4 3s 6d; 233 2d; A, Z 295 Kirklees 1486 2 do congou 190 23 25 6d- 305 1516 3 do br pekfans 330 31 “Tosa Maru”’—Dehigalla, seeds 4 3s. 306 1519 5 do dust 400 14 “Historian”’—AL 1, 22s 11d; AL 3, 1 282d. 327 Chesterford 1582 5 ch eongou 450 25 “Clan VeIntyre”’—AL, 2 2s 4d. 335 Kotagaloya. 1606 3 do pek sou 240 25 Clan Forbes”—AL, 3 3s 2d. 333 Ingrugalla 1615 5 do pek sou 425 26 “Tosa Maru’—Tonacombe, 5 3s 4d out. OBSERVER PRINTING WORKS. TEA, COFFEE, CINCHONA, COCOA, AND NO. 27, CoLomBo, CARDAMOM SALES, Juty 18, 1898, Pricr:—12% cents each 3 copies 30 cents; 6 copies 4 rupee. COLOMBO LA SALES OF THA. RGE LOTS. (Fhompson and Villiers.] Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. 1 Httie 1 10 ch bro pek 2 2 10+ do pek 6 Amblakande 6 10 ch bro pek 7 7 15 do pek 8 10 do pek sou 9 Gower 9 15 ch bro pek 10 TO 9% do pek 11 Balgownie IL* 15) ch dust 1S Bambarakelly & Dell 1S: (95). do bro or pek 19 19 20 do dust 21 Hornsey 21 11 do pek sou 3 238\13 do fans 24 Glassaugh 24 13hf-ch pekoe 26 Httie 26) Ji3. > ch bro pek 28 Chetnole 28 15hf-ch pek sou 29 29 9 do sou 8L Warwick 31 24 do pek 83 Kea. 33 10 do sou BES 34 10 do No. 1 dust 43 Vogan 43 24 do bro pek 44 44 25 do pek 45 45 20 do pek sou 47 47 8 do bro pek 49 ‘ 49 9 do pek sou 55 Doragalla 55 24. ch bro pek 56 56 27 do pek 57 57 15 do pek son 58 58 16 do pek fans 65,616 Ib] lb. 1040 1000 1000 1200 800 1275 720 1500 1875 1700 1100 1040 71d 1365 1425 S10 1320 1070 900 2280 2125 1700 760 765 2400 2295 1200 1200 c. 29 25 40 30 27 27 30 10 39 14 31 bid 16 37 bid 27 27 40 bid 14 9 bid 43 33 29 42 28 42 34 28 15 (Messrs. Somerville & Co.—182,929.] Lot. Box. p 1 Hemingford 161 2 162 3 163 91 Bidbury isl 22 182 96 houghleigh 186 27 187 28 i 32 Lonach 194 $3 193 34 194 35 Hill 195 36 196 40 H 200 43 Hooluganga 203 46 Lower Dickoya 206 47 207 51 Atherton 211 54 Nugawella 214 55 215 56 216 $5 Sivisanda 225 66 Ferriby 226 67 227 68 228 73 Maligatenne 285 74 34 75 235 78 Forest Hill 238 80 Paradise 240 81 241 88 California 248 92 Mahagods 252 93 Ukuwela 233 94 - 254 95 255 98 Blinkbonnie 208 99 259 100 260 105 Kudaganga 265 106 266 107 267 108 Arduthie 268 110 Neuchatel 70 lll 271 112 272 113 Walahandua 273 kes. Name. 16 ch sou 10 do pek fans 97hf-ch fans 20 ch bro pek 17 do pek 10 ch bro or pek 10 do or pek 10 do pek 27 hf ch bro pek 20 ch pek 15 do pek sou 14 ch bro pek 16 do pek 6 ch fans 3 hf-ch 10 ch bro pek 20hfech bro pek 8 ch pek 20 hf-ch pek 49 hf-ch or pek 20 do tro or pek 66 do pek 5 do dust 42hf-ch bro pek 27 ch pek 12 do pek sou S ch pek J1 ch pek sou 9 do tro sou 3s ch pek 16 hf-ch pek 17 ch pek sou 10, ch pek 16 ch pek 32 ch bro pek 17 do pek 7 do pek sou 5lhfch bro pek 46 do pek 17 ch pek sou 14 do bro pek 26 do pek 11 de pek sou 15 hf-ch bro pek 25 ch bro pek 1l do pek 20 do pek sou 36 ch bro pek 1b. 1280 2100 2430 900 770 995 858 1584 800 1615 950 1600 3200 1700 700 2805 2300 1445 1400 2470 £90 750 2500 935 1700 3600 c. 24 26 17 41 33 40 36 33 40 30 27 33 30 20 84 37 28 30 59 85 30 12 38 bid 29 Name. Ib. pek 1530 fans 750 sou 840 bro pek 3100 pek 2000 con 1425 bro pek fan 770 pek sou 1300 bro or pek 1263 or pek 730 pek 1100 pek sow 390 ov pek 1092 pek 900 tro pek 806 bro pelk 1680 or pek 1056 pek 3150 pek sou 2070 pek fans 1470 pek IS00 bro pek 3240 pek 1700 pek sou 1280 bro or pek $8 bro pek = 4200 pek 3800 pek sou =. 3400 bro pek fanl760 dust 1020 John. — 209,081 th. ] Lov. Box. Pkes. 114 27417 «ch 118 Wallasmulle 278 6 do 125 G A Ceylon 235 12 ch 132 Morningside 292',°31 ch 133 293 20. do 134 294 15 do 135 2955.7 »do 128 WG P 299 26 hf-ch 143 New Valley 303 11 ch 1 hf-ch 144 304 8 ch 145 805 11 do 146 806.10 do 149 Annandale 309 21 hf ch 150 5t0 18 do 151 31 13 do 153 Rayigam 315 16 ch 154 314 12 do 145 315 35 do 156 316 23 do 157 Ovaca AT Siiveultesch 171 Oakley 334 18 ch 175 RCTF 335 36 do 176 336 20 do 177 337 16 do 261 Neboda 36° 48 .ch 202 362 42 do 203 363 38 do 204 £61 34 do 206 Mosville 366 16 ch 210 370 12 hf-ch (Mir. HE. Lot. Box. Pkgs, 3 Derby 32 15 hf-ch 9 Movahela 50 28 ch 10 53 10 do 1L 56 18 do 12 59 8 do 16 Oonoogaloya CLR ale) 17 74 30 do 18 77 §& do 19 80 27 do 20 Meeriacotta 83 13 do oi 86 8 do 22 EK. 89 12 hf-ch 24. NK 95 15 do 25) (NiB 98 9 ch 26 IKoslande 101 21 hf-ch 27 104 17 ch 50 Lameliere 113 42 hf-ch 31 117’. 20 ch 32 120 12 do 34 Templestowe 126 22 do 35 129 40 do 36 132 12 do 387 RL 135 9hf-ch 39 GA 141 12 do 41 Kotuagedera 147 28 ch 42 150 18 ao 44 Koslande 156 21 hf-ch 45 5Oesl7. ich 48 D,inest, mark 168 8 do 49 IGALS S EKG) 54 Horton Plains 186 38 hf-ch 55 189 30 ch 56 192 13 do 66 Claremont 222 30 hf-ch 67 205. 14 ch 68 Agra Ouvah 228 49 hf-ch 69 Zale Sl do 74 Glasgow 246 11 ch 75 249 17 do 7 ET 252 12 do 77 255 10 do 82 EN 270 31 do 97 Poilakanda 316 49 hf-ch 98 318° 52 ch 99 321 37 do 100 324 25 hf-ch 101 Glentilt 327 65 ch 102 330 30 do 103 333 9 do 104 336 18 do 106 Cleveland 342 19 hf-ch 107 345 11 do 108 348 11 ch 112.) Whyddon 360 15 do Name. lb. bro pek 825 bro pek 2632 bro or pek 1000 or pek 1620 pekoe 720 bro pek 3700 pekoe 2400 pek sou 720 fans 3240 pek sou 1170 sou 720 fans 960 dust 1200 unas 900 bro pek 1260 pekoe 1530 bro pek 2520 pekoe 19 0 pek sou 1080 bro or pek 1980 pekoe 3200 pek sou 1920 dust 810 bro pekfans 720 bro pek 2800 pekoe 1620 bro pek 1269 pekoe 1530 bro pek 800 pekoe 1080 bro pek 2090 pekoe 2400 pek sou 975 bro or pek 1650 pekoe 1120 bro or pek 3185 or pek L155 pek sou 1210 or pek fans 1700 dust 1080 bro mix 1100 pek souNo.23100 bro pek 2916 pekoe 468¢ pek sou 2950 bro pek fans 1970 bro pek 6500 pekoe 3000 pek sou 810 fans 1410 bro or pek 988 pekoe 1045 pek sou 935 bro pek 1576 28 bid 36 oT 25 bid 2 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. s Lot Box. Pkgs. Name. Dp; ? Cc; Tot Box. Pkgs. Name 1b e. 113 363 20 ch or pek 1860 48 114 366 18 do pekoe 1728 37 126 . 2170 10hf-ch fans _ 70 29 115 369 41 do pek sou 3690 30bid | 128 Dunedin 2176 26 do broorpe’ 1420 45 117 375 6 do dust 750 «18 129 2179 25 do bro pek 112584 124 Murraythwaite 396 17 do bro pek 1615 3939 130 2182 38 ch pek 2850 829 bid 125 39 16 do pekoe 1360 29 131 2185 23 do pek sou 1840-27 126 402 10 do peksou 800 26 134 : _ 219% 9hf-ch dust 720 4 129 MH 411 8 do bropek 8.0 29bid | 137 Blairgowrie 2203 12 ch bro pek 148 32 130 414 £ do prkoe 800 23 bid | 138 2206 9 do pek 855 89-87 144 Oxton 456 26hf-ch pekdust 21909 12bid j 141 Broadoak 2215 20hf-ch broorpek 100 54 145 459 20 do dust 1800 = IL 142 2218 26 do or pek 130037 150 M’Tenne 474. 7 ch = dust 1225) 940 143 2221 31 do pek 1550-36 151 Mount'Temple477 24 do sou 1440 92k 144 2274 22 do pek sou 880 ag 152 BD 480 20hf-ch bro pek 3200 36bid | 145 BO 2227 40 do sou 2000-88 153 483 20 ch pekoe 1800 = 27 148 Sadamulla 2236 10 ch bro pek 100086 161 Lameliere 507 42hf-ch bro pek 2520 42 bid | 149 . 2239 12 do pek 1200 26 162 510 20 ch pekoe 1900 3. bid | 152 High Forest 2248 66hf-ch broorrek 3960 52 163 513 12 do ek sou 1080-29 153 1 23 do cr pek 1688 52 165 Manangoda 519 9 do ro or pek 1215 3 154 ; 4 20 do ek dust 1680 20 166 522 24 do bropek 3530 32bid | 155 Dea Ella 7 62 do bro pek 3100 36 167 525 19 do pekie 1045 929 166 10 44 do prkoe 2 27 168 528 27 do sou 2565 18 157 13 16 do pek sou 720 25 170 534 21 do bropekfans2730 17 158 Polatagama 16 30 ch or pek 2400-36 172 C 513 7 do aust 1050 8bid | 159 19 24 do pekoe 1800 49 178 TS 558 6 do dust 900 8 bid | 160 22 16 do ek son 1200 «26 180 L 564 18 do pekoe 1620 24 161 25 82 do ro pek 3040 = 41 bid 162 28 15 do or pek No. 2 1200 36 S 163 31 16 do pek Ne.2 1290 30 164 34 9 do fans sie 29 {Messrs. Forbes & Waker.—}] 165 J 87 7 do dust 1050 14 - 166 Maha Uva 40 12 do bro or pek 780 61 436,465 Ib. 167 43 32 do or pek 1920 43 : : 63 46 25 do pekoe 2250-36 Lot Box. Pkgs. Name lb, « 169 49 12 do ep omp”** Tad 1 Binest.mark 1795 16 ch sou 1440 9-27 170 Battawatte 52 25 ch ro pek 2500 = 44 bid 2 1998 6 do dust 90 8618 171 55 27 do pekoe 2700 - 34 3 Elfindale 1801 23hf-ch pek fans 1265 23 172 68 8 do pek scu 800 29 4 1804 14 ch fans 1260 824 173 Hayes 6l Whf-ch broorpek 1000 57 5 1807 13 do dust 716 12 174 64 30 ch b-ope 1650 47 18 Doranakande 1831 11 do bro pek 1100 38 175 67 40 do pekoe | 36 19 Aberfoyle 1849 21 ch bro pek 2100 887 176 70 25 do pee sou 1250 = 81 20 1852 25 do pekoe 2500 eo 181 High Forest 85 60 hf-ch bro or pek 3000 52 25 Amblangodde 1867 11 do _ or pek 1100 44 bid | 182 88 52 do pekoe 2548 846 26 1870 11 do pek No. 1 990 38 bid 183 Cabarawatte 91 16 ch 27 1873 13 do pek 1170 36 1 bf-ch pek dust 2610 13 32 RW W inest 192 FredsRuhe 118 34 ch bro pek 3400-87 mark 1888 15 d unast 1800 34 193 121 34 do pekoe 3060 3= 88 85 1897 13hf-ch bropek 715 26 194 124 25 do Ta sou 2250 { 36 1900 11 ch pekoe 990 26 195 127 12 do ro mix 1080 24 Cle 1903 13 do sou 1105 22 198 Tonacombe 136 9 do pek sou $10 28 238 1906 8 do dus 1120 11 bid 200 SS J, in es- 39 Ascot 1909 33 do bro pek 2971 38 bid tate mark 142 16 bf-ch pekoe 848 5 40 1912 12 do or pek 1200 39 bid 204 Stisted 164 22 do bro or pek 1430 45 41 1915 33 do pekoe 2640 28 bid | 205 Craigmore 157 50 do bro pek 2350 36 42 1918 11 do pek sou 990 25 206 160 30 ch pek No.2 2250 26 43 1921 10 do pekfans 1200 29 211 Deaculla 175 47 hf-ch bro pek 2585 49 45 Kitulgalla 1927 15hf-ch or pek 750 37 212 1738 34 ch pekoe 2380 B34 46 1930 11 ch pek 850 30 213 181 18 do pek sou 1260 29 49 Errollwood 1939 12 do orpek 960 49 bid | 214 Tymawr 184 32 hf-ch pekoe 1440 «42 50 1942 14 do pek 1120 40 bid 215 187 37 do pekrou 1480 33 bid 51 1945 9 do pek sou 810 34 bid 216 190 23 do fans 1380 24 52 Anningkande 1948 14 do bro pek 1540 66 217 F 198 10 ch br pk fans 1200 22 53 1951 10 do br pek No.2 1100 39 bid 218 Ella Oya 196 16 do bro pek 1600 40 bid 54 1954 13 do pek 1300 32 bid | 219 199 14 do or pek 1204 87 bid 56 Middleton 1960 30 do or pek 3000 55 220 22 17 do pekoe 1360 81 57 1968 15 do pek 1350 47 221 205 19 do peksou 1710 97 58 1966 13 do pek sou 1105 39 222 208 39 hfch fans 1292 «28 59 1969 12hf-ch dust $60 17 293 211 13 do dust 1248 8 bid 60 Springwood 1972 8 ch dust 1200 14 225 RC W, in es- 1 1975 22 do congon 2200 29 tate mark 217 25 hf-ch pekf-ns 1875 20 63 Harrington 1981 18 do or pek 1800 48 226 Monkswood 220 12 ch pek sou 102u 88 bid 64 1984 13 do pek 1300 36 227 223 19 do pek sou 1710 38 bid 65 Holton 1987 22 do bro pek 2090 40 228 Errollwood 226 17 hf-ch bro orpek 765 40 6 1999 9 do elk 720 32 229 229 9 do pekoe 720 32 69 Dunbar 1999 35hf-ch ro or pek 1680 46 231 Rowley 235 %7 do bro pek 1350 53 bid i 2002 27 do or pek 1080 38 232 Weyungawatte 238 21 co broorpek1260 49 72 2008 23 ch pek 1840 30 233 241 24 ch or pek 2160 33 7 6G 2023, 21 do pek sou 1890 26 234 244 18 do pekoe 1530 29 79 Tonacombe 2029 24 do or pek 2400 46 237 Yox ord 253 34 do pek sou 2550 30 80 20382 25 do bro pek 2750 52 238 256 18 hf-ch fans 1350 35 S81 2085 62 do pek 6200 37 239 g 259 11 do dust 1045 16 82 2088 13 do pek sou 1170 34 244. Kmavesmire 274 17 do brorpek 1530 39 83 Clyde 2041 38 do bro pek 3610 39 245 277 9 do or pek 765 33 84 2044 38 do pek 3040 28 246 280 20 do bro pek 2000 39 85 2047 12 do pek sou 1080 27 247 283 38 do pekoe 3040 29 99 Ingurugalla 2089 7 ch _ bro tea £40 8 =20 248 286 22 do aa sou 1540 26 105 Ettapolla 2107 18hf-ch bro pek 1008 34 249 Matale 289 51 hf-ch ro pek 3060 36 109 Newpeacock 2119 17 ch pek sou 1360 25 250 292 22 do pekoe 1980 32 110 2122 21 do pekfans 1575 24 251 Kotagaloya 295 11 ch pekoe 935 33 111 W F in est. 252 Patiagama 298 7 do bro or pek 700 48 mark 2125 14 do congou 1260 23 254 304 26 do pekoe 2210 24 115 Aberdeen 2187 33 do bro pek 2970 37 274 Lillawatte 364 20 do pek sou 1900 24 116 2140 40 do pekoe 3000 29 276 Ireby 370 62hf-ch bro pek 3120 51 117 2143 21 do pek sou 1512 25 277 373 40 do pe 2000 «= 338 118 2146 12hfch bro pek fans 780 OE 281 Nonpareil 385 15 do bro pek 900 38 122 Castlereagh 2158 21 ch bro pek 2100 «47 289 Ookoowatte 409 9 ch bro pek 900 ©8639 123 2161 24 do or pek 2040 45 291 - 415 10 do pek 900 33 124 2164 29 do pek 2320 33 292 418 9 do peksou 810 862 CEYLON PRODUCE Lot. Box. pkgs. Name Ib, 297 433 10 ch pek fans 700 314 Udapolla 484 25 do bro pek 2500 315 487 28 do pek 2660 316 490 21 do pek sou 1890 328 Pembagama 526 21 hf-ch bro pk fans 1575 329 529 16 ch pek fans 1280 332 VOA 588 6 do bro pek 708 356 U S A 610° 11 do dust 1430 372 Serubs 658 12 do broorpek 1140 373 66L 15 do bro pek 1500 375 667 12 do pek sou 10. 0 381 Putupaula 635 16 do bro or pek 1760 3382 688 31 do bro pek 2790 383 691 42 do pek 3360 384 694 12 do pek sou 990 SMALL LOTS. [Thompson and Villiers.| Lot Box. Pkgs. Name lb. £ Ettie Se mech pek sou 665 4 4 2 do mixed 190 5 5 2: da dust 300 22 Hornsey 22 2%5ch congou 170 25 Gonamatayva 25 1 do bro pek 125 27 O’Kance 27 2 do bro mix 224 20 Chetnole 30 5 hf-ch dust 675 39 Loughton 39 6 ch sou 450 40 D 40 lhf-ch bro pek 60 422 UKU 42 2 do dust 158 45 Vogan 46 & do pk sou No. 2 400 48 48 8 do ek 680 50 50 3 do pek fans 375 59 Doragalla 59 3 ch ek B 255 60 60 5hf-ch bro mlxed ¥25 (Mr. E. John. ] Lot. Box Pkgs. Name. lb. eek 26T a ZiCul dust 330 2 (0) 29 1 do dust 108 4 Derby 85 10hf-ch pekoe 520 5 88 6 do pek sou 330 6 41 2 do bro pek fans 122 7 St Edwards 44 2 do dust | 140 8 47 6 do bro mix 360 23 NK 92 4 ch sou 520 28 Koslande 107. 2 do pek sou 189 29 110 lhf-ch fans 60 33 Lameliere 123 6 do pek fans 480 38 GA 138 6 do dust 375 40 144 3 ch red leaf 243 43 Kotuagedera 153 4 do bropek fans 580 46 Koslande 162 2 do rek sou 180 47 165 1hf-ch fans 60 50 D,inest. mark 174 4 ch pek sou 360 51 177, ~«1hf-ch = dust 160 57 Horton Plains 195 2 do bro pek No.2 130 58 198 38 do fans 195 59 201 2 do dust 170 60 904-1 ch unas 105 7 7 edo dust 15) 10 sea nsic 82 2 ch pek sou B Sets @G C. - 5 ec ee 153 Bittacy a ; hf-ch pek sou te ce 113 Nyanza 83 1 ch bro pek sou o4 Be = ae. 123 NN 93 5 ch ek fans 155 32 2 do dust 170 12 124 94.3 do dust 158 Ridgmount (L 1 ch - : 12 Hanagama 97 5 ch — peksou 1hf-ch bro pek 157 28 128 = geataendo fans at an : en an ne ae 135 Arduthie 105 10hf ch pek sou 169 Marakona (a edo seeds) eat 70 12 ue ing ; go Le ot oe 192 Karagawella 143 6 ch pek dG 433 140 Peak Side 110 12hf-ch pek No.1 193 146 2 do bro pek 210 40 bia 142 112 10 do sae sou 194 149° 7 do or pek G3 36 bid | yy48 113 4 do Bes ek fans 195 152. 7 do peksou 630 35 141 Ueda ake 193 Si na Dua 161 8 do pek sou 600 28 152 Horagoda 122. 3 ch cae 199 i64 Lhf-ch dust % IL ipa 8 saa dots vauet 208 EL 191 3 ch OO 211 23 154 124 4 do con 209 194 1 do red leaf 88 14 159 129 4hf-ch dust 210 197, 1 At eh dust QL 14 160 130 3 ch factory dust 211 6 wus 4 e ape : 2 Shc 3 aan lhf-ch pek No.1 420 26 16° eeculpas 75 otek bre Bee AB 183, 1G; 205 7 do pek fans 490 25 161 131 7 do Le sou 214 209 1 do dust ; 90 12 165 TTT T, ia eae Pp 215 212 1 do red eat 80 13 tate mark 135 6 ch dust 216 MR 15. 6 do bropek 360 36 i 1) hf-ch 217 218 3 ch pek — ae a 171 NP 141 Qhf-ch pek fan 218 221 1 do pk sou 10 24 172 D 142 6hf-ch dust 219 Zs Oo unas 220 26 177 F A. in estate 221 230 9hfech fans 630 31 mark 147 2hf-ch: dust oo 5 > vel ae Q ao. - aie Guewintest BE Th Os SSN ORES 178 DiyaniJakelle 48 3 ch unas “2 rh ee " c 179 149 7hf-ch dust mark 239 1Lhf-ch bro pek 5.0 24bid | igi] wvT 151 4hf-ch bro tea 228 Badella 251 8 ch pe-sou 640 26 TSONCASt Smile TG2y SICHIEN Ibo mais 238 XYZ 281 Bhf-ch cust 288 8 183 Raxawa 153 Lhf-ch bro pex 241 BD 2900 2 do ad st 180 8 1S ee Joten Tondo ae 242 23: -3 do bro pek fans 210 21 185 155 3 do sou 242 HE 296 1 ch dust 100 11bid | jeg qr 156 1 ch pek sou 187 147 4 do dust —$ <<. — ——_ — - 188 Tyspane 158 6hfch bro mix E 195 Cholankande!65 1 ch pek (Messrs. Somerville ». Co.] 196 166 1 do pek sou 197 167 3 do fans Lot. Box. pkgs. Name. Ib. e. 198 168 3 do dust : = 199 CF 169 1 ch bro pek 1) Pensith 871 2,ch dust 320 1? 200 70 7 do pek 2 372 1 do fans 95 1s 201 NeLgel ido pek sou 3 373 1 do bro tea $5 15 20z 172 3 do bro tea 46VA 344 hf-ch bro pek 220 26 203 173 5 do dust F 375 2 ch pek 150 of 204 Gangwarily 1.74 1 ch pek 6 376 2 do pek sou 180 18 205 Bloom Park 175 7hf-ch bro pek 7 J 377 3 do dus 450 12 207 177 2 do fans 9 Mossville 3°90 Sht-ch dust Ge" 68) .. 18 208 179 1 do dust OBSERVER PRINTING WORKS. $ ioe : th ta ~ teti- - : " ¢ a x at My 4 if Gy ® 2 ad ey “3 ~ > F re oat nih uy 4% ¢ 4 2 eer “6 Q 22 FO a ORs Bis) Wis : hi tr ' ut = q it ( P as wy ek S t £4 : eta sae } nit ot ohh. 2 ber ei 5) » le ontut por shlong tae aqt vA pag sw ‘ bib pad’ de ‘ . _ Fic mlemin F t tan AF TEA, COFFEE, CINCHONA, COCOA, AND CARDAMOM SALES, us PricE:—124 cents each 3 copies NO. 29. Cotompo, Aveusr 1, 1898, | 30 cents; 6 copies 4 rupee. COLOMBO SALES OF TEA. Lot Box. Pkgs. Name. DaneCs 89 Dartry B 269 14 ch pek sou 1260 27 90 270 16hf-ch dust 1360 13 LARGE LOTS. 92 Mont Blane 272 42 ch peksou 3780 9-27 aoa 93 Hiarane aT 273° 18 oe BES pes 1800 41 bid 115 95 atabage 275°.20 ¢€ pek dust 1600 13 [Thompson and Villiers.] 96 Dumbera 276 19 ch pek sou 1900 27 bid 71,747 \b.] 98 Caxton 278 17 ch pek sou 1445 29 bid rf ; 99 Monrovia 2i9 22 Gs pea pek 2200 30 bid a xX. kes. Name. lb. e 100 280-23 do pek 2520 27 bid Lot Bo P ai oa 104 Kriatenne 284 23 ch pek 1840 31 1 Mapitigama 1 66hf-ch bro pek 3300 23 105 Kanapidawella 285 20hf-ch dust 1400 19 7) 2 21 ch pek 1KS0 €g 106 Arobalawa 286 17 hf-ch bro pek 850 36 BR} 3 25 do pek sou 1750 o7 108 Maratenne 288 10 ch pek 900 32 bid 6 Ettie 6 16 ch bro pek 1680 29 bia | 109 Annandale 239 17hf-ch pek sou 884 39 7 7 11 do pek 1100 97 124 Gand D 304 11 ch dust 860 13 9 T 9 10 ch sou 1070 15 125 Comillah 305 14 hf-ch bro pek 8410 35 10 10 10 do dust No.1 900 9 129 Siriniwasa 309 21 ch bro pek 2100 36 bid 11 Battalgalla 11 19 ch pek sou 1900 33 130 310 23 do pek 2185 31 13 Hornsey 13 10 ch pek sou 1000-34 | 131 311 26 do peksou 2210 27 19 W 19 34hfch_ bre pek 2040 51 20 20 60 oe a: per 5100 82 bid 5 Vewelwa 25 37 hf- a 2035 é é 5 Se ee ee van ons oR Feet ties [Mr. H. John.—233,5801b.] 27 27 28 do pek sou 1400 29 29 Lynsted 29 32 hf-ch pek sou 1600 38 Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. Ib. -¢€ 35 Dunnottar 35 6 ch dust 780 12 By S 36 Relucas 36. 7 ch act 756 9 4 Kandaloya 308 14 hf-ch dust 70 13 40 WRK 40 10 ch pek 850 37bid | & “ Sted ier au PeKve ieee a peaMerapan eA P pd 7 317 10 do _pek sou 1000 9-27 5 » ‘ F 5 € -C 5 PY eiuelwhisbronek 1905 ,/agibid. 42 Nemanaoday oycetaaL Rech Propek: yi 1155 .. BS E : 27 hf.ch_ bro pek 1620 45 zeae BS E 43 Harrow 43 27h p ; 14 SUA 338 18 ch sou 1530-26 44 che AY OD Was EN eo 15 341 11 do fans 715 U5 45 45 14 do peksou 1400 29 7 ~ oe n= 19 = A 5 17 347) 7 “Ao. red leaf 770 12 51 Vogan 51 43 ch b-o pek 4085 44 18 330. 9 do dust 855 12 2 52 47 do ek 8995 = 32 5 95 0 ) oe jars ese, 19 Keenagaha Ella 353 45 do broorpek 4725 40 oe F Boies dome Peksous)) 280504929 20 336 37 do pekve 3330 32 55 ooroondo= 2 FF a Q5 2 watte 55 29 hf-ch bro pek 1000 41 bid a 8 tL do pek sou os ee 56 56110 do pek 5500 =. 29- bid | 93 365 13hf-ch_ fans 910 30 I 58 30 ch _ or pek 3000 52 bid | 5 s = ae - 58 1 26 Evalgolla 374 14 do bro pek 700 43 27 377 52 do pekoe 2600 28 bid 30 Knightsdale 386 15 aah : - = ~ -€ 3 [Messrs. Somerville & Co.—156,059.] ef eh yc patos igeos hoe bia Pa 32 392 27 do ek sou 1998 27 bid Lot. Box. pkgs. Name. Ib. ce. 36 Shannon 40t 25hf-ch bropek 1400 48 9 Allakolla 189 6 ch dust 720 14 37 407 13 ch pekoe 1300 33 12 Selegama 192 42hf-ch bro pek 2510 36 28 410 10 do pek sou 900 31 13 193 100 do pek 5000 29 «2 Pati Rajah 422 22 do bro pek 2200 3 14 194 23 do pek sou 1150 27 43 425 42 do pekoe 3150 27 16 196 11 do dust 932 9 441 Digdola 428 20 do broorpek 1800 36bid 18 198 20 do red leaf 1093 15 45 431 12 do or pexX 1080 29 bid 23 SED 203 15hf-ch con {BO}; 5425 46 434 14 do pekoe 1260 86.28 24 Hemingford 204 16 ch sou 1280-27 47 437 12 do peksou 1080.11 25 205 22 do fans 1650 24 48 Hila 440 37 do bro or pek 3330 33 bid 26 206 10 do pek fans 850 22 49 443 82 do bro pek 6970 34 27 Mousa Eliya 207 20 ch bro pek 2200 43 50 446 50 do pekoe 3500 30 28 208 13 do or pek 1170 33 51 449 41 do pek souNo.1 3483 29 29 209 19 do pek 1960 40 52 Laxapana 452 23hf-ch pekfans & 36 Tyspane Y16 13hf-ch dust 975 =.20 dust 2070 14 7 Filandhu 217 10 ch bro pek 1000-88 53 Koslande 455 19 do bro pek 1140 44 38 218 10 do pek 950 29 54 458 12 ch pekoe 1080 35 41 MN 221 29hf-ch dust 2552 15 60 Uda 476 19hnf-ch cust 1615 18 42 Koorooloo- 61 IXanangama 479 49 ch bro pek 4655 33 bid galla 222 22 ch bro pek 2200 39 62 482 44 do pekoe 3740 28 bid 43 223 20 do pek 1800 31 63 485 24 do pek sou 2040 26 44 224 24 do pek sou 2280 29 64 488 28 do bro pek fans 2800 SL 46 Warakamure 226 17 do or pek 1700 32 65 491 17 do fans 1445 23 48 288 17 do pek 1615 28 67 Glentilt 497 34 do bro pek 3400 954 49 229 9 do sou 810 25 68 500 14 do pekoe 1400 41 51 Killin, inestate 69 Eila 603 91 do peksou 6825 27 231 31hbf-ch bro pek 1550 = 35 70 506 30 do sou 2250 9-25 52 232) 1 ch pek 935 29 72 Acrawatte 5212) ido or pek 1080 44 53 233 15 do pek sou 1200 27 73 515 23hf-ch bro pek 1495 44 57 Citrus 237 9 ch bro pek 900 34 74 518 15 ch pekoe 1340 35 58 238 12 do ek 2080 29 75 521 22 do pek sou 2200 21 60. 240 8 do ans 800 26 82 NPO 542 17hf-ch dust 1275 14 64 Ukuwela 244 42 ch bro pek 4200 29 kid | 83 545 8 ch 65 245 24 do pek 2400 28 zt hf-ch bro mix 1062 12 66 246 12 do pek sou 12.0 26 81 HH 548 ch dust 750 ll 68 Hangranoya 248 20 ch bro pek 2000 40bid | $7 Brownlow 557 st do bro or pek 3400 56 69 249 25 do pek 2500 30 88 560 19 do or pek 185 38 73 Tiddydale 253 10 do pek 900 28 89 563 21 do peKkoe ig99 36 74 254 11 do pek sou 990 27 90 566 15 do ek sou 1275 32 77 Lyndhurst 257 47hf-ch bro pek 2585 38 91 569 7 do ropekfans S05 43 78 258 97 hf-ch pek 4565 30 92 572 Q9hf-ch dust 720 19 79 259 39 do pek sou 1755 28 93 Galella 575 14 ch pek dust 1690 19 $1 Depedene 261 119 hf-ch bro pek 6545-387 95 T 58l 41hf-ch pekfans 2783 27 82 262 99 do pek 4950 31 97 Dickapittia 587 23 ch bro pek 2300 41 83 263 65 do ek sou 3575-27 98 590 28 do pekoe 2800 30 85 Koladeniya 265 9 ch tro pek 900 33 99 593. 8 do pekson sou = 30 86 266 8 do pek 7.0 29 105 Kotuagedera 611 10 do bro pek 1000s 31 bid 2 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. Lou. pox. Pkgs. Name. Ib; ¢; Lot. Box. Pkgs, 113 Ferndale 635 “1l ch pek sou 990 29 202 22 hf- 115 Mahacudu 641 40 do peksou 3600 41 i Noe 2 ee 116 644 19 do pek fans 2520 835 103 “08 35 ch 117 647 7 do pekdust 1070 19 1066 KPW 217 50 bf-ch 119 Ankande 653 21 do bro pek 1995 82hbid | 407 220 30 do 120 656 28 do pekoe 200 8627 108 923 72 do 121 659 33 do peksou 2760-6 109 926 54 do 122 662 11 do sou 880 24 mt ak 232 9 ch 127 MV 677 11 do pek sou 1100 25 112 235 16 do 131 Agra Ouvah 689 49hf-ch broorpek, 3185 64 114 Nugagalla 241 28hf-ch 132 692 21 do or pek 1155 50 lis 244 58 do 133 695 8 ch ekoe 760 47 118 Upper Forest 233 16 ch 134 Glasgow 698 44 do roorpek 3320 654 119 Agrakelly 6 25 hf-clr 13h 701 20 do or pek 1200 47 1:8 Moralioya 283 10 ch 136 704 16 do ekoe 1520 88 129 286 18 do 137 Yapame 707 21 do ro pek 2100 43 131 Kabragalla 292 54 bf-ch 138 710 29 do pekoe 2000-36 132 West Holy- 4 139 713 14 do peksou 1260 32 rood 295 g9hf-ch 140 716 6 do fans 78000 (27 136 Sembawatte 307 32 ch 147 Iona 737 10 do bro or pek 1200 60 bid 137 310 14 do 148 740 14 do bropek 1540 47bid | 73 318 82 do 149 743 19 do pekve 1700 35 bid | j29 316 982 do 155 MountTemple761 43 do suu 2365 25 141 Kennington 322 14 ch 156 764 19hf-ch pek fans 1520 20 142 3%5 13 do 166 Ballagalla Ella ps ee de ep0 pek ert na bid 143 328 1) do 167 7 o pekoe 145 Blairgowrie 334 17 ch 170 Chapelton 806 11 ch bro mix 880 8-26 147 Warlbeeouch 240 42 tare 171 Koslande 809 19hf-ch bro pek 1140) 44 148 343 17° «ch 172 812 12 ch ekoe 1080 = 3a 149 346 21 do 176 Oonoogaloya 824 27 do ro pek 2700 = 48 150 Arapolakan- 178 B 830 13hf-ch pekoe 715 28 de 349 11 ch 180 } 36 14 do pekoe 1394 26 152 356 63 do 183 AgraOuvah 845 26hf-ch broorpek 1690 63bid | j53 358 10 do 184 Kadien Lena 848 25 do bropekdust2000 26 186 Mudumana 367 15 ch 185 851 22 do pek dust 1870 14 157 370 1L bf-ch 186 _ 84 21 ch congou 21000 24 163 Poyston 888 13 ch 187 Murraythwaite 857 13 do bropek 1235 36bid | 163 Passara 188 860 13 do pekoe 05002) Group 397 17 ch 167 400 16 do 403 10 = 16 406 49 do {Messrs. Forbes & Waker.—) 179 Woodslee 436 20 ch 431,024 Ib. a 2 Lot Box. Pkes. Name Ibs.) We Ee eatin lee aie 3 CH 2158 10 ch red leaf 96 15 187 460 39 do 4 Karabusna- 1c8 463 30 ch wa 2161 14hf-ch bro pek 1400 36 189 466 14 do 5 2164 14 do pek 700 «28 bid | 197 C | 390 15 ch 8 N 2173 32 ch bro mix 4160 15 198 Pantiya 493 & ch 10 Strathspey 2179 18hf-ch or pek 900 53 200 Fairlawn 499 3thi-ch 12 GKD 2185 9 ch or pek 946 38 201 502 34 do 14 2191 16 do pek 1440 30 202 505 13 do 15 2194 12 do ek sou 960 28 205 LBK 514 13 ch 28 Puspone 2233 27 ch ro pek 2700 36 207 Springwood 520 12 do 99 2236 29 do pekoe 2610 30 209 : 626 15 do 32 Trewardena 2245 9 ch bro pek 900 33 210 Kinest. mark529 40 do 33 2248 18 du pek 1220 23 211 Craigmore 532 19 do 48 G 43 16 a pek sou 1275 25 Be = as 4 hf-ch 49 46 12 do sou 1080 24 213 38. ch Z au 65 20 ch or pek 2000 5a 214 A 541 24 do oe Heppcoue 58 22 do tee pek 2420 61 216 Knavesmire 547 25 do 54 61 6L do pek 6100 38 bid 217 550 43 do 5a 64 17 do ae sou 1530 ae ae anny obs Pe ney 56 67 19 hf-ch ust 100 aitalawa 65) -ch illarne; 70 32hfch broorpek 1760 47 220 259 61 do 2 aoe Whee 43nele (ch or eke 1020 45 bid ee ee Ag ap 76 22 do pe 1870 36 222 5 12 do ee 79 16hf-ch fans 1120 32 224 Olahitagoda 571 18 do 64 Gampaha 91 12 ch fans 1080.23 225 574 26 do 65 High Forest 94 47hf-ch bro orpek 2726 52bid | 429 Castlereagh 586 14 ch 66 97 51 do or pek 2199 49 bid | 230 589 14 do 67 100 43 do pek sou 2064 40 231 , 592 40 do 68 Clunes 103 40 hf-ch bro or pek 2400 36 bid | 235 TorringtonP 604 79 do 69 106 45 co bro pek 2250 36 bid 236 607 21 do 70 109 60 ch pekoe 5100 28 bid 237 610 63 do 71 112 15 do pek sou 1350 26 238 613 57 do 72, Hrrollwood 115 48hf-ch broor pek 2160 46 bid 23 616 41 do 73 118 14 ch pek 1120 33 bid 248 Waratenne 643 16 do 74 121 14 do pek 112u 33 bid | 249 616 14 do 75) 124 9 do pek sou 810 30 251 Theberton 652 11 do 76 Middleton 127 1hf-ch brorpek 1045 79 2bZ 655 1 do Ti 130 20 do or pe 2000 58 255 Hopton 664 7 do 79 136 11 do pek 1045 46 256 667 10 do 80 Clyde 139 32 ch bro pek 3040 43 257 670 15 do 81 142 35 do pekoe 2800 31 258 4 673 17 Go 82 145 12 do pek sou 1080 28 270 Stisted 709 64 do 86 157 10 do fans 1000 29 271 712 31 do 87 Trex 160 30 ch bro pek 3000 36 272 715 28° do 88 163 21 do pekoe 2100 30 273 718 50 do 89 165 7 do pek sou 70u 27 275 Deaeulla 724 30 hi-ch 91 Holton 172 22 ch bro pek 2090 34 27 i2t) Si aca 94 Du.bar 181 24hf-ch broorpek 10$0 46 ~- | 279 Malvern 736 22hf-ch 95 184 18 do or pek 720 42 283 Devenford 748 20 hf-ch 96 187 14 do bro pek 700 38 284 751 13 ch 97 190 18 ch pekoe 135: 31 bid | 286 WVRA isi 65 do unas bro tea fans bro or pek er pek pekoe pek sou fans unag dust k sou bro or pek or pek pekoe bro or pek bro pek pekce pek sou bro tea dust pek bro or pek or pek pek No.1 pek bro ‘pek bro or pek or pek e! bro pek bro or pek or pek | dust 1210 1100 1170 750 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. a Box. Pkgs. Name. cs Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. Ibieac: 287 Opalgalla 760 23 ch dust 1656 13 55 Kosl 288 K 763 8 do dust 1120 12 Pee Oe ad eyse- SObae eDE ek sone pea ee 289 C. L. in estate D 56 464. 1 ch fans 1c a mark 766 19 do fans 2090 25 57 467 1hf-ch dust 80 3 290 769 8 do sou 800 26 58 Uda 470 8 do bropek ry ye 298 Scrubs 793 7 do dust 700 14 59 473 7 ch eas ae ae 299 Carlabeck 796 9 do pek sou 864 40 66 Kanangama 494 8hf-ch Hae Ap 28 301 P 802 17 do sou 1785 24 fit IDahe a 509 1 do bro ek =u We 302 05 8 do dust 1160-14 bid | 76 Acrawatte 524 1 do pedust 35 5 303 808 4 do dustNo2 700 9 77 Kajawella 597 4 ch dust — 340 ie 394 8li 8 do pek fans £80 5 73 6307 +3, do. fans B86 oe 305 Battawatte 814 23 do bro pek 2450 42 79 Boma d Oana yy BS 306 817 32 do bropek 3200 42 30 536 1 do oe aS 307 820 34 do pek 3060 34 lhf-ch bro mix 106 14 308 823 13 do pek sou 1170 29 & HH Sh lmeniach Coneou 100 23 312 Erracht 835 8 do bro orpek 800 42 86 554 1 do ERO oni 110 = 118 313 838 18 do bropek 1350 38 9 KT 578 6hf-ch dust — 540 IL 314 a 34 ds Bezoe on a 96 584. 1 ch bro mix 80 26 315 44 12 do peksou 2 iT i itti 5 ra : ae ¢ 318 Uduwera 853 5 do dust 750 13 100 HU EASA ae af hich eae Has a 219 Putupaula 856 88 do bro pek 3420 35 bid 102 602 3 ch Bau ee a0 320 859 33 do pek 2640 29bid | 103 Louehton GOSPerBIhtchkecekce Saitens| 321 862 24 do pek sou 1809 26 104 a 608 2 do a cate “83 EF 333 Carfax 898 27 do or pek 2700. 87 bid | 106 Kotuagedera 614 5 ch ekes. Tae rss 340 Marlborough 919 22 do — or pek 2090 40 bid } 114 Ferndale s pease HO es a : LAY eet erndale 638 3 do dust 375 15 341 Clyde 922 17 do bro pek 1615 38bid | 118 Mahacudu 650 3 do dust 513 «16 342 925 32 do pek 2560 32 123 Ankande © 665 5hf-ch dust 400 13 345 934 9 do fans} 900 27 124 Gases ion ecuae ost tls 346 RE 937 10 do bro pek fans 1000 23 125 MV 671 4 hf-ch eat ek 350 ae 347 AMS 940 8 do bro pek fans 800 22, 126 674 4 ch rea 400 32 348 Columbia 943 24hf-ch bropek 1870 s50bid | q98 680° 'S hich! pen f: CORR oa 349 946 58 do pekoe 1344 41 bid | j59 GUMROMsunl oEidccue tes Ge 350 Lochiel 919 14 do bro or pek 770 55 130 686 deena hater zs sae 14 351 952 21 do Dbro'pek 1030 45 Taye ou ne eS 92 21 5 41 Yapame 719 4 ch dust 624. 12 352 955 25 ch pek 2000 34 bid 150 Iona “GUS ado pek sou 450 27 151 749 1 do dust 150 12 153 Reseneath 752 3 do red leaf 270 13 : 53 755 2hf-ch dust 200 2 SMALL LOTS. 154 Mount Temple758 5 ch pekoe 400 28 ere 162, Ravenswood 782 1 do [Thompson and Villiers.] Aen ce app Lage 160 30 s oe -lhf-ch pekoe 148 30 Lot t Box. Pkgs. Name bye xe; 161 Feat M1 dot enclesou ane 4 Mapitigama 410hf-ch fans 600 28 165 (Ol 21 do dust 47 10 5 5 2 do dust 170 15 168 Ballagalla Ellas00 4 ch pek sou 369 29 8 Ettie 8 6 ch pek sou 570 25 169 803 2hf-ch dust 180 16 12 Battalgalla 12 8 ch fans 640-16 173 Koslande 815 3% do peksou 250 29 14 Hornsey 14 4 ch f-ns 320 15 17 818 1 ch fans 110 = 28 15 Preston 15 2hfch unas 120 27 175 821 Lhf-ch dust 80 13 G21) 16 4 ch sou 360 16 177 Oonoogaloya 827 8 ch pekoe 640 30 17 K,in in est. 181 Acrawatte 839 1 do sou 100 26 mark 17 3 ch bro pek No.1 242 35 182°-P 842. 6hi-ch pek No.1 300 20 18 18 12 hf-ch do a 4 EB) 23 21 LO T, in estate mark 21 2hf-ch bro pek 80 32 22 22 ‘1 ch pek 6L 27 3 23 23 2hf-ch pek sou 100-23 (Messrs. Somerville & Co.] 24 5 24 1 ch dust 91 11 28 Mandara YX. cos. N . Newera 28 5hf-ch dust 4co. 15 Bou EB AO eebs NOG ac: 39 Woodend 69 3 ch dust 420 10 10 Allakolla 190 2 ch sou 200 20 41 WRK 4l 1 do pek dust ibe / 10 iL 191 3 do red leaf 300 14 46 Doragalla 46 3hf-ch bromix 183 14 15 Selegama 195 3hf-ch tans 72 17 47 Loomont 47 lhf-ch bro pek 52 34 17 197 11 do sou 605 22 48 48 2 do pekoe 105 28 21 SFD 201 d5hf-ch fans 305 22 49 49 1 do red leaf 52 14 92 202 6 do dust 463 12 50 50 1 do dust 58 10 30 Mousa Eliya 210 5 ch sou 500 25 54 Vogan 54 3 ch pek fans 37928 31 DAL 211 6 ch _ pek 570.27 32 22 si" do pek fans 115 20 —. 33 213 1 do dust 1450 14 34 214 1 ge peu 100 19 35 Tyspane 215 6 ch ro mix 450 14 (Mr. E. John. ] 39 Moolgama 219 6 Been red leaf 318 13 e Te , 40 MN 20°87) ch bro mix 672 14 Lot. Box Pkgs. Name. Ib. C. aE eiCoTeCloo: IDB, inest.mark 299 1 ch congou &4 15 galla 275 3 ch tro pek fans 33¢ 30 2 Kandiloya 302 5hf-ch sou 230 28 47 Warakamure 227 3 ch bro or pek 345 338 3 405 10 do fans 500 26 50 230 2hf-ch dust 176 II 5b Ux Byhe WAH bro pek 210 35 54 K, in estate 8 320 2hf-ch dust 170 12 mark 234 4 ch bro mix 340 9-15 11 Manangeda e208 bi ich 55 235 4hi-ch dust 320 4 lhf-ch su 560 24 56 Oolapane 236 4thf-ch dust 320 12 122 0 332 4 do bro mix 200 Qy 59 Citrus 239 4 ch pek sou 371 24 13 335 1 ch — redleat 95 14 él 241 3 do dust 450 13 146 SUA 344. 4 do sou No.2 S40 es 62 HA 242 1 do fans 190 12 24 Keenagaha Ella 368 2hf-ch dust 150 14 63 243 Lhich ro tea 60 10 26 371 1 do pek No. 2 55 7 67 Ukuwela 247 Lhf-ch bro pek fans 70 17 28 Evalgolla 380 6 do sou 300 25 70 Hangrancya pek sou 655 28 29 383 2 do dust 160. 12 7) sou 570 23 33 Knightsdale 395 4 do dust 340 «12 72 Tiddale bro pek 500.35 34 398 3 ch 75 fans 240 is Lhf-ch fans 89S 26 76 unas 100 21 35 40L 2 ch bro mix 15 17. } 80 Lyndhurst dust 2Tu 14 39 Shannon 413. 5 do sou 400 23 84 Depedene j : dust $00 16 40 416 2 do dust 300 17 87 Koladeniva 267 3 ch pek sou 270 26 41 419 2 do unas 158 25 88 2u8 1 do dust lus lL ee Asta e =” Uke ee 2y tee ” - ms 4 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. RR ieee SNe? Lot Box. Pkgs. Name Ib. cs Lot Box. pkgs. Name. lb 91 Dartry B 21 “ben bro tea 475 23 170 Passara 97 Caxton 277 7 hf-ch or pek 350 =. 86 Group 409 4 ch pek sou 400s 8 101 Monrovia 281 6 ch pek sou 540 26 171 ri 412 3 do congou 270 27 102 282 1 do bro tea 100 14 172 415 1 do fans 100 28 103 283 3hf-ch dust 240 14 173 418 6 do dust 600 13 107 Ambalawa 287 13 hf-ch ek fans 650 26 174 Aberfoyle 421 4 ch bro pek 400 34 110 Dedugalla 290 4 ch ro tea 340 21 175 424 6 do pek 570 28 111 29: 4hf-ch dust 340 12 176 427 1 do pek fans 115 25 112 292 5 do fans 325 19 177 430 1 do dust 150 14 113 Batgodde 293 2 ch pek 187 3L 178 433 8 do congou 300 20 114 294 Lhfch pek No. 2 51 30 183 Morankande 448 4 ch bro pek fans 264 38 115 Goonaibil 295 1hf-ch or pek 73 33 184 451 5 do bro pekdust 37 28 116 296 1 ch pek 83 28 185 454 2 do pek fans 144 18 117 297 lhf-ch pek sou 54 27 120 Maha Uva 469 1 ch pek fans 80 24 118 298 1 do dust 51 12 191 472 5 do dust 450 18 119 299 1 do fans 77 25 199 Pantiya 496 2 ch red leaf 200 16 120 300 1 do bro mix 72 16 203 Fairlawn 508 14hf-ch pek sou 630 «35 121 G Watte 301 3 ch pek sou 288 25 204 511 8 do dust 255 17 ee 802 8 do fans 236 24 205a L BK 1 ch sou 100 10 303 4hf-ch dust 340 12 206 6517 4 do dust 600 14 oF Comillah 306 4 ch pek 400 29 208 Springwood 523 4 ch dust 620 13 127 307 8 do pek sou 35C 23 216° G 544 4hbf-ch k fans 300 15 1 hf-ch 223 Broughton 568 6 do ro mix 390 0 34 128 308 Lhf-ch dust 50 §=612 226 Olahitagoda 57710 do pek sou 520 26 132 Siriniwasa 312 4 ch fans 400 26 227 580 1 do fans 60 12 3 313 3 do dust 450 12 228 Castl : 583 6 2 — 540 12 156 DB R, in es- 232 astlereag 595 7 ¢ pek sou 560 80 tatemark 336 2hf-ch bro pek 103-32 233 598 - hf-ch fans 2800-83 157 387 2 ch pek 153 BB 234 Gol 2 do» dust 100 23 158 388 1 ch dust 104 11 240 Forres 619 1 ch bro pek oz 38 241 622 1 do pek 18) 28 247 E 640 3 do k 291 29 250 Waratenne 649 5 do pek sou 425 27 253 Theberton 658 8 M : pa sou 616 30 : 254 661 2hf-ch ust 180 14 (Messrs. Forbes & Walker.] 29 Hopton 676 7 ; pek sou 63:0 31 260 679 1 do congou 90 26 Lot. Box. Pkts. Name. lb Cc 261 682 1 do fans 100 28 262 a 685 2 do dust 200 “A 1 Deviturai 2152 5hf-ch sou 37585 268 Ellamulle 703 2 do sou 200-25 2TK VY Bes 2 ch. bro mix 224 99 269 706 1 do bro tea 70-10 bid 6 Karabusnawa 2167 5hf-ch pek sou 250 26 274 Stisted 721 shfch dust 82012 7 2170 4 do sou 200-25 %z7 Deaculla 730 9 ch pek sou 630 7 9 N 2176 7 ch unas 63027 278 733 8hfch dust 610 11 Strathspey 2182 7hf-ch sou 336. 27 282 Malvern 745 7 do dust 60 14 13 GKD 2188 5 ch bro pek 600 34 291 C Linest. mark772 5 ch red leaf 450 17 297 Scrubs 790 5 do broor pek fan 500 25 16 New Anga- 300 Carlabeck 799 5hf-ch bropekians 410 22 mana 2197 4hf-ch sou 240-19 316 Uduwera 847 6 ch pek 540 18 17 2200 6 do bro tea 325 16 317 850 4 do sou 280 13 18 2203 1 do congou 48 22 322 Dehigoda 865 4hf-ch 19 2206 4 do dust 28/7. 13 2 ch bro pek 400. 80 30 Puspone 2239 1 ch = sou 65 26 323 Napier 868 4hi-ch dust 820 «17 31 2242 2 do dust 29013 324 K WW 871 1 ch or pek 90 «36 34 Trewardene 1 3 ch pek sou 218-23 327 Dunbar $80 12 do _bro pek 624 30 bid 35 4 3 do pekfans = 300-22 331 W 392 shf-ch bro pek 150 31 36 7 3 do dust . 268 «13 332 895 3 do bro pek 165 31 37 10 4 do bromixed 416 = 13 343 Clyde 928 6 ch peksou 540-26 38 Fetteresso 13 2 ch sou 160 89.25 344 931 1 do roor pek 125 33 89 Sunnycroft 16 5 ch pek sou 500 27 353 Lochiel 958 7 do pek sou 52E 28 40 19 3 do congou B00 2 354 961 1 do dust 14514 41 22 3 do dust 450 10 50 G 49 3 ch _ pek dust 405 12 51 52 3 do bro tea 294 18 —_———~ 83 Clyde 148 2 ch dust 280 13 84 151 2 do bro or pek 250 40 a a 4 i: 85 154 5 do brepekNo2 450 36 | CEYLON COFFEE SALES IN LONDON. 90 Irex 169 2 ch dust 2c0 14 92 Holton 175 8 ch pek 640 28 93 178 3 ge PEE sou 285 = 98 Dunbar 193 4 ch ek sou 340 2 : ‘ 99 DBR 198 2hf-ch ‘dust 150 12 (From our Commercial Correspondent. ) 100 199 1 ae Bro. mixed Cy 104 Penrhos 211 5 ¢ pek sou 400 28 4 ; . 105 214 Ghf-ch dust 480 17 Wie ee oe ag us PW ee paeee Cae 16 a 21 casks 2 barrels 7 bags Plantation Ceylon Coffee. 11 c ro tea 2 4 i " z 2 116 Nugagalla 247 12hf-ch pek 600 32 “Formosa”—at Colombo, Large size Gonamotava, pile 1 117 250 1 do peksou 50 27 sale lot 1 w. lot 1 5 casks sold at 112s 6d; s.1 2 w. L. 21, 130 Moralioya 289 8hf-ch dust 610 12 1 barrel 117s. 133 West Holy- Size 1, ditto, p. 2 s.13 w.1.3, 5 casks 106s 6d. rood 298 4 ch dust 440 15 Size 2, ditto, re 3s. 1. 5 w.1.5, Ltierce 58s. 140 Sembawatte 319 1 ch dust 150) sl PB, ditto, P. 45.1.6 w. 1. 6, 1 cask 123s, 144 Blairgowrie 331 5 ch or pek 515037 P, ‘ditto, p. 5 SSL awil. Tet, a barrel 110s 6d® 146 337 3 do pek fans 37525 T) ditto, p. 6 s.1.8x w.L. 8, 2 casks 42s 6d. 154 Arapolakan- Gon motava, s. 1. 9x w.1. 9, 6 “bags ovtkrs. 106s 6d. de 361 3 ch dust 330 12 T, ditto, s.1. 10x w.1.10, 1 bagovtkrs. 21s. _ 155 VOA 364 3 ch bro or pek “Menelaus”—Morar, p. 18 s.l. 1 w. 1. 18, 1 tierce 102s fans 3758 sold. / 158 Deviturai 873 3 ch dust 3865 14 Ditto 2, p.19 s. 1.2 w.1. 19, 1 cask 90s. 159 PM 376 1hf-ch bro pek 55 26 Ditto S, p. 20 s.]. 3, w. 1.20, 1 barrel 47s. 160 379 1 do pek 69 24 Ditto PB, p. 21 s.1. 4 w. 1. 21, 1 94s. 161 382 2 do red leaf 156 14 Ditto MRT inestate mark, p. 22 s.15 w. 1. 22, 1 -25s. 162 385 1 do fans 70 Ig Ditto MR, p. 23s. 1. 6 w. 1. 23, 1 25s, 164 Poyston 391 3 ch congou 300 23 Ditto PB, p.24 s.1. 7 w.1. 24, 125s. . 165 394 2 do dust 3co0. «11 Ditto MRP in estate mark, p. 25 s.L.8 w. 1 25, 1 25s. CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. 5 CEYLON COCOA SALES IN LONDON. “Shropshire”--Rosebery mark, 19 bags 72s; 2, 1 bag 64s; Tea 1 bag 50s “Duke of Devonshire’—Alloowiharie mark, 1 bag 66s; 2 bags 63s. Strathisla, 4 bags 69s; 1 bag 72s. “Clan Robertson’’—NM in estate mark, 1 bag sweep 69s. “Lancashire” —Kepitigalla, 7 bags 69s. Bandarapola, 10 bags 71s; 1 bag 55s. “Clan Chisholm’—NDPS in estate mark, 44 bags 72s 6d. “Teucer”—Morankande, 1 bag 69s; 27 bags 70s 6d; 1 bag 69s “Clan Chisholm’—Palli, 3 bags 79s out; 2 bags 67s sold. “Clan McLeod”—FGS&Co., 1 bag 7Is. oe Praser’—Bandarapola, Ceylon Co., Ld, 10 bags 71s; » 155s. “Clan Cameron”—MAKM in -estate mark, out, at 70s best bid. “Clan McLeod”—WAKM in estate mark, ditto. “Clan McAlister” — Palli, out at 77s 6d, best bid 74s 6d. CEYLON CARDAMOM SALES LONDON. ““Menelaus”—Duckwari, A', 2 case; 2s '0d; BI, 7c 3s 4d; Cl, 9¢ 331d; D1, 2¢ 286d; Ie 2s 5d; seeds 5c 23 10d. IN “Glaucus”—Vicerton, A, 1c 3s; B, 2c 2s 8d; C. 1¢2s 4d. ‘““Menelaus”—Lin estate mark, Kobo, Mysore, O, lc 1p 3s; 1, 7 cuses 28 9d; 2, 3c 2s 4d; 3, Ic 23 2d; 3, 1e 2s 3d; S, 2c 2s; 2 cases 1s 11d. “Clan Drummond”’—2e 2s 9d. ee Robertson” Mysore, K in estate mark, OO, 2c 2s 7d; ce 2s 3d. ‘*Menelaus”—Delpotonoya, 22 3s 3d; 5c 3s; 2c 2s 6d; le 23 8d; 4c 2s 7d; Ic 2s 3d; 1c 2s 1d; 3c 2s 6d. Galaha, 1c 3s 2d; Ge 23 10d; 4c 2s 10d; A, 2c 2s 8d; 2c 2s 11d; B, 4e 2s Gd; 2c 2s 6d; C, 2c 28; 4¢ 23; lc 2s 2d; 1 seeds 2s 10d. Altwood, 3c 2s9d; 1c 2s6d; le 2s 3d; 1c 2s 9d; 3c 2s 6d; le 2s 3d; 1e1s11d. “Clan Mackay’—AL 1, AL 3, 2c 2s 2d. “Cheshire”—Nich sla Oya, le 2s 11d. “Priam’”—Warriagalla, C, 2c 2s 2d. “State man’—Elkadua, B&S, 2c 2s 1d. OBEC, Narang- hena in estate mark, 1c 2s 2d. “Orotava”—Cottaganga, ?¢ 1s 11d. “Clan Chissolm’—Katooloya, EX, 2c 3s 2d; 14¢ 2s 11d; A, 2c 2s 9d; 2c 2s 9d; B, 6c 2s 5d; C, llc 1s.11d; D, le 23 10d. Gallantenne, AA, 2c 3s 9d; A, 7c 3s 4d: B, le 2s 11d; C 8c 2s 9d; D, 4c 9s 4d; 5c 2s 5d. ‘““Menelaus”—O8EC in estate mark, Naranghena, AAA, 2c 2s 8d; 2c 2s 8d; AA, 2c 2s 4d; 2c 2s 5d; 4c 2s 5d; A, Ic 2s 4d; 2c 23 2d; B, 12c 1s 10d; E, le 2s8d. OBEC, Dang- kande, 2c 2s6d; 2c 2s 2d. OBSERVER PRINTING WORKS. uy ee st ir be ae J | i a: %y wt , “eM MGh Te? ry “We TEA, COFFEE, CINCHONA, COCOA, AND CARDAMOM SALES. a Price:—124 cents each 3 copies 30 Coromzo, Avcust 8, 1898. i 30 cents ; 6 copies 4 rupee, COLOMBO SALES OF TEA. Lot. Box. Pkgs, Name. Ibs. 10 9L 135 14 ch bro pek 1540 39 bid ~ ‘ 92 138 17 do pekoe 1700 35 LARGE LOTS. 94 Eadella 144.15 do pekoe 1350 29 — 96 Mossend 150 14 do bro or pek 1433 42 a11i 97 Ganawella 153 30 do pek sou 27L0 28 (Thomp son and Villiers. | 100 Cosgahawela 162 7 do 57,033 |b.J 14 Been Bees 1540 =. 24 bid 101 165 33 ch pek sou 3680 16 Lot. Box. Pkes. Name. Ib. ec. 102 168 21 do bropekfans1676 13 bid 4 St. Leonard’s on 26 W3 Uisilag fe. do dust 756 11 Sea ‘ 4 9 ch pek sou 720 lut NP 174 12hf-ch dust 1020 14 8 R, inestate 107 Ottery 183 16 ch bro or pek 1600 53 mark 8 3Lhf-ch bro pek 1705 45 108 186 42 do or pek 377687 9 9 33 do pek 1650 34 109 189 26 do pekoe 2340 36 10 10 16 do pek sou 810 29 Us K 207 24 ao pekoe 2160 30 11 11 12 do fans 840 28 16 210 $8 do peksou 144024 13 Battalgalla 13.10 ch pek sou 1000 33 120 Hila 22 23hf-ch dust 1725 15 15 Sapitiyagodde 15 63hf-ch or pek 296137 16 16 26 do pele 2132 3 7 17 24 do ek sou 1800 30 a a = ue TRMGO Moe tebrolon pe’ S088). 22 (Messrs. Somerville & Co.—148,486.] 21 B’Kellie 21°10 ch pek 850 39 i Ee r 26 Hevnegama 26 11 ch bro pek fans 1430 28 Lot. Box. pkgs. Name. Ibi: 28 28 5 do dust 750 12 Ww 4 h s nm. 8~9R 29 Doragalla 29 10 ch bropek 100049 ahs Cea ha os sea) Teo oO g te eB 17 357 15 hf-ch dust 1200 13 30 30 15 do pek 1275 | 34 18 358 10 ch bro mix 950 15 g ¢ 2 24 hf-ch bro pek 1200 36 F 3 266. 72 4 = ‘ : 33 Belgodde 33 Pp 3 29 26 Marigol 366 78hf-ch tro pek 4680 39 34 } 34 16 do pek 8002 27 267 27 do pek 1350 33 35 Kathri soul ‘ch 92 5 1 k 26 28 368 18 do pek sou 926 31 Lhf-ch bro pek 1150-28 29 369 88 do sou 1748 30 k 1620 oT ‘ “1. 2 x 9 te pe Ome Sachem Dekeee pe ¢ 30 3/0. 20 do bro pek fans2040 31 39 Ugieside 89° 7 ch — bro mix 7015 bi 32 Gingranoya 372 10hf-ch dust $50.20 41 Poengalla 41 90 do bro pek 9000 36 bid | 47 Honiten 387 7 ch broorpek 735 39 42 42 31 do pe 2945 28 bid eal cig as 48 388 11 do bro pek 990 4 44 L 44 2Shf-ch pek dust 2380 10 9 © 2 = : b 49 389 13 do pek 1105 34 45 M. Kande 45 12 ch _ pek fans 1380 16 bid | 55 390 12 do pek son 1020 29 OE edie ae hf-ch pek dust 21250 9 bid | 59 Jrelani 392 64 ch bro pek 2047 OF 53 393 31 do bro or pek 3100 41 watte 48 i5hfch dust 1200 14 54 394 59 do pek P 5310 32 55 395 17 do pek sou 1360 28 56 395 42 go sou 3780 27 12) 3 57 397 11 do dust 1320 13 (Mr. B. John. — 125,939 1b.] 61 Hatdowa 1 24 ch aR, pek 2520 37 x a 62 2) 3225 do pe 1760 39 Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. IDést, c: ea 3’ 93:94 nekivom Tat bee 6 Caranden 878 9 ea = : ie aaie 67 Neuchatel 7 B3 eh BEG) pek 5200 43 1 hf-c ro pe 6 bi 63 8 10 do pe 850 31 7 Eadella 881 10 ch bro pek 1000 59 69 9 19 do pek sou 1615 28 8 884 22 do pekoe 1580 28 70 10 8 do dust 1200 21 1 890 a3 ao ane 1440 24 77 Nugawella 17 28 pe ch os pek : 1540 45 1L 893 do dust 720 13 78 18 14. do ro or pe 919 33 12 Little Valley €95 0 do bro pek 2700 42 79 19 48 do pek 2409 3k 13 §99 37 de pekos 2775 33 52 Minna 22 23hf-ch troorpek 1495 52 14 902 10 do pek sou 800 29 83 23°27 ch cr pek 2139 45 16 Nahavilla 908 25 hf-ch bro or pek 1375 50 S4 24 17 do pek 1530 37 18 914 15 do or pek 750 43 $5 25°+17 ‘do pk sou 1530 32 19 917 14 ch pekoe 1260 45 87 LYE 27 12hf-ch fans 960 3 20 YK 920 8 do dust 1280 10 sy Bl, in estate 21 Agra Ouvah 923 43hf-ch bro or pek 2795 Gt mark 29 6 ch dust 720 13 22 926 19 do or pek “988 53 90 Dumbera 30 39 ch bro pek sou 2510 20 24 Poilakanda 932 82 do Dee pek 1920 39 91 Hapugasmulie 31 14 gh bre pek 1540 30 25 935 37° ch pekoe 33:0 3 92 32 14 do pek 1330 31 26 938 16 do pek sou 1280 28 94 Salawe 34 12 ch bro pek 1260 38 31 St. John’s 966 37 hi-ch broorpek 23 81 95 35 10 do pek 950 81 32 959 26 do or pek 1500 65 96 36 25 do pek son 2230 zd 33 962 28 we pekoe 1512 a9 109 Tembiligalla 40 18 mech peo pers 990 37 34 965 28 do pek sou 1400 45 101 41 26 do pek 1500 32 35 Mocha 968 20 ch broorpek 210 57 104 M B, in estate 36 97L 14 do or pex 12€0 51 mark 44 26 ch tro pek fans 3068 16 tid 37 974 17 Ae ps RCE 1430 44 105 Suriawatte 45 37hf-ch bio pek 2035 45 38 977 10 «do pek sou eU0 37 106 Ranasingha - 46 Templestowe 1 22 do broorpek 1950 46 bid patna 46 9Lhi-ch broor pek 5187 40 47 3 48 do pekoe 3840 35 107 47 36 ch pek 2952 34 48 6 14 do be or pek ne ws eat 48 52 ae pe sou 3900 BL ans 54 37 11L Seenekellie 51 23hf-h peksou 1160 27 bid 49 Ampetteyakande9 50 Lech dust 2400 16 | 114 Oxton : 54.26 ch bro tea 2600 25 bt OK 16 15 ch unas 3350 15 115 Bogahagode- 59 Horton Plains 39 25 Ee nee pek Ive 45 watte os a a prempele 1000 37 60 - 42 29 ch yekoe 2465 3 116 do ek 720 30 61 45 17 do nek sou 1275 31 17 57 5 do aee sou 800 28 65 Claremont 57 31 do bre or pek 1705 38 bid 7 hf-ch 66 60 10 oe pekde au 3I 119 Gaston A 59: 17 oe Per sou 1445 28 bid 37. 5 ek sou 935 2h 27 Dartry ¢ 67 16 hf-c ro fans 20 9? 70 Esperanza i 2D hf-ch ToEGe! 920 32 13s vies 68 8 ao ‘ dust m ay 12 78 Digdola 96 382 ch bro or pek 2850 46 1290 B 69 23 ch pek sou 2070 28 ae ee 2 do PERC? >. , watah a l v Rayigam 70 a8 ch bro pek ae se 30 _ 162 15 do dro peK funs 166 é 3 7 5 do or pek 35! 39 st WUG 105 19 do pek sou 190034 | ig 72) 60° do pek 4500 Bal 83 101 Ihf-ch fans 975 26 | 133 “st .t0 do pex sou 2640 28 84 114 13 «do dust 1108 an 134 Annadale 74 17hf-ch proor pek sO 65 so P 129 17 ch fans 1751 22 bid 135 75 21 do or pek 1059 52 9 ARA 1:2 10 do bro or pek 1200 55 136 76 19 do pek 912 45 * 2 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. (Messrs. Forbes & Walker.—) Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. Ib. 411,758 Ib. 140 Maba Uva 1881 11 teh bro or pek 715 c 141 i384 29 do or k 1740 Lot Box. Pkgs. Name lb: - ¢? 142 1387 18 ch pee thd ibd bg £4 964 9 ch sou £00 2% 144 Dammeria 1393 W ch ro or po 1200 10 ALL 991 19 ch bro pek 10u0 BL 145 1396 lv do bre pe 1000 Tht 994 17 do pek 1439 27 146 1399 247 do ekoe 2430 12 997 8 eh pek sou BLO 24 150 Dea Ella 1411 34hf-eh bro pek 170 15 Mansfield 1006 33hf-ch bro pek 1920 53 161 1414 24 do k 1450 16 1009 19 ch pek 1805 45 152 1417 30 do pek sou 1350 17 1012 13° «do pek sou 10430 36 153 Kirklees 1520 2shf-ch broorpek 1380 18 Glemock Uribe. ch bro pek 2100 38 154 1423 18 ch or pek 1710 19 Lauderdale 1018 19 ch bro pek 190 40 155 1426 20 do pek 2000 20 Maldenia, 102 = 7. ich br or pek 700 49 186 1429 15 «o k sou 12,5 22 1027 17 do pek 1360 BL 157 Pallagodda 1432 29 ch broorpek 2900 26 Agra Oya 1039 18 ch bro pek 1300 45 158 1435 19 do bro pe 1710 27 142 12 do or pek 1080 41 159 1438 23 de pek 1340 28 Fila Oya 1015 14 ch or pek 1204 38 160 1441 21 do peksou 1785 30 Bandara- 161 Farnham 1444 30 ch bro pek 1800 wella 1051 13 bro pek 1430 44 162 1447 28hf-ch pek 1540 31 1054 15 do ~- koe 1350 2 163 1450 2 do pek sou 1000 32 Iv CW, in est. 10 W’Bedde l47L 12hf-ch broorpek 770 mark 1057 11 ch or pek 1100 46 17L 1174 19 ch pek 1710 33 1060 11 do pekoe 990 38 172 1477 9 do bro pe fan (45 34. G 1063 12 ch pek sou 10200 27 173 1480 19 do dust 1615 42 Maragalla 1087 16 ch or pek 1680 40 Wt.P 1483 14 ch bro pek fan 1530 43 1090 9 do bro or pek 1008 40 175 Errollwood 1486 48 hfch broor pek 2160 44 1093 27 do pekoe 2465 32 176 1489 14 ch pek, 1120 AB 1996 21 do peksou 1680 28 177 E 1492 14 do pek 1120 46 K’Dola 1099 10 ch or pek Wi 38 Isl BDWP 1504 121 hf-ch bro pek 6050 47 1102 6 do broorpec 720 40 192. TK 1537 13 ch 48 1105 16 do pek 1470 82 lhf-ch sou 1155 49 1108 13 do peksou 1040-30 195 Debatgama 1516 5 ch dust 700 57 Longford 1132 20hf-ch ro pek 109 45 199 Dyakula No. 21555 19 ech bro pek 1045 58 1135 15 do or pek 750 40 20 1561 2 do pek 1400 59 1138 24 do pek 1250 36 2° 1364 20 do pek son 1400 60 1141 20 do peksou 1000-82 202 Ella Oya 1567 11 do bro pek 1100 61 1144 20 do sou 10°0 30 203 1570 14 de or pek 1204 62 Hayes 1147 25hf-ch bro pek 1875 46 204 1573 12 do pek sou 108) 63 1150 20 do pek 3000 33 205 Dunbar 1576 18 do -k 1350 64 1153 20 do pes sou wou = Bz 2u6 Tonacombe 1579 16 do or pek 1600 65 1156 20 do sou 1000 30 207 1582 15 do bro pek 1659 66 1159 12 do _ bro or pek 208 1585 25 do pek 2500 fans 720 40 209 1538 61 do pek 6:00 67 Weoya 1162 17 ch bro pek 1530 40 210 1291 10 do = sou 900 68 1165 36 do pekoe 2700 = 29 211 Talgaswela 1584 40 do ro pek 80) 69 1168 12 do pek sou 840». 27 212 1597 20 do pek 1700 73 QD, in estate 213 1600 16 do ek sou 1360 maak 1180 29hf-ch bro orpek 1740 36 214 Marlborough 1603 42hf-ch bro or pek 2268 74 1183 40 do sou 2000 26 215 1606 22 ch or pek 75 1186 13 do dust 7380 = «13 216 Galapotagamal609 23hf-ch bro pek 1150 83 Dunbar 1210 10hbf-ch pek 800 34 21%, 1612 15 do pekoe 750 86 Strathspey 1219 l7hf-ch pek 816 42 218 1615 16 do pek sou 800 87 1222 16 do pek sou 832 35 219 16:8 12 do sou 60U 90 Great Valley, 20 KPW 1621 30 do or pek 1890 Ceylon in est. 221 1624 33 do bro pek 1815 mark 1231 49hf-ch bro pek 2693 48 222 1627 74 do pek 3720 91 2224. 13 ch or pek 1170 36 223 1630 14 do pek sou 700 92 1237 18 do pekoe 1620 34 225 Penrhos 1636 22 do or pek 1056 93 1240 14 do pek sou 1260 31 226 1539 36 do bro pek 2016 94 Glencorse 1243 32 ch bro pek 2880 40 227 ine 39 ch pek 3315 95 1246 19 do broor pek 1900 50 228 10 do pek sou 800 96 1249 28 do pekoe 2240. 31 231 Stamford Hilliess 40 hf-ch ~ tiowery or pk2000 97 1252 18 do fyeksou 1350 28 232 1657 28 ch or pek 2380 101 Ganapalla 1264 21 ch or pek 2016 35 bid 233 1660 24 do pek 2040 102 1267 36 do bro orpek 2456 35 234 _ 1663 22hf-ch dust 1570 103 1270 43 do pek 3612 30 235 Humasgeriya 1666 12 ch dust 1200 104; 1273 35 do pek sou 2890 27 236 G PMin est. 105 1276 8 do bro pek mark 1669 33 hi-ch broorpek 1848 fans 960 27 237 167z 30 do — or pek 1650 106 Aberdeen 1279 32 ch bro pek 2880 38 238 1675 52 do pek 9860 107 1282 29 do pek 2320 3L 239 1678 S38 do pek sou 1976 108 1285 18 do peksou 1260 =. 23 240 Z 1681 20 do fans 1800 110 Anningkan- 241 Torrington 1684 40 ch bro pek 3800 de 1291 10 ch bro pek 1100 46 242 1687 41 do pek 3486 11 1294 12 do pekoe 1200-33 243 1690 19 ds pek sou 1425 113 Weyunga- 244 Queensland 1693 7 do bro pek 7 watte 1300 25hf-ch broorpek 1/00 44 245 1698 10 do or pek 900 114 1303 21 ch or pek 1995 37 246 1699 22 do k 1870 115 1308 24 do pekoe £160 32 247 Hughenden 1702 14 dy bro pek 156) 118 Arapolakande 1315 68 ch bro pek 6120 50 248 , 70515 do pek 1200 119 1318 £3 do pek 4210 33 253 Macaldenia 1720 18hf-ch bro pek 1000 120 1321 10 do pek sou 900 29 254 * 723 do. pek SLO 122 Oxford 1327 33 ch bro or pek 3300 37 255 1726 9 ch 123 1330 41 do or pek 3280 34 j lhi-ch pek sou -950 124 1383. 11 do pekoe i) 31 258 Mentinore 1735 32 do bro Or peK 1766 125 1336 13 do ek sou 975 23 259 1738 10 ch pek 750 126 Beausejour 1339 12 ch ro pek 1080 +36 261 1744 12 do ie or pek fan 816 127 1342 19 do pek 1320 29 263 Passara Group1750 15 do or pek 1500 — 131 VOA 1354 9 ch bro tea 990 14 24 KPW . 1753 30hf-ch bro pek 1650 132 Knavesmire 1357 14 ch or pek 1260 37 , | 265 RC inest. 133 1360 13 do bropek 13800 42 mark 1756 13 ch bro pek fans 884 184 1363 52 do pekoe }) 4160 30 266 Errollwood 1759 9 do bro pek 8lu 135 1366 Shf-ch dust 720 14 267 Amblakande 1762 9 do ro pek 9.0 136 1369 11 ch fans 1155 33 268 i765 15 do pekoe 1200 187 High Forest 1372 53hf-ch broorpek 3074 60 269 1768 12 .do pek sou 960° -- 138 1375 35 do orpek 1715) 52 270 Chesterford 1771 51 do bro pek 5100 139 1378 40 do pekoe 1920. 47 27 : 1i74 37 do pek Lot Box. Pkgs. Name. Ib. 22 ittmeoeen, pek sou 290) 276 Geragama 1789 15 do bro pek 1425 277 1792 16 do pek 1440 278 1795 11 do pek sou 999 279 Ingrogalla 1798 10 do bro pek 1000 230 1801 14 do pek 1190 286 Torwool 1819 32 do bro pek 2816 287 1822 283 do pek 2072 288 1825. 22 do pek sou 3628 302 Polatagama 1867 40 do bro pek 3600 303 1870 40 do or pek 3000 304 1873. 76 do pek 6080 305 1876 70 do pek sou 5250 306 1879. 7 / do dust 1050 307 Clunes 3882 29hf-ch bro orpek 1440 308 1885 46 do or pek 2070 309 1888 32 ch pek 2560 310 189L 10 do pek sou £00 312 Lillawatte 1897 21 do pek sou 1994 313 1900 9 @o bro mix 810 3l4 1903 7 do dust 1050 324 BEB 1923. 23 do dust 1610 326 Columbia 1939 28 do pek 1244 SMALL LOTS. [Thompson and Villiers.] Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. Ib. 1 Radaga, GEA -S 1 8hf-ch_ bro pek 150 2 ZuUSt do! pekoe 150 2 3-43 do pek sou 125 5 St. Leonards on Sea By 2G) Sal fans 360 6 6 3 do bro mix 270 7 7 3 do dust 255 12 R, in estate mark 12 Lhfch dust 90 14 Battalgalla 14 4 ch fans 320 19 Sapitiyagodde 19 4hf-ch dust 260 20 20 4 do bro pek fans — 280 25 O'Kande 25 8 ‘ch dust 680 27 Heneguma 27 2 do bro mix 230 31 Doragalla 3L 4 ch ~~ peksou 320 32 32 3 do pek fans 226 37 Kathri 37, 5 ch pek sou 400 38 38 1 do dust 87 40 Usgieside 40 7 ch dust 595 43 Poengalla 43 6 do ‘dust 480 47 P Ayen 2 Chi Jhf-ch dust 385 49 L 49 1 ch dust 95 (Mr. Ei. John.] Lot. Box. pkgs. Name. Ib. 1 Talakanda 863 1hf-ch bro pek 60 2 866 1 do pekve 50 3 869 1 do pek sou 54 4 872-01) ido dust 42 5 Aldie 875 1 ch pekoe 95 9 Eadella §&87 8 do pek sou 610 15 Little Valley 905 1 do dust 120 17 Nahavilla 91L 5hf-ch bro pek 350 23 Agra Ouvah 929 6 ch pekoe 570 27 Koslande 941 2 do pek sou 200 28 WH 914 “hf-ch pek sou 100 29 947 2 da fans 140 30 950 7 do dust 525 £0 Ampetteyakande 12. 2 ch unas 220 52 K, inest. mark, Haputate 18 6hf-ch orpek 390 53 21 3 ch pekoe 246 54 24 8 do pek sou 600 55 27 «8hf-ch broorpek 456 56 30 12 do bro or pek 684 57 S30) edo dust 90 58 36 1 do bro pek fans 70 62 Horton Plains 48 1 do bro pek No, 2 55 63 ols) 2 do fans 140 64 564 1 do dust 85 63 Claremont 66 4bags red leaf 280 69 Esperanza 69 9Ohbf-ch broorpek 498 71 75 4 do congou 184 72 78 1 do dust 90 73 Hunugalla 8L 1 do bro pek 25 74 84 1 do _ pekoe 35 75 87 3 do sou 150 76 90 8 ch dust 412 77 93 lhf-ch red leaf 40 82 WHG 108 4 ch sou 400 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. (om Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. Ib. c. 20 85 Akkara Totum 117 7 ch bro pek 630 37 a 86 1205 27 ado pekoe 930 29 39 87 123° 6 do pek sou 540 LS 44 88 126 1 do fans 100 13 34 95 Fadella 147. 8 do vek sou 610 26 40 98 K 156 4 do bro mix 300 13 mel 99 V9 Shf-ch fans 4u0 10 29 105 Troup lit = 75) ch sou 500 29 a0 106 180 3 do bro mix 300 21 40 110 Ottery 192 4 do Suu 260 27 35 111 i 195. .2 do dust 3.8 15 38 L2G Ve 193° 6hf-ch dust 510 14 16 113 MV 20L 4 ch pekoe 400-29 34 114 : 204 Shf-ch pek fans 400 15 40 u7 £E 213° 7 ch bro mix 525° 24 29 118 216 5 do pek No. 1 400 30 98 19 219° 5 do fans 500-28 GY/ 25 12 : 18 (Messrs. Somerville & Co] Lot Box. Pkgs. Name. bare 1H 341 6 ch fans 600 22 2 312 3 do sou 255 24 3 443 3hfch dust 255 14 4 344 3 ch bro mix 341 14 1 hf-ch 6 GW 346 7 bf-ch fans 420 24 (OF 7 347 7 do dust 525 15 8 ; 3438 2hf-ch red leaf 160 14 33 9 GA, in estate 26 mark 319 1 ch bro pek 100 34 20 10 350 4 do bro mix 260 18 11 35L 4 do sou 360 22 , 12 352 2 do dust 280 12 20 13 353 3 do red leaf 1-0 14 15 14 EM 354 2 ch bro pek 175 35 15 385 2 do pek 200» -.2s 14 16 356 1 do pek sou 3 25 15 19 Alutkelle 359 12hf-ch bro pek 672 33 4 20 360 8 do pek 400 26 25 21 3€1 9 do sou 405 24 13 22 362 2 do fans 100 16 925 23 363 1 ch dust 71 1L 28 24) | ° 364 4hf-ch red leaf 192 3 19 25 S 365 1 ch red leaf 70 14 27 31 Gingranoya 371 4 ch peksou 400 oF 7 3 373 1Lhf-ch or pek 56 55 13 31 HIS 3-4 8hf-ch bro pek 480 38 ti 35 375 6 do pek 260 31 36 _ 376 8 do pek sou 480 27, 10 37 Anganaketiya 377 5hf-ch bro pek 250 37 12 38 378 4 do pek 200 23 39 379 5 do pek sou 236 24 40 330 1 do fans 54 18 41 Clontarf 381 3 ch dust 360 1 Eos 3 382 & do pek No. 1 425 27 43 Veralupitiya 383 6 ch tans (30 31 @ 44 33£ 2 do pek brofans 252 26 ae 45 335 4 do dust 636 13 3% 46 : 336 1 do bro tea 78 14 30 51 Honiton 391 1 ch dust 155 12 27 58 hahatagalla 398 6 ch bro pek 600 35 13 59 399 5 do pek 450 30 31 60 400 1 do pek sou 90 26 26 64 Hatdowa 4 1 ch dust 160 14 20 65 & 1 do fans 19 22 37 66 : 6 2 do unas 180 27 49 71 Maligatenne 11 3 ch bro pek 335 35 27 72 12 5 do pek 509 (96 2 73 13 5 do pek sou 440 24 28 7 14 7 do bro sou 665 16 i 75 15 1 do dust 102 15 3 76 iP 16 3 ch unas 270 26 Re $0 Nugawella 20 4 ch pek sou 340 26 ee at oe a 3 Bch dust 255 20 ‘ 4 265 ¢ ek fans H a ee 88 RT, in estate penne Secs : mar 28° °5 ch bro mi 25 2 39 93 Hapugasmulle 33 3 ch sou ag 30 SE oF a pelewe ee A han dust 165 14 is es 1 8 ch bro pek fans 25 35 102 Tembiligalla 42 1thf-ch — pek ee ae 630 23 34 103 : 43 do dust 140 17 14 109 Ranasingha- nf i patna Bs 5 ch muse 450 14 ‘ C 50 6 do < fans 26 i 25 n18 Bopaavedés ropek fans 426 25 bid watte 58 1 ch bro pek fans 5 40 126 Dartry A 66 3 ch bro ae a0 10 oe 137 HT, an estate 2 mar 77 2hf-ch bro pek 2 3 us 138 78,2 do pek? 1103s Os 139 79° 6 do pek sou 300 24 140 £0 2hfch dust 240 14 4 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. Diet ON Lot Box. Pkgs. Name lb «4 189 Horagas- (Messrs. Forbes & Walker-.] kelle 1528 9hf-ch bro pek 550 «87 120 1531 8 do Kc 4 30 Lot. Box. Pkts. Name. lb c. sf 1588 12 do NE oil, = 4 - 193 KR, in estate 2°M P 67 4 ch dust 580 14 mark 1540 1 ch unas ~ 310 26 3 970 4 do pek fans 440 194 1543 1hf-ch dust 65 O4 4 4 973 2 do dust No.2 350 10 196° Debatgara 1549 1 ch red leaf 110 -Bs 5 Hurstpier- 197 Kelvin 1552 4 ch bromixed 400 15 point 976 3 ch or pek 24C 37 198 1555 3 do fans 279 6 979 5 do io pek 400 83 24 KPW 1633 3hf-ch dust 20 ©«14 7 982 7 do pek 560 26 299 Penrhos 1648 4 ch unast 34s 28 5 985 3 do pek sou 240 19 220 1651 4hfch dust 308 «16 9 988 2 do bro pek dust 190 26 249 Hughenden 1708 6 ch — pek sou 480 = 13 ALL 1000 teh haps oe 250 IT Binest. nF + AEC’ “(Cs mark 1711 ; 9 14 : 1003 1 do congou 60 19 251 1714 : fo Set +4 ie 21 Maldeniya 1024 7 ch or pek 595-38 252 Macaldenia 1717 5Shf-ch broorpek 325 40 23 1030 7 do peksou 695 27 226 , 1720 4 do’ sou 55 24 1033 2 do sou 170% 957 1788.5 ap* et oe 25 1036 -ch duct 240 15 960 Mentinor 1741 5 es 35 G 1066 4 ch sou 360 © 26 262 © a7 1 i egg “4 - eid 36 1069 2 do bropekf ns 180 28 273 Chesterford 1780 4 ch fans 360 - 30 37 1072 3 do pek dust 39018 274 1783 3 do congou 27007 38 1075 5 do pek 425 27 275 1786 7hf-ch dust 560g 39 1078 3 do pek sou 240-20 281 Ingrogalla 1894 2 ch pek sou 170 = 30 40 Arslena 1081 5 ch dust 650 =: 12 25? 1307 8 do pek fans 200 98 Al 1084 2 do congou 190 26 283 1810 4 do dust 480 18 55 DV 1126 1 ch sou 90 24 Y84 1818 2 do son 160 -% 56 a é 1129 4 do bro mix 36C «13 285 1816 1 do red leaf 9% 15 76 D, in estate 289 Torwood 1828 , mark Vis9 Thf-ch fans 420 25 290 1831 : do pid a cass _ 4 77 Huanuco (1192: 3hf-ch__bro mix 180 14 298 Mayford 1855 Ehf-ch bro pek 257 BS 78 1195 1 do dust 70 #14 299 Wallaha 1858 2 ch bro pek 290 «44 79 Duubar 1198 &hf-ch broor pek 400 55 811 Cluues 1894 #hf-ch dust 540.18 80 120113 do or pek 585 ~ 42 325 BF B 1936 5 ch unast 450 22 81 1204 7 ue me pek 385 42 327 HS Flnest. * 82 1207 5 do pek No.1 21085 mark 1942 c , 84 1218 2 do pek son 160 28 93° 1945 “hen ae = 120 ry $5 1216 1 do ro mix 80 24 29 1848 1 do dust 58 12 88 Belgravia 1225, ch bro pek 105 40 bid = 89 1228 1lhf-ch dust 8 17 —— ——— 98 Glencorse 1255 2 ch ek fans 240 «25 CEYLON COFFEE SA; as aie 99 é 1258 1 do ro tea 110 32 SALES ‘ NX AY 160 1261 1 do dust 160 12 1 SA IN LONDON, 109 Aberdeen 1288 6 ch bropekfans 600 25 - 112 Be emieons a ae (From our Commercial Correspondent. ) de 1297 1 ch red lea 100 14 Taian, ez a 116- Weyuhga- ; MincinG LANE July 15. watte 1309 3 ch yeksou 300 = 27 “Menelaus”—Niabedda, F, 1 cask 119s; 2c 1b 118s; ditto 2, 117 1312 2hf-ch fans 160 14 4c 108s; ditto PB, 1t 116s; ditto NBT in estate mark, |b 121 Arapolakan- outkr. 100s. Gowerakellie, F,1t 110s; ditto 1, 2¢ Ib 1078; de 1324 4 ch dust 440 15 ditto 2, 4c 1b 104s; ditto 3, 1t 72s; ditto PB 112s. 128 Beausejour 1345 3 ch peksou 255 26 “Clan Sutherland”—Craig, OO, London, 1b 114s; ditto O, 129 1348 1 do fans 110 23 ditto, 4c 108s 6d; ditto 1, ditto, 2¢ 99s ditto 2 ditto, 1b 130 1365L 1 do dust 150 11 68s; ditto P, dito, 1b i00s; ditto T, ditto, 2b26s. Craig, O, 143. Maha Uva 13890 6 ch pek sou 540 24 London, 1b s. d. 51s; ditto T, ditto, 1 s.d. 16s: ditto 1 147 YTammeria 1402 7 ch pek sou 630 33 sweep 35s. 146 DM 1405 5 ch unas 600 22 “‘Menelaus” - Movsagalle, A, 2 tierces 15s 6d; ditto B, 149 1408 2 «do dust 200 13 6c 109s; ditto C, 1t 74s; ditto PB, 1t 107s; ditto T, le 39s; 164 Farnham 1453 Ghf-ch fans 450 33 WT, 1b 21s. GA Onvah, O, 1c 110s; ditto 1, Ib 107s Gd; 165 146 1 do dust 75 16 ditte 2, 4¢ 105s; ditto 3, 60s, ditte PB, 1 105s. 166 1459 1 do b-o tea 65 26 167 Nella Oollu 1462 1 ch congou 100 i7 = — 168 1465 2 do a ' 300 15 : < 169 1468 1 do red lea: §5 14 r W)S , P T + + 109 i ag Re ngs CEYLON COCOA SALES IN LONDON. 179 1498 2 do red leaf 180 13 San SSS 180 1A0L 1. do bro mixed 100 13 “Lancashire”—Hylton, OO mark, 27b 72s 6d; J1 sea dam. 182 BDWP 1507 Shf-ch, dust 6&0 14 69s 6d; ditto O, 6 sea dam. 67s. 188 BDNDWG 1510 5hf-ch dust a5 Bb “Menelaus’—Glen Ipin, A, 21b 72s; ditto B, 11b 64s. 184 W&WK 15:3 1 ch pek 100 = 31 Elmshurst, A, 13b 72s; ditto B, 5b 62s gs SE 1516 5hf-ch bro pek 275 36 “Duke of Devonshire,”—Alleowiharie, A, 14b 72s. 186 1519 6 do pek 300 29 “‘Craftsman”—T, 1b 62s. Kumaradola, A, 32b 72s 6d; 187 1522,.2' do bro pek fans 110 21 ditto T, 1b 62s. Tes Tb 4B do pek fans 159 25 ““Menelaus’—AM in es'ate mark, 30b 72s. 2S Oe OBSERVER PRINTING WORKS. TEA, COFFEE, CINCHONA, COCOA, AND CARDAMOM SALES. NO. 31 Pricr:—124 cents each 3 copies “1TG i Cotompo, Aucusr 15, 1898. | 30 cents; 6 copies 4 rupee. COLOMBO SALES OF THEA. Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. Ib. cs - ‘ 1 neh per sou 1905 30 SF 126 Murraythwaite 600 14 ch ro pek 1330-50 LARGE LOTS. 197 603 13 do pekoe 105-32 J 128 606 9 do pek sou 720 22 ani 131 KG 615 25 do (Thompson and Villiers. lLhf-ch pek sou 2190 27 bid. ‘Lot. Box. 2 Dooneva'e 4 20 Chetnole 23 Doragalla 27 Agarsland 31 Lynsted 34 Engurakande 42 MM 43 M iK 47 CSS, inestat mark : 53 S K, in estate mark 54 Orpington 3 4 20 33 34 35 42 43 46 86,342 Ib ] Pkgs. Name. 28 ch bro pek 36 do pek 33 hf-ch bro pek 19 ch ek 21 ch ‘o pek 22 do pek 16 do pek sou 20 hf ch bro or pek 60 ch bro pek 40 do ek 4 do pek sou 33 hf-ch bro or pek 46 do bro pek 60 do pek 18 ch bro pek 20 do pek W7hf-ch = du-t 31 ch or pek 29 do or pek 12 do pek fans 17 ch bro or pek 13. do or pek 23 do pekoe 12 do pek sou 25hf-ch pek dust 29hfch bro pek 20 do pek 9 ch pek sou 36 hf-ch. bro pek fans 18 do dust e 28hf-ch dust lb. 257) 2880 1980 1900 2310 1930 1440 1200 3300 2000 2400 1930 2300 2700 1800 1800 1445 2635 2165 1380 1190 806 1960 840 2125 1450 1640 900 2620 1626 2380 (Mr. E. John. — 136,711 tb.] Let. Box. 11 Kotuagedera 15 NB 20 Kanangama 25 Wavemolle 27 Agra Ouvah 30 Glasgow 33° Rondura 39 Agra Ouvah 41 Poilakanda 47 Yakka 49 Maskeliya 57 Marguerita 60 Galella 65 Shawlands 70 Lameliere 86 Glentilt TU 99 ZX, in est. mark, LP 113 Warriapolla 122 Cosguhawella 12 TYM Pkgs. Name. 255 18 ch bro pek 258 11 do pekoe 267 7 do sou 282 12 do pek sou 297 25hf-ch bro or pek 300 50 do pekoe 303 50 do bro or pek 306 22 do or pek 312 45 ch broor pek 315 17hf-ch or pek 318 15 ch pekoe 321 9 do _ broor pek 324 34 do bro pek 327 20 do pekoe 330 12 do pek sou 339 16 hf-ch k fans 345 27 do ro pek 348 %6 ch pekoe 363 13 do ek sou 369 12 do ro or pek 372 90 do orpek 375 10 do pekoe 384 8hf-ch dust 393 22 do _ bro or pek 396 29 do pekoe 399 36 do peksou 402 20 ch bro pek 405 15 do pekoe 408 8 do pek sou 417 35 do bro pek 420 45 do pekoe 423 27 do pek son 432 47 hf-ch_ bro or pek 480 40 ch bro pek 483 17 do pekoe 486 16 do red leaf 519 10 do pek dust 628 7 do k sou 661 12 hf-ch ro pek 588 11 do bro or pek 69L 7 ch pekoe 594 16 do 55 hf-ch pek sou 597 25 ch Ib. {[Mlessrs. Somerville & Co.—163,851.] Lot. Box. 1 Glanrhos 81 2 82 4 Galdola St 5 €5 16 Bavenseraig 96 17 97 18 98 21 Ferriby 101 22 162 23 103 28 Rangvilla 108 29 109 81 Charlie Hill 111 32 112 33 113 42 Pendleton 122 44 Oakley 124 45 125 49 MPK 129 50 130 52 Yarrow 132 53 133 564 Wevatenne 134 55 135 56 136 57 Killin, in es- tate mark 137 58 138 59 139 65 Suriawatte 145 66 146 67 147 69 149 70 LMB 150 71 151 72 152 77. Mont Blane’ 157 79 Carney 159 80 160 90 Ritigalla 170 91 M’lenne 171 104 Tiddydale 184 105 185 106 Ingeriya 186 107 187 108 188 109 19 115 KG 195 116 GR 196 121 G’Watte 204 134 RC TF, in es- tate mark 214 135 215 136 216 140 ML 220 142 Atherton 222 145 Neboda 225 146 226 147 227 148 New Valley 228 149 229 15) 230 51 231 152 NIT 233 166 Dikmukalana 236 157 237 158 238 159 239 160 240 (Messrs. Forbes Lot Box, 1 OBEGC, in est. mark Sinnapittia 1951 pkgs. Name. Ib. 8 ch dust 1200 12 do sou 1140 7 ch bro pek 700 10 do pek 13€0 1 ht-ch 19hf-ch kro pek 1045 11 ch or pek 990 16 do pek 15206 40 hf-ch bro pek 1800 30 ch pek 2550 15 do pek sou 1125 24hf-ch pek 1217 29 do pex sou 1014 17 hf-ch bro pek 850 19 do pek 950 23 do pek sou 1150 26 hi-ch pek sou 1309 26 ch bro pek 2600 17 do pek 3700 17 ch pek sou 1445 9hf-ch dust 765 46 hfech bro pek 2576 7L do nek 3550 9 ch bro pek 810 18 do pek 1435 24 do pek sou 2040 24hf-ch bro pek 1700 ll ch k 935 13 do pek sou 1040 47 ch bro or pek 4700 22 do pek 2200 12hf-ch bro pek fans 810 10 do dust 700 37 hf-ch bro pek 1850 20 ch pek 1800 14 do sou 1064 31 bf-ch broorpek 2170 42 do pek 1890 32 do pek sou 1600 23 ch bro pek 2660 12 ch bro tea 900 8 do pek 720 8 do pek sou 720 38hf-ch tro pek 1824 40 do pek 1840 33 do pek sou 1518 15 do pek fans 900 15 ch pek fans 1275 1hf-ch dust 800 29 hf-ch fans 2175 30 ch bro pek 3000 21 do pek 1890 18 do pek sou 1440 25hf-ch pek dust 1875 1+ hf-ch pek 700 10 ch bro or pek 1106 47 do bro pek 4700 40 do pek 4000 2l ch bro or pek 210 17 do or pek 1700 19 do pek 19°0 15 do pek sou 1350 7 ch unas 709 34 hf-ch or pek 1700 20 do pek 1000 61 do pek sou 2295 38 do or pek fans 2090 21 do pek fans 1050 & Walker.— 317.475 Ib.) Pkgs. Name Ib. 26 ch sou 1064 c. 14 29 36 30 16 bid 93 42 bid 34 bid 30 40 35 26 a - ‘3 “ 2 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. Lot. Box. Pkge, Name. es Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. Ib. ¢. 8 LGF, inest. 177 Dunedin 229 23hf-ch broorpek 1265 65% mark 1957 8 ch sou 808 26 178 232 45 do or pek. No 1 750 49 4 1960 19 do dust 1520 15 179 235 16 do or pek 800 rt] 5 WNaseby 1963 28hf-ch bro pek 1640 64 bid | 180 28 27 ch pek 225 88 6 1965 25 do pek 1375 57 bid | 181 241 39 do pek sou 2400 30 of 1909 26 do pek sou 1252 42 bid | 184 Kirrimettia 750 15 ch bro mix 1500 27 8 Grange 187 Ingurugalla 259 8 ch bro tea 960 15 Garden 1972 82 ch or pek 3520 44 18 262. 8 do red leaf 720 15 9 1975 23 do p-koe 2810 03 ' 191 Labookelle 271 12 ch pek 1092 42 13 Halloowella 1957 6 ch dust 840 12 | 196 Castlereagh 286 11 ch bro pek 1100 57 17 warrington 1999 21 ch or pek 2110 55 | 197 259 12 do or pek 1020 46 18 2002 16 do pek 16L0 40 | 19° 202 16 do ek 1280 36 21 St. Edwards 2011 14hf-ch broorpe’ 840 48 2(4 Penrhes 310 Ishfch bro pek 1008 57 41 Gallawatte 9011 16 ch bro pek 152 46 _ 208 313 46 ch pek 1360 36 2 2044 23 do pek 1955 84 208 Parsoles 822 24 do bro pek 2400 46 ss ©6Ascot 2047 28 «och or pek 2520 40 209 825 19 do pekoe 1900 37 84 20°) 12 lo bro pek 1200 43 ZL 328 7 do pek sou 700 34 35 2053 32 do pek 2560 32 2165 KP W 343 27 hf-ch or pek 1620 = 60 36 2us6 9 do pek sou 810 28 | 216 346 21 do bro pek 1165 40 37 2059 +9 do pek fans 1080 30 217 349 64 do ek 3200 38 38 Farmham 2062 383 hf-ch bro pek 1980 53 v4L FAW 36L 11 hf-ch ro pek 715 43 39 2065 28 do pekoe 1540 38 | 223 367 9 ch pek sou 765 29 40 2068 20 do ek sou 1000 33 | 226 Bandarawella 376 13. do bro pek 1430 44 43 Errollwood 207/ 23 hf-ch ro or pek 1150 45 232 Ella Oya 394 13 do or pek 1186 87 bid 44 2080 12 ch pek 960 35 234 Theberton 40 7 ch bro pek 700 37 45 2083 8 do pek sou 720 31 235 403 13 do or pek 1170 41 4G Sunnycroft 2086 7 ch pek sou 700 29 | 226 406 17 do pek 1530 33 50 Maragalla 2093. 9 ch or pek DAE 45 { 238 412 8 do bro mixed £00 22 52 f 2104 20 do pek 1900 = 34 | 239 Waratenne 415 14 do bro pek 1260 41 53 2107 27 do. pek sou 2295 = 82 | 240 418 16 do pek 1360 31 55 New Peacock 2113 11hf-ch peksou 880 3 241 Anningkande 421 9 do bro pek 990 45 60 Kockside 2128 Ohf-ch dust 720 18 244 Yorrington 430 22 do bro pek 2900 42 66 Holton 2146 14 ch bro pek 133 46 245 433 v6 do ek 2132 34 72 Massenw 2164 83hf-ch bro pek 1650 50 246 36 41 hf-ch bro pek fans 2665 48 73 2167 20 do pek 1000 32 247 439 23 do dust 2070 17 15 8S 4173. = 8—ch fans 10v0 2 248 TorringtonP T442 27 ch bro pek B35 32 76 2176 20hf-ch dust 1800 = 16 249 Marlborough 445 21 do or pek 1995 44 bid 78 Hayes 2182 20hf-ch bropek 1100 45 250 Carfax 448 27 do or pek 2700 40 79 2185 20 do pek 10u0— 388 251 Arapolakande 45L 72 do bro pek 6i80— Al 80 2188 19 do pek sou 900-34 252 454 54 do pekoe 4320 35 81 2191 20 do pek sou 253 457 9 do peksou 810 = 82 No. 2 1600 §=38 255 Clunes 463 44bf-ch or pek 1980 42 bid 82 High Forest 2191 34hf-ch broor pek 1972 72 263 Wehiowita 487 14 ch congou 1120 25 83 2197 27, do or pek 1323 57 264 Dunbar 490 18 do pek 1344 34 84 2200 27 do pek 1269 62 271 Doranakande 511 18 ch bro pek 130004 85 High Forest 2203 20hf-ch pex sou 1410 46 272 514 9 do pek 819 31 86 2206 14 do pek dust = 1176 30 282 Hornsey 544 24 do or pek 2400 52 87 Ruanwella 2209 12 ch or pek 1080 43 283 5i7 40 do bro or pek 800 65 88 2212 16 do bro pek 160041 284 550 18 do ek 1800 41 89 2215 23 do pekoe 2070 33 285 Erracht 553 v0 do bro pek 1800 45 90 2218 10 do ek sou 900 29 286 556 23 do pek 1810 35 92 Knayvesmire 2224 18 ch bro pek 1800 44 287 559 14 do pe sou 1120 29 93 2227 38 do pekoe 3230 = 32 288 562 12 do ro pek fansl1200 85 94 2230 28 do _ pek sou 2100 29 * 289 565 1L do ye fans 880 30 95 Ookoowatte 290 Amblakande 468 7 do ro pek 700 8645 Nol 9233 12hf-ch pekfans 840 28 291 671 14 do pek T1083 98 Deaculla 2242 41 ch bro pek 2250. 54 99 2245 47 do pek 3290 39 100 2248 15 do pek sou 1050 25 105 Middleton 13 19hf-ch bro orpek 1045 78 106 16 11 ch or pek 1100-58 SMALL LOTS. 107 19 .8 de pakop rah or 12 do ek sou 102 4 “oe 108 2 attest. we B : ~ as [Thompson and Villiers.] mark 49 9c pekoe 90 e- 123 T’Villa 67 23 ch pekoe 1840 32 Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. a. 125 73 10 do sou . 800 2 5 Doone Vale 5 6 ch _ pek sou 510-28 129 A 85 9hf-ch bro pek 2 6 6 2 do fans ‘ 220 90 dust 7200 «14 y 7 3 do dust : 450 13° 132 Ambragalla 94 71hf-ch or pek . 3550 41 8 R, inestate : 133 97 36 do pekoe 2952 36 mark 8 3hf-ch unas 114° “35 134 100 44 do peksou 3390: 32 | 9 9) ido dust "92> 44 135 103 82 do bro or pek 4674 44 22 Chetnole 22 5 ch peksou 47528 139 Talgaswella 115 32 ch bro pek 2880 40 26 M 26 5 bag bro mixed 400 s 140 118 11 do do No.21210 35 36 Engurukande 36 8 ch peéksou 640g 14t 121 10 do pek 85033 37 37 1 do pek fans ~° 75 19° M42 pe i 1D ae pek sou SouE 80 338 38.4: do dust 360 15 144 ehigoda 3.¢ E WwW $9.7 ch ek sou 630. -25. =| 6hf-ch dust 900 1sbia |} 82 7 Wee. Acae 25 te 146 Battawatte 136 24 ch bropek 2640 48 | a AeA 41° Sich. pee fank 360 15 147 139 28 do pek 25200 3a 51. C-S S, in estate mA 148 ‘142 11 do pek sou 920 33 mark 51 4 ch _ bro pekfans 320 27 149 Elmwood 145 31hfch broor pek 1674 38 52 5° ado “dual oe 280 15 150 Goschen 148 47hf-ch bropek 2585 48 . |- 69 Ahamad 60 Qhf-ch bro pek 450. 35 152 154 14 do pekoe 700 34 61 61 8 do pek 400 28 153 Patiagama 157 10 ch broorpek 1000 56 62 62 7 do pek sou 350 26 155 ' 163 17 do pek 142538 63 63 1 do fans 70 14. 158 Roeberry 172 8 ch bro pek 840 53 159 1/5 41 do or pek 3854 50 160 178 31 ae BE r a ee i 161 181 32 do pekscu b an He a 162 Clyde 184 21 o De pek aie as : Ee fon] 187 43 do pe 2 — ae 190 {3 do peksou 1170-29 Lot. Box. pkgs. Name. Ibs 4255 ged 167 Sunnycroft 199 8 ch _ pek sou 800 29 1 Goravy 225 6&hf-ch fans De ie ripen 171 Beechwood 211 31hf-ch broorpek 1670 36 bid 2 228 5 do dust 425 16 “ 173 Scrubs 217 14 ch broorpek 1140 60 bid 3 231 4 ch congou 320 29+ 174 220 19 do bro pek 1900 48 bid 4 Maha Eliya 234 4 do CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. Lot. 5 91 F T. in est. mark 495 92 D X, inest. mark 493 93 Meeriatenne Kotuagedera WH Kanangama Agra Ouvah Rondura Agra Ouvah Poilakanda Yakka Maskeliya KP Shawlands D, in est. mark 440 Villa Box. Pkgs. Name. Ib. 1 hf-ch 237 5 do 210 9 do 243 7 ch 245 2 do 249 1hf-ch 953° 1 do 261. 6 ch 264 3 do 270 6 do 3 the CO 276 «45) do 279 8 do 285 4 do 2:8 4 do 291 7 hf-ch 294 2 do 309 6 ch 373 3 do 336 6 do 342 2hf-ch 351 8 ch 354 5 hf-ch 357 °3)/ch 360 7 do 366 5 do 378 6 do B8L 11 hf-ch 411 do 4\4 do 426 ch 429 do do 428 do 441 444 do We Te We NWN M OW Oe = ° 501 do 504 do 507 do 510 do 513. Lhf-ch 98 A B,inest.mark 516 2 ch 100 101 103 109 116 Suduganga > Warriapolla 522° 2° uo 525 6 do 53L 2 do 49 6ht-ch 5 552 5 do 555 2 ch 1 hf-ch 558 1 do 564 12 do 567. 5 ch 570-1 hf-ch 129 Murraythwaite 609 6 do 130 lz 612. 1 do sou or pek bro or pek pekoe pek sou pek fans dust pek sou bro pek fans dust 4ans bro pek pekoe bro fans pek fans dust congou pekoe dust pek sou dust pek sou fans bro pek pekve dust pek sou fans dust fans fans aust bro pek pekoe pek sou bro mix pek dust pek dust bro pek pekoe pek sou red leaf dust ° pek dust bre pek pekoe sou bro pek pekoe pek sou dust pekoe pek sou dust fans dust [Messrs. Somerville & Co.] b. Lot. Longan Galdola Paradise P, in estate mark Ravenscraig SCR Ferriby Rangvilla Charlie Hill Hooluganga Pendleton Oakley Box. Pkgs. Name. Someomch pek 86 2 ch ek sou S7ue2 ao bro tea 1 bf-ch 88 1 ch dust 1 hf-ch 89 2 do fans 90 5 ch pek Lhf-ch 91 5 ch pek sou 92 4% do fans 93 2hf-ch dust 94 5 ch unas 95 2 do bro mix 99 3hf-ch dust 100 4 ch bro mix 104 1 ch sou 105 6hf-ch fans 106 4 do dust 107 Ghf-ch bro or pek 10 4 do bro mix 114 Shf-ch bro pek fans 15 2 do red leaf 116 1 do unas 117: 6 ch bro pek 8 4 do ek 119 2 do pek sou 120 Lhf-ch dust 121 12hf-ch bro pek 23 2 do fans 126 6 ch pek sou 127k dust 123 1 do red leaf 450 275 540 650 188 70 85 570 375 600 450 475 680 400 340 560 150 570 360 500 190 230 bid bid Name. bro mix bro mix dust bro pek pek pek sou bro tea bro pek bro pek fans sou dust bro pek pek pek sou bro tea dust bro pek pek pek sou fans co pek dust bro tea bro mix dust fans bro pek pek pek sou pek sou dust bro pek bro pek pek pek sou (Messrs. Forbes & Walker.] Box. Pkts. Name. Loi. Box Pkgs. 51 MPK 1Stsnch 1 hf-ch 60 K, in estate mark 140 3 ch 61 141 2hfch 6 GMS 142 5 hf-ch 1tox 63 143 2hf-ch 1 box G4 144 1hf-ch €8 Suriawatte 148 6 ch 73 Carney 153 11 hi-ch 81 161 9 do 82 162 6 do 83 163 3 do 85 CF, in estate mark 165.40ech 86 166 3 do $7 167 i do 88 163 1 do 89 169 3 do 99 California 179 6hfch 10) 180 7 ch 11 1s1 4 do 102 182 2 do 103 Tiddydale 183) 6..ch 110 Inveriya 190 3 hf-ch 111 GT ADS sth ech 112 Dedugalla 192 3 ch 113 193 3 hf-ch 114 194. 7 do 130 U XZ 210 1hf ch 13L PHO MBH Coho) 152 212 3 do 1370, 212 1 do 137 RCET felch 133 Radaga 218 2 hf-ch 1389 219 5 do 141 Atherton 221 7 hf-ch 143 223. 4 do 141 224 1 do 163 HD 233 6 ch 154 934 3 do 155 235 7 do Lot. 2 G 1954 3 ch 10 Grange garden 1978 4 ch 11 1981 4hf-ch 12 Halloowella 1984 5 ch 14 1990 4 ch 15 1993 2 do 16 Harrington 1996 7 hf-ch 19 2005 2 do 20 2008 2 ch 24 St. Edwards 2014 7 hf-ch 23 2017 8 do 24 2020 6 do 41 Farnham 2071 7 hf-ch 42 2074 1 do 47 Sunnycroft 2089 4 ch 48 2092 3 do 49 East Holy- rooc 2095 1 ch 51 Maragalla 2101 6 ch 54 2110 4 do 56 New Peacock 2116 3 hf-ch 57 2119 9 do 58 Rockside 2122 7hf-ch 59 PAY ey Ga) 61 2131 6 do 67 Holton 2149 8 ch 68 2152 4 do 69. 2155 1 do 70 H 2158 3hf-ch 71 21¢c1 2 do 74 Massena 2170 13 hf-ch UG Asay) 2179 6 ch 91 Ruanwella 2221 5 ch 96 Ookoowatte, No. 1 2236 2hf-ch 97 2239 2 ch 109 Middleton 25 7 hf-ch 116 SS J, inestate mark 46 11 hf-ch 118 52 3 ch 119 65 3Shf-ch 120 68 2 ch 121 T’Villa 6L 6 ch 122 64 6 do 124 70 4 do unas pek sou dust sou fans red leaf bro or pek pek sou pek sou bro or pek dust congou dust bro or pek bro or pek or pek fans bro mix pek fans sou bro mixed bro pek fan pek pek sou bro mix dust dust pek sou bro mix dust dust sou dust bro pek pek sou pek fan ek dust ro pek bro or pek pek sou 4 CEYLQN PRODUCE SALES LIST. Lot Box. Pkgs. Name ib; «¢ 260 478 6 hf-ch pek sou 3008 261 481 2 do congeu 100 24 126 A 76 5hf-ch bro pek 275 = B4 262 New Peacock 484 4 do pek fans 300 «sig 127 "9 2 do pek sou 180 25 273 Doranakande 417 6 ch ‘pek sou 640 28 128 82 7 do bro pekfans 397 29 274 520 3 do dust 372 17 130 88 3 do pek fans 177,—s «16 275 - 623 6 do bropekfans 600 2 131 91 1.do_ red leaf 45° 13 292 Amblakande 574 5 do pek sou 40080 136 Ambragalla 106 5hf-ch dust 450 16 137 109 6 do bropekf ns 420 28 —— 138 2) 0 ch Pe eaf 100 13 ae 143 Talgaswella 127 5 ch dust 630 7 7 " ‘ Tal +r y 145 W K, in catate CEYLON COCOA SALES IN LONDON. mark 133 1 ne es pene : a8 Ls 4m - 504 151 Goschen 151 J1 hf-ch ro or pe 5 yay , rae : ded aw atineams 160 4 ch of pel 360 $5 (Irom our Commercial Covi espondent. ) 166 16 to) eK 5 ‘ G cal a 157 169 1 do bro an pek 5 MINCING LANE July 22. ans 34 “Bulli -nist”—G in estate mark, 92 bags 7 165 Clyde 193 3 ch dust 420 B “Clan Drummond” —- KKM in cotafet tin 50 bags 72s 166 196 8 do fans 4 pal STKK, Meenatchie in estate mark, 164 bags 736; MAKM aes Sunnycroft 208 4 en te oe 3 in estate mark 14 bags 72s; 2ib 74s: MAK, 10b 62s." 5 2 °o 0 ‘ 2 “a Seu? _ id 2 ’ ue Ee ae dust ne 4 Clan Ogilvy” - MAK Min estate mark, 20 bags 70s 6d. 172 W W 214 3 ch bro pekoe 297 34 175 Scrubs 223 8 ch pek 640 40 — 176 26 8 oe ek sou 680 a4 182 Peacock Hill 244 1 hf-c ro mix 45 TV , f "ey 183 247 4 ch pek fans 80012 CEYLON CARDAMOM SALES IN 185 Kirrimettia 253 7 ¢ unas 630) 7 r r 186 Condegalla 256 4hf-ch bro pekfans 364 18 LONDON. 189 Labookelle 265 4 ch bro or pek 480 45 190 268 6 do orpek 600 42 “Clan Robertson”—Mysore K OO in estate mark, 100 192 274 6hf-ch bro pek 2s 3d; 2c 38s; Mysore KA in estate mark 2c 288d. Tona- fans 546 20 combe, 2, le 2s 10d. 192a 273a 6 do 54610 ““Menelaus”—Galaha, EX, le 38s 2d; Ge 28 10d; 4¢ 2s 193 L, in Estate 10d; ditto 4, 2c 2s 8d; 2c 2s 11d; ditto B, 4c 2s 5d; 2c 2s 6d: mark 77 3 ch brotea 231 22 ditto C, 4¢2s; le 2s 2d; ditto D, | seeds 2s 10d, Altwood. 194 SSS 230 1 ch red leaf 94 18 3c 2s 9d; le 28 6d; le 25 3d. Girinde Ella, le 2s 9d; 9¢ 28 195 283 2 do bro tea 186 9-27 6d; le 2s 3d; Ie Is 11d. "i Gat 199 Castlereagh 295 5 ch pek sou 400 33 “Clan Sutherland”’—AL 3, 2¢ 2s 2d. 200 298 4hf-ch fans 280 33 “Cheshire”—Nichola Oya, | case 2s 11d. 201 301 2 do dust 160 16 “Priam’—Warriagalla, 2c %s 2d. 202 Y 304 8 ch bro tea 300 23 “Statesman”—Elkadua, B&C, 2c 2s 1d. 203 Penrhos 307 14hf-ch or pek 672 = 56 “Lancashire’—OBEC, Naranghena, le 2s 2d. 206 816 3 ch _ pek sou 240 = 31 “Orotava”—Cottaganga, 2c Is Lid. 207 319 2hf-ch dust 170 =—s:'16 “Clan Chisholm’ —Katooloya, EX, 2c 3s 2d; ditto AA, 2c 1 KT 33110 do bro pek fans 680 28 2s 11d; ditto A, 4c 2s 9d; le 2s 9d; ditto B, 6c 28 6d: 2¢ PB KE 352 8hf-ch pek sou 400 29 2s 5d; ditto C, lle 1s 11d; ditt» D, 1 seed 2s 10d. Gallan- 219 355 1 do ust 80 14 tenne, AA, 2c 3s 9d; ditto A, 7c 3s 4d; ditto B, 7e 28 11d: 222 FAW 364 7 ch — pekoe 665 «387 ditto C, 3c % 9d; ditto D, 4c 2s 4d; 5¢ 2s 5d. 4 224 370 3 do sou 270-28 “‘Menelaus”—OBEC, Naranhena, AAA, 4e 2s 8d; ditto 225 873 2hf-ch fans 130 27 AA, 2c 2s 4d; 2c 2s 5d; 2c 285d; 2c 28 5d; le 2s 4d: ditto 237 Theberton 409 6 ch _ fans 500 86.29 A, 2c 2s 2d; ditto B, 12c 1s 10d; ditt» KE, 1 seed 2s 8d 2422 BW 424 lbox pek 2730 OBEC, Dangkande, 2c 2s 6d; 2c 2s 2d. Duckwari, Al, 2¢ 243 C 427 1 ch 3s 10d; ditto B 1, 7c 384d; ditto C 1, 9¢3s id; ditto Di, 2c lhf-ch pek 117-26 2s 6d; Ic 2s 5d; ditto seeds, 5c 2s 10d. j 254 Arapolakande 460 4 do ust 440 14 “Glaucus”—Vicarton, A, le 3s; ditto B, 2c 2s 8d; ditto C 256 P CH, Galle, le 2s 4d; L in estate mark, Kobo, Mysore O, ic Ip 3: inest. mark 466 7 do bro rek 885 41 ditto 1, 7¢ 2891; ditto 2, 3c 2s 4d; ditto 2, le 2s 2%: L in 257 469 1 do bro pek No. 2 68 34 estate mark, Kebo, Mysore, 3, Ic 2s 3d ditto S, 2¢ 9s: 2% 258 472 7 do pek 350 32 Is lid. - 4 259 475 3 do pek No.2 150 29 “Clan Robertson”—Malabar, HCA, 4c 2s 7d. OBSERVER PRINTING WORKS. TEA, COFFEE, CINCHONA, COCOA, AND CARDAMOM SALES, CoLomsBo, NO. 32 COLOMBO SALES OF TEA. LARGE LOTS. [Thompson and Villiers. 89,975 |b] ‘Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. c. 4 Harrow 4 18hf-ch bropek 1080 55 5 5 20 ch pek 2000 40 7 Vogan 7 44 do bropek 4400 51 8 8 45 do pek 4050 37 9 9 33 do pek sou 2805 1 13 Rambuk 13 30hf-ch bro pek 1650 37 bid 14 14 20 do pek 900 32 20 Aucusta 20 8 ch dust 1200 15 23° Ganiwella 23 15 ch pek sou 1350 withd’n- 25 Glassaugh 25 15hf-ch pek 750 43 bid 29 Balgowxie 29 11 ch bro pek 935 36 30 30 9 do 1hfch pek 765 30 31 8L. 11 ch pek sou 880 28 34 Battalgalla 34 10 ch peksou 100033 36 Hornsey 36 10 ch pek sou 1000 38 40 O’ Kande 40 10 ch unas 1000 3 51 Doragalla 51 23 ch bro pek 2830 = 48 bid 52 52 17 do pek 1615 35 53 53 19 do pek sou 1520 30 56 Cotswold 56 8 ch or pek 760 40 58 Myraganga 58 33 ch bro pek 3135 44 bid 59 59 20 do broorpek 2100 44 60 60 33 do pek 2805 36 61 61 15 do pek sou 1125 33 63 8 63 13hf-ch dust 1105 10 64 Orpington 64 29hf-ch bro pek 1450 37 65 65 38 do bro pek ans 2620 OM 66 L 66 28hf-ch dust 2380 9 70 MC 109.9 ech bro orpek 1215 36 74 ME 74 12hf-ch pek dust 1020 9 78 LF 78 17 do ust 1445 9 79 Cooroondo- watte 79 23hf-ch bro pek 1150 46 bid “80 8C 33 do pek 1650 33 (Messrs. Somerville & Co.—171,816.] Lot. Box. pkgs. Name. Ib. c. 1 Woodthorpe 241 10 ch bropek 950 46 2 242 12 do pek 960 45 3 243 12 do ek sou 900 30 7 Blinkbonnie 247 25hf-ch bro pek 1375 53 8 248 28 do pek 1260 42, 9 249 19 do pek sou 855 36 11 Ukuwela 251 36 ch tro pek 3600 35 12 252 22 do pek 2200 32 13 253 8 do pek sou 800 28 15 Kumaragalla 255 18hf-ch bro pek 1080 40 16 256 14 ch pek 1260 32 17 257 9 do pek sou 720 29 20 Narangoda 260 28 do bro pek 2800 43 21 26' 10 do bro pek B- 1000 38 22 262 29 do pek 2755 34 23 263 24 do pex sou 2169 30 27 Kotigala 267 9 ch bro pek 1020 35 30 UK 270 26 ch bro pek 2600 35 31 271 14 ch pek 1400 32 32 2 Ido pek sou 700 28 34 Galphele 274 2Shf-ch bro pek 1540 45 35 275 32 do pek 1440 30 36 276 20 do pek sou 900 31 89 Warakamure 279 19 ch pek 1805 31 40 230 12 do sou 1080 98 43 Ravenoya 283 20 ngsch pek 887 33 E 1 box 48 Bidbury 288 10 ch bro pek 1000 = 49 52 Marigold 292 37hf-ch bro pek 2072 47 53 293 20 do pek 1080 36 54 294 18 do pek sou 936 35 56 296 14 do bro pek fans 952, 33 57 Jak TreeHill 297 37hf-ch bro pek 2035 37 58 298 29 do pek 1000 30 61 Dikmwnukalana 301 22 hf-ch broor pek fans1210 34 62 302 18 do pek sou 810 28 78 Surrey 310 49hf-ch bro pek 2303 = 35 bid 7. Ellatenne 311 35hf-ch bro pek 750 withd’n 72 312 15 ‘ch pek 1500 33 74 Mousa Eliya 314 14 ch bro pek 1610 45 Avucust 22, 1898. Price :—125 cents each 8 copies 30 cents ; 6 copies 4 rupee. Lot Box. Pkgs. Name Ib, 75 8159) 11 “ch or pek 990 76 316 16 do pek 1600 77 Hilandhu 317. 8 ch bro pek 800 80 Monrovia 320 24 ch bro pek 2400 81 321 23 do ek 2070 85 Mcragalla 32502 ch ro pek 700 86 326 12 do pek 1200 87 327 10 do pek sou 1000 96 X Y Z, in estate mark 336 1C ch bro pek 1000 97 337 13 do pek 1260 1 hf-ch 98 Walahandua 338 29 ch ‘co pek 2900 99 339 19 do pek 1710 103 Wallasmulle 343 6 ch fans 720 104 Caxton 344 31 ch bro pek 3100 105 345 10 do pek 900 106 346 19hf-ch bro pek fans1215 107 347 11 do dust 990 108 Kudaganga 348 8 ch bro pek 800 109 349 17 do pek 1615 110 350 8 do pek sou 728 113 Sudbury 353 22 do bro pek 2456 17 SFO 357 16 ch dust 900 118 Depedene 358 59hf-ch bro pek 3245 119 359 50 do pek 2500 120 360 37 do pek sou 2035 122 P PP, ines- tate mark 362 14hf-ch pekdust 1050 123 Meddegoda 363 48hf-ch bro pek 2640 124 364 31 do pek 1550) 127 Harangalla 367, 32 ch bro pek 3210 128 368 52 do pek 4745 1 hf-ch 129 369 12 ch sou 1080 130 370 6 do dust 789 131 I P 371 23hf-ch dust 1909 134 DBG 374 15hf-ch dust 1200 137 G’Watte 377 10 ch pek 900 148 Lyndhurst 388 51 hf-ch bro pek 2805 149 389 70 do pek 3150 150 390 22 do pek sou 990 152 Labugama 392 29hf-ch bro pek 1450 153 393 22 do pek 1870 154 394 22 ch pek sou 1760 165 Ambakande 5 47hf-ch bro pek fans3270 (Mr. EH. John. —189,408 tb.] Let. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. 6 Mount Temple 633 70 hf-ch or pek 3500 7 636 51 ch pekoe 3740 8 Ottery 629 18 do bro or pek 1800 9 642 22 do or pek 1870 10 645 19 do or pek 1615 11 648 36 do peKoe 3240 13 Bellongalla 654 22hf-ch bro pek 1520 14 657 18 ch pekoe 1620 15 660 12 do peksou 960 18 Oonoogaloya 669 12 do bro pek 12u0 19 672 17 do pekoe 1360 20 675 8 do pek sou 720 21 678 6 do fans 720 23 Mossend 684 10 do or pek 950 29 Cleveland 702 13 do pekoe 1170 32 Galgawatte 711 20 do bro pek 2000 33 714 21 do pekoe 2100 36 Brownlow 723 27ht-ch broorpek 1485 37 726 28 do or pek 1484 38 729 30 ch pekoe 2700 39 732 17 do pek sou 1530 40 735 6 do bro pek fans 702 41 738 6 do pek fans 702 43 Hattangalla 744 22 do bro pek 1980 44 747 20 do pekoe 1600 47 Bokotua 756 12 do bro pek 1200 52. -P 771 17 do fans 51 53 Mount Everest 774 19hf-ch bro pek 1045 54 777 20 do or pek 10u0 55 780 29 ch pekKoe 2755 56 ; 783 11 do peksou 990 57 Agra Ouvah 786 39hf-ch broorpek 2535 58 789 18 do or per 936 60 Glasgow 795 35 ch bro or pek 2975 61 798 12 do or pek 780 62 801 9 do ekoe 855 63 Koslande 804 21 hf-ch ro pek 1260 64 807 20 ch pekoe 1800 67 Woodstock £16 9 do or pek 774 88 Ridgmount 879 12 do _ bro pek 1212 37 bid re A Oe . ek, CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. Lot. . Box. Pkgs. Name, lb. c. Lot. Box. Pkgs. wi ame. Ib. ¢. 92 Marakona © 891 11 ch peksou 990 28 ar ar ee 93 i 894 10 do dust 1300 18 60 ta a 3 700 88 98 Orange Field 909 13 do bro pek 1300-35 70 Glengariffe 811 24hf-ch bro pek 1272S sb ao OU Mee a EA eta Main 080) EO 71 814 32 do orpek 1600 44 103 Knightsdale 924 16 do ekoe 1354 31 72 817 32 ch _ pek 1260 39 108 Evalgolla 939 30hf-ch bropek 1650 41 73 820 11 do peksou 88034 109 822.716 do.” “(pekoe BO) sabe 75 826 9hf-ch dust 720 16 112 Richlands 951 46 do ro pek 2438 0653 76 LIreby 829 45hf-ch bro pek 270061 113 954 28 do ekoe 1372 40 7 832 32 do pek 1600 650 115 Lameliere 960 25 do ro pek 14506 78 835 11 ch pek sou 990 43 116 ; 963 15 ch pekoe 1380 _ 37 83 Claverton 850 12 ch eksou 1200 2 119 St. John’s 972 35 hf-ch broorpek 1960 88 84 858 8 do ro tea 800 18 120 975 26 do or pek 12487 96 Kennington 889 8 ch fans 160 = 80 121 978 26 do pekoe 1300 49 9 892 d unas 855 =. 122 981 17 do pek fans 1088 42 98 895 1lhf-ch dust 880 15 123 Mocha 984 28 ch roorpek 1890 63 108 Great Valley 124 987 10 do or pek 900 59 Ceylon, in est. 125 990 15 do pekoe 1350 50 mark 925 47hf-ch bro pek 2585 52 126 993 14 do Jans 980 43 109 928 13 ch or pek 1170 38 128 Koslande 999 21hf-ch bropek 1260 49 110 931 18 do 1620 36 129 2 20 ch ekoe 1800 39 lll 934 14 do k sou 1260 34 132 Lameliere 11 25hf-ch bro pek 1450 50 119 Maba Uva 958 28 hf-ch Bro or pek 2120 56 133 14 15 ch poke 1380 37 120 961 37 do er pek 8189 50 136 Mahaduva 23 17hf-ch broorpek 1020 43 bid 121 964 47 ch 4465 45 137 26 30 ch or pek 2700 34 bid 122 967 15 ch ek sou 1350 39 138 29 18 do pekoe 1800 31 bid | 133 High Forest 1000 31hf-ch broorpek 1736 85 139 82 14 do pek sou 1190 28 134 1003 25 do or pek 1225 65 140 385 13hf-ch fans 1105 15 135 1006 21 do pek 987 49 144 Ratwatte 47 27 ch bro pek 2700 40 bid 136 Polatagama 1009 28 ch bro pek 2800 43 145 50 23 do pekoe 2070 33 137 1012 20 do or pek 1600 43 146 53 15 do pek sou 1200 29 138 1015 24 do pekoe 1920 33 148 Eringalla 59 17 do or pek 1580 34 bid | 129 1018 38 do k sou 2850 29 149 PatiRajah 62 9 do bropek 900 33 145 Battawatte 1086 19 ch bro pek fan 1900 32 150 65 14 do pekoe 1050-28 146 1039 21 do dust 2100 16 152 Hadella “1 17 do ropek = 170038 147 Kirklees 104% 22hf-ch bro or pek 1320 60 153 74 19 do pekoe 10 3h 148 1045 13 ch or pel 1300 47 bid 154 77 16 ek sou 1280.28 149 1048 18 do pekoe 1800 48 155 ; 80 25hf-ch fans 1625 1 fae 150 1051 14 do pek sou 1260 38 156 STV 83 19 do bro pek 950 31bid | 151 Bargany 1054 32hf-ch bropek 1760 49 162 Glenoya 101 25 ch bro orpek 2500 39bid | 459 1057 14 ch pek 1460 = 38 163 : 104 25 do pekoe 1875 832 153 1060 10 do peksou 850 385 168 Gampai 119 16hf-ch or pek 900 39 154 Killarney 1063 26bf-ch bro or pek 1430 56 169 122 9 ch ekoe 720-85 156 1069 290 do k 600 42 174 Barkdale 137 24 do roorpek 2400 37 bid | 458 1075 11hbf-ch "pier" 770 38 175 140 27 do ekoe 2025 81 bid | 159 Carfax 1078 16 ch broorpek 1760 50 186 N 173 12 do ust 1800 12 160 1081 17 do or pek. 1700 48 187 B 176 14° do . 161 1084 17 do pekoe 1615 40 : Lhfch dust 2330 «12 162 Ganapalla 1087 18 ch orpek 1710 48 188 SinnaDua 179 18 ch a ., | 163 1090 32 do broorpek 2976 45 Lhf-ch or pek 1670 40 bid | 164 1093 47 do pekoe 3760 36 192 191 38 ch broorpek 3990 45bid | 465 1096 22 do pe sou 1650 30 194 KG 187 8 uo bropeKkfans 960 12biad |} 166 1099 7 do bro pek 195 G 200 5 do dust 700 =-10 fans 805 81 177 Sadamulla 1132 10 ch bro pek 1000 84 178 Se esol 1135 13 a ios . 1200 29 180 ttawatte 1141 20 do ro pe 2000 45 bid’ [Messrs. Forbes & Walker.— 181 Talgeswella 1144 29 ch bropek 2610 44 y 183 1150 13 de ek 1105 34 368,022 Ib.1 186 Macaldeniya 1159 15 hf-ch ro pek 820 55 158 11465 7c Lot Box. Pkgs. Name Ib: ce; 1 Atal hehe 7) . : 9 Freds Ruhe 628 26 ch bro pek 2600 44 191 Roeberry 1174 7 ch bro pek 735 56 10 638L 0 do pel 1€00 33 192 1177 12 do or pek 1128 56 11 634 13 do peh sew 1170 29 193 1180 9 do pek 774 45 12 637 15 do bro mix 1350 27 194 1183 20 do pek sou 1800 38 13 WA 640 10 ch pek 900 8629 196 Marlbo- j 15 CSG 646 34hf-ch bropek 1700 47 bid rough 1189 39hf-ch broorpek 2028 53 16 649 3l ch pek 2480 38 197 1192 10 do orpek 950 4 17 652 11 do pek sou 880 32 198 1195 18 do perk 1800 39 2¢ Kirindi 661 13 ch bro pek 1235 45 200 COEB 120L 8 ch dust 1200 16 a 664 16 do p2koe 1280 36 201. 1 C, in est. B2 667 16 do peksou 1200 31 mark 1204 20 ch congou 2000 a 2 Agra Elbedde 679 24hf-ch broorpek 1024 63 203 Corfu _ 1210 22hf-ch bro pek 1430 «46 27 682 29 do bro pek 1334 54 207 Bandara Eliya 1222 100 hf-ch or pek 4700 44 28 685 22 do pekoe 946 48 208 1225 42 ch pek 3444 «41 29 688 25 do pek sou 1025 43 209 1228 22 do pek sou 1630 36 32 Kelaniya, 210 1231 108 hf-ch bro or pek 6156 46 Maskeliya 697 20 ch or pek 2E50 46 213 Torrington 1240 32 ch bro pek 2880 41 bid: 33 700 25 do pek 2500 34 214 1243 41 do pekoe 3280 37 34 Fairlawn 703 2. lif-ch bro pek 1150 59 bid { 215 1246 20 do pek sou 1500 34 35 706 3 do or pek 1035 46 216 1249 23hf-ch bro pek fans1590 24 36 709 10 ch pek 900 41 217 1252 13 do dust 975 16 43 P’Kande 730 11 do bro pek 1100045 218 Chesterford 1255 40 ch bro pek 4100 49 46 Dunkeld 739 °& ch bro or pek 3960 54 219 1258 39 do pek 3900 35 47 742 13 do or pek 1235 40 220 1261 35 do pek sou 3°00 31 48 745 26 do pek 2340 37 221 1264 8 do fans 720 22 49 Strathspey 748 22hf-ch or pek 1160 57 223 Geragama 1270 9 do broorpek 945 41 50 751 14 do bro pek 840 46 224 1273 15 do bro pek 1275 43 51 Kitulgalla 754 16hfch or pek 800 42 225 1276 21 do pek 1785 34 53 760 11 ch pekoe 880 34 226 St. Leonards 1279 17 do bro pek 1615 = 38 57 Obode 772 10 do bro pek 1050 44 228 1285 8 do pek 720 28 59 778 8 do ekoe 7360-336 236 Cottaganga 1309 7 do fans 7170 «3 61 Columbia, 784 36hf-ch bropek 1908 53 237 5 1312 7 do dust 910 16 62 787 32 do pek 1440 43 239 Annigkanda 1318 12 do bro pek 1320 44 63 790 17 do pek sou 765 34 240 1321 13 do pekoe 1300 36 65 Knavesmire 796 12 ch bro.or pek 1080 44 r 241 1324 10 do peksou 1060 31 66 799 13 do bro pek 1300 46 242 1327. 7 do congou 700 29 ” CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. 3 Lot Box oe . Pkgs. Name Ib; = ¢: Lot Box. pkgs. Na MT 1339 11 ch brofpek 1210 44 33 UK hf. ra Ss 247 1342 15 do pek 1350 39 3 273 1hf-ch bropek fans 70 21 257 Meemora Oyal375 22hf-ch pek 880 34 Bete See EE 240 (16 265 Bloomfield 1396 40 do ro pek 4400 - 278 1 do sou 5 5 266 ose ao niaae a0 57 41 Warakamurt 281 2hfch dust 45 25 267 TERETE chp esieont os eouitieee Rai ae ee pe neclit Deo) Dek 480 4D 268 1405 9 do pek No.1 900 32 ‘5 28411 do pek sou 429 29 270 1411 20hf-ch pekfans 1600 16 me Ree 110 271 Penrhos 1414 33 do or pek 1584 52 Py es aie ea 10 i ae WIT 41 do bropek 229629 a 287 2 do bro mix gl 19 9) e ak — x Ox 276 Stamford Hill1429 41hf-ch flo. or pek nos voabia [eo ee sao capcasigber some ee 277 14322 24 ch or pek 2040 42 pea ke eed el 9029 278 1435 23 do pek 1955 36 55 Mari BoE yIE dom sans 120 25 279 PaSbagama 1438 17 do congou 1530-26 See mecha reson 506 = 30 280 Teaco ifich? dust Ean ae 58 Jak Tree Hill 299 7 hf-ch pek sou 350 39 281 Pambagama 1444 21 do _ bro pek fi 7 ‘ 3 Di 300 1 do dust 7 pek fans1470 25 63 Dikmuk 03 7 70g 8 232 1447 19 ch eLisoul 1710 ee y ikmukalana 303 7hf-ch sou 315 28 283 Nahalma 1450 34 do sou 3400 27 85 2 peo ta ree ION 320 18 284 : 1452 22hf-ch dust 165617 ; ey ee Gets 300-20 385 Aracadia 1456 16 ch broor pek 1600 39 bid aa ES eo Ra 200 38 286 1459 18hf-ch pek 936 34 | 68 Sate 20031 287 Edendale 1462 23 ch bropek 2300 37bid | 6 308 1 do con 9 26 288 1465 19hbf-ch pek 950 withd’ ? Soro ae os 11028 30° Kotagaloya 1501 9 do pek 765 18 | 73 El 1hfch red leaf 59 13 344 DMR 1513 39 do bropeks itha’ Aen UG ee olog De ch pen: fats 2 pek sou 3510 withd’n | 78 Hilandhu 318 7 do eae on a | 79 319 3 do br a es — : 0 tea cee | &2 Monrovia 922 5 ch peksou 450.8 SMALL LOTS. yi ) ee 2 ch pek dust 240 15 ——— 88 Moragalla 338 3 er mie ast e8 i [Thompson and Villiers.] 89 St. Catherine 329 7 ch bro er pek 08 0 hf- Lot. Box. Pkgs: Name. Ib. ec. oo 330 é eh, pek 440 33 1 Wewaywatt; 1 4 ch bro pek 400 42 92 or ore pe sou 325 98 2 2 6 do pekoe 600 35 109 Walahandua 340 3 chi a atin 3 Harrow 3 20hf-ch bro or pek 400 50 101 Wallasmulle 341 4 ch pek sou 270 «29 10 Vogan 10 3 ch sou 240 27 102 342 6 d bre per 200) e7 Se il 11 3 do souNo.2 255 «8 111 Kudaganga 351 3 ok bs 570-30 12 12 4 do pek fans 500 30 112 et es 352 2 do cust 357 15 15 Rambuk 15 11hf-ch pek sou 440 29 121 Depedene 361. 4 hf-ch dust 300i 16 16 4 do sou 160 9-26 125 Meddegoda 305 4hf-ch ak Samer 17 17 1 do. dust 85 «16 126 i 366 1 do eanaan ars 18 ugusta 18 2 ch ‘sou 200 27 1322 DBG 372 6 1K oe tat TORpeI Cin ae 19 19 1 do red leaf 100 13 133 373 1 a BO bRe NS be 24 Ganawella 24 1 ch dust T30eL-E1S 135 G’Watte SE Bocoii: Oa 26 C 26 1hf-ch dust 45 136 376 7 ae propel 420 387 bid 27 E 27-1 ch _ bro pek 60. 39 138 378 4 d one G67 88 28 Gonamatawa 28 1 ch bro pek 125 43 139 379 1 0 pak sou Cs 32 Balgownie 32, 3 ch fi 140 380 2 hf-ch ae Soe 1hf-ch sou 265 24 141 Crion 381 6 “ cust znd ue 33 33. 3 do dust 210 «417 142 382 4 hf h ust See 35 Battalgalla 35, 8 ch fans 640 18 143 F 383 3 h cust Ss) up 37 Hornsey 37 ‘8 ch fans 640 17 bid | ee 384 5 hf ch ee pee ae 3 Airy Hill 38 apeet bro pek 25 28 | 145 RC, in estate ; ust ea a¢ 3 By do _pek 95 Re 385 41 O’Kande 41 3 ch dust Soe eta acgura Saas Pate tone $80 25 54 Doragalla 54 3 ch bro mixed 345 26 147 387 2 oh Bins 180 28 ob Cotswold 55 10 oe Bre) or pek 650 42 151 Lyndhurst 391 2hf-ch vanee 180 3 5 57 ° e 5; 33 155 Latugam: 30505) 1c : A eomaMerdeanea Gipohe cues bektfaris 30 fe He Arne inesents 395 5 ch bro pek fans 600 27 bid 68 LYE 68 5 ch dust 400 14° | mark 396 1hf-ceh b 69 S 69 6hf-ch pek dust 400 15 157 397 1 do aE Pek pO pias! 71 MC 71 2 ch bro mix 204 «18 158 ion) Ree Es aoe 80 72 2) 22m dO fans 197 13 bid 163 Benveula 3 2 ch Lee son 80 27 73 7 «1 te dust 159 «12 164 rol ome use ce 75 L Yay. he ON fans 118 15 z a 20 uG 76 aa te eS i bro atixed 330 10 vi ¢ fans : 23 81 Cosroondo- at 2 } if (Mr. HE. John.] watte 81 3hf-ch dust 240 «15 | Lot. Bx kegs 82 K GK 82 1 ch ~ bromix 15 Pb | 1 Theresiz BE eS, Name: Daa: $3 Woodend §3 1 ch ‘pek 95 31 i 9 oe PSIG rs Chae 0x0) bel fans), 600k e329 84 $i 1 do pek sou 90 «27 3 per 2hf-ch dust 160 15 85 M 85 3 ch bro pek 252 34 | 4SW 624 2 ch bro mix 142 - 33 86 86 4 co lh, seis ean 7 de ale 595 36 ey Lhf-ch pek 450 3 : 2 i - 2 Go ro mix 250 24 87 87 3 ch fans 27010 Tlecelincealiateticenin a nects fone 292 17 me ce i} 2 -C. € Ss Q7 ———-—— — | rH Mossend cae a6 cet ‘20 rm : a Secure: ame . 95 368 ‘ (Messrs. Somerville & Co.] ee SOR op pekson 8130 Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. bs Cs | 27 Cleveland 6x6 10 hich Serer 7 1B 4 Woodthorpe 244 3 ch sou 225 29 nes 699 11 do bro or pek Bot 8 5 245 2 do dust 160) 15 | 3 705 6 ch pek sou 61041 Gr ie’ 246 1hf-ch red leat 20 WIS tmet | oc9 NT lal A 10 Blinkbonnie 250 Lhf-ch dust 75 16 | fans 240 ‘ 14 Ukuwela 254 2hf-ch bro pek fans 149 22 | 84 Galgawatte © 717 ~ 2 ch ek sou 200 39 18 Kumaragalla 258 z hich fans 140 24 a Gauleain 720 2 do ro pek dust 240 < 259 1 a 2 Gk h 74 8d ; 3 24 Navangoda 261 4 ch aust 390 ie 45 Hattangalla. 750 6 do me nee 25 265 5 do fans 375 18 46 750 3 do dust Be one ae 266 7 do sou 560 28 Ge bala 759 7 do or pek 62080 = Kotigala 268 7 ch pek 690 28 ae 762 3 do pekce 240 38 2 269 4 do pekseu 420 18 51 os ce pek sou 75 «33 ‘ ch dust 3 18 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES. LIST. 1 Box. Pkts. Lot. Box. 59 Agra Ouvah 792 65 Koslande 810 66 813 68 Woodstock 819 69 Annamallai 822 70 Farm 825 89 Ridgmunt 882 9) ‘ 885 91 888 94 Yakka 887 95 900 96 903 97 906 100 Orange Field 915 101 918 102 Knightsdale 921 104 927 105 930 106 933 107 936 110 Evalgolla 945 111 948 114 Richlands 957 117 Lameliere 966 118 969 127 Mocha 996 130 Koslande 5 131 8 134 Lamelierc 7 135 20 141 H 38 142 41 143 44 147. N 56 151 Pati Rajah 68 164 K Haputale 107 165 110 166 113 167 116 170 Gampai 125 171 128 172 131 173 13t 176 RL 143 177 146 189 Sinna Dua 182 190 185 191 188 192 194 {Messrs. Nests. 1 Igalkande 604 4 Sew Anga- ~ mana 613 5 616 6 619 oY 622 8 625 144 WA 643 18 CSG 655 19 658 93 Kirindi 670 24 673 25 676 30 Agra Elbedde 691 31 694 37 Fairlawn 712 38 715 39 718 40 NewGalway 721 41 724 42 727 44 P’Kande 733 45 736 52 Kitulgalla 757 54 763 5d 766 56 769 58 O’Bode 775 60 781 64 Columbia 793 Pkgs. 3 hf-ch 6 hf-ch 4 do 1 hf-ch Name. pekoe rek sou pek fans bro pek pek sou fans dust bro mixed pek sou dust pek sou pek sou fans} pek sou pek sou bro or pek pek sou bro or pek dust red leaf pek fans dust bro pek pek pek sou dust Forbes & Walker.) 5 ch Name. pekoe bro or pek lb Lot. Box. Pkgs, Name. Ib. 74 Glengarifie 823 6hf-ch broorpek 360 79 LGA 838 4 ch bro mix 400 80 Moralivya 841 4 ch fans 280 81 844 7 do unas 665 82 847 4hf-ch dust 320 104 PL 913 2 ch unas 154 105 AG 916 3 ch pek sou 270 106 919 2 do dust 272 107 922 5 do bro tea 450 112 Great Valley Ceylon, in est, mark 937-2 ch sou 160 113 i 940 2 do fans 200 114 943 5 do dust 425 115 Kakiriskande 946 2 ch bro pek 210 116 949 7 do pek 677 117 932 5 do pek sou 466 118 955 1 do ust 106 123 Maha Uva 970 2hf-ch pek fans 17 124 973 7 do dust 630 125 976 2 ch congou 180 155 Killarney 1066 8 ch or pek 680 157 1072 8 dco pek sou 680 172 K W D,in est. ; mark 1117, 5hf-ch bro or pek 300 173 Opalgalla 1120 5 ch dust 375 179 Sadamulla 1138 3 ch pek sou ~ 300 182 Talgaswella 1147 3 ch bro pek No. 2 330 184 1153 8 do pek sou 680 185 Macaldeniya 1156 4hf-ch broorpek 260 187 1162 13 do pek 650 189 1168 2 do dust . 170 190 1171 1 ch bro tea 50 195 Ambragalla 1186 5hf-ch dust 450 199 Marlbo- es rough 1198 2 ch bro pek dust 230 202 Corfu 1207 10 hf-ch bro orpek 550 204 1213 8 do pek 440 205 1216 5 do pek sou 250 206 1219 3 do fans 210 211 {Bandara Eliyal23+ 7hf-ch dust 630 212 1237 8 ch bro pek fans 560 227 St. Leonards 1282 7 do or pek 560 227a 2 do or pek 160 229 1288 1 do bro pekfans 60 230 1291 1 do dust 90 231 SL 1294 1 ch bro mixed 100 233 DDT 1300 2 do bro mixed ~ 190 284 NWE 1303 2 do pek dust 314 235 Cottaganga 1306 1 do sou 90- 238 RA Win est. mar 1315 4 do ek sou 320 248 CRD 1330 1 do ro mixed 10 244 1333 2 do dust 200 245 1386 1 do red leaf 90 248 MT 1845 2 do pek sou 180 249 1348 4 do dust 660 250 1351 1 do congou 140 256 Meemora Oxala6a 10 hf-ch bro pek 400 258 375 11 do sou 440 259 1378 1 do dust 65 260 Tavalamtennel381 1 ch dust 81 269 Bloomfield 1408 5 do pek No.2 500 274 Penrhos 1423 6 do pek sou 480 275 1426 Ghf-ch fans 480 30z2 AKT 1507 3 do pek dust 315 303 D XP 1510 3 do pek dust 315 CEYLON COCOA SALES IN LONDON. ditto T, bags 70s. (From our Commercial Correspondent. ) MINCING LANE July 29. “Kanagawa Maru’ fa YA, 8 bags 753 6d; T, 1b 70s. «Clan Macdonald’””—MAK in estate mark, 35b 75s; MAKM in estate mark, 27b 75s 6d; 38b 71s; HGA in estate mark, 77b 75s; B ditto, 6b 673 6d. “Clan Mackinnon” —MLM in estate mark, 85b 71s ‘ 6d; 15b 71s. OBSERVER PRINTING WORKS. Kumaradola, A , 45b 75s 6d; ditto TEA, COFFHE, CINCHONA, COCOA, AND CARDAMOM SALES. Price :—12% cents each 3 copies erverh 6) q NO. 383 Coromso,, Aveusr 29, 1898. 30 cents ; 6 copies $ rupee. COLOMBO SALES OF TEA. Lot Box. Pkes. Name Ibver ce: 118 i a 128 53 boon pek 2650 32 bid 121 Annancale 13L 16 do pek sou $32 29 LARGE LOTS. 185 Siriniwasa 145 19 ‘ch bro pek 1900 47 _—— 136 146 24 do pek BD 15 a 137 147 22 do pek sou 29 [Thompson and Villiers. lide panacinehae 53,934 Ib.) patna 154 70 Bich oF pele 46 145 155° 277» ch pek 39 Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. C: 116 156 20 ch pek sou 35 3 ch bropekfan 1120 31 147 197 55 hf-ch bro or pek : 46 Dick a ane E 6 co aiee, ¥ 850 16 ial Sudbury 161 23 ch bro pek 2450 37 bid. 16 Mandara 152 Madakelle 162m53) ch bro pek 4462 39 Newera 16 d56hf-ch bropek 33€0 51 153 163 21 do pek 1890 32 bid 17 17 48 do pek 2610 44 154 164 20 do pek sou 1600 20 is 1S 48 do pek sou 2610 35 1/6 Caxton LOGuro le CN tro pek 3100 36 bid 19 Warwick 19 29hfch bro orpek 1885 69 163 Wariatenne 173 29 ch bro pek 2200 37 bid 20 60 2L do or pek 1155 48 164 Neboda W4 27 cn pek sou 2700 29 21 21 26 do pekoe 1430 46 166 Neuchatel 176 62 ech bro pek 6200 42, 24 Chetnole 24 79hf-ch broorpek 4740 46 hid | 167 177 13 do pek 15 34 25 25 42 ch bro pek 2310 41 bid 163 178 85 do pek sou 2975 30 26 26 63 do pek 6300 34 169 1799 5 do dust 750 21 27 27° 23 do pek sou 2185 29 28 Wewelwatte 28 30 been Bue pek 1650 45 ae 29 29° 24 do pek 1200 33 bi ie ki eas 35 tb.T 30 30 28 do pek sou 1400 30 (Mir. B Ue 168,485 1b. ] 31 Henegama 3L 10 ch bro pek fans 1300 32 Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. Ib. e. 33 83115. do dust 750 15 on: 4 ; Pane YOR 7 34 Rambuk 34 35 hf-ch bro pek 1925 25 bid a ha eee us a nye ree pans aaa ue bid 35 35 27 do pek 1215 33 3 309 17 ‘ 53 3 3 209 17 do pekoe 1530 30 5 Yona 215 24hf-ch broorpek 1440 59 yi 6 218 13 ch bro pek 1130 49 (Messrs. Semervilie & Co.—204,301.] 7 |, 22 10 do pekoe 1000 40 ‘ . ene 10 Mount Temple 230 24hf-ch brocrpek 1440 43 ‘Lot. Box. pkgs. Name. iba: i 93330. do orpek 1500-249 5 Hatale 15 6 ch dust 900 15 13 239 33 do pek sou 1980 3 ‘10 Penrith Qe Ouch dust 1395 15 14 242 14 do pek fans 1050 21 bit 1t Ambalawa 4%) 20hf-ch bro pek 1030 37 15 Kanangama 245 25 ch bro pek 2375 36 12 22 31 do pek 1395 Bt 16 248 18 do pekoe 1620 OL 13 23°28) ilo pek sou 110 28 17 251 114 do bro pek fans 1830 31 14 Lonach 24 60 hf-ch bro pek 2060 45 2) HH 260 11 do bro pek 1045 32 45 Qorn2ziech pek 1870 83 24 Keenagaha Ella 272 46 do bro or pek 4830 44 16 23 17 do pek sou 1369 28 25 275 41 do pekoe £69) 3 WG VOR ie Ny 27 10hf-ch dust 800 16 26 278 12 do pek sou 1020 34 18 Rayigam 28 17 ch bro pek 1785 40 27 281 10 do sou 950 28 19 29 19 do or pek 1710 42 28 284 1thf-ch fans 825 30 20 30 43 do pek 3870 33 30. Marguerita 590 18 do bro or pek 1008 52 21 31 18 do pek son 1584 30 32 298 27 do pekoe 1215 39 23 Koorooloo- BR 299 37 do pek sou 1480 BL galla 33 20 ch bro pek 2000 47 87 S,inest. mark 311 7 ch 24 34 19 do pek 171034 1Lhf-ch pek fans 830 26 25 35 “12 do pek sou 1080 29 39 Rondura 10 ch or pek 900 43 34 Koladeniya 44 § ch pek 720 20 40 33. do bro pek 8300 39 36 UK 46 28 ch bro pek 2800 35 41 19 do pekoe 1710 29 bid 37 47 19 do pek 1900 pik 42 10 do pek sou 900 27 40 Warakamure 5) 19 ch or pek 1990 36 44 Agra Ouvah 36 hi-ch broorpek 2340 71 41 51 8 do bro or pek 880 35 45 16 do or pek $32 60 42 52 13 do pek 1235 31 47 Glasgow ooh bro pek fans 1200 29 45 Lower Dickoya 05. 48 hf-ch bro pek 2638 33 4S 8 do pek sou 800 40 46 56 lignichy pek 1700 30 bid 49 WKotuagedera 19 do bro pek 1900 34 bid 48 Hangranoya 53 16 ch bro pek 1609 48 50 12 do pekoe 1140 23 49 59 24 do pk 2400 32 bid 6L Dickapitta, 20 hf-ch bro pek 5000 48 50 60 8 do pek sou 760 3) 52 56 80 ch pekoe 3000-86 56 Minna 66 81 hf-ch- bo or pek 2015 57 58 S,inest. mark $59 ILhf-ch dust 830 15 57 67°84 ch or pek 3060 45 55 Ottery TL ch bro or pek 1100 60 53 68 23 do pek 2070 41 56 14 do er pek 1190 39 59 69 17 -do pek sou 1520 38 57 22 do pekoe 1989 35 68 Nugawella 78 85 hf-ch or pek 1975 48 66 ILOG 8 do bro pek fans 960 i6 bid 69 79 24 do broorpek 1560 40 67) Bittacy 1S do bro pek 1800 5L 70 80 61 do pek 8050 39 68 17 do pekoe 1360 44 77 Horagoda Si 14 ch bro pek 1330 <9 70 Ben Nevis 20 hf-ch flowery or 7 88 27 do pek 2169 34 pek 1000 67 83 Bollagalla 93 49 ch bro pek 4655 87 bid 71 413 12 ch or pek 1020 40 8t 94 58 do pek 3040 33 72 416 12 wo pekoe 1020 7S 85 £5 18 «do pek sou 1710 29 bid 74 Goomera 422 12 do pek sou 960 29 bid 8s L §8> 23 hf-ch dust 2380 9 bid 75 Ferndale 425 8S do bro ov pek — S00 55 89 Citrus 99 16 ch bro pek 1sCO 39 76 478 10 do crpek 3000 = «48 90 30) 22 do pek 2000 »=—-30 77 431 18 do pekoe 1620 3: 92 Le Ge AO) unas 760 ih 80 Claremont 440 38hf-ch broorpek 2090 41 94 ME 104 J@hf-ch dust 1020 12 St 443 11 ch pekoe 990 32 95 Mossville 10s) AVON bro pek fans 2420 32 87 Ponkande 46L 326 do * pek sou 1440 28 97 Ferriby LOT 83 hf-ch bro pek 1650 48 88 Liltle Valley 464 26 do bro pek 2340 45 98 : 10S 32 do pek 2720 34 89 467 32 do pekce 2460 37 99 19 16 do pek sou 1209 29 90 470 10 do pek sou 800 32 103 LE 113) We hf-ech dust 1445 10 bid 93 Taledura 479 21 do pek sou 1830 28 104 Ukuwela 114 31 ch bro pek 3190 36 94 Maryland 48? 9 do bro pek 945 36 105 115 i7 do pek 1615 31 95 § 485 9 do pekoe 930 29) 106 11647 «do pek son 700 28 936 Saltree 483 10 do ov pek 950 3 113 G 123 ch cust 700 12 97 49137 do pekoe 2738 29 114 Deniyaya 124 63 ch bro pek 53:0 49 93 Glentilt 494 34 do bro pek 3400 60 115 125 11 do pek LOR} 83 95 497 16 do pekoe 1600 46 116 126 14 do pek sou 1430 30 100 Anchor, in est. 117 Elchico 127 93hf-ch bro pek 5L15 36 bid mark 500 27 do bro or pek 2700 58 1)? 2 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. Lot Box. Pkgs. Naime Ib,, ¢. Lot Box. pkgs. 101 503 19 ch pekoe 1710 45 89 1792 24 ch 102 5(6 14 do pek sou 1260 40 , 90 1795 11 do 103 509 13hf-ch pek fans 910 33 | 96 Hatton 1813 24 hf-ch 104 512 8 do dust 760 18 | 97 1816 27 eh 105 GK 516 12 ch 98 1819 20 do 9hfch broorpek 2130 bid 101 Dunbar 1828 19 hf-ch 106 Glassaugh 618 48 co bro pek 2640 863 | 104 1837 15 ch 107 521 27 ch pekoe 2430 89 46 110 Holton 1865 16 ch 108 Hadella 524 12 do bro pek 1200 37 bid 1lL 1858 9 do 109 527 18 do pekoe 1170 = 81 |} 115 Munukattia 111 Sinna Dua 533 38 do bro or pek 3990 42 bid | Ceylon, in est. 113° Manangoda 539 12 co bro pek 1200 36 | mark 1870 55 hf-ch 114 542 18 do pekoe 1300 28 ' 116 1873 20 ch 115 545 7 do pek sou 700 26 | 117 1876 15 do 116 O 648 20 du pek sou 1875 “| ie 122 Longford 1891 3C hfi-ch 117 5oL do 123 194 20 do 1hf-ch bro pek fans 1260 bid 124 1897 20 do 122 Benmore 566 13 ch bro pek 1300 37 1z5 1900 20 do 123 669 27 do ekoe 2025 31 bid . 126 Tonacombe 1993 17 ch 124 Siverton 572 16 do ro pek 1600 88bid | 127 1906 16 do 125 575 19hf-ch pekoe 950 22 bid 128 1909 28 do 131 K 593 11 ch pek sou 872 16 bid | 131 Galapitakan- 132 596 23 do red leaf 2110 14 { ‘le 1918 21 ch 133 Muraythwaite 599 12 do bro pek 1140049 | 182 1921 15 hf-ch 134 602 12 do pekoe 1020 34 1 133 1924 2 do 136 Pati Rajah 608 10 do pekve 750 83938 134 G 1927 10 ch 138 Charity 1939 19 ch 139 1932 12 do {Messrs. Forbes & Walker.— | 14 Dewalakandelois 14 14 hif-c h 142 1951 0 Re 400,300 Ib.) | 144 Dromoland 1957 32 oF 145 [960 20 do Lot Box. Pkgs. Name ib: lee? | nA Teer ad 3 IKV 1534 16 ch pek fans 1920 20 148 1969 5 do 4 GO, in estate 149 Beausejour 1972 17 ch mark 1637 40hf-ch sou 1582 2 150 1975 20 do 5 CH, in estate 154 GK 1987 8 ch mark 1540 28hf-ch sou 1409 27 155 1999 13 do 6. CH 1543 12 ch red leaf 1080 23 160 Pedro 2005 23 hf-ch 7 Kotagaloya 1546 9 ch pek 765 37 161 2003 15 ch 9 Shrubs Hill 1552 25 ch bro pek 2625 49 162 2011 10 do 10 155— 20 do pel 170035 163 Naseby 2014 28 hf-ch 11 1558 45 do ro pek 4725 53 164 2017 25 do 12 1561 24 do pek 2040 35 bid 165 Maha Uva 2020 16hf-ch 13 1664 27 do pek sou 1998 31 165 2023 do 14 Puspone 1567 19 ch bro pek 1900 46 167 2026 23 ch 16 1570 22 do p-koe 1980 35 163 2029 9 do 18 Glencorse 1579 23 ch bro pek 2070 43 171 Battawatte 2038 22 ch 19 1582 11 do broor pek 1045 56 172 2041 30 do 20 1585 19 do pek 1520 35 | 173 2014 10 do 21 1588 12 do pek sou 990 30 174 High Forest 2047 24 hf-ch 24 Matale 1597 s0hf-ch bro pek 3000 44 H 175 2050 17 do 25 3600 21 ch pekoe 1899 36 176 Erracht 2053 23 ch 26 1603 12 do ek sou 1080 31 177 2056 28 do 27 GBA 1606 14 ch ro pek 1540 50 178 2059 24 do 28 1609 13 do pekoe 1300 44 179 | 2062 7 do 31 Putupaula 1618 12 ch bro or pek 1380 44 180 Pallagodde 2065 24 ch 82 1621 46 do bro pek 4140 41 181 2063 17 do 33 1624 41 do pek 3280 35 182 2071 20 do ot 1627 29 do pek sou 2175 2 183 2074 16 do 36 Trex 1635; 29) ich bro pek 2900 40 | 184 2077 10 de 37 1636 19 do pek 1900 «33 190 Mahalla 2095 7 ch 43 Margueritta 1634 13 ch ek 1170 49 191 2098 7 do 52 Rowley 1681 14 hf-ch roorpek 700 51 ) 192 2i01 7% ado 53 1684 21 do bro pek 1050 50 { 200 Clyde 2125 17 ch 54 1687 34 do pekoe 1700 38 | 201 21298 19 do 55 MB 1680 14 ch fans 1652 18bid ; 202 2131 32 do 56 1693 54hf-ch red leaf 2700 15 bid | 203 2134 17 do 57 Meddetenne 1696 36 do bro pek 1980 47 | 203 St. Heliers 2140 34hfch 58 1699 17 ch pek 1615 37 | ‘207 2146 19 do 59 1702 13 do peksou 1170 ~=—-30 ; 298 Theydon Bois 2149 8 ch 61 BDW 1708 15 do pek son 1275 z4 bid | 209 2152 13 do 62 Tymawr Val 23) ch pek 1035 43 bid )- 210 2155 17 do 63 17i4 27 do peksou 1¢80 36 | 215 Queensland 2170 7 do 64 N ali Ake fe) bro tea 2080 18 | 216 7173 «9 ~ do 65 Middleton 1720 I9hf-ch broorpe 1045 89 |; 217 2176 17 do 66 723: 13° ‘ch or pek 1300 62bid | 218 2179 8 do 67 1726 11 do pek _ 104d 50 | 220 Stafford 2185 10 do 68 1729 12 do peksou 1080 3 221 2188 9 do 69 Polatagama 1732 25 do bro pek 2500 44 223 Sunnycroft 2194 10 do 70 wie5y 26) do or pek 2980 43 | 227 A M 2206 23 do 71 1738 28 do pekoe 2240 2 223 #299 19 do 72 1741 54 do pek sou 4050 29 | 229 Tin est. mark2212 .9 hf-ch 74 Galkadua 1747 13. ch bro pek 1300 41 |) 2320/5 aK PW) 2215 45 hf-ch 78 1750 16 do pek 1360 30 231 23 do "6 17530 bl do pek sou 935 28 | 232 68 do 17 Wayes 1756 20hf-ch broorpek 1100 57 233 16 do %8 1759 20 do pekoe 1000 43 | 235 Waitalawa 38 do 79 1762 21 do pek sou 1020 35 236 56 do 80 1765 20 do peksou 237 Nugagalla 16 do No. 2 1900 33 228 41 do 82 Hayes 1771 20hf-ch bro pek 1100 46 240 & do 83 1774 20 do or pek 1000 45 | 211 Hornsey 26 ch 84 Vitae 20) ao) pekoe 1000 40 242 40 boxes $5 1780 20° do pek sou 1000 34 243 18 ch 86 1783 13 do bro mix 71528 244 Mapitigama 71 hf-ch 87 Dammeria lis6 13 ch bro orpek 1560 54 245 22 ch 88 1789 15 do bro pek 1500 B 246 22 do Nanie. Ib pek 2400 4 sou 1100 4 pek 1392 2295 fe pet sou 1600 2: orpek 874 ts pek 1520 pekoe 12 bro or pek 3025 pekoe 1800 pek sou 1350 bro pek 150y pek No.1 1000 pek No.2 1000 pek sou 900 or pek 1700 bro pek 1760 pek 2800 bro pek 1470 ek 1500 pek sou 1200 ek sou 880 ro pek 900 960 Bro Ms fan 1120 1725 pod 2099 pek 1800 k sou 1440 dust 800 bro pek 1530 ek 1600 ro mix 70 dust 1820 bro or pek 1280 or pek 1500 pe 1000 ro pek 1680 Pex 1875 roor pek 1010 or pek 1680 pekoe 2185 pes sou $10 bro pek 2420 pek 2700 pek sou 900 bro or pek 1344 or pek 833 bro pek 2070 pek 2210 ek sou 1920 ro pek fans 79) broorpek 2400 bro pek 1520 pek 1600 pek sou 1360 dust 850 bro pek ,; 700 pek 700 pek rou 700 bropeka 1530 bro pek b 1805 pek 2560 pek sou 1550 bro or pek ~ 1904 . pekoe 1710 Dro orpek 720 bro pek 1170 pek 1360 broorpek 700 or pek 810 pek 1445 pek sou 720 bro pek 1100 pek 810 pek seu 1000 fans 2760 bro pek sou fa dust 729 or pek 2700 bro pek 1540 pek 3100 pek sou 600 bro pek 1900 pek 2808 bro pek £00 pek 2050 dust 720 or pek 2600 bro or pek 800 pek 1800 bro pek 3359 pek 1769 pek sou 1650 Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. 250 Serubs % 9 ch bro or pek 251 28 16 do bro pek ¥53 34. 9 do pek sou 256 Chesterford 43 81 do bro pek 257 46 27 do pek 258 49 39 do pek sou 262 Waratenne 6L 11 do bro or pek 263 64 IL do bro pek 264 67 2) do pek 265 70 9 do pek sou 267 Torwood iOleley do, or pek 268 79 20 do pekoe 269 82 16) do pek sou 270 85 i6 do sou 271 Weungawatte S88 23hf-ch bro or pek 272 9 1252 eh bro pek 273 94 18 do pek 276 Blairgowrie 103 10 do pek 277 106 9 do pek sou 281 Oxiord 118 21 do bro or pek 282 121 24-do or pek 283 124 %2, do pek sou 285 Castereagh 130 14 do bro pek 286 133 15 do or pek 287 136 18 do pek 201 KEG 148 18 do bro pek 292. Agrakel’y 151 15 do pek 297 'Talgaswela 166 19 do bro pek 293 169 12 do pek 299 172, 9 ado pek sou 302 ML 4181.12 do pek 306 Elmwood 193 19 do bro pek 307 196 8 do pek 308 199 18hf-ch pek sou 309 Claverton 202. 8 ch bro tea 317 Devontord 226 20hf-ch bro or pek 318 eo O pek 319 Aneimudi 7 bro pek 320 pek 321 pek sou 322 pek fans 823 dust 327 A Y lhf-ch pek 32! 262 9 do redileaf 330 Woodslee 265 25 do unast 336 Dinest. mark 283 18 do bro or pek 337 286 41 do sou 3141. Peny Jan 298 1Lhbf-ch dust 347 Dea Ella 316 44 hf-ch or pek 348 319 19 do bro or pek 349 322 33 do pek 330 325 22 do pek sou 351 328 17 do fans 358 Aberdeen 334 37 ch bro pek 354 33/ 23 do ek 355 340 10 do pek sou 356 343 10 do bro pek fan3 1100 SMALL LOTS. (Thompson and Villiers. | Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. 1D Tesh ach ay sou Bee, BY) ely bro mix 3 Srocmde fans 5 Band D ie BY" Teal bro mixed 7 Relugas feo cli sou 8 : 8 3 do dust 9 Poengalla 9 ae ich dust 10 Memorakande 10 8 ch dust 22 Warwick 22 Qhf-ch pek sou 23 23.4 do dust 32 Henegama 32 2 ch bro mix 36 Rambuk 36 12 hf-ch pek sou 37 37 6G do sou 38 38 2 do dust 39 - Agrakande 29° 5) ch sou ee 40 1 do fans 41 O PST, inest. mark 41 2hfch bro pek 42 42 1 do pek 3 43 1 do pek sou 44 44. 1 do bvo catced 45 45 1 do dust 46 B 46 7 hf-ch bro pek 47 D 47 2 ch bro pek 48 8 48 1 ch bro pek dust (Messrs. Somerville « Co.] Lot, Box. Pkgs. Name. 1 SED lL Ghf-ch fans / CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. 800 Ib. 400 224 197 270 400 330 400 680 495 309 250 480 240 170 5U0 12) 116 65 60 40 95 426 128 118 b. 16 bid 16 29 bid jo 35 bid 27 a3 Wee RO 5 en eg oo Pkegs. hf-ch do 62 12 hf-ch BPN OR WL HER H gO Orw WW Dp DO OO OM Name. dust con fans tro pek fans fans bro ter dust bro pek fans bro tea bio pek fans pek dust dust bro tea dust bro tea bro er pek pek sou pek sou bro pek fans sou dust pek sou sou bro pek pek pek sou bro pek fans sou red leaf pek sou pek sou fans dust con dust bro tea pek sou bro tea dust sou fans dust bro pek fans dust bro tea dust con or pek bro pek pek pek sou fans dust dust bro pek fans red leaf fans bro pek pek sou eon red leaf dust dust [Mr. EB. John.] Lot. Box 2 12 3 13 4 Hatale 14 6 Sirisanda 16 1 17 8 18 9 19 22 Rayigam 32 26 Koorooloo- galla 35 27 37 28 38 29 S 39 30 40 31 A 41 32 42 33 Koladeniya 43 3) 45 38 UK 48 39 49 43° Warakamure 53 44 54 47 Lower Dickoya 47 51 Hangranoya 61 52 I FP, in estate mark 53 63 54 64 55 65 6) SUA 70 61 71 62 72 71 Nugawella 81 fr? 82 73 GW 83 74 Wovulkande 84 75 85 76 86 79 Horagoda 89 £0 90 81 91 82 92 86 Bollagalla 96 87 97 91 Citrus 101 93 103 96 Mossville 106 100 Ferriby 110 101 111 102 112 107 Ukuwela 117 108 118 109 UK 119 119 Elchico 129 120 130 122 Bogahagoda- watte 132 123 133 124 13 125 135 133 Siriniwasa 148 139 149 148 Ranasingha- patna 158 149 159 150 160 155 Madakelle 165 157 Silver Valley DS 167 158 168 159 169 160 170 161 171 162 172 165 Nebodx 175 Lot. Box. 4 Vincit 212 8 Tora 224 9 227 12 Mount Temple 236 18 Kanangama 254 19 267 21 HH 263 22 246 23 269 £9 Keenagaha Ella 287 #1 Marguerita 293 34 302 pkgs. 7 ch 2 do 1 hf-ch Name. sou pek sou dust pekoe Tons dust pekce pek seu Tans dust or pek fans Se a lt co Lt Ne 4 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. a —_—_— Lot. Box. Pkgs, Name. lb, 4a Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. « 35 305 2hf-ch dust 170 =—16 151 Beausejour 1978 2 ch pek sou 170 36 308 2 do red leaf 100 13 152 1981 1 do fans ' 100 38 S,inest. mark 314 2 ch dust 300 16 153 1984 1 do dust 150 15 43 Rondura 329 13. do dust 360 15 166 WK, in est. 46 Agra Ouvah 333 5 do ekoe 475 49 mark 1993 1 ch perk 85 28 54 GA 362 11 bf-ch ro pek fans 660 34 157 LN 3, in est. 58 Ottery 374 1 ch dust 13417 mark 1996 ihf-ch bro pek 340 83 69 D 407 5 do _ bro pek 500 =6.34 bid | 158 1949 1 ch pek sou oS. ww pink. 419 Qhf-ch dust 630 16 159 2002 Lhf-ch dust 49 16 78 Ferndale 434 7 ch pek sou 630 = 82 169 Maha Uva ©2032 1 ch pek fans 85 26 79 ; 437. 1 do dust 125 iY) 170 2035 2 do dust 180 18 82 Claremont 446 3hf-ch dust 240 16 193 ESD 21" Lhf-ch pekNo. 2 50 13 83 Yakka 449 2 do bro pek 120 3a 194 2107 L do fans 50 10 84 452 7 do pekoe 322 (2 195 2110 2 do dust 100) «18 85 455 10 do pek sou 400 27 196 2113 » hf-ch bro pek 275 61 86 458 1 do dust 86 16 197 2116 7 ch pek 665 40 91 Little Valley 473 3 ch dust 360 «19 19° 2119 2 dc pek sou 170" 3B 92 476 2 do _ red leaf 120 199 BYW G 2122 38hf-ch dust 255 89-8 110 Eadella 530 8 do peksou 640-28 204 Clyde 2137 4 ch fans 400s nz MW 526 5 do ; 206 St, Heliers 2142 15hf-ch or pek 67h 45 1hf-ch bro pek 559 «30 bid | 21] Theydon Bois 2158 6 ch pek sou 420 «29 118 O 5b4.. 1 ch red leaf 100 11 212 Tb in est. 119 567 1 do dust 108 13 mark 2161 1 do dust gn 14 130 EN 599 4 do congou 400 2 213 2164 1 do congou 80 24 135 Pati Rajah 605 6 do bro pek 600 34 bid | 914 "167 1 do fans 90 95 137 611 1 do dust 163 lb 219 Queensland 2182 1 do bro mixed 105 25 ; 222 Stafford 2191 2 do pek sou 180 29 & Walk ] 224 Sunnycroft %197 6 o Fo 60) 27 : nes & alker. 225 2200 2 do ro tea 280 (14 {Messrs Forbe 226 2203 4 do dust 600 15 Lot. Box. Pkts. Name. lb ¢. 234 KP W 2227 8 do dust 270 «16 239 Nugagalla 2242 13 do pek sou 650 = 29 8 Kotagaloya 1549 2 ch pek sou 160 29 247 Mapitigama 16 7 do bro pek fans 420 27 16 Puspone 1573 2 ch sou 150 29 248 19 3 do dust 240 16 17 1576 2 do dust 290 15 249 Hornsey 22,8 ch fans 64016 22 Glencorse 1591 3 ch pek fans 360 30 252 Scrubs 31 8 do nek 610 44 23 1594 2 do bro tea 200 36 259 Chesterford 52 6 ch fans 540 2=— 88 29 GBA 1612 6 ch pek sou 600 = 38 260 55 5 do congon 450 7 30 1615 4 do dust 800 24 261 68 6hf-ch dust 480 17 35 Passara, 266 Waratenne 73 9 ch fans 675 16 Group 1680 2 ch or pek 100 a9 274 Weyungawatte 97 3 do | pet sou 235 -29 38 Irex 1639 5 ch pek sou 500 28 275 100 4hf-ch dust 320 16 39 1642 1 do dust 100 18 278 Blairgowrie 199 2 ch pek fans 230 19 40 1645 lhf-ch red leaf 50 14 279 112 2 do red leaf 150 13 41 Margueritta 1618 6 do broor pek 300 63 280 115 2 do dust 270 19 42 1651 8 do or pek 400 58 284 Oxford 127 4hf-ch dust 240 17 44 1657 4 ch pek sou 340 38 288 Castlereagh 139 5 ch pek sou 40083 45 1660 2hf-ch fans 112 85 289 142 4hf-ch fans 280 35 46 1663 1 do dust 7A 21 290 145 2 do dust 150 17 47 MGF 1666 5hf-ch or pek 250 44 300 ML W775 4 «ch bro or pek 400 33 48 1669 4 do bro or pek 224 49 301 178 6 do or pek 50 34 49 1672 10 do pekoe 450 38 303 184 2 do pek son 150 2 50 1675 11 do pek sou 440 35 B04 187 2 do dust 170 14 51 1678 1 do fans 70 24 305 DDF 190 2 do bio mixed 198 14 bid 60 BDW 1705 Shf-ch bro pek 432 30 310 DXP 205 3 do pek dust 315 13 73 Galadua 1744 3 ch bro or pek 300 4 311 Sunnyeroft 208 1 box dust 31 15 81 Hayes 1763 6hfich bro or pek 312 Kelvin 211 3hf-ch dust 195 17 fans 860 38 313 Pingarawa 214 1 do dust 90 16 91 DM 1798 6 ch unas 600 = 82 314 Ragalla 217 3 ~=«ch fans 390 34 9% Dammeria 1801 3hf-ch dust 200 15 315 220 3 do dust 450 19 93 ig04 1 ch sou 40 26 326 A 253 1 do 94 WW 1807 1 ch pek sou «9 26 lhf-ch bro pek No. 2 160 15 95 1810 1 do bro pek 73 25 328 239 7 ch 99 Hatton 1822 2hf-ch dust 160 16 lhf-ch — pek sou 665 22 100 1825 3 do bro tea 350 13 338 Beaumont 289 9 do fans 540 30 102 Dunbar 1831 14 hf-ch or pek 616 47 345 T'Villa 310 6 do or pek 540 36 bid 103 1884 9 do bro pek 450 4l. 346 POinest.mark313 4 do pek 295 «9s 10 DBR 1840 5 ch pek sou 410 29 352 Dea Ella 331 5hf-ch dust 400 17 106 1843 1 fo bro mix 100 27 357 Sunnycroft 346 6 ch nek sou 600 99 107 1846 3hf-ch dust 222 7 358 319 3 do congou 30020 112 Holton i861 5 ch pek sou 400 33 359 352 3 do dust 4f 16 113 BA 1864 1 ch dust so 16 360 855° 1. do bro tea 140 8 114 1867 3 do red leaf 318 11 118 HTL SK, —-—- in esinte ‘ ; b . CEYL Z ; ‘oa aed mar 1879 4+ ch ro pe 409 43 : ¥f 7 < S ‘i N Ne +, Teo aa ee nee ON COFFEE SALES IX LONDON. 120 1885 5 do peksou 540 30 | is fc mers, 121 ‘ aes i ap dams 100. 5 5 (From our Commercial Correspondent. ) 129 Tonacombe 1912 5 ch ek sou 450 37 ioe a 130 1915 3hf-ch dust 27019 MINCING LANE August 5. 135 G 1930 3 ch sou 285-28 “Ulysses’’—Large size, Pingarawa, pile 1, sale lot 1. 136 1933 “2. dosijpekidust fee ae leat lak 1,2 curkesd barael 106s ee Aor ae veatinat agal oe OBE Teen ne 5° GP 185 11 ch pek 935 29 bid 51 Glasgow 764 48 ch bro or pek 38/0 65 6 186 13 do pek sou 975 26 bid 52 767 16 do or pek 1040 53 8 Yarrow 188 60 hf-ch bro pek 3360 39 bid 53 770 14 do peke 1330 47 9 189 63 do pek 3150 36 54 Oonoogaloya 773 25 do bro pek 2500 55 10 Kelani 190 34 ch bro pek 2720 45 55 776 15 do pekoe 1200 35 1 191 27 do bro or pek 2700 44 59 St. John’s 788 83hf-ch broorpek 1848 84 12 192 45 do pekoe 4050 34 60 791 25 do or pek 1200 68 13 193 17 do pek sou 1445 30 61 794. 27 do pekoe 1350 52 18 Forest Hill 198 19 ch bro pek 1995 41 62 797 -25 do pek sou 1200 47 19 199 25 do pek 2200 34 63 Mount Temple 800 24 do broor pek 144v 52 20 - 200 16. do pek sou 1360 29 64 803 65 do cr pek 3250 39 21 201 10hf-ch fans 800 25 65 806 50 do pekoe 3650 32 92 Mousakande 202 18 ch pek 1584 35 66 809 20 do pek sou 1650 28 23° Meetiyagoda 203 10 ch bro pek 1000 32 bid 68 Ottery 815 23 ch bro or pek 2300 61 24 204 8 do pekoe 800 25 bid 69 8i1S 11 do or pek 990 44 26 Minna 206 12 hf-ch broorpek 780 59 70 82l 10 do pekoe 900 29 7 207 14 ch or pek 1350 46 72 Digdola 847 16 do bro or pek 1440 46 28 208 9 do pek 810 41 74 833. 23 do pekoe 1850 32 29 209 8 do pek sou 720 36 77 TT, in est. mark 842 19hf-ch bropekdust 950 29 bid Bu 211 13hf-ch dust 1170 16 80 H 851 9 ch pek No. 1 765 28 32 Razeen 212 17hf-ch bro pek 1020 51 81 Gangawatte 854 8 do bro pek 720 37 bid 33 213 25 do pek 1375 36 84 Wewamolle 863 387 hfch broorpek 2220 37 bid 34 214 24hf-ch peksou 1200 32 85 866 9 ch or pek 310 35 bid 42 P, in estate 86 Wo.dthorpe 869 12 do pek sou 90) 31 mark 222 2 ch unas 713 23 87 BGL, in est. 48 WGP 228 21hfch peksou 1050 26 bid mark $72 1Shf-ch bro pek fans 1260 22 bid 66 Dunblane ~236 49hf-ch kro pek 2303 24 bid 88 Uvadella 875 11 ch bro pek 1100 36 bid 67 Bog 237 16 ch bro mix 1376 7 bid 89 878 25hf-ch pekoe 1125 330 bid 58 Hemingford 238 13 ch sou 780 89.7 90 Warakamure 881 9 ch sou 810-28 59 239 20hf-ch fans 1500 22 95 MK, inest. mark 893 16hfch bropekfans1120 20 bid 60 240 22 ch ek fans 1480 35 100 New Tunisgalla 911 13 ch bro pek 1456 42 63 N 243 «7 ch roorpek 880 36 bid 101 914 14 do pekoe 1190 31 64 Inverary 244 35 ch pek 3150 34 bid 102 917 19 do pek sou 1615 28 65 Harangalla 245 25 ch bro pek 2500 45 bid 104 Horton Plains 923 30 do bro pek 1650 45 66 ~ 246 41 do pek 3690 35 105 926 23 do pekoe 1955 36 67 BDV 247 24 hf-ch BD pek unhpd1200 37 bid 106 929 11 do pek sou 825 30 68 248 27 ch pek 2430 31 bid 46S 953 15 do bro pek 1500 38 bid 69 249 17 de pek sou 1530 27 bid 115 956 26hf-ch pekoe 1170 3L , 80 Ketadola 260 7 ch ek 700 28 bid 116 WDB 959 19 do bro pek fans 1330 20 bid 85 Ravenscraig 265 16 hf-ch ro pek 8380 45 118 KK 965 10 do fans £00 12 86 266 25 do or pek 1250 42 119H K, inest.mark968 17 do bro pek fans1190 12 87 267 34 do pek 1700 35 120 D 971 32 ch pek sou $360 15 bid 91 Hatdowa 271 36 ch bro pek 3600 38 12L 974 22 do bro pek fans183. 14 bid 92 272 26 do pek 2126 29 bid 122 N 977 82 do sou 2875 11 bid 93 273 84 do peK sou 2790. 28 123 980 63 do red leaf 4935 9 bid 1022 NB 282 16hf-ch dust 1280 16 !id 126 Mocha 959 21 do bro or pek 2205 67 105 Talakande 285 26hf-ch dust 1950 16 bid 127 992 16 do orpek 1440 G2. 108 Rayigam 288 15 do bro pek 1650 39 128 995 20 do pekoe 1800 57 109 289 15 do or pek 1350 88 bid 129 KN Y 693 27 do pekoe 2160 29 bid CEYLON. PRODUCE SALES | £ Per SE an’ LIST. 2 (Messrs. Forbes & Walker.— Lot Box. Pkgs. Name iby oe. 173 G. P. M. in est. : 267,709 1b.) im mark gr 2 do bro or pek 1380 67 77 2t do or 1030 Lot Box. Pkgs. Name Ib. ce. aos a so! Poi ares 5 Stamford 176 , 883 32 do pek sou 17920 4 Hill 370 24 ch — or pek 2040 42 | 186 Kelaneiya 913 81 ch or pek 2035 43 bid 6 3723 2% do pek e 1955-86 ) 7 ae be iv = ~ 8 1700-83 7 Ingrogalla 876 17 ch bro pe 1700 47 oranakanda 925 22 do ro pe 2 39 8 pe 379 319 do ek 1615 40 192 Beliwood 931 6 do dust “Bo 25 9 Passara Group 382 7 ch broorpek 700 60 ) 193 Pambamar 934 16 do dust 14010 bid 15 USA 4uu 7 cn dust 910 14 | 198 Pall-godde 949 19 do bro orpek 1900 43 16 Kmnavesmire 403 12 ch bro SE ngs 1020 42bid | 199 952 14 do bro pek 1400 8 17 406 21 do bro pe 2100 45 1 290 955 11 do or pek 935 40 18 409 47 do pek 2995 32bid | 201 958 15 do pek 1200-86 19 412 14 do pek sou 1050 28 hid | 202 961 16 do px sou 1360 931 20 Mansfield 415 81hf-ch bro pek 20406 ; 206 Clyde 973 11 do ropek A 1045 44 2 418 19 ch pekoe 171) 49 | 207 976 8 do bropek B 760 44 23 Frrollwovud 424 18hf-ch broorpek 810 55bid | 208 979 11 do pekA 880 32 24 427 11 ch or pek 880 43 bid | 209 982 21 do pek B 1680332 25 430 10 do ekoe 800 36 bid | 210 . 985 18 do pek sou 2790 3=—s_- 27 bid 26 Ella Oya 433 10 ch bro pek 1000 61 | 218 Yataderiya 994 31 do peksoun 164 97 bid 27 * 436 12 ae oy pele 103241 | 28 439 14 do pekoe 1120 35 — ~~ —- 29 442 12 do pek son 1080 31 | SMALL LOTS. 30 Gallawatte 445 17 i nb pek si 47 I a ee 31 448 25 do -) 212 35 32 451 13 do pek sou 1105 BL (Thompson and Villiers.) 33 Agra Oya 454 20 ¢ ro pe 2000 4 oy aia i379 do orpek’ 1870 az bia | LO _ Box. Pkgs-. Mame. lb. 35 460 22 do pek 1989 = 35 & Doone Vale 8 4 ch k sou 30 (oT 36 Ascot 463 33 ch or pek 2805 = BY 4 4 1 do ans 10 0 7 37 466 17 do bro pek 1700, 42 5 5 1 do dust 150 14 38 469 34 do p-koe 2720 83 10 Polpitiya 10 3 ch dust 4200S 39 472 10 do pek sou 90 = 29 17 Ettie 17 2°ch = dust 290 «138 40 475 6 do _ pek fans 720 = 82 18 Glassaugh 18 Shf-ch pek 400s 88 bid 52 Langford 511 36 ch orpek 8240 82bid | 22 Vogan 22 6hbf-ch pek fans 350033 53 Naseby 614 30hf-ch bro pek 1s6u 69 27 Mahaousa 27 8 ch perk; 640 = BO bid 54 517 35 do pek 1750 53 36 BG 36 8hfch bro pek 400207 55 520 15 do pek sou 750 «45 33 38 4 do sou $00 «(17 56 523. 12 do dust 10800 Bd 39 BL 29 7hf-ch bro pek 422606 57 MD 626 17hf-ch broorpek 935 65 42 Ko‘ usgodella 42 2 ch pek sou 160-25 58 629 22 ch or pek 2200 «54 43 43 do dust 120 13 59 532 9 do pekoe 855 45 45 Belgodde 45 11hf-ch pekoe 550 80 2 Weoya 641 25 ch bro pek 2250 43 46 46 7 do pek son 315 27 63 544 36 do ek 2700 «= 82 47 47 2 do dust 140-80 64 547 16 do peksou 1120-88 48 Poengalla 48 5 do dust 400 «15 bid 65 550*10 do bro pek 5 UIK 61 5 ‘ch fans 1000 30 lhfch sou 500 12 bid 71 Hayes 568 45hf-ch pekoe 2250 Bs } 52 52 2 ch dust 280 «12 72 dv7L 25 do pektou 1250 33 53 53 Bhf-ch dust 240042 17 High Forest 686 37hf-ch broorpek 2072 73bid | 58 O 58 7 ch pek 490 «19b 73 589 22 do or pek 1056 65 59 BS 59 3 ch ~ pek 300-19 bid 79 nF ' 592 26 eye ae 1196 50 —— — 80 Hi ores’ 695 27 hf-c roorpek 1512 76 \ ‘ ; Ae te 598 22 do peksou 990 48 (Messrs. Somerville « Co.) 98 St. Edwards 49 16 ch broorpek 800 39 Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. bse: ‘ 104 Yoxford 667 45hf-ch bro pekfan2475 41 1 Glanrhos 181 4 ch = son 360-23 105 670 24 ch pek sou 1800 34 2 182 2 do aust 200 «1G 106 673 Qhf-ch dust 810 19 5 GP 183 6hf-ch bro or pek 230 42Ibid — 107 Arapolakande 676 69 ch bro pek 6210 50 4 181 7 do or pek 350 42 tid 108 679 47 do pekoe ere 36 7 187 5 do fans 2 20 . 114 Roeberry 697 13 ch or pek 1222 o7 14 Kotigala 191 4 do bro pek 2 115 700 11 do pek 946 45 15 195 6 do pek 370 $5 116 703 10 do ‘pek sou 900 43 16 196 5 do pek sou 150 z 118 909 9 do fans 900 19 17 197 1 do dust 130 10 119 Amblakande 712 8 ch bro pek 800 47 25 Meetiyagoda 205 3 ch kK sou 290 33 ago ; 715 15 do pekoe 1200 35 30 Minna - 210 3 ch 10 mix 70 17 1 718 9 do ek sou gh inal 2 . 35 Razeen 215 3hf-ch fans 25 9 %4 P’Kande 727 68 ch bro pek 6800 47 | 36 216 2do dust 75 OS 125 * 730 63 do pekoe 5335 33 bid | 37 Maligatenne 217 6 ch bro pek 523-32 126 733 29 do pek sou 2405 29 38 218 5 do pek 498 DR 128 Ganapalla 739 21 ch _ or pek 2016 S88 did | 39 219 7 do *K sou 630-83 130 “Malvern 745 30hf-ch bro pek 1650 55 40 220 6 ‘do ‘bro'sou 450 131 i 748 26 ch’ pek 1820 38 41 21 1 do ‘dust | ~ 1299 45 ‘132 751 15 do peksou 1050 35 43 Boltonby 223 2 ch ‘bro pek 236 87 139 Pambagama 772 14 ch ek sou 1260 27 44 ¥ y 224 2 do pek © wap BR 140 Geragama- 775 7 ch ro orpek - 735 42 1hf-ch * Aa : 778 13 do bropek 110589 45 225 1ido pek son 45° «87 142 781 16 do pek 1360 33 46 WGP 226 Thf-ch * bro pex 3/1 By 143 Waratenne 784 14 ch bro orpek 1470 42 47 227 9 do pek | 450 > 33 144 787 23 do hropek 1955 38bid | 49 229 6 do con 300 193 145 790 27 do pek”™ 2295 = 331 50 23013 do fans unhooped 650 22 147 Ambragalla 796 106 hf-ch ‘or:pek 5512 44 51 331 8 do dust - 25 45 148 799 40 ch pek’ 3640 ~39 53 H 233 3 ch fans 300 98 149 802 46 do peksou 3680 35 54 234 7 do bro mix 595 «(16 ‘150 805 79hf-ch broorpek 4740 48 55 235 2hf-ch dust 180° 16 154K # G 817 18 ch bro pek 1800 36bid | 75 MDA 235 6 ch ‘bro pek 600 535 bia 156 UK 823 14 ch pek § 1400 «= 31 bid | 79 Ketadola 259 5 ch bro pek 52539 7 157 Lochiel 826 1S8hf-ch broorpek 990 65 81 261.5 do 1ek son 450 28 158 829 15 ch bropek 1575 52 82 262 2 do sou 170 95 159 832 33 do pek 2640 41 83 263 1 do unas- 35 (26 160 m 835 18 do pek sou 1612 35 84 CL 264 1 ch bro pek 540 27 bid 161 OO,in estate 8 Ravenscraig 268 4hf-ch pek sou 200 «98 mark 838 9 ch dust 1530 16 89 269 4 do dust 320 16 162 841 25 do sou 2000 27 90 270 1 ch pek sou 90 27 164 G 847 10 ch pek sou 830 29 94 Hatdowa 274 3 ch unas 255 «24 166 Galpottagama853 19hf-ch bro pek 950 36 95 275 2 ch dust 300 15 168 859 18 do peksou 900 27 96 276 1 do fans 100 1s ‘2 ‘es oe ieee CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST Lot 2 Box. Pk 3 103 me gs. N =r ak ay 3hf-ch sou ne qe x0 cue Box. pl . “ 4 ¥ 25 . ros, 106 F Ain estate do dust mo atTE pia dats lianas ane: 1b a. 107 r: 986 1 ch ved leaf 112 688 5 ch bro tea 440 «16 116 Good 287 Ihf-ch dust Og ve 113 Roeberry 691 2 do xed leaf 600 16 od Hope 296 7hf-ch dust 99 15 117 694 5 do bro yor 180 14 @80 16bid | 122 Allerton 08) %.d6), = sou oe 2 ae CHE EAD TOR i Gs Lot [Mr. E. John.] 127 P’Kande ie 1 do dactase 369 13 . C 29 5 ht- : 0 Oc gn ee 138 Pamb 7 6 ch ret 400 13 2 614. Shf-ch fans Gs 146 x1 agama 769 6 hf-ch red leaf 474 12 6 Shanr 617 4 do dust 520,22 151 A ane 193 2 ch fans 450 234 18 Nabavill 629 2 do dust BAW ORs io lmombragalla, 808 Pion: dae m2 (12 peas i 608 3 Go" ek fans MA 153 sl 6 do” bro} 15014 28 686 5 do bro pek AW ee 165 Bidbur 8if 1 ch bropek fans 420 31 32 Templestowe Cb OO 230 38 | 16 Meeratenne ee de pe aaa eae 5 ch ans Bemis lars 165 LBK 1 ch kg 480 33 bid 42 Di 734 2 do 575 35 1 ; 850 7 pek sou go4 1 B Diwestmank is 3 do broek 300 gh en oe ee 46 do fans ; 3 170 Middletor £62 13 650 Nee hacen go 4 aust thea CORBA Ce ebony 1 263/40 gov)“ pekisou Ecomeon 60 Agra Quvah 761 7 do pekoe 240 15 HDS REEL CINONE SON CC pek sou 425 36 i 57 779 6 do pek sou BOO nae 77 GPM i 871 5 do pek 6x08 58 782 5 do bro pek fa 520 25 mark in est. pek sou 500 23b AE cries re Sea at a oe iis 886 4hf-ch pel eee. 71 Otter ple 812. 7hf-ch pek fan Pe i 179 Su Ba) 8 dost Sadie 300 3 73 Digdola ee Pcie TN % 188 Rae 892 6 ch red leat “ug oi7 “5 ; ‘ do bro or pek 2 189 g 919 4 gou 600 76 auae?7 xlo. pakoe pele =.240;, 45 191 Doranak Sony eae ne cone ee een ue pek sou PANN pee Cie wee paras 08 Bek 200 28 7 d s 2 P 38 7 2 8 G Sieweotidot Baas 300 24 rg pee =a. dob: “brojor pek Ania ee 83 angawatte 857 8 do nie 200 IL hs ARE 450 15 91 A 5 860 3 do ; 630 28 Sa 1 “6 Akkara Totum ae 5 do ae ri 26 CEYLON COFFEE S 93 77a Oo pekoe 5 37 4 SALES + oa ae 1 do pek sou ao ay 7 iS IN LONDON, 96 Peru 93 1 do fans : 24 (rom our C : 97 g99 5 do f 100 19 onvunercial Cor 98 So eu ehdtteesate © Togas Min cin Gil ondent. ) . = = ‘ - a ANE 09 RG a 7cioe | nee sours bus > 28 Sarpedon’’—GA Onvah, 0, pi ey agus le 09 wow Tunisvatin oe LBRcH dust 595 28 lot 145, 1 ticre vah, 0, pile 67, sal a yauupisealla SoGuene dois dust 80 16 Ditto 1 ce 111s sold, , Salelot 1, wharf 108 onjEJains 982° 2 do bro pek Ne oreo ars Ditto 2; pee sl 2, wl 146, 2casks 1 ti ae 938 3 do fans e 60 36 Ditto 3. 70, I 2 wi 147, 6 casks 1 ti : ey 0s od 10 do ; a 26 - 2 sl 4, wl 14 s erce 104 ; 9411 1 do gust = 90 14 Ditto IPB, p71 ae 143, 1cask 1 tierce 90s - 11 Bek. pre JB Ouvah, 0, p 72 Bee 149, 110s s sold. 12 944 2 Ct, * 201 742, Ditt 19, p72, sl7, wl Atta, 112 Hunugalla 947 2 SO ge COleDE Dem OO ee SS Cen eM Soap orcortt0s. 17 EK Ey GO GUL 130 ee Ditio IPB re are raee ete 124 Palil’ ze do b 4 bid 6 4} Ww RE be 5 me 58 5 do EO eee ae rel Eymhus! Craig 00, ona eee at 3ht-ch pek sou ; ; i s z »sl1, wl 29 : 180 21 Bie 0, D Bh sltoh es0"eeack , , L bare {Messrs Di ol, p 3, sl 4, wl 39." 5 sks 112s. ressrgs. Forkes & Walker.] Ditto 2, p4, sl7 ay ? cel Hose. .0t > 5 3 fo) 5 : a, 4 casks a ce Box. kts. Name. lb - Ralangalla r iS 8, wl 36, 2 ensles Hee ace assara, $ Ditton p22: , S11, wl 21, lbs ae G 2 * , p22, sl2 2: » Lbarrel 112s ae a 285 5 ch or pek ; Ditto 2, p 23, sl 3 Me 2s Leask barrel te 64. a 33 7 do pek 4500 47 Ditto 8, p 24, sl 4, wl 24. 1 casks 105s s 6d. 13 291 4 do pek sou Cy Ditto PB, p25 sl 1w1 24, 1 bared 67s 22 Mansfield a 2hf-ch fans 150 32 Standard Uo. St mf wl 25, 1 barrel 107s a Danpitiya Muka. ch peksou See a For dite sold. eonards F, p 7, sll, dl3s, 1 ana iS ] = ? ov aye 42 478 Lhfch bro pek No.155 2 Ditto 1, p 8, si 2, dl 39, 1 cask 1 ti ae . ay : coos Gu pekoNo: lr a4 oS Ditto 3! p 9, sl 3, al 40, 3 aes yoke 113s 6a -c y , sks D - GE ie See Ditto PB, e aes cee cer ee 45 . No. zt Ditt Lh iS) Slo, 1 42, T ti ° 490 1 do nae sired 43 28 rel 435, ot amgestate mark, ae 120s. ae 493 LNo.2_ 38 “Candia” 2, S16, dl 43, 1 bar- : do pek_mixed % 25 ease 2 —Thotulagalla size 1 47 496 B No. 2 53 oh Di arrel 112s 64 sold ze 1, pl, sl 1, dl 23 48 Telbedde 490 1 do pekS No. 250 2a Dee Doel 2 dl 24, 6 cask OS ae 502 5 ro pek 412 S : size 3, p3, sl 3 =4, © Casks 104s 50 25 do pek Mee le Ditto PB , 8] 3, dl 25, 1 cask . - 605 3 d 475 40 ° ,p4,sl4, dl2 Ue ask 81s, 51 do , 12 . a a a I eee Ditto T, p 5, 15, ol 26; 1 tierce 110s, 61 P,in estate mark a Aeris pek sou hag 17 hotulagalla, p6, sl (ios 36s. t 538 10 hf-c aie 8 37 - vertak a Aye alla oes do" en aA 40 CEYLON COCQA , L overtakers 99s. pate ee. 613 2hf-ch dust 350 29 a YA SALES IN 616 3 : 160 7 “ Sit + 92 P U Co., Ltd., in do bro tea 150 ‘ “Clan Suther = N LONDON. aria SOOT a eS oumeella. Ale 98 Hill 631 1box fbropek sa in 733; peiseiidan: sold at 71; ales bags bougbt in 99 St. E 634 2 ch Lc ar cious ditto Ty |2/bags sold af 67a, 8 bags b 100° dwards 652 9hf-ch or a a2a fi 88 7b Sree rg ia cel ie nes ought 355 : pe 5 35 ags bought in 8: ajawella, 70 bags 101 EPW, in eatater we chs, ER 495 7 Udumertiee’ 82s; 4 bags sold ane bought in 82s; 102 Gaaleall 658 2 ch dust é 5 bags sold at 73s at Muarseilles—S 1 in £ at 64s 6d. 3 aa Radella aa eee dust ae AL tistorian”—Fantay estate mark, 86 2 15 alla. \Av ane, 17 9 Arapolakande 632 6 iG pek sou 160 o4 b onerakelle, 47 bags b 17 bags bought i Sy pek sou : ags bought F ought in at 7S n at 80 640381 as Me ae at 78s at 7$s. D = iS. ‘Dictator’—Dea Bile doe . ea Ella, 39 ’ a . gs bought in at 79s. OBSERVER PRINTING WORKS ope seit PRT ee hing ty Ae nan “ Me, ; ir a ear 4 7 _ ive Foner §) Ae é ; x P It soit t it : : ( ’ t wp + . ; 4 ie at this isa 4 ; ; afrr *s ia AY in) ; : Sd \ : : A an ‘ { . } thy ; mM, f, ‘ ‘ 4 . “4 $ A td 4 ¢ 7 { ig . ( , iF ; ‘7 ; + bait I bY mie » e ines Py ~ wert wv renee j : : Yah 7 : ‘etdtia ’ by ix £4 4 “ig : gis pies 2 { eat one * rf ; nf ee. : : ALGh Meat ad re ie bog AE Gy ; . *< j h Sow digg u rf we ahet { fw be ts retey i - Sof wot ices OF wats im AT orteieh Pug at ae ote nha) abs ol) foahitaie sf (ap PL ee) Sin CE BEAD Vk aS RP Lene ee Me SM thi © “ me aie Zee arly , Age ele bee ; ' 7 ¥ § ovo! : ae 4 ts we ¥.! oid te Z i wove k spate WAG F Ie 6 Ge oe et Tae é a ana’ Pb. ry Ot “eo ola eo yh ae Oris if ne oth: FSP 1 Rout oe k Othe f = hat tan LT 4k a? Nee Os ee “an 0. Dae Gly : hd £ uD ORY) tee $ 4 2 Say oF Hloa2 apt f eee day te a Dc i i Yd ohm tle-“aieotells BY fs Sern te Leyldygrd Syed: Vesa aieicgt | teh - ai eh aah e67 Ali de ai tay s i epadis ealgaw ong i: ir “ha gtredé ater ali te igh x om ict f 7288, : igh. fey RA reat ie ee, ag : pence tid *geth T st ats “cup on Se seitu s > > ih TEA, COFFEE, CINCHONA, COCOA, AND CARDAMOM SALES, . 1 TA NO. 35 Cozompo, SrpremBer 12, 1898. | Paice :—125 cents each 3 copiéa ° 30 cents ; 6 copies $ rupee. COLOMBO SALES OF TEA. (Mr. BH. John.—135,890 ib.] Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lbs aie; LARGE LOTS. 1A oe enich bro pek 700 42 2 4 8 do pekoe 800 82 po 4 < : 10 12 do pek No.1 1080 37 onas S)i ~mark 13 SOU 3 27 bi [Thompsen and Villiers.— Be eT Wenty do) romnie, > S00 ah. at 7 i Raja 9 20 do 10 pe 2 35 bi 43,559 Ib] Ast: but Aepops doh pekoss tos er bi Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. Ib. e¢. in SW ay Ae ms me on ete ee bid ra ae p) a 1 Harrow J 9Ohfch dust 720 17 bid | 11 Little Valley 31 15 do bro pek 1575 46 2 Vathalana 2 29 ch bro or pek 1889 42 12 34 18 do pekoe 1620 ey} 3 3 18 do or pek 1710 33 15 Kotnagedera 43 24 do bro pek 24€0 36 4 4 18 do pekoe 1530 29 16 46 14 do pekoe 1330 29 6 BG 6 10hf-ch pek fan S00 16 20 Hila 58 18 do bro or pek 1530 37 7 Doragalla 7 41 ch bro pek 4290 47 bid 21 61 26 do bro pek 2210 36 bid 8 8 17 do pek 1615 37 22 64 16 do pekoe 1120 31 bid 9 9 9 do pek No. 2 855 “=. 32 23 67 23 do pek sou 1840 26 11 O’Kande 11 19 ch unis 1900 31 24 70 12 do peksou No. 1 1020 28 43. Unugalla 13 10 ch bro pek 1050 50 27 Glassaugh 79 47hf-ch bro pek 2585 53 14 14 18 do pek 1710 41 28 §2 26 ch pekoe 2340 48 23 Hornsey 3.15 ch pek sou 1500 40 29 85 24 do pek sou 1700 89 25 Battalgalla 2514 cli pek sou 1400 40 3 88 iLhf-ch dust 935 25 80 L $0 1zhfech dust 1029 9 bid 31 Brownlow 91 22 do bro or pek 1232 64 32 OSS, in eat. ; 32 94°26 do or pek 1352 50 mark 32 15, ch bro or pek 1125 4¢ bid 33 97 86 ch pekoe 3150 43 33 33 14 do orpek q10) s7 Sidi |||.3 160 25 do peksou 2125 39 34 34 3L do pek 2325 32 35 103 6 do bropekfans 702 39 35 35 9 do 88 Agra Ouvah 112 44hf-ch broorpek 2816 70 lhf-ch pek sou 720 27 bid | 39 115-21 do” ‘or pek 1092 . 56 45 Myr aganga 41 GT 12027 ch bro or pek 2295 45 bid bp? 45 19 ch bro pek 1995 S81bid | 42 124 14 do or pek 910 42 bid 43 127,15 do pe'ce 1500 40 GU re Ms is mn 320 18 bags redleaf 1128 11 A 5 G 133 15 hf-ch dust 1200 5 bi [Mei:srs. Somerville & Co.—102,799.] is Whyddon 136 17 ch bropek 1870 a ey 7 139 11 Go or pek 968 6 Lot. Box. pkgs. Name. libs= “Cs re 142 13 do pekoe un ié : ‘ é y AS a G, 145 15 do pek sou 1350 59 5 Bin oarate 311 19 ch pek No. 1 1615 24 ee Uda 154 16 hf-ch bro pek 896 24 mark 316 12hf-ch dust 888 15 bd Het a0 ch pekoe Ba0i ne 82 10 Ukuwela 8x0 24 ch bro pek 2400. 24 Be NMaredenit eens a 2 bee ae “pek res a rh 321 17 do pek 1615 30 RAG eee HGS PE CRSEL conc THepua peek 12 822 7. do pek sou 700 2 57. Glase 169 16 oo Lat per fans 1120 23 bid 18 Carney 323 18hf-ch bro pek 9°G.—-39 58 SOM 172 39 ch brolor'pek 3315 65 19 330 3£ do pek 1530 32 Fa eee ie ou pen HS OMA OD 20 830 17 do. peksou 650-29 aoueenane Tebetn aca Bee aoe Tae 335 40hf-ch bropek 2240 46 Bt ne reepee edo) gat bee Be a 26 336 20 do pek 1120 36 ef ir Be do bro pek 3700 ~—-39 bid 27 337 45 do pek sou 2340 34 63 ree eh ekoe 1g80 5 29 339 12 do bro pek fans 840 82 65 MR cal Be ra pek sou 810 27 30 Cakley 340 23 ch bropek 2300 37bid | 64 TLamelier Teoras “aed Sbhen LOT iiieare 31 341 18 do pek : 15(0 32 ee Lameliere 32 do bro pek 1760 44 bid 36 Tembiligalla 346 16hf-ch broorpek 960 43 68 SAO S TENGE wee oo de bro pek MEE 56 bid 37 347 15 do bro pek 825 37 69 Morahela ae an ae SE pek 1000 50 bid 38 34 8 33 do pek 1s0e 3) bid | 7 Gon 508 ae OniGels TOO RES Ee 41 Wavakamure 25L 22 ch or pek 2200 33 bid 71 9 & ae an DrOlON pels elaly 34 bid 42, 35222 do pek 2090 30 16 Glentilt ae ao ae pee pek zon 41 43 ; 253 11 do sou 990 §=.26 "7 ? 299 16 tie oe pes 3200 G5 46 P'TN, is estate 3 Seanad ih tele ere cer 1500) 46 mark 356 2ibf-ch peksou 1030 26 "9 OM HES tear ee 8s0 £0 50 Logan 360 5 ch dust 750 14 80 Mount T le Soa 2 ht ah pre pek __ 1820 44 51 Dikmukalana 361 23hf-ch troorpek 1540 4t 81 enipee ae 31 poh. {pr ogupek 1860 50 52 362 19 do or pek 950 39 92 a aC on on pees 1862 40 53 Illukettia ss 10 ch brapek 110088 Se SS heh oe tee Be 4 € kK 25 bi , ae a 5 fet 3 =e are . He es ws 1000 nr bid a Bardarawatte 250 35 do or pek 2100 41 bid 59 Berragalla 369 13hf-ch dust 106015 87 Yakka Soe NO 320 35 bid 66 Harangalla 370 14 ch bro pek 1400 41 bid | of Murra sthwaitovsee 9 a pokes k Sor nore ar Suite th TD ok He Ean ys as eee GS Het ‘ do dus 720 «22 5 skeliv: 983 4G one ant ne Bobicolnioniva 1 ch bro or pek ~ 990 34 a Maskeliya 20 1G do bro or pek 1600 58 bid 71 Deniyaya 22 ch bro pek 2310 44 bid | 97 286 12 do or pek 2200 43 bid 71 ‘Piddydale 9 ch pek gio 28tid | 2% PaaS AREECS 1300 39 bid 7 10 do pek sou 9°0 25 106 North Pundal AEE DG pek sou 1000 36 79 Hu 7 ch kro pek 700 33 Sone Dy a ; 316 17 hf-cl inclc = 80 $ do pek B70 426bid || qozi OF 8 Sas Bios, Se0l nae 82 Hanagama 2. ch bro pek 2310 83 108 82> Uke x0 Or pek 935 50 83 30 do pek 3000.29 109 ae w on HES 117039 86 Ovoca AI ishtch pekfans 10:0 30bid | iy Kintyr Seo ee map oanee gto) ae 93 Rayigam 3 2thf-ch dust 1920 15 ie vie 828 40hfch broorpek 2400 54 0 GB Aoonichs «dust 1100 29 3 337 "12. ch pek sou 969 31 bid 9 1P 6 13hfch dust 1079 18 96 Honiton Bia di7 neh bro pek 1700 47 97 7 12 do pek 1120 38 {Mlessrs. Ferbes & Walixer.—] 104 Mount Temple 14 3)hf-ch pek sou 1650 26 bid 990 AND 106 Ingeriya 16 8Lhf-ch bro pek 1550 +88 329, 0( 2 1b.) 107 17 34 do pek 1632 31 Lot. Box. Pkys. Name. lb. c. 108 1§ 26 do peK sou 1196 27 6 Rockside 1012.6 ch dust 700 22 109 19 17 do pek fans 1020 32 7 1015 8 do bro pekf ns 960 36 111 P Pile chi pek sou 1445 28 bid 9 Galkanda 102L 10 ch pek 900 3L Lot Box. pkgs. Name. Ib 13 EIN A, inest. mark 1033 34 hf-ch or pek_ 1709 uN 1036 19 ch bromix 2470 15 Great Valley - Ceylon, in est, mark 1029 42hf-ch bro pek 2310 16 1012 12 ch or per 1080 17 1045 16 do 1440 18 1018 34 do pek sou 1260 24 Hayes 1066 23hf-ch bro orpek 1540 25 1669 20 do bro pek 1100 26 1072 80 do or pek 1500 81 Polatagama 1087 28 ch bro pek 2800 32 1090 29 do or pek 2320 33 1093 40 do pekoe 3400 54 10056 26 do pek sou 1959 35 Amblangodde bed 18 ch bro pek 1800 36 1wW2 18 do pek 1629 44 Tonacome 1126 16 ch or pek 1600 45 1129 11 do bro pek 1210 46 1132 32 do pek 3200 48 Fairlawu 1128 20hf-ch bro pek 1150 49 Jl41 21 do or pek 1395 50 1144 16 ch pekoe 1410 55 IKeluneiya, Maskeliya 1159 54 ch bro pek 4599 56 1162 35 do pekoe 3600 60 Shrubs Hill 1174 44 ch bro pek 4020 61 JU7 20 do pek lu g 1180 21 do dust 1785 63 Grange Gar- den 1183 25 do bro orpek 2750 64 1183 22 do pekoe 2200 68 Columbia 1193 14¢hf-ch broorpek 770 69 1201 22 do or pek 1100 70 12044 88 do pek lijlu 72 D,in estate mark 1210 10 ch dust 1000 73 1213 10 do fans 1000 74 12.6 14 do sou 1260 75 Kmnavesmire i121) 22 ch bro pek 2200 76 1222 47 do pek 8995 77 1225 33 do pek sou 2175 78 Ismalle 1223 86 ch son 3240 uv 1234 8 do fans 10L0 81 1237 16 do dust 1360 88 Hayes 1260 30hf-ch or pek 1500 89 126L 20 do pek sou 1000 93 Dammeria 1273 14 ch bro or pek 1680 94 1276 20 do bro pek 2000 95 1279 24 do pekoe 2400 96 1252 8 do peksou 80 99 MahaUva 1291 llhf-ch broorpek 715 100 I294..22 do or pek 1320 101 1297. 18 ch p. koe 1710 106 High Forest 1312 i8hf-ch broorpek 1008 107 1315,.19 «do or pek 912 108 1318 14 do bro pek 924 109 Ruanwella 1321 15 ch or pek 1350 110 1324 13 do bro pek 1300 UL 1327.23 do pekoe 2070 112 1330 12 do pek sou 1080 114 Morankan- da 1336 14 ch bro pek 14/0 115 1339 20 do pekoe 18(0 116 13:2 39 do pek sou 1710 120 Aberdee 1344 381 ch bro pek 2045 121 1357. 39 do ek 2400 127 12860 11 do pek sou 913 123 1363 10 do bro pek fan 1120 124 Kirklees 1366 25hf-ch broor pek 1500 145 1369 14 ch or pek 1490 126 1372 13 do pekoe 1300 127 185.22 do pek sou 1689 128 1378 9 do pek fans 1080 129 Tymawr 138L 24: hf-ch or pek 1789 130 138t 21 do broorpe: 1030 131 1337.23 do pek 1035 132 1490 14 do dust 1050 133 RW W, in est. mark 1393 19 ch unas 2230 134 Farnham 1396 6 hich bro pek 3650 135 1299 37 do pek 2035 136 1402 21 do pek sou 1050 139 1411 10 do pek fans 1235 140 Middleton 1414 19hf-ch broorpek 1045 141 1417 20° ch or pek ~ 2000 142 : 1420 14 do pek 1320 148 Stamford Hill 1423 20hf-ch fluwery or ; pek 1000 144 1426 13 ch or pek 1105 145 1429 12 do pek 1020 146 KP W 1432 387 hfi-ch ov pek 2220 147 1435 22 do bro pek 1210 148 1438 69 do pek 3450 149 1441 16 do pek sou $00 5 bid Lae" Nane — Jb. ¢, bropek © 6180 47 ik 6280 - «33 roorpek 1400 45 bro pek 900 «44 or pek 142833 pek 1976 =—s 31 sou 1794 23 0 or 2538 «86S bid or pek “1809 48 pek 3700 41 ay 50:0 27 ro pek 1209 §= 5 or pek 1275 48 kK 1280 86 48 o orpek 1404 39 bid 33 ro pek 160 47 1440 &% oa sou T2008 roorpek 1314 67 bid or pek 1196 62 bid bo pek fan: 112044 ro or pek 2205 Sg}bid pek 3230 = 3a, bid. fans 800 20 oo orpek 1630 58 or pek 90) «= 46 bid bro pek 1500 43 bid pek 1199 «86 pek sou 815 29 sou 960 = 22 pek dust 900 «1b or pek 909 = 35 ekoe 1530 32 ro pek 2700 = 48 pek 2000 33 bid sou 200 «8h ns 81683 bro pek 1330 46 pek 17088 pet sou 1080 27 ro pek 1007 ai bin 10F8 35 ro La. 320) 3) bid 3060 «= 82 bid pek sou 1955 7 + pek 1615. 60 1955 = 34 Pek sou 136031 pek fans 700-36 bra.orpek 1430 47 ek 1010 83684 ropek 3200 47 bid pek 3230 40 pek sou 2349 33 pek sou 700 46 sou 4900 26 bro pek 4320 86 44 bid pek 3600 ©6384 pek sou 1650 29 dust 1750 =: 12 bid SMALL LOTS. —_—— (Thompson and Villiers.] Box. 151 Arapolakan- de 1447 152 1450 155 Torwood 1459 156 1462 157 1465 158 1468 159 li7l 163 Marlborough 1483 164 1486 165 1409 1733 TOR 1513 174 Castlereagh 1616 175 1519 176 1522 187 St. Heliers 1555 183 16568 100 Theydon Boisl56t 191 1567 192 1570 19 MK 1579 196 1582 197 1585 1s BDW 1588 199 ud 2.0 1594 21 RCW inest. mark 1°97 a I : 1600 2 ngrogal'a 1618 209 1621 213 Walpita 1633 214 Hunasgeria 1636 215 1639 217 Theberton 1645 213 1618 222 Chesterford 1660 223 1663 224 1606 225 1669 226 Clyde 1672 227 1675 223 1678 230 Olahitagoda 10684 231 1687 248 Doteloya I7Z8 219 741 250 1744 251 Erracht 1747 252 1750 253 1763 254 1756 256 Grange Gardeal762 257 1765 260 Parsloes 1774 261 1ji7 282 1780 268 Carlabeck 1593 270 Nahalma 1g04 272 Putupaula 1810 273 1813 274 1816 279. Uduwe.a 1835 Lot. Box. 10 Doragalla 10 12 O’kande 12 15 Unugalla 15 16 16 17 B 17 18 O 18 19 BS 19 20 Ugieside 20 21 21 22 6P 22 2! Hornsey 24 26 Battagalla 26 27 D i 27 28 28 29 29 31 L EAS 36 OSS, in estate mark | 36 37 87 43 L 43 44 Wocdend 44 Pkgs. Namie. Thfch bromix 3hf-ch dust 7 ch pek sou @hf-ch dust 7 do b o pek % ch pek 3 ch pek 5 ch tte aixed 7 do dust 5 ch sou 8 ch fans 8 ch fans 3 ch 1hbf-ch bro pek fans 6 ch pek sou 4 de red leaf Shf-ch peck 3hf-ch pek fans 2 do dast. &$ ch bro mix 4 ch dust Lot. [Messrs. Somerville & Co.] Box. Pkgs. Name. b. 2 Clontarf 312 3 ch dust 345 3 BVA 33. 3 ch bro pek 290 4 314. 2 do pek 193 5 315 2 do pek sou 167 13° Galdola 323. 3 ch bro pek 356 1 hf-ch 14 324 3 ch pek 300 15 325, 2. do pek sou 166 16 26 Lhf-ch dust 53 17 27 Lich red leaf 90 21 Curney 351 7hf-ch bro pekfans 350 22 332 4 do sou 200 23 Dedugalla 33 2 ch bro tea 170 24 324 2hfch dust 170 28 Marigold 333 11 hf-ch sou 495 382 Oakley 342 6 ch pek sou 620 33 313.1 do dust 100 34 244 1 do red leaf 10) 35 BBB 345 5 ch dust 600 33a EAN dust 129 39 Tembiligalla 319 12 hf-ch pek sou 600 40 350 3 do dust 2:0 44 Warakamure 25! 3hf-ch dust 255 45 PTN, in es- tate mark 355 12hf-ch bro pek 672 47 357 3 do dust 240 48 358 1 do fans 53 49 Logan 359 .5, ch bro er pek 525 56 Illukettia 365, 1° ch dust 133 o7 ES £67 2 ch sou 240 1 hf-ch 58 368 2 ch bro ter 200 59a Berragalla 3hf-ch fans 210 60 OC 370 2hf-ch bro pek WS 61 371 1 do pek Y G2 olzel a0 pek sou 55 #3 373 1 ch unas 86 64 Southwold #74 3 ch sou 255 65 XX 375, 2 ch red leaf 160 70 Koladeniya 3380 7 ch pek 630 72 California, 3:2 Ghi-ch bro pek 30 73 383 7 ch pek 660 74 384 2 do pek sou 200 75 Boo 2hdo. fans 100 738 Tiddydale 386 6 ch bro pek 570 SIE 391 6 ch pek sou 570 84 Hanagama’ 39: 7 ch pek sou 62! 85 395 5 do fans 625 87 Ovoca AT 397 Ght-ch dust 570 98 Honiton 8 8 ch pek sou 630 99 9 1 do dust 155 190 HT, in estate mark 10 2hf-ch bro pek 130 101 11 2 do pek 115 102 12 6 do pek sou 33 103 Ls 2S chy dust 225 105 Clyde 15 omen fans 309 110 Ingeriya 20 2hfch dust 174 [Mr. BH. John.] Lot. Box. pkgs. Name. lb. 38 WHR Zn easel dast 400 13 Little Valley By pehew Ac) pek sou 270 14 40 2 do fans 270 17 Kotuagedera 49 65 do pek sou 475 18 52) 2 do bropekians 280 19 SH Bai to) do. sou 210 25 «Kila hot ao sou 150 26 760 «64hi-ch dust 520 36 GL 106 6 do dust 450 37 109 2 ch red leaf 162 40 Agra Ouyah 1i8 6 do pekoe 570 50 Whydden 148 8 do pek fans 360 51 lol 8 ‘do dust 450 6+ Rondura 19) 2 ado duss 280 72 Morahela 24 7 do pekce 6380 73 217. 7Thf-ch dust 645 7i NWH 20) = ich bro pek 90 45 PH Na afi (a) pekoe 63 83 Yakka 256 5 do bro pek 570 88 262 4 do pek sou 336 89 265: 2 “do dust 172 92 Murraythwaite 27! 8 do peksou_ 6410 93 277. Bht-ch =bropek fans 193 94 280 1 do dust 80 9) Maskeliya 295 3 ch sou 370 16) 298 S8hf-ch bro pek fans 400 lt SUL Seda dust 180 iit Kintyre 33L 9 do orpekfans 5538 112 334 7 do pek fans 434 114 310 Sbf-ch dust 450 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. a dO 22 28 bid 14 24 bid 18 bid 3 {Messrs. Forkes & Walker.] Lot. 1 -O EC,inest. mark 997 4 Rockside 1006 5 1009 8 Galkanda 1018 10 1024 11 1027 12 1029 37 Amblan- godde 1105 38 1 08 39 ILL 40 Sunnycroft 114 41 1117 42 1120 43 1123 47 Tonacombe 1135 51 Fairlawn 1147 52 1150 53 Goschen 1152 54 1156 57 Kelaneiya, Maskeliya 1165 58 1168 59 Mansfield 1171 65 Grange Gar- den 1189 65 1192 67 Sunnycroft 1195 71 Columbia 1207 79 Ismalle 1231 82 1240 97 DM 1285 98 1288 102 Maha Uva 1300 103 1303 lot 1306 105 1309 113 Ruanwella 1353 117. Morankanda 1345 118 3343 119 1341 137. Farnham 1105 133 1108 150 KP W 1444 153 Arapola- kande 1453 154 1456 169 Dewalakan- da 1474 161 1477 162 1450 Marlborough 1492 Blairgowrie 1495 1498 ECL 1504 1aC7 TOR 1510 Castlereagh 1525 152 r Macaldenia 1537 St. Heliers 1561 Hopewell 1573 BOWP 1603 Ingrogalla Walpita Theberton 164” 1051 1654 1357 Clyde USI Olabitageda 1590 Broughton 1693 Olahitagoda 1705 30x. Pkts. PRON w ae ic) Fey ODONTOL HEH OW eo AT 2. ° 5 ch Name. pek sou bro mix bro pek pek sou dust congou pek sou sou fans pek sou congou bro tea dust pek sou pek sou dust pek sou dust bro or pek bro pek dust pek dust dust bro tea dust pek sou dust bro pek fans dust bro tea pek sou bro pek fans pek fans bro pek dust dust red leaf bro pek pek sou fins dust bro tea bro or pek bro pek pek pek sou dust sou pek sou bro pek pek bro pek pek pek sou pek sou bro pek pek bro pek’ fans bro mixed pek dust fans pek son bro mixed bro pek pek pek sou bro pek pek pek A pek sou dust fans lb tee enti Em eEnnmnemnnnesesemmmenemnsnssssmaummemmummcnescmnanesesseersci i al Lot Box. Pkgs. Name Ib.’ Me. 243 A in est. mark 1722 9 boxes or pek 601 32 944 Graceland 1726 10hf-ch bro pek 550 34 245 - 1729 6 do pek 800 29 246 17322 7 do peksou 815. 25 247 - 17385 1 do red leaf 40 17 258 GrangeGurdenl768 2 ch pek sou 200 «6 259 1771 2hf-ch dust 170° 16 263 Parsloes 1788 2 ch dust — 280 18 964 Sunnycroft 1786 5 do pek sou 500 28 265 1789 4 do cougou 400 27 266 1792 1 do bro tea 140 ll 267 ' 1795 2 do dust 3..0 15 269 Carlabeck 1801 Shf-ch bropekfans 410 24 271 Nahalma 1807 5 do dust 875 15 CEYLON CARDAMOM SALES _ IN LONDON. (Irom our Commercial Correspondent. ) MincInG LANE August 19. “Sarpedon’”—Katooloya, lc 3s 5d; AA, 6c 2s 114d; A, 7¢2s 4d; B,lle 2s; 1c 23 10d. Elkadua O, 5c 3c 1d; T, 4c 2872; 2c 2s 6d; ditto 2, 2c 2s 2d; BLG, 2¢ 1s 11d; ditto seed 1c 2s 10d. Mid'‘ands O, 8c 33; ditto 1, 6c 2s 6d; ditto 2, 2c 2s 1d; dittc B&S 1s 11d. OBEC in estate mark, Dangkando, 2c 23 8d: le 1s 10d. “Cuzco’—Galatenne, Mysore O, 5c 3s 6d; ditto 1, 10c 33; 9c 33 1d; ditto 2, 6¢ 2s 5d; ditto 2, 50 2s 1d; ditto 5, 2c2s 1d 3c 2s 2d; ditto B, 2c 2s 1d; le 2s. “Craftsman’—Peru, 2c 2s; 1 bag ls 6d, “Pyrrhus’—EHlkadua O, 2c 2s 10d; ditto 1, 6c 2s 6d; ditto 2, 2c 2s; ditto B&S, le 1s 11d; dittoseed 2s. “Malacca’’—RWRK in estate mark, 2c 2s 4d; 2c 2s 6d; 3c 2s 4d; 4c 2s. “Pyrrhus’’—DMW, 3c 3s 4d. “Olan Chisholm’’—A, Malabar, 4c ont at 2s 2d. “Clan Forbes’”’—Ditto, 4c¢ seeds out at 3s 2d. “Sarpedon”—Nagala, 2c 3s 1d; dittoI, 4¢ 2s 64d; ditto 2,1¢ 1d; ditts B&S, 1s 11d; ditto seed 2s 10d. he Ei. 2 ee alas eee ‘ OBSERVER PRINTIN@ WORKS. Pa “Pyrrhus*—Nella Oolla, 2¢ 33 2d; dittod, Bc 2s 4d; — ditto 2, 1s 11d; B&S, 1s 8d; wood 5 84 Wariagalle Mysore A, 8c 23°7d; ditto B 6c 2s 34; dittoC, le 2s 1d; dittoD, 7c 1s 11d. “Bingo Maru’’—Delpotonoya, 2e 33 4d; ditto 2, le 3s; ditto 8,4c 28 5d; ditto 4, 2e 2s 11d; de 2s 5d; le Qs. “Sarpedon”—Duckwari, 2¢ 48 1d; ditto B, 7c 3s 54; ditto C, 1¢3s2d; 7c 3s 14; ditto D, 2¢ 2s 33; 4e 2s 74; ditto see@s 2c 28 10. Vedehette, 1c 3s 60; ditto AA, 4c 28 10d; lc 283 114; ditto A out, ditto B out, C, le sold 23 lld. Esperanza, 102 23 8d; 1 half-case 2s 74, Nichola Osa, 2half-cases 2s 1ld; 4¢ 2s 4d; 1 seed 2s 10d. “Craftsman’—Altwood, 5cont. Esperanza, 8¢ out. “Bingo Maru'’—Girinde Ella, 1 balf-case sold 2s 14; 1c 1s 8d. Goomera, 3 half-cases sold 1s 8d. CEYLON COCOA SALES IN LONDON. “‘Sarpedon”—OBEC in estate mark, Kondesalle, 18 bags sold at 76s 6d; ditto 1, 13 bags sold at 738 6d; ditto 0, 2 bags not sold, 74s asked; ditto 9, 2 bags sold at 61s. “Clan Robertson ’—Palli A, 72 bags not scld, 75s asked. ‘““Clan Drommond”—Amba Al, 8 bags not sold, 81s asked; ditto 2, 2 bags not sold, 72s asked; ditto Palli F, 13 bags not sold, 803 asked. ‘« Sarpedon '’—Yattawatte 1, 18 bags not sold, 78s asked ; ditto 2, 4 bags sold at 65s; ditto broken, 2 bags sold at 59s 6d; ditto 7, 3 bags sold at 68s. “Bingo Maru’—North Matale, 31 bags not sold, 80s acked; ditto, 12 bags cold at 67s 6d; ditto KK, 6 bags sold at 64s; ditto, 15 bags sold at 40s 6d; ditto Strathisla A, 1 bag sold at 683; ditto B, 1 bag sold at 683: ditto C, 1 bag sold at 65s: ditto Mara- kona J, 11 bags sold at 73s; ditto 2, 6 begs sold at 65s 6d; ditto 3, 2 bags sea dam. sold at 50s, “Derbyshire "—Roseberry 1, 33 bags not sold; ditto 2, 1 beg sold at 22s; ditto 5, 2 bags not sold, 50s asked. te Fe TEA, COFFEE, CINCHONA, COCOA, AND CARDAMOM SALES, NO. 36 COLOMBO SALES OF TEA. [Thompson and Villiers.— CoLomso, LARGE LOTS. 70,839 Pkgs. 31 hf-ch 9 bf-ch 36 hf-ch 1l ch 11 Ib.J Name. lb. bro pek 1870 pek 1950 nek sou 900 fans 91) bro orpek 720 or pek 935 pek 1100 pek 162) dust 720 bro pek 1930 pek $s0 dust 1375 bro pek fan: 720 bio mixed 800 bro pek 1400 pek 1709 pek sou 1260 bro pek fans 1260 dust 960 bro pek 2200 pek 3900 dust 1629 bro orpek 760 or pek 765 pek 1760 pek sou 760 pek dust 2400 bro pek fans 1250 bro. or pek 715 oer pek 855 pek 765 pek fans 750 {Messrs. Somerville & Co. —2(2,145.] Lot. Box. 3 Rambodde 3 4 4 5 5 6 6 17 Dulukoya 17 18 18 19 19 20 BKXellie 20 21 Harrow 21 31 Mapitigama 31 32 32 37 LHO 57 38° TH 38 39 : 39 40 Ossington 40 41 41 42 42 46 Band D 46 47 47 48 Cooroondowatte 48 49 9 5. 52 53 Polpitiya 53 54 54 55 55 58 &6 63 Lynsted 63 64 Henegama 64 70 Cotswold 70 71 71 72 72 74 GFTinest. mark 7 Lot. Box. 2 Ives 32 3 33 6 Glenalla 36 7 37 8 38 13 D 43 15 Walahanduwa 45 16 - 46 20 Wallasmulle 50 25 Galphele 55 26 55 “27 57 23 Rothes 58 33 Comar 63 B4 64 36 Hangranoya 66 87 67 38 68 41 Corfu 71 46 X Y Z,in estate mark 76 47 17 51 Mousakande 8&1 52 82 63 &3 55 H 85 60 Nugawella 90 61 91 62 92 66 Ferriby 96 67 97 68 98 721 102 76 Kelani 1066 77 107 78 108 79 109 84 M 114 87 Monrovia 117 88 118 &9 119 93 HR 123 94 San Cio 124 pkgs. 26 hf-ch 8 do 19 hf-ch Name. ek sou ro mix SEPTEMBER 19, 1898. Price:—12% cents each 3 copies 30 cents; 6 copies 4 rupee. 32 54 bid bid Lot. 9 FTG 99 Woladeniya 102 X D 103 Gampola 104 Kumaragalla 105 106 111 Kosgahahena, 2 Pkgs, 14 hf-ch 18 hf-ch 15 ch 13. ch 41 hf-ch do Name. pek sou bro pek pek sou fans bro pek ira bro pek pek pex sou dust or pek bro pek pek No. 2 vro pek or pek pek pekK sou bro or pek or pek pek pek sou unas pek pek sou pek sou bro pek pek or pek bro pek pek sou pek fans dust bro pek pek pek sou pek fans dust bro cr pek bro pek pek pek sou bro pek pek pek sou lb, (Mr. BE. John. —162,497 1b.] 1:5 Neuchatel 145 116 116 117 147 119 B 149 125 LM B 155 129:Mary Hill 159 150 160 133 N 163 134 Dalhousie i64 133 165 137 167 141 Rayigam TL 142 172 143 173 144 174 145 New Valley 175 146 176 147 177 148 178 1449 NIT 179 150 Annandale 180 151 181 155 IP 185 162 Maddagedera 192 163 193 164 Suriawatte 194 165 195 166 196 167 - 197 169 T T TT, in es- tate mirk 199 174 Lyndhurst 204 175 203 176 205 184 DN H Dit 185 915 186 Neboda 216 187 217 188 218 139 219 191 Salawe 221 192 222 193 223 Lot. Box. i - Nes 343 2 Birnam 346 3 Chapelton 349 4 352 5 Mount Everest 355 6 353 7 361 8 364 15 Poilakande 385 16 388 17 391 19 A 397 20 PKE 400 22 Kanangama 406 23 409 24 4'2 25 415 27 Ejla 421 28 424 29 427 30 450 3L 433 34 St. John’s 442 35 445 36 418 37 Cleveland 451 38 454 44 Feru 472 45 4785 46 478 48 Evalgolla 44 4y 487 50 490 53 Claremont : 499 Pkgs. 13 hf-ch 22 ch Name. lb. dust 1040 pek sou 1452 dust 1092 bro mix 935 bro pek 825 or pek 1030 pekoe 2470 pek sou 990 bro pek 1800 pekoe 2350 pek sou 715 or pek 900 bru mix 1900 bro pek 2020 pekoe 1620 pek sou 1530 ro pek fans 1200 broor pek 3800 bro pek 4845 pekoe 2850 pek sou No. 1 2185 pek sou 3315 bro or pek 1792 koe 1450 pek fans 1280 roorpek 1100 pekoe 1520 bro pek 896 pekoe 990 pek sou 850 bro pek 1700 pekoe 1850 pe sou 860 roorpek 20¥0 33 2 Lot Box, Pkgs. Name Ib. 54 502 13 ch pekoe 1170 66 YK 508 16 de bropek 1680 58 5144 5 do dust 825 69 Marakona 517 18 do pek sou 1170 60 520 10 do ust 1200 63 Glasgow 529 32 do broorpek 2720 64 532 14 do or pek 910 65 535 8 do pekoe 809 67 Digdola 541 21 do pekoe 1630 68 644.12 do ek sou 106) 69 547 13 do ro pek fans 1300 71 Vincit £53 13 do bro pek 1170 72 656 11 do pekoe 990 75 Galella 562 20 do bro pek 2000 76 568 15 do pekvoe 1350 78 AR 574 10hf-ch dust £00 82 2B 586 23 ch fans 2760 89 EN 607 34hf-ch or pek 1700 93 Laxapana 619 17 do pek fans & dust 1445 98 Glassaugh 634 46 do bropek 2475 99 637 23 ch vied 2070 107 Pati Rajah 661 11 do ro pek 1400 109 Gampai 667 17hf-ch or pek 991 126 HBadella 718 27 ch bro pek 2700 127 721 29 do pekoe 26:0 128 724 20 do pek sou 160U 188 MC 754 1L do sou 770 139 757 Whf-ch dast 809 140 H 760 27 ch 1 hf-ch k sou 2810 148 SNM 769 21 ch ro mix 2100 (Messrs. Forbes & Walker.—] 361,213 Ib.) Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. 2 KEttapolla 1837 17hf-ch bro pek 952 6 Kosgalla 1846 83 do bro pek 1650 6 1819 20 do pek 900 7 1852 20 do pek sou 1000 11 Mousakellie 1864 17 ch bro pek 1870 12 1867 19 do ek 1900 15 Kelaniya 1876 26 do ro pek 2210 16 1879 18 do ek 1£00 19 Drayton 1888 37hf-ch or pek 1850 20 1891 28 ch pek 2380 21 1894 11 do pek sou 935 23 Kotagaloya 1900 10 do nek 900 26 Glencorse 1909 26 do ro pek 2340 27 1912 14 do broorpek 1400 28 1915 25 do e 2000 29 1918 17 do ek sou 1275 37 Yaha Ella 1942 24 do ro pek 24060 38 1945 22 do ek 1980 39 1948 8 do pek sou 729 47 Marguerita 1972 27hf-ch bro or pek 1350 48 1975 22 do or pek 1100 49 1978 25 ch pek 2340 50 1931 9 do pek sou 765 53 Agra Oya 1990 22hfch orpek 1870 54 Devonford 1993 23 do bro or pek 1150 55 1996 15 ch or pek 1350 56 D 1999 10 dc bro or pek fan 1400 64 Clunes 2023 30hf-ch bro pek 1650 65 2026 30 ch pek 2400 66 2029 8 do ek sou 720 6S 2035 80 hf-ch ro pek 1500 69 2038 21 do or pek 945 70 2041 36 do ek 2880 71 244 13 do elk sou 1040 73 Kuda Oya 2050 18. ch ro pek 1890 v4 2053 30 do ek 2700 75 2056 20 do pek sou 1700 79 Harrington 2068 21 do or pek 2100 80 “071 20 do ek 2000 &2 Strathspey 2077 16hf-ch or pek 800 83 2080-20 do ek 960 84 2083 15 do ek sou 795 85 + 2086 10 do ans 750 86 Holton 2089 23 ch bro pek 2185 87 2092 10 do pekoe 900 90 New Peacock 2101 i4 do ek sou 1260 92 2107° 16 hf-ch pekfans 1200 93 G O in gest. mark 2110 43 do sou 1720 10 Knavesmire 2148 13 do bro or pek 1170 105 2146 14 do bro pek 1400 106 2149° 37 do pekae* $145 107 2152° 17. do pek sou 1275 108 2155 9 do fans’ ~~ 945 109 Carberry 2158 17 do bro pek 1500 110 2161 13 do pe:koe 1170 1146 GK 2179 +5 do dust 700 26 19 Gk 56 56 32 28 al 36 28 49 bid 38 bid 15 15 bid 39 14 60 bid 48 36 bid ‘8 bid i8 £0 23 82 bid 16 13 bid out ; Treby Box. 2182 2185 2191 <19t 2197 2200 Battawatte 2212 2215 2218 2221 2224 2287 2280 High Forest 2233 2236 2239 2242 2215 2248 Killarney 4 Naseby Agra Kelly Maha Uva Dea Ella Ba'gany Ganapalla 19 Dunkeld > 40 Putupaula Debatgama AG Beausejour W'Bedde 94 P Ascot LHT Dunbar Queensland Roeberry 32 Grange Garden250 253 Freds Ruhe 277 WA Mahalla Ookoowatte 322 Bandarawella 325 > BW 3 G Oxford Serubs ‘favalamtenne 373 P’Kande 382 Pallegodde Geragama Panbagama BD W Agra Oya Kelaneiya Glengariffe Pkgs. Name 19hbf-ch bro pek 19 do pek 15 ch ne izhf-ch bro or pe* 19 do or pek 16 ch pek 20. do ro pek 20 ¢o pek 12 do pek sou 15 bf-ch bro or pek 2% do ur pek 32 do pekoe 1g do pek sou 20 do ro or pek 23 do or pek 27 do pekoe 21 do or pek WW do bro pek 2 ch a 28 hf-ch bro or pek 11 ch or pek 21 do pekoe 18 do or pek 20 do bro or pek 40 do pek 20 do ek sou 74hf-ch bro or pek 16 ch or pek 27 do pek 48 do bro pek 9 ch dust 10 do pek sou 13 do bro pek 16 do pek 19 do dust zé do fans 14 do bro pek 32 do or Pe 30 do pe 15 do pek fans 19 do pek sou 18 do ae sou 15hf-ch bro or pek ch ae 7 do 0 or pek 7 do bro pek ll do or pek 20 do 6 do fans 24 do or pek 14 do pekoe 20 do ie sou 15 do ro or pek 13 do sey 29 do ro pek 2 do pek 20 do k sou 7 do bro mixed 7 do bro pek do ek sou 13 hf-ch pek fans 13 ch bro pek 39hf-ch or pek 7 ch bro pk fans 10 do peksou 18 do bro pek 16 do pek 10 do bro or pek 24 do | bro pek 12 do pek 1zZ do peksou 12 do or pek 64 do bropek 51 do pek . 12° do pek sou 19 do bro or pek 16 do bro pek 14 do or pek 18 do pek 16 do pek sou 17. do bro pek 16 do pek 8 do peksou i2hf-ch fans 15 ch pek sou 28 do fans 12 do bro pek 13) do or pek. 13. do. pekoe 12 do pek sou 54 do bro pek 18hbf-ch bro pek 25, do. or pek- 12 ch = pekoe 59 do pek sou 47 hf-ch bro pek 39 do pek p EEE SEc8S53aFEa2 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. Ib. 322 547 11 ch pek sou 990 325 Panslatenne 556 8 do dust 1160 326 559 9 do unast 900 329 Kirklees 568 8hf-ch dust 720 337 M Ain estate mark 592 16 ch sou 1280 -338 695 1Lhf-ch dust 880 340 DMV GUL 11 ch pek 880 SMALL LOTS. [Thompson and Villiers.] Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. Ib. K 1 2 ch pek sow 167 2 AKM 2 4 ch fans 328 7 Rambodde 7 iLhf-ch dust 90 22 L 22 8 ch bro mix 270 24 Relugas 2! 4 ch red leaf 260 25 25 3 do dust 33) 33 Mapitigama 33 17 hf-ch pek’sou 680 34 3L bch con 3°5 35 85 3hf-ch dust 240 36 LKO 36 6 ch bro pek sou 570 438 Ossington 43 1 ch bro pek fans 113 44 44 1 do pek fan 106 45 45 1 do dust 16 50 Cooroondo- watte 5) 2hf-ch dust 160 aby) 51 3 ch bco pek fans 453 1 hf-ch 57 Polpitiya 57 2 ch dust 230 65 Henegama 6) 2 ch bro mix 224 66 66 4 do dust 660 67 S 67 2hf-ch bro pek 11t 68 68 6 ch pek 289 69 69 1 ch dust 109 73 Pit le 73 Ghf-ch pek No. 2 343 75 GET, in es- tate mark 75 3 ch red leaf 186 “76 76 1 do dust 95 77 =D Wide beh sou £00 Lot. {Messrs. Somerville & Co.] Box. Pkgs. Name. b. 1 Ivies 3L a hf-ch sou 570 4 PEM 3t ch bro pek fans 590 5 35 Al do dust 135 9 Glenalla 39 3 do dust 450 10 40 2 do fans 200 11 D 41 5 ch _ bro pek 550 12 42 4 do pek 418 14 44 Lhf-ch pek dust 89 17 Walahanduwa47 4 ch pek sou 840 18 Wallasmulle 48 2 ch bro pek 200 19 _ 49 5 do pek 450 2i Sb. Catherine 51 4 ch bro or pek 388 22 52.5 do pek 375 23 _ 53 5 do pek sou 825 = 54 2hf-ch dust 157 29 Rothes 59 4hfch pek 224 30 6012 do peksou 660 31 6l 4 do con 230 32 62 2 do dust 170 35 Ccomar 65 2hf-ch dust 180 39 Hangranoya 69 4 ch — sou 380 40 Corfu 70 7hf-ch or pek 378 42 7210 do pek 600 43 73 6 do peksou 30) 44 74 1 do dust 75 45 7d 1 do. fans 70 48 X Y Z, in es- tate mark 73 4 ch pek sou 360 49 79 3 do dust 300 50 80 1 do bro pek sou 1.0 54 Mousakande §&4 Ghf-ch fans 462 -o0) 86 2 ch sou 170 57 Weygalla 87 siakch sou 72 58 83 1 do bro pek mix 105 59 89 3 do dust 396 63 Nugawella 3 4 ch pek sou 340 64 91 8hf-ch dust 255 65 95 3 ch bro mix 255 69 Ferriby 99 1 ch son 90 70 160 Shf-ch fans 195 71 101 2 do dust 170 73 4H, in estate mark 198 5 ch bro mix 425 74 104 2 do fans 200 76 105 1hf-ch dust 99 80 Kahatagalla 110 5 ch bro pek 450 81 lll 1 do bro or pek 100 Lot Box. Pkgs. Name 82 112 5 do pek 83 113 4 do pek sou 8 JWS Lise iach sou 86 116 3 do pek fans 90 Monrovia 120 5 ch pek sou 91 : 121 1 do bro mix 92 122 1 do pek dust 95 San Cio 125 7hf-ch dust 100 Koladeniya 130 7 ch pekjsou LL 13L 2 do dust rH i Kumaragalla 137 2hf-ch fans 1388 1 do dust 109 BD, in es- tate mark 139 1 ch pek sou 110 Kosgahahena140 6 ch bro pek 112 142 4 do pek sow 113 143 1 do sou 114 X VN 144 4 ch pek dust 118 Neuchatel 148 4 ch dust 131 Mary Hill 161 13 hf-ch pek sou 132 162 3. do bro mix 136 Dalhousie 166 12hf-ch pek No.1 138 168 17 do pek sou 139 169 6 do bro pek fans 140 170 4 do dust 152 Annandale 182 Q9hf-ch fans 153 F’, in estate mark 183 1 ch sou 154 184 3hf-ch dust 156 Rangvilla 186 5hf-ch bro pek 157 187 4 do or pek 153 188 9 do pek 159 189 8 do pek sou 160 190 2 do sou 161 191 1 do bro mix 16S Suriawatte 198 8 ch dust 170 C F, in estate mark 200 3hf-ch dust 171 201 3 ch bro tea 172 202 1 do pek sou 173 203 1hf-ch ek fans 177 Lyndhurst 207 3. do ust 178 X X X 208 8 ch dust 179 Mukloway 209 5hf-ch bro pek 180 210 9 do pek 181 21L 14 do pek sou 182 212 5 do fans 183 213 1 do con 19) Neboda 220 5 ch dust 194 Salawe 224 1 ch pek dust [Mr. EB. John.] Lot. Box. pkgs. Name. 18 Poilakande 394 5hf-ch fans 21 493 2 ch red leaf 26 Kanangama 418 6 do fans 32 Kila 436 6hf-ch dust 33 439 3 Co sou 47 Peru 481 2 ch dust 51 Eyvyalgoila 493 $hf-ch fans 52 496 2 do dust 57 ey K pl, 4) ch sou 6lL Marakona 523. 1 uo red leaf 62 The Farm 526 2 do dust 66 Digdola 5388 5 do bro or pek 70 550 3 do dust 73 Vincit 519 «5 do pek sou 74 662. 3 do pek fans 77 Galella 57L 6 do pek sou i9 B 537 3 «do pekoe 80 580 3 do congou 81 683 3 do fans 90 Gonavy 610 Shf-ch fans 91 613 5 do dust 92 616 5 do congou 94 Happy Valley 622 8 do bro or pek 95 625 2 do pekoe 96 628 2 do pek sou 97 631 4 do bro mix 1022 MSO 646 1 ch Lhf-ch or pek 103 619° 1 ch pekoe 104 652 1 do dust 108 Pati Raja 664 5 do pekoe 110 Gampai 670 6 do pekoe 111 673 4 do ek sou 112 676 4 hf-ch ro or pek 113 679 ~=1 do dust 114 Sinna Dua 682 6 do bro pek 1L5 635 3 ch pekoe 116 6:8 3 do pek sou 117 691 1 do red leaf 118 K, Haputale 694 4hfch orpek 119 697 1 do pekoe 120 700 1 do pek sou 33 bid 24 29 bid 26 bid 24 bid li bid Me a ee 4 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. nn eae See aneelia een een Lot Box. pkgs. Name. Ib, c. Lot. Box Pkgs. Name. bl ec. 121 703 2hf-ch broorpek 124 42 208 193 3 ch 133 Vincit 739 5 ch peksouNo.2455 35 Lhf-ch bro pek 340 08= 83 134 Talankande 742 1 do brooryek 122 39 205 196 2 ch or vek 16285 135 745 1 do 206 C 199 1 do 1hf-ch pekoe 152-28 bid e 1hf-ch pet sou 1450 36 136 748° 1 ch peksou ol 2% 207 202 1 ch 137 751 ILhf-ch pekdust 64 §=612 lhf-ch pek 1%5 212 Queensland 217 1 ch dust 160 «= 2 214 Roeberry 223 6 do bro pek 660 «=—«BB 225 Grange Garden256 2 do pek sou 200 8629 aN cn Beg 4 aig zo x Witte oust 8 19 - 235 4 ch 360 2 (Messrs. Forbes & Walker.) 237 WNH 292 1 hf-ch pek 48 4 s an r 95 1 do 50 Lot. Box. Pkts. Name. lb e. 239 G_ ents fee Pek 7 os 1 DV 1834 65 ch sou 425 96 re aed 801 ihfch bro pek 3786 3 Ettapolla 1840 Qhf-ch pekoe 450 30 243 Mahal'a co * neg io 27 4 Kosgalla 1848 3 do orpek 150 48 245 Weor ae ape ex 20 8 r 1855 1 do bro pek fans 70 18 Ww codlands m4 2 hf-ch —— foal 140 19 13 Mousakellie 1870 2 ch sou 200 28 or . al 3 ch 0.2 200 18 14 1873 3hf-ch dust 240 = 15 a1 Anntond 336 Anich unas sc 2} 17 Kelaneiya 1882 1c sou 100 = 28 4 “ =. 2 Ha oe dust ie 1 oo ee ee coe eer ae 24 Kotagaloya 1903 2 do peksou 170 30 29 a . - 4 29 25 1906 1 do sou 85 26 4 met “ ac 14 30 Glencorse 1921 2 do pekfans 240 31 cos, Mavalamtonne Oe Rea! Tee =o) 7ae 31 1921 2 do brotea 200 34 0 Phaede |e ee ee ee 32 1927. 1 do dust 175 1s SW es - ; Ld 23 KW Dinest. 309 New Peacock £03 6 do pek fons 450 ls mark 1930 ©64 hf-ch bro or pek fans 240 32 2 Some = 7 * — 4 ~ BiPokoowatte J0RR. Fj (BOR ee ee 324 4 658 5 do dust 400 35 1936 4 do dust 360 15 28 Kirkl : P 30 BDWP 1939 6 do dust 610 22 Seah EE ee en ae, ee So 40 Yaha Ella 1951 5Shf-ch pekfans 250 20 pear ae ee ee mo 4: 4L 1954 1 ch sou 90 «= 332 7 3 tae a Ss 42 1957 2hf-ch dust 180 14 339 DMV 598 7 ch ache a 65 Bs 51 Marguerita 1984 S&hf-ch fans 448-38 341 4 604 = Wn —— 40 «(8G 52 1987 4 do dust 200 «19 312 ors ae — Se, — is 67 Clunes 2032 2 ch dust 180 14 343 i > 130. 80 72 2017 Shf-ch dust 270 14 ao et 76 KHL 2059 1 ch fans 120 21 tf 2062 2 do dust 290 14 78 Harringtcn 2065 6hf-ch bro orpek 396 90 . sy ba aa ry > y > 81 ton | it «2 gh peksou = 2 © 40 | CEYLON COFFER SALES IN LONDON. 89 BA 2098 3 do ust — 240 «15 : or at car cet + Bich be mlx 2 Fd (From our Commercial Correspondent. ) 112 2167 3 do bropekfans 330 32 MINCING LANE August 26. oe ; ve 2 1 Bae "1 do bro mix ae 13 “Java’’—Balagolla Ella, 1 barrel 95s; ditto 1, 8 casks 115 GK 2176 4 do bro mix 360 625 96s; ditto 2,4c 86s 6d; ditto S, 65s; ditto PB, 80s. 119 Yaha Ella 2183 2 do pek 180 32 “Benlawers’’—GA Ouvah, le 1143s; ditto 1, 4c 110s; Ae oat ailveoin Gils aa RE ene ata ae ditto 2, 10c 105s; ditto 3, 91s; ditto PB, 110s; ditto T, 196 2209 2 do dust seo 2c 48s. Thotugalla, 1c1083; ditto 2, 3c 104s 6d; ditto 140 Bargany deat cl ek sou 630 7 8, 81s; ditto PB, 100s; ditto T, 48s. aa Garapalla a + ei ee fans ae 4 “Kawachi Maru”—Gonamotava, lc 113s; 7c not sold; 157 RAW 52 1hf-ch aust 78 14 ditto 2, 3c 44s 6d; ditto PB, 2c 110s; ditto T, sd, 35s. 159 AG 58 2 ch fans 276 = 32 “Java” —Haldummulla, le 112s; ic 107s; S, 90a; 1 160 a ; - 61 6 a po tea 450 29 PB 102s. 161 inest.mark 64 5 do ro tea 285 23 ts ” : ditto 1, 162 Peacock Hill 67 2hf-ch pek mixed 90. «(86 Pyrrhus”—Niabedda, le 115s; ditto1, 4c 112s 6d; 163 ins Hae 70 7 do Bek fans 5250 ditto 3, 5c 1063 6d; 4c 1 barrel 106s; dittols, 3c 95s 6a: 466 Beausejour 79 4 ch peksou 310 36 ditto PB 119s. Gowerakell' e, 1c 1l5s, ditto 1, 113s; 167 82 1 do sou 80 25 ditto 2, 2c 107s: ditto S, 89s; ditto PB, 1203. 168 85 1 do fans 100 25 ‘, Ey ‘ 169 : 88 1 do dust 150 «14 Clan Murray’”—Niabedda, 1c 115s; ditto 1, 112s 6d; 770 G Vin est.mark91 11 hf-ch bro pek 550 25 ditto 2, 3c not sold; ditto S, lc 91s: ditto PB, 1l4s. ee Dunbar ae z de ae oe » ss 2c 1123; ditto 1, le 108s; ‘ditto 2, 98s; ditto & 15 3, 1933 DBR 160 5 ch ek sou 400 38 ‘ 194 163 2 do ro mixed 160 26 “Ulysses” —Gowerakellie, 1 barrel 118; ditto 1, 2¢ TF 166 lhf-ch dust 70 «14 115s; ditto 2, 109s; ditto S, 92s; ditto PB, "1958, 9 ¥ Sa eS ee Z ae ae dust ee = “Derbyshire’—Leangawella, ditto0, & ditto 1, 4c 203 190 1 do 92s 6d; ditto 2, 823; ditto 3, 52; ditto PB, 82s; ditto : lhf-ch pek sou 117-26 sae 36s. OBSERVER PRINTING WORKS. TEA, COFFEE, “INCHONA, COCOA, AND CARDAMOM SALES, | Price :—12% cents each 3 copies 2 NO. 37 ~ Cotomso, SrerremBer 26, 1898. i 30 cents; 6 copies } rupee. COLOMBO SAi.’S OF TEA, Lot Box, Pkgs. Name bseeac: pa ene 208 iE ye 338 17 ch 4 nek sou 1445 27 bid 1 EC) anapitiya 339 14 hf-c ro pe 709 34 LARGE LOTS. 110 340 23 do pek 1150 28 Fn oe pp 114 TKE 34. 26hfch dust 1950 14 bid [Thompson ai Villiers.— 115 Ambalawa 245 16 bf-ch bro pek 800 40 70.392) 3b. 116 246 33 do pek 1485 23 (V, od" 4 117 ee 247 23 do pek sou 9290 27 . , ros, “same, 2 ; 118 Comilla BEG) Ae ro pe 700 49 Fok Boweliles 4 gg Ce . 125 355 12 ch pek 1080 29 bid Doone Vale 6 117 box bio pek 1374 41 129 Annandale 259 22hf-ch or pek 1144 7105 do Dek 1300 32 133 Deniyaya 363 18 ch bro pek 1890 46 41 Harrow, Machine 134 364 12 do pek y0@ 33 Packed 11 25hf-ch bvo or pek 700 46 bid 136 RC TBE, ines- a 2 35 do. bio pek 2100 47 bid tate mark 266 34 ch bropek 3060 38 13 13 39 do pek 3900 87 bid | 137 367 20 do pek 1700 =. 28 bid it 14 10 do 34 bid | 138 368 20 do peksou 1600 26 26 Myraganga 26 47 ch 44 140 Ravana 3/0 2hhf-ch bropek 1375 46 27 27 25 do 45 141 371 28hi-ch pek 1260 35 28 28 49 do 37 184 Labugama 378 25 hi-ch bro pek 1250 44 29 29 24 do 32 149 379-2 ch pek 1290 32 30 2 30 13 do 13 150 380 10 do pek sou 8L0 27 35 Warwick 35 Idhfech pek sou 806 38 1642Charlie Hill 384 15 li-ch peksou 750 28 37 Chetncle 37. 12 ch pek sou 1140 28 156 Koorooloogalla 336 15 ch bro pek 1500 3 38 39 19hich bro pek fan 1235 26 157 287 15 do pek 1350 37 40 49 13 do dust (Gym USS 162 Yspa 392 i2hf-ch dust 966. 15 42 Agarsland 42 20hf-ch dust 1200 13 bid | 163 Saidawatte 393 78hf-ch pek 39)0 24 bid 43 Doragalla 43. 15 ch bro pek 1500 47 44 44 21 do pek 1890 36 45 45 13 do peksou 1040-32 51 Polpitiya Bloch or pek 765 388 bid 4 54 Cotswald 54 Opke or pek 855 37 bid iMr. &. Jonn.—175,943 tk.] 56 K’Bedde 56 9 ch pek 870 27 bid Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. Ib. oc, 4 Patails 73l 5 op ; = 6hf-ch dust 1255 9 bid (Messrs. Somerville & Co. 5 Bellongalla 784 20 do bropek 1200° «41 —151,252.] 6 6 ; oe 10 en Pelt : 162034 = 7 Oonoogaloya 790 23 do ro pek 2300 = 49 bid Lot. . Box. pkgs. Name, lb. ec. 8 ye es aide BERSE reine 2 SFD 232 Thi-ch dust 700 14 9 795 9 do pek sou 810 32 5 Yarrow 235 52hf-ch ro pek 3120 41 10 799 9 do fans 1030 31 6 236 66 do pek 3300 35 IL Ferndale 802 17 do or pek 1700 42 bid 7 Aillin, in estate 12 805 27 do pekce 2430 36 mark 237 41hf-ch bro pek 2255 35 bid } 18 Gonavy 808 39hf-ch_ bro pek 214557 3 238 22 ch pek 1870 30 14 811 23 ch pekoe 1845 43 9 239 14 do peksou 1120 27 15 814 11 do peksou 10458. 12 Atherton 242 13hf-ch bro pek 782 40 bid | 16 AgraOuvah 817 32hf-ch broorpek 2016 68 13 243 25 do ypek 1250 38bid | 17 820 15 do or pek 780 56 144 G@ACeylon 244 10 ch peksou 740-26 20 ; 829 15 do pekfans 1275 34 15 245 15hfch dust 1200 Ww 22 Lameliere 835 31 do bro pek 1798 50 7 Bidbury 247 9 ch bro pek 900 §38hbid | 23 838 19 ch pekoe 1748-38 21 Woodthorpe 251 10 ch _ bropek 1000 48 26 Templestowe 847 24 do bro or pek 2160 51 bid 22, 252 10 do pek 900 34 27 850 46 do pekoe 3910 3 23 253 15 do peksou 1200 30 28 853 12 do peksou 960 3k 32 Ritni 262 19hf-ch or pek 988 46bid | 29 86 7 do pek fans 805 41 33 263 34 do pes 1496 39 30 Bokotua 859 14 do bropek 1400 43 37 Hoolugangs 267° 47 ch ro pek 770 82 bid | 35 Iona 874 28hf-ch broorpek 1820 68 bid 41 Minna 271 28hf-ch broorpek 1820 59 36 877 12 ch or pek 1207 & baie 42 272 41 ch or pek 3690 3 37 : 880 8 do pekoe 300 © 43 bid 43 273 18 do pek 1620 39bid | 41 Theresia 892 8 do bropekfans S10 42 44 274 13 do ek sou 1170 35 46 Hattangalla 917 12 do bro pek 1980 38 bid 45 Ukuwella 275 15 ch ro or pek 1500 34 bid | 47 910 20 do pekoe 1700 29 bid 46 276 15 do bro pek 1500 34 bid | 48 913 10 do pek sou 800-27 47 277 18 do pek 100 32bid| 6) HM 919 10hf-ch dust 850 8615 48 278 10 do ek sou 1000 28 51 NF 922 20 do dust 1700 15 49 Marigold 279 64hf-ch bro pek 3840-48 53 S 928 8 ch unas - 800 34 50 280 29 do pek 1624 37 56 Loughton 937 22hf-ch sou 990 26 51 281 38 do pek sou 2128 35 57 Brownlow 940 19 do broor pek 1064 6t 53 233 22 do bro pek fans 1496 83 58 943 21 do er pek 1092 54 54 Hapugasmulle 284 13 ch bro pek 1430 42 ag 946 86 ch pekoe 3240 42 55 235 13 do ek 1274 $2 60 949 23 de ek sou 1955 35 60 Gingranoya 290 10hf-ch dust 850 =. 26 61 952 7 do ropekfans 819 40 64 Hangranoya 294 15 ch fans 1725 = BL 62 LittleValley 955 10 do _ bropek 1000 48 65 295 6 do dust 840 out | 63 958 14 do ekoe 1190 37 66 Warakamure 296 16 ch or pek 1600 33bid | 76 Mocha 997 15 do roorpek 1575 70 67 - 2071/7. do bro or pek 805 33 77 1000 13 do or pek 170—s«@2. 68 298 16 ch pek 1520 =29hid | 78 3 18 do pekoe 1620 53 bid 69 299 10 do pek sou 900 828 79 6 14 do pekgou 1190 843 71 GW 301 10 ch sou 700 27 80 9 12 do fans 840 36 bid 75 Ni © - 305 14 ch bro pek fans 1820 13 bid | 81 MountTemple 12 %5hf-ch broorpek 1500 47 bid 80 Fairfield 310 16hf-ch dust 1440 21 82 15 23 do or pek 1150 = 40 bid 84 Hatdowa B14 23 ch bro pek 2300 88 83 18 20 ch pekoe 1500 36 85 315 27 do pek 2295. 80 84 21 23 do peksou 1265 3 86 316 23 do pek sou 1955 09-27 $5 24 llhbf-ch orpekfans 825 87 91 Gosport 321 3Lhf-ch or pek 1705 387 bid | 86 Agra Ouvah 27 58 do bro or pek 38712 69 92 Deniyaya $22 22 ch bro pek 2310 44bid | 87 30 24 do orpek 1248' ‘59 9 KG 323. 10 ch pek dust 1240 12 bid | 88 33 «#8 ch ekoe 760 49 94 Citrus 374 12 ch kro pek 1200 «= 46~—s -| 89 Glasgow 36 33. do roorpek 2805 63 95 325 16 do pek 1440 29bid | 90 89 12hf-ch or pek 78056 102 MT 882 3Uhf-ch pek sou 1650 withd'n | 91 42 8 ch pekoe 760 «48 103 Horagoda 333 10 ch oro pek 1000s 41 bid | 92 BK 45 l4hf-ch dust 1282. 10 1¢4 #34 22 do pek 1760 33 93 Ottery 48 25 ch bro or pek 2500 56 bid me 4 d : : . * - y *pery 9 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. B49 Lot. Box Pkgs. Name. 1) Page Lot. Box. Pkgs, Name, Ib. ee, 94 51 12 do orpek 1080-50 104 922 32hf-ch peksou 1792 87 bid 95 s 54 10 do pipe 900 46 107 EL 931 10 do dust 700 5 97. Lameliere 60 31hf-ch bro pek 1798 = 62 108 Rowley 934 44hf-ch bropek 2308 68 98 3 19 ch elxoe 1748 38 109 937 44 do k 2861 36 ue Keenagaha Ella 72 25 do ro or pek 2625 45 | 122 Mynkswood 976 48 bf ch or pek 2640 a2 102 75 25 do ekoe 2250 BG | 128 979 52 do or pek 2609 = 72 107 Ridgmount 90 12 do ro pek 1272 34 bid | 124 98: 12 ch pek 1080 113 Eladuwa 108 10 do pekoe 1000 25 bid 125 985 27 do do 2131 | 60 bid 120 New TLunisgalla 20) 14 do bro pek 1568 41 126 988 30 do do 2850 121 132 22 do pekoe 1980 32 127 991 19 do pek sou 1805 46 122 135 18 do peksou 153027 |! 129 Patiagama 997 7 ch broorpek 700 61 124 MTCL 14t 17 do sou 1360 37 1 yal 1063 19 do k 1615 40 126. 147 $8 do ekfans 1040 39 ' 189 Waratenne 1027 24 ch 4 pek 2250 «= «38 128 ‘Kotuagedera 153 19 uo ro pek 1900 35 140 1030 23 do do 1955 39 129 156 12 do pekoe 1110-29 141 1033 23 do p:koe 1955 32 131 GW 162 10hf-ch dust ll 142 1035 10 do fans 750 «16 134 Attawatte 171 20 do bro pek 1000 44bid | 143 Tonacombe 1039 21 ch orpek 2100 = «&3 135 174 41 ch — pekoe 3280 S34bid 144 1042 22 do bropek 2640 62 186)" 177 14 do fans 1330 = 31 bid | 145 1045 42 do pek 4200 48 137 180 238 do red leaf 2110 withd’n — 146 1048 8 do pek sou 720 38 138 183 10 do dust 900 13 bid 148 Knavesmire 1054 12 ch oro pek lwo 38644 143 Ferndale 198 13 do broorpek 1300 42bid | 149 1057 13 do broorpek 1170 42 1445 MTP 34, in ., | 150 1060 30 do pek 270034 estate mark 204 15 do bro tea 1500 20 bid | 151 1063 do pek sou 1820 81 146 207° 8 do dust 1120 13 bid | 152 1066 J4hf-ch dust 1260 16 bid 148 Kadien Lena 213 12 ch congou 1200 24 153 1069 7 ch fans 770 32 150 MTP 12, in 158 Pambagama estate mark 219 13 do ek dust 1430 out (Veneita chest) 108i 11 ch sou 90 8627 151 Glentilt 272 36 do ro pek 3600 60 bid 16L Arapolakan- 152 2'56 16 do ekoe 1609 47 de 1093 42 ch bro pek 8780 46 154 Bittacy 231 20 do ro pek 2000 56 162 1096 28 do pek 2240 34 155 218 21 do ekoe 1680 47 165 Hayes 1105 23bf-ch bro or 1150 57 156 Ben Nevis 237 16 hf-ch om ery or pek 800 60 166 1108 80 do bro pe 1500 46 157 240 11 ch ek 935 41 | 168 lild 22 do pe 1100 37 158 243 9 do pe oe 762 87 169 1117 20 do pek sou 900 «33 159 KadienLena 246 14hf-ch bro pek dust 1120 24 | 170 8 1120 18 do pek sou 1040 37 160 UV v49 14 ch pek sou 1400 36 172 Amblak 161 252 10hf-ch dust 800-15 de 1126 15 ch bropek 1600 47 162 S, in est. mark 255 8 ch fans 800 32 173 1129 27 do pek 20 8=—s 85 163 N 258 19 do 174 1132 18 do peksou 1440s 3 Lhf-ch pek sou 1950 13 175 1135 10 do bro pek ss 261 16 ch : dust 1100 SL lhf-ch peksou 1035 15 bid | 176 Fairlawn 1138 23hf-ch bro pek 1160 65 166 Woodstock 67 12 ch Aira orpek 1200 45bid | 177 1i4) 29 do orpek 1305 48 178 1144 if he * 1260 41 181 Middleton 1153 4 — roorpek 1100 81 2 1156 18 ¢ or pex 1800 (Messrs. Forbes & Walker.—] “a leo te de. ee 4 pe ie ue ES Ber oS 166 2 58 ch ro 7 48 Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. Cc. 17 17180. fa oa pn a 4 5 B, in estate 189 Ruanwella 1177 12 ch pek sou 1080 233 wark 625 15 ch sou 1350 27 190 T°Villa 1180 7 ch dust 910 «it 6 628 9 do dust 1350 418 192 Kakiriskan- 10 Sadamulla 640 11 ch bro pek 1100 37 de 186 10 11 613 15 do ek 1500 28 lhf-ch pekoe 1010 34 15 T’Villa 635' 7 ch ro or pek 735 44 4 A 1195 15 ch 17 661 25 do pek 2250 31 Lhf-ch peksou 1400 18 664 10 do peksou 900 8628 200 Murrayth- 19 667 13 do ou 1170 24 waite 1210 13 ch pek 1105 3 297 CSG 691 39hf-ch bro pek 1950 52 209 A, in estate 28 694 31 ch pek 2180 38 mark 1237 7 ch pek 770 37 29 697 9 do peksou 720 36 211 Weoya 1243 23 ch bro pek 21 85 32 Palawatte 706 25° ch bro pek 2500 42 212 1246 28 do pek 22402=— 3 33 709 12 do ek 1200 32 213 1249 ll do pek seu 825 27 35 CH 715 i6 ch ust 1280 20 214 1252.14 co fans 1400 ry 36. 718 10 do red leaf 900 24 | 215 1255 22 do dust 2970 17 37 Thedden_ 721 80 ch bro pek 3300 51 220 Battawatte 1270 24 ch pek 2160 39 38 724.15 do pek 1500 9-87 | 221 1273 29 do k sou 2610 33 51 Trex 763 30 ch bro pek 3000 = 48 . 222 Dammerih 1276 10 do ro orpek 1230 49 52 766 19 do pek 1900 = 33 | 223 1279 15 do bro pek 1500-52 55 Kelaneiya, Mas- o, | 224 1282 24 do pek 2400 «39 bid keliya 775 31 ch bropek 2635 44 bid | 225 1285 9 do neksou 900 35 56 778 23 do elk 2340 34 228 High Forest 1294 21hf-ch bro orpek 1134 9g 58 Shrubs Hill 781 36 ch ro pek 3708 £0 229 1297 18 do pek 810 53 59 7387 21 do pekoe 1848 37 230 1200 17 do pee sou 748 46 60 790 do ek sou 1950 32 232 Galkadua 1306 14 ch ro pek 1400 39 61 793 Qhf-ch dust 765 15 233 1309 20 do pek 1700 32 62 Kirindi 796 14 ch bro pek 140051 234 1312 12 do pek sou 102 = as 63 799 15 do ek 1350 36 236 Carfax 1318 14 do bro or pek 1540 58 64 802 21 do peksou 1680 31 237 1321 16 do or pek 1600 «48 81 St. Leonards 238 1324 15 do pek 1425 40 _ On Sea 858. 9 ch_ bro pek 855 88 210 Aberdeen 1330 54 do bropek 2700 = 40 86 Deaculla 868 20hf-ch bropek 1650 59 241 1233 23 do pek 1863 32 87 871.39 ch pek 2730 40 242 1336 11 do or pek 825 40 88 : §74 18 do ek sou 1260 37 | 243 1339 10hf-ch dust 800 15 89 Gallawatte 877 14 ch ro pek 1330 46 { 244 Theydon Boise 9 ch broorpek 810 60 | 90 880 21 do pek 1785 34 245 10 do bro pek 900. «49 91 Ella Oya 883 12 ch bro pek 1200 a7 246 ire 17 do pek 1360 835 92 886 13 do or pek H18 39 231 KPW 1363 23 hf-ch or pek 1680 44 93 839 12 do ek 960 32 - 252 1366 22 do bro pek 1210 40 94 892 16 hf-ch ro mek fan 1088 32 253, 1369 44 do pk 22002 «BL 95 Meddetenne 895 39 do bro pek 2145 46 256 Nugagalla 1878 i+ do ropek - 700 52 9 898 18 ch pekoe 1710 - 35 257 1381 43 do pek 2150 38 97 901 12 do peksou 1080 30 258 = Stamford Hill1382 25 do slowey orpk1250 663 102 NG 916 23 ch red leaf 2110 12 bid 259 - 1387 15 ch r pek 1275 46 103 G P, in estate Sip &: 260 1390 10 do srg x 80 32 mark 919 23hf-chbro or pek 1380 63 bid 261 Battawatte 1393 30 do pek 2700 86.38 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. 3 Lot ~Box. pkgs. Name. Ib c Lot Box. Pkgs. Name We, 262 Kennington 1793 9 ch unast 855 26 38 Chetnole 38 2 ch sou 180 25 267 Dunedin 1411 8 do orpek fans 720 38 41 Agarsland 41 2hfch unas. {86 25 275 Castlereagh 1435 16 do bropek 1600 57 46 Doragalla 46 3 do — bro mix 24000 25 276 1438 15 do or pek 1275 61 47 A 47 dShf-ch bro pek 275 38 bid O77 1441 16 do pek 1220 38 48 48 3 do pek 150 34 281 Penrhos 1453 3Lhf-ch or pek 1500 48bid | 49 49 2 do pek sou wo 29 282 1456 39 do bropek 2184 62 50 50 1 do unas 4822 283 1459 43 ch pekoe 3870 39 52 D 52 3 ch 286 Clyde 1468 23 do bro pek 2070 43 z 1hf-ch bro pek fans 468 16 _ 287 147i 22 do pek 1870 34 53 TT ; 53 3 do dust 255 9 bid 288 1474 14 /do pek sou 1260 55 K’Bedde 53 2 ch bro pek 216 30 bid 294 Talgaswela 1492 46 do bropek 4140 41 54 57 3 do _ pek fans 360 12 295 1495 18 do pek 153) 32 58 68 4 do vek dust 420 9 bid 996 14988 17 do pek sou 14d 28 59 Loomont 59 7hf-ch bro pek 318 31 bid 297 1501 8 do bro pekNo.2 $80 22 60 60 8 do pek 154-26 298 Anningkandel504 13 do bro pek ” 1430 40 oF 61 1 do pek son 46-24 299 1507 14 do * pek 1400 © 32bid | 6&2 N 62 Ghf-ch fans — 420 16 302 EDP 1516 19bf-ch dust 1520 15 3 63 1 do — bro mix 50° «12 310 Kitulgalla 1540 8 ch pek 720. 31 64 64 2 do dust 170138 313 K 1549 14hf-ch fans 980 21bia | 6 RP 65 4héch pek 323 314 C 1552 14 ch sou 1330 29 66 66 3 do sou 183} out 319. Bandara Eliyal567 120 hf-ch or pek 6240 39bia | 97 67 1 ch pekidust 145 320 1570 34 ch pekoe 3094 37 321 1573 37 oe; Pek sou : 2960 33 322 1576 83hf-ch broor pek 5146 45 5 . 327 Massena 1591 43 do Bro pek 2150 46 (Messrs. Somerville & Co.] 328 1594 20 do pe 1009 31 Bee 1597 20 do peksou 1000. 28 Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. Ib. ec. 332 Beausijour 1606 13 do broipek 1170 = 40 bid 1 SFD 231 3hf-ch fans 231 22 bid 333 Stisted 1609 31 do bro or pek 2015 56 3 233''7 do con 434 2: 334 1612 14 do or pek 784 41 4 B, in estate 336 1618 23 do pek sou 1265 36 mark 234 7 ch bro mix 560 16 338 Halwatura 1624 65 ch bro, pek 7150 44 bid 10 K, in estate 339 1627 26 do or pek 2340 38 mark 210 6 ch bre mix 540 12 340 1630 35 do pek 3150 36 11 241 4hf-ch dust 244 14 349 Ingrogalla 1657 13 do bro pek 1300 51 16 GA Ceylon 246 2 ch bro tea 200 «19 350 1660 12 do pek 1020 37 1 hf-ch 351 Devenford 1663 15 do or pek 1350 66 18 Bidbury 247 9 ch pek 560 8934 352 D 1666 5 do br or pk fans $40 35 19 248 2 do pek sou 180 2 353 Dorkin 1669 19 do bro or pek 2280 40 bid 20 250 1 do fans 120 24 354 Marguerita 1672 27 hf-ch bro orpek 1450 62 bid 24 Woodthorpe 254 2 ch sou 150 = 26 355 1675 22 do or pek 1100 58 bid 25 255 2 2 nee dust 140 13 361 Waitalawa 1693 41 do bro pek 2050 = G0 26 256 do red leaf 3 10 362 1696 65 do pek 3300 338 27 Primrose Hill 257 10 hf-ch bro pek 550 48 363 1699 37 do pek sou 1850 33> 28 258 6 ch elk 540 33 364 1702 9 do dust 765 26 29 259° 8 do pek sou 640 29 366 Great Valley 3 260 1 do sou 75 26 Ceylon in est. 31 261 1hf-ch_ red leaf 34 10 mark 1708 &2hf-ch bro pek 2860 49 34 Ritni 264 10 hf-ch pek sou - 390-32 367 17il 14 ch or pek 1259 389 35 265 4 do bro pek 272" 3 368 1714 24 do pek 2160 35 36 266 1 do dust 80 12 369 1717 16 do pek sou 1440 33 38 Hooluganga 268 5 ch pek 503 30 3738 Lyegrove 1729 8 do bro pek S00 47 : 1 hf-ch 374 : 1732 8 do pek 720 38 39 269 4 ch Bek sou 400 26 377 UK 1711 14 do pek 1400 = 32 40 270 Lhf-ch dust 470 12 878 Doranakande1744 15 do bro pek 1500 33 52 Marigold 282 10 hf-ech sou 540 28 379 1747 10 do pek 900 28 56 Hapugasmulle 286 4 ch sou 372 26 387 Dehiowita 1771 18 do sou 1530 26 57 287 2 do fans 224 25 388 Seenagolla, 1774 18 do bro pek 2070 63 58 288 2 do dust 292 12 389 1777 20 do pek 1900 44 59 Gingranoya 239 1hfch or pek 60 40 391 Queensland 1783 15 do pek 1275 46 61 SLG 291 Lhf-ch dust 90 12 892 1786 8 doa pek sou 720 42 Gla ll hf-ch sou 605 25 399 Glencorse 1807 15 do bro pek 1350 40 62 GMA 292 6hf-ch dust 60 14 400 1810 8 do bro.or pek 800 53 63 293 6 ch fans 492 17 401 1813 12 do pek 960 31 70 Warakamure 300 2hf-ch dust 170 13 ‘402 1816 12 do pek sou 900 28 72 GW 302 6hf-ch fans 360 23 405 Knavesmire 1825 9 do bro orpelk 855 41 73 303 6 do dust 450 14 406 1828 10 do bro pek 1000 45 74 304 1 ch red leaf 90 11 407 1831 34 do pek 3060 33 76 Allagumallaya 306 2hf-ch bro or pek 129 out 408 1834 16 do pek sou 1200 29 77 SO0faals (Ch or pek 90 45 410 Penrhos 1810 13hf-ch bro pek 740 60 78 308 1 ch pek 100 42 411 1843 13 ch pek 1105 3 79 YL 309 6 hf-ch fans 480 10 bid 81 DS, in estate mark 311 9 ch sou 630 21 82 Fetteresso 38121 chi pek $0 38 SMALL LOTS. 83 AB, in estate aera. ¢ 4 mae 313 2 hf ob dust 212 10 bid <17- 87 Hatdowa 317 (2 ¢ unas 170 19 . (Thompson and Villiers.) 88 318 2 do bro or pek 200 23 89 319 1 do dust 159 13 Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. Ib. 8 90 AN 320 6 ch bro mix 600 18 bid 1 RG, in estate 96 Citrus 826 4 ch peksou 400 25 mark 15: ch bro or pek 325 35 97 827 4 do bro pek fans 500 18 Pe 2 4 do or pek 380 35 98 $25 2 do dust B14 14 3 3 4 do pek 84 31 9 WRWK 829° 4 ch fans 660 ll bid 4 4 7 do pek sou 605 6 105 Horagoda 335 4 ch peksou 320-97 5 5 8 do dust 610 14 106 336 2 do fans 190 31 8 Doone Vale 8 4 ch pek sou 340 26 107 337 1 do dust 144 22 9 9 1 do fans 100 8622 111 Panapitia 341 9hf-ch sou 450 924 10 10 1 do dust 150 12 112 842 2 do dust 140 10 2 AA 25 2 ch pek sou 200 25 113 343 1 do coa $2 7 3L Myraganga 31 Shf-ch pek fans 660 25 119 Comillah 349 4 ch pek 400 30 32 Pittle 32 6 do pek No. 2 3430—i«d16 120 850 3 do sks sou 300 26 33 GPT, in estate 121 Orion 351 4 ch “ns 448 24 bid mark $3 3 ch red leaf 186 12bid 122 352 2 do dust 225 13 34 FE 34 4 ch fans 828 12 bid {| 123 G’Watte 353 24 boxes bro pek 480 40 86 Warwick 36 Shf-ch dust 400 18 124 35a 5 ch or pek 475 « 33 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. 4 Lot. Box. pkgs. Name. Ib. c¢. 126 356 5 eh peksou 480 26 127 367 1 do fans 112 24 128 858 2 do dust 150 13 430 Annandale 60 7hf-ch sou 336 3A 131 WVT 361 7hf-ch dust 530 13 132 F A, in estate mark 362 1 ch dust 100 15 135 Deniyaya 365 7 ch peksou 605 = 8 139 RC TB, in es- te mark 469 2 ch dust 240 13 142 Ravana 372 Ohf-ch pek 360 27 143 373 2 do sou 80 26 151 Labugama 881 5 ch bro vee fans 600 32 452 Charlie Hill 382 10hf-ch bro pek 500 34 bid 153 3&3. 10 do pek sou 500 29 455 385 5 do bropekfans 400 28 158 Kooroolocgalla 338 6 ch ek sou 600 29 159 489 1 do ro tea 100 12 168 390 3 do fans 845 88 161 391 1 do dust 160 14 (Mr. BE. John.] Lot, Box. pkgs: Name. lb. ec. Patails ET mee sou 140 16 2 775 4 do fans 410 «$618 3 778 Lhfch bro mix 55 12 18 Agra Ouvah 823 4 ch pekoe 380 «49 19 826 5 do pek sou 425 40 20 832 4hf-ch dust 400 17 24 bLamelicre 841 5 ch pek sou 400 81 25 844 4hf-ch pek fans 320 4 31 Bokotua 862 7 ch or pek 685 39 32 865 2 do pekoe 130 = 38 33 868 1 ao pek sou 75 30 34 871 1Lhf-ch dust 75 19 28 Iona 883 2 ch pek sou 180 33 39 836 2hf-ch ust 160 15 40 PHP, in est. mark ss9 1 ch pek sou 95 28 42 Theresia £95 2 do bro mix 180 87 43 898 3hf-ch dust 237 15 44 901 1 do congou 40 30 45 N 94 5 do dust 875 13 49 Hattangalla 916 2 ch dust 280 12 52 W,imest.mark 925 5 do bro tea 38 21 BS 931 2 do sou 190 29 55 Loughton 934 12hf-ch pek dust 600 «14 64 Little Valley 961 3 ch pek sou 270 = 382 65 964 1 do dust 140 16 66 $67 8 do fans 330 86.29 96 Ottery Sid aa dust 166 22 99 Lameliere 8 5 do pek sou 400 81 100 4hf-ch pek fans 320 29 103 Keenagaha Eila "3 7 ch peksou 595 33 104 81 do sou 570 28 105 84 5hf-ch fans 375 26 106 87 1 do dust 95 12 108 Ridgmount 93 5 ch orpek 480 30 bid 109 96 7 do pekoe 637 =. 27 bid 110 99 3 do peksou 213 24 bid 411 102 41 do dust 124 12bid 412 Bladuwa 105 5 do 5; Lhf-ch bropek 580- 29 iu 1138. eh sou 285 23 115 114 1 do dust 126 let 116 1127. Lhf-ch bro mix 53 13 117 M 120. 2 ch bro pek 210 B ais 123 3 do : 1hf-ch pekoe 300 «25 119 126 1 ch sou 95 23 123 wew 7 Sunisealle 138 2 do dust 160 «3615 425 144 4 do dust 600 17 127 Guaiters 150 8 do peksou 640 2% 130 GW 159 7 do peksou 595 28 132 165 2 do fans 240 21 433 168 2 do red leaf 140) «(15 139 RL 186 3hf-ch pekfans 204-84 140 189 2 do dust 23r, 48 141 Galloola 192 2 ch = dust Ute Sees 142 Amnamallai 195 2hf-ch dust 170—sd4 144 Ferndale 201 4 ch dust 500 18 147 Kadien Lena 210 ‘7hf-ch dust 560 «15 149 MTP12,in estate mark 216 65 ch brotea 400 19 bid 153 Glentiit 228 5 do. peksou 450 165 Carendon 264 3 do 2hf-ch pek fans 618 14 167 Woodstock 270 8 ch orpek 686 35 bid [Messrs. Forbes & Waiker.]} Lot. Box. Pkts. Name. lb e 1 BBB, in estate mark _ 613 6hf-ch dust 450 14 Lot, Box. pkgs. Name- 28E 616 6 hf- ch bro pek 8 619 4 pekoe 4 622 1 do bro pek fans 7 Kaduruwan- dola 631 1 ech bropek 8 634 1 do pek 9 637 1 do pe* sou 12 Sadamulla 646 3 ch pek sou 13 6419 2 do sou 14 652 1 do dust 16 T’Villa 658 7 ch or pek 20 Karowkettia 670 2 ch bro pek 21 673 3 do pek 22 New Anga- mana 676 B5hf- 9 9 aay F Pe mark Lae = do tans a oe Ditto, Rustoom, ditto 1, 9b 1s out; ditto 2, 5d 10d out; 372 1726 6 do dust 510 15 ditto 3, 3b sold 91; ditto 4, lb 8d. 6 CEYLON CARDAMOMS SALES IN LONDON. Ditto, Kandevalle, ditto 1, 36b 1s out; ditto 2, 5b out; ditto 3, 4b sold 9d; ditto 4, 1b Sd. Ditto, Morotto, ditto 1, 9b 1s ont. | Ditto, Koottanawelle, ditto 1 and 2, 10b ont. Ditto, Kuruwitte, ditto 3, 3b 9d; ditto 4, 1b 8d. “Kanagava Maro’’—Ekelle Plantation, sort 1, 12b éut 1s 1d; ditto 2, 36b out 11d; ditto 3, 7b out 94d; itto 4, out 9d. . aed Macdonald’’—Ditto, sort 1, 3b out 1s 1d; ditto 2, 4b 11d; ditto 3, 4b 94d. “Clan Mackay”’—CPJ in estate 6b out 9d. Py “Gee Okisholm!"—F in estate mark, Ekelle, sort 1, 1b out 1s 1d; ditto 2, 7b 11d; ditto 3, 80 9d; ditto 4, Ore port Elliot”’—MLM in estate mark, Ittagalla, gort 1, 10b out 9d; ditto 2, 22b 9d; ditto 3, 15b 8d out: ditto 4, 26b out 7d. “Sarpedon’—J T in estate mark, Ittagalla, sort 1, 3b 9d; ditto 2, 9b 8d; ditto 3, {1b 7d; ditto 4, 14b 7d. “Pakling’—AL, Diggodda Plantation, sort 5, 10b t 74d. Ao; Derbyshite""—AS QP, in estate mark Kadirana sort 1, 4b out; ditto 2, 9b out 1s 44; ditto 3, 13b out 1s 3d; ditto 4,12b sold11ad; 30bsold9d;11b sold8d. “Glan Fraser’”’—F'S WS in estate mark Kadirane | sort 1, 3b sold 1s 44; ditto2, 6b sold Is 3d; ditto 3, Des North Kadirane ditto 1 3b sold 1s 4d; ditto 2, 1s 3d; ditto 3, 1s 1d; ditto 4, 104d and 9a. 4 FS K, Kadirane ditto 1, 3b sold 1s 4d; ditto 2, 8b 13 3d; ditto 3, 11b 1s 2d; ditto 4, 1b 10d. “Pindari” FS WS in estate mark North Kaderane sort 1, 5b sold 1s 4d; ditto 2, 1lb 1s 24; Gitto 3, 11b 15 1d and 1s; ditto 4, 8b 10d and 84d. | Ditto Kadirane ditto 1,4b1s4d; ditto 2, 9b 1s 2d; ditto 3, 8b 1s 1d; ditto 4, 10b 84. mark, sort 4, SSS OBSERVER PRINTINS WORKS. CEYLON PRODUCE lt te een SALES LIST. FS K, Kaderane ditto 1, 14b sold 1s 4d ; 1s 2d bid; ditto 3, 18b 1s bid; ditto JDSR in estate mark Kadirane 1s 8d; ditto 1,18b 1s 2d; ditto 1, 16b 1s Horahena ditto 1, 4b sold 1s 3d; ditto JR KP in estate mark ditto 1, 8b sold 1s 1d; 14b 18; ditto 2, 18b11d; ditto 2, 16b 10d; ditto 91 sold 84d; ditto 4, 5b 73d. ‘Orestes’’—ML 4 in estate mark, Linden, sort 16b sold, 84; ditto 2 83b, 7$d and 7d; ditto 3 24b sold 7d and 64d; ditto 4 out 7d. M io estate mark, Linden, ditto 0 6b out ls 24; ditto 1 ce out ls 1d; ditto 2, 13b ont 10}d; ditto 3, 9b out 9d. “ Pindari”—MLM in estate mark, Ittagalla sort 1, 14b sold at 8d; ditto 2, 21b sold 7}d; ditto 3, 22b ont Tid; ditto 4 out 7d. M in estate mark Mahawatta sort 0 15b out Is 2d; ditto 1 30b out 1s 1d; ditto 2, 45b out 11d. “ Clan Chisholm ’—JLDC PalJanchena, sort 1, 12b out 1s; ditto 2, 21b sold 103d; ditto 3, 13b ont 94d; ditto 4, 5b 8d. “Clan Drummond ”—CHdeS Merotto, out lid. “Clan Cameron’’—CHdeS Kurawitte, sort 2 9b out 11d, ‘Shropshire '’—CHdeS out I1d. TPW in estate mark, sort 0 2b out 11d. * Pindari”"—PNDS in estate mark sort 1 20b sold 114 aot, 50b out; ditto 3 26b sold 9d and 8d; citto 4 so : M in estate mark; R Kadirana sort 1 (3b sold 1s; it 16b out 1ijd; ditto 3 15b out 10d; ditto 4 7b 83d. bi ‘Kanagawa Maru ”—Butterfly Ekelle, sort 2 50b out 1ld; ditto 3 26b out 10d. ‘“‘ Sarpedon ’’—ASQP in estate mark, Kadirana sort 1 4b; ditto 211b; ditto 3 17b all out; ditto 4, 6b sold 1s, 6b 11!d; 6b 9d; 12b $44. sort 2 6b Kandevelle, sort 2 12b = ee TEA, COFFEE, CINCHONA, COCOA, AND CARDAMOM SALES, CoLomuso, NO. 38 COLOMBO SALES OF TEA. LARGE LOTS. py hompson and Villiers.— 4, 939 Ib.] Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. 2 Memorakande 2 81 ch bro pek 8100 3 EEO ek 3150 7 Dalukoya 7 12 ch ro or pek 720 8 8 17 do or pe 25 9 B’Kellie 9 19 ch _ pek 1748 20 Lynsted 26 3lhf-ch peksou 1559 25 H 25 35hfch bro or pek 700 26 26 35 do bro pek 2109 27 27 39 ch pek 3900 28 23 10 do pek sou 1090 29 KT 29 8 ch 1hf-ch bro sou 872 (Messrs. Somerville & Co. —142,760.] Lot. Box. pkgs. Name. lb. 1 Ukuwella te? ich bro or pek 745 2 2 24 do bro pek 2400 3 3 21 do pek 2100 4 4 8 do peksou 800 5 Dikmukalana 5 27hf-ch pek 1350 6 6 44 do pek sou 1980 7 Penrith wor en dust 1084 14 Lonach 14 62hf-ch bro pek 3100 15 15 25 ch pek 2125 16 16 20 do pek sou 1600 17 MN 17 22hf-ch dust 1804 23 P, in estate mark 23 14 ch unas 1470 26 Oakley 26 11 ch bro pek 1100 27 27 10 do pek 10°0 28 Bollagalla 98 18 ch bro pek 1710 29 29 16 do pek 12380 30 30 19 do pek sou 1805 gi Harangalla 31 25 ch bro pek 2500 32 32 38 do pek 3420 33 33 17 do sou 1530 35 M 35° 25 ch pek 2250 326 Eilandhu 26 10 ch ~ bro pek 1000 37 a 27 10 do pek 950 40 Bogahagoda- watte 40 11 ch bro pek 1160 4L 41 14 do pek 1260 44 Koladeniya 44 8 ch bro pek 760 43 Mousakande 48 12 ch bro pek 1260 49 Glenalla. 49 #4 ch pek 4590 51 Dartry A 51 19hf-ch pek fans 1425 54 Atherton 5% 13 ht-ch pek 990 57 VR, in estate mark 57 25 ch pek sou 2000 5S F8 13 do dust 1105 3 Karanawella 63 15 ch bro pek 1350 64 64 12 do pek 960 65 65 12 do pek sou 970 67 Harangalla 67 25 ch bro pek 2500 68 68 26 do Ik 2340 69 Patulpana 69 13hf-ch bro pek 715 7a lepedene 7a 37hf-ch bro pek 2035 76 76 33hf-ch pek 1650 77 77 23 do pex sou 1165 £3 Mousa Eiiy2 83 16 ch bre pek 1840 84 84 16 ch or pek 1600 8&3 85 10 do pek 950 86 Ovoca AT 86 17hf-ch pek fans 1105 9 SRK 91 9 do bro tea 900 92 Kudaganga 92 9 ch _ bro pek 900 93 93 15 do pek 1425 10) Kelani 109 27 ch bro pek 2160 110 110 13 do bro or pek 1300 li 111 30 do ek 2700 112 112 18 do pek sou 1440 113 Rayigam 113, Tz *ch bro pek 1785 14 114 11 do orpek 990 115 115 27 do pek 242 116 116 12 do pek sou 1080 N7 DN 117 24 ch bro pek 2520 ms XXX 118 15 ch pek fans 1950 119 GM 19. eco dust 1200 120 Blinkbonnie 120 49hf-ch bro pek 2695 121 121 40 do pek 1800 yo) 122 15 ch pek sou 1275 OctoseR 3, 1898. Lot. Box. pkgs. Name. Ib. 124 Warriatenne 124 26 ch bro pek 2500 125° T T T, in es- tate mark 125 11 ch fins 1549 126 MC 126 23 ch_ bro pek 2475 1 hf-ch (Mr. H. John. sEeee0 1b.]J Lot. Box. Pkgs. ame. Ib. 1 Koladeniya 273 9 ch bro pek 855 2D 276 10 do pekoe 100a 3 NK 279 13 do sou 1105 6 MG 288 16hf-ch pek sou 890 7 291 5. ch bro tea 725 8 Gangawatte 294 18hf-ch broorpek 990 9 297 15 ch bro pek 1500 1) 300 20 do pekoe 1710 ll Yapame 393 14 do bropek 1540 12 306 20 do pekoe 1800 13 309 13 do pek sou 1040 15 315 17 do bro pek 1700 16 3:8 20 do pekoe 1800 17 321 9 do pek sou 310 21 Galella 333 20 do bro pek 2000 22 336 13 do pekoe 1170 24 Pati Rajah 342 8 do bro pek 800 25 345 10 do pekoe 750 26 Shannon 348 22hf-ch bro pek 1232 27 351 11 ch pekoe 990 28 354 9 do pek sou 765 30 AgraOuvah 350 54hf-ch broorpek 3456 3L 363 23 do cr pek 1242 42 365 8 ch pesoe 760 33 Poilakande +69 22hf-ch bro pek 1320 35 375 39 ch pekoe 2700 36 378 7 do pek sou 720 38 Bellongalla 354 20 hf-ch bro pek 1000 39 337 20 ch pekoe 1800 40 390 20 do pek sou 1600 41 Koslanda 393 23hf-ch bropek 1380 42 396 18 ch pekoe 1620 44 St. John’s 405 25hf-ch broorpek 1400 45 403 28 do or pek 1344 46 411 22 do pekoe 1103 47 414 25 do pek sou 1200 48 Hattangalla 417 12 ch bro pek 1080 59 Glassaugh 432 54 hf-ch ro pek 2970 55 435 25 ch pekoe 2259 58 433 20 do pek sou 1700 57 Ohiya 441 25hf-ch or pek 1400 5 414 43 do pekoe 2100 52 Ferndale 456 19 ch or pek 1900 63 Horton Flains 459 23hf-ch bro pek 1264 6t 462 20 ch pekoe 1700 65 465 15 do pek sou 1200 «8 Claremont 474 20 hi-ch broorpek 1650 69 477 10 ch pekoe 900 =, 480 11 do pek sou 935 “ Iona 489 8 do pekoe 800 74 Coslanda 492 23hf-ch bro pek 1380 7a 495 18 ch pekoe 1620 73 M 40t 11 do fans 1440 79 L 507 5 do dust 745 £0 Ottery 510 23 do bro or pek 2300 SL 513 10 do or pek 900 82 516 10 d pekoe 900 Sir. 522 11hbf-ch dust 880 87 Glasgow 531 36 ch broorpek 3060 §S 534 16 do or pek 1040 £9 537 10 do pekoe 950 90 Oonocgaloya 540 24 do bro pek 2400 9L 613 16 do pekoe 1280 92 Eadella 5:6 15 do bro pek 1500 93 549 14 do pekoe 1260 9 592 10 do pek sou 800 95 555 13 do fans 15 96 558 6 do dust $40 97 Cosgahawella 661 17 do bro pek 1785 103 S 679 S$ do bro tea 960 105 Mocha 685 21 do broor pek 2205 108 588 14 do or pek 1260 107 591 19 do pekoe 1710 1144 Dickapittiya 612 29 do bro pek 2900 115 561 33 do ekoe 3309 116 Murraythwaite 618 9 do Ke pek 855 117 62L 12 do pekoe 1020 (Messrs. Forbes & Walker.—] 276,094 1b.) Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. 6 Balgownie 1867 10 ch bropek 900 Price :—124 cents each 3 copies 30 cents; 6 copies 4 rupee, Cc. 38 Lid 14 33 bid * 2 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. Lot. Box Pkgs. Name. bl. «. | a Box, pkgs. Name. Ib, 4 22 Hatton 1915 24hf-ch bro pek 1392 67 E 93 1918 28 ch pekoe 238 «42 159 Talgaswela 76 23 ch bro pek 2070 44 24 1921 25 do pek sou 2000 32 160 79 12 do k 102684 27 Holton 1930 16 ch ropek 1520 44 od Columbia + 30 bfsch bra or suie see eS 81 Galapitakan- ee eae de 1942 25hf-ch orpek 1625 61 ape & 30 do pek 135050 23 1948 17 ch pek 170044 165 Kirindi 94 14 ch bopek 1900 a8}bid 34 1951 13 do , pek sou 1200 87 166 A inest.mark 97 12hf-ch fans 1440) 12 bid 87 Polatagama 19€0 33 ch bro pek 3135 45 if Dyakulle Hor 300 36 do bro pel red &2 bia 38 1963 34 do or- pe’ 2720 8640 ¢ 87 bi 39 1966 46 do pekoe 3910 33 169 106 15 do pek sou 1050 34 40 1969 26 do pek sou 2210 2% 170 Middleton 9 19hfeh broorpek 1045 80 41 Ganapalla 1972 40hbf-ch | dust 3400 16 171 112 13 ch or pek 1300 «56 bid 42 Vathalana 1975 23)f-ch bro or pek 1495 41 OUP ie? Spe: 116 12 do pek 114048 43 198 19 ch orpek 1805 34 178 SS J inest. 44 g 1981 16 do pek 1260 32 dé -_. e ed a6 pokoe 900 8 45 Passara ‘ by Di GO ro pel 5700 48 Group 1984 12 ch broorpek 1200 5% 191 172 54 do ek 4590 «83 46 1987 9 do or pek 810 44 apf Longford wo 5 noes ae. pek ee AT 1990 10 do pek 900 39 6 Oo pe 950 «40 50 Errolwood i899 Zlhf-ch bro orpek 1050 61bid | 197 199 16 do pek sou 750 = 85 61 2002 9 ch or pex 720. 5B 198 B 193 14 do fans 930-43 52 2005 9 do pek 720 46 199 A 196 7 ch bromixed 770 16 54 Bla Oya 2011 11 eh bropek = 110043. Be Dunkeld ie $2 we aq d pek 3720 53 55 2014. 12 do orpek 103236 “| 202 12 ¢ or pe 11400 42 56 2017 16 do peksou 1472 202 205 18 do per 1710-38 60 New Peacock :029 15 ch peksou 127535 215 Geragama 244 20 ch ro pek 2000 48 61 Knavesmire 2232 8 ch broor pek 720 45 216 287 Jv do ek 171033 62 2035 11 do bropek 1100 44bid | 217 Waratenne 250 29 do ro pek 2004 63 2035 22 duo pek 1980 34 218 253 18 do pek 1530 = 82 64 2041 17 do peksou 1275 29 219 4 256 10 do pek sou 850 98 65 2014 7 do tans 840 29 227 GP M inest. 66 MahaUva 2047 13hf-ch bro pek 845 52 mark 280 27 hfch bro pek 1620. 60 bid 67 2050 22 do or pek 1:20 55 228 263 25 do orpek 1250-56 bid 68° 2063 17 ch — pek 1615 42 229 286 42 do pek “35247 71 HighForest 2(62 31hfch broor pek 1612 74 230 is 29 60 do k sou 750 8687 @ 2065 25 do or pek 117558 oe Tembiligala ~~ v7 m2 Droor walk 1020 44 +068 19 do ro pek 1254 62 "4 oO ro pek a4, 2071 19 do Dobe 836 52 234 301 36 do pek 160) $3 1 Erracht 2014 24 ch bro pek 2185 51 a Penrhos = 16 de or pek 800. 47 6 2077 21 do pek 1680 35 2 25 do bro pek 1400 62 77 2080 13 ch ek sou 975 (32 239 316 %5 ch poke 2250 39 78 2068 7 do ro pek fan 700 Be 242 Hayes 325 85 hf-ch pek sou 1575 BA @ c OEB 2086 5 ch ~ dust 750 1? Bo High Forest = : - pek apd 155084 eyunga- ores 2 0 or 1056 50 bi watte 2089 18hf-ch bro orpek 1080 44 Py “yy 81 2092 18 ch bro pek 1800 43 2 Bat ; 2095 18 do pek 171034 5 S—V, in estate y a perk 2104 10 ch dust 1200 16 SMALL” LOTS. ‘orwoo 110 7 ch broorpek 700 49 “ee E 38 2113 13 do bro bek 1:0 bi (Thompson and Villiers.] 2116 10 do or pe 860 36 90 2119 18 do pekoe 1280 34 Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. Ib. ,. & 92 2125 6 do dust 756 =.:16 1 Poengalla 1 7hf-ch dust 660 «16 93 Scrubs 2128 8 ch broorpek 760 70 4 Memorakan- 94 2131 12 do bro pek 1200.57 de 4 7hf-ch dust "695 15 95 2134 10 do pek 800 4t 15 Preston 15 1 ch unas 120 30 96 2137. 10 do pek sou 850 40 21 K’Bedde 21 2 ch bro pek 216 836 97 Duntar 2140 2ihf-ch broorpek 1050 659 22 22 4 do pek dust 49 «1s 100 2149 1S ch pek 1440-38 23 T 23 3hf-ch dust 255» 18 : 104 Munukattia 244 KM 24 4 ch’ fans $28. «14 : Ceylon, in estate xs : e mark z1@l 2) beck Rs pek 1000 48 bid 2164 32 do ro pek 1760 52 bid - . 106 216i 17 do pek 1820 8 (Messrs. Somerville & Co] | 107 2170 10 do pek sou 900 35 u4 C H 2191. 47 it, sou 4418 Is bia | Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. Ib.» e. 16 Meemoraoya 2197 37 hf-c pek 1480 30 8 Penrith us ais aa 22.0 18 do pek sou 720 19 9 3. 5 ha fea: fa ZA ; in estate 95 aah mark aos ae heek broorpek 840 35 H A a 3 hich ie “4 “4 2 2209 32 do sou 1600 28 “oS 2 123 Ellawatte 2218 24 ch bro pek 2520 55 4 Oolapane yy hs dag 2 ea ab 124 2221 32 do ek 3200 42 18 MN 18 3 ch ee == 125 2:24 7 do pekscu 700 9-38 19 Kotigalla 19 3 a tee ve = a 127 St. Heliers +2230 31hbf-ch bro orpek 1674 47 20 20 3 do a ous 123 CS 2233 11 ch or pek 880 36 QL Stik tdo “2okemdn = 129 22236 12 do pek 1080 34 22 22 1 do ees a. Ph 130 Monkswood +239 30 ch pek 2850 61 34 P. in estate <- e 131 2/42 14 do pek 1260 58 bid ‘mark on 60 ch © bro mis = 132 G P Minestate 25 95 @ht-ch° dust (ashoopalljaye 2 Are mark 2245 23hf-ch broor pek 1380 60bid | 34 Harangalla 34 5 ch dust oopenre is 133 2248 32 do peksou 1792 xs6bid | 3g NW a an i ance = 134. MD 1 18 ch broerpek 1610 57 bid | 3% 39 1 do one sou 135 4 12 do pekoe 1020. 41bid | 42 Bogahagoda- 136 Pantiya ain 6 chi proxpeks _ watte 42 2 ch pek sou g y ust 840 16 1 hf-ch 139° R C W, inest. 43 43 2 ch fans mark 16 19 ch broorpek 1045 61 45, Koladeniya 45 3 ch ek 1400 ! 19 35 do -p:koe . 3500 45 bid | 46 46 56 ch ek HE - 22 16 do be or pek_- 47 : 47 2 do He aa ans 1088 33 i 147 Sunnycroft 40 ‘chs dust 900 =«16 52 pee 32 Sitch ae 148) Bandara Eliya. 43 ub hf- sch or pek 6032 «44 53 Atherton 53 Shf-ch tro pek 2 ¢ to) - 2002 38 55 313 do pek sou fen is 3 an ek sou . 184036 56 “ts 26 3 do dust “C ro orpek 4092 51 66 Karanawella 66 7hf-ch fans CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. Lot. Box. Pkgs, Name. lb. c, Lot Box. Pkgs. Name ana 7013hfch_ pek 650 30 Lhf-ch pek sou io zouule 7110 do pek sou 500 25 9 1876 1 ch 72 72 4 do sou 200 ~ 24 lhf-ch sou 73 73 2 do bro mix 2u0 24 10 1879 4 do dust 74 74 1 do dust 75 «610 25 Hatton 1924 2hf-ch dust 78 Depedene 78 2hf-ch dust 160} 17 26 1927-8 ‘do’ brovtea 87 Ovoca. AI 87 3hf-ch dust 300 =16 28 Holton 1933 7 ch pek 88 / 88 3 ch unas 345 28 29 1936 3 do peksou 89 SRK 89 5hf-ch dust 425 16 30 B fe : i939 1 ch dust 90 90 2 ch sou 200 22 32 Galapitakan- ¢ 94 7 ch ek sou (unbkd) 639 25 de 1945 9hf-ch bro or pek fe seudenanse 955 2e7ch Pati 226 23 85 1954 1 ch dust 96 96 1 do dust 134 le 36 1957 1 do fans 5 Galatota 105 4hf-ch bro pek 220 34 48 Passara We 106 6 do pek 312 28 Group 1993 6 ch pek sou 107 108 3 do pek sou 165 25 49 s ise 1996 3 do fans 8 A P, in estate 67 Sunny Cro 2020R- 6inic pek sou Me aor 1c8 3hf-ch dust 300 18 58 2023 5 do peksou 123 Blinkbonnie 123 5hf-ch dust 409 16 59 Galkanda 2026 5 ch pek sou 69 Maha Uva 2056 6 ch pek sou —————— 70 2059 1hf-ch dust 83 Weyunga- ; 7 watte 2098 2 ¢ pek sou [Mr. B. John.] 84 2101 1hf-ch dust Lot. Box. pkgs. Name. Ib. ee. 86 SV, te estate | s é x 4 NK 222 <8 ihf-ch’ dust "eae 91 Torwood 212 6 ch vel goa 5 MG 285 7 de bropeksou 420 4 98 Dunbar 2143 13hf-ch or pek Cee ee Sue 7 do br pek ¢ 159 + a 327. 1hf-ch dust 100 15 AES 2152 3 ch —_pek sou 19 = BE TRE a 219 «17 102 2155 1 do bro mix 2 : ‘ 2158 71 hf- 8 Galella 339 6 do peksou 60029 as Meemoora zisee anichs dust 29 Shannon 357 2hf-ch dust reo ae Oya 2194 15 hf-ch_ bro pek 34 Poilakande a B ae or pek 16544 118 2203 3 do dust 37 MW : c & : 121 D, in estate Lhfch bro pek 55938 mark 2212 9hf-ch fans 43 Koslanda 399 4 ch pek sou 400 33 192 215 6 do age 44 : 402 2 do fans a Be 126 Ellawatta 2227 3hf-ch dust 50 W, in est. mark cae 5 fle Sere oe og 137 Beara it i oe oh “0: a S un bey 0 pek sou 429 7 do pek dust 560 15 5 fe SESE 2 Ohiya 447 10hf-ch pek sou 450 39 oes a 3 se congeul 60 KE 450 6 ch pek sou 570-26 152 Bandara, 61 _ 453 1 do dust : M40 16 Eliya 55 Vhf-ch bro pek fans 66 HortenPlains 468 u beech bye pek No.2 86 e 153 Bi ode Gee 67 471 te) ans 7 154 61 1 ch red leaf is Coslande ies 5 en per sou aon 2 164 Columb ‘ 91 11hf-ch pek sou 7 ae 5 177 S in est. 2 519 L do dust = 109 18 ‘ F 83 StL 525 Lhf-ch dust 90 28 id mack es ag ie nels 86 W,inest.mark 528 4 ch bro tea 308 24 180 ee) CONRAN Sati M 582 6hf-ch dust 510 14 9 104 © , “ 181 142 4 do pek fans 108 Mocha 594 7 ch peksou ED oe 182 145 3 do red leaf 183 148 1 do dust — os 192 P’Kanda 175 8 do pek sou 193 178 5Shf-ch dust Wall } 195 Longford : 184 8 de or Dee ; “ Po aller. 214 Sinest. mark 241 1 do br or pk fans (Messrs. Ferkes x i 220 Carendon 259 2 0 2s pek €, 221 262 1 de p= Lot. Box. Pkts. ame. oe Bout de 2 264 pek sou Th \NY 1852) 1) ch pek 99 24 923 268 1 do sou 2 1855 1 do sou 87 19 231 G P Minest. 3 1858 1 do bro mix 90 $616 mark 292 7hfch pek fans 4 1861 1 do fans 100 12 235 Tembiligalla 304 9 do pek sou 5 Balgownie 1864 4 ch broorpek 340 34 236 307 3 do dust 7 1870 7 do pek 490 31 240 Penrhos 319 4 ch pek sou 8 1873 7 ch 241 322 3hf-ch fans —a8Ae__ ——_—* > OBSERVER PRINTING WORKs. BX. ar? f i aL AE et ng: $a cael TE ure gee ww i hep ise 5 CRA Soros fe" +t i 5 TS ee dere Ohi") Maat are Fé =e ie has dee A. SE Ae ¢ v ¥ eke : tiedadinciaht = ; we oA Wee tad | ce ep he ‘by x / tian) Ge fay deh stored dae hi a & 5 at ay" es 3 | ay ‘ pias 2p ee ae wis figud 2 hy . qaers ~ bP: te 8 oy 4 geet yt =. ellie ta i vee a % Ls t Ay t t 29 “ & f “ he 3 ( olrtcaien} . @ i a Y Oba. rt | é ard ee ] ow deh. fbf R23 . gt | nat te TF 5 ‘ % 7 q rae arn i = aately .°, 69 tit 6. d0Pd (a = rickew of Co 284 'y fi “ és "Hb, the oe fs y iM at i Tt 4 4 ie ; ] pr Wee 4 * , e 4 on, ee aie cote 4 ey Sh, bie ne tieedt dns Sincy ord j ee! aed faye d ‘ ak a oof : yar : } ’ ae iy Sy td a ) A sah, tes al ee an ae 60.7 dat Oat eel % ont teed tery ¢ Y tar j e av ate? thy rm } Zea srr i a. i : a 5 ae : pape E eres we eet ‘ ' i» ” Bo rt Lhe ns 7 be: oF a S, tee? fay hs BRO : fal HS Loma ain” 5 5 e pani, tr cite i ey ea ay yy 3 ont ie ‘ iste Obs. ° Re . gen! | ¥ 4 od wird doey olee.€ O04 Oy ag G7 ae a e 2¢ rat 4 fae fp ys Fel At «* ar . res Xs horig i tifen, iM frateowdt (615 7 ©—> dan ki ij 3th ob b phtagl tas abe tf (275 VFS god ats ra r sativa). get’ | 3 i E ? ie TEA, COFFEE, CINCHONA, COCOA, AND CARDAMOM SALES. NO. 39 COLOMBO ‘SALES OF TEA. (Thompson and Villiers.— CoLomMgEo, OcropER 10, 1898. Prick:—123 cents each 3 copies 30 cents ; 6 copies 4 rupee. LARGE LOTS. 33,600 Ib ] Lot. Box. Pkgs. Naune. lb. 6 Dalukoya 6 13hf-ch bre or pek 780 are te 7 14 do or pek 770 8 8 13 do pek 715 10 Ettie 10 10 ch bro pek 1050 11 11 10 do pek 1000 12 12 11 do pek sou 1045 16 Warwick 16 41hfch bro pek 2664 17 17 33 do nek 1815 25 Harrow 25 35hfch_ bro or pek 700 26 Dalukoya 26 17 ch or pek 935 27 Battalgalla 27 15 ch pek sou 1500 30 Nalawa 30 18 ch pek sou 1520 34 D 34 Qhf-ch pekdust 765 (Mr. B. John.—120,789 1b.] Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. Ib. 5 MTP 34, in estate mark 636 15 ch bro tea 1500 6 639 8 do dust 1120 7 RG 642 12 do bro pek 1272 12) A 637 16 do bro mix 1600 13 Hattangalla 660 18 do bropek 1530 14 663 20 do pekoe 1600 18 C 675 5 do pekoe 1345 20 Brownlow 681 19hi-ch broorpek 1064 21 684 29 do or pek 1508 22 687 28 ch pekoe 2520 23 690 17 do pek sou 1445 “24 693 7 do bropekfans 700 25 696 10 do pek fans 800 26 Whyddon 699 8 do bro pek 840 27 702 10 do or pek 850 28 705 9 do pekoe 810 29 708 10 do pek sou 900 31 Uda 714 18hf-ch bro pek 1008 32 717 28 do pelkoe 1232 34 Templestowe 723 23 ch bro or pek 2070 35 726 35 do pekoe 2975) 36 729 10 do pek sou 800 38 735 10hf-ch dust 800 39 Pati Rajah 738 11 ch or pek 1015 40 741 7 do bro pek 840 41 : 744 18 do pekoe 1350 43 Glasgow 750 83 do broorpek 282 44 753 17 do or pek 1105 45 756 9 do pekoe 855 46 759 11 do or pekfans 1100 48 Agra Ouvah 765 52hf-ch broorpek 3328 49 7638 23 do or pek 1242 56 Kotuagedera 789 16 ch bro pek 1600 57 792 10 do pekoe 950 6 KH 804 10 do pekoe 1600 62 Poilakande 807 22hf-ch bro pek 1320 63 Horton Flains 810 20 ch pekoe 1700 66 Maryland 8i9 7 do bro pek 735 67 $22 7 do pekoe 790 68 Orange Field 825 9 do bro pek 900 69 828 16 do pekoe 1520 73. Mount Temple 810 3¢hf-ch broorpek 2040 74 843 42 do orpek 2100 7d 846 25 ch pekoe 1925 76 819 26 do sou 1460 78 Ybesa $55 24hf-ch «cr pek 1320 79 Bellongalla 858 20 do bro pek 1000 80 861 13 ch pek sou 1040 8L Manangoda 864 12 do bro pek 1200 82 867 12 do pekce 1200 81 Glasgow 873 19hf-ch or pek 1235 85 6Glentilt 876 40 ch bro pek 4000 86 879 16 do pekoe 1600 83 B 885 l4hf-ch dust 1260 89 NP sss li do dust’ 1190 | 91-MV 894 11 ch bro pek 1100 92 897 10 do pekoe 950 93 900 14 do pek sou 1260 100 Oakdene 92L 20hf-ch broorpek 1200 TOL 924 21 ch ekoe 1890 102 927 9 do ro or pek fans 1080 103 Cosgahawella 930 7 do bro pek 700 Box Pkgs. [ Lot. 104 933 105 Manangoda 936 107 WW 942 108 H 945 112 Kanangama 957 113 960 G 114 963 46 bid 116 969 36 a é3 a [Messrs. 24 Ae Lot. Box. 43 4 B, in estate 37 bid mark 134 39 bid 6 Siriniwasa 136 27 7 137 13 8 138 11 Depedene 141 12 142 13 143 15 PT N, in estate Cc. mnark 145 16 146 19 Lonach 149 24 20 150 18 21 151 36 bid | 22 Lower Dickoya 152 25 bid 23 158 41 25 Minna 155 $1 26 156 18 bid 27 157 56 bid 28 158 46 bid | 29 Warakamure 159 44 39 160 36 sl 161 44 35 Dikukalana 165 23 bid 36 166 56 40 Nugawella 170 53 41 17L 45 42 172 42 45 Salawe 175 31 bid | 47 Marigold 177 3L bid | 48 178 £0 bid 49 179 39 51 181 37 53 Mahagoda 183 15 54 18t 37 bid | 56 Homeland 185 37 6L Abridge 19L 30 64 DLonach 194 €2 68 Narangoda 198 55 69 199 46 70 200 29 79 Tiddydale 209 65 bid | so Qt 54 bid 81 211 25 bid | §4 Glenalla 214 29 bid |} 85 215 28 bid |} g6 216 37 bid | 89 LP 219 35 bid | 90 220 35 91 Ukuwela 221 28 92 22 25 $3 223 28 96 225 47 bid | 99 Annandale 229 28 bid | 100 230 35 bid 101 231 28 bid | 102 232 5? bid 105 233 41 104 Ferriby 234 38 105 239, 34 106 236 28 110 K’Lande 246 53 bid | 111 Ravenscraig 24/1 0 bid 112 YAZ, 43 bid 113 243 out 120 Donside 250 20 121 ND 251 22 bid | 122 292. 29 bid 22 bid 123 253 65 bid } 124 Suriawatte 254 38 bid 125 955 26 256 Zl bid | 127 V 257 S1 bid Somervilie & Co. Name. bl. nekoe 825 bro pek fins 1695 pekoe 900 red leaf 1992 bro pek 3100 pekoe 1620 bro pek fans 1800 dust 720 —152,157.] pkgs. 12 ch 62 hf-ch 26 ch 16 hf-ch RS chi 27 do 2l do 9 hf-ch 15 hf-ch do do do 15 21 47 86 hf-ch 15 ch 29 ch 1 bf-ch Name. lb. bro mix 800 tro pek 1800 pek 2280 pek soa 1980 bro pek 3410 ek 3050 pek sou 276 bro pek 784 pek 1200 Dro pek 2970 pek 1870 pek sou 1600 bro pek 1624 pek 1100 bro or pek 1200 or pek 2430 pek 1170 pek sou 920 or pek 1700 pek 1615 sou 1170 or pek fans 1595 pek fans 1210 or pek 1485 bro or pek 1170 pek pex sou bro pek pek pek sou bro pek fans1120 bro pek 770 pek 1890 or pek 700 pek 1080 bro pek 3100 bro pek 3700 pek 3800 pek sou 2520 bre pek 900 pek 990 pek sou 720 dro pek 4200 pek 3600 pek sou 1620 pek sou 2548 dust 1328 brocr pe 1145 bro pek 2760 pek 2103 bro pek fans 720 bro or pek 750 or pek 795 pek 1050 bro pek 868 pek sou 830 bro pek 1755 pek 2760 pek sou 1129 pek 1620 bro pek 1485 or pek 1560 pek 2600 dust 1615 pek sou 1520 fans 2210 dust 2160 bro pek 4935 pek 1800 pek fans 1950 dust 2535 20 09 ©: WUCU OM HOM tons 3 2 > 1 bid bid bid bid bid bid » hid 6 bid CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. 2 (Messrs. Forbes & Walker.—] Lot Box. Pkgs. Name Ib, 5 144 763 17 ch ~~ pek rou 1275 pet ee Ri 137 Durkeld 7/2 14 hf-ch pel fans 8p Lot. Box. Ss. ame. i - 148 776 1 do ust Lot 95, 6 168 Dromoland 790 20 ch kropek 2000 3 Elfindale 240 24 ch pek sou 2160 29 154 798 25 do pek 2250 4 343... 720% pek fans 700 20 155 796 15 do k sou 1200 8 Trewardene 355 8 ch_ pek 795 29 157 Lochiel 2 62bf-ch see orpek 3410 12 Strathspey 367 17hf-ch or pek 850 56 «a | 458 805 “7 do bro pek 1350 20 Puspone 391 23 ch bro pek 2300 47 159 808 45 ch pek No.1 2600 2h 391 21 do pek 1995 36 160 811 :0 do pek 1700 25 Galkanda 406 2 ch ek 810 29 164 AG 823 10 ch pek sou 900 32 Rockside 427 6 do dust 84023 168 Kirrimettia 835 15 ch wunast 1350 23 430 6 do pre pekfan 720 33 19 NWD 88 10 do bropek 1140 34 Drayton 433 43 hf-ch A 2150 53 bid 172 817 .*. do ‘AS 875 85 436 31 ch 2790 42 173 850 6 do dust 936 36 439 13 do pek sou 1105038 175 Castlereagh 856 14 do bro pek 1400 38 Walton 445 23 ch bro pek 2576 45 bid | 176 859 15 do or pek 1275 $9 448 23 do pek 2185 37 bid 177 £62 13 do pek 100 40 451 15 do peksou 12775 33 181 Chesterford 874 39 do bropek 3900 44 Tymawr 463 37 hf-ch or pes 1665 52 bid 182 877 32 do pek 3200 45 466 24 do bro pek 1200 «58 bid | 483 850 do pek sou 2300 46 469 58 do pe 2610 = 43 bid 186 889 4, hf-ch dust 800 47 472 29 do pek sou 1160 36 187 Geragama 892 15 ch bro pek 1500 51 'Tonacombe 484 19 ch or pek 19 0 40 188 895 20 do pek 1800 52 487 19 do bro pek 2230 =. 0 189 898 8 do pek sou 790 53 490 47 do pek 4700 42 192 Ascot 907 28 do or pek 1955 54 493 8 do peksou 720,88 193 918 15 do bro pek 1425 bo G ) 496 12 ch pek sou 1020 29 194 913 22 do pek 1760 56) Dammeria £08 14 ch bro or pek 1680) 53 195 916 & do nek sou 70 60 511 19 do bropek 100 62 196 919 9 do pek sou No.2 810 61 514 23 do pek 280 39 197 92 8 do pek fans 960 62 517 9 do pek sou 9C0 2 198 $25 6 do dust 900 64 Pallegodde 528. 122) eb bro orpek 2310 39 1909 BDW,CK 928 82hf-ch broorpek 1952 65 526 26 do bro pek 2730 44 £00 931 20 do 1120 66 529 14 do or pek 120 3B 205 Ingrogalla 916 12 ch ce pek 1200 67 5382 16 du pekoe 1280 £6 206 949 WO do 850 65 585 14 do pek son J190— 83 214 Parsloes 973 21 do ro pek 2100 69 588 15 do dust i275 17 215 976 31 do pek 2790 70 Putupaula 641 36 ch bru pek B20 43 216 979 27 do pek sou 2160 71 544 20hf-ch pek 1000 3 225 Clunes 106 32hf-ch bro pek 1760 inna £47 12 do pek sou 960 81 26 14009 30 do or pek 12350 723 Lindoola 550 20hf-ch dust 1600 17 207 1i2 21 ch pek 1680 i4 Roeberry 553 8 ch bro pek $3056 228 1015 9 do peksou 810 75 656 16 do or pek 1503 5 229 Ambragalla 1018 116hf-ch or pek 6032 76 559 1t do pek 1204 44 230 1021 34 ch pekoe 2902 Git 52 12 do pek sou 1080 39 221 1024 40 do pek sou 3200 79 Macaldeniya 6568 15hf-ch bro pek 825 48tid | 932 1027 67 hf-ch broorpek 4154 30 571 14 do pek 700 40 234 1033 17 do dust 1445 81 574 10 ch pek sou 1000 36 239 O O in est. 84 Queensland 583 7 ch broor pek 700 77 mark 1018 16 ch sou 1280 85 586 7 do bro pek 700 57 240 1051 5 do dust 800 86 589 8 ch a. 241 Stisted 1054. 30 hf-ch bro pek 1950 % Lhf-ch or pek 724 58 244 1063 21 do peksou 1197 87 592 17 ch pek 1445047 246 Humasgeria 1069 12 do pekdust 120) 90 eae iyelley. ; 247 GP M inest. ‘ eyton, in estate mark 1072 27 hf-c bro orpek 1620 mark 601 27hf-ch bropek 1485 51 21488 HGM 1075 18 ch bro orpek 1530 91 604 9 ch or pek sl10 39 249 1078 20 do or pek 1800 92 607 16 do pek 1440 336 250 1081 55 do bro pek 4620 93 610 10 do peksou 900 833 251 1084 28 do pek 2520 94 Ismalle 613 13 ch sou 1170 252 1087 18 do pek sou 1440 95 d 616 9 do dust 10800 «15 257 Ingoya 1102 10 do dust 1500 98 Shrubs Hill 625 42 ch bro pek 4200 47 bid | 968 RG Winest. 99 628 18 do pek 1476 36 mark 1120 23hf-ch pekdust 2070 100 631 15 do pek sou 108031 264 Devonford 1123 23 do bro or pek 1150 102 Kotagaloya 637 8 ch pek 720 36 265 1126 14 ch pek 1190 105 Naseby 646 21hfch bro pek 1323. 67 bid | 2966 S 1129 Ohf-ch dust 765 106 649 19 do bro pek 1235 64bid |} 2970 GPM inest 107 652 20 do pek 110 54 mark 1141 23 do bro orpek 1380 108 655 17 do peksou 935 46 271 Dea Ella 1144 24 do broor pek 1320 109 658 8 do dust 704-36 272 1147 20 do or pek 1000 110. Maha Uya 661 14hf-ch bro orpek 910 51 273 1150 26 do pek 1300 111 634 25 do or pek 1500 50 bid | 274 1153 18 do peksou 810 D2 667 21 ch pek 1995 42 275 CH 1156 47 ch sou 4418 115 Kirklees 676. 24hf-ch broor pek 1440 57 116 >679 15 ch or pek 1560 55 uz 682 26 do pek 2600 42 ‘SMALL LOYS. 118 685 16 at per sou 1140 36 Weis ata re) Key & 2, hf- ay Ds) ee embod Merge | ae). a (Thompson and Villiers.] 121 691 16 do pek 704-51 Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. Ib. 122 Ruanwella 697 18 ch or pek 1620 40 1 Ahamad 1 7hf-ch bro pek 330 123 700 12 do bro pek 1200 42 2 2 5 do ek 250 124 703 39 do pek 3510 34° 3 3 8 do pek sou 400 125 706 10 do pek sou 900 30 4 4 1 do fans 70 127 Hayes 712 20hf-ch ro pek 1100» 55 4 5 1 do broredleaf 45 128 715 40 do or pek 2000 3941 9 Ratnatenne 9 Ghi-ch dust 360 129 718 35 do pek 1575 37 13 Ettie 13) 1 ch dust 145 130 BDWP 721 79hf-ch bro pek 3950 39 bid | 18 Warwick 18 12hf-ch pek sou 660 133 Matale 730. 46hf-ch bro pek 760 43 19 19 4 do dust 320 134 733 23 ch pek 2070 36 28. 4 28 7 ch pek 665 135 736 11 do peksou 990 32 29 Woodend 29 3hf-ch dust 420 138 Carfax 745 8 ch bro pek 880 35 31 Nalawa 31.4 ch pek fans 500 139 743 14 do sou 1309 23 32 DK 32 6hi-ch pek dust 510 149 751 78 do dust 1200 2 33° T 33 8 do k dust 680 141 Gamnapalla 754 16 do or pek 1520 46 35 BandD 35 4 ch ro or pek 380 142 157 24 do broorpek 2232 43 36 36 2 do or pe 180 143 760 30 do pek 2400 34 37 av 23, do pek 240 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. [Mr. BE. John.] Lot. Box. 8 RG 645 9 648 10 651 11 654 15 Hattangalla 666 16 669 ~ 17 C 672 19 678 80 Whyddon 71L 33 Uda 720 37 Templestowe 732 42 Pati Rajah 747 GS 7 50 Agra Ouvah 771 61 Akkara Totum 774 52 777 53 780 54 783 55 786 58 Kotuagedera 795 59 798 €0 801 64 Hunugalla 813 65 816 70 Orange Field 831 71 $34 72 83) 77 Mount Temple 852 83 Manangoda s70 99 HM 891 95 LYE 906 26 909 97 912 93 915 99 918 106 Manangoda 939 115 Kanangama 966 OOKCN NOW FR WH eR AMNATNADAWAAHROHweon = i) pkgs. Name. ch or pek do pekoe do pek sou do dust do pek sou co dust do bro pek do bro mix do pek fans hf-ch pek dust do pek fans ch dust do sou do pekoe do bro pek pekoe do pek sou do dust do fans do pek sou do dust do bro pek fans do sou do dust do _pek sou do pek ians do bro mix - do or pek fams do pek sou 4hf-ch dust bro pek ch pek fans do pek dust do dust red leaf do dust do fans {Messrs. Lot. Box. 1 Sirisanda 131 2 132 3 133 5 B, in estate mark 135 9 Siriniwasa 139 10 140 14 Depedene 144 17 PTN, ines- tate mark 147 18 148 24 Lower Dickoyal54 82 Warakamure 162 33 KM 163 34 164 37 Dimukalana 167 38 16 39 BBB 169 43 Nugawella 173 44 174 46 Salawe 176 50 Marigold 180 52 182 55 Homeland 185 60 Abridge 190 63 193 65 Varalupitiya 195 66 196 67 197 71 Narangoda 201 ee 202 82 Allakolla 212 83 213 87 Glenalla 217 88 218 95 Ukuwela 225 97 UK 227 98 Sangaly Toppe ae - 107 Ferriby 108 388 109 239 ate Ravanseraig 244 115 245 116 H T, in estate mark 246 117 247 118 248 119 249 Somerville & Pkgs. ch dust do bro tea do bro pek fans Name. 4hf-ch dust ch bro pek fans do dust 5 hf-ch dust lif-ch dust 2 do fans pek sou 2hf-ch dust 605 do sou (unbulked) 600 240 ch dust ch pek sou 4 hf-ch dust 3)chi dust hf-ch sou do unas 5 hf-ch bro or pek 6hf-ch bro pek 4 ch dust 6 ch fans do dust do bro tea 4hf-ch dust ch fans ch sou do dust ch dust do fans ch pek sou ch bro pek ch bro tea ch sou 5hf-ch fans do dust 4hf-ch pek sou do fans 2hf-ch bro pek do pek do pek sou eh dust Lot. Box. Pkts. 5 Elfindale 346 7 ch 6 349 3 do 7 Trewardene 352° 5: ch 9 358 2 do 10 361 4 do il 6: 4 «lo 22 Puspone 397 2. ch 23 400 2 do 24 Galkande 403 5 ch 26 409 5 do 27 412 1 do 28 415 lhf-ch 29 418 1 do 30 Rockside 421 7 ch 31 424 3 do 37 Walton 442 4 ch 41 454 3 do 42 457 2 do 43 460 4 hf-ch 56 G 499 4 ch 57 602 2 do 58 505 2 do 63 Dammeria 520° 2 -ch 78 Macaldeniya 565 6 hf-ch €2 577 1 do 83 580 2 d> 88 Queensland 595 2 ch 89 598 1 do 96 Ismalle 619 2 ch 97 622 2 ch 101 Shrubs Hill 634 3 ch 103 Kotagaloya 6450 2 ch 104 643 1 do 113. Maha Uva 670 7 ch 114 672 3 hf-ch 126 Ruanwelle 709 6 ch 131 BuUWP 724 5hf-ch 122 BDWG 727 3hf-ch 136 Matale 739 3 hf-ch 137 742 5 do 145 Ganapalla 766 5 ch 146 769 4 do 156 Dromoland 799 5 ¢h 161 Lochiel 814 4 ch 162 Ingurugalla 817 4 ch 163 820 4 ch 165 AG 826 2 ch 166 §&29- 6 ch 167 Cinest. mark 832 6 ch 170 NWD 841 1 do 171 844 6 do 174 853 2 do 17g Castlereagh 865 4 do 179 868 5 hf-ch 180 871 2 do 184 Chesterfiord 883 7 ch 185 886 4 do 190 Dunbar 901 13 hf-ch 191 Maldeniya 904 2 ch 2.7 Logrogalla BE dn 208 I N Gin est. mark 955 1 do 209 958 1 do 210 961 3 do 217 Parsloes 932 2 do 218 St. Andrews 985 3 hf-ch 224 Clunes 1003 71 hf-ch 233 Ambragalla 1030 9 do 235 1036 1 ch 236 Hin est. mark1039 6 hf-ch 23 Gee 1042 4 do 238 1045 4 ch 242 Stisted 1057 9 do 243 1060 Ghfeh 245 1066 2 do 23 HGM 1090 6 do 254 1095 6 ch 255 Sembawatte 1096 3 do 256 1099 3 do 258 Ingoya 1105 1 do 267 DF D 1182 3 do 268 11385 3 do 269 1188 7 do CEYLON COFFEE SALES IN LONDON “Cheshire’’—Roehampton, 0, le 112s; ditto 1, 8c 106s; ditto 2, 12c 91s; ditto PB, 114s; ditto T, 43s. 0, 1 barrel 100s; ditto 1, 4c LOls 64; 95s; ditto PB, 2c 1 barrel sold 93; ditto T, 34s. {Messis. Forbes « Walker.) Name. fans dust bro pek pek sou pek fans bro mix sou dust bro pek pek sou pek dust bro pek dust congou sou bro mix or pek or pek fans dust fans dust bro pek fans dust bro pek fans dust bro tea red leaf dust bro tea bro tea pekoe pek sou bro tea pek sou fans dust fans congou or pek dust pek sou sou pes fans dust dust dust bro or pek bro pek fans red leaf dust pek sou fans or pek pek dust dust bro pek fans dust bro tea bro tea bro. pek or pek pek sou (From our Commercial Correspondent. ) Ib 630 300 500 208 200 388 160 290 500 500 120 60 45 560 270 420 MINCING LANE Sept. ditto 2, Haputale, bought in ¥ Cet hE Te ta i ~ “Shanghai”--Pingarawa, large size 1t 1b 109s; size 1. fetched 106s 6d; size 2, 623; P, 90s 6d; T, 35s 6d; P, 90s 6d; T, 35s 6d. “Ormuz’’—Blackwood 00, 1b110s; 0, 103s; PE, 88s; PB, 90s; 2, 35s. “City of Sparta’’—Meeriabedda T, 106s; mark 1, 100s; mark 2, 96s; MBT in estate mark, 348; MBP in estate mark 32s; KGP, 33s; KG, 34s. “Kahata Maru’—Large Broughton, 91s; P, 91s; T 34s. “Priam’’—Alloowiharie, 9 75 6d;1 34s. “‘Sanuki Marn”—North Matale, 4 50s. “Clan Robertson’’—mark New Peradeniya, 5 bags Ceylon Liberian Coffee 24s sold. “Ciiy of Sparta’’—Wiharagalla mark F, 1b 112s; pile 2, 109s 6d; pile 3, 1078; PB, 110s; T, 39s; WHG, 27s. ““Cheshire’”—Golconda, piles 1 and 2, 82s; pile 3, 65s; PB, 65s. CARDAMOMS LONDON. “Goorkha’’—Nawanagalla, seed 1 pocket 2s 8d. ‘‘Historian’’—A in estate mark, le 2s 8d. “Pindari””—Vedehette I'X, 1c 33 6d; AA, 5c 2s 10d; A, 10c 2s 6d; Bfetched 1s 9d and 1s 10d; ©, 1 3sl1d. CEYLON SALES. IN OBSERVER PRINTING WORKS. eh es Le ee ee, Aare CEYLON PRODUCE SALES — = “Sarpedon”—Vedehette A, 7c 28 4d; B, 3 cases Is 8d and Is 9d. ‘ Wanderer’’—Kandaloya, Cardamoms, le 1s 84. ~ “Sannki Marn’’—Altwood. 2c 2s 5d; le 285d; 2c 2s 2d; 1e 1s 11d. ’ 5 es he 2c 28 8d; B, 2c 288d; C, le 2s 8d; : , 18 3s. “Aakata Maro’’—Delpotonoya A, 1c3s 4d; B, 1c 2s 11d; C, le 38; D, 1c 3s; E, le 2s 4d; F, le 28 5d; G, le 2s 5d; H, 1c 2s 5d, ‘“‘Asia”"—AGA in estate mark, Ile 2s 10d. — Fraser’—HGA in estate mark, 5¢ seeds 3s 2d. CEYLON COCOA SALES IN LONDON “Shanghai’—Rockhill AA, 9b 74s 6d sold; ditto B 4t 66s; ditto C, 2b 67s 6d. fg ee Hi attawatte, 18 bags out 77s. Pindari’”—A V.D. Dynevor, 1b sold 70s; ditto 2, 3b 69s 6d; 1b 65s. “Sanuki Maru’’—MAK in estate mark, 42b sold 74s, “Bingo Maru’’—Ditto 55b 75s. “Shropshire’’— Meelawe, 89b bought in 78s. “‘Oheshire’’—Udapolla A, 50b sold at 75s; Ditto B, 9b at 72s. “Sarpedon""—OBEC in estate mark, Kondasalle, 2b sold 74s 6d. “Clan Cameron’’—Palli 3, 27 bags bought in 80s. ae TEA, COFFEE, CINCHONA, COCOA, AND CARDAMOM SALES. NO. 40 COLOMBO CotomsBo, SALES OF TEA: LARGE LOTS. (Thompson and Villiers.— 51,994 1b.] Lot. Box. Pkgs. 4 Melton 4 18 hf-ch 5 homage ch 6 6 & do 13 Doragalla 13 33 hf-cn 14 eee an 15 15°28 do 16 16 IL do 18 Orpington 18 26 ch 19 19” 2h do 20 20)7 92" lo 21> 2l 19hf ch 22 Polpitiya YAP Tots AN 23 Ea 7 89) do 2k 2f° 2" do 45 pawn + do 27 Henegama Dilton cy 320 Dalukoya 50 17 hf-ch Syl 3i 12 do 34 Augusta 34° 9 ch 35 Ugieside 8p.) 10%ch 37 Doonevale 37 100 box 38 38 10L do 42 P Landa 42°23 ch 43 42 15 ch Lhf-ch 48 D 48 22 ch :0 hf-ch A9 49 11 ch 1 hf-ch 32 Mapitigama 52 29 do 53 b3- 15, ch .58 Hornsey 53 20 ch Name. lb. brs or pek = 990 or pek 9u0 pek 800 broorpek 1815 or pek 1700 pek 2529 pek sou 825 bro pek 2690 pek 1925 pek sou 1370 dust 1780 bro or pek 720 or pek 765 pek 1970 pez sou 700 vro pek fan 1375 or pek 936 bro pek 3s dust 1350 tro mix LOvO bro pek 1395 pek 1370 sow 1725 bro sou 1325 sou 2319 bro sou 959 bro pek 1392 pek 1200 pek sou 20u8 (Mr. E. John.—127,579 tb.) Lot. Box. Pkgs. 4 Little Valley 931 8 ch 5 98t 7 do 6 987 13 do 38 S,inest.mark 9): 10 hf-ch 9 Mx 995 10 do 10 999 YL do 15 GI 14 12 do 16 BC rye TIN 17 29 “12 do 24 Galella 41 8 do 25 44 18 do 28 Agra Ouvah 43 G7 hf-ch aoe 56 28 do 30 59 9 ch 32 65 17hf-ch 38 Digdola 83 21 do 39 86 12 ch 40 Yakka 89 26 hf-ch 41 92°24 do 42 95021 Sch 43 98 14 do 49 DC 116 9 do 41 Maskeliya 122 23 do 52 i256 23 do 53 128 11 do 54 131 10 do 68 BS 148 7 do 62 Iona 145 26 hf-ch 63 158 2L ch 64 16L 10 do 65 Vincit 164 21 hf-ch 67 170 12 ch 72 LEL 185 10 do 73 Brownlow 188 29 hf-ch 7+ CPH& Uo. 191 12 ch 21 hf-ch 75 194 24 ch Ui 200 9 do 79 Poilakande 206 25 hf-ch 80 209 39 ch BL 212 15 do 83 Kotuagedera 218 16 do 84 Eadella 221 20 do bo 224 20 do 83 227 13 do Name. Ib. or pek 704 bro pek 721 pekoe 1170 dust 800 dust 900 fans 1470 bro pekfans 720 bro pek 1290 pekoe 950. cr pek 769 bro pek 18°0 bro or pek 4283 or pek 1512 pekoe ih) pek fans 1445 roorpek 1200 pekoe 960 bro pek 1€64 pekce 1LA2 pekoe 2142 pek sou 1260 pekoe 900 bro or pek 20U0 or pek 2300 pekoe 1:00 pek sou 1000 bro pek 770 bro or pek 1690 or pek 2100 pekoe 104u bro pek 1050 pekvoe 1080 pek sou 200 or pek 1500 bro pek 2180 pekve 216u bro peKkfans 900 bro pek 1500 pekoe 35 la pek sou 1170 bro pek 16u0 bro pek 2000 pekoe 18u0 pek sou 1u40 42 53 bid 36 23 30 358 48 It 18 4) 53 13 bid out 11 bid 8 bid 43 3k 40 OcrosER 17, Prick:—124 cents each 3 copies 30 cents ; 6 copies 4 rupee. Name. lb or pek 1665 bro or pek 2200 pekoe 1886 pek sou 2250 bro pek fans 2408 dust Suu bro pek 800 pekce 990 bre pek 1515 pekoe 1050 bro pek 1320 pekue 15:0 pek sou 720 prkoe 1232 bro pek 972 pek sou 820 bro pek fans 1330 Somervilie & Co. Name. Unis bro pek pek bro pek pek pek sou bro pek fans 88U bro pek is0) pek 2300 bro pek 1800 pek 1105 pek sou &s0 or pek 1300 bro or pek 770 pek 1235 sou 9u0 bro pek 160 pek 1339 pek sou 1020 bro pek 1300 pek 3609 bro pek 2:00 pek 1710 pek sou 90 bro pek 7600 pek 1620 pek sou 720 bro pek 4100 pek 2199 fans 770 bro pek 2100 pek 1890 bro pek fans 990 bro mix 960 pek 1080 bro pek 885 bro pek 2550 pek 1870 sou 1220 bro pek fans1u50 1898. Lot Box. pkgs. g7_ Avneliff 230 37 hf-ch 88 233 46 do a) 93B)e%3, ch $0 939 25 do 91 242 387 hf-ch 92 ? 245 10 do 93D, inest. mark ¥4S 8 ch 94 25k tL do ag Ridgmount 266 15 do 7,0 Pati Rajah 314 14 do yv6 Murraythwaite 347 14 do 19! 350 18 do 123 353.9 do 3k Uda 862 2s hi-ch 13° 5 ove a do 13° 377 8 ch 13! v8v 69 «(do [Messrs. —210,316 1b.] Lot. Box. pkgs. 13 P. 2rakes (ch 14 kfoniton Qid oA Cir 15 % 5 iL< co 18 Hanagama 278 e225; ch 19 479 26 do 20 230-13 do 22 Mossville 282 § ch vs Hangranoya 288 18 ch 29 289 2: do 36 Killin, in es- tate marx 295 36 hf-ch 37 297 13 ch 38 298 11 do 41 Warakamure 30L 33 ch 42 302, 7 do 43 £03 13 do 44 30: 10 do 49 Wilpita 209 16 ch 5U 3:0 14 do 51 31212 ch 54 Harangalla Slt 13. ch 55 315 40 do 56 Glenalla 316-22 ch 57 317519 ch 58 348 10 «co 61 Koorooloo- galla 320216 ‘ch 62 522 18 do 63 Sho Ok Co 64 Walahanduwa 524 41 ch 65 825 22 ch 69 Wallasmulle 829 7 ch 71 Monrovia 33be24 ch 72 332 2 do 74 334 co 78 GA 338°12 ch 79 St. V, in estate mark 389 12 ch 80 Keladeniya 310 9 ch 84 MD R, ines tate mark 344 25 ch 85 345 92 do 86 346 16 do 87 347 10 do ss BE 348 40 hf-ch 9 WT 355 28 ch 96 356 10 do 100 California 360 8 ch 104 Ukuwella 364 14 bf-ch 105 365 16 ch U6 366 14 do 107 367 8 do 113 Kumaragalla 3873 23 hf-ch 114 374 16 ch 115 ¢ 10 «eo 126 Dalhousie 35 hf-ch 133 Abridge 11 ch 134 15 do 135 22 do 136 96 26 hi-ch 137 Atirugram 97 80 hf-ch 138 Caxton 398 13 ch 139 399 38 do 140 4.0 20 do 141 1 380 hf-ch 109 LAC 9821 ch pek fans 26'0 pek sou 1810 pek 1006 pek 760 bro or pek = 700 bro pek 16.0 pek 1400 pek sou Su0 bro pek 1159 pek 1440 pek sou Su0 bre pek 170 bro pek 1110 pek 1345 pek sou 17.0 facs 195u pek 1220 bro pek 1300 pek +2"0 pek sou 1785 bro pek fan 1950 bro pek 2235 17 bid 11 nid 43 bid 33 37 bid 2 Lot. Box, 143 Sudbury | 3 144 4 145 5 146 6 149 New Valley 9 150 10 151 11 152 12 156 Elchico 16 157 Ranasingha: patna 17 158 18 159 19 160 20 166 Wevatenne 26 168 Neboda 23 169 29 170 80 171 Bi 173 GM 33 174 Neuchatel B4 17 35 176 36 177 37 178 Hemingford 33 179 39 180 40 181 Harangalla 41 1E2 42 183 43 184 44 18 RCOTY 45 187 47 188 48 190 Penrith 60 196 Fusjirfield, in es- tate mark 56 197 57 Lot. Box. 3 L G Ff, in estate mark 1165 4 1168 7 Beverle 1177 9 Agra Elbedde 1183 10 1186 11 1ls9 12 1192 16 Mansfield 1204 17 12-7 19 Mousakelle, Maskeliya 1213 20 1216 27 ~Passara Group 1237 28 1230 29 1243 32 Vethaluna 1262 33 3255 34 1258 35 Stamford Hill 1261 36 1264 37 1267 88 Bonami, J D Estate, in est. mark 1270 39 1272 40 1276 42 Harrington 1282 43 1285 46 Walton 129% 47 1297 48 1300 49 Clyde 1803 50 1506 61 1309 53 Polatagama 1315 54 1318 55 1321 56 1324 61 Agrakelly 1339 62 West Hill 1342 63 Anningkan- de 1345 64 1348 65 1351 66 1354. 75 Gallawatte 1381 76 1384 pkges 13 do 84 hf-ch 80 hf-ch 23 ch 25 do 43 hf-ch ll ch do ch 18 hf-ch 18 do . Name. lb. broor pek 2280 pek 1760 sou 1i7ju pek fans 1495 bro or pek 1700 or pek 1500 pek 1500 pek sou 1170 pek 4200 or pek 4100 pek 2116 ek sou 2000 ro or pek 2666 pek sou 915 bio or pek wt.0 bro pek 4500 pek 2700 pek sou 1900 bro pek 1900 bro pek 6100 pek 1445 pek sou 1360 dust 1050 sou 900 pek fans 976 ans 2000 bro pek 120) pek 2430 dust 720 sou 900 bro pek No. 1 1890 ek 1170 pek sou No 1 1200 dust 1520 bro pek 99) pek 00 (Messrs. Forbes & Walker.—] 333,789 1b.) Pkgs. 9 ch 21 do 29 hf-ch 17 bf-ch 45 do 39 do 36 do 39 hf-ch 17 ch 24 hf-ch 14 ch 10 do 24 hf-ch do Name. lb. sou 909 dust 1575 bro pek 1595 broorpek 8S4 or pek 2205 pekoe 1755 pek sou 1440 bro pek 2301 pek 1530 bro pek 2750 pek 270 bro or pek 1100 or pek $10 pek 1710 bro or pek 1860 or pe« 1235 pek 1190 flowery or pekoe 1200 or pek 1260 pek 850 dust 1560 dust 930 dust 975 or pek 1700 pek 2000 bro pek 1904 pek 2300 pek sou 950 bro pek 3060 ek 3995 pek sou 720 bro pek 3200. or pek 3200 pekoe 3600 pek sou 1785 pek 1300 pek 2635 bro pek 1430 pek 1200 pek sou 1300 dust 750 bro pek 1140 pek 1700 33 Lot. Box Pkgs. £2 O’Bode 1402 10 ch 84 140s 8 do 9% MD lis 21 ch 97 WVRA 1447 41. bf-ch 8 BFK 1450 12 hf-ch 99 1453 12 do 1 Dorkin i149 8 ch 106 Talgaswella 1474° 29 ch 107 1477 10 do 108 1 16 do lus GPM, in estate mark’ 1483. 15 bf-ch lll l4e¥ 71 do 112 1:92 26 do 113 1395 14 do 115 Dammeria 1501 14 ch 116 1504 19 do 117 1507 | do 118 1510 do 121 High Forest 1519 12 ; hf-ch 122 High Forest 1522 %5 do 123 1525 16 do 124 1528 16 do 125 Carfax 1531 14 ch 126 1534 17 do 127 1537 16 do 123 Aberdeen 13440 45 ch 129 1543 43 do 142 WVRA 1552 14 hf-ch 133 Rowley 1555 21 do 134 1558 20 do 145 Middleton 1561 ¥2 hf-ch 136 1564 20 ch 137 1567 1% do 138 1570 14 do 139 1573 WwW do 143 Etta 1585 10 ch 1 hf-ch 145 KPW 1591 40 hf-ch 146 1591 23 do 147 1697 57 do 148 1600 14 do 150 P’kande 1606 68 ch 151 1609 63 do 152 161: 10 do 155 Sadamulla 1621 12 ch 156 16% 13 do 158 Dunbar 1630 17 hf-ch 161 1639 12 ch 165 Killarney 1651 28 hf-ch 167 1657 15 ch 168 1660 16 bf-ch 170 Arapolaknnde 1666 55 ch 171 1669 33 do 179 Weynnga- watte 1693 16,hf-ch 180 1696 17 ch 181 1699 13 do 184 Mawiliganga- watte 1708 25 boxes 185 1711 19 hf-ch 156 1714 27 ch 187 1717: «19 do 189 EH 1723 18 do 180 1726 28 hf-ch 193 MC inest. mark 1735 8 ch 194 1738 8 do 199 C PH, Galle 1753 18 do 200 1758 21 do 215 Krlsmere 1801 40 do 216 1804 22 do 222 Hornsey 1822 32 do 223 1825 $0 boxes 224 128 13 ch 225 Ettie 1831 12 do 227 Inverness 3837 22 do 228 1840 32 do 229 Theberton 1843 7 do 230 18i6 12 do 231 1849 22 do 232 Freds Ruhe 1852 20 do 233 1855 27 do 234 ; 1858 21 do 236 Ranawatte 1861 21 hf-ch 237 1867 $§ ch 242 Fairlawn 1582 28 hf-ch 243 1885 33 do 244 1888 13 ch 248 BR Bin est. mark — 1900 15 do 1 hf-ch 249 Walpita 1903 11 ch 25 1906 11 do 251 1909 16 do 261 Patiagama 1939 18 do bro or pek or “te bro or pek bro pek pek bro or pek or pek bio pek pek sou pek sou fans bk oe. 110048 A. et bid 2255 al bid 800 «17 960 15 960 «85 bid 2 «49 850 36 130031 908 55 bid 176 —4 143088 1120 36 1630 ig 1900 61 270089 800 85 1008 «BB 138078 75264 1056. 63 158063 1580 50 162044 427542 3140 Ba 11200 14 1050 44 bid 1000 x7 1200 83 190 «6 1300 8 126) 55 850 42 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. Lot. Box. pkgs, Name. Ib. 264 Waratenne 19418 19 ch bro pek 1805 265 1951 32 do pek 2720 270 Grange Garden 1966 19 do broor pek 2090 271 1969 21 do pek 2100 279 Glencorse 1993 23 do bro pek 2070 230 1996 15 do bro or pek 1400 281 1929 22 do pek 1760 282 2002 12 do nek sou 900 291 Doranakande 2029 20 do bro pek 2008 297 Knavesmire 2047 24 do bro pek 2400 298 2050 32 do ek 2720 299 2053 31 do pek sou 2335 300 2056 7 do fans $40 304 Brookenhurst2068 23 do bro pek 2576 SMALL LOTS. [Thompsen | and Villiers.) Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. Ib. 1 R, in estate mark 1 3hf-ch wnas 126 2 BD R, inestate mark 2 2hf-ch or pek 108 D, in estate mark 1 ch (8, 10 1b. boxes) bro pek 80 17 Doragalla 17 7hf-ch bro mix 525 26 Polpitiya 26 2 ch dust 309 28 Henegama 28 1 ch bro mix 115 29 29 4.do dust 600 32 Augusta 32 1. ch sow 100 33 33 1 do red leaf 95 36 Ugieside 36 6 do dust 450 44 P. Lande 44.5 ch Lhf-ch bro tea 610 50 D 50 1 do fans 131 51 Mapitigama 51 12hf-ch bro or pek 600 54 4 9 eh pek sou 675 55 55 3 do sou 225 56 56 2 do bro pek fans 210 57 57 1 do dust 144 [Mr. EH. John.] Lot. Box. pkgs. Name. Ib. 1 Gonavy 972 4hf-ch fans 320 2 975 3 do dust 285 3 973 3 ch congou 255 7 Little Valley 990 1 do dust 140 11 GB 2 Shf-ch dust 400 12 5 8 do fans 640 13 8 6 do sou 450 14 TH Bat bro mix 249 18 BC PRY merlin (eh) pek sou 400 19 Gai CO sou 200 20 29 Ghi-ch dust 510 21 Orwell 320) ch fans 220) 22 Soren £ao: congou 130 23 Tor 7 Le do) red leaf 110 26 Galella 47 4 do pekoe 380 7 50 4 «Go pek sou 500 31 Agra Ouvah G2 5 do — peksou 425 33 68 3hf-ch dust 300 44. Yakka 10L 5 ch dust 485 45 bb 10$ 1 do bro pek 105 46 107 Z do pekoe 200 47 1:0 1 do sou 95 48 Cc 113 5 do bro pek 525 50 119 2 do sou 190 53 Maskeliya 13t 7hf-ch_ fans 350 56 137 4 do dust 360 57 FH, inest.mark140 3 ch red leaf 210 59 BS 1146 7 do pekoe 595 60 149 +5 do pek sou 450 61 P 152 9hf-ch peksou 450 66 Vincit 167 5 do bro pek 275 68 173 3 ch pek sou No.1 270 69 176 «6 do pek son No.2 510 70 179 38 do pek fans 370 71 182 2hf-ch dust 188 76 CP H&Co. 197. +6 ch pek sou 540 78 Poilakande 203 4hf-ch or pek 195 82 215 6 do fans 380 95 D,inest.mark 254 2 ch pek son 130 96 257 1 do dust 110 97 N. Oya 260 Ihf-ch dust 70 9S 203 8 ch sou 664 100 Ridgmount 269 5 do or pek 40 10L 272 «6 do pe oe 582 102 272 «63 «(do pek sou 270 46 bid Lot Box. Pkgs. Name Ib. 103 278 1 do dust 136 104 Farm 231 %hf-ch dust 186 123 Pati Rajah 338 7 ch or pek 630 124 34L 4 do bro pek 440 129 Murraythwaite 356 2hf-ch bropekfans 130 130 359 1 ch — dust 160 (Messrs. Somerville & Co.] Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. Ib. 1 Glanrhos 261 6 ch sou 540 2 262 3 do dust 495 5 Berragalla 265 9hf-ch unas 540 6 266 4 do dust 320 7 267 3 do red leaf 150 8 Maligatenne 268 3 ch bro pek 310 9 269 4 do pek 350 10 270. 5 do pek sou 418 1 271 3 do !ro sou 270 12 272 1 do dust 117 16 Honiton 276 8 ch pek sou 680 17 277 1 do dust 190 1 ht-ch 19a Hanagama 1 ch pek 10 21 Hanagama 281 3 ch fans 405 23 Mossville 283 3 ch pek fans 330 Qt 284 8hi-ch dust 680 25 235 3 ch red leaf 270 30 Hangranoya 2909 6 ch pek sou 570 3l 291 4 do sou 380 32 LO T, ines- tate mark 292 1- ch bro pek 85 33 293 lhf-ch pek 56 34 294 1 do pek sou 53 35 295 1 do fans 80 39 K, in estate mark 299 2 ch bro mix 1:0 4) 800 zhf-ch dust 150 45 Warakamure 305 Lhf-ch dust 85 46 Hoolugangs 306 5 ch bro pek 495 47 307 4 do pex 352 48 303 3 eo pek sou 249 52 Wilpita 312-6 ch con 510 53 313 2 do dust 308 59 Glenalla 319 2 ch dust 153 6C 320 1 do fans 100 66 Walahanduwa 326 4 do pek sou 360 67 Wallasmulle 3227 1 ch bro pek 100 63 £23 1° do pek 95 10 33) 2 do bro mix 19) 73. Monrovia 333. 5 ch pek sou 450 75 3:5 2 do pek dust 260 76 336 1 do red leaf 90 ey GX 337 Lhf-ch dust 75 81 Koladeniya 341 3 ch pek 270 32 342 4 do pek sou 360 83 343 2 do dust 200 89 DB R, estate mark 349 Lhf-ch bro pek 54 90 350 2 ch pek sou 159 91 351 1 do dust 111 92 Tonacombe 352 1 ch bro pek 110 93 ES 353 3° ch bro pek 35 91 NSC 254 3htch _ bro or pek 165 99 California 359 10 hf-ch bro pek 500 101 361 3 ch pek sou 30) 102 362 1 do tans 100 103 363 1 do pek dust 122 108 Ukuwella 368 3 ch dust 300 116 Kumaragalla 376 zhf-ch fans 140 117 377 1 do dust 6S usHJIS 378 6hf-ch tro pek 360 119 379 5 do pek 300 120 3:0 10 do pek sou 600 127 Dalhousie 387 ZS hf-ch or pek 495 128 3838 dlo pek No. 1 200 129 389 ‘i do pek No. 2 550 130 390 15 do pek sou 600 13L 391 5 do bropek fans 300 132 392 4 do dust 280 153 NIT 13% 5 ‘ch unas 500 154 Pine Hill 142 ch pek Sou 170 155 15 2 do bro tea. 170 161 Ranasingha- patna 2l 6hfich bropekfans 420 162 22 4 do dust 360 163 23 1 ch red leaf 100 164 Wevatenne 24 4 ch bro pek 392 165 25 8 do pek 623 167 27 4 do con 274 172 Neboda 32 4hf-ch dust 320 186 RCTPF 46 7 ch bro pek No. 2 630 189 49 6 do pek sou No. 2 480 191 Penrith 51 1 ch bro tea 85 sale Tea kk, sais aes CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. 4 Lot Bux. Pkgs. Name. 192 52 1hf-ch pek fans 60 198 Fairfield, estate mark 68 7hf-ch pek sou 825 199 59 3 do bro pek fans 195 209 : 6u 1 do dust 90 201 61 1 do bro mix 55 Ib, 31 (Messrs. Forbes & Walker.) Lot. 1 Hopewell 1159 2, 1162 5 KDA 71 6 PPA 1174 8 Beverley 1140 13 Agra Hlbed- de 1195 14 1198 15 1201 18 Mansfield 1210 21 Mousakelle Maskeliya 1219 22 1222 23 St.Edwards 1225 24 41225 25 } 1231 26 1234 30 Passara Group. 1246 31 1249 41 Warrington 1279 Ad 1288 45 1zZ9L 52 Clyde - 1312 57 Beaumont 1327 67 Anningkan- ; e 1857 83 O’Bode 1405 85 1411 86 1414 ‘87 in estate nar 1417 88 1420 89 1423 100 BEB 1456 102 Sunnyer 1462 103 1465 10t 1468 105 1471 110 P M, in est. mark 1486 114 1498 i119 Dammeria 1513 130 Aberdeen 1546 131 1449 140 Middleton 1576 141 Etta 1579 142 1622 i4t 1588 149 K PW 1603 1:3. P’Kande 1615 154 L 1618 157 Dunbar 1627 159 1633 160 1636 162 DB 1642 163 1645 16E 1648 266 Killarney 1654 A69 1683 Pox. kts. 9 hf-ch 5 hf-ch 4 do 2 do 8 ch 3 ch 4 hf-ch 9 hf-ch 12 box 10 hf-ch 6 do Name. bro pek pek pek sow pek sou pek pek fans or pek faus dust pek sou sou dust bro or pek or pek pek pek sou pek sou fans bro or pek red leaf or pek pek sou ust orpek bro pek pekoe unas pek sou congou bro tea dust or pek red leaf dust brq pek fans dust dust bro pek pekoe fans dust dust bro mix bro or pek No. 1 or pek bro pek pek sou bro inix dust er pek dust OBSERVER PRINTING WORKS. — lb 57 Lot. Box. pkgs. Name. 172 Arapolakande 1672 5 ch pek sou 173 1675 3 do dust 174 Blairgowrie 1678 1 do k fans 175 1681 1 do ans 176 1681 4 do red leaf 177 1687 1 do dust 182 Weyunga- watte 1702 2? do pek sou 20 808 183 1705 1bf-ch dust BU i¢ lss Mawaliganga- watte 1720 3 do bro dust 210 Is 191 EH 1729 2 ch bromixed WO Ww 192 1732 1hf-ch bro mixed -) 195 M C inest mark 1741 4 ch pek 34000CiA 196 1744 3 do pek sou 270 = 3A 201 Hi'l Side 1759 4: hf-ch _ sou~ QW 3 202 Downside 1762 5 ch re pek 6500 3b 203 1765 4 do pek 400 35 204 1768 2 do ypek sou 20 3 205 li7L.% do congvu ‘4 28 206 1774 1 do dust £ 35 15 207 Beverley 1777 12hf-ch bro pek 660 ET 203 1780 7 do pek B40 214 Sadamulla 1798 s do pek sou 276 §©%6 bid 217 ~Erlsmere 1807 4 do = sou BEO 418 TU 1810 6 do ro tea GUO 226 Hurtspier- poy 1834 4 ch bro pek 360 38 935 WA 1861 2% do bro mixed > 2 245 Fairlawn 189i hich pek 20 8«=— 37 246 1804 3 do dust “40 «(8 247 FLin est. mark 1897 1 ch bromixed wo 80618 252 Walpita 1912 3 do sou 2700-8 258 Claverton 1930 5 do bro tea £00 28 . 259 Broad Oak 1933 8bf-ch sou 40 25 260 1936 G6 do dust 480045 262 Patiagama 1942 2 ch peksou lio 31 263 19355 1 do bror pk fans 120 30 266 N 1954 lhf-ch bro pek oo 30 267 1957 2 do pek lwo 2 268 1900 2 do oo sou 90 23 269 Minest. mark'9s3 3 do ro pek 215 «= «BO 272 Grange Garden 1972 4 ch sou 400 = 380 273 1975 Shf-ch dust 625 17 283 Glencorse 2005 1 ch bro tea 110 37 284 2008 2 do . pek f.ns 2002©= BL 285 2011 1 do dust 168 15 292 Doranakande 2e32 4° ch k 450 30 293 Panslatenne 2035 6 do ro pek 570s 44 294 2038 8 do k 240084 295 24l 2 do pex sou 170 31 296 2044 2 «do dust 290 16 301 Erim Sevanee2059 2 do bro mixed 18016 302 Weligoda 2062 4 do bro tea 400 17 303 2.65 lhf-ch bro tea 50 17 CEYLON COFFER SALES IN LONDON, (From our Commercial Correspondent. ) MINCING LANE Sept. 20. “City of Sparta’’—Ampittiakanda 1, 1 barrel 50s; ditto 2, 37s; T, 24s. Rappahannock, 1 barrel 82s; ditto 2, 64s; T, 20s. Pita Ratmalie No. 1, 1 tierce 100s; No.2 bought in, FB105s. JB Ouvah 0, 1 barrel 109s; ditto 1,2 casks 1093; ditto2, 5c 1 barrels 104s 6d; ditto 3, 1 cask 1 barrel 87s 6d; ditto PB, 1 cask 116s. TEA, COFFEE, CINCHONA, COCOA, AND CARDAMOM SALES, CoLomso, NO. 41 OctoppR 24, 1898. Price :—124 cents each 3 copies 30 cents; 6 copies 4 rupee. COLOMBO~ SALES OF TEA. LARGE LOTS. [Thompson and Villiers.— 59,042 Ib.] Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. Ib. Rambodde 4 12hfch fans $40 17 do pek sou 850 6 36 do pek 1800 7 7 34 do bro pek 1870 8 OSS, inestate mark 8 17 ch bro or pek 1275 9 9 24hf-ch or pek 1440 10 10 29 ch pek 2175 19 Cooroondo- watte 19 27hf-ch bro pek 1340 20 20 17 do pek 850 22 Band D 22 lLhf-ch bropek fans 770 24 24 10 ch dust 850 25 A 25 36hf-ch pek 1800 29 Warwick 29 24hf-ch bro pek 1536 30 30 18 do pek 972 33 Chetnole 33 39 do broorpek 2340 34 34 28 do bro pek 1540 35 Bomas) (ch ek 360C 36 36 12 do peksou 1140 37 Lynsted 37 35 ht.ch broor pek 1925 35 38 58 do bro pek 2900 39 69 57 do ek 2565 0 Doragalla 40 22hf-ch bro orpek 1210 41 14 ch bro pek 1400 42.19 do pek 1710 48 SG 48 11 ch pek 1045 50 50 9 ch } lhf.ch sou 850 54: ¢Dell 54 18 do bro orpek 990 55 55 10 ch or pek 1000 56 56 9 do pek 810 Siek Xo 5) 37 hf-ch 1 box bre or pek fans 2419 {[Mlessrs. Somerville & Co. —135,299 1b] Lot. Box. pkgs. Name. Ib. 3 Yarrow 73 GO hf-ch bro pek 3600 4 74 62 do pek 3410 6 Raxawa 76 15hf-ch bro pekfans 900 9..L 79 i4hf-ch dust 1120 10 Ingeriya 80 41hf-ch bro pek 2050 il St 34 ch pek 1632 12 82 33 do pek sou 1518 13 $3 I14hf-ch pek fans 868 17 «Corfu $7 15hf-ch bro pek fr) 21 Anehahasok 91 14 ch pek 1050 22 Citrus 2 Md) Cis bro pek 1700 23 93 20 do pek 1800 24 Minna 94 16hf-ch troorpek 1040 25 95 20 ch or pek 1800 26 96 13 do pek 1170 ya 97 9 do pex sou $10 35 Gingranoya 105 Q9hf-ch dust 765 36 Carney 106 19hf-ch bro pek 950 37 107 26 do pek 1170 38 18 16 do pek sou 800 45 Woodthorpe 115 9 ch bro pek $09 46 116 § do pek 72) 47 117 11 do pek sou 880 62 Forest Hiil 132 12 ch bio pek 1116 63 133 25 do pek 2300 75 Atherton 145 Whf-ch bro pek 784 76 146 20 do pek 1000 79 Ambalawa 149 20hfch bro pek 1000 80 150 27 do pek 1215 81 151 18 do pek sou 720 83 X Y Z, ines- tate mark 153 i4 ch bro pek 1400 84 154 30 do ek 2400 85 Galphe'e 155 2° hf-ch bro pek 1265 86 156 25 do pek 1125 87 157 17 do pek sou 765 91 Oakley 161 18 ch bro pek 1800 92 162 1l do pek 1100 93 163 9 do pek sou 900 “94 Ketadola 164 7 ch bro pek 700 98 Lonach 168 57 hf-ch bro pek 3135 81 bid Lot. Sox. Pkgs. Name. 99 169 25 ch pek 2125 100 170 17 do pek sou 1360 101 Blinkbonnie 171 28hf-ch bro pek 1540 102 172 26 do pek 1170 103 173 25 do peksou 1125 123 Yspa 193 12hf-ch dust 960 124 GB 194 26hf-ch dust 1300 125 IP 195 16 ch pek sou 1472 129 Rayigam 199 17 ch bro pek 1785 130 200 9 do orpek 765 131 201 26 do pek 2340 132 202 14 doe pek sou 1190 136 KUG 206 16 ch pek 1440 137 Suriawatte 207 25 ch bro pek 2350 138 208 24 do ek 2040 139 202 10 ch bro tea 1050 140 210 10 do dust 800 141 G’ Watte 211 19 ch bro pek 1909 142 Mary Hill 212 22hf-ch bro pek 1232 143 213 19 do pek 950 146 Depedene 216 44hf-ch bro pek 2420 147 217 45 do pek 2250 148 218 30 do pek sou 1650 155 R 225 15 ch peksou 1345 (Mr. EH. John. —183,420 1b.] Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. Ib. 2 Maminadola 386 11 ch bro pek 1100 3 389 8 do pekoe 720 6 Mossend 398 11 do bro or pek 1210 7 40L 20 do or pek 2000 8 404 8 do pekoe 720 11 Oonoogaluya 413 20 do bropek 2000 12 416 10 do pekoe 860 13 419 8 do pek sou 720 14 422 6 do fans 720 15 Ottery 425 23 do bro or pek 2300 16 428 11 do or pek 990 17 431 12 do pekoe 1057 19 Mount Temple 437 30hf-ch broorpek 1740 20 440 34 do or pek 1666 21 443 22 ch pekve 1650 22, 446 27 do pek sou 1485 24 Lameliere 452 29hi-ch bropek 1682 25 455 18 ch pekoe 1656 28 Mocha 464 18 do bro or pek 18/0 29 467 14 do or pek 1190 30 470 18 do pekoe 1620 31 473 17hf-ch_ fans 1275 82 St. John's 476 31 do broorpek 1736 33 479 29 do or pek 1392 34 482 25 do pekoe 1250 25 485 17 do pek fans 1088 86 Theresia 488 9 ch bro pek fans 900 29 Cleveland 497 21hf-ch bropek 1090 40 5t0) 125 ch pekoe 1200 41 503 9 do peksou 810 49 Glassaugh 527 59hf-ch bro pek 3245 50 530 30 ch pekoe 2700 51 5383 13hf-ch dust 1105 62 Nahavilla 536 77 do broorpek 4620 5s 559 40 do or pek 2000 55 545 25 ch pekoe — 2500 56 548 3 do 6hf-ch dust 855 57 NB 551 12 do dust $60 59 557 7 ch , lhf-ch unas 767 61 Chapelton 563 9 do dust 810 62 566 15 ch bro mix 1200 3 Kotuagedera 569 15 do bro pek 1500 572, 8 do pekoe 760 65 Brownlow 575 25hf-ch broorpek 1375 66 578 27 de or pek 1404 67 681 81 ch pekoe 2728 68 584 19 uo pek sou 1520 69 587 7 do bro pekfans 70U 76 Digdola 60S 10 do bro pek fans LG00 78 Glasgow 6i4 29 do broor pek 2320 79 617 15 do or pek 975 80 620 8 do ekoe 760 81 Agra Ouvah 623 45hf-ch broorpek 2880 $2 626 20 do or pek 1084 84 Ferndale 632 14 ch bro or pek 1400 85 635 12 do or pek 1200 86 688 24 do pekoe 2160 87 Evalgolla 641 23hf-ch bro pek 1165 88 644 31 do pekoe 1550 94 Yakka 662 15 ch pekoe 1500 35 bid < $f “S oe Tt «We OS Ne ee 2 ---— GEYLON “PRODUCE SALES LIST. | ‘] % Lot. Box. pkgs. Name. Ib. ce. Lot Box. Pkgs. Name. ©) Ib. 105 Lamliere 695 29hf-ch bro pek 1682 52 - 106 693 18 ch pekoe 1656 87 7b hogan Gols a eS eee. 109 Peru 747. 9 do ro pek 990 42 77 49 9 do pek sou 720 BB 110 710 10 do pekoe 800 «BB 80 Galapitakan- 111 £ 713 8 do ek son 680 29 de 58. 25 ch or 1625 51 113 New Tunisgalla 719 15 do ropek 1650 42 81 a Ye ale +. agg - in | 114 722 20 do pekoe 1600 34 82 64 13. do k sou 1300 39 115 a ES ae: a oe 8; Beausejour | 79 18° ch ““bropek "1170 40 117. Claremont 731 33 hf-ch roorpek 1815 4 4 88 52 12 do pek 960 21 118 Dace AM, PORRE 900 "3 4 | 98 Hayes 97 Gthf-ch peksou 8200 35 1200 YK 740 10 do ro pek 1050 26 bid 4 AMB 100 10 ch bropek sou 950 20 123 Glasgow 749 23 do bro or pek 2640 60 bia 95 103. 6 do ean 730 6 124 752.12 do cr pek 780 «53 96 Great Valley 125 WE nda 755. 8 do pekoe 720 44 bid Gey) Gain ean 127 North Pundal- Be h 5 . > oya, LD 761 17hf-ch or pek a) mark. “ 4 es ey as - 128 764 17 do broorpek 935 52 bid 98 112 19 do pek 1710-36 129 767 18 ch pekoe 1170 37 bid 09 115 12 do rek sou 1080 24 181 e ce hf-ch dust 20 38 | 10s. New Pea- 135 Arny Diamond 785 22 do ekoe v0 33 bid : P - 136 Gcatilt 788 29 ch bropek 2900 | 61 bid 3 130 13 ch =pekfans = 975A bid p ) Wt 105 Tavalam- 137 791 13 do ekoe TBBO'** “40 bid tenne 133 14 ch broorpek 1400 47 TAS RG 809,35 do bropek = 1515 g5 Bid | "tio. Nugagalla... 148 S6hbfe pek 1300 34 bid 147 Mount Everest 821 22hf-ch bro pek 1220 66 vite NEA EO » 148 824 25 do or pek 1250 62 cpa wo. ye 149 827 3 ch Bei 2935 = 49 Tas pek 1100 150 630 17 do pek sou 1530 44 . sh 151 833 4ihf-ch bropekfans 3080 36bid | He aa eo oP orc ean 152 Bellongalla 816 29 do bro pek 1460 41 127 199 B ch pek 800 ape ; 839 2 ch pekpe 1980 27 bid 130 Shrubs Hill 208 36 ch bro pek 8420 157 Gangawatte 851 i9hf-ch or pek 1045 45 bid 131 211 14 do pek 1120 161 Ratwatte 865 26 ch bro pek 2600 42 bid 132 214 11 do ton “70 162 £66 22 ‘do pekoe 1980 33 134 Bloomfield 220 51 ch ben pek 5610 163 . 869 10 do pek sou 800 29. 135 993 40 do pek 4000 164 Birnam 872 15 do peksou 990 32 bid 136 298 93 do pek sou 2800 165 875 13hf-ch dust 936 16 137 229 7 do pekNo.1 700 173: A 899 S ch pekoe 800 32 139 335 13 hf- h k os 1030 175 Nelun 905 8 do bropek 800 34 bid 140 Pallegodde 238 2 ch ro orpek 2310 176 908 9 do pekoe 900 30 Mit 41 98 do bro pek 2360 181 N 923 14 do fans 1377 13 142 244 15 do or pek 1370 183 S 929. 8 do pek sou 830 20 143 247 16 do pek 1280 184 932 9 do bropekfans1330 10 bid 144 350 13 do Fenn 1170 185 UB 935 6 do pekfans 780 out 145. Polatagama 253 50 ch at pek” 4750 146 6 47 be or pek as 147 259 54 do pekoe 40. (Messrs. Forbes & Walker.—] 148 262 20 do k sou 1700 = 149 Polatagama 265 12 ch ust 1920 397,287 Ib.) 150 Maha Uva. 268 18 aa bro or pek Ba 151 271 26 do or pe« 560 Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. c 152 274.20 ch pes 1900 4 Walton 2080 21 ch bro pek 2352 53 157 Battawatte 289 23 ch ro pek 250 5 2083 27 do pek 2700 38 158 292 80 do pek S50 6 086 12 do sou 114036 159 295 11 do pe sou 880 12 CSG t04 48 hf-ch bro pek 2400-51 160 Weoya 298 30 ch ro pek 2400 13 2107 35 do pek 2800 35 bid 161 301 31 do pek 2480 14 2110 10 do pek sou 800 8i 162 304 15 do pek sou 1200 17 Kirindi 2119 13 ch bro pek 1300 50 163 367 12 do bro pek fan 1200 18 219)" 12 “do pek 1080 34 164 Hayes 310 35hf-ch bro pek 1925 19 2125 15 do pek sou 12¢0 30 165 313 20 do or pek 1000 22 Holton 2134 15 ch bro pek 1425 45 166 ; 316 24 do ek 1080 27 ~Paravithi, 167 High Forest 319 21 hf-ch ro or pek 111] (Travancore 168 322.19 do pek 817 Invoice No. 4 2146 SOhf-ch or pek 3200 38 bid | 169 32a 27 do ek sou 1188 28 2152 61 do pek 2440 §934 bid 170 Erracht 328 29 ch ro pek 2610 29 2155 34 do peksou 1360 8lbid | 171 331 26 do pek 1950 31 Paravithi, 172 334 13 do pek sou 975 (Travancore) 173 337. 8 do pek fans 720 Invoice No.5 2161 50hf-ch bro pek 2000 36 17 340 5 do dust 800 32 2164 50 do pek 20(0 40 176 Galkadua 346 14 ch bre pek 1:00 33 2167 30 do pek sou 1200 33 liz 349 18 do pek 1530 34 Anejmudi, 178 352 13 do pek sou 1105 (T ravancore) : 18' Bargany 361 20hf-ch or pek 1100 Invoice No.8 2170 41 hf-ch _bro pek 1640 49 Le 364 20 do bro pek 1260 5 2173 29 do pek 1160 36 183 367 10 ch pek 95u 6 2176 30 do pek sou 1200 32 187 Seenagolla 379 23 do bro pek 2645 7 Paravithi, 188 332.19 do or pek 1203 (Travancore) 189 385 13 do pekoe 1235 Invoice No.3 2179 36hf-ch unas 1140 30 Lid 190 388 16 do pek sou 1526 A Kelaneiya, 196 Farnham 406 33hf-ch bro pek 19:0 Maskeliya 2191 42 ch bro pek 3570 49 197 409 22 do pek 1210 219t 30 do pek 3000 Bt 198 412 20 do peksou 100€ Kakiriskan- 201 Farnham 421 32 do bro pek 1920 da 2206 8 ch 202 424. 25 do pek 1375 Lhf-ch pek 810 33 203. 427 18 do peksou 940 48 Hatton 2212 25hf-ch tro pek 1450-63 206 Deaculla 436 33hf-ch bro pek 1815 49 2215 28 ch pek 2380 40 bid 207 439 37 ch pek 2590 50 : 2218 22 do pek sou 1760 34 2.9 Monkswood 445 44hf-ch broor pek 2120 53 Meddetenne 2227 43 hf-ch bro pek 2365 53 210 448 38 do or pek 1900 54 2230 15 ch pek 1425 - 34 211 451 23 ch pek 2185 55 2233 10 do pek sou 900 30 212 454 33 do pek 3135 68 Ella Oya 2242 9 ch bro pek 90 42 213 457 20hbf-ch peksou 1800 60 2248 14 do pekoe 1120-332 216 Marguerita 466 14 do bro orpek 77 ‘65 St Leonards E 218 3 472 16 ch pek 152 on Sea 13.12 ch bro pek 1140 3-339 23) Qokoowatte 508 1:hf-ch pek fans 770 70 Chesterford 28 36 ch bro pek 3600 50 237 DMV 529 12 ch bro pek 1080 71 81 36 do pek 3000 86.36 238 532 14 do pek 1120 92 34 23 do peksou 2300 33 241 Carlabeck 541 7 do peksou — 7 CEYLON. PRODUCE SALES LIST. = Lot Box, Pkgs. Name Ib. 243 Scrubs 547. 9 ch bro orpek 855 244 550 12 do bro pek 1200 249 Torwood 565 18 do bro pek 1620 250 568 13 do or pek 1118 251 571 21 do pek 1638 252 574 10 do pek sou 800 253 ; 4577 11 do sou 880 256 Dromoland 586 7 do dust 1085 257 Arapolakande 589 48 do bro pek 4320 258 592 33 do pek 2640 261 Tor 601 13 do bro pek 1196 262 60£ 11 do ek 880 265 Castlereagh 613 16 do ro pek 16L0 266 616 14 do or pek 1275 267 619 15 do pek 1200 271 Tonacombe 631 19 do or pek 1900 272 634 37 hf-ch bro pek 2405 273 637. 44 ¢ ek 4420 274 640 10 do pek sou 2900 288 Geragama 682 22 do bro pek 090 289 685 25 fg pek ; alee era Oya 739, 20 do or pek 70 na ore 742 1S do bro pek 18v0 309 745 13 do. pek 1170 310 748. 9 do pek sou 810 312 7/4 14 do fans 700 313 Rowley 757 2thf-ch bro pek 1050 314 760 17 do pek 850 317 Gallawatte 769 9 ch bro pek 855 318 772 16 do pek 1280 319 775 12 do pek sou 1020 322 781 316 do pek fans 1120 225 Cadillac 793 27 do bro pek 2700 327 Hopton 799 10 do oust 1°00 328 Morankande 32 12 do bro pek 1200 330 803 15 do pek 1350 331 Sil Uf go pek son ay 3 nse 826 3: o or pe fy a Oe 829 40 box broor pek 800 338 832 18 ch pek 1800 341 Penrhos 84: 16hbf-ch or pek 768 342 $44 26 do bro pek 1456 343 S47 18 ch pek 1530 346 Rookatennie £56 10 do bro pek 1102 348 862 12 do pek 1131 349 865 7 do pek sol t82 351 'Telbedde Riles ao, bro pek 721 362 874 10 do rek 950 364 Treby 910 51 do bro pek 3060 365 9:3 88hf-ch pek 1900 366 916 12 do pek sou 1080 367 Lochiel 919 14hf-ch bro orpek 770 368 922 28 do bro pek 1400 369 925 33 ch p2k No.1 2610 370 928 10 do pek 90 371 Nahalma 931 15 de sou 1500 373 Clyde 937 26 do bro pek 2340 374 910 29 do pek 2320 375 943. 20 do pek sou 1300 378 HGM 952 14 do bro or pek 1232 379 955 11 do or pek 7i5 380 958 41 do bro pek 3362 Sg 961 41 do pek 3485 SMALL LOTS. [Thompson and Villiers.] Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. Ib. Vale eo mc pek sou 255 5 ee De Lido fans 110 3 Bb) Lea) dust 150 S S,in estate i a Oe ieee ch pek sou 569 12 12 1 do sou 85 13 13 4hf-ch pek fans 240 14 14 3 do dust 225 15 AA 15 1 ch peksou 100 ny) rakan- ae ae 17 5 ch dust 425 18 Relugas 18 V8 ch dust 360 y ndo- : ST atES: 21 S3hf-ch dust | 240 23 Band D 23 8 ch bro mix 285 38L Warwich 31 Ghf-ch peksou 300 32 32 8 do OO z Hie ragalla 43 7 ch pek No. 2 595 rv oe 44 3 do red leat 300 45 45 Ehf-ch bro mix 375 46 Weweywatte 46 4hf-ch bro pek 200 47 47 7 do pekoe 350 49 SG 49 6 ch pek sou 500 51 51 5 Bee ek ot ee 2 M aaa 52 6 ¢ bro pe oo 63 2 do pek 170 ce. 65 bid 53 bid 3 (Messrs. Somerville & Co.] Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. Ib. ce. 1 Clontarf 71 7 ch pek No. 1 595 29 2 72 3° do dust 375 13 5 Raxawa 7D 5Shf-ch dust 400 15 7 77 2 do sou 90 21 8 L 78 6 ch bro mix 570 19 14 Ingeriya 84 2hf-ch dust LjZPS At 15 TCA, in es- tate mark 85 2 ch red leaf 210 18 16 Corfu 86 7hf-ch or pek 885 40 18 8810 do pek 550 37 19 89 4 do pek sou 200 34 20 Anehahasok 90 6 ch or pek 660 3 bid2 28 Minna 98 3hf-ch fans 225 26 29 99 6 do dust 540 16 30 100° 2° ch bro mix 180 16 31 CF, in estate mark 10! 3 ch dust 225 16 82 102 3 do bro tea, 330 19 33 103 2hf-ch pek fans 120 23 34 Gingranoya 104 lht-ch or pek 53 59 69 Carney 109 5hf-ch fans 250 27 4 110 3 do sou 150 27 41 8 lll 4hf-ch dust 220 15 42 112 4 do bro tea 200 20 43 A 113 3ht-ch dust 240 14 44 114 3 do bro tea 1hv 20 48 Woodthorpe 118 2 ch sou 15 28 49 119 1. do dust 85 14 650 Ravenoya 10 10hf-ch bro pek 550 45 bid 51 121 10 do pek 500 34 52 122 14 do pek sou 560 30 53 1232 do sow €0 23 54 124 1 do dust 76 15 57 Angana- kettiya 127 6hf-ch bro pek 360 = 333 53 1285 do pek 250 27 a9 129 5 do sou 26 22, 60 130 1 do dust 57 12 6L Forest Hill 131 7hf-ch or pek 434 47 64 134 8 ch peksou 68883 65 135 7hf-ch fans 546 21 66 H, in estate mare 136 4 ch sou 340 20 67 137 2 do fans 200 18 68 133 2 do bro mix 220 19 69 39 2hfch dust i70 15 77 Atherton 147 7Thf-ch pek sou 236 29 78 148 2 do dust 1i4 15 82 Ambalawa 152 13 hf-ch pek fan 676 26 bid 95 Ketadola 165 7 ch pek 683 30 96 166 6 do pek sou 510 29 97 167 2 do sou 185 25 104 Blinkbonnie 174 3hfch dust 225 15 126 Pussetenne 196 3hf-ch bro mix 195 24 127 F,inestate 197 3 ch sou 216 31 128 193 3hf-ch dust 258 14 144 Mary Hill 2i4 11 hf-ch pek sou 550 = 30 145 215 4 do bro mix 280 16 149 Depedene 219 2hf.ch dust 160 15 151 F A, in estate mark 221 2 ch dust 180 16 [Mr. E. John.] Lot. Box. pkgs. Name. ibstie, 1 W,inest.mark 383. 8 boxes broorpek 240 40 4 Maminadola 392 4 ch pek sou 369 89 5 895 2 da dust 316 13 9 Mossend 407 3 do pek sou 250 37 10 410 1 do dust 135 out 18 Ottery 434 1 do dust 164 17 %3 MountTemple 449 5hitch orpekfans 274 37 bid 26 Lameliere 458 6 ch pek sou 480 3 27 46t 4 do pek fans 400 27 37 Theresia 491 .$ do bro mix 210 38 38 494 3 do dust 222 15 42 Cleveland 596 6hf-ch dust 438 19 43 509 5 do bropekfans 300 38 44 WH 512. 2 ado or pek 80 40 45 515,.2 do bro pek 108 ) 46 518 9 do pekoe 405 2 47 Swiewpe CO pek sou 100 30 48 524 6 do dust 450 16 54 Nahavilla 542 5 de pek fans 350 37 58 NB 554 5 ch son 450 31 60 560 1 do bro mix 105 20 75 Digdola 605 $8 do broorpek 270 40 77 , 6ll. 2 do dust 240 16 88 Agra Ouvah 629 5 do pekoe 475 48 89 Evalgolla 617 4Shf-ch pek sou 20029 90 650 4 do fans 260 24 91 658 2 do dust 160 14 92 Anamallai 656 2 do dust 170 4 ie es ee ee . 4 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. Lot Box. pkgs. Name. Ib. c. Lot. Box. pkgs. Name, im) ¢. 93 Yakka 659 8 ch. bropek 576 40 83 oo ch” doe 100 «122 95 665 7 do peksou 67436 84 70 1 do f 7 ane Marakona 8 i oe pekeen And “4 85 NewGalway 73 5hf-ch bro pek 300080 107 Lameliere 701 6 do pekson 430 31 86 5 76 6 do pek 33066 f : 89 Beausejour §5 1 ch pek sou 85 108 704 hhf-ch k fans 400 27 100 Great’ Valley 112 Peru 716 1 ch = dust 80 15 Covlonie cotcin 116 New Tunisgalla 728 2hf-ch dust 160 15 pho) ee ae a 119 Claremont 737 4 bags redleaf 268 19 101 121 3 do pek fans 20-88 121 YK 748 1 ch sou 105 20 102 124 = do aaa 425 16 122 746 2 do dust 330-12 3 4 4 126 WHR, inest 103 New Peacock 127 3 ch bro mix 150 21 mark ’ 758 4 do dust 400 11 106 Tavahane- tenne 136 6 ch k 640 34 130 North Pundal- 107 129 2 do k sou 170 81 oya, L D 770 7 do wpeksou 595 =. 36 4 se pe 7 7 108 142.1 do dust 105 4 a5 GN 516, ,Obtch.. dust omO eae 109 Nugagalla 145 12hf-ch_ br. 600-53 138 779 7 ch peksou 630 26 ee ae > pm 134 782 1 do dust 160 12 Hs ae Gots oe coe oe 138 Gampai 794 Q9hf-ch or pek 495 642 115 Stamford e 139 - 797 5 ch peboe 410 37 “Hill 163 6 ch ck 510 40 140 soo 2 do peksou 190 33 116 OF. in estate P 141 803 4 hf-ch roorpek 264 44 bid wee 166 4 ch an see 412 33 142 806 1 ch redleaf 100 15 7 169 5 do pe aan” oe 144 RG 812 7 do orpek 630 38 118 1721 do ro tall 6 9% 145 SW 815 3 do bro mix 330 =. 28 bid a 146 818 2 do fans 950 22 a a as ae es oe ie 154 Bellongalla £42 5 do peksou 400 28 11 WW 181’ 1 box oo = ms 155 845 8hf-ch fans 560 % 122 Hurstpier. 156 818 3 do dust 270 15 sat. be x ee en 158 Cangawatte 854 11 do broorpek 660 S50bid | jog 187 3 d b pe k 2) 4 159 $57 6 ch ekoe 600 36 124 190 2 ig «ty 160 20 160 860 6 do pek sou 540 34 195 193 8 do x sou 225 15- 166 Y 878 6 do iedleaf 54017 328 Thedden 202 8 ch | peksou 300 80 e Q' 172 A 896 10 hf-ch bro pek 500 88 bid 129 205 2 do ust 309 18 174 9022 2 do pekfans 200 + 10bid | 333 ShrubsHill 217 4 ch dust 320 15 177, Nelun 911 4 ch ek sou 400 27 138 Bloomfield 232 6 ch k No. 2 600 ~ 180 N 920 4 do bro pek fans 408 17 53 Maha Uv: 77 6 ch Lar 4 rs 182 926 3 do brotea 24 9 cic Be oC a i =) ‘ - 154 280 1 do k fans 80 28 iss RL 914 2hf-ch pek fans 144 29 155 283 2 do a 180 19 189 947 2 do dust 180 16 156 286 1 do ou 112 29. x af Galkadua $ be Bro or peck 600 43 7 o ust 165 13 ers. : allker.} 180 358 1 do congou 90 2: (Messrs. Forkes & W : 184 Bargany 370 7 ch pek sou 630-34 Lot. Box. Pkts. Name. lb e. “eA K tt - ie a a4 = o §©6dus' 1 ECK 2071 3 ch bro pek 272 40 191 BW 39L 2 ch red leaf 170 21 2 2074 3 do © pek 235 32 192 394 3hf-ch fans 230 23 3 2077 2 do peksou 148 «29 193 Nella Oolla 397 1 ch congou 90 «82 7 New Anga- 194 400 3 do dust 450 15 mana 2089 11hf-ch bro pek 600 =«40 195 403 1 do red leaf 6 7 8 2092 10 do pek 500 $3 199 Farnham 415 4hf-ch k fans 300 40 9 2095 7 do pek No.2 35031 200 41S 1 do ust 75 «6736. 10 2098 10 do peksou 500 29 204 Farnham 430 4hf-ch pek fans 2 40 11 2101 4 do fou 260 21 295 433 1 do dust 75 15 15 CSG 2113 5hf-ch dust 400 2 208 K W Din est. 16 2116 8 do fans 520 31 mark 442 4hf-ch broorpekfans240 928 20 Kirindi 2126 2 ch sou 150 29 214 460 6 ch dust 460 «18 2 2131 1 do dust 97 15 215 _ 463 3hf-ch orpekfans 180 40 23 Holton 21387 7 ch ~~ pek 620 34 217 Marguerita 46912 do or pek 600 5 24 2140 3 do ek sou 270 ~=—-8i 219 475 5 ch pekson 450 41 25 2143 2 ch ust 160 14 220 478 1 do dust 80 15- 26 2146 1 do red leaf 100 s«19 221 481 lhf-ch fans 60 33 30 Paravithi 229 Ookoowatte 505 2 do sou 180 «628 (Travancore) 4 231 1 38 ch dust 270 13 Invoice No. 4 2158 14 hf-ch pek fans 630 829 bi 239 DMV 535 5 do ek sou 350 «29 38 Paravithi 240 LGA 538 4 do romixed 400 26 (Travancore) 242 Carlabeck 544 5Shf-ch bro pek fans 420 35 Invoice No. 3 2182 7hf-ch dust 350 14 245 Scrubs 533 5 ch pekoe 400 41 39 2185 7 do brotea 315 21 bid | 246 556 6 do pekssou 510-36 40 2188 7 do fans 315 20 ‘| 247 Peacock Hill 559 1hf-ch bro mixed 45 25 43 Kelaneiya, 248 562 4 ch pek fans 300 19 Maskeliya 2197 3 ch dust 345 20 254 Dromoland 480 7 do ek sou 560 29 44 2200 2 do sou 200 31 255 583 5 do ro pek fans 625 26- 45 Kakiriskan- - 259 Arapolakanda595 5 do peksou 450 31 da 22038 4 ch bro pek 380 642 260 598 3 do dust 330 14 47 2209 6 do pek sou 570 29 263 Tor G0 7 do pek sou 56027 51 Halton 1121 2hf-ch dust 160 15 264 Waverley 610 1 do bro pek 107 60 52 2224 2 do bro tea 100 «619 268 Castlereagh 672 5 do pek sou 400 7 56 Meddetenne 2236 thf-ch bro pekfans 390 38 239 625 5hf-ch fans 35 35 57 2239 8 do dust 680 18 270 628 2 do dust 160 16. 59 Ella Oya 2245 8 ch or pek 688 35 275 Tonacombe 643 4 ch dust © 360 «4 61 1 6 ch ek sou 540 31 276 Sadamulla 646 3 do bro pek 30030 62 410 do ro pek fans 680 32 277 619 5 do pe 500 27 63 7 2 do vpek fans 132 19 278 652 1-do peksou 125 2 64 10 2 do dust 172 14 279 655 1 do sou 75) 615 66 St. Leonards p 280 658 1 do dust 75 8614 on Sea ~ 16 5 ch pek "450 4839-32 281 Suduwella 661 4 do bro pek 400 = 38 67 19 5 do pek No. 2 475 30 282 664 4 do pek 380 33° 68 22 2 do dust 160 15 283 667 2 do pek sou 180 896.29 69 25 1 do fans 85 23 284 670 1 do ‘ans 100 24 73 Chesterfcrd 37 7 ch fans 630-28 285° 673 2 do congou 170 2. # 40 3 do congou 270 30 290 Kitulgalla 688 S8hi-ch bro pek 480 38 78 TB, inest. 291 691 10 do or pek 500337 mark 52 1 ch fans 90 22 292 691 8 do pek 680-34 79 Galapitakan- 293 697 1-ch peksou 88 30- de 65 Q9hf-0h broor pek 675 42 | 204 709 1 do dust - 11000 14> CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. F Lot Box, pkges. Name. lbsiaee: 295 703 1 ch pek fans 65 24 306 M 736 1 do bro pek sou 61 21 311 Agra Oya 751 5 do dust 400 14 315 Rowley 763 7hf-ch pek sou 350 30 316 766 9 do ust 450 19 320 Gallawatte 778 5 ch sou 425 29 321 781 6 do dust 516 16 323 787 3 do bro pek fans 285 29 324 790 4 do bro mixed 320 25 326 Hopton 796 5 do sou 450 34 329 Morankande 805 thfch_ bro or pek 68 36 332 814 1 do bro pek dust 90 15 333 817 1 do pek dust 81 14 334 820 2 ch red leaf 240 14 335 New Peacock 823 3 do pek fans 225 15 339 Peacock Hill 835 1 hf-ch ek fans 75 16 340 Scrubs 888 1 ch ro or pek 80 ~=660 344 Penrhos 850 5 do pek sou 400 35 345 853 3 do bro mixed 234 24 347 Rookatennie 859 1 do or pek 105 40 350 ; 868 3hf-ch dust 244 16 353 Telbedde 877 4 ch pek sou 360 31 354 880 1 do dust 110 15 372 Nahalma 934 5hf-ch dust 375 15 376 Clyde 946 2 ch dust 300 14 377 949 6 do fans 660 28 382 GPM in est. mark 964 5hf-ch bro or pek 250 55 383 967 3 do or pe 150 51 384 970 6 do pek 312 42 385 973 10 do pek sou 500 36 386 976 7 do pek fans 581 23 387 979 3 do red leaf 185 20 CEYLON COFFEE SALES IN LONDON. (From our Commercial Correspondent. ) MINCING LANE Sept. 30. “Clan Sinclair’’—Keenakella A, 1 barrel 79s; 1 cask 1 barrel 79s; 1 barrel 45s; 1 barrel 553; 1 30s, “Hakata Marn’’—Large size Berragalla, 2 casks out at 100s; mark size 1, 2 carks 853; size 2, 1 barrel 47s out; PBP, 2 barrels 75s ont; T;1 barrel 30s. Berra- galla, 1 bag ovtkr., large size 2 bags ovtkr., sea dam. “Shropshire’’—Size 2 Tillicoultry 3 casks x, CEYLON COCOA SALES IN LONDON. “Clan Macdonald’’—MAKM in estate mark, 38 bags bought in at 763. “Sarpedon”—Palli1, 18 bags sold at 763 6d; ditto fF, 28 bags 76s 6d; ditto B, 4 bags 693; ditto 2, 6 bags 65s 6d; Amba 1, 21 bags 80s; ditto L, 1 bag 69s; ditto 2, 2 bags 653 69. “Toaba Maru”—Pathregalla 16 bags sold at 75s. “Historian’—Hantane, 17 bags sold at 76s 6d. Monerakella, 47 bags 753 6d. Dea Ella, 30 bags 76s. “Clan Macarihur’’—Makalane, 41 bags bought in 78s. “Lancashire’’—Mukalane, 63 bags bought in 78s. CEYLON CARDAMOMS SALES IN LONDON. “Shanghai’’—Mark Gallantenne Mysore O, 2c 3374; No.1, 7 at 331d; No. 2, 4 at 2s 7d; No.3, 2 at 2s 4d; ditto B, 2 at 2s 2d; ditto 8, 3 at 25; seed lat 3s. Am- blamana AA,1 at 33 1d; A, 2 at 237d; B,1 atQs. “Java’’—Gallantenne EK, 2 at 23 11d; 2at 2s 10d; 2 at %s 11d;1 at 3s 1d. “antalus’—Midlands 0, 6c 3s 1d; 1, 8c 23 8d; 2, 2c 28 4d; B&S, 2c 1g311d; seed 1c 2310d. Elkadua 0, le 2s 10d; 1, 2c 2s 8d; 2, 1c 23 2d; BS, 1c 2s. OBEC, Dangkande, 2 2s 8d; 1 2s 7d; 2 18s 10d. OBEHC, Nillomally Mysore, 2 2s 9d; 2 23 5d; 1 28 4d, 12s 1d; 1 1s 10d; 1 2s 10d “Wanderer’’—Dehigalla No 1, 6c 2s 4d. “Clan Drummond’—4c 3s 4a; HGA Mysore, 2c 2s 6d; 2—2—2—1-- No. 2, 2c 2s 7d; 2—2—2—2—2— No. 3 2c: No. 3 B, 2ce— 1— “Pindari’’—HGA Mysore 2 B, 2c 2s 1d; BSB, 1c 2s 2d; AMK, 2c 2s 9d. “Goorkha’’—Nawanagalla, 2c 23 2d. “Clan Robertson”’—Malabar HGA, 3c 23 6d; 4c— 2c 2s Id. “Clan Forbes”—HGA, 2c 23 9d. “Kawachi Marn”—HGA, le— “Clan Drummond’ HGA, long cardamoms, 2c 2s 6d. “Clan Sinclair’—DMA&Oo., 5 bags 75s; 5 bags 79s. “Hector’—DMA&Co., 4 bags 85:3. ‘Inaba Maru’’—Alloowiharie, 5 bags 853; 4 bags 84s; 4 bags 72s. “Sanuki Maru’’—MAK, 30 bags 5s. “Shanghai’’— Wariagalla Mysore, 2c 22 7d; B, 3¢ 2s 3d; 1c 23; 2c 1s 10d. “Tantalus’’—Nagalla 0, 2c 33 2d; 1, 3c 28 8d; 2, 1c 28 3d; 1c 231d; seed 1c 3s, Nella Oolla 0, 1c 2a 7d; seed 1c 38s. Nella Oolla, 1 bag 1s 8d. * Clan Fraser”—HGA, 2c 3s 2d. OBSERVER PRINTING WORKS. “ob hag 28 wiory MT ohnp i adtt oe alll inti: say "ay & ypy= ’ one lggpinsm obi ati piainme i wédteole, ccteti degen berate i hyaraprtatiaaytapeesnod pty slat ete Te er tee Sri LO oR Owe tlds ole OE Piet qrae dG athe. .@ onli aepenad b & Cel sen Ros rd jeep wd B mY Odpid on ae Me YF 3 / a Beye f & + ABS ale Aloe | vont of at(Oharnte moe vende RE i Pers mit! bay op ple’ aes his , J ; ,eay PRnd-00 tsi DE ge Clee nae Band VR alld htt OBE el Tera bl @ VO, stohnlg Ue ae gta (OPS., Lis sO Pee sh ab sais ¥ a he ee ey: | eek Oar | ae } Sa rd | oh PEAS, eu ONKOL: a pa ae OG he ol AOA. z ee ie y arresceee = QEler2 EoSseuzereszer . HEM GEL C of BL eae Bf 10, bl et iat fon HA 2h pot have BE a8 as ality Vite? te Gath ogath oie bb bP adn Qe Ack eh ce EVA Bie cunld to Ol alan k OIL SP tole “OE goneaiipll, O-—Gval ae? ee we ee ot) oref of f chit soe ab apt hike - “enih ie a! | Yad 4 loa AL EE HOt rs oh fisda’ GLE Fook BAA Bp iPod ; Nithes ef at .¢a Posy ah wif hb ed > Y J DMb ef ol F * i‘) BOE al Se wbP SoS be eke hadetgas U if Gat Bibkeee™ | ibis Hf 2 bGae uranyl + tiem alt SO} ea wor at ist Hh ahag” f ov if agitate a oh cial ae y8 jes0 ae A0TN Ob ob — Thee wut hy aal’* OM Ak 28S pt he oo GM an FE - Sim & sha Mitre Seer ofamect ff a wait. 252 $ Ae bs wf od 17k veer AS & rita Tw SO Be 68 ¢ of at em aatty iiaoD" DR hos oe 9G ADT yidalalt —yossaade lt : iON ' eee ere € sf of ‘e " AF hes i ood GO BS i BED EL wn neler (Wena Serie — Bol bt ee tae fF Sai ag 1 lel a hl ay ero ie oer i momrabiag guoltne it) “Bignman in Clan! tds sands ¢ Alla gov todh | cooRALG es ka : a vi . be bhagad & +elhegae Ae ae uate one gre BE eee | ret Slotad bee eet tad aK: gd, tp ee ae eee pony ert SWivo «yal be * ws fa): Be eae vines 8 t tang? rae aeagerh OF eit AB {gry Dipas &"* ; Py, BM GE FL OY oS 98 iptouy i BiB yal ew = jet)? ; a oy a Be i a ito Zeol 28 ea Ohh ohne is faye off caitave— voles Ds, | Kod nent 4 TIA Be) 43 elle % aot non cht af cM 08 wl ae aa ry beat goth I LE aleiinile 98 oF ieee HSE 6S ADT ~ "rene Teel % ST G2 ol Oallad y zi oe : y * Pe 7 aa set . UM i‘ Tee axe a x f os nite be You ns if - Paes = ¢ sont a ¥ ww ae ae % ds = hee ri ae a RR: aa et se : a pee ee Pha . > wales oe- Pond to ng vee . _ TEA, COFFEE, CINCHONA, COCOA, AND CARDAMOM SALES. { Price:—12% cents each 3 copies NO. 42 Cotompo; OcroseR 31, 1898. i 30 cents; 6 copies 4 rupee. COLOMBO SALES OF TEA. Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. bran c 17 Oonoogaloya 998 10 ch bro pek 1000 $9 18 ican ce ko 00 B4 do peixoe 80/ 3 LARGE LOTS. 16 DMR, inest. SP Ay aed ae RIALS 4 12 ee EOu 22 bid : = TsTV re 2 Joslanda 7 15hf-ch bropek 46 bid [Thompsen and Williers. 21 10 12 ch | pekoe 36 bid 29,627 ib.] 24 Templestowe 19 29 Ge bro or pek 53 25 22. 32 do pekoe 39 Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. c. 26 25 13 do “ae sou 36 7 LXL 7 20hfch bropekfans 1300 36 bid | 27 Kintyze 28 48hfi-ch bro or pek 56 8. Mandara 98 31 13 do or pek fans 46 Newera 8 6j\hf-ch bro pek 3000 52bid |} 30 e7 9 ch peksou 35 9 9 42 do pek 2310 39 bid 31 40 Shf-ch dust li 10 . 10 37 do pek sou 2085 37 32 8 43 16 ch fans 34 ll Agrvasland = 11 40 hich bro pek 200 «4G Lid | 34 Coslanda apr) ne chit Dro.pek 48 12 Unugalla 12 10 ch bropek — 1030 52 35 pie agen Bar nek oe se > 15 S 25 35 bi 38 Bokotua 6i 19 do bro pek 44 13 3, 5) do. pek. 1425 35 bid 1 : aes 16 Fattalgalla 16 10 ch peksou 1000-88 bid 39 _ ee ae ee nee } 38 19 WSG 19 11 ch pek sou 1045 23 pid 45 Keenagaha Ella 82 14 do bro or pek a 46 & 18 do pekoe 37 50 Maskeliya 97 9 do bro or pek 53 a Slee 100 10 @o or pek 44 (Messrs. Somerville & Co. 56 Glassaugh 115 59hf-ch bio pek 52 bid = 120.247 Ib 5% 118 30 ch pekoe 43 bid —120,247 1b,] 58 Eadella 121 20 do or pek 38 bid Lot. Box. pkgs. Name. Ib. c. 38 ecas ge reread Be 1 VR 231 idhf-ch dust 1120015 62 Agra Ouvah 133 39hf-ch broorpek 2496 70 2 Moragalla 232 10 ch bro pek 1000, 41 63 136 16 do — or pek S64. 57 3 233 12 do pek 120032 65 Glasgow 142 26 ch broorpek 2210 64 4 23! 18 do pek sou 1300 30 66 145 33 do broorpek 2640 withd’n 10 Cis is 210 eel Zi chi pek 1170 31 67 148 11 do or pek 715 53 20 in estate 68 151 78: do pek sou 800 42 bid ‘mark 250 10 ch bro mix 800 17 69 Rondura 154 11 do or pek 980 37 a1 KG Oo lime Oech! pek sou $55 29)" % 70 1576.28 do bro pek 3800 a8 22 DAL 252 9 ch bro pek 900 35 bid | 71 160 23 do pekoe 2070 = 32 23 Yep) sail dla) pek 1100 29 bid 72 163 11 do pek sou 990 29 -3L Dromoland 261 15 ch pek sou 1200 30 bid 74Galloola, Digdolalé69 8 do bro orpek 720 43 86 Deniyaya 266 38 do bro pek 3990 47 75 172 27 do pekoe 2160 82 37 267 13 do pek 1300 34 76 MC 175 11hf-ch dust 880 22 38 268 10 do pek sou 950 30 7 784 ol3\.ch sou 910 32 39 Warakamure 269 18 ch bro pek 1800 33 bid 80 North Pundal- 41 271, 22) do. pek 2090 31 bid oya, LD 187 13 do pekoe 1170 36 42 272 17 do sou 1530 28 81 MH 190 8 do dust 1046 13 bid 47 Bidbury OTs VE ch bro pek 1100 47 82 Ben Nevis 198 22hf-ch flowery or 63 , Ukuwela 293 I1Shf-ch broorpek 90 37 pek 1109 «G5 bid 64 294 14 ch bio pek 1409 ret! 83 196 11 ch or pek $99 47 65 295 138 ch pek 1390 32 85 Birnam 202 15 do pek sou 99) 31 bid 67 Ravana 297 26hf-ch bro pek 1430 48 87 Poilakande 208 17hf-ch bro pek 1020 39 bid 68 i 298 24 do pek 1080 35 88 210.24 ch pekoe 2160 32 74 Bogahagoda- s 92 Murraythwaite 223 12 do bro pek 1149 42 bid watte 304 14 ch bro pek 1350 = 46 93 226 15 do pekoe 1275 32 75 305 14 do pek 1260 931 94 Gangawatte 229 19hf-ch or pek 1045 42 bid 78 Nugawella 808 20hf-ch bro pek 1100 47 96 K 235 25 ch bro pek 2500 89 bid . 79 39 22 do bro or pek 14:0 42 97 9238 20 wo or pek 1920 37 bid 80 310 41 do pek 2050 &5 98 241 20 do pekoe 1700 32 87 Kudaganga 317 10 ch bropek 1000 =29bid } 99 244.13 do bropekfans 975 238 88 318 12 do pek 1140 28 100 RA 947 22 do fans 1540 19 bid 106 Koladeniya 836 8 ch bro pek 760 52 bid 106 Galella 265 7 de broor pek 760 53 110 Harangalla . 340 12 do bro pek 1200 48 110 277 8. do or pek fans 960 16 bid 111 341 29 do pek 2610 34 bid 111 Mount Temple 280 28hf-ch broorpek 1596 47 bid 112 Maddagedera 312 54 ch bro pek 5130 41 112 283 86 do or pek 1652 42 bid 113 Horagoda 843 12 ch bro pek 114045 113 286 21 ch pekoe 1533-32 bid 114 Sit 20 ido pek 1689 33 114 289 18 do pek sou 990 28 bid 119 Caxton 349 26 ch bro pek 2860 54 tid 117 LYE 288. 6 do pek fans 778 15 120 8350 23 do pek 2300 35 bid | 118 Little Valley S01 11 do or pek 990 41 121 35L 9 do pek sou 882 34 bid 119 304. 7 do bro or pek 700 42 bid az Annandale obs He beech oper see oe BiG 120 307 17 do pekoe — 1445 32 bid f 9 do pe iv 127 a B BoueLA cn pee fans 1985 17 bid ae 129 Hatdowa 359 29 ¢ ro pek 2755 39 a oa 300. 39 do pek cena (Messrs. Forbes & Walker. abd 36 23 do peksou 224028 303,788 Ib. } 138 Paradise 368 7 ch pek 700 3L x a SAD TTORIGOK, pekcou ee lee Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. c. 141 P 371 & ch unas 810 29 14 Kennington 1021 10 ch unas tea 950 9§ 143 DN 373 29hf-ch dust 2200 16 15 1024 10hf-ch dust 800 «18 144NWM $74 11 ch pek dust 1210 15 bid | 18 Tymawr 1033 25 hf-ch or pek 1125 51 bid 145 Langley 375 19 ch bropek 1885 43 19 1036 20 do bro pek 1000 61 bid 146 Rayigam 376 18 ch bropek 1800 45 20 1039 29 do pek 1305 43 bid 147 377, 9 do orpek 720 s3d5bid | 21 1042 33 do peksou 1320 38 148 378 26 do pek 2288 32bid | 22 : 1045 27 do fans 1620 35 149 379 12 do pek sou 1020 29 33 Knavesmire 1078 19 ch bro pek 1900 42 . » 1ODNH 38) 34hf-ch fans 2540 17 bid | 34 1081 83 do pek 2610 3k 161 VFD 381 11 ch pekdust 1210 15 tn Drayton ieee a aes or ee 2050 = 48 bid ch pe 3510 = 39 bid a ae ait ae a Ge pek aon 1040-87 bid P rathspe -¢ j 750 56 bi (Mr. EB. John.—114,012 1b.) 47 ey Saiz 1s do Beene 720 a7 bat Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. Ib. ec, Ae EM eee AO «Pek 800 40 bid 8 Harrisland S717 2 ch bro pek 700 39 44 Ceylon, in est. 16 Pati Rajah 992 22 do pekoe 1650 = 82 mark 1123 15 hf-eh or pek, 750 =“ 2 Lot. Box. 49 1126 50 1129 51 1182 53 1138 54 Carbery 1141 55 1144 59 G K 1156 61 Huanuco 1162 62 1165 i4 Olahitagoda 1201 75 1204 78 Stisted 1213 sl 1222 83 St. Heliers 1228 84 1231 39 G 1246 92 Naseby 1255 03 1258 4 WN 1261 95 1264 96 Dorkin 1267 98 Monksweed 1273 99 1276 100 1279 101 Mavreuerita 1282 102 GPM, inestate mark 1285 103 Devonford 288 104 1291 106 D 1297 112 Middleton 315 115 WA 1324 120 ‘Talgaswela 1339 121 1342 122 1345 123 Dunkeld 1548 124 1351 125 1354 126 357 133° W’Galla 1378 134 1381 135 1384 136 1387 438 Maha Uva 1393 139 1396 140 1399 143 Dea Ella 1408 144 1411 145 1414 146 1417 147 1420 149 Kirklees 1426 150 1429 151 1432 155 Din est marki444 166 1447 158 Amblakande 1453 159 1456 160 1459 161 SH 1462 162 iY; 1465 163 SSJim est. © mark 1468 168 Mawiliganga- watte 1483 169 1486 170 1489 177 ~=~Scrubs 1510 179 1516s 180 Dunedin 1519 182 VOA 1525 183 AG 1528 186 Walton 1537 192 Cottaganga 1555 ” 198 K PW 1573 199 1576 200 1579 203 Waitalawa 1588 204 1591 206 Tembligaila 1697 207 1600 210 P’Kande 1609 211 1612 212 1615 215 Roeberry 1624 216 1627 217 1630 218 1633 220 1639 226 Doranakande 1657 227 1660 232 Longford 1675 233 Weyungawattel678 234 1681 235 1684 238 Waratenne 1693 239 1696 240 1699 Hkgs- 26 hf-ch 11 do 20 hf-ch 10 ch 14 hf-ch ~~ "rF - m si a ian is ee CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. Name- bro pek pek pek sou dust bro pek pek bro pek pek bro or pek pek sou bro or pek fans bro or pek pek per pek sou pek bro or pek bro or pek ar pek bro or pek or pek pek sou bro pek do Ne. 2 pek bro or pek or pex pek pek sou bro pek or pek pekoe pek sou bro or pek or pek pekoe bro pek or pek pek pek sou fans bro or pek or pek pek bro or pek pek sou flo. or pek pek bro pek or pek bro pek pek sou bro pek pek sou or pek fans bro tea pel sou Pp pek sou pek sou lb, 1430 1530 9°0 800 1980 1440 840 1364 1560 1193 1244 2340 1680 2050 1440 1105 1580 884 700 750 960 2185 3135 1£00 1520 1080 1000 c. 37 50 bid 50 bid 34 bid 59 bid 36 bid 31 46 bid 15 NN ee Ib. ec. Lot. Box. pkges. Name. 241 1702 10 ch bro or fans 800 15 242 1705 9 do pek fans 72015 244 CSG 17:1 35 do ek 2800 ©6384 bid 2145 WVRA 1714 328hf-ch bro pek 2080 «44 246 RCW inest. mark 1717 12 do bro orpek 865 41 239 BDWK 1726 13 do bro pek 196 38 950 P 1729 14 ch fans 1190) 20 bid 251 Ettie 1732 12 do pek sou 1045 % 252 HGM 1735 13 do pek sou 1105 30 258 1728 10 do br pek fans}L000 2. 255 Lochiel 1744 83 do pek No.1 2610 38 bid 256 Ranawatte 1747 21hf-ch bro pek 1120 25 bid 261 Columbia 1762 15 do bro orpek 750 67 bid 270 Hornsey 1789 38 ch or pek 3809 8651 bid 271 1792 18 do pek 1800 42 bid 272 Putupaula 1795 89hf-ch broorpek 2380 48 273 1798 31 ¢ bro pek 3060 41 274 1801 23 do pek 1810 82 bid 275 1804 17 do pek sou 1275 81 277 Beechwood 1810 23 do bro orpek £262 87 bid 278 AH 1818 15 do red leaf 1175 14 SMALL LOTS. (Thompson and Villiers.] Lot. Box. Pkgs: Name. Ib. 2. 1 F, in es‘ata mark 19 ch red leaf 62 15 2 2 Ghfch dust 540 13 8 Poengalla 3 5 do dust 400 15 14 Unugalla 14 °7/P eh pek sou 630 880 15 15 Lht.ch dust 85 15 17 «Airy Hill 17 shf-ch bro pek 150 31 18 18 2 do pekoe 100 =—_25 20 WSG 20 65 ch sou 500 24 bid 21 21 Shf-ch pek fans 335 12 bid {Miessrs. Somerville & Co.] Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. Ib. « 5 Moragalla 235 3 ch sou £098 _- 87 6 236 1 do dust No.1 100 13 f 237 1 do dust No. 2 109 13 8 KL 238 Shf-ch dust 630 15 9 Citrus 239 4 ch bro pek 2838 5) 1L 241 5 do pek sou 560 29 12 242 6 do fans 690 2 13 243 3 do dust 462 14 14 HA 244 3 ch fans 274 16 15 245 1 do bro tea 67 16 16K 246 Shf-ch pek sou 40) 28 17 SFD 237 4hf-ch dust 400 14 is 248 6 ch con 540 26 19 249 Shf-ch fans 210 486924 24 Dalveen 254 3 ch pek fans 330 24 25 255 2 do dust 250 815 26 256 3 do con 300 21 2 GME 257 4 ch pek 409 32 28 258 4 do pek sou 320 29 32 WVT 262 4hf-ch dust 320 15 33° G’Watte 263 B8hf-ch dus 225 15 34 Orion 264.3 ch pek sou 288 28 Bia 265 Shf-ch dust 375 15 40 Warakamure 27013hf-ch troorpek 630% 33 43 373 3 do dust 255 16 44 GMS 274 5hf-ch bro pek 220 8 45 275 2 do pek 108 26 46 276 1 do pek sou 49 22 48 Bidbury 278 2 ch fans 240 20 49 Maligatenne 279 4 ch bro pek 365035 50 280 6 do pek 520 29 61 231 8 do peksou 660 27 52 282 4 do bro pek 325 19 53 282 1 do dust 115 13 5a 284 4 ch unas 33504 55 CN 285 6 ch pek sou 654 20- 1hf ch 58 RA 288 6hf-ch pek sou 300 21 59 Wavoolkande 289 2 ch bro pek 268 23 1 hf-ch 60 290 2 do pek €41 20 9 hf-ch 61 291 6 do pek sou 316 27 62 292 2hf-ch dust 154 19 66 Ukuwela 266 5 ch jpek sou 500 «=. 28 69 Ravana 299 8 ch pex sou 320 29 70) SU AL 300 4 ch sou 340 28. 71 Berragaila 301 3hf-ch wnes 150 =—30 (2 302 4 do dust 320 14 73 603 1 do fans 70 =: 19- a CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. ~ Lot. Box. Pkgs, Name. Ib. 76 Bogahagoda- watte 306 4 ch pek sou 360 77 307 2hf-ch dust 140 81 Nugawella 311 2 ch ek sou 170 82 312 2 hf-ch ust 170 83 313 3. ch bro mix 255 &4 Rosawatte el4 2 ch — bro or pek 258 1 hf-ch 85 31527 ch pek 184 86 316 1 do bro pekfans 113 89 Kudaganga 219 6 ch pek sou 540 90 820 4 do fans 420 91 DBR, in estate mark 321 lhf-ch bro pek 64 92 $22, 1 do ek 60 93 323 1 do pek sou 66 94 324 1- do dust 78 102 Atherton 332 12hf-ch bro orpek 660 103 333 5 do or pek 250 104 334 7 do ek 360 105 335 4 do pek sou 192 107 Koladeniya 237 6 ch pek 540 108 328 3 do pek sou 255 109 339 1 do dust 100 115, Horagoda 345 4 ch pek sou 360 116 346 3 do fans 315 117 347 1 do dust 144 11s 348 1 do con 80 122 Caxton 352 11 boxes dust 341 125 Monte Christo 355 6 ch pek fans 690 126 356 3 do dust 450 128 BT D 858 4 ch dust 413 132 Hatdowa 362. 2 ch fans 190 133 363 2 do aust 230 134 Silver Valley, LDS 364 S8hf-ch unas 384 135 365 1 do red leaf 50 136 356 1 do dust 52 137 Paradise 867 10hfch bro pek 550 140 370 4 do dust 252 1422 DN 372 Thfch pek fans 455 [Mr. #. Jobn.] Lot. Box. pkgs. Name. lb. Yakka 950 Shf-ch bropek 576 9, 958m be ich pekoe 500 3 956.3. dp pek sou 174 4 959 Shi-ch dust 294 5 962 4 do fans 248 6 965 1 do unas 87 7 F 968 1 do pek dust 72 9 Harrisland 974 2 ch broorpek 180 10 (ee A) pekoe 560 11 980) 297 = do pek sou 560 12 988 32"do pek sou No.2 285 13 Pati Rajah 986 8 do or pek 680 14 589 5 do bro pek 550 16 995 1 do dust 120 22 Coslanda 13.2 do peksou 200 23 16 1 do ians 110 29 Kintyre 34 T7hf-ch pek fans 454 33 Galloola 46 4 do dust 400 36 Coslanda b> 42 ch pek son 200 3 68. 1 do fans 110 40 Bokotua 67 3 do pehoe 225 41 70 2 do peksou 140 42 FB} en dust 150 3 unugalla Uae @ sou 150 ae prune 79 2 do dust 290 47 Keenagaha Wllasg 4 do pek sou 360 48 91 4 do sou 360 49 94 3hf-ch fans 210 52 Maskeliya 103 4 ch pekoe 460 53 106 4 do ~- peksou 400 54 _ 109 2 do sou 200 55 i12 2hf-ch fans 100 64 Agra Ouvah 129 5 ch pekoe 475 75 Rondura 166 4 do dust 520 78 GL- 181 Shf-ch dust 400 % 184 2 ch rec leaf 180 84 Ben Nevis 199 G-do pekoe 510 86 Poilakande 205 10hf-ch or pek 500 39 214 -8 ch pek sou 640 90 217 4hf-ch fans 280 9on EL 982 G ‘ch pek sou 540 101 Akkara Totum 250 7 do bro pek 630 102 253 6 do pekoe 540 103 266 1 do pek sou 90 104 25 1 do dust 120 105 Galella 262 4 do or pek 425 107 268 5 do pekoe 475 108 271 8 do pek sou 270 bid bid lb 15 18 bid 29 Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. 109 274 2 ch dust 115 Mount Temple 292 5hfch or pek fans 116 A 295 10 do bro pek 121 Little Valley 310 3 ch pek sou 122 313. 3hi-ch dust 123 FH 316 7 ch fans {Hiesars. Werkes & Waiker.] Lot. Box. Pkts. Name. 1 SE 982 4hf-ch bro pek 2 985 5 do pek 3 988b 1 do bro pek fans 4 991 1 do dust 5 Sunrycroft 994 5 ch pek sou 6 997 2 do congou 7 1000 1 do bro tea 8 1005 4 do dust 11 Moralioya 1012 4 ch fans 12 1015 3 do unas 15 1018 4hf-ch dust 16 CRD 1027 1 ch bro mix 17 1030 3 do dust 35 Downside 1084 5 ch bro pek 3 1087 5 do pek 37 1090 4 do pek sou 38 1093 lhfch dust 42 Drayton 1105 1 ch sou 43 Kotageloya 1108 3 ch pek 44 1111 2 do pek sou 52. Munukattia Ceylon in estate mark 1135 3 ch sou 56 Carberry 1147 5 ch pek sou 57 1150 5 do bro pekfans 56 58 -1153 1 do dust 60 1159 1 ch pek 63 Huanuco 11€8 2hi-ch bro mix 64 il7l 4 do dust 73 Broughton 1188 2 do bro mix 76 Olahitagoda 1207 7hf-ch peksou 77 1210 2 do dust 79 Stisted 1216 11 hi-ch or pek 80 1219 6 do pek 82 1225 3 do dust 85 St. Heliers 1234 5hf-ch dust 86 Stafford 237 5 Onch. dro pek 87 1240 6 do pek 88 1243 2 do pek sou 909 G 1219053) (ch: pek dust 91 1252 3 do sou 97 W. 1270 2 ch bro mix 105 DED 1294 7 ch dust 111 Middleton 1312 8 ch bro or pek 113 1318 7 do pek 12 1821 3 do pek sou 116 WA 1327.4 ch bro mix 117 LNS, in est mark 1330 Lhf-ch bro pek 118 1323 1 ch pelk sou 1i9 1326 Lhi-ch dust 187) W’Galla 1390 1 ch dust 141 Mahauva 1402 4 do pe& sou 142 1405 2hf-ch dust 148 Dea Ella 1423 5Shf-ch dust 157 Dt inest. mark1450 4hf-ch fans 164 SS J inest. mark 1471 12 do pek 165 li7i 6 do pek sou 166 i477 1 do pek dust 167 Mawaliganga- watte 1480 12 do bro or pek 71 1192 ¢ do pek dust 172 Blairgowrie 1495 2 ch bro pek 173 1498 1 do pek 173 150L 2 do sou 175 1504 1 do dust 176 Scrubs 1507 Shf-ch bro or pek 178 1513 7 ado pek ist AG 1531 2 ch dust 185 1534 4 do bro tea 191 Cottaganga 1552 6 do fans 193 Pingarawa 1568 2hf-ch dust 194 Ragalla 1561 4 ch dust 195 Allerton 1564 2 do bro pek dust 196 1567 8 do pek dust 197 Sadamulla 1570 2 do bro tea 201 K PW 1582 13 hf-ch pek sou 15852 do dust 205 Tembeligalla 1594 9 do or pek 208 1508 6 do nek sou 209 1606 3 do dust 2138 P’'Kande 1618 4 do dust 244 V i62l 7 ch unast Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. 219 Bocherry 1636 6 ch sou 228 Do:.nakanda1663 1 do dust 231 Lonsford 1672 10 hf-ch or pek 236 Wey ungawatte1637 2 ch peksou 237 1699 2hf-ch dust 243 Sadamulla 1708 8 ch pek sou » 247 RC Win est. mark 1720 5 do dust 248 BDWG 1723 2hft-ch dust 254 HGM 1741 4 ch ust 257 W 1750 9 do bropek Lot. Ib: cy 4 Grace Land 1753 12 hf-ch 570 34 1756 10 do v6 °° 57 260 1750 10 do pek sou 500 43 262 Columbia 176510 do or pek 100 1s} (k il 6 do pek 5 Wil 5 sou 276 27 | 265 1774 4 do dust 266 St. Rdwards -1777 10 ch bro or pek 376 «19 267 1786 8hf-ch bro pek 180 2 268 1783 10 do B62 «15 269 178 7 do pek sou 460 28 276 Putupaula 1807 9 do dust OBSERVER PRINTING WORKS. — ogEsSiggegs TEA, COFFEE, CINCHONA, COCOA, AND CARDAMOM SALES, CoLomsBo, NO. 43 NovEMBER COLOMBO SALES OF TEA. LARGE LOTS. [Ehompson and Villiers.— 54,007 | b.] Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. 4 Woodend 4 2L ch bro pek 1995 5 5 44 do pek 4180 6 6 14 do pek sou 1269 7 Dambulagalla 7 42 ch bro orpek 4290 8 8 24 do or pek 2400 9 9 2t do bro pek 2280 1 10 9 do pek 855 13 BRLW 1316 e.ch bro pek fans 1600 18 Vogan 18 53 ch bro pe 6035 19 19 47 do pek 3995 20 20 27 do pek sou 2160 23 Polpitiya 23 UW ch bro or pek 1045 24 24 10 do or pek 850 25 25 19 do pek 1520 2% 26 10 do pek sou 900 28 O Kande 28 15 ch unas 1500 29 Henegama 29 16 ch bro pek fans 1600 32 Hornsey 32 18 ch pek sou 1300 33 Battalgalla 33 10 do pek sou 1v0¢ 68 G 38 7 ch bro pek fan 840 39 39 25 ch red leaf 2500 40 L 46 20hf-ch bropekfan 1500 42 GK 42 12 ch bro pek 1265 (Messrs. Somerville & Co. —111,936 1b,] Lot. Box. pkgs. Name. Ib. 10 Clova 400 32hf-ch bro pek 1600 11 1.37 do pek 1665 12 Ukuwella 2.425 “do bro or pek 1250 13 3 18 ch bro pek 1809 14 4 18 do pek 1800 15 6 8 do pek so 800 17 Kilandhu 7 10 do bro pek 10:00 1s 8 10 do pek 950 24 Dikmukalana 14 30hf-ch bro pek 1650 26 15 24 do or pek 1200 26 Minna 16 16hf-ch bro pek 1040 7 17 (15 ch or pek 1350 28 18 9 do pek 810 30 Blackburn 20 18 do bro pek 1800 31 21 17 do pek 1530 32 Lower Dickoya 22 33hf-ch bro pek 1716 33 23 10 ch pek 1000 35 Kelani 25 32 do bro pek 2560 36 26 21 do broor pek 2100 37 27 22 do pek 1980 38 28 19 do pek sou 1715 39 29 7 do dust 805 43 Hangranoya 33 14 do fans 1610 46 Salawe 36 13 do bro pek 1365 47 37 13 do pek 1170 48 38 14 do pek sou 1190 50 Marigold 40 49hf-ch bro pek 2744 51 41 28 do pek 1400 62 42 22 do pek sou 1100 64 44 11 do bro pek fans 726 655 Ferriby 45 46hf-ch bro pek 2070 56 46 29 ch pek 2610 57 47 17 do pek sou 1275 6L Dikmukalana 51 34hf-ch or pek fans 1870 62 52 45 do pek sou 2025 63 Galdola 538 13 ch bro pek 1289 64 54 13 do pek 1248 7 CDA 65 24hf-ch pek sou 1200 76 Ravenscraig 66 13 ch or pek 1040 77 67 I8hf-ch bro pek 990 78 68 17 ch pek 1360 81 Rothes 71 19hfch bro pek 1102 87 R. J. in estate mark 77 27 do dust 1755 90 Annandale 80 19 do pek 950 91 Siriviwasa 81 16 ch bro pek 1600 92 $2 21 do pek 1995 93 83 19 do pek sou 1615 lot WHG 94 21 do bro pek 2235 105 Tiddydale 95 10 do bro pek 1000 106 96 13 do pek 1170 108 Neuchatel 98 49 do bro pek 4900 109 99 14 do pek 1190 110 100 23 do pek sou 1955 1 101 7 do dust 9:0 Cc. 43 82 bid 30 7. 1898 Price:—12s cents each 3 copies y : 30 cents ; 6 copies 4 rupee. Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. Lbiqic: 117 Tyspane 107 23 ch bro pek 2185 43 bid 118 : 108 23 do pek 1935 83 bid (Mr. HE. John. —133,729 th.] Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. Ibs ve, 3 Patails 325%, 8) (chi sou 720) 12 bid 6 W.’ Galla 334 20 do fans 2400 out 11 RG 349 15 do bro pek 1615 87: 12 Kila 322 31 do bro or pek #100 42 13 355 52 do bro pek 4680 42 14 328 21 do or pek 1575 34 15 361 13 do pekoe 1170 32 16 364 29 do pek sou 2320 31 18 Koslanda 370 80 hf-ch bro pek 1800 45 bid 19 373- 12 ch pekoe 1080 33 bid 22 Uda 382 14hf-ch bro pek 756 30 23 385 21 de ekoe 882 30 2% Whyddon 3&8 11 ch ro pek 1045-65 25 391 11 do or pek 825 49 26 394 8 do pekce 720 40 bid 27 397 12 co pek sou 1020 35 bid 28 400 6 du bro pek fans 720 33 29 403 7 do fans 1050 23 30 Mocha 406 16 do bro or pek 1600 €3 bid 31 409 12 do or pek 1020 56 bid 32 412 15 do pekoe 1350 46 33 415 9 do pek sou 765 39 41 Glassaugh 439 657 hf-ch bro pek 3135-59 42 442 26 ch pekoe 2340 42 43 445 18 do pek sou 1530 38 44 Kotuagedera 448 29 do bropek 2755334 45 451 15 do pekoe 1350 30 46 Yapame 454 18 do bro pek i980 43 bid 47 457 22 do pekoe 1989 35 48 460 11 do pek sou 880 29 bid 49 AR 463 10 hf-ch dust 750 15 53 Shannon 475 29 do bro pek 1624 47 54 478 14 ch pekoe 1260 31 55 481 12 do pek sou 1020 29 57 Agra Ouvah 487 41hf-ch broorpek 2624 65 bid 53 490 18 ch or pek 972 55 60 Glasgow 496 26 do broorpek 2080 66 6L 499 12 do or pek 780 56 2 502 10 do pekoe 1060 46 63 Horten Plains 505 21 hf-ch bropek 1155 45 64 508 14 ch pekoe 1190 34 65 511 11 do ek sou 880 30 75 Maryland 541 7 do ro pek 735 35 76 544 7 do pekoe 700 29 77 Mount Everest 547 44hf-ch bro pek fans 3('80 38 73 Hattangalla 450 21 ch bropek 1785 38 bid 79 553-17 do pekoe 1360 31 81 C 559 11 do bro pek 880 27 bid 2 562 9 do pekoe 720 27 83 Glentilt 565 i1 do bro pek 3100 58 bid 84 568 15 do pekce 15v0 42 85 571 10hf-ch fans 800 18 86 Coslanda 574 15 do bro pek 900 48 87 577 12 ch pekoe 1080 35 99 KM E 686 27 do bro pek 2700 387 bid 9L 589-20 do or pek 1920 36 92 592 10 do pekoe 950 29 bid 93 395 10hf-ch _ bro or pek Jans 700 18 bid 9 H 601 10 ch sou : 800 24 97 607 11 do pekoe No. 1 990 28 98 RW, inestate mark 610 28 do bro pek 2800 38 100 616 10 do pekoe 950 30 bid 101 619 10 do pek fans 700 22 bid 102 Kotuagedera 622 25 do bro pek 2375 34 103 625 14 do pekoe 1260 = 30 105 Yapame 631 29 do bro pek 2900 46 bid 106 634 32 do pekoe 28€0 38 107 637 19 do pek sou 1710 36 lll SW 649 13 do pekoe 1105 ~withd'n 112 Eadella 652 20 do bro pek 2000 38 114 Mount Temple 658 85hf-ch bro pek 4250 41 bid 115 C6L 20 ch pekoe 1400 31 bid 116 664 19 do pek sou 1045 29 117 667 lihf-ch or pek fans 1022 29 bid 1:8 Bellongalla 670 20 do bro pek 1000 43 119 673 15 ch pekoe 1350 = 81 bid 12200 SW 676 lu do pekoe 8:0 withd’n (Messrs. Forbes & Walker.— 282,613 1b.) Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. c. 1 IKYV 1816 7 ch bro mix 754 26 2 1819 14 do pek fans 1630 20 2 CEYLON. PRODUCE SALES LIST. Lot. Box. Pkgs. 7 x. Pkgs. Name. Ib e¢, Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. Ib, .c, 4 Ingrogalla 1825 15 ch bro pek 1500 945 Sug 79 5 1828 13 do et 1105 34 43 TSebexion a a oe ore +4 jd 6 Holton 1831 20 ch bro pek 19090 43 137 Macaldeniya 2224 2 hf-ch o> oek il 5 sar 7 1834 9 do pek 810 33 138 2997 418 do aes ~ ig) 10 Shrubs Hill 1843 43 ch bro pek 4085 49 139 2230 1L eh CE sou 1100 8 ae 11 1846 17 «o pek 1292 36 143 Queensland 2242 7 ch ne k 7U0 3 ' 12 1819 13 do pek sou 819 30 144 oh Odo coe ee 14 Galkanda 1855 7 ch ro pek 700 = 88 145 2948 17 da Pics + 4 4 bid 15 858 10 do pek 900 29 148 Kosgalla 7 4tbf.ch bropek ©2060 34 19 Dunbar 1870 30hf-ch broor pek 1500 53 149 10 27 di “a 9 74 os z 1873 15 do or pek 720 42 150 is. Shy do. sees eae eee oe 22 ; 1879 18 ch pek 1440 | 154 Letchemy 12hf-ch dust 960 16 20 Went Hey 157 K, in estate y} ‘nin esta mark 1891 26hf-ch bropek 1430 650 mirk 26 ch redleaf 2600 19 27 invA ce chin er ee 720 87 ri Castlereagh P33 uz ~ bro aa 1700 68 5 1097 14 do pek 266 2 2 o or pe 1°69 29 1900 10 do peksou 900 <0 165 58 16 d pek 1280 87 30 Vathalana 1903 31hf-ch bro or pek 1860 44 169 BTD 70 19 ch 31 1906 15 ch or pek 1425-36 x. _lhf-ch pek sou 1680 15 32 1909 14 do pek 1190 32 175 Parsloes 8&8 39 ch bropek 3000 43 33 Irex 1912 33 do bro pek 3300 43 176 91 33 do pek 29°" 3g 34 1915 18 do pek 1809 33 177 94 45 do peksou B34 34 38 Middleton 1927 25hf-ch broorpek 1375 66bid | 180 Chesterford 103 44 ch tbropek 4400 47 39 1930 21 ch or pek 2100 53 bid | 182 106 24 do pel 2400-35 40 1933 17 do ek 1615 45 1g2 109 30 do pekson i000 39 43 Ismalle 1942 6 ch ust 750 414 186 121 IWbf-ch dust 80016 45 Bramley 1948 72hf-ch bro pek 4176 65bid | 187 Geragama 124 12 ch bro pek 114042 46 1951 40 do orpek 2000 68 bid | 188 127 16 do pek 1360 3 47 1954 105 do pek 5250 48 bid | 195 Scrubs 148 l4hfch broorpek 700 i bid 48 1957 45 do peksou 2130 40bid | 196 151 24 do | bro pek 1200 a0 50 Ambalan- 200 Yoxford 163 43hf-ch bro pek fan 2580 35 bid godde 1963 18 ch bropek 1800 45 201 166 10 ch pek sou 800-47 51 1966 16 do pek 1440 934 202 169 13 hf-ch dust 1040-93 56 Mahalla 1931 8 ch bro pek 800 26 203 NWD 172 10 ch bropek 1110 47 60 Deaculla 1993 27hf-ch bro pek 1485 51 209 Ingoya 190 8 ch or pek 752 36 61 1996 25 do pek 1750 ~~ 87 21L 196 15 do k sou 1080 = 30 62 1999 15 ch peksou 1050 32 213 Matale 202 53hfch bropek 3180 46 63 2002 10 do dust 800 20 ou 205 25 ch pek 250 37 on Sea 2005 10 es he pek 920 38 2i7 Yaba Ella 214 10 ch bro Lew 1000 oe 65 2008 8 do pe 760 30 5 F 2 68 Rowley 2017 21 ch bropek 1050 44 bid | 395 Tevonfora 2h, 22 12 Pek 909 32 69 Ganapalla 2020 20 ch or pek 186041 226 Lindoola oat ae chee fe cs a 70 2023 35 ao Bro or pek 3220 43 - = pes ‘- 18 0 33 bld 71 2026 40 do pekoe 3.00 2e 99) x Pie _ 3 2029 28 do peksou 21C0 29 on we 22 4k E> oe aes Uae 73 2052 12 do bropekfan 1200 27 930 a at Gok ee 256034 74 2035 It do dust 11c0 17 24 Debiowita - Saf ap ee | eee 75 Polatagama 2038 31 ch bropek 3100 4% Das iO" ienice ints oie iC scu 2340 0-37 76 2011 33 do or pek 2640 38 bid mark 266 slhf-c 77 2044 31 do pek 9395 32 “chi son 1240 30 78 1: 2047 25 do ek sou 2125 50 79 HighForest 2050 29hf.ch bro orpek 1537 66 bid ————_—_—_—_—__EE—EEEE 80 2053 24 a oe pak 110457 81 2056 22 do pe 946 47 . 89 Tonacombe 2080 19 ch or pek 1900 = 53 SMALL LOTS. 90 2083 24 do bro pek 2400 58 ——— 91 2086 389 do pek 3900 39 (Thompson and Villiers.] 93 Knavesmire Invoice No. 27 2092 26 ch bro pek 1950 25 94 Knavesmire __ | Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. Ib. e Invoice No. 28 2095 15 ch bro pek 1500 32tid 4 98 Mahapola 2107 21 ch or pek 1680 3 15 15 4 du pekoe 95 2098 28 do pek 2240 29 11 Dambulagalla 11 1 ch dust 96 2101 23 do pek sow 1725 26 12 D 12.3 ch sou 97 2104 15hf-ch fans 975 = 14 Loomont 14 6hf-ch bro pek 99 Battawatte 2i10 24 ch bro pek 2040 46 16 16 1 do peksou 100 2113 30 do pek ea 3i/ 17 17 1 do_ red leaf 101 2116 12 do peksou 950 32 21 Vogan 21 6ht.ch pek fans 102 Clunes 2119 74 hf-ch bro pek 3700 =. 33 22 22.5 do © dust 103 2122 30 ch pek 2400 31bid | 27 Polpitiya 27,1 ch dust 104 2125 20 do pek sou 1800 28 39 Henegama 30 1 ch vro mix 105 2128 21hf-ch hropekfans1155 30 31 31 7hf-ch dust 107 Massena 2134 43hf-ch bro pek 2150 48 34 GS 34 10 hf-ch broor pek 108 2137 34 do pek 1700 = 32 35 , 3512 do orpek 109 2140 27 do peksou 1350) 36 36 2 ch peksou 110 Aberdeen 2143 26 ch bro pek 247048 37 37. 1 do pek fans 111 2146 14 do orpek 1050 41 41 GE 41 6 ch orpek 112 2149 17 do pek 1360 32 43 43 4 do pek 113 2152 8 do bro pekfans760 2 44 44 1 do sou 115 Non Pariel 2158 18hf-ch bro pek 1008 = 553 45 45 2 do fans 4116 2161 14 do pek 700 43 117 2164 18 do pek sou 769 35 119 Talgaswella zine 45 on bro pek 4050 43 . 120 2173 11 do pek 935 33 = 121 ntora 21 16 do Pek sou 1360 29° (Messrs. Somerville & 122 Stamfor Hill 2179 27hf-ch flowery ur Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. 8B Bier tras peroe 1350 60 bid 1 A P inest, 2 Ae or pel 1080 44 mark a 125 Ascot 2188 30hf-ch bro pek 1500 45 PA JOEY 32 : tao hu 126 2191 48 do or pek 2400 36 3 393 13 do bro mix 127 2194 33 ch pek. 2475 22 4 394 1 do red leaf 128 2197 11 do ek sou 990-29 5 Glanrhos 395 4 ch sou 129 _ 2200 10 do ro pekeo 6 Alutkelle 396 8hf-ch bro pek fans 1200 9-25 7 897 6 do pek Lot. Box. — Pkgs. 8 398 G6hf-ch 9 : 399 1 do 16 Ukuwella 6 1 do 29 Minna «+4 19 7 ch 34 Lower_Dickeya 24 2 ht-ch 40 Khattagalla 30 6 ch BL 41 4 do 42 32 2 do 44 Hangranoya 34 3 do 45 Oolapane 35 4hf-ch 49 Salawe 39 2 ch 53 Marigold 43 4hf-ch —8 Ferriby 48 1 ch 59 49 6hf-ch 60 50 4 do 65 Galdola 5b .3-1ch 1 hf-ch 66 Ll ch Sleado 1 hf-ch 68 58 3 ch 1 hf-ch 69 59 1 ch 70 60 1hf-ch 71 San Cio 61 13 do 72 62 5 do 73 63 3 do 74 X OB 64 2 do 79 Ravenscraig 69 4 do 80 70 2 ch 82 Rothes 72 9hf-ch 83 73 7 do 84 74 2 do 85 fio 2 do 8632R J inest. mark76 3 do 88 Pine Hill Ey Bae 89 79 4hf ch 94 Siriniwasa Sie2eich 95 85) (2h do 96 HTinest. mark 86 2hfch 97 87 2 do “98 €8 5 do 99 &9 2 ch 100 SS 90 2 do 107 Tiddydale 97 7 do 116 S 106 1 do CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. Name. sou fans bro pek fans pek sou dust dust pek dust sou sou fans dust pek ou bre mix dust fans con red leaf bro mixed red leaf dust pek fans bro mixed dust bru mixed pek sou red leaf [Mr. E. John.] Lot. Box. pkgs. 1 Patails 819) 85 ch Oran S222 do 4 828 2 do 5 231 1 hf-ch 17 Kila 367 0n4 sch 20 Koslanda 876 3 do “21 379 2 do Oe eae 466 4 do 56 Shannon 484 3hf-ch 59 Agra Ouvah 493 5 ch 66 Horton Flains 514 1hf-ch 67 517 2 do 68 520 2 do 69 KT 523 3 ch 70 Goomera 526 5 do 71 529 4 do 72 Roseneath 532 1hf-ch 73 ESop8 1 2endo, 74 go3:7 L ch 80 Hattangalla 556 8 do 88 Coslanda 580 3 uo 89 583. 2 do 94 CF,in est. mark593 7 hf-ch 96 H 604 6 do 99 RW, in estate _ mark 613 11 do 104 Kotuagedera 628 4 ch 108 Yapame 610 4 hf-ch 109 643 4 do a10 Troup 646 5 ch Name. bro mix bro tea sou dust dust pek sou fans pek fans dust pekoe bro pek No.2 fans dust sou pek sou fans pek sou unas sou pek sou pek sou fans or pek dust or pek pek sou dust fans bro mix {Messrs. Fortes & Walker.) Lot. Box. I’kts. 8 DV 1822 8 Holton 1837 9 BA 1840 13 Shrubs Hill 1852 16 Galkanda 1861 17 1864 18 1867 1hf-ch 21 Dunbar 1876 8 do mwa m ° os = Name. dust pek sou dust dust pek sou bro pek dust dust bro pek lb Lot. Box... Pkgs. 23 DBR 1882 5 ch 24 1885 1 do 25 1888 1 hf-ch 26 Pambagama 192l 6 ch 387 1924 4 do 41 Middleton 1936 5 ch 42 Ismalle 1939 7 ch 44 1945 2 do 49 Bramley 1960 4 hf-ch 52 Abalangodde 1969 5 ch 53 1972 2 do 54 1975 2 do 55 1978 1 do 57 Mahalla 1984 6 ch 58 1987 5 do 59 ESD 1990 2hf-ch 6e St. Feouards on Sea 211 1 ch 67 2014 1 do 84 TK 2065 3 do 85 Sunnycroft 2068 4 ch 86 2071 3 do 87 2°74 3hf-ch 88 2077 6 do 92 Tonacombe 2089 4 ch 906 Clunes Osion chi 1l4 Aberdeen 2155 3 hf-ch 118 Non Pariel 2167 1 do 124 Stamford Hill 2185 6 ch 130 Theberton 2203 4 ch 133 2212 3 do 134 221505) do. 135 2218 3 do 136 Macaldeniya 2221 9 ch 140 233 1 hf-ch 141 2236 3 do 142 2239 1 ch 146 Queensland 1 2: ‘ch 147 2 do 151 Kosgalla 16 8hf-ch 152 19 1 do 153 Letchemy 22 ee LO 155 Uduwera 28 8 ch 156 31 3 do 158 Debatgama 37 2 ch 159 Kelvin 40 5 hf-ch 166 Castlereagh 61 5 ch 167 6t 6hf-ch 168 67 2 do 178 Parsloes OTe each 1799 WS 100 3 ch 1 hf-ch 183 Chesterford 112 6 ch 184 115 3 do 185 Ws 4 do 194 Kabragalla 145 5 hf-ch 197 Scrubs 154 12 do 198 147 14 do 199 160 6 do 204 NWD 175 7 ch 205 178 5 do 206 181 2 do 207 184 3 do 208 187 2 do 210 Ingoya 193 2 ch 219 Yaha Ella 220 6 do 221 GMC 226 3 hf-ch 222 Kelvin 229 1 ch 227 Clyde 244 2 do 231 Dehiowita 256 2 ch 232 2759 3 do 233 262 3 do 236 USA 27L 3 ch Nome. pek sou bro mix dust congou cust pek sou pek sou pek No. 2 bro pek dust bro pek fang red leaf pek sou congou bro tea dust pek sou dust dust bor pek dust pek bro pek fans bro mix pek dust bro or pek or pek bro pek fan3 bro mix bro or pek fans pek pek sou fans dust bro tea pek pek sou fans bro mix bro or pek pek sou congou lb. CEYLON COFFEE SALES IN LONDON, (From our Commercial Correspondent. ) lot 185, 1 cask 108s; 1. p 2, MINCING LANE Oct. 7. ‘ Tantalus’’—Mark Craig 0. pilel, sale lot 1, wharf s12, wl 186, 4 casks 1033; 2, p 3, $13, w1107, 5 casks1 barrel 963; T, p 5,515, x, w1189, 2 tierces 43s6d. JMKin estate mark O, p 8, s16,x, w1192, 1 tierce 1 barrel 383; € 2 p 19, 818, x, w1194, 1 tierce 32s; P, p 11, 819, x, w 1195, 1 barrel 52s; p 12, sl 10, x, w 1 196, 1 barrel 303s. JMK in estate mark, p 13, s 111, x. w1197, 1 barrel 1 cask 49s. CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. “Sinclair’—Mark Mausagalla A, pile 1, sale lot 12, wharf lot 1, 1 tierce 1 barrel 9636d; B, p 2, 8 113, w12, 5 casks 1 tierce 1 barrel 89s; C, p 3, s114 wl 3, 1cask 1 barrel 65s; P, p 4, 3115 w 14, 1 cask] tierce 100s x; IT, p 5, 8116x,w15, 1 barrel 37s. “Jumna’’—Standard Company, St. Leonards 1, pile 1, sale lot 1, dock lot 201, 1 barrel 1063 sold; 2, p 2, s 12, d1 202, 1 cask 1 barrel 106s sold; S, p3, 813, dl 203, 1 cask 1 barrel 92s6d sold; PB,p4, 814, dl 204, 1 90ssold; St, LT in estate mark, p 5, 8s 15, dl 205,1 29ssold; St. L, p 6, 316, d1 206, 1 29s sold. CEYLON COCOA SALES IN LONDON. “Olan Sinclair’—Mark Palli F, 21 bags 77s; 7 bags 653; B, 1 bag 663; Amba A, 2 bags 65s; A, 2 bags 65s; OBSERVER PRINTING WORKS. B, 2 bags 66s; C,7 bags 66s; MAKM in estate mark A, 20 bags 76s; No.1 B, 8 bags 75s; No. 1 C, 23 bags 70s 6d, “City of Sparta’—Warriapolla, 4 bags 75s; 1 bag 72s 6d; 11 bags 738; 2bags 6as 6d; 5 bags 66s; 5 bags 73s 6d; 2 bags 72s 6d; 1 bag 65s 6d; 4 bags 66s. “Inaba Maru’’—Maragalla YA, 10 bags 763; T, 3 bags 66s. “Sinclair’—KK inestate mark, estate cocoa, 20 bage 75s 20 bags 75s; 17 bags 75s; 20 bags 69s; 11 begs 69s. “Staffordshire” —Old Haloya, No. 1 A, 19 bags 77s. “Clan Chisholm’”—KAS&Co, 20 bags 76s; 20 hags 76s; 20 bags 76s; 20 bags 76s; 20 bags 76s. “Clan Fraser'’"—Blarakona, 13 bags 78s x “Asia”—HGA in estate mark, 22 bags 77s x. Small private sales only at 77s. ‘TEA, NO. 44. COLOMBO SALES OF TEA. CoLomBo,; COFFEE, CINCHONA, COCOA, AND CARDAMOM SALES, NovrEeMBER LARGE LOTS. eEhompaor,, and Viilliers.— 38,166 Ib.] Pkegs, Somerville & —149,507 1b, Lot. Box. 3 Ettie 3 4 4 5 5 7h Gy BK 7 8 8 17 Ettie 17 18 18 22 Lynsted 22 23 23 24 24 25 Doragalla 25 26 2¢ 27 27 33 Dambulagalla 33 84 34 36 NG 36 89 Mapitigama 39 40 46 {[Messrs. Lot. Box. 5 Wilpita 115 6 116 8 Razeen 118 9 119 10 120 14 Glentaffe 124 17 Ukuwela 127 18 128 19 129 20 13 21 131 22 Mahatenne 132 23 333 26 Lonach 136 27 137 28 138 29 Kurulugalla = 136 30 140 34 Mousa Eliya 144 35 | c 115 38 PT N, ines- ‘tate mark 148 39 149 41 Yarrow 151 42 152 43 Hemingford 153 48 158 49 169 50 Carney 1€0 51 161 52 162 56 Hangranoya 166 -57 167 58 168 60 Warakamure 170 61 71 62 172 63 173 78 Mousakande 188 80 190 81 191 84 Ivies 194 86 Citrus 196 7 197 88 Harangalla 198 89 399 104 Annandale 214 105 215 106 2'6 107 Rayigam 217 108 Castlemilk 218 109 219 LION ss 220 111 Donside 221 112 222 113 223 114 Illukettia 224 pkgs. 14 hf-ch 22 do 46 bf-ch 52 do 17 hf-ch 18 ch 18 do 19 hf-ch 26 do 14 do Name. lb. bro pek 1000 pek 1100 pek sou 1045 bro pek 2310 ek 765 bro pek 1100 ek 1200 oror pek 1705 bro pek 2200 pek 1390 bro or pek 1210 bro pek 2000 pek 1890 bro pek 2280 ek 855 red leaf 125 bro pek 800 pek 748 Co. Nanie. Ib. bro pek 2100 pek 2400 bro pek 120) pek 1375 pek sou 900 pek dust 12060 broorpek 1550 bro pek 2900 pek 2606 pek sou 1009 bro pek fans1260 bro pek 1000 pek 900 bro pek 3410 pek = 2210 pek sou 1445 bro pek 1200 pek 1800 bro pek 1940 or pek 1300 bro pek 784 sou 1100 bro pek 2576 pek 2600 bro pek 850 pek tans 1080 fans 1440 bro pek 950 pek 1170 pek sou 700 tro pek 1500 pek 2000 pek sou 760 bro pek 1600 bro or pek 850 pek 2375 sou 1350 bro pek 1568 pek 1800 nek sou 1056 dust 1365 bro pek 1900 pek 1800 bro pek 2€60 pek 2880 bro orpek £00 or pek 1092 pek sou 954 dust 1760 pek sou 1620 fans §25 dust 765 bro pek 2205 pek™ 1785 pek sou 1400 bro pek 1120 43 bid 22 bid 14, 1898. Lot. Box. 115 225 116 2°6 119 Hanagama 229 120 230 121 231 123 G A Ceylon 233 127 GB 237 128 IP 233 129 2°9 130 Burnie Brae 240 131 AE T 241 153 Rothes 263 154 AG 264 {Mr. E. Lot. Box. 1 St. Julia 679 5 Vincit 69L 6 694 9 Doonhinda 703 10 706 1l 709 15 Brownlow 72k 16 724 17 727 i8 70 19 733 20 736 21 Kila 739 22 742 28 Cleveland 760 29 763 30 Ottery 766 31 769 32 772 33 Maskeliya 775 34 778 38 Claremont 790 39 793 42 Chapelton 802 44 Rondura 808 45 81L 46 Sl4 43 Agra Ouvah 820 49 823 5) 826 54 Glasgow 833 53 S41 56 S44 57 847 59 Eadella 853 6u 856 61 59 62 862 64 Nahavilla 863 65 871 66 874 68 Pati Rajah 880 69 883 71 Kotuagedera 839 (Messrs. Forbes & Walker.— 277,210 Ib.) 72 892 76 NG, inestate mark 904 77 907 89 Bellongalla 943 99 WK 916 9L 949 94 Mount Temple 958 95 951 96 964 97 967 Lot. Box 1 Karabusna- wa Qr4 5 G 2386 8 Hunasgeria 295 9 298 10 Yataderia 301 ll 3o4 PricB:—1234 cents each 3 copies 30 cents; 6 copies 4 rupee. Pkgs. 9 ch pek 9 do pek sou 36 ch bro pek 1 hf-ch 29 do pek 16 do pek sou 18 ch pek sou 20hf-ch dust 21 ch pek sou 15 hf-ch dust 13 ch per 33 ch pek 19 hf-ch bro pek 15 ch pek Name. Jobn. — 104,136 1k.J Pkgs. Name. lb. 20 hf-ch bro pek 1109 20 do bro pek 1060 il ch pekoe 990 18 do bro pek 1930 28 do pekoe 2800 9 do ek sou 900 25 hf-ch peo or pek 1340 30 do or pek 1560 29 do pekoe 2610 15 do pek sou 1200 9 do bro pekfans 900 lWhf-ch pek fans 750 11 ch bro or pek 1100 10 do 1hf-ch bro pek £95 16 do or pek 800 16 do pekoe 720 30 ch bro or pe 3000 1l do or pe 990 12 do pekoe 1080 13 do broorpek 1300 9 do or pek 900 33 hf-ch bro or pek 1815 10 ch pekoe 900 10 do bro mix 800 37 do bro pek 3700 19 do pekoe 1710 14 do vek sou 1260 7Lhi-ch bro orpek 4544 30 do or pek 1620 9 ch pekoe 855 29 do broor pek 2320 16 do or peE 1040 11 do pekoe 1100 12 do or pek fans 1200 20 do bro pek 2000 20 clo pekoe 1800 do pek sou 1040 i hf-ch fans 1120 3L do bro or pek 1860 21 do bro pek 10350 10 ch pekoe 1000 7 do bro pek 770 10 do pek e 850 25 do bro pek 2125 14 do pekoe 1190 12 do bro pek 1200 12 do pekve 119) 14 do pek sou 1120 26 hf-ch bro or pek 1439 7 ch pekoe 735 44 hf-ch Be or pek 2120 41 do cr pek 1927 24 ch pekoe 1752 20 do pek sou 1100 Pkgs. Name. lb. 19hf-ch bro pek 9°0 14 ch pek sou 1190 10 ch sou soo 12 do yek dust 1 00 24 hf-ch Fe pek fan 1632 15 do bro pek dust 1200 1b. 23 bid 23 bid. 53 bid 20 bid oO 1S 00 00 ee wunwor 16 bid 2 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. DS ic, Lot. Box. pkges. Name. lb. « 12 Yataderia 507 10 ch pek sou 1100.27 175 798 20hf-ch pek 1000 40 13 310 Ilhf-ch pek fans (fee 176 Errollwood 799 16 do broorpek 800 69 14 313 11 do ee pekoe * ae 177 £02 20 do or pek 17005 usi 0) 178 £05 10 do ek sou 800 39 15 Arapo'akan- 179 Bandarawella 808 13 do — or pek de 316 9 ch broor pek 9145 (43 180 811 30 do pek 2580 16 319 39 do bro pek 3432 46 181 814 40 do ek 17 322 34 do pek 2720 34 182 Anningkande 817 12 ch ro pek 19209044 20 L, in estate 183 820 11 do k 0036 mark 32L 7 ch brotea 700 28 184 Uragala 693 i7hf-eh bropek B50 ge 21 Erracht 384 34 ch bro pek 8230 43 190 Pallegodi« 841 25 ch bro or pek 2500 87 22 £37 34 do pek 2550 = 84 191 844 30 do bro pek 3000 = 48 23 340 18 do ek sou 1350 29 192 847 16 do or pek 1440 41 24 343 8 do ro pek fan 840 29 193 850 21 do pek 1575 34 25 316 9 do yek fanus 510 26 194 853 16 do pek sou 1440 38 26. trathspey 349 15 hf-ch or pek 750 babid | 195 856 8 do son 729 59 27 352 17 do ek sou 901 38 19 859 13hf-ch dust 1170 «17 78 Bra nley 25 39 hf-ch bro tea 2040 30 197 Clunes 862 33 do bro pek 2970 «=. 39 29 868 28 do dust 2576 =. 20 198 £65 13hf-ch bro pekfans 780 27 33 870 13hf-ch or pek 715 58 bid 199 868 27 ch pek 2160 32 34 373) Jb) do bro pek §25 39 20 87l 15 do nek sou 1350 29 35 376, 37 do pek 1850 33 222 Patiagama 937. 20hf-ch broor pek 1120 58 36° 379 19 ch pek 1520 28 223 9410 9 ch or pek 765 48 49 Sunnycroft 891 Fhf-ch dust 5720 16 224 913 14 do pek 1190 48 41 Ettapolla 394 22 ch bre pek 1232 35 bid 228 Beechwood 955 23 do bro or pek 3268 37 bid 46 Warrington 409 19hf-ch or pek 1200 51 229 Knavesmire 958 16 do bro pek 1600 40 47 412 16 ch pek 1600 42 230 961 24 do pek 1920 33 50 Gler gariffe 421 w2Ohf-ch bro pek 1000 52 231 964 24 do pek sou 1609 27 61 424 32 do or pek 1600 52 232 967 15hf-ch dust 1350 16 52 427 16 «do bro or pek 1008 61 { 235 TGA 976 18 ch bro or pek 1782 37 bid 53 ‘ 430 10 do pek 1020 43 236 Rockside 979 9 do bro pek fans1035 85 0 Tembeligalla re ue pie oe. pek ae “4 20 MDA 991 20 do bro or pek 1980 328 bid 64 Fairlawn 468 30hf-ch bro pek 1500 62 oo 65 466 35 ao or lg 1575 45 66 469 1L ch pe 990 43 AY LOTS 76 Maragalla 499 24 ab be pek 2688 41 8 vearra Ie LOTS. ate 502 32 do pek 3200-35 Py: ae 78 505 17 do pek sou 1530 34 (Thompson and Villiers.) 80 Torwood 511 14 ch bro or pek 1400 42 gle old 16 do bro pek 1408 47 Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. Ib. S 82 617 11 do or pe 924 i 7 83 520 16 do pekr 121633 1 HGK 1 6 ch bro pek 58881 7 MA 582 28hf-ch brotea 1400 27 2 i 2 Lht-ch redileat i ae ‘ 88 535 12 do dust 960 16 6 GK 6 5 ch or pek 450 = 26-bid £9 528 7 ch bro pek 707.88 9 9 = do seu mt (18 90 541 16 do pek 1296 32 sa $0!» Beado 4. Mine 199 15 96 Maha Uva 459 23hf-ch broorpek 1495 49 ae idehtch tordpele 586 7 662 3% do or pek 1920 4gbia | 22 12 19valo «bro: cpyek ee) 38 98 565 26 ch pekoe 247043 13 : 13,2 ch pek sou 160-28 102 Dammeria 577 17 ch broor pek 2040 48 19 Ettie 19:3 ch 'pek sou 285 27 103 580 21 do orpek 2100 49 » ay Exo. Sareea 2850 i 104 883 28 do pek 2600 38 ha oe 21 emo «'duat 29014 111 Polatagama 6(4 81 ch~ bropek 3100-40 a Braces eee \ ch pek sou 240-38 112 607 40 do or pex 3200 41 2 eee 29 &hf-ch « bromis 2300021 113 610 51 do pek 3825 34 ee 35 6 ch pek sou 475 114 613 16 do pek sou 1360 29 37 Mapitigama 37 Thf-ch bro or pek 871 48 115 Weoya 616 42 ch bro pek 3360-37 7 38 9 do — or pek 405 41 116 619 30 do pek 2400 33 = 41 6 ch peksou — 450 3% ~ 622 2 1 i sou 9 9 2 42 1 do sou 72 28 11% 5 do pek so 2000 28 43 hf rs 118 625 17 do bro pekfani785 28 43 1hfch bropekfans 67 21 119 628 9 do fans 855 24 120 631 15 do dust 1950 19 121 684 9 do bro tea 765 22 i . 125 High Forest 646 32hf-ch broorpek 1696 77 (Messrs. Somerville « Co.) 126 649 20 do or pek 9.0 58 = ts 127 espa lg Bae ok. 1182. By Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. Ib. cc. 128 655 17 ch or pek 1445 39 1 Kotigala 21 Ch bro pek e000 38 129 658 11 do bro pek 1100 39 2 112 5 de pek 575 29 130 661 384 do pek 2890 32 3 113 2 do pek sou 210 20 131 664 13 do pek sou 1170 2 4 114 1 do fans 430 19 133 Carfax 670 15 ch broorpek 1500 63 7 Wilpita 117 5 ch pek sou 450 9-26 134 673 18 do orpek 1620 46 11 zeen 121 4hf-ch fans 300 = 31 135 676 18 do pek 1620 44 12 122 1 do dust 75 15 136 Middleton 679 19hf-ch broorpek 1045 60bid |} 15 125 1 ch _ bro pek 78 30 137 682 15 ch or pe 1500 55 16 126 lhf-ch pek 54 27 138 685 13 do pek 1235 50 24 Mahatenne if orc pek sou 600 31 140 M.D 691. 7 ch broor pek 735 59bid } 25 135 1 do _ red leaf 1009 +19 142 Agra Oya 697 12 ch bro pek 1200 50 31 Kurulugalla 140 Son 2h pek sou 450 31 143 700 11 do or pek 935 39 32 142 2 ch bro tea 180 18 144 703 11 do pek 990 37 33 143 2 do pek dust 260 15 145 706 9 do pek sou 810 36 36 Mousa Eliya 146 4 ch pe 380 32 148 ch bro pek 1100 43 37 147 4 do dust 606 13 149 718 13 ch or pek 118 38 40 PT N, in es- 150 721 11 do pek 960 3A tate mark 150 lhfch dust 80 15 151 724 11 do peksou 990 82 44 Hemingford 154 3 do orpek 220) 33 152 Gallawatte 727 14 ch bropek 1330 9 43 45 15513 do pek 520° 31 153 730 20 do pek 1700 32 46 156 9 do pek sou 402 31 1644 EDYr 733 15hf-ch dust 1200 16 47 157 11 do sou 660 28 157 BDWP 742 22 do bro or pek 1320 34 bid | 53 Carney 163 6hf-ch bro pekfans 300 27 158 745 59 -do bro pek 2655 39 bid 54 164 5 do sou 250 26 160 Freds Ruhe 751 44 ch bro pek 4400 = 48 55 165 3 do dust 150 =«'16 161 754" 32 do pek 2880 33 59 Hangranoya 196 5 ch sou 475 OB 162 747 17 do peksou 1530-30 64 Warakamure 174 l1hf-ch dust & 15 167 Walpita 772 14 ch bro pek 1400 46 73 H, in estate 168 775 11 ek 1045 36 mark 184 2 ch sou 15 22 do p 174 Rowley 793 21hf-ch bro pek 1050 47 5 185 3hf-ch fans 180 21 Seen eee eee ee et lb. CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name, 76 186 lhfch dust 85 77 1873s chi bro mix 255 79 Mousakande 189 Qhf-ch or pek 567 82 192 8 ch fans 608 83 Ivies 193 15 hf-ch sou 600 85 195 6 do fans 300 90 Harangalla 200 6 ch sou 540 96 S, in estate mark 206 6 ch unas 433 97 207 2hf-ch dust 165 98 Koladeniya 208 7 ch bro pek 630 99 209 6 do pek 510 99a, 209 1 do pek a 85 160 210 4 do pek sou 320 101 Galatotta 211 Ghf-ch bro pek 330 102 212 6 do pek 300 103 21352 ‘do pek sou 108 7 ES 227° 2 ch sou 235 1 hf-ch 118 238° 2 ch bro tea 190 122 Hanagama 232 4 ch fans 460 124 DBG 234 5 ch bro mix 500 125 235 1 do “ fans 100 126 236 2hf-ch dust 160 137 GP 247 2 ch pek 196 138 248 6 do sou 552 139 S58 2:9 5 ch pek fans 650 140 250 Shf-ch dust 640 141 Sirisanda 251) 13) chi dust 450 2 D522, do) bro tea 164 143 253 1 do bro pek fans 8S 155 265 6hf-ch bro pe 00 156 266 4 do ek 240 157 267 10 do pek sou 600 158 268 3 do duse 180 1I9SGA 269 5 ch ek sou 485 160 D 270 7hi-ch bro pekfans 480 161 SG 271 5Shf-ch fans 300 162 DD 272 3 ch bro pek 320 [Mr. EH. John.] Lot. Box. pkgs. Name. Ib. 2 St. Julia 682 13hf-ch pekoe 650 3 685 8 do pek sou 400 4 688 2 do fans 110 7 GB 697 7 do bro pek 420 8 700 7 do pekoe 315 12 Doonhinda 712 4 do dust 320 13h KP A eG) dust 300 14 {Sta SenGG. fans 624 23 Eila 745 § ch or pek 60) 24 748 4 do pekoe 280 25 751 7-do pek sou 560 26 754 2hf-ch sou 100 27 (oval do dust 85 35 Maskeliya 781 5 ch pekoe 500 36 784 2 do pek sou 200 37 7387 2hf-ch dust 180 40 Claremont 796 3 do pek dust 255 41 799 3 bags red leaf 195 43 Rondura 805 7 ch or pek 630 47 817 6 do dust 390 58 KT 850 3 do sou 285 63 Eadella 865 6hf-ch dust 540 67 Pati Rajah 877 7 ch or pek 630 70 Kotuagedera 886 4 do broorpek 400 73 895 2 do pek sou 170 74 898 4hf-ch dust 820 75 9)1 6 do _ bro pek fans 390 78 NG, in estate mark 10 6 ch pek sou 600 79 913 3 do bro mix 300 92 WE 952 5Shf-ch dust 410 106 D Lot. Karabusnawa Beverley G Arapolakan- de Sunnycroft Ettapolla Harrington Glengariffe F, in estate mark TBG Tembeligalla Fairlawn K’Dola Maragalla Torwood Maha Uva Dammeria A Kirklees Ruanwella Middleton BPS Agra Oya IBEDIWEE: WA Walpita Uragala Moralioya Wolleytield WwW 225 Patiagama New Galway Rockside 3 {Messrs. Forbes & Waiker.] Box. Pkts. Name. Ib é. 277 9) ch pekoe 450 35 280 1 do pek sou 50 2 z83 3 box dust 261 16 289 4 ch sou 340 28 292 2 do pekdvst 270 = «15 325 6 ch pek sou 540 28 328 3 do dust 330 16 382 4 ch pek sou 400 29 3885 3 do congou 300 28 388 2hf-ch bro tea 150 17 397 8 do pek 448 20 400 2 do pek sou 112 28 403 1 ch dust 82 15 406 7hf-ch broor pek 392 78 415 2 ch pek sou 180 36 418 2hf-ch dust 180 17 433 7 do pek fans 420 34 436 6 do dust 480 21 439 1 ch or pek 102 35 442 2hf-ch_ red leaf 154 19 445 2 do bro mix 130 18 449 Qhf-ch or pek 540 45 457 10 do pek sou 500 30 460 3 do dust 240 16 472 Shf-ch pek sou 360 3 475 3 do dust 240 24 490 3 ch bro or pek fans 360 25 493 3 ch fans 360 21 496 3 do dust 360 il 508 3 ch dust 360 15 523 §- ch pek sou 624 30 526 8hf-ch bro pek fan £660 24 bid 529 7 do dust 490 17 568 6 ch pek sou 540 3 571 lhf-ch pek fans 85 21 674 3 do dust 270 18 586 5 ch pek sou 500 34 589 4 ch unas 490 32 592 4 do dust 400 16 595 1 ch congou 92 31 598 3 do pek fans 360 30 601 6 do dust 570 18 667 6 ch dust 480 14 688 4 ch pek sou 350 39 694 2 ch pekoe 200 27 709 1 ch dust 80 18 712 3 do fans 225 31 748 7Thf-ch or pek 595 16 760 1 ch bro mix 110 23 763 1 do dust 160 17 778 8 do pek sou 680 31 826 5hf-ch pek 225 28 829 5 do pek sou 225 26 832 1 do unast 5 24 835 2 do pek sou 80 18 838 1 do dust 70 18 874 1 ch fans 95 30 907 1 do bre pek 95 38 910 2 do pek 190 28 913 1 do 1hf-ch fans 160 20 916 1 do bco mixed 5 20 919 2 ch pek 199 28 922 1 do bro mixed 100 24 946 1 do pek sou 85 35 919 4hf-ch dust 340 17 952 3 do fans 195 29 970 4 do bro pek 240 8 8=85 73 4 do pek 220 53 982 6 ch sou 480 29 985 3 do bro mixed 270 21 988 4 do dust 520 23 . OBSERVER PRINTING WORKS. Bw aT ° ‘ 4. wad A mae hawt Rha oy De Gi ole Oh ! , Bee ¥ beh ee is Sa (sp dom ant eo” Septys id eae i | oy tai ne ee be Fe ee ee ox THA, COFFEE, CINCHONA, COCOA, AND CARDAMOM SALES. Pricn:—123 cents each 3 copies 30 cents; 6 copies 4 rupee. Name. lb. bro pek 1350 pek 1800 pek sou 1050 bro pek 1995 pek 1615 bro pek 2300 pek 1800 pek sou 900 bro pek 1800 pek 2970 dust 960 bro pek 715 pek 770 bro pek — 3600 pek 1620 bro pek 700 fans 800 bro pek 1100 ek 935 pek sou 1040 bro pek 2500 or pek 968 pek 2610 pek sou 1496 pek fans 910 unas 840 bro pek = 1100 ek 1125 pek sou 800 dust 1170 bro pek ~=-.2016 pek 1080 bro pek fans 840 bro pek 1650 pek 1520 pek 1335 bro pek 2340 pek sou 1275 pek fans 737 sou 990 bre pek 1900 pek 935 dust 1160 or pek 1092 pek sou 1680 bro pek 950 pek 2992 pek sou 1520 pek fans 2475 pek sou 1100 fans 770 bro pek 1254 pek 720 bro pek 1600 dust 810 elk 1520 bro pek 4300 bro or pek 2400 or pek 19u0 pek 2200. pek sou 12¢0 unas 700 [Mr. BH. John.—150,692 tb.] NO. 45 Cotompo, NovemBer 21, 1898. i COLOMBO SALES OF TEA. Lot. Box. Pkgs. aes os 95 Ferriby 375 30 hf-ch X 4 96 376 20 ch LARGE LOTS. 97 377-14. do ar shee : 110 T'yspane 390 21 ch [Fhompson and Villiers.— 111 391 19 do 274 |} 112 Glenalla 892 23 ch 81,374 I.] 113 393 20 do : e y 114 394 10 do Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. c. 121 Harangalla 118 ch 1 RG 112 ch bor or pek 720 43 122 2 33 do 5 5 9 do dust 720 15 123 3. 8 do 11 Daluk Oya 1L 1% hf-ch bro or pek 780 45 bid | 126 Corfu 6 11 ht-ch 12 12 18 do or pek 990 37 bid 128 8 14 do 13 13 13 do pek 715 33 132 Walahandua 12 36 ch 14 Doone Vale 14 114 boxes bro pek 1488 40 133 13 18 do 15 15 102 do pek 1370. 33 135 Wallasmulle La 17 ch 24 Augusta 24 6 ch dust 900 16 138 18 8 do 25 Cooroondo- 139 Woodthorpe IQDL ich watte 25 19hf-ch bro pek 950 44 140 20 11 do 26 ¥ 26 55 do pek 2750 BL 141 21 13 do 28 Belgodde 28 19 do bro pek 950 45 bid | 149 Rayigam 29°25 ch 29 29 14 do pek 700 32 150 30 11 do 88 OSS inest. 151 31 29 ‘do mark 38 25 ch bro or pek 1750 51 bid | 152 32 17 do 40 40 21 do or pek 1365 39 bid | 153 Ovoca A I 33 14 hf-ch 41 41 32 do pek 2210 36 164 34 ch 45 Dambulagalla 45 85 do bro or pek 85090 38 bid 159 Ambalawa 39 22 hf-ch 46 46 50 do or pek 5000 32 bid 160 40 25 do 51 Lynsted 5L 17 hf-ch peksou 850 40 161 41 20 do 64 Myraganga 54 41 ch bro pek 4100 45 bid | 165 BE 45 13 ch 65 55 11 do broor pek 1155 51 bid | 167 Marigold 47 36 hf-ch 56 56 33 do pek 2970 37 168 48 20 do 57 bf, 225) do pek sou 2000 34 171 61 12 do 61 D 6L 24 do bro pek 2280 30bid | 172 Hapugasmulle 62 15 ch 62 Hornsey 62 10 do pek sou 1000 38 173 53 135 do 63). ae: 63 25 do fans 2000 2! 173 KG 68 14 ch 64 NY 64 22hf-ch or pek 1210 39 bid 1 hf-ch 65 Pathulpana 65 13 do bro pek 715 34 bid 185 R C T Ff, in es- ‘ far tate mark 65 26 ch 188 ha 68 Towichi e [Messrs. Semervilie & Co. es LO de bee —211,515 Ib, ] 192 Honiton 72 19 ch 193 73° 11 ‘do Lot. Box. pkgs. Name. Ib: 147 1438 8 do pek sou 720 40 318,882 1b.] - | 151 Elsmere 1450 30 do. bro pek 390056 ES j 15' 1453 29 hf-c pek 1794 43 Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. Ib. 2) 155 Castlereagh 1462 17 ch bropek 1700 56 3 AMB 1006 22 ch pekoe 1936 27 156 1465 17 do or pek 1445 46 5 N 1012 24 do bro tea 3120 17 «137 1468 16 do pek 1280 39 6 Ingrogalla 1015 10 do bro pek 1000 43 166 Pantiya 1495 5 du dust 720 15 7 1018 9 do pek 765 37 169 A 1504 12 ch pek sou 1080 = out 10 Mansfield 1927 44hf-ch bro pek 2640 60 bid | 179 Farnham 1£34 50hf-ch bro pek 3000 «56 1) 1030 23 ch pek 2070 40 180 1537 28 do pek 1540 41 13 Bon Accord 1036 1¢hf-ch bro pek 810 45 184 Tymawr 1549 26 do or pek 1170s GB 16 Mousakelle 1045 26 ch broorpek 2600 44 bid | 185 1572 44 do pek 1760044 7 17 1048 26 do pek 2600 Bi} 186 1555 23 do nek son 1035 39 20 Shrubs Hill 1057 50 do bro pek 4800 45 bid | 187 Penrhos 1568 20 do bro pek 1120 59 bid 21 1060 20 do pek 1720 37 bid | 188 1561 22 ch pek 1870 40 28 Glencorse 1081 21 do bro pek 1890 39 191 Tavalamtenne 1570 10 do broorpek 1000 45 29 1084 14 do broorpek 1400 55 194 P’Kande 1379 G4 do bro pek 6080 44 30 1087 17 do pek 1360 33 195 1582 65 do pek 5525 35 31 1098 12 do pek sou 900 30 196 1585 10 deo pek sou 800 30 34 Kelaneiya 1099 32 do bro orpek 2720 47 203 Stamiord Hilll606 33 hi-ch floorpek 1650 7i 35 1102 27 do pek 2700 3936 204 1609 15 ch or pek 1350 59 38 Dewalakande 1111 25hf-ch broorpek 1250 52 bid | 211 Naseby 1630 30hf-ch bropek 1890 59hbid 39 1114 380 ch or pek 2850 37 bid | 212 ze 1633 17 do pek 884 55 40 1117 33 do pek 2640 34 213 1636 21 do pek sou 1113 40 41 1120 18 do pek sou 1350 30 221 Halwatura 1660 64 do bro pek 6400 41 bid 42 1123 15 do bro pek fan 1250 27 222 1663 28 do or pek 2660 37 43 1126 25 hf-ch ust 1750 17 223 1666 28hi-ch bro fek fan 1680 28 bid 45 DMV 1132) “12> (chi bro pek 1116 39 224 Chesterford 1669 45 ch bro pek 4500 48 46 1135 14 do pek 1176 32 225 1672 37 do pek 3700 36 50 Battawatte 1147 23 do bro pek 2530 47 bid | 226 1675 28 do pek sou 2800 33 51 1150 27 do pek 2565 38 227 1678 11 do fans} 290 30 52 1153 12 do pek sou 960 35 228 HGM 1681 14 do bro or pek 1232 49 53;Grange Gar- 229 1684 23 de bro pek 1840 41 dens 1156 26 do broorpek 2600 48 230 1687 35 do pek 3150 36 54 #1159 17 do pekoe 1700 = 86 231 1690 18 do pek sou 153032 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. Lot Box. Pkgs. Name. lb, 232 RA W in est. mark 1693 15 ch bro pek 1500 933 1696 11 do ek 880 239 Kirindi 1714 14 do bro pek 1400 240 1717 i5 do ek 1275 241 1720 17 do pek sou 1560 255 Dunkeld 1762 74hf-ch bro or pek 4440 256 1765 22 ch bro pek 1980 257 1768 J4 do or pek 1330 281 Hatton 1840 i18hf-ch bro pek 1044 282 1843 19 ch pek 1615 283 1816 17 do pek sou 1360 2386 MCE 1855 10 do bro pek 1000 289 Hornsey 1864 34 do or pek 3400° 290 1867 440 box bro or pek 800 291 1870 18 ch pek 1800 298 Yataderiya 1882 15 hf-ch br pek dust 1200 SMALL LOTS. [Thompson and Villiers.] Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. Ib. 2 RG 2 6 ch or pek 570 3 3. do pek 510 4 4 5 do pek son 475 1¢ Doon Vale 16 1 do pek sou 85 17 17 1 do fans 100 27 Cooroonda- watte 27 2hf-ch = dust 160 30 Belgodde 30 2 do sou 135 31 31 2 do dust 140 32 Relugas BY red leaf 95 33 333 do dust 390 39 O SSin est. mark 89 5 do bre pek 300 42 42 7 ch pek sou 560 43 43 2 do sou 150 44° 44 2hf-ch dust 150 52 Lynsted 52 8 do bro pek fans 640 53 GS 53 12 do or pek 586 58 Myraganga 58 6 ch dust 510 59 59 1 do red leaf 80 60 60 6hf-ch pek fans 420 66 Pathulpana 6610 do ek 500 67 67 7 do pek sou 350 68 ¢8 3 do sou 135 69 v9 1 do bro mix 50 (Messrs. Somerville « Co] Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. Ib. 4 Glenalla, 284 2hf-ch dust 150 5 285nalenchi fans 100 13 Galphele 293 2hf-ch dust 160 14 294 1 do sou 45 17 Charlie Hill 297 12 hf-ch pek sou 600 18 293 7 do bru pek fans 420 21 Meetiyagoda 301 4 ch pek sou 380 22 302 1 do bre dust 125 23 803 1 do ved leaf 125 27 Dalhousie 307 4hf-ch fans 240 28 308 4 do dust 280 38 K, in estate mark 318 2hf-ch dust 158 39 319 3 ch bro mix 231 41 St. Catherine 321 6 ch pek 434 42 322 Lhf-ch. pek sou 63 43 323 1 do dust 78 51 Blinkbonnie 331 2hf-ch dust 150 52 Califorina 332) 7 ch bro pek 65S 54 334 5 do pelk sou 500 55 Matale 35 4 ch dust 609 63 Monrovia 343. 6 ch pek sou 540 64 - 344 1 do bro tea 87 65 845 2 do pek dust 286 70 Nugawella 850 3 ch peksou 255 71 : 351 4hf-ch dust 340 77 Warakamure 357 2hf-ch ~ dust 189 78 Maligatenne 358 3 ch bro pek 300 79 369 5 do pek 455 80 360 4 do pek sou 810 81 861 3 do bro sou 255 2 362 1 do dust 119 $3 363 6 ch unas 560 84 Wevatenne 364 6hf-ch bro pek 360 85 865 6 do pek 312 86 3866 4 ch pek sou 368 89 Kosgahahena 369 4 ch pek sou 400 90 870 2 do sou 180 91 Citrus 37L 4 ch bro pek 400 92 372 8 do pek 270 93 373 2 do pek sou 200 94 378 5 do fans 500 46 bid 66 bid 43 16 Lot. Box. 98 Ferriby 378 99 379 100 380 109 Yspa 389 115 Glenalla 395 124 Harangalla 4 125 Ukuwela 5 127 Corfu 7 129 9 130 10 31 ll 134 Walahandua 14 136 Wallasmulle 16 137 17 142 Woodthorpe 22 143 23 144 Primrose Hill 24 145 25 146 26 147 27 148 28 155 Ovoca Al 35 Hkgs- af hf-ch Name- sou fans dust fans dust sou bro tea or pek pek sou fans red leaf pek sou sou sou unas fans dust unas pek No. 1 dust pek sou bro pek pek con dust Sou dust sou unas dust unas No. [Mr. E. John.] 158 WVT 38 166 BE 46 169 Marigold 49 170 50 174 Hapugasmulle 54 175 55 176 56 V7 57 183 WD 184 e4 186 RC T F, in estate mark 66 187 67 189 63 194 Honiton 74 195 75 196 LL 76 198 HB 78 205 Suriawatte 85 208 D W, in estate mark 86 207 Weigampola 87 8 88 210 90 12 92 217 HEGEL 97 218 Lawrencewatte 98 219 99 221 B, in estate merk 101 222 102 2SNIT 108 Lot Box. 1 Agra Ouvah 970 3 976 12 Polduwa . 3 15 SW 12 16 Little Valley 15 19 24 20 27 23 EK 36 39 GE S4 40 87 41 SO 42 93 49 Lameliere i114 50 117 66 Evalgolla 165 67 168 68 171 71 BS 180 72 183 738 Farm 186 75 Marakona 192 78 Agra Ouvah 201 81 Digiela 83 Gonavy 84 g5'= 86 Suntravalle 89 Madde 91 Theresia 92 93 96 Lameliere 97 u . oo: 102 Poilakande 27 bro mix or pek pek sou dust bro mix or pek pekoe pek dust fans pek sou pek fans pek sou fans dust pek sou dust dust dust pek pek fans dust congou unas red leaf bro mix sou dust pek sou pek fans pek sou 15 bid 4 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. Lot. fox. Pkgs. Name. lb e Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb cc, 103 276 7hf-ch bro pek fans 527 w 161 Farnham 1540 12hf-ch pek sou 600 B4 ine Gampai 285 7 ee pee 560 35 bid | 182 1543 6 ch ox fans 450 48686 10 288 3 do pek sou 276 31 bid 183 1546 1 do ust 75 16 108 291 phic pe orpek 396 43 189 Penrhos 1564 65 oes = sou 400 B4 109 204 1 do ust 2 17 190 1567 4hf-e ans Bu0 26 112 Sinna Dua 303 5 ch pek sou 410 31 192 Tavalamitenne 1573 4 ch pek 360 34 113 306 Z2hf-ch dust 180 16 193 1576 2 do 114 309 1 ch red leaf 100 14 bid lhf-ch pek sou 215 81 120 Craigen 327 11 hf-Uh or pek 550s 38 197 P’Kande 1588 6 do dust 610 «=—6 124 oN kK 339 8 ch sou 640 39 205 Stamford Hill 1612 8 ch pek 680 40 125 342 5hf-ch dust 400 16 214 P 1639 1 box or pek 1s 62 126 Kotuagedera 3145 3 ch or pek 800 = 33 234 RAW inest 138 Suduganga 381 3 do pek fans 875 34 big ; mark 1 7 ee x sou 560 83 35 1702 1 do ust Ia3 236 1705 1 do bro mixed 105 4 (Messrs. Forbesr & Walker.| 27 KM _ 1708 2 do pe 189 43 Lot, Box. Pkgs, Name. Ib. e, a Kirindi — : pe -. 16029 ( Ye: : ; 17 0 us 79 «16 , Avoca i Mag ae Dek fan ~_ = 247 Kalupahana 1738 7 hf-ch or pek 354 85 4 AMB 10¢9 8 do bro peksou 680 19 248 Ly a ly Pe 0 at 8 Boerozela ; 1021 2 do peksou 170 ~=30 uae 8 = s vo ed 4 +4 9 in est- ; ma atemark 1024 3 do dust 360-17 251 JSF 1760 1 do -broorpek #70 12 Mansfield 1033 8 do peksou G4L 36 260 Blairgowrie 17:7 3 do bro pek 83644 14 Bon Accord 1039 6 de pek 600 39 a soa r + Le 4 = 15 1042 1 do ek sou 100 = 30 iy = . aa 18 Mousskalle 1051. B.do 4. son 300 30 263 _ 17861 do dust 70 19 1054 4hf-ch dust 320-16 272 Kotagaloya 1813 6 ch pek 54935 22 Shrubs Hill 1063 8 ch pek sou 660 30 273 1816 1 do pek sou 85 30 23 1066 6 do bropekfans 462 20bid | 274 Sadamulla 1819 2 do sou 180 16 24 Hurstpierpoint 1669 5 do bro pek 500 8L 284 Hatton 1819 2hf-ch dust 16018 26 1072 3 do elk 270 95 285 1852 3 do bro tea 160 20 26 1075 4 do “a sou 360 22 = nt Ln ey hog + ? 177 27 1078 2 do dust 200 15 2s & ror pek fans0l 17 32 Glencors2 1093 1 do dust 155 15 296 Hayes 1885 1 do golden tips 50 R2-50 BB ea 1096 1 do Eek fans 120 «(24 _— mae 3 elaneiya 1105 2 do ust 230 »=«:19 . < , 37 y 1108 3 do sou 800 99 CEYLON COCOA SALES IN LONDON. 44 Dewalakande 1129 4 do bro tea 280 26 ——_ ea Toe ae oo ete ae newer (From our Commercial Coriespondent. ) 49 Megane ron 55 U8 MINCING LANE Oct. 28, ~ 55 Grange Gardens 1162 3 ioe, pek sou 300 3l Mark A, Elmshurst, sale lot 1, 13 bags ont at 682. 56 1165 3hf-ch dust 255 18 B ditto, sale lot 3, 3 bags sold 66s. 57 G, in estatemark 1168 2 ch _ red leaf 200-18 a Glenalpin, sale lot + 24 bice ant 63 M’Golla §-: 1186 1 do. fans 85. l4 B ditto, sale lot 4, Lbag sold 658, 41 bags. 68 St. Heliers 1201 6 do peksov 54082 En inclair”—Palli a? ag 7 Weyungawatte 1228 3 be pek sou 255 40 ; pees eine ul weet KKM s re 8 1231 3hf-ch dust 240 «16 ‘Kamakura Mara’— 50 5 81 Scrubs 1240 12 do pek 540045 y T o x 82 a 1243 14 do pek sou 630 29 CEY LON CO SALES IN 85 Beausejour 1252 2 ch peksou 170-29 Y 86 we 1255 2 do fans 200 = 25 cUactny— I) 5 Oy pan 87 Mawiliganga- ‘Nestor —V In estate mark, 4 cases 3s 8d; lc 8s watte 1258 17 boxes bro or pek 697 50 7d. Tonacombe special No. 1, 8c 33 1d; 2 3s 3d. 88 12\1 17 hf-ch or pek 680 44 “Kamakura Marn’’—Eltwood in estate mark, 2 cases a An me 4 ag ans pan wd 2s 6d; 3 ge 03 1 case 2s; 2 cases 38 11d; AK in 5 m Z estate mark, 2c 2s 4d. 94 1279 5 do bro tea 500 30 : = 96 Ingurugalla 1285 2 do red leaf 180 20 “Nestor’—HGA ee in estate mark, 6 cases 23 101 Great Valley, 6d; 3 cases 23 7d; 2, 19 cases 254d; 3, 3 cases Is 10d. Ceylon, in ah to Te SB, 3 oot . ae _HGA pipes in estate mark, 10 estate mark 1° o sou 170 =. 29 cases 38 4d; in estate mark, 20 cases. Ditto ap Sha ere 1303 2 do fans 200 «26 B&S in estate mark, 2 cases Is 10a; ditto B&S, 1 case A . 11d; ditto Malabar in estate mark, 2 cases ls 11d mark 1515 4hf-ch pek fans 300 «17 “Dp: ay : ; ae 499 Morankande 1384 6 ch Bek Sok 40. 31 “Pindari’—M Mysore in estate mark, 2 cases 2s 6d; 130 1387 2hf-ch Lro pekfans 162 19 AME 10 estate mark, 2 cases 2s. Aa A leo 1 do pek fans 2 16 : ee —HGA Mysore in estate mark, 4 cases , 93 2 y 5 ‘ ; 148 Marguerita 1441 2 ch at E 120 30 * “Orestes” HGA Mysore in estate mark,2 cases 149 _ i444 3 do dust 240 20 382d; 3, 2e 1s 9d. 150 KW D, in xi = gy see mark 1447 3hf-ch dust 180 9-48 ‘ cere =e P ee 1s 10d; le 2s id. 153 Erlsmere 1456 2 ch pek sou 190 26 : res) Ue He Ue 154 1459 Shf-ch dust 656 19 ‘“Nestor’”’—D in estate mark Tonacombe special, 4 158 Castlereagh 1171 3 ch pek sou 240 33 cases 3s 8d; 1 case 3s7d; No. 1, 8c 3s 1d; 2 cases 3s 3d: re i474 6hf-ch fans ; 420 = -30 No.2, 6 cases 2s 6d; No.3, 3 cases 3s 1d; 1 case 2s lla: TED. testers 1477 2 do dust 160 17 D Kobo Mysore O in estate mark, 11 cases 3s 8d; mark 1480 3 ch dust 925° 17 Ho. an ee bs iS sats aoe 10 cases Sa,8d; 2 exces 162 1483 2 do bro tea 195 18 s 4d; 4 cases 3s 3d; No. 3, 6 cases 2s 7d; 3 cases 2s 3d; 163 1486 2 do peksou 155 34 S in estate mark, 6 cases 2s 23; 4 cases 2s 11d; B in 1. pandg, ae meen Loe eh “3 eee aes: 6 mare 2s 9d; 1 case 23104. 19 | Fantiyg c red lea 2 s “Benledi’’— in estate mark, 2 cases 2s 5d; 2 ie ee ame go eer a ee ihbf-ch pek 242 24 ; guns. : : 170 1507 5 ch 2 *“Staffordshire”—Cottaganga AA in estate mark, 1. i Lhf-ch bro pek fans 609 17 case 3s ld; 4 cases 2s 7d; 2 cases 2s 3d; 1 case 3s 1ld- 171 1510 8 ch bropekdust 600 13 5 cases 38 3d; 2 cases 2s 9d; lease 2s 10d; 2 cases og ’ ws ae 2 ge saree aes | Ba, carne a | 174 N 1519 3hfch bio Sok No. Lebo ™aF “Java"—2 cases 38 1d; 2 cases 3s 2d. 175 1522 6 ch pekoe EAO.« 196 “‘Nestor”—Vedehette cardamoms, EX in estate 176 ipo ihechie pek fans 63 «IR mark, 1 case 3s 8d; 4 cases 3s 4d; 2 cases 2s 6d; 4 cases ae 1528 1 ch or pek 5340) 2s 7d; 1 case 2s 10d; 4 cases Is lld. Nichola Oya 178 1531 5 do peK fans 45@ 19 No. 1, 2 cases 3s 4d; ditto No.2, 4 cases 2s 6d. OBSERVER PRINTINS WORKs. t3 TEA, COFFEE, CINCHONA, COCOA, AND CARDAMOM SALES. $1 40 31 bid 27 29 45 34 31 40 32 29 61 57 bid 3U So 35 293 Prick:—-125 cents each 3 copies Nov: Q NO. 46 Corompo, Novemper 29, 1898. | 30 cents ; 6 copies 4 rupee. COLOMBO SALES OF TEA, Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. — 85 Mahatenne 195 14 oe bro pek 1400 \Q &6 196 10 do pek 1000 LARGE LOTS. 8&7 197 8 do ae sou 800 SS Be A 88 Maddagedera 193 5L ch bro pek 5100 (Thompson and Villiers.— 89 199 26 ch pek 2310 ie 90 200 £0 do pek sou 1600 75,799 Ib.) aL 20L 52 do bro pek 5200 92 202 24 oO yek 2280 Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. c. ea poston de Le Bete ayers 3 Ahmad 3 I4hf-ch pek sou 700 =—-26 94 Gwernet 204 22° ch bro pek 2200 6 Rambodde 6 30 do ro pek (1650 45 95 205 16 do pek 1520 i 7 32 do yek 1600 36 96 206 135 do pek sou 150 8 8 15 do pek sou 780 52 98 WHG 208 31 ch bro pek 3100 9 9 11 do fans 770 33 99 Penrith 209° 7 ch dust 1015 11 Costwold 1127,-ch broor pek 1620 43 bid 100 Ukuwella 210 21bf-ch broorpek 1155 412 12 12 do 101 DTS) chi bro pek 16500 1hf-ch or pek 1190 35 bid 102 212 16 do pek 1600 13 13 ‘dz ch pek 1020 32 103 213 12 do pek sou 1200 7 Myraganga 17 12 do bro pek 1200 26 bid 104 KK 2142118 ich sou 905 19 Dambulagal!a 19 43 do bro pek 4300 30 105 M D R, in es- 20 20 16 do pek 1600 28 tate mark 215 36 ch bro pek 3600 23 Ugieside 23 10 do bromixed 1050 24 106 216 36 do pek 3460 27 KDC 27 8 do bro pek 710 36 bid 107 Al EBL ATK) pek sou 2970 30 Agarsland 30 1ihf-ch bro or pek 840 36 103 218 14hf-ch dust 1100 31 31 45 do bro pek PATS 46 bid 19 BI 219° 25 chi pek sou 1875 32 . 32°25 do pek 1250 35 110 Sudbury 220 4% do bro pek 4200 33 33 82 do pek sou 1600 31 11L 221 16 do pek 1440 35 Doragalla 35 2t do bro or pek = 1320 45 bid 112 2:2 20- do pek sou 1900 36 18 ch bre pek 1800 46bid | 115 Blinkbonnie 225 33hfch pek 1254 37 37 16 do pek 1440 25 11s Annandale 226 18hf-ch or pek 900 38 338 11 do pek No. 2 935 32 117 227 12 do bro pek 720 41 Henegama 41 13 do bro pek fans 130) v4 118 228 22 do pek 1056 44 Warwick 44 14 ht-ch pek sou 756 41 1LOR Pat 41) chi sou 990 46 Henegama 46 14 ch bro pek fans 1400 24 141 Kudaganga 251 10 ch bro pek 1006 53 Yatiyantota 53 8 do ek 720 27 142 252 13 do pek 1235 54 G 54 22 do pek 2530 15 bid 146 Narangoda. 256 33 ch bro pek 3900 55 S 55 29 do red leaf 2550 11 7 207 323 do peck 3133 56 taluk Oya £6 13hf-ch bro or pek 730 44 bid 148 258 16 do pek sou 1440 57 57 18 do or pek 990 42 59 SSinest. mark 68 10 ae Bek sou 990 2L bid 60 Ginest.mark 60 10 do — pek sou 930 19 r Ae ROK 1}. 61 Dambulagalla 61 $5 go bro of pek $5u0 39 {Mr. BE. John.—165,720 th.] 62 32 50 do or pe 6000 31 c coes N ae Rois BEC pee SosUmO Lot. Box. pkges. Mame. Ib. 64 MGW 64 56hf-ch bro pek 2900 ~—-38 bid 4 Bokotua 403 17 ch bro pek 1760 lv Mcerahela 426 40 do bro pekoe 3752 ai Tey Ml 429 30 do bro or pek 2000 [Messrs. Somerville & Co. Ue fee eae a4 per ee) —155,217 Ib,] 14 Oonoogaloya 438 25 do bro pek 2500 5 X. ykos, : X ; 15 441 20 do pek 1600 Lot. Box pkg Name Ib. ¢ 16 Murraythwaite 44+ 15 do bro pek 1425 1 GW lll 14 ch — sou 980 26 17 447 18 do pekoe 1530 5 Ingeriya 115 43hf-ch bro pek 2150-38 21 Kila 459 43 do broor pek 3.0) 6 116 33 do ek i680 33 22 462 43 do bropek 3655 7 117 36 «do pek sou 1728 3) 23 163 28 do 8 18 13 do pek fans —- 1089 36 Lhf-ch or pek 2000 10 Mary Hill 120 18hf-ch bro pek 1008 45 24 468 1i ch pekoe 935 1 121 15 do pek 75U BL 25 47L 21 do 14 Bogahagoda Lhf-ch veksou 1725 watte 124 13 ch bro pek 1235 41 27 BC $77 28 ch bro pek 2860 15 : 125 10 do pek 900 33 23 480 21 do pek 16:0 22 Deniyaya 132 45 ch bro pek 4540 33 bid | 29 North Pundal- “23 133 13 do pek 130034 oya, LD 483 14 hi-ch or pek 700 24 134 8 do pek sou L603 30 486 15 do bro or pek 825 26 Kurulugally 135 12 do bro pek 120 41 31 489 8 ch pek 730 27 137 15 do pek 1350 33 34 Brownlow 493 £7 hf-ch bro or pek 1485 29 B, in estate 35 5UL 28 do or pek 1456 mark 13 9hf-ch dust 720 16 36 504 Bi ch pekoe 2790 35 Gingranoya 1450 «Ohf-ch dust (CH) = Bir 37 507 15 do peksou 1245 33 Mossville 148° #9 ch red leaf 810 19 38 510 9 do bro pek fans 900 39 Lonach 149 62if-ch bro pek 3410 43 29 513 hfch dust 720 40 150 26 ch pek 2295 34 40 Lickapittiva 516 26 ch bropek 2600 41 15L 19 do — pek sou 1520 30 41 519 82 do pekve 3200 47- Neboda 167 33 ch bro or pek 13 0 39 44 528 1lhf-ch fans 715 48 168 40 do bre pek 4000 41 46 Hattangalla §84 16 ch bro pek 1440 49 159 26 do pek 2600 23 47 587 19 do pek 1425 50 160 16 do pek sou 1280 29 49 S, in estate 52 X Y Z, ines- mark 10 do fans 1000 tate mark 162 14 ch bro pek 1400 48 50 10 do sou 850 67 Panapitiya 167 §$ ch_ pek 850-29 55 Yapame s do ber pek Sco 1 hf-ch 56 14 do pe oe 1260 69 Mipitiakande 1f9 31 ch pek sou 2480 30 57 15 do pek sou 1280 62 Warakamure 172 10 ch bro pek 1000 35 65 Rendura 32 do bor pek 3200 63 173 18hf-ch bro or pek 900 34 66 21 «do pek 1890 64 174 14 ch pek 1330 31 bid 67 10 do pek sou 900 65 175 10 de sou 900 28 69 Agra Ourah 54hf-ch broorpek 8776 72 Labugama 182 28ht-ch bro pek 1400 36 bid | 70- 5 do or pek 1350 13 183 26 ch pek 2340 2 72 Pati Rajah S ch bro pek 830 74 184 13 do pek sou 1040 29 73 2 do ekoe 1020 75 185 7 do bro pek fans $40 33 74 Ridgemont 7 do Fra pek 1717 76 Fairfield 186 16hf-ch bro pek 880 36 79 Orange Field 1 do bro pek 1100 i7 187 19 do pek 950 SL 80 5 do pek 1470 2 CEYLON Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lox NCS Lot. Box. 84 Keenagaha Ella 648 25 ch broor pek 2625 40 bid | 108 Matale 2206 85 65L 20 do pekoe 1300 82 tid 109 2209 9) Mocha 666 14 do broorpek 1400 61tid | 110 2212 91 Glasgow 669 41 do bro or pek 3280 59 bid 113 Irex 2221 92 : 672 14 do orpek 910. 58 114 2224 93 675 10 do pek 1€00 46 115 Tonacombe 2227 94 MG 678 7 do unas 700 él . 116 2230 96 Gangawatte 684 I18hf-ch or pek 990 42bid | 117 2233 99 693 18 do broorpek 1170 44 bid 118 £236 100 Galella 6$6 9 ch or pek 765 51 119 2239 161 699 20 do bro or pek 2600 45\tid | 122 Queensland 2248 102 702 11 do pekoe 990 43 123 1 109 Ankande 723 25 do bro pek 2500 39 bid | 124 4 110 726 25 do pek 2250 33 125 "f 111 729 10 do pek sou 900 31 127 Talgaswela 13 114 Glentilt 738 37 do bro pek 3700 52 bid | 128 16 115 Poilakande 74! 14hf-ch or pek 700 88 bid | 129 19 116 fs 744 18 ch bro pek 1800 35 bid | 130 22 117 wd. 14 “ido pekoe 12€0 81 bid 131 25 119 Kalutara 753 25 do pekoe 2509 383 Lid | 132 Carberry 28 128 Ferndale 780 18 ch bro or pek 1300 54 133 31 129 783 12 do or pek 1200 46 158 Clyde 46 130 7&6 28 do pek 2520 37 139 - 40 131 789 14hf-ch pek A 700 = out 140 "52 135 CG, inestate 142 Knavesmire 58 mark €01 14 ch pek sou 1260 Thid | 148 61 136 Mount Temple 804 53hf-ch broorpek 2915 43 bid 144 64 137 £07 41 do or pek 1927 26 bid | 145 67 138 810 30 ch pek 2190 31 bid 149 Galkadua i 139 813 27 do pek sou 1485 23 bfd +1 150 $2 140 816 10hf-ch orpekfans 750 26 bid | 151 85 141 Eadelia 819 14 ch bro pek 1400 37 152 Rookatenne 88 142 &22 12 do pek 1080 32 165 Weweywatte 127 144 Kotuagedera 828 15 do bro pek 1275 85bid |} 167 Harrington 13 145 831 10 do pek 850 32 168 136 146 TG 824 10hf-ch dust 750 16 169 Munukattia 147 Romania 837 7 ch bropek 700 Ber Ceylo’, in 155 Ottery 861 26 uO broor pek 2600 58 est. mark 139 156 864 10 do or pek 900 55 170 142 157 867 10 do pek 960 50 171 145 158 Talakand 2 370 12hf-ch dust 900 15 bid | 172 “148 159 A 873 12 ch pek sou 1200 22 180 Ireby 172 160 DO 876 14hf-ch pekdust 1050 15 bid } 1st 175 | 182. 178 185 Halwatura 187 186 190 (Messrs. Forbes & Walker.— 181 5G OR AAR I oS ieee 287,084 1b.J ies 196 eee! 3 189 199 o i 190 202 Lot. Box. Pkes. Name. lb. c. Jol? SVanatentie™ ees 11 New Peacock 1915 14 ch pekfams 1030 22 192 208 13 New Anga- 195 217 mana 19386 14hf-ch pek 700 31 196 920 21 CSG 1945 40 do bro pek 2000 49 bid 197 C 223 22 1948 31 ch pek 2480 26 bid £02 TV Villa 238 27 Putupaula 1963 42 do bro pek 2570 = 43 204 244 88 1966 30 do pek 2400 33 206 Scrubs 950 29 1969 16 do pek sou 1200 30 Q07 253 32 Polatagama 1978 40 do bro pek 4000 44 220 Penrhos 992 33 1981 286 do or pek 2580 38 221 295 34 1984 28 do pek 2240 382 222 298 35 1987 15 do peksou 1275 = 330 225 Nugagalla 207 26 Maha Uva 1990 J1hf-ch broor pek 715 49 bid | 226 310° ot 1993 17 do or pek 1020 49 bid 227 ~Passara Group313 2s 1996 14 ch pekoe 1330 45 228 316 45 Monkswood 2017 24hf-ch bro pek 1320 74 bid | 229 319 AG 2020 <2 do or pek 1100 72 236 D inest. mark 340 47 2023 28 ch pek 2800 67 239 eg 340 48 £026 9 do pek sou 80 49 2483 DDA 261 54 Kitulgalla 2044 15 do bro pek 900 39 244 Pallagodda 564 55 2047 9 do pek 810 3 245 367 58 K V, in 246 370 est. mark 2056 10 do bro pek 100 36 bid 247 373 G4 Bandavawella 2074 13 ch broorpek 1300 51 bid 248 376 74 Ellaoya 2104 15 do bro pek 1500 47 250 Macaldeniya 382 ‘5 f107 14 do or pek 1204 40 251 385 76. Gallawatte 2110 12 do bro pek 1140 4°33 952 388 47 2113 16 do pek 1360 33 738 Middleton 2116 19hf-ch broorpek 1045 67 bid 254°-RSNH 304 79 2119 30 do bro orpek 1650 67 bid 255 Ambragalla 397 80 2122 21 ch or pek 1995 56 256 400 81 9125 15 do pek 3350 50 257 403 82 2128 QOhf-ch dust 720 28 258 406 83 B, in estate 262 Rowley 418 marik 2131 15 ch sou 1350 23 263 421 84 2134 15 do dust 2250 18 267 Malvern 433 85 Dunbar 2137 29hf-ch broorpek 1450 47 bid | 268 436 88 2146 19 ch pekoe 1520 37 273 Naseby 451 92 Strathspey 2158 17hf-ch pek 816 43 274 Dewalakande 454 94 Doranakande 2164 17 ch bro pek 1700 35 Q75- 457 95 2167- 8 do pek 720 29 278 Labookellie 466 96 Holton 2170 22 do bro pek 2090 37 281 Tembiligalla 475 97 2178 10 do pek 800 32 934 J Sin estate 100 Thedden 2182 80 do bro pek 8200 42 bid mark 484 104. Huanuco 2194 15 hf-ch bro pek 930 84 bid | 28— Ismalle 487 103 2197 17 do pek . 884 32 bid 286 490 PRODUCE SALES. LIST. Pkgs. 55 hf-ch 18 Wo 17 hf-ch 15 do ie we! Lhf-ch 10 ch 74 hf-ch 23 ch Name. Ib. bro pek 8025 pekoe 1980 pek sou 1170 bre pek 1900 pek 2000 or pek 2200 bro pek 312t ek te pek sou 210 dust 720 bro or pek 900 bro pek 1100 pek 2380 pek re) 1170 p 2340 ’ bro nek No. 2 770 pek 765 pek sou 765 ust 720 bro pek 2200 pek 1800 bro pek 2610 pek 3040 pek sou 1530 bro pek 1400 pek 2295 pek sou 1650 fans 975 bro pek 1200 pek 1275 pek sou 765 bro pek 714 pek 750 or pek 1100 pek 900 orpek , 900 bro pek 1540 pek 1440 pek sou 720 bro pek 24580 pek 1500 pek sou 810 pek 3400 pek sou 3200 bro pek 1890 pek 2070 pek sou 935 ans 720 bro pek 2565 ek 2010 bro pek 1620 pek 1360 sou 1520 pek 900 sou 716 broor pek 759 bro pek 1409 or pek 768 bro pek 1064 pek 1530 bro pek 900 pek 1900 bro or pek 1300 or pek 1:70 pek 1620 sou 1000 bro pek 1232 pek sou 1260 bro or pek 2900 bro pek 3000 or pe 1710 pek 1600 pek sou 1530 tro pek 945 pek 82 pek sou 75 pek sou 890 or pek 3700 pek 184() pek sou 2106 bro or pek 3420 bro pek 1050 pek 1100 bro pek 1760 pek 1960 bro pek 1890 bro or pek 1250 or pek 2850 pek ie pek 960 pek dust: 730 sou 1105 dust 780 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES _ LIST. 230 2hf-ch dust Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. Ib. Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name, lb 288 P’Kande 496 56 ch bro pek 5320 40 bid 121 Koladeniya 231 83 ch bro pek 285 289 499 65 do pek 8525 34 122 232) 12) do pek 170 290 502 10 do pek sou 800 30 123i 233 2 do pek sou 170 124 234 8 do sou 640 132 Dalhousie 242 25 hf-ch broorpek 625 133 243 13 do or pek 585 SMALL LOTS. 134 24411 do pek 550 weleaery 13s 245. 2 ae pe pek fans 120 Jz -a72 3 246 1 do dust 70 [Thompson and Villiers.] 137 KB 217 1 eh sou 160 138 248 1hf-ch fans 50 Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. Ib. & 143 Kudaganga 253 4 ch peksou(not 360 hamad 12hf-ch bro 300 5 bulked) D “gags D 12 do pek Pex ae Be 144 254 4 do fans 420, 4 “9 do fans 128 16 145 255 1 do dust 150 5 5 1 do red leaf 5L 14 149 Narangoda 259.2 ch sou 16) 10 Rambodde 10 1 do dust 90 16 160 260 3hf-ch fans 225 14 ‘Cotswold 14 3 ch 151 261 5 do dust 400 1bf-ch pek sou 825 29 15 15 4 : as 4 1 hi-e ust 260 16 JG6 Ratnatenne 1610 do Bee sou 500-89 [Mr. H. John.] yragangd 18 6 ch pek a Myraganga OT Cit date san ge 5 Lot. Box. pkgs. Name. Ib. 22 Dambulagalla 22 2 do dust 200 16 1 MV 399 4 ch bro pek 389 28 KDC 28 6 do pek 530 = 32. bid 2 402 5 do pek 450 29 29. 1 do dust 140 14 3 405 3 do pek sou 270 34 Agarsland 84 AShf-ch dust 300 16 5 Bokotua 411. 4 do or pek 300 39 Doragalla 39 6 do or pek fans 360 33 6 414 4 do pek 300 40 40 4 do bro mix 260 25 7 417° 2 do pek sou 140 42 Henegama 42 1 ch bro mixed 100 1: 8 420 2hf-ch dust 150 43 43 6hf-ch dust 840 15 9 CTD 423 6 ch or pek 480 45 Warwick 45 4 do dust 280 22 18 Murraythwaite 458 8 do pek sou 640 47 Henegama 47 2 ch bromixed 200 18 19 453 4hf-ch bro pei fans 260 48 48 8hf-ch dust 640 16 20 456 1 ch dust 169 51 Yatiyantota 51 6 ch bro or pek 600 BL 26 474 5hfch dast 425 62 52 6 do or pek 510 30 82. North Pundal- ~ oya, L D 492 5 do pek sou 425 = & 33 495 2 do bro mix 250 42 Tickapittiya 522 6 ft do pek sou €00 - Mg 43 525 = hf-e dust 425 (Messrs. Somerville & Co.] a5 - BARGE Saou 708 ay ene x 483 Hattangalla 540 7 do pek sou 595 Lot Box. Pkgs. Name. Nb ware: 51 Lougbton 549 =Shf-ch eal dust 880 2 GW 112. 5hf-ch fans 825... 22 52 654 1 do dust 80 5 113 4 do dust 300-16 53 555 11 ech — sou 495 4 = 114 2 ch red leaf 180) 15 54 558 5 do red leaf 925 9 Ingeriya 119 sht-ch dust 231 16 58 Yapame 570 2hf-ch dust 160 12 Mary Hill 122 9hf-ch pek sou 450 32 59) aN 673 5ht-ch dust 375 13 123 2% do bro mix 149 16 60 MN 57GHe 3) chi pk sou No.2, 285 16 Bogahagoda- 6l 579. 2hf-ch © dust 200 watte 1268 ch peksou 300. 29 62 582' 2 do — fans 134 17 127 1 do. pek dust 125 18 63 585 2 ch’ sou 170 25 Kurulugalla 135 4 do bro or pek 400 40 64 Rondua 688 7 ch or pek 330 98 138 4 do perk sou 350 29 C8 : 600 2 do dust 280 30 B, in estate 71 Agra Ouvah 609 7 do pek 685 mark 140! (3' ch bro mix 210 17 75 Ridgemont 621. '4 do or pek 304 Syl aR 1b) 141 3hf-ch dust 306 14 76 624 5 do pekoe 420 32 142 6 ch con 516 27 77 627) 38 do pek sou 216 33 148. 3ht-ch fans 216 26 78 ; 630 1 do dust 13? 24 Gingranoya 144 Thfch orpek 60 70 £1 Orange Field 639 2 do pek sow 200 36 Mossville 146 Shf-ch bru pek fans 680 20) $2 612 1 *do pek fans 100 87 147 5 do dust 425 15 83 645 1 de bro mix 91 42S 152 4hfch dust 320 15 86 Keenagaha Ella 654 4 do pek sou 360 43 153 6 do bro tea, 300 19 87 657 4 do son 380 44. A 154 Shf-ch dust 210 ©6116 83 660 5 do fans 350 45 155 5 ado bro tea 250 18 89 663 1 do dust 170 46 NW 156 3 ch ~~ dast 375 17 9 MG G81 8 bf-ch bro tea 610 51 Neboda 161 5hf-ch dust 409 16 97 Gangawatte 687.6 ch pek 600 53 X Y Z,ines- 98 699 5Shf-ch dust 425 tate mark 163 7 ch pek sou 630 82 103 Galella. Odie Sie cht nek sou 450 54 164 5 do dust 500 16 1045 X Ya Z 708 4hi-ch pek dust 384 55 165. 1 do bro pek sou 100 18 105 £ 711 3 do sou 174 56 Panapitiya 163 4 ch bro pek 390 33 106 Ohiya 7.4 9hf-ch pek sou 459 58 168° 5 ‘do sou 800 26 107 M, in estate 60 Mipitiakande 170 7 ech dust _ 595 16 mark TAT 4hf-ech dust 300 61 Glentaffe iit) eld bro tea 455. 19 108 720 Lhf-ch sou 45 66 Warakamure 176 Lhfch dust 85 14 112 Ankande 732: 4:1 “do sou 60 67 Danawkanda 177 3hbf-ch bro pek 136 40 113 (2527 L Aceh dust 140 68 178 2 do pek 100 29 118 Poilkande 750 4 do pek sou 320 69 179 3 do pek sou 150 28 . 124 Annamallai 768 2hf-ch° dust 170 70 180 2 do unas 100 36 132 G 792-10 do . pek B 500 val 181 1 do dust 43 15 133 MK 795s); 5 jich pek fans 609 78 Fairfield 188 Ghf-ch pek sou 270 30 134 SC inestate mk 798 5 do pek sou 495 79 189 2 do bropekfan 130 22 143° Hadella 825 7 do peksou 560 0) 190 1 do dust 90 14 148 Romania 840 6 do pek 600 81 Logan 191 2hf-ch unas 170 25 149 843 4 do pek sou 400 $2 192 3 do dust 480 16 150 846 3 Go bromix 300 83 193 1 «do bro mix 132. 10 151 S W 849 7 do pek 595 84 194. 2 do con 170 25 97 FM, in estate mark 07S boxes pel 90° 34 (Messrs. Forbes & Walker.) R ry 22° hf-c bro pek 2880 4U 7 99 1 do pek 43 26 309 91 423; ‘ch pek 2070 33 bid 80 110 1 do pek sou 3 24 310 dt 10 do pek sou 900 31 Sl 101 1 do dust 81 5 311 Olahitagoda 97 20 hf-ch bro pek 1-00 39 99 CIC 119 7 ch pek sou 505 16 312 100 22 do pek 1100033 100 GK 120 7hf-ch pek fans 490 16 bid 319 Theberton | 121 12 ch bro pek 1200 39 101 121 3 ch sou 300 16 bid 320 124 23’ do or pek 2C70 36 102 122 2 do bro tea 220 9 bid 321 127 87 do pek 3145 33 103 Z 123 6 ch pek 420 24 Lid 322 Hunasgeriya 120 10 do sou 800 27 107 Forest Hill 127 6hf-ch or pek 356 39 bid 323 103 14 do pek dust 1400 UC 19S 128 7 ch pek sou 623 28 326 K W Dinest 109 1:9 Thf-ch fans 546 17 mack 142 13 do bro or pek 1300 42bid | 117 HT 137. 2hf-ch bro peE 120 32 329 Hopto 151 12 do dust 1700 18 118 138 2 do pek 110 oF 330 Geragama 154 13 do bro pek 1170 38 119 133 6 do peksou 330-26 331 157 13 do pek 70 43=— 32 120 1440 2 ch = dnst 240 «18 Bay Ike Tey 160 27 hf-ch bro pek 1466 35 bid 12! Siriniwosa 144 2% ch bropekfans 200 25 333 163 49 do or pek £912 38 bid 125 145 2 do dust 250) 17 334 166 62 do pek 3091 30 126 N 146 thf-ch bro pek 4$ 30 335 169 15 do pek sou 748 2S 127 147 2 do pek 106% 336 Ewhurst 172-25 «och pek 2209 32 340 Bandara Eliyalst 113 pn or pes rs 5656 37 bid 341 Lie325 ch pe 252% 35 342 190 28 do ee sou 2240 3 te (Mr. HE. John.] 343 193 92hf-ch broor pek 5520 46 bic re 7 A 205 12 ch peksou 1080 19 Lot. Box. pkgs. Name. Ib. ¢. 353 Monkswood 23 37hf-ch broorpek 2035 out 4 Vincit 242 4hi-ch bro pekfns 301° 23 354 996 12 ch pek 1030-457 bid 5 245 1 ch red leaf 103.1% 355 Palmerston 229 49hf-ch broorpek 2597 65 bid 8 Pati Rajah 25Le7) do pek 495 3L 356 232 18 ch pek 1633 46 bid 21 Kotuagedera 293 2ht-ch dust 160 17 358 Stamford Hill 238 27hf-ch flo. orpek 1350 59 bid 22 296 6 do bro pek fans 390 23 359 Pallegodde 241 20 h bro orpek 1993 35 2 WHR 305 3 ch dust 300 819 360 244 24 do bro pek 2398 41 41 Templestowe 353 8 do dust 6:0 17 361 247 14 do or pek 1258 36 46 Peru 368 2hf-ch dust 170 7 362 250 17 do pek 1273 3 £0 New Tunisgalla 255 3 do dust v55 17 363 253 12 do ek sou 1:93 31 © DCM 437 6 ch unas 510 36 364 276 13 hf ch ust 1105 18 al 3S 443. 2 do fans 262 16 Lid 365 Dunkeld 259 72 ao bro or pek 43:8 47 bid 72 446 1 do 366 262) 12" ch or pek 1188 46 lhf-ch sou 120 23 367 265 27 do pek 2428 38 78 Kolapatna 464 1 do sou 30 27 79 467 1 ch pe« dus 100 17 a EE = Bellongalla 479 3hf-ch f ns 210 24 St 482 2 do dust 180 18 SMALL LOTS. 85 Chapleton 485 7 do dust 630 18 87 RW 491 2 do dust 164 «18 85 494 6 do fans 444 0 [Thompson and Villiers.) 99 WHR 497. 3 do dust 270 20 Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. a. 107 W 551 1 do bro pek 200 037 : 2 108 554 2 do pek 209 0 1 Poengalla 1 5 do dust 400 18 115 Kotuagedera 575 4 do pek sou 360 27 57 Vogan Uh BON peksou No. 2 375 26 116 578 Lhf-ch dust £0 18 8 8 Shf-ch dust 630 18 1l7 58L 3 do bro pk fans 195 21 12 OSS, in estate : 126 Vineit C03 ' do bropekfuns 7i 23 did mark 12 6 ch pek sou 450 23 bid 27 Bellongalla 611 1 ch _ pek 80 99 13 13 3 do sou 225 27 i4 14 4hf-ch bro or fans 320 27 bid 15 15 2 ch dust 200 18 16 Warwick 16 3hf-ch dusé 234 withd’n (Messrs. Forbes & Walker.) £ < As 2 P ~ 2 mc mOn a ge Bae Wee PH oA Lot. Box. Pkgs, Name, Ib. ec. 21 21 1 do red leaf 42 out 3 G O, in estate 24 Warwick 24 12hf-ch pek sou 620 38 mark 1493 3 do 955 18 25 25 7 do dust 51418 6 Palawatte 1432 9 hf-ch $50 25 26 VI 26 2 do bro pek 124 Bi 7K 14:5 3 ch bro mix 336 20 31 Doragalla 31 4hf-ch or pek fans 420 25 bid 10 Elfindale 1444 1 ch pek sou 72 59 20 Maldeniya 1474 4 do sou 320 28 Ta i a ae 21 ’ 147, 2 do duss 290 17 “ 22 Downside 1480 2 ch ro pek 22C 37 - [Messrs. Somerville & Co.} 23 - 1483 3 do pek_ 30032 a 7 24 1ig8 2 do ek sou 2:'0 29 Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. hy, ce | 2 caso fc de f eoneo a bs 4 Carney 24 3 ten peksou 650 29 26 1492 Lht-ch dust 7 649 5 25 5 do bro pek fans 25%} 26 33 Waitalawa 1513 6 «do dust 540 24 bid 6 26 2 do sou 100 25 36 Galkande 1522 4 ch pek sou 400 7 7 27 1 do aust 50 «18 37 1525 1 do bropek dust 120 17 12 Neboda 32 3 ch dust 300 18 38 1528 1 do pek dust 120 17 21 Neuchatel 4l 4 ch bro pek fans 420 SL 45 Glencorse 1519 3 ch bro tea 330 31 22 42 3 do dust 495 17 46 1552 3 do pek fans 360 21 23 43 1 do bro mix 105 14 50 Mousakelle, 23 LL 48 7 ch. bromix 665 17 Maskeliya 1564 3 ch sou 300 29 29 LLW 49 2 ch bro pek 200 36 fl 1567 2ht-ch dust 160 iS 30 50 2 do pek 160 31 64 Carlabeck 1606 7 ch pes sou 685-88 31 51 2 do pek sou 160-28 65 1609. 6 ht-ch ro pek fans 480 27 39 Warakamure £9 Lhf-ch dust 90 16 68 CB 161 3 do bro pek fens 249 13 45 PEM 65 4 ch bro pek fans 400 19 69 Yataderin ‘lozl 4 ch pek sou 440 26 46 66 4 do bro mix 340 16 70 1624 Shif-ch bro pekfans 180 17 47 67 2 do dust 270 17 Zl 1627 8 do ust 246 17 50 Galdola 70 3 ch peksou 274 826 78 Holton 1u48 3 ch peksou ao 088 51 Vi fans 284 18 79 BA 1651 2 ch dust 160 17 Lhf-eh . 30 1654 2 do rect leat 191 15 a Py * 4 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. Lot, Box. Pkgs- Name- lb, Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. Ib, 82 T’Villa, 1660 3 ch or pek 270 «= 36 191 1987 1 ch bro tea 10 O16 84 1664 6 do pek sou 540 27 192 1999 3 de dust 450 i7 86 1672 2 do dust 150 «(17 14 SE 1996 6hf-ch bro pek 3004 97 Kila Oya 1706 & ech dust 450 «17 195 1999 9 do pek 400CY 103 DF v 1723 1 ch bro pek 90 46 196 2002 1 do pek 46 “2 104 1726 3hf-ch or pel 150 46 197 2005 2 do pek fans te Cy 105 1720 4 ch pek sou 300 38 193 2008 1 de dust 70 Ww 108 RC W, in est. 207 Dammerix 2035 5 ch pek sou 4% = an mirk 1738 8hf-ch fans 656 17 bid | 298 2038 2 do dust 2000 «7 110 G 1744 2 ch sou 170 28 227 Bellwood 2995 5 ch dust 525 “0 int 1747 3 do bropekfans 345 22 245 Dunbar 2119 Shf-ch bro pek 950 87 112 1750 2 do dust £707 1 38 237 D BK 2125 5 ch pek sca 0002 118 1743 1 do bro tea 100 25 738 2128 3 do ore mix 240 vB 17. 'Tenacombe 1765 7 ch pek sou 630 39 239 2131 2bf-ch dust 160 7 118 CP H Galle 252 GN 2170 4 ch bro tea 400 15 in estate 26 Penrhes 2182 8 do pek sou ow 3 mark 1763 2hf-ch bro pek 120- 36 257 2185 zhf-ch fans 060 ow . 119 1771 5 do pek 250 29 261 Galpottagama 2197 6 do sou 3000 Bh 420 1774. 1 «do pek sou 5@ 27 262 KB 2200 5 do fans 400 is 121 1777 4 «do congou 200 27 264 Nahalma 2206 4 da bro dust 320 iv 122 1/80 2 do dust 160 16 263 2209 4 «ao dust aes Ie 124 Columbia 1786 12hf-ch or pek 600 56 280 GrangeGarden 4 5 ch pek sou 100 oo 126 CM, in est, 281 7 3Shf-ch dust 255 18 mark 1792 1vhf-ch or pek 696 “9 284 C Linest. markiG 3 ch red leaf 270 Ib 132 Gampaha 1810 2 ch dust 180 19 237 Ingrogalla 25 2 do pek sou 170 az 136 Patiagama 1822 8 ch pek sou 6 45 288 LN Ginest. 137 1825 2bf-ch fans 130-30 mark 28 2 do sou 160 «45 144 1 B, in estate 289 31 3 do dust soo Mark 18:6 3 ch fans 270 19 27 HG™M ~ 55 Shteh dust 425 7 145 1849 L do congou 80 26 305 Knavesmire 79 2 do congou 92 2 146 BDWP 1352 9 «do bro or pek 540 = B6 bid | 36 $2 2 do bro mix 190 14 147 1855 5 do bro or pek 207 TB in est. - — fans 425 19 mark 8 4 ch dust B54 17 165 KK 1879 5 hf-ch pek fans 400 17 813 Olnhitagoda 103 6hf-ch vek sou B12 29 156 T 1882 1 do gunpowder 25 37 314 106 3 do dust 255 17 157 1585 1 do twankey 50 18 315 109 1 do fans 45 13 158 4 1888 4 ch pek 810 BB 316 Broughton 1l2 8 do pek sou #8 8635 159 1s91 9 do pek sou 675 29 317 1145 1 do bro mix oo 42 160 1894 2 do red leaf 170 2 318 RHA 118 5 ch 161 1897 2 do dust 160 = «20 thf-ch pek 471 8B 165 Sogama 1909 7 ch _ red leaf 609 =2k 324 Nella Olla 136 2 ch red leaf W004 166 1912 6 Co bro tea 528 23 325 139 2 do dust 295 ph 170 ~Weyungi- 327 K W Din est. watte 1924 2 ch pek sou 200 = Bl mark 145 Shi-ch br or pk fans 180 24 171 1927 2 hf-ch ust 160 17 328 Hopton 148 6 ch sou 540 2 177. Dromoland 1945 9 do bropekfans 540 21 337 Grace Land 175 9hf-ch bro pek 495 = 178 1948 6 do dust 400 20 338 178 9 do pek 450 BO 184 Arapolakan- 339 181 8 do peksou 360 28 de 1966 6 ch pek sou 450 28 344 Bandara Elival96 8 do bio pek fans 560 27 185 1969 8 do dust 330 17 345 199 6 do dust 6 17 189 Sunnyvroft 1981 3 do pek sou 300 8 316 202 1 ch red leaf tC eb 190 1931 2 de congou 200 27 357 Palmerston 275 6 do sou 462 40 BL > . OBSERVER PRINTING WORKS. TEA, COFFEE, CINCHONA, COCOA, AND CARDAMOM SALES. | Pricr:—12% cents each 3 copies NO. 49 Coromso, Decempen 19, 1898. 30 cents; 6 copies 4 rupee. COLOMBO SALES OF TEA. Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb, -c. ———— 107 Glasgow 932 387 ch bro or pek 2960 54 bid LARGE LOTS. 108 935 19 do or pek 1235 50 ates 109 938 13 fe pekoe 1300 45 ae ae 110 941 11 do or pek fans 1100 25 [Thompson and Villiers.— 111 Pern 944 14 do pekoe 1190 29 bid 16,331 Ib.] We RL 947 6 do pekfans 750-20 3 Poilakande 950 35 hf-ch or pek 1750 36 Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. e. 114 953 27 eh bro pek 9700 = 35 j PS ‘ iS Dane 115 950 21 do pekve 1835 30 I UkS Landa : Te auch pek fans 870 15 bid | 393 Glentils 980 46 de bro pek 4600 46 bid 10 H, in estate r k Spey is Era dee 983 24 do pe oe 2400 33 bid mark LO cil Pexisou 207-13 bid | 129 Murvaythwaite 998 18 do bropek 1710 8 14. Warwick 14 26 hf-ch pek 1130 44 120 1 19 do pekoe 1615 32 16 OSS, in estate 131 4 9 do peksou 20a oT, ar 2 ch broor pek 1470 42 9 iE STO : E A 5: mark 16 f 2 134 SW 13 20hf-ch or pek 930 53 17 17 19 do or pek 1285 35 135 16 13 ch akO6 1105 39 18 28 do pek 2100 36 Boum Lee ie Dee oot 18 ' 139° C-N 28 19 do pekoe 1900 20 bid —s == 144 Mount Temple 43 36bf-ch broorpek 1872 40 | 145 46 62 do or, pek 2790 32 bid He THE .— 226,112, - 116 49 31 ch pekoe 2170 = 30 iMr. John a ] 147 52 18 do pek sou 990 27 Lot. Box, pkges. Name. bane: 143 55 13hf-ch bro pek fans $36 25 a : rare? ae 4 149 A Biju ten 4 Coslanda 623 25 hf-ch Bre) per 1505 Be Lhf-ch pek sou 910 17 5 626 16 ch pekoe 1440 33 10 L Fp 90 v95 . Se RIS (ORS 9 BY Oey 5 ameliere 61 38 do bro pek {2204 48 bid 8 Eadella 635 12 do bro pek 1200 35 bid e BHELIS 3 r, 7 5 9 68 12 do pekoe 1080 30 151 64 27 au Dekoe 2430-39 Fee ping wos RESG : DAE LL Equal | alo 67 11 do pekson 8s0 82 a Mount Everst He Fe beck ets ee te LG 154 Glassaugh 73 37hfch bro pek 3135 54 bik 13 650 32 ch — pekoe 30:0 46 ee EO 8 Ota BEE OG Seo ge 14 653 9 du peksou 810 40 oY BD AY OY JY SEM BAGH ; EP ae ; is d7= Saat 157 82 lihf-ch dust 1 90 21 15 Hattangalla 656 15 do bro pek 1275 6 rm 7 a s a > (2 5 of 158 NK 85 ech sou 880 27 16 659 18 do pekoe 1260 31 ae i eA ae 160 Kotuagedera 91 24 do bro pek 2400 34 17 662 9 do pek sou 765 oy) 161 : rs = of et 4 5 : 9 é 94 12 do nekoe 1080 20 18 Birnam 665 32 do peksou 2048 5 Fr aes aS 4 “ as See Sich aa ‘ é 165 Lameliere 106 38hf-ch bro pek 220t © 48 bid 19 Dickapittiya 668 29 do bro pek 2900 41 166 109 27 ch nekoe 2130 3) 20 671 31 do pekoe 3100 33 17 Tiel Tae eee Saat a a Die 21 °C 674 10 do — or pek 850 = -28 171 (oman iS = soe WD 677 9 do fans 900 30 { aCe UREECR perso: 3189 17 23 EK 650/10 hi-checfanss) 800 18 ima SV 133 20 ch bropek 1900... 44.bid 24 Hila 683 81 ch bro or pek 3106 89 bid | 175 136 17 do Kk 1445 38 bid 25 683 26 do bropek 3060 ©=38 bid f ; eS 9 ox 26 389 26 do or pek 1820 35 ies Neg SAS EE et 27 692 9 do pekoe 765 BR E 28 695 15 do pekson = 127530 [Miessrs. Somerville & Co. 31 Kanangama 704 ms ge Et pex pee 3 bid 222.891 1b, ] 32 707% to) pekoe 2465 Q —222, ; 33 710 12 do pek sou 960 28 e ot I oA 713 18 do bropekfans1710 24 pig | LOt- Box. pkgs. Name. Ibe ie: 35 716 8 do fans 720 24 1 NCG 161 6% (chi bro pek 720 33 bid 338 Iona 725 33 beech bro or pek 1815 68 2 p 162 10 do or pek 900 34 bid 39 723 21 ch or pek 21060 47 bid 3 163. 8 do pek 832 32 40 , 731 9 do pekoe 90 46 7 Kurulugalla §167 13 do bro pek 1300-87 bid 41 ET 734 13 do pekoe ae 28 8 168 27 do pek 2430 = 31 bid 42 737 11, do pek sou 045 27 13. Ferriby 173 41 hf-ch bro pek 1345 38 bi 44 GL 743 15hf-ch bro pekfans 970 82 14 1M 37 ch ~~ pek : 3145 29 ug 47 Bellongalla 752 29 du bro pek 1450 38 15 175 18 do pek sou 1350 26 48 755 14 ch pexoe . 1200 33 19 Lonach- 179 Glhf-ch bro pek 3355 39 bid 51 Uda 764 13 nes iyo Pek 72 28 20 180 24 ch pek 2010 32 52 767 17 do pekoe 714 28 21 181 17 do pek sou 136 3 53 770 10 do pek dust sco 18 22 Minna 182 26hf-ch bro orpek 1690 53 54 Koslande 773 25 do ey pek 1375 44 bid | 23 183 32 ch or pek 2880 47 5h 776 16 ch pekoe 1440 32 bid 24 : 181 19 do dek 1710 39 63 Keenagaha Ella 800 33 do bro or pek 3420 3S 25 185 13 do Pare sou 1170 36 64 §03 34 do pekoe 2720 3 27 187 S8hfch dust 720 18 65 &(G IL ae pek sou 825 28 | 23 Blinkbonnie 193 34ht-ch bro pek 1870 46 bid 66 899 10 do sou 8L0 26 34 194 29 do eK 1305 39 68 Claremont $15 48hf-ch broor pek 2610 38 bid 35 194 20 do Tek sou 950 35 69 818 16 ch pekoe 1440 33 .| 37 Wosdthorpe 197 8 ch bro pek 800 45 75 Maskeliya 836 1 : do bro oe pek 40 a bid | 38 198 10 do pek 86033 8i9 13 do or pek ic 4 39 199 12 do pek s¢ 95 31 * 812 8 ao akoe $00 39 42 Ravenoya 202 13 hf-ch ies pak a “ sl N 851 15 hf.ch bro pek 200 33 43 203 17 do ek 714 34 82 Ottery £57 26 ch bro or pek 2600 51 bid 44 204 19 do ark sou 760 31 83 £6) 10 uo or pek 900 48 46 Dikmukwlana 206 30hf-ch or pek fans 1650 27 bid $4 £63 10 : sts per Oe ace 4 53 Hanagama 213 40 ; ene bro pek 4033 35 bid 87 Brownicw $72 30 hf-ch ro ov pek 1659 49 bid Lhf-ch 88 $75 82 do or pek 1664 48 5t 214 46 do pek 4570 30 89 878 41 ch pekoe 3699 28 bid 55 215 18 do pek sou 1580 Df 90 881 22 do pek sou 1870 33 59 Warakamure 219 25 hf-ch bro or pek 1250 31 bid v1 €8i 7 do pio Dee fans 700 36 60 220 10 ch bro pek 1000 SL bid 92 887 7 do pek fans 700 30 6L lt do ek 1330 30 93 Ottery go) 28 do bro or pek 2800 52 bid 62 10 doe a 900 7 84 892 19 do or pek $00 416 bid | 63) Nugawella 223 41 hf-ch bro pek 2378 39 bid 84 896 11 do pekoe £9) 42 64 2.4 61 do pek 3059 83 96 Rondura s99 12 do or pek 1080 40 67 Salawe 227 12 ch bro pek 1260 x6 37 902 44 do wa pek 4400 88 68 228 9 do pek 80 38 938 905 88 do pekoe 3420 32 69 299 12 do pek sou 1029 28 99 9/8 18 do ek sou 1620 28 70 230 24 do unas 2016 26 101 Agra Ouvah’ 914 77hf-ch broorpek 4928 44 72 Marigold 232 a7hf-ch bro pek 2072 49 102 917 #6 do or pek 1914 45 bid | 73 233 14 do pek 756 46 108 920 10 ch pekoe 950 44 74 234 15 do pek sou 750 39 105 926 22 do pek fans 1370 27 76 236 11 do bru pek fans 770 33 2 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. Lot : Box. Pkges. N on 4 " $ . gs. ame, lb oe Glenalla 287 22 ch bro pek ernie e Fe Lot. Box. Pkgs Nam 82 Mahatenne oie “ e pek 126) gata wad fixnt Veber ; e. lb. ei 2 ¢c a eylon, i a a a dee Liat mork 403 ; 244 Re 1100 3 47 3 40hf-ch bro pek 91 Citrus fie Mies tyhyeebars 9:0 27 48 4Cé 13 ch or pek ss ee 252 18 He ae pek 2000 36 49 a“ 19 do pekoe ie A 4 252 10 do PE, 1620 3L 50 Kelaneiya and 12 14 do pek sou 1260 31 ak Walahandua 257 35 ch ye oa 1000-27 Braemar as a7 100 Wallasmulle 260 10 do pek 10 BB be 418 29 al ae one = 103 260 10 ch bro pek 168033} F Cotswoold tv 17 ch br 170036 08 Kerenvilla 266 17 hf-ch “ead 700-26 56 os a7 ch ro pek 1700 40 Sort ap" chi © pee Pee 935 ibid | 57 33 27 hf-ch broor pek 1800 39 100 GL pek 95) 28 64 E 426 19 ch k - 269 8 do fans 1200 a 65 Bowley 467 19 hf-ch es pek = 36 111 Dartry B 271 40 ht-ch 66 Gallawatt 60). 28. Ao k 1300 ~ 112) WG OE las a ot 8200 17 67 e 43 73 ch bropek 2 ’ 113 BR C TF, in es- 2 7 ch dust 1147. 16 bia | 88 466 26 do pek — - ig MeO mATK BB. PA chy broppk ; 6) Ella Oya ie eae ee 30 2 376 26 do pekson 3148 4) i eT Tn .. ok, ee A Ls ; 21 bi 7 fi r ee Dalhousie 281 5 it oF Dip pek aa bid 72 Ascot ri - <4 pe 2 i a7 982 § 47 73 . ro 1 Donevale 39 34 pad ee 1200 28 77 Deaculla “ 2 a pel 1380 A eI 295 64 do 137247 78 96 38 hf-c ro pek 2.90 138 O’Kande 39 oo pek 128 ae 7 499 19 ch k 56 298 11 ch brope 44 ie 19 ‘ 2 15 Pe 13300 35 i . sus 22 hf-ch feeb aed, Si Agraoya ae ee ee, ee a 04 16 ch nas f i 3 9 14 1200 a oe - a a a w a 4 14 cl yay ; 7 2 276 el oe 307 5 beth Bia tans (Oi 25 90 Yaha Ella An wy sf aa = sin = 152 Hangranoya 312 ae me: 93 a ae Sls 15% Mousakande 313 20 ck nek 2300 23 bid 97 Dalukoya ms AD do k sou 900 29 154 Bilandhu BIE BOE gh og ; 181031 95 3 * ge bro or pek 1020 it 29 3 ro pe 1406 99 do or pek 45 315 : 38 ee pe , 157 Mahageda 317 toe fhae 1826 80 oS ee Be 138 Depedene 318 67 hf-ch as k 1468 26 bia | 103 a art s - bro pek 2523 4 bid } 819 54 a elk 3685 87 104 poh gay oO pek 2658 1 ao k or me cl 57 35 ae Teeeviva 320 37 do 433 sou oe 2 “He Nakiadeniya 589 7 a4 pex ae 1038 21 | € 5 m. " 9 A ane 324 31 as Hee sou ea 32 7 ~ x 16 Es do i gis 2210 44 167 Boeahavota- 325 21 do pek fans seep = oe Kennington 646 9 ch sce vi 36 watte 327 17 ek . & 4 131 Scrubs 649 Whf-ch dust £00 = 168 323 14 do bro pek 1586 36 132 638 10 ch broorpek 95 1 aL Monroyia a as che pas 1260 89 133 er do bro ook DN 173 Moe ane seen: pia | 130 AG 66h. 14 do. Dek eos ED. 80 ey PTT sn been Biren. nek Sou gtk 39 150 M A, in est. nen 1080-28 pat a i 4 nark : 715 9 2 tet ae a 87 Qhf-ch fans ae eae Beausejour tis 16 nme, ar 720. 18 195 Pe Paes 344 11 ch pek - 155 Weyunga- 721 16 do pek . nro 38 oda, ere Sh pee 35 31 watte 730 - 85 % 186 c bro or pek ; 2 oa 730 25 hf-c 187 Ae a go eae 300 28 at 158 783 27 pi ne onpek 1500 41 188 iy by Ho pek anata. 3 ; 736 28 do as 2565 38 ; 348 10 a 530-32 161 Kalupahana 748 2 pek 9380 9; ary Fi Ks > = = athe 748 20 bf-e 7 33 io cer ane a nih bro pek 2080 nt bid ee er Obf-ch bro pek 1098 37 aes 39 3 4 x ic od odda 77 ne Kelani 356 52 hs Fe pal 3024 33 bid 172 Pat a me bro pek 180045 R 357 30 a opek 4160 43 179 Margueritta $02 22 pek 1530 18 358 22 o broorpek 3000 41 180 802 22hf-ch bropek 2 35 199 359 16 pe anes 1870 32 181 or ee dot. O8 Poke 1000 8h 200 : 36) 12 ae pes sou 1366 29 183 Errollwood ae 27 ch pek 2700 216 Rayigam 376 25 ch pek fans 1080 28 185 li 1jhf-ch bro orpek 86 218 Se ere ian 40 185 Bi ee hae eee 2135 8 Srebaehin 16 abe De oe 990 38 186 Middleton 823 2 do pek sou £8) 219 Se ce tack 2430 38 bid | 18 3 21hf-ch broorpek 1155 28 voce ALB Inte pekia's 30m ip iss a2 8 ch os.ueke sala Say) 388 26 ch ars 4040. sebid | 78h CSG £22 71 bf-c pek 1350 SD SERRE ec con ahi arc 190 Sy eh bt ont Ure ee 395 16 ch pek 10:0 25 bide} 29 ie Cape bo 4160 R 16.0 26 bid ae Harrington $50 24 of pai ee 1640 SS 5 Bondy Ch ity Oe Dee (Messrs. F 199 Munukattia 7 do pek 1700 . Forbes & W : 538,400 Ib.} ee mark y ae 25 hi-cl 3 WN 289 i8 ch 200. 865 18 do. grpee 1300 10 Kttapolia 305 If nich bro ten 16928 a Siena) 62 a ee ee unnycroft 3 784 3 Sas 871 020 19 eet ae Ha ch dust 750 a 203 Shrubs Hill 8rd re an peksou 1170 = pe = 0 3200 Brean eae 328 12 do peksou 1208 = an fe oe 2 do = 2975 Group 343 17 ch ; . a aseby On SANE Ch. tt ok 720 2 B18 re oon JP Cae RE a Bel don. poke a oie 349 14 a a 1350-46 912 898 19 do ae 34 31 Pansalat z do pek 12 212 Dunnottor pek sou 1064 ot alatenne ab 8 ch bro nee ase i Siemoraaae 901 8 ch peksou 730 Rees (0) = — 36 Kirindia 28 te a bro bak ale re 215 i eoapanls oy Bae dust 3190 38 4 do pek { 216 5hf-ch bro or pek 2 3 520 34 913 32 Pp 475 a Mousakelle oe oe ee pee Ba 4 1680 BL au _ 2916 24 ae aS Pp a pek 1329 91 0 391 10 ch orpek : 1000 aa 231 Roeberry ee 18 ae peksou ~ 1050 222, 931 26 a bropek 1540 Oo orpek 2444 " 1¢ do pek 376 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. Lot Box. 224 937 226 943 227 Roeberry 946 22 949 229 952 230 955 23) Cooroondo- wutte 958 241 Polatagama 988 242, 991 243 994 244 997 245 Dammeria 1000 246 1003 247 1006 248 1009 249 Dea Ella 1012 250 1015 251 1018 252 1021 253 Kirklees 1024 254 1027 255 1034 256 Clunes 1033 257 1036 258 1039 259 1042 260 1045 OL 1048 262 101 203 1054 264 1057 26— Bloomfield 1060 266 1063 269 1066 270 Maha Uva 1075 271 1078 272 1OSL 273 1084 279 Ganapalla 1102 230 1105 281 1108 282 1111 283 1il4 234 LLI7 285 Massena 1123 287 1126 288 1129 289 Carfax 1132 290 1135 291 1147 295 G 1150 299 Norton 1162 300 1165 309 Parsloes 1192 310 1395 31L 1198 312 P’Kande 1201 313 1204 323 Halwatura 1234 324 1237 325 1240 326 1243 327 1246 328 Chesterford 1348 320 1252 330 1255 338 Waratenne 1279 339 1282 340 1285 341 1288 342 Unugalla 1291 343 1294 347 D inest. mark 1306 349 Evlsmere 1312 250 13145 351 1318 368 Freds Ruhe 1369 369 1372 370 1378 373 HGM 13384 374 1287 375 1390 376 1395 377 1598 378 1399 379 Clyde 14(2 380 1405 B81 1408 392 Queensland 1441 393 1sdt sok 2447 401 Penrhos 1468 402 Wil 403 li74 411 Mawaliganga- 149317 watte Pkgs. 17 ao do 0 Re eh ch do do 23 do do eh ll do 30 ch do ao do do Ont ch 20 ch hf-ch Name. lb. pek sou 1330 fans 770 bro pek 1930 or pek 3563 pek 2964 pek sou 2846 bro pek 1350 bro pek 4750 or pek 3325 pek 4080 pek sou 1680 bro or pek 2040 or pek 1909 pek 4419 pek sou 1200 bro or pek 1595 or pek 1265 pek 1650 pek sou 700 bro or pek 210 or pek 2260 pék 2100 bro or pek 1235 bro pek 4140 pek 2720 pek sou 720 bro or pek 950 bro pek 2960 pek 2880 pek sou 1440 dust 9Le pek No.i 18838 peo No.2 1393 pek fans 140 bro or pek 1493 or pek 1678 pek 2688 pek sou 98S or pek 2700 bro or pek 4500 pek 4240 pek sou 2250 br pek fans 700 dust 774 br pek No. 2 1260 pek 1059 pek sou 700 bro pek 770 sou 1300 dust 900 pek son 1440 bro pek 2014 ek 1840 bro pek 31.00 pek 2520 pek sou 1920 bro pek 4560 pek 4675 bro pek 6700 or pes 2250 pek 2799 pek sou 2860 br pek fans 2200 bro pek 4000 pek 260 pek sou 2100 bro pek 1080 ek 850 bro pek 1170 pek 960 bio pek 721 pek 855 sou 1400 bro or pek 960 bro pek 4300 pek 190 bro pek 6000 pek 3060 pek sou 1260 bro or pek 1144 bro pek 13:0 bro pek 1360 pek )672 pek sou 1040 bio pek fans 950 bro pek 2700 pek 3600 pek sou 1340 bro‘or pek 800 or pek 1520 pek 2295 or pek 720 bro pek 1064 pek 17lu bro or pek 850 45 bid 51 bid 40 bid 42 35 bid 39 27 18 24 bid 37 bid 24 bid 2 bid 36 ba 54 89 bid ee a Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. 412 150122 do or pek 850 4'3 150366 do bro pek 2300 4l4 150735 ch pek sou 2625 416 CL in est. mark 1513 15 do fans 1575 424 Ambragalla 1537 78 hf-ch or pek 3200 425 1540 60 do bro or pek 3€00 426 1543 24 ch pek 1920 427 1546 26 do pek sou 20:8 436 Inverness 1573 33 hf-ch bro pek 1815 437 1576 24 ch pek 2160 438 1579 13 do pek sou 1170 439 1582 Qhf-ch lust 720 4i0 Augusta 1558 10 ch dust 1500 441 Terwood. 1588 7 do bro orpek 760 442 1591 17 do bru pek 1496 443 1594 15 do or pek 1260 444 1597 17 do pek 1292 445 1600 9 do pek sou 702 417 Tor 1606 13 do bro pek 1144 448 1602 10 do ek 730 450 Vathalana 1615 48hf-ch broorpek 2s:u SMALL LO'US. Thompson | and Villiers.) Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. 2 K’Landa 2 4hf-ch- fans 260 3 Speech! unas 188 9 R, jin estate mark 9 3hf-ch unas 185 ll 3S, in estate mark 1 oyech! pek sou 432 12 C'T, in estatc mark 12) 4° ch pek sou 320 3 Loomont 13 Lhf-ch fans 42 15 Doragalla 15 4 do or pek tans 420 19 OSS, in estate mark 19 6 ch pek sou 480 29 20 4hf-ch bro or fans 329 {Mr. H. John.] Lot. Bex. pkgs. Name. lb. 1 Gonavy 614 4hf-ch fans 340 ) 617 4 slo dust 340 3 620 2 do congou 160 6 Coslanda 629 3 ch pek sou 390 7 632 2hf-ch fans 220 lo Eadella 641 7 ch pek sou 560 29 Wila 698 2hi-ch fans 112 30 701 4 do dust 340 36 Kanangama 719 5 do dust 400 37 SH 722) m5* ch bro pek fans 335 43 PK 740 Thf-ch bropekfans 527 45 GL 746 2 ch sou 160 46 749 4hf-ch dust 320 49 Bellongalla 758 4 ch pek sou 320 50 761 3shf-ch fans 210 56 Koslande Tloeenst ch pek siu 360 57 782 2 do fans 220 67 Keenagaha Ella $12 @htch fans 585 70 Claremont &21 2 co pek dust 179 71 Farm 824 4hf-ch dust 352 79 Maskeliya 815° 5 ch pek sou 500 $6 S48 5Sht-ch dust 450 $2 854 2 do pek fans 136 100 Rondura 911 4 ch dust 560 104 AgaQOuvah 923 8 do pek sou 68e 106 929 4 do dust 400 116 Poilakande 959 7 do pek sou 530 1i7 962 Thf-ch bropekfans 560 145 D, inest. mark 986 2 ch bro pek 2L0 2 989 3 do pekoe 255 127 992 1 do pek sou $5 128 995 1 do ust 86 132 Murraythwaite 7 6hfch bro pek fans 390 133 10m) ch dust 300 136 SW 19 5Shf-ch bromix 58u 137 Py BY TGS bro mix 345 138 25 2 do fans 220 153 Lameliere 70 4 do pek fans 320 19 NK 83-6 do dust 480 160 Kotuagedera 97 1 ch pekseu 90 163 100 2hf-ch bro peksou 150 164 Harrow 103. 8 ch dust 495 168 Lameliere 115 4hf-ch pek fans 320 72S 27286 ch red leaf 420 7S RON 180 83 boxes broorpek 598 (Messrs. Forbes & Walker.) Lot. Box. Pkgs, Name. Ib. 1 Tennehene 26g lhf-ch bro pek 62 bid bid plid CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LAST. 4 Lot, Box. Pkgs- Name- 971 1 ch lht-ch pek 8 Carendon 274 4 ch or pek 4 277 3 do pek 5 2-0 2 do pek sou 6 283 2 do sou 7 986 l1hf-ch congou 9 WN 292 4 ch fans 1 Ettupolla 498 6hf-ch pek 2 38(1 3 do sou 3 £04 1 do sou 14 307 1 do dust Tunnycroft 810 4 ch pek sou 313 2 do congou au; 316 1 do bro tea 22 Trex 231 38 ch dust 23 M1), in est. mark 834 3 ch bro pek 24 337 3 do pek 25 340 3 do pek sou 29 Passara Group 352 5 ch pek sou 30 455 Lht-ch fans 32 Pansalatenne 361 3 ch pek 33 364 2 do pek sou 34 367 3 do unas 39 Kirindi $82 4 do sou 40 385 1 do red leaf 44 Mousakelle, Maskeliya, 397 3 ch sou 45 440 4hf-ch dust 53 Kelaneiyaand Braemar 424 3 ch dust 54 427 4 do sou 58 Cotswold 439 6 ch pek sou $9 44% “3hf-ch dust 60 445 1 ch Sou 74 Ascot 487° 5” ch pek sou a ; 490 Qhf-ch bro pek fans 76 493 8B do dust 88 Agra Oya 529 4 ch fans 89 532 2 do dust 91. Yaha Ella 588 7Zhf-ch bro or pek 94 547 2 ch sou 95 550 3hf-ch fans 96 553 1 ch dust 100 Dalukoya 565 Shf-ch dust 101 BRatnatenne 368 2hf-ch pek fans 105 JS, in estate mark 580 2hbf-ch or pek 106 583 1 ch or pek dust 107 586 2hf-ch pek dust 109 Nakiadeniya 592 8 ch pek 110 525 8 do pek sou 111 98 1 do red lea 118 Castlereagh Smaech pek sou 119 622 9hf-ch fans 120 328 3 do dust 121 Yataderia 628 5 ch pek sou 122 631 Ji hf-ch bro pek fe ns 123 634 8 do dust 124 Moralioya 627 4 ch fans 125 640 3 do unas 126 6:3 3hf-ch dust 129 Ingurugalla 652 5 ch bro tea 130 * 655 5 do red leaf 134 Scrubs 667 Ghf-ch dust 136 AG 673 3 ch dust 137 676 6 do _ bro tea 138 Kabragalla 679 3hf-ch bro tea 139 682 2 do dust 140 Blairgowrie $5 8 ch bro pek 141 688 38 do pek 142 691 5 do sou 143 694 3 do pek fans 144 697 1 do dust 149 M A, inest. mark 712 10 hf-ch bro tea 153 Beausejour 724 2 ch pek sou 154 727 1 do fans 158 Weyunga- watte 739 2 ch peksou 159 742 3hf-ch dust 160 Kalupihana 745 11 do or pek 162 751 5 do pek 163 754 4 do pek sou 164 75. 1 do sou 165 760 3 do pek fans 166 ; 763 1 do pek dust 167 Sunnycroft 766 8hf-ch pek sou 168 769 4 do congou 169 772 1 ch bro tea 170 775 4 do dust 173 Ambalangod- 784 5 ch peksou 174 787 2 do sou 175 790 2 do fans ane G13 \ withd’n. 25 a un Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. Ib. 182 WVRA 811 6hf-ch dust 480 192 CSG 841 6 do dust 480 193 814 9 «Oo fans 5410 191 Harrington 847 7hf-ch bro or pek 392 197 856 2 ch peksou 160 198 859 2hf-ch dust 2350 207 Shruts Hill 886 8 ch bropekfans 640 208 AG 889 1 ch bro tea 109 213 | unnottor 914 5 do dust 650 29 Putupaula 922 Qhf-ch dust 675 225 Roeberry 940 6 ch sou 570 232 Cooroondo- watte 961 3hf-ch dust 240 233 A 964 3 ch dust 450 234 Peacock Hill 967 2 do bro mix 100 935 970 8 do pek fans 660 240 Relugas 985 5 ch dust 625 974 Maha Uva 1087 1 ch pek fans 85 275 1090 5 do dust 450 285 Massena 1120 IL hf-ch bro pek No. 1 550 2922 BDW i1l4t 4 do fans 32 298 Ugieside 144 4 do dust 320 294 11:7 3 ch bro mix 30 296 G 1153 5 do ~~ sou 425 297 1176 1 do bro pek fans 115 298 11459 3 do dust 415 $14 P’Kande 1207 8 do pek sou 640 815 1210 8 do dust 640 344 Unugalla 1297 4 do pekoe 360 345 1300 1 do dust 120 346 Din est. mark1303 10 hf-ch bro or pek 600 3852 Evlsmere 1321 5 ch pek sou 475 353 1324 5 do bro pek fans 410 354 Ookoowatte 1327 1 do sou 90 355 1330 2hf-ch dust 200 356 1333 10 do fans 650 857 Hurstpier- point 1336 4 ch bro pek 400 358 1339 4 deo pek 400 359 1342 2 do pek sou 190 260 1345 1 do bro pek dust 120 561 1348 1 do dust 100 871 WA 1378 2 ch bro mix 250 872 1381 3 do dust 420 37sa HG M 1399a 20 boxes br or pk fans 420 382 Clyde 1411 8 ch dust 450 395 Queensland 1450 5 ch bro mixed 425 396 1453 2hf-ch dust 160 404 Penrhos 1477 7 do pek sou 560 405 1480 2 do bro mixed 194 415 Mawaliganga- watte 1530 4hf-ch dust 310 428 Ambragalla 1549 6hf-ch bro pek fans 420 499 1452 5 do dust 450 446 Torwood 1603 5 ch sou 400 449 Tor 1612 6 do pek seu 430 451 3 ¥ inest. mark 1618 3 do bro pek 288 452 1621 2 do pek son 270 453 1624 2hf-ch bror pk fans 140 {Mfessrs. Somerville & Co. Lot. Box. 4 NCG 164 5 Gingran Oya 165 6 Kurulugalla 166 9 169 10 KGA, ines- tate mark 170 11 171 12 172 16 Ferriby 176 17 ibritf 26 Minna 186 28 ; 188 29 Ratuville 189 30 190 31 191 32 192 36 Blinkbennie 196 40 Woodthorpe 200 41 201 45 Ravenoya 205 47 Maligatenne 207 48 208 49 2C9 50 210 51 211 52 P 212 56 Hanagama 216 57 217 58 218 65 Nugawella 225 66 26 Pkgs, 3 ch 6 hfech 6 ch hf-ch Name. pek sou dust bro or pek pek sou bro tea fans pek dust sou pek dust fans - bro mix bro pek pek pek sou pek sou dust Ib. 291 510 6Se 450 Lot. 71 Salawe 75 Marigold 79 Glenalla — 85 Maha!enne 87 Veralupitiya 88 Califurnfa 94 Citrus $6 HA 99 Walahandua 101 Wallasmulle 102 104 105 Adel 108 Kerenvilla 110 Darty B ll4 RCT PEP, ines- tate mark 116 W 117 118 119 120 Dalhousie 123 124 125 133 Doneyale 134 136 137 139 O’Kande 14u 141 142 148 Henegama 149 HIS 150 156 \ahagoda 161 Depedene 166 Ingeriya 169 Begahageda- F watte 170 174 Monrovia 175 176 Pine Hill 182 SHS 183 N 'T W, in es- tate mark 189 Neboda 1909 LTN B 191 H, in estate mark 192 Yarrow 195 C 201 Kahatagalla 292 222 Ovoea AI 224 225 226 230 Koladeniya 234 . Box: Pkes. Name. Ib. 231 2 eh dust 320 935 7hf-ch sou 322 239 7 ch pek sou 63) 240 2hf-ch dust 140 Bale le elt funs 100 Piya dust 100 246. 1 do red leat 10 247 2 ch dust 312 248 5 ch bro pek 475 249 6 do pek 570 250 4 do pek sou 40 254 2) ch fans 2.0 255 4 do pek dust F86 PoGr ecu fans 100 249 4 ch pek sou 360 261 4 ch pek 360 262 1 do pek sou 62 264 2 do dust £88 265 10;hf-ch bro mix 540 268 4 ch pek sou 200 PDB) Oa bro tea 285 2a) ly) eh pek 75 267 6 cn bro pek 220 977 2hf-ch pek sou 75 278 2 ch dust 312 279 lhf-ch fans 80 280 10 bf-ch or pek 600 283 10 do pek sou 550 284 7 do fans 420 985 4 do dust 280) 293 3 ch bro pek 270, 294 4 do pek 320 296 2 do pek sou 170 997 1 do fans WO 299 5 ch pek 4° 300 6 do pek sou 480 301 2hf-ch bro pek fan 120 302 6 ch unas 500 308 2hf-ch bro mix 120 309 9hf-ch bro pek 540 310 9 do pek 540 Bul, Gy Gal bro pek 525 821 3hf-ch dust 240 326 3hfi-ch dust 246 329 5 ch pek sou 500 330 lhf-ch pek dust fp) BEES an bro tea 216 BBB) Blo) pek dust 354 3386 5hf-ch lust 400 342 3hf-ch pek fans 220 343° 2 ch bro pek 202 349 3 ch dust 240 350 hs-ch fans 195 Boles cH bro mix 255 352 10 hf-ch bro or pek 650 855 6 ch sou 490 661 6 ch bro pek 540 62 2 do bro or pek 200 263 6 do pek 540 264 3 do pek sou 240 265 1 do dust 130 274 7Thf-ch pek fans 490 Sion Zech bro tea 220 882 3hfch bro pek fans 240 384 4 do unas 420 385 8 do sou 400 386 2 do dust 200 390 3 ch cr pek 255 891 3 do bro pek 285 292 3 do pek 255 393 4 do pek sou 340 294 7 do sou 5¢0 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST, Or 17 31 bid ee CEYLON COCOA SALES IN LONDON, (From Our Commercial Correspondent.) Minctna LANE, Nov. 25, “Clan Ogilvy’’—Mark NN, 57 bags sold at 65s. “Txion’”—OHO in estate mark, Mahaberia OF, 5 bags out at 76s. Ditto 1 F, 1 bag sold at 62s. Ditto 2 fF, 1 bag sold at 478 6d. Ditto O, 7 bags out at 78s, Ditto 1, 2 bags sold at 62s. Ditto 2, 2 bags sold at 62s. “Mombassa’”’-—Mark 1, Yattewatte, 27 bags out at 75s; 2 ditt, 4 bags out at 75s. “Arabia’’—Mark DB 307 CD in estate mark, 39 bags out; DB 308C in estate mark, 41 bags out; DB 309 C in estate mark, 12 bags sold at 50s; DB 319, C in es- tate mark, 15 bags out at 50s, “Patroclus’—AM in estate mark, 32 bags ont at 70s; 3 bags sold at 50s 6d. “Shanghai’”—AM in estate mark, 31 bags out. “Port Hlliot’”—AM in estate mark, 18 bags out; 1 KM in estate mark, 236 bags out. “Clan Chisholm” —Mark Rajawella, 70 bags out. CEYLON CARDAMOMS SALES IN LONDON. “Patroclus’—AWL O Ceylon, Mysore in estate werk, 5c sold at 3s 8d; lesoldat 3s 9d. Al 2, Veylon, Mysore in estate mark, 5c sold at 3s 7d. Ditto 3 in estate mark, 3c scold at 2s 6d. Ditto B ditto., de sold at 23 9d “Antenor’’—Mark Delpotonoya, 1c sold 3s 10d; 3c sold 3s 5d; 2c sold 2s 9d; 3c sold 2s 10d; Jc sold Qs 6d; Je soid 2s 4d. 1c sold 2s 6d; Ic sold 1s 10d, “ Asia”—HGA in estate mark, out. “Wanderer’—Mark Vedehette A, 2 casks sold at 3s 4d. “City of Cambridge’—Mark Knuckles Group, 2¢ sold at 3s. “Kamakura Maru’’—Mark AK, 6c sold at 2s 4d, BS ditto, Je sold 1s 6d. “City of Cambridge’—Mark AL 1 Mysore, 3c out. “‘Bullionist”—G in estate mark, I1c out. “Tosa Maru’’—Mark Gallantenne AA, le out. Ditto AA, 4¢ sold 8s9d. Ditto B,3csold 334d. Ditto C, 1c sold 3s 2d. Ditto D, 2c sold 2s 9d and 2c sold Qs 8d. Ditto H, le sold 3s 1d; 1c sold 3s, “Derbyshire”—Nichola Oya, 2e sold 3s 3d; Ne. 2, 6c sold 2s 7d; ditto seeds 1c sold 3s. “WWitachi Maru”—No. 1, Kandoloya, 1e sold 1s 8d. “Sarpedon’’—Mark Knuckles Group, Madukelle, 2c sold 2s lid; ditto B, 4c sold 2s 5d; ditto C, 3¢ sold 3s. “Txion’ Mark Mysore AS 2c sold 2s 11d; ditto B, 3c sold 2s 5d; 2e soid 2s 4d. ‘‘Patroclus’—Mark AL 2, 2c out. “Hector’— Mark Al 1, 5c out; Hil, 14cout; HL 2, 2c ont. “Oriental’’—M 5 in estate mark, 5c out; M 6 in es- tate mark, 5c out, “Clan Chisholm’—HGA in estate mark, Malabar, 8¢ out; 1 ditto Long, 3¢ sold 3s 8d; 2 ditto, 2c out, OBSERVER PRINTING WORKs. TEA, COFFEE, CINCHONA, COCOA, AND CARDAMOM SALES. . L 7 NO. 50 Cotomspo, DrecrmMBer 26, 1898. | BIC aalcn One CEG eI . 30 cents ; 6 copies 4 rupee. COLOMBO SALES OF TEA, Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. ¢. ————_ 110 466 28 ch pekoe 1904 28 Qid any . 11L 469 %& do pek sou 1890 26 bid LARGE LOTS. 112 fe 472 12 peck cE pek fans 88& 20 bid aT We 115 4 481 10 do dust 750-16 (Thompson and Villiers.— 116 SS 484 21 ch — sou 2105 16 6,088 It 117 Claremont 487 3t£hf-ch bro orvek 1870 35 038 Ib. ] 118 490 13 ch pekoe ZOE A - * 119 493559580 pek sou 810 27 Lot. Box. “Pkgs. Name. Ib. g 125 SW 511 12 do pekoe 1020 39 2 R mbodde 2 35 hf-ch bro pek 1925 43 327 Horton Plains 517 43hf-ch bro pek 1815 36 3 3 34 do pek 170082 128 520 23 ch pekoe , 1955 30 4 4 21 do — pek sou 1050-30 129 523 12 do pek sou 960 27 eA waa CURE ee 8 Pha eh 134 WG 538 9 do pekoe 765 26 Lid 135 Bokotua 541 27 do bro per 2700 42 r E.- ,— 239.340. 136 544 17 do orpe 1360 44 (Mr. E. "John ee ] 141 Glentilt 559 24 do brorpek 2400 47 bid Lot. Box. pkges. Name. Ney Xe 142 56: bropek 4600 47 bid 1D 139 13 ch bropek 1300 33 143 pekoe 1300 38 bid 2 (ol dol \vexne 1700.27 44 E fans 1040, 18 6 Ferndale 154 16 do bro orpek 1600 48 145 Gangawatte or pek OM oy Ee Ta 157 11 do orpek 990 39bia | 146 bro or pek 1040 48 bid 9 Digdola 163 12 do broorpek 1080 33 147 pekoe 1600 36 bid 10 : 166 12 do bropekfans1200 31 148 580 10 do pek sou 950 34 1 BC 169 27 du bropek 2700 45bia | 49 NP 583 12hfch dust 1020 18 12 172 19 do pekoe 1520 39 150 R 586 8 ch or pek 80032 13 Theresia 175 9 do bropekfans 900 39 151 589 13 do pekoe 117028 16 Eadella 184 21 do bro pek 2100 85 153 595 19 do dust 2090-19 17 187 23 do pekoe 2070 30 154 598 8 do congou 72000 25 18 190 14 do pek sou 1120 28 156 Ratwatte 604 47 do bro pek 4700 35 bid 19 193 19hf-ch fans 1330 20 bid | 192 Bor saa ae Le 1 le ape 1 Y 231° ‘ j - sf r4 2 Be ioe Spoken oh peer a as Rid 160 Orange Field 616 9 do bro pek 900 30 23 205 15 do pekoe 1200 35 bid | 161 619 11 do pekoe 110027 26 Oonoogaloya 214 36 do _ bro pek 3600 40 166 Bellongalla 634 22 hf-ch_ bro pek 1100s 88 27 217 27 do y2koe 2160 32 1G Vigest 637 11 ch nekoe 990 30 298 220 22 do pek sou 1980 29 168 Vincit 610 10 do pek sou No.2 900 26 " 29 223 13 do fans 1690 20 169 Glassaugh 643 6lhf-ch bro pek 3355 49 bid 32 Yapame 232 29 do bro pek 2500 42 170 646 57 do bro pek 3135 49 bid 33 235 18 do pekoe 1530 33 171 x 649 31 ch pekoe 2790 41 36 Vincit 244 12 do bro pek 1080 36 172, Kotuagedera 652 24 do bro pek 2400 34 3 247 11 do pekoe 990 30 173 655 12 do pekoe 1080 29 41 Mocha 269 21 do broorpek 2100 s50bid | ‘7 MC 658 9hf-ch dust 72000 «17 42 262 14 do or pek 1260 53 lit : 661 14 ch sou 910 25 43 265 21 do pekoe 1890 43 176 Kadien Lena 664 28hf-ch dust 2240 18 44 268 20hf-ch fans 160) 31 177 667 18 ch cougou 1800 45 Templestowe 271 29 ch bro or pek 2185 46 bid reSaiT ————S—= 274 22 do r pe 1980 42 = re DIT 85 ae pase 2125 35 bid Messrs. Somerville & Co. 48 St. John’s 280 34 bee bro oF pek 1846 58 —813,827 |b,] 4 783 19 do or pe 814 58 ap 983 25 do Sakae 1250 50 Lot. Box. pkgs. Name. Ibs c: 51 289 19 do pek sou 912 40 19 D, in esdate 52 292 10 do pek fans 640 36 mark 19) .9) ch bro pek 855 39 bid 53 Cleveland 295 14 do or pek 700 53 bid £0 20 17 do pek 1360 80 55 301 18 do pekoe 864 28 bid 23 St. Catherine 23 13 ch bro or pek 1267 3z bid 56 304 14 do pek sou 700 36 bid 1 hf-ch 57 Whyddon 307 8 ch bro or pek 800 44 27 Corfu 27 1shf-ch bro pek 975 41 bid 58 310 9 wo bro pek 720 52 28 28 24 do pek 1320 36 bid 59 313. 10 do pekoe 800 40 31 Killim, in es- 60 316 9 do pek sou 810 35 tate mark 31 35 hf-ch bro pek 1925 37 70 Marakona 346 8 do pek sou 800 36 32 32 14 ch pek 1190 20 72 Evalgolla 352 25 hf-ch bro pek 1425 38 33 33 13 do pek sou 1040 28 73 355 41 do pekoe 2255 29 bid 38 Honiton 38 18 ch bro pek 1800 40) 74 16 do pek sou 800 27 39 39 13 ch pek 1105 32 78 Brownicw 370 22 do broor pek 1210 45 bid 40 40 9 do pekscu 765 28 79 373 22 do or pek 1lit 44 bid 42 Hatdowa 42 20 ch bro pek 1900 3s $0 376 32. ch pekoe 2830 36 bid 43 43 20 do pek 1606 20 81 379 16 do pek sou 1360 36 44 44 2) do pek sou 1600 27 82 382 7 do bio pekfans 700 35 45 45 7 do bre pek fans 700 35 83 385 Q9hf-ch pek fans 702 25 bid 47 Ritni, in estate 84 Little Valley 388 19 ch bro pek 1900 38 mark 47 31hf-ch or pek 1550 46 85 391 27 do pekoe 2430 3h 48 48 22 ch pek * 1870 37 88 Pati Rajah 400 12 do bro pek 1260 34 49 Ukuwela 49 26hf-ch bro or pek 1430 34 90 Agra Ouvah 406 75hf-ch bro or pek 4800 51 50 50 26 ch bro pek 2600 33 91 409 23 do or pek 1242 45 bid 51 51 22 do pek 2200 “9 bid 2 412 37 do or pek 1998 44 52 52 10 ch pek sou 1000 26 93 415 9 ch pekoe 855 40 53 53 1L do bro pek fans 77u 20 94 Glasgow 4'8 63 do bro or pek 4240 52 bid 55 Rothes 55 20ht-ch bro pek 1200 44 bid 95 ‘ 421 25 do or pek 1625 49 56 56 16 do pek 8.0 87 bid 96 4244.16 do pekoe 1600 42 69 Lower Dickoya59 27 hf-ch b-o pek 1512 3A bid 97 Poilakande 427 16hf-ch or pek 800 34 bid 60 cO 10 ch pek 1000 29 bid 98 430 19 ch bro pek 19 0 33 bid 61 XY Z, in es- 99 433 10 do pekoe 900 29 tatemark 61 23 ch bro pek 2300 87 bid 101 Koslande 439 25hf-ch bro pek 1375 38 bid 62 62 5ST do pek 4590 33 102 442 16 ch ekoe 1440 30 bid 64 Paradise 6) 18hf-ch bro pek 990 sy 163 Myraganga 445 79 do ro pek 7900 37 bid 65 65 12 ch pek 1200 31 104 448 26 do bro or pek 2730 42 66 66 14 do pek sou 1400 2s 105 451 67 do _ pekoe 6030-83 7 Rosenee 70 23 ch bro pek 2300 40 106 454 42 do ek sou 3150 29 71 71 13 do pek 1040 $2 107 Mount Temple457 77 hf-ch roorpek 4031 37 bid (2 oes 72 10 do pek sou 750 29 108 460 26 do or pek 1170 32 bid 78 MN 73 2 hfch dust 2100 17 109 463 62 do orpek 2790 = 82. bid 7> Warakamure 75 19 ch — or pek 1900 a3 2 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. ee Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. bene Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. ibe. ae 77 16 ch ek 1520 30 78 7g 18 do. sou AND = 2 72 1840 30 hf-ch or pek 1500 63 bid 81 Mousa Eliya 81 17 ch bro pek 1700 87 73 1813 38 ch pekoe 3800 50 bid S28 82 11 do or pek 110031 74 1836 14 do peksou 1190 = 42 bid 83 83 13 do nek 1235 28 77, Gallawatte 1855 14 ch bro pek 1400 3940 99 GW 90 16 ch sou 1120 26 8 1858 23 do pek 1955 32 98 GB 98 29hf-ch dust 1300 19 i) 186l 15 do rad fans 1050 30 99 IP 99 27 ch pek sou 2295 27 8i BD 1876 20hf-ch bro pek fam 1600 32 100 MD R, in es- 85 1879 12 do dust 10R0— 19 tate mark 100 21 ch bro pek 2053 33bid | 87 : 1885 14 ch unas 1400 BB 101 101 #0 do or pek 2760 «= 35 bid | &8 BDW 1888 43 ch sou 3655 «(16 102 Polpitiya 102 14 ch broorpek 1260 39 90 Farnham 1894 25 ch bro pek 2250 49 1028 103 13 do or pek 1105 8 91 1897 28 do pek 2240 35 bid 104 104 25 do pek 2800 3) 92 1900 16 do k sou 1200 = 3 105 105 22 do pek sou 176087 99 Mahalia 1921 12 ch ro pek 1200 3? 106 Welwelwate 108 14hf-ch bro orpek 830 24 102 St. Edwards i930 14 ch broorpek 840 24 109 109 20 do dust 1200 17 106 19386 15 do pek e508 113 X X 113 33 ch bro pek 2300 36bid | 16 Stamford ; 114 114 15hf-ch dust 1140-17 bid Hill 1942 3ih-fch fioweryor 115 Kudagangal 15 14 ch bre pek 1400-81 bid 2 of pek 1700 = 49 bid 116 116 23 do pek 2185 27 107 1945 19 ch or pek 171040 118 117 9 do peksou 810 25 i Povaiast 1948 10 do jek 850 37 120 Blinkbonnie 1:0 341}f-ch bro pek 1870 46 f * } 121 Ravenscraig 121 16 ch or pek 1289 38 bid tenne | 1951 14 ch bro orpek 1390 38 bid 2p) 122 24hf-ch bro pek 1200-89 115 D:hiowita 1069 16 ch sou 1440 26 123 123 19 ch pek 1615 30 116 Thedden 1972 36 ch bro pek . BOLO 87 197 PTN es- 117. Rockside 1975 18 ch sou 1040 28 tate mark 127 22hf-ch peksou 1100 25 | 119 1931 8 do dust 1010021 130 Hanagama 130 40 ch bro pek 4038 34bid | 120 1984 11 do bropek fan 165 88 ae 1 elton a oe eae 2 7 ¢ 709 39 ue 4 x 32 1h euch Ww a Oe be pek ee 33 125 Dunbar 1999 20hf-ch broorpek 1300 44 133 133 17 do peksou 14145 28 126 2002 22 do or pek 105637 146 H, in estate :; 127 2005 15 do bro pek 825-85 mark 146 10 ch pek sou 950 38 Hi Ane, El 2008 27 ch pek 216) 32 iti 7 5 1000 BS 2 f : 148 Pee 148 19 ae py Pek 152034 bedde 2020 23hf-ch broorpek 1196 52 bid 149 149 8 do’ pek sou 720 28 1338 2023 40 do bro pek 1920 44 bid 150 New Valley 150 21 ch broorpek 2100 46bid | 134 2026 34 do pek 1462041 151 151 24 do or pek 2400 41 bid | 135 ., 2629 38 do pek sou 1444 36 152 152 25 do pek 29500 37 134 Macalleniya 2041 17hbf-ch bro pek 935 «= 46 153 158 14 do pek sou 1260 36 140 2044 15 do pek 825 «89 155 NIT 155 18 ch uuas 1800 26 16) pe 27 8 ch ek sou 800-84 159 Charlie Hill 159 15hf-ch pek 750 30 125 Stafford Dis dal 1930 60 163 Harangalla 163 18 ch Ero pek A710 “88') 146 Thevd 2062 19 do pe 171042 164 164 44 do pek 3960 29bid | 149 Theydon oie 165 1635 9 do sou 810 7 Bois 2071 10 ch bro or pek 900 61 166 166 8 do dust 800 17 150 2074 21 ae or pek 168041 167 Harangalla 167 17 ch bro pek 1615 39 151 3 POT? 15 4 e 120034 168 163 28 do pek 2520 3) bid | 155 St. Heliers 2089 13 ¢ roor pek 1300 43 169 16) 10 do dust 1000 «17 156 2092 10 © or pek 8:0 38 188 F LB 183 15hf-ch broorpek 900 29 151 es me = 170 38 184 Annandale 184 16hi-ch or pek g00 s2bid | 159 Gallustain 2101 40hfch broorpek 2200 41 _ 185 185 13 do bro pek 754 - 48 160 2104 3L do bro pek 1550 37 bid 186 186 18 do pek S64 2 161 2107 39 do pe 175581 187 187 15 do peksou 795 37 163 Talgaswela 2113 8 ch ro pek 2520 41 196 Hemingford 196 20 ch fans 1700 19 164 2116 39 do pekoe 765 33 197 197 15hf-ch sou 825 26 165 2119 7 do bro pek No 2 770 32 x 166 Great Valley a Ceylon, in est. [Messrs. Forbes & Walker.— mark alze 10 nh or pek 909 kK 167 125 2 ~C ro pe 1595 528,922 Ib.) 168 2128 16 ch ek 1440 5 1 y y ‘ 575 oD) 169 2131 9 do peksou 810 5 NewPeacock 1639 zi hf-ch_ pek fans 1375 0 71 3137, 1. do ie: oer 6 G O, in estate 173 Doragalla 2143 20hf-ch broorpek 1100 mark 1642 13hf-ch bro pek fan 1080 33 174 2:46 14 ch or pek 1400 10 Sadamulla 1654 15 ch bro pek 1500 29 ol dvb 2149 17 do pek 1445 amt 1657 17 do pek 1700-28 176 2152 14 do peksou 1190 15 Carberry 1€69 24 ch bro pek 2160 9359 180 Marguerita 2164 2zhf-ch bro pek 1210 16 1672 20 do pek 1:00 3L 181 Anningkan- AW 1675 9 do peksou $10. 28 de 2167 12 ch bro pek 1329 23 Walpita 1693 22 ch bro pek 2200 39 bid | {82 2170 12 do pek 1200 24 1696 is do pek G00 34 183 2173 12 do pek son 1080 ie 2!6S9 11 do peksou &S0 30 1g4. Tymawr 2176 subf-ch or pek 1350 29 Kakiriskande i711 i0 ch pek 900 32 185 2:79 21 do bro pek 150 32 Nilloomally 186 2182. 42 do pek 1680 O BE C, in est. 187 2185 <4 do pek sou 1430 mark Tiz0gi2e Ch bro pek 2700 aC 189 KCW, inest. 33 1723 18 do or pek 1710 42 bid mark 291 llhi-ch broorpek 715 34 1726 26 do pek 3c60 87 190 Middleton 2194 22 do broorpek 1210 35 1729 21 do pek sou L575 33 191 2197 14 ch or pek 1400 37 Glencorse 7s) 9) elt bro or pek 900 52 192 270 11 do pek 1045 38 1733 17 do bro pek 1530 38 193 HF 2203 27hf-ch bro or pek 1620 39 1741 17 do pek 136033 194 2206 17 do pek 816 40 1744 12 do» peksou SH 198 Amblakan- 58 Strathspey 1793 16hf-ch or pek 76S 52 bid de 22i8 10 ch bro pek 1000 69 1801 13 do bro pek 754 44 bid | 199 9221 13 do pek 1040 60 1864. 20 do pek 9€0 40 bid 200 2224 13 do pek sou 1040 61 Mansfield 1807 29hf-ch bro pek 1740 52 201 Polatagama 2227 54 ch bro pek 4860 62 1810 15 ch pek 1350 39 202 2230 40 do er pek 3000 63 1813 11 do pek sou 880 203 2233 70 do pek - - 5600 64 Meddetenne 1816 52hf-ch bro pek 2860 . 40 | 204 (+236 26 do pek sou 2880 65 1819 20 ch pek 1900; BY 206 Kirklees 2242 9 ch dust 810 66 1822 16 do pek sou 1440 28 207 RG, inest. 67 1895 14hf-ch bropekfans 910 31 — mark 2245 l7hf-ch hroorpek .020 7) Monkswood 1834 24 do bro pek 1320 G5bid | 208 2248 9 ch orpek 855 zi 1837 32 do do 1760 G5bid | 212 HighForest 10 30hf-ch broorpek 1590 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. 3 en ree Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lbs seseses.\P weiob. Box. Pkgs- Name- lb e. 213 13 18hf-ch or pek 810 58 379 Hatton 511 35hf-ch bropek-. 2030 63 214 16 17 do pek 731 46 pe 514 34 ch — pek 2390 39 215 High Forest 19 lvhf-ch broorpek 901 61 oo erie 517 82 do peksou 2560 82 216 2212 do bro pek 792 50 385 Harrington 529 13 do or pek 1300 45 217 25 18 do pek 792 44 Ee See 532 9 do pek 90 24 218 Pallagodda 93 26 ch bro or pek 2600 40 Be oodend 525 22 do bro pek 2099 36 bid 219 31 28 do bro pek 2800 45 oa0 Ril: 538 32 do pek 2040 30. bid 220 34 16 ch or pek 1440 36 300 Hi: e j 541 15 do pek sou 1275 29 221 37 97 do pek - 2160 34 SENG GEE. ceapihen do pek sou 2800 28 222 40 21 do peksou 1s90 80 509) (Pal Ee at do bro tea 7600 3 228 Morankande 58 11 ch bropek 1100 39 08 almerston 550 42hf-ch bro pek 2394 54 229 61 15 do pek 1350 | 82 309 P Li 553 25 ch’ pek 2150 44 234 Galkadua 79 1€ ch bro pek 1600 37 aa Seah an. 568 12 do sou 1260 19 335 79 22 do pek 1870 29 2 Earsices 571 24 do peksou 1920 28 236 82 11 do peksou 935 27 ae Matale 574 45hf-ch bropek 2475 40 233 Killarney §8 s0hfch broorpek 2748 45 Hae 577 21 ch pek 1890 33 239 91 14 ch or pek 11S 46 107, OS Si 580 11 do pek sou 990 30 240) 94 24 do pek 1918. wBP DU bike dee eae elnaue 241 97 8 do peksou 718 33 teal 595 28 do nek 2100 34 242 100 20hf-ch fans 1400 26 rai ante or go no tals Eau eS 244 Arapolakan- ars a Ur is ao pek 1260 31 ae? Pies romek 3000 Ce 41 bide | 4ce wa eee ee ae ae, OF pek 900 4L 245 109 37 do pek 2960 33 re 658 11 do pekt 110037 243 DMV 118 14 ch bro pek 1302 82 ie) AE 661 7 do peksou 700 31 249 121 17 do pek 1360 29 re 670 10 do pek 90-25 258 Kennington 143 19 ch es B50 26 rey ae at de bro pek sou oe a8 259 5 hf-ch = dust 0 ; is 964 Arapolakan- 151 10 a 8 18 437 Tembiligalla 685 32hf-ch bro pek 2100 37 de Frou chin ireipek. 8380) ralibid |) 488 fan pera peeves ch pek 1870 32 265 169 28 do pek 2940 34 “ rubs Hill 706 45 do bro pek 4500 41 bid 270 Mawiliganga- aan 709 32 do pek 3200 39 bid watte 184 4thf-ch bropek 2-00 34 qa i . 712 35 do — pek sou 2915 31ba 271 187 18 ch peksou 1850 31 * Doranakanda 715 11 do bropek 110034 279 RC W,imestate Gl one 721 8 do peksou (720 28 mark 211 19 ch gou 1583) 17 456 Mapitigama 742 s3hf-ch bropek 1650 35 282 Hornsey ¥20 37 ch or pek 3700.47 ae 745 23 do pek 10352 283 223 18 do pek 7) 49 ne Ci ’ 745 29 do pee sou 1218 28 204 226 10 do peksou 1000-34 geet a 772 18 ch ro orpek 1235 39 292 P 250 5 ch fans 750. 47 nea 775 18 do bropek = 1620-39 293 Castlereagh %53 16 ch bro pek 6u0 * 49 469 778 34 do. pek 2720 30 294 256 15 do or pek 1275.41 aro UPASsaE 781 9 do pek sou 810 2S 295 259 15 do pek 200 36 a assara Gronp781 17 do broor pek 1500 46 299 KP W 271 38hf-ch or pek 2280 33 reas 787 12 do or pek 103040 300 274 26 do bro pek 143033 473 790 16 do pek 1440 37 301 217 71 do pek 3560 30 ao eK ne 793 8 do kek sou 760 34 302 280 17 do peksou 850 27 an nayesmire 811 13hf-ch bro orpek 780 43 304 Nugagalla 286 19 do bro pek 950 43 482 8114 11 ch bropek 1100 40 305 289 47 do pek 2350 31 dsr sTavebiess 820 51 do pek 4335 30 306 Waitalawa 202 70 do bropek 3500 48 ae HESS 835 43hf-ch bropek 236550 bid 307 “95 72 do pek 3600 34 833 25 ch pek 2250 41 bid 308 Wogan 298 34 ch bro pek 3230 43 ate 301 38 we Bee 3230 33 304 28 do ek sou 2240 30 313. Scrubs 313. 22 do bea or pek 2090 58 SMALL LOTS. ae 316 44 do bru pek 4400 47 = B) 219 16 do ek 1360 39 <44: a6 PORE eoueentciccuenI105 055 ; ‘aesamescr en and Villiers.) 317 irrimettia :25 li do unast 990 Zs ot. Xe -*kos. ‘ i a 318 NWD 328 11 do peksou S918 1D aarey, pane oD Ks 319 331, 6 do, fans 750 20 ES TES a rei! 320 334 9 do dust 1404 15 - NS = 335 8 325 Fatiagama 240 19 do pek 1515 34 | 5 Rambodde 5 es Tans 490 23 326 Queensland 352 14 do — unast 1260 27 = Ke Land: 6 1 do dust 90 18 329 onacombe 361 22 do or pek 2200 44 rs HUD Ce is és do fans 60 out 361 38 do bro pek 3800 455 : 7 2 dv unas 3838s out 363 41 oe bet 41.0 36 a ee ey S 364 11 do pek sou 990 34 367 luhf-ch ‘lust 9.0 20 [Mr. H. John.] Be paater ds. se ae dus’ BY 20 Lot. pkgs. Nane. (3 on-Sea 379 10 do bro pek 950837 3 D 5 ch sou 25 337 385 8 do pek 760 30 4 2 co dust i 34) Ella Oya 394 11 do bro pek 1100 42 5 2 do mixed 19 341 397 11 do. orpek 990 38 8 Ferndale 3 do dust 18 342 440 12° do pek sou 1080 30 14 'I'h resin 2 do bro mix 81 3416 LIreby 412 49 hfi-ch bro pek 2940 8963 15 3hf-ch dust 19 “347 415 33 do» pek 16:0 44 20 Kadeila 5 do cust 18 348 418 12 ch pek sou 108087 24 Mossend 6 ch pek sou 32 349 Fairlawn 421 27 hf-ch bro pek 1850 47 bid | 29 3 do dust 19 350 424 38 ch or pek 1710 = 58 30 Lona 3 do peksou 35 351 4:7 19 do pek W710 2) 387 Sir Thf-ch dust lp 356 Lynsted 44. 13hf-ch pek sou 715 34 34 Yapame 7 ch pek sou 31 353 Chesterford 447 20 ch fans 1800 33 36 Galloola 5 do dust 18 361 457 22hf-ch dust 1760 «18 38 Vincit 5 do peksou 265 362 Geragama 469 20 ch — bro pek 1800 36 39 2» do dust ir 363 463 20 do pek 1800-20 40 2 do 364 466. 9 do pek sou 765 29 4hf-ch sou 548 24 365 Waratenne 469 12 do bro pek 1080 34 54 Cleveland 298 S$ do bro pek 520 45 bid 366 472 16 do pek 1360 29 61 Whyddon 319 3 ch bro pek fans 360 31 371 Carfax 487 13 do bro or pek 1800 50 7. Marakona 319 3 do dust 420 - 372 490 14 do or pek 1260 45 bid | 75 Kyalgolla 361 2hf-ch fans 140 21 373 493 14 do bropek 1260 39 76 . £6: 1 do dust sO 16 374 Dunkeld 496 GOhf-ch bro or pek 3600 44 bid | 77 Anamallai 867 2 do dust 170 17 375 499 12 ch orpek 1144089 86 Little Valley 394 2% do dust rE I 376 502 26 do pek 2340 39 87 PLti Rajah $97 5 ch orpek 400 3g 377 Ingrogalla 505 13 do bro pek 1800 38 89 ‘ 408 6 do pekoe 480 30 378 508 11 do pek 935 2 100 Poilakande 436 2 do pek sou 140 23 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. 3 do dust 3 do red leaf 9hf-ch dust 2 do pekNo.2 3 do bro pek fans 2 do dust 5 ch bro pek 7 do pekoe 2 do pek sou 3hf-ch dust 7 do dust 7 ch pek sou 5hi-ch dust 2 ch pek sou 2 do pek dust 1 do dust 2hf-ch pek fans 2 ch pekoe 2 do pekoe lhf-ch dust 2 ch dust Somerville & Co.] Pkgs. Name. 4 Lot. Box, 113 GB 475 114 478 120 Claremont 496 121 499 126 GCM 514 130 Horton Plains 526 131 529 132 532 133 WG 535 137 Bokotua 547 138 550 139 653 140 VC 556 152 R 592 159 N 613 162 Orange Field 622 163 625 164 628 178 P 670 179 .Glassaugh 673 180 Harve 676 181 H 679 182 AK 682 (Messrs. Lot. Box, 1 SFD 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 Penrith 5 6 F, in estate mark 6 7 7 8 EF A, in astate mérk 8 15 CF, in estate mark tip 16 16 17 17 is , 18 21 D, in es,,ate inaik 21 22 22 24 St. Catherine 24 25 25 26 26 29 Corfu 29 380 30 34 K, in estate mark 34 35 35 36 DAL 36 37 Dryburgh 37 41 Honiton 41 46 Hatdowa 46 54 Ukuwela 54 57 Rothes 57 58 58 63 X Y Z, in estate mark 63 67 Paradise 67 68 y 68 69 69 74 MN 74 76 Warasimure 76 79 79 80 80 84 Mousa 84 85 85 86 85 87 GMS 86 88 88 89 89 91 GW 91 92 92 93 93 106 Agarsland 1L6 118 Kudaganga 118 119 119 124 Ravenseraig 124 145 NSC 125 126 P T N, in estate mark ‘ 126 228 128 129 129 134 Neuchatel 134 135 135 139 S 139 140 140 W41A 141 142 142 143 D 143 4hf-ch bro pek fans 5 do pek fans 10 do con 3 do dust 4 ch dust 5 ch sou 5hf-ech dust 3hf-ch dust 2 ch pek sou 2 do bro tea 8hf-ch pek fans 3 do dust 2 ch bro tea 1hf-ch pek fans 4 ch pek 2 do peksou lhf-ch dust 9 do pek sou 1 do ust 3 ch bro mix 2hf-ch dust 6 ch pek box pek sou 2 ch dust 1 ch dust lhf-ch dust 6 hf-ch ek sou en ust 7 ch pek sou 5hf-ch pek fans do dust o 3 do dust No. 2 3 ch bro mix 4hf-ch bro pek 2 do bro pek fans 1 do dust ouch unas 1 do _ bro pek fans 1 do duss 4hf-ch bro pek 1 box zhf-ch pek do pek sou Giga fans do dust 4 ch red leaf 2 ch dust 5 ch fans 1 do dust 3 ch pek sou 5hf-ch funs Shfch bro pek 2 do pek fans 1 do dust 3 ch . bro or pek 2 do dust 6hf-ch dust 8 do bro tea 4hf-ch dust 4 do brotea 5 ch bropek Lot. Box. Pkgs. 144 144 6 ch 145 145 6 do 154 NIT 154 4 do 156 W VT »8 5hf-ch 157 Castlemilk 57 5 hf-ch 168 e 158 13 do 160 Se arene ee 161 161 5 do 162 7 do 170 PK 170 8 ch 171 171 9 hf-ch 191 H T, 1n estate mark 191 2hfch 192 192 2 do 193 193 4 do 194 9t 2 do 195 Name. pek pek sou unas No. 1 dust bro mix bro pek pek sou pek fans 1 2 Hemingford 195 10hf-ch pek fans (Messrs. Forbes & Walker.| Lot. Box. Pkgs. 1 GK 1627 3 ch 2 YD 1630 8 hf-ch 3 New Peacock 1633 5 ch 4 1636 4 hf-ch 7 Kaduruwan- dola 1645 1 hf-ch 8 1648 1 do 9 1651 1 do 12 Sadamulla 1660 1 do 13 1663 1 do 14 1666 2 do 18 Carbery 1678 6 ch 19 Palm Garden 1681 6 hf-ch 20 1684 6 do 21 1687 3 do 22 Walpita 1690 15 box 26 W, in estate mark 1702 3 ch 27 1705 3 hf-ch 28 Kakiriskan- de 1708 3 ch 30 1714 3 do 31 BBB, in est. mark 1717 7 hé-ch 36 Nilllomally O BEC, in est. mark 1732 2 ch 41 Glencorse 1747 2 ch 42 1750 1 do 43 1753 1 do 44 Carendon 1736 2% ch 45 1759 1 do 46 1762 1 do 47 1765 1 do 48 Beverley 1768 3 ht-ch 49 1771 10 do 50 1774 3 do 51 1777 6 do 52 1780 4 do 53 rewardene 1783 4 ch 54 1786 6 do 53 1789 2 do 56 1792 1 do 57 1795 2 do 68 Meddetenne 1828 3 hf-ch 69 K WD, in estate mark 1831 3 hf-ch 75 Mondswood 1849 3hf-ch 76 1852 4 do 86 BD 1882 2 do §9 Opalgalla 1891 7 do 93 Farnham 1903 3 ch 94 1906 1 do 100 Mahalla 1924 5 ch 101 1927 4 do 103 St. Edwards 193311 ch 105 1939 12 do 1160 Tavalam- tenne 1954 7 ch 111 1957 2 do 112 1960 1 du 113 New Gal- way 1963 7 hf-ch 114 1966 7 do 118 Rockside 1978 4 ch 123 Holton 1993 7 ch 124 1996 4 do 129 DBR ~ 2011 8 ch 130 2014 5 do 131 2017 3 hf-ch 136 Agra Kl- bedde 2032 4 hf-ch 137 2035 1 do 138 Macaldeniya 2038 8 hf-ch Name. red leaf bro pek fens bro pek pek pek sou bro or pek sou dust bro pek pek sou dust sou pek fans bro tea dust pek sou do sou A sou B bro or pek bro pek pek bro mix bro pek dust on or pek pek fans dust pek pek sov bro pek pek sou pek fans dust bro or pek 290 350 640 450 100 100 200 170 600 lb. 24 bid Lot. Box. Pkgs 149 20:0 1 ch 143 2053 1 do 144 2056 8 hf-ch 147 Stafford 2965 4 ch 14g 2068 1 do 139 Theydon Oj 2080 8 ch 153 TB, in estate mar k 2088 2 ch 154 2086 2 do 158 St. Heliers 2093 6 ch 162 Gallustain 2110 4 hf-ch 176 Great Valley Ceylon , in estate mark 21384 4 ch 172 - 2140 4 do 177 Doragalla 2155 6 hf-ch 178 2155 4 ch 179 z161 3 do 1s8 BDWP 2188 9 hf-ch 205 Kirkiees 2239 8 ch 209 RG, inest-mark1 7 ch 210 4 5 do Qi1 7 7hf-ch 223 Wavovlkande 43 3 ch 224 46 5 do 1 hf-ch 225 49 1 ch 1 hf-ch 226 ; 52 2 do 227 Morankande 53 6 ch 930 Gt 6 do sy! 67 1 hf-ch 232 70 1 do 233 Galkadua 7 a ex 237 8) 1 do 263 Arapolakande 10} 5 ch 242 112 6 do 247 115 2 do 20 DMV 124 4 ch 251 127 2 do 2s LGA 133) 6 “cl 230 Moralioya 14 6 do 261 157 5 do 9G) 160 Ghf-ch 263 Avapoiak nde 163 5 ch 2.66 172 6 do 267 UF ee aka) 268 Mawiligangw- watte 178 10 hf-ch 3AQ 18! 14 do 27 199 3 de 276 Yatederia Qu? 4 ch Que £05 4hf-ch 278 sags * do 285 Hornsey 29 4 ch 2 Ue 247 6 ch 298 Castlereagh 2:2 4 do 297 265 5 hf-ch 293 ¥68 3 do 803 IP W Q82 4% hf-ch 211 -Vogan Bak Gein 312 3t0 8 do bade NEAL 337 1 do 323 Patiagima 343 1 ch 324 346 3 hf-ch 525 Queensland 349 2 ch an, a $55 2? hf-ch 328 358 10 do 83€ St. Leonards- on-Sea 382 8 ch 338 388 2% do 339 391 2 do 332 Fairlawn 4.0 12 hf-eh 353 433 3 do 354 Warwick 433 11 do 375 439 1 do °57 Lynsted 445 6 do $59 Chesterford 451 7 ch 460 454 7 do 267 Sunnyecroft 475 2 do 368 478 1 do 369 48t 1 «do 370 48: 3 do 382 Hatton 520 3 bf-ch 383 523 3 do 884 Harrington 6526 4 do 394 Palmerston 555 7 ch 395 KEK 559 1 hf-ch 396 56a) Lach 397 Meemorakande565 7 hf-ch 408 Poengalla 598 6 do 412 Aseot 6L0 1 do 413 6138 9hf ch 427 Galapitakaudeé55 9 ch 403 664 1 ch 43. 667 2 do 485 AML 679 5 do CEYLON PRODUCE Name. sou bro tea dust pek sou fans pek sou dust fans pek sou bro pek fans sou fans or pek fans bro mix red leaf bro or pek pek fans pek pek sou dust bro pek Pek pek sou dust bro or pek pek sou bro nek fans pek fan: bro or pek dust bro or pe'x pek sou dust: nek sou bro pek fans bro mix fans unas dust bro or pok pe sou du 6 bro or pek or pek dust pek sou bro pek fans dust fans pek sou pek sou fans dust dust pek sou No, 2 dust bro tea pek sou fans bro mix dust fans bro pek No. 2 dust pek fans pek sou dust pek secu dust bro pek fans congou bro tea pek sou congou bro tea dust dust bro tea bro or pek pek sou bro pek pek dust pek pek sou bro pek fans bre or pek dust fans red leaf SALES. LIST. 5 G Lot. Box: Pkos, Name. Ib. @, 98 426-7; 682 1 do sou 13 17 31 439 Tembiligalla 691 7 do ek sou 952A 18 440 094 2 do dust 160 7 36 443. Dovanakanda 718 6 do pekoe 40-20 22 470 Wolleyfield 721 2 do bio pek 200 87 451 727 4 do 31 1hf-ch pekoe 430 24 | 452 70 2 ch bro mixed 209 17 16 , 43 722 1 do bre mix Spee 93 44 726 2 do fans ge 14 29 455 Mapitigama 789 9hf-ch bro or pek 402 47 24 474 Passara Group796 1 ch fans 75 19 4°91 Knavesmire 817 7 do or pek 644 838 483 823 7 do pek sou 625 28 27 484 826 2 do peksouNo.2 2:0 9% 24 485 829 3hf-ch bropek fans 186 24 19 486 832 3 do’ dust 240 18 23 492 A 850 1 ch dust 150 8619 19 493 P 853 1 do bro tea 100 17 85 30 awa se eT Lael eels a eas ; ee CEYLON CINNAMON SALES IN 7 LONDON. 33 ete => er 25 (Irom our Commercial Correspondent. ) MINCING LANE Dee. 2. 24 “Tnaba Maru”—CHdeS, Kandavalle. 27 bales out at 12 Is; 24b sold at 10d; 15b at 9d; 4b at 84d. cn CHdeS Rnstoom, 192 pales sold at 1144; 8b at 94d; 5b 9 at 94: 1b at 84d. 16 Ditto Koottariavalle, 11 bales sold at 11d; 9b at 10d; 38 4b nt 9d: 1b at 8d. 17 Ditto Ka‘irane, 8bales sold at 11d; 7b at 10d; 5 #0 at 9d: 4b at 83d. 17 | Ditto Morotto, 6 bales sold at 113d; 4b at 11d; 6b 26 | at 10d; 5b at 9d. 24 Ditto Bagatelle, 9 biles sold at 11d; 4b%at 10d; 2b at £5 | 9d: 1b at Bd. 28 Ditto Ratmalane, 7 bales sold at 114d; 4b at 10d; {8 1b st 94; 1h at 82d. Be Ditto TPW, 6 bales sold at 113d; 2b at 10d: lbat 9d. 98 “Glan Chisholm”— \HdeS Kandavalle, 8 bales out 16 | at 1s; 15b at 10d; 18b at 9d; 7b at 832d , CHAeS Salawa, 17 bales out at 1s; 16 bales sold at a 10d; 7b at 94; 1b at 84d. a6 Ditto Movotto, 7 bales out at 1s; 9b sold at10d; 9b 97 at 9d; 7h 82d. 19 Dit*o Rustoom, 7 bales sold at 113d; 6b 104d 4bat 18 104; 10b at $a; 3b at 8 2d. 18 | Ditto Kuruwitte. 6 bales sold at 114d; 8b at 11d; a | 2hat 1124; 11bat 103; 3b at 9d. a } Ditto Ratmal: ane, 6 biles sold at 113d; 4b at 11d; 18 | Tbh at 10d: 5b at 9a: 4b at 82d. 17 Ditto Koottarinvalle, 5 bales sold at 11d; 6b at 10d; 27 | 6b af 9d; 2b at 8td. 13 “Wakasa Marn’ ’—CHdeS Kadirane, 3 bales sold at Be | 11d; 6 at109:5 at 9d;5 at 3a. a5 | CMdeS BK 0 in estate mark, 1 bale 10d; 4 at 11d; 19 5at 9d; 2 at 83d. 18 Ditto Kirripi ttiva, 1 bale out at 11d; 2 bales sold 35 at 104; 8b at 8d: 3bat 94; 1 at 94. on i . *Antenor’—CHdeS Ratmalane, 3 balesfout at 114d; 7 5 bales sold at, 92d; 6b ot 94; 7b at 8d. 26 Ditto Kandavalle, 1 bale. sold at lld; 3b 93d; 8b 9 | 94d: 6b 81. 19 Dit'o Rustoom, 1 brle’sold at 111; 2 944; 3 9d;4 8d. 37 Ditto Koottariavalle, 1 bale soli at Ge 3 9; d; 3 19 | Oa: 2 8d. ee Ditto Morotto, 1 bale sold at 11d; 2 93d; 3 9d; 1b 8d. oF Ditto TPW in estate mark, 1 bale sold at ‘ghd 1b 99 9d: ib 8d. 98 Ditto TPW in estate mark, 6 bags sold at 9d; 6 bags 18 81d cuttings; 6 bags 817; 6 bags 8d clippings. 16 “Pyrrhus’ _GHdes "Ratmalane, 12 bales out at 1s; mi 6b ont at 11d. 54 CHdeS Rustoom, 14 bales out Is. a7 Ditto Kandavalle, 6 bales out at 1. 3 “Pyrrhus” C HdeS, Morotto, 9b ontat Is; 5 z page out at lid: CH de Ss, Kootariawelle, 10b out at ae “Hatachi Maru” AS GP in estate mark, Kadirane, 30 | 7b sold at ls 5d; 1 parcel sold at 1s 5d; 6b’ sold at 13 4) 13 8d; 6b sold at 1s 4a; 6b sold at 1: 3d; 6b at 1: 9°: 18 ' 13h mG bales sold at 11d; 6b sold «+ TOLIT AK BS - at 10d; 6b at 944; 6b at 10d; 2b’ at 94d; 13, af Si 8b at Sd;1 boxsold at 94d. z ia AS GP in estate mark, 8 bags sold at 8d. “ Sarpedon” AS GP in estate mark, Kudirane, 4 bales out at ls 6d. “ Derbyshire’ AS GP in estate mark, Kadirane, 4 bales and 1 parcel ont at 1s 6d. : “Derbyshire” AS GP in estate mark, Kadirane, 6 bales suld at 9d. ‘Rome’ F'§ K in estate mark, Kadirane, 5 bales sold at 1s2d;2b soldat 1s 2d; 5bsold at is 1d; 2b sold at 9d; 3b sold at 84d; 3b sold at 8d; 1 box sold at 1usd. FS WS. in estate mark, Kadirane, 3 bales sold at 1s 3d; 4b sold at1s 2d; 5b sold at 1s 1d; 9b sold at 9d; 3b and 1 parcel sold at 8d; 1 box sold at 104d. FS W'S in estate mark, 1b sold atis 4d; 1 bale out at 1s 3d; 4b sold at 183d; 7b sold at 1s 2d; 6b sold at 1s 1d; 8b sold a tls; 4b sold at 9d; 6b sold at 84d; 4b sold at 8d;1lboxzse at 103d. ‘Rome ’—#£SK, 1 bag pieces, 1b cuttings, 5b clippings, 1b pieces and clippings; 1b cuttings and clippings and 2b clippings sold at 9d per bag. “ Derbyshire” —JDISR, in estate mark, Kaderaae, 8 bales and1 parcel sold at 1s 3d 8bsold at 1s 2d; Yb sold at 1s 2d; 8b sold atls; 2b sold at 10j}d. Horahena Estate, JDSR in estate mark, Kaderana plantation,1 bale sold at ls 2d; 1b and 1 parcel at 1s 1d; 5 bales sold at 1s ld; 5b sold at 1s; lb sold at 104d; 4b sold at 11s; 2b sold at 10d. JR KP in estate mark, 12 bales sold at 11d; 9b 74d; 6b 8d. J Kadirane, 3 bales sold at 11d; 3b 10}d; 4b 93d; 114d; 19b 1 box 1044, JDSR in estate mark, 12 clippings and 1 pieces sold at 84d. “ Clan Fraser ’’—-I°SK Kiderane, 11 bales sold at Is. “Pindari’’—F'S WS North Kadirane, 14 bales sold at ls 2d; 28b 1s 1d; 24b 10d. “1xion’’—DF in estate mark, Ekelle Plantation, 12 bales sold at 114d; 13d out; 2 bigs sold at 10d. Ditto, ODFA, 26 bales out at 14d; 6b sold at 94d; 44b out, Ditto, O Hkelle Plantation, 6 bales sold at 8d; 20b at 83d; 4b at 74d. Ditto, B, 20 bales out 26b at 844; 4b at 73d. Ditto, ©, 20 bales ont at 11d. at 11d; 50b sold at 9d; 15b 101; 18b 95d; 135 9d; 4b 83d; 17b Bd; | Ditto, DFC in estate mark, Ekelle Plantation, 50 , bales out at 9d; 26b out at 84d; 4b sold at 74a. ‘« Staffordshire’’—CPJ 764 in estate mark, Ukelle Plantation, 20 bales out at 114d; 26b sold at 84d; 4b at.74d. at Antenor’’—DNPS in estate mark, Ekeile Pian- 6tion, 33 bales out at 114d; 17b out at1lld; 2Ob cut; b, sold at 93d; 50b at 9d; 16b out; 3Ub sold at 84d; 32b at 8d; 24b at 741; QVb at 73d; 6b at 8d. “Clan Chisholm’—DNPS in estate mark, Ekelle Plantation, 20 bales out; 50b out at 95d; 26osold at 8id; 4b at Tad. “Pindari’’—PNDS in estate mark 44b out at 10d. “Patroclus ”—DHSA 1 in estate mark Ekelle Plan- tation, 6 bales sold at 83d; 6b at 8d. ‘“ Clan Maclean’”—AP & Co, Gangarouwa, 6 bales sold at 8d; 2b at 74d; 13b at 7d; 11b at 60; 3b at 5h. CINNAMON BARK. ‘Wakaas Maru’’—LO Jin estate mark, .20 bags sold at 4d. “Patroclus’—WHD & Co, Ekelle Plantation, 23 bales sold at 1s; 2b at 73d; 1b at 7d. “Clan Drummond ”—CHde§, Morotto, 6b sold at 10d. “Clan Cameron ’’—CHdeS, Kuruwitte. 9b out; ‘“ Shropshire ’—14 bags out. “Austria ’—AL1 in estate mark, 49 bales out at 9d; AL2 79b sold at 74d; AL3 48b cut at 7d; AL 4 66b out at 64d; AL, 4b out at 83d. “ Hakata ,.Maru’’—MM1 in estate mark, 6 bales out at 85d; MM2 lib out at 7d; MM3 10b ont at 7d; M M 4 6b and 1 parcel ont at 72d. * Patroclus”’—ARN, 1 Hikelle, 4 bales out at 93d; OAR, 16 bags out at 8kd; ditto 1, 14b ont at 83d ditto 2, 1b out at 63d, _ “Wakasa Maru ’—Cinnamon chips, DB & Co. 293 in estate mark, 160 bags out at 43d. ; “ Pindari ’—LiM in estate mark, 5 parcels sold at 6d. “Austria “—SUM1, in estate mark, 8 b:les out at | CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. 93d; SLM2 12b out at 94; SLM3, 10b out at 74d; SLM4 6b out at 54d; SLM5 1b ont at 44d. “Kamakura Marn '’SLM1 in estate mark, 2 bales sold at 54; 1b 7d; 2b 5$d; 5b 59d. “Clan Maclean ’’—AR1, 3 bales sold at,94, 7b at 6}d. “ Patroclus '’"—OARN, 14 bales out at 81d; LARN 7b sold at 63d; 14b 7d. “ Salazie’’"—1AR, 20 bags sold at 74; 29bat 7d; 5b 334-d; 1AR 1 bale soldat 7d; 2AR 3 bales sold at 7d; 3AR 4 bales sold at 7d. “Clan Fraser ’’—PBM, 23 bage out, 33 bales out. se oe Maclean "’—A and Co., Ekelle, 26 bales sold at 9 AS DD, in estate mark, Kadirane Plantation, 12 bales sold at 9d. “Derbyshire”’— M R, in estate mark, Kadirane Plantation, 9 bales sold at 1ld; 3lb 9$d; 20b 83d; 8b out at 83d; 18b 8d; 7b 74d. “ Pinda1i’’— M R, in estate mark, Kadirane Planta- tion, 16 bales out at 11d; 15b 84d; 7b 8d. * Hakata Maru’”—M, in estate mark, Mahawatta Plantation, 4 bales sold at 10id; 6b 10d; 5b 94d 7b 84d; 3b 84d; 1b 74d. “Tantalus "—M, in estate mark, Mahawatta Planta- tion 1 bale sold at 1; 2b 11d; 18b 10d; 84b 1lud 19b 83d; 9b 81; 3b 7db. “ Clau Buchanan” CS DA, in estate mark, Kadi- rane Planta ion 1898; 2 bales sold at ls 366 lld 9b 10/d ; 9b 10d ; 3b 9d; 1b 8s ;1 74d. “‘ Nestor’’—J F L D, in estate mark, Ekelle Planta- tion 1898, 5 bales sold at 1s 24; 3b 11gd; 1b 1lld-; lb 419519 Skas Ly 74d jd parcel/7éd ;. lb Vd; 46 qads') 1043 bb Sadakb Ghd; Ob tid; Ab Te “Patroclus”"—O §S D A, in estate wark, Ekell Plantation 1893, 1 bale sold at 1s 1d; 2b 16; 7b 11a l4b 10d, 7b90d;4b84,+4b 7id 2b 7d 3b ont at 1s 24 1b 1s; lb 1lld; 1 sold at 10d; Ib 9d; 1b 84; lb 7d 2 bales out 1s; 3b Is. M, Mahawatte Plantation, 40 biles ont at 94d; 50b 87d ; 30b 8d; 9b 744, “ Sindon ""—M, Mahawatte Plantation, 16 bales out ,at '1d; 12b 103d; 17b 10d; 12b 93d; 7b 83d “Clan Chisholm’’—M, in estate mark, Mahawatte Plantation, 3 bales out at ls; 5b 11d ; 20b 11d; 2b sold at 84d ;10b at 74d. “Clan Forbes’—M Mahawatta Plantation, 1s 21; 9b sold at 113d; 11b out at lid; i2b ditto, 4b 91; 1b sold at 8d. ‘*Pindari”—M Mahawatte Plantation, 16b at 114, 30b out at 10d; 43b out at 9d; 1b sold at 74d. “Ores es’’—M London ditto, 6b ont at 114; 18b out at ld; 13b out at 84d; 3b sold ut 8d; 14b 7$d. “Kanagawa Maru”—C P 684 J, Ekelie, in’ estate mark, 12b 10d; 8b s ld at 941; 189 84d; 4b $d. “Olan Macdonald”—C P 684 J, in estate mark, 3b 9 b Nd; | 10d; 4bsold at 9d. Clan Mackay ’’—ditto, 14b 81; 2b sold at 744. “ Wakasa Maru ’’—C S DA, Ekelle, in estate mark, Ib out at 1ld; 3b sold at 8d; Ilb 744; 1 bag 7d ditto, J F LD, in estate mark, ditto, 4b 1s 2a; 2k sold at 1s; ditto, 1b 11d; 1b sold a! 101; ditto, 3b 9d; 4b sold at 83d; ditto, 2b 73d; 1b sold at 7d; ditto, 7 bags at 4d. “Hakata Maru”—M L M, in estate mark, 3b Tid 5b sold at 64d; ditto, 70 53d. “ Salazie’”—M LM, in estate mark, 6b 73d; 12b sold at 7d: ditto, 18b 53d; 11b sold at 5d. * Pindare "“—16b 64; 15b sold at 5d. “Port Elliot’ —M L M, in estate mark, 10b 73d; 6b soldat 7d; ditto, 6b 64d; 26b sold at 5d. “ Orestes ’—M L M, in estate mark, 28b 5d. “ Sarpedon ”"—J '[, in estate mark, 3b 74d; 14b sold. at 5d. ‘‘Clan Maclean” —M L M, in estate mark, 25b 33d 2b sold at 3d; ditto, 30b 34d; 23b sold at 2d. “Patroclus ”—CSDA in estate mark, 1 bag sold at 53d; 2b 5d 6b 43d; 2b 32d; 30b 4d. “ Nestor’’—JFLD in estate mark, 2 bags sold at 7d. “Clan Chisholm”—6 bags sold at 64d; Ib 5d. “Thamba Mara’’—13 bales out; 30 bales ont. “Nesior’—DMDS in estate mark, 20 bales out at Is; 75 bales sold at 9d; 18b 84d; 62b Sd; 255 73d; 20 bags 31d; 56b 32d; 3b 44d. “Oratava’—GDC Ekelle, 19 bales sold at 115d; _ 48b 10d; 51b 9d;°24b out; 5b sold at 8d; Qb 72d; 1 box sold at 10d. : “ Wakasa Maru”’—CPJ816 in estate mark 199 bags ont_ a ee eS OBSERVER PRINTING WORKS. TEA, COFFEE, CINCHONA, COCOA, AND CARDAMOM SALES. NO. 1 Cotompo, JANUARY 9, 1899. Price :—12} cents each 3 copies 30 cents; 6 copies } rupee. Lot. Box. Pkgs. 2 New Anga- mana 859 15hf-ch 862 16 do 5 868 18 do 6 Suduwella 871 8 ch 11 Carlin Vally 8386 8 ch 12 8389 9 do 13 s92 8 do 17 Anningkande 904 14 ch 18 907 i3 do 19 Deaculla 910 43 hf-ch 20 913 23 do 2L Tymawr 9'6 28 hf-ch 22 919 48 dp 23 922 28 do 27 Devonford 93+ 22 hf-ch 28 937 12 ch 29 BDW 949 18 ch 35 J yegrove 958 13 ch 37 Ella Oya 964 13 ch 38 937 14 bf-ch 39 Rowley 970 19 hf-ch 40 973 27 do 42 Middleton 979 19 hf-ch 43 982 22 do 44 985 18 ch 45 988 14 do 46 991 14 do 47 994 13 do 48 RW W in est. mark 997 11 ch 49 Hayes 1000 113 hf-ch 50 Hayes 1003 43 do 51 1006 5L do a2 Frex 1000 19 ch 53 1012 12 do 54 1015 14 do 58 Ingoya 10:7 6 ch 64 K A, in est. mark 1045 ch 65 10:8 17 hf-ch 67 Ismalle 1054 16 ch 71 Glengariffe 1066 31 hft-ch 72 1069 27 do 73 1072 13 do 74 1075 1L ch 78 Serubs 1087 10 ch 79 WG 1090 9 ch 80 Hamingford 1093 i0 hi-ch 81 Dunkeld 10696 11 hf-ch 82 Monkswood 1099 24 hi-ch 33 1102 32 do 84 1105 38 ch 85 1108 14 do 87 Theydon Bois 1:14 8 ch 88 1117 12 ao 92 Avoca 1129 7 ch 95 A, in estate wark TFS Te Chi 96 Shrubs Hill 1141 52 ch 97 1144 24 do 100 Lauderdale 1153 8 ch 11l Rowley 1186 20 hf-ch 112 1189 20 hf-ch 113. Agia Oya 1192 11 ch 1l4 1195 14 do 115 1198 9 do 117 1204 12 do 118 St. Heliers 1207 19 hf-ch 119 1210 15 ch 125 Mousakelle, Maskeliya 1228 23 hf-ch 126 123L 13 ch 127 1234 15 do 131 Cooroondoo- watte 146 2Lhf-ch 135 Grange Gar- den 1258 22 ch 136 1°6L 18 do 137 Kelaneiya and Braemar 1264 24 ch 188) 5 1267 15 do 139 1270 15 do COLOMBO SALES OF TEA, LARGE LOTS. [Messrs. Forbes & Walker.— 481,265 Ib.) Name. pek sou pek or pek fan bro or pek pekoe bro or pek bro pek pek sou pek bro pek pek red leaf bro pek pek bro pek pek pek sou or pek bro or pek pek bro or pek or pek pek pek bro or pek pek bro pek or pek pek lb. 2200 180) 2040 150) 1500 62 withd'n. 49 44 37 27 5 bid 46 bid 28 62 withd’n. 39 bid 251 I Box. Polatagama 1285 12838 Polatagama Weoya Weoya Maha Uva Ruanwella Dammeria DM Dea Ella e Erracht Kirklees Great Valley Ceylon, in est. mark 1405 1408 1411 1414 1417 1423 14°6 1441 1444 1447 1450 1453 1489 1468 1477 1483 1486 1489 1492 1495 1498 1501 Clyde Seenagolla Inverness COEB VOA AG Torwood 1504 10 1413 Wevekelle C, in estate mark Strathspey Walpita Agra El- bedde Naseby Tonacombe Gallustain Telbedde Talguswela, Sandara Eliya Ella Oya 1627 1630 1633 1657 1€60 1663 1669 1672 Dunbar Gallawatte Pkgs. 15 hf-ch 8 ch 14 hf-ch 15 do a eeh 23 hf-ch 45 hf-ch 20 do 18 20 Zé ° do hf-ch ch do 88 hf-ch 10 do 2 15 16 10 vi 21 29 15 22 Name. lb. bro pek 3990 or pek 700 pek 6205 pek sou 3060 dust 2550 bro pek 4050 pek 2240 pek sou 1680 fans 1200 dust 700 bro or pek 1040 or pek 1800 pek 1995 or pek 2805 bro pek 1700 pekoe 2970 pek sou 1260 bro or pek 1920 or pek 1100 pek 160 unas 300 dust 770 or pek 800 bro pek 1440 pek 3120 pek sou 1040 bro pek fans £00 pek fans 720 bro or pek 1440 or pek 1600 pek 1520 y pek 1080 bro pek 3025 pek 1350 pek sou 810 bro pek 2430 pek 2250 pek sou 900 bro pek 2300 or pek 760 ek 1140 bro pek 2035 pek 2160 dust 1800 bro tea 700 pek sou 1170 bro tea 900 bro or pek 1000 bro pek 2070 or pek 1512 do 1260 pek 1760 pek sou 1040 dust 700 dust 305 bro tea 800 or pek 720 pek 720 bro pek 2200 bro or pek 1196 bro pek 2835 pek 1100 or pek 1209 bro pek 2000 pek 2700 pek sou 310 bro orpek 1375 bio pek 1°50 pek 1125 bro pek 721 pek 760 bro pek 2700 pek $50 pek sou 850 or pex 5500 pek 2214 pek sou 1920 bro or pek 6456 bro pek fans 700 bro or pek 5520 bro pek 1500 or pek 1440 pek sou 900 bro or pek 850 or pek 1080 pek 2320 bro pek 1425 pek 1870 Cc 9 09 OO bo orn SS 44 8 bid bid bid bid bid bid 2 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. Ip, ©. Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. Ib, «¢ 274 Maldeniya 1675 7 ch broorpek 735 43 17 Koorsoloo- : Bis 1678.9 “0, _.er ek ae galla 17 9 ch _ bro pek 900 386 bid 276 168L 12 ido ek 50%) 19 Ravana 19 26hf-ch bro pek 130042 280 Putupaula 1693 21hf-ch bro or pek 1260 44 “i 20 20 26 do k 117085 281 1696 51 ch bropek 4385-38 bid | 99 Narangoda % 40 ch bropek 4000 38 282 1699 41 do pek 3075 82 23 23 21 do pek 1890 28 283 : 170216 do peksou 1120 28 26 Carney 26 31hf-ch bro pek 1560 39 286 GO in est. 27 2 38 do pek 1710-31 bid mark 1711 22 hf-ch ek fans 1320 83 28 28 14 do pek sou 770 28 287 Stamford Hill1711 36 do 0. or pek 1800 58 82 “Lenach 32 58hfch bro pek 3190 40 288 1717 20 ch or pek 1800 44 33 33 2 ch pek 1890 33 289 1720 11 do pek 935 By 34 34 18 do k sou 1530 20 294 KP W 1755 16hf-ch or pek 960 41 42 B 42 6 ch ust 840 20 295 1738 51 do ek 256 3) 44 Minna 44 20hfch broorpek 1300 46 bid 299 Penrhos 1750 18 do ro pek 964 50 45 45 24 ch or pek 2160 «48 300 1753 17 do pek 1360 85 rr ‘488, do... pek 72) 38 304 Castlereagh 1765 18 ch ro pek 1880 50 37 47 8 do peksou 720 85 305 1768 18 do or pek 1530-42 49 DS, inestate 306 1771 18 do pek 1440-34 mark 49 Qhf-ch dust 765 17 315 Hornsey 1798 31 do or pek 310043 52 Mipitiakande 52 37hf-ch pek sou 1480-27 316 1801 18 do pek 1800 40 54 Ukuwela 54 27hf-ch broorpek 1485 381 bid 317 * 1804 10 do pek sou 1009 87 55 55 39 ch bro pek 3900 30 bid 318 Battalgalla 1807 10 do pek sou 1000 37 56 56 Bl ch pek 3100 28 321 Glencorse 1816 9 do bro or pek 900 49 By - 11 do pek sou 1100 26 322 1819 17 do bro pek 1530 39 58 58 17hf-ch_ bro pek fan 1190 24 323 1822 14 do pek 1190 38 63 Kelani 63 25 ch bro pek 20 «40 324 1825 9 do pek sou e 720 29 64 64 15 do bro or pek 1500 41 335 Pambagama 1858 10 do sou 800 27 65 63> 11 do pek 935 33 333 Marguerita 1867 22hf-ch bro pek 1210 52 bid 67 67 9 do sou 763 28 . 330 BDWP 1870 14 do broor pek 840 withd’n 68 Deniyaya 68 565 ch bro pek 5500 38 bid 340 Ingrogalla 1873 8 ch pek 800 41 69 69 15 do ek 1500 34 348 Dunbar 1882 23hf-ch bro pek 1265 36 74 D 74 6 ch ust 700 «418 344 DBR 1885 10 ch sou 800 30 75 Mahatenne 75 14 do bropek 1400 = 35 bid 347 Norton 1894 20 do bro pek 2120 38 76 78 9 do pek 900 29 bid an Ar fey 20 do pek 1840 BD 77 77 9 do pek son 855 27 " 34 in est. 4 79 Etti 79 8 ch bropek 760 = 81 bi mark 1900 15 do bro pek 1500 43 bid Le wid 80 11 do - 28 Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. Ib. ce. 368 1933 2 do bro pek dust 240 32 1 PL 685 1box unas 35 32 361 1926 4 do dust - 660 21 2° PT 683 6hf-ch bro pek 330 9-32 373 Doragalla 1972 11 hf-ch bro or pek 605 «1s - 52D) 697 3 ch sou 285 26 376 1981 5 do peksou 400 44bid 9 Maskeliya 709 5 do pekKsou 50034 377 4 i984 3 do orpekfans 210 38 10 712 2 do sou 20 ©6330 383 Waratenne 2002 8 ch peK sou 6800 27 11 715 2 do umas 200 99 396 Longford 2011 8hf-ch dust 480 6:19 718 2hf-ch dust 189 19 416 Rowley 2101 3 do dust 150 («18 su 480 0-25 18 Keenagaha Ella 736 6 ch CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. 5 Lot. Box, Pkgs. Name. IJ). ec. 19 739 6hfch fans 390 £9 20 742 1 do dust 1060 7 23 Ben Nevis (ole Sacchi pekoe 680 36 27 «Kila 763 8™do pekce 680 32 29 769 2hf-ch fans 10 20 30 772 5 do dust 425 18 37 Kanangama 793 2 ch covgeu JE0 16 48 Rondura 826 4 Jo dust 480 1s 69 Hattangalla 8&9 /7 do pek sou £05 27 75 North Pundal- oya.LD 907 8 do ek sou €80 20 "6 Cleveland 910 &hf-ch bro pek 520 46 80 Warleigh 922 4 do dust 340 19 $3 K,in est. mark, Baputale 931 10 do or pek 340 34 93 Morabela 961 3 ch sou 308 3 96 Myr: ganga 910 6hf-ch bro orpek 360 £9 29 979 8 do aust €80 18 102 988 2 ch pekoe 170 v1 113 Patails 21 d1bf-ch tbroor pek 56 43 114 24 2 do bro pex 126 22 16 Q7eodo: pekce 150 2 117 6a) en2iach unas 168 os) 118 36 4 do congou 2564 15 119 39 5hf-ch fans 300 13 120 42 8 do dust €80 8 121 ES 45 8 ch sou 640 17 122 HE 48 8 do sou 640 15 123 W 51 3 do pek sou 250 22 129 Weligoda 69 7 do bro pek 330 ~»—«16 130 72 3 do 1hf-ch unas 245 18 132 MG 78 8 do bro pek sou 480 32 186 WHR 90 38 ch dust 300 1y 142 Romania 108 3 do ek sou 300 g 143 111 5 do 10 pek fans 325 18 145 S 117. 9 do red leaf 675 li 148 Gampai 126 7 do pek sou 609 28 149 129 10hfch broorpek 660 389 bid 150 132 2 do dust 180 18 151 ASS leech red leaf 100 18 164 Sinna Dua 144 8 do pek sou 656 28 165 147. Lhf-ch dust 90 18 CEYLON COFFEE SALES IN LONDON, (rom Our Commercial Corresponden.) Mincina Lane, ‘Dec. 9. “Malta”—Pitaratmalie 1, 1 tierce sold at 108s; ditto 2, lcasksold at 95s; ditto S, 1 berrel sold at 60s; ditto 2, ltierce cold at 95s; ditto PB, 1 barrel cold at 90s. PRMT iu estate mark, 1 barrel sold at 43s. “JSumnea’’—Standard Co,, St. LT in estate mark, 1 barrel sold at 21s, CEYLON CARDAMOMS SALES IN LONDON. “Tiaos”—Mark PBM, 11 cases out at 23 9d; ditio 1, lcase cold at 5c 11d; ditto2, 1 case sold ab 8s 4100; dtto 3, 1 case sold at ds 10; ditto seed, 1 case sold ai 33 10d. t‘“Antenor’—HGA Malabar 9 cases sold at 23 5d. “Clan Chisholm’”—HGA Malabar, 3 cases ont; 2 ditto, Long, 2 cases out. “Clan Drummonda”—HGA inestute mark, long car- damoms, 3 cases ont at 2s. “Nestor”—KK™M in estaie mark, 2 2s 6d. - “Wenelaus’’—HGA in estate mark, Mysore, 3 cases soldout at 2s 6d. cases oub at « Clan Drummond’—PA« Co., Malabar, 4 cases out at 2s. “Arabia”—CML in estate mark, 5 cases out at 28 11d. “Nestor’—W CS in estate mark, 3 cages out. “Txion’”— OPEC in estate mark, Naranghena AAA, 3 cares sold 2s 9d; ditto AA, 3 cases sold 2s 6d; ditto A, 2 cases sold at 28 20; ditto BB, 5 cases sold 2s 14d; 1 bag sold at 3s 1d; 1 beg cold at 2s 8d. OBEC in estate merk, Denekande O, 2 cases sold at 28 11d. lensesolad at 1s 11d; OBEC in estate mark, 2 cases scold at 2s 2d; 1 case cold at 1s 9d; 1 at 2s 6d, NMin esiate murk, 1 case sold at2s 6d. “Asia’'—EGA in estate maik, Malabar, 11 cases sold at 25 20, : “City of Cambridge’’-—AL 1, Mysore, 3 cases sold at &s $d. : “Bullionisi”—G in estate mark, 4 cases cut at 3s. “Orestes’’—Mairk X 1, 4 cases sold at 3s 4d. “Pindari’—Dryburgh 1, 4 cazesout at 8s 1d. “Tistorien’—UG in estate mark, 10 cases sold 2s. “Austria”—A 1, Malaber, 4 cares out. ‘Patroclus’’—ALZ, 2 cases sold at 2s 6d. “Hector’—HLZ, 2 cases cold at 1s 6d. “Clan Grant’’—2 MLM, in estate mark, 2 cases sodl at 1s 9d; ditto S and B, 2 cases sold at 1s 9d. “Nestor ’—Mark D Kobo Mysore O, 6 cages sold at 3s 10d. “Staffordshire’—Cottaganga A, 4 cases out at 2s 9d, “Sarpedon”—Mark Nigala 2,1 box out at 28 2d. “Patroclas’—AL 1, Mysore, 2 caces out; 1 bag out. Se SS ey CEYLON COCOA SALES IN LONDON “Antenor’—Mark Yattawatte1, 93bags out at 71s 6d; ditto2, 11 bags sold at 60e; ditto broken, 1 bag cold at 60s; ditto 1, 2 begs sold at 60s 6d. “Wakasa Maru’’—LOA in estate mark, 38 bags out. “Antenor’—MLM in estate mark, estate cocoa, 109 begs out at 70c; OM in estute mark, estate cocoa, 20 begs out at 70s; MO in estate mark, estate cocoa, 20 bags ont at 70s. “Clan Chisholm”—MM in estate mark 21 bags out at 70s; Min estate mark, 5 bags out out at 70s, “Cian Maclean’—C MLM in estate mark, 4bags out at 70s. “Sarpedon”’—MIM in estyte mark, 74 bags out at 70s. “Orestes’”’—S in estrte mark, 67 bags out at 70s. “City of Vienna’’—CEC in estate mark, Mahaberia OF, 2 begs cold at Tle; ditto IF, 2 begssold at 62s; ditto O, 3 bags sold ai 71s; ditto 1, 1 bag sold at 62e; ditto 2, 1 bag sold at 40s. “fxion”—Mark ORG, Mahaberia OF, 6 bags sold at 71s 6d; ditto O,7 begs out, : ee ee CEYLON COFFEE SALES IN LONDON. (From our Commercial Correspondent. ) Mincinc Lank, Dee. 16. “Malta’—Mark Gowerskellie F, 1 barrel sold at 11Ge; ditto 1, 1 cesk sold at 108s; ditto 2, 1 cask end l tierce sold ut 1028. GKE, 1 tierce sold st 40s; diita PE, 1 barrel sold at 403. GKEPinestate mark, 1 bug out. Agig”’—W UCT in estate mark, 1 barrel out, “Pyiam’—Fairfela T, 1 tierce oul. “Port Eliict”— 1 BM in esteie mark, 226 b: gs o at 70s. OBSERVER PRINTING WORKS. Bie ws Eh Fe 4 rt ASELETE ry as , is a bi ys? - : m ) 4 a 3 - 4 ‘iy $ 3 4 iy . VW ft ge Fad Ew RE pth ate ; dm Aes We €:: + i * 44) ’ wai ee = - = TEA, COFFEE, CINCHONA, COCOA, AND CARDAMOM SALES, Prick :—124 cents each 3 copies 30 cents ; 6 copies 3 rupee. Pkgs. 18 hf-ch 30 do 19 hf-ch Somerville & Co.- 162,484 lb, ] Pkgs. 5 ch 6 ch 17 hf-ch 12 do 22 hf-ch 10 ca do 18 She ch 10 ch 13° ch 90 ht-eh 23 do “<0 22 do NO. 2 Cotomspo, JANUARY 16, 1899. COLOMBO SALES OF TEA, Lot. Box. —_————_ 172 Sinna Dua 663 LARGE BONS 173 Myraganga 666 175 SW 672 176 675 (Mr. EH. J ohn — 217,293. ] 177 Glentilt 678 Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. C 183 Mount Temple 696 4N 159 12 ch broter. 1560 20 iS 8 10 Rookwood 177 25hf-ch bropek 156 eae ys ~~ 705 (Venesta) 1625 53 loz 708 all 1lo0 16 ch pekoe do 1760 41 1 12 183 27 do pek sou (Venesta) 2430 38 per anys 13 Shannon 186 5lhf-ch bro pek 2856 ©6440 bid 14 189 24 ch — pekoe 2160 © 34 (Messrs. 15 192 13 do pek son 1040 29 17 Cleveland 198 20hf-ch or pek 1000 58 18° 201 24 do pekoe 1152. 42 Lot Box: 19 St. John’s 201 35 do bro or pek 1960 64 : 7 20 207 24 do or pek 1152 6, 2 Glenrhos 202 21 210 29 do pekoe 1450 46 4 Ivies 204 24 Agra Ouvah 219 36 do or pek 1944 45 28 Loughton 231 41 do bro pek 2255 36 5 205 29 234 74 do } 2koe 3700 3 8 Rambodde 208 30 237 49 do pek sou 2205 29 9 209 32 Rondura 243 ie ch © or pek 1330 940 10 210 33 246 do pekve 2970 32 14 Razeen 214 35 AgaQOuvah 252 a hf-ch broorpek 6590 51 15 215 36 255 20 ch or pek 2080 47 16 216 37 258 10 do pekoe 950 46 21 Forest Hill 221 38 Glasgow 261 54 do bro or pek ay 53 22 222 39 264 18 da or Bek Ui 51 30 Lower Dickoya 230 40 267 12 do eko 12 0) 47 3l 231 41 Ben Nevis 270 25 hf-ch noeern orpekl2.0 53 3> Yarrow 235 42 273 13 cH or pek 1170-46 Be 236 46 GT 285 9 do sou S1p 33 7 237 47 288 9hf-ch dust 855 19 39 NCG 239 48 AR 291 13 do dust 974 20 40 240 55 GB 312 12 do fans 960 38 44 Bogahagods- 58 NP 321 17 do dust 1360 19 watte 244 59 AgraOuvah 324 48 do broorpek 3120 60 45 245 60 327 12 ch or pek 1248 Bd 47 Woodthorpe = 217 62 333 8 do pek sou 720 37 48 248 63 336 11 do pekfans 1650 30 49 249 65 Poilakande 342 54 do 52 Warakamure 252 Jhf-ch bro pek 5430 9-35 53 253 66 345 38 ch pekoe 247531 54 254 69 Oonoogaloya 354 43 do bropek 4300 44 55 255 70 337 29 do pekoe 2320-34 56 ; 256 71 ‘ 260 1L do peksou 990 33 59 Penrith 259 74 Bellongalla 369 41 do pekoe 2870-31 61 A 261 75 372 21 do peksou 1260 28 62 262 76 Lona 375 36hf-ch broorpek 2160 65 63 263 77 378 18 ch or pek 180051 71 Amtalawa 271 78 38 1L do pekoe 990 49 72 272 81 Warakamura’ 390 11 hf-ch bropekfans 770 29 73 : 273 82 Brownlew 393 32 do broorpek 1760 51 73 San Cio _ 275 83 396 35 do or pek 1820 46 73 Dalhousie 278 84 399 41 ch pekoe 3690 = 38 79 279 85 402 25 do pek sou 2125 36 80 280 86 405 10 do bropekfans1000 39 81 i 281 87 Ottery 408 26 do bro or pek 26v0 49 bid | 86 Honiton 286 88 Digdola 411 16 do broorpek 1440 29 87 287 39 414 24 do pekoe 1920 = 38 88 283 90 417 8 do bro pek fans 800 36 91 Mossville 291 91 Eadella 420 36 do bro pek 3600 37 94 California 294 92 423 36 do pekoe 3240 32 95 295 93 426 26 do pek sou 1600 29 140 Primrose Hill 300 94 Maskeliya 429 20 do bro or pek 2000 46 104 Tiddydale 304 95 432 18 do or pek 1890 42 105 305 96 435 10 do pekoe 1000 36 106 306 102 YK 453 10 do bro pek 1050 ~=—-.30 119 Bidbury 319 115_ Koslande 492 29hf-ch bro pek 1740 43 120 820 116 495 21 ch pekoe 1890 34 121 321 119 GW 504 19 do pek sou 1710 36 122 3.2 122 413 26 hfch dust 2340 19 123 Polpitiya 323 125 PD p22ueaeach 124 324 lhf-ch pekoe 765 38 125 325 127 Glentilt 628 23 ch bro pek 2300 49 127 Henegama 827 129 634 11 do pekoe 1100 45 132 Glentaffe 332 132 Harrow 543 19 do bro or pek 1235 49 bid 133 333 134 549 20 do pekoe 2000 41 131 HT, in estate 13¢ Sinna Dua 555 21hf-ch bro pek 1260 89 mark 334 abe 558 11 ch pekce 34 135 Mousakande = 335 1466S 583 14. do pek sou 17 1387 Kanasingha- apo Murraythwaite 597 19 do bro pek 38 patna 337 161 600 19 uo pekoe 82 138 338 152 603 12 do pek sou 29 139 339 162 Birnam 633 33 do pek sou 33 140 340 164 K,in est. mark, 144 S44 Haputale 639 32 do bro pek 3040 84 bid | 149 Siriniwava Say 165 Myraganga 642 s6hf-ch bro pek 2300 35 150 350 166 645 21 ch pekoe 1785 B2 151 351 Name. lb. bro pek 1080 bro pek 900 or pek 1104 bro mix 928 bro pek 1400 bro or pek 1334 or pek 2585 pekoe 2325 pek sou 1770 or pek fans 710 Name. Ib. dust 725 sou 1100 dust 900 bro pek 1210 pek 1350 pek sou 950 bro pek 700 pek 8380 pek sou 720 pek sou 1080 pek 1079 bro pek 1848 pek 1006 bro pek 1900 pek - 3250 fans 730 or pek 900 pek 832 bro pek 1330 per 1035 bro pek 800 pek 960 pek sou 880 bro or pek 950 bro pek 2300 pek 2660 pek sou 1980 bro pek fans 980 dust 1650 bro pek 2880 pek 2720 pek sou 960 bro pek =: 1184 pek 1800 pek sou 1084 bro mix 840 or pek 800 bro pek 1375 pek No.1 1845 pek No.2 150u bro pek 2185 pek 1280 pek sou 112% dust 935 pek 855 pek sou 780 pek 720 bro pek 1300 ek 2070 pek sou 1530 bro pek 1000 pek 1040 pek sou 9.0 fans 960 bro or pek 1800 pek 1992 pek sou 990 bro pek fans S0U bro tea 770 pek dust 1440 pek 890 pek 1079 or pek 4500 pek 2706 pek sou 2640 bro or pek 4340 bro or pek 8782 bro pek 1900 pek 2185 pek sou 1980 7 bid 0219 0 Ls Oo 0 ~ ow son 240 19 bid 22 bid 31 43 40 35 44 bid 43 bid 39 32 93 3 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. e. Lot. Box. pkys. Name. Ib. ¢. 155 GM 355 12 ch bropekfan1200 31bid | 130 RCH, inestate ; 167 Salawe 367 7 ch bro pek 735 = (8B mark 277 12hf-eh bro or pek en 168 368 8 do pek 760 32 f fans 618 withd'n. 169 369 16 ch peksou 1440 30 186 Hemming- , : 170 37) 22 do unas 2090 27 ford 295 20 ch fans 1700 25 173 Rayigam 373 34 do bro pek 3740 89 127 Amblakande 298 8 ch bro pek 800 40 174 ; 374 14 do or pek 1260 36bid | .38 201 10 ds pek $0 82 175 375 26 do pek 3240 84 139 3C4 15 do ek son iz” 29 176 376 15 do pek sou 1330 20 155 Castlereagh 352 19 ch bro pek 1900 49 177 Hatdowa 37719 ch bropek 1805 86 bid | 156 355 18 do or pek 15300041 178 378 23 ch pek 1840 1 157 358 18 do jek 144036 179 379 22 do peksou 1813 28 162 Beaumont 3738 25 ch bro pek 2625 | 48 1 hf-ch 163 376 34 do or pek 2924 36 180 380 7 do bropekfans 700 32 164 ba, 379 14 do pek 1288-33 183 GM 383 30hf-ch bropek 1650 34bid | 168 Maviliganga- 186 Darty 386 11 ch _ bro tea 990 26 watte 391 23hf-ch broorpek 1219 44 188 383 20 hf-ch fans 1400 21bid | 169 304 15 ch = or pek 120036 189 G 339 42hf-ch bro pek 2310 383bid | 170 397 63 do bro pek 5035 8 190 Blinkbonnie 390 86hfi-ch brv pek 1980 46 171 400 38 do pek sou 235029 191 391 16 do pek 720 42 172 403 Shf-ch dust 70 WW 192 392 16 do pek sou 720 84 176 VOA 415 %* ch bro tea 770 26 177 Ingurugalla 418 8 ch bro tea 960 18 126 L, in estate Cte ae ee we mark 427 14 ch bro tea 1274 % 184 Maragalla 439 17 ch bro pek 1904 42 Messrs. Forbes & Walker.— 185 442 20 do pek 2000 34 bid 186 445 13 do pek sou 1170 29 bid 398,908 1b.) 187 Farnham 448 36 hf-ch bro pek 2160 49 u 188 451 34 0 pe 1870 2 Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. e. ie is4* 81) do Ske ach + 4 1 Walton 2140 17 ch bro pek 1904 4\ibid | 397 Cotswold 478 16 ch ro pek 1600 46 2 2143 20 do pek 2000-35 198 481 17 do pek 153 36 3 2146 13 do peksou 170 31 213 Polatagama 526 28 ch bropek 2800 41 4 Kalkanda 2149 9 ch ro pek 900 32 214 529 81 do or pek 2480 39 5 2162 13 do pek 1170.29 215 532 35 do pekoe 3150-82 14 Vathalana 2179 36 hf-ch broor pek 2160 37 216 535 16 do Ex sou 136028 16 2185 19 ch 1 pek 1615 385 bid | 217 Weoya 538 24 ch oro pek 2160 39 17 2188 16 do pek 1280 32 218 541 18 do pek 140031 18 Vogan 2191 43 ch bro pek 4035 44 219 544 9 do k sou + 7.0 2 19 2194 67 do pek 5695 33 20 HF 547 25hf-ch bro orpek 1440 48 20 2197 15 do peksou 1200 29 222 Maha Uva 553 11 do broorpek 715 48 22 Kitulgalla 2203 14hf-ch bro pek 840 938 223 556 25 do or pek 1500 48 23 2206 10 ch pek 800 34 224 559 15 ch pek 1425 39 28 Holton 2221 33 ch bro pek 297089 939 Morankande 604 12 do bro pek 120 08641 29 2224 17 do pek 136082 240 607 16 do pes 1440-82 30 2227 9 do pek sou 720 29 242 Bargany 613 45 hf-ch roorpek 2475 47 33 Harrington 2236 25 ch or pek 2500 46 243 616 15 ch ed 1425 39 34 2238 17 do pekoe 1700 40 245 Pallegodde 622 ¥0 do ro orpek 2000 40 37 Roeberry 2248 24 ch bro pek 2640 51 246 625 21 do bro pek 2100 48 38 1 20 do pek 2000 38 247 628 15 do or pek 1350 38 39 4 11 do pek sou 1056 37 248 631 2L do pek 1680 35 40 Fairlawn 7 %0hf-ch bro pek 1000 52 249 634 15 do pek sou 1350 39688 41 10 27 do or pek 121541 250 High Forest 637 25hf-ch broorpek 1526 63 42 3) abe ‘chi pek 1350 38 251 610 26 do or pek 1196 56 46 Nillomally,O BC 252 €43 23 do~ pek 101245 in estate 268 Penrhos 691 15hf-ch or pek 720. & mark 25 17hf-ch bro pek 1088 41 bid 69 694 20 do bro pek 1120 49 47 38 29 ch pek 2465 35bid | 270 697 22 do pek 1870 36 49 Cooroondoo 279 Knavesmire 724 14 do or pek 1330 44 watte 3L 2thf-ch pek 1050 34 280 727 19 do pek 17100 35 51 Mousakelle 40 36hf-ch bro or pek 19:0 47 281 730 22 do pek sou 1760 31 52 43 12 do or pek 1200 88 234 Doragalla 739 13hf-ch brocrpek 78) 46 53 46 10 do pek 1000 36 285 742 28 ch or pek 2800 44 87 Kirindi 58 1L ch bro pek 1109 46 236 745 35 do pek 2975 36 58 1 61 15 do pek 1280 34 287 748 10 do pek sou 800 31 59 64 14 do pek sou 1120 31 288 751 10hf-ch bro mix 700 28 62 Agra Elbedde 73 35hf-ch bro orpek 1760 49 239 Geragama 754 10 ch bro pek 900 «40 64 ’ 79 30 do pek sou 1200 34 290 757 17 do pek 1530 32 67 W, inestate 291 760 9 do pek sou 765 29 mark 88 7 ch pek 700 29 292 Waratenne 763 10 do bro pek 950 383 74 Norton 109 26 ch bro pek 2756 33 bid | 293 766 10 do pek 900 32 75 112 20 do pek 1840 33 294 Hayes 769 27hi-ch broorpek 1350 46 77 118 5 do dust 815 19 295 772 20 ch or pek 1800 40 84 BDW 139 10 ch fans * 10C0 30 296 775 15hf-ch pek 1500 Sh 92 Agraya 163 13 ch bro pek 1300 - 47 297 778 60 do pek No.2 3300 43 93 166 14 do ~ or pek 1190 39 308 Middleton 811 43hf-ch broor pek 2365 58 94 169 13 do pek 1179 34 309 814 82 ch or pek 3200 51 95 I7z °8 do pek sou 720 30 €16 817 24 do pek 2160 45 98 Dalukoya 181 13hf-ch broorpek 770 43 311 820 9 do pek sou 810 39 99 ‘JSt 18 do or pek 990 39 313 Ambragalla 826 60hf-ch broor pek 3600 42-bid 100 187 13 do pek 715 34 bia 315 Hatton 841 20 ch bro pek 2000 62 102 Stisted 193 53 do bro pek 3445 42 319 844 81 do pek 2635 39 103 196 12 do pek 720 34 327 HGM 868 9 do bro or pek 765 44 104 199 16 do pek sou 920 31 328 871 16 do bro pek 1280 37 107 Naseby 208 84hf-ch bro pek 2036 50 bid 329 874 18 do pek 1584 36 108 211 22 do pek 1197 48 330 877 14 do pek sou 1196 30 109 214 23 do pek sou 1334 38 332 883 8 do bro pk fans 720 32 110 217 14 do dsust 1316 27 348 Erracht 931 25 do bro pek 2000 40 1li WN 220 25 ch bro pek sou 2250 32 « 349 934 8 do or pek sud 40 112 223 25 do bro tea 2150 26 350 937 49 do pek 3675 34 113 Hornsey 2296 16hf-ch fans _1280 26 351 949 25 do pek sou 1875 80 114 Battalgalla 229 13 ch pek sou 1300 37 352 943 16 do bro pek fans 1600 34 1146 WVRA 235 19hf-ch fans 1425 Hil 857 Doranakande 958 16 do bro pek 1600 35 125 Roeberry 262, 7) ch fams 770 21 bid 372 Scrubs 1003 41,hf-ch broorpek 2050 48 bid 126 Gampaha 265 14hf-ch pek fans 1269 20 bid 373 1006 59 do ~-bro pek 2950 41 bid 127 Malvern 268 30hf-ch bro pek 1650 54 37 1009 29 do pek 1305-37 125 271 20 do pek 1400 38 375 1012 31 do pek sou 1395 34 129 274 17 do pek sou 1190 36 4 376 1015 18 do br or pEfans1260 27 Lot. [Messrs. Forbes & Walker.] Lot. 6 Kalkanda Ugieside Osborne Cool Bawn Vatbalana Vogan Kitulgalla BA Harrington Fairlawn F L, in estate mark Cooroondoo- watte Mousakelle MK Kirindi Agia Elhedde W, in estate mark Sr. Edwards Norton Opalgalla Agra Oya Ratnatenne Stisted Battalgalla CLC BDWG MN Woodlands Ingrogalla ING Castlereagh Beaumont E H, in est. mark Ingurugalla Dromoland IG sss Farnham Cotswold BDWG HE Morankande Bargany Box, Pkes. SMALL LOTS. Box. Pkgs. 2155 2158 2161 2164 2167 2170 2173 2176 2182 2200 2209 2212 2215 2218 2230 2233 2242 2245 16 eh NWAW RR Ye FR REO ie) im" 10 hf-ch 4 do 4 ch 3 hf-ch 2 ch Ze Clr 1 do 13 hf-ch 3 do CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. Name. lb. Name, Ib. pek sou 690 bre pek dust 110 do do 120 dust 320 bro mix 400 pek 89 sou 76 fans 114 ov pek 264 dust 480 pek sou 160 sou 42 dust 350 pek fens 195 dust 240 bro or pek 448 pek sou 180 dust 218 pek sou 540 dust 170 bro mix 200 bro pek 500 pek sou 200 sou 400 dust 240 red leaf 200 sou 15) dust 90 ek 585 pek fans 204 dust 144 pek sou 95 bro mix 290 bro or pek 549 bro pek 495 ek 660 pek sou 324 congou 95 pek 18 dust 588 fans 160 dust 260 pek fans 120 dust 160 fans 640 pek sou 693 bro pek 36 unas 150 dust 90 fans 134 fans 90 dust 230 bro mix 200 bro pek 300 pek 240 pek sou 170 sou 3820 dust 240 do No. 2 115 red leaf 95 pek sou 400 fans 420 dust 160 dust 272 pek sou 110 fans 360 bro mix 56 red leaf 360 dust 170 pek sou 450 red leaf 176 bro tea 103 pek fons 490 do 51 dust 75 bro tea 44 bro pek No. 1 50 pek No. 1 93 pek souNo.1 40 pek sou 540 sou 80 dust 170 cust 180 pek 624 bro or pek 400 pek sou 630 dust 540 Cc. Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. 258 Horagaskelle 661 8 do bro pek 259 664 9hf-ch pekoe 260 667 11 do pek sou 261 670 1 do bro mixed 271 Penrhos 700 7 hf-ch pek sou 272 103% 5 do fans 277 Hopton W382 a5 ch bro pek 278 Knavesmire 721 1U hf-ch bro or pek 282 TEB Ban fans 283 736 Shf-ch dust 312 Middleton 823 5 do dust 314 Grace Land 829 7 do bro pek 315 832 9 do pek 316 935 6 do pek scu 317 838 3 do bro tea 320 Hatton 817° 3 ch pek sou 326 HGM 865 17 boxes br or pk tipo 331 880 4 ch dust 333 Ceylon, Mata- kelle 886 2 do pek 334 889 2 do bro mix 335 892 3hf-ch dust 336 895 1 ch fans 353 Erracht 946 5 do pek fans 354 949 2 do dust 355 Pantiya 952 3 do red leaf 356 955 5 do dust 358 Doranakande 961 6 do pek 359° 964 7 do pek sou 360 967 3 do bro pek fans 361 970 2 do dust (Messrs. Somerville & Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. 1 Glanrhos 201 7 ch sou 3 203 5 do sou 6 Ivies 206 7hf-ch fans NG 207 3hf-ch fans 11 Rambodde 211 lhf-ch dust 12 212 4 do fans 13 AN 213 Shich dust 17 Razeen 217 2hf-ch _ pek fans 18 218 1 do dust 19 WD 219 4 ch dust 20 Forest Hill 220 Shf-ch or pek 23 223—7 do fans 24 Gingranoya 224 4hf-ch dust 32 Lower Dickoya232 2 ch pek sou 33 233 5 sks. red leaf BES 234 3hf-ch dust 38 Ukuwela 238 6 ch bro tea 41 NCG 241 3 eh pek sou 42 242 lhf-ch dust 43 243° 2 (ch fans 46 Bogahagoda- watte 246 5 ch pek sou 50 Woodthorpe 250 2 ch sou 51 251 lhf-ch du3t 57 Warakamure 257 lhf-ch dust 58 Penrith 258. Ich pek 6) 260 1 do bro tea 64 A 264 2 ch bro pek No. 2 65 265 2 do pek No. 2 66" 266 2 do pek lou No. 2 74 Ambalawa 274 14hf-ch pek fans 76 San Cio 276 Shf-ch_ red leaf 77 77 3 do dust 82 Dalhousie 232 10 hi-ch bro pek fans 83 283 7 do dust St Adel 284 2hf-ch bro mix 85 235 2 do unas 89 Honiton 239 2 ch dust 90 Mosville 230 1 ch bro pek fans 92 292 4 do red leaf 93 California 293 6 ch bro pek 96 296 1 do pek dust 97 297 2 do red leat 98 GTA 298 2hf-ch dust 99 Primrose Hill 299 11 do bro pek 10L 301 S ch pek sou 102 302 lhf-ch red leaf 103; ADJ 303 3 ch bro or pek 1 hf-ch w7 SW 307 5 ch pek fans 108 308 2 do pek dust 115 Galatott. 315 Shf-ch bro pek 116 316 6 do pek 117 317 4 do pek sou! 118s WW 313 Lhf-ch dust 126 Polpitiya 326 1 ch dust 128 Henegama 3828 4 ch dust 129 329 2 do bro mix 136 DD 3386 1 ch fans 141 Ranasingha- patna 341 Shf-ch bro pek fans lb, 150 G00 490 100 8S 256 100 360 19 4 CEYLON PRODUCE ‘SALES LIST. Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. Ib. ¢ Lot. Box. Pkgs:; Name. Ib c. 142 342 65hf-ch dust 45 19 44 GT 279 2 ch bropek 190 §=35 ' 143 343 1 ch _ red leaf 1000.19 45 282 4 Go pekoe 380 0= 29 145 M LT, in es- 49 MN 294 Ihf-ch dust 89 «618 tate mark 345 1 ch bro pek 76 30 50 297 7 de sou 350 «2B 146 346 Lhf-ch pek 62 28 51 300 2 do fans 231 28 147 347 1 do pek sou 57 26 62 GB 303 8 do bropek 460 —=s 81 148 348 1 do dust Th. adh 53 306 5 ch pekoe 400 = 80 152 Siriniwasa 352 lhf-ch sou 45. 47 54 309 «5hf-ch cust 400 «17 153 353 8 ch bro pek fans 270 28 56 815 6 ch sou 450 80 154 854 2 do dust 300 17 57 318 <4hf-ch bro mix 320 20 156 Ratuville 256 1 ch bro pek 100 «29 61 Agra Ouvah 330 7 ch ekoe 665 41 157 357 Lhf-ch pek 42 24 64 339 =©66 hf-ch ust 594 19 158 358 3 ch pek sou 28021 67 Poilakande 348 4 ch k sou 340 489-27 159 M 359 1Lhf-ch bropekfans 650 32 68 351 7hf-ch bropekfans 540 19 166 K 366 5 ch pek sou 435 («18 72 Oonoogaloya 363 5 ch fans 600 26 171 Salawe 371 2 ch pek fans 209 25 73 366 2hf-ch sou 16 29 172 372 4 do dust 600s «18 79 Iona 384 2 ch sou 199 39 181 Hatdowa 381 1 ch dust 132 «17 80 387 4hf-ch dust 320 25 182 382 3 ch unas 194 26 97 Maskeliya 438 5 ch pek sou 500-87 1hf-ch 98 441 1 do sou 100 31 184 Dartry 384 1 ch bro pek 160 33 99 444 4hbf-ch dust 360 19 185 385 1 do pek 90 30 100 447 2 do fans 100 82 187 887 6hf-ch dnst 510 17 161 FH, inest. 193 Blinkbonnie 393 2hf-ch dust 150 18 mark 450 1 ch red leaf 80 12 194 AT 394 2 ch pek dust 266 15 bid | 103 YK 456 4 do sou B44 19 195 V W 395 3 ch pek dust 399 15 bid | 104 459 $3 do dust 495 16 196 Z 396 2 ch _pek dust 266 15 bid | 110 Orwell 477. 1hf-ch dust 7.18 197 BCD 397. 2 ch pek dust 266 15 bid | j11 480 2% ch congou 192 2s com 112 483 1 do red leaf 73 6 113. N’Oya 486 lhf-ch dust 42 #618 114 489 6 ch sou 492 = 18 [Mr. EH. John.] 117 Koslande 498 8 do peksou 300 20 - Ib 118 501 1 do ‘ans T1084 Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. gos 10 GW 5072 bt = bro sate 148 a Wilicoda 150 3 ch _ bromix 300 «13 12) 510 7 do fans 525 153 1hf-ch dust co (14 123 SH 516 3 ch pekoe 315 34 3 MC ‘156 8 ch redleaf 630 18 124 519 1 do pek sou 105 31 5 Akkara Totum 162 7 do bro pek 630 35 126 PD | 525 3 do pek sou 296 82 165 7 do pekoe 630 27 130 Glentilt 537 6 do peksou 540 . 37 1 168 1 do peksou 90 22 131 640 7hf-ch fans 560 8633 8 171 1 do _ fans 100 =32 133 Harrow 546 5 ch orpek 500 «45 9 174 1 do dust 10 =«s-118 135 552 3 do pek sou 300 35 16 Shannon 195 2hf-ch dust 160 19 125 SinnaDua 561 6 do peksou 468 8929 22 St, John’s 213 14 do peksou 67241 139 564 2hf-ch dust 180 18 23 216 8 do pek fans 520 38 140 567 2 do red leaf 120 «21 25 Rookgalla 222 7 do bropekfanms 498 25 147 NN 585 5 ch peksou 493 out. 26C A, inest. mark 225 2 do pekoe_ 108 32 148 G, in est. mark 591 4 do pek sou 32000 «15 27 B, do 228 4 ch _ pekoe 324. 29 149 G ., 594 8 do keou 68s 17 31 Loughton 240 Qhf-ch dust 450 20 153 Murraythwaite 606 6hf-ch bro pekfans390 97 34 Rondura 249 5 ch dust 600 22 154 609 2 ch = dust 300 16 : 43 PK 276 Thf-ch bro pek fans 527 32 163 Elston 636 3 do cengou 300-22 OBSERVER PRINTING WORKs. NQ, 38 CoLoxzo, COLOMBO SALES OF TEA. LARGE LOTS. {Mr. Hi. John. —225,629.] Lov. Box. 4 Harrisland 720 5 723 6 726 9D 733 10 738 14 Lameliere 750 15 753 16 756 1g Uda 762 19 764 20 ‘ 768, 21 MountTemple 771 22 774 23 U7 26 Glasgow 786 27 789 28 792 29 795 30 793 35 Lameliere 813 36 816 37 819 39 Maryland 825. 40 825 48 Vincit 852, 49 856 50 858 52 Theresia 864 66 MTP, 3 4,in -est. mark 876 57 j 879 58 MTP, 12, in ; est. mark £82 59 885 60 Koslande &88 61 891 64 Glassaugh 900 65 903 66 906 67 Little Valley 909 68 912 73 N 927 74 Nahavilla 930 75 933 77 939 81 Glassaugh 951 82 594 83 957 84 960 88 Poldua 972 39 975 ‘92 Templestowe 954 93 987 94 990 $7 999 98 Whyddon 2 99 5 100 8 101 1L 121 Mount Temple, Lot No.(A) 71 123 WK 77 124 80 128 Bellongalla 92 129 95 135 Dickapittiya 113 136 116 138 Chapelton 122, 150 Gampai 153 152 164 163 Myraganga 197 164. 200 165 203 166 206 168 212 169 215 170 218 172 Mount Temple 224 173 997 1i4 250 177 Gangawatte 239 178 242 179 245 180 248 li do do 10 hf-ch 16 do Name. lb. bro pek 1400 pekoe 728 pek sou 1200 bro pek 932 pekoe 1350 bro pek 2412 pekoe 2790 pek sou 1440 bro pek 1512 pekoe 1440 dust 702 broorpek 901 or pek 987 pekoe 1120 or pek 1430 broor pek 4800 pekoe 1330 or pekfans 1600 pek sou 1200 bro pek 2412 pekoe 2700 pek sou 1440 bro pek $40 ekoe 800 ro pek 1710 pekoe 1260 pek sou 1260 bro pek fans 1000 bro tea 1200 dust 1000 sou 1830 pek dust 1680 bro pek 1740 pekoe 1890 bro pek 2970 pekoe 2520 pek sou 1870 bro pek 1800 pekoe 2430 dust 720 bro or pek 280 or pek 1500 pekve 1900 bro pek 5445 pekoe 3780 pek sou 850 dust 1530 bro pek 1800 pekoe 1400 bro orpek 2945 or pek 2250 pekoe 2790 dust 880 bro pek $10 or pek 1120 pekoe 810 pek sou 720 pekoe 1199 bro or pek 1560 pekve 1049 bro pek 900 pekoe 1059 bro pek 3000 y 2kve 3500 dust 720 or pek 1150 pek sou 720 bro pek 6160 bro or pek 2090 pekoe 5940 pek sou 2520 dust 850 fans 700 bro pek 3885 broor pek 954 or pek 940 pekoe 1050 or pek 1560 bro orpek 910 pekoe 2000 pek sou 1140 TEA, COFFEE, CINCHONA, COCOA, AND CARDAMOM SALES. 40 34 bid 29 15 bid 28 28 bid 40 bid 80 bid 80 bid Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. 183 SA 250 "5, chi dust 725 184 Kotuagedera 260 31 do bro pek 3220 185 263 17 do pekoe 1530 1933 NK 287 14 do sou 1120 20 Harrow 311 19hf-ch broor pek 1235 202 North Pundal- oya, LD 314 14 do or pek 700 203 317 14 do bro or pek 770 204 320 13 ch pekoe 1170 205 323 10hf-ch dust 750 209 Troup 335.12 ch bro mix 1200 211 SW 341 43 hi-ch or pek 2064 212 344 13 ch broorpek 975 213 347 26 do pekoe 2210 214 350 6 do bro mix 708 215 'S 353 17 do bro pek 1615 [Messrs. Somerville & Coa.-- 278,539 lb, ] Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. Ib. 5 Hemingford 5 16 ch sou 1040 8 8 22hf-ch fans 1760 15 GMA 15 lthf-ch fans 800 18 Fairfield 18 20hf-ch dust 1500 21 GA 21 17 hi-ch dust 1360 24 HIS 24 22hf-ch -pek sou 1320 z5 Gartmore PEP SPADE N unas 3630 26 L 26 Qhf-ch dust 720 28 Neuchatel 28 46 ch bro pek 4600 29 29. 16 do pek 1360 30 20.15 do pek sou 1275 34 Minna + 39hi-ch broor pek 2535 35 35.,.42 ch or pek 3780 36 36 20 do pek 1800 37 27 16 do pek sou 1440 41 Galphele 41 365 hf-ch bro pek 1980 42 42 46hfi-ch pek 2070 43 43 30 do pek sou 1340 46 Mary Hill 46 16hf-ch bro pek 896 50 Eilandhu 50 9 ch bro pek 900 51 : 51 8 do pek 760 53 X Y Z, in estate mark 53 32 do bro pek 5200 54 54 78 do pek 7020 55 5511 do pek sou 990 56 56 7 do dust 709 59 St. Catherine 59 19 ch bro or pek 1791 62 FE F, in estate mark 62 20hf-ch bro pek 1109 63 63 18 do pek 900 77 Moragalla 77 13 ch bro pek 1300 7 78 20 do pek 2000 79 79 16 do pek sou 1600 SL Kerenyvilla Sle.8 ch bro pek sou 82 &2..8 do pek 760 88 Mahatenne §8 12 ch bre pek 1200 89 89 12 do pek 1230 91 Mousa Eliya 91 16 ch bro pek 1680 92 92. 9 do or pek 900 95 RCTB, ines- tate mark 95.11 ch bro pek 1155 97 97 13 do pek 1235 93 98 12 do pek sou 1024 99 Glenalla 99 16 ch bro pek 1600 160 100 16 do pek 1440 1¢4 Mousakande 104 11 ch bro pek 1023 105 105 23 do pek 2070 103 Logan 108 14 ch dust 2100 118 Ettie 118 10 do pek 950 119 119 12 do pek sou 1140 23 Harangalla 123,13 ch bro pek 1235 124 124 38: do pek 3060 125 125 11 do funs 1100 126 126 $8 ch sou 729 13t Monrevia 134 20 ch bro pek 300) 136 136 29 do pek 2810 137 137,.8 do pek sou 720 151 C F, in estate mark 15t 10 ch pek Sat 156 D, in estate mark 1566 S$ ch bro pek 800 157 157. 19 do pek 1420 165 Mahaousa 165 zlbf-ch dust 1785 166 P’Dodda 166 12 ch bro or pek 1197 167 Donside 167 32 ch bro pel 3200 168 163 24 do pek 2040 169 169 32 do pek sou 2560 JANUARY 23, 1899. Price:—124 cents each 3 copies 30 cents ; 6 copies 4 rupee. 15 34 bid 40 bid 29 49 41 41 bid 35 19 27 46 bid 36 bid 35 Lid 29 bid 30 bid ce. 28 24 29 23 16 28 bid 34 17 39 33 30 52 43 bid 37 bid 35 bid 41 35 20 bid 40 bid 38 29 39 35 3 16 3s 3 30 37 bid 31 27 34 28 38 bid 20 bid 28 bid 33 39 30 27 35 bid 30 bid 37 bid 30 bid 2) 26 bid 25 bid 40 bid 32 bid 37 bid 2s bid x6 32 29 29 bid 43 bid 3L bid 17 33 38 bid 36 30 a Me eae , f : ry’ : “ s : 2 CEYLON PRODUCE) SALES LIST, OF sae oA “ Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. oc. {| Lot. Box. Pkps. Name. Ib. c. 171 Ferriby 171 37 ch bro pek 3330 37 bid | 100 E 1315 l4hf-ch bro or pek 700 36 bid 172 172, 63 do pek . 4240-30 103 1324 16 ch. orpekfans 960 30 173 172 21 do pek sou 1575 28 104 1827 18 do dust 975 17 177 Roseneath 177.19 ch bro pek 1900 3g bid | 105 Gallawatte 4330 20 ch bro pek 1900 «40 178 178 10 do pek 800 33 106 1333. 33 do 2005 33 182 Kosgahahena 182 8 ch ro pek 889 BL 107 1336 12 do sou 1020 «38 183 183 10 do "aoe 1000 27 113 Tymawr 1354 31hf-ch broorpek 1660 569 Ae Walahandua 196 43 ch rv pek 4300 35bid | 114 1357 26 do or pek 1700 197 197 18 do pek 1620 33 116 1360 46 do pek 1840 46 200 Wallasmulle 220 10 ch bro pek 1000 37 116 1363 29 do pek sou 1365 38 204 Wilpitiya 204 22 ch bro pek 2200 33 bid | 117 1266 10 do dust 750 «619 205 205 23 do pek 2264 118 1369 16 do fans 960 32 206 206 9 do ek sou 810 8 119 Bambrakelly 1372 19hf-ch bro pek fan i330 34 215 Kurulugalla 216 10 ch ro pek 1000 §=638bid | 120 1375 14 do dust 1120 19 216 216 26 do pek 2340 33 122 133i 19 ch unas 1995 33 217 217 8 do peksou 720 28 123 Meddetenne 1384 29hfch bro pek 214500 4 225 Ingeriya 225 47hf-ch bro pek 2256 48639 124 1387 16 ch pek 1620 BB 226 226 42 do pek 1932 32 125 1390 8 do pek sou 720 06=— 8 227 227 48 do peksou 1978 29 138 Mahalla 1414 15 ch bro pek 1500 = 33 bid 228 228 22 do bro pek fans1320 30 bid 134 1417 12 do pek 1200 31 231 Kudag? nga 231 382 ch unas 82 28 135 1420 9 do _ sou 900 «28 235 Koladeniya 235 9 ch bro pek 810 32bid | .38 Ella Oya 1429 13 ch ro pek 1x00 42 236 236 9 do ek 765 139 1432 11 do or ye 990 «= 88 243 New Valley 243 «18 ch ro or pek 1800 650bid | 140 1435 12 do pe 960 Be 244 244 16 do or pek 1600 42bid | 112 1441 11 do orpekfan 748 382 245 245 29 do pek 2:00 38 is5 St. Leonards- 246 246 12 do pek sou 1130 36 on-Sea 1450 13 ch bro pek 123538 1 hf-ch 147 1456 10 do k 900 219 219 18 ch unas No. 2 1800 26 148 Monkswood 1459 20hf-ch bro pek 1650 67 251 Orion 251 12hf-ch fans 1404-28 149 1462 21 do or pek 1050 G4 261 Annandale 261 18hf-ch broorpek 864 69bid | 150 1465 41 ch pek 4100 =U 262 262 24 do or pek 1200 60 11 1468 15 do _ sou 1350 «42 263 263 26 do pek 1248 = 48 156 Glengariff 1483 3é¢hf-ch bro pek 1602 = 44 bid 264 264 22 do peck sou 1144 38 157 1436 40 do or pek 2000 «= 38 bid . 281 Marigold 281 27hf-ch bro pek 1485 49bid | 158 1489 14 ch pek 1400 86 288 Hangranoya 288 8 ch broorpek 935 385bid | 159 1192 9 ch = ypeksou 747) 833 1 hf-ch 172 Nahalma 289 289 28 ch bro pek 2800 40 (Venesta : 290 290 35 do pek 3300 32bid packages) 1531 41hf-ch bropek 2542 42 bia 291 291 28 do pek sou 2710 28 173 1534 34 ch k 2992 cS 1 hf-ch 174 1537 15 do pek sou 1290 30 . 299 PEN 299 9 ch bropekfans 941 16bid | 175 1540 19 do sou 188428 1 hf-ch 181 Bismark 1558 6 ch 308 Dartry B 308 14hf-ch dust 1050 16 2 box dust ¥70 Ww 309 Yarrow 309 43hf-ch bropek 2408 88 bid | 183 W PF, in estate 310 310 59 do pek 2950 36 mark 1564 17 ch congou 1631 27 184 Kelaneiya and onu Sie Braemar, - Maskeliya 1587 22 by, bro ml pok 1870 58 185 1670 21 do or 2100 41 Messrs. Forbes & Walker.— 186 1573 18 do pe 1308 37 604,961 |b.) 193 Mansfield 1594 48 hf-ch bro pek 2640 60 bid ropes Ee 185 1600 it do bek ‘wo . 195 ll do ek sou 5 Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. jhe Sua 198 160810 do al 4 7 OSS, in est.' ; 197 MeemoraOya 1606 2thf-ch bro pek 8400 386 mark 1036 29 ch bro or pek 2030 47 198 1609 37 do pek 1480 31 8 1039 22 do ox pek 1430-87 201 X,in estate r) 1042 31 do pek 2170 33 mark 1618 9 ch or pek 884 81 bid 19 Theydon 215 Erlsmere 1660 21 ch bro or pek 1470 = 61 bith Bois 1072 12 ch or pek 960 43 216 1663 43 do bro pek 4300 45 bid: 20 1075 18 do pek 1440 36 217 1666 20 do pek 1729 40 bid. 21 - 1078 8 do pek sou 720-32 220 Hornsey 1675 31 ch or pek 3100 = 55 25 Columbia 1090 18hf-ch broor pek 990 56 bid 921 1678 13 do —E 1300 «= 40 97 1096 20 do pek 1000 = 43 223 Carberry 1684 28 ch tro pek 2520 «33 32 C M, in eatate 224 1687 18 do ek 1620 32 mark 1111 26hf-ch or pek 1508 = 34 226 ; 1693 9 do ro pek fans 99) 31 33 WO 1114 17hf-ch pek fans 1785 20 231 T.in_ estate 36 Clunes 1123 22 ch bro or pek 2090 39 ~ mark 1708 10 ch pek 900 33 37 1126 23 do bro pek 2070 =40 234 Patiagama 1717 21 ch ~~ pek 1630 34 38 1129 28 do pek 2240 33 235 1720 13 do or pek 1170 43 39 1132 10 do ek sou 900 828 236 1723 25hf-ch broorpek 1375 55 40 Battawatte 1135 35 ch ro pek $850 44 242 Queensland 1741 50 ch pek 4250 41 41 1128 34 do pek 3155 36 243 1744 20 do bro pek 2000 «51 42 1141 15 do pek sou 1200 39 244 1737 14 «do bro orpek 1400 63 46 Battawatte 1153 26 ch bro pek 2860 44 245 1760 17 do 47 1156 28 do pek 2635 36 lhf-ch or pek 1400 47 48 1159 12 do pexk sou 960 30 246 1753 17 ch ~~ pek sou 1530038 49 Grange Gar- 251 Palmesston 1768 35hf-ch broor pek 1925 63 den 1162 22 ch bro or pek 2200 44 252 1771 21 do bro pek 1218 5: 50 1165 20 do pek 2000 36 253 V774 239 ch pek 2610 42 54 Palawatte 1177 15 ch bro pek 1500 35 254 1777 16 do pek sou 1168 37 ba 1180 7 do pek 700 30 255 _ 1/80 25hf-ch dust 1950 28 60 Tavalamtenne 1195 14 ch bro or pek 1375 44 257 Macaldeniya 1786 20hf-ch bro pek 1150 45 - 64 Avapelakande 1207 9 ch bro orpek 990 42 259 1792 14 do pek 77) = 40 65 1210 86 do bro pek 7740 43 260 1795 8 ch 66 1213 57 do pek 4560 34 ihf-ch peksou 850 67 1216 13 do pek sou 1170 ~=—30 268 RCW, in estate 71 New Pea- mark 1804 12hf-ch bro or pek cock 1228 21 ch pek fans 1575 24 2 fans 98 = 20 72 Devonford 1231 23hf-ch broorpek 1265 8s 265 Ireby 1810 42hf-ch bro pek 2520 «53°. 73 1234 15 ch or pek 1350 67 266 1813 26 do pek 1300 42 15 1240 10 do pek sou 30u 46 267 1816 10 do pek sou 900 38 86 Yaha Ella 1273 8 ch_ bro pek 800 35 270 CSG 1825 82hfch bro pek 4510 42 97 Errollwood 1306 26hf-ch broorpek 1300 53° 271 1828 59 ch pekoe 4720 35bdi 98 1309 34 ch or pekfans 3060 45 272 1831 14° do peksou 1120 3=30- 99 1812 13 do pek sou 3170 37 273 1834 9Qhf-ch ust 720 20 Lot. Box. 274 Strathspey 1837 275 1840 276 1843 279 1552 230 Glencorse 1855 281 1878 2 1861 283 1864 288 Munukattie, in esate mark 1879 289 1882 290 1885 291 1888 292 1891 294 Bickley 1897 296 New Anga- mana 1908 297 1906 299 1912 305 Alton 1930 306 O O, in est. _ mark 1933 307 1936 309 MC 1942 310 1945 323 AG 1984 327 Carlabeck 1996 329 CB 2002 330 2005 335 Torwood 2020 336 2023 337 2026 338 2029 348 High Forest 2059 349 2062 350 2065 351 2083 352 2071 354 Polatagama 2077 355 2030 356 2083 357 2086 358 2089 360 Dea Ella 2095 361 2098 362 2101 363 2104 371 Ruanwella 2128 372 2131 73 2134 374 2137 376 Gampaha 2143 377 2146 378 2149 379 235% 382 Walpita 2161 383 2164 384 2167 385 Dunbar 2170 386 2173 388 2179 404 RW W inest. mark 2927 4(6 O’Bode 2233 407 2236 403 2239 414 Aberdeen 7 415 10 420 Galkadua 25 421 28 422 3l 430 Killarney 55 431 68 432 61 43k 67 436 Dunkeld 73 437 vi 433 79 440) 85 441 8s 444 BD 97 452 Inverness 121 455 124 454 127 455 130 458 Letchimey 139 459 Seenagalla 142 460 145 461 148 462 151 465 Rookatenne 160 463 163 472 MP 181 473 184 Pkgs. 1 15 8 hf-ch a 0 do 16 hi-ch 18 18 17 do ch 70 hf-ch 17 3t ch do 13 bf-ch 79 17 do bro or pek pek sou pek sou bro pek pek pek sou dust dust Pp bro or pek bro pek or pek pek bro or pek or pek bro pek pek pek sou bro pek or pek pek pek scu bro mixed bro or pek or pek pek sou bro or pek or pea pek bro or pek or pek pek fans bro or pek or pek bio pek bro pek 1537 711 2070 1760 1500 13&0 1300 2530 2000 1170 x 800 715 760 £00 950 837 2720 2320 936 1710 2660 1200 $90 755 2805 2430 1530 960 1700 2645 855 1330 1235 1122 1118 1800 1980 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. 475 Great Valley 199 15 ch or pek 1350 476 193 55hf-ch bro pek 3025 477 196 19 ch pek 1710 478 199 li do pek sou 990 480 205 10bf-ch dust 850 491 M 247 9 ch dust 1270 501 Fairlawu 263 17hf-ch or pek 765 504 27h 12 ch pek 1080 511 Parsloes 298 30 ch bro pek 3100 512 301 26 do pek 2340 513 304 23 do pek sou 1840 514 Stamford Hill307 31hf-ch fle or pek 1550 516 310 18 ch or pek 1620 518 Tembiligalla 319 16hf-ch bro pek 1340 519 522 18 ch pek 1620 52 325 8 do pek sou 769 432 Pamslatenne 361 5 ch dust 725 5389 Kirrimettia 382 14 do unast 1260 554 Augusta 427 5Shf-ch dust, 750 569 Woodend 472 20 oh bro pek 1900 570 475 30 do pek 2850 671 478 12 do pek sou 108 5:2 S Vin est mark 611 12 do bro mix 1200 500 NE 535 15 ch pek sou 1350 598 Kennington 559 11 do unast 990 599 562 10 hf-ch dust 800 601 Penrhos 568 22 do or pek 1056 602 571 29 do bro pek 1624 63 574 32 ch pek 2720 604 577 10 do pek sou 800 607 Cottaganga 536 38 ch dust 1040 609 Ragalla 592 6 do dust 840 610 Shrubs Hill 595 48 do bro pek 4560 611 598 27 do pek 2268 614 Uragalla 607 2) hf-ch bro pek 1000 621 Vathalana 628 29 do bro or pek 1740 622 631 14 ch or pek 1190 626 Carfax €43 12 do bro orpek 1200 627 646 25 do or pek 2250 628 649 19 do pek 1710 SMALL LOTS. [Mr. E. John.] Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. Ib. 1 MV 711 Q9hf-ch bro pek 450 2 714 10 do pekoe 500 3 7l7 6 do pek ssu 300 7 Harrisland 729 4 ch pek sou No. 2380 8 732 5hf-ch dust 425 11 D 741 3 ch 1hf-ch sou 335 12 744 #1 ch mixed 105 13 747 1 =+do dust 150 17 Lameliere 759 6hf-ch pek fans 516 24 Mount Temple 780 7 ch pek sou 406 25 783 4hf-ch orpekfans 300 31 The Farm 801 4 ch dust 300 32 Amherst 864 7 hf-ch bro pek 420 33 807 8 do pekoe 400 34 810 5 do pek sou 200 38 Lameliere 822 6 do pek fans 516 51 Vincit 861 3 ch lhf-ch fans 3C3 53 Th-resia 867 1 ch bro mix 86 54 870 1 do sou 75 55 873 3hf-ch dust 240 62 Koslande 894 3 ch pek sou 300 63 897 1 do fans 110 69 Little Valley 915 2hf-ch dust 160 70 918 2 ch red leaf 180 7L NB 921 3hf-ch dust 610 72 924 4 do unas 660 76 Nahayilla 936 7hf-ch pek fans 490 78 942 6 ch sou 540 89 945 T7hf-ch dust 525 70 918 1 ch factory sweep- ings 100 85 Glassaugh 963 6 do bro mix 600 90 Polduwa 978 1 do sou 100 9L 981 1 do red leaf 90 95 Templestowe 993 4 do pek sou 340 96 996 6 do bropek fans 890 102 Whyddon 14 5 do bro pek fans 500 103 17. 1 «do dust 140 119 Mount Tempie, Lot No.2 (A) 65 6hf-ch bro orpek 318 120 68 10 uo or pek 450 122 74 9 ch pek sou 522 125 WK 33 3hf-ch dust 250 126 86 5 do pek fans 360 127 89 1 ch bro mix 120 180 Bellongalla 98 9hf-ch fans 630 4 CEYLON Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. Tb. 181 _ 101 Shf-ch dust 225 187 Dickapittiya 119 8 do fans 560 139 Gonavy 125 1 do pekoe 30 140 1281 ch pek sou 60 141 131 6hf-ch fans 445 142 134 6 do dust 470 143 187. 3 do ce ngou 200 161 Gampai 161 Sor cu peop 574 153 167g hf-ch roorpek 594 154 a eee, CAL dust 170 155 1751 do red leaf 85 156 K,Haputale 176 1lLbfch o» pek 561 157 1795 8 cli pekue 249 158 182, 3 do pek sou 225 159 185 10hf-ch broorpek 6580 160 188 1 do br pekfans 93 161 191 2 do dust 120 162 193, 1 cn rd leaf 41 167 Myraganga 209 6 ‘lo lhfch bromix 680 171 go, 38. ch pekoe 225 175 Mount Temple 283 8 «do pek sou 464 176 2:6 4hf-ch orpekfans 300 181 Gangawatte 2651 5 ch dust 450 132 254 5 do Lhf-ch sou 550 186 Kotuagedera 266 5 ch pek gou 450 187 969 3hft-ch dust 240 pot 972 8 dé bro pek fans 520 189 GL 275 8 do fans 496 190 278 do dust 400 T9L 281 2 ch sou 180 192 NK 284 7hfch dust 560 191 Welicoda 290 7 ch bro pek 630 195 293 3 do : Lhf--h bro tea 245 197 A 299 1 ch bro pek 81 198 302. 3 do lhf-ch pekoe 844 199 805 4 ch pek sou 880 200 808 5hf-ch pek fans 855 206 M,inest. mark 326 6 do pek sou 270 207 329 4 do fans 320 208 832 2 do sou 90 210 Troup 888 7 do sou 560 216 S 856 8 .do pehoe 640 217 359 7 do pek sou 660 218 362 1 do dust 145 219 865 1hfch unas 40 [Messrs. Somerville & Co.) Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. 1 Hemingford 1 Qhf-ch bro pek 450 2 260 or pek 240 3 3 6 do pek 240 4 4" So pek sou 90 5 6 1 do unas 50 7 7S ch pek fans 610 9 Ahamud 9 11 hf-ch bro pek 550 10 10 11 do pek 550 11 1112 do pek sou 600 12 Noe“ 10) tans 144 13 13 2 do red leaf 90 14 GM A 14 5 hf-ch dust 500 16 Berragalla 16 1 do dust 95 17 17 3 do fans 240 19 Fairfield 19 Lhf-ch bro mix 30 20 20 "edo. red reaf 46 2 AIS 92 7hf-ch bru pek 420 23 23 5 do perk 300 yf My Diamomeck ‘ro mix 540 3L Neuchatel $l 4 ch bro or pek 520 32 32° 2 do aust 320 33 Speedo pek No. 1 90 38 Minna 38 6hf-ch fans 420 39 39 2 ch bro mix 180 40 40 6hf-ch dust €00 44 Galphele 44 2 do dust 160 45 45 1 do sou 45 47 Mary Hill 47 13 hf-ch pek 650 48 4810 do pek sou 500 49 49 3 do bro mix 240 52 Eliandhu 62 2 ch bro tea 200 57 X Y Z, in es- tate mark 67 1 ch bro pek sou ~ 100° 58 Clontarf 58 4 ch dust, 520 60 gt. Catherine 60 3 ch pek 225 61 61 lhf-ch dust 76 64 KF F, in estate m ark 64 8hfi-ch pek sou 60 65 65 8 do ie pek fans 195 66 66 1 do dust 86 67 67 1 do bromix 50 PRODUCE SALES LIST. Lot. Box: Pkgs. Name. 71 SFD 71 6 ch con 72 72 4 do dust 73 73 2 do red leaf 74 74 4 do fan 75 Oolapane 75 1 hi-ch 76 76 3 do dust 86 Moragalla 80 2 ch dust 83 Kerenvilla &3 3 ch S84 84 1 do 85 85 3 do 86 86 1 do 87 W 87 6hf-ch 90 Mahatenne 90 5 ch 93 Mouxa Eliya 93 5 ch 94 94 Lhf-ch 96 RCT F, ines- mark 9 4 ch 101 Glenalla 101 6 ch 1 102 2 hf-ch 103 Mousakande 103 9 hf-ch 106 8 do 107 AA 107 Shf-ch 109 Logan 109 2 ch 110 110 Lhf-ch 111 Maligatenne 111 4 ch 112 112 5 do 113 113 6 do 114 114 6 do 115 115 1 do 116 P 116 3 ch 117 Ettie 117 6 ch 120 120 1 do 121 121 2 do 122 122 1 do 135 Monrovia 135 56 ch 138 138 2 do 139 139 2 do 147 Arduthie 147 5 ch 148 148 7 do 149 149 4 do 150 C F, in estate mark 150 3 ch 152 152 1 do 158 148 38 do 154 154 10 hf-ch 155 155 8 ch 158 D, in estate mark 158 lhf-ch 159 159 1 ch 160 160 lhfch 170 Donside 170 3 hf-ch 174 Ferriby 174 2 ch 175 175 6hf-ch 176 176 7 do 179 Koseneath 179 8 ch 180 180 1 do 181 181 Lhf-ch 184 Kosgahahenals4 4 ch 185 185 2 do 186 186 1 do 198 Walahandua 198 3 ch 199 199 6 do 201 Wallasmulla 201 4 ch 202 2.2 1 do 203 293 2 do 207 Wilpita 207 5 ch 213 N 2:3 2hf-ch 214 214 1 do 218 K GA, in es- tate mark 218 2 ch 219 res 1 do 220 1 do 221 ig 21 10 hf-ch 222 eee} 228 398 9 de 224 AXT 224 ch 229 Ingeriya 229 2hf-ch 230 V W 230 3 ch 232 Kudaganga 232 1 ch 233 233 1 do 234 X Z 234 3 ch 237 BCD 237 2 ch 238 MonteChristo238 5 ch 239 239 6 ch 240 210 3 do ae wvt 241 4hf-ch 242 2 do ve New Valley 247 5 ch 28 248 3 do 250 Orion 250 4 ch Ail 252 § hf-ch 253 Berat 253 1 hf-ch 254 FE, in estate mark 254 4hf-ch 255 255 6 ch 256 256 6 hf ch CEYLON PRODUCE: SALES LIST. Bx. Pkgs. Name. bro pek No. 1 pek No. 1 pek sou No. 1 bro pek bro mix bro pek pek dust bro pek pek sou pek pek sou bro pek fans sou bro tea pek ‘dust pek sou bro pek fans bro pek bro tea Lot, 257 Raxawa 257 3hf-ch sou 253 258 1- ch 259 259 1 do 260 260 1 do 235 Annandale 265 8 hf-ch 266 ~ 266 11 do 267 267 4 do 268 Pussetenne 263 1 hf-ch 269 269 4 do 70 270 3 do 271 F A, in estate mark 271 5 hf-ch 272 972 5. ch 273 273 5 hf-ch 274 Alutkelle 274 Ghf-ch 275 275 5 do 276 2735: be'do 282 Marigold 282 9hf-ch 283 283 6 do 284 284 8 do 285 255 5 do ~ 286 Glentafte 286-1 ch é 1 hf-ch 287 « 237 3 do 292 Hangranoya 292 4 ch 293 293 2 do 300 Weymouth 300 1 ch 302 Labugama 302 4 ch 303 303 3 do 304 304 4 do 305 305 1 do 306 Dartry B 306-2 ch 307 207 6 do 1 hf-ch 311 Yarrow 311 4hf-ch [Messrs. Forbes & Walker.] Lot. 1 €U 1018 4 ch 2 Panmure - 1021 3 ch 3 1024 2 do 4 1027 5 hf-ch 5 1030 1 ch 6 1033. 2 do 10 OSS, inertate mark 1045 6 ch 1L 1048 4 do 12 1051 4 hf-ch 13 1054 3 ca 14 1057 1 dou 15 1060 7 do 16 °° 1063 1 do 17 TheydonBois 1066 7 ch 18 1069 6 do 22 T B,in est, mark 1981 3 ch 23 1084 2 do 24 1087 2 do 26 Columbia. 1093 13 hf-ch 28 1099 8 do 29. 1102 1 do 20 1195 1 do 31 1198 3 do . 84 Kabragalla 1117 4 hf-ch 85 1120 3 do 51 Grange Gar- den 1168 5 ch 52 1171 1 do 53 3174 4 bf-ch 66 Palawatte 1183 2 ch 57 1186 1 do 58 1182 2 do 59 1192 3 do 61 Tayalam- tenne 1198 7 ch 2 1201 2 do 3 120! 1 do 68 Arapolakan- e 1209 3 ch 69 New Pea- cock » 1222 6 ch 70 1225 4hf-ch 74 Devonford 1237 6 ch 76 DED 1243 Lhf-ch 77 1246 1 ch 78 1249 2 do 79 1252 2hf-ch 85 Yaha Ella 2 Ookoowatte dust Box. Pkgs. Name, 1270 1 1276 6 do 1279 3 do 1282 1 do 1285 2 do 1285 4 do 1291 1 do bro tea pek dust dust bro or pek bro pek dust fans red leaf or pek pek sou bro pek unas pek dust bro tea dust dust red leaf pek pek sou dust dust ek sou Tro mixed pe bro pek or pek pek sou dust bro or pek e fans bro or pek lb. 1b. 5 c.® Lot. Box, Pkgs. Name. Deere? 19 93 1294 2 > ch dust 200 1¢ 34 Ot 127 4 do fans 820 25 30 95 130) 1hf-ch bro mix 4) Z4 26 96 1303 1 do sou 1Lv 28 40 101 E 1318'5 ch pek 450 34 €9 102 1321 4 do pek sou 320 30 18 108 Gallawatte 1339 6 ch sou 40 28 o7 109 1342 8hf-ch pek fans 560 31 17 110 1345 2 ch bro mix 16U 22 20 li 1348 7hf-ch dust 595 18 112 1351 1 ch bro pek fan 85 31 29 121 Bambrakelly 1378 3 ch pek sou 210 79 34 136 Mahalla 1423 2. ch dust 39) 16 17 137 $46 Zhf-ch = fens 50 14 31 bid 14t Elia Oya 1438 7 ch pek sou 630 30 27 143 1444 6 do pek fans 420 28 95 144 1447 4 do dust 368 ly 41 146 St. Leonards- ~* 39 on-Sea, 1453 6 ch pek 540 33 33 152 Monkswood 1471 %hf-ch pek fins 120 34 32 153 1474 3 do dust 240 24 17 154 14i7 2 do red leaf 110 13 460 Glengariff 1495 7 ch pek fans 420 34 i7/ 161 1498 7 do dast 560 21 29 168 Sunnycroft 15:9 2 ch pes seu 200 30 1s 169 1522 2 do congou 290 29 15 170 1525 1 do bro tea 150 18 36 17L 1523 4 do dust 600 V7 23 176 Nahalma 28 (Venesta 30 packages) 1543 5 ch bro fans 300 32 34 177 15i6 7 do dust 600 19 14 178 Tanbagama 1519 2 ch f ns 200 32 173 1552'-5 do sou 400 27 17 180 : 1555 2 de dust 260 17 182 JS, in estate mark 1561 -~ 5» ch pek dust 400 18 187 Kelaueiya and Braemar, Maskeliya 1576 4 ch dust 575 18 c. 188 1579 4 do sou 400 29 189 1582 2% do red ieaf 200 18 42 199 St. Martins 1612 5hf-ch pek sou 200 23 34 200 1615 1 do dust 65 17 28 202 G 1621 6 ch sou 640 28 22 203 1624 3 do bre pek fans 330 26 17 204 1627 -1 do dust 135 16 16 205 New Gal- way 1639. 4hf-ch bro pek 240 76 30 206 1633 4 do pek 220 47 29 207 Z, in estate 3L mark 1636 7 ch pekoe 623° a3 18 214 B, in estate 36 mark 1657 5 ch pek sou 420 28 31 218 Erlsmere 1669 7 ch pek sou 665 31ibid 219 1672 2 do dust 192 16 53 222 Hornsey 1681 6 ch pek sou 600 34 42 225 Carberry 1690 6 ch pek sou 640 28 227 GK 1695 2 do bro tea 180 23 16 +32 TT, in estate 29 mark 1711 6 ch bro pek 600 46 i7 237 Patiagama 1726 4hf-ch wypek sou 360 34 49 238 1729 1 do unas 100 28 37 29 1732 3 do dust 249 18 46 240 1735 3 do fans 150 32 32 241 1738 1 do red leaf 72 20 20 247 Queensland 1756 2: h bromix 190 23 22 248 1759 3hf-ch dust 240 13 18 249 1762 3 do fans 198 37 250 1765 2 ch unas 150 23 3C 256 Palmerston 1l7e3 2hf-ch 30 itech unas 200 34 19 258 Macaldeniya 1789 6hf-ch bro or dek 385 44 28 261 1798 1 do sou 50 29 26 262 1801 3 do dust 255 18 17 268 lreby 1819 4 do fan 280 29 22 269 1882 4 do dust 300 21 277 Strathspey 1846 11 do sou 517 32 34 278 1819 10 do bro pek 575 4[ 30 284 Glencorse 1857 3 ch pek fans 360 29 17 285 1870 1 ch bro tea 110 37 236 1873 1 do dust 143 16 17 287 1876 2 do dust 300 1L £93 Munukattie, 81 in estate 23 mark 1894 3 ch sou 280 23 56 294 Bikley 1897 13 hf-ch pek sou 715 6 ah 295 New Anga- 46 mana 1930 9hf-ch kro or pek 510 36 33 298 7 1909 11 do pek No, 2 550 29 21 303 Alton 1924 1 do or pek 51 46 42 304 1927 1 do mixed tea 28 = 86 31 808 CN 1959 4 ch bro tea 16 29 31l N WD 1948 3 ch bro tea 15 27 312 Blalrgowrie 195t 4 do bropek $7 19 $13 1954 83 do pek 3L 80 314 1057 3 do sou 28 39 315 1960 2 do pek fans V7 6 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES. LIST. Lot Box. Pkgs. Name. Ib, ¢, € B16 1058 2 hf-ch bro pek dust 17038 Lot. Box. Pkgs, Name, Ib. « 196 ch 17 324 AG 1987 8 do dust 200 21 4909 MT 235 2 ch bro pek 220 «87 325 1990 5 do bro tea 53028 a1 2's © we — ss 226 1993 2 do bromix 182 2 492 241 2 do pek sou 196 29 828 Carlabeck 1999 6hf-ch bro pek fans 6/4 30 493 244 2 do red leaf 16s 18 331 CB 2003 4 ch peksou 392 28 495 250 2 do bro tea 2708 832 2011 6 hf-ch ro pek fans 400 29 496 Aighburth 253 3hf-ch bro pekfams 225 withd'n 339 Torwood 20982 8 ch peksou 640 38630 497 266 8 do = dust 235018 340 Tor 2035 6 do bropek 640 36 408 259 5 ch bro mix 6001 341 2038 4 do pek 320 30 > 262 1 do congou 9 7 342 2041. 8 do pek sou 970 28 600 Fairlawn 265 7hf--h bro pek 350 48 353 Tigh Fo-est2074 7hf-ch pek dust 588-23 502 271 11 do k sou 49d 83 85) Polatagama 2092 4 ch ust 610 18 503 274 3 do t 255 = 2h 3875 Ruanwella 2140 7 do dust 560 15 605 F Lin est. 380 Gampaha 2155 6 ch fans 540 19 mark 280 1 ch bro mix 100 16 381 2158 1 do dust 90 16 516 Stamford Hill 318 7 ch pe 595 = 40 287 Dunbar 2176 10hf-ch bro pek 550 8 517 Tembiligalla 316 8hfch or 440047 380 DBR 2182 6 ch ek sou 4008) 521 328 4 do dust 340s 390 2185 2 do TO mix 160 27 522 TBG 331 1 do peksou 6 2 Hs m a a Ese oh ae og 150 19 623 234 1 ch 393 Sunnycro 2 c pek scu 300 29 399 4 2212 2 do congou 200 29 w : lhfch bromix 145028 400 D018 it do “aidbro ‘tea 150 16 529 Panslatenne 352 4 ch bro pek 360 «BS 401 2218 1 do dust 150 18 4 gly J 2 a 402" de W Xin este 638 i a 120 16 mark 2221 3hf-ch brorpkfans 180 26 403 YahaElla 2224 1 ch sou 58 «7 ae Augusta os 4 = red leaf eo - 405 BL 2230 4hf-ch unast 200-29 ra 5 6ifth tobias mee te 409 O'Bode 2242 6 ch pek sou 480 28 10 BDWPR #65 6Bith tops 410 2245 1hf-ch dust 7t 16 561 Ingoya Ne a ee ma * 411 Kowlahena 2218 7 do dust 595 19 562 461 6 M4 S kc = 5 412 Woodlands 1 1 do dust 70 23 563 Farres 658 °1 “do aol “es E ‘ 413 2 aio OME 99 23 564 Yataderiya 457 5 do bro pek 465083 416 Aberdeen 13 5 do dust 400-18 a4 os : = aor oo 2 417 Kobo 16 g do peksou 260 «= -29 68 aes ee als 1 aagido dotnet Ie B20) 698 ss ier 0 lit pkten ae 8 ao, Cateda oe oo eh ae ees eee 592 Woodend 481 4 ch pek sou 360 38 429 37.1 do sou 10624 578 484 18 do ‘dust sad 433 Killarney 64 3 ch pek sou 27084 5g0 S Vin est. 435 70 4hf-ch dust 360 «16 mark 505 : 4 dust 630 433 Dunkeld Pe OY ot pek sou 47532 681 508 fans 480 442 DB 91 4 do red leaf 420 «15 691 A 538 0 hf Bs bro pek No. 1600 443 BD 94 6 do bro mix 600 14 593 541 1 ch fans 418 445 100 4 do pek 360 81 693 544 8 do ro mix ri 446 103 5 do ek sou 459 29 £94 EST 647 Lkf-ch fans 50 456 Letchimey 133 4 ch ro pek fans 548 18 | 695 Moralivya 550 6 ch fans 57 457 136 3 do bro mixed 405 27 596 553 5 do wunast 475 463 Seenagalla 154 4hf-ch dust 380 ©6118 597 556 Ghf-ch dust 400 464 157 8. ch bro mix 285 26 600 Kennington 565 1 ch red leaf 100 467 Rookatenne 166 7 do pek sou. 616 BL 605 Penrhos 530 6hf-ch pek dust 492 463 169 2hf-ch dust 158 18 606 Cottaganaa 683 6 ch fans 660 469 172, 1 ch _ red leaf 62. 18 608 Ragalla 689 3 do bro mix B10 470 K 175 1 do sou 100. 25 612 Shrubs Hill 601 6 do pek sou 456 471 178 2 do dust 300 =—-:16 613 604 6 do bro pek fans 456 474 MP 187 2 do . dust No.2 480 10 615 Uragalla 610 4hf-ch 200 479 Great Valley 202 3 do sou DEB Bd 616 r 613 4 do pek sou 180 481 208 3 de fans 300 28 617 616 2 do unast 100 482 211 3 do bro mix 270 17 618 619 2 do red leaf 90. 483 Kalupana 214 6hf-ch broorpek 340 45 619 622 1 do dust 70 484 217 7 do orpek 315. 85 620 W 625 5 ch bro pek 475 485 220 6 do pekoe 300 31 623 Vathalana 634 7 do kK 560 486 223 5 do bro pek 240 8686 674 637 3 do pek sou 235 487 226 7 do bro mix 376 23 62 610 5hf-ch dust 400 488 229 1 do sou 60 28 69 KHL 652 4 ch bro mix 280 489 232 4 do pek sou 200 +29 603 TU 655 1 do orpek 105 ® eS. ietrm, a hae aan J ¢ z ‘ aot EE Ee pod a, OBSERVER PRINTING WORKs. TEA, COFFEE, CINCHONA, COCOA, AND CARDAMOM SALES, NO. 4 Conoxso, January 30, 1899. Price :—123 cents each 3 copies 30 cents; 6 copies 4 rupee. Lot. Box. 2 Halloowella 664 4 G, in estate mark 670 56 PCH Galle, in esate mark 673 6 676 7 679 8 Nakiadeniya 652 ) 685 1¢ 688 16 Rockside 706 17 709 19 Kosgalla 715 20 718 21 721 23 C H, in estate mark 742 29 CH 745, 30 14 31 vy 32 Freds Ruhe 754 33 757 34 760 35 WA 563 36 Blackburn 766 8 2 +39 775 40 778 41 781 69 Dunnottor 835 64 Gallawatte 850 76 Muarguerita 836 77 839 73 $92 $2 Olakitagoda 04 3 907 88 Middleton 922 89 25 90 928 91 93L 93 Cooroondoo- watte 937 9 KNA 943 96 946 97 919 99 Matale 955 100 958 101 961 110 Huanuco 983 115 Putupaula 1603 116 1006 117 1009 118 1012 123 MF, in est. mark 1027 124 Ivex 1030 125 1.33 126 1°36 134 ASC 1060 135 Gallapitta- kande 1063 136 1066 137 1069 138 107z 140 Tonacombe 1078 141 1081 142 108t 150 Knavesmire 1108 151 W111 152 1114 155 Theberton 1125 157 1129 158 1132 160 1128 161 11i1 162 Hopton 1144 163 1147 165 Hunasgeria New 1153 167 Hunasgeria MO 1159 COLOMBO SALES OF TEA. LARGE LOTS. Messrs. Forbes’ & Walker.— 5 17 ch ch 21 hf-ch 30 hf-ch 20 do 12 hf-ch 22 hf-ch ao 525,388 Ib.J Pkgs. Name. Ib. dust 700 congou 1700 bro pek 1320 pek 1700 pek sou 990 bro pek 2609 ek 1530 pek sou 1280 dust 945 bro pek fans 720 bro pek 2600 pek 1530 pek sou 1600 sou 2292 fans 6@U0 dust 4516 red leaf 1892 bro pek 4700 pek 2390 pek sou 1200 bro mix 700 broer pek 990 bro pek 1290 pek 1080 pek sou 1530 dust 1120 pek sou 216 pek 765 pek 1900 pek sou 720 do 765 bro pek 1260 pek 1100 broor pek 1045 or pek 2730 pek 1330 pek sou 1260 ek 1050 bro pek 1800 pek 2500 pek sou 2100 bro pek 3300 pek 2430 pek sou 1170 pek 1100 bro or pek 1630 bro pek 4165 pek 3300 pek sou 1260 dust 726 bro pek 8609 pek 2000 pek sou 1900 red leaf 720 or pek 1276 bro or pek 884 pek 1767 pek sou 1000 or pek 1808 bro pek 2500 pek 2200 or pek 855 pek 1445 pek sou 1048 bro pek 1500 or pek 4590 pek 5366 bro mix 8990 pek dust 700 sou 908 dust 1008 dust £00 pek dusé 1700 36 bid 42 bid 16 19 bid Lot. 168 169 170 179 186 181 182 183 184 185 186 Box. Roeberry 1162 1165 1168 Yataderia 1195 1198 LGF, inestate 1201 1204 1207 1210 1213 1216 1219 1225 1228 1261 1264 1282 1285 1285 1291 1297 1300 1303 1309 1318 1321 1333 1339 1348 mark Thedden Beausejour DMV Aberdeen Dea Ella Bargany Oakham L, inestate mark 1354 1357 1360 1599 1402 1405 1408 1411 1414 1417 1423 1426 1429 1432 1447 1450 1453 1456 1459 1462 1465 1474 1477 1480 1483 1436 1489 Harrington Non Pariel Dyakula Ellaoya Erlsmere Dammeria Hayes Maha Uva Clunes Battawatte Battawatte Bloomfield Weoya Arbragalla Cc 1591 Galaha 1603 Kelburne Meemora- kanke Warwick Lynsted 2669 Chesterford Geragama Waratenne Pkgs. 63 ch 16 do 8 do 13 hf-ch 10 do 6 ch 14 ch 10 do 20 hf-ch 29 hf-ch 10 do 12 hf-ch ll ch 10 hf-ch 21 do 66 ch 51L de 88 de 22 ch 26 do 12 hf-ch 17 ch 18 do il hf-ch Name. lb. bro pek 3630 pekoe 1609 pek sou 768 bro pek fans 845 dust 760 pek sou 2348 sou 1680 fans 1650 dust 2320 bro pek 2640 pek 1006 pek sou 700 bro pek 1445 pek 1360 bro pek 1365 pek 1404 bro pek 4100 o1 pek 1125 pek 2816 sou 1078 broorpek &64 or pek 1000 pek 1709 sou 966 bro pek 1760 pek 950 bro pek 780 pek 350 bro pek dust 900 or pek 1400 pek 1000 bro pek 1102 bro pek 1595 pekoe 1400 pek sou 1030 bro pek 1400 bro or pek 1470 bro pek 4309 pek 1720 bro or pek 3360 or pek 2500 pek 2880 pek sou 880 or pek 2070 pek sou 460 pek fans 730 broor pek 715 or pek 942 pek 1045 pek sou 900 bro or pek 132 bro pek 1550 pek 1440 pek sou 720 dust 720 bro pek 17¢0 pek 1620 pek sou 2240 bro pek fansisé0 dust 1700 bro pek 9570 pek 6600 pek sou 4000 pek fans 1760 unast 700 bro pek bro pek fans230t dust or pek pek pek sou bro or pek sou dust fans dust 35 pek sou 900 fans 1470 bro pek c6n0 pek 51.00 pek sou 8s00 bro pek 1980 pek 2210 aust $00 bro pek 1445 pek 1530 dust 825 bro pek 990 pek 900 SALES LIST. a) CEYLON PRODUCE . Lot. Box. Pkes. Name. Ib. c. Lot, Box. Pkys. Name. Ib. c. 358 Nakiadeniya 1732 19 ch bro pek 1900 8639 168 B, in estate 359 1735 9 do Ber. 765 33 mark 28 6 ch~ dust 4060S 372 W’Bedde 1774 11 do roorpek 1100 36hbid | 114 RT, in estate 878 WVRA 1777 10hf-ch fans 760° 28 mar 34 24 ch bromix 206 2% 374 P 1780 36 ch sou 3690 27 116 85 14 do dust 1680 15 375 17838 29 do dust 4060 18 bid 116 Comillah 36 13 ch bro pek 1365 38 376 1786 6 do dust No.2 960 12 bid 119 Agarsland 39 18 bf-ch k sou 900 29 378 Weyungawattel792 18hf-ch bro or nex 1080 © 34 122 Chetnole 42 16hf-ch bro pek 800-39 379 23 ch or 2185 40 123 48 16 do k 800 32 380 1798 25 do pek 2125 32 124 44 2 do ro pek fans1400 24 389 Hope 1825 9 do pek 720 42bid | 125 45 23 do dust 2040 «17 390 1628 15hf-ch fans 1050 = 31 126 Hopewell 46 i7hf-ch bropekfamsl920 25 401 Castlereagh 1861 19 ch bro pek 1900 50 128 Romania 48 #7 ch bro pek 700 = 38 402 1864 19 do or pek 1615 42 129 49 16 do pek 1000 30 403 1867 19 do ek 16 35 131 Glenalla 51 16 ch pek 1440 30 407 Dehiowita 1879 7 do ro pek 700 ©=36 136 vies 66 6 ch dust 75016 : 409 1885 138 do pek 1170 30 “ Nugawella 62 33hf-ch bro pek 1914 45 411 1891 22 do sou 1760 28 63 62 do pek 2609 37 412 SH 1894 25hf-ch dust 2125 «17 bid ist Rayigam 71 87hf-ch dust 2060 «16 417 Naseby 1909 23 do per sou 1334 35 bid | 152 Ovoca, AT 72 12hf-ch pek fans 840 =O Bl 422 Talgaswela 1924 65 ch ro pek 6850 39 160 C F, in estate 423 1927 27 do pek 2295 32 mark 80 W ch pek 850 30 425 1983 17 do peksou 1445 «8S 162 D, im estate 426 1936 8 do br pek No. 2 880 34 mark §2 19 ch pek 1520 32 431 Unugalla 1951 15 do bro pek 566 40 163 IP 83 20 ch peksou 1810-29 432 1954 14 do ek 1330 36 164 84 19hf-ch dust 1616 17 444 Pallagodde 1990 30 do roorpek 3000 38bid | 173 Warakamure 93 16hf-ch broor pox 960 338 445 1993 23 do ro pek 300 46 174 94 19 do bro pe 1900s 84 446 1996 22 do or pek 1870 41 175 95 25 ch pek 2375 380 447 1999 25 do pek 2000 86 176 96 15 do sou 1350 27 448 2002 18 do pek sou 162033 173 Koladeniya 98 15 ch bro pek 1350 32 bid 450 2003 21hf-h dust 1785 18 179 99 11 do ck sou 935 26 452 KPW 2014 49 «lo or pek 2940 «44 181 Deniyaya 101 70 ch ro pek 7 88 bid 453 2017 38 do bro pek 2090 «= 39 182 102 17 do pek Mii 35 464 2020 72 do pek 3600 32 183 103 13 do peksou 1235 «30 455 2023 29 do ek sou 1450 8928 184 D M R, in es- 478 Vogan 2092 56 ch ro pek 5820 44 tatemark 104 20 ch pek 1835 30 bid 479 2095 85 do 7225 34 185 Hatale 105 7 ch dust 1125 17 480 2098 14 do ek sou 1120 28 1 hf-ch 481 2101 18 do roorpek 1170 34 187 107 6 ch fans 907 out 482 2104 11 do dust 880 17 1 hf-ch 188 PD 103 7 ch _ bro pek 75 29 bid Lee 4 189 109 10 do k 965 27 [Messrs. Somerville & Co.— 190 110 13 do peksou 1365 22 206,546 lb,] 191 111 es + sou 8320 Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. Ib. ec. 33 “c! 2 PTN 322 18hf-ch peksou 900 24 oe ee Gye Oe ee ee ee 5 Citrus 325 24 ch bro pek 2400 36 tatemark 116 11 ch bropek 1093 26 bid 6 326 22 do pek 1970-82 197 Bollagalla 117 27 ch bropek 85lb 37 bid 7 327 11 do ek sou 1093 27 198 118 30 do k 81 12 Neboda 332 19 ch ro or pek 1900 38 199 119 18 do k sou 171029 13 B88 Bl Ooty DIO MSe | a sBENred 202 SFD 122 14 ch bropek 1100 85 bid d4 334 35 do pe 3325 32 203 Lyndhurst 193 40hf-ch bro pek 2200 88 15 335 81 do pek sou 2480 30 204 124 50 do k 2250 32 17 Killin, in estate : 205 125 24 do k sou 1080 29 mark 337 42hf-ch bropek 310 a3bid | 50g GoM 126 19 ch bropek 1900 38 bid 18 338 14 ch pek 1180-29 207 Iluketti 197 12 ch bropek 1260 38 22 Hanagama 342 4 at bro pek 4254 37 209 199 16 do k sou 950 24 bid -¢< - alo sr do pak.) cyaigon | BEM: ae ee ee 24 344 16 do pek sou 1449 28 315 135 8 do peksou S00 22 bid ne ee eee ee ee ee 2 28 $43 33 do bropek 3350 gz bid | 8 Mabe ee ee ee : 1 hf-¢ = 29 _ 849. 82 ch_—pek 3243-29 “ Men oan 8 ee 1 hf-ch 30 Cort 350 12 ne k aon 1200 27 =a 32 Corfu 352 25 hf-c ro pi 1625 46 bi 33 353 82 do pek 1920, 36 bid {Mr. E. John. —221,414.] 84 354 26 do pek sou 143! 30 bid 37 SRK 357 17hf-ch dust 144518 Lot, Box. Pkgs. Name. Ib. ¢. 39 859... 7 .ch bro tea 70) 19 1 LEL 368 8 ch k sou 740 28 40 Rothes 360 19hf-ch bro pek 1083 48 3 Akkara Totum 374 9 do ro pek 810 34 45 Yspa 365 20hf-ch pek dust 1600 19 4 877 9 do rekor 810 29 46 Harangalla 366 13 ch ro pel 1235 44 7 Ottery 356 29 do roorpek 2900 53 47 367 21 do pek 1890 33 8 389 11 do or pek 999 48 48 368 16hf-ch dust 1120 21 9 392 11 do koe 290 40 67 Minna 387 17hi-ch bro orpek 1020 50 10 Rookwood 395 25 do _ broor pek ; 68 388 15 ch or pek 1250 44 (Venesta) 1675 53 69 889 9 do pek 810 38 11 398 9 do or pek 846 49 70 399 8 do peksou 720 «35 13 Yakka 404 7 do bropek 805 34 72 Savernake 392 10hf-ch dus 850 17 14 407 16 do pekoe 1360 8=— 34 74 Ravenscraig 394 17 ch or pek 1615 36 15 410 13 do peksou 1049 «= 356 75 395 15hf-ch bro pek 82h 8639. 16 413 12 de sou 86427 76 396 38 ¢ pele 312031 18 Harrow 419 15hf-ch broorpek 975 450 80 DAL 400 7 ch ro pek 700 «= 388 20 425 22 ch pekoe 2200 8= 35 88 Kelani 8 32 ch bropek 2560 41 26 Suduganga 443 10 do or pek 906 «= 36 89 a 9 16 do broorpek 1600 39 27 646 21hf-ch broorpek 1155 46 98 10 18 do pek 1230 89-334 29 452.18 ch pekson 15303 91 11 20 do K sou 1se@ 80.29 32 TG 461 6 do bro mix 726. 2 92 12 : ch ust 750 8=15 33 Claremont 464 22 do bropek 2200 59 97 G’ Wernet 17 ch bro pek 700 38bid | 34 467 165 Ge pekoe 1350.31 100, Doonevale 20 ef boxes bro pek 750 48 bid } 35 470. 9 do pekseu 810 8 101 21 44 do bro pek 968 ous } 39 Delpotonoya 482 18hf-ch dust 1260 «=: 18 104 24 9 ch = pek 720 $0 40 Keenagaha Ella 485 17 ch broorpek 15380 39 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. 3 I Box. Pkgs, Name. Iba" ve; 189 932 26 ch pekoe 2608 40 Lot 5 190 935 12 do pek sou 1200 434 4L 488 18 ch pekoe 13650 34 42 491 10 do peksou 750 30 46 Mocha 503 26 do broor pek 2600 54 47 506 12 do or pek 1080 55 SMALL LOTS. 48 509 21 dg neEce 1890 45 49 512 12 do pek sou 1020 38 50 213 15 do fans 112532 (Messrs. Somerville & Co. ] 52 Eadella 521 14 do bro pek 1400 36 Be Bod. 12 dol. Spekoe 1086) 32 Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. c. 55 530 15 hf-ch fans 1050 28 1 PTN,in estate 57 Haselmere 536 28 ch bro pek 3510 35 bid mark 321 12 hf-ch bro pek 672 25 68 Kotuagedera 539 17 do bro pek 1700 35 3 323 1 do fans 56 16 59 542 8 do pekoe 760 29 bid | 4 224 2 do dust 166 11 ¢€2 Galella 551 16 do bro orpek 1600 48 8 HA 328 1 ch bro tea 73 «#413 65 H 560 11 do sou 880 26 9 329 3 do bro pek fans 300 23 66 563 29 do pekoe 2610 380 10 330 4 do pek dust 581 15 67 Hattangalla 566 12 do bro pek 1020 39 11 331 1 do fans 100 15 68 569 14 do pekoe 1050 30 16 Neboda 336 Shf-ch dust 400 15 70 H 575 10 do bro pek 850 29 20 K, inestate 72 Brownlow 581 50hf-ch broorpek 2750 51 mark 340 7 ch bro mix 630 19 73 584 47 do or pek 2397 44 21 341 4hf-ch dust 280 16 74 58757 ch pekoe 5016 37 25 Hanagama 345 2 ch sou 180 26 75 590 19 do pek sou 1520 32 31 Ukuwela sole | ch dust 120 il 77 596 9 do bro pek fans 900 37 35 Corfu 355 1hf-ch dust 80 15 78 599 10 do pek fans 1000 30 36 356 2 do fans 130 19 79 602 12hbf-ch dust 972 19 38 SRK 353 ch sou 300 24 80 Ratwaite 605, 27 ch bro pek 2710 39639 41 Rothes 361 11 hf-ch pek 550 36 81 608 21 do pekoe 1890 31 42 362 3 do pek sou 150 31 84 Galella 617 7 do bro pekfans 819 20 43 363 1 do unas 60 28 85 Kataboola 620 10 do pek dust 1400 17 44 3864 1 do red leaf 37 19 88 P 629 7 do unas 720 19 49 Harangalla 369 2 ch fans 200 30 39 Hila 632 27 do broorpek 2700 38 50 370 2 do sou 180 Rey 90 635 32 do bropek 2720 = 39 51 Berragalla 371 4hf-ch dust 310 =16 91 658 29 do or pek 2175 34 52 372 1 do red leaf 30 withd’n 92 641 9 do pekoe 765 33 53 373 5 do fan 347 20 93 644 12 do pek sou 1020 29 54 S$ 374 6hf-ch dust 480 17 96 Glasgow 653 46 do broorpek 3680 59 55 375 5 do _ bro tea O50nn 18) 97 656 14 do or pek 910 55 56 A 876 3hf-ch dust 210 li 98 659 8 do pekoe 800 46 57 377 3 do bro tea 150 22 99 Rondura 662 8 do or pek 720 41 58 Allakolla 378 2 ch fans 200 17 100 665 70 do bro pek 7000 40 59 379 2 do dust 206 15 101 668 24 do pekoe 2160 33 60 388 2 do red leaf 157, 14 102 671 26 do pek sou 2340 29 61 RKP 381 4 ch bro pek Bis) 104 Agra Ouvah 677 54 hf-ch ie orpek 2510 65 2, 382 1 do broorpek 100 ~= 33 105 681 30 do orpek 1650 53 63 383 3 do pek 255 = 31 106 684 8 ch pekoe 760 8945 64 384 5 do peksou 400 27 107 Koslande 687 21 do pekoe 1890 3 65 Gingran Oya 285 2hf-ch dust 176 eee 109 Mount Everest 692 27 hf-ch bro pek 1485 59 66 386 1 do bro mix 93 17 110 695 42 do or pek 2100 49 71 Savernake 391 3 ch sou 270 2 111 698 36 ch pekoe 3420 41 73 393 5 do bro mix 523 18 112 70L 13 do —peksou 3170.37 77. Ravenscraig 397 3 ch peksou 240 «(26 113 Ben Nevis 704 23hf-ch floweryor pek 1150 57 78 NSC 398 2 ch bro mix 163 14 114 707 14 ch or pek 1260 42 79 399 5 do fans 400 16 115 710 9 do pekoe 765 36 81 DAL 1 5 ch_ pek 500 9.29 116 713 llhfch dust 935 18 82 2 1 do _ pek fans 11524 119 Horton Plains 722 35 do bro pek 1925 37 83 8 1 do dust 135 14 120 725 19 ch pekoe 1615 32 84 4 1 do con 100-26 121 728 9 do peksou 720 = 30 85 Silver Valley 5 Qhf-ch unas 450 27 125 Mount Everest 740 21 hf-ch bropek fans aah withd'’n | 86 6 1 do fans 5720 126 743 7 do dust 700 87 7 1 do con 44. 22 127 Yapame 746 29 ch bro pek 2900 38 bid | 92 Kelani 12 6 ch dust 450 15 128 749 39 do pekce 1615 34 93 Kahatagalla 13 5 do_ bro pek 450 34 129 752 9 do pek sou 720 30 94 14 5 do pek 425 32 139 Digdola 755 12 do pekoe 960 29 95 15 3 do peksou 240 (i 131 758 12 do pek sou 1080 86.23 96 16 1 do dust 125 14 132 Bellongalla 761 lihf-ch bropek 700 39 98 Gwernet 18 5 do eK 475 33 133 764 12 ch yj 2koe 840 39333 99 19 3 do pek sou 270227 134 767 14 do ek sou 840 23 102 Doenevale 22 36 boxes pek 369 36 bid 135 Poilakande 770 42 do ro pek 3780 34 bid | 103 23 22 do pek 440 36 bid 136 773 2% do pekoe 2160 30 105 Se ch pek sou 170 26 138 Glentilé 779 41 do bro pek 4100 49 106 28 1 do fans 100-24 139 782 20 do pekoe 2000 39bid | 107 27 1 do dust 82 18 140 Ferndale 785 18 do bro or pek 1709 48 109 Patulpana 29 Ohf-ch bro pek 495 33 141 785 11 do or pek 990 43 110 30 5 do pek 250 27 144 Glasgow 797 28 do bro or pek 2240 60 111 31 6 do pek sou 300 26 145 800 11 do or pek 715 59 112 32 lhf-ch con 47 22 146 863 7 do pekoe 700 45 113 RT, in estate 147 AgraOuvah 806 55 hf-ch Pro orpek 3575 64 mark 33 3 ch fans 360 15 148 809 30 do or pek 1650 54 117 Comillah $7 6 ch pek 600 30 149 812 8 ch pekoe 760 45 118 38 4 do pek sou 400 26 157 MC 836 9 do sou 720 34 120 Agarsland 40 10hf-ch bro pek fans 600 24 164 Pati Rajah 857 16 do bro pek 1760 35 bid 1 41 4 do dust 240 1é 166 Anchor, in est. 127 Hopewell 47 Shf-ch dust 480 14 mark 863 1Shf-ch sou 1080 85 130 Romania 50 5 ch pek sou 500 27 167 866 11 do fans 715 B1 135 Ivies 65 8 ch sou 540 27 168 869 9 do dust $10 «16 137 57 8 do bromix 26345 160 Kapaduwa 872 31 ch unas 3100 26 1383 53 4 de fans 340 20 170 Murraythwaite875 17 do bropek 1615 39 139 Sirisanda 59 3 ch unas 3508 171 878 17 do pekoe 144500 33 1 hf-ch 172 BC $81 19 do ro pek 1875 48bid | 140 60 2 ch dust ee) 73 884 18 do pekoe 1430-39 14 Gl 3 do bro tea 264-20 174 887 10hf-ch dust 850 17 144 Nugawella 64 4 do peksou $40 28 178 Pati Rajah 899 17 ch bro pek 170@ 85 bid 145 65 3hf-ch dust — 255 16 179 902 9 do pekoe 720 «(30 146 66 1 ch bromiz 85 =a 180 MTP, 12, in 147 G A Ceylon 67 8 ch sou 544 26 est, mark 905 14 do pekdust 1680 15bid | 148 68 lhbfch dust 56 od 188 Galloola 929 $2 de bropek s200. 49 149 YD 69 1 ch pel oO @ Laas eS Se © iy 2) ae ae ee, oe | 4 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. Lot. | Box; Pkgs. Name. Ib. ec. Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. Ib. «. 15 Mary Hill 70 13hf-ch _pek e50 «seid | 168 PatiBeieh Situg chy oF pel a 15 Oyocs, A I 73 4 ch unas 400 28 165 5) 1.4 do: pokes = » 15 74 2hf-ch bro pek dust 160 16 175 BC 890 6 do 15 75 2 us 200 14 7 159 CF, in estate 176 COR, ch mark 79 8 ch bro pek 300 38 bid : Lhfch bromix 25 2% 161 81 1 do pek sou 100 28 177 PatiRajah £96 6 ch orpek 450 «38 166 NCGCeylon 86 % ch fans 115 18 = i ae bro pek a @ 167 GMS 87 4hf-ch bro pek 196 © -28 1 $11 3 do 168 88 1 do pek 492 1hf-ch pekoe 314 BB 169 89 1 do pek sou 4821 183 DA 914 4 ch pek sou 30 8 170 Glanrhos 90 5 ch sou 47524 184 917 5hf-ch fans 3516 71 91 Ma do m Nine 130 20 185 Happy Valley 920 5 do bro or pek 300 4 172 92 3 do dust 420 14 186 923..1 do. pekoe oO. 2 177 Warakamure 97 3hf-ch dust 270 «(14 187 Galloola 926. 3 do pek sou 18023 180 Koladeniya 100 1 ch dust 015 191 00) 938.4 do dust S08 186 Hatale 106 2 ch bro mix 320 7 2 hf ch ——— 193 PGK, in 36 a" 7 . fe 13 6 5 b Prima? aes te ie (Messrs. Forbes & Walker.) 195 115 1 do pek sou 70 22 . 200 Bollagalla -120 Lhf-ch dust 9 10 Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. Ib. 201 121 92 ¢ ro mix 24 15 , 210 Illukettia 130 1 ch fans 14514 TT eee weal 7S OE 4 211 ES 181 2 ch sou 189 18 1L Rocksid 691 1 ch k N 212 1871 dp bro tea 100 16 12 Mie 694 6 an Oak “Se pod 216 Meetiyagoda 136 1 ch bro tea 130 «(10 13 697 5 do peksou 450 217 187 1 do red leaf 10 06=CO7 | deste digit ae 480 218 Paradise 138 13 hf-ch bro pek 650 89 bid | 45 703 1 di b i $8 ipieionth 4 4 ° ro mixed 90 xg 4 ae pe 68231 18 712 2 dv dust No. 2 310 221 141 1 ch bromix 108 16 2 ene Oe anh ee ~4 228 142 2 do dust 270 «16 1 vem @ dot tae — fan 140 224 Mahatenne 144 pee pek 3420 31 25 Mattakelle 733 4 ch bro pek 44c s » 7 226 146 1 ch dust Ol 15 “ be Fey ii ~~ 227 i 147 1 do red leaf 75 14 37 Blackburn 769 6 ch or ann 516 228 Tientsin 148 3 do dust 360 13 bid | 49 784 1 do bro tea 55 43 Carenden 787 4 ch bro pek 490 a 5 44 799 8 do pek 205 45 798 2 os pek sou 200 46 796 1 do sou 90 [Mr. H. John.] 47 799 1 dust 90 Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. ec. = Raglan ae ete ed i 2 LEL 371 7 ch ~~ pekdust 630 15 53 817 1 de dust 83 4 Akkara Totum nee i ug per sou Bd 19 54 Palmgarden ~ - ae! cow! pek 240 ‘ do ans 23 5 2 ° 800 12 Rookwood 401 3 do pek dust 56 $26 3 do ee sou 180 12; 403 1d eon "5 3. 4 paame a 532 eae fro sg 4 a o pek sou 2 2, 2 o 200 17 Yakka 416 1 do dust 105 16 60 838 1 ch dust No. 2 130 19 Harrow 422 l1lhf-ch orpek 605 45 61 811 38 do dust ,, 1 390 21 428 8 do pek sou 400 Whid | «#2 KGEK 844 1 ch red leaf 86 2B KP a : a at a “ 63 Gallawatte 2k id 2 oe pek 665 BY oO ans 3 65 53 2 do sou 7 24 ASy Cen Uh cougou 180 27 66 856 1 do coy fans 2 25 440 3 do red leaf 282 19 67 859 1 do dust 85 28 Suduganga 449 2 do pek fans 250. 23 73 M’Goilla 877 3 ch 30 455 4 do unas 360 29 lhf-ch dust 440 31 458-4 do sou 320 - 27 74 Marguerita 880 11 lf-ch bro pek 605 ‘36 Claremont 473 2hf-ch fans 120 27 7 888 9 do or pek 459 37 476 3 do dust 264 16 79 895 2 do fans 120 38 479 3 ch _ red leaf 270 19 a) £98 5 do dust 400 43 Keenagaha Ella 491 8S do sou 600 37 81 Broughton 901 8hf-ch pek sov 163 i Ss code: || gone eS oO us E 2 do ust 17 81 Mocha 518 6 do _ brotea 420 21 87 Waltrim 919 2 ch dust 202 64 Hadella 527 7 Go peksou 560 28 92 Cooroondoo- 56 533 5Shf-ch dust 450 15 watts 934 ll hf-ch bro pek 550 69 Villa 545 3 ch _ redleaf 198 «619 94 930 9 do peksou 450 61 Galella 548 6 do or pek 510-44 98 KNA 952 4 ch sou 360 ot ore ag. Spekeou. aa) Bet | aos Oe Re cine dawe 610 7 § ° a pe attengalle, td a ae per sou 340 26 104 970 4 ch pence a0 5 Co) ekoe 560 27 105 Ismalle 973 4 ch s 76 Brownlow 593°" 7% do Ran 616 28 108 2 076 4 ds cand ios 82 Ratwatte 611 8 do pek sou 640 28 107 979 3 do dust 426 83 Galella, 614 3 do dust 340 «13 103 982 2 congou 134 as Kataboola Oa 2 aa hy nee 215 25 109 Huanco 985 9hf-ch bro ‘pek 540 2 -ch © bro mix 118 28 lll 991 -7 k 5 94 Hila 647 38 do pek fans 150 24 + 112 994 4 ain sai a 4 95 650 4 do dust 340 17 113- 997 2 do dust 150 103 Rondura 674 1 do dust 71 17 114 1000 4 de bro mix 200 ate Tonepton. vee 2 ig se ae uy ed Pompeu Rouse 4hf-ch dust 320 118 m9 12d. Shee 93 «18 "ee mathe. AOU “ons ase pek 220 122 Horton Plains 731 3hf-ch bropekfans 15® 38 121 : 1021 % do pek 130 123 734 2 do dust 170 16 122 1024 3 do pex stu 210 124 Anamallai 737° 2 do dust 170 USS FS) Ae trex 1039 1 ch dust 80 737 Poilakande 776 2 ch pek sou 1806 128 1042 1 do red leaf 100 ve Ferndale 791 1 do peksou 62 28 129 1045 lhf-ch do he ee eaan mits ae |e soe ee ae : @ cengou 155 Kahagalla 830 3hf-ch bropek 180 489337 ' 132 ; 1054 1 do dust 100 156 833 4 ch pekoe 36088 133 ASC 1057 6 ch dust 560 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. 5 Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. Dee: Lot Box Pks Name lb. c. 139 Galapitakan- 323 Allerton 1627 2 ch bro pek dust 240 17 de 1075 4 ch dust 360 7 324 1630 3 do pek dust 360 17 143 Tonacombe 1087 7 ch pek sou 630 35 325 Kelvin 1633 2hf-ch dust 140 17 144 1090 7hf-ch dust 630 18 326 Pingarawa 1636 3 ch dust 309 15 135 1093 4 ch sou 360 27 327 Poengalla 1639 5 do dust 400 17 146 1096 3 do bro pekfans 330 25 329 PB 1645 1 do red leaf 10 16 147 1099 3 do bro or pek 345 32 336 Warwick 1666 3hfch dust 210 19 bid 148 1102 8 do dust 405 15 348 Geragama 1702 4 ch pek sou 360 27 149 Knavesmire 1105 7hf-ch bro or pek 420 44 350 1708 4hf-ch fans 220 27 163 1117 4 do fans 240 32 353 Waratenne 1717 4 ch pek sou 340 27 154 1120 2 d> dust 160 16 355 1723 3hf-ch fans 165 25 156 Theberton 1126 ihf-ch bro pek 50 36 360 Nakiadeniya 1738 7 ch pek sou 56U 28 159 1135 6 ch fans 600 29 361 AN _1741 7hf-2h bro pek 885 23 164 Hunasgeria 1150 2 ch sou 180 26 362 1744 6 ch pek 551 22 166 1156 6 do sou 510 26 363 1747 5 do congou 889 18 178 Yataderia 1192 4 ch pek sou 50 24 364 1750 3hf-ch bro or pek 165 28 188 Thedden 192973) ich dust 470 14 365 1753 3 do bro pek fans 161 30 191 Beausejour 1231 2 ch peksou 184 26 366 1756 3 do bropekdust 255 14 192 1234 1 do fans 86 29 367 1759 4 ch pek sou 360 21 193 1237 2 do dust 164 17 368 M W 1762 1 ch bro pek 110 18 194 Ingurugalla 1240 5 ch bro tea 600 14 369 17€5 2 do red leaf 180 13 195 1213 4 do red leaf 360 18 370 1763 1 do pek fans 94 14 193 Forres 1245 1 ch bro pek 66 42 371 177t 1 do bro pek fans 111 14 197 1249 1 do pek 77 34 BY) “LP 1789 4 do fans 440 25 198 1252 Jhf-ch fans 64 22 881 Weyungawattel801 1 do pek sou 85 28 199 1255 1 do dusé 90 15 82 1804 2 do dust 170 14 200 1258 4 do red leaf 220 19 383 VOA 1807 4 do bro tea 440 17 203 DMV 1267 6 ch pek sou 450 27 384 PGA 1810 1hf-ch red leaf 43 21 20% 1270 2 do bro pekfans 168 27 387 Hope 1819 g do bro or pek 440 64 205 1273 1 do bro tea 67 24 388 1822 7 ch or pek 630 51 206 CN 1276 lhf-ch dust 50 17 391 183 2hf-ch peksou 160 31 207 1279 1 do bro tea 59 20 392 LGA 1834 3 ch bro mix 300 21 22 Aberdeen 1294 Shf-ch dust 400 16 393 Linest. mark 1837 4 do bro tea 364 19 216 Dea Ella 1306 10 hf-ch pek sou 420 28 39! Cinest. mark 1810 7 dO bro tea 637 19 218 1312 7 do fans 335 27 404 Castlereagh 1870 5 ch pek sou 400 30 219 1315 6 do dust 390 15 405 1873 6hf-ch fans 420 28 222 Bargany 1324 6 ch peKk sou 5403 406 1876 3 do dust 249 818 223 1327. 3 do red leaf 255 22 408 Dehiowiti 1882 1 do or pek 59 36 224 1330 lhf-ch dust 95 16 410 1888 5hf-ch pek sou 450 25 226 Oakham 1336 10 hf-ch or pek 490 49 418 Maha Uva 1912 1 ch or pek 102 42 228 1342 4 ch pek sou 330 30 424 Talgaswela 1930 1 do pek 72 32 229 1345 1 do pek fans 130 25 425 1939 4 do dust 480 17 231 Harrington 1351 5hf-ch bro or pek 250 56 428 Peacock Hill 1042 Lhf-ch pek 50-83 235 Non Pariel 1363 11 hf-ch pe 465 34 429 1945 3 do bro mix 150 20 236 136612 do pek sou 480 28 430 1948 8 do pek fans 600 7 237 1369 2 do us 93 17 433 Unngalla 1957 4 ch pek sou 360 28 254 Erlsmere 1420 7 ch pek sou 665 35 434 1950 2 do ust 212 17 259 DM 1435 7 ch pek 650 33 440 New Anga- 260 Dammeria 1138 do dust 385 15 m.na 1978 3hf-ch sou 180 24 26L 1441 lhf-ch sou 40) 24 441 198l 11 do bro tea 532 16 262 1444 1 do unas 28 26 442 1984 2 do congou 116 21 270 Maha Uva 14468 1 ch pek fans 85 18 443 1987 5 do dust 400 12 2i1 1471 7 do ust 624 16 449 Pallagodde 2005 6 ch seu 540 28 279 Battawatte 1495 6 ch pek sou 540 39 451 2011 1 do bro mix 77 23 280 1493 2 do fans 159 29 456 K PW 2026 2hf-ch dust 170 14 281 1501 3 do dust 300 17 459 Wooleyfield 2035 6 ch 283 Battawatte 1597 3 ch pek 285 34 lhf-ch unast 585 25 294 Weoya 1540 3 do fans 315 23 460 2038 1 de pek sou 90 18 296 1546 1 do bro tea 95 21 46L 2041 1 de dust 195 14 308 Ambragalla 1582 7hf-ch bro pekfans 462 27 462 9044 Lhf-ch bro mix 5021 309 1585 5 do dust 450 17 463 Napier 2047 7 ch red leaf 512 16 3.0 1588 2 do red leaf 140 19 464 Pondappa 2050 2 do pek 190 25 312 C 1594 3 ch sou 285 25 465 2053 1 do or pek 95 32 313 Galaha, B 1597 2 do bro pek 180 =30 466 Osborne 2056 1lbox bro or pek 21 50 Bl4 1600 1 do pek 90 24 472 Relugas 2074 3hf-ch sou 180 26 316 Galaha 1606 3 do dust 450 14 473 2077 2 do bro mix 136 15 3l7 1699 Lhf-ch dust 62 474 2080 4 ch dust 480 17 318 Etulgama 1612 5 do sou 450\ 95 475 Preston 2083 1 do unast 108 29 39 1615 1 do sou 42 476 2083 2 do sou 200) 95 320 1618 2 do dust 309 14 477 2080 1hf-ch sou BE ae 341 Katooloya 1621 1 do dust 89 14 483 Vogan 2107 1 ch nnast 65 23 OBSERVER PRINTING WORKS. “gta Ye 2 oe spoke feu soll 3° 4 ap Penh ee oR fete ih . Onc ae “eat ye Fs tent ’ ‘ tabher ~ > Danet Dy bts aes boda: Beatty sale 0 HOt ty > 6 oY quate ta A —eyin t a i nee Ady i PT eee CWtet Aide Pikes ROL te ¥ ENO ae “ a eles ieaetas dave take wr #90 4 telly ae od ‘ ct eB Pe a) Jory cul > f tent ‘ Wwe tinge S04 : nite Bog niet seq rd ; ‘ “nat , r 4 : » moe eevy : Ne Yieltievtagatie ate Sob & oe se) hat é eGR f } AO YT Tent fet SA éh : and tm ee Bet oye AE oy eo) od “abe noe Meg vir bat ving eet » oRel 400 fed ore Teal eos tend fl ee ore 16 4 al ateer Jen pi mee fey = WET orlyewmite > ad e! mad eB Hy Ke aed She eS se . =e a oPRE ‘egene eres as > © oo ers | = ad wk vol * ’ oi ¥ deuls t Aang 0 Sze s threidet® Hoe Ful 4 \ eaue deg, i Sie?” avd Adem } * Pony af oe Aowerpiky & Jenb ? seus , ’ As4 ot CEE JEL Yoooiet ote oe J b éber atta? Amg eee! Hoe PU Feri alloyed I &e Senh Ob Qi , 3 cand wor y Kier oe preal nee ie : ths “Ww eed oid i peng ; ee a rn . = a Sore" S pant + Seok 6 Vaal f pg SR 6 0 Shhd yy iheghiR xine L- SRO8 =: . denh tS - POE Ww hy 4 Sie bly thyaleo ww Jaber : Ee bt t6% Line THR oe wha AOS arta fii Ir ; Re P * Haq 16 od 4% woe aii OF yom : : TOS ' wp gated aint 69d) ) ek Ae! ? ; Jeah ck RES ‘s fete * of ERO “oder fee } Pee, oO tees: feel at {; baat : Sedat, oe Oa neged Pompe we boat - ae cee 7 ae “TEA, COFFEE, CINCHONA, COCOA, AND CARDAMOM SALES. i Price :—123 cents eacn 3 copies NO. 5 Cotomeo,. Fesruary 6, 1899. 30 cents; 6 copies ¥ rupse. COLOMBO SALES OF TEA. Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. Wey Pais ome 167 358 10 ch pek dust 1100 183 LARGE LOTS. 168 361 7 do bro or pek 5 ees a re ens sans 700 33 Es fal 109 arwic 364 10 hf-c pek sou 990 36 x _. Messrs. Forbes & Walker. 171 Geragama 370 9 ch bropek $55.39 ; 341,849 Ib. | 172 - 373 13 do pekoe 1170 32 Box cos Tame. 180 Arapolakan- Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name lb. e, dae Hoss eh. browpek 4770. as TEN; Q10 23 ch bro tea - 2990 i 181 400 43 do pek 3440 36 9 ITKV Seadleilends: ich pek fans 2152 £6 190 Weyunga- 16 Maldeniya 2155 7 ch ~ broorpek 770 42 watte 427 25hfch bro orpek 1500 44 7 2158.9 do. or pek 855 89 191 430 35 ch | bropek 8325. 37. 18 216L 12 do pel 10380 34 192 433 33 do pek 2805 33 23 TVilla 2176. 10 ch bro or pek _ 100) 37 195 Mawiliganga- 24 9179 .8 ch bro pek 729 35 watte 442 J5hf-ch broorpek 9825 48 25 2182.22 dom pek 20708 196 445 21 do orpek 915 40 27 218818 do sou 1140) 28 197 448 41 ch bropek 4100 =. 25 bid 29 LBK 292 42 chi red leaf 1200 18 198 451 28 do pek sou 2240 320 32 Waitalawa 222 52hf-ch bro pek 250062 201 Knavesmire 460 9 ch bro pek 900 «©=« 84 bid 33 2206 59 do pek 2950 37 bid’ | 963 465 26 do pek 6340 32 84 249 40 co pek sou 000 32 208 Kelaneiya and 35 2212 It do dust 999 27 Braemar 481 24hf-ch bro or pek 50 36 Clyde 2435 1b ch broorpek 1155 40 209 484 15 ch or pek 43 37 2218 35 do bro pel 5225 44 210 487 15 do pek 39 33 66 Go. pek £910 35 211 Great Valley 39 22 do pes sou 1980 30 Ceylon, in esate 40 5 do dust 700-16 mark 490 $ ch or pek (20; | -°38 45 Paszara ; 212 $93 36hf-ch bro pek 880 44 Group 2242 16 ch broor pek 1690 £6 213 496 11 ch pek 990 35 46 2215 11 do ov pel 990 t 214 499 8 do peksou 70> | 32 47 2245 14 do pek 1260 41 215 NL 6028. 5 eb pek dust 875 12 560 Anningkan- PAKS ILO 505 4 ch pek dust 70¢ 12 de 7.10 ch bre pek 10004 217 WG, in estate 51 10/13 do do 1390 44 mark 508 4 ch pekdust 700 412 52 13,18 do pek 1235 a7 218 Theydonbois 511 16 do bro pek 14:0 © 49 bia 53 16 11 do pek sou $90 82 514 20 do fek 1600 39 57, Bitulgaila 28 1ghf-ch bro pek $20 39 517 10 do peksou $00 35 58 81 11 ch pek 955 (bh HGM 520 18 ch. bru pek 1440 ~ 37 bid 62 Lyegrove 43-8 ch--—bro pek 83049 523° 19 do pek 1672-35 63 43 8 do pez §00 338 Nillomally, 66 Ellaoya 65 14 ch bro pek 1400 43 OBE Cin 67 “Rowley 58 25hf-ch broor pek 12:30 44 est. matk 644 19 do bropek 178647. 68 61 21 do bro pek 1230) © 42 547, 23 do or pek 207048 69 Gt 26 do pek —- 130037 550° 20hf-ch bro or pek 1200 - 58 72 Serubs 73 53 do — broorpek 2650 5% North Cove 553 12 ch peksou 1200° 27 “J 73 76 456 do bro pek 803) 44 9 St. Leonards- 74 a 79 28 do pek 1260 £9 on-Sea, 556) 15, do bro pek 36 75 &2 33 do | peksou 1435385 234 559 9 do pek 32 76 85 18 do dust 1440/5 22 237 BD W 568 45hf-ch pek sou Pre 838 Dewalakande 106 10: ch bro tea 700 27 238 Asect 57L 13 ch bro pek 1306 42 84 109 iy hi-ch dust 425, 17, 229 574 28 do or pek 2590 42 85 Doragalla 112 20 hbf-co broorpek 1160 50 240 577 33 do pek 2970 34 86 115 23 ch or pek 230K a7 242 583 10 do . bropekfanSI300 28 87 118, 4L; do) peks . 24: 37 259 Penrhkos 60: 20hf-ch bro pex 1120 48 89 iZi 14ht-ch bro mix Y80 25 250 607 18 ch pek 1530. 36 95 Kirklees Li2 #shf-ch broor pek i930 54 25! KPW 619 15 hf-ch pek 700. 34 95 145 24 ch or pek 2400 46 256 Ingrogalla 625 14 ch bro pek 1400 44 97 {8° 26 do | pek- 2a (Oe ele 257 68 13 do pék 1305 3 102 Rahatungoda 163 387 hi-ch or pek 1500 a5 bid 262 Sunnycroft 643 32 do pek 3040" 31 103 COUB 186 .5 ch — dust 750 «18 264 Rin est. mark6i9 16 do pek 1460 31 105 Battalgaila 172 18 ch pek sou 1890 338 965° Hornsey 652 46 do bro pek 4600 53 107 DunSar 178 19hi-ch .or pek 912047 266 655 315 do pek 1500-43 108 181 15 do broorpek 750 55 268 RCW 661 21 do peksou i899 98 110 187 18 ch pek 150089 269 664 10 do bro tea 100027 118 D, in estate 270 667 15 do red leaf 1104 19 mark 211 16 ch sou 14401 og 271 G inest. mark 670 8 do bro pek 840-30 bid 119 214 lhf-ch sou 5Of. ° 272 T Cin est. 120 217 20 ce dust SUUU ¢ 18 mark 673. 28 ch 121 220 1 do dust 92) ; . Lhf-ch pek sou 2572 29 bid 122 Mahalla 223 11 ch bropek 1100 © 36 273 Dea Ella 676 18hf-ch broorpek 950 87 125 Deaculla 232 46hich bropek 2250 54 274 679 27 do or pex 1350 40 126 235 24 do pek 1680 40 QTE 682 22 do pek 1100. 35 1382. Middieton 263 17 ch bro pek 1785 53 bid | 277 Myraganga 688 9 ch bropek 900 33 bid 188). oF 256 12 ch orpek 1080 47 278 Gallustain 691 17hf-ch broerpek 935 -41 145 Maha Uva 292 18hf-ch broorpek 1170 49 279 694 40 do bro pek 2000 43 146 295 17 do orpek 10205 49 280 697 63 do pek 2520 «34 147 . 298 17 ch pek 1615 41 281 700 34 do pek sou 1860 30 148 High Forest 301 3Lhf-ch broor pek 1644 62 283 706 13 do dust 1170 17 149 304 16 do or pek 736 («65 284 Gallustain 709 17 do broorpek 935 42 150 | 307 16 do pek 704 9 45 285 712 25 do bro pek 1250 44 151 KE, inestate 289 Doranakande 724 8 ch bro pek soo. 4 mark 310 16hf-ch broorpek 960 34 293 Glencorse 736 27 do bro pek 2480 40 162 } 313 33 do sou 1650-28 294 739 12 do broorpek 120 48 165 322 10 do dust 900 17 295 742 21 do pek 1785 B34 * 157 ~Torwood 348 14 ch bropek 1260 44 295 745 16 do peksou 1280 29 158 331 14 do or pek 117 296 Hatton 754 11 do tro pek 1210): 554 bid 159 834 27 do pek 2106 } withd'n. 300 767 18 do pek 1620 44 160 337 10 do pek sou 800 303 Tiddydale 766 18 do bro pek 1300-86 161 340 12 do sou 960 29 304 Talgaswela 769 8 do bropek No2sx0 81bid 164 Amblakande 849 17 ch bro pek 1700. 40 305 St. Heliers 772 87hf-ch broorpek 1998 44 165 852 19 do pek 1615-33 306 775 21 do or pek 95 ©6838 166 |. . 855 15 do pek sou 1200 29 “307 - 778 22 ch pek 1980 33 > Sy ee a eee Peet ee ee ag ee ee ee Ly ’ ro mee + * ad - as. Bary Re > 2 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. Lot, Box. Pkys. Name. Ib. c. Lot Box Pks Name ie 808 Clunes 731 15 ch broorpek 1350 39 30 B,inest.mark 28 8 ch fans 80088 309 784 22 co bro pek 1980 40 31 31 9 do sou 720 «629 310 787 28 do pek 2240 83= 8 38 Chapelton 52 13 do bro mix 1040 880 311 790 12 do ek sou 1080.28 39 Brownlow 55 41hf-ch broorpek 2296 61 316 ¥ ilarney 805 20 do roorpek 2000 49 40 68 83 do orpek 1716 44 317 808 18 do pek 1440 41 41 61 48 ch pekoe 4320 88 42 64 15 do peksou 1275 = 83 —__—_ 43 SW 67 wObf-ch or pek 9600s 45 bid : 44 Bokotua 10 35 ch (Messrs. Somerville & Co.-— ihf-ch bropek 3561 43 bid 25 |b 45 73 20 ch or pek 1700 86 111,925 Ib,] 49 SA 85 12 do bro pek 1268 36 55 apame 103 29 do ro pek 2900 40 Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. Ib. ¢. 56 Digdola ioe it cao pe 11 Choughleigh 181 24hf-ch proorpek 1248 44 lhf-ch broorpek 1015 89 bid 13 187 14 ch pe 1204 34 57 109 12 ch : 28 EDP 232 6 do dust 900 8 l1bf-ch pekoe 1018 = 82 29 Ukuwela 235 28hf-ch broorpek 1680 34 60 118 4 ch 30 238 41 ch bro pek 4100 935 7hf-ch dust 1956 = 14 bid 31 241 33 do pek 33.0 31 61 Bellongalla 121 14 do bropek 700 «40 82 244 9 do pek sou 900-2 62 124 12 do koe 840s 82 87 GA Ceylon 259 19 ch tro mix 1465 16 63 Haselmere 127 38 ch ce pek 8610 836 88 Depedene 262 27 hf-ch bro pek 1486 = 39 64 Glasgow 130 #9 do broorpek 3120 65 39 265 26 do pek 1300 34 65 133 17 do or pek 1105 367 40 268 18 do dust 900 29 66 136 7 do pekoe 7 45 42 274 71hf-ch bro pek 3905 40 68 YK 142 8 do dust 1°30) ll 43 277 62 do ek 3100 34 69 Maskeliya 145 26 do bro or pek 2600 45 44 280 53 do pek sou 2650 29 70 148 24 de or pek 2400 «44 46 Polpitiya 286 23 ch bro or pek 2185 40 71 151 13 do koe 1300 39 47 2&9 21 do pek 1680 33 72 1544 7 d pek sou 7 82 48 292 12 do ek sou 960 29 *75 SW 163 23hf-ch or pek 1104s 45 bid 51 Chetnole 30L 21hf-ch bropekfans1470 26 81 SW 1909 8 ch bro mix 928 30 62 Henegama 304 12 ch _ bro pek fans 1200 27 86 MN 196 8 do sou 760 30 63 307. 9 do dust 720 14 90 Kanangama 208 20 do bro pek 1900 39 55 - Horageda 313 9 ch bro pek 900 8643 91 211 31 do pekoe 2798 = 8= 3 56 316 12 do per 1140 34 9: 214 19 do ei sou 1520 «38 59 Harangalla 825 16 ch ro pek 1520 44 93 217 15 do ro pek fans 1500 29 60 828 82 do pek 2830 35 94 220 12 do fans 1080 26 62 RTC 334 18hf-ch dust 1440 17 97 L 229 27 do pekoe 2430 27 bid 63 Kurugalla 837 24 ch bro pek 2277 36 98 M 732 19 do _ pekoe 1615 30 bid 64 340 24 do pe 2304-33 99 Lockwood 285 15 hf-ch dust 1208 «18 72 Rayigam 364 29 ch oro pek 3045 41 100 BC 238 19 ch bro pek 1875 = 48 bid. 73 367 10 do or pek 900 = B88 74 870 36 do pek 3240 35 "5 373 15 ae pek sou aon "7 Ettie 379 15 ¢ ek 123 . - 78 932 12 do, pekson "1100" ‘By SMALL LOTS. 82 Neuchatel 394 45 es ae pek “ie “4 pie Napali 83 397 13 do pe Z ‘91 Killin, is estate Nika’ Geek” Tee oe (Messrs. Forbes & Walker.) mark 421 42 hf-c ro pe 2 i - 93 Mahagoda § 427 7 ch pek 700 93bia | Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. Ib e. 91 Galdela 430 18 ch bro pek 1800 32 bid 2 2113 6 ch unas 540 98 95 438 17 do pek 1615 29 bid 3 Wewey Watte 2116 11 hf-ch bro pek 530 8g 96 436 11 do pek sou 1040 27 bid 4 2119 7 do pek 350 Be 1 hf-ch 5 2122 1 do dust 60 16 99 DMR, ines- 6 2125 6 ch seu 570 oe tate mark 445 20 ch ek 1835 32 7 2128 6hf-ch fans 498 14 100 Charlie Hill $48 17hf-ch bro pek 850 35 bid 8 IKV 9131 6 ch bro mix 672 18 101 451 23 ch pek 1150 8932 1c SG 2137 3 ch peksou 294-25 104 Penrith 460 5 ch dust 765) yh A9> 1L Beverley 2140 4hf-ch broorpek 220 39 105 Kwulugalla 463 27 ch bro pek 2700 37 bid se 2143 9 do bro pek 495 43 106 466 20 do ek 1800 32 13 2146 1 do pek 50 33. 109 Dedugalla 470 4.0) (ch! ro pek 700 40 bid 14 2149 13 do pek sou 650 20 110 478 10 do ek 900 32bid } 15 2152 6 do dust 522. 18 112 484 15 do ro tea 1275 20bid { 19 Maldeniyz 2164 8 ch pek sou 680 §829- 115 Carney 493 32hf-ch bro pek 160 39 20 2157 2 do sou 150 %6 116 496 44 do e 19£0 33 21 #170 1 do fans 115 22 117 499 25 do pek sou 1350 29 22 2173 2 do dust 130 «lb 118 502 15 do bro pek fans 750 31 2 ws 2185 7 do peksou 665 2 28 T’Villa 2191 2 ch dust 224 «#4417 ome 30 USA 2197 1 ch lhf-ch fans 140 28 {Mr. H. John.—110,915.] a = 2200 1 ch bro mix 5 ab. ssara Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. bie", Group 16 eh pek sou 60037 Everest 947 2ihf-ch bropekfans1i70 30bid } 49 4 1 do ns 125-21 fie at Gh a oh tates. ited Kal ae ee d 953 12 ch bro or pek 1344 54 59 y to) u 19- ; Peehwpe 59 9 do pekoe 4 ssz 41 BB Bs 25 1 do red leaf 90 «15 8 962 14 do peksou 1302 37 59 Kitulgalla 34 1 ch pek sou 100 «= -20- 9 965 10 do peksou 60 37 1 do dus llu 17 (Venesta) 960 36 61 40 3 do fans 180 «28 11 Agra Ouvah 971 51hf-ch broorpek 3315 64 bid 64 Lyegrove = 5 ch pek sou 480 25. 12 974 27 ch or pek 1485 50 bid | 65 52 2 do fans 200 20 13 977 9 do pekoe " 855 mA ar 2 Rowley eA : ae — a - ~~ ie 980 26hf-ch broorpek 1456 i 7 i da See se 983 28 do or aes 1358 39 77 Dromoland &8 2 ch broorpek 170 38. 16 986 30 ch pekoe 2160 32 78 91 6 do bro pel 510 37 17 989 21 do peksou 1238 29 79 94.7 do ovek 5250 32 18 992 10hf-ch orpekfans 750 28bid | 80 97.5 do peksou 375 oT 19 G 995 23 ch pek sou 2070 «= 2 81 100.1 do bropekfan 96 £927 20 RL 998 18 do fans 910 © 23 §2 103 Lhf-ch dust 84 «16 21 1 14 do dust. 1204. «18 88 Doragalla 121 5 ch pek sov 4c0 38 23 MR 7 15hf-ch fans 1050. 36 9 L 127.2 ch pek fans 210-22: 2 WHG 10 20 ch ek sou 2000 35 ol 130 1 do dust z “165 14 25 13 1Lhf-ch dust 935 18 92 133 1 do bromixed 130 177. CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. 3 Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. Ibu ie: Lot. Box: Pkgs. Name. Ib. ec. 98 Kirklees 151 7 ch pek sou 595 35 5 Berragalla 16% lhf-ch_ red leaf 30 36:16 99 i 154 1 do congou 74 27 6 GP 166 5hf-ch bro or pek 250 39 100 157 3 do pek fans 363 24 7 169 3 ch or pek 270 34 101 166 6 du dust — 588 18 8 172 6 do pek 510 32 104 OEB 169 3 ch bro mix 225 20 9 175 7 do peksou 525-28 106 YD 175 Lhi-ch bro mix 62 16 lu 178 6hf-ch fans 480 20 109 Dunbar 184 Q9hf-ch bro pek 495 39 12 Choughleigh 184 6 ch or pek 474 39 lll DBR 190 5 ch pek sou 400 i144 NW 1909 3 ch peksou 285 27 112 193 2 do bro mix 160 27 15 193 8 do dust 420 19 113 196 lhf-ch dust 75 14 16 Panapitiya 196 3 ch bro pek 300 39 114 _D inestate 17 199 5 do pek 500 29 mark 199 1 ch bro pek 12 = 36 18 202 3 do pek sou 200 26 115 202 1 do pek 60 32 19 205 1 do dust 120 15 116 295 1 do pek sou 56 28 20 S 208) ich bro pek 140 30 117 208 i do fans 56 28 1 hf-ch 123 Mahalla 226 6 ch pek 609 31 21 Peach pek 124 27 124 229 4 do pek sou 400 28 1 hf-ch 153 D, in estate 22 21t 1 do dust 61 14 mark 316 5hf-ch fans 300 =619 23 Narangoda 217 6 ch bro pek 600 41 154 39 5 do bro mix 300 15 24 226 6 do pek 570 34 156 Torwood 325) 168 (ch bro or pek 600 42 25 223 2 do pek sou 180 29 162 343 6hf-ch bropek fans 4(8 23 26 226 1 do dust 80 17 163 346 7 do dust 490 18 27 229 2 do fans 140 19 170 Warwick 367 3 do dust 240 21 41 Depedene 271 lhf-ch dust 80 18 173 SE 376 7 do bro pek 350 35 5 2383 3hf-ch dust 240 18 174 879 10 hf-ch ek 500 29 49 Polpitvsé 295-1 ch dust 150 13 175 382 1 do pek fans 50 19 D0 2938 1 do bro mix 112 23 176 Doomba 385 5hf-ch fans 250 25 54 Henegama 310 2 ch bro mix 200 18 177 388 5 do dust 450 16 57 Horagoda 319 5 ch pek sou 425 31 178 391 2 ch congou 200 25 58 322 1 do dust 145 13 179 Arapolakan- 61 RK V, in estate de 394 5 ch bro or pek 550 40 mark 331 14 hf-ch pek sou 630 29 182 403 7 do pek sou 630 39 65 Gonambil 343 3 ch bro mix 219 20 183 406 2 do dust 220. 14 66 Radage 346 3hi-ch bro pek 150 =. 30 184 Radella 409 2hf-ch bro orpek 90 41 67 349 4 do pek 200 28 185 412 2 do or pek 58 36 68 352 3 do pek sou 140 27 186 415 1 do pek 22 3 69 HT, in estate 187 418 1 do pek sou 62 27 mark 355 2hf-ch pek 110 98, 188 421 1 do bro pek fans. 27 26 70 358 7 do pek sou 350 25 189 424 1 do dust 69 Vv 7L 361 2 ch dust 250 15 193 Weyunga- 76 Ettie 376 6 ch bro pek 570 34 watte 436 1 ch pek sou 85 27 79 385 1 do mix 95 17 191 439 Yhf-ch dust 170 17 86 388 1 do fans 110 18 199 Mawiliganga- 8L 391 1 do dust 145 13 watte 454 4hf-ch dust 360 17 &4 Neuchatel 400 2 ch bro orpek 260 28 200 Kmnavesmire 45710 do bro or pek 600 41 86 JVO 406 13hf-ch pek 650 31 bid 202 463 5 ch or pek 400 38 bid 87 Katuville 409 lhfch bropek 50 26 204 469 1 do 83 412 1 do pek 30 23 lhf-ch pek sou 125 27. 8) 415 2 do pek sou 145 19 205 Knavesmiie 472 1 ch 90 41S 1 do con 45 1> Lhf-ch pek sou 150 26 92 Mahagoda 424 3 ch bro pek 315 31 206 475 2 do bro pek fans 120 19 97 Galdoda 439 2 ch dust 330 17 207 473 1 do dust 54 16 1 hf-ch 223 MK Oya 526 2 ch bro pek 200 35 bid 98 442 2 ch con 166 20° 924 529 4 do pek 360 32 102 Charlie Hill 454 12 hf-ch peksou 609 28 225 532 2 do pek sou 170 26 103 457 8 do pek fans 480 22 226 535 6 do bro mix 5.0 17 107 Kurulugalla 469 3 ch pek sou 270 29 927 538 4hf-ch dust 340 16 108 K G A, in es- 223 541 3 do fans 195 17 tate mark 472 +4 ch bro tea 90 18 235 St. Leonards- 111 Dedugalla 481 4 ch pek sou 340 30 on-Sea 562 4 ch pek sou 360 27 113 487 Thf-ch dust 595 12 236 565 2 do dust 300 «13 114 490 10 do fans 660 22 bid 241 Ascot 580 6 do pek sou 570 30 119 Carney 505 3hf-ch bro mix 150 21 243 586 2 do dust 200 16 120 508 38 do dust 150 V7 248 Penrhos 601 10 hf-ch or pek 480 47 251 610 6 ; cnn per aon 480 32 eT ee 52 613 4 hf-c pek dust 332 22 33 K PW 616 5 do or pek 30049 [Mr. i. John.] 255 622 1 do ust 85 16 - KS 258 Sunnycroft 631 2 ch pek sou 200 27 Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. Noses 259 634 1 do congou 10026 1 R,inest.mark 941 3hf-ch unas 150. 22 260 637 1 do bro tea 120 15 2 044 1 do pekoe 46 25 261 610 2 do dust S00 FSO Le 6 Rookwood 9:6 6 ch or pek 582) 61 263 Rinest. mark 616 J do bro pek 648 30 bid 10 968 1 do pek dust 152 17 267 Horasey 653 7 do bro sou 665 83 22 W,inest.mark 4 1 do _ brotea 93 16 276 Dew Ella 686 10 hf-ch pek sou 500-28 26 WHG 16 Shbf-ch fans 300-22 982 Gullustain 703 3 do fans 180 26 27 19 7 ch bro mix 665 ZL 286 71517 do pek 680 35 28 C 22 8 do bropek 680 30 287 718 3 do pek sou 120.0 «(29 29 25 8 do pekoe 640 = 28 288 721 1 do dust SO Lape 32 Nooranie 34 4 do bropek 350 33 290 Doranakande 727 6 do _ pek 570 = 83 bid } 33 37. 5 do pekoe 400 2% 291 730 3 do pek No. 2 270 31 34 A0cede pek sou 291 28 292 733 3 do peksou 270 =. 28 35 43. 4 do sou 312 2% 297 Glencorse 748 2 do bro tea 21084 36 46 1bag_ red leaf 28 12 298 wl 2 do pek fans = = 250-38 37 49 Lhf-ch dust 72 «15 301 Hatton 760 3 do ek sou 255 89 45 Bokotua 76 8 ch _ pekoe 640 35 302 763 3 A do unast 279 82 47 79 4 do pek sou 300 28 — 48 82 shf-ch_ pek dust 217 18 a 10 SA 8s 8 es Bekoe 64083 §1 7 do ek sou 560 29 [Messrs. Somerville & Co.] os Gb ae d6> | pakos 360 $5 53 97 5 do ek sou 450 2 Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. Cc. 54 BG 100 1 do Pp ‘ itiya 151 6 ch ek 670-88 1hf-ch pekoe 45029 7 peratopiy 164 z do aE sou 17038 68 Digdola 112 «4 ch i 3 167 1 do bro tea 85 19 lhf-ch pekscu 895 27 4 160 3 do dust 412 17 59 115 5 ch Pkgs. Name. |) ee Lot. Box, Lhfch - bropekfans 533 29 67 YK 138°’ 8 ch red leaf 282 12 73 Maskeliya 157. 2 do sou 200 «28 74 160 5hf-ch dust 450 18 76 Ardlaw 166-6 ch broorpek 660 27 bid 8 WHR 193° 3 do dust 800 i4 87 MN 199 6 do fans 879 3B 88 EK, inest. mark 202 8 do fans 600 lu 89 205 4 do bro mix 400 17 95 Kanangama 223 6hf-ch dust 480 4 96 226 2 do congou 140 23 CEYLON COFFEE SALES IN LONDON. (From our Commercial Correspondent. ) Mincine Lank, Jan. 13. “Shropshire” —Mark size 1, Thotnlagalla, 1 cask sold at 104s; size 2 ditto, 3 at 78s; size 3 ditto, 1 bar- rel at 44s; PBditto, 1 barrel at 75s, T ditto, 1 tierce at 41s; Thotulagalla, Lbag at 50s. “Kanagawa Maru’—Mark Wiharagalla F, 1 cask sold at 112s; ditto 1,3 at 1093; ditto2, 3casks aud 1 barrel at 101s; ditto S, 1 barrel at 55s; ditto PB, 1 cask at 110s; WHGT in estate mark, 1 cask at 435; bag at 43s. se, CEYLON COCOA SALES IN LONDON “Sadu Maru’—AK O in estate mark, estate cocoa, 56 bags out at 72s. “Tamba Maru”—fI MLM, estate cocoa, 85 bags out at 685; 3 bags sold at 543 sea damaged and rpkd.; I MAK™M in estate mark, estate cocoa, 50 bags sold at 69s; 3 at 62s; NN in estate mark, estate cocoa, 92 bags out; AM in estate mark, estate cocoa, 35 bags ‘out; JA in estate mark, 50 bags out; 2 bags sold at 548 6d seadamaged andrpkd.; MAK in estate mark, 3 bags sold at 56s. “Clan Mcleoa’—Mark OM in estate mark, estate cocoa, 56 bags out; 5 bags sold at 58s sea damaged and rpkd.; I MLM in estate mark, 22 bags out; 20 bags out; 109 bags out; OM in estatemark, eatate cocon, 20 bags out; OM in estate mark, estate cocoa, 20 bags out. — “Hatichi Maru’—MAK in estate mark, 28 bags out. “Clan Melean”—O MUM in estate mark, 4 bags out. “Kanagawa Maruw’—MAKM in estate mark, 111 bags out; AMK in estate mark, 26 bagscut. — “Sadu Maru’—KKM in estate mark, 60 bags sold at 63s 6d; 20 at 633 20 at 623 6d; 25 at 62s; 7 at 57s sea damaged and bulked; AKM in estate mark, 20 bags sold at 57s; 83 bags out; 9 bags sold at 57s sea damaged and bulked; MAK in estate mark, 18 bags sold at 68s; 24 at 60s, 6d sea damaged bulked; 6 bags sold at 58s 6d sea damaged bulked. “Shropshire’—Mark Grove C, 37 bags out at 75s; 16 at 70s 6d; C2, 1 bagsold at 60s 6d sea damaged; 3 bags sold at 60s 6d sea damaged and rpkd.; CAR c=) ditto, 10 bags so.d at 69s 6d. “ ————— Ee iar eatin ee salad = SS ee = = Os + OBSERVER PRINTING WORKS. gah “Duke of Norfolk"—Palli 1, 8 bags sold at 70s 6d; ditto F, 16 bags sold at 69s; ditto 2, 2 bags sold : rt Fa, 9 bags sold at 53s. : = “Sadu Maru’—Mark cocoa Pathregyle 44 bags out! ditto T, 4 bags sold at 55z. ors ; A ile ad Maru”—AM in estate Mark, 25 bags out. ; “Sadu Maru”’—Wiltshire cocoa, 31 b t; di T, 2bage sold at 55s, a “Kanagawa Mara”—A KK in estate m 21 bags ent in estate mark, 24 bags out; 1 bee sold at 8 . “Shropehire’—Warriapolls, 20 bags sold at 74s; 20 at 73s 6c; 25 bagsont out at 73s; 49 bags sold at 75a 6d; 5 at 703 6d; Sat 583 Gd; 24 at 56s Gd. Suduganga, 7 bags sold at733 6d; 1 at 68; 4 at 68s 6d; 1 at 538; 7 at 55s. “Sadu Maru”—Anniewatte, 39 bags seld at 78s; 1 at oo sea hops bulked. “Shropshire’— in estate mark, 50 b out at 703; O KKM in estate mark, 101 oe out at 700. ry ee Mart = sgoue a 74 bags out at 73a; bag sold at 51s. Ingurugalia A, 24 bags out a 748; ditto’, 1 bag sold al 58a" re se ‘ “Clan Mackinnon”—Coodngalla, 85 bags ont; 2 bags soldat 58s6d. Kepitigaila, 38 begs sold at 698; 2at 582 6dsea damaged bulked. “Shropshire” —Kepitigalla 20 bags sold at 7064; 16 at 765;3 at 65s; 7 at 58s 6d sea damaged ; “Kanagasa Maru'’—Bandarapolal, 11 bags out ab 71s; mark 2, 1 bagsold at 157s; ditto T,2at 64s 6d. “Sadu Marn”—Maousava AA, 10 bags sold at 693 6d; markA, 7 bagssold at 693 0d; Y, 5 bags sold at 698; 2 Y, 16 bags sold at 68s; C, 2 bags sold. at 65s Gd; B, 9 bagssold at 42360, Rockhill AA, 14 bags sold at 71s 6d; A, 8 bags sold at 69s 64; C, 1 bag sold at 55s 6d; B, 7 bags 42s 6d. “Arabia""—DB 307 CC in estate mark, 20 bags out a Lo DB 308C, 41 bags out; DB 312 C, 15 bags out a B. “Kanagawa Maru”—Pordappe A, 49 baga 69s 6d; mark T, 3 bags ont. 4 Rep ans a “Clan Druommond’—WNorth Matale, 115 bags out. “Port Elliot”—Mukalane 1, 49 bags sold at 74; 2, 7 bags out; T, 5 begs cut. “Staffordshire’’-—Mulkalane, 60 bags out at 75s. “Clan MacAlister’—Mark Meegama A, 36 bags out; 2,10 bags scld at 69s6d; 1, 2 bags sold at 62s 6d; B, 4 bags sold at 52s. “Shropshire’—Meegama A, 26 bags out; 1 bag sold at 6is 6d sea damaged buiked; 1, 6 bage sold at 663; 331, 1 bag sold at 64s; B, 2 bags sold at 41s 6d. Batagolla A, 17 bags sold at 69s; B, 7 bags sold at 663, C, 1 bag sold at 45s 6d. Lo Mackinnon’’—New Peradeniya, 10 bags sold at 69s she a eee COCOA SWEEPINGS. “Eeret’’—No mark, 1 bag sold at 66s 6d. ‘“‘Albatross”—1 bag sold at 61s 64d. — NO. 6 CoLoxBo, Fresruary 13, 1899. TEA, COFFEH, CINCHONA, COCOA, AND CARDAMOM SALES, Pricr:—124 cents each 3 copies 30 cents; 6 copies $ rupee. COLOMBO SALES Shrubs Hill t. Edwards Ellaoya Ellaoya -Agra Oya -B D W Anningke 1 de Thedden W’Bedde Meemora Oya - Glengariff -Stiathspey Avoca Galapitakan- de Polatagama Weoya Massena AMB Naseby Ruanwelle High Forest Erracht Ganapalla Middleton BDWP LARGE LOTS. Messrs. Forbes & Walker. — 35 9 46 20 12 13 14 33 12 14 20 Pkgs. ch ch ch do hf-ch do do hf-ch hf-eh hf-ch ch do do do do 312,108 Ib.) Name. lb. pek sou 3325 ved leaf 7&3 bro pek 4503 pek 1800 broor pek 720 bro pek 71a pek 770 bro pek fan 2010 pek e40 bro pek 16v0 pek £0) pek sou 1620 or pek fans 112u or pek 24132 pek 880 bro pek 170 or pek 1700 pek 1620 pek sou 900 bro pek 1365 pek 2350 fans 1680 dust 975 congou 1080 bro pek 2640 bro or pek 110 pek 850 bro pek 1980 or pek 1559 pek 120) pek sou 720 or pek 1275 pek 1008 pek sou 954 pek sou 700 or pek 1218 bro or pek 816 pek 1709 ek sou 900 ro pek 4600 or pek 20 0 k 3635 pek sou 1275 bro or pek 3100 or pek 1 60 elk 4260 pek sou 2560 bro pek fans 900 bro pek 2250 pekoe 1700 pek sou 850 bro pek sou 720 fans 1630 bro or pek 1008 or pek 1092 pek 1102 or pek 2550 bro pek 1800 pek 1170 pek sou 810 bro or peK 1693 or pek S74 bro pek 858 pek 3200 pek sou 1275 bro pek fans 1609 or pek 4220 bro or pek 5940 pek 7360 ek sou 3375 ro pek fan 1600 dust 1204 bro or pek 1 00 bro pek 1650 do 1785 pek 10380 pek sou 1530 bro pek 4860 OF TEA, [Messrs. Somerville & Co.-— Name. bro or pek bro pek pek pek sou fans dust bro or pek bro or pek bro pek pek bro pek or pek pek pek sou flowery or bro pek pek pek sou sou pe'c pek sou bro or pek or pek pek sou sou bro or pek bro or pek pek pek sou bro or pek bro pek peksou bro or pek or pek pek Name. pek dust bro or pek bro pek pek bro pek pek pek sou bro pek Lot. Box. Pkgs, 118 Mapitigama 1165 15 hf-ch 119 1168 z2 do 129 1171.18 ch 121 1174 14 do 127 Chesterford 1192 19 ch 13u 120L 18 hf-ch 13L Doragalla 1204 50 hf ch 132 1207 19 ch 133 1210 40 do 134 1213 13 do 135 1216 1L do 137 Galkanda 1222) 19) Ichi 238 1225 15 do 139 1228 1t do 145 Pantiya 1°46 5 ch 146 Matale 1219 52hf-ch 147 1252 23 ch 148 1255 12 do 149 Scrubs 1238 15 ch 150 126t 31 do 156 Pusella 1279 13 ch 157 Castlereagh 1232 17 ch 158 1285 16 do 159 1285 16 do 106 SAK 1309 11 ch 168 Stamford Hill 1315 56 hf ch 169 13!8 31 ch 170 1321 13 do 176 Penrhos 13.9 26 hf-ch 177 1342 31 do 178 1345 40 ch 173 1348 12 do 18t KP W 1354 25hf-ch 182 1357 28 do 183 1360 53 do 186 Nugagalla 1369 15 hf-ch 187 1372 33 do 190 Nahalma (Venesta Caests) 1381 63 hf-ch 191 1384 51 ch 192 1387 26 do 193 N A(Venesta Chests) 1390 11 ch 197 Kakirskan- de 1402 10 ch 1 hf-ch 199 SM 1408 10 ch 208 Errollwood 1435 27 do 209 1438 26 ch 210 1441 10 do 211 144415 ch 212 Warakamura, 1447 16 hf-ch 213 Exrlsmere 1450 20 ch 214 1453 46 do 215 1456 17 do 218 Bandara Eliya 1465 100 hf-ch 319 1168 29 ch 220 1471 26 do 22L 1474 79 do 227 Stisted 1192 45 hf-ch 232 Emelina HUT ONT chi 236 Fairlawn 1519 32hf-ch 237 1522 50 do 238 1525 18 ch 241 Battalgalla 1634 11 ch 242 Queensland 1537 7 ch 243 1540 10 do 244 1343 25 do 100,046 Ib,] Lot. Box. Pkgs. 1 Yuspa 511 13 hf-ch 2 Ukuwela 614 15 ch 3 517 26 do 4 620 19 do 1L Glenalla 441 16 ch 12 544 17 do 13 547 8 do 15 Bidbury 653 8 ch 16 556 9 do 17 Ravana 559 26 ht-ch 18 562 26 do k Prd pek pek lb. 825 1100 1620 1:20 1710 1449 1650 1900 3410 1010 1100 90) 1350 1100 700 3120 2079 1080 1425 3109 1118 1700 1360 1250 1155 2800 2799 1105 1218 Ib. 1040 1400 2600 eeEreey ALS sn WHE MOM RC CEYLON ‘lpndtitie? ‘s 2 “7 7 3 a N Sa Aad es ete ee x Lot. Box: a b on 1989 «39 64 N ie HM rope ene) 2 ma 25 Be 580 22 ¢ ED : 2 or, = Hl ot or pek 302 ! ‘ % Ferriby ed 32 do phe sah a = oY Mount Temple co 4 oe —e x36 si bid 2 546 14 do 1:00 40 bid | 68 5 25 ch oe " 26 Polpitiya (07 15 ch 50 OF pek “0 24 69 = “lo Lo sou 1140 _ ba 34 ie 610 | Ne rok oki 9 » 70 451 10 hf-ch Or pak fons BA. 8 e 613 2240 «44 71 1 ch red lea 35 P 9 97 ch 10 pek ae 9 2N 454 15 k 61000838 ig NM ly brobrpek 2am 4 7a Myrogangs 457 Gh do pekeo. G1 3s 38 625 20 do pek 70 31 74 - ksom 1280 39 628 13 do pek sou a ye 56 75 463 4 fo. SS pek 1785 38 AD ee A Ae Ae oe oe 76 Hattangalla 465 24 do pekoe 1600 » 38 . 41 Minna 634 30 ch or pek 1350 2 17 ase 12 do pekoe 13208 j a2 637 15 do. pek 720 36 79 € ‘oy hich Suse 8006 | 43 640 8 do pek sou 907 «18 3 8, in est, mark 487 bor jek 1530 2 45 HL ia ek ae ee 93 Kondura he Sep pek 4200 ~4 4 1 ht-c v408 86 94 ; 5a koe $320 E : f-ch bropek = 24 4 4 523 45 do pe 29 46 Lower Le “4 ye pek 12 4 Pe 526 20 do peksou 1300 a end aie 62 te oper ee 48 Tiddodale 655 11 ch pek 930 28 ithe} ad Be pies cn Tee eee 1 ae SMALL LOTS. . Fr Beeinate 661/18 ch ee 81083 aaa ; | ] AYyIS eH] » 35 . 52 eo7 21 do pek te (Messrs. Forbes & Walker 88 6.0 10 do pek sou Box. Pkgs. Name. 1 Tu. ; 9 28 Lot. , 41 56 H, an eee 676 18 ¢ ou k ie 31 bid SM 814 65 ch bro pek pod 29 Welgarpola 685 21 hf-ch ee pe 1800 30 : St. Edwards 88 Shf-ch pek suu Posie oe 68825 do pe 720 28 23 Anningkan- 99 21 60 691 12 do peksou ain 23 A & 895 1 ch red leaf 235 35 # ae 709 18 hf-ch aint ts 80 r 5, 901 3hf-ch pek fans 225 «2 6 712 34 ch ems 79 B4 es in estate x 33 IP 2 Mie 3 bro pek r290 31 KWD, ine : bro or pek 6 ee 718 0 ag pek sou Ps 4 mark 904 4hf-ch fans 240 3 rf 724 22 eh bro pek repos fm 72 Harangalla Hy a de pek 4 B44 r 23 Lie 910 Ghf-ch bro pek m4 4 73 739 25 ch ro pi DAH ‘ i 611 do sou 74 Naraugoda ey 98 do ge asa =f 4 a ats i) fib .. (nee _ 6 15 75 136 22 do — pek 55 bid | 36 : ‘ 2 Mousa Bliya 45 1 ch bro pek 1365 40 bi a angie 922 2 ch ee s 3 bid 79 ousa re H ] 2) £3 Bougahagode- 767° 18 ch bro pek we a 42 Treby on Aa ro pek fans 320 bu un 760/11 do pek "850-88 oe ate 10542 &7 OH Loe at et co: Dees i Me 855.1 ch ping pok - 37 Pia 772 26 ch so 3: bid 953 2 do rs 5 ao. aawath fSt 33 ch © bro pek 380042 “4 961 -Thf-ch bro pek fans 84 5 92 GWatte 787 18 ch bro pek 1190 35 at . itakan- 180 20 93 Honiton 79) 14 do’ ek +2 31 55 Galapi 976 2 ch dust i 94 HIB ie. ove pelo 2 37 bid de 1006 8 dast 220 “4 95 799. 20 ch Bro pek = -192 65 Weoya 1038°°S bf. Mh fans 350 97 KM 72 69 Massena 132F 1 do dust 80 os ee 70 10304 ch red leaf 350 10 73 AMB . 4 ch dust 320 is {Mr. E. John. —146,310.] 81 Ruanwelle eyo 6 ch bro or pek 600 ~ Box. + Pkgs. Name. Ib. es eas 5 aod 4 ch pek fans “ 26 Lot. SN aL Ie. ane ee 2 pa 1086 2 do bro mix 10° 17 2 ch bro pe e 93 dust 510 9 Oonoogaloya ant Bs do pekoe a 96 ! pad Aes bro pek No.2 50 10 271 12 do. Weecirg reas lw BDWP Tee as pek 50 | withd’n. 2 Glassaugh 274 103 nie ae 4500 46 “ ; 1147 1 do ote 00 iS ; : ‘ - Zity.5O °C 2200 36 112 1159 1 do ust “ 13 930 22 do bro pek % 32 113 : i dust 830 18 es MS Sl Se errs lit TIED th do~ hil Gare here 68 85 15 3 285 12hf-ch dust k £660 Fg bid 115 1162 “1 hf-ch dust 90 7 , 16 AR ¥ 569 45 ech bro or pe SORE 55 117 BD Ww G 77 7 hf-ch bro pek fans 455 31 17 Glasgow 292 19 do or pek ae 41 122 Mapitigama ivan 3 ch bro pek 29086 18 £95 1t a9 pekoe 1233 OHS aia 3 do pek bye 4 19 f ch ~ 124 2 0 ek sou ' 20 IKV 298 “ hf-ech bro pek k Ser 44 125 ph : ay dust = 301 21 ch broor pe A080 Bs 126 195-5 ch congou 450 29 21 Mocha 604 12 do or pek 171047 128 Chesterford ae 2 do bro tes 180°" 31 2 207. 18 do, pekoe 1020-40 129 1231 2 ch pek dust 40 06-20 23 Blnele as pekinan = xifldnaredlo aie Gt | eened aigsh. Pen paRaReL eee 23 53 BROW Sagat wee (lian, Oro mv eaah pew ae: 1237/4 ch’ sou 300. 3% 26 Temples 319 26 do ay Res 2520 38. 112 Bellwood Tepe diye Aver 300 20. 27 32228 do. pek ; 5 143 43° 3 ch” dust 4 28 35 dee bro mnek ieee eS 255 38 29 Claremont 328 do ekoe pek 2145 61 bid | 151 Scrubs ican 7 Gol pek sou = “4 30 : 337 “S33 hf-c Ls 5 152 a7 o dust 32 er cas eae oH Lio or BESS” aebid | 136 Pus’ gersieg unk bee pie ois 39 34 ‘ 346 35° ¢ 2160 34 154 Puse f19760°3 dole Ge pek = 36 Morahela : 24 do or pek ‘ 155 127 kK sou 210 32. 37 352 IT hf-eh ey. Boag NEL 2 anes ree: $20 20 38 2 do}, br 161 st 1 : B beni” iva dual Hs a ae oe oi ee: 40 © 361. 30 ch. pekoe 810... 34 163 Uva msege2 dol pels 126 29° 41 364 9 do peksou 700 38 164 1303.2 ch bro pek 150 30. 43 Sedu, Geka ne ae 17 OW Gx Je 6hfeh pelfans at ‘4 Fi 5 54 di 67 Saad 24 at, ee ap Hee one pek 21) Aga hid 130 Penrhos a a ee Bek Hoh 630-30 ee ase soba AGh EERE cece ih EAE Se ee & By 5 o 0! . 508 r D Be Glasgow 406 2 do apromgnpek nich Bt 188 ee be 7 aot Rest . 630 36 Glasg [2 44 do ROBE 182 : : 55 gpm ‘lg 24 do pekoe 1680 79 101. N A (Venesta 293 5hf-ch bro fans 325 59 , ‘418 28hf-ch bro or pek 0 7 Chests) 5 do dust 300 60 St. John’s 421 25 do or pek bee 53 199 NA 1396 4 61 424 25 do pekoe 125 62 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. 3 Lot, Box; Pkgs. Name. Ib. 196 Kakiriskan- de 1399. 3 ch bro pek 300 128 1405 4 do pek sou 300 200 S 1411 6 ch bro pek 600 2OL 1414 1 do pek 85 202 147 6 do pek sou 570 203 1420 1 do fans 112 216 Erlsmere 1459 6 ch pek sou by 217 1462 ihf-ch dust 97 222 Bandara Eliya 1477 «4hf-ch dust 360 223 1480 7 do bro pek fans 490 224 1483 1 do red leaf 100 225 Ugieside 1486 4 ch dust 320 226 1489 4 do bro mix 400 228 Stisted 1495 8hf-ch pek 40 229 1498 9 do pek sou $95 230 150L 3 do dust 240 231 Emelina 1504 6 ch bro pek GC 233 15lu 4 do pek sou 4006 wi IGA 1513 3 ch bro pek Diz 235 1516 2 do pek 174 2939 Fairlawn 1528 12 ch pek sou 540 240) 1531 3. do dust 2.5 215 Killarney 1546 5hf-ch dust 462 248 Beverley 1555 10 hf-ch bro pek 550 249 1558 6 do pek 300 250 * 1561 4 do pek sou No. 1 200 251 1564 3 do pek sou ,, 2150 252 1567 3 do dust 261 253 P 1570 5 ch pek sou 450 254 1573 3 do fans 450 [NMessrs. Somerville 4 Cc.j Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. 5 Ukuwela bed) 6 ch son 6 526 lhf-ch dust (WACO ILE 529 2hf-ch bro pek § 532 2 do pek 9 535 4 do pek sou 10 fine Hill 533 1 ch bro tea 14 Glenalla GEO) 2 ai fans 19 Ravana 555 10 hf-ch pek sou 20 £68 2 do dust 91 Danawkande 471 2hi-ch bro pek 22 574 3 do pek 23 577 3 do pek sou “27 = Ferriby 589 2 ch sou 28 592 12 hf-ch ~ fans 29 495 3 do dust 30 HE 598 4thf-ch bro pek 31 601 12 do pek 2) : 6u4 1 do dust 36 Mahaousa GiG 4 ch bro pek 1 box 55 Berat 673 4 ch pek sou 57 4H, in estate mark 679 3 ch fans 68 €82 3hf-ch dust 62 Welgampola 69! 2hf-ch bro pex 63 697 3 do pek 64 70 5 do pek sou 65 713 2 do fans 66 706 1 do con 71 Kolandeniya 721 1 ch dust 77 Narangeda 739 2 ch dust 78 742 2 do fans 80 Mousa Eliya 748 7 ch or pek $1 7al 2) do pek 82 754 2 do pek sou 85 Bogahagode- wate 763 4 ch pek sou 766 2 do fans s9 GW 775 2 ch red leaf 90 778 lu hf-ch fans 91 781 7 do dust 96 Honiton 796 2 ch dust — (Mr. H. John. Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. 1 Vincit 241 2 ch pekoe 2 244 2 do peksou 3 247 1 do dust 4 250 1 do fans 56 A 253 4 do pekoe 6 256 4 do pek fans 7 259 5 do lhf-ch pek sou 8 262 2 ch dust 25 Mocha $138 1bf-ch fans lb. coo 80 100 10) 200 withd’n, 19 withd’n. 37 Lot, Box. Pkys. Name. Ibi. 31 MW Bole eleach bro mix 113 7 32 334 3hf-eh bro pek 192 J4 85 Agra Ouvah 243 5 ch pekoe 475 45 45 NB 373 4 do pekce 400 34 46 WE 376 Shf-ch pek fans 36) 28 47 379. 1. ch pek sou 120 26 48 BD 382 Shf-ch bropekfans 510 23 49 Harow 385 8 do pek sou 400 29 bid 53 Pclduwa - 697 4 ch bro pek 400-84 54 400 6 do pekoe 600 30 55 403 1 do pek soa 118 ZL 57 Ni 409 3 do bro or fans 2tu 2 65 D 458 | do lhi-ch pek sou 125 15 78 C 472 8 ch bro pek 680! 28 380 SL 478 1 do pekoe 84 38 81 481 lhf-ch bro pek 63 51 82 GK 484 1 ch bro pek 100 36 84 LE 490 2% do pekoe 189 ge 91 Fernlands bit: 22 do congou 174 26 92 K’Bedde 514 4 do pekoe 339 30 97 Rondura 529 4 do dust 580 16 CEYLON COFFEE SALES IN LONDON. (From our Cominercial Correspondent. ) Mrixctxne Lank, Jan. 20. ‘Sado Maru’’—AMK in estate mark, size 0, 46 bags sold at 253 6d; size 1, 12 bags sold at 35: 6d; size 2, wpaes sold at 123; PB, 2 bags out; size 0, 1bag sold at 26s. ra CEYLON COCOA SALES IN LONDON. “Sadu Mara’—Mark Goonambil A, 93 bigs out at 733; 7 sold at 633 6d, sea damaged and buiked; B, 16 bags sold at 61s 6d; CGA in estate mark, 34 bags sold at 693; ditto B, 8 bags sold at 563s. Ingurugalla A, 116 bags out at 723; ditto T, 5 bags sold at 57s; ditto A, 3 bags soldat 65s, sea damaged and rpkd.; ditte T, [ bag sold at 51s,sex damaged¢1.2. Asgeria A, 45 bags soldat 71s 6d; ditto TL, 1Lbag sold at 57s; O AKin estats mark, 20 bags out. **Golcondaa”—1 Yattewatte, 55 bags ont at 73s; 2, 4 bags so!d at 57s; broken, 2 bags sold at 56s. “Sadu Maru”—No. 1, AMK in estate mark, 15 bags out at 70s; No. F ditto, 9 bags out. CEYLON CARDAMOMS SALES IN LONDON. “Shropshire” —Mark Wariagalla, Mysore A, 1 case sold at 33 3d; 2 at 3s 3d; 4 at 3s 2d; ditto B, 2 cases sold at 287d; 2at 289d; ditto C, 1 case out; ditto D, 2 cases sold at 1s10d; Sout; dittoseei, 1 case sold at 95103. Hools Group, 1 case out; 1 case sold 2s 6d. Mark Nelloalla O, 3 cases sold at 33 4d; ditto 1, 2 cases sold at 2s 7d; ditto 2,1 case out; ditto B&S, 1case oat; ditto seed, 1 bag sold at 2s 10d. “Glan Macalister’’—218 in estate mark; 11 cases out at 3s1ld. “Kanagawa Mara”’—Mark ALA Malabar, 11 cases out at 2s 10d; ditto A2, 1 case sold at 1s 8d; ditto I, 19 cases out at 23 94; ditto 2, 1 case sold at 1s 9d; ditto B, lease suld at 1s 04; ditto 2, seeds 1 case sold at 23 10d. “Clan Robertson”—Malabar OGA in estate mark, 1 case out at 2s 5d. “Nestor”—O ia estate mark, Tonacombe special, 2 cases out. “Menelaus’—Galaha B, l case sold at 2s 6d; ditto C, 1 casesold at 1s 10d. “Bingo Maru’—MLMI ino estate mark, 6 cases out; ditto seeds lcase ont. “Duke of Norfolk”—MILM, 9 cases sold at 2s 1d; 1 at 1s 7d; lat 2380; 1 at 3s 8d. “Kanagawa Maru"—WNI, 4cases sold at 2s 2d; Hentemalie, seeds 3 cases sold at 3s. *,\ BO ee ye ee a or ar te qo yg 8 2 pe ee ee ; ie CEYLON PRODUCE SALES. L ey ce | “Patroclus’—AL I Ceylon, Mysore cardamoms, 17° cases out at 4s. : “Tamba Maru”—D in estate mark, Kobo Mysore O, 4 cases sold at 3s 9d; ditto 1, 2 cases sold at 3s 1d; 7 at 38 2d; ditto 2, 2 cases sold at 23 8d; 1 at 28 9d; ditto 3, 2 cises sold at 281d; ditto B, 1 case sold at Qs 1d; ditto S, 4 casessold at 28 3d; 2at 2s 3d; ditto seed 1 bag sold at 23 6d. Midlands O, 16 cases sold at 382d; ditto1, 13 at 238d. ditto 2, 2at 2s; ditto B&S, 2 cases sold at 1s 8d; seed 1 bag sold at 28 8d Elkadua O, 2 cases sold at 3s 2d; 4 at 2s 6d. 1 at 1s 64. “Kanagawa Maru”—OBEC Dangk in estate mark, 2 cases sold at 28 6d; 1 at 2s. “Bango Maru”—Wattakelly, 8 cases out. “Kanagawa Maru”—MLM in estate mark, 6 cases out at 2s 6d. “Clan Menzies’—A, Malabar, 11 cases out at 2s 7d. ““Sadu Maru’—Vedehette cardamoms, EX, 2 cases sold at 4s; lat 33104; ditto AA, 9 cases out; ditto A, 4A cases sold at 2s 8d; ditto B, 6 casesout; dittoC, 2 2 cases sold at 2s 8d. “Kanagawa Maro’—Gallantenne A, 3 cases sold at 8s 10d; ditto B, 2cases scld fat 3s 3d; ditto C, 2 cases soldat 332d; 2at 33 3d; 1 at3s4d; ditto D, 6 cases sold at 2s 7d. “Tamba Maru’’—Nichola No. 1, 2 cases sold at 3s 3d; ditto No. 2, 4 cases soldat 23 6d. “Shropshire’—Nichola Oya No.1, 2 cases sold at 8s 3d; ditto No.2, 2 cases sold at 236d; 1 at 2s 5d. Goomera, 3 cases sold at 2s 2d. “Kanagawa Maru’’—Kandaloya cardamoms, 2cases ( sold at 1s 10d. OBSERVER PRINTING WORKS. = ae “Clan McAlister’—PBM, 3 caaes sold at 3s 6d. “Andalusia”’—PMB 1, 1 case soldat 3s 3d; ditto 2, 1 case sold at 3s 6d. “Taos”—PBM, 11 cases out at 2s 34. “Kanagawa Marno’’--Duckwari.A 1, 1 case sold at 4s 4d; lat 4s 3d; ditto Bi, 2 cases sold at 33 9d; 1 at 3s 10d; ditto Cl, 2$cases sold at 3s 5d; 1 at 33 6d; ditto D1, 1 case sold at 2s 84; ditto Bsplits, 1case sold at 33 5d; ditto C splits, 1 case sold at 3s 5d; ditto D oe l case sold at 23 64. ditto seed 2 cases sold at 28 5 “Clan Menzies’’—Nawanagalla 1, 2 cases sold at 3s 7d; ditto 2, 1 case sold at 3s; 4 at 2s 11d; ditto 3, l case sold at 3s; ditto 4; 2 cases sold at 2s 4d; ditto 5, 1 case soldat 1s 11d. “Tamba Marn”—MM in estate mark, Letchimy, 20 cases sold at 2s 9d. “Kanagawa Maru'’—Vicarton A, 1 case sold at 3s 3d; ditto B, 2 casessoldat 237d; ditto C, Lcase sold at 2s 2d; SACin estate mark, 6 cases out; 1 case out, “Clan Drummond’—HGA, 3 cases sold at Is. hc CML NECS in estate mark, 8 cases out at 3s. ( “Tanoaniye, —Nawanagalla B, 2 cases sold at s 9d. “Duke of Norfolk’—Delpotonoya, 4 cases sol] at 3s as ‘ at 3s 5d; 4 at 2s 8d; 1 at 2s 4d; 1 at 2s 8d; lat 3 7d. “Nestor’—D in estate mark, Kobo, Mysore seeds, 1 case out at 3s. "Baer a in estate mark, 11 cases out at 2s 8d. < TEA, COFFEE, CINCHONA, COCOA, AND CARDAMOM SALES. NO. 7 {Mr. . Lot. Box. 6 Shannon 5A7 i 550 8 653 1 WK 562 12 563 13 Iona 563 14 671 15 574 19 Cleveland 586 21 E92 22 £95 25 Lameliere GOL 26 (07 27 610 29 Koslande 616 30 619 35 Uda 634 36 = GRY! 38 Aga Ouvah 643 40 Glasgow 619 41 652 42 655 43 658 44 Agra QOuvah 661 45 664 46 657 48 Kotuagedera 673 49 676 54 Digdola 691 55 634 57 790 58 Mount Everest 705 59 Orange Vield 706 60 79 67 Koslande 73 63 733 “3 Oonoogaloya 748 74 75L 75 754 80 Bellongalla 69 81 82 775 87 Eadkella 79) 88 793 89 796 97 Ahya 820 99 Mount Everest 826 100 829 101 832 102 835 103 CCO 88 106 St. Julia 847 107 850 113 Pati Rajah 865 114 871 116 NK 877 117, Nahavilla #89 118 883 119 £86 120 Glassaugh 889 121 $92 122 $95 123 898 124 Kotuagedera 901 126 94 128 913 129 NP 916 137. Harrisland 940 142 Arncliff 955 143 958 146 Murraythwaite 96 147 7 1438 973 154 Myraganga 991 155 nor 156 997 160 9 16L : 12 162 Gampai 15 164 21 COLOMBO SALES OF TEA, Cotoxso, LARGE LOTS. John. —)92 462 ] Pkgs. 51 hf-ch 28 ch 1L do 25 do 25 do 15 hf-ch 23 ch 1? do 46 hf-ch 48 do 33 do 38 do 28 do 13. ch 23 hf ch 20 ch 19 do 12 do 26 do 13 do 17 ch 12 do 1! hf-ch 30 do 25 do 15 ch 70 hf-ch 26 ch 20 do 9 hi-ch 23, ch 12 do 10 hf-eh 20 do 9 ch 45 do 14 hf-ch Name. bro pek pekoe pek sou bro or pek pekoe bro or pek or pek pek fans bro or pek or pek pekoe fins bro or pek bro or pek or pek bro pek pekoe bro or pek pekoe lb. 2856 2520 8380 2450 2090 900 2200 100 2300 2504 158t 2354 +620 1040 133) 1800 1v00 1020 1785 3200 1170 1000 1200 3°75 3312 108) 2500 1:49 900 1440 bro pek fans 1000 bro pek fans 1467 bro pek pekoe bro pek pekoe bro pek pekoe fans bro pek pekoe pek sou bro pek pekce pek sou pekoe bro pek or pek pekoe pek sou sou ‘ ro pex pekoe bro nex pekoe sou bro or pek or pek pekoe bro pek pekoe pek sou dust bro pek pekoe or pek fans dust bro pek bro pek pek fans bro pek pekoe pek sou bro pek bro or pek pekoe fans bro pek or pek pek sou 1100 1700 1330 1860 2000 1209 7-0 1350 1050 720 4084 3293 J9Lt 2569 1100 1550 30 0 1170 2600 1510 900 1735 1020 1120 1800 1259 1500 4200 2470 13800 765 2300 1080 709 1600 900 4500 923 1995 40 Fesruary 20, 1899. { Lot. Box. 4 Rambodde 811° 5 814 6 E17 7 €20 8 Galphele 823 9 826 13° Hangranoya £38 15 844 16 $47 21 St. Catherine £62 25 Hapugasmulle 874 26 877 31 Wevatenne 392 32 $95 *3 Woodthorpe &98 3L 901 35 904 28 Ravenoya 913 39 916 40 919 13 THE 928 45 Si-ikandura 934 6 937 7 940 50 Neboda 949 51 952 52 935 53 958 55 Neuchatel 964 57 Daluk Oya 970 58 . 973 59 $76 64 HJS 991 65 Henegama 994 69 California 7 73 Monrovia 19 75 25 76 28 80 PTN,in estate mark 40 §5 Elchico F 86 58 89 67 ¢0 Annandale 70 91 73 92 76 95 Harangalla &5 95 8s 97 9t 98 94 101 Choughleigh 1(3 103 Gangwarily 109 104 122 105 115 114 JMD™M 142 12t Illewatte 172 125 Warakamure 175 126 178 127 181 128 184 120 MVK 190 121 Nugawella 193 132 196 136 Roseneath 208 137 211 139 Bollagalla NT 140 220 141 223 143 B, in estate mark 929 144 MN 232 148 Siriniwasa 244 149 237 150 250 153. Romania 259 154 262 168 K 274 159 N 27 160 Labugama 250 161 283 1€2 286 167 2 80L 168 GW 304 170 Walahanduwe 810 171 : 172 316 173 Wallasmulle 319 [Messrs. Somerville & Ca.-— Prick :—125 cents each 3 copies 30 cents; 6 copies 4 rupee. 184,129 lb,] Pigs. ch 16 hf-ch 18 13 do do 21 hf-ch ch ch ch ao do 15 hf-ch do Name. 1b. bro pek 1485 pek 1650 pek sou 1000 fans 770 bro pek 1315 pek 1125 bro pek 2250 pek 3230 pek sou 1360 bro or pek 1843 bro pek 2760 pek 2090 pek 796 pek sou 1020 bro pek 800 pek 720 ek sou 720 bro pek 735 pek 714 pek sou 720 dust 700 bry pek 2800 pek 2720 pek sou 1275 bro or pek 1700 bro pek 4500 pek 2330 pek sou 2400 pek sou 1445 bro or pek 960 or pek 990 pek 7i5 pek sou 120 bro pek fans 900 pek 1045 bro pek 2940 pek 2700 pek sou 810 sou 750 bro pek 8825 pek 4700 dust S75 or pek 1309 pek 1296 pek sou 1272 bro pek 1235 pek 2070 sou 1209 dust 1400 pek Sel bro pek 4140 pek 3145 pek sou 40) perk 1150 bro pek sou 1529 bro or pek 900 bro pek 1660 pek 1800 pek sou 1350 b o pek 2880 bro pek 1682 pek 1950 br» pek 1300 pek 900 bro pek 1900 ek 1120 pek sou $55 bro mix 1300 dust 1518 bre pek 1995 peb 2470 pek sou 1995 bro pek 860 pek 1000 dust 1720 dust 725 bro pek 1000 pek 1275 pek sou 960 sou seo sou 1645 bro pek 2900 pek 1530 pek sou 810 bro pek 110 42 bit S 35 bid £9 bid 27 bid ESN, ERY Sas Nd OO) gn oe Son ri WOM, _ CEYLON ‘PRODUCE SALES eactti, Eve; Box. Pkgs. Name. Ib og. Lot. Box. Pkgs. Names ie. 17% MDR 828 385 ch bio pek 8315 36 bid | 175 CL, in est. : 177 Rambodde 331 33hf-ch bro pek 1815044 mark 2098 9 ch sou 85 178 334 26 do , pee 12L0 38 176 2.01 17 do fans 1700 184 Ossington 852 20 ch ro pek 2010 38 178 Chesterford 2107 46 ch bro pek 4600 185 BE5 81 do pek 8100 33 179 2 k 3400 186— 358 21 do peksou 1980 Bi 180 ek sou 2700 18l Doragalla or pek 1265 wtih ae g 182 or pek 1709 183 pe “4 2720 Messrs. Forbes & Walker.— ras h o nts = " R 187 Waratenne ro pe sie 458,700 1b.) as ys pel . oa $ xX. og, ; 5 A 1s? Geragama ro pe 1060 fot Box. Pkgs. Name a 108 ik i710 3 New Pea- 192 Woodend ro pek 1710 cock y5R2 10 ch pek sou 900 36 193 pek 2850 5 1588 19 do ek fans 1425 24 196 Carberry bro pek 2790 6 Ettapolla 1£91 20 hf-ch ro pek 1120 4U 197 k 2:40 10 Munukattia 198 bro or pek 1320 Ceylon, in est. 199 Dammeria bro or pek ‘680 mark 1603 18 hf-el orpek 900 50 200 or pek Luo 11 1606 35 do bro pek 1975 53 2OL ae 2700 12 1609 20 ch pek 1600 41 213 Pallegodde bro or pek 1700 13 1612. 10 do ek son 900 67. 214 bro pe 19.0 14 Mansfield 1615 89 hf-ch ro pek 2340 53 bid 215 or pek 13590 15 i618 22 ch pek 1980 40 216 pe 120 17. Thedden 1624 16 do 0 pek 1760 43 217 k sou 1170 18 1627 7 do ek 700. 33 218 Clunes roor pek 1900 21 Mousakellie 1636 53hf-ch broor pek 2615 52 a9 ro pik 2160 22 : 1639 19 ch or pek 1900 43 220 k 2580 23 1642 19 do pek 1900 3s 221 eg sou 1200 26 Kelaneiya 223 Erracht roor pek 70 Braemar 1651 18 ch broor pek 1530 53 224 bro pek 1445 27 1654 14 do orpek 1409 48 225 pek 2560 31 Holton 1666 16 ch bro pek 1520 40 226 k sou 1125 32 1669 19 do bro pek 1805 40 27 eo pek 34 1674 10 do pek 800-34 fans 700 35 1678 10 do pek sou 800 -8L 238 HGM ~ Oo of broorpek 792 38 Grange Gar- 239 40 8 do or pek 710 den 1687 30 ch bro or pek 3050 49 2410 43 22 do bro pek 1760 39 1690 28 do pek 28 0 89 241 46 21 do pek 1890 44 Pambanar, 242 49 IL du pek sou 935 Travancore 1705 11 ch bro pek 1100 40 243 62 9 do ro pek 47 Gallawatte 1714 9 ch bro pek 0 8642 fans 810 48 1717 10 do or pek 900 42 °45 Treby 68 56hf-ch bro pek 3260 49 1720.42 do pek 373) 36 246 6t 36 do pek - 1800 54 RV W, invest. 247 64 12 ch pek sou 1089 marx 1736 9 ch, unas 1080 36 248 Weyunga- 59 Lyegrove 1750. 9 ch — bro pek $90 50 watte 67 27 hf-ch bro or po 16°0 60 1753 10 do pek 1000 41 249 70 76 do bro pe 342) 68 Kivindi 1777-10 «ch bro pek 1000 49 250 73 34 do aed 2820 69 1780 14 do pek 1120 37 253 Beausejour §2 16 ch o pek 1360 70 1783 15 do pekson 1200 8 254 85 17 do pek 1560 80 Vogan 1813 40 ch bro pek 4000 47 27 DMV 94 12 ch bro pek i140 81 1816 60 do pek 4°00 36 258 97 16 do ek 1360 85 Monkswood 1828 25hf-ch bro pek 137500 7k 263 Ingnrugalla 112 6 ch ro tea 720 86 1831 2t do or pek 1050 70 276 Torwood 151° 9 ch bro or pek = 900 87 1834 47 ch pek 27004 V7 154 23 co — bro pek 2070 88 1837 32 do pek sou 1980 = 43 278 157 20 do or pek 176) 92 B& D 3849 7 do unas 700 34 oF 160 24 do pek | 1920 101 Dunbar 1876 19hfch broorpek ‘60 58 250 163 11 do fexcson 1120 103 1882 20 do or pek $60 | 55 283 Mawaliganga- - 104 1885 19 ch pek 1425. 40 watte 172 26 do bro pek 2600 111 Great Valley 28k 175 21 do peksou 1630 Ceylon, in est. 287 Arapolakande 1€4 59 do bro pek 4500 wark 1906 14 ch or pek 1260 40 238 187 ps do pek 2300 112 1909 59hf-ch bro pek 324544 301 -Tavalamtenne 2°6 do ce or pek 1200 13 1912 17 ch pek 1630087 304° 32 P W 235 i hf-ch or pek 940 14 1915 10 do pek sou 999 33 505 238 14 do bro pek 770 116 1921. Yhfch dust 765 23 306 241 33 do pek 1650 119 Warrington 1930 22 ch orpek 220047 310 Tembiligalla 253 22 do bro pek 1430 120 19383 13 do pek 13 0 43 311 256 20 ch pek 1900 123 Killarney 1942 15 ch or pek 1275 45 bid 314 Waratenne 265 18 do bro pek 1710 124 1945 46hf-ch broor pek 243) 46 £15 268 22 do pek 1980 127 Carfax 1954 21 ch bro or pek 2100 55 316 27r "8. do pek sou 760 128 1957 24 do or pek 2160 36 317 Coreen 274 26 do bro cr pek 2860 129 1960 22 do pek 1980 43 318 277-19 do or pes 1900 135 Dunkeld 1978 7ahf-ch broorpek 4:00 50 317 280 23 do ek 2070 136 1981 14 ch orpek 1330, 41 bid | 323 Clyde 292 27 do bro pek 2430 137 1984 30 do pek 2709 38 324 295 7 do broor pek 7 141 WN 1996 20 ch bro pek souisvO 34 325 298 25 do pek 2375 143 2.002 5 do fans 760 18 326 30t 11 do pek sou 930 155 Nillomally 342 Shrubs Hill 349 36 do bro pek 3528 OBEC, inest, 343 352 20 do -pek 1760 mark 2038 28 ch bro pek 2700 3 345 38 10 do fans 800 || 156 2041 41 do pek 3280 36 346 Ingrogalla 361 8 do bro pek £0)" 157 2044 30 do pek sou 2100 33 $48 Hornsey 367 31 do bro pek 3100 160 Cotswold 2053 9 ch bro pek 900 44 | 349 870 14 do pek 1330 161 2056 9 do pek 810 35 351 Meddetenne 376 17 hf-ch broorpek 952 165 FredsRube 2068 40 ch ~ bro pek 4000 38 852 379 18 do bro pek 900 166 2071 380 do pek 2700 34 & 853 ; 382.10: ch . pek 900 167 2074 16 do pek sou 1360 31 “| 354 385 9 do peksou 810 168 WA 2077 +6 ch bro pekfan 870 24 4 355 388 10hf-ch bro pek fans 700 170 Walpita 2083 18 ch bro pek 1800 39 356 Deaculla 391 38 ch bro pek 2090 © 171 2086 12 do pek 1240. «30 | 357 ’ 394 20 do pek 1400 172 2089 9 do pek sou 720 32 258 397 10 do dust €00 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. Lot. Box; Pkgs. Name. Ib. 359 Rowley 400 19hf-ch bio pek 950 360 403 24 do. pek 1200 370 Blairgowrie 433 9 do sou 763 376 St. Heliers 451 32hf-ch broorpek 1760 377 454 17 ch pek 1700 378 457 8 do pek sou 760 380 SAK 463 11 do pek sou 1155 888 Putupaula 487 ‘Ohf-ch bre or pek 1200 389 ‘ 490 68 ch bro pek 5780 390 493 33 do pek 2475 391 496 1t do pek sou 980 393 Vathalana 512 35 do. bro pek 3500 39t : 505 14 do pek 1120 395 Agra Ouvah 508 19hf-ch cr pek 1045 396 Naseby 511 18 do pek sou 1041 403 Ambragalla 532 85hf-h or pek 4420 404 535. 27* ch pek 2214 405 538 28 do pek sou 2240 406 541 64hf-ch bro or pek 35840 408 OS Sinest. mark 547 19 ch bro or pek 1425 A09 550 14 do or pek 910 410 553. 23 do pek 1725 414 Sutton 565 50hf-ch bro or pek 2800 415 563 37 ch er pek 3885 416 571 40 do pek 3100 417 574. 9 do pek seu 720 SMALL LOTS, [Mr. Ef. John.] Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. Ib. 1 GL 532 Shf-ch fans 493 2 KK 535 1 ch pek sou 67 3 GV 538 3 do peksou $52 4 MO b4L 5 do unos 472 by M34 544 2 do fans 157 9 Shannon 556 2hf-ch dust 180 10 559 1 do unas 66 16 Tona 577. 4 do broorpek fans 280 17 5sO 1 ch pek sou 95 18 583 3hf-ch dust 240 20 Cl>2veland 589 11 do bro pek 650 23 598 6 do sou 223 24 6UL 7 do fans 56) 28 Lameliere 613° 5 do pek fans 400 31 Koslande 622 & ch peksou £00 32 C2bne 2) s dou. fans 22) 33 628 4 do duss 520 34 631 8 do goiden fans 160 37 Agra Ouvah 640 5 do pek sou 450 39 646 4hf-ch dust $00 47 670 7 ch pekoe 665 50 WH 679 Thf-ch pek sou B15 51 682 6 do dust 480 52 N 685 7 do dust £60 53 G,inest. mark 683 o oh unas Al) ange Field 712 do pek son 3 ee Prange 7i5 4 do pek fans 400 63 718 1 do dust 140 64 721. 2 do” bromix 200 6) The Farm 724 4 do dust 300 66 Anamallai 727 =Lhf-ch’ dust 85 69 Koslande 736 6 ch pek sou 500 70 739 **4" “do fans 220 71 742 4 do dust 520 72 745. 8 boxes goldenfans 160 83 Bellongalla 778, each bro pek fans 140 8t ED 78st 1 do bro pek 100 85 731 1 do peroe 99 86 Sia) lo pek sou 1L0 99 Eadella 799 2 do red leaf 270 91 802 6hf-ch dust 521 98 Ardlaw S28) 6: on fans 609 5 844 3 do 10a Lhf-ch unas 879 108 St. Julia 833 4 do nek sou 200 109 856 2 do fans 110 110 BG, inest. mark $59 5 ch bro pek 550 11 862 Lhfch bro pek fans 7) 112 Pati Rajah 865 8 ch or pek 640 1145 NK 74 Ghf-ch dust 489 126 Kotuagedera 907 4 ch pek sou 36) 127 910 2hfch dust 170 138 Havrrisland 913 6 ch pekoe 492 139 9146 6 do pek sou 48) 140 19 4 do pel sou No.2 400 141 952 2hf-ch dust 176 144 A 961 8 do dust 624 149 Murraythwaite 976 5ht-ch bro pek fans 325 150 979 38 do dust 240 10 bid 24 19 Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. Ib. 157. Myraganga 1000 8 ch pek son 610 156 3 Lhf-ch 2 ch bro mix 220 159 6 Shf-ch dust 688 163 Gampai Sf sheer) din pekoe 574 165 24 10hf-ch broorpek 660 164 2% 1, do dust 90 (Messrs. Somerville & Co.] Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. 1 BL, in estate mari £02 2 ch bro pek 166 2 805 Lhf-ch pek 87 3 803 1 do pek sou 26 10 Galphele 829 15 do pek sou 675 11 832°"1 “do sou 32 12 $35 1 do dust 75 14. Hangranoya 811 4 ch bro or pek 420 17 Wattagalla $50 3 do bro pek 270 18 853 3 do pek 270 1y 856 2 do pek sou 180 20 89 lhfch dust 75 22 St. Catherine 865 4 ch pek 304 23 868 1 do pek sou 68 24 871. Lhf-ch dust 8) 27 Hapugasmulie 880 6 ch sou 570 28 883 1 do fans 117 29 886 2 do dust 300 30 Weratenne 889 5 do bro pek 450 36 Woodthorpe 907 1 do sou 75 37 910 1 do dust 75 41 S vernake 922 5 do sou 4.0 42 925 2hf-ch dust 1£0 4t B'watte 93L- 2% ch bro tea 200 $8 Sivikundura 943. 5 do bro pek fans &¢0 49 916 2 do dust 300 5t Neboda J6L 5 do dust 400 56 Neuchatel 967 1 do dust 160 60 Daluk Oya 979 6hf-ch dust 360 61 982 2 do fans 120 62 HJS 985 7 do bro pek 420 63 988 6 do pek 369 66 Henegama 997 G do dust 480 67 eee arch bro mix 200 68 California 4 4 do bro pek 330 70 10 4 do pek sou 400 71 13° 1 do pek dust 97 72 1é 1 do red leaf $0 74 Monrovia 22 6 do bro or pek 660 77 ol te do bro tea 100 73 34 1 do pes dust 150 79 PTN, in estate mark 37 6hf-ch. bro pek $36 81 43 2 do pek fans j12 82 Glentaffe 45 1 do bro tea 75 g3 49 2 do pek dust 180 54 bas ch red leaf 100 87 Elchico 6t Shf-ch con 400 88 6410 do fans 650 93 N 79 1 do bro pek 53 94 82° 2 do pek sou 106 99 Choughleigh OFaby ch bro or pek 500 109 100 3 do or pek 246 102 N W 106 4% do pek sou 172 112 ABC 126 8 do bro pek 204 113 JMDM 139 7 do bro or pek 665 115 145 5 do pek sou 430 116 143 1 do dust 143 117 15st 2 do con 174 118 Maligatenne lid 3 do bre pek 290 119 157 3 do pek 360 120 i160 6 do pek sou 580 121 163 5 do bro sou 464 122 166 1 do dust 130 123' P 159 6 do unis 613 129 Warakamure 187 1 do dus 20 133 Nugawella 199 2 do pek sou 170 13k 202. 2hf-eh dust 170 135 205 1 ch bro mix 85 133 Reseneath 214 8 do pek sou 630 142 B, in estate muck 226 Shf-ch dust 24 15 MN 235 2 ch bro mix 2.0 146 St. Andrews 3 do pek sou 279 147‘ F A, in estate mark 2i1 2hf-ch 1, do dust 330 15. Siriniwasa 253 3 ch bro pek fans 38lo 152 255 2 do dust 80) 155 Romania 265 4 do pek sou 400 146 268 2 do mix 200 157 R 271 4S., do pek fans 420 163 Labugama 2:0 4 do bro pek fans 480 48 bia 37 bil 32 bid Lot. Box. Pkgs, Name. lb. 164 SAK :92 2 ch bro pek *202 165 295 3 do ek 273 166 298 8 do . pek sou 68) 169 GW 307 5Shf-ch dust 375 174 WaJlasmulle .322 6 ch pek 510 175 325 2 do pek dust 230 179 Rambodde 337 5ht-ch pek sou 250 180 34) 3 ch dust 270 181 343 4 do fans 280 184% Sirisanda 316 3 do lhf-ch_ bro tea 302 183 349 2 ch dust 30) 187 Ossington 361 3 do bro tea 333 188 364 2 do dust 274 189 367 1 do unas 111 (Messrs. Forbes & Walker.] Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. 1 Cooroondoo- watte 1576 10 hf-ch pek 500 2 1579 5 do pek sou 250 4 New Pea cock 1°85 3hf-ch bro mix 150 7 Ettapolla 1594 6hf-ch pek 336 8 1597 3 do sou 150 9 1600 1 do dust 80 6 ‘Mansfield 1621 4 ch pek sou 320 19 Thedden 1630 5 ch pek sou 500 20 1633 1 do dust 145 24 Mousakellie 1645 5 ch sou 5CO 25 1618 5hf-ch dust 400 28 Welaneiya Braemar 1657 6 ch pek 600 29 1660 4 do dust 460 30 1663 4 do sou 400 33 H-lton 1672 8 ch pek 640 36 AB 1681 4 ch dust 320 37 BA 1684 2 ch red leaf 189 40 Grange Garden 1693 3 ch pek sou 300 41 1696 1 do fans 100 42 1699 3hf-ch dust 255 43 Pambanar, Travancore 1702 4 ch bro or pek 420 5 1708 6 do pek 510 46 1j1ll 2 do pek sou 140 -50 Gallawatte 1723 4 do sou 360 51 1726 3 do pek fans 300 52 172) 2 do fans 180 53 1732 1 do dust 100 55 Downside 1738 4 ch bro pek 400 56 1741 5 do pek 475 -b7 ~ 1744 3 do pek sou 270 58 1747 1 do congou 90 61 Lyegrove 1756 4° ch pek sou 360 7L Kirindi 1786 2 ch sou 15') 72 178) Lhf-ch dust 33 79 Mandara Nuwara 121) 10hf-ch pek sou 550 $2 Vogan 1819 8 ch pew sou 680 83 1822 5 do dust 400 84 1825 7 do bro pekfans 455 89 Monkswood 1-40 2hf-ch fans 120 90 1843 2 do dust 160 9t BandD 1646 6 do sou 320 96 O Finestate mak 1861 3 ch bro pek 318 %; 1864 5 do pek 475 8 1867 1 do bro mix 103 9 1870 2 do pek dust 244 00 SST, in estate : mark 1873 6 ch pek 595 102 Dunvar 1879 7 hf-ch bro pek 3x5 108 DBE 1888 1 ch bro mix 80 106 1891 5 do pek sou 4u0 107 1894 1hf-ch dust 75 415 Gyeat Valley Ceylon, in est. mark 1918 4% ch sou 170 417 1924 4 do fan3 400 iis Harrington 1927 5hf-ch bro or pek 259 121 1936 3 do pek sou 135 122 1939 2 do dust 130 124 Killarney 1948 7 ch pex sou 63 126 BWD 1951 6hf-ch dust 420 1122 WN 1999 5 ch bro tea 550 144 LWNS, in est. ; mark 2005 lhf-ch bro pek 34 145 2008 1 do fans 53 146 2011 2 ch pek sou 162 14, G 4ul4 6 do sou 540 OBSERVER PRINTING WORKS. Box. Pkgs 2017 2 ch | 353 Putnupaula 1659 1s hf-ch broorpek 969 £3 bid 148 Stafford 1024.14 ¢h bro pek 1540 Sl bid | 354 1642 40 ch bro pek 3600 $39 bid 149 1627 10. do pek 9u0 44 bid | 355 1645 35 do pek 2625 37 bid 153 Treydon “ 356 1448 14 do pek sou 98) 34bid Bois 1039 15 ch bro pek 1350 50 358 Battalgai'a i654 17 do fans 1260 28 164 ! 1042, 9 do broor pek 810 56 359° Galpottagama'657 20 hf-ch ' bro pek 3000 34 155° 1045.18 do pek 1440 44 360 1660 2s. do pek 1150 31 139 Dehegalla 1057 21 ch ro pek 2100 47 bid 361 Fairlawn 16635 18 ‘cdo bro pek 900 62 160. i 1060 16 do pel 1440 40 362 1666, 30 do bro pek 1320 45 162 Dehegalla LEGG» 23 \ich bro pek 2300 45. 363 16:9) 12) do pek 1030 41 163 1U69 20 do pex 1800 39 357 Palmerston 1681 19 ad») pbroor pek 1045 72 164 72 13 ado + peksou Ws 35 568 tés4/) 16 do pelk 14t) 8958 167. : 1081; 11 do fans 1106 45 670 Queensland 1690 1% ch or pel £0) 52 168 Amblakan- ; 371 1693) 20 hf-ch | bro pek 1100 5 " de 1084, 11 ch bro pek 1700 45 372 1695 7 ch bro er pek 700) 89 169 eet W87, 18. do} pek 1530, 39 373 1699 21 do .! pek 1785» 48 bid? -, 1090 19 ao pek sou 1520 35 374 1702; 10 do pek sou 900 31 171 Hunasgeria 1093 ti «ch pek dust 1100 24 277 Doteloya WL It do br nk No. 1 1279 41 172 Hopton 196, 41 ¢h bro pek 4100 46 378 i744; 14. do br pk No. 2 1400 4t 173 ne 1099. 38 do pek 5420 39. 376 1717-20 «do pek 1800 37 bid 174 1102, 8 do.» pek sou 720 oN 380 1720 16 do pek sou 1380) 34 bid ? ¥ RAN ME” © Oa eae ee 2 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. Oo e 7 Lot me Box Pkgs. Name. tb “e; Lot Bex Pkgs. Name. lb. cc. 381 in est. 3 bilpa mark 1723 2)bf-ch bropek 1160 45 heat oo ae eee 382 1726 17 do ro 816 39 1:7 93 10 do k sou 992 33 383 Frogmore 1729 10 ch ro pek 1000 63 152 Crofu 928 %4 bf-ch ro pek 1560 61 887 Lauderdale 1741 82 do bro pek 3200 40 153 931 35 do pek 2100 39 588 17a4.17 do. pek 1700 37 154 954 17 do k sou 93> 34 389 1747 14 do pek sou 1400 34 157 Warakamure 943 11 ch rpek 1100 38 390 1750 8 do fans 800-88 158 916 12 do k iw 86 __ 162 Rothes 958 12hf-ch coe orpek 720 59 163 Ol 14 - or _ 700 bu = | —— 164 964 Ww do pe 900 42 IMessrs. Somerville & Co 165 Minna 967 52hf-ch bre or pek 3380 57 210,442 Ib, | 166 970 33 ch cr pek w070 48 73 kK 350 42 Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. Ib. ¢. wt a 2 an es 1170 4 8 Ravensersig 3876 27hf-ch or pek 1350 = 48 170 New Valley 082 35 ch roor pek 3500 61 4 $79 13 do bro pek 715 46 171 985 v8 do or pek vu 45 5 382 28 ch pek 2650 38 172 95 36 do pek 3600 4u 8 Kotigalla 891 8 ch bro pek 950 32 173 991 21 do pek seu 1e9u 37 9 394 8 ch pek 880 28 174NIT 994 12 ch unas No.1 1200 31 13 Dalhousie 511 19hf-ch bro pek 1045 52 175 Orpington 997 35 ch bro pek 3500 38 bil 14 614 27 do pek No.1 1215 42 17 1 20 hf-ch ae sou 1000 34 15 517 24 do pek No.2 1080 3 178 BG 7 27 hf-ch ro pek 13.0 39 18 Wilpitia 626 17 ch bro pek 1700 36 179 i 10 9 ch sou 16650 19 629 15 do pek 1470 83 isu X Y Z, in es- 22 Ukuwella 638 30hf-ch brovrpek 16:0 387 tate mark 13 23 ch bro pek 2300 «49 23 541 20 ch bro pek 200037 181 16 33 do pek No.1 38300 83 24 44 18 do ek 18 0 35 182 19 17 do pek No.2 1445 38 28 Hanagama 556 27 ch ro pek 2700 41 183 22 9 do pek sou elu Ba 29 559 31 do pek 2945 36 184 CG 275 13 ch dust 1030 20 3) 562 8 do pek sou 720 B4 137 Ritni, in estate . 33 Killin, in es- mark 34 1d hf-ch bro pek 70047 tate mark 571 50hf-ch bro pek 2750 = 38 191 Nillicollay- 34 574 18 ch pek 153036 watte 46 11 ch or pek 916 40 35 5/7 15 do pek sou 1200 34 192 , 49 9 do pek bed 37 46 Kurulugalla 610 32 ch bro pek $200 88 47 613 35 - per 3150 37 sa BH cm, 48 616 8 do peksou 720 34 nip 49 Blinkbonnie 619 71 be ch oe pek 3905 6&3 (Mr. E. John. —175,203.) 60 622 75 do pe 375 41 51 625 43 do pekson 19:5 38 Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. Ib. 53 Salawe 63L 9 ch bro pek 920 BB 1 AkkaraTotum 30 9 ch bro pek 810 54 63 8 do pek 760 36 2 33. 4#69 «do ekoe 810 55 637 15 do pek sou 1350 35 6 Vincit 45 lv do ro pek 900 £6 640 9 do unas 945 33 Z 48 8 do pekve 7w 58 Mahatenne 646 20 ch bro pek 2000 48 g 5i 312 eo pek son 1680 59 649 14 do pek 1400 3 10 Perth 67 38 do bro pek 2800 62 SFD 358 9. ch con 792 © 32 iL 6) 19 do «c«rpek 16165 66 Marigold 670 32hf-ch bro or pek 1°64 65 15 Loughton 72 %hf-ch bro pek 1320 68 676 15 do pek 750 45 16 75 47 ch »ekoe 23 €9 679 16 do pek sou 800 42 17 78 9 bf-ch k sou 1735 70 682 16 do bropek fansl03s 89 19 Galloola 84 23 ch es peic 200 71 Marigold 685 S86hf-ch pek dust 2880 24 20 87 21 do pekve r100 73 Dikmukalana 691 26 hf-ch pro pek fansl413 38 21 90 13 do pek sou 1300 74 694 23 do pek 113036 23. Ferndale 96 9 do broorpek 900 75 697 22 do sou 990 3k 2 D 102 14 do bro pek 1400 78 Ambalawa 706 z. hf-ch bro pek 1350 . ~2 26 105 25 do pehve 2500 79 709 26 do pek lljv- 37 39 Digdola 14418 do pekoe 1440 8u 712 19 do pek sou 760 34 4t N 159 12 do bro sou 1200 81 Hatdowa 715 :0 ch bro pek 19.0 41 46 BC 165 21 do bro pek 2100 82 718 22 do pek 1760 37 47 168 17 do pekoe 1360 33 721 20 eo pek sou 1609 3 43 There-ia 171 13. do bro pek fans 1200 86 Lyndhurst 730 35hft-ch iro pek 1925 41 52 Birnam 183 20hf-ch pek suu 1920 87 733 £0 do pes 2.00 37 53 186 9 ch sou R10 91 Harangalla 745 18 ch pek 1620 36 54. 189 14 do pekoe No. 1 1°99 92 748 15 do fans 1509 37 £5 Dickapittiya 192 30 do bro pek BU00 93 75l 10 do brw pek 950 44 56 195 30 do prkoe s0uu 94 754 21 do pek 13890 38 57 Ferndale 193 7 do bro or pek 7 95 757 9 do sou 816 34 5Y 204 12 do pekoe 1080 96 Yarrow 700 54 hf-ch bro pek 3024 44 62 Mount Temple 213 26 do bro or pek 2548 97 763 65 do ek 3250 38 63 216 30 do bro pek 2460 98 Theberton 765 16 eh bro or pek 1696 42bid | 64 2i9 44 do pekoe 592 99 769 381 do pek 2954 38 65 222 22 do peksou 1232 100 772 14 do pek sou 120035 66 2:5 6 do orpekfans 780 1¢3 Ingeriya 781 48hf-ch bro pek 2304 39 67 Mocha 228 21 do bro wr pek 2100 104 784 48 do ek 2374 37 68 231 8 do or pek 720 1045 TReVO MBBS 0) pek sou 1584 xo 69 234 18 do pekve 1620 106 790 2lhf-ch bru pekfans12c0 36 70 237 12. do ~— fans 90u 103 Rayigam 796 24 ch bro pek 2520 39 bid | 71 Agra Ouvah 240 63hf-ch broorpek 4095 109 799 10 do or pek 906-39 - 72 243 32 do or pek 1760 110 802 36 do pek 324037 73 216 10 ch ~~ pekve 250 11l $05 12 do pek sou 1630 35 74 Ottery 249 27 do bro or pek 27:0 112 Annandale 808 16hf-ch broorpek 800 78 75 252 11 do or pek 990 118 Koladeniya 826 8 ch ro pek 720 37 75 255 10 do pekoe 920 119 829 9 do peksou 765 33 77 Brownicw 258 39hf-ch broorpek 2184 122 Annandale 838 16hf-ch or pek 832 S53bid | 78 26. 20 ch orpek 1900 ~ 123 841 18 do ek 854 44 79 264 41 do pekEoe 3895 124 814 12 do bro pek 744 46 €2 Rajawella 273 12 do bro pek 1008 125 S G, in estate 8&3 276 21 do pekve 1785 mar 847 12 ch pekfans 1410 24 92 Bellongalla 303 16hf-ch bro pek 800 126 Durara 850 18hf-ch or pek 864 46 bid | 93 306 14 do pekoe 930 130 Mary Hill 862 13 ch bro pek 1300 45 9% BK 309 12hf-ch dust 1140 131 §65 19hf-ch pek 950 38 95 Templestowe 312 35 ch broerpek 2325 136 Clova 880 20 hf-ch o pek 1000 38 96 315 29 do or pek “261 187 883 24 do pek 1200 935 97 318 32 de pekoe - 2880 138 856 35 do pek sou 1575 kd 98 321 llhf-ch dust 8Su 143 Hemingford 91 27hf-ch fans 2025 26 92 Glentilt 324 44 ch bro pek 4600 CEYLON PRODUCE Lot Box Pkgs. Name. Ib. C. 100 327 24 ch pekoe 2400 42 102 333 12hf-ch fans 960 25 110 Rondura 357. 17 ch or pek 1530 46 111 360 33 do bro pek 8300 39 112 3863 26 do pekoe 2340 30 113 866 16hf-ch pek sou 1440 35 115 Shannon 372 51 do bro pek 2353 40 bid 117° Maryland 378 7 ch. bro pek 735 ~—- 38 118 881 7 do pekoe 700 35 119 Yapame 3884 27 do bro pek 2700 46 120 887 15 do pekve 1275 3 123 396 17hf-ch fans 119) 27 126 5K 405 18 ch bro pek 1890 3k 127 ‘ 403 11hf-ch or pek 798 withd’n 128 AVI 13) 6h Jhf-ch pekoe 1415 29 129 414 19 ch lhfch peksou 1935 > withd’n 130 417 14 ch sou 1100 131 420 16 do Lhf-ch red leaf 1490 19 132 423 10 ch fans 1500 =withd’n 136 HM 43) I4hf-ch dust 1092 19 138 Harrow 44. 42 do bro or pek 2730 64 139 44t 18 do or pek 990 45 140 447 44 ch pekoe 4300 42 - SMALL LOTS, [Messrs. Forbes & Waliker.] Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. bes ch 1 Kadurnwan- dola 5832 “ch bro pek 120 37 2 586 2ht-ch pek 100 35 3 559 2 do pek sou 120 33 4SKM 92a do bro pek 53 38 5 595 1 do pek 58-86 6 698 1 do pek sou G2 33 7 Palm Garden 601 Shf-ch bro pek 200 41 8 Gut 5 do pek 2:0 36 9 607 3 do pek sou 180 33 16 Karowekettia 628 2 ch bro pek 209-337 17 €3L 4 do pek 42 32 18 PU 634 4 ch or pek 40U 5S 19: Fe 637 3 do bro pek 312 36 20 640 2 do eK 190 33 21 613 1 do pek sou 95 BL 95 CSG 615 2 ch bro mix 17u 27 z8 barabusnawa 664 Shf-ch pek 400 86 29 637 3 do pek sou 150 34 30 670 1 do sou 50 29 31 673 2 do dust 120 zl 33 New Anga- mana 679 7hf-ch bro orpek 420 37 84 6:2 12 do bro pek 690 3 387 ADZ 691 3 ch or pek 255 40 40 700 6 do pek sou 5.0 39 41 703 4 do bro pek dust 420 29 42 H 76 % do bro pek 193 40 43 i 709 2 do pek No. 1 200 3 AL 712 2 do do No. 2 136 33 45 715 1 ado dust 90 17 62 Glencorse 736 2 ch pek fans 250 3L 63 73) 1 do dust 170 23 58 Agra Elbed- de 754 3hf-ch dust 240 23 60 Relugas 760 3 ch sou 255 33 61 763 4 do dust 500 18 66 Macaldeniya 778 9hf-ch broor pek | 58) 42 69 787 1 do sou 60 83 70 790 3 do dust 265 23 71 793 1 do bro tea 63 25 73 Patiagama 799 6 ch or pek 510 45 i8 805 4 do ek sou 320 34 “76 803 2 hf-ch ro or pek fans 120 34 81 H, in estate wark 823 5 ch bro pek 500 36 €2 826 4 do pek sou 400 BL 95 Morankan- de 865 2hf-ch pek fans lid 24 96 68 1 do dust 95 16 100 Galkadua &O 4 ch bro or pek 400 44 104 692 1 do dust 155 16 108 Passara Group 9t 6 ch pek sou 60) 39 109 9u7 1 do fans 76 23 115 Pambegama 925 7 ch sou 56088 116 925 4 do fans 400 33 117 93L 1 do dust 140 19 119 Sunnycroft 937 3 ch pek sou 300 3k 120 940 2 do congou 200 33 a2 913 1 do bro tea 1220 w SALES LIST. Box 946 PZ 952 955 95a 961 Talgaswelia 970 Ismalle 976 979 982 Cooroondoo- watta 991 994 997 Carendon 1009 1012 1015 1018 LO2L Stafford 1030 1033 1036 Theydon Bois 1048 T B, inest. mark 1051 1054 Dehegalla 1063 165 Dehegalla 1075 166 1078 175 Hopton 1105 176 1108 187 Ascot 1i4l 188 114k 207 Knavesmire 2101 209 1207 210 Knavesmire 1210 211 212 220 Castlereagh 221 273) 223) GN 24 VOA 225 Mabragalla 226 227 Kennington 229 230 Kirrimettia 268 Penrhos ~ 269 Macduff 270 271 280 NWD 281 282 283 2&8 Labookellie 291 CRD F 292 *“DWG 1456 29) Amblangoda 1455 296 1468 297 1471 »02 St. Leonards- on-Sea 1486 303 14-9 304 1492 367 BD W 1501 308 Warwick 1504 314 Vogan 1522 318 1534 219 1437 320 1540 32L Peak Shadow 1543 322 1546 324 Poengalla 1552 33L ) 1573 334 Yaha Ella 1582 335 1585 336 1588 337 1691 338 1594 339 Ookoowatte No.1 1597 340 1660 341 1603 342 1606 343° Oakham 1609 344 1612 S46 1618 317 1621 348 les 30 Doranakande 1630 851 1633 852 1636 357 Putupeul. 1651 864 Fairlay o 1772 865 1675 10 hf ch 4 hf-ch 1 do 4 ch 3. do 3 do 2 do 1 do 3 ch 1 do 1 do ~I Q ia 2 2 8 4 4 4 4 dp 2 2 6 3 3 do hft-ch aati Kall a oso eons fe oC i ol oor) z ch do bf-ch do 10 hf-ch 9 do 3 ch 10 box 2 hf-ch 6 ch 6 do 3 do 5 hf-ch Ww do 3 do aocme Name. lb. -—e. dust 600 20 pek 560 Bt pek sou 240 3L do Gt 31 dust 435 20 pek sou 680 Bt fans 590 26 dust 650 20 congou 80 23 pek 540 39 pek sou 200 36 conguu 50 34 bro pek 440 38 pek 302 36 pe« siu 294 33 sou 384 33 congou Gt 26 pek sou 270 41 bro mix 90 28 dust 120 2) pek sou 560 39 dust 180 24 fans 180 29 pek sou 68a 33 dust 44) 29 do 450 21 sou 369 33 dust 400 29 pek sou 180 35 dnst 19) 22 oy pek 540 45 pek sou 210 32 pek sou 35) 32 bro pek fans 260 20 dust 210 22 pek sou 400 3 fans 630 36 dust 240 22 bro tea 500 25 bro tea 440 25 bro tea 275 23 dust 255 21 fans 665 33 dast 560 21 unas 540 33 fans 160 27 bro or pek 206 52 or pek 76 45 pek 8u 37 pek 465 38 pek sou 44 55 fans 2:0 29 dust G24 21 pek 516 33 dist 409 19 dust 180 20 pek sou 360 34 sou 270 33 dust 2.0 16 pek 510 35 pek sou 180 32 bro pek No. 2 20) 35 pek sou 190 32 dust 240 23 dust 640 20 pek sou 560 34 bro pek fans 490 35 dust 400 20 bro or pek 250 39 be 256 35 dust 320 20 sou 285 30 bro or pek 60 39 bro pek 500 40 pek 630 36 pek sou Rigo) Ba pek fans 75 26 red leaf 110 21 sou 100 82 dust 270 2u pek fans 225 80 or pek 400 51 bro pek Adu oz pek sou 235 88 bro or nek 200 86 pek fans 140 29 pek 570 37 pek No.2 540 36 pek sou 270 32 dust 400) withd'n pek sou 450 37 dust 255 23 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST 4 Lot, Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. 366 FL in est. mark 1678 2 ch bro mix ‘0 369 Palmerston 1687 7hf-ch pek sou 646 384 Frogmore 1782 8 do ek 640 385 17285 3 do pek No. 2 240 386 1 1728 1lhf-ch dust £0 391 Lauderdale 1753 6 do dust 420 [Messrs. Somerville & Co.] Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. 1 Clontarf 370 4 ch dust £60 2 Tientsin 373 4 ch dust 520 6 Ravenseraig 885 2 ch pek sou 160 7 388 4hf-ch fans 320 10 Kotigalla 397 2 ch pek sou 210 | 11 505 2 do fans 140 12 Dalhousie 508 12hf-ch or pek 650 16 520 9 do fans 640 17 528...5 ..do dust 350 2) Wolpitia 582. ha ch pek sou 450 21 6385 2 do con 170 26 Ukuwella 547 6 ch pek sou 600 550 5 do bro tea 475 27 6638 1 do dust 130 8L Hanagama 665 1 ch sou 90 a2 668 3 do fans B15 36 K, in estate mark 580 4 ch bro mix $60 37 683 2hf-ch dust 162 38 S 686 5hfch dust 400 39 589 6 do bro tea 500 40 A 692 3hf-ch dust 240 41 505 do bro tea 150 42 Galdola 698 3 ch bro pek 270 43 601 4 do pek 367 44 604 2 ch pek sou 230 Lhf-ch 45 607 1 do dust vi 62 Blinkbonnie 628 4hf-ch dust 820 57 Salawe 643 1 ch dust 160 60 Mahatenne 652 7 ch pek sou 665 61 655 lhf-ch dust 65 638 SED 661 3 ch dust 270 64 664 5 do fans 856 65 Marigold 667 13 hf-ch or pek 611 67 673 5 do bro or pek No 2285 7) 688 3 do mix tea 183 76 Dilmukalani 700 65hf-ch sou 250 77 Donside 703 4 ch dust 310 84 Hatdowa 724 6 ch fans 500 85 727 UC ap dust 86 88 Lyndhurst 736 1) hi-ch pek sou 450 89 739 5 do dust 425 90 Harangalla 742 6 ch bro pek 570 101 Theberton iia Co fans 240 102 778 1 do dust 120 107 Ingeriya 793 2hi-ch dust 160 113 F, in estate mark 811 5 ch son 475 114 Si4 Shf-ch dust 600 115 Monte Christo 817 5 ch pek sou 400 116 B, in estate mark 820 4 ch dus 560 n7 MG 823 5 ch bro mix 275 120 Koladeniya 832 1 ch dust 100 121 L, in estate mark 835 2 ch dust 180 127 853 6hf-ch. broorpek 385 128) 856 4 ch pek 320 129 859 1 do pek sou 93 132 Mary Hill 868 11 hf-ch pek sou 550 133 871 1 ch | bro mix 150 4 D, in esuate " mark 874 3 ch dust 270 135 C 877, 8 ch pek 610 13) DEC 839 2Zhi-ch dust 100 180 892.1. do bro tea 50 141 emigre §95 9hfieh pek fans 675 142 898 4 do sou £80 144 V 904 6 ch pek 600 148 Citrus SIG. an Chi bro pek fans 278 149 919 8 do pek dust 436 150 HA 922. ch red leaf 100 151 H 9:5 12hf-ch pek 600 155 Curfu 937 8hf-ch fans 220 156 Warakamure 940 12hf-ch brocrpek 660 _ 159 ‘ 949.6 ch sou 540 160 f 952° 1ht-ch. dust — 90 161 MK A 955 5 ch, red leaf , 435 169 Minna 979 S8hf-ch fans ECO 177 Orpington 4 7)f-ch pek fans 635 125 Ritni, in estate mark 28 3 do broorpek 180 bid Lot Box Pkgs. Name. 186 21 10hbf-ch or pek 450040) 188 87 Ms = 680 8638 40 o sou 190 Nillicolay- a - S. watte 43 10hf-ch bro pek 44 193 52 3 ch pek sou 83 (Mr. EB. John.j Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. Ib. ‘ec. 8 AkkaraTotum 86 1 ch pek sou 9) 4 39 «1 do fans 100 it pee 42 1 do dust 110 19 9 Vincit §4 1 do fans 129 31 12 Perth 68 8 do pekoe 660 = 38 13 6 3 do pek sou 225 24 14 69 2hfch pek dust 150 22 18 Loughton 81 5 do pek dust 250° «= 22 Galloola 98 8 ch dust 240 93 24 Ferndale 99 #7 00 orpek 63004 27 D 18g #67 do sou 665 81 28 Peacock Hill 111 2hf-ch bromix 100 og” 29 114 8 do pek fans 600 2s 39 Moralioya 117 4 ch sou 3200 B2 | 4 120 ¥ do dust 250 19 40 Digdola 14, 3 do pek rou 270 Ss BB 45 N 162 2 do ust ii 19 49 Theresia 174 1 «do bro mix 70 85 50 177 «1hf-ch son 51 B4 51 180 38 do dust 240 22 58 Ferndale 201 6 ch orpek 54048 66 207 2 uo pek sou 180 34 61 910 1 do dust 1% 8623 10 WH 267 Ibf-ch fans 86 8620 SL. 270 «66 ch bro pek 550 84 84 Rajawella 279 8 do peksou 692 = Bt 85 282 2hf-ch dust 170 «(17 86 285 2 ch fans 148 S4 87 288 1 do bro mix 75 30 88 Polduwa 291. 6 do bro pek 600 «87 89 294 6 do pekoe 600 33 90 297 1 do sou 100 «699 91 " 300 2 do red leaf 200 «618 101 operat 330 «6 «do pek son 6408 103 Talakande 836 2 do bropek 203 104 339 «1 a es na Lhf-ch koe 146 105 342 «1 By a “¢ 1 hf-c k sou 186 106 245 1 ch ce 154 4 114 Rondura 869 8 da dust 19 6 PET 375 10 bags brotea 500 withd’n 121 Yapame 880 7 ch pek sou 560-34 122 393 6hf-ch dust 480 19 124 399 2 do bro mix 200 83 125 ET 402. 6 ch bro mix 684 30 133 Gonavy 426 2hi-ch fans 150 826 134 : 422 1 do dust 80 i7 135 $85 1 ch congou 80 Sd 187 S 498 12 bags red leaf 641 withd’n 141 Harrow 450 6 ¢ pek sou 660 87 CEYLON COFFEE SALES IN LONDON. (From Our Commercial Gorrespondent.) Mincinc LAxE Jan, 27. “Clan Renold”—Mark large barrels out at 953; size 1 ditto, 5 casks sold at gis: size 2 ditto, out; PB ditto, 1 barrel out; P ditto, 2 tierees out; T ditio, 4 barrels sold at 40s. Gonamota Ve, 2 bags ovtkrs, out; T ditto, 1 bag sold at 40s; P ditto, 1 bag sea dam. sold at 302, P size Gonamotava, 2 2 barrels sold at 81s; 1 cask and 4 tierces “Bingo Maru’’—Blackwood OO, I tierce eold at 115s; - ditto O, 5 casks sold 11is;“ditto EF, 1 cask and i barrel sold at 9233 ditto EF, 1 barrl.sold at 723, ditte Sete tierce sola at 1175; ditho; 7. 1 tierce sold at 40s Tah Se “Clan Renola”_WPF, 1 ba io sold at 100s; ditto 1 1 cask and 1 barrel sold 100s; ditto 2, .2. easks.,sold at 86s; ditto S, libaxrel sold at 603; ditto PB, 1 tierce ous WEA barrel out; W 2 in estate mark, 1 baricel out: ditto S, 1 barrel out. CEYLON COCOA SALES IN LONDON. From our special correspondent in Mircing Lane, j\ “Sadu Mara”—Mark Hylton OO, 48 bags sold at 72s; © 1 bag sea dam. sold at 64s; ditto O, 2 bags sold | at 61s. . “Bingo Maru’’—Hylton OO, 44 bags sold at 72s; ditto S, 2 bags sold at 61s. Beredewelle COC, EX No. 1, 18 bags sold at 70s 6d; ditto EX No.2, 2 bags sold at 65s; ditto 1,2 bagssold at 57s; ditto 2, 2 bags soldat 49s 6d; T, 1 bagsoldat 47s. Kanapediwatie, 13 bags sold at 693; ditto 2, 1bagsold at 57. Henti- malie, 21 bags soldat 70s 6d. Maria 1, 69 bags sold at 68s; 2, 7 at 64364; 3, 9 at 563 64; 1, 2 bags ser dam. Cl,3sold at 62s 6d. Marakooa7, 20 bags sold at 71s; 18 at 70s 6d; 2, ob at 653; 3, 2at 55s. Armagh A, 20 bags out at 683; 3 bagssea dam. bal. soldat | 62s 6d; B, 9 bags sold at 61s 6d; J, 6 at 583; BL lat 46s. Pandsppa A, 24 bags sold at 71s; 2 at 62a 6d; T,1 bagsoldat 56s. B8 bigs soldat 64s, New Peradeniya 1, 4 bays ous at 68s; 2, 6 sold at 67s; 3, 1 at 57s. Hiangapitiya A, 25 bags sold at 70s 6d;-‘T. 2at 563. “Clan Drummond’’—North Matale, 115 bags out. “Bingo Maru’’—Goouambil A, 65 bags sold at 7ls 6d; 1 at 61s sea dam. bulked; B, 11 bags sold at 63s. Alloowtharie A, 66 bags out; | | at 23 10d; CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. “Sadu Maro’—CG A in estate mark, 34 bags ont | at 70s. “Bingo Marn”’—Ingaruga'la A, 20 bags gold at 703 6d; 23 at 70s; T,4 at 58361. Asgeria A, 41 bags sold at 723 6d; I’, 1 at 59s; AK in estate mark, 49 bigs sold at 64s. “Sadu Maru’—O AK in estate mark, 20 bags ont, “Bingo Maru’’—Lower Haloya, 23 bxgs out; 3 sold at 57s 6d. “Clan Mackinnon’”’—HGA ia estate mark, 108 bags out; 1 bag soldat 6s sea dam. and rpkd. “Kanagawa Mara”—HGA in estate mark, 92 bigs out; Min estate mark, 134 bagsont; 10 bags sol at 60s, sea dam. and rpki.; MUM in estate mark, 25 bags out; 1 bag sold at 61s, sea dam.and rpkd. ‘Wanderer’ Pallil, 99 bags out at 76s “Kanagawa Marw’—Coodulyalla 113, 38 bags ous, Kepitigalla 114, 25 bags ont; I K in estate mark, estate cocoa, 50 bagsout. Woodthorpe 4, 15 bags sold at 70s. “Orotava’—The Bandarapola Ceylon Co., Ltd., 20 bags sold at 70s. CEYLON COFFEF SALES IN LONDON, [from Our Commercial Correspondent. } MINC1‘G LANE, Feb. 3. “Clan Ranald’’—Mark Muausagalia A. 2 cases and 1 bri sold at 1!1s 6d; ditto B, 5 casks sol! at 106s; 3 at 106s; ditto C, 1 tierce sold at 66s; ditto PB, 1 cask sold at 108s; dit o T, 1 caskand 1 barrel sold at 44s 6d; 2 bags at 91s, overtakers S D. “Matiana’—Roehampton 0, 1 tierce sold at 104s; 1 ditto, 2 casks and 1 tierce sold at 95s; 2 ditto, 1 barrel out at 65s; PB ditto, 1 barrel sold 102s; T ditto, 1 tierce sold at 65s; 1 bag at 55z, ovtkr. “Clan Ranald’'—Gowerakelle F, 1 barrel sold at 115s; ditto1, 2 casks and 1 tierce sold at 1133 6d; ditto2, 4 casks and 1 barrel sold at 106s; ditto S, 1 tierce out; ditto PB, lcask sold at 121s; CKET in estate mark. 1 barrel out; GKE, 1 tierce out; 1 bag ont, ovtkr. Wiharagallla F,1 barrel and 1 cask sold at 112s 64d; ditto 1, 3 casks sold at 107s; ditto 2, 3 casks and 1 bar- rel at 983 6d; ditto S,1 bag out; ditto PB, 1 cask sold at 118s; WHGT inestate mark, 1 cask and 1 buirrel out; 1 bag out, ovtkr. Niabeddel, 1 tierce out; ditto 2, 2 casks and 1 barrel sold 96s 6d; ditto S, 1 tierce out, di'to PB, 1 tierce sold at 111s; NBT in estate mark, 1 barrel out; 1 bag out, ovtkr. “Staffordshire’—Poonagalla A, 1 cask and | barrel sold at 112s6d; ditto B, 5casks and | tierce sold at 106s 6d; ditto C.1 cask sold at 82s; ditto PB, 1 cask sold at 117s; ditto T, 1 tierce and 1 barrel sold at 41s 6d. Poonagalla, 1 bag sold at 95s, ovtkr. bags | | equal 5 “Kawachi Muru’’—Kelbourn, large size, 3 casks and 1 tierce sold at 107s 64; ditto size 1, 5 casks sold at ‘63 6d; 2 casks and 1 tieice at 98s; ditto siz- 2, 1 erce sold at 58s; ditto PB, 1 barrel sold at 95s 64; c.tto P, 1 tierce sold at 95s 6d; ditto T, 1 tierce sold at 40s. CEYLON CARDAMOMS SALES IN LONDON. “Bingo Maru”— Mark New Peacock 1, 3 cases sold at %s 11d; ditto 2, 1 at 1s 1ud; ditto seed, 1 bag sold at 3s. “Clan Ranald’—PBM, 2 cases soid at 2s 4d; 5 at 23 4d; A in estate mark, | case sold at 3s 8d; 7 at 3s 94, “Taos”’—PBM, 2 cases sold at 1s 9d; is 10d. “Olan Ranald’—WN Ceylon, Malabar cardamoms 1, 13 cases sold at 23 83; ditto 2,2 at 1s 94; ditto 4, 3c 153d; ditto C,2 at 13 11d; ditto 1, 15 cases more, % cases sold Nitto 2, lat 2s 10d. ‘Bingo Maru’--MLM, 6 cases sold at 2s 103;1 at 23 101. “Dake of Norfolk”—MLM, 1 case sold at 2s 10d. “RK unagawa Vara’ —entimalie seeds, 13 case? more, l case sold at 2s 1014. ““ingo Maru’—Wattek:lly No. 1, Nos.15 aad 17 to 3 qr. lb. each, No.16 equal to 3 qr. lb. 3casessold at 33; ditto 2, No.18 equal to 3qvr. 3 |b. No. 19 equal to 2 qr. 20 lb. 2 cases sold at As 6a; ditto No. 3, about 1 qr. 18 1b, 1 case sold at 23; ditto No.4, about 1qr.17 lb., 1 case sold at 1s 10d; seeds about 1 gr, 3 lb. 1 case sold at 2s 9d. “S$ dn Maruw’’—Mark Vedehette B, about each 6 cases out at 2s 3d. “T..mbn Maru’—D in estate mark, Kobe, Mysore 1, abon 40 |b., 1 case sold at 3s 2d. “Kawachi Murn’’—Mousakanda, No.1, 2 cases sold at 3s 64; 1 at 337d; ditto 2, 2 at 33 7s; ditto seeds, 1 at 1s 10d. “Clan Mackinnon’—AL 1, Malabar, 5 cases out at 8 cases at 100 lb. | 9: 5a; 12 af Qs Sd; ditto B, 4 cases out at 1s 6d. “Clan Muacalister’—218 in estate mark, 6 cases out at 23 10d. “Clan McIntyre’—SAC London in in estate mark, 5 cases cut; l case out. “Kanagawa Mirn”—SAC jin estate mark, 7 cases out. “Kaw.wchi Maru’’--Delpotonoya, 1 case sold at j4s; Bat 3s1ld. 1 at 3s 6d; 2 at 336d; 2 at 23 6d; 3 at 23 11d; 1 at 1s 10d. CEYLON COCOA SALES IN IONDON. “Clan Ranald’’—M, London, in estate mark, 65 bags sold at 673; 12 at 66s 6d sea damaged and bulked. “Bingo Maru’’—AOMK No.1 in estate mark, 30 bags sold 70s; 2 at 65s sea damaged and bulked; 2 at 54s gambierdam. bulked. AMK in estate mark, 71 bags sold at 66s; 4 at 65s sea dam. bulked; 8 at 543 gambier dam. bulked. AMKM No.1 in estate mark, 48 bags sold at 68s; 1 at 65s sea dam bulked; 2 bags at 543 gam. dam. bulked. MK in estate mark, 20 bags sold at 66s 64; 18 at 67s; 6 at 65s sea dam. and bulked; 5 at 57s 6d gam. dam. and bulked- “Matiana’—Yatawatte 1, 113 bags sold at 75s; 3 at 64:6d seadgd. c 3; 2 ditto, 10 bags sold at 643s" 6d; lat 6ls sea dgd.c 2; broken, 3 bags sold at 60s. “Bingo Maru’”’—-AK in estate mark 1 bag sold at 66s. Bandarapolal, 12 bags sold at 70s; 2,1 at 653; T, 1 at 59s. “Kanagawa Maru’’—Baniarapola 1, 12 bags sold at 70s. “Clan Ranald'’—Old Haloya, 35 bags sold at 71s 6d; Kepitigalla, 20 bags sold at 743 6d; 22 at 74s 6d; 7at 69s. Coodulgalla, 40 bags sold at 74s; O CHJ in es- tate mark, 3 bags sold at 69s; 1 at 63s 6d sea dam, bulked; MAK 76 bags sold at 67s;3 at 63s 6d. “Manora’’—CC I Ain estate mark, 44 bigs sold at 70s 6d; ditto 2 A, 20 bags sold at 67s; 9 at 67s 6d; ditto 1 B, 12 bags sold at 64s 64; ditto 2 B, 6 bags sold at 65s. “Golconda”’—2 Yattewatte, 4 bags sold at 61s. OBSERVER PRINTING WORKS. Noe ves whe Pirie Pay 5 pry Ed 4 ei é. Sos ~ ac AT as He Mey OSE o 725M Cees : One, ral i es H % Poe + weal MObSst te f “> Pil eA i (oo g709 Boy fol * on a iv aa 4 - 4a ‘ Pa ‘ ° + are oO Sab e 14) hy t r Sirus. ¢ den 1% 1 AS 5 a é . ‘ shoe a ‘ “en : ir etech 7 a if Fev Fic PE +f ,ai aa “a im. f no Tish. oped’ ab Ue | Hobatk FAA * 5 ff . be ae: t a7 3 tiea rt » ee A . ie ite V rire! S A tnt (CAE 2D aohpeOiakaien iw & / ee me PS SS t Y cy roa | haw) :bf 7 nr ree ercet mane 7 y ; : A : J a MLLAS 7 4 ‘ 7 > - » Bu we raletes wi wobae . ey T week iy | f teesisseneqpenreey Be wih aoe bio GISE4 18 Ding of- wet Ob, bee fo yh 2 OA" CMe H dd Din een & AB de So thesiad bow Sopsniah ws! wee di bive egal } 00% Jo &-001 35> loage ge 2 AP ose, thee 4 ALY a) sii oseicac ni AMA oferta 270 ie ; i hat hho » DT /fS 08m relive je DIG — : aie ie: & Dy sfigd coreh pee +Je: & O Sit PHOS Epa) | & cha eP: 3e blos-topted. £ noua oh vas Eat ry Hie Sisdeo ot t oA MAMAS Sedlud atei asda - - & eigde red Nie ad s e oAes T$'s OBB 26d 66 ob 78 JS igs +BkO. Be} gebiiiene hing oo498 2 OO aibgue ee ae siti ae ee i c } ZF Solin tah 6G = kG 16 eed \ pih & :2e Fs bibs onciy. FE bere eterna 2 Le ae : a 260 te-O Gate Jey BT. Sav ete ae ling fi ost 2 sit bina sors iithy LS pie ds 406. dorsed bollud bog rab may fore gee = is tito 286 dé Rod { d68e bier am weY tae blos aged 11). 0 Side woin = ptieitabt™ PLE fa Ride toad £95! sete gen er “eb | i# Dice eae ind Rhie 5 8 tort go see bid in Co] b Rodsth hoc th os wlos sons 1 SG i 1508 biog eg d } woos ovhyh ase loves 750°) poeeorls t .e@ oth *MiE ss bio tot apts 165 aiei25 ai 2 tea sie oguiede Aro otsteo a: TS wiki de plore Ae pt adie Ano gad £ bat asi! & Bae De 30 Ei l. de ioe Hao. [hoe tore & Da! urd { baa edieen f 2 oni 2 WDt dos pie ol bios awol *Postibh ye saat , a OFF 2 pee lorud £ hu dao D shim osteo s) TOHY omib + uo seta tf | Lsbbotiei¥i so ti Seu Sh oe i aslunae woe 2) he wt te I Fé & Plos- eyed 8f 0 elousmioed—aiwM awageun’ SY ae volx tl D{O— blawsdT nits LS te Dine vard 0S ui Aapii rey w0OS v8 aiabor ] 2 and US oak aias os 3S RAM bedding onnhee 9 £ OD--“sons Tie - 176 bine eyed OE (A PS onib A) sdT of 2 stip = 104 : 2065 1 do dust 140 22 Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. Ib. e. 105 2065 4 do congou 360 931 9 Killin, in estate 107 Beverley 20 4 2%hf-ch bro pekfans 140 31 mark 79 8 ch pek 630 37 17 WWA 2104 1 ch pek 90 36 10 82 § do pck sou 610 30 12200 SWA 9113 8 ch bro or pek 256 38 18 Welgampola 106 Shi-ch pek sou 448 34 121 GLA 2116 6 do bro tea 630 18 22 Glenalla 1:8 4hf-ch dust 300 23 124 Hatton 2125 5 do pek sou 425 40 23 121 1 ch fans 100 30 130 Suduwella 2143 3 eh bro pek 300 42 21 Koslande 124 2 ch pek 180 34 13L 2146 3 do pek 25 37 25 Gingranoya 127 4hf-ch dust 360 25 132 2149 2 do pek sou 8) Bh 26 130 5 do fans 320 26 133 2152 1 do congou 90 32 27 SLG 133 7hf-ch sou 350 29 141 Clunes 2176 5 do pek sou No, 2 475 30 28 136 5 do dust 375 20 146 Dea Bila 291 12hf-ch fans 660 34 30 Glanrhos 14: 7 ch sou 663) 85 158 WN 9227, 1 ch pek $5 35 BL 1:56 4 do dust 6)0 22 169 A’ erdeen 10 5hf-ch dust 400 24 82 Suduganga 1i8 4 ch sou 320 4 174 Pine Hill 25 6 do dust 480 23 35 Dartry 157 4hf-ch dust 360 18 1779 HGM 40 7 ch bro pek f.ns 620 36 39 JM 169 7 ch bro or pek 685 39 188 Knavesmire 67 Shf-ch fans 520 36 42 MT 178 3hf-ch dust 210 1) 189 70 4 do dust 320 19 43 BE 181 dhf-ch bro mix 256 25 10 Nebatgama fom © ch dust S10 16 44 GB 181 Q9hf-ch bro tea 450 31 192 Allerton 79 2 do bro pek fans 240 30 45 187 8 do dust 400 24 193 82 8 do pe dust 360 24 49 Warakamure 199 7 ht-ch~ bro or pek 455 9 197 Digdola 9: 2 ch pek sou 160 35 53 211 2 do dust 180 19 198 97 2 do pek fans 200 34 b4 K 214 4hf-ch pek sou 200 35 208 Weyunga- 56 GW 220 7Thf ch fans 420 34 watte 121 2 ch pek sou 170 36 57 223 z do dust 150 20 207 jz4 4hf-ch dust j 340 22 68 HH, in estate a 213 LGA luz 4 ch ~~ bro mix 400 31 mark 226 7 ch sou 665 = §=- 82 Lot Box Pkgs. Name. ip, ic 59 229 1 ch fans 100 80 60 282 1 do dust 100 20 62 Polpitiya 238 1 ch dust 170-20 64 Agarsland 244 2hfch unas 126 8639 5 247 7 do bropekfanms 385 36 66 250 1. do dus. 60 21 67 Vlopewella 253 2hfch dust 120 «20 71 Henegama 265 8hf-ch dust 640 «19 72 268 2 ch bro mix 200 28 75 Tyspane 277 6 ch pek sou 510 38 76 Ivies 280 9 ch son 675 35 77 283 2 do dust 280 20 79 SAK 289 38 ch bro pek 252 28 80 292 Ghi-ch pek 334 81 295 11 do unas 65 82 298 8 do pek fans £00 J out 83 30L 8 do dust 560 8 WVT 307 4hf-ch dust 320 19 86 5, in estate mark 310 7 ch pek sou $45 Bb 87 813 1 do dust 115 21 88 Orion 316 3 do unas 330 34 89 Wevatenne 319 8hf-ch pek 480 26 * 90 822 6 do pek 300 34 91 325 6 do pek sou 276 82 92 HT, in estate mark 328 2hf-ch bro pek 115 37 93 331 2 do pek 100 34 94 334.5 do pek sou 240 22 95 337 2 do dust 200° 21 99 TFerriby 349 1 ch sou 95 30 100 352 5hf-ch fans 275 82 101 355 3 do dust 240 21 1(4 Harangalla 364 5 ch sou 450 35 106 SS 370 3 do bro pek 303 33 107 373 1. do pek 73 32 108 376 1 de peksou 98 80 109 379° Lhf-ch_ red leaf 53 21 110 882 2 do dust 150 18 114 Depedene 394 3hf-ch dust 240 «88 120 Weygalla 517 lhf-ch dust £0 21 122 Venture 5238 4 ch red leaf 340 26 CEYLON COFFEE SALES IN LONDON. [From Our Commercial Correspondent.} MincING LANE, Feb. 11. “Kawachi Maru’’—Mark size 1 Thotulagalla, 1 cask sold at 110s; size 2 ditto, 3 casks and 1 barrel sold at 100s; size 3 ditto, 1 barrel sold at 47s; PB ditto, 1 barrel sold at 100s, T ditto, 1 out. Thotnlagalla, 1 bag out overtakers. “Manora’”’—FKB, 12 bags sold at 29s withont re- serve. “Java”—HFTO in estate mark, 6 bags sold at 29s without reserve. “Kawachi Maru”—Elbedde O, 1 barrel sold at 119s; ditto size 1, 2 casks sold at1lls 6d; ditto size 2, 2 casks at 101s 6d; ditto size 3, 1 barrel 50s; ditto PB 1 barrel at 111s; ditto T, 1 out. Elbedde, 1 bag ton overtaker. Mecfiabedde F, 1 tierce sold at 115s; ditto OBSERVER PRINTING WORKS. CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. Z - aa 1 1 cask and 1 tierce eold at 118s; ditto 2, 2easks sold at 100s 64; dittoS, 1 barrel at 59s; ditto PB, 1° barrel at 1223; MBT in estate mark, 1 barrel out, CEYLON COCOA SALES IN LONDON. ‘‘Mavora’”—Pansalatenue 1, 31 bags sold at 72s; ditto 2, 6 bags sold at 62s; mark Handrool, 16 bags sold at 70s 6d. “Bingo Marn’’—MLM 1, 6 bags sold at 676; ditto 2, 1 at 65s. ‘‘Staffordshire’— Wood thorpe, 25 bags seld at67s 64. “Kawachi Maru’—Yattawatte 1, 20 bagesold at 78s; 79 at 81s; 2 ditto, 9 bags sold at 60s 6d. ‘*Antenor’’—Yattawatte 1, 43 bags ont, “Kawachi Muaru’’—Maousava AA, 30 begs sold at 733 64; ditto A, 2 bags sold at 64s; ditto B, 70 bags sold at 403 6d; C, 3 bagea sold at 603 64; Y, 17 bags sold at 703; Y2, 70 bags sold at 70s. Bandarapola 1, 13 bags sold at 71s; 2, lb at 64s; T, 2 bags at Gle, “Sadu Maru’’—HMS&Co. in estate mark, estate cocoa 80 bags out at 70s; 14 at 70s; 2 sold at 64s sea damaged and rpkd.; 1 MLM in estate mark, estate cocoa, 119 bags out at 70s; 1 MLM, estate cocoa, 47 bags sold at 69s; ditto 93 at 70s. “Shropshire’—HGA in estate mark, 63 bags out at 70s; 7 sold at 698 sea dam.and rpkd.; ditto B, 14 bags sold at 69s; PF in estate mark, 24 bags out; 4 bage sold at 648 sea dam. and rpkd. “Clan Campbell’'—KAS&Co., 171 bags sold at 72s 6d; 30 at 693 sea dam, and rpkd. “Dake of Devonshire’’"—DB&Co. (266) in estate mark, 17 bags out. “Manora’”’—Palli 1, 17 bags sold at 73s; ditto F, 14 out; ditto F2, 2 bags soldat 60s 6d. . “Clan Robertson’'—Palli 2, 21 bagsout. Victoria 2, 4 bags ont. ““Sadu Maru’”’—Gangaroowa A, 27 bags sold at 73s 6d; ditte B, 4 bags sold at 66s. ‘2 “Bingo Maru’—Gangaroowa A, 53 bags sold at 70s; 2 at 60s 6d sea damage and repacked; ditto B, 8 bags sold at 66s; lat 606d sea dam. 2nd class. ‘““Manora’”—Gangaroowa A, 115 bags sold at 72s; mark B, 21 bags sold at 66s. “Kawachi Maru’’—Maria 1, 28 bags sold at 70s; 2, 4at 583. “Clan Robertson”—North Matale, 208 bags ont at 85s. “Duke of Argyll”’—North Matale, 217 bags out at 85s. “Staffordshire’—Mukalane, 20 bags sold at 77s. “Kawachi Maru”—Meegama A, 38 bagsout; mark 2, 10 bags sold at 70s; B 1, 2 bugssold at 67s 6d; B, 5at 65s. Warriapolla, 29 bags soldat 80s 6 '; 93 at 78s 6d; lat 71s; 21 at 63s 6d; 1 at 63s; 20 at 61s; 20 at 61s. eotne sae 12 bags sold at 80s 6d; 2 at 628; 10 at 61s 6d. ; Nakiadeniya K, in estate Olahitagoda NO. 10 COLOMBO SALES OF THA. CoLoxBo, — —_—__—_ LARGE LOTS. [387,711 1b.) Box. 503 514 533 541 544 50 653 659 562 565 568 5717 680 610 616 Pkgs. 14 do 19 hf-ch 22 do 145 hf-ch 14 ch 9 ch 15 do 12. do 10 do : do ip hf ch 14 do 14 hf-ch 12 ch 22 ch 49 hf-ch 21 hf-ch Name. lb. bro pek 1400 pek sou 880 ek 3256 bro pek sou 720 fans 2300 bro mix 2200 pek sou 900 bro pek 2520 bro orpek 900 pek 3060 pek sou 1330 Bro bek 1140 pek 1100 or pek 8.5 pek 112u Be or pek 900 or pek 1350 pek 1020 pek sou 800 bro pek fans &80 dust 900 dust 800 bro mix 1260 bro pek 2700 pek 2494 pek sou 2800 fans 780 or pek 1500 bro pek 2290 pee 2160 ro pek 1300 pex 1140 pek sou 720 bro erpek 1080 bro pek 4800 pek 1700 pek sou 736 bro pek 909 or ,ek 1170 pek 1880 or pek fans 1200 fans 900 bre or pek 825 bro pek 2:00 pek 4413 pek sou 1370 ust 720 bro pek 1300 or pek 1350 pek 800 pek sou 900 or pek 2250 bro orpek 2970 pek 3840 pek sou 1875 dust 1204 bro mix 1260 pek sou 1080 bro pek 2200 bro pek 2450 bro or pek 1320 or pek 1100 pek 1550 bro pek 1855 or pek 7>2 pek 1168 bro or pek 2090 or pek 1980 pek 29.0 pek 2230 bro or pek 1510 or ey 2500 2375 bro or pek 1495 or pek 900 pek 1710 or pek 1920 b o pek 1560 pek 990 pek sou 720 pee sou 2200 ro pek 1800 Messrs. Forbes z Walker.— Marcu 13, 1899. 161 Carlabeck 165 Frussella 170 Blairgowrie | Price: Box. 949 952 964 976 982 991 173 Mawiliganga- watte 174 174 1382. Vathalana 133 1St 187 Agra Oya 19) Tymawr 1000 1003 1003 1027 1050 1033 1012 1045 1048 1051 1054 1057 194 Trewardene 1063 199 Nillo Maliy O B EC,in est. mark 10738 20) 1081 20L 108t 202 1037 203 JO90 305 Carfax 1036 206 1 99 207 11u2 210 Dunke*d lill 21 Tilt 212 1117 217 Digdolla 1132 218 1135 20 PAW 11!) 221 1144 222 1147 230 Iveby 71 231 1174 232 1177 235 Pantiya 1186 239 Devenford 1198 244 Waratenne§ 1233 245 1216 247 1222 248 Penrhos 122E 249 1228 250 1231 232 Ingrogalla 1267 263 1270 273 Augusta 1300 281 St. Heliers 1324 282 1827 286 Harrington 1339 237 Dalhousie 1342 288 Mapitigama 1355 289 1348 290 1351 z9L 1354 291 Amblakande 1363 295 1366 295 1569 297 Pine Hill 1572 293 1375 299 1373 3u0 13581 301 13384 304 Hornesy 1393 325 1395 308 W 1405 319 BDWG 1433 32 14th 326 Doteloya 1459 327 1462 328 1465 329 1ies 331 D in est. mark M474 332 ‘77 333 1480 (Mr. BE. Lot. Box 2 Poilakande 80 8 81g 6 Bowhill 822 7 825 8 $28 10 Welicoda 834 12 St. John’s 540 23 do 21 hf-ch do do 48 hf-ch 19 49 20 1) 10 80 hf- -ch 9 23 3L 15 $1 8 do 10 hf-ch —128,632 1b.] 82 bf-ch do ch do do do do TEA, COFFEE, CINCHONA, COCOA, AND CARDAMOM SALES. —124 cents each 3 copiea 30 cents ; 6 copies 4 rupee. Name. lb. or pek 1615 pek 1440 pek sou 972 bro pek 927 pek 1260 sou 1105 broor pek 825 or pek 1035 bro pek 3200 broor pek 1440 or pek 1615 pek 1040 bro pek 1500 pek 1350 or pek 1275 or pek 130 pek 1680 pek sou 1080 pek 909 broorpek 1240 bro pek 2.00 pek 2480 or pe 2070 pek sou 888 bro or pek 1800 orpek 1710 pek 1710 bro or pek 4510 or pek 1140 pek 2520 bro or pek 720 pek 770 or pek 1260 bro pek 1045 pek 2450 bro pek 2880 pek 1500 pek sou 900 dust 980 pek 1040 bru pek 2755 pek 2310 dust 1050 or pe’ 720 bro pék 1440 pek 1760 bro pek 140) pek 1020 dust 750 bro or pek 1¢59 pek 1800 or pek 20 0 ek 1215 bro or pek 880 bro pek 1450 pek 1629 pek sou 1330 bro pek 1300 pek 1190 pek sou 1200 bro or pek 1020 or pek 2072 or pek 2520 pek 3315 pek sou 850 bro pek 2800 pek 1140 br pek fans 957 bro pek 1500 pek 1600 bro pek 930 ek 2070 pek sou 2635 pek sou 135) bro mix 7220 fans 890 funs No.1 750 Name. bro pek pekoa ro pek pekoe kK sou ro tea bro or pek Ib. 3240 Pe Se he Po ee et ee a ps v &* '~* 4 e 2 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES | LIST. | Te i oe Lot Box. Pkgs. Name. Ibe Lot Box Pkgs. Name. Ibe. 13 848 25hf-ch or pek 1250 69 48 Kekuna Heena 628 26 ch b 2600 14 846 25 do pekoe 1250 51 49 661 9 do ——— 900 S 15 $49 24 do ek sou 1200 45 61 - 697 6 do. dust Oo 4% 16 Koslande 852 19 do ro pek 1140 50 59 Hangranoya 791 s0hf-cl bro pek 4000 17 855 14 ch pekoe 1260 41 61 727 21 ch pek 1575 42 4 Rondura 864 IL ae es i. 990 47 62 730 10 do pek sou 750 39 867 28 do ro pe 2800 43 65 Gangwaril 739 35 ch = b 2 22 870 23 do pekoe 2070 40 66 “ y 742 83 do pind ag ioe $ = 23 873 10 do ek sou 900 = 87 67 745 22 do sou 2560 36 25 Glasgow 879 81 do v0 or pek 2635 75 68 Havilland 748 33 hf-ch pek 1815 52 26 882 14 do or pek 980 60 69 75. 20 ch or pek 1:00 43 Fd 885 ~ av ead = et 4 70 754 87 do 3145 41 2 888 0 pek sou : 4 71 757 31 do k y 29 Agra Ouvah 891 73hf-ch broorpek 4745 60 72 GW 760 15 do A i fis - at Pe La oe 7 eed 4 75 Forest Hill 769 19 ch bro pek 18624 § ¢ ekoe 4 76 772 30 do k 185 . 3 Doonhinda 900 23 oe Eo pek oa 50 7 " 781 9 r ate sou ie = 903 28 do ekoe 0 48 to , in estate 36 ‘Troup 912 8 do aon 720 38 inark 784 18 ch bro pek 1800 7 37 916 9 do bro mix 900 8682 81 Henegama 787 12 ch bro pek fans1200 36 40 Brownlow 924 47 do bro or pek 2726 51 87 Rambodde 805 17 hf-ch broor pek 1020 56 41 927 22 do or pek 2090 48 §8 808 47 do bro pek 2585 43 42 930 87 do pekoe 8515 42 89 3I1l 20 do k 1000 45 43 933 14 do pek sou 1760 = 88 93 Mousa Eliya 3823 20 ch oe pek 210046 44 Birnam 936 18 do peksou 115% 38 95 829 17 do pek 1615 40 47 TG O15 ehh dust 960 94 96 Bogabagode- . AST 948 21 ch or pe 1890 43 watte 832 18 ch 51 D 957 14 do bro tek 1400 out 97 845 10 do a 4 é 52 N 960 13hfch pek dust 975 14 bid | 103 BG £53 20hf-ch unas 1140 387 “63 Ottery 963 24 ch bro or pek 2400 55 bid | 104 £56 12 do bro mix 960 35 54 966 11 do or pek 990 £0 109 Rayigam &7l 22 ch bro pek 2530 41 55 969 13 do ekoe 1235 43 bid | 110 874 10 do or pek 950 46 of Mossend 978 17 ei ro ue pek 1105 51 lll 877 32 do pek 3040s 40 981 24 do or pek 120 46 112 880 10 do k . od ad F ake pek rel 46 bid | 113 . 883 30 hf-ch a a on 4 98) C) ekoe 55 41 114 Koladeniya 886 10 ch br i 62 Glentilt 990 24 ch ro pek 2400 55 121 St. Calhetine 907 ‘2 ch ee apfer’ And 83 933 12 do pekoe 1200-43 125 Annandale 919 18hf-ch or pek 936 48657 6t Claremont 996 16 do bro orpek 1600 44 126 922 23 do pek sou 121942 « ee i a poker | aa 4 134 Tiddyva’e 946 14hfch bro pek 7004 Es Ferndale il 4 ae ro ¥3 pek 4) - 136 O52 9 oa ea sou 4 os boil Oo orpe 10 4 ; : 71 Maskeliya 17. 8 do broorpek 80 49 re Warriatenne a= | = = ~) pek 1920 ~ 73 Little Valley 28 9 do broorpek 915 4s bid | 4p O64 'Shi-ch Gust "800.1 bi “4 26 10 do ro pe’ ‘omni not § 75 29 25 do ekoe 252000 41 = ee 987 75 ch k 75 d 77 Harrow 85 30 hf-ch roorpek 1950 53 bid | 449 970 18 do as G75) 38 bid 78 38 14 ch pekoe 1400 34 bid | 143 Hatduwa 9:3 18 do bro = 1710 ‘2 * a 18 do pele 10a i619 do pek 1520 9 : 2S 7 ek sou 85 Selama te aShtch pekoe 204 84 bia | 158 Killin, in es- / 86 Koslande 62 19 do bropek 1140051 184 fokegnans : 1 — ee pek = 7 a AE 65 ¥ hoe pokge ee 4 158 Ukuwela 19 13 ech bes or pek 1430 40 90 uA af te 2 i mid "a 159 22.25 do bropek 2500 39 92 Harmony 80 7 do bro pek 735 42 a = +4 = pek 2200 37 93 83 8 Go pekoe 720 40, | 162 Elehico 81 s0hfch bro pek 1650 41 om Kotuagedera 8 - oo pre ai ew a bid | 163 Charlie Hill 34 17 do bropek 850 41 102 Glentilt 110 9 do pekoe ico 6-42 bia | 1 Bis dost ees a0 630 104 . Arncliff 116 20 do broorpek 1900 52 bid 105 119 62 ae Bete 5202 41 bid 106 122 23 do pek sou 2007 38 a 110 MountTempiel?: 24 do bro or pek 2277 42 big SMALL LOTS. 11 137 30 do or pek 2397 41 big a fi: (Messrs. Forbes & Wulker] Lot. Box Pkgs. Name. Ib: * rc. [Messrs. Somerville & Co.— 1 Tennehene 484 1 ch bro pek 78 «40 160.237 Ib,) 2 Ee 457 2 do pek 17336 E in estate ae BL A sgt din Os | Rete wate eee tee ‘ . 53 c -o pe aphne 92 oO ro 609 45 - area a 565 42hf-ch broorpek 2730 56 5 496 5 do Ze 425 37 8 568 31 ch or pek 2790 8647 6 499° 4 do pek sou 320-36 9 571 12 do pek 10800 42 7 502 1 do ust 7 8624 10 674 9 do pek sou 810 $3 8 i A 505 Lhf-ch_ red leaf 40 26 11 Ukuwela 577 11 ch breorpek 1210 = 41 10 Nakiadeniya 511 7 ch 595 40 12 580 23 do bro pek 2300 39 12 517 2 do red leaf 160 oT 13 583 20 do pek 2000-37 13 520 6 do do 510s OT 15 Blinkbonnie 689 18hf-ch br» pek 10s0 «60 14 523 4 do fans 360 34 16 592 17 ch pek 2295 45 15 St. Edwards 526 9 ch or pek 540-44 17 hf-ch 16 52911 do bro pek 66041 21 siL 607 11 ch bromix 1045 25 17 532 10 do nek 55039 22 610 16hf-ch dust 1280 23 1 535 6 do pek sou 2300-36 93 Kurulugalla 613 20 ch pek 1300 896-39 22 AMB 547 5 ch _ red leaf 410 26 32 HJS 640 20hf-ch peksou 1200 35 25 Battalgalla 556 3 ch fans 2400 «30 | 33 Nugawella 643 $2hf-ch bro pek 1856 ©6550 30 Clyde 671 3 ch . dust 450 «96 31 | 616 45 do per 2250 42 31 Broughton 574 12hf-ch_ pek - 672.45 37 Carney 665 24 hf-ch ro pek 1200 44 34 Olahitagoda 6583 5Shf-ch pek son 260 35. 38 668 88 do pek 1710 39 35 : 586 2 do aust — 176 Pro 39 : 661 23 do peksou 1150 36 44 Kittoolgalla 613 Shf-ch broorpek 460 40 44 Yeniyaya 676 10 ch or pek 950 45 © | 46 6i9 2 ch pek sou 160 + 37 6 679 31 ch bropek 3100 48 . a7 3 : 622 1 do dust 120 25 51 82 15 do pek 1500 = 41 54 WW 643 1 ch _ broor pek 94 < Lot Box Pks 6 LL 646 3 ch 56 649 4 do 63 New Pera- deniya 670 3 ch 74 USA 703 2 ch 1hf-ch 75 706 4 ch 76 709 6 do 20 Woodlands 721 1 ch 81 724 2 do 82 727 2 do 3 Nella Oolla 7-0 3 ch 88 Erlsmere 745 2hf-ch 92 Ascot 757 6 ch 9 BOWG 766 2hf-ch % BDWP 769 1 ch 106 C 799 5)hf-ch 111 Ganapalla 814 6 ch 119 Battalgalfa 838 3 ch 125 A, in estate wark $56 2 ch 126 859 2 do 133. Dommeria 8-0 6 ch 138 Kirklees 895 7 ch 444 Maha Uva 913 1hf-ch 145 916 2 do 150 Ruanwella 93L 4 ch 158 Castlereagh 955 5 ch 159 958 6hf-ch 160 961 2 do 162 Carlabeck 967 5hf-ch 163 Kabragalla 970 5 do 164 973 3 do 163 Fusella ¢79 7 ch 168 Blairgowrie 985 3 ch 169 988 4 do 171 994 1 do 172 997 3 do 177 Mawiliganga watte 1012 4hf-ch 178 A 10S Dich 179 1018 1 do 180 1021 2 hf-ch 181 1024 1 do 185 Vathulana 1036 4 ch 186 1039 6 hf-ch 193 Trewardene 106) 5 ch 195 1066 1 do 196 1069 2 do 197 1072 1 do 198 1075 2 do 201 Nillo Mally OB EC, in est. mark 1093 2 hf-ch 208 S 1195 38 ch 209 1103 4 do 219 Digdola 1138 3 ch 23 Kr W 1150 10hf-ch 224 1153 1 do 233 Ireby 11:0 4hf-ch 234 1183 3 do 236 Pantiya 1189 2 ch 237 RAW 1192 2 do 20 DED 1201 1hf-ch 241 : 1204 2 do 242 1207 3 ch 243 ~ 1210 2hf-ch 246 Waratenne 1219 6 ch 251 Penrhos 1234 6 do 252 1237 3 do 253 1240 4hf-ch 264 I NGinest. mark 1273 1 ch 265 1276 2 do 266. 1279 3 do 267 Mount Plea- sant 1282 8 hf-ch 268 1285 6 do 269 12%8 6 do 270 1291 1 do 271 1294 2 do 272 Augusta 1277 1 ch 274 1303 1 do 283 St. Heliers 1330 6 do 234 Queenslanl 1333 4 do 285 1336 5 do 292 Mapitigama 1357 5 hf-ch 302 Pine Hill 1387 1 ch 303 1390 2 hf-ch 306 EK 1399 1 ch 307 CR 1402 3 do 309 A 1408 1 do 310 S 1411 6 do 311 Preston 1414 2hf-eh 321 BDWG 1444 7 hf-ch 323 Wooleyfield 1450 7 ech B24 1453 3 do B25 1456 1 do Name. pek sou dust dust fans bro jek fans fans -pek dust pek sou pek sou pek fans dust dust pek sou fans dust bro pek f..ns bro tea p pek fans dust dust bro pek pek pek sou sou Frek sou dust bro pek pek sou fans dust bro mix fans fans sou pek sou pek sou sou bro pek dust pek sou red leaf fans sou red leaf pek sou bro mix unast bro tea rad leaf unast pek sou wnast fans bro imix CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. Lot Bex Pkgs. Name. lb. 330 Dinest mark 1471 5 ch pek sou 450 334 1483 1hf-ch fans No. 2 60 335 1486 1 do fans No. 3 60 336 1459 5 ch red leuf 450 337 1493 3 do red leaf 270 (Messrs. Somerville & Co. J Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. 1 Blackburn 517 8 ch bro or pek 630 2 55) 4 do or pek <00 4 556 8 do pek 640 5 559 8 do pek sou 609 6 5:2 3hf-ch dust 225 14 Ukuwe'a 536 4 ch pek sou 4090 17 Blinkbonnie 595 8 ch pek sou 60) 18 Galatotta 93 Shf-ch bro pek 440 19 60L 6 do pek 330 2) 604 3 do pek sou 150 24 LF 616 9hf-ch bro pek 471 25 619 7 do pek 338 26 6.2 7 do pek son 306 27 625 1 do fans 70 28 628 2 do red leaf 99 29 . 61 lhf-ch dus’ 65 30 HJS 654 7hf-ch bro pek 420 31 637 7 do pek 420 25 Nugawella 6i9 4hf-ch pek sou 349 26 652 2 do dust 17u 40 Carney 664 8hf-ch bro pekfans 460 41 667 5 do sou 250 42 670 3 do dust 150 43 W 673 6hf-ch pek 334 47 Deniyaya 685 6 ch pek sou 600 60 Kekuna Heena 694 3 ch pek sou 300 52 C, in estate mark 700 1Lhf-ch unas 605 53 Ahamad 703 10 hf-ch bro pek 600 54 706 9 do pek 450 55 709 9 do pek sou 450 £6 712, 2) do fans 126 57 715 1 do red leaf 50 68 TK 718 8hf-ch dust 560 60 Hangranoya 724 1 ch bro or pek 105 63 733 3 do sou 240 64 W 736 8hf-ch pek fans 500 73 GW 763 Shf-ch fans 480 74 766 2 do dust 150 77 Forest Hill 775 1Lhf ch or pek 671 78 773 9 do fans 684 82 Henegama 790 6hfch dust 480 83 793 2 ch bro mix 200 at W 796 1 ch dust 160 8 K 799 8 do bro mix 662 1 hf-ch 8 R 802 4hf-ch pek sou 200 90 Rambodda 814 4hf-ch pek sou 200 9L 817 4 do fans 220 92 820 1 do dust 90 94 Mousa Eliva §26 7 ch or pek 630 98 Bogahagode- watte 838 3 ch pek sou 300 99 8iL 2 do bro pek fans 206 100 M 844 lhf-ch bro pek 50 11 847 1 do pek 50 102 850 1 do pek sou 45 105 BG £59 3 ch red leaf 240 103 BatgoddeB- §62 1 ch bro pek 87 107 865 1 ch pek 91 108 868 lhf-ch pek No. 2 56 1135 Koladeniya 839 8 ch pek sou €80 116 W A,-in estate mark 89? 6hf-ch peksou 300 17GB 895 9hf-ch dust 450 118 ED, in estate mark $93 4 boxes bro or pek 40 119 91 1 box ek 10 12) D BN 904 4hf-ch pck sou 200 122 St. Catherine 910 8 ch pek 640 123 913. 3 do pek sou 216 124 916 1hf-ch pek No, 2 80 127 California 925 5 ch bro pek 475 128 928 7 do pek 665 129 931 4 do pek sou 400 130 934 1 do red leaf 90 131 Hopugolla 937 4hf-ch bro pek 200 132 940 4 do pek 200 133 943 1 do pek sou 50 139 Warriatenne 961 Thf-ch fans 434 146 Hatdowa 982 5 ch fans 500 147 Glentaaffe 935 2hf-ch pek dust 19) 148 988 1 ch. red leaf 83 149 Sangaly Toppe 991 38 hf-ch bro pek 240 150G,in estate mark(94 ch bro mix §5 151 do dust 110 152 do fans £00 35 bid 4 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. Ibe. at 70s; ZC in estate mark, cocoa sweepings, 1 bag sold 155 Billing in estate ” 7 " at 65s. mar 9 8 c¢ 2 640 35 ’ * 156K,in es atemark13 5 ch bro mix 4756 MAK tote Rie in estate mark, 5] bagsjout at 70s; 167 : 16 3 do dust 240 © 93 AK, 50 bags s Id at 70s. 165 Charlie Hill 40 9hf-ch pek son 450 36 Clan Granam’ '—Warriapolia, 147 bags out. 166 43. 9 do pek fans 360 36 “Port Melbourne’—Goonambil 1, 22 bags out. Eria- —— —_ —_ gastenne No. 1, 25 bags out. (Mr. E. John.) Cheshire’ '— Algeria A. 19 bags out. Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. ay cae Caledonia’ ’—-MIM, 55 heapon out at 74s. 1 Ottery St a. oh donk can. en Asia ’"—D HCA in estute mark, 92 bags out, = ‘ 4 Poilukande “816 5 do’ pe. sou 450 84 “Clan Fraser’ '"—HGA in estate mark. 99 bags out. 5 819 7 do Cheshire’’— Beredewelle COC B, I bag sold at 57s lhf-ch bropekfans 600 24 6d; ditto T, 3 at 57s 6d. 9 Bowhill 831 2 ch redleaf 200 ©6390 “Clan Campbell” —Udapolla A, 57 bags sold at 73s IL Ottery 837 4 do dust 689 27 6d; ditto B, 7 at 67s; ditto G, 3 at 64e. as Koslande ad: . Ap pekapp ced e “‘Kawachi Maru"—Beredewelle COU EX No. 1, 30 Bae. Ronditna 876.9) dé Nidust 960-94 bags sold at 74s; ditto EX No. 2, 8 bags sold at 68s; 34 Docnhinda 906 6 do peksou 600 «88 ditto 1, 3 at 68s; ditto B, 3 at 61s; ditto T, 4 58s 6d. 35 909 8 do dust 300 24 88 GB 918 9hf-ch bro pek 495 36 39 ‘ie oe 6 vs onl 480 36 45 , 39 1 do ro pe! 95 38 l \f } 4 y oat eaproge doo! eke soe CEYLON CARDAMOMS SALES IN 49 WK 951 1 do bro pek 100 34 bid LONDON. 50 954 Bhf-ch pekoe 135 30 bid fe Be 56 Ottery 972 1 ch dust 170 ‘ 67 Claremont 5 : do pok dist 200 24 Fes, 18. 68 8 to) red lea 200 23 “ ie 72 Ottery 20 8 do dust 510 =. 28 “ Fo to eee B, Pars wld: at 1s 10d, 76 Little Valley 82 4hf-ch dust 320 25 Bp ey! Oey, oaaes Ort 70) ELaROW. 41 4 ch pek dust 610-24 Clan Stuart’’—WN Ceylon, Malabar cardamoms 1 82 R 50 6 do pek sou 510s Bh 8 cases out at 28 6d. 84 56 4 do congou 360 $82 “Derbyshire’’—Ceylon, Malabar cardamoms, 65 es Koslande = £ ie pek sou oe e cases out; ditto seeds, 2 cases out. 9 i ° ‘ans “Clan Ranald”—WN Ceylon, Malabar cardamoms 2, 1 5 2 7 Be Harmiany AA Bet ea Fins un “1 2 casks sold at 1s 7d; ditto seeds 1, 2 casks out at Qs 96 92 1 do bromix 50-26 11d; 5 cases more. : 99 Kotuagedera 191 2 ch peksou 190 34 “Bingo Maru”—MLM, 6 cases out at 22 6d. 100 104 1hf-ch dust 8 20 “Kanagawa Maru’’—Hentimalie, seeds1 case ont 101 107 7 do bropekfans 490 28 at 3s. 103 Mossend 113 10 do pekoe 450 41 bid “Bingo Maru""—Katooloya cardamoms EX, 1 case CEYLON COFFEE SALES IN LONDON. [From Our Commercial Correspondent. ] MINCING LANE, Feb. 17. “Clan Stuart’’—Mansagalla A, 1 cask sold at 115s; ditto B,5casks and 1 tierce sold at 107s 6d; ditto C, 1 cask sold at 77s; ditto PB, 1 at 119s; ditto T, 1 barrel at 38s. “Derbyshire’—DCO inestate mark, 4 casks sold at 108s 6d; ditto 1, 2 casks and 1 tierce sold at 99s; ditto 2, 1 tierce at 74s; ditto P, 1tierce out; ditto ‘I, 1barrel sold at 383; DC in estite mark, 1 bag sold at 95s; O Haputale, 1 barrel .sold at 113s; 1 ditto, 83 casks and lbarrel sold at 1083 6d; 2 ditto, 5 casks sold at 99s; 6 out; 3 ditto, 1cask sold at 73s; PB ditto, 2at 108s; T ditto, 1 at 42s; PB ditto, 5 bags at 94s 6d; O Leangawelia, 1 barrel sold at 112s; 1 ditto, 1 cask and lbarrel sold at 1103 6d; 2 ditto, 6casks at 100s; 3 ditto, 1 tierce at 703; Ps ditto, 1 eask at 106s; T ditto 1 tierce at 40s; PB ditto, 3 bags at 97s. “Clan Stuart’’-—Pita Ratmalie F, 1 barrel sold at 109s; ditto 1, 1 caskand 1 tierce sold at 108s 6d; ditto 2, 4 casks and 1 tierce sold at 102s; ditto S, 1 cask at 75s; ditto PB, 1 cask at 109s; PBMT in estate mark, l barrel out; A, Pita Ratmatie F, 1 barrel sold at 112s; A ditto 1, 1 caskand 1 barrel sold «at 103s; A ditto 2, 3 casks and 1 barrel sold at 102s; AS in estate mark, 1 tierce sold at 73s; A ditto PB, 1 tierce sold at 116s; PBMT in estate mark, 1 barrel out. “Port Elliot”’—DB in estate mark, 18 bags out. “City of Bombay’’—OBEHC in estate mark Konde- salle OO, 1 barrel te at 79s; dittoO, 1 barrel sold at 79s; ditto 1, 1 barrel and 1 tierce sold at 61s; ditto 2,1 barrel at 35s; ditto PB, 1 barrel at 50s; ditto q. 2 tierces out. CEYLON COCOA SALES IN LONDON. Fen, 18 18, “Derbyshire’—Mark CDG, 13 bags sold at 70a 6d. ‘‘Arabia’’—DBC 308 in estate mark, 32 bags sold at 70s; 9at 69s; DBC 312 in estate mark, 6 bags sold soldat 3slld; ditto AA, 8 at 3s 6d; ditto A, 5 at 2s 10d; ditto B, Gat 1s 11d; ditto C. 2 at 2s 7d; ditto C, 1 at 2s 6d. “Kawachi Maru’—Gallaheria estate A, 2 cases sold at 23 90; 2 at 2s 8d; ditto B, 1 at 1s 11d. “Txion’ ’—OBECO Naranghena i in estate mark, 2 cases out at 2s 6d. ‘Kawachi Maru”—Gallantenne AA, 1 case sold at 4s 4d; ditto A, 3 at 33 11d; ditto B, 3 at 3s 4d; ditto C, 2 out; ditto D, 4 sold at 2s 7d. “Bingo Maru"—Nichola Oya seeds, No. 1, 1 case out at 2s 8d; No. 2,1 ont. ‘‘Derbyshire’—Nichola Oya No.1, 1 cask sold at 3s 8d; No. 2,2 at 2s 10d. pee a cardamoms, 1 case sold at 2s 2 “Clan Stuart’—CYMC in estate mark, 4 cases sold at 3s; ditto CS, 6 cases out at 2s 9d. “Clan Macalister’ ‘—218 in estate mark, 3 cases out at 2s 9d. “Clan Ranali’’—ALO, 2 cases ont. “Hector’—ALI, 5 cases out; HLI, 14 cases ont. “Asturia”—AAOI, 8 cases oul; ALI, 3 Ry out. “Shropshire’—Wariagalla, Mysore D, 4 cases sold at 1s ild. “Bingo Maru” —BSin estate mark, 3 cases ont at3s 2d. “Polynesian” —A SS Fin estate mark, 17 cases out at 28s 4d; ditto F, 1 case out. “Clan McIntyre’ *—JA in estate mark, 9 cases ont: at 2s 2d. “Clan Forbes” —HGA in estate mark, 9 cases out. “Clan Robertson”—Malabar, HGA in estate mark, 18 cases out; 3 cases out. “Clan Drummond”—PAC & Co. Malabar, 4 cases out, ae ae in estate mark, 17 cases sold at Q3 4 “Carthage’—AA CM4 NECS in estate mark, 7 cases. sold at 2s 8d. “Sidon”—ARO, 2 cases sold at 3s 7d. “Diamond’—Kelvin EX, 2 cases sold at 33 5d. “Statesman’’—Nella Oila O, 4s 3d. “Kawachi Maru’’—PBM, 5 cases sold 3s fa. an z ‘Clan Campbell” —ALI, 14 cases out at 2s 4d; ditto: 2,2at 1s 83; ditto C, Bat 1s 8d; ditto 1, 1 a os in estate mark, OBSERVER PRINTING WORKS. oe TEA, COFFEE, CINCHONA, COCOA, AND CARDAMOM SALES, . Price:—12% cents each 3 copies : NO. 11 Cotompo, Marcu 20, 1899. | 30 cents; 6 copies 4 rupee. a 7 COLOMBO SALES OF TEA, Lot Box. Pks Name. Ib ec. i = 9 Monrovia 70 26 ch bro pek 2600 «Al LARGE LOTS. 11 76 26 do pek 2340 39 ——— 12 79 11 “toes pek ean 1100 36 RQ. 15 Paradise $8 16 hf-c ro pe 850 46 (Mr. E. John. —184,658 1b.] 16 ol if ch pek 110037 ag. IN 5 Z hy 17 94 17 do pek sou 1615 85 10% OS Se LG L B ei 19 Galphele 100 20hf-ch bro pek 1100 45 2 Agra Ouva 143 21 hf-ch pek fans 1785 34 2) 103 23 do pek 1035 ~ 41 4 Oonoogaloya 149 32 ch bro pek 320049 23 Ranasingha- 5 152 27 do — pekoe 2160 43 patna 112 64hf-ch broorpek 3958 44 bid 6 pee ies Pek Bom 2h a8 24 115 91 do or pek 473245 10 Mount Everest !67 20hf-ch bro pek 1100 76 25 118 32 ch pek 2624 41 il 170 29 do or pek 145063 26 141 25 do peksou 2200 38 bid 12 i73 23 ch pekoe 2660 50 27 Dalukoya 124 18hf-ch bro orpek 1020 47 13 176 9 do peFk sou 810 46 23 127 20 do or pek 3100 45 14 Bellongalla 179 26hfch bro pek 1300 43 29 130 16 do pek 850 4) 15 182 21 ch pekoe 1470 38 30 Logan 133 7 ch dust 1059-35 16 185 12 do pek sou 720 36 31 FF, in estate 19 LEL 194 15 do pek sou 1350 39 mark i386 18hf-ch bro pek 990 41 21 Polduwa 200 15 do bro pek 1500 41 32 139 15 do pek 750 37 22 203 13 do pekoe 1300 36 37 TPN, ines- 27 St. Adam 718 9 do peksou 765 24 tatemark 151 22hfch sou 1100 «36 28 221 15 do bro mix 1275 20 38 Nillicollay- < 31 Iona 230 3Lhf-ch broorpek 1860 609 | watte 157 12hf-ch bre pek 780 48 32 233 25 ch crpek 2500 Slbid | 39 10 11 ch orpek 935 3 33 236 17 do pekoe 1530 47 40 163 9 do pek 855 40 36 Brownlow 245 44hf-ch broorpek 26410 2 44 Ambalawa 175 14bf-ch bro pek £00 «44. 37 248 23 ch or pek PiEsEepeAd 49 Mahatenne 190 19 ch bro pek 1900 43 38 251 36 do pekoe 312044 50 193. 9 do pek 900 «38 39 254 9hf-ch dust 756. 29 | | 56 Salawe 21 15 ch bropek 1650 40 40 Dickapittiya 257 26 ch bropek 2600 ads0 bid | 57 214 12 do pek 1140 «38 41 260 31 do wpekoe 3100 941 58 217 10 do peksou 900 37 46 MC 275 13h€ch dust 1040 29 | «61 «Surrey 226 49hf-ch or pek 2205 42bid 47 Lameliere 278 29 do broorpek 2342 48bid | 62 Yarrow 229 63hf-ch bro pek 3528 48 48 281 30 ch pekoe 2700 44 63 222 62 do pek 2720 AL 43 234 14 do peksou 1120 42 64 RK 235 16hf-ch dust 1760-24 51 Cleveland 290 31hf-ch broorpek 1705 48 65 Woodthorpe 238 7 ch bro pek 7 51 52 293 34 do pekoe 10.45 67 244 10 do peksou 780-38 55 Templestowe 302 27 ch broorpek 2565 slbid | 79 DatryB 253 12hf-ch dust 90 25 56 203 20 do or pek 18y0 47 71 FF 256 11 ch ~ bropek 1067 38 57 308 24 do pekae 2160 44 76 Queensland 271 20hf-ch or pek 1100 «= 449, bid 62 Glasgow 323 39 do broorpek 3315 60bid | 77 Hanagama 274 283 ch bro pek 9800 42 63 326 19 do or pek 1330 56 "8 277 44 do pek 4180 40 64 329 13 do pekoe 1300 48 7 280 12 do pek sou 1030 36 65 Agra Ouvah 8532 52hf-ch broorpek 3380 53 bid | g3 Naroda 292 22 ch pek 1920 36 bid 66 335 25 do or pek 1375 43bid | gt Donside 295 26 ch peksou 2080 39 67 38 19 do pekoe 950 46 s7 WVT 304 9 ch broorpek 990 47 73 MN 256 9 ch sou 846 33 gg 207 11 do or pek 963 46 82 St. John’s 353 36hf-ch broorpek 2340 77 39 310 20 do pek 2940 41 83 386 30 do or pek 1620 66 92 F, in estate 84 389 32 do pekoe 1856 BL mark 319 8 ch sou ° Fe BS 85 392 20 do pekfans 1400 45 93 322 10hf-ch dust 77 26 83 D 401 14 ch bro pek 1200 44 | 102 LP 349 20 ch peksou 1900-37 89 404 20 do pekoe 1903 | 163 352 10hf-ch dust 850 25 95 Ferndale 422 24 do pekoe 2160 42 107 Warakamure 364 37 ch bro pek 3100-39 97 Maskeliya 428 35 do bropek 3500 42 bid 108 367 29 do pek 2755 37 98 431 12 do pekoe 120) 39 109 370 8 do sou 720 36 103 AC 446 2) do broorpek 1897 47 bid | 111 Rayenseiaig 376 13 ch or pek 1170 43 bid qos 419 62 do pekoe 520) 41 112 379 1zhf-ch bro pek 715 (44 105 Little Valley 452 9 do broorpek 912 43 113 332 5 ch pek 2375 41 105 Theresia 455 12 do bropekfans12t0 47 116 Tyspane 391 39 ch bro pek 3900 46 bid 110 Eadella 467 20 do bro pek 200 41 117 29% 48 do pek 40:0 42 11L 470 16 uo pekoe 1440 39 118 337 10 do pek $50 38 112 473 11 do pak sou 8803 121 Walahandua 511 36 ch ~ bro pek 3600 4L 114 Ardlaw 479 6 do ans 729 41. 122 514 26 do pek 2°40 40 120 Hattangalla 497 21 do bropek 1890 44 bid 123 517 10 do peksou 909 37 121 500 25 do pekoe 1875-38 152 Florida 544 1) ch . bro pek 1530s 4 122 503 16 do pvek sou 136) a 1 hf-ch 124 Ratwatte 509 32 do bro pek 3200, 41 bid 133 537 16 ch pek 1600 37 125 512 33 do pekoe 2970 = 38 bid | 141 Romania 571 8 ch bro pek 809 40 126_ 515 17 do pek sou 1360-35 142 574 9 do ek 909 37 128 RL 521 10hf-ch bropekfans 700 35 145 Citrus 583 13 ch bro pek 1309 1 129 524 9 do dust 765 (27 146 536 20 do pek 1900 = 37 130 AR 527 20 do dust 1500 27 147 589 7 do pek sou 700 5 135 Mossend 542 20 do bro or pek 1300 47 bid 148 Illukettia 592 9 ch bro pek 990 33 bid 136 545 25 do bro pek 1375 43 bid 149 585 9 do pek 900 137 548 22 do or pek 1100 31 bid 162 TSN 634 2zhf-ch pek 110) 37 bid 138 551 26 do pekoe 1170S 41 163 Neuchatel 6237 36 ch bro pek 3420 43 139 ST 554 13 do pek dust 972 out 164 640 7 do broorpek 910 36 144 Murraythwaite 569 13 ch bro pek 1235 43 165 613 12 do pek 1020 41 145 572 13 do pekoe 1105-39 166 646 14 do peksou 1190 87 46 675 9 do pek sou 720 36 169 Dalhousie 655 15hfch bro pek 900 55 : 170 655 87hf-ch pek No.1 1665 45 — SSS 171 ae 661 24 do pek No.2 108u 44 ‘ 174 xX , ines {Messrs. Somerville & Co.— tatemark 670 18 ch bro pek 1800 54 169,685 |b,} 175 673 47 do ok 399548 = 176 676 11 do sou ao 41 ot. Box. Pkgs. Name. Ib. ¢. 179 Neboda 685 17 ch 5 orpek 7 39 3 Panapitiya 62 8 ch _ bro pek 800 43 150 G88 38 do bro pek Ssud0 «42 4 55 14 do pek 1400-36 151 691 24 do pek 2280 «(88 8 Lawrence 67 45 ch sou 2970 + 89 182 €94 16 do sou 1280 37 2 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST Lot . Box. Pkgs. Name: Ib ce. Lot Box Pkgs. Name. Ib. 184 Mary Hill 700 13 ch bro pek 1300 47 bid | 180 Coreen 2032 43hf-ch broorpek 2580 185 703 10 do ek 950 41 — 1g1 2035 17 ch or pek 1615 185 D fj 712 40hf-ch bru pekfans2585 35 bid | 182 2038 22 do = 1980 189 715 16 ch pek fans 1667 3 186 Galkadua 2050 15 ch ro pek 1576 1 hf-ch 5 187 253 36 do pekve 1600 190 718 10 do fans 845 26 bi | 188 2056 11 do sou 1100 193 Choughleigh 727 7 ch broorpek 700 46bid | 191 Seenagolla 2065 +9 hf-ch pek 1740 195 , 733 10 do ek 900 a9 192 2068 9 ch pek 864 198 C 742 Shf-ch dust 809 17 bid | 193 2071 8 do = sou 800 200 O'Bedde 2082 11 ch ro pek 1100 Ade +s 201 2095 8 do or 720 Te ee, Se 262 20098 10 do ope’ 900 210 Rowley 2122 16hf-ch bro pek £00 Messrs. Forbes & Walker.— 211 2125 20 do k 1900 212 Kowlahena 2128 9hf-ch ust 810 [481,131 1b.j 213 BD W zisL 43 ch ek ioe = Pins ri 219 Villa 2149 12 ¢ ro or pek 1200 Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name lb... e. 221 2165 93 do k 2970 1 DY 1495 25 ch pek 2125 36 222 168 9 pek sou 510 7 NewPeacock 16513 12 ch peksou 1080 = 88 228 t 2161 19 do sou 1520 9 7519 20 do fans 1500 29 226 IKV 2170 6 ch pekfan = =_-720 10 North Matale 1522 70 ck bro pek 7420 42 229 Walpita 2179 22 ch . bro pek 2200 ll 1525 32 do pek 2012 41 230 2182 46 do k 1600 12 1528 41 do peksou 3485 37 bid | 21 2185 11 do pek sou 580 15 Shrubs Hil! 1537 31 ch ro pek 3100 45 bid | 242 Munnkattia 16 1540 8 do pek 736 41 Ceylon, in est, 20 Harrington 1552 17 ch or pek 1700 49 mark 2218 17 hf-ch or pek 850 21 1645 15 do ekoe 1500 46 248 2221 29 do bro pek 1595 24 Holton 1564 80 ch ro pek 2860 40 244 2274 16 ch pek 1280 25 1667 20 do pek 1600 39 245 2227 10 do k sou 900 26 1570 12 do pek sou 960 387 247 Freds Ruhe 2233 40 ch ro pek 4000 29 Drayton 1579 27 ch | or pek 2665 45 bid | 248 2236 44 do pek 3960 30 1582 44 do pek 8730 48bid | 249 2239 20 do pek sou 1800 31 1585 19 do ek sou 1520, «41 bid | 253 Weyunga- 37. Kivindi 1603 10 ch ro pek 1000 —s Bl watte 1 25hf-ch broorpek 1500 38 1606 11 do pek 858 42 254 4 28 ch bro pel 8610 39 1609 14 do pek sou 1092 38 255 7 44 do -do 4180 42 Grange Gar- 256 10 88 do ing 8230 den 1618 25 ch broorpek 2500 50 259 Kennington 19 8&8 ch ro pek 43 1621 do pek 1600 43 fans £60 49 Mansfield 1639 55hf-ch bro pek 3420-52 bid 76 Pallagodda 70 25 ch broor Sige 2500 50 1642 26 ch ek 2340 44 277 73 22 do bro pel 2600 52 Mousakelle 1648 25 ch roor pek 2500 53 278 76 22 do or bas 1980 63 1651 16 do or pek 1500 45 279 79 25 do pe 2000 54 1654 14 do pek 1400 42 280 82 20 de pek sou 1800 57 Monkswood 1663 28hf-ch bro pek 1540 70bid | 281 Bloomfield £5 47 do bro pek 5170 58 1666 28 do or pek 1400 70 bid | 252 88 37 do pek 3700 59 1669 386 ch pek 3600 55 bid | 283 91 23 do pek sou 2300 60 1672 11 do ek sou 990 45 284 94 12 do unast 1200 67 Gallawatte 1693 13 ch ro pek 1235 46 285 97 24hf-ch pek fans 1920 68 1696 21 do pek 1785 = 4 256 Beverley 100 32 do ru pek 1760 71 Mahalla 1705 1L ch bro pek 110 42 287 103 14 do pek 700 75 Ascot T7107 ote, oe bro pek 1200 45 29 DMV 109 13 ch or pek 1170 6 1720 8 do or pek 760 44 290 112 15 co pek 1275 G7 1723 11 do pek 990 41 294 St. Leonards- 83 Palmerston 1741 18hfch broorpek 754 7 on-Sea 124 10 do bro pek 950 84 1744 14 do bro pek 840 55 296 130 11 do oe 990 85 1747 21 ch pek 1995 52 296 Deaculla 139 40 hf-ch ro pek 2200 87 Avisawella 1753 33 ch pek 2805 = 41 300 142 17 do pek 1190 88 1756 35 do pek sou 2800 -37 301 145 15 do ek sou 1050 90 Glendon 1762 40 ch bro pek 4000 44 306 Medetenne 169 18 do roorpek 1003 91 1765 55 do pek 4400 39 307 163 4 do bro pe: 7 92 1768 24 do pek sou 1920 36 308 166 11 ch pek 1045 100 Hayes 1798 19 ch pek 1710.48 309 169 8 do k son 720 103 1801 85 do pek sou 8075 38 31L Carberry 175 27 do ro pek 2430 107 Tavalam- 812 178 22 do pek 1980 tenne 1813. 1l_¢ or pek 1100 «45 314 184 7 do or pek 770 111 Putupaula 1825 18hf-ch broor pek 720 42bid | 316 Fairlawn 180 23hf-ch bro pek 1150 112 1828 46 ch ro pek 4140 43 bid | 317 193 40 do or pek 1890 113 1831 38 do pek 2850 = 41 318 196 20 do pek 1800 114 1834 15 do pek sou 1050 37 322 J D in est. 120 Woodend 1852 19 ch bro pek 1805 43 mark 208 28 ch ek 2520 121 1855 33 do pek 3135 39 bid | 323 211 21 do pek fans 2100 122 1855 12 do pek sou 1080 37 324 KP W 214 16hf-ch or pek 960 124 N 1864 15 ch bro tea 1950 25 825 217 15 do bro pek 825 125 1867 9 do unas 3810 37 326 220 30 do 1500 126 Stisted 187v 44hf-ch bro pek 2860 42 330 Stamford Hill222 14 do bro pek 840 13i Hunasgeria 1885 22hf-ch dust 1540 24 331 235 16 ch or pek 1440 134 Clunes 1894 28 ch bro orpek 2660 41 333 Penrhos 241 26hf-ch or pek 1248 135 1897 25 do bro pek 2125 45 334 244 21 do bro pek 1176 136 1900 43 do pek 3440 40 335 247 29 ch pek 2465 140 Erracht 1912 7% ch bro or pek 700 42 338 Middleton 256 11 do bro pek 1155 141 3915 14 do bro pek 1190 48 339 259 24 do pek 2169 142 1918 28 do pek 2380 89 41 840 Fetteresso 262 19hf-ch broorpek 1064 143 1921 10 do peksou 800 Kf 341 265 43 do bro pek 2408 145 Gampaha 1927 26 ch bropek 2860 48 342 268 32 ch pek 2880 146 1930 16 do or pek 1520 51 343 271 22 do ‘peksou 1980 147 1933 25 do pek 2125 44 353 Theydon Bois 301 12 ch bro. pek 1080 148 1986 15 do peE sou 1260 43 354 304 17 do pek - 1360 157 Great Valley, 355 307 13: do peksou 1040 Ceylon in est. 364 OSS inest. 7 mark 1963 37 ch bro pek 2035 51 mark 334 19 do broorpek 1425 158 1966 26 do pek 2340 43 365 337 14 do or pek 910 163 Dunbar 1981 i17hf-ch broorpek 850 65 366 340 26 do pek | 2080 164 1984 20 do or pek 960 55 370 Harrow - 352 30hf-ch- broor pek 1950 — 166 1990 19 ch pek 1425 46 371 355 14 ch ek 1400 ~ 177 WL 2028 11 ch peksou 1000 37 374 Doranakande 364 9 do ro pek 900 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. 3 Lot Box. Pkgs. Name. Ibwerc; Lot Bex Pkgs. Name. Ib. c 396 Peak Shadow 430 12 ch peksou 1080 37 10 Monroviz 73 : 397 Graeme areca eiucet ea 5 ay 0 io Mower egos Beebe aes 400 442 73hf-ch bro pek 4013 obia. | Le 85 1 do pek dust 166-22 401 445 66 oe per Se ria bid | ig Paradise 97 5hf-ch dust 350 27 402 c 443° 2 do LOSE eae 5) 21 Galphele 106 14hf-ch pek sou 630 38 403 Macaldeniya 451 1Lhf-ch broorpek 705 42 22 109 1 do aust 65 30 404 454 18 do bro pek 990 51 33 FF, in estate 405 457°" 18 ae pek 300 43 mark 142 8hf-ch pek sou 360 36 406 460 9 ¢ 34 145 3 do bropekfans 195 27 1 hf-ch pek sou 950 40 ¥ 35 PT N, in es- 409 Stafford 469 7 ch bro or pek 875 52 bid tatemark 148 7hf-ch bro pek 392 35 411 475 12 do pek LOSOT Ae 36 151 2 do pek fans 112 30 415 Patiagama 487 15hf-ch pek 1200 41 41 Nillicollay- 418 Queensland 496 7 ch roor pek 800 76 watte 163 3 ch peksou O70 87 419 MO ey dash PrOmek >, SUE 52 42 169 Vhfch tans 60 32 420 502515, donor pek; — 10A0" | 46 43 172 2 do ~ dust 130 22 421 505 21 do pek 75 45) | 45 Ambalawa 178 8hf-ch pek fans 400 38 424 Inverness 514 44hf-ch bro pek 2420 62bid | 46 San Cio TSE QhechE sou 3290 34 425 517 25 ch pek 2259 48 47 184 4 do red leaf 160 24 426 520 20 do pek sou 1800 45 48 187 4 -do aust 200 D4 = 51 Mahattenne 196 5 ch pek sou 475 36 52 199 1 ue oly dust 54 24 55 SED 202 G6 hf-e con 558 33 SMALL LOTS. 54 205 2 do dust 180 23 — — 55 : 208 7 do fans 497 34 89 Salawe 220 5 ch unas 509 36 (Mr. H. John.] 60 993 1 de dust 165 25 Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. Ip:mane: 66 Woodrhorpe 241 7 do pek 5464 68 247 1 do sol 73 35 1 Agra Ouvah 140 5 ch pek sou 450 43 69 DSO Ishi-chis red leat 23 55) 3 146 5Shf-ch dust 500 25 => OFOREines! = sor 17 Bellongalla 188 9hf-ch fans 630 34 - fataunirk nol lGhechile bro pek 498 3 18 191. 5 do dust 400 22 73 263 11. do pek 343 31 20 LEL 197" | 6! do dust cu 26 74 265 11 do pek sou 562 30 23 Polduwa 206 1 ch sou 110 33 a5 268 2 do GSE 197 23 24 DOO dor rot leak AUD ie 80 Hanagama 283 2 ch sou 190 34 25 St. Adam 212° + 3hf-ch bro pek 165 33 81 oS Ol eieditido a tans 480 30 26 ee ghee. een ae 82 289 1 do dust 15525 5 RRMA nee Nei tane. | iagtee so8 85 Donside 298 3 ch dust 255 26 29 pe M dato Ero Gen fans 120. 8 86 KPH 30L 10 hf-ch pek sou 53235 30 Bae oto A 2) ESTED Le 5 9 WVT 313.5 ch bropeksou 480 37 34 Iona 26 DE (ech espesou so" 2 91 316 4 @o dust 536-28 Ebi ae ale 242 3hfch dust 25526 9 CTR 325 11 hf-ch pek sou 605 23 42 Dickapittiya 263 6 ch pek sou 600 38 95 328. 8) do aust 60 7 43 266) Gshf chy dust 430d 9 ABC 310 2 ch _ bro pek 164-238 44 ZA Op doe tans Ay 100 DBG 343 3 ch bro mix 300 25 45 ; slr AA IER Ae lamar aa 101 346 Shf-ch dust 400 22 50 Lameliere 287» 6) do Renan 480 34 104 Pussetenne 355 3hf-ch dust 240 24 53 Cleveland 296 13hf-ch pek sou 624 43 105 SESeh ied Oubeur Om is 50 | oe 54 299 3’ do» fans 225 ¢ 106 Warakamure 361 Shfch_ bre or pek 520 37 72 AA 353 5 ch dust 500 21 110 373 2 do aust 180 25 74 NK 350" | 8 do sow 610 36 114 Ravenseraig 385 3 ch pek sou 270 36 % 362 6hfch dust 480-25 115 388 4hfch fans 320 28 76 Ohiya 365 12 do pek sou 540 38 119 RT, in estate . 77 368 £ co pa 320 LO mark 505 4 ch bro mix 400 35 73 AW 37 5 ch bro pek 600 38 bid | 499 508 4 do dust 480 29 79 374 4 do ~ pekoe 40037 124 Wallasmulle 520 4 ch bro pek 406 38 80 377 3 do pek sou 300 34 125 523 3»do pek 270) 35 81 S 380 2 do — dust 288 24 123 SAK 526.1 ch bro pek 107 34 86 YK 395 2 do sou 162 25 127 599 2 do pek 167 3) 87 398 3 do dust 495 21 128 532 8 do bropekfans 650 out 90 D AUT =: 6 dos pekisou 54035 129 535.1 do red leaf lig 16 91 410 2 do ont 270 20 a 1 bf-ch 92 413, 1 do mixe 100-33 9 ‘ aS 93 416 1 do fans Si, 28 Lee) eas, ag eta ee 94 FH, inest. mark 419 1 do red leaf 80 12 eitinkd 541 5 hf-ch pek fans 350 14 96 Ferndale 425 2 do dust 25 27 134 Plorida 550 2 ch peksou 300 34 99 Maskeliya 434 6 do peksou 500° «38 135 AS. juege oorene 96-28 100 CELA NS Sue oe 36 556 1 do — bro tea 150 20 101 440 5 Bice one 250 37 whch : 102 443 3 do us 270 24 37 55¢ = 2 2 107 Theresia 458 1 ch bromix 102 $7 aa MW inveatate BL GEG On 1 105 461 4hi-ch dust 820-26 mark 562 4hf-ch bro pek 200 »= 35 bid 109 464) rchy. sow Sipe 139 565 6 do pek 300 3f 113 ~Eadella 476 Ghf-ch dust 540 20 140 568 2 do pek sou 100 33 1145 NP 482 4 ch orpek 340 38 143 Romania 577 3 ch peksou 800 85 116 485 6 do bropek 60040 144 580 3 do mix 300 28 117 aesro don? pekee Le act dl 150 Tllukettia 593 5 ch peksou 50035 118 491 3 do pek sou 240 36 15 601 1 ch Soll 99 23 9 AUS One, ero 350,, 86 152 604 1 do brotea ee 123 N 505 Thfch! dust’. hh «ogee 153 G'Watte 607 2 ch broorpek 232 40 127 RW 518 1 do bro mix 63 Pie 154 610 6 do bro pek 620 39 sir Murra ythwaite ae 2 Ge ase pek fans 240 36 155 613.6 do pek 57g 37 148 581 1 do dust 160 21 156 Nooranie 316 ; bro pek 850 3 149 WHR 681 4 do dust 400° “22 ae So anEe an ; on ore nae a0 ea 158 622 8 do es sou 640 34 An oa aE a a 159 625 1 do vO Mix 120 25 160 628 1 do dust 76 20 {Messrs. Somerville & Co.] 16. TSN 631 5hf-ch or pek 250 © 45 bid 2 ‘ 16a 634a 1 do pek a 50 35 bid Lot. Box. Pkgs. one Ib. c. 167 Neuchatel 649 4 ch dust 640 25 1 Ukuwela 46 4 ch bro tea 360 1 168 Dalhousie 652 10hf-ch or pek 500 49 2 49 2hf-ch dust 140 = 20 172 663 6 do bropekfans 390 4 5 Panapitiya 68 5 ch ‘sou 600 ,.83 173 687 8 do dust 210. 26 6 61 1 do con 70 27 177 X Y Z, in es- 7 61 1 do dust 162 23 mark 697 6 ch dust 600 25 1 hf-ch 178 682 1 do bropeksou 100 36 4 ay Lot. Box Pkgs. Name. Ib. 183 Neboda ‘697 7hfch dust 560 186 Mary Hill 706 6 ch pek sou 570 187 709 2hfch bro mix 170 191 Savernake 72. 8.eh sou 240 192 724 3 do dust 255 194 GhougWieeh 730 4 ch — or pek 328 196 N 736 2 ch peksou 162 197 739 1 do dust 140 199 SRK 745 Thfch dust 595 200 748 1 do sou 160 201 751 2 do bro tea 200 (Messrs. Forbes & Walker) Lot. Box Pkgs. Name. lb. 2 PSM 1498 2 ch unas 134 8 Cooroondoo- watte j591 ‘9 ch bro pek 450 4 1504 13 hf-ch pek 650 5 157 5 do pek sou 250 6 OBEC,in est. mark, Siuna- pittia 1510 5Shf-ch bro mix 225 8 New Peacook 1516 3 ch bro mix 150 13 NorthMutale 1631 6 ch sou 180 14 15384 7 do dust 450 WW Shrubs Hill 1548 6 ch pek sou 510 18 1546 7 do bro pek fans 460 19 Harrington 1549 4hf-ch broorpek 224 22 1558 1 ch pek sou 100 23 1561 2hf-ch dust 120 27 BA 1573 4 ch dust 320 28 1576 3 do red leaf 296 32 Drayton 1588 1 do sou 80 40 Kirindi 4612 1 ch sou 75 41 1615 lhf-ch dust 57 44 Grange Garden 1624 1 ch pek sou 100 45 1627 Lhf-ch dust 85 46 Palm Garden 1630 5hf-ch bro pek 330 47 1633 6 do pek 300 48 1626 4 do pek sou 240 61 Mansfield 1645 5 ch pek sou 480 65 Monsakelle 1657 4 ch sou 400 56 1660 4 do dust 320 61 Monkswood 1675 2hf-ch fans 120 62 1678 3 do dust 255 63 KM 1681 lhf-ch bro pek 55 64 1684 1 do or pek 40 65 1687 4 ch ek 400 66 1640 1 do pek sou 90 72 Mahalla 1708 6 ch pek 600 73 17" 3) ido pek sou 300 74 1714 1 do dust 150 78 Ascot 1726 3 ch or pek fans 300 79 1729 5 do pek sou 450 80 GHO 1732 1 ch ek sou 95 81 1785 8 do ro mix 285 82 1738 2 do dust 200 86 Palmerston 1750°8 ch peksou 610 69 Avisawella 1759 3 ch sou 255 93 Glendon 1771 6 ‘ch sou 510 94 1774 1 do bro pek fans 115 95 1777 3 do dust 405 96 1780 4 do bro tea 400 101 BPC 1795 4 ch red leaf 280 108 Tavalam- tenne 1816 5 ch pek 450 109 1819 3 do pek sou 247 110 1822 1 do dust 110 115 Udawera 1837 7hf-ch pek 315 116 : 1840 1 do sou £0 117 1843 4 do dust 320 118 Ugieside 1848 5 ch dust 400 119 1819 5 do bro mix 500 123 Woodend 1861 % do dust 420 127 Stlsted 1873 7hf-ch pek 420 128 1876 9 do pek sou 495 129 1879 3 do dust 240 130 Hunasgeria 1882 4 ch sou 360 137 Clunes 1903 4 ch pek sou No. 1 560 138 1906 3 do do Se CET) 139 1909 6 do dust 540 144 Erracht j924 2 ch bro pek fans 230 1544 BB 1954 3hf-ch bro pek 150 155 1957 1 ch pek 100 156 Great Valley Ceylon, in est. mark 1960 7 ch or pek 630 159 1969 8 do pek sou 640 160 1972 2 do sou 160 161 1975 8 do dust 640 162 1978 3 do fans 300 165 Dunbar 1987 6hf-ch bro pek 830 167 1993 3 ch peksou 240 = oe ot | ere ty yaX FM Box Pkgs. 1996 1 do 1999 1 hf-ch WL 2017 1 ch 2020 6 do Coreen 2041 2 ch 2044 5 bf-ch Galkadua 2047 4 ch 2059 1 do wé2 1 do O' Bedde © BRRESBRESSES Bee eves oe - CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST 5 nnn UE IEE Ey SIEEInS nS ana SS ne Box Pkgs. Name. Iba ¢, kan- oie 1225 2hf-ch fans 427 1228 1 do dust snd re 1231 5 ch unas 5 Ciacnite 1270 8hf-ch bro pek fans, 520 40 1273 4 do dust 7 o20 oH - 1276 7hf-ch bro pe 420 i New Galway nae Rad abre pek # 105 a1 bragalla 1294 9 hf-ch ro pek fans 63 : tence 1306 5 ch pek sou 475 36 1309 3 do bro mix 270 38 1312 2 do dust 300 20 LLD 1315 4 ch bro pek 432 37 1318 1 do congou 116 32 1321 2 do unes _ 200 ay 1324 2 ch bro or pek 200 6 Drgie 1327 2 do bro pek 180 36 1330 1 do pek 87 35 1333 1 do pek sou 90 35 1336 1 do unas 109 36 1339 lhf-ch_ red leaf 38 23 312 1 do dust 66 20 CN 1351 45 ch bro tea 500 31 LGA 1354 1 ch bro pek 100 36 1357 1 do pe 100 36 1360 2 do bro mix 200 34 awiliganga- Dig °°"1363 11 ch broorpek 627 46 1375 4 do dust 360 a jour 1384 2 ch pek sou 170 3 Bepnecle 1387 2 do fans 200 27 1390 2hf-ch dust 160 20 kan- aE Eolas 1402 7 ch pek sou 630 38 1405 2 do dust * 220 24 i rie 1408 1 do bro pe 105 40 PENNS 1411 2 do pek 150 37 1414 4 do sou 360 30 1417 1 do dust 170 18 agh 1429 3 ch pek sou 240 40 Castlereng i327 ht-ch_ fans 490 32 1435 3 do dust 240 26 ick” 1444 ll hf-ch pek fans 660 45 Mia 1447 4 do dust 320 25 ford 1453 2 ch congou 180 36 oheaber 1456 & do bro tea ae 37 t 1468 2 do pek sou 99 36 eS ae 1477 2 do pek sou 190 36 1480 2hf-ch dust 160 23 ‘atenne 1489 7 ch pek sou 665 37 arate 1492 2hf-ch dust 140 25 1501 2 ch pek sou 190 36 1504 4 do dust 320 22, Debatgama 1510 1 do dust 140 22 Pingarawa 1513 4 do dust 400 20 Vathalana 1522 Shf-ch pek 640 39 Vogan 1537 6 ch pek sou 510 38 1540 5 do dust 400 24 1543 5 do bro Bek fans 550 37 ee hos 1543 12 hf-ch orpe 576 46 bi Bent 1552 4 ch pek sou 320 37 1565 4hf-ch pekdust 340 25 wh 1597 1 do 1hf-ch bro pek 176 38 ‘arendon 1597 5 ch bro pek 540 40 © 1600 3 do pek 303 38 1603 2 do pek sou 202 36 1606 2 do sou 13L 35 1609 1hf-ch dat 56 20 Vathalana 1157 8 do pe 610 39 Nie 1€6i 3 do pek sou 285 37 1663 4 do dust 320 23 yde 1675 2 ch dust 3800 24 C Lin est f mark 1681 5 do sou 500 39 1687 2 do red leaf 200 31 HGM 1711 5 do bro pek fans 450 35 1714 Ahbf-ch dust 340 19 Meemora- ‘ “kande 1720 7 do dust 595 21 bid 1723 1 ch red leaf 90 19 Relugas 1726 2 do dust 240 820 Queensland 1729 7 do pek sou 630 44 1732 2 do bro mix 190 35 1735 3 do unast 270 36 SV 1756 1 do ; 1hf-ch pek sou 16i 60 1759 1 do or pek 55 50 1762 1 ch ek 90 40 Gansarapola 1765 4hf-ch bro pek 20 39 1768 2 ch pek 180 38 1771 2 do pek sou 160 36 Dea Ella 1783 12hf-ch pek sou 540 37 1786 7 do sou 815 84 1789 7 do dust 490 22 SE 1849 10 do beg Les 500 40 Relugas 1900 5 ch ro pe 525 = 44 f 1993 1 do pek 90 40 Lot Box. Pkgs, Name. Wee G 461 1906 1 ch pek sou 85 37 462 1909 2 do dust 240 22 465 St. Heliers 1918 5hf-ch dust 425 5 466 1921 1 ch fans 73 32 CEYLON COFFEE SALES IN LONDON (From Our Commercial Correspondent.) MINCING LANE, Feb. 25. “Clan Stuart”—Ravenswood 1, 1 barrel sold at 86s; ditto 2, ditto 2, 1 caskat 68s; ditto PB, 1 at 748; RWT in estate mark, 1 barrel ont. Gowerakellie F,1 barrel sold at 114s; ditto 1, 2 casks sold at 112s; ditto 2, 4 casks at 107s; ditto S, 1 barrel at 62s; ditto PB, 1 tierce at 120s; GKET in estate mark, 1 barrel ont; GKE 2, 1 cask out; ditto PB, 1 barrel out; ditto PB, — 1 bag ovtkr. out. ‘Derbyshire’ —Size O, Golconda, 1 barrel sold at 114s; 1 ditto, 2 casks at 111s; 2 ditto, 3at 103s; 3 ditto, 1 barrelat 60s; PB ditto, 1 tierce at 125s; T ditto, 1 barrel out and 1 bag out. “Kawachi Maru’—Wiharagalla F, 1 cask sold at 113s, ditto 1, 3 casks out, ditto 2, 3 casks and 1 barrel out, ditto S, 1 barrel out; ditto PB, 1 cask sold at 110s. “Clan Stuart’”—Wiharagalla F, 1 tierce sold at 11lts; ditto 1, 1 cask and 1 tierce at 104s; ditto 2, 2 casks out; ditto S, 1 barrel out; ditto PB, 1 barrel out; WHGT in estate mark, 1 tierce and 1 bag out. Niabedde 1, 1 barrelsold at 105s; ditto 2, 2 casks and 1barrel sold at 102s; ditto S, lcask at 67s; ditto PB, 1 tierce out; NBT in estate mark, 1 barrel out. CEYLON COCOA SALES IN LONDON. “Derbyshire’—DD in estate mark, 51 bags out. “Bingo Maru’”—MK in estate mark, 20 bags ont. “Togician”—CT HGA in estate mark, 21 bags out. “Clan Stuart’”—PFP in estate mark, 14 bags sold at 71s; HGAin estate mark, 99 bags sold at 72s; 1 at 68s sea damaged. “Manora”’—KKM in estate mark, 31 bags out at 70s. “Sadu Marn”—HMS&Co. in estate mark, estate cocoa, 94 bags out; MLM in estate mark, estate cocoa, 119 bags out; IMLM estate cocoa, 93 bags ont, “Shropshire’—HGA in estate mark, 73 bags out; PF in estate mark, 24 bags out. ‘““Sumatra’”’—OBBEC in estate mark, Kondesgalle QO, 20 bags sold at 82s; 52 bags out. “Clan Stuart’—Goonambil 1A, 50 bags outat 78s; 1 bag sold at 623 6d sea dgd. bulked; ditto IB, 7 bags out; 1 sold at 62s 6d; ditto2A, 2lat71s6d; ditto 2B, 3 at 66-; ditto3A, 15 at 63s6d; ditto3B, 6 at 51s 6d; Coodulgalla, 40 bags sold at 74s 6d; CDG, 20 at 69s 6d; 7 at 693 6d. Kepitigalla, 39 bags soldat 74s 6d; lat 623 6d sea damaged bulked. O11 Haloya, 19 bags sold at 73s 6d; 1 at 68s 6d sea damaged bulked. ‘“Derbyshire’—Coodulgalla, 23 bags sold at 74s 6d. “Clan Stuart’—Batagolla A, 24 bags sold at 71s 6d; 2 at 653 sea damaged bul 2d; B, 16 at 708 6d; Lat 65s 6d; C, 2 at 56s; 1 at 55s 6d. “Derbyshire’’—Meegama A, 42 bags out; 1, 12 bags sold at 71s 6d; B2, 3 at 65s 6d; B, 6 at 62s 6d. North Matale, 128 bags out. Alloowiharie A, 109 bags out; B, 15 sold at 65s 6d; C, 12 at7ls. Dickeria A, 23 bags sold at 72s; B, 7 at 67s. Strathisla, New Peradeniya 1, 5 bags sold at 71s 6d; 2.2 at 67s 6d: “Sanuki Marn’’—Marakonal, 29 bags sold at 73s 64; 2,7at 66s 6d; 3,3 at 52s; 1, 3 at 64s 6d sea damaged bulked; 2, lat 64s6d se damaged bulked. “Derbyshire’—HK 1, 22 bags sold at 73s; 1 at 67s sea damaged bulked; ditto 2, 2 bags at 62s 6d; ditto T, 2at 70s. “Kawachi Marn’’—Anniewatte, 34 bags sold at 77s 6a; ditto D, 3 at 67s. CEYLON COFFEE SALES IN LONDON. (From Our Commercial Gorrespondent.) Minoinc LANE March 4. “City of Cambridge”—Size 1, Thotulagalla, 1 tierce sold 104s; size 2, ditto, 2 casks and 1 barre), out at 90s; size 3, ditto, 1 barrel out ; PB ditto, 1 barrel out; T ditto, 1 barrel out; size 1 TG, 1 barrel out; size 2 ditto, 1 cask out ; size 83 ditto, 1 barrel out; PB ditto, 1 barrel ont. “ Hakata Maru ”—Gowerakellie F, 1 barrel sold at 113s; ditto 1,1 cask and 1 tierce sold at 109s ; ditto 2, 3 casks sold at 103s; ditto S, 1 barrel sold at 70s; ditto PB, 1 tierce sold at 120s; CKET in estate mark, 1 barrel out; OKE, 1 barrel and 1 bag out. “Port Victoria” —Wiharagalla F, 1 cask out at 108s; ditto 1, 3 casks out at 98s; ditto 2, 4 casks out; ditto S, 1 barrel out; ditto PB, 1 cask out; WHGT in estate mark, 2 bags and 1 cask out. “ Hakata Maru ”—Wiharagalla F, 1 barrel ont ; ditto1, 1 cask and 1 barrel sold at 105s; ditto 2, 2 casks out; dittoS, 1 barrel sold at 60s; ditto PB, 1 barrel out; WHG'T in estate mark, 1 tierce out. North Pundaluoya 1, 1 tierce sold at 106s ; ditto 2, 1 tierce sold at 102s; ditto PB, 1 barrel out; NPO, 1 barrel out. ‘‘ Port Victoria ’—Meeriabedde F, 1 tierce sold at 109s; ditto 1, 2 casks sold at 104s 6d: ditto 2, 2 casks sold at 91s; dittoS, 1 barrel sold at 60s ; ditto PB, 1 barrel sold at 100s; MBT, 1 barrel and 1 bag out. ‘Hakata Maru ”—Needwood F, 1 barrel sold at 108s; ditto1, 2 casks and 1 barrel sold at Ills; ditto 2, 3 casks sold at 104s; ditto S, 1 barrel sold at 81s; ditto PB, 1 tierce sold at 115s; NWT in estate mark, 1 cask out. Needwood 2, 1 bag out.. Kahagalla 1, 1 cask and 1 barrel sold at 110s; ditto 2, 3 casks and 1 tierce sold at 102s 6d ; ditto S, 1 cask sold at 82s; ditto PB, 1 cask sold at 116s; KGT, 1 tierce out. Kahagalla 2, 1 bag out. O Roehampton, 1 barrel sold at 106s; 1 ditto, 3 casks sold at 99s 6d; 2 ditto, 1 tierce sold at 80s 6d; PB ditto, 1 barrel sold at 105s; T ditto, 1 barrel and 1 bag out. “Port Victoria ”"—GA Ovah O, 1 cask sold at llls; ditto1, 3 casks and 1 tierce sold at 105s 6d; ditto 2, 5 casks sold at 98s 6d; 2 casks and 1 _ tierce out; ditto 3, I cask sold at 68s. GA Ouvah 1 PB, 2 casks sold at 100s; ditto Triage, 1 cask out; ditto, 1 bag out. “Hakata Maru”—Ellawatte O, 1 barrel sold at 110s; ditto 1, 1 cask sold 106s; ditto 2,1 cask sold at 100s; ditto 3, 1 barrel sold at 64; ditto Sere 1 barrel sold at 963; ditto Triage, 1 barrel - OBSERVER PRINTING WORKs. ~~ | | 748; 20 at 73s; Old Haloya, 20 at 73s 6d; Old sold at 105; size 1 ditto, 2 casks sold at 95s 6d ; size 2 ditto, 5 barrels out at 80s; 3 casks and 1 barrel out; size 3 ditto, 1 tierce sold at 55s; PB ditto, 1 cask out; T ditto, 1 cask sold at 338; Thotulagalla, 1 bag sold at 61s. -_ CEYLON COCOA SALES IN TONDON. “‘Sanuki Marn”—Mark, Asgeria A, 65 bags sold ab Tis 6d; T,3 at 58s; Kumaradola A, 26 at 73s 6d; T, 1 at @2s. “ Hakata Maru”—Yattawatte 1, 68 bags sold at 77s 62; 2, 9 at 67s 6d; Ross 1, 19 at Jos 6d; 2, 20at 74s 6d; 3, 22 at 62s; Maragalla «a R, 18 at 73s 6d; AY, 8 ae 7286d; T, 4at6ls Gd; Dynever A 18 at 72s 6d; B, 52 at 73s 6d; C, 19 at 64s; D, 7, at Gls 6d; Kepitagalla, 20at 73s; Kepitagalla, 19 Haloya, 15 at 738; Bandarapola 1, 62 at 73s; 2, 5 at 66s; T, 7 at 58s; A Grove, 20 at Jas Gd; A Grove 60 at 75s; 118 at 76s; Grove, 22 at 77s 6d. ‘**Sanuki Maru”—Cocoa Pathregalla, 58 bags soldat 748 6d; ditto T, 8 at 63s. *‘ Hakata Marn”—Ellangapitiya A, 17 bags sold at 74s; T, lat 6ls; EPA, 5 at 67s; Allowiharie A, 39 at 77s6d; B, 16at 61s 6d; C, 1 at 67s 6d; Dick- eria 2EB 0 do wee sou — '80-/-/seibid 17 742 18 do pek sou 1170 37 bid es 73 745 6 ook or pek fans 810 36 bid M Ss so WH 75. 13hf-ch dust 975 © 21 essrs. Som i sete 83 Kotaboola 760 9 ch unas 855 43 [ 2 erville & Co ce Gangawatte 763 37 been onece pb Bl. F 253,675 Ib,] 765 41 c ekoe 3895 42 bi 5 e 87 772 24hf-ch . bro or pek 1680 50 Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. Ib. o, &8 Galella 775 14 ch cr pek 1190 48 1 Qssington 1 8 ch bro pek £0) 41 89 778 26 do breorpek 2600 47 2 4 16 do pek 1600 39 90 781 10 do pekoe 900 43 3 we 7, do pek sou 700 37 92 Mahanilu 787 2thf-ch or pek 13207 750 6 Ukuwela 16 llhf-ch broorpek 715 40 93 ; 790 12 do bro or pek —7£0 47 7 19 24 ch bro pek 2400 40 94 79321 ch pekoe 2.05 44 bid 8 22 16 do pek 1600 39 95 796 12 do, peksou 1140) 41 11 Mahagoda 3L 8 ch pek 80) 36 96 Ercwnlow 799 39hf-ch broorpek 2340 4) 12 Kurulugalla 34 2t ch bro pek 2400 41 97 802 22 ch or pek 2200 - 49 13 37 39 do pek 2700 = 39 98 §05 25 do pekve 2375 - 44 14 40 9 do peksou 8:0 87 99 803 10hf-ch pek fans 770 29 16 Ritni, in estate 100 NB 811 16 do dust 1280 = 30 mark 46 12hf-ch bro pek 768 46 oid 103 S, inest.mark 8:0 13 ch sou 1105 33 29 Mossville 85 16hf-ch dus} 1360 26 104 H 823. 9 do sou 90 37bid | 31 Ivies 91 9 ch sou 72s) p87, 107 Nahavyilla 832 47hf-ch broorpek 2820 53 36 HJS 106. 17 hf-ch_ pek sou 1020-38 108 835 43 do or pek 2°50 48 37 P TN, inestate 19 838 21 ch pekoe 2100 46 mark 109 29hf-ch pek sou 1450 36 113 Glassaugh 850 34hf-ch or pek 1760 71 42 Minna 124 45 hfch bro pek 2025 52 bid 114 853 43 do bro or pek 2795 57 43 127 35 do or pek 3323 48 115 856 35 ch yekoe 3325 51 41 1:0 19 do pek 950 45 1:17 Yapame 862 27 do bro pek 2700 47 45 1338 & do pek sou = 720 42 113 £62 20 do pekoe 1600 45 46 Nyanza 136 7 ch bro pek 700 54 119 868 9 do pek sou 720 40 47 139 25 do pek 2125 45 120 Agra Ouvah 871 16 do 48 142 8 do pek sou 720 4L lhf-ch broorpek 938 56bid | 49 Seenagolla 145 8 do orpek 760 49 121 Glasgow 874 42 ch broorpek 3570 59 50 148 11 do pek 1045 46 bid 122 877 19 do or pek 1235 59 61 D 15L 8 de bro pek 850 42 123 880 10 do pekoe 1000 50 1 hf-ch 124 Agra Ouvah 883 41hf-ch broorpek 2665 58 61 Romania 181 8 do pek 800 37 125 886 19 do or pek 145 50 64 Sadamulla 190 9 ch bro pek 900 40 128 895 21 ch pek fans 178) 36 69 WR, in estate 1380 Arncliff 90L 26 do bru pek 2548 52 bid mark 205 29hf-ch dust 1400 44 bid 131 904 30 do or pek 2730 47 bid | 76 Margaret 223 10 do pek 90 40 bid 132 907 29 do pekoe 2668 44 bid | 87 Mipitiakande 259 19 ch pek sou 1520 38 133 Morahela 910 30 do bro pek 2830 42 bid | 99 Hatdowa 268 15 ch bro pek 1425 41 134 913 26 do or pek 2444 40 9L 271 18 do pek 1440 39 135 916 13 do pekoe 1170 39 97 274 16 do pek sou 1280 38 136 Lameliere 919 44hf-ch bropek 2640 55 101 Lower Dickoya 301 58hf-ch bro pek 3364 643 157 922 32 do pekoe 2944 46 102 3¢4 19 ch pek 2052 39 133 925 14 do pek sou 1120 43 106 GACeylon 316 Qhf-ch dust 736 26 140 Ferndale 93L 17 do bro or pek 1700 § 107 Lawrence 319 12 ch or pek 10380 45 bid 141 934 14 do or pek 1260 47 Ws 322 25 do pek 2000 46 142 937 19 do pekoe 1710 945 169 325 22 do souNo.l 1650 42 143 Claremont 940 16 do bro or pek 1¢00 45 110 328 32 do souNo.2 2112 41 144 943 13 do ekoe 1170 44 111 Walahandua 33Ll 37 ch bro pek 3700 44 145 Orange Field 946 15 do ro pek 1500 41 112 334 30 do pek 2700 41 146 949 20 do pekoe 2000 39 113 337 13 do pek sou 1170 3 151 Ferndale 964 10 do orpek 900 47 114 Roseneath 340 33 ch _ bro pek 3300 = 48 152 967 14 do pekoe 1260 44 115 313 22 de p3k 1870 42 155 Rookwood 976 10 do bro pek 1097 50 bid | 116 346 18 do pek sou 1530 40 156 Ottery 979 25 do broorpek 26(0 54bid | 119 Warriatenne 355 18 ch bro pek 100 = 41 bid 157 962 1L uo or pek 990 50 120 34 9 do pek S64 39 158 985 13 do pekoe 1235 44 121 36L 21 do pek sou 1932 37 bid 1¢c0 Perth 991 28 do bro or pek 2800 46 128 Vevatanne 382 1L ch pek 890 41 164 Myraganga 3 60 do bro pek 6000 43 bid | 129 335 17 do pek sou 1445 37 165 Yapame 6 17 do bropek 1700 = 48 bid | 131 Ruthes 39L 19hf-ch broorpek 1140 57 166 9 16 do ekoe 1280 3836 46 132 394 19 do or pek 1045 49 bid 168 Dalhousie 15 17 hf-ch ro pek 10:0 55 bid | 133 397 21 do pek 1050 46 170 21 42 do pekoe No. 1 2100 45 136 Darty A fll 9 ch bro tea 810 39 171 24 26 do pekoe No. 21170 43 137 514 17hf-ch fans 1190 30 180 Brownlow 51 3t do bro or pek 1972 49 143 Ravana 532 24hf-ch bro pek 1320 46 bid - 181 64 19 ch or pek 180) 47 bid | 14t 535 24 do pek 1080 41 bid 182 57 21 do pekoe 169) 44 147 Hangranoya 544 &6hf-ch bropek 5430 44 183 €0 11 do ek sou 935 41 148 d47 19 ch pek 1615 42 168 Glentilt 75 59 do ro pek 5900 53 119 559 11 do vek sou 990 39 189 78 28 do pekoe 260) 44 151 556 9 do ans 10385 33 19t MCPL 93 2¥hf-ch fans 1193 ~withd'n | 152 659 6 do dust 840 °7 196 GW 99 18 ch peksou 1s00. 40 155 Henegama 563 12 ch bropekfans!200 36 107 102 28 do 159 Kosgama 580 17 ch bro pek 1870 $2ibid Lhf-ch fans 9562 33 160 683 9 do pek 810s 4 199 Bellongalla 103 25 do bropek 1400 43 162 Hanagama 589 26 ch bro pek 2009 «= 42 200 lll 27 ch pekoe 2160 41 163 692 42 do pek 3990 40 201 Il4 16 do pek sou 112038 164 595 9 do peksou $10 37 _ ee one a gat 1 ee ee “ , 4 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST - K ae Lot. ‘Box. Pkgs; Name. Ib. c¢. Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name Ib ec ahatenne .”' 607 23. ch bra pek 2300 «42 Pe ag e a10. 48. do. saiek 1.00. 39 bid ape a gla 1105 5 bf-ch bro tea 82544 “470 613 10 do pek sou 950 839337 merk 1114 6 ch 2 DMR, in es- : $ ° ‘ tate mark 619 48 ch — bro pek 4560, 41 bid | 119 Mansfield 1123 — 9 HH A 178 622 20 do pek 1:00 40 bid | 112 Beverley 1129 2hf-ch bro pekfams 140 36 174 ‘ 625 41 do .ptk sou 8185 37 bid 113 1132 2 do dust 261 29 175 New Villey 628.19 do broor pek, 1900 54 118 Glencorse 1147 2 ch bro tea 20 40 176 filg2e ee gg OQpek "2500. Bf 119 1150 4 do pek fan $0 (87 177 : oa 3 A pee sor 46 120 Cooroondoo- - 63 ) pek sou bi Z io NIT 610 11 ch unas No,? 1100 38 set ae re er “age Be ABE Over AT. 4 AiR. 9 Ch, xnaS a 122 1159 3hf-ch pek sou 160 89 185 Kayigam 658 43 ch bropek 4300 43 12: 1162 1 do — congou 5036 186 pGt, 2 Ao > ,onpek B10... ah 12 CB 1171 2hf-ch bro pekfsms 170 30 188 Piel! 02 «pee Ol CRED ey Eliya 1195 Shf-ch bro pek fans 560 88 189 Elshico Stes PEON Gp WER | icReeD ag Oe 135 1193 7 do di 60 190 Tea ay i Ri rae Soe 140 Longford 1°13 4 do dust 360 23 191 Koladeniya 676 19 ch pek sou B88 143 Hayes 1222 9 ch dust 6758 192 Annandale 679 21Lhf-ch or pex 1165 57 153 Clunes 1252 7 ch — pek son 630 38 193 G22; 88adorso ak my). 8 157 Castlereagh 1264 6 ch peksou 480 41 194 a a a 158 1267 Qbf-ch fans 630-37 195 Galphele 638), 88 BechiCMro pek 1205 46 159 1270 3 do dust wo 23 196 691 27 do pek 1215 4L 169 Weyunga- J 197 604 19 do pek son 856 8689 watte 1200 2 ch k sou 200 «87 199 ‘Harangalla i /700«84 ch ~ bropek «S2H0/--044 170 1303 8bf-ch dust 255-23 200 iia D6 xo .Baspak oe Gye 172 Dromoland 1809 4 ch broerpek 40 46 bid 201 POS 18 aps. a pare 25, 7 176 1321 4hf-ch bro pek fans 240 37 202 208:) 18ecdn} 44 fone AO dB 177 1324 2 do dust 16327 203 712 llhf-ch dust 70 23 1797S V, in est. 206 Blackburn = 721-13 ch = bropek = 1430-42 mark 1330 3hf-ch fans 210 «36 207 Tides 14-9 PEE LAGDs 280 130 1333 3 ch bry mix 31536 208 [ind 15 AS. APRS EA: aller AD 182 Kabragalla 1339 Ghf-ch bro tea 380 © 33 211 Blinkbonnie 726 26hf-ch bropek 1560 61 133 18:2 3 do dust 25 | 27 212 iB 26 ih 4 DUS a AT 185 AG 1848 4 ch ek sou 400-88 213 712-16 do . PEK MOBine POO igm6 186 1351 2 do dust 268 (32 214 Neboda 745 19 ch bro or pek 10.0. 41 137 1354 3 do bro tea 30038 216 748% 58edoi o(bropek — BBO0.« ta 193 Torwoo 187% 5 ch sou 425 (37 221 Salawe 766047 oh ¢ brovpek | 1870.9«40 194 1375 6 do bropek fans 408 34 222 ren OD Dados Vipek Bip 69 109 Stisted 1399 2hf-ch dust 160-28 227 Carney 74 83-hf-ch pek A488 | “BO 2.9 Dehiowita 1420 4 ch bro pek 30240 228 | 787 28 do peksou 1400 37 210 1493.7 do pek 560 «88 232 Fairfield 799 12 ch bropek 120 a8 11 1426 4 do peksou 320. 37 oe 85 12 do dust 108027 216 Shrubs Hill 1441 5 ch pek — 425-38 235 RC y»ames- < 217 1444 8 do ro ans 640 365 tate mar §08 8 ch bropek 88042 221 Harrington 1456 12hf-ch broorpek 672 57 236 811 8 do pek 720-40 24 1465 2 do pek sou 0 4t 238 817,10 do peksou &0 36 225 1468 3 do dust 180-29 240 Ravenscraig 823 10 ch or pek 20 48 226 1471 3 ch or pek fans 180 40 241 826 13hf-ch bro pek 715 41 227 JS. in est. 212 829 20 ch pas 1900 40 ua mark 1474 7 ch _ pek sou 560 245 Mary Hill #3817 ch bropek 1710 46 bid | 928 14i7 5bf-ch fans 330 246 841 14, do pek 133641 299 1480 4 do dust 329 250 Citrus 853 18 ch ropek 1769. 43 233 Mousakelle 1492 3 ch sou 300 252 859 115 do — pek 1350 40 w34 1495 3bf-ch dust 240 253 862 8 do pek SOW) m5 600% 187 235 1498 2 do bromix 120 267 Monrovia 874 i ch ro pek 1700.42 238 Grange 259 880 20 do pek 180039 Garden 1507 2 ch pek sou 260 260) S8Beq11 do prpekSowsia A100). 168 230 1510 2hf-ch dust 170 ——— 240 Woodlark 1513 2 do bro pek 204 a an = 1516 4 do pek 530 ~ , In estate SMALL LOTS, oa mark 1522 a a pek 480 4 1528 5 do ans 300 [Messrs. Forbes & Walker] 246 153110 do dust 60 N “db - | 247 Memerkan- Lot Box Pkgs. Name. aes espa on Lest Thf-ch dust 595 > red leaf fans 95 7 5 almerston 1546 c peK sou 539 6 MGolla. | ty ees Sonu BED aad 256 St. Heliers 1561 5hf-ch dust 425 aati §23 3 do sou 270 37 Lot Box Pkgs. Name. Ib. a $26 2 do dust 160 9-27 257 Macaldenia 15t4 9 do broorpek 6540 23 Kitulgalla 862 7hf-ch broor pek 420 41 261 1576 3 do dust 240 25 868 2 do ek sou 120-38 270 High Forest 1603 10hf-ch pek 588 26 e871 1 ch ust 135027 271 Knavesmire 1606 1 ch pek sou 110 36 Tymawr 901 10hf-ch fans 650 ~=36 272 1699 2hf-ch bro pekfans 14¢ 33 Aigburth 907 4 ch dust 400 26 273 ~ 1612 2 do dust 170 39 910 3hf-ch congou 27038 276 Knavesmire 1621 6 ch or pek 510 40 913 3 ag bro mix geo za ae ae 1627 2 do peksou 160 _ i 961. 8 ¢ sou 5} 7 P awiliganga- BO NiMalden ty? nope db" tank 125 33 watte 1642 4hf-ch dust 360 88 967 1 do dust 145 9-28 285 Blairgowrie 1648 2 ch dust 330 59 Elfindale 970 5 ch bro pek £00 38 _— 289 Arapolakan- 62 NewGalway 979 4 ch pek 220 45bid de 1660 4 ch peksou 360 64 Doranakande 985 6 ch pek 57) 44 290 : 1668 1 do dust 110 86 991 1 do dust je Dy 291 H, inestate 70 Kosgalla 1003 8hf-ch or pek 400 49 mark 1666 4 ch pek 409 ral 1006 2 do bro pek fans 140 34 292 1669 3 do unas 300 72, : 1900 4 do bro pek 200 50 299 Ruanwella 1699 7 ch pek sou 630 73 , 1012 38 do dust 210 8928 300 1693 2 do dust . 160 “4 GAB 1015 4 do _ bro tea 200337 309 Clunes 1720 6 ch pek sou No 1 510 1 Dambagas- 310 1723 4 do . do » 2 380 BF talawa .- 1036. 5 ch’ pek sou 5% 43 311 1726 4°do bro pek” 82 1039 3 hf-ch bre pek fans 255 36 dust 340 84 Ismalle 3015 4 ch fans 480-34 312 1729 2 do _ pek fans 150 86 1051 1 do cougou 80 3 313 1732 4 do dust 400 Passora _ 326 Maha Uva 1771 1hf-ch pek fans 85 Group 1 dust 270-28 327 1774 3 do dust 270 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. 5 Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. Ib. Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name, ‘lb. ec. 337 Dammeria 1504 5 ch peksou 500° 40 2 517 4 ch eko 340 338 DM 1207 4 do broorpek 480 2 3 520 3 do Ss ae 285 37 339 1310 4 do pek “69 40 4 Kandaliya 523.» & héch_ bro tea 200 40 15 Maha Oya 1828 4 do si BOD 8% 5 Warlieh 526 7 do dust £95 28 310 Agraoya 1373 6 ch fans 450 af 8 Harrisland 535 6 ch bro pek 600 2 361 CRD 1876 5 do dust 5c0 28 9 538 4 do pekoe 240 40 362 BDWG 1879 lhf-ch dust 9) 28 10 FLilmee5 do pek sou 410 39 363 BDWP 1882 1 ch bropek No.2 90 26 11 514 2 do peksou No.2290 ~— 37 354 1885 1 do pek No. 2 90 36 14 Coslande 553 3 do peksou 200 40 335 1388 1 uo per souNo.2 85 37 15 556 1 do fans 110-3 366 1891 iLhf-ch dust &5 26 16 559 3 do dust £60 23 379 Middlet-n 1930 5 ch dust SOL 17 Gonavy 562 5hf-ch fans 45 30 384 Ambragalla 1945 Ghf-ch bropekfans 420 36 18 565. $3 do dust 255. 27 391 Aberdeen 1966 6 do bro pek fans 450 33 19 668 2 ch congou 180 87 400 K 1993 1 ch sou 0 87 23 Kolapatna 580 5 do peksou 450 4d 41 1996 1 do dust 170 24 24 583 1hf-ch dust 5) 26 405 BWD 2(08 6hf-ch fans 480 37 31 Galloola 604 4 do dust 3.0 23 414 Digdola 2035 4 do pek sou 820, 387 37. Ardlaw 622 5 ch fans 625 85 4°5 2038 3 do dust i9) 2a 33 Bandarakelle 625 6 do pekoe 628-30 bid 416 K 2041 3hf-ch bropek 10 42 39 St. Adam 628 3 do pekson 270-28 417 2:44 5 do pekoe “50-40 49 631. 3 de bro mix 240 20 423 Vogan 2062 6 ch ek sou 51) 38 41 631 4hfch dust Py Shy 424 2065 6 do dust 48) 28 44 Kila 613 9 ch orpek 675 42 425 ‘ 2068 6 do bro pek fans €6) 35 45 615 & do elkoe 680 50 426 B BBinest. _ : 47 652 Abf-ch fans 425 84 mark 2071 83hf-ch bro pek 150 37 48 655 8 ao dust 985 oF 427 2074 1 do pek 100 BD 56 Koslande 679 4 ch pek sou 40) 30 428 277 2 ch dust 14026 Av 632 1 do fans 110.35 436 Inverness 2101 5 do dust 400 36 58 685 3 do dust 360 27 437 HV 21(4 Lhf-ch unast 54 40 és02G: L Nein est. 2 438 Etuleama 2107 2 ch sou 180 =.38 mat 715 2hf-ch peksou 2 39 439 Pingarawa 2110 4 do dust 400 27 69 718 1. do fans 75 232 449 Horagaskelle 2140 7hf-ch bro pek 410 45 70 rotety. doe saat 7 450 2143 7 do ek 386-389 74 Killarne 7338 2 ch orpek 180 46 bid 451 2146 8 do pek sou 45837 79 WH 748 «2hf-ch peksou 90 «387 452 2149.1 do dust — 78 28 81 754 9 do fans 594 —-3G 453 2152 1 do bro mix 60. 30 82 757 2 do unas 114.38 456 FredsRuhe 2161 5 ch peksou 45038 86 Gangawatte 769 6 ch peksou 510-39 457 WA 2164 4 do bropek 400 40 9 Galella, 784 6 do peksou 540.8 458 2167 5 do pek 450 38 101 NB 814 4 do 462 Fairlawn 2179 Q9hf-ch pek sou 405 39 1hf-ch unas 450 37 463 : 2182 3 do dust 255 28 102 siya. ehetd Sou aro ue 434 FLinest. 4 105 KP 8’6 4hf-ch dust ( p mark 2185 1 ch bromix 100 32 ae soonsise dol fais fa 465 S 2188 1hf-ch bro pek sf, BY 110 Nahavilla 841 3 ch sou 270 40 466 9191 2 ch bro pek #0 540 il 844 Ghf-ch pekfans 420 40 467 2:94 2 do pek 17238 12 847. 5 do dust 409 98 479 Geragama 2203 2 do fans 11032 116 Glassaugh $59 2 ch bromix 20 36 471 2206 4 do dust 349 27 126 Agra Ouvah 889 4 do yexoe 380 46 478 Unugalla 2227 1 do pek sou 90 38 127 892 5 do peksou 450 41 479 2230 2 do dust 190 26 129 898 3 do dust 300 28 480 P O inest,mark2233 2 do 1.9 Lameliere 928 6 do pek fans 510 32 1bf-ch broorpek 29 45 147 Orange Field 952 4 do pek sou 390 ~—-36 484 KP W 2245 12 do pek sou 600 38 148 95 1 do dust 135 26 485 2243 2 do dust 17028 149 953 2 do bromix 200 32 493 Mapitigama 37 9 do broorpek 513 48 159 961 3 do pekfans 20 32 502 49 5 do bropek fans 315 oe 153 Keenagaha Ella970 6 do sou 480 38 508 HGM 67 4 do dust 340 26 154 Anamallai 973 3hf-ch dust 255 25 513 Penrhos 82 3 ch fans 213 33 159 Ottery 938 1 ch dust 10-29 518 Tangakelly 97 1hf-ch dust 44 23 16L Perth 99t 4 do peko 28u 4L 523 Theydon Bois 112 7 ch pek sou 560 40 162 997 1 do pek sou 70 38 532 Ingrogaila 139 4 ch br) or pek 400 45 163 1000. 2hf-ch pek dust 150 28 533 142 6 do bro pek 600 4t 167 Yapame 12 8 ch peksou 640 40 bid 535 DM V 143 4hf-ch broorpek 240 43 169 Dalhcusie 18 12bfch or pek 660 «53 538 157 5 do pek sou 400 37 172 27. 6 do bropekfans 390 40 539 A 160 2 do br pekfans 170 34 173 30 4 do dust 250 29 550 Kirindi 193.1 do red leaf 40 32 174 Ferndale 33-1 ch bro orpek 10) 44 551 196 1 do dust 42 26 190 Glentilt 81 3 do peksou 270 38 552 AMB 199 3 ch pek sou 243 33 191 84 8 do fans 640 553 202 6 do red leaf 612-33 1922 MPCL 8&7 7hfch_ bropek 292 withd'n 559 Carberry 220 4 do pek scu 269-38 198 GW 5 2 ch bro mix 170.0 95 560 223 5 do broorpek 55033 205 Natuwakelle 126 3 do dust 4.0 98 561 _,, 226 3 do bro tea 270-36 210 Galpottegama 141 11hf-ch bro pek 638 40 674 Stamford Hill 265 6 ch pekscu 510, 43. 211 li4. 7 do pekoe 350 88 576 Tavalamtenne 271 5 do pek 4°0 40 213 150 3 do sou 150 31 577 274 38 do pek sou 255 389 216 Kotuagedera 159 1 ch peksou 1¢@0 37 573 Pambagama 277 3 do fans 390 33 217 162. 2hfch dust 180 =. 579 280 S do sou 649 37 218 165 4 do bropekfans 280 32 580 Ke kod by ae dust 38027 219 168 1 do sou 50 35 584 Hyson 98 c 225 Murraythwaite Ha 7 ch yeksou 560 387 bi 1hbf-ch bro pek 450 41 226 : 189 1 do dust 160 oy 7 586 ir 301 3 do pek sou 240 35 G27 192 2hf-ch bropekfans 130 933 587 LNSinest. | 231 Eadella 204 4 do dust 360 27 mark 304 1 ch ek sou 95 36 235 Kanangama 216 6 ch bropekfans 6(0 34 588 307 lhf-ch bro pek 3384 236 219 5 do dust 400-27 599 Tembiligalla 340 5 do cr pek 275 Al 601 346 3 ch pek sou 270 28 a a eee ee 602 Y Dit Fa 2 do dust 300 27 608 KV in est. mark 352 3 do br or p's fans 180 37 (Messrs. Somerville & Co.) 607 Erlsmere 364 7 do pek sow GL 42 4 Ossington 10 1 ch dust 10) «18 608 867 4hf-ch dust 364 £9 5 18 2 do bro mix 929 20 613 Band D 332 4 ch sou 320 37 9 Ukuwelna 25 6 ch pek sou 609 37 Me eg oe 10 Maharoda 28 2 ol beg pek 2) 40 (Mr. R. John] 15 AP | 43 4° € red leaf 400 30 > . 17 Ritni, in estate Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. c. Sirk 49 3hf-ch bro or pek ing 45 iy bree 514 3 ch bro pek 300 42 18 52.7 do orpek 385 46 6 23 California 28 Mossville 32 Ivies 34. HIS 38 P'T N, in es- 3 tate mark 60 Romania 65 Sadamu'lo 70 Allakolla 73 Primrose Hill "7 PEM s9 Aberfoyle 83 Nega 88 Mipitiak ande ¢3. Hatdowa 94 Carendon 99 C 100 * 103 Lower Dick- oya, 104 105 G A Ceylon 117 Roseneath 118 a 122 Panapitiya 123 124° 125 126 127 Wevatenne 130 134 B, in estate mark 185 138 Dartry A 139 'S W, in estate mar 140 141- 142 145 Ravana 146 ‘ 150 Hangranoya. 163 Polpitiya 164 O’Kande 156 Henegama 157 153 Hopewell 161 Kosgama 165 Hanagama 166 167 171 Mahatenne 120 Raxawa 181 193 Ovoca AL 184 198 Galphele 204 Blackburn 205 » 196 Box. 55 11 hf-ch 6810 do 178 18k 187 193 208 211 214 217 229 4 ch 932 2 do 225 11 hf-ch 233 4 ch 241 2 do 214 3hf-ch 947 12 hf-ch 20 7 do 253 6 do 956 2 do 262 7 hf-ch 26> 5 do es e S HERRON Rare eoanwn _ = a ic) i—” 505 14 hf-ch 508 2 do 617 4 hf-ch 520 2hf ch 523 2 do 526 6 do 529 2 do 538 10 hf-ch 541 2 do 563 562 2 ch £65) 571 574 {77 5t6 598 1 ch 601 604 616 643 646 2 652 655 697 715 718 . Pkgs. CEYLON PRODUCE SALE SLIST. —_—_——— a Name. lb, pek 05 pek sou 409 fans 82 dust 109 bro pek 380 pek 625 pek sou 350 red leaf 90 bro pek dust 118 bro pek fans 600 re | leaf 510 dust 280 fans 90 bro pek 450 pek 540 bro pek 224 dust 160 fans 112 pek 670 pek sou 270 unas 100 dust 60 con 56 bro pek 600 pek sou 400 bro mix 200 pek 60) sou 100 dust 200 sou 93 red leaf 90 pek 56 bro pek fans 400 dust ' 270 bro or pek 605 pek 400 ek sou 200 re pek fans 225 bro pek 600 pek B15 pek sou 270 bro pek fans 120 pek fans 560 dust 425 fans 609 bro pek 80 pek fans 405 fans 201 pek dust 403 sou 94 bro pek 127 pek 67 pek sou 200 dust 90 pek sou 560 dust 310 bro tea 72 bro pek 208 ek 600 pek sou 30 con 86 dust 280 bro pek 630 con 205 pek sou 630 dust 200 dust 360 bro pek 120 pek 110 pek sou 300 dust 230 pek sou 450 dust 170 sou 0 dust 310. dust 630 bro mix 2.0 dust 560 dust 350 pek sou 320 sou 102 fans 575 dust 155 red leaf 86 dust 595 sou 90 bro pek dust 540 dust 300 dust €0 bre or pek 450 or pek 400 Me Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. th e. ~~ de 4 ce. on sou No, 2 160 87 g 33 4 ns 82). 27 216 D BK, in es- 2 tatemark 751 Lhf-ch bro pek 55 217 774 2 ch pek 180 36 218 757 2hf-ch dust 108 26 219 Forest Hill 76010 do or pek 610s a 220 763 7 do fans 660 «= 83 223 Salawe 772 7 ch ~~ pek sou 65 8387 224 775 3 do unas 330 «87 225 778 2 do dust $20. +28 226 Carney 731 13hbf-ch bro pek 65044 229 790 2 do sou 100 35 230 793 6 do bro mix 300-87 pt Fairfleld a 4 “ dust £0 26 223 Fairfle 2 ¢ k 600 30 237 RCT F, in ¥- tatemark 814 7 ch pek No. 2 595 = BB 239 620 1 do dust 120 25 213 Ravenscraig 832 3 ch peksou 2702=— 87 244 ; 835 3hf-ch fans 2400-23 247 Mary Hill 447 ch pek sou 665 40 248 817 3hf-ch bro mix 255 | 26 49 AA 850 1hf-ch bro tea 45 27 251 Citrus 856 8 ch _ bro or pek 200 089 254 865 2 do ek dust 25 06-8 265 HA £63 1 do ro tea 95 24 256 871 1 do fans 77 23 258 Monrovia t77 8 ch bro or pek 348 36 261 MA 886 3 ch bro tea 800 30 262 889 1 do pek dust 163 27 263 Ukuwela 892 4 ch bro tea 3800 80 CEYLON COFFEE SALES IN LONDON. (From Our Commercial Gorrespondent.) MINCING LANE March 11. ‘Hakata Maru.”—Large size, Gonamotav¥a, 1 barrel and 1 tierce out at 95s; size 1 ditto, 10 casks out at 85s; 1 cask 1 tierce and 1 barrel out; size 2 ditto, 3 casks and 3 tierces sold at 60s; P ditto, 1 cask, 1 tierce and 2 barrels out at 958; T ditto, 4 tierces and 1 barrel out; Gonamotava, 4 bags ovtk. out; P ditto, 1 bag ovtk. out; T ditto, 1 bag ovtk. out; Mausagala A, 1 tierce out; ditto B, 2 cases out; ditto C,1 tierce out; ditto PB, 1 barrel out; ditto T, 1 barrel sold at 36s; Blackwood OO, 1 cask sold at 1lls; ditto O, 5 casks sold at 97s; 1 tierce and 1 barrel out; ditto EF, 2 casks sold at 80s ; ditto F, 1 tierce sold at 56s; ditto PB, 1 cask sold at 121s; ditto T,1 tierce sold at 41s; Black- wood, 1 bag sold at 75s overtakers. SSSS—0- ee CEYLON COCOA SALES IN TONDON. *Derbyshire.”—MLM, in estate mark, estate cocoa, 31 bags out; SM, in estate mark, estate cocoa, 113 bags out; HGA, in estate mark, 86 bags out; A ditto, 20 bags out; A ditto, 41 bags out at 72s; B ditto, 10 bags out; PF, in estate mark, 18 bags out at 7is; PFP, in estate mark, 32 bags out at 68s. “Hakata Maru.”—HGA, in estate mark, 83 bags out at 72s; ditto BC, 24 bags out; ditto D, 14 bags out at 72s; ditto F, 20 bags out; PF, in estate mark, 52 bags out; N N ditto, 20 bags out; PFS, in estate mark, 47 bags out; PFR, in estate mark, 17 bags out at 65s; BS, in estate mark, 10 bags out. “Port Victoria.”—1 Yattawatte, 80 bags sold at 80s 6d; 2, 9 bags sold at 66s 6d; broken, 1 bag sold at 72s. : _“ Hakata Maru.”’—Yattawatte 1, 1 bag sold at 75s; Ingurugalle A, 103 bags sold at 75s; T, 4 bags sold at 60s; Asgeria A, 46 bags sold at 80s 6d; T, 1 bag sold at 60s; Maragalla AR, 1 ba; sold at 69s; ditto AY, 1 bag sold at 69s; DB & Co., 346 in estate mark, 111 bags sold at 73s. : “ Borneo.”—Rockhill AA, 33 bags out; ditto : Y, 5 bags out; ditto C, 3 bags sold at 6s CEYLON pWarneyeenve vee ditto B, 5 bags sold at bags out at 74s; Lower Haloya, 3 bags sold at 68s 6d; Kepitigalla, 67 bags sold at 74s 6d; Kepitigalla, 20 bags sold at 59s 6d. “Hakata Maru.’—Bandarapola 1, 2 bags sold ab 69s 6d; ditto T, 1 bag sold at 58s; MMB, in estate mark, 123 bags sold at 77s; MMB, in estate mark, 6 bags sold at 55s 6d ; Cocoa, Wilt- shire A, 26 bags out at 77s; ditto T, 1 bag sold at 58s. “Clan Robertson.”—Palli F, 200 bags out at 83s; ditto 1, 62 bags out at 83s. ‘Port Victoria.”—Warriapolla, 49 bags sold at dds; Lower Haloya, 18 82s 6d; ditto, 12 bags sold at 82s 6d; ditto, 20 bags sold at 80s 6d; ditto, 69 bags sold at 80s 6d; ditto, 9 bags sold at 67s: ditto, 21 bags sold at 66s; ditto, 1 bag sold at 64s; ditto, 9 bags sold at 63s; ditto, 78 bags sold at 82s 6d; ditto, 20 bags sold at 80s 6d; ditto, 57 bags sold at 80s; ditto, 14 bags sold at 67s; ditto, 8 bags sold at 66s; ditto, 20 bags sold at 64s; Sudu- ganga, 32 bags sold at 8ls 6d; ditto, 12 bags sold at 79s 6d; ditto, 4 bags sold at 65s; ditto, 18 bags sold at 63s 6d. “Hakata Maru.’—Benveula, 26 bags sold at 67s 6d; 1, 14 bags sold at 69s 6d; 1, 23 bags sold at 69s; 2, 10 bags sold at 61s; 2, 1 bag sold at 47s; Armagh A, 41 bags sold at 75s; T, 5 bags sold at 60s. Pondappa A, 53 bags sold at 7is; T, 2 bags sold at 60s. OBEC, in estate mark, Kondesalle Ceylon OF, 29 bags sold at 73s; ditto 1 F, 17 bags sold at 68s; ditto O, 5 bags out; ditto 2 B, 3 bags sold at 75s; ditto G, 4 bags sold at 57s 6d; ditto 1, 2 bags sold at 75s; ditto B, 5 bags sold at 40s 6d. “Borneo” Dartry A A, 20 bags out, ditto C, 2 bags sold at 60s. “* Lancashire” HK 1, 51 bags out, ditto 2, 4 at 76s 6d; ditto T, 2 sold at 73s. “ Guadalquiver” PB M1, 16 bags out at 74s. “Bingo Maru” Armagh T, 6 bags sold at 60s 6d. FOR THE WEEK ENDING MARCH 25TH. “Port Denison” DB A 347, in estate mark, 15 bags sold at 71s; B, 29 out at 75s; C, 53 sold at 74s; DB &Co. 348, in estate mark, 103 out at 76s; MAK, in estate mark, 42 out at 66s; and 21 sold at 63s; sea damaged and rpkd. M A K, in estate mark, 48 out at 65s; and 16 at 62s; sea damaged and rpkd. M K, in estate mark, 200 bags out. MAK,in estate mark, 1, sold at 55s 6d; sweepings. M A K, in estate mark, 1 sold at 55s 6d. “ Hakata Maru” H GA, in estate mark, 83 bags out at 71s; ditto D, 14 sold at 70s; N N PF, in estate mark, 20 sold at 70s; P E'S, in estate mark, 31 sold at 70s; P F'S, inestate mark, 36o0ut at 70s; BS, in estate mark, 10 out. “Sadu Maru” HMS & Co. Estate Cocoa, ines- tate mark, 80 bags out. “Clan Chisholm” MM, in estate mark, 14 bags out, ““Sarpedon” MLM, in estate mark, 74 bags out out at 65s. “ Port Denison” North Matale, 213 bags out. “ Bewa” Meegama A, 35 bags out at 74s;1, 17 sold at 70s; B, 3 sold at 61s. CEYLON COFFER SALES IN LONDON. (From Our Commercial Correspondent.) MINCING LANE, 1S ee “ Algeria”—Size 1, Kelburne, 1 tierce and 1 barrel sold at 89s; large size, Pingarawa, 1 cask sold at 102s; size 1, 3 casks 2 tierces and 1 barrel sold at 95s; size 2, 1 tierce sold at 56s; PB, 1 barrel sold at 126s; P, 1 tierce sold at 90s; T, 1 barrel and 1 tierce out, March PRODUCE SALES: LIST. —e eh sn ts CKYLON COCOA SALES IN LONDON: ‘“‘ Lancashire "—Hylton OO, 75 bags sold at 80s 6d; ditto O, 1 bag sold at 68s; 1 Yattawatte, 20 bags soid at 8Is6d; 1 Yattawatte, 131 bags sold at 82s 6d; 2 ditto, 16 bags sold at 67s 6d; broken ditto, 1 bag sold at 68s. * Senator ”"—O, JJA & Co., in estate mark, 56 , bags out at 74s; OO, IXM in estate mark, i7 bags out; 1, MAK in estate mark, 48 bags out; AMIX in estate mark, 66 bags out at 69s; AMi4 Have fallen npon those who wade the correspond- || time by how much the legal tender currency } proposals for & new. currcucy systerin India, ore | You were nlluding to a Toss of abont 3d) inithe ‘standard, 11,3045 ing profit; thatas to say, the growers and pro; | should be fnerensed’ or decreased ; nor would it || you leaving tlhe existing rupeo| in| circulation, or rupee, I think you said, on the whole volume of ‘i zolil x aU Ui He x Be Advantages of a golll standetts “ysblishment | ducers of ll Indian exports sont for sale in fold | Ge qustified in leaving the community withont | do you propose to coin w new rapeet—T should exiorts? Yer. arena oe Te Tatin, 11,287. conntries:” Inasmuch asithe loss in exchange inde |/n fixed metallic standard of value, even for a | simply make the existing ropes a token coin. _ If one person pays that, does another receive Bork, HENRY DUNNING MACLEOD. by the Indian Governiient was made upon the | short time.” In comnestion with tliat, I may Ofcourse, ns I have said, I think the crax of it? Is it atransicr?—Itis, to a very greatextent. Has studied cconomics anil! written on the | Council! bills which were purchnsed as remittances | point out that the currency of India at the | thot question is the rate at which the rupee is Let ie put my question in this) way. It the as sl for the balance of trade, I say that, taki aildwork | Indian producer sells his sterling bills drawn x the | present mont ntia not automatic orself-regulating | fixed; L think that a gold standard w i profit; | ‘Pie Government does seek to determing by low | satisfactorily, if the rapes were nor Hixed ata | S&Ainst produce, under the conditions snggested, be seein | intel: the legal tender curcency shill beinereased | price which practically, liandicaps all the exports || Tere fewer rupees in the proportion yon were =: yer |2,925-7. S anlnestnod more than TOE Yen fo he free | country altogethen there was neither lossnn fe closing nis to tie Jiry | uk thie exporter ef produce mnde the inne ilcer in 1893 was nbsol ¥ 4 i ee STOR ailser a is tonvernment of India; the | exchange which the Government Jost; and } or decreased, and it hins left the community ae Tada. Why think there is no difficulty in | mentioning + the purchaser of that bill buys his Tn-thesinkerests of Ee rete ie tise think a tax which in its in: | with a fixed metallic standard of value, not TMA gold standard and a silver currenoy, | stétling exchange for exactly the sane: proportion Te opengl ea ould. Tall upon TM ue De wet |onty for str ‘eifterbitowereratreethowelosine x § Jess. bit I explained what the set-off was. FF a lover exctntre,betivesn| | one cult weaba stent Uae Cosy Imire ore tafe Jie mints in 1893, Phen you disapproved, 1 | Up tothe yeac 187 the denomination of acconne [Te her prone nt - In order that the rate “Gerd stable, an | taxation in India had Leen reaclied, the stateuent | unierstand, of the closing of the mints ?—I did. who Ste shillings, aud pence, and all cran- je there is 3d. in the rupee on the whole exports, iglan i i y_ be re H Q England moet tanttnrd wit. renderd stable | does mot nppear to, hold good asrexards iniirest [| What is your. view now s would : ; 3 Tie Vosg.9, | taxation. Customs duties fori a very small pro- || to) reopen the mints 2 T AM reopen the mints, | put the only coin that was ever seen in Ceylon, aud | om the ott be inteodnces inuoueaten EE"b'™ portionof the revenue raised in Indin, andexport || Tt appeats to ie that there are only two sound pat tistently current, was the Indian Tapes, | vernment:get the gain ns\to 16 millfons. There 2970 oh gold cnrrency stiould Ve intra; | duties would have Pane e corseat qa. its aici: || courves open to the Government. One is to/have || ‘Phere has been occasionally sorte discussion ns | *) gold and silver to an‘estent of 10 millions = Steps by which gold correria pe. deslaced legal |jlence, easy to collects na one FEE eae ea Oe te te sctopen the miats to | to the real permanent injury thal hus Yeew done || WHO Rete the erin on Nt, is rather difficult to duce into indie stints to be authorised to coin |” peen, eaey toceding to circumstances, any further | the coinage of silver, thi otlier is\to establish [-to the Indian nnd) Ceylon ter estates ty the | sec. Tshould like to say something about that, tender; the Indian WirTereigns; customs duties | fallin the er rlee value. of the rape, andcon- | old ns the standard and make the rupee a | closing of the mints, and the Using of 16 {HP | and to draw tlie attention of the Committee to the sovereijns apd hull or re sures for restoring to | seduent increased Zain to the producer, lieing met | token coin. Sng ee You lave lard) reninjks, alén made, || exports of silver during: tie| Inst few years. Ab jerin polls mensanes eney of India, | Mar was by an incrensed export ‘inty, to com | “It the Government finl dilficulzy im reopening | 1 suppose, that in some, ways, te 1 Td ties | the timeof the closing of the mints, the exports of Pensate for the increased loss snstained by the | the mints at one Which I understand you view | been rather a blessing than otherwae in checking silver toIndin were about 15 crores. In the three 935, | Governuent, Tt appears to me that, if tleesports | as n desirable tling it it could Le accomplised, | production. Will you give ws your views on following yearsit felltoS and 7 crores, Lostyear pay eventially, the simplest course 14 to put a | is there any intermediate course that you could | Hint®—L think chat the rise in exchange. lins it went np to 13 crores. Sceing that tle mints ate used by | direct duty on exports, to make up the amount ) sng tT E=Although Lam strongly of opinion thnt } tended to restrict the openiuy of nd, and, in | sre closed, the question arises what becomes of se ie a of hs sclietie, 12,097 required by tlie Government, ‘The-elfect of put= | the soundest policy is to reopen the mints ‘nl || Celfat’ ae tere was a danger’ of over-production, || Hstallver, | Teasuis tote oinoint to ohe of three Mr, Lindsay im support ot re utd mot under | fine up therupeewas this: the Indian producer, | revert to the safe quo, 1 think it is quite | T chink that rise may, lave beenva snail benefi things; either hoards ef rupees have been re- The Goyernment of Met for rupees, 12,038, | teking the rates Mista and Ia 1d, lost 34 | possible for the Indian Government to establish | If it had not been for a click ot tht sorts lensed and bar silvec substituted, or illicit coin- paren) give gold in exchauge in the rapee on 66 lWillions. On tlie other hand, | q gold standard in India; and, provided that the | it is suggested that some years hen(e there would age is going on to.a very considerable extent, or- 12,950-7. Tae re eae aertene calamity, owing (othe: || end pesaiblyall of thesalcambinell Var silver is “) « shoul he fixed at 1s. 4d. ; there is the Government gained’ 3d in the rapes on 16 } rnpee were fixed ns a token coin nt about 1s ; \d_ pos: if 0 he rapee sh 2 Tsrold, | aillions; there were 10 millions of bullion, and | think slat cil fs a Oheme would bea faicly || excessive production !—I think thit too inuch || Deins imported into India on the chance of you) jwopose | Sastigns took place in pounds, shillings, and pence, | Which anrount, to Gh milion. Pith, ay vim ask, side, who gets the gain? The G aitavility ef a gold currency for India, 1° 12,939. ¥ Criticism of the historical! argame: Ww ystween the rupee and Ua, A 1 i tay euclizn magna ral ratio bstween the rupee there were 40, millions of Imports. Now, if all | reasonable aud satisinctory alternative. importance cau be attached to tb rise in ex- waking @ profit, possibly in connexion with the aoa ce of time the rupee should bed eclared to the imports had been consumed by the producer That is to say, 1, higher than you think would | change, It is only u factor in [le question. Cnrreucy Committee, 2 Tegal tender f liniived ‘amount only, 12,940, || of (exports, no) Youbt it would have been m very | beithe rate if the mints had never been closed? | Tiere les also een a fall in pris, which bas (Mc. CAMPnEDL.) One point yon have omitted, be legal tender for - Hroporeant set-off to the Tos Theammtes but the | Yes ‘ een, nich more, Important “thin mich, eS | Lthink, is that a very Inrge proportion of these TRACTS EROM EVIDENCE. i gain uponghe iniports, I think, i divided in this You think 1s 1d shoulil be the rate 1—Yes. exchange. [tis the combination of thie two that exports of silver into Indin are merely meant for EXTRACTS rs way: part of it goes to the producer ot the But you think that a solntion that might be | has proved so disastrous, and nny fdlin exchange | colmage of the British trade dollar?—However, Mn Hesry Bos. Imports (to Lancashire we will say, in respect || necepredl would be Is 2i2—Yes. has prov curse, be pra née a (elief, in the | that was) only Ly the way, T pointed ont, as Have you read the evidence that Mr. Christie | of cotton goods) and the restto the consumer Would that be acceptable to the Caylon planters, | same way that a rise in prices woild be: regards tle 16 millions tint the Government cece elerotus 2=Tilinyes of the imports. ‘The producer of the exports, | do, you thinkt—E am only expressing wy Own | ithe Tail in pricealiaa been brougit aliout, iss) |) Fee .thelbenfit. ‘There was) 10) silions of silver Fae N Son tall us generally, where you conenr | however, te) not altauetlice the consumer ol the | opinion, but I Glink, so for as Ceylon ie con- | it not, entirely by the increased production ?— Tullion which also forma a set-off, and there and Wigreryoudisagres with hin.?—Leonenr with } tmports therefore, whav forms nse! to Wis | een, the crux of the question is the high value | Yes, { should sny so. are lie nor of 40 millions. Tut asta Ide etatinties, nid where his evidence | 10° 1s wala Oa one-third of the imports §\ siven to, the rup Me ee gre value were fixed | And, it that. production is checled, the price (Mr, Le Mancuant.) I do not know that relates to questions of fact. I do not altogether | whic! ney Ieee fons, ugainst the GG millions )Rt hone 1s 24) C think that would be necepted fll go up again, will it not? Th) consump quite tollow about the silver bullion; do you ¢oncur in lis opinions or iu the remedy which he | om Wile’ Tieyloxes: in Ceylon ns « fairly satisfactory solution to the | 1s going on pretty reaularly Gan it re mean that there is an addi nport?—No ; cesta 5 ‘THE CEYLON GOVERN question ab issne. k in iy answer to the Chairman, Lconsider that tlie exports amounts to G6 inillions ;on the other “TRpe will you tell us where you lo noteonear | Am Tcorrestin assuming that the east of the |v Areathere nuy futher points yon woulll like to | prices depend nltoxettier on suppljjand demand sidle, you havo imports 40 millions, the Dnilion fo Iie opinions.g on what, point will that be 2— | Government of Ceylon is supplied mnainly by, the pnt hele the Committes*—The only point 1 | nthe place where the prodnce i} sold, until a 10 inillions, and Council bills 16 millions makiog= There is one particnlar point in which he wns | teaiodustry?—To w very Jarse extent. ‘Che best | should tike to be examined upon 1s in connection fall in prices cltecks production. up tlie 66,000,000, , - asked what would happen if the value of silver | proof of it ix that, when the coffee indnsty failed, within gold standard for Indi. You suggest tut the mints migt be reopened ‘Then would you say that, ovine to. the rise ‘rere to go ‘down to G1 an onnce. This ix at | the revenues of Ceylon went down tol? million MIt * CURRENCY, tnd adlaty amposed; | im thesterling valneof the rupee, India is able to, question 4575 ""(@), Even if silver went down | rnpees. The Inst buyer estimate, which) exo to Well lee SLAtaa va fnlly.on that | whicl you pnt at 5) per cout, i Via think @ | import more silver !—No, but it pays less for its rare pance?(A.)_ Even if silver wentilown | hand a few days nzo, shows a ravenne of 25 nil: | point :—This is wshiort meniorandinnn which T inve | Tre cls Your Uironal dcy wanldl xifat clieiren wire- || imports tlintls|tho.act oll Tie: tess on Ons ide to 6d ao onnce, or if it went up/lalf as much | lion’ rupees. Mat storm very large extent die || repared)jand! which fully: explaing iny. views. I }| nents of the Andinn Guiceeuteet dos To bern || anditho yninion the othec sidetsithe lower jace again.” Ido not agree with tlnt answer for | to the tea enterprise. Jone you willnderstand that, in putting forward || with, ont of tle 16/000,000/. of rdnittances made pa for the imports. Tf the exports exactly this reason; while Iconsider that the appreciation Pte action DE the Government ot India in | this scheme, Ldoso with extreme ilifitence; in | by tle Ee aan Governniedteyons fatlinte now, 16 | jealsnced tlie) imports, anil} ther nrics of imports tyaond relatively to silver has, 50 faras itlins | fixing this Ja. 4il rte should wake the trule of TE RESTON Goat ie in waless) Ila | i8)73500,000, fullyfonedaltiay ny connextonp yt fell. in exact proportion to. the rise in exclanges Gone. heen an ailvantaze to Tndiwnnd to Ceylon | Ceylon unremunerative, tnt is to say, if theten: a nvOULIE : i Terao a ey evedkingefof}itsitndinalGov= | seueresould ue) map leaxjeitier sways 16 would be Bone ie 1 do. not. think tat there is any: pro- || dancies of tex estates were to follow, to some ex: || 11. A gold! cnrconcy is not suited to the clean ceenotterailvaya—npl L consiier that the loss | valauee Pability of its appreciating to a point at whichit | tent, thecolfee, whnt elfmt Hanlabaiabnnverond|fuenntesescloien lexntiln( lar nnil Ceylansmndbiiey |potexcliause Atiheliny ctiounes telat plyany item |. Is it not the case thot, taking it, within the vat ase tobe an sdvyantaze, I still ndmit || the revenue of Ceylon 2—Lt wonld at once fall off ‘ith Fynor alvisatte that, even} of expendpdre attysling to the railways. Doundaries of Inia itself, there might be a con= Tie Wossibility of therapes becoming depreciated, || Of ‘canrse, (there are Hreay tunny nen iy chould co tnraely Lye | ‘The sevenna of Ceylon has not suffered! yet siderable transfer of profit from one set of persons tht Daly relatively to gold as at present, but | revenuo in Ceyl {nro import duty | cirowlntion: hosir cylon Coverninent-raventie lingnot || fo anotlier, owing, to the fact of auckin dufevonts SCHEME. under certain conditi nt Paistively to food, labour, and commodities | on graén, excise, and railwnys all of clk would | 2: To enrowage in any mensnre the conversion J sullered SH ie nate until uatntes are | i-exchange ns yom are mentioning 2—1 think the Tenerally. In tliat ease the advantage at present | depend tom very Jarge extent on tlhe tea enter- Crores of rupee ani note currenoy Wonlil, id Worked at a loss; so long as they go on at all, | exchange only coimes in transnctions with Enjoyell by India nnd Ceylon from a low ex- | prise, ; Gl protability;involve the absorpyeq ofme large) | tlie revenues) will romain, the caine. | } | foreign countries. Internully Ticonsider the rapes change wonld be lost. Aint proportion, woulil you say, of the revenue } nn amonnt of gol as to make tlé scheme practi- Tiere is sone feur, is there not, in Ceylon | i What it always hos been. Ty passes at much: That is my opinion. of Ceylon is hat is your opinion ed {com the twa industry ?— | cally prahibirory. that, unless something isdone, some estates wilt | the same! value, T do nor think that inlony, Now is there any other point on which you | Thav is a very difficnlt question to answer. I 14, The object should aparently be to dis- | have to De closed'?—Ic is estimated thee, @ internal transnetions any question of exchauge Ge en iin? =Dhere is no other particilar | am nov prepared, without going into statistics, | courage the netunl Hoult sen, and under n gold | change were to go up 1d or 14 in the rayee, or | comes im. point. ae to name a figure. is ctandardto maintain therupee nga token coin ax | the price of tea to go down jd or 1d per pound, Then you would limit it to the effect on import You do nor agree with hint as to his proposed Bat it is a Jnrge proportion!—Oh, a Iarg estates now prodncing 30,007,000 1b. of tea would | Wlintever they may le Yes. ronedy. I thick he recommended the re-opening | proportion. to ont of cultivation. In tint case, of courte ‘And, apart from that, interests within {india ‘ol tlie mints concarrently with the imposition of ARGENTINA. fie Government revenue would be alfected. 2a | Wareinobin tested Nom - aa import dats on silverand a seignoray Where Are there any points to which yon would (Mr. Campbell.) What proportion would’ tlint The Witness withdrew. do you differ from him on that point: —] specially desire to direct our attention in your me: Dey that would be a third of tha total?—About | Adjourned. (oy aS T think that, wheter you pay | morandum whieh ia before us*—In paragraph 1 a fourth. — him Wort. duty on silver or a seignoroge at | say: '' Apparently it was Ra ree elelfall [erect salyit0d\shonladvoe Wel made) to) pass asin || 9 L uiink you nlnitt thatitlere|might he cartatn ___ PROGRESS) IN RUSSIA. the mint or a land tax, or artificially raise | in’ the ‘exchange value of te rupee was an | token coim nt 1s 4d, us well as at 1s 2d; but | advantagesiin a gold standard as compared with (Sir J Muir) There wns an extra 10 the rupee, or put on an export duty, even- | evil calling for remedy, wherens, taking Indin } there i mvery general opinion amongst producers ) © silver standard ?—I do. cent ut on for the war?—L think so. Then tually the deficit is paid out of exports ; ‘aud, | nun whole, and not separating the Government } anil tradere tliat prectically 1s Ai his proved too Mhat it would yive stability to innge, re i another market—continental Europe, itso, I think it 38 preferable to put sm | from the eople, that fall was probably annbs- | hist and that the failure of the seeeament | which o silver standard with open iints does | Py ncipally Itussin. In that market they consame direct dnty on the exports, rather than\ raise the | tantial benefit!” L shonld like to call the atten- | policy inmupurated in s tononie oxtent due to || not give? —I think the question of exchange mnat the same class of tea from Chinn as we get from tioney in the other ways that T have descriled. | tion of the Committers to the action that fis cver-valuntion. Itisbelisved that the various | always come in. Ifyou establish: ngolstandacd, | India nnd Ceylon, namely, Ulack teas, and there Even where the sabjict of the export duty is | is proposed to) be taken by the Arentine | interests involved would accommodate themselves | it would give stability to exchange. fore, we are un a better footing there, and the an article in which there is competition with | Government at the present moment; not that | to a ropee at Is 2, when they will not to « Ofcourse, from merely linving heard you read) } (ai with Russia is increasing, Lau glad to say Some other conntry’—Yes, because it already | Tforone moment defend their Proposed nction, | rnpee nt Is 4d, and, unqnestionnbly, the lower | Your aclione, [ do, not. feelin’ w postion to go | Very considerably, ‘Dhis year, ii, it is larger pays it, andit pays it in Tinch Jarger proportion. | any more than Ido that of the Indian Govern: | valuation would tend tothe much Another work: | fally into its details, lint among other thinks than Inst year. Fae eee of maiing the roppe las been this, | ment. But, wherens the Tading Woverninent |l/iny of uny scheme thine inay be adopted. he || you aay, you think $0) xupess onght toy ie the | (Chairman.) Ts that in {ndia and Ceylon fnat the Indian Government liave practically have artificially raised the value of the currency | nearer the token value of rupee approaches to its | limit of legal terfder for the Tupee?—I fixed | tens ?—Yes, both. T eau the trade from the that tt the exports, valued at about £00,000,000, || relntively to gold, naruming, suppose, flint tie | Dallion value the loss, centpeation there ix to | that because it is Uve highest amount of rupees Loudon market, I should! say that the Rnssiaos fo the extent of 3d, in the rapee—taking the || depreciation, relatively to gold, was a dumdvan; ) convert it, or to illicit coinage, and the less it | under a of note which I propose the Government are au excceilingly conservative peoples At one Telative exchanges at 1s. 4d, and 1s, 1d.—in order | tage, the Argentine Government at the present | handicaps the producer in competing With other | of India shall issue. tiing, even the Inet that the Indian ten was done: that they mny recoup themselves to tlie extent of | moment are seeking to artificinlly depreciate | countrios. a But Lsuppose you willladmic that, many | up in lifferent pocknyes from those that they 3d. in the rupee on £16,000,000- the valne of the currency, relatively to gold, | 5, Such a scheme would establish a sound | years to come, rpece Will hinve. tov be the reall || linil! Veen used! to from Ching miliated Gane ‘That is nob an answer to my question tae aime hat the depreciation was an advantage |latandard on a minimum of gold. Itwould result || elreulating mediniy Mata: Gliaeanaares |) cab nia Uta Hise loue! eine AIL really our me fake the article tea. The Indian tea to the emaatry. ‘Tie gold premium im Arget | in a stable rata of exchange, natn, to-some | would only make it tle legal tender for thine. tens aire worth their attention anil we pet large {ein competitionwith Chine in the London market. | tina, I think, was atone time as mach ns 250 extents the introdwetion of agtisl capital, and, |) but L helieve ie would) Vic’ ned) for tive paywent | orders from Russia for Indian and Ceylon teas S t Yas leviedion the tea cx- | has now sunk to 127, nnd the Government pr } converue ml Flavatueatite i . itis sna s of all growl Snpposeian export duty § consequently cheaper money, while arresting the | of larger amonnts ns itis at present, OVER-RODUCTION SO ae ciitfa, anitno export duty wos ievied || posoito tix the gold) premiagy a6 150 Rls aurea iter SARE Terre canon iuavike to reatriet it to SO rapeen® sa Sahl AOE YY hala mn ; : ilot giles ‘Oo da May Ya se} | ine yd tongs ni dala eo ¥ oovew att oda atoey ai Byte Pibichts te ayody “sired odo ot old aretutg Rae OD eae i) Nie Be Te AA Ye uae A Yt ager a f Mure GAM Toes § (avoid ly aie} ante, hes wabew pare fy YO heat EAT) WEY WY ay ots me Ge oy $e taptle ent aaa va | vr ALOK ont bow ” frag thous mie) sii: oT Iyet) tavlye) 1 ol aon ¥ us Hoje bbe? ye ae pail ia, beat i is cone mds a 4 i = ahr he al vas = Pride. hd a, eel) Biri th tene if metAy tide ae ois st as yor pay a ni eel bof epee anyiel 1 dant J wh ola hed re b rate Speeniien gt -oelt wall du tral eviecds Rhy hac worker Uni feel odd dvle sonrsats oot hae wel nl ty ‘thi Hoy Rai dasHt, tow) someystl 6% 4) gen a Seal due mata Mhtnd. PSone a tell eae Haier, «ite sob seegiew ot re, a mH Th ay othel iat 6 at tyelavios va 1. ODOR ad) co searinw han “¢ oe | rie Veni ott ae gad Soke wey ti a ai) %. “ea TON thew UN ds fh i, oid . oho nan’ dis oF enh wood eat Pe me 4 St snitn Cid etR iy yitvaod seoo apttel aaah be > veq te nha Lik wa: hes be Puseoea vel fn ay. a ae eee eee ae holder + £0T wobeotl; a 7 tian ant-0d Yo ani od at anieiay dy ied Vane yp lnaldecand sq ? ama herrg of 6.3 yates I nn our a ob mth ‘gtunt lareod at pct: tht a geal iy ino Tah che “ye ict 21 Oh OP TRAy xy + HOG tot il fa Rs a a oo WoTy 4191 obo wif of honm, 5 tal et bis by ho. sth cule to Sue nenipe tates iy {lew ond woteoty Nae ont bh anni my AE ho acne trite # Of inate Bae elinings 1 th Won sed nd D yittiiee esd a soit oboe Fs | tote erste oe. Te 2 “FO wylUd Shy dh hats ve oo bb aalsos Brppotoa Sinil, of? qa! ia paces | Bie _, vives, bawog eq Lgl on temps 4) amine pee: WA ter nuda rar Rag orto tere, gy De Ye sodas eke et pond nai Ne pd datas * 4 Me eat OS Ye opt aha ene See cyl hl Kit bei etree! nomen | test ti etoted es wee 200s tite Pains aon T utetht te ‘ ese isa? ottey teak d derwe diel eon hth mr) sale baw he tiacnic * “erase v wehart festond x0 ade! P sipdD fetta. lia SOO ahh yd bart bb she dd peek fe eet io dia 4 # iis viele at aaeow imho he aeney Bio tins a aad oF oe it Hult st oto ye a ie gf ah; 4 4 nONDONtA Tan CTSRIP ow olenad whe SE dae Tey agers ‘ea Het Wy yA Oy Lo geecert phox eae shake Sehr LS Steg : rh ae i Faanbateit. ‘ j To Yarn Aihf- gti ede) pea ter 4arONE fey GRAF i cot eva ay taht wow eds Ri ase * whe mo watlowgn . CO Yate veel tolgar a al eek ‘37S GOT te aga169 ge yt eee lin pers” baw is ru buwey af tad pala a STOP RA Ob» Bellas ey 3 wrt He € oh pee - pelt. bec igdl WR: 4 OH. wed cihisenagtl Ad pata Tene, ANDY sHakingcuph steb welyel or tems epthi %. wy aly nae FTP CA ¥a Dosonlta at i Sint dv ath deplete galley Ard sobine’ Riovahiqerm, Shee: Yee vhieny aalnka mbe Ymd sane wat haterstiels vl I ebillyyae eodortsxs af saieseaiah ate at beet edt io emiva. - apiliss yilifrede, tere: a ee ee ee ee re) eS ee Sy SUS ae f ‘TEA, COFFEE, CINCHONA, COCOA, AND CARDAMOM SALES. NO. 15 Cotomso, Aprin 24, 1899. Price:—124 cents each 3 copies 30 cents; 6 copies 4 rupee, Lot Box Pkgs. 1 W, inestate mark Bein ee Oa 3. New Peacock 321 14 ch 6 397 26 du 6 Ayoca 460 7 ch 8 Nakiadeniya 406 48 ch 10 412 15 do 1l 415 15 do 18 Walpita 436 24 ch 19 439 14 do 24 Maligatenne 454 8 ch 25 YATE KO) 29 Kelaneiya and Baremar 469 33 ch 30 472 % do 31 475 17 do 34 Walton 484 13 ch 35 487 18 do 36 490 9 do 37 Puspoue 493 32 ch 38 496 23 do 42, Hunasgeria 508 14 hf-ch 48 CSG 526 77 hf-ch 49 629 61 ch 50 532 18 do 51 535 11 hf-ch 53 Monkswood 541 32 do 54 544 28 do 55 547 37 do 56 550 £0 ch 57 553 36 do 68 556 14 do Ella Oya 604 10 ch 76 607 9 do 83 St. Leonards- on Sea 681 12 ch 84 634 11 do 85 637 8 do 87 643 7 do 88 Devonford 646 20 hf-ch $9 619 12 ch 96> — 652 11 do 91 Minna 655 31 ch 92 Mahalla 658 16 ch 93 661 13 do 99 Templestowe 679 12 ch 100 Meddetenne 652 15 hf-ch 101 685 15 do 102 688 10 ch 103 691 9 do 105 Deaculla 697 17 ch 106 Gatlawz tte 700 16 ch 107 : 703 31 do 110 712 15 do 112 Cotswold 718 ?4hf-ch 118 721 19 ch 17 BDWG 733 38hf-ch 118 736 46 do 119 739 17 do 124 Matale 754 40 hf-ch “125 757 18 ch 126 760 9 do 128 Glengariffe 766 32hbf-ch 129 169 31 do 130 772 14 ch 131 775 10 do 132 778 11 hf-ch 136 Vathalana 790 34 hf-ch 137 793 2L ch 138 796 12 do 141 Nilloomally O BEC, inest, mark 805 8Lhf-ch 142 808 43 ch 148 8ll 36 do 144 814 17 do 145 817 10 do 146 820 384 do 150 Glencorse 832 16 ch 161 835 14 do 152 8388 12 do 155 Holton 847 15 ch 156 $50 1L do COLOMBO SALES OF TEA, LARGE LOTS. Messrs. Forbes & Walker.— [604,296 1b.} Name. pek pek sou pek fans or pek k bro pek fan bro or pex or pek pek bro or pek 2 bro pek or pek pek pek sou ek sou ro pek bro or pek Ib. 700 1330 1950 700 4800 1350 1200 2400 1400 960 757 3300 2590 1700 1456 1800 810 3200 2300 1120 3830 5185 Lot. Box. Pkgs. 160 Dunbar 862 29 hf-ch 161 865 19 do 163 871 18 ch 170 Glendon 692 19 ch 171 895 33 do 172 893° 12 do 173 901 37 do 174 904 19 do 178 Ugieside 916 8 ch 179 Bargany 919 28 hf-ch 180 922 22 ch 181 925 17 do 187° A 943 10 hf-ch 188 Huuyes 946 14 ch 189 949 10 do 190 952 22 do 191 ; 955 13 do 194 Galkadua 964 13 ch 195 967 16 do 196 970 10 do 208 High Forest 1006 70 hf-ch 209 1900 40 do 210 1012 30 do 211 Kirklees 1015 25 ch 212 1018 19 do 213 1021 26 do 214 1024 16 do 217 1033 1¢ do 221 Pallagodda 1045 19 ch 222 1848 21 do 223 1051 16 do 224 1054 20 do 225 1057 16 do 226 1060 1L do 228 Killarney 1066 64 hf-ch 229 1069 11 ch 230 Ganapalla 1072 48 ch 231 1070 58 do 232 1078 81 do 233 1041 42 do 234 1084 17 do 235 . 1087 14 hf-ch 236 Dunkeld 1090 64 hf-ch 237 1093 9 ch 238 1096 23 do 239 Halloowella 1099 10 ch 240 1102 12 do 241 1105 15 do 245 CDG 1117 (21 hf-ch 248 Middleton 1126 15 do 249 1129 24 ch 250 1132 27 do 251 1136 14 do 252 Sunnycroft 1138 7 ch 253 Harrow 1141 67 hf-ch 254 1144 30 ch 255 New Gal- way 1174 12 hf-ch 256 1150 15 do 257 Munukattia Ceylon, in est, mark 1153 39 hf-ch 258 1156 18 do 259 1159 9 do 260 Hatherleigh 1162 19 ch 261 1:65 245 do 262 1168 25 do 263 1171 16 do 266 Coreen 11°) 69 hf-ch 267 1188 28 ch 268 1186 22 do 271 Amblakan- de 1195 12 ch 272 1193 16 do 273 1201 18 do 274 1204 8 do 275 HGM, inestate mark 1207 20 ch 276 1210 15 do 277 1°13 (9 «do 27g RHA, in estate mark 1216 23 hf-ch 279 Iz19 25 do 280 1222 22 ch 234 Kelburne 1234 Shf-ch 291 Passara Groupl255 16 ch 292 1258 11 do 293 1.61 27 do 294 1°64 7 do 296 Trex 1270 33 do 293 1276 22 do 200 1282 11 do Name. lb. bro or pek 1450 or pek 912 pek 1350 bro or pek 1235 bro pek 3300 or pek 1020 pek 3145 pek sou 1520 bro mix 800 bro or pek 1680 bro pek 2530 pek 1785 pek fans 785 bro pek 1400 or pek 900 pek 2200 pvek sou 1235 bro pek 1430 pek 1600 pek sou 1:00 ibro pek 3920 or pek 1920 pek 1320 bro orfpek 1500 or pek 1900 pek 2470 pek sou 1440 dust 950 hro or pek 1900 bro pek 2100 or pek 1440 pek 1600 pek sou 1440 dust 935 bro or pek 3900 pek sou 990 or pek 4320 or pek 5220 pek 6180 pek sou 3150 bro pek fan 1700 dust 1204 bro or pek 3840 or pek 855 pek 2185 or pek 1000 pek 924 pek sou 1260 dust 1470 bro orpek &25 bro pek 2400 pek 2430 pek sou 1260 dust 1050 bro or pek 4355 pekoe 3000 bro pek 720 pek 825 bro or pek pek pek sou bro or pek bro pek pek pek sou bro or pek or pek pek 855 bro orpek 1380 bro pek 1250 or pek 1900 fans 720 bro or pek 169) or pee 990 pe 1890 pek sou 700 bro pek 3300 pek 2200 pek scu 1045 bid 42 bid 41 bid 38 bid ees CR, ey ee ee “ $ my, 2 - CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST a’ Lot, Box. Pkgs; Name. Ib. ce. Lot, Box Pkgs. Name. be ¢ 304 eenawatte 1294 15 ch bro pek 1590 §=40 bid 304, 9 do or pek 900 sobid | & NCR, inest 305 1207 25 do pek 250 40bid | 9 mark ae hich, bom. Ry a 307 Madakelle 1303 20 do pek 1800 40 bid | 4? an ae eee —-— $F 308 1306 11 do os eek 1034 40 bid . : tes rt. 310 A 1312 10 do 1000 37 13 WK 258 19 do roorpek 1976 45 316 1350 10 do brpkdtNo.1ss0 27 af senccgulove oath de-aee Tae 318, Castlereagh 1886 21 do bro pek 2100. . 58 16 onnogencye 267 32 do Pe 43 319 1339 20 do orpek 1100 48 bid eG -, - < 320 _-1B42-18 do pek 1430 44 a 8 t do . oo 5 ne Beausijour ee 4 dp fk pek aoe = 19 Iona 276 40 hf-ch bro or pek 409 68 337 Mariawatte 1393 11hf-ch dust igo 27 2 cin oe aie eee ee 838 Ruankande 1396 11 ch bro pek 1089 41 bid 5 . 9 d b k 339” 1399 14 do pek 1190 38 4S serMigy Ge. 8 pee bea uememeins 341 Ellakande 1415 22 do broorpek 1930 43 bid | 52 20% 11 do a 880 «88 Fab ; wade : 3 oe Frese was 1408 30 do pek 2850 38 bid 31 Mocha Biz 36 do roorpek 8€00 62 watte 1411 19hf-ch broor pek 1140 45 ~ oe i. a onthe Ho - 344 1414 27 ch bropek 2565 41 Aa 33 345 1417 297 do pek 2295 39 44 Be kh ken ae it 348 Cinest. mark 1426 7 do bro tea 700 32 = Ottery aa 4 Ne pe: “ igs 990 1 = 353 Blairgowrie 1441 11 do son 935 25 bid | b> 330 13 do oe 1235 46 gee EE eet ef | cue te Cotow Be tue 365 1477 37 do pek $1454 - Sisto 80 5 OL — 367 1483.6 do bropekfans 720 34 = oe? 7 Wo oben > ae ae 376 Queensland 1510 7 do broorpek 709 66 rr ei tal do | fame 1100 36 ned au Hd o 2 pek aie rt 45 Agra Quvah 854 47hf-ch bro orpek 9086 57 384 St. Heliers 1534 +9 hf-ch re or pek 2145 44 . Ben Mevi =H “- 4 eo a ~ et ay 1EBIy iI) ..e& uipeN 1805 AG Cleveland 881 36hf-eh broorpek 2000 “58 886 Stafford 1540 11 do broorpek 164) 58 Ho ae Sifica tps” See. ual 387 13543. 12 do or pe 1200 52 r 387 1h d tis 760-4 388 1546 14 do pek 126) 47 Bean Sits ine) TR eee ee 1eAdgl) gb. Uapakeou Ss 59 St. John’s 396 £0 do broor pek 1800 391 Patiagama 1555 26 hf-ch bro orpek 15:0 55 ca” 399 20. do | crpek me 1620 392 1558 14 ch or pek 1260 48 61 402 :0 do ekoe 1740 393 1561 30 do _ pek 3315. 45 ft Ais 24 dp *° Sekeoe iuowees a0% UBBiglG Go 1ipaepm JES). ae 66 ‘Theresia 417 8 ch bropek fans 800 . 5 ans Roeberry 15 Be a9 sae pek oe r 74 Gangawatte 441 46hf-ch broorpek 3220 393 1576 9 do pek sou 900 4z J or, ae perce — 399 179) 9 do dust 1080-5 AT SUE wanes 2 eal tobe ea Tee 400 Fryston 1582 28hf-ch bropek 1400 42 bid | 38 oh is Ge pees aie 401 1585 12, ch orpek 108; 39 bid | 5 MG 477. 9hf-ch_ bro tea 720 402. 1588 12 do pek 114038 86. N 429.44 “do < disk 80 403 Lower Dickoyal591 53hf-ch bro pek 3364 «40 bid | g7 AR 483 11 do dust 935 415 Ascot 1627 23 do ro pek 230045 88 Glengariffe 486 1L do dust 8:0 416 1630 20 do orpek © 1900 42 oD 75''10 °th © teowek® Anes 417 1633 25 do pek 2250 41 a4 $51 15 ‘fo gae a os cert Cs Sa eae a gL 495 8 do sou 720 39 1 o or pek fans 35 ; P 1200 422 Kttapolla 1483 26 do bropek 1456 39 BF Oa Se took te ee aT eee ee 427 St. Edwards 1663 13 do or pek 730041 94 30 9 do peksou 765 430. Pine Hill 1672 16 do broor pek 960 57 98 MTCL 516 i7hf-ch dust 1530 431 1675 33 do or pek 1989 46 99 $19 22 do fans 1596 S32 1678). 43 och ek Shia nH AB 103 Maskeliya 531 17 do broorpek 850 438 Hentleys 1696 18 do ro pek 1008 = 42 bid | 304 v 534 13 ch orpekA. 1170 440 1702 13 do pek 1105 38 bid 105 537 14 do or pek 1330 444 1714 14 do ro pek 784 42 bid 106 540 21 do pekoe 1680 445 1717 15 do cr pek 720 40 bid 107 613.15 do pek sou 1275 446 1720 18 ch © pek 1530 39 108 Big 7 Wo” sore 700 449 Hornsey 1729 17 or pek 1:00 48bid | 399 Thisbe 549 16 do dust 1760 450 1732 24hf-ch bro pek 1440. 49 bid | 434° Morahela it4 30 do bro pek 28:0 451 1735 10° ch ek 950, 44 116 Glentilt 570 27 do bropek 2700 453 Scrubs 1741 12 do roorpek 1200 54 117 573 13 do pekoe 1200 466 US » inest. 118 N’ Eliya 578 8 do or pek 760 _ mark 780 27 hf-ch — bro pek 1350. 41 119 579 14 do ksou . 1120 fon on a aR Has - ei - 121 Mount Everest i 20 hf-ch Bee pek 1100 95 2 A 477 WTE 1813 17 do pek sou 1445 38 bia | 152 oor opel St Mey” cee 478 HGA 1816 9 do peksou 810 38bid | 454 E91 12 ch peksou 1080 10 Waratenne aay Be bed pek a8 * bid | 125 Uda Pusellawa 597 10 do: pekoe 1000 432 Ruanwella 1828 17 do or pek 1445 42 bid 1s T in est. mark ves 3 ap reget Bo 483 1831, 18 hf-ch bro pek 1080 42 728 rf ‘ 66 12 do dust 1152 486 S inest. mark 1840, 12 do dust 1224-28 1:9 Sinna Dua 609 20hf-ch bro pek 1200 489 Rockside 1849 9 ch dust 1215 31 130 612 10 ch pekoe 880 490 1862, 7 do bropekfans 840 38 132 Myraganga | 618 60 do bropek 600 491 Bandara Hliyal&55 104 hf-ch or pek 5408 45 bid 33 62L 38 di b k 4180 492 1858' 35 «ch pek 2870 = 44 re pee 35 ‘do ost Bede 493 1861 35 do peksou 2860 40 135 627 19 do pekfans 1330 Ae i deheley 1862 8G6hf-ch bro or pek 5332 47 136 Glassaugh 630 31 do or pek 1550 kande 1870 10 do dust 850-25 1 & 2 aie gekoo sei ES 497 Hrlsmerve 1873 54 ch bro pek 5400 47 bid | 39 639 9 do peksou $55 493 High Forest 1876 21 hf-ch pek 966 52 140 642 14hf-ch dust 1190 40 1819 19 do pek sou 836 46 | 142 Agra Ouvab 618 32 do or pek 1760 500 Rokgi 1882 9 do dust $10 26 bi 143 Mount Temple 651 110 ch Betior pek 10340 a = 144 2° 7654 61! ie Beree 4485 : 145 657 24 do pek sou £30 (Mx. H. John. —238,752 1b.] 146 600 6 do eK Lov. Box. Pkgs. Name. Ib. c¢. Yé7 Osborne (608 If ch pokoa '46ie 8 Melvilla 228 17hf-ch bro pek 850 4L 148 Brownlow 666 41 do pekoe 3895 4 231 21 do pekoe 1050 39 119 Myraganga 669 654 do bropek 5400 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. 3 Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. Ib. ec. Lot Box Pkgs. Name. Ib. cc. = 672 30 ch ekoe 2850 42 145 Kahatagalla 328 10 ch bro pek 850 39 bid ree 678 13 do FRSe 1105 23 bid 150 Sangaly Toppe 243 8 ch pek sou 760 36 bid 154 Ben Nevis 684 19 do or pek 1710 46 151 Ukuwela 316 9 ch bro or pek 990 38 bid 157 LP 693 12 do bro mix 1020 30bid | 152 349 23 do bropek 2300 39 bid 158 Templestowe 696 “9 do orpek 2610 44 bid | 153 352 16 do pek 1600 36 bid 159 Mossend 699 30hf-ch broorpek 1800 48 188 Nillicoliawatte 358 13hf-ch bro pek 780 42 bid 160 702 39 do or pek 1950 47 156 36L 16 ch or pek 1360 40 bid 161 705 21 do pekve 8410 43 157 364 13 do pek 1235 38 bid 159 Sudbury 370 34 ch bro pek 2074-36 bid = S507 160 373 13 do pek fans 845 34 [Messrs. Somerville & Co.— 188 Bibra Gg. Aust PEN 179,686 1b, ] 166 CH 391 50hf-ch pekfans 3700 25 bid Lot. Box. Pkges. Name. Ib. . e: 2 JIM i M €98 9 ze ees : 855 37 pia 8 Warakamure 916 18 ec ro pe 1800 38 di 5 | 9 919 17 ei pek df 1615 38 SMALL LOTS, 14 St. Catherine 934 31 ¢ bro or pek 3327 39 bid eae 18 Dalukoya ae Li nen bro oe pek 1020 45 bid [Messrs. Fortes & Walker] 19 26 do or pek ~ 1430 44 20 952 30 do pek 1650 43 | Lot Box Pkgs. Name. Ubiets ¢: 23 Minna 961 36hf-ch braorpek 2340 53 W, in estate 24 964 25 ch or pek 2375 46, - mark 388 2 ch bro mix 200 3 26 967 9 do pek 855 45 4 New:Peacock 394 4hf-ch bromix 200 30 26 Woodthorpe 970 7 ch _ tro pek 700 = 44 bid 7 Avoca 403 5 do bro pek fans §415 = 30 27 973 11 do pek 858 40 bid 9 Nakiadeniya 409 5 ch bro pek No 2 425 40 28 976 13 do pek sou 1040 33 12 418 3hfch dust 270 28 33 Rambodde 991 24hf-ch broorpek 1440 48 13 421 2 do do No.1 140-27 34 994 6: do bro pek 3410 945 14 PalmGarden 42! 4hf-ch bro pek 260 «43 35 997 27 do pek 1350 43 15 427 4 do pek 200 39 39 Glenalmond 10 11 ch bro pek 1100 42 bid 16 430 2 do. peksou 120 37 40 13 10 do pek 950 40 bid 17-28 G 43Gme5) Cl pek sou 270 34 41 16 10 do pék sou 850 38 bid 20 Walpita 44% 6 ch pex sou 480 38 47 HJS 35 zO0hf-ch pek sou 1200 “38 21 PM 445 6 ch bro pek 660 41 48 Dryburgh 87 14hfch broorpek 952 42, 22 443 3 do ek 240 39 49 40 22 do or pek 1144 47 bid | 23 451 lhf-ch redleaf 50 25 50 43 56 ch pek 2632 42 26 Maligatenne 460 7 ch pek 686 37 51 46 24 ch pek sou 1680 38 27 463. 5 do pek sou £00 35 53 Yarrow 52 44hf-ch bro pek 2464 45 bid 28 466 1 do bro mix 105 35 54 55 65 do pek 3230 45 \ 32 Kelaneiya and 55 Corfu 58 42hf-ch bropek 2730 43 bid | Braemar 478 4 ch dust 480 28 56 61 54 do or pek 2970 44 33 4231 2 do sou 200 37 60 Yspe 73 1L ch pek sou 935 49 39 Puspone 499 2 ch sou J5u 39 61 76 1Lhf-ch dust 935 28 40 502 3 do dust 420 27 67. DAL, in es- 4. Humasgeriya 505 7 ch sou 630 35 tate mark 94 9 ch pek sou 855 36 43 AP, in estate 70 Ambalawa 103 22hf-ch bro pek 1100 40 | mark 511 5hf-ch bro pek 276 42 71 06 2) do pek 00 40 44 514 8 do ek 400 33 72 Thebertou 109. 22 ch bro or pek 2200 42 bid | 45 517 5 do pek sou 220 37 73 112 37 do ek 3515 40 bid 46 520 1 do bro mix 44 30 74 115 8 do pek sou 720 38 47 523.1 do dust 76 28 76 Honiton 121 16 do bro pek 1648 41 52 CSG 538 2 ch bro mix 1€0) 30 77 124 10 do pek 850 32 69 Monkswocd 559 Shf-ch fans 480 38 8L Weygalla 136 21 ch pek 2100 = 40 60 662 5 do dust 400 46 82 139 19 ch pek sou 1900 37bid | 61 KM 565 3hf-ch bro pek 165° 43 8 KGA 148 «9 ch pek 810 38 bid | 56> 3 do or pek 150 48 87 Kotadeniya 154 13 ch pek sou 1235 3L bid Sal.4 chi pek 400 4) 89 Hleaskande 16) 23 ch or pek 2300 39 bid 574 4 do pek sou 360 41 90 Nugawella 163 32hfch bro pek 1856 46 | Ella Oya 610 6 ch pek sou 540-39 OL 166 46 do pek 2300 42 613 7 do dust 630 24 96 Nyanza 181 7 ch bro pek 700 51 616 3 do bre pek fans 222 87 97 184 10 do or pek 1009 50 86 St. Leonards- 98 187 2) do rek 1700 47 on-Sea 640 1 ch dust 90 23 99 190 8 do pek sou 720 44 ; 94 Mahalla 064 5 ch pek sou 500 36 100 Enowatte 193 27. ch pek 2700 37 bia | 104 »:eddetenne 694 4 ch bro pek fans 300 37 101 Ovoca Al 196 30hf-ch pekfans 1800 37 108 Galle watte 705 6 ch pek sou 510 38 105 F, in estate 109 769 4 do sou 320 87 mark 20S 9hf-ch dust 720 28 111 715 4 do dust 340 26 106 Bellavilla 211 15 ch pek 1500 40 114 Cotswald 724 9 ch pek sou 675 = 39 109 Ran»asingha- 115 727 1 do sou 80 34 patna 220 74hf-ch or pek 3348 45 bid | 116 730 3hf-ch dust 20 2 110 223 32 ch pek 2816 44 20 BDWG 742, 4 do dust 360-28 1114 226 33 do peksou 3040 40 bid | 121 Raglan 745 3 ch bro pek 335 «= 40 112 22) 56hf-ch bro or pek 3534 45 122 743° 6 do 114 Deniyaya 235 13 ch or pek 300 45 bid lhf-ch bro pek 616 38 115 238 88 do bro pek 3800 45 bid | 123 Tol 1 do dust 68 2¢ 116 241 15 do _ pek 1500 41bid | 127 Matale 763 5hf-ch dust 400 29 117 214 9 do pek sou 900 39 133 Glengarffe 781 6,hf-ch dust 48 29 118 Kekuna Hena 247 26 ch bro pek 2600 42bid | 134 Knuckles 119 250 12 do pek 1200 40 bid Group 784 1 ch pek son 100-38 120 253 8 do peksou s00 39 itt ope 787.2 do tans 250-38 121 EBleekeenyia 256 16 ch ~~ orpek 1600 4 139 Vathalana 799. 7 ch pek sou 66. 87 112 Mousa Eliya 259 12 ch or pek 1320 = 40 bid 140 £02 5kf-ch dust 400 27 124 265 13 ch pek 1235 39bid | 147 Nilloomally 128 Harangalla 277 15 ch bro pek 1425 44 OBE C, inest. 129 280 20 do pek 1800 42 ak &23 3 ch sou 9738 38 130 283 15 ado sou 1350 386 bid 148 826 8 ch fans 640 36 133 New_Valley 292 16 ch bro or pek 1600 52 bid | 149 829 4 do dust 200 28 13t 295 12 do or pek 1200 45 bid 153 Glencorse 841 8 ch pek sou 600 88 ug? 208 17 do pek 1700 44 154 844 1 do dust 1¢3 26 136 801 18 do pek sou 1170 40 157 Halton $53 8 ch pek sou 640 87 1388 N1T 307 7 ch unas No.2 900 34 bid 168 BA 856 2 ch dust 169 27 140 Kelani 813 52 ch bro pek 4160 43 169 859 1 do red leaf 104 25 141 316 28 do bro or pek 2800 44 162. Dunbar 868 7Thf-ch bro psk 885 40 142 319 383 do pek 2805 40 164 DBR 874 I ch pek sou 80 37 143 322 20 do pek sou 1800 39 105 877 1 do bro mix 80 37 14k 325 6 do dust 730 26 166 880 Lhf-ch dust 75 27 Box. Pkgs, Lot ‘167 KDA 883 1 ch 168 876 1 do 169 880 1 do 175 G 907 6 ch 176 910 3 do 177. Ugieside 913 3 ch 182 Bargany 928 1Lhf-ch 192 Hayes 958 3 ch 193 Galkadua 961 3 ch 215 Kirklees 10:7 1 ch 216 1030 4 do 227 G BR, in est. mark .. 1068 1 ch 942 Halloowella 1108 8 eh 213 1lll 4 do 244 - lila 2-do 246 Ookoowatte No.1 1120 1 ch 247 1123 2 do 264 Hatherleigh 1174 4 ch 285 1177 % do 269 Coreen 1189 2 ch 270 192 4hf-ch 281 Alleaton 1275 2 ch 252 1228 3 do 288 1231 1 do 285 G, in estate mark 1237 4 hf-ch 286 1240 8 do 287 M, in estate mark 1243 8 ch 288 1246 2 do 289 1249 3 do 290 1252 3 do 295 Passara Groupl267 2 hi-ch 997 ~Trex 1273 1. eh 209 1979 1 do 301 1285 1 do 302 1288 1 do 303 1291 1 do 3)6 Madakelle 1300 9 hf-ch 30) A 1319 5 ch 1 hf-ch 311 1sio 7 ¢ch 1 hf-ch 312 1318 4 ch 1 hf-ch 313 1321 3 ch 1 hf-ch 314 1324 4 ch » 1 hf-ch 315 1327 5 ch 317 HL 1333 3 do 421 astlereagh 1315 4 do 322 1348 8 hf-ch 323 1351 3 do 333 Beausijour 138L 1 do 334 1384 1 do 335 1387 2 hf-ch 336 Mariawatte 1390 6 ch 340 Ruankande 1402 6 do 346 Weyungawattel42u 3 do 347 1423 2hf-ch 349 Ingrogalla 1429 6 ch 350 1432 4 do 361 1435 3 do 352 Waverley 1438 3 do 354 CN 1444 8 do 366 Erracht 1480 6 do 368 1486 1 do 369 Macaldeniya 1489 6 hf-ch 370 1492 10 do 371 1495 10 do 372 1498 5 ch 1 hf-ch 373 1501 1 do 374 1501 2 do 375 1507 1 ch 379 Queensland 1519 5 ch 380 1522 2 do 381 1525 2hf-ch 382 1528 1 do 383 1531 4 do 390 Stafford 1552 1hf-ch 395 Patiagama 1567 5 do 420 Ascot 1642 2 ch 421 GHO 1645 4 do 423 Ettapolla 1651 9 hf-ch 424 1654 9 do 425 1657 2 do 426 Sb. Edwards 1660 10 do 428 _ 1666 11 do 429 1669 7 do 433 Pine Hill 1681 7 ch 434 1684 3 do 435 1687 1 do 439 Hentleys 1699 8 hf-ch Name. dust bro pek fans pek dust pek sou 680 br pk fan No.1 505 pek fans congou bro mix bro mix peK sou fans dust pek sou Tans dust pek sou pek sou pek sou dust pek sou bro tea red leaf bro pek bro tea pek seu pek dust bro or pek bro pek pek _ pek sou sou dust bro tea pek sou bro mix dust fans unast fans fans dust pek sou pek sou dust bro pek pek pek sou pek sou dust sou or pek 388 488 Hornsey Scrubs Peakshadow KGOD © 88 inest. mark BFB Stafford Ruanwella Rockside 1846 1 do 495 Bandara Eliyals67 8 hf-ch Lot. 156 166 R, iv est. mark Lot Box. Pkgs. 1JIMDM $95 4 ch 3 901 6 do 4 904 1 do 5 907 2 do 6 910 1 do 7 Warakamure 913 6 hf-ch 10 2 9 do 11 925 1. do 15 St. Catherine 937 8 ch 16 40 1. do 17 943 1hf-ch 21 Dalukoya 955 9 hf-ch 92 958 10 do 29 Woodthorpe- 979 1hf-ch ~ 30 Ravenoya 982 13 hf-ch LEL Melvilla N CR, in est. mark Iona Eila Ottery Farm Agra Ouvah Ben Nevis St. Adam Cleveland Theresia Gangawatte Suduganga NK : MG Claremont MTCL N’ Eliya Sibna Dua Welicoda Myraganga EEE (Messrs. Somerville & Co.) — (Mr. B. John.) Name. Ib. pek sou 320 bro mix 270 dust 160 k sou 450 ns 210 pek sou 450 bro pek 652 k 680 pek sou 637 dust 390 or pek 450 bro pek 40 pek 450 fans 558 dust 240 bro pek 168 unast 260 dust log pek sou 40 dust 240 sou 640 bro mix 100 bro pek fans 660 Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. 222 ch sou 665 = 5 .~ fst 350 234 ts) sou 400 237 +1 do ol 59 240 2 do dust 148 32 3S ¢ bro mix 194 255 hfch dust 85 75 3 ch pek sou 235 288 3hf-ch dust 270 297 +8 ch orpek 640 300 7 do pe oe 630 306 7hf-ch fans 456 4 8 do dust 680 333. 1 ch dust 170 336 «5hf-ch dust 426 360 7 ch pekoe 665 363 1lhf-ch flowy or pek 550 366 9 do bropek 540 372 8 ch kK sou 680 375 5hfch ro pek fans 253 378 4 do dust 260 390 3 do fans 2 420 4 do dust 240 423 1 ch koe 95 438 6hf-ch_ bro pek 408 477 6 ch pek sou 540 456 1 do pek fans 125 62 2hf-ch sou 160 68 3 ch bro mix 270 471 Ghfch dust 480 474 8 ch kK sou 640 507 2 do nst 200 10 2 do red leaf 186 513 Thf.ch bro pek 392 582 2 ch bro pek fans 200 615 6 do ik sou 480 645 5 do ro tea 475 675 6 fey , 1hf-ch bro pek No.2 650 681 1 ch pe a 50 687 3 do redleaf 226 690 Lhf-ch sou 40 720 4 do unas 232 Name. bro pek pek sou fans lb SSBVVBIVRSSREKRS O SSEPS o SNSSEGSRSSSSSREER CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. 5 Lot Box. Pkgs Name. Ib. ec. 31 985 15 hf-ch pek 330 ©. 40 bid So 988 1 do sou 5L 36 36 Rambodde i bu do pek sou 250 33 37 4 4 do fans 280 34 38 7 2 do dust 18) 28 42 Glenalmond 19 1 ch sou 81 36 bid 43 22 2hf-ch fans 150 31 bid 44 25 2 do dust 17) 27 bid 45 HJS 28 7hf-ch bro pek 420 i 46 31 8 do pek 420 40 52 Dryburgh 49 5hfch fans 365 39 657 Corfu 6! 12hf-ch pek sou 660 33 bid 58 67 1 do dust 80 23 59 70 1 do fans 350 30 62 Kirimettiya 79 4 ch bro pek 112 41 63 82 2 do pek 228 36 1 hf-ch 64 85 1 do pek sou 43 34 65 88 1 ch fans 94 25 63 DA LU, in estate mark 91 6 ch bro nek 630 39 63 97 6 do bro mix 540 35 69 fonside 100 3hf-ch dast 255 27 75 Theberton 118 2 ch fans F 200 23 78 Honiton 127, 8 ch pek sou 680 37 79 130 1 do dust 150 26 80 Weygalla 133 6 ch bro pez 509 43 83 142 3 do sou 209 36 84 145 1 do dust 100 26 86 ABC 15! 2 ch bro pek 246 32 88 Koladeniya Ti sto Aco dust 300 26 92 Nugawells 169 4 ch pel sou 34) 37 93 172 1 do bro mix §5 3) OL 175 2hf-ch dust 170 28 95 HA’Galla 178 4 ch pek 360 38 102 St. A 199 3 ch pek sou 204 33 103 F A, in estate mark 2U2 2hf-ch dust 160 Pe 104 F, in estate 4 mark 25 4 ch sou 384 38 107 Knavesmire 214 1 ch pek 90 38 108 K 8, in estate mark ie ooh bro sou 100 34 113 Ranasingha- p tna bro pek fans 350 3L 123 Mousa Eliya 262 5 ch or pek 475 43 125 Tembiligalla 263 2 ch pek 19) 38 126 C 271 4 ch sou 3-5 19 127 274 4 do pek dust 600 24 13! Harangala 286 9hf-ch dust 630 27 132 Polkelle 239 4 ch pek 360 33 137 NEL 304 5 ch unas No. | 50) 36 139 S, in estate mark 310 2hi-ch pek sou 100 37 146 Kahatagalla 331 1 ch bro or pek 110 39 147 334 7 do pek 595 37 148 337 7 do pek sou 560 35 149 340 1 do dust 130 26 154 Ukuwela 355 5 ch pek sou 550 35 1 hf-ch 158 Nillicollawatte 367 5 ch pek sou 450 27 162 8 379 5Shf-ch dust 400 37 163 382 4 do bro tea 200 33 164 A 335 3hfch dust 240 27 165 583 5 do b o tea 250 34 CEYLON COCOA SALES IN LONDON. Commercial Gorrespondent.) MINCING LANE April 1. “*Clan MecNeil.”—Lowlands, 17 bags sold at 70s 6d; Hentimalie A, 5 bags sold at 60s; ditto B, 6 bags sold at 60s. “Clan Alpine.”—Isabel OO, 8 bags sold at 74s 6d; ditto O, 11 bags sold at 7ls 6d; ditto 2, 5 pace sold at 61s 6d; Isabel, 4 bags sold at 61s 6d. “Clan MeNeil.”—Delgolla ek eta . a ee £509 ite oe | : +) Matthias ~ ar } iu. “F : es , £ Ms : LA . iy j : es , Jie iL 9 Pa ’ at (Vi> 4) 2g ' ph. , . P + pes 17 ae chi aN pale at ak aa? -. Ch bots ‘ é 4 ret eat ti Le 4 od ‘ 2 tc. ise “ilies - Ne a , nA te pt oe o a dvairti.e i. i nd NOhieda! Pe P . yaa be iee » net WKS ie 2 lige rn yveane ep AF al | * i rE Ki wh AMS ecg Po ROW Ta BCs eitnathes Mopssad Es; etteubs Dior ae i i 3 i Ps out wl ey A 4 ‘TEA, COFFEE, CINCHONA, COCOA, AND CARDAMOM SALES. NO. 16 COLOMBO SALES OF TEA. Prick :—12% cents each 3 copies LARGE LOTS. Messrs. Forbes. & Walker.— [450,784 Ib.) Lot Box Pkgs. 1 B, in estate mark 1885 13 ch 2 1ss8 11 du 4 Elfindaie 1894. 8 ch 59 MGolla 1909 7 ch 10 AgraElbed- de 1912 30 hf-ch 11 1915 39 do 12 3913 i1 do aie. GD.% 1924 shf-ch 20 Kincora 1942 °4 ch 21 1u45 17 do 22 1918 23 do 23 1951 17 do 24 Thedden 1954 33 ch 25 1957 17 do 26 1960 9 do z8 Strathspey 1966 19 hf-ch 29 19.9 16 ©1O 33 L GF, inest, “mark 1981 17 ch 34 1984 20 do 35 1957 12 do 39 Tymawr 1999 24 hf-ch 40 2002. 20 do 41 2005 32 do 42 - £008 30 do 45 Gonapitiya 2017 10 ch 46 £020 10 do 47 2023 10 do 48 2026 10 do 54 Anningkande 2044 14 ch 56 207 12 do 56 Gallawatte 20:0 9 ch ivan - 2053 9 do 68 Rowley 2056 20 hf-ch 59 2039 36 do 66 Pansalatenne 4080 8 ch 63 Ismalle 2086 17 ch 70 2092 7 «do 76 D, in estate mark 2110 20 hf-ch 77 Waitalawa 2113 79 hf-ch 78 2116 94 do 79 2119 3 do 8i Nugagalla 2125 34hf-ch $2 2128 67 do 83 Middleton z131 12 ch 84 2134 13 do 92 Weoya 2158 12 ch 93 Maha Uva 216L 43 ch 94 2164 31 do 95 2167 13 do 98 Gampaha 2176 60 ch 99 2179 43 do 100 2182 16 do 1oL 2185 £0 do 102 2183 16 do 10! High Forest 2i94 (0 hf-ch 105 2197 25 do 106 240 :0 do 107. onacombe 220% 28 ch 108 2203 41 do lu9 2219 60 do 110 241% do lil 2715 9 hf-ch 123 Weodend 1 18 ch 124 4 25 do 125 7 13 do 127 Naseby 13. 88 hf ch 128 1 17 do 129 19 19 do 180 22 13 do 131 Penrhos 25 2 hf-ch 132 23 25 do 138 31.80 ch 136 WV RA 40 ILhf-ch 137. W'Bedde 43 38 do 138 46 15 ch 1.9 R CW, in est. mark 49 19 ch 140 i215 do 142 Rickarton 68 13 ch Cotompo, May 1, 1899. 30 cents; 6 copies 4 rupee- Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. Ib: ~c; 159 Ella Oya See liech bro pek 1700 49 151 85 1L do pek 900 4t 161 Harrington 115 13 ch or pek 130 43 bid | 162 118 1L do pek 1100 43 bid | 105 Geragama 127 “11 ch bro pek 1045 39 bick | 166 130 It do pek © 990-36 bid 167 Waratenne 133 14 ch bro pek 1330 38 bid 168 136 11 te) pe 9365 36 bik Name. Ib. & 169 Kirklees 139 3Lhf-ch bro or pek 1860 49 170 143 39 ch or pek 4095 46 bik sou 1170 36 171 145 33 do pek 3300 45 dust 165029 175 Dammeria 157 31 ch Dbroor pek 3740 45 pek 720 3 176 169 22 do or pek 2200 45 dust 1050 24 177 163 26 do pek 3240 43 178 166 10 do pek sou 900 40 broorpek 209 50 182 Gampaha 178 9hf-ch fans 81027 or pe 2240 44 1s9 Pallagodda 199 17 ch bro or pek 1700 43 pek 1705 43 199 202 18 do bro pek 1800 48 dust 720 23 191 205 14 do or pek 1190 41 bro pek 2520 50 192 203 14 do pek 1120 39 or pek 1615 46 193 211 11 do pek sou 990 39 pek 280 43 195 Morankanda 217 26 ch bro pek £650 4) pek No. 2 170% 40 196 220 31 do pek 2790 3S bro pek £630 4u0 197 223 12 do pee sou 105C 30 pek 1700 39 207 Seenagolla £53 82 hf-ch ro pek 208) 62 pek sou 900 36 208 256 8 ch orpek 769 46 or pek 983 51 bid | 209 259 11 do ek 11U0 45 pek 8.0 41 bid | 212 Carfax 268 16 ch bro orpek 1600 51 213 271 18 do or pek 1620 48 pek sou 2244 35 214 274 18 do pek 1620 43 fans 1490 ~— 32 220 MP 292 5 ch dust Nol 700 25 dust 1020025 222 Columbia 293 45hf-ch or pek 2250 49 bid or pek 1200 44 2°3 31 42 do pek 1890 44 broorpek 110u 55 2296 Kakiriskanda 310 9 ch pek 855 36 bid pek 1410 46 228 Great Valley, pek sou 1350 40 : Ceylon, in est. bro pek 1200 55 bid mark 316 30 do or pek 1359 5 or pek 1000 54 bid | 229 319 22 do bro pek 1/10 47 bid ek 1000 40 230 322 19 do pek 1710 41 pek sou 970 42 231 3825 18 do pek sou 1260 39 bro pek 1400 43 255 337 11 do pek A 770 4L pek 1140 39 bid | 236 Matalawa 240 9 do peksou 990 31 bro pek 855 42 240 Blairgowrie 352 13 do sou 1105 29 bid pek 763 39 243 SSS "361 12 do ek 10560 387 bid bro pek 10L0 48 245 Augusta 367 5 do ust 750-25 pek 1800 4u 249 Vorwood 379 8 do bro or pek £40 3 dust 1160 23 | 250 382 22 do bro pek 2024 46 sou 1330 bt 251 685 8 do or pek 704 42 dust 950 23 232 388 17 do pek 1.60 39 Z 253 39L 11 do dust 880 37 pek son 1000 33 bid | 261 GreatValley 415 25hf-ch broor pek 1500 46 bid bro pek 3950 47 244 BDWMK 424 10 do bro pek $50 38 bid pek 4700 42 265 427 24hf-ch pek 1200 41 bid pek sou 190037 966 Bandarawella, 430 43 do broor pek 2408 60 bro pek 1700 48 267 433 9 ch pek sou §s0 43 pek 3380-42 263 Tymawr 426 27 do pek 1215 49 bro pek 1200 53 209 439 27 do ek 1215 50 pek 1170 44 270 Scrubs 4412 8 do ro pek 800 46 bid dust 1630 25 271 Errollwood 445 19hf-ch bro or pek 335 50 bid bro or pek 2795 45 272 443 29 ch cr pek 2610 46 pek 2945 45 273 451 10 do yeksou 1000-40 bid pek sou W039 276 Palmerston 460 25hf-ch bro pek 1375 BL pek 5 00 42) 277 463 13 ch ek 1 70 45 b:o or pek 4720 44 bid | 279 Vathalana 4°69 27 do bro or pek 1620 40 or pek 15200 44 | 280 472 13 do or pek 1105 39 pek sou 1860 39 | 232 Vogun 478 44 do bro pek 4400-45 Dik pek fans 1440 23 im 1}| 283 431 52 do pek 46-0 39 bid bro pek 8130 49 bid | 237 K 2>W 493 25hf-ch er pek 1600 45 or pek 1175 54 D8 496 18 do bro pek 990 42 pek 830 4 2-9 499 43 do pek 2100 «40 or pek 2810 46 | 292 Fairlawn 508 +18 do beo pek 900 43 bid bro pek 4100 43 293 511 29 do or pek 1305 At pek 4300 44 294 514 12 do pek 1080 42 pek sou 81040 | 293 Hatton £28 36 do tro pek 2160 = SL bid ust 810 29 | 299 529 26 ch pek 2250 46 bro pek 1710 = 39 bid) 301 Galapitikandas535 26 do — orpek 2600 44 pek 2375 37 | 302 5 2 do bro or pek 2176 38 bid ek sou 1:70 35 | 303 } ck 2700 42 ro or pek £280 L | 304 pek sou £00 36 or pek 516 52 3.9 Glencorse bro pek 2160 40 bid pek 107 48 30 - bro or pek 1520 48 pek sou 728 44 311 pek 1440 &9 bro pek 1624 1 312 pek sou 975 37 or pek 1200, $6 316 Hayes pek sou 1010-36 bid pek 2570 41 | 317 Harrow bro or pek 4355 49 fans £19 4 816 pek 3 00 45 or pek 1710-45 bid | 319 Erracht broor pek 1140 41 pek 1620 42 bid | 320 bro pek 170 = 43 DIR F | 321 pek 160 59 or pek 1805 tO | 323 pek sou 805 84 pek 1305 39 | $25 S XZ pek son = 144533 pek W000 45 ' 326 Maha Uva 610 22 do pek sou ivsO 40 bE [Messrs. Somerville & Co.-— 2 Jot. Box. 323 Gastlereagh 616 3380 Talgugwela 622 381 625 332 628 338 Halloowella 616 33 649 tt High Forest 645 24% Maligatenne 6726 343. CSG / 661 348 Doranakande 670 BAS 676 250 Putupaula 682 361 65 202 688 365 Clyde 697 355, 760 357 13 360 Tembiligalla 712 362 718 365 BDW G 727 366 720 367 Monkswood 733 368 736 369 759 34 742 327 WHR 745 373 Fb. 375 Battalgalla 757 376 Massena 760 377 763 78 766 Lot. Box. % : ELF 514 517 3 Choughleigh 526 10 532 24 Park Hill 574 25 577 26 586 29 Bidbury 589 30 692 Blt 595 33 Venture 601 31 PTN, in estate mark €04 35 Ingeriya 607 36 610 37 613 38 6 6 4) Mousakande 622 42 628 43° 63L 44 Henegama 634 61 Oakham 655 53 66! 56 Marigold 670 57 673 58 676 59 679 60 682 62 Comillah 683 65 Neboda 697 68 Neuchatel 7U6 69 79 70 712 71 Annandale 715 72 ets} 74 724 75 vive $1 IP 745 82 743 88 Ambalawa 766 $9 Hilandhu 769 90 Ga2 91 RSP 775 92 773 93 781 94 K 784 101 ANKE -tate mark -805 102 Koladeniya 868 106 Hangraneya 820 107 §23 108 826 113 Ferriby 841 114 $44 115 647 119 G’Godde 859 129 Sirinawasa 8 mn gb 22 hf- oy 21 ch 38 hf-ch 19 hf-ch 10 ch 54 hf-ch 365 do i8 do Name. Ib. or pek 1700 bro pek 5490 pek 1710 pek sou 1445 or pek 1100 pen sou 1260 ro pek 2240 or pel 90 lro pek 3850 bro pek 100 pek sou 900 bro pek pital) pek 2495 pek sou 910 bro pek 3420 broorpek 700 pek 2250 bro pek 1430 pek 1299 bro pek 19) pek sou rid ro pek 1300 or pek 1250 pek 2700 pek sou 1020 sou 1105 dust 1615 pek sou 200 bro pek 270) k 1750 pek sou 900 119,984 Ib,] 862 Pkgs. 16 hf-ch 22 hf-ch 9 ch 9 do 26 ch 67 do 88 do S hf-ch 25 hf-ch 18_ ch 60 hf-ch 13 ch 16 do 39 hf-ch 22 ch 14 do 160 ch 15 do Name. Ib. bro pek £09 ek 810 roorpek 864 pek 1932 bro pek 1040 pek 720 pek sou 819 bro pek 21.00 pek 960 pek sou 720 pek sou 1120 pek sou 1400 bro pek 2000 pek 1108 pek sou 1104 bro pek fan 900 bro pek 1395 pek 1530 fans 760 bro pek fan 1300 bro pek 960 ek 1440 ro or pek 3355 or pek 1786 pek 1800 ek sou 17:0 ro pek fan 1972 ro pe’ 700 pek 1995 bro pek 4085 ek 935 pek sou 1198 bro or pek 1008 or pek 1113 pek 10:0 pek sou 935, pck sou 2024 dust 1376 bro pek 1160 bro pek 920 pek 855 bro pek 2600 pek 6030 pek sou 3040 bro pek 778 dust 2270 pek sou 1235 bro pek — 3300 pek 1041 pek son 800 bro pek 1755 pek | 1870 pe sou 980 bro pek 1000 bro pek 1575 Lot Box CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST Pkgs. Name. Ib. 121 865. 18 ch pek 1300 {age 868 13 do pek sou 1235 +e 45 1A 877 ¥ ch pek slo 126 Nillicollaw atte 880 16 ch = or pek 130 17 853 13 do k 1.35 128 Labugaima 886 29hf-ch bro pek 140 129 689 20 ch pek 1900 130 £92 13 do pek sou 1 131 Ukuwela £95 16 ch ~ 1600 136 Mousa Eliya 910 12 ch ro 1320 137 Dartry A 913 #9 ch bro tea 810 (Mr. B. John. —191,023 |b.) Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. Ib. 1 Uda 723 20hf-ch bro pek 120 2 726 17 ch pekoe 1:96 3 7 9bfch pek« ust 720 4 Ferndale 732 14 ch ome orpek 1H0 5 735 14 do bro or 1260 7 Brownlow 74l 47hbf-ch broorpek 2679 8 74t 24 ch “f 2280 9 7417 «21 do 1890 10 7 lL hf-ch bro pek fans — ll NP 753 1L do ust 12 Little Valley 756 11 ch orpek oD 13 759 29hf-ch bro pek 1740 li 762 3% ch ~~ pekoe 3060 15 Troup 76) 11 do sou 935 16 768 11 do bro mix 1210 17 Suduganga 7il i7hf-ch bro pek 104 18 74°10 ch pekoe 950 19 777 10 do me sou 900 21 Bittacy 783 27 do ro pek 700 22 7:6 23 do pekoe 10% 23 739 7 do E sou 70 25 Galloela 795 29 do bro pek 2010 26 798 86 do pekve 3600 27 801 20 do ee sou 2009 43 ~Poilakande 819 17 do ro pek 1530 34 822 10 do oe 900 85 Whyddon 825 21 do ro pek 2205 36 838 21 do or pek 1785 42 Templestowe 846 27 do broorpek 2700 43 849 18 do or pek 1409 44 £52 24 do pekoe 2160 46 858 15 do dust 1-00 47 St. John’s 861 2Ghf-ch broorpek 1664 48 864 25 do or 1350 49 7 25 do pekoe 1400 50 870 18 do kfans 1260 51 Glentils 873 32 ch bed pek 3200 52 736 15 deo pekoe 1500 53 Rondura 878 11 de or pek 999 54 882 28 do bropek 2809 65 88 2 de pekoe 2520 56 ep 885" do see sou £10 58 Agra Ouvah 894 6 hf-eh broorpek 4160 59 8&7 do or pek 1540 (a0) 900 ck pekoe 855 61 Glasgow £03 32 de bro or pek 2720 62 { 14 de or pek 910 63 909 9 do pekoe $00 6t Gallella 912 17 do or pek 1445 65 915 51 do broorpek 5100 66 918 12 do yekoe 1039 68 924 12 hf-ch fee rek fans 1209 73 Homeland 939 27 ch pek sou 2700 74 Bowhill 942 22 do bro pek 2200 7a 915 14 do pekoe 120 76 918 10 do pek sou 9u0 78 Woodlands 954 13 do bropek le 79 957 1L do koe 1045 £0 960 9 do peksou 810 81 Mocha 963 27 do broorpek 2710 82 936 12 do or pek 1080 8&3 969 21 do pekoe 1785 84 972 20 do pek sou 1600 87 Mount Everest 981 21 hf-ch brs pek fans 1470 9 WK 990'"29 ch bro pek 2900 91 Rookwood y°3 25 hf-ch broorpek 1500 9: NB 2 13 do dust 1105 96 Yapame S 3t ch bro pek 34.0 97 11 21 do pekoe ~— 1680 98 14 11 do peksou 8380 99 Eadella 17 22 do bro pek 2200 100 20 17 do pekoe 1430 101 23 10 do pek sou £68 102 Myraganga 26 54 do bropek 5400 103 29 61 do bro pek 6100 lut 32 27 deo pekoe ~» 2565 1(5 35 23 do pek sou 1810 114 Bellongalla 62 18 on cst upek 1008 115 65 21 1680 16 68 10 hick ome ook fans 700 SSe%ee o EEE B4es z = w a CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST, Lot Box. Pkgs, Name. Ib. 118 -Mabanilu 74 25hf-ch or pek 1375 119 77 29 do broorpek 2030 120 80. 20 ch pekoe 2100 421 83 12 do pek sou 1.00 122 MN 86 QOhf-ch dust 828 123 89 7 ch pekoe No.2 735 124 92 14 do. pek son No.2 1470 125 95 Ohf-ch fans © 720 126 Kotuagedera 9: 27 ch . bro pek 2709. 127 101 10 do pekoe No.g 940 128 Murraythwaite 104 12 do bro pek 1140 129 107 12 do pekoe 1020 139 Glasgow 137 14 do bro or pek 119 140 LP 140 12 do pek sou 1620 » SMALL LOTS, {Messra. Forbes & Walker Lot Box Pkgs. Name. lb. 3 E'findale 1s9l 4 ch bro pek 400 5 Cooroondoo- watte 1897 Shf-ch bro pek 400 6 1.00 11 do pek 550 7 1:03 5 do pes sou 250 8 1906 1 do pek dust 83 733, eee 1#2t 4hf-ch bro mix 280 27 'Thedden 1963 1 ch dust 170 43 Carendon 2011 3 ch bro pek 334 44 2014 3 do. pek 300 60 Rowley 2u62 2hf-ch pek sou 100 61 2055 3 do dust 150 67 Pansalatenue 20s3 1 ch unas 8&7 69 Ismalle 208) 3 ch fans 360 71 2095 3 do congou 180 72 D, in estate mark 2093 7Thf-ch bro or pek 420 73 2101 4 do fans 240 74 210t 8 do dust 480 7h 217 7 do bro mix 420 20 Waitalawa 227 (chi dust 63) 91 Weoya 2155 4 ch sou 400 96 Maha Uva 2170 2 ch pek fans 160 97 213 7 do dust 650 103 Gampaha AeA ain dust 180 112 Bambra- galla 2218 6hf-ch broorpek 3°0 3S 2221 7 do bro pex 353 1l4 2224.5 do pek 230 115 92.7 4 do pek sou 200 116 LGA 2230 6 ch bro pek €L0 ll 2233 3 do pek 00 118 2236 2 do pek sou 200 1i9 2239 3 do bro tea 300 126 Woodend 10 3 ch dust 420 134 Penrhos BES eS hi) pek sou £60 135 37 7hf-ch dust 507 141 K WD, in estate mark 55 38 do broorpek' 180 1149 BDW 79 7 ch sou 630 152 Ella Oya 88 7 ch pek sou 630 153 9i 56 do bro pek fans 370 154 Stamford Hill 91 5 ch dust 425 165 Downside #7 5 ch bro pek 50C 156 100 3 do pek 285 157 193 4 do pek sou 360 158 106 1 do congou 90 159 109 1 do dust 75 160 Harrington 112 S8hf-ch bro or pek 448 163 12i 3 do dust 180 164 Warwick 124 6hfch dust 480 177 DM 169 1 ch bro or pek 110 180 172 6 do pek 540 isl 175 4 do dust 409 183 Stamford Hill 18l 4 ch dust 310 194 Pallagodda 214 5 ch dust 425 193 Morankande 226 3 ch lhf-ch red leaf 835 199 229 2 do fans 1£0 200 282 2 do dust 130 208 Stamford il 250 2 ch dust 170 210 Seenagolla 262 2hf-ch dust 200 911 265 2 ch bro mix 190 29 MP 239 4 ch sou 400 221 295 1 do dustNo.2 170 224 Stamford Hill 804 2 ch dust 170 225 Kakiriskanda 307 3 do Lro pek 300 227 813 2 do lhf-ch pek sou 240 Lot. Box. 232 Great Valley, Ceylon, in est. mark 328 233 331 234 334 237 Matalawa 343 238 36 239 NWD 349 241 SSS 355 242 358 244 Augusta 364 2346 KGD 370 247 373 248 5 376 254 Torwood 391 255 Ragallz 387 256 400 257 403 258 Pingarawa 406 209 Allerton 409 260 CBD 412 274 Preston 454 275 Palmerston 4537 273 65 231 Vathalana 475 284 Vogan 434 285 487 2:6 49) 2909 KPW 502 291 505 295 Fairlawn 517 ~ 296 520 297 F Lin est. mark523 500 Hatton 632 205 GJapitikanda 547 3.6 DBE 550 307 553 303 K 556 313 Glencorse 57L 314 ETL 315 577 322 Erracht 598 32L 60t 339 Putupaula 679 Lot Box. 1 Sirisanda Bao 2 503 3 SLL 6 Gingrancya 50 7 523 9 Choughleizh 529 TIN Wi 535 2 asg 13 WGP 64l lt 644 15 547 16 Blinkbonnie 50 17 553 ls Nega 556 19 55) 20 562 21 5i5 Aa) 0 yd 563 23 57L 2/ Park Hill 533 2 536 82 D 598 39 Ingeriya 619 41 Mousakande 625 45 Henega .a 437 46 640 47 S 643 43 616 49 649 50 Oakham 652 52 658 af 664 dO 667 353 69L 355 Udaweera 694 358 Ciyde 706 359 709 £61 Tembiligalla 715 363 721 364 7235 372 WHR 748 6 379 Massena 769 & 3&0 Ti2 > 2 Pkgs. Name. Ib. ec. > ch sou B50" 2 _ 1043 8 do coke 698 * 2 46 3 do pek sou 300 34 95 Theydon Bois 1057 6 ch pek sou 480 26 os 49 : oe Pee ne 3L 96 T B,in estate Ms 52 -C dus 3 27 mark 10e€0 2 ¢ 27¢ 2 48 Bollagallv Gt Lhf-eh dust 90 30 97 1063 2 oe ee a 29 49 67 1 ch brotea 110-6 98 1U86 1 do congou Ms 3 a Sf aD L fin red leaf oa 20 ee Macaldenia 1084 12hfth pek 635 9 oT, 73% ch sou Ri i Si “45 : 59 Nyanza__ 97 4 ch dust 400 if 107 1093 3 ap une 240 > 60 Lower Dickoya 100 2 ch bro pek 210 38 112 Hornsey 1108 1) hf-ch bro or pek €00 a7 vy ee . aby es 105 86 116 Hurstpler- : . 6 ifech dus 65 25 dint 1120 2c 7 rc 3 63 109 1 sack red leaf 83 23 117 a 1123 6 Go St laa re: 33 67 Hatdowa lvl 6 ch fans 600 85 118 1126 4 do pek 304 31 68 124 2 do dust 240 25 1 1129 3 do nek sou aaa - 74 Arduthie 142 10 hf-ch pek sou 500 34 120 1132 2 do bro pek dust 180 25 75 Penrhos W5 7 ch pek sou 569 3s 143 ~Letchmey 320l 5hf-ch bro pek fans 351 31 79 Neboda 167 5 ch dust 400 26 147 Clunea. |» 12187 ch 2 a opus bot plier in oan mark, 281 1615 4 do ans 0 5 sore, 4 cases 2s1d ; 21 ¢ 2s 2d; di 's 282 Hornsey 161810 ch broorpek 60047 3) soli at is 6d; BS Monsskentn a ig. bere 290 Stamford Hill'612 7 ch pek sou 595 39 . 9 6 ~ V i E ’ > 291 1615 1hf-ch bro mix $5 27 ditto 2, 2 ¢ 2s 8d; W in estate mark, le Is6d. 295 Penrhos 165758) ch ek sou 640 26 cE Carthage. —AA. CML MFCS, in estate mark, 296 1660 2 do ro mix 19939 1 case sold. ; 297° 1663 3hf-ch fans 198 28 ‘““ Wistow Hall.”—KJ & Co., 2 cases out. ae Ewhurst 1s —t ag Bes pek a = | nee Prose ak & Coin estate mark, us oo we a Le Mapes : | Malabir 3 cases Is 9d. Sg RR Malay ie Oe ane dpe “Clan Chisholm.”—HCA Malabar, 3ases ¢ 1s 11d. 3038 1656 2 do fans 10s 26 ** Clan Forbes.”--HGA in estate mark, 9 cases Is 309 1699 z do bro tea 112 32 . i 310 aby 1 ae SH 2 32 *“Olan Robertson.”—Malabar IiGA in estate 311 1705 1 do dust 7 26 rk, 16 cases Is 9d; 2 ¢ 1s 10d. ; 323 Glencorse 1741 3 ch pek fans 360 33 . me ‘ : he . ane < BBL 1744 1 do bro tea "5 «40 ; “Clan Chisholm. ’—Katalooya EX, 1 case 3s 5d 325 1747.1 do dust 162. 27 | bid; ditto AA, 2 © 3s 2d; ditto A, 4. ¢ 2s 10d; 333 Walton Wi 3 do fans 890 33 bid Cotaganga EX, 1 ¢ 3s 5d; ditto AA. 2 e 3s 3d ; eae ebii pa 2 a6 dust ae oA | 3 ¢ 38 2d; ditto A, 2 ¢ 25 10d; 4 ¢ 2s 11d; ditto 340 17goe Ll dole. dust 320-96 | B, 4 cls 8d; 1.¢ 1s Td 3, ditto C, 1 ¢ 2s 2d; 350 HGM 1822 6 do bropekfans 540 34 Wariagalla Mysore A, 2 ¢ 3s ld; 4 ¢ 3s;4 ¢ 3s 351 1825 4hbf-ch dust 340 27 1d ; ditto B, 5 ¢ 2s 7d; ditto C, le 2s 2d; ditto 352 1828 3 do bro tea pobre O77. D,1cis7d;8e¢ 1s8d; dittoseed, 1 ¢ 2s 5d. | Wen erst Rea ingee ° i “mark, 141 bags out at 69s; iat CEYLON PRODUCE SALE SLIQT. Ot cases 3s 2d; 1 c¢ 3s 3d; 3 ¢ 2s 10d; 1 ¢ 2s 5d; le 25 Gd; 1c Ys 7d; 1 ¢€ Is 94. “Clan Alpine,”,—FAA & Co in estate mark, 3 cases 3s 9d; 1 c2s. “Bullionist.”—G in estate mark, 2 cases out. ““ Clan MeNeil.’"—PBM, 1 case 2s;9cl1s 9d; le 4d. a Clan MacPherson.”—PB, 2i cases Is 61; 1e1s & Hakata Maru.”—PB in estate mark, 1 case 286d; 1c2s 1d; 1/¢ is 10d ;\1 ¢ is 4d, mae City of Sparta.”—OO in estate mark, 1 cise 1s “Clan Chisholm.”—Wewelmadde, Ceylon Carda- moms A, 2ases c4s 5d; ditto B, 3¢ 2s id; ditto C, Tels 7d; ditto E 1c 2s 4d; ditto D, 1 bag Is plOdi ditto LT, 1 ¢; 1s 6d: CEYLON COCOA SALES IN LONDON *“ClanMcNeil”—Grove A, 90 baes out at 69s; ditto A, 10 sold at 60s 6d: “ Elphinstone”—O A B London, in estate mark, 46 bags out at 68s; O A B London, in estate mark, 4 sold at 62s; 1 ditto, 79 bags out: 1 ditto, 11 sold at 62s; B A London, in estate mark, 38 bags out; BA London, in estate mark, 8 bags sold at 62s. “Clan Macpherson’—O J Lin estate mark, 35 bags out 70s; O J L in estate mark, 2 sold at 62s; 1 ditto 19 bags out at 68s; 1 ditto 1 sold at 62s. “Clan McNeil” —Kaduwella, 45 bags out at 70s. * Clan Alpine”—ditto, 35 bags out. “Clan Chisholm’—ditto, No. 1, 19 bags out, ditto, No. 2, 15 sold at 66s; ditto, No. 3, 7 bags sold at 60s; ditto, No. 4, 20 sold at 50s; ditto, No. 4, 6 sold at 49s 6d. “Eiphinstone’—K AS & Co. London, 262 bags out; KAS & Co. London, 41 bags sold at 64s; A in estate A in estate mark, 6 sold at 63s; A M Estate Cocoa, in estate mark, 34 bags out at 69s; A M Estate Cocoa, in estate mark, 16 bags sold at 63s; «1 A K in estate mark, 40 bags out at 68s; MA K in estate murk, 10sold at 63s; MAK 65 bags out; M AK inestate mark, 70 sold at62s; M A Kinestate mark, 33 bogs outat 69s; MA K10 bags sold at 62s; M A K Min estate mark, | 22 bags out; M A K M in estate mirk, 6 sold at 62s; LM Estate Cocoa, in estate mark, 42 bags out at Bee: MLM S&state Cocoa, in estat2 mark, 11 sold at 62s, “Olan Alpine’—D M A & Co. in estate mark, 31 bags out 69s; O ditto, 9 soldat 69s; BHO A in es- tate mark, li bags sold at 6¥s. | “MeNeil” —O 00 M Estate Cocoa, in estate mari, 8 bags out; OO ditto,11 sold atG6's; O ditto, 15 bags out; 1 M1. M Fstate Cocoa, inestate mark, 66 sold at 66s; S A in estate mark, 69 bags out; DM A & Co. inestate mark, 69 bags out; A R Ain es- tate mark, 9 bags sold at Gis 6d; 5 in estate mark, 6 bags out at 62s. “Hakatu Maru”—P F Sin estate mark, 36 bag out at; 6s. *“Lancashire’—G HG 4 inestate mark, 50 bags sold at 66s; OO Min estate mark 45 out at 69s. * Clan Chisholm”—M M in estate mark, 14 bags out at vis, “Clan Alpine’—Goonambil A, 75 bags sold at 74s; ditto B, 11 sold at 65s; C G A, in estate mark, 43 bags sold at 71s; ditto B, 14 sold at 65s. “Kamakura Maru’—Ross1, 31 bags out; 2, 23 bags sold at Gus 6d. * Clan Macpherson’—N DPS No. 1, in estate mark, 100 bags sold at '72s6d; No. 2, 24 sold at 70s; No. 1, 3 bags sold at 66s 6d. “ Senator’—O JJ A & Co. in estate mark, 56 bags sold at 7ls; OO K Min estate mark, 17 bags out; M «A K 1, in estate mark, 48 bagsout at 72s; MAA K in estate mark, 66 out. “ Kamakura Maru”—Woodthorpe 28 bags out at 72s; 4 sold at 63s 6d; Old Haloya 28 bags sold at 71s; Kepitigalla 61 sold at 73s. 3 “« Cheshire’ —Kepitigalla 30 bags sold at 73s. “Clan Chisholm’—lower Haloya, 23 bags sold at 71s; Bandarapola1, 7 bags out; 2, ditto 1, sold at 60s; ditto 'T, 1 sold at 50s. “Olan MecNeil”—Delgolla A, 79 bags out at 74s. ‘“« Alpine”—Gangaroowa A, 62 bags sold at 71s; ditto B, 11 sold at 606d. “ Kamakura Maruw’—Benvula 1, 29 bags sold at 71s; ditto 2, 37 sold at 66s 6d. i “Clan MecNeil’—Maria 2, 5 bags sold at 5ls 6d. “ Rewa’—Moegama A, 35 bags out. “ Clan Alpine”—166 bags sold at 70s; New Pera- deniya 13 bags out. “Inaba MM aru A Toowen A, 57 bags out; Dickeria A, 29 Dags sold at 79s. ; ‘“ Socotra’—Marakona. 85 bags sold at 68s 6d; ditto 2, 16 sold s: ditto 3, 10 bags sold at 39s. “Clan Macpherson’—Marakona I, 32 bags out; Maria 1, 27 Daos out; ditto 2, 2 sold at 42s. Olan Chisholm”’—Balagolla A, 13 bags out at 72s; ditto B, 8 out at 66s; dittoC, Lbag out. __ “Tnaba Maru’—Hylton OO, 60 bags sold at 77s; 24 sold at 78s 6.1; ditto O, 11 bags sold at 66s. “* Kamakura Maru ’—Hylton O O, 79 bags out at 75s; ditto O, 9 sold at Gls 6d. ** Olan McNeil”—Udapola A A, 76 bags out at 75s; ditto A, 65 out at 72s; ditto B, 11 bags sold at 65s 6d; ditto C, 2ibags sold at 65s6d; ditto G, 7 sold at 53s; ditto Pieces, 1 bag sold at58s;P B M1, 3 bags sold at 53s; ditto 2, 5 bags sold at 49s 6d; ditto L bags sold at 41s. “Clan Alpine’—A &J Hantane, 19 bags out at 69s; A &J Hantane, 4 sold at 61s 6d; ditto 3 bags sold at 558; ditto 6 sold ati 52s. ; : “Socotra’—O if G Mahaberia, Ceylon O, in estate mark. 32 bags sold at 80s; dittol, 8 sold at Gis. * Cheshire’—H K1, 13 bags out at 67s; ditto 2, 1 bag sold at 58s; ditto T, 1 sold at58s. : “Clan Macpherson’”—F M in estate mark, 63 bags soldat 70s 6d, OBSERVER PRINTING WORKS. TEA, COFFEE, CINCHONA, COCOA, AND CARDAMOM SALES, NO. 18 CoLouso, COLOMBO May 15, SALES OF TEA, LARGE LOTS. [Messrs. Somerville & Co.— 166,070 Ib,] Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lose; 1 Oolapane 520 10hf-ch pek dust 750 26 2 FF, in estate mark 523 18hf-ch bro pek 990 36 3 526.15 do pek 730 34 8 Welgampol1 ‘41 v4hf-ch bro pek 1320 39 9 544°°2: do pek 1176 34 Lot Box Pkgs.. Name. be Ce 14 Harangalla 659 20 ch bro pek 1900 40 bid 15 562 30 do pek 2700 37 16 565 12 do sou 1080 32 bid 17 5638 10hf-ch dust 800 27 ig TS T, in estate mark 57l 8 ch bro pek 800 35 bid 19- 574 9 do pe 900 34 23 Marigold 586 46hf-ch bro pek 2530 41 yl 589 27 do or pek 1269 47 25 592 31 do pek 1550 42 6 595 26 do pek sou 1300 40 27 598 30 do bropekfans1580 34 93 K 601 16 ch bro pek 1600 37bid 29 664 11 do pek 990 935 33 Rayigam 616 55 ch bro pek 5500 39 34 619 11 do or pek 968 39bid 35 622 32 do pek sou 2316 33 bid 36 Annandale 625 18hf-ch or pek 936 50 37 628 19 do ek 950 43 38 631 15 do pek sou 95" Al 39 L 634 8 ch bro mix 760 29 a G0 Iehteh brotea 135) a1 rtry B 640 nfi-c ro tea 5 1 re pene 613 14 do dust 1059-26 43 Califurina 616 10 ch bro pek 935 37 44 619 1L do pek 1045 34 48 Salawe 661 23 ch bro pek 2415 37 49 664 12 ch pek 1080 35 gue ee gueag 2 ikmukalana 673 -C pe 5 Pe Bik 676 22 do peksou 990 34 singha- 5 Seapaae 688 106hf-ch bro pek 5300 27 bid 58 691 34 ch pek 3128 34 bid 59 694 38 fic pek Bou ar 38 bid h 697 24 ch bro pe 52 & ae oa 700 14 do pek 1120-29 62 703 18 hes ek sou 180 a , Ww 71S 5 hf-e ro pek 200 38 a ie 721 24 do bro pek 120037 69 724 27 do wpeksou 1080-33 70 Yarrow 727 63hf-ch bro pek 3523 41 G1 730 63 do pek 3150 88 7 HK 748 17hf-ch bro pek 1020 37 bid 78 751 21 do pek 1050 36 tate or HN . Hee aI 760 $8 ch bro pek 300 37 bid 82 Na Valley 763 20 ch bro or pek 2000 45 bid 83 766 15 do or pek 1500 $5 84 769 26 do pek 2600 42 85. 772 12 do pek sou 1080 39 86 NIT 7750 7 «Och unas 700 27 89 Luwrence 784 33 ch pek sou 2178 33 90 St. Catherine 787 34 ch bro or pek 3080 35 bid in es- : - a: ae ch pek 7810 34 bid 95 Flerida f : bro pek 1260 33 bid ' ek 1200 30 bid a Bek sou 700 28 100 Woodthorpe bropek 1390-39 101 ; pek 1548 36 102 pek sou 1216 38 105 Primrose bropek 1000 39 106 3: pek 1204 36 107 “38 eon ee sou en ae , 830 10bf-ch pe 86i 86 a pe aang 853 12 : an ie an ae Re F: 880.9. hf-c pek tans 8 3 2 a 8838 8 ch wnas 80034 125 Weygalla 892 26 a ek ‘ aoa BS i a 937 26 ch ro pe ag iat yas te 940 41 do nek sou 3321 31 bid 142 943 8 do bropek fanss00 27 bid 143 046 l4hf-ch dust 1260-23 Price :—12% cents each 3 copies 1899. 30 cenis ; 6 copies 4 rupee. Lot. Box. Pkgs; Name. lb. ce. 144 Harangalla 919 28 ch bro pek 2660 41 145 952 58 do pek 5220 37 146 955 8 do bro peK fan 809 34 bid 147 958 10hf-ch dust 800 27 149 P 964 ch fans 789 18 152 Nillicollawatte 973 16hf-ch bro pek 912 40 bid 153 976 20 ch or pek 1 700 37 bia 154 979 15 do pek 1440 35 bid 157 Bovey Ceylon 98S 12 ch or pek 1020 37 bid 158 991 9 do pek 864 3d bid. (Mr. B. John. —265,283 1b,] Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. bse Jc: 9 Kotuagedera 503 3! ch bro pek 3400 36 1l NCR, inest. mark 509 15hf-ch bro pek 825 30 bid 16 Osborne 524°" 22 ch pekoe 2090 41 20 Ottery 536 42 do bro or pek 4200 £0 21 539 10 do or pek $00 50 22 542 11 do y ekoe 1045 47 24 Hila 548 45 do bro or pek 4500 37 bid 25 551. 40 do bro pek 3400 55 bid 26 55! 19 do or pek 1425 37 27 557 8 do pekoe 720 36 28 560 22 do pek sou 17€0 33 bid 36 St. John’s 584 24 hf-ch bro or pek 1488 56 bid 37 587 35 do or pek 1820 62 38 590 35 do pekoe 1925 50 39 593 25 do pek sow 1300 44 40 Mocha 596 32 ch bro or pek 3200 47 41 599 12 do or pek 1020 45 bid 42 602 27 do pekoe 2295 41 bid 43 Templestowe 605 3L do broorpek 3100 42bid 44 603 23 do or pek 2185 40 bid 45 6lL1 29 do pekoe 2610 38 bid 46 Agra Ouvah 614 52hf-ch bro or pek : No. 1 3380 50 bid 47 617 42 do bro or pek No. 2 2730 48 bid 48 620 46 do or pek 2530 47 49 623 16 ch pekoe 1520 41 50 Rondura 626 18 do or pek 1620 40 51 629 24 do bro pek 3200 =. 38 52 632 29 do pekoe 4610 35 53 635 14 do pek sou 1260 33 55 Glasgow 641 51 do broorpek 4335 48 bid 56 644 24 do or pek 1560 48 57 647 16 do pekoe 1600 43 59 Agra Ouvah 653 24hf-ch pek fans 2040 31 61 €59 13 ch or pek 715 43 bid 6t Bandarakelle 668 £0 do pekvoe 3000 38 bid 65 Myraganga 67L 47 do bro pek 4700 36 66 674 70 hf-ch bro pek 3400 36 67 677 46 do bro or pek 2760 28 bid 68 680 31 ch pekoe 2790 25 69 Brownlow 683 50hf-ch broorpek 2850 46 70 686 27 ch cr pek 2430 45 71 689 23 do pekoe 2001 41 72 692 10hf-ch dust 840 25 73° Galella 695 13 ch or pek 1105.45 74 698 25 do bro pek 2500 89 bid 75 70L 8 do ekoe 720 40 s0 Poilakande 716 59 do Fro pek eo 37 81 719 33 do pekoe 2970 35 s9 Ottery 743. 79 do bro or pek 2900 47 bid 90 746 10 uo or pek 900 44 bid 91 749 11 do pekoe 1045 43 93 Stamford Hill 755 22hf-ch or pek 1980 42 bid 101 Glen Orme 779 28 ch nekoe 2800 40 bid 106 Claremont 794 17 do bro or pek 1700 40 107 797 11 do pekoe 990 36 109 Maskeliya 80s 20hf.ch broorpek 1000 65 110 806 30 ch or pek 2700 45 lL 809 2t do pekoe 1920 40 112 812 12 do pes sou 1080 39 114 $18 12hf-ch bropekfans 720 34 117 Ferndale 827 12 ch broorpek 1200 2 118 880 12 da or pek 1080 2 120 Mount Temples36 16hf-ch golden tips broorpek 960 3t bid 121 §39 67 ch bro or pek 6164 86 ae 122 842. 42 do pekoe 8024 32 bi 123 845 14 do pek sou S40 81 124 Si8 llhf-ch orpekfans sl4 27 bid 128 Glassaugh 850 42 do bro or pek 2739 47 bid 129 Dickapittiya 863 35 ch bro pek 3500 = 43 130 866 85 do koe 3500 = 336 131 869 12hf-ch fans 810 = °8 bid 132 Little Valley 872 14 ch orpek 1200 44 2 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST Bo Lot Box Pkgs, Name Ibe Lot Box. Pkgs. Name. Ib, cc. 32hf-ch bro pek 1920 38 bid 2107 39 ch bropek 3900 40 ae ae 38 ch ekoe 3200 38 ’ eens ma “110 22 do or pek 1760 42 141 Morahela 899 27 do ro pek 2619 36 ay 95 2113 29 do pek 2315 38 142 902 2t do or pek 2016 36 bi 96 2116 17 do pek sou 1445-84 143 905 15 do pekoe 1380 35 7 9190) a dain 2 bacanlec B00 4 145 911 10 nick dust pis * : 98 zie et <* font rr rf 923 382 do eKOS ? ig 4% 125°" ¢ 7 aah Genes 926 1lhf-ch bropek 1045 54 4 High Fore 2128 35 do broorpek 2240 43 bid 152 932 41 do pekoe No. 1 1845 a7 101 2131 57 do pek £394 a3 153 935 22 do ekoe No.2 990 42 ia | 102 2134 48 do © peksou 1763 ae 156 Glentilt 944 38 ch ro pek 3800 = 44 bi 196 Glendon 2146 42 ch bro pek 4200 157 947° 18 do eae ih - 107 2149 13 ab oF Dok 1105 “ y 962 15 do ro pe ) ° 2152 35 do pe’ 2800 1 afore 965 10 do or pek 960 37 = “4 5255 19 do pek sou 1615 a 164 968 8 do pekoe 736 83 tbid | 112 Maragalla 7164 16 ch _ bro pek 1792 ye 165 Stamford Hill 971 22hf-ch or pek 1980 withd’n 113 9187 25 do pek 2500 s bia 166 Murraythwaite 974 20 ch bropek = 190087 114 2170 14 do pek sou 260 = 167 977 21 do pekoe 1785 25 117 Matalawa 2179 7 ch pes sou 77) bia 168 980 9 do -peksou = 720-33 118 Woodend 218? 19 ch bro pek 130538 bid 73 Bellongalla 995 33hf-ch bro pek 1848 40 119 9185 24 do pek 2280 ae 74 998 45 ch ekoe a aaa, 120 Sv. Heliers 2188 29hf-ch broor pek 1595 176 Eadella 428 do bropek 2800 a3 bid | 120 i ee 1500 30 177 7 23 do pekoe 2070 34 bid 122 Carendon 2194 8 ch bro pek 882-86 ins 10 13 do peksou 10408 181 Great Valley 1: 16 do ekoe 5 in estate isl 7 do peksou 5002 Ce set’ *Gh bith * Wo pek 2000 44 bid 182 22 10 do pekson 80 32 132 2224 44 do or pek 1m 48 rae ous p>. Sexi © Seip ae er a 185 Strathspey ed 3 hich ea pek 1040 = 447 bid Messrs. Forbes & Walker. i 2236 18 do pek “4 900 5 ‘ 7 2239 o Leap Boose) 129 Fairlown 2245 22 hf-ch bro pek +4 + Lot Box Pkgs. Name. Ib... e@© 140 2248 89 do pe pek ms as 1834 12 ch ek fans 1440 26 141 ep x Hh 1887. 8 ch ro tea 101033 146 Matale iB ae a+ pe iso Coe 4 8 1840 22 do unis 1980 33 =~ 19 9 do pek sou 810 34 i wore at clone aie tre ia 1800 7 i ” at al 25 11 ch k sou 935 37 'G Sin 18 ¢ ro pe u . ¥ k 1100 (6 Sirikandure ae fe eke 119087 154 Middleton 4n > bf 171 Theydou 3 f ‘ (Messrs. Somerville & Co.] 018 1375 8 ¢ pek sou 640 34 - > 182 Glengariffe 1403 6 do dust 480 26 Lot Box. Pkgs. Name. Ibe. 186 Maba Oya 1424 2 ch pek fans 170 97 % Mipitiakande 4 8 ch pek fans 664 25 187 1423 3 do dust 270 25 6 Ukuwela 16 6 ch pek sou 6.0 30 191 Bloofield 1435 8 ch pek fans 040 27 1) Galphele 23 2hf-ch dust 160 2% 196 Ruanwella 1450 6 do dust 480 26 ll 31 1 do sou 45 26 200 Erracht 1462 8 ch pek sou 610 32 13 Hatdowa 37.9 ch pek 675» 32 201 1465 2 do~~ pekdust 334 25 15 43 4 do fans 400 32 202 1568 2 do bro mix 150 28 23. Rambodde 67 12hf-ch pek 600 36 203 Galkadua 147l 4 ch bro or pek 489 39 24 70 4 do pek sou 200 34 207 1483 1 -do 25 73 1 do dust 90 25 1 hf-ch- sou 114 «29 26 76 2 do fans 116 87 208 2186 1 ch dust 130 22 32 Nugawella 94 5 ch rek sou 425 31 29 1489 1 -do fans 122 28 33 97 5hfch. dust 255 “7 225 Walpita 1637 1 ch sou 80 30 36 Romania 1066 6 ch pek sou 60 31 229 Dambagas- ) 37 19 4 do bro mix 400 23 talawa 1549 6 ch pek sou 600 38 38 Maligatenne 1i2 3 ch bro pek 254 °~—CO*E 230 1552 6hf-ch bro pekfans 492 29 39 1135 6 do pek 535 29 240 Kalupahana 1582 6hf-ch or pek 2885 43 127.1 do. dust 15 241 1535 5 do pek 250 33 45 P : 133 .1 ch dust |. 116 23 242 1588 7 do pek sou 350 81 51 Kurulugalla 151 6 ch pek sou 640 25 243 1591 16° do bro mix 540 28 62 GK A, ines- 244 1594 1 do dust S4 22 tatemark 154 3 ch pek dust 450 22 249 Tymawr 1609 5 hi-ch dust 425 25 60 Mary Hill 178 4hf-ch bro mix 3408 250 - 1612-4. do fans 260 32 65 Honiton 193 2 ch dust 208 27 21 BDWP 1615 1 ch bro pek No. 2 90 34 68 Gwernet £202 4 ch pek sou 360 35 252 1618 2 do pek No. 2 160 30 69 205 6 do broorpek 630 38 bid 953 162L 1 do pek sou 75 30 70 208 4 do dust 4u0 25 254 } 1624 Lhf-ch dust 85 25 71 211-1 do bro pek fans 130 27 259 Coreen 1633 -6-hf-ch . dust’ 510 26 73 Harangalla 217 5 ch bro pek fans 590 34 273 O‘Bedde 1681 8 ch pek sou 630 33 76 Clova 226 10hf-ch pek 500 33 281 Peak Shadow 1705 1) ch dust 1:0 25 78 isa 22%.kodo dast 50. 24 282, 1708 1 do bromix 99 «25 84 Minna 259.7 hf-ch fans 560 =: 33 284 Lavant 1714 5 do pek fans 550 29 85 253.2 ch bro mix 180 27 285 ; 1717-1 do dust 160 25 €9 Killin £65. 3 ch pek sou 270 29 286 KGD- 172) -7 do or pek. 630 33 93 RC BE. in es- 287 1723 6 do bro pek 600 33 tate mark 277.6 ch pek No. 2 510 32 288 1726 7 do ..pek 630 out 95 283.4 do | bropekfans 400 32 289 NOE 1729 1° do pék sou 85 26 101 San Cio 301 10 hf-ch sou. 40 3 290 #S 1732 1 do ust. 130 23 102, i 204.5 do dust 270 25 293° Matdlawa 17417. do or pek 630. 37 104 Citrus. 310 4 ch bro or pek 400 32 295 1747--5 do pek sou 425 33 107 ' ~ 319.3 do dust 480 5 .. 296 : 1750 94° do |) pek sow 440 130 112 Ingeriya 334. 3hf-ch dust 2255 “25 297 - 1753 ‘7hf-ch' bro pekfans 469 30. | 117-Warakamure 449 3hf-ch dust 270 22, 298 © : 1756 17 do (+ dust): 595ean Bd | 121 -Salawe - 861..2 ch dust 300 25 | 203 Castlereagh 17715 do. pek sou 400 36 ©» | 125-Qssingten 373.1 ch: bromix,-.. 109 «$26 B05 © 1717 *3 do. > dust 400) «126 9 | 126 376-1 do dust - 21 - va an 208 Sirikandure 1786 7° ch © pek seu’ 490.31 © |} 128 Monrovia? / 282.4 ch ~ broorpek .472.. 33. - 319 © 1789-4) do) fans) 2 400 30° 397] 13Ina Oe 391.2 do, brotea 200. * 23% gy 310 1792 1 do dust = 140. 25 ~- | 134 Theberton 505.4 ch .. peksou 410 331 ze 311 1795 “1. do» *-bro mix 65 27 } e -> i hi-ch 8 pisodateR B12 ~ 1798/<8 do =, red leaf 225 24 (125 -508.2 ch dust. pref Aig Be « Lot Box. 140 OST 523 141 526 142 529 143 632 147 Siriniwasa 544 148 547 149 550 150 Mukloway 553 151 556 152 557 153 562 157 Hanagama 57: 149 580 162 Meetiyagoda 589 163 592 168 Neuchatel 607 182 Neboda 649 185 Tientsin 68 186 Donside 661 187 A DL, in estate mark 664 199 673 191 LF 676 192 679 193 62 194 635 193 Ahamad 697 199 709 200 703 201 706 202 709 207 Nillicullawatte 724 208 Bovey 727 211 736 212 HD 739 213 F, in estate mark 742 214 745 ch 3 ht-ch 5 ch 9 hf-ch CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. Name. bro pek pek pek sou pek dust Ib. 80 50 FO 70 bro pek fans 420 dust sou bro pek pek pek sou fans sou dust pek son red dust dust dust dust dust bro or pek dust bro pek or ; ek pek pek sou bro pek pek pek sou fans red leaf pex sou bro pek pek sou dust [Mr. E. John.) Lot Box. aoe oo roe vA {=} is} > = = wo - Pkgs. Name. Lhf-ch dust 2 do pekoe 2 do orpek 5 ch bro pek 7 do pekoe 5 do pek sou Ib. a 84 100 104 560 630 450 Lot. Box. 7 Gonavy 43 8 46 9 49 10 LEL 52 13. Vincit 61 14 64 16 Bandarakelle 70 23 Coslanda 91 24 94 25 97 26 109 29 WK 109 3) Rookwood 127 45 Cieveland 157 5) Kaninzam. 172 53 Koslan la 187 56 199 57 193 43 196 67 Akkara Totum 223 68 226 69 229 70 Riseland 232 71 235 72 238 76 Nahavilla 250 77 +E K. in estate mark 253 $81 Kotuagedera 265 82 248 83 27 85) Harrisland 277 99 Lameliere 2)2 194 Suduganga 334 105 337 109 Bowbill 349 117 D S78 118 376 Tig 379 124 Ferndale 394 139 Theresia 439 140 442 141 445 10 Gangawatte 502 1463 MD 511 164 514 165 517 166 5,in est. mark 520 Mount Temple 335 OBSERVER PRINTING WORKS. Pkgs. 7 hf-ch 3 hf-ch 5 ch 9 hf-ch Name. fans dust sou pek sou pekoe pek sou bro pek pek sou fans dust bro red leaf dust sou fans dust pek sou fans dust bro red leaf pek sou fans dust bro pek No.2 pekoe No.2 pek sou No.2 pek fans bro pek fans pekoe pek fans pek fans sou dust fans dust mixed dnst bro pek fans dust sou pek fans bro pek pekoe bro or pek fans bro pek or pek fans lb. 180 500 675 y rh We ae nm aris Sete or ae 10g ie RE ge see Ob a Ce we dur Of t = ea Se +7 eS oh = feet oe & Be aia 3 Fi Auiet fan Z| OF BEE uy. ¢ 1) See hard 1% 4 g arr bik, dota ) 4? 3 y OS outs, Rion, dees Eo) ~ *h. ae i Cie: GEE Lae Ra eh Se. oot esd oa whe “es Wr.) Kae atin hs. alg ya Wet yey be 4 ty was - rks 2 oon tendl [3 ) Ohe ‘ vas €4Ea hs iat or Fr loiplsvegts te) hes TN ach rai ty. ya r Obs i, 677; ‘epi wagt th 5 ae ue , et. st af “18 wt wetegn vay 3 5 . t 4 a) mA ee ¥ m9 ema) ae aye y cle ae deity. ae , a5 ou n twel Bow oad jo hh oh: ORT oF cu rm Loe Hee. ars oa Apes ante ye th a) Ci UE » eter ‘, on By .-. POD a4 YS CH THD 14 OD ude as a Sc wt ce On ORE Pot, Bey ¢ oud ob i eee bot indie 4 " “s sat £4 BOW aE ty OD - 5) ea ees. : it a Ae Sof wen tags pag 5 ‘i tie DD 1 ge FR By ny wns Doxt Gods rh Be tcotighe OT 3 on Be Oty im ‘ winteg hd em Ty cop nd 4 yo UB oe wiioys iy 49 as ae =F ie nt oe sie Bhan oy Ok, wine . oly « we onbegeriad ff > o> heel ee ae yy PRAY 4h ode bn 5S : ©8 seco hee! ry Oy ey Ptah Fagg he chek e: ie = GAG bye ity Suc Okie Oe soxeg thy Te: iigtese PE a Lae OY fer, OOn amg) dog. goths #0 Ae enlarge 0 id bi wt ee oer nitaeg «ae ibs Pet rege part ae, ety ot Te hap id ONE ae ON of Ay ake é5- CO ft anh Tn 2 gyal ses ey eg ogee - Ort eet | Oe ree (Dae |S Nace a Ru ORY hy TS ; Sr Phe ccs og SH hy ORL tea ab Eby RF iy ef 4 ae 28° ‘pay byalgt : me 2 } i feet so OP ae HRS “oa aIND oduehirios, gry} Ce 9 UE Boat ions ehered tT, Git aLaas _ URE jeu vg ner ae. ee Le sy LGAs hat bai wisn wea 4 Se iewasiell’ 7 ) 2 Th. LON ate ON) 9 io : Lis ger OM OF] yay 1 48 a OAUE gael 77 ‘ es thi 7" vou . MDi rota Soot, %. “il My } = oO! Fs Bl ae Tt onet~ » j oe 4 ek aoe Gis, ai. on, Ba Bh “en Ayryhea oboe OO} | BiG TE. C50, Hee, ion w cio Wy + OEE share Teo 157 Hy arias ’ . 2 ree 4 ig oe : “4 P > Sa | - yy Wik p yar ate : orate: t 4 23 x0 tJ c i wre. te pee She a or “e : Nei - aa en. ed i “a i FIM Sie TS. Capes 7 . ot 4 vet Ee “ere TEA, COFFEE, CINCHONA, COCOA, AND CARDAMOM SALES, NO. 20 Cotompo, May 29, COLOMBO SALES OF TEA LARGE LOTS. Messrs. Forbes & Walker. [672,936 1b.J Lot Box Pkgs. Name. lb. 2 Karawketti- ya 92)) 78) ch pek 821 3 Wewawatte 25 36 ch bro pek 1980 4 28 26hf-ch pek 12300 12 Great Valley Ceylon, in estate mark 52 48 ch or pek 4320 3 55 50 do pek 4500 14 68 10 do pek sou 1890 15 WNaseby 61 66hf-ch bro orpek 3360 16 64 49 do or pek 1920 7 67 26 do pek 1352 18 70 lJ do fans 760 19 73) 7 do dust 700 20 Thedden 76 53 ch bro pek 5830 21 79 15 do pek 1500 22 82 10 do pek sou 950 31 Holton 109 It ch bro pek 1045 63 LG F, inesr. mark 175 28 ch sou 2800 54 178 15 do dust 1125 55 Gingaran Oya 181 60 box broor pek 1200 56 184 2thf-ch bro pek 1440 57 187 18 ch pek 1620 58 190 10 do pek sou 900 59 Palawatte 193 20 ch bro pek 2000 _ 60 196 10 do pek 100 64 St. Leonards-on- Sea 208 17 ch bro pek 1615 €5 PANS) 76 le) do No.2 70 66 214 13 do pek 1170 67 217 8 do pek sou 720 70 Gallawatte 226 16 ch bro pek 1520 71 229 20 do pek 1/00 72 222 14 do pek fans 980 74 Hyson 238 13 ch pek 1170 78 Devonford 250 20hf-ch broor pek 1100 79 253 12 do or pek 1080 84 Malvern | 268 42:hf-ch bro pek 2310 85 271 26 do pek 1820 86 Agra Oya 274 13 ch bro pek 1300 87 277 15 do or pek 1275 38 280 13 do pek 1170 3) 283 12ht-ch fans 90) 96 Opalgalla 304 l4hf-ch dust 980 97 Battalgalla 807 16 ch pek sou 1440 101 Tonacombe 319 23 ch or pek 2300 102 322 28 do bro pek 2800 103 B25 27 do pek 2430 104 328 10 do pek sou 900 105 Augusta 381 6 ch dust 90u 106 OSS 334 53 ch pek 4240 jl1 Hayes 319 18 ch bro or pek 1800 1i2 352 17 do bro pek 1700 113 350 13 do or pek 1170 114 358 40 do pek 8800 115 861 11 do pek sou 990 120 Dunbar - 876 40hf-ch broor pek 2000 121 879 19 do or pek 912 122 382 24 ch pek 1920 126 Maligatenne 394 15 ch bro pek 1645 127 497 8 do or pek 960 131 _ Rockside 409 11 ch sou 880 133 415 10 do dust 1350 134 418 10 do bro pek fans 1200 142 Vathalana 442 50 hf-ch broor pek 80609 143 445 31 ch or pek 2635 lad 448 15 do pek 1200 148 Putupaula 460 39 ch bro pek 3510 149 463 40 do pek 8000 161 Passara Greup 469 12 ch broor pek 1200 162 472 17 do or pek 1700 153 475 20 do pekoe 1806 164 478 8 do yek sou 800 158 Penrhos 490 16 hf-ch bro pek 840 159 498 20 do or pek 950 160 496 27 ch pek 2295 168 Vogan 605 34 ch ro pek 8400 164 608 43 do pek 8370 167 Waltalawa 517 112hf-ch bro pek 5600 16 620 181 do pek 6700 1899. Lot. Box. Pkgs. 162 523 64 hf-ch liu 626 12 do 171 Nugagalla 529 39 do 172 532 81 do 173 635 19 do 174 538 9 do 178 Gampéz ha 500 26 ch 179 553 15 do 180 556 15 do 185 Polatagama 571 63 ch 186 574 36 do 187 577 71 do 138 580 47 do 189 Clunes 583 20 ch 120 586 25 do 19L 589 45 do 192 692 18 do 193 595 11 do 194 Bloomfield 598 24 ch 204 Maha Uva 628 72hf-ch 205 631 52 ch 206 634 25 do 216 Macaldenia 664 17 hf-ch 217, 667 22 do 218 670 14 do 219 673 7 ch 220 St. Heliers 676 2: hf-ch 221 679 14 ch 222 682 8 do 223 Amblakande 685 11 ch 224 688 11 do 42d 691 13 do 226 Morankand’ 694 35 ch 227 697 29 do 230 Killarney 706 54 hf-ch 231 709 88 ch 232 712 18 hf-ch 233 Carfax 716 14 ch 234 718 17 do 235 721 24 do 245 Inverness 751 62 hf-ch 246 754 30 ch 247 757 11 do 251 Cooroondoo- watte 769 16 hf-ch 2A2 7i2 25 do 256 Kowlahena 784 14 ch 262 Middieton 802 14 hf-ch 263 805 33 ch 264 808 34 do 265 811 19 do 266 814 35 do 267 817 38 do 268 820 12 «do 271 Ingrogalla 829 12 ch 272 832 11 do 273 835 20 do 276 KPW $44 23 hf-ch 77 8417 15 do 278 850 67 do 281 Carlabeck 859 7 ch 283 CB 865 $8 ch 284 868 10 do 287 Cottaganga 877 11 hf-ch 288 880 12 do 292 Matalawa 892 32 do 293 895 46 ch 204 898 S80 do 298 Weyungawatte910 31 hf-ch 299 913 41 ch 3800 916 38 do 812 Kennington 953 6 do 316 Mudamana 964 14 hf-ch 319 Mawaliganga- watte 75 23 hf-ch 820 976 26 do 821 979 51 ch 822 982 43 do 830 Queensland 1006 7 do 334 1009 10 do 882 1012 27 do 833 1015 9 do 336 Waratenne 1024 12 do 837 1027 16 do 838 1080 17 do 339 10388 16 do 840 1036 9 do Baz 1042 28 do 848 1045 17 do 344 Geragama 1048 80 do 345 1051 23 do 347 Unugalla 1057 9 do Pricre:—124 cents each 3 copies 30 cents ; 6 copies 4 rupee. Name pek sou dust bro or pek pek pek sou bro pek P pek sou 10 or pek bro pek pek pek sou sou unas bro or pek pel pek sou bro or pek pek sou bro or pek pek sou dust bro or pek or pek bro or pek bro pek do uo pek do pek bro or pek bro pek pek or pek bro pek pek pek sou bro pek pek fans dust bro or pek brofor pek bro pek pek fans dust bro or pek or pek bro pek pek sou bro or pek bro pek pek pee sou ro pek bro pek bro pek pek pek sou bro pek pek bro pek k RS pek Ib. 87 bid 33 89 bid 2 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. Lot Box. Pkgs. Name. Ib, ¢ Lot. Box. Pkgs; Name. Ib, ¢, 348 1030 10 do pek S60 e6 1 Weyweltalaws 928 11 ch bro pek fans1155 36 851 heat Halley ia 934 @bf-ch dust 720. 2 eylon i 2 a7 ¢ as 2 5 est. mark 1.69 24 do peksou 1680 withd’n ’ a a 4H 7 = oy — = bia 853 1075 27 do dust opp. BD 72 Park Hill 961 11 ch bropek 957 ?5 854 1078 7 do fans 70u z 73 964 11 do pek £03 +3 855 Matale 1081 30 do bro pek 8600 37 74 967 17 do pek sou 129 20 856 MOBS 16 do pek : 18-0 aD 77 Lawrence 976 29 ch pek sou No 22088 33 bid EO OF aah eae dou.pemeen — T1i0) Be 79 Dartry A 982 15 ch wrote, 1350 30 § . a , er 89 hf-c em .F, 2 mark 1123 24 do bro or pek 1800 88 bid o Yara rs 4 Le = ree 4 “4 370 1126 46 do bro pek 3220 35 8 1P 1 24 ch peksou 2098 32 au a ear: pe Pe ao 86 4 22hfch dust 18925 2 . ) 52 3) 4 ood c 5 oe 385 Mapitivama 1171 22hf-ch bro pek 110038 Zs pr cance < - oa ee S vant a of bid 386 1174 15 ch pek 1275 35 92 22-60 do Dek 2500 23 aa Te Sark, kao Oa’ @eamae eaonie et | = 63 do pek sou fab) 404 Belgodde 22 2 “¢ or pe 2 =e, y 2 431 Marguerite 1309 9 do bro pek 108 50 rat 100 Kosgahahena 46 : oy bio pek 710 33 432 1312 14 do ro pek 15 2 bi 1. 1. 2 433 1315 9 do bropek 1008 45 pid | 12 ee a lo ee 434 1S1Bin 8 |-dey. sor Bek ek 106 Deniyaya 64 48 ch bropek 4800). 87 435 1321 2) do pek 1920 39 7 oe ane tek “50. 8S 439 TVilla 1338. 9 do broor pek 920 34 108 7) 15 do 2 1200 32 44) 1339 21 do pek 1890 31 109 73 6 an Anet 9 0 26 Ae 1842)..9 . do.) neksou EO pee 113 Kekuna Hena & 27 ch bropek 2700 38 443 1345 10 do sou bb 8 114 88°10 do ek 1000-83 445 Tneby 1351 55hf-ch bropek _ 8300 46 bid | jy; Off: do’ pekisoe) Sap anraad 446 1p54/-88 do pek - 1900 28 121 Blackburn 109 23 ch ro pek 2800 36 447 1857 14 ch pek sou 1260 39 122 12°11 do ae 990 35 451 Doranakandelsi9 9 do bro pek 200 3 123 115 11 do _ a 850 32 452 stp 1372 e do pek sou rp Be 132 Yarrow 142 71 hf-ch ro pek 3976 37 bid 458 Gallustain 13890 35hf-ch pek sou 1400 31 133 1a5v'0) ab pek 4550 35 459 ; 1698 an do son ‘ R 2a 136 Hatdowa 154 14 ch bro pet 1330 83 bid 461 Mahaoya 1399 25 do pek dust 2000 26 W2HIS 172 “Ohfch pek sou 1200 33 462 Errolwood 1402 27 do bro or POR LAP oats? 143 Monte Christo175 19 ch or pek 1710-88 463 1405 35 do cr pek ee) an 145 Killin 181 13 ch bro pek 1300 84 bid 464 1408 12 do pek sou 1140 38 146 184 10 do k 900 33 465 _. 1411 16hf-ch orpek fans 880 37 “ua MT 100 -40 hie Guat 08 Mh ACG OnApiiiya, Te ea sax 1440 39 bid | 149 Blinkbonnie 193 25hf-ch bropek 1600 61 467 1417 3 dp Dee Se 1020 87 150 198 36 ch pek 3080 42 468 1420 12 ¢ pek fans 720 34, 469 1123 9 do dust 720 27 151 199 19 do peksou 152) 85 470 Harrow 1426 63hf-ch broorpek 4095 41 bid 471 x 1429 e en pek “! aoe 35 bid lb 472 Kmnavesmire 1432 69 hf-c ro pe 3 38 Mr. H. hn.— 2 y 473 1435 62 ch pek 4960 37 t H. Jo Dab O28 Tay 474 Pine Hill 1438 26hf-ch broorpek 1560 49 Lov. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. 475 144) 84 ch or pek 2040 89 79 476 ms 1444 65 do pek 4675 38 5 Ardlaw Be 6 ee ee ee 481 Mawiliganga- 7 Vincit 656 11 oe = pe 04 watte 1459 20hf-ch bropek 1000 33bid | 8 559 8 do pekoe 720 482 Roseneath 1462 18 ch peksou 1530 33 12 Oonoogaloya 671 54 do ro pek 5400 183 Matale 1465 9 do pek sou 810 82 13 574 45 do pekoe 3600 487 Amblakande 1477 18hf-ch pek sou 1440 31 bid # oy ie * pemen ape 489 Galapotagamal483 14 ch bro pek 1558 34 = oe 5a5 85 do bro pek 3500 ai oaly peace tees ee 21 598 32 do pekoe 3200 22 601 20 El kK = 2000 = 9, 7 1 = [Messrs. Somerville & Co.— Bs ype ApH (ee ae eae 176,1371b, ] 26 a a4 : pane a 27 6 oO pek sou Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. Ib. ‘ce. 34 po ee oF 935 2 Pindeni Oya 751 30 ch bro or pek 3000 34 bid | 29 Osborne 622 34 do bro or pek 3604 3 754 34 do pek 2890 © 32 80, ‘ 625 18 do pekoe 1710 4 757 21 do peksou i785 30 81 Rondura 628 19 do orpek 1710 5 Ravenscraig 760 12 ch or pek 1020 40 32 631 37 do bro pek 8700 6 763 27 hf-ch bro pek 1485 38bid 33 634 44 do pekoe 3960 7 766 26 ch pek 2340 34 34 637 20 do pekKsou 1800 5 769 9 do pek sou 810 31 36 % 2 - . € * & a ee Be ' # 7 7 ' e 4 _ "a spinal ‘Ss phapmrede gutbasneapabonn Arann Sosnariiy Waa nh massed sp haanabdoirer pina Badd dA dDOADd SS yee tj bj Yt: Uy Yi \ \ N X NN \ SY SS YY Yi Yip Yy Yj _ Zi LW \ 3 ~ Li yyy, Yi LLLISIID Uj = Yy YYyyywww—_ JIU@@VWVWq? MG \ WN \ \\ Yy \ \ \\ . ‘ s WN WAY SN